't'jfS'S.' ,' ' 3,-(ij5 ^ •t^,!*-" "!- mm^'i 51 ^11 S^3 ^mm&f. 'jiXO'l^CU RBY'S UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: CONTAINING A DESCKIPTION OF THE EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBORS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c., THE KNOWN WORLD THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS OF THE INHABITANTS; EXTENT, BOUNDARIES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH COUNTRY; AND THE TUADE, IVIANU- FACTTIRES, AND CURIOSITIES OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS. THIRD EDITIOW, WITH AMPLE ADPITIONS ASD IMPHOVEMKHTS. '''^'<^V\B,A "^ '06k eS BY WILLIAM DARBY, WASHINGTON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY GALES & SEATON. 1843. Ell ¦84 3 PREFACE. In the title page this present is entitled the third edition of the work, and in many respects it is so, but with very essential additions. The volume now published gives a new character to the Treatise. Some of these additions may be noticed. First : Technical terms most commonly used in History and Geography are introduced, which, in particular to youthful readers, will prompt to inquiry, and enable them, by easy reference, to learn the meaning of terms necessary to a correct comprehension of the two connected sciences. Second : In the main geographical articles, such as Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Earth, &c., general facts and features are collected under the prin cipal heads, and, through the work, reference is, reverse to usual practice, made from the minor articles. By this mode, each of the principal articles is a condensed treatise in itself, enabling the reader, by aid of maps, to pursue a survey of the large physical divisions of our planet. The elements of the population of the United States oppose great difficulties to a brief classification. Reflecting on this subject, the tabular form was adopted, from conviction that no other could answer to render the volume a work of facile reference. So much of the most essential legislation, and so many of the most vital questions in general and special policy, demand a thorough knowledge of the local position and relative increase or decrease of population, that too much perspicuity cannot be given to the subject. Respecting the new States and Territories, I have deemed it not only justi fiable, but indeed requisite, to be more ample than is common to a Geographical Dictionary comprised in a single octavo volume. It was very desirable that more precise information could have been given on South America ; but so confused and indefinite are the political boundaries in (hat country, that much uncertainty prevails respecting the extent of almost every subdivision. I have, nevertheless, in the article America, and in the detached articles, inserted a general view of that portion of the Earth, with ail the precision that the state of our information renders practicable. For the first time, it is probable, in any similar Treatise, the most recent subdivisions of Mexico into ^tates and Territories are incorporated into this Dictionary. It cannot be deemed presumption to say that much has been added to Geo graphy by this Treatise. Whatever may be its character, the Editor has devoted a not very brief existence to his subjects ; has, as far as the United States are concerned, travelled extensively, but travelling must convince any reflecting person, that of all pursuits, there is no other demanding more accu mulated labor, than Geography. When the compilation of this edition was commenced, it was the intention of the Editor to give a head to each of the Post Offices and Counties, but found that either post oflices or counties thus arranged would swell the work far beyond any practicable limit. Even the insertion of the names of a majority of the post oflices was precluded by the difiiculty in fixing their loca tion. The name of every county included in the Census of 1840, with the elements of their population, respectively, will be found in the Tables under the head of the States. A rather singular disposition has been manifested by some native writers iv PREFACE. on the United States, indeed on America generally, that is, to exaggerate the ex tent of natural and political objects. This may be an amiable source of error — but in no case can error be indulged safely at the expense of truth. In my comparative estimates, I claim no exemption from error, but I do claim honest and sincere desire to be correct ; and more, to have omitted no attainable means to secure sound information. That the Central Valley or United States part of the Mississippi Basin was more extensive than Europe, has resounded in the Halls of Congress. In this edition, at page 294, under the head of Earth, will be found a table of the superficial area of the Zones of ten degrees in breadth, by the aid of which, it may be seen that the whole zones of North America, between north latitude 30° and 50°, comprise not quite three and a half millions of English square miles, and exceed very little the area of Eu rope. Let the fate of my labors be what it may, I have, and ever will, repu diate means having no one claim to adoption. If, in brief, I have departed from the exact rule proper to a general treatise, it was done in giving a more ample space to the Central States and Territories of the United States than to those of the Atlantic border, but the reasons why are stated. With all, however, that observation and practicable diligence could effect, it cannot be rationally expected that a work of such texture and magnitude can be free from error and omission ; such exemption is not in the nature of things possible ; but it has been the sedulous endeavor of the Editor to render his production a safe and commodious book of reference, and as free from either omission or mistake as the present state of the science would admit. WILLIAM DARBY. Washington, November, 1843. GEC GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ABA AA, river (.f Courland, which rises in Samogi- tia, and flows into the bay of Riga. River of France, rising in the department of Somme, be comes navignble near St. Oiner, and, flowing on to Graveliiies, falls into the German sea. River (if Swilzerlaiul, rising- in the valley of Engelberg, and, passing from S. to N. over the canton of Underwalden, falls into the Waldstetter sen. Aain-Charin, village nerir Jerusalem, much f r- quented by [)ilgrims. It contains a spacious convent. Aalborg, or Eeltown, ciiy of Denmark, in Jut land, and capital of a district of the same name. The city, wiih a pop. of about 7,000 soul--, stands on the very remarkable strait called Lyra-Fiord, formerly one of the deep gulTs of Jutland, but in 182.5 formed into a strait, extending from the Ger man sea to the Cattegat. Though too shallow for large vessels, Aalborg has a good and well-fre quented port, distant 1.5 ms. from the Cattegat. N. lat. 57° 3'. Aar, river of Switz. ; rises in the southern part of the canton of Berne, and, with a general northern course over that canton, receiving the Reus and Limmat, falls into the Rhine at Waldchut. Aarhuus, seaport of Denmark, on the eastern side of Jutland ; its port is small, but much fre quented. The steeple of the cathedral of Aarhuus is considered the highest in Denmarli, and the city itself the third in the kingdom. Pop. about 7,000. N. lat. 56° 12', E. Ion. 10° 8'. Aaronshurg, village of Northumberland co.. Pa. Village of Centre CO., Pa., 15 ms. E. of Belle- fonte, and 40 W. of Sunbury. Abach, or Weltenhurg, a market town of lower Bavaria, on the Danube, 7 ms. from Ratisbon. It is noted for its mineral waters. N. lat. 48° 53', Ion. 11° 56' E. Abadan, town near the mouth of the Tigris. Abakansk, town of Russian Asia, on the Enisei river, 150 miles above Krasnoiarsk. ft was founded and fortified by Peter the Great in 1707, amid the Sayansk mountains. This town seems, from the numerous remains of tombs, coins, rude sculptures, and other memoria, to have stood on or near the site of an ancient city. N. lat. 53° 5', Ion. 94°5'E. Abary, river of English Guiana. Abasia, country of Russian Asia, composed of a narrow slope, falling southwestward from the Cau casian mountains to the Black sea, and extending from the eastern extremity of that sea to Cape Cador. The Abasians were known to the ancient Greeks as bold and dangerous pirates, under the name of Aschsji. The country is mountainous, but pro ductive in grain, fruits, and wine. Central lat. about 47° N. 1* ABB Abassia, the modern name of a kingdom in Ethiopia proper; it comprehends the provinces of Bagemeder, Gojam, Walcka, Shewa, &c., and is very mountainous; in some parts the rocks are so steep that men and cattle are craned up by help of ropes and ladder.?, yet on the top of these there are woods, meadows, and fish ponds. .4bba, father in the Chaldee and Syriac lan guages, and also congenerate languages; hence the following : Abbe, Adbet, Abbkss, Abbot. The terms are generic, and, though from a masculine root, ap ply to boih sexes. An abbey is a monastery, or sociely of persoris, of either sex, who live in com munity and celibacy, secluded from worldly affairs, and devoted to religion. Abbot is the superior of a monastery, as abbess is that of a nunnery. The abbots wpre often, though not necessarily, clerical, and, with the exception that the abbots may and often have been also bishops, the official character of abbots and abbesses were identical. Both still exist, though differently modified, in the Catholic anil Greek churches. See Monahch, Monasteht, and MosTK. Abboishury, Eng., town in Dorsetshire, 7 ms. SW. of Dorchester, and 127 W. by S. from London. Lon. 2° 42' W., lat. 50° 38' N. Abbofs, town in Muskingum co., Ohio, 70 ms. nearly E. from Columbus, and 355 from Wash ington City. Abboitslown, town in Adams Co., Pa., 24 ms. SW. from Harrisburg, and 86 from W. C. Abbeyvilk, town Mecklenburg co., Va., 143 ms. from Richmond, and 266 from W. C. Abb's Head, St., Scot., a promontory, forming the southern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lying in the parish of Coldingham and county -of Ber wick, about 10 ms. N. of Berwick, and the same distance S. from Dunbar. Lon. 1°.66' W., lat. 55° 54' N. Abberton, Eng., near Lexden, Essex. Abber- ton, near Parshore, 7 ms. from Worcester, noted for its mineral water. Abbenhall, Eng., small village 12 ms. from Gloucester, 3 from Newnham, noted for a mineral spring, very efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptions. Abberwick, Eng., large village near Alnwick, Northumberland. Abbeville, a considerable town of Fr., in the dep. of Somme, and late province of Picardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the river Somme divides into several branches, and sepa rates the town into two parts. It is pielty well peopled : has a woollen manufactory, besides man- 1 ABE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ABE ufactories of sail cloth. It lies 15 ms. E. from the British Channel, 20 NW. from Amiens, 53 S. of Calais, and 80 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1° 55' E., lat. 50° 7' N. Abbeville, district of S. C, having Pendleton district NW., Laurens NE., Edgefield SE., and the Savannah river SW. It is about 31 ms. length and breadth, having a superfices of about 1,000 sq. ms. The surface is agreeably va riegated with hill and dale, and a considerable part of the soil is rich and well watered. Central lat. 34° 10' N., lon. W. C. 5° 20' W. Pop. in 1820, 23,189 ; in 1830, 28,149 ; and in 1840, amounted to 29,351. Abbeville, c. h., Abbeville district, S. C, 118 ms., SE. from Columbia, and 625 ms. from Washington. Abbey-Boyle, town of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, and province of Connaught, remarka ble for an old abbey. It lies 23 ms. N. of Ros common. Lon. 8° 32' W., lat. 53° 56' N. Abbey -Green, village of Scot., in Lanarkshire, containing about 430 inhabitants, and lies 12 ms. S. of Hamilton, and 4 from Lanark. Abbey-Holm, town in Cumberland, Eng., on an arm of the sea, and is 295 ms. from London, and 16 SW. from Carlisle. Lon. 3° 21' W., lat. 54° 53' N. Abbey -Milton, or Abbey-Middleton, an ancient but mean town in Dorsetshire, Eng., 12 ms. NE. of Dorchester, and 122 from London. Lon. 2° 24' W., lat. 50° 51' N. Ahbington, Eng., near Northampton. Ab- bington, near Royston, Cambridgeshire. Ab- bington. Magna and Parca, near Linton and Bournbridge, Cambridgeshire. Abbyville, town, Medina co., Ohio, 5 ms. N. of Medina court-house, and 25 ms. SSVV. of Cleveland. Abd-al-Curia, small island of Africa, between Socotora and Cape Guardafui. Abdera, ancient city of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus. The inhabitants were proverbially stupid, though it was the birthplace of some emi nent men, of whom were Democritus, Protagoras, Anazarchus, and Hecataius. Abenrade. — See Apenrade. Abensperg, or Abensberg, town of Bavaria, seated on the Abens, near the Danube, 15 ms. SW. of Ratisbon. Lon. 11° 55' E., lat. 41° 46' N. Aberavon, borough town of Glamorganshire, Wales, on the mouth of the Avon, 19 ms. N. W. of Cowbridge, and 195 W. from London. Lon. 3° 48' W., lat. 51° 35' N. Aberbruthwick, or Arbroath, small neat town on the east coast of Angusshire, Scot., 15 ms. NE. of St. Andrew's, and 40 NNE. from Edin burgh. It is situated on the mouth of the small river Brothick ; is a royal burgh, well built, and flourishing. The number of its Inhabitants h greatly increased within these last 40 years, and they are now estimated at about 7, 000. The chief manufactures are brown linens, or osnaburgs, sail cloths, and white and brown thread. There are about 34 vessels belonging to this place, each from 60 to 160 tons, employed in the Baltic trade. The foreign imports are flax, flaxseed, timber, iron, &c. Lon. 2° 29' W., lat. 56° 36' N. Aberconway, town of Caernarvonshire, Wales, 2 pleasantly situated on the river Conway. It has a good harbor, and formerly carried on a considerable trade in corn. Lon. 4° 1' W., lat. 53° 20' N. Abercorn, village and parish of West Lothian, Scot., on the south bank of the Frith of Forth, 12 W. from Edinburgh. The Roman wall is said to have begun in this parish. Aberdeen, Old, formerly Aberdeen, is pleasantly tuated on an eminence near the mouth of the river Don, and about 1 m. N. from New Aberdeen. The town consists chiefly of one long street. There is a neat town-house, a new building, and a trades hospital, for decayed freemen and their widows, and a hospital for 12 poor men, founded by Bishop William Dunbar. But the chief ornament of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fabric of King's College, situated on the S. side of the town. Over the Don, at Old Aberdeen, there is a tine Gothic bridge. Pop. of town and parish, about 10,000. Aberdeen, New, is the capital of Aberdeenshire, and the finest town in North Scotland. It is built on a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay formed by the river Dee, over which there is a sub stantial bridge of seven arches. The town is about 2 ms. in circumference, and contains a pop. of 20,000. It contains an elegant college, built in 1593. Lat. 57° 6' N., lon. 2° W. Aberdeen, town on Ohio river, opposite Lime stone or Maysville, in Kentucky, and in the SE. angle of Brown co., Ohio, 70 ms. SW. of Chil- licothe. The situation is very advantageous, on the great leading road from the central part of Ohio, to Kentucky. Aberdeenshire, co. of Scot., bounded NW. by Banffshire, W. by Inverness, SW. by Perth, S. by Forfar and Kincardigansh'ires, and E. and NE. by the German sea. Length from NE. to SW. 100 miles; mean breadth 25; area 2,500 sq. ms. ; surface varied, and pursuits of the people agricultural and manufacturing. Aberdour, small town or village of Fifeshire, Scot., with a good harbor on the Frith of Forth, about 10 ms. NW. of Edinburgh. Aberfraw, village of North Wales, in the island of Anglesey, 6 ms. NW. of Newburg. Lun. 4° 36' W., lat. 53° 13' N. Abergavenny, well-built town of Eng., in Mon mouthshire, 16 ms. W. of -Monmouth, and 103 ms. W. by N. from London. Lon. 3° 5' W., lat. 51° 50' N. Pop. 2,500. Abcrgeldy, village of N. Wales, in Denbigh shire, 5 ms. W. by S. of St. Asaph, and 224 from London. Aberneihy, small village of Perthshire, Scot., at the junction of the Erne with the Tay. Aberystwith, town of S. Wales, in Cardigan shire, on the Istwith, near its confluence with the Riddall, and where they fall into the sea, distant 30 ms. NNE. of Cardigan, and 203 a little N. of W. from London. In summer, this place becomes a fashionable watering place. Lon. 4° 4' W., lat. 52° 25' N. Absecombe, bay and village, eastern part of New Jersey. The bay opens to the Atlantic ocean by an inlet between Brigamineand Absecombe islands. The village is at the head of the bay, 52 ms. SE. from Philadelphia. Abex, or Abesh, a country of Africa, on the Red I sea, of doubtful extent See Arkeeko. ABK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AC A Abingdon, or Abingtoii, town of Eng., in Berk shire, on the Thames, 47 ms. E. of Gloucester, and .56 W. from London. Abingdon, town and scat of justice, Washington CO., Va., near the E. side of Holston river. It is 306 ms. WSW. of Richmond, and by post road 385 ms. SW. by W. from W. C. Abin'iton, village, Plymouth co., Mass., 18 ms. SE. of Boston. Abington Societi/, town, Windham co., Cf , 37 ms. a little N. of E. from Hartford. Abington, township and village, Luzerne co.. Pa., 23 ms. NNE, from Wilkesbarre, and by post road 245 ms. NE. from W. C. Abington, tp., Montgomery co.. Pa., 13 ms. from Philadelphia. Abino, point and creek of Bertie tp., Lincoln district, V. Canada, about 10 ms. W. of Buffalo. Abkhas, one of the Caucasian nations, residing on the slope southward of the Caucasian moun tains. They were formerly subject to the Turks, but are now tributary to Russia. Chief towns, .4nacopir, Sotchukale, and Soghumkale. Ablo, town of Little Tartary, lying between the river Dnieper and the Black sea. Lon. 33° 16' E., lat. 46° 20^ N. Abo, government of, in Finland. — See Biorne- bourg, -City of Russia, in Finland, formerly the capital of the country of the same name. It stands on the shores of a good seaport, opposite the islands of Aland. The ancient university of this city, founded by Queen Christiana in 1640, has been removed to Helsingfors. Fire and political revo lution have borne hard on Abo. N. lat. 60° 27', lon. 22° 18' E. Peace of Abo, Aug. 7th, 1743. A town supposed to exist in central Africa, around which reside the negro nation of Tilbos- Reschadeh, or of the rocks. Situation uncertain. Abomey, city of Africa, and capital of the king dom of Dahomey, is situated abouf 100 ms. in land, atN. lat. 7° 30', lon. 1° E.— See Dahomey. Abookir, or Aboukir, bay and city of Egypt. The bay extends from the mouth of th(Avestern branch of the Nile to the basin of Alexandria. The city is the ancient Canopus, and is situated on a point of low land, and on the western extreme of the bay, 18 ms. NE. by E. of Alexandria. Abou kir possesses a tolerably good harbor. Abou-Arieh, a city of Arabia, in Yemen. Situ ation uncertain. Abou- Chehr, or Aucher, city of Persia, in Far- sistan. Aboukir. — See Abookir. Aboutige, town in upper Egypt, near the Nile, where great quantities of poppies grow, of which the natives make the best opium in the Levant. Lon. 49° E., lat. 26° 30' N. Abranates, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, seated on the Tajo, and belonging to a marquis of that title. It is situated on a high ground, is sur rounded with gardens and olive trees, contains 35,000 inhabitants, and has 4 convents, a hospital, and an al.ms-house. Lon. 7° 18''W., lat. 39° 13' N. Abruzzo, province of Naples, bounded on thp E. by the gulf of Venice, on the N. and W. by Ancona, Umbria, and the Campagna di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra di Lavora and Molise. It is divided into two parts by the river Pescara, called Ulteriore and Citeriore. The former has Aquilla, and the latter Solnmona, for its capital. The country, though cold, is fertile in corn, rice, fruits, saffron, vines, and olives. Abs, town in Fr., in the dep. of Ardeche, for- erly the chief town of Vivares, and a bishop's see, now in a very ruinous state. Absyrtides, ancient name for the group of islands at the head of the gulf of Venice, to the southward of Fiumo, of which the principal are Osero, Chcrso, and V^cglia. The group ie now called the islands of Lessini. Abydos, ancient city, now Nagara, in Asiatic Turkey. It is situated on the narrows of the Hellespont. Aby Gherim, town of Tartary, capital of a Kha- nat, often at war with the Khan of Hisaar. The Khanate of Aby-Gherim is stated by the French geographers to contain a population of 1,500,000, and the capital 10,000. It lies between Koulab and Badakhchan. Abyla, ancient name of the African meuntain opposite Mount Calpe, now Gibraltar, in Europe. The strait of Gibraltar extends between these two mountains. — See art. Africa. Abyo, or Abuyo, one of the Philippine islands, in the East Indies, between Mindanao and Luzon. Here the Spaniards have a fort, and carry on a good trade with their American territories, Lon. 122° 15' E., lat. 10° N. Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa, 800 ms. long and 600 broad, bounded on the N. by Nubia, E. by the Red sea and Dancala, W. by Gorham, and S. by Gingia and Alaba. It is one of the most mountainous and precipitous countries in the world ; but in a few vales the soil is black and fer tile. The rainy season continues from April to September. This is succeeded, without interval, by a cloudless sky and a vertical sun. Cold nights as instantly follow these scorching days. The earth, notwithstanding these days, is perpetually cold, so as to feel*disagreeable to the soles of the feet. The low temperature of the air in Abyssinia is doubtless the effect of elevation. According to Bruce, the region which he visited as that from which the Nile has its sources, is elevated more than a mile above Sennaar, and more than 2 ms. above the Red sea. An elevation of 2 ms. is more than an equivalent for 25° of lat. ; and would give a tem.perature to upper Abyssinia, in N. lat. 10°, which would assimilate with that of the northern coast of Africa on the western Mediterranean, N. lat. 37°. Gondar is nominally the capital of Abys sinia, but in reality there is at present no town in that country worthy the title of capital See Africa and Nile. Aca, or Aco, most ancient known name of Ptole- mais, and more recently St. John d'Acre; which see. AcAciANS, sectarians named from their founder as a sect, Acacius, bishop of Ceesarea. Their doctrines were, that the Son was not of the same substance with the Father. AcADEMT, supposed to be derived from the .Grecian grove where Plato taught, near Athens. In language, it is now applied to a seat of instruc tion above a common school, and below a college. Acambou, kingdom on the coast of Guinea, in Africa, whose king is absolute, and one of the most powerful on the coast ; his subjects, though war like and brave, are haughty, rapacious, and cruel. 3 ACH ¦GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ACR Acanny, an inland country on the Gold Coast of Guinea, which affords the best gold, and in great plenty ; also, a town or village in that country. Lon. 30' E., lat. 8° 30' N. Aeapulco, a considerable town and port in Mex ico, on the Pacific ocean, 240 ms. a little S. of W. from Mexico, and by which a commercial commu nication is effected between western Mexico and other parts of the world. The inland trade of Aea pulco is chiefly performed by pack mules and horses. Acapalco itself is a small place, consi-st- ing of about 300 thatched houses; pop. 4,000. The air here is hot, heavy, and unwholesome. Upon the arrival of the galleons, traders flock here from all the provinces of Mexico, to exchange Eu ropean toys, their own cochineal, and about £437,500 sterling of silver, for spices, muslins, printed linens, silk, perfumes, and the gold works of Asia. Lon. W. C. 22° 40' W., lat. 16° 50' N. Acadia. — See articles New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Acarnania, ancient name of a part of Epirus. Acasabastlan, river and town of Guatemala, in the province of Vera Paz. The river flows into Dolce bay. The town stands on the river of the same name, about 50 ms. SW. of Vera Paz, the capital. Acatulan, village of Mexico, in Valladolid, N. lat. 19° 20', W. lon. 100° 5'. Acadian Coast, or Acadia, co. of Lou. ; lies along the Mississippi river, below Lafourche river. Acayucam, town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz. Accomac, co. of Va., on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake bay, having Northampton S., the Atlantic ocean E., Worcester co. in Md. N., and the Chesapeake bay W. It is about 20 ms. long and 10 wide, area 240 sq. ms., chief town Drum- mondstown. The surface generally flat and sandy. Pop. 1820, 1.5,969; and 1840, 17,096., Central lat. 37° 45' N., lon. W. C. 1° 30' E. Accomac, c. h., town on thPeastern shore of Va., 207 ms. from W. C. and 214from Richmond. Accord, village in Ulster co., N. Y. ACBLDEMA, field of blood. Acerenza, small town of the province of Basili- cata, in the kingdom of Naples, formerly the see of an archbishop. Lon. 16° 5' E., lat. 40° 20' N. Acerno, town of Italy, in the Citeriore principa4i- ty of Naples, 17 ms. SW. of Conza, and P2 NE. of Salermo. Lon. 15° 5' E., lat 40° 45' N. Acerra, town of Naples, in the province of Ter ra di Lavora, on the river Agno, a little N. of E. from Naples. Pop. 6,000. Acham, a country of Asia, to the northeastward of Bengal. — See Assam. Achantee. — See Ashanlee. Acheen, in Fr. Achern, a kingdom in the north western part of Sumatra, comprehending all that part of the island from Cape Acheen to Cape Dia mond, on the eastern side, and on the west to the country of the Battas. The inhabitants are sup posed to be a branch of the Malay family, which language they speak, and write in Arabic characters. Religion Mahometan. The Achenese have made considerable progress in the arts and in civilization. They are able workmen in metals and in ship building. Acheen, capital city of the kingdom of Acheen. It is situated on the extreme northwestern part of 4 the island, on a river, and two miles from the sea. The port admits no vessels during the dry mon soon, but is much frequented at other seasons. The character of the people of Acheen is that of the nation, or rather, race to which they belong — ferocious, treacherous, and violent, though more civilized than other Sumatrans. Pop. about 40,000. N. lat. 5° 22', lon. 95° 34' E. Achenrein, village of A ustria, in the Tyrol, fa mous for its foundries and iron works. Achlam, village of England, 12 ms. from York. Achlieten, village of Austria, on the Danube, 12 ms. ESE. of Ens. Achmetchet, town of the former Crim Tartary, now Russian province o! Crimea, or peninsula of Crimea, and about 35 ras. WE. of Sevastopol. Lat. 45° N., lon. 34° E. Achmim, or Ekhmim, town of Egypt, near the right bank of the Nile, 240 ms. above and south ward of Grand Cairo. Lat. 26° 40' N., lon. 31° 45' E. Acheron, river of Epirus, now Calamis, rising between Macedonia and Albania, interlocking sources with those of the Celydmus, Haliacmon, and Aracthus ; general course, 50 ms. ; falls into the Ionian sea, opposite the Paxi islands. Achor, town in the northern part of Colurnbiana CO., 0., 308 ms. by post road northward of W. C, and 178 NE. by E. of Columbus Achronny, town of Ireland, in the southern part of county Sligo, 16 ms. WSW. of Sligo. N. lat. 54°, lon. 9° 10' W. Achyr, or Achtyrka, town of Russia, in the government of Kharkoff, situated on the river Vorskia, 55 ms. NW. of Kharkoff. Pop. 12,000. Ackon, town of Lower Saxony, in thedutchy of Magdeburg, and .on the Elbe river, below Dessau. Ackworth, tp. and town, southern part of Sul livan CO., N. H. Acoma. — See St. Stephen deAcoma. Acoune and Acoutane, two of the Aleutian is lands. Acguf, city and seat of a bishop, in the division of the kingdom of Sardinia called Alexandria, sit uated on tht river Tanana, 20 ms. a little S. of W. of Alexandria, and 55 ms. SE. by E. of Turin. Pop. 6^500. Acqs, or Dax, city of Fr., on the river Adour, dep. of Landes, and about 25 ms. NE. from Bayonne. Acqs, town of Fr., in the southern part of the dep. of Arriege, about 22 ms. SSE. of Foix. It derives its name from warm baths in its vicinity. Acqua, town of Italy, in Tuscany, deriving its name from noted warm baths. Acquaria, town of Italy, in the Modenese, de riving its name from its noted mineral waters, 12 ms. S. of Modena. Acquasco, vUlage of Prince George's co., Md., situated on the right bank of the Patuxent river, by post road 40 ms. SE. of W. C. Acre, or St. Jean d'Acre, the ancient Ptolemais, city of Asia, in Palestine, situated on a bay of the Mediterranean, about 800 ms. a little W. of N. from Jerusalem. This is amongst the most an cient towns known ; it was the Accho of the tribe of Asher, afterwards Ptolemais, and since the pe riod of the crusades St. Jean d'Acre. The har bor is perhaps the best along the eastern shores of ADA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ADD the Mediterranean. The modern name is derived from the place being long the residence of the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. Acre, pachalic of, extends along the Mediterra nean from Gaza to Tripoli, about 200 ms , but does not exceed a mean breadth inland of more than 20 ms., lying between latitudes 31° 20' and 34° 20' N. St. Jean d'Acre is the capital. The surface is composed of a narrow western slope* from the mountains of Palestine. Aclopom, town of Mexico, in the southern part of Qucretaro, about 60 ms. a little E. of N. from Mexico. Aczu, town of -Asihtic Turkey, in Natolia ; also, a town and province of Asiatic Tartary, to the N. ofCashgar. Ada, Danish fort and commercial establishment on the coast of Africa, in upper Guinea, nearly on the meridian of London, and N. l.at. 6°. It stands at the mouth of the river Volta. j Adam's Bridge is a long and sandy shoal ex- 1 tending from the northwestern part of the island of Ceylon, towards Indostan, and nearly uniting the island to the continent. This barrier forms the northern limit of the gulf of .Vtanaar. Adair, county of Kentucky, having Barren co. W., Greene NW., Casey NE., Wayne and Pu-I laski, or Cumberland river and Wolf river SE., and Cumberland co. S. Adair co. has a mean length and breadth of about 28 ms. , area 800 sq. ms. The face of the country broken, and the soil much diversified. Chief town, Columbia. Pop. in 1820, 8,765 ; in 1840, 8,466. Central lat. 37° 15' N., lon. 8° W. from W. C. Adamaitt, Fr. , diamant; hence diamond. Adams, tp. of Coos co.,N. H. Pop. in 1810, 244; and in 1820, 363. Town in Berkshire, Mass., 30 ms. N. from Lenox. Pop. in 1810, 1,763 ; in 1820, 1,836. Town in Jefferson co., N. Y., 166 ms. NW. from Albany, and 457 from W. C. County of Pa., having Frederick co., in Md., S., Franklin co.. Pa., W., Cumberland NW. and NE. and E. It is about 20 ms. in length and 18 wide ; area 360 sq. ms. Chief town, Gettysburg. The surface of this county is extremely diversified with hill and dale. The soil is also of the different qualities, from the worst to the best. The whole county is well watered. Pop. in 1820, 19,681 ; in 1830, 21,379 ; and in 1840, 23,044. Central lat. 39° 50' N., lon. W. C. 10' W. Township, Darke co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 343. Village, Dauphin co.. Pa. Town, Hyde co., N. C, NE. 150 ms. from Ra leigh. Township, Washington Co., O., E. of Muskingum river. Pop. in 1810, 620 ; in 1820, 324. Township of Washington co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 174. Town, Seneca co., 0., 11 ms. N. of Tiffin, the county seat, and 20 S. of Lower Sandusky. County, Miss., bounded W. by the Mississippi river, S. by Homochitto river, or Wilkinson co., E. by Franklin co., and N. by Jefferson; length 40 ms., mean width about 15; area 600 sq. ms. 'The face of this county is di versified by hill and dale ; soil fertile. Vegetables generally cultivated ; cotton, maize, potatoes, &c. ; principal staple, cotton. Fruits — peaches, some ap ples, and abundance of figs. Chief towns, Nat chez and Washington. Central lat. 31° 30' N., lon. W. C. 14° 30' W. Pop. in 1820, 12,073; in 1830, 14,919; and in 1840, 19,4.34. A southern and Ohio river county of Ohio, bounded W. by Brown, N. by Highland, NE. by Pike, E. by Scioto, and S. by Ohio river, separating it from Lewis CO., Ky. It is, with a southern indenting on Ohio river, very nearly a square of 25 ms. ; area 550 sq. ms. ; slopes towards Ohio river, and in that direction drained by Brush creek and some smaller streams. Surface very hilly and soil varied, from the best to the most steril, general character rather inclining to the latter; West Union, seat of justice. N. lat. 39° and lon. W. C. fi° 10' W. intersect near the middle of this county. First settlement, 1791. Pop. in 1830, 12,278; in 1840, 13,183. One of the western counties of Il linois, bounded N. by Hancock, E. by Schuy ler, and SE. and S. by Pike ; on the W. it is separated from Marion and Lewis counties. Mo., by the Mississippi river. Length from S. to N. 32 ms., mean bretidth 24, and area 768 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 11', and in lon. from 13° 52' to 14° 26' W. of W. C. The western and most extensive slope declines towards the Mississippi, whilst that of the E. gives source to creeks flowing into the Illinois riv er. Chief town, Quincy. Pop. in 1830, 2,186 ; and in 1840, 14,476. Cape, the Point Ronde of La Peyrouse, is the southern point at the mouth of Columbia river. As laid down by Tanner, it is at N lat. 46° 17', and lon. 46° 50' W. of Washington City. Adamshurg, village, Westmoreland co.. Pa., 145 ms. W. from Harrisburg. Adamsville, village, Washington CO., N. Y., 57ms. N. from Albany. Village, Marlborough district, S. C, by post road 106 ms. NE. from Columbia. Village, Muskingum co., O., 12 ms. NE. of Zanesville, and 20 W. of Cambridge. — ¦ See Mechanicsville, or name of post office at Ad amsville. Adana, town and province of Turkey in Asia. The province is nearly commensurate with the an cient Cilicia, and comprises the extreme eastern part of the souttlern slope of Asia Minor. The town- stands and occupies a strong position on the ancient Sarid, now Seihoun, 10 or 12 ms. above its mouth. N. lat. 36° 50', lon. 35° 5' E. of London. Adda, river of Switzeriand and Italy, rises in the ' country of the Grlsons, and, flowing over Austrian Lombardy, falls into the Po near Cremona. Addison, tp. of Washington co.. Me., W. 16 ms. fromMachias. Pop. in 1810, 399; in 1820, 519- County of Vermont, having Lake Cham- plain W., Chittenden N., Washington and Or ange E., and Rutland S. Mean length 25 ms. ; mean breadth 20 ; area about 500 sq. ms. Though not mountainous, it is finely variegated by hill and dale. Otter river flows obliquely through this coun ty, and by its numerous branches affords much fine land and excellent mill seats. Chief towns Ver- gennes and Middlebury. Pop. in 1820, 20,620 Central lat. 44° N., lon. 4° IS* E. from W. c' Township and village, Addison co., Vt., about 10 ms. W. from Middlebury." Pop. of the tp. 1,200 Township and village, Steuben co., N y. Pop. in 1830, 652. Southwestern tp. of Somerset co., Pa. It is traversed by the U. S. road. Township of Gallia co., 0. Pod iii 1830, 636. ^ 5 ADM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFG Adelphi, town on the N. fork of Salt creek, in the NE. angle of Ross co., 0., on the road from Chillicothe to Athens ; 18 ms. from the former and 35 from the latter, and 20 SSW. from Lancaster. Pop. 300. N. lat. 39° 30', W. lon. from W. C. 5° 43'. Adel, kingdom of Africa, called also Zeila, from a rich trading town of that name, situated near its coast, on the Red sea. It seldom rains here, but the country is well watered by rivers, and abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and pepper. The inhabitants are Mahometans. It was formerly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is Aucagurel. Adelfors, town of Sweden, in Smoland, noted for its gold mines, 70 ms. NW. of Calmar. Aden. — See Adel. Aderbielzan, province of Persia, bounded on the N. by Armenia, W. by Ghilan, 8. by Irac-Agemi, and W. by Curdistan. Tauris is the capital. This country of mountains, forming the northwestern province of Persia, goes by numerous inflections of name — as Aderbaidjan, Aderbaidjian, Azerbi- jan, &c. Adiabene, a country which, by the ancients, had very indefinite boundaries. It was held by some as including all Syria, or Assyria; or, accord ing to 'the Chaldaic language, Aturia, which ap pears to have been a common name for all those countries. Adige, river of the Tyrol and Italy, rising in the Tyrol, interlocking sources with those of the Inn, -Adda, and Drave, and, flowing past Trent, enters Italy, and, gradually inflecting to the SE. and E., falls into the gulf of Venice to the N., and near the mouth of the Po, after a course of 200 ms. Adjemere, province, or, much more correctly, ; district of Indostan, divided into three sub-dis tricts — Odeypoor in the south, Joodpoor in the middle, and Jeypoor in the north. It is, indeed. rather a general name or title than a provincial di vision with definite limits, and is also inhabited by people differing from each other in language, man ners, customs, and religion, such as Jants, Rajc- pools, Bhattees, &c. Adjemere, lying on the table land between the sources of the Jumna and those having their in flux into the run and gulf of Cutch, has gener ally a sandy soil, and presents a dreary appear ance, with scarcity of water. The state of hu man industry and improvement low, with some very favorable exceptions, however, in both re spects. The feudal state of the whole cpuntry, politically, is a greater blight to human prosperity than either soil or drought. — See Jeypoor, Jood poor, and Odeypoor. Adjemere, city of Indostan, formerly of great importance, but now chiefly in ruins, is situated on the table land between the sources of the Chum- bull branch of the Jumna and those of the Looney, flowing into the run of Cutch. N. lat. 26° 30', lon. 74° 50' E. About 250 ms. a little S. of W. from Agra, and .yearly u like distance SW. of Delhi. AuMiiiAi., Fr., amiral, highest order of naval commanders, evidently derived from the same primitive root as emir, mirza, &c. Under this term Webster states : " This word is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Turks, Gen oese, or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century." 6 Mir, is a suffix to many imperial and royal names in the Sclavonic and some of the Asiatic lan guages. Admiralty Islands, a cluster of island.s in the Pacific ocean, to the NW. of New Ireland. They were discovered in 1767, and are between 20 and 30 in number; some of them appear of considera ble extent ; and the centre one is supposed to be in lon. 146° 44' E., lat. 15° 37' N. Adon, town of Hungary, seated in a fruitful country near the Danube, 12 ms. S. of Buda. Adour, river of Fr., which rises in the dep. of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbes and Dax, and enters the bay of Biscay below Bayonne. It is the SW. river of Fr. of any note ; the basin it drains is about 100 ms. long and 50 wide, though the stream is large for so confined an extent, as the principal sources are in the Pyrenees. Adra, seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47 ms. SE. of Granada. Lon. 3° 7' W., lat. 36° 45' N. Adramiti, ancient Adramyttium. It is now a miserable village, inhabited by a few fishermen. This place either gave to or received its name from the gulf of Adramyttium, at the head of which it stands. N. lat. 39^°, E. lon. 26° 50'. 70 ms. N. by W. from Smyrna. Adria, town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, which gives name to the Adriatic sea, and was formerly of great note, but has been much reduced by frequent inundations. It is seated on the Tar- taro, 25 ms. SSW. of Venice. Adriano, mountain of Spain, in Biscay, over which is a very difficult road to Alba and Old Cas tile. It is one of the highest mountains of the Py renees, and is only inhabited by a few shepherds. Adrianople, second city of European Turkey, in Roumelia, situated on the Marizzo river, at the junction of its four branches. Before changed by Adrian, this city was named Oresta ; by the Turks it is called Edrineh. "The numerous minarets of this second city of the Turkish empire rise above gardens of roses and groves of cypress." Pop. about 100,000. Distant from Constantinople about 150 ms. NW. by W. N. lat. 42°, lon, 26° 30' E. Adriatic Sea. — See Venice, Gulf of . Adventure, bay of the SE. end of Van Diemen's Land. JEgates, or Mgades, or Egates, group of islands lying off the extreme western point of Sicily, an ciently called the promontory of Lilybseum. The treaty of iEgates, B. C. 341 years, terminated the first Punic war between the Romans and Cartha ginians. Their modern names are Levenzo, Pa- vignano, and Maretima. jElia Capitolena, name given to Jerusalem by the Roman Emperor Adrian, and by which the place was designated for some centuries. JEolias, or Hephestiades, (now Lipari ,•) which see. JEtna. — See Etna. Afghanistan, the country so denominated has been generally, but erroneously, included in Per sia. The two countries differ in their civil, physi cal, and political characters. Following an Asi atic custom of naming a country from a predomi nant city or province, this country has been suc cessively called Ghuznee, or Ghiznee ; Cabulistan from Cabul, or Candahar, &c. AFG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR Taken in its utmost extent, Afghanistan ex tends from the western bounds of Herat, E. lon. 56', to the eastward of Cashmere, lon. 77°, and from the mouth of the Indus, N. lat. 21°, to the upper part of the Oxus, in N. lat. 37° These limits would give a length from W. to E. of 1,200 ms., and about 800 ms. from S. to N., or an area of 960,000 sq. ms. The empire comprehends Afghanistan proper, Seistan, part of Khorasan, and of Mekran, Balk, Cutch, Candahar, Sind, and Cashmere, together with a portion of Lahore, and the greater part of Moultan. In these countries the Khoolba, or church service, is used, in which the king of Af ghan is prayed for, although the degrees of subjec tion of the different provinces are various. The whole population is estimated at 14,000, 000, consisting of the following nations : AfghansBelooches - Tartars Persians and Tanjeks Indians of different races Miscellaneous tribes Amount 4,300,000 1,000,0001,200,000 1,500,000 5,700,000 300,000 14,000,000 The origin of the name Afghan is uncertain. It is only through the Persian that it is known to the people themselves, and it is probably prodern. 'J'heir own name for their nation is Poochtoon, or so says Malte Brun, and then contradicts himself in a few sentences after, by observing that the Af- gh£^ns consider themselves as descended from Af- ghaun, the son of Junia. The language of the Afghans is called Poostoo, of unknown origin, but with some affinity to some of the dialects of ancient Persia. They use the Persian alphabet, and the Persian is their learned language. In an extent of country so large, and inhabited by nations differing in language, customs, man ners, and rehgion, the human character must vary ; but, from all accounts, the people of those regions are hardy, bold, and daring, and perhaps the freest of all Mahometan nations, unless we except the wandering Arabs. The Afghans proper are, as to religion, Mahometans of the sect of Sonnites, but remarkably tolerant. The Hindoos live unmolest ed amongst them, practising their religious rites in perfect peace and safety. The face of the immense country known under the general name of Afghanistan is in great part mountains. In. the north, it has the great moun tain nucleus, the Hindoo Coosh, in part covered with perpetual snow. Advancing southward, the moun tains depress, but both the Indus and Kaushgar rivers, from lat. 35° to 33°, flow through mountain gorges, though below the latter limit the Indus has plains on both sides to the sea. The higher branches of the Oxus river rise in and drain the country of Baikh, or northwestern Afghanistan, whilst the central and western sections, comprising Cabul and Seistan, are drained by the various con fluents of the Hindmend, flowing westward into the sea of Durah. Beloochistan, although included in the general sweep of Afghanistan, is, physically at least, a very distinct country ; what was called by the an cients Gedrosia, more recently lirloochistan, or country of the Belooches, extending from Cabu listan and Seistan southward to the Indian ocean. In the northern side it is mountiiinous, but be comes gradually more level appro.iching the ocean ; the whole f >rining an inclined ]ilanr, '600 ms. from E. to W., and lying between N. lat. 26° and 30° ; has n mean broiidth of 200 ms. ; area 120,000 sq. ms. — See art. Asia. AFKIC.\, one of the great physical sections of the earth ; it is bounded N. by the Mediterranean sea ; W. and SW. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Southern ocean ; SE. and E. by the Indian ocean ; NE. by the gulf of Aden, Red sea, and the isth mus of Suez. This immense continent, in lati tude, extends from 37° N. to 35° S., and from 12° W. to 52° E., with the equE»tor very nearly » middle line, though not much, if any, less than two-thirds of the surface lies northward of that line. Within the outlines of Africa are included something about 11,000,000 of sq. ms., or about the one-fourth part of the land surface of the earth. As a physical section, Africa must be taken alone, as its internal features give it a distinct char acter. Of all the large land sections, it is the least indented with bays and inland seas or lakes. It has also, comparatively speaking, the fewest great systems of mountains, having in fact but two which materially modify its geography ; those are the Atlas on the N., and the Kong, or mountains of the Moon, in the centre. Detached groups of mountains do indeed exist in southern Africa, having no connexion with either the Kong or At las systems, but these isolated and confined moun tains have but a local and very restricted influence on the soil or climate of a continent spreading over so wide a surface. The Atlas, rising from the Atlantic ocean op posite to the Canary islands, extends thence in a NE. by E. direction 1,400 ms., to the Mediterra nean, between Tunis and the gulf of Cabes. This system is the backbone of an arable "surface of at most 300 ms. mean breadth. This productive tract is composed of two slopes : one to the north ward, drained by streams falling into the Atlantic ocean or Mediterranean sea; the opposite slope drained by rivers falling towards and lost in the Sahara, or great desert. At the utmost, the arable and habitable region of the Atlas cannot exceed 420,000 sq. ms. Beyond the northwestern extreme of the Atlas region, northern Africa extends about 1,200 ms. to the delta of the Nile. Part of this latter region is arable, but extremely narrow, and in some pla ces the desert reaches the sea. A breadth of 50 ms., and area 60,000, would be a full allowance, which, added to the region of .\tlas, yields for northern Africa, westward of the Nile, an arable superfices of 480,000 sq. ms. The system of Kong rises from the Atlantic ocean, between N. lat. 8° and 12°, forming a nucleus about the sources of the Senegal, Gam bia,- and Niger rivers, but thence, by an inflected course between latitudes 8° and 10°, crosses the continent, including the region from ivhich issue the higher fountains of the Nile, and terminating in Cape Guardafui. It is, however, evident that the Cape Verd islands in the Atlantic, and the islands of Abdel-Curia and Socotra, are extensions 7 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR of the Kong. But, restricting the system to the continent, it extends through 64° of lon. along the mean lat. of 8° N., or through 4,350 ms. The mean productive breadth would be fully esti mated at 1,000 ms., and area at 4,350,000 sq. ms. This region of Kong and western coast of Africa, to about the tropic of Capricorn, or south eni polar tropic, is the true Negroland. The lower basin of the Nile, from the mouth of the river Atbara, or Tigre, in N. lat. 18°, to the efflux of the main river into the .Mediterranean, in lat. 32° N., ranges about 1,000 ms. ; the produc tive tract narrowing, advancing from S. to N., from 300 ms. to, in many places, not more than 20 ms., and fully estimated at 100,000 sq. ms. Western Africa, from the mouih of the Quorra, or Niger, in a distance of 2,000 ms., to the south ern tropic, is to a certain, indeed, uncertain dis tance inland, productive, and in part extremely so, but from the best accounts would be rather over than underrated at 1,000,000 of sq. ms. Beyond the southern tropic, to N. lat. 28°, or mouth of Orange river, the desert reaches the coast. Thence, following the coast, and including the re gion of the Cape of Good Hope, to the equator on the eastern side, in a distance of 3,500 ms., with a mean breadth of 100 ms. inland, we have an area of 350,000 sq. ms. With these exceptions, the residue of Africa is, as far as known, steril and unproductive deserts. Sq. ms. Northern coast, from Canary islands to the delta of the Nile - - 480,000 Western tropical coast, from the mouth of the Quorra to that of Orange river 1,000,000 System of Kong - 4,350,000 Basin of the Nile below N. lat. 18° - 100,000 Southern and southeastern coasts united 350,000 6,280,000 In this estimate, the productive surface of Africa IS so extended as to admit us to assume 6,000,000 of sq. ms. as an ample allowance for the habitable sections of that continent. Viewed physically, Africa is, in fact, as far as human, indeed, animal life is concerned, a series of islands, of extremely difficult external and internal approach, either from the ocean or by traversing the immense intervening deserts. The want of deep bays or navigable rivers adds to the isolation of interior .\frica. These are permanent obstacles opposed to mental, moral, or political improvement. The great and durable superiority of Europe, western Asia, southeastern Asia, and the delta of the Nile, has been no doubt correctly attributed to deep oceanic indentings or to great navigable rivers. Even in Asia, far in land, and amid deserts, barbarism has prevailed in all ages. Rigidly measured by the rhombs, the whole surface of Africa comprises an area of about 11,300,000 sq. ms., and, according to the esti mates recorded in this article, near five-elevenths of the whole is steril, arid, and uninhabitable des ert. The great northern Sahara, extending be tween Negroland and the Mediterranean region, and between the basin of the Nile and the Atlantic ocean, is in length, from E. to W., within an in considerable fraction of 3,000 ms., with a mean breadth of at least 800 ms. ; area 2,500,000 sq. ms, S The great expanse of interior desert southward of the Kong is less known to civihzed nations ; but, according to all that is known, the superfices falls little if any short of that of the northern Sa hara, and, if taken together, can be safely estimated at 4,500,000 sq. ms. ; a surface exceeding that of all Europe, with all those parts of Asia JS. of Arabia and W. of a line drawn from the mouth of the Euphrates over the intermediate country, through the Caspian sea, and thence to the foot of the Ural mountains. Africa, though known in part to the civilized nations of antiquity from the earliest times, con tinues to be but partially known to those who have been navigating its shores, planting colonies on its borders, and endeavoring to penetrate its interior regions, to the present age. On every probability allbrded by history, southeastern Europe was civil ized from northeastern Africa; and yet, notwith standing its proximity to Europe and Asia, Africa in great part remains inlperfectly known and bar barous. A continent extending entirely across the torrid into both temperate zones, and, with ex tended deserts, and mountains rising in some places to the region of perpetual snow, must present great variety of climate and seasons. The general climate is that of the torrid zone. In Africa, as in every other section of the earth, three things must in fluence the climate: first, relative equatorial dis tance; second, inclination of the face of any given part; and, thirdly, relative elevation. From their much greater elevation, some parts of Guinea, Ni- gritia, and particularly Abyssinia, enjoy far more temperate climates, or far less exposed to excessive heats and droughts, than are Barbary, Egypt, or the extreme southern part, extending towards the Cape of Good Hope. In every section of Africa, where vegetation can exist to any considerable amount, the growth is vigorous, and product is abundant. Did the in habitants enjoy the benefactions of civilization, an immense population might exist in Africa. Wheat, and indeed the cerealia generally, afford the most excessive crops. The vine succeeds at once at the Cape of Good Hope and along the Mediterranean sea. It has been remarked of African vegetation, that its development is in an especial manner rapid and excessive. Most of the mountains are covered with forests, the trees of which cede in majesty to those of no other part of the earth : those of Mount Atlas equal the finest forests of It.ily and Spain ; those of Guinea, Scnegambia, Congo, and Nigritia, rival the dense forests of South America. The baobal or adanssonia, the giant amongst vegetables, was originally from tropical Africa. Leguminous vegetables are particularly abundant in Africa; as, for example, cassia, tamarind, and thorny mimossas. Palms, and in particular the date and cocoa, rise even on the arid borders of deserts ; euphorbias of different species and of gigantic size, and also the spiny cactus, spread over sandy tracts on which few other vegetables could find nourishment. In so brief a general view we recognise some re semblances in charrcter with Asiatic vegetation. The animal kingdom presents more variety and originality. Africa contains most of the animals of the old continent, and with also superior vigor. We may give, as examples, the horse of Barbary, the Cape buffalo, and the mule of Senegal. The A1<'K. GEOGRAPHICAL IJICTIONARY. AFR ^f'ricah dun lion is the only one which deserves the title. The African elephant and rhinoceros are, though smaller, greatly more active than Iho.sc^ of .\sia, and evidently much more ferocious. Sev eral remarkable animals are peculiar to Al'iica. On the southern regions of that eonlinent, and in .\b\.-fsinia, are found the only known species of the zelira. A similar observation might be lepealed as lo southern Africa, in rei;ard to the quagga, another species of the genus horse. Immense herds ot ditlerent species of the deer, the gnu, two species each of the giraffe and antelope bound over Africa; and its rivers and lakes, through more than .50° of lat., abound with the ponderous hippopotamus. The largest of all winged animals, the ostrich, skims over the immense plains of this great continent Little as is known of Africa, it is, however, evi dent that its mineral wealth is immense. The truly prodigious commerce carried on in gold dust from the interior announces the abundance of that metal. One of the branches of the Lupata moun tains, towards the southern extremity of that con tinent, has received and deserves the name of the Mountain of Copper. Iron is made in various parts of Africa, especially in Abyssinia, and in that mountain nucleus from which flow the Gambia and Senegal. The ancients brought emeralds from upper Egypt; and the yet existing monuments of that country verify the immensity in quantity of porphyry, granite, sienites, and other rocks, em ployed in architecture and statuary. May we not reasonably conclude, that all that is revealed of the capabilities of Africa are mere specimens of treas ures to be revealed to and developed by future and civilized generations ? The following general view of Africa was, in most part, translated from the French geography of Larenaudiere, TJalbi, and Hunt; Paris, 1831 : The difficulty, observes Balbi, of following a methodical course over the map of Africa, induces me to divide that continent into five grand divis ions. His co-geographers have modified that idea, and extend the physical divisions to seven : as that of the Nile, on the NE.; Atlas, NW. ; Sahara, central; Atlantic or western; southern or Cape section ; and eastern. The region of the Nils is bounded by the Medi terranean on the N. ; E. by Arabia, the Red sea, straits of Babelmandel, and a small part of the gulf of Aden ; to the S. by the mountains of the Aloon ; and on the W. by Nigritia, {Soudan or Negroland,) and by the deserts of Lybia and Barca, which depend on the Sahara and Atlas. This great section is in all its length watered by the Nile and its confluents. The real Nile, or Bahr-el- Abiad, White river, is the western and main stream, rising in the mountains of the Moon, in about lat. 6° or 7° N., and lon. 30° E. of London, and from thence, flowing over Sennaar a little E. of N., to lat, 16°, receives from the southeastward the Bahr-el-Azrak, or Blue river, from Abyssinia; and, continuing the original course of NNE. to lat. 18°, into Nubia, receives also from the SE. the Atbara, and from thence, known as the Nile, the united waters, by a course very little W. of N., flow over Nubia and Egypt, to their final efflux into the Mediterranean, at N. lat. 31° 30'. If we include in the region of the Nile all the surface from the Red sea to the interior of Sahara, 2* we would then have a space ol about 1,700 ms., with a mean width of 400, or an area of 650,000 aq. ms. The most rnnarkable general feature of this extensive region is, that, although having one extreme within 6" or Y° of the equator, and the other rather more than 8° within the temperate zone, the cxiromea of tropical heat is reverse lo the lat. This elli-et is produced by relative oceanic level. Abyssinia, entirely within the torrid zone, is a region of mountains with elevated valleys and table lands, with a rapid general slope northwardly. Nubia follows, descending, as does Egypt in turn, until the surface depresses lo the shores of the Mediterranean. The general elevation of Abys sinia, and the still more southern sections of the Nile region, remains unknown; but, from what is learned in respect to these tracts, it is probable that the mountains of the Moon fall little short of, if they do not rise above, the region of perpetual snow. Commencing wilh the mountains of the Moon, the first country of the Nile region we enter may be called that of southwest, but which is still very imperfectly known ; the inhabitants are .negroes, and independent. The country from which rise the sources of the Bahr-el-Abiad is called Donga, or Dinka, and the mountains El-Kamar. Bertat, or Djebel-O'onin, an extensive country southward of and descending the White river, Bahr-el-Abiad, is generally covered with dense forests, and inhabited by numerous and barbarous negro tribes. One of its districts, called Ganamyl, is highly productive in gold dust, collected from the sands of its rivers and brooks. Geographers give the names of Fazoql, as a province spreading between the White and Blue rivers, and Ferdassi, as a town and entrepot of commerce between Nubia, Abyssinia, and all Bertat. They also give the name, without much else, of the empire of the Chilouks. On the small map of Africa attending- the geography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, the name Shilouks is engraven on the space be tween the White and Blue rivers. Other barba rous names are given, without precise location, therefore of even doubtful existence. Kordofan, a country lying contiguous to, and westward of, the White river, and inhabited, though by negroes, by a people far advanced in the arts of civilized life above the barbarous tribes towards the mountains of the Moon. On a map of Africa publi-shed by John Sonex, (London, 1712,) and where now exists Kordofan, is represented **the Kingdom of Gorhan" — the two names evidently different enunciations of the same word. In regard to Ibis map of Senex, published half a century be fore the journey of James Bruce to the sources of the Nile, it may be remarked, that on it the general features, particularly those of the rivers, with their relative position and lat., are laid down with won- deful similarity to what appears on the most recent map. Kordofan, to the westward and northward, is bounded by deserts. To the southward of this country rises a rather low chain of half extinct vol canoes. Ibeit and Koldagi, though mere irregular collections of huts, are capitals, ^nd in the former an extensive commerce is carried on with the neighboring countries. Kordofan may, in some re spects, be now regarded as subject to the pacha of Egypt, who sends there, annually, troops to col lect and carry away recruits. 9 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR Abyssinia, as laid down on our most modern mapB, and also on that of Senex, includes all the great region from the Red sea to the Bahr-el-,\biad or White river, E. and W., and from S. to N., from the mountains of the Moon, to an uncertain boundary between it and Nubia. Length from E. to W. about 800 ms., and mean breadth 400, and area 320,000 sq. ms. Central lat. very near 11° N. Though anciently entitled Ethiopia, and in moderh ages Abyssinia, both terms may be re garded as general and generic, as there exists no evidence of the regions included ever having been united into one sovereignty. It is now, and proba bly has been in all past ages, inhabited by nations, not alone differing in language and religion, but also of very different races. With the exception of a small part towards the Red sea, straits of Babelmandel, and gulf of Aden, the slope is noilhward, and in that direction furrowed by deep valleys, extending between high mountain chains, which are probably spurs from the great central system, the mountains of the Moon. The princi pal rivers of Abyssinia are the Bahr-el-Abiad on the W., Bahr-el-Azrak, Blue river, or river of Amhara, in the centre, and the Atbara, or Tigre, or 'J'acazze, on the E. Tigre, from which the river so called is named, is the eastern kingdom of Abyssinia, bounded by the Red sea, with a very uncertain extent westward. Andova is regarded as the largest, though Axoum, or Axum, is considered the capital. The former, inhabited by 8,000 or 10,000 inhabitants, manufac tures a species of cotton cloth which circulates over the neighboring countries as money. Axoum, though not mentioned by either Herodotus or Strabo, and now in ruins, is very interesting, from remains which attest a former state of splendor. The traveller finds, amidst its present decay, Greek and Ethiopian inscriptions, ruins of magnificent temples, and upwards of fifty obelisks. Enderta is probably a part of Tigre, extending towards the gulf of Babelmandel, and contains the towns of Antalo and Chihcout. Lasta, constituting also a part of what our books and maps represent as Tigre, and extending to the Red sea. It is a mountainous country, divided into deep, valleys, and with high mountain ridges, superinducing political subdivision, the names of which we know imperfectly. In it are found a people who appear to be the descendants of exiled Jews, and who are called in the country Falachas. Dixan, a city in the extreme northern part, and not far inland from the Red sea, is well peopled and commercial. Genaler, Temben, Adet, Sire, Wal- dubba, and some other towns, are named as existing in Lasta. Amhara, or Gondar, forms central Abyssinia, and is the most important of its subdivisions; ex tent uncertain. If we take a birdseye view of this country, we behold the Lake Dambea, or Dembea, near its centre, and we see issuing from it, and flowing southwardly, the river of Amhara. This stream, represented by Bruce as the real Nile, and long so considered, issues as we have stated, and thence, in the form of an immense semicircle, sweeps round to the northward. Gondar, the nominal capital of Abyssinia, stands near the northeastern angle of Lake Dambea, and by some authors represented to contain 50,000 inhabitants, 10 is, however, a city with more marks of civihzalion than any other in central Africa. Amhara proper is represented as a small State, whose chief, resid ing at Watho-Haimanot, is independent.. Gojam, or the country in great part enclosed by the bend of the Amhara river below the Lake Dambea, is, from all accounts, one of the most beautiful and best peo pled sections of Abyssinia. Maitcha, also traversed by the Amhara, is a swampy and unhealthy coun try. Belesen, whose chief town, Emfras, contains about 300 houses. Damot, a province rich in gold mines, contains a town called Bame. The kingdom of Ankober spreading southeast ward of Damot and of the river of Amhara, towards the mountains of the Moon, is a country extremely fertile, and comparatively well peopled. Ankobar, the capital, is the residence of an independent chief, and whose estate, in 1814, was composed of the two large provinces of Efat and Schoa. Ango, a kingdom or province in the southwest ern part of Abyssinia, is composed of a province of the same name, that of Furfura and some other dis tricts, and has in it the towns of Agof, Cotbenou, and Combotche. Narea, in the same region, oc cupies one of the most elevated table lands of Africa. It is singular that Narea is noticed in the French geography, from which our own notice is trans lated, but omitted in the attending map, though inserted on that of Sene.x, 1712, and on Arrow- smith's under the name of Enarea. Samara, along the low, sandy, and burni.Tg coast of the Red sea, counts amongst its nomadic or wandering tribes the Schihos and Hazortas, who are, there is little doubt, the descendants of the ancient as they are the modern Troglodytes, still inhabiting the hollows and natural caves amongst rocks, or in the rudest cabins, constructed of reeds and seaweed. The principal village of Samara is Duroro, situated on the bay of Amphila, the moist powerful tribe of the Danokils, who oceupy a great extent of country inland from the straits of Babelmandel to the bay of Houakel. The mis erable village of Zulla, on Amesley bay, is the residence of the chief of the Hazortas. Near Zul la are still to be seen the ruins of the ancient Adulis. At about 8 or 9 ms. from this part of the coast is the island of Dhalac, the largest in the Red sea. On a small island in the bay of Masonah is a town of about 2,000 inhabitants, and very commercial. The town is also called Arkekoo, and is the common seaport from which outlet or inlet is made with Abyssinia. • Closing this too general view of a country so extensive, and, in many respects, interesting as that from which the Nile derives its numerous fountains, we cannot but regret at once its bar barous condition and the great imperfection of our knowledge of its various subdivisions. Politigally, it may be remarked, there are great resemblances between the condition of much of Europe for many centuries after the fall of the Roman em pire and that of Abyssinia at the present time. Magnificent ruins attested in Europe and in west ern Asia, as such ruins now do at Axoum and other places, the existence of and destruction of former grandeur and civilization. Descending the great slope of the Nile region from Abyssinia, extends an immense country, vaguely known under the general and complicated AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTION ARV AFK names of Sennaar and Nubia, It is aomothing curious that on the map of Senex, engraved early in the last century, and on those most recent of Af rica, the political extent, relative positions, and geographical complications, in regard to the Nile region, appear with a resemblance which excites and sustains an opinion that little has been gained in exact knowledge of that physical section during the past century. From the dim light thrown on Ihe two countries of Abyssinia and Sennaar or Nubia, we may regard them as not only politi cally but physically distinct. Indeed, we are war ranted in concluding that the former permanent separation arises from the strong prominence of the latter. Abyssinia in its widest extent is a comparatively high table land, from which fall rap idly the three great constituents of the Nile. Sen naar proper, following Abyssinia, is, from all ac counts, from 1,000 to 1,500 or 2,000 feet de pressed ; therefore the rapid increase of heat ad vancing norlhwardlv. Nubia, including Sennaar, according to the ge ography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, is 350 leagues in length from south to north, and 200 wide from east lo west. This would give a width of 550 and length of about 900 ms. ; the area ex ceeding 400,000 sq. ms. As naturally bounded, it stretches from the i2th to the 21th degree of north latitude, and from the Red sea to the Great Sa hara. Sennaar, or upper Nubia, occupies the space over which flow the two rivers of Amhara and Tigre, and westward to the White river. On the east and north, limits uncertain. This coun try, it is supposed, is the same assigned by the ancients to the famous empire, or, as frequently designated, island of Meroe. Many writers of both ancient and modern times have considered it as the cradle of the civilization, arts, and religious and political institutions of Egypt. 'J'he traces of a former high state of improvement are uncquivo cal. It was invaded in 1822, from Egypt, and is ¦now in some respects subject to the Pacha Me hemet Ali. The kingdom of Sennaar was found ed in the commencement of the 16th century. The capital, by the same name, is situated on the right or east bank of the Bahr-el-Azrak, or Blue river, the middle Nile, at N. lat. 13°'30'. It is a mere aggregation of mud huts, covered with straw. The country above their junction, and between the White and Tacazze rivers, is that named Hal- faya, or Chendi, descending from Sennaar proper. It is represented as tolerably well peopled. The capitals are of the same name, and in fact give name to the provinces. Damer, whose capital is situated near the mouth of the 'Tacazze, also gives and receives a name for the adjacent district. Barbar, or Berber, is marked on the maps as a district east of the Nile, and below the Tacazze, and north of the Nubian desert. Dongolah, unless the maps since 1712 have been copies of each other, has not materially changed. The length, as given by the French geographers, is upwards of 500, and breadth up wards of 400 miles ; but the limits cannot be otherwise than very vague. Between N. lat. 19° 22', the Nile makes an imtnense sweep, first west ward, then northward, and finally eastward, pass ing through the country called Dongola, of which, says Malte Brun, " we have little recent informa tion." Similar to so niony other places in Asia and Africa, tho capital and country bear the same name. The town of Dongola, on the Nile, at about 19° 30' N., is comparatively important. Ruins here, as elsewhere in the upjior Nile region, prove a state of departed civilization and grandeur, and now contrast in a melancholy manner with present barbarism and degradation. The greatest part, indeed, pf lower Nubia, called also the country ofBorabras, is inhabited by a true nomadic people, wandering from the Rod sea to the interior Sahara; but here still existing monuments prove an approach towards ancient Egypt. The towns, or more correctly the villages, above As souan, or Syene, are Deyr, regarded as the capital, and near to which exists the remains of a temple cut from the solid rocks, and which Bclzoni sup posed a temple of Osiris, and also another temple, in great part buried in the sands; Ouady-Halfa, near the cataract of tho same name; EbsamboijI, near which is still to be seen the remains ctf a magnificent Egyptian temple; El-Calebchch, com posed of near 200 houses constructed from stones torn from ancient monuments, the most important of which is a temple which appears to have been erected to Serapis, and which, to judge by some painting.s, attest that it was changed lo a church during the early ages of Christianity ; and, finally, Ibrim, situated on the right bank of the Nile, whose mud-built and palm-leaf covered houses rise around the remains of a mosque, a castle in ruins, and some other antiquities. 'To the eastward of Dongola, and of the Ta cazze, or river of Tigre, extends a large country reaching to the mountains which border the Red sea, which country, in great part desert,'i3 trav ersed by nomadic nation.s, amongst which the Bich- aryeh form several large and warlike tribes. One of their principal villages is Olba, with a port on the Red sea. The Hadendoa is a tribe at once pastoral and agricultural, who inhabit a fertile dis trict called Belad-el 'i'aka ; the Ahmmadab, a nu merous tribe who abandon their mountains dur ing the rainy season, to cultivate the banks of the Tacazze ; the Halenquahs, robbers, who pillage the neighboring tribes, and retire to the mountains of Fassala and Attnesse ; tho Hfessanyeh, who roam over the country to the northeastward of the desert of Bahiouda ; and also the Kababych, who occupy the deserts westward of the Nile- Com paratively, Suakim, a city and seaport on the ]£ed sea, and within the Nubian region, at N. lat. 19° 20', is of great importance. It is a commercial depot on the main caravan route from interior Nu bia, Sennaar, ond the still more remo:e regions of central Africa, and one of the most extensive slave markets between Africa and Asia. The town is built on a small island, the port one of the best and most frequented on the Red sea, and is sit uated about 900 miles SSE. from Suez. Egypt follows Nubia, passing the northern tro pic and descending the Nile ; and entering EgypI, even in thought, we feel as if our feet trod on ground cultivated by man from the most remote an tiquity ; and when we examine its history, we find in those primitive ages, as at present, the coun try divided into three natural sub-regions — high er, middle, and lower — which, taken together, 11 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR has a mean length, from south to north, of 500, and breadth, from east to west, of 300 ms. ; area 150,000 sq. ms. In the outlines, however, of this space, so much is desert that the real cultivable, and, of course, habitable Egypt, does not exceed, if it amounts to, 13,000 sq. ms. Before noticing the political features, we may take a hasty sketch of those natural characters more or less common to the whole of Egypt. Of these characters, the most important is the river Nile — this very remarkable stream, formed, as we have seen, by innumerable smaller confluents in Abys sinia and adjacent countries, all of which are unit ed into one channel at the influx of the Tacazze. Without including minute windings, but by com parative courses, the Nile channel below the mouth of Tacazze is in length 1,200 ms., in which great distance it does not receive a single confluent which deserves a place on the map of Africa. Without fountains or brooks, the Nile is the very life artery of Egypt. If, by any convulsion or other opera tion of nature or art, the course of the Nile within the torrid zone was turned into the Red sea, the so justly interesting Egypt would almost instantly disappear from amongst the habitable sections of our globe. Watered and fructified by the great river, the aspect of the country varies with its pe riodical swell and depression. While winter, even in southern Europe, has chilled vegetable life. Nature smiles in all her luxuriance over Egypt. The verdure of the meadows, promise of abundance in the fields, gardens, and orchards, give an air of enchantment to the banks of the Nile. Then bloom the flowers of the orange, citron, and innu merable others, perfuming the air. The busy hum of human life, villages, and pastures covered with flocks and herds, give life to the scenery. Egypt, though somelliing monotonous, is then indeed one immense garden. In the opposite season the con trast is complete. As the sun approaches the northern tropic, the heats become excessive, aiid gradually Egypt assumes a parched aspect, first of mud, and then of penetrating dust. Iq the heaven above the earth a scorching sun, and the vault un clouded, with winds of more or less violence, bear ing the dust into the closest dwellings, the heat and dust rendering travelhng in the open air at once dangerous and painful. This season of heat and dust is followed, as the river continues its rise, until the whole country adjacent to the main chan nel, particularly in lower Egypt, or the delta, pre sents immense surfaces inundated, and from which the clumps of trees, houses, and villages, seem to float. It cannot be a subject of rational surprise that different travellers, visiting Egypt at different seasons, should give contradictory accounts. According to Malte Brun, "The rise of the Nile commences with the summer solstice. The river attains its greatest height at the autumnal equinox, continues stationary for some days, then diminishes at a less rapid rate than it rose.. At the winter solstice it is very low, but some water still remains in the large canals. At this period the lands are put under culture. The soil, from the previous flood, is covered with a fresh layer of slime or vegetable mould." Descending from Nubia, the first Egyptian town reached _is Assouan, the ancieni Syene, now al most in ruins and thinly peopled. It stands on 12 the eastern bank of the river, on an agreeable site and granitic soil. In the middle ages this city was still one of the most important of Africa. Few re mains of its ancient monuments exist; those which have resisted the ravages of time and human bar barism appear to be rather the works of Greeks or Romans than of Egyptians. Below Assouan, the first town, now in ruins, which deserves notice, is Koum Ombos. Though reduced to a miserable village, it is highly interesting by the ruins of two temples, which enclose an immense area in brick. The smallest of these edifices has been subjected to great degradations from the floods of the Nile. At Edfou, the Atbo of the Egyptians, and ApoUino- polis Magna of the Greek.s, a large temple of Orus yet so far exists as to show its massy corridors and mysterious passages. Thi.s place is situated on the western bank of the Nile, at N. lat. 25°- Fifty miles lower down the river, and on the same side, we find Esneh, and in it one of the most perfect monuments of ancient Egyptian architecture; it is a portico sustained by 24 columns, and on the ceil ing of which is seen sculptured a zodiac, which is supposed to have been formed 2,000 years before that of Danderah. This once splendid edifice at tests that the place, now the residence of a simple Arab Cheykh, is the site of the ancient Latopolis. At no great distance from Esneh, the Cophts show a Christian church which they contend was built as early as the reign of Dioclesian, A. D. 282-306. At N. lat. 25° 40', and on both banks of the Nile, once stood Thebes, the capital of upper Egypt. The site is yet attested by thfc villages on the right or east bank of the Nile, of Luxor, Karnak, and Medinet-Amoud, and on the left or western side by Medinet-Abou, Kourneh, and others of less c(»n- sequcnce. Wc hazard nothing in saying that there exists no other known ruins of the earth which combine so much of intense interest as do the re mains of Thebes. Over a distance of seven or eight miles along both banks, and three or four miles on each side from the stream, yet exist remains of an immense capital of a highly civilized nation,* who flourished ages before tho hunter nations of Europe were other than savages. At about 30 miles below the ruins of Thebes, and on the western or left bank of the Nile, once stood Tentyris, now Denderah, a wretcheif village, deserving littlenotice in itself, butcommandingdeep interest from the traveller and geographer, as in its environs are found the remains of a temple 250 feet by 170 in length and breadth. From one of the ceilings of its halls was taken the planisphere now forming one of the most splendid ornaments of the museum of Paris. About 100 miles below the ancient 'Thebes, and on the west bank of the Nile, stands Girgeh, capital of the province, show ing its antiquity by its ancient monuments, and at present containing a population of 10,000. On the eastern bank, and about 15 miles below Gir geh, stands El-Akmin, supposed on Ihii same site with the ancient Chcmnis, so remarkable for its attributed extreme antiquity. Still descending the Nile from El-Akmin, about 60 miles, we reach Siout, or Suit, on the western bank, and regarded as the capital of upper Egypt, and is a place of meeting and passage of the river by tho caravans from Nubia, Soudan, and Arabia. This place, containing from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants, may AFR GEOt;WAPniCAL DlC'l'IONAUV AF be called the city of ruins, as fioiii the fragments of ancient edifices those of modern times arc in greater or less part built. Minych, also on tho western bank, about 80 miles below Siout, brings us into middle Egypt, or Vos- tani, and into accumulated evidences of an an cient, powerful, aud highly civilized people. Min- yeh is, by several authors, regarded as the an cient CynopoUs. Unequivocal monuments of mod ern improvement appear at this city, and, amongst olliers, we may notice a manufactory for spinning cotton with European machinery. Jirs for filtrat ing the water of the Nile are also extensively manu factured here. This city, named on some maps Ashmunoin, stands at N. lat. 28° 8'. About from 75 to 80 miles lower, following the channel, and on the western bank, stands Beni-Souef, or Beny- Soueyf, a city amongst the most commercial, best peopled, and most industrious of middle Egypt. It is, however, more particularly remarkable, as from the Nile at this city issues the canal which leads into tho province of Faioum, the ancient Ar- sinoc. This canal, called Bahr-Yoosef, connects the Nile wilh the ancient Lake Moeris, now Birket el-Oairoon. Medinet-el-Fayoum, or the city of Jfayoum, near which are to be seen Ihe ruins of Crocodilopolis, after the reign of Ptolemy Phila- delphus ArsinfE, is yet renowned for its oil of roses, and near it exist the remains of an ancient pyramid and labyrinth. Beni-Soucf stands at N. lat. 29° 12', and, following the channel of the river, alraut 80 ms. above Grand Cairo. In the lowest part of lower Egypt, and just above N. lat. 30°, commences the district of El-Haram, or that of the pyramids. The limits between mid dle and lower Egypt are strongly physical. The two opposing ranges of hills or mountains which from the mouth of the Tacazze, at a greater or less distance from its banks, border the Nile, form be tween them what may be called the valley of that river. From Syene to Cairo tho river flows along this valley, which aver.igcs about eight miles broad between the two ranges of hills or mountains, one of which separates the Nile region from that of the Red sea, and the other stretches along the Sahara, ,ind is filially terminated towards the Mediterra nean. Some travellers of credit state that the Nile inonntains are intersected by defiles, on one side leading to the Red sea, and on the other to the oases towards the Sahara. It was no doubt un inspeclion of one or more of these defiles which suggested to the Portuguese the project of divert ing the whole column of the Nile into the Red sea, nor do tho general features of Ihe intermediate country at all tend to discredit the possibility of such a work. If a section of the Nile valley is made by a plane perpendicular or at right angle-; to its direction, the surface will be observed to de cline from the margins of the river to the bottom of the hills — a circumstance common with it, the Mis sissippi, the Po, Borysthenes, Ganges, and several other rivers. The Nile valley contains three very different kinds of land; that immediately at the bottom of the mountains consists of sand and round pebbles, with a variety, composed. of light drifting sand, covering ground probably at former limes ara ble ; and a third, the productive alluvial banks of the river. Near Beni-Souef, the valley of the Nile, already much widened, parlicularly on the west, cipcnjnn, us already shown, a passage by tho Buhr-V dosi'f lo the interior of Faioum, contracts below : but near and above Cairo, the chains which limit the valley of the Nile diverijc on both sides; the one under the name of Jebbel-al-Nairuii, extends northwest. ward towards tho Mediterranean ; the other, call ed Jcbbel-al-Altaka, stretches in nearly an east ern direction towards Suez. Any one who has examined carefully the lower Mississippi region will bo inclined to regard what is counted as moun tains stretching along the Nile on both sides us merely buttresses, or the termination of table lands, into which a deep channel has been scooped by abrasion of water. Let,. however, the boundaries of highland be what they may, in Ihcir front, and below N. lat. 30°, spreads a plain cut by the river channels, and evidently composed of alluvion borne down by the waters of the Nile, and which, from a fancied re semblance to the Greek letter of that ,namc, has been called the delta. It is, and has in all histor ical ages been designated lower Egypt. The ex tent is not a very easy calculation, but does not perhaps much exceed or fall short of 7,000 sq. ms. As a section of modern Egypt, tho delta is the Bahari, from the now Bahr, a body of water. — See article Egypt. We now resume our general view. Entering the Bahari, descending the Nile, our attention is arrested by those stupendous monuments of the ancient world, the pyramids, those majestic mau- , solea in which are buried net alone the founders, but also their names. They are in number 1 1, ranged almost in a single line, at a short di-.lance from the left bank of the river, and on the road lo Gizeh. Three of these piles greatly surpass the others in height and mass. See article Pyramids. At j Sakhara, at or near where Memphis, the second great capital of ancient Egypt, stood, is a range of pyramids. Mixed with the pyramids are those colossal representations of monsters called sphinxes; which see, under its proper head. Willi the town of Gizob, Djizch, or Gize, or Gccza, wo enter lower Egypt, and find ourselves surrounded by the admixture of the most ancient and most modern monuments. The town itself appears sad and ill built, and presenting Ihe [talace commenced by Ismael Bey, and finished by Momad Bey. Nearly opposite Uizeh, but some little dis tance lower, and about half a mile from the Nile, commences the most extensive city of modern Egypt, El-Kahirah, or Grand Cairo, constructed in A. U. 970, or in the 360lh year of the Hegira, by the first of the Fatemitc Kalifs who reigned in EgypI, Al Mansur. Grand Cairo is, after Con stantinople, the largest city of the Mahometan world, and maintains a fully equal, if not superior, comparative rank by commercial importance. Bou- lac, along the Nile, between that river and the city, is at once its port, and most important suburb. Grand Cairo, or the tower of the Janizaries, in that, city, stands at N. lat. 30° 2' ; or, if the city itself is regarded, it stands on 30°, and almost exactly due W. from Suez, at the extreme northern bay of the Red sea. About 10 or 11 ms. below Grand Cairo flows from each other the two great embranchments of the Nile; and we may remark that, from all the most 13 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR .authentic testimony on the subject, this bifurcation has existed, not materially changed, for at least 2,500 years. The eastern, or the one which con tinues the ganeral course of Ihe Nile in middle Egypt, has been, from the principal city near its mouth, called the channel of Damietta, and is, by general or comparative courses, about 100 ms. in length. The other, or western branch, for similar reasons, has been called, respectively, the chan nel of Rosetta, or of Alexandria. Proceeding by the branch of Damietta, and at about 30 ms. below Cairo, on the outlet of a for merly navigable canal, stands Menouf; and still lower, and near the centre of the delta, though not on either, but between the two channels, is situ ated Tantah, or Demtar, one of the best built and peopled cities of lower Egypt. Mansodra, on the E. side of the main channel, and above an outlet or canal leading into Lake Menzaleh, and almost exactly on N. lat. 31°, and a very little N. of E. from Cairo. Few cities of Egypt have gained more celebrity than Mansoora, Mansura, Mansoura, or Mansourah, for it is written with all this differ ence of orthography. At about 28 ms. nearly due E. from Mansoora stands San, the ancient Sanis, now only a fishing village near the border of Lake Menzaleh, whose huts are strangely contrasted with obelisks and other splendid ruins. Following the course of the stream, and at 60 ms. below Man soora, we reach Damietta, a city near the shores of the Mediterranean, and the most northern town of any great consequence in Egypt. Environed by rice fields, and on an almost dead plain, Damietta contains, at the lowest estimate, 20,000 inhabit ants. This city was built near the site of, and takes name from, the ancient Thamiatis, destroyed during the crusades. If we return to the separation of the two main branches of the Nile, and descend that of the W., after passing numerous towns and villages, you reach, at a distance of about 80 ms., the town of Rahmanie, or Ramanych, at the outlet of the canal of .\Iexandria ; and 30 ms. still lower, and on or near the Mediterranean coast, the city of Rosetta. From the bay of Aboukir, the coast eastward is no longer composed of calcareous rocks, but of the alluvions of the Nile. Ob this alluvion stands Ro setta, with its 15,000 inhabitants, amid forests of date trees, sycamores, and bananiers. Though founded by Alexander of Macedonia, 2, 170 years past, when thinking on the history of Egypt, Alexandria strikes the mind as a modern city ; but when connected with Greek, Roman, Sarazin, and Turkish history, like Rome itself, it appears as one of the links of that great chain which unites distant ages. As it now appears, Alexandria shows its decadence by the remains amongst which, and partially with which, it is constructed. To the southward of the point of land on which this city stands, and nearly enclosed from tho sea by another long tongue of sandy beach, but based on rock stretching from the south west, spreads the ancient Mareotis lake, now Birket-el-Mariout. At 12 or 13 ras. northeastward of Alexandria, stands, on the site of the ancient Canopis, the vil lage of Aboukir; and near which the coast, which thus far from the W. is generally based on calca reous rock, now becomes alluvial. 14 The enduring celebrity of Egypt, and indeed its intrinsic physical features, justify, in a general view, more than usual detail! Returning to Vos- tani, or middle Egypt, and ascending the Nile as high as Diospolis Parva, or very nearN. lat. 26°, we find on most maps a canal delineated- along the western side of the Nile valley, and generally par allel to that river, and on some continued into the canal of .Alexandria. From what has been already observed in this article, the reader learns that the surface on both sides of the Nile valley, at the foot of the hills, is lovver than the river banks, or, in other words, that both sides from the river to the hills are inclined planes. The consequence of such a physical structure is, that when the Nile is at full or even nearly full flood, as high as 400 ms. above the head of the delta, near Grand Cairo, the water which flows from the main stream over its banks, particularly on the western side, falls into a natural recipient towards the hills. It is a very mistaken idea, but a common one out of Egypt, that the Nile inundations are of uni form or even near uniform annual elevation. " In September, 1818, M. Belzoni witnessed a de plorable scene, from the Nile having risen three feet and a half above ihe highest mark left by the, former inundation. It was productive of one of the greatest calamities that had occurred in the memory of any one living." — Malte Brun, vol. 4, p. 25. In Egypt, the people regard as equally in jurious a loo low or -too high rise of water, in their river; and what is remarkable, if a very low rise takes place in any given year, a corresponding ex cessive rise is looked for and dreaded as a coming calamity the ensuing year. These injurious phe nomena had such sequence in 1817 and 1818. Another, and very interesting fact in the physi cal structure of the region westward of the Nile, and to the northward of Beni-Souef and the outlet to Faioum, is the existence of valleys now no longer so, but having in position, direction; and materials in their deposition, strong evidence of having been, at some remote and lengthened period, outlets of the Nile. To advance from S. to N., and setting out from Beni-Souef, the canal of Joseph, 84 ms. long, leaving that place, and lead ing' into the tiistrict of Faioum, has all the appear ance of having been merely an outlet of the river, artificially improved, as no doubt was also Lake .Mceris, a natural basin replenished from the Nile. But the valley of which the district of Faioum is a part does not appear to terminate short of the Mediterranean. Speaking of those regions, Malte Brun, quoting Andreossy, observes; "But the most curious country, undoubtedly, is. that which is comprehended in the Bahrbela-Maiey, {the river without water,) and the basin of the Natron lakes. These two valleys are parallel to each other. The mountain of Natron {range of hills) skirts the whole length of the valley of that name. That mountain contains none of the rocks which are found scattered about in the valley, such as quartz, jasper, and petrosilex. There are six lakes, forming a series, in the di rection of the valley. Their banks and their wa ters are covered with crystallizations, both of mu riate of soda, or common salt, and of natron, or carbonate of soda. The valley parallel to that of Natron is called AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR Bahr-bela-Maiey, or " the dry river." Separated from the valley of Natron by a small range of heights, it has, for tho most part, abreadlh of 8 ms. In the sand with which the surface is every where covered, trunks of trees have been found in a state of complete petrifaction. The same species of stone is found here as in the valley of Natron. Some of the learned have thought, with much probability of being correct, that tho stones have been brought to the ploce by a branch of the Nile which once passed in this direction." The valley of Bahr-bela-Maiey is said to extend to, and to be continued in, that of Faioum, southwardly, and lo the N. to be only terminated in the Mediterranean. Distance about 150ms. from Beni-Souef, into Lake Mareotis. Eastward of the lower part of middle Egypt, and of the whole of lower Egypt, the Bahari or delta, traces of immense changes previous lo and within the historical era appear over the isthmus of Suez, spreading between the Bahr Assuez, or western arm of the Nile, and Mediterranean. The isthmus now presents itself as a low-lying land, based on shell, limestone rocks, and sand, covered, but in terspersed with small lakes and saline marshes. The surface of the isthmus generally declines from the shores of the Red sea towards those of the Mediterranean. The level of the Red sea at Suez exceeds by a height of 30 feet that of the Mediter ranean. The plain slopes also from the Red sea towards the river Nile and delta. The level of the Nile near Cairo, at the lowest stage, by a mean of three years, 1798, 1799, and 1800, was 9 feet lower than the surface of the gulf of Suez. But the Nile, rising 16 cubits, is 9 feet higher than the Red sea at high water, and 14 feet higher than the same sea at low water. These elements show in general terms the pecu liar structure of Egypt and adjacent parts, and show also the high probability that if a civilized and permanent government was formed, and its benefactions shed once more over this great region, that nature itself has prepared the base of works which may unite by navigable canals the Mediter ranean, by way of Egppt, with the Red sea, and by canals of irrigation restore lo cultivation large tracts of country once productive but now desolate. It may be safely said, that an extensive survey, in cluding the levelling of the Nile and its outlets, and also the relations of level of that stream at ex treme high and low water, wilh the Red sea and the supposed ancient outlet to the westward, would be one of the most interesting works ever under taken by man. If, as a summary, we include in the Nile region all the space between the Red sea and northern Sahara, and between the mountains of the Moon and the Mediterranean, we have a space of 1,700 miles in length, and differing in width from 800 on the south to 400 on the north, and with an area exceeding 650,000 square miles. If we al low one-half as arable, and capable of supporting a dense population equal to the general aggregate of southern Europe, or about 150 to the square mile, then ought the region of the Nile to have upon its surface upwards of 43,000,000 souls. Region of Atlas. — In the outset of pur view of this great region of northern iVfrica, we may ob serve, that under the head of Atlas are included extensive tracts west of Egypt and eastward of the gulf of Cabes, the ancient Syrtes Minor, beyond those which appertain strictly to the mountain system which gives title to tho section under re view. Selling out from the western coast, on or about N. lat 30°, we find a system of mountains rising from the ocean, and, pursuing it, discover its exten sion lo be in a direction of nearly NE. by E., terminating on or near the Mediterranean coast, between Tunis and Tripoli. The general length of this system is about 1,300 miles. With the minute features of Atlas we are but partially ac quainted, such as its lateral chains, bifurcations, height of its peaks, or constituent materials; nor could we in an article necessarily brief go into such details, had wo the documents ; but^ from what is actually known. Atlas may be ranked amongst the great systems of our globe. In lati tude it ranges between 30° and 37° N. About on the meridian of London, and N. lat. 32°, in the eastern part of Morocco, many of its peaks are covered with perpetual snow, demanding a height of at least 12,000 feet. Still farther easl, in Al geria, the mountains are covered with snow from the latter end of September to the beginning of May ; and even to Dhe south of Tripoli, where the general elevation appears to diminish, they are snow covered three months of the year. ^ Falling from this elevated region are two slopes, drained by numerous bht comparatively small riv ers ; one, declining about NNW., has its eastern termination on the Mediterranean and western on the Atlantic ocean ; the other and opposing slope inclines towards the Sahara, which is also chan nelled by rivers, but their waters lost in sands or evaporated by the scorching heals over the des erts. The mean width of this northwestern sec tion of Africa is about 250 ms., and mean length, in N. lat. 32° 30', very near 1,200 ms. ; area, 300,000 sq. ms. Of this extent, according to all concurrent testimony, ancient and modern, at least two-thirds is equal if not superior to any similar continuous tract of southern Europe, and is fully capable, and perhaps in ancient times did sup port a population of between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 of inhabitants. It is productive gen erally, and part exuberantly, of the grains and fruits usually cultivated in Greece, Italy, and Spain ; and also produces many useful vegetables not at all or with difficulty cultivated in southern Europe. In regard to climate, there must be a much more marked difference and rapid transition be tween the opposing Atlas slopes than could arise from difference of latitude ; but if our knowledge of the northern slope is defective, that of the southern is greatly more so ; on both, human bar barism operates as a blast on nature. It is inhab ited by Moors, Arabs, Berbers, and an intermix ture of Jews and Negroes, all with very distinctive physical and moral characters. The Moors are supposed to be a mixed people, descen(led from the ancient Mauritaneans, Numidians, Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabians. The nomade Aabs are distinguished from the other inhabitants of Bar bary by a more masculine physiognomy, more lively eyes, and almost olive complexions. The Berbers, who are totally distinct from the Arabs 15 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR and Moors, are probably descended from the an cient Gelula;. Their complexion, mixed red and black ; their forms tall and handsome, spare habits arid lean body. They are subdivided into four na tions. The Amazirgh, or, as called by the Moors, Shilla, or Shulla, in the mountains of Morocco; the Cabyls, in Ihe mountains of Algiers and Tu nis ; the Tibboos, between Fezzan and Egypt ; and, fourth, the Tuariks, in the great desert. Their identity of language is shown by Iheir origi nal roots. The other nations, such as Jews, Negroes, Turks, &c., rather reside amongst than form any considerable part of the population of northern Africa. Spain has long held some towns on the coast, and France is now contending for the mas tery of the whole country, but as yet the great in terior surface to the Sahara is possessed by the dif ferent Mahometan tribes or nations. East of Barbary and west of Egypt, having the Mediterranean north and the Sahara south, ex tends a country of rather contracted breadth, but with a length of about 1,000 miles from east to west. Advancing from Egypt, we first enter Bar ca, the ancient Lybia, Marmarica, and Cyrenaica. Similar to all northern Africa, Barca presents the contrast of ancient magnificeift ruins and modern barbarism. Except a narrow and irregular strip along the Mediterranean coast, Barca is a desert, affording no stream worthy of notice. In it and on its northern extremity, 600 ms. following the coast westward of Alexandria, stands the wretched village of Carin, marking the site of the ancient Cyrene, once the capital of a flourishing Greek colony, and where were born Eratosthenes, Aris- tippus, and Callimachus. It is still the principal town on the coast between EgyJDt and the gulf of Sidra, the ancient Syrtes Major. This gulf pro trudes a bay to very nearly N. lat. 30°, and to where the deserts skirt the coast. A distance of about 300 ms. separates the gulf of Sydra, Syrtes Major, from the gulf of Cabes, the les ser Syrtes, and this stretch of coast, the ancient Syrtica, now the State of Tripoli, lying between N. lat. 30° and 34°, is said to be inhabited by a people much more advanced in civilization than are any other of northern Africa west of Egypt. Tripoli, the capital, at N. lat. 32° 40', is sup posed to stand on the site of the ancient Sabarta, and, with a population of 25,000 souls, is still a placp of great commercial importance and an en trepot between the interior and coast. To the south of Tripoli the face of Ihe country does not become rapidly a desert. In that direction ex tends an immense country, tributary to the Bey of Tunis, though under the government of an in dependent chief or sultan. It appears from recent information that a chain of mountains stretches westward, with a mean latitude of 29° from the Natron lakes of Egypt, and taking successively the names of. Mokarra and Gulsdoba, with an as pect naked and precipitous, and calcareous in their element. Leaving Egypt, and proceeding west ward along these mountains, we first arrive at the oasis of Siwah, the Ammon of the ancients. The ruins of Oummibida seem to belong to a forti fied caravansera, connected with the temple of Ju piter Ammon. 'I'he materials of the ruins consist of a limestone brought from the adjacent moun- 16 tains, and contain petrified shells and other ma rine remains. The so very celebrated temple of Jupiter Ammon on the oasis of Siwah, as laid down on our modern maps, stood at about N. lat. 29°, and something above 300 ms. a little south of west from Grand Cairo. From Siwah to -Audjelah, 250 ms., the moun tains rise in peaks from the midst of the plain. The naked rocks are not covered wilh a particle of soil, or even with sand. Abundance of water, both fresh and salt, is found, the fresh water springs being mostly warm. The oasis of Audje- lah, the A ugila of Herodotus, contains three towns, ruled by a bey tributary to the Bey of Tuni.s. Audjolah lies southward from Barca, and nearly on N. lat. 30°, and there appears to terminate the long chain of mountains bounding the desert of Barca on the south ; but we may doubt whether this termination is other than a mere depression or wide gap, as, after some intervening sandy desert, mountains rise, and along about the mean latitirde of 27° spreads the very hilly desert of Haroodjeh, or Harutch, probably the Mons-ates of Pliny. It commences nearly south of the gulf of Sidra, and is prolonged north of Fezzan, and separates that country from Tripoli. The Haroodjeh moun tains present a volcanic appearance, and an as pect wild and desolate. TJie broken masses, mostly bare and steril, and composed of black ba salt, though the basaltic ranges in several places alternate with others of limestone. To the southward of the Haroodjeh mountains, and on about lat. 30°, we enter from Tripoli the extensive but very vaguely limited Fezzan, which, according to the French geographers, has an ex tent north and south of about 500 ms., with a mean breadth of 250, or an area of 137,500 ms. Such (in extent must, however, include large des ert spaces. The soil is, like that of the great desert, a fine and reddish sand, covering an argil- lacous or calcareous base. The really cultiva ble and of course habitable oases, if taken in the aggregate, may amount to about 45,000 sq. ms. But, thus restricted, the population is not in any due proportion to the arable surface, as at the highest estimate the inhabitants are given at about 150,000. Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, stands at N. lat. 27° 30', and 3S0-ms. a little east of south from Tripoli. It is one of the principal in terior entrepots of northern Africa, as it is situated on the principal caravan route from Tunis and Tripoli, into Soudan, or the central parts of that continent. In Fezzan springs arc numerous, and yet, unlike the region of Atlas, there are no run ning streams worthy of notice. Water is found in abundance at a moderate depth under ground. Rains are scanty and infrequent. Climate exces sively warm in summer, but in winter cold and chilly, from the very frequent and strong north western winds. Figs, pomegranates, and lem- mons,. are plentiful, but dates form the staple com modity of the country. Maize and barley are cultivated. The country abounds in pulse and other culinary vegetables. It is probable Uhat Fez zan, like most other African countries, suffers more from human barbarism than from the asperi ties of its soil or climate. . The State of 'fripoli, properiy so called, extends from the Great to the Little Syrtis, or from the AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR gulf of Sidra to that of Gabes, having the Medi terranean on the north and on the south, separated from Fezzan by the mountains of Haroodjeh. Trip oli proper is a long narrow slip, 600 ms. along tho Mediterranean, and wilh a mean width of not more than 100 inland ; area 0,000 sq. nis. Trip oli, the capital, stands on the .Mediterranean, at N. tat. 32° 40', about 450 ms., following Ihe interven ing curve of the coast, SSE. from Tunis, and 1,200 ms. a litlle N. of W. from Grand Cairo. There are, indeed, extensive territories more or loss de pendent on Tripoli ; but sterility of soil and bar barism of the people render most of the surface desolate. The best parts are thinly populated. Northwestward of the Stale of Tripoli extends that of Tunis. With the gulf of Gabes Ihe Med iterranean coast turns to a general northern course, in a direct distance of 200 ms. to Capo Blanco. Along this coast, and inland lo the eastern bound ary of Algeria, extends the State of Tunis, which, however, also protrudes westward of Tripoli to the great Sahara, having an entire length of 500 ms., with a mean breadth inland of 150 ms. ; area 7,500 ms. This is the most cdntracted but best peopUid State of Barbary, the best cultivated and most commercial, it is the original Africa, and the country which gave llie modern name lo the whole continent, and was the ancient centre of Carthaginian power. Tho sovereign of the coun try t.dies the lille of bey. Tuni-:, (he capital, slanJs-on the site of the an cient Carthage, al N. lat. 36° 40', and about 500 ms. eastward of Algiers. Tho surface of lb State belongs properly to the region of Atlas, ol which it is the eastern part, and in it terminates the main spine of the .system of Atlas mountain^ Differing nearly 9° of lal. from the extreme north ern part to the Sahara, the climate of Tunis is va ried from rclalive equatori.il distance, and again by relative height, as spurs and table lands of Atlas extend lo near the Mediterranean. With snow capped mountains to the west, the sea norlh and east, and the va.-^t Sahara south, the atmosphere must be subject lo excessive and rapid changi-s. The southern part is sandy and barren. 'The country along the sea co.ist sustains a numerous population ; rich in olives and other fruits, grains, and garden vegetables. The western part is full of muiinlains and hills, watered by numerous riv ulets, with highly fertile banks, yielding the most abundant crops. From the great descent of the country from the interior, even the largest river, the Mejerda, is not navigable. Tunis, the capital, holds a high rank amongst African cities, and by some travellers is supposed to contain 100,000 in habitants; and if so, it is, next to Grand Cairo, the largest African cily. To the westward of Tunis extends what was formerly called the State of Algiers, butsince its cap ital and part of the territory has been taken posses sion of by France, it has received the title of Al geria. Having Tunis east, the Mediterranean north, the empire of Morocco on the west, and the Sahara south, if taken in its greatest extent, Algeria has a length of 600 miles along the Mediterranean, with a mean width of at least 350 inland ; or an area of 210,000 .sq. ms., exceeding rather that of France. The boundaries are, however, vague, as are the particular features of its geography, 'i'he 3* Atlas mountains pass through and have their highest peaks in Algeria, tho rivers flowing rap idly down the opposing slopes. Though we are unable to give minute knowledge of this country, we may, from analogy, regard it as subject lo very considerable extremes of climate. This was in remote antiquity the Gffilulia, and under the Carthaginians and Romans the Numidia and .Mauretania Caisariensis. In a country of such extent and diversity of local features ond exposure, great extremes of soil and temperature must exist; but we may remark, as a most striking instance of Ihe slowness of development of the topography of Africa, that the Atlantic slope of the Atlas region is defectively known ; that the Mediterranean slope is still more so ; and that the slope towards the Sahara may be regarded as a terra incognita. Before me now lie, Scnex's ecclesiastical map of northern Africa — London, 1712; Arrowsmith's large map of the same region ; the map of Africa attending the geography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot — Paris, 1830; and Tanner's maps of Africa; and, from comparison, cannot perceive that any very serious addition had been made lo the geography of the Atlas region in the 120 years previous to the French invasion. Even under the Romans, the southern s-lopes of the African moun tains, from the .Atlantic ocean lo the western bor ders' of Egypt, were never probably distinctly or even tolerably well explored. We may therefore say that on a zone of 2,500 ms., along'lhe north ern border of the great Sahara, having N. lal. 30° as its mean centre line, though lo a greater or less decree habitable, and from time immemori al inhabited, the sun of civilization has never Fhnne upon it^ surface. Its inhabitants were the barbarous Gstulise of antiquity, and ihcir pos terity, probably never displaceil, are now barbari ans. The strip or Z"ne we are now surveying, advancing from the Atlantic ocean, includes Dara, Tafilet, Sedgelmessa, Tegorarin, Zab, Guargala, the country of 'Poster, Gadaini.s, Fezzan, Audjel lah, and Siwah. The term Belad-el Djerid, or, as commonly written, Biledulgerid, means "the country of dates,-" and though so often used by European geographers, " there is in reality," says Malte Brun, "no such geographical divis- ion." In Ibis conclusion that author could not have been altogether correct, nor when he ob serve*, "the country of Tester, which belongs to Tunis, and to which Shaw and others have given the special name of Belad-el Djerid." The southern part of Tunis, on Senex's map, 1712, is Ihus designated: "Biledulgerid, or country' of dates," and its capital named Tous-era. The term was no doubt made local long before Shaw visited Africa. It may again be repeated, that with some diversity of orthography, the princijial names of provinces and towns marked on the mod ern maps of northern Africa are also on the map of Senex, and their relative positions the same, or nearly so, on the old and new maps.— See, more particularly, Algiers, under its proper head.' The empire of Morocco follows Algeria to the westward, and derives its modern name from Mau- reiania, its ancient appellative. Modern Morocco is perhaps neariy commensurate with the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana. The bounda ries are natural, except in common with Algeria/ 17 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR on tho east, about 350 ms. from the Mediterra nean, to the great desert ; it is bordered by the des ert on its southern side 800 ms. ; skirted by the Atlantic ocean from Cape Nun, about 700 ms, to the straits of Gibraltar; and thence, by the Mediterranean, 250 ms., to the bay of Oran From the northeast to southwest, the length ol Mo rocco is about 1,000 ms. The surface is about equal to a square of 400 ms. each side, or an area of 160,000 sq. ms. Similar to Algeria, it is di vided into two not very unequal parts by the sys tem of Atlas mountains, traversing it from south west to northeast, and rising within it to summits covered vvith perpetual snow. The empire of Mo rocco is divided into five provinces — Draha and Tafilet, on the southern slope of Atlas, towards the Sahara; Susa, lying on both sides of the At las ; and Fez, and the proper Morocco, towards the Atlantic ocean. These provincial subdivisions are, perhaps, very vague in themselves, and too little of their extent or features known lo us to admit particular notice; what is known and necessary to state will he found under the proper head. When we become acquainted with the very great difficulties which have to be encountered and overcome in any successful attempt to form cor rect population tables of the most civilized nations, and who are under the most regular and best or ganized Governments, we may well regard as ut terly impracticable the formation of accurate tabu lar views of barbarous tribes, who have rarely, and some never have, been even visited by enlightened travellers. The following fable has been made up from those of M. Balbi, who we may regard as the best authority on the subjects of which it is a summary.Summary table of the population of northern Africa, with the relative extent of political sub divisions. Political section. Sq. ms. Pop. Pop. to sq. m. AttyssiniaSeniKuir and Nuljia EsiyptTnpcili Tunis AlgeriaMorocco 320,000400,(>00 150,000 209,orio 53,000 210,000 100,000 3,200,0002,000,000 2,500,000 ceo,ooo 1, Hit 1,000 1,5011,000 5,000,000 10 5 10 3 3431 Amount 1,5G2,080 10,000,000 10 Allowing for the portions of desert included in this lable, and supposing a deduction of one-third, then we would have about 1,000,000 of sq. ms. as the habitable northern Africa, and on it a distrib utive pop. of near, 17 lo the sq. m not, it is probable, far from reality. In closing our general view of northern Africa, we may observe, that from inspection of numerous maps, and collating different accounts, a moun tainous zone, more or less broken or ramified, extends from the basin of the Nile to the Atlantic ocean, along the Mediterranean border, and through 40° of longitude on the mean latitude of 30°. This immense irregular belt admits a nearly continuous, but, except between the lesser Syrtes, or gulf of Cabes, and the Atlantic ocean, a not very dense or widely extended pop. In fact, all that part corn- 18 prising western Tripoli, all Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco, may be regarded as an island, and in deed, except being on three sides bounded by water, and being more extensive, it differs in no other essential circumstance from the smaller oases which border and checker the Sahara. .If we join the northern zone, by the link of Egypt, to the Nile region, we find the great desert bordered from the mountains of the Moon by -a habitable but very irregular zone, exceeding in length 5,000 ms. "The Sahara, or Zahara, "great desert," the most extensive continuous surface of the earth, either tropical, temperate, or polar, which, bereft of water or productive soil, forbids the existence of organic life. With the exception of oases of no extent which seriously encroach on this ocean of sand and rock, it has Egypt, Nubia, and Abys sinia on the E. ; Tripoli, 'I'unis, Algeria, and Mo rocco, on the N. ; the Atlantic ocean W. ; and the immense Soudan, Negroland, or central Africa, W. The northern tropic is not very distant from its middle line, and along which it extends through 45° of lon., or 2,800 ms. The width varies, but the whole approaches the elliptic form, the greatest breadth about 1,000 ms., nearly on the meridian ofLondon. 'The area exceeds 2,200,000 sq. ms. ; of which, from oil we know of its asperities, it would be exaggeration lo allow as habitable the one-thousandth part. Greatly more difficult lo pass than an ocean of water of equal extent, there ex ists no doubt a far greater population on the bosom of the Atlantic ocean, on an equal surface, than on the north Sahara of Africa. We may therefore regard the Sahara as a region presenting peculiar features. It is a vast table land, slightly raised above the oceanic level, covered with moving sand, and surface broken by some rocky hills, and some valleys, in which a scanty moisture sustains a few thorny shrubs, reeds, and grass. Towards the Atlantic ocean some scattered moun tain peaks rise ; and on this coast the deserts reach the ocean from lat. 19° to 28° N., and following the coast at least 600 ms. In the interior the dreary plains are frequently found covered with white and sharp rocks. Waves of moving sand are agitated by violent winds, and have the heaving, but much more terrific aspect of an ocean in a storm. At Tagazza, and in some other places, is found salt gem whiter than Ihe most beautiful marble, and lying in vast strata under beds of ar gillaceous earth or gypsum. During the greatest part of the year, the dry and heated air presents in these deserts the aspect of " reddish vapor, and towards the horizon assuming the appearance of several volcanoes. The partial showers which fall from July to October do not extend their uncertain benefactions to every part of this expanded desert. Where scanty vegetation does exist, it is composed of an aromatic herb similar to thyme, acacias, and other thorny shrubs, with nettles and briars. At distant and scattered places are seen clumps of "late trees and other palms. '1 he forests of trees which supply the gum resin, and which skiit the border of the desert, appear lo be colonies from the vege- getable kingdom of Senegambia. Some monkeys and gazelles exist on this scanty herbage. In nu merous flocks or troops, the ostrich is seen along this border, between sand and vegetation. Lions, and other feline animals, serpents, often of most ,\FR GEOGUAPillCAL DICTIONARY. AFR enormous volume, add to tho horrors of those dis mal and frightful solitudes. The raven, vulture, and other carrion animals, birds and beasts, dispute over dead curcasses, and the howl of tho wolf and Moorish dog mingle wilh the screams of the pan ther, breaking tho awful stillness of those intermi- able wastes. Here, as on so much of Africa and Asia, the camel is the true ship of the desert. That animal, of all quadrupeds, can exist longest without water whilst exposed to excessive heal and fatigue ; and the goat, in some measure a -kindred animal, forms the flocks of the roaming inhabitants along the desert border or on the distant oasis. • On the Sahara, the wandering inhabitan' on the borders, the few sedentary tribes on the limited and scattered oases, and the caravan toiling through interminable seas of sand, all lend lo render those regions in fancy still more immense than they arc in reality. The habitable valleys, or the dispersed oases, are peopled by nomadcs, more or less fe rocious, but all independent. The Moors occupy the Atlantic coast — cruel when they have the power, faithless and disregardful of any sentiment of humanity. Their reddish copper tint, in many reddish black, and their wild and fierce expression of countenance, render their aspect truly terrible. Mixed with the other tribes, the Moors are found from the Atlantic ocean to the Nile ; but towards the ocean inhabit Moosselermis, or Monselmines, from Cape Nun to Cape Juby ; southward of them are the Mongcarts. The Wadelims and Labdasebas reside, to the terror of shipwrecked mariners, about Cape Blanco. 'The Travzachs are the most southern of those ferocious tribes who reside near the ocean. Receding from the Atlantic coast, and E. of the Travzachs, appear the Braknas, or Ebraknas, di vided into numerous tribes independent of each other, though all under a nominal chief. Their country lies to the northeast of the French settle ments of Senegal, and with their chief the French Governor of Senegal traffics for the gum collected by the tribes. Robbers, and less known nomades, under different barbarous names, as Oulad-Leme, Lebos or Labos, and Ouactlins or Woled-Deleira, with others, inhabit the oases towards Morocco. Three Moorish tribes inhabit separate oases. Hoden, imperfectly known, but placed on the maps at about N. lat. 19° 30', and 400 ms. to the north eastward of the mouth of the Senegal ; it is the Guaden of the map of Senex. El-Arouan, with a small town, represented to stand very near the me ridian of London, and upwards of 700 ms. east ward from Hoden. Tandeyni is important for its salt mines. But the two most numerous and wide-spread people of the Sahara are the Tuaricks and Tib- boos. The comparatively numerous and warlike Tuaricks, divided into several independent tribes, occupy all the middle part of the Sahara, from the limits of the country inhabited by the Berbers of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, and by the Arabs of Tripoli, over the wide space thence to Tombuctoo and Bornou, N. and S., and from W. to E. from the confines of the western .Moors to the country of the Tibboos. From ages perhaps long preceding, but certainly from the times of the Carthaginians and Romans to the present, it was the 'J'uaricks who were the conductors of caravtins and commer cial factors between the northern and central re gions of Africa. Wc may name iho principal oases which they occupy. Graluiat, laid down by the French geographers at N. lut. 25°, and about 600 ms. a little W. of S. from Triiioli, and 1,000 ms. northeastward of Tombuctoo. Ahir contains Acoudi, a commercial city, ond Agadcs, inhabited by Kollavis. The city of Agadcs is said to be little if any less than 'Pripoli, and lo be one of the most extensive entrepots of the Sahara. On tho French map Agades is laid down at N. lat. 10° 40', and on lon. 7° E. of Paris, or 9° 20' E. ofLondon, and about 800 ms. NE. by E. from Tombuctoo. On tho map of Senex, Agdcs, or Agades, is laid down at N. lat. 19° 30', and on lon. 4° E. of London. On the latter map, the kingdom of Agdcs, or Agadcs, is made to extend along about 7° E. of London to an internal lake called Guarde, evidently Lake Tchad, of supposed recent discovery. The geographical positions on our recent map9 represent this inland lake or sea more casleriy than on Senex's map, but the relative positions prove that, when and by whom the latter map was delineated, a far more accurate knowledge of central Africa was possessed than is commonly now sUowed. In truth, the discrepancy in nomenclature and in rela tive position between the map of Africa by Senex, and those published o£ the same continent within the current century, is not greater than exists in both respects between the latter amongst them selves. On the direct route from Tombuctoo to Tunis and Tripoli, and about N. lat. 24, spreads what might be called the cluster of oases called Tuat. In a nearly southern direction from Tripoli to Lake 'Tchad, there a|)pears to be a chain of small oases, which, similar to a chain of islands, divides the great desert into two immense though unequal seas. This physical limit seems also to form the boundary between the two African nations — the Tuaricks on the W., and the Tibboos on the E. 'The Tibboos occupy almost the whole eastern part of the Sahara. Their principal independent tribes have for towns Bilmab, Aghaden, Yen, and Arno. Bilma is the most noted, standing on the southern route from Tripoli to eastern Soudan, about COO ms. southward of Mourzouk, in Fezzan, and about N. lat. 18°- Yen is the residence of the chief of the Tibboos of Bourgoo, an oasis E. of Fezzan. Arno, as laid down on the French map already al luded to, lies at N. lat. 26° 48', and about 600 ms. a little W. of SW. from Grand Cairo. The great Sahara or desert which we have been describing, is it not tho dried up basin of a former seal Diodorus Siculus speaks of a lake or sea of the Hesperides, dried by an earthquake. Perhaps the region of Atlas, formerly surrounded by a double Mediterranean, may have formed the cele brated island of Atlantis, sought for every where, and no where to be found. On the borders of the great desert are found immense remains of marine animals. Whilst Soudan is entirely devoid of common salt, it abounds in numerous parts of the deserts. Pliny and Leo the African are of accord, that in several locations of the Sahara rock salt is quarried like marble, and that it is used in the con struction of houses. All known circumstances favor the.preceding hypothesis, but it cannot be demon strated until the level of the desert is ascertained. We now proceed to review, as far as tl e dim 19 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR light of geographical science as it now exists will admit, one of ihe most extensive continuous habit able tracts of the earth. Central Africa, known under different sectional terms, such as Senegam bia on tho west, Soudan northward of the gulf of Guinea, Bornou E. of Soudan, Tacroor be- tvyeen Bornou and Abyssinia, indeed Abyssinia it-- self, belong to Ihe same region, as doesSomanIi or Adel, terminating in Cape Guardafui. The ethno graphical term which would most justly designate this immense zone would be Negroland. A line dr.iwn across the African continent along N. lat. 12° would in no place stretch far from the centre line of Negroland, and extends very nearly 4,700 ms., or through 70° of lon., and in the tropical re gions of the earth spreads about 7° westward of all Europe, and E. to the meridian of the middle of the Caspian sea. The breadth cannot fall short of a mean of 800 ins. ; area 3,760,000 sq. ms. As we have already included Abyssinia in the region of the Nile, we moy now assume the 30th degree east of London as on that side the limit of Soudan, which will still leave to ihat great physi cal section a length, east and west, of 48° of lon., on lat. 12° N., or a length in miles of upwards of 3,300, which, at 800 ms. mean width, gives an tirea of 2,640,000 sq. ms. But as the Galla and other Negro nations possess the country southward of Abyssinia, and as all the residue of the cen tral zone to the Atlantic ocean is inhabited by the same race, the whole may be correctly called Ne groland. Of the extent included within the spe cified outlines, in regard lo human habitation, one- third at least may be retrenched for deserts ; but, with such diminution, Soudan, or central Africa, ¦west of the basin of the Nile, and including Senegam bia, with upper and lower Guinea, would comprise a habitable surface rather exceeding that of all Eu rope westward of the Borysthenes and Vistula rivers. As usually delineated, u continuous system of mountains is sketched in an eastern and western direction entirely across Africa, along the mean lat. of 10° N. That the ridges of this system are continuous, even with the exception of the pas sage through it of the Niger, may be doubted. It would rather seem that, as along the northern border of that continent, the central part of Af rica is passed by » mountainous zone with more or less elevatiori and connexion, and that on and sloping both to north and south of this rocky zone spreads a habitable belt, as we have noticed. 'The northern slope of this habitable zone, though not very minutely, is generally known, as are both slopes westward of the gulf of Guinea, or about to 10° E. of the meridian of London ; but eastward of the gulf of Guinea the country southward of the mountains of the Moon remains a terra incognita, and far the largest surface yet hid from science on the earth between the polar circles. As to the physical structure of central Africa, our terms must be very general. The country comprehended under the general name of Sene gambia, or extreme western Africa, is composed of a slope falling from the interior mountains, and, besides others of less consequence, is drained by Hio Grande, Gambia, and Senegal rivers. It is in the eastern part of this section that the Senegal and Niger rivers interlock sources, but flow in directly opposite directions. 20 The slope of Senegambia is, however, not ter minated by the Rio Grande, but is continued south eastward 700 ms. to Cape Palmas, and south ward of the Kong mountains, and thence, as far as known, eastwardly to the Indian ocean. But it is only the western part, and that imperfectly, which is really at all known, skirting the Atlantic ocean 1,400 ms., from Cape Palmas to some little distance northward of the bight of Biafra. Eastward of the sources of the Senegal, an3 northward of the Kong mountains, commences a valley or depression, in a remarkable manner simi lar to that of the Danube above the mountain pass near Orsova, and in fact very similar to the valley of the Caspian, wilh the exception that the latter has no oceanic outlet. This great African depres sion, long a subject of mystery, has, as is now sat isfactorily ascertained, its outlet into the Atlantic ocean by the Quorra river, forming an immense delta between the bights of Benin and Biafra. — See Niger river. The upper and great basin of the Quorra or Ni ger, above the passage of its volume through the Kong, comprises the proper Soudan, and is in re ality in an easterly direction, continued in the sub- basins of Tchad and Fitre, which would give an en tire extent, from west to east, of 2,000 ms., with varying breadth between the Kong mountains and Sahara. Mean breadlh at least 500, and area 1,000,000 sq. ms. ; mean lat. 12° N., and cut nearly centrically by lon. 10° E. ofLondon. From analogy, as from concurrent accounts, the vast central depression of Africa once formed an inland sea of much greater extent than the Black sea of Europe, or the seas of Canada in America — those which maintain the most resemblance in their ac tual state. The breaking through of this prodi gious mass of water formed the present gorge of the Quorra, or Niger, between the interior basin and the comparatively narrow slope southward of the Kong. There is no doubt but that great variations still occur over large spaces, from the accumulation of water during the rainy seasons, and its diminu lion during the dry months. Over all the central region of Africa, during eight or nine months, the surface is exposed to the most scorching heat, withering, and indeed drying up all vegetation except on places supplied by pe rennial streams ; but from June to September, or the rainy season, the soil, where not composed of altogether siliceous sand, is covered wilh the most abundant herbage and growth of every other kind of vegetable found in those regions. The plants and animals, however, of central do not very materially differ from those of northern Africa. Gold is the only metal found in any great quantily ; and why it is found arises probably from the fact that it ex ists in the metallic state, admixed with the sands ot watercourses. It is probable that, were the coun try in possession of a civilized people, iron, cop per, and some other metals, would be drawn from the earth. To enable us to more clearly comprehend the po litical subdivisions of this wido region, we may regard it as divided into three large sections, or into east, central, and western — the eastern spread ing westward from the region of the Nile. In deed, in the present condition of geography, we cannot draw definite lines between any of the Af- AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR ricon countries. Towards the sources of the Bahr- el-Abiad is a kingdom probably deriving its name from that of the river, or Dar-el-.\bid, a moun tainous country, and well watered ; indeed, par taking of the physical character of Abyssinia. To the northward of Dar-el-Abid is tho kingdom Dar- Four, exhibiting an approach to the Sahara, as it is composed of a group of oases in the midst of an immense desert. Neither lakes nor running streams are found in Dar-Four, except temporarily in and for a short time after the rainy season. These oases present the alternations according to seasons of African vegetation. As represented on our maps, Dar-Four appears as the eastern part of the great central basin, which we have noticed in this article. The river Miselad, discharged into Lake Fitre, has a western course of 500 or 600 ms., and appears to interlock sources wilh the Bahr-el- Abiad ; being, however, in the region of oases, it is probably alternatriy a river and dry valley. Cobb6, the capital ot\ Dar-Four, as laid down in our maps, stands at N." lat. 14° 20', lon. 27° E. from London; pop. 6,000; religion Mahometan. To the west of Dar-Four extends a country call ed Bergon by the people of Bornou; Dar-Szalek, by the Arabs long resident in it; Ouadey, by the merchants of Fezzan and Tripoli; and Mobba, by the Negroes. It has been represented as one of the principal States of eastern Soudan. Ouara its capital, stands about 300 ms. northwestward from Cobbi. A probably extensive but very imperfectly known country, under the name of Bagherm^, extends westward from Dar-Four, and southward from Bergon, reaching, probably. Lake Tchad. The in habitants are black, though less barbarous than most of the Negro nations of Africa. Bornou is a name applioil in former times to a much larger extent than at present; and even now similar to every other section of inland Africa, (he boundaries are altogether vague. It is generally supposed to comprehend Bornou proper, and other countries west of Lake 'I'chad ; Kanem north and east of that lake ; Loggoum to the south of the same lake ; and a part of Mandara, and other pla ces unknown. According to Major Denham, its capital, Angourou,on Lake Tchad, contains 30,000 people, and he stales it as a place of great commercial importance. Birnie, or New Bornou, is also given as a large and trading cily. In the confusion of African geography, Kouka, whose capital of the same name is laid down on the southwestern side of Lake Tchad, is represented as a nominal fief of the Sultan of Bornou, but really independent, and whh a disposable military force of 50,000 men; and, if so, the terms "empire of Bornou" must be indeed generic. But, in our views, we must use the best evidence at our disposal; therefore proceed. ' Dagowa, on the right bank of the Yeou river, is a walled town, with a population of froln 20,000 to 30,000 souls. The Fellatahs, a powerful nation westward of Bornou, have encroached on the latter country, and forced the Sultan or chief of Man dara to remove from his former capital, Delo, and, in 1814, found Mora, about 160 ms. to the south ward of Kouka. The inhabitants of Bornou are generally mild and peaceable, and are mostly Mahometan. It is said that under the generic name of Bornou there nre about thirty nations or tribes, speak ing different languages. The Sultan of Bornou, regarded as the most powerful of central Af rica, is elective, and maintains a numerous army, composed principally of cavalry, defensively, both men and horses, with iron mailed armor. Fire arms arc known, but in litlle use. Fellataks, or Fellalecns, a people spreading westward of Bornou, and, with a Cheikh at their head, possess an empire equally, if not more pow erful than that of their eastern rival. The Foulahs, under the name of " Fnules of Cassair," and in the position, as regards Bornou, assigned to them by Clapperton and other travellers, appear on Se nex's map. It appears that the Foulahs are the commanding people over the greatest partof Haous- sa, a vast country visited a few years since by the English travellers. Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oudney, who, however, could not, as is common ly supposed, be the first civilized Europeans who visited the country. Though distorted, probably, and, in relative positions wilh the Atlantic ocean, greatly misplaced, the countries and towns, as laid down by Senex, correspond entirely too much with tho more modern maps to be delineated otherwise than from actual observation, made by intelligent persons ; and, indeed, from the confused texts of modern descriptions of tho same countries, it is yet to be determined which are most correct, the an cient or modern maps. Between the French and English maps discrepancies abound, though pre- tendedly formed from the same documents. Before proceeding with our general view, and in order to render the descriptions more clear, we may stale, as far as the maps (English and French) will admit, the geographical and relative positions of the principal cities between Lake Tchad and the mountains separating the sources of the Sene gal and Niger rivers, and the provinces or king doms of Bambara and Sencgatnbia : N. lat. Lon. fm. Lond. Kouka - 13° 00' 14° 30' E. Bornou - 13 20 14 00 E. Kalagoum - - 13 00 11 30 E. Kano - - 12 20 9 30 E. Cosna - - 13 00 8 45 E. Yaoorie - - 11 20 6 20 E. Boussa - - 10 30 6 09 E. Sackatoo 13 30 6 00 E. Tombuctoo 18 00 1 00 W. Sego • 13 00 4 00 W. Amongst the provinces subject to the Foulahs, are — Gouber, or Gober, a country of forests west ward of Kouka ; Kano, still more westward ; Zeg- Zeg, chief town Zariya, southward from Kano; Noufi, or Nyffey, still more lo the southwest, and lying between the Joliba, or I^iger, and one of its confluents, the Mekamey; Caslna, Cachina, or Cas- sina, to the northward of Kano, is a province named from its capital, which is represented as constructed of stone, as commercial and populous. Sackatoo, the Fellatah capital, is situated in the province of Ader, and, though southwardly of :¦ direct line between them, very nearly mid-dis tant, or about 600 ms. from Kouka and Tom buctoo. According to Clapperton, this cily con tains 80,000 inhabitants; and if this estimate is even tolerably correct, it is the most populous city 21 AFR- GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR in all Nigritia, or Negroland. Its streets are reg ular, and not in groups, as is the case in most of the Negro towns. Boussa is a town on the Niger, and near where that great river passes one of the chains of the mountains of the Moon. It was in this mountain cataract that, in 1805, Mungo Park was engulf ed. The existence and importance of Boussa arc belter known than its position, which, as we have it laid down, places it about 700 ms. SW. by W. of Kouka, and, by air lin^, 800 ms. SE. from Tombuctoo. It is represented as the capital of western Soudan, and of a confederation of small States. The country westward of the Niger, and above the system of Kong, or niDuntains of the Moon, is called Borgou. i 'Tombuctoo, so long one of the mysteries of geography, we reach, ascending the Niger from Boussa, but by advancing upwards of 7° lat. and 5° lon. It is one of the cities which most dis tinctly prove that many discoveries supposed to have been made in the current century had been made a century or more earlier. Senex places Tonibut, or Tombuetou, about 20 ms. northward of the Niger, and Cabra lo the southward of that city, and on the river. Senex places Tombuctoo in lat. 15° 40' and lon. 1° 25' E. of London ; dif fering from its position as placed by modern trav ellers, 2° 20' in lat. and 2° 25' in lon.— by no means as great a difference as can be found between different modern travellers. Quoting Rene Caillic, the French geography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, states of 'Tombuctoo : " Open on all sides, and built in the form of a triangle, it may have a population of about 12,000. The houses are con structed of sun-dried bricks, and the streets are clean and wide. Tombuctoo may be regarded as the principal entrepot of the commerce of Soudan. Tho most important commercial. place, after the capital, is Cabra, a village containing nearly 1,000 inhabitants, and built on an eminence, at the foot of which is a canal, or rather an arm of the Diali ba, (Niger.) This village is in some- respects the port of 'Tombuctoo." This description is altogether as suitable to and as illustrative of Senex's map as of ihe one at tending tho work from which the quotation was taken. Wo cannot give a distinct idea of Tombuc too, without preceding with a few observations on the Niger river. 1 1 appears that the basins of Senegal and the Niger are separated from each other by a counter system of mountains to that of the Kong. From this counter syslem the streams flow; those which compose the Senegal by a general north western course reach and are discharged into the Atlantic ocean at about lat. 16° N. On l.'ie east ern side of the counter chain the strearns rise, as do those of Senegal, through five or six degrees of latitude, and incline towards the northeast ; and, what is pecuUarly remarkable, both rivers obliquely approach towards and the Niger actually continues its course into the great Sahara. The French trav eller, Rene Caillie, speaking of Tombuctoo: "It presents at the first aspect only a mass of houses, built of'earth, and badly constructed. On all sides we see naught but immense plains of moving sand, of a yellowish white, and of the greatest aridity. 'The heaven, to the horizon, a pale red. All nature looks sad and desolate. 'J'he most pro- 22 found silence reigns ; we do not hear oven the song of a bird. Nevertheless, there is something imposing to behold a great city risings amidst an ocean of sand, and we must admire Ihe efforts made by its founders." The course of the Senegal, but more particu larly that of the Niger, proves that an inclination extends from the mountains of the Moon of five or six degrees of latitude wide, towards the Sahara. From the extreme source of the latter stream to the city of Tombuctoo, following the course by com parative air distances, is about 1,000 ms. ; but, here encountering more elevated land, the volume of water is turned eastward, and finally southeast ward another thousand miles below Tombuctoo, until it reaches the lower deprtvssion of Soudan. Thence, bearing its mass of waters through the Kong, assumes a southern course of about 400 ms. to the Atlantic ocean, nearly equalling the Nile in length of course. This great central river is known in different parts of its course by different names. Dialiba, Joliba, Niger, or river of the Blacks, and, in the lower part of its course, Quorra. The real native name is Dialiba, pronounced probably as if written Dhialiba, hence Joliba. Above Tombuctoo, the country to a great ex tent is known by the name of Bambara. Lake Debo, or Dibbe, a few miles above the city, a|)- pears to be a swell or dilatation of the Niger, from whence extends the country of the Dirimans, along the right or east bank of the river. Bambara, from all our accounts, has, in regard to soil, a great resemblance to Egypt; both are sandy tracts, made fertile by the great rivers which traverse their surfaces. Bambara, like Egypt, is divided into three parts : lower Bambara, or Ujenne ; mid dle Bambara, tjr Massina; and upper Bambara, or Sego. Djenne, or Jeime, is the capital of lower Bambara ; and here, as at Tombuctoo, the trav eller is gratified by seeing the aspect of increased civilization. M. Caillie estimates the population of Djenn^ at 8,000 or 10,000 souls, " comprising a mixture of Foulahs, Bambaras, and Mandin- goes, and also Moors, all rivalling each other in industry. We see there tailors, shoemakers, smiths, masons, packers, and street porters, and many other trades people, evincive of a great state of improvement above the barb.irians who inhabit the more central regions of Africa." About 60 ms. below Djenn6, and at the confluence of two branches of the Niger, stands Isaca, which may be regarded as the port of the capital, and westward of both extends the country of Massina. 'There are several other provinces, towns, and rivers, mentioned by geographers as appertaining to Bam bara, but of too litlle note and too little known to deserve further notice in this article. We may observe, however, that amongst the inhumerable rivers which issue from the mountains separating Soudan from Senegambia, the country is inhab ited by small, independent, obscure, and barba rous tribesj whose names, even when hoard, cannot bo rendered by any European alphabet. Western region of Africa. — In our view of the central habitable zone of Africa we noticed the fact that the slope of Senegambia, drained by the Sen egal and Gambia and some smaller rivers, was con tinued southward of the Kong mountain.q ; we therefore now include Senegambia in our view of AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR western Africa. Under this head we have, there fore, three great physical as well as political sec tions: Senegambia, or extreme western Africa; upper Guinea, along the northern coast of the gulf of Guinea; and lower Guinea, extending from the bight of Biafra to about S. lat. 17°. Fol lowing the general and not the particular indent ings of the intermediate coast between tho ex tremes of habitable western Africa, we have an immense distance of 4,000 ms.— 1,000 in front of Senegambia, 1,400 in front of upper Guinea, and 1,600 in front of lower Guinea. 'To commence on the northwestern extreme, we have the naturally fine region of Senegambia, formed by a slope of upwards of 700 ms., fall ing from the mountains separating the sources of the Senegal from those of the Niger ; mean breadth about 400 ms. from the Sahara on the north to N. lat. 10° ; area 280,000 sq. ms. Toward the sources of the Senegal, Gambia, and those of the Niger, rises a mountain nucleus, with projecting ramifi cations. These mountains appear to be composed of granitic and schistose rocks, rich in iron, and perhaps in gold, which is found admixed in the sands of rivers flowing from their deep valleys. Mountains rise also near the coast, from the Gam bia to Cape Verd, and at other places more south wardl^, giving volcanic indicia. The foot of the Cope of Sierre Leona {Lion mountain) is formed of a chain of basaltic rocks, which extend to a con siderable distance along the coast. Tho Gambia forms and traverses an immense alluvial deposite, comparatively to the size and length of that river, perhaps the most extensive of any known. Senegambia is amongst the physical sections of Africa which abound most in rivers. The Sene gid, its principal river, lakes its source in the coun ter chain of mountains already alluded to, in the Foula-Dialou country and of the Mandingoes, who there give it the name of Bafing; by tho Foulahs it is called Ba-Peo, or Black river. Form ed by numerous confluents, and flowing from an elevated tract, this river rolls over several cataracts, one of which is navigable at high water. The Gambia basin extends to the southward of that of Senegal — the two rivers drawing their re mote sources fiom the same mountain chain. Though the Gambia has a less lengthy -course than its rival, the volumes of water brought down by the two rivers, it is probable, do not differ mate rially. The French geographers say, that "whilst, the Senegal is only navigable at high water during the rainy season, the Gambia is only so during the season of drought, the rains so enormously increasing its volume and rapidity that it cannot then be navigated against the current. In the dry season it can be ascended by a 40-gun frigate about 150 ms. ¦Rio Grande, to southward of the Gambia, has its source in the same mountains, there called Badet. Brief in course, when compared with even the Gambia, Rio Grande discharges into the gulf containing the Bissagos islands. 'The country around the mouth of the Senegal is in possession of a French colony, the mouth of the Gambia by a British, and that of St. Paul's by one appertain ing lo Portugal. The British colony of Sierra Leone terminates Senegambia to the south, and is followed by the United Slates colony of Liberia, in the extreme western part of upper Guinea. It is something remarkable that the entire territory of Sierra Leone, as now claimed and held by Great Britain, docs not materially diller from Sictra Le ona, as named and dotted off' by Senex, on whoso map the whole space from and including Sierra Leone, to Cape Palmas, is named coast of Mala- gudtla. It is wilh the harbor of Sherbio and northwest ern part of the colony of Liberia that commences the great eastern sweep of tho coast of western Af rica, extending through 22° of Ion., along the mean lat. of 6° N., equal to about 1 ,500 English ms. Tho whole of this coast, under the general name of up per or northern Guinea, is the front of a narrow in clined plane of about 250 ms. wide, falling from the Kong mountains. The rivers are numerous, but all of brief course, nor is Ihe interior well known to geography. As far as known, the soil is generally productive. Its rich and active vege tation and immensity of its forests has been remark ed by all who have visited and described its charac ter. Much of the soil is composed of a fine red dish alluvion, in which not a pebble is to be found. On the coast, some parts are gravelly and some swampy. Were we to allow but 100 ms. inland, here extends a country of 300,000 sq. ms. — room for nations — but, as yet, in the far greater part abandoned to barbarism. Liberia we have alluded to, and may observe that 400 ms. more eastward brings us to a small colony belonging to Holland, chief town Elmina; adjoining to which is one not much more extensive, belonging to Great Britain, which is again joined to another directly cut by the meridian of London, appcrlaining to Denmark, called, from its principal town, ('hris- liansburg. With a short interval beyond llic Danish again appears Badagry, another small British colony. In the extreme boLtom of the gulf of Guinea and of the bight of Biafra, tho Dutch hold another small settlement, opposite lo which Spain possesses the island of Fernando Po. With these very limited exceptions, barbarism reigns over a country capable of sustaining 50,000,000 of human beings. Southern or lower Guinea presents a very similar aspect with the preceding. Its mountains appear to be in part granitic, and in part compos ed of marble and porphyry. These mountains ap pear t ) belong to a great system, extending from north to south, and which are kno-wn in lower Guinea under the Portuguese names of Serra de Sal, Serra de Salnitre, and Serra de Cristal, To wards ihe north, a chain is found, and known as the Serra Complida. To the east of these moun tains spread, as some state, the great table land of Dembo, which appears to have a height of from 0,000 to 7,000 feet. The general range of lovver Guinea is about SSE., and, if extended lo the Kong, reaches from 7° of north to 20° of south latitude, or through nearly 1,900 ms. The breadth, inland, is arbitrary, in our state of knowledge; but if assumed at 300 ms. for a mean, the area would then be 567,000 sq. ms. — a surface rather more than equalling that of the united area of France, Spain, Italy, and Switzerland, and divided into two nearly equal parts by south latitude, reaching the Atlantic coast about the mouth of the great river of Congo. 83 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR Beyond the mount lins of lower Guinea, as al ready slated, extends an immense and elevated ta ble land, as yet unexplored to an extent scarcely credible. Along the' equator, through nearly 30° of longitude, or we may say 2,000 ms., and north wardly lo the Kong mountains, or N. lat. 7°, nothing is known which deserves the name of sci ence. There spreads 1,000,000 of sq. ms. a blank to human knowledge. Passing the equator, the unknown regions narrow, as does the continent advancing southwardly. Enough is however known to decide ns to regard the desert as extend ing to S. lat. 25°, or upwards of 1,700 ms. ; the breadth varies from 2,000 ms. along the equator lo about 500 on S. lat. 25°'; the mean breadth un derrated at 1,000 ms. Thus we discover the fear ful fact, that of southern Africa at least 1,700,000 is arid desert, or, including the desert region be tween the equator and Kong mountains, (567,000 sq. ms.,) the southern Sahara of Africa, amounts to 2,317,000 sq. ms. ; and, again, if to this amount we add 2,200,000 sq. ms. included in the north ern Sahara, we find that of Africa the prodigious surface of upwards of 4,500,000 sq. ms. are desert wastes of sand and rock. But to return towards the Atlantic coast, and into lower Guinea. The interior mountain system alluded to above gives source from its western valleys and flanks to several rivers, the principal of which are the Zaire and Coenza. 'The Zaire, or river of Congo, call ed by the natives along its banks near the ocean, " Moianzi-Enzaddi," or ihe fiver which swallows all others, or "Zenibere," or the mother of wa ters. Of this river, having every appearance of great length of course, and of draining a very ex tensive region, only the lower part of its course is known, and that not very accurately. From the configuration of that part of Africa, it would ap pear that, as in North America, along the western slope, two lateral systems of mountains range in some degree in conformity to the ocean coast; and we may indulge the conjecture that ihe Zaire, sim ilar to the Columbia, is formed by rivers flowing along mountain valleys towards each olher until uniting, when ti;e collected waters turn towards the ocean, traversing the intermediate mountain chains. 'The source of the Coanza is also unknown, but, as far as explored, is known to traverse the mountain chains and fall into the Atlantic ocean about 250 ms. southward of the mouth of the Zaire, and into the bay beyond Point Palmeirinha, and at S. lat. 9° 30'. The Ailanticcoast of lower Guinea is channelled by innumerable other rivers, some, indeed, of no small size and course, but their imperfect hydrog raphy and our limits proscribe their particular no lice. Near the coast, the surface is generally marshy, but, ascending the rivers, the land rises, and is of exuberant fertility. The productions ore nearly all of tho vegetable kingdom suitable lo tropi cal climates. Metallic matter also abounds — iron and copper in particular; but there, as in all other parts of Africa, Egypt excepted, the wealth pro vided by nature is in great part dead toman. But the immense extent and capabilities of western Af rica are of too high importance to be passed over slightly ; we therefore return to a generol view in regard to the political condition of the three sections we have been reviewing physically. 24 Senegambia, the section nearest Europe and the United States, first demands our attention. This country is divided into numerous States, of more or less consequence. Of these, two are remarkable by their form of government, which we may call theocraticD-oligarchic. 'These are Foula-Dialo, or Foota.-Jallou, and Fouta-Toro. 'The former, at least nominally, crosses ihe whole breadth of Senegambia from the Sahara, over the sources of the Senegal, Gambia, and Rio Grande. Timbo, Tembo, orTeem- bo, situated nearN. lat. 10°, and 10° W. ofLon don, is the principal capital of this State, and stands about 300 ms. very nearly due north from Monro via, in Liberia. 'The present Fouta-Jallo was an ciently inhabited by the Dialonkes, who were con quered by the Foulahs, from which, no doubt, the compound name Fouta-Dialo. The mixture has formed one of the most industrious and otherwise advanced of the African central nations. The re ligion of the country is Mahometan, and the Gov ernment a mixed monarchy and democratic the ocracy. On Senex's map of Africa, and occupy ing the space now marked as Bambara, is sketched at great extent a kingdom thus entitled : " Foute- Guaillou, or the original country of the Foules." Query : Did not the iwo names Foulahs and Fella tahs come from the same root? Fouta-Toro is in great part bounded to the north ward by the Senegal, though some of its dependen cies are beyond that river, towards the Sahara. Tjiloga, Sedo, and Canel, are its chief towns. Sedo stands at N. lat. 15° 20', and about 250 ms. SE. by E. of St. Louis, in Senegal. That part of Foula called Seratik i.-s inhabited by Foulahs. The Mahometan is the general religion of the whole country. Bondpu is a kingdom to the southeastward of Fouta-'i'oro, having Fattecond.i, on the Faleme river, for capital. "It is," say the French geo graphers, "only a lengthened forest, with small openings and villages, from distance to distance." Falteconda is sitiialcd about 500 ms. SE. by E. from St. Louis, in Senegal. The Ynlofs, as written by the French, Jaloffs, on the English maps, spiead westward* from Fouta- Toro to Cape Verd, and are so placed, and under nearly the same names, by Senex. Tlie range of Ibis people is northward from the Gambia, and they are politically divided into several petty States. Immediately west of Fouta-Toro comes' Ouarioi, or Ouarkhokh, or Quamcorre, named from its chief town. Cayor, or Damel, spreading eastward from and including Cape Verd, is perhaps the most import ant of the Negro kingdoms of Senegambia. The inhabitants are Jaloffs and Mahometans; capital, Cayor, or Embohl. Saloum on the Gambia, Barrah on the same river, Galam on the Senegal and Faleme rivers, and fro4n the latter northwardly towards the Saha ra, Kouniakary, and, still more eastward, Kaarta, are small States of Senegambia, loo little known and otherwise of too little importance to deserve further notice. But the Stales of Ludemar, or Lu- damar, Bambouk, Uentilia, or Medina, and Achanti, deserve some atlenlion. Ludamar, bounded north by' the great desert, and south by Bambara and Kaarta, is the northeastern section of Senegambia. The people are a mixture AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR of Foulahs and savage Moors. The Foulahs have the art of forging and fabricating iron ; the Moors are robbers. The prjmary importance of Ludamar arises from its position on a caravan route from Senegal to Tombuctoo. Bambouk spreads between the Senegal and Fa leme rivers, and inhabitants Mandingoes. 'The country is mountainous, and rich in auriferous al luvion. Staple commodity gold dust. The prin cipal depots of that metal are, Bambouk, (the capi tal,) Rakkon, Hambia, Hombadyria, and Semayla. Bambouk stands at about N. lat. 14° 30', lon. 11° W. of London, and about 500 ms, NNE. from Sierra Leone. Dentilia is comprised between the Faleme and Gambia. Its industrious inhabitants are employed in the collection of gold dust and forging and work ing of iron. Medina, or Houilli, on the right bank of the Gambia, presents a great variety of plains and fertile hills and dales, with fine forest^. I'he kingdom of Zani, lo the west of the preceding, ex tends along the Gambia. .4t Pisania, on thai river, the English have a factory. Our range has now brought us to the common borders of Senegambia and Sierra Leone. An im mense but imperfectly known country comprises the extreme southern Senegambia, and possesses different provincial subdivisions — asTimani, Kam- ba, Kouranko, Soulima, or Soulimana, and others still more obscure. Kouranko, watered by the Ro- kelle river, spreads northeastward towards the west ern nucleus of the Kong mountains. The Koii- rankonians, though reputed less advanced in civil ization than the Mandingoes, inhabit, neverthe less, numerous not inelegant villages, and exhibit no mean share of talent in the manufacture of iron. The Kourankonians and Mandingoes are evidently, from similarity of manners and language, the same people. The Mahometan religion prevails in Kou ranko. The kingdom (>f Soulima, or Soulimana, is one of the most polished in the vicinity of Sierra Le one. Falaba, situated 150 ms. from the coast, is the capital, the population of which, according to Major Laing, amounts to 6,000 souls. Cape Mount, in Liberia, brings us into upper Guinea, as does Ganguin, both ranked as Negro kingdoms of considerable extent ; but the limits of which, inland, are as yet undiscovered by civilized nations. Achantee, or Ashanlee, is, however, entering upper Guinea, the first State, and far the most im portant. It is not one of recent formation. In our most modern' maps, English and French, Ashanlee is laid down south of the Kong moun tains and of N. lat. 10°, and traversed by the me ridians of London and Paris. Exactly in the same position Senex has dotted off and named the "Kingdom of Asiante, or Inta." Of this State, the French geographers observe : " Achanti is one of the most powerful kingdoms of the western re gion of Africa ; they count on about 20 tributary States, from which the paramount Slate has receiv ed the title of empire ; superficial extent near 1,800 sq. leagues, (14,000 sq. Eng. ms. ;) pop. 1,060,000. According to some travellers, the number of women doubles that of men. If some traditions are to be relied on, as reported by Bow- ditch, the Ashantees derived their origin from an- 4* cient migratory colonies from Abyssinia and Egypt. 'Their physical character, in fact, ap proaches much nearer the race of Ethiopian than that of tho Negro, properiy so called. 'Their re ligion is a mixture of Mahometanism and gross idol atry, to Felichism. Notwithstanding the influence gained over them by their Mahometan mollahsand Christian missionaries, they still practise human sacrifices. 'The people of this country are indus trious, and make cotton cloth their staple. The Government a military monarchy, controlled by aris tocratic institutions." Coomassie, or Coumassie, the capital, is situaled at N. lat. 7°, and 2° 20' W. ofLondon. Population estimated at 18,000, but, according to Bowdilch, at certain limes, de voted to great feasts, more than 100,000 persons are collected. This city, about 150 ms. inland from Christiansburg, the capital of the Danish col ony, is the enlrep6t of an extensive commerce, and, of course, rendezvous of a great number of merchants and travellers. Without any very pre cise limits east or west, the Ashanlee country ex tends from the Atlantic coast to the Kong moun tains, and in longitude from about the meridian to 7° or 8° W. ofLondon. Yarriba, a powerful kingdom, follows Ashantee eastward, and extends inland from the slave coast of Guinea, towards Soudan, and far into the intri cate chains of the Kong system. Katunga, the cap ital, is laid down by both French and English geog raphers near the Niger, but westward of that river, 300 ms. northeastward of the British settlement of Badagry, at N. lat. 9°, lon. 6° E. ofLondon. Of this kingdom little is known, though, with Da homey, its tributary, it extends eastward from the Ashantee country, or river Volta, to the Lagos or western side of the delta of the Quorra or Niger. The physical character of the coast already noticed is continued low along the sea or ocean shore, hut rising gradually inland. 'To the eastward of Dahomey and of the Quorra extends the kingdom of Benin, but with limits very imperfectly ascertained. Benin, the capital, and from which the country is named, is situated un the Formosa river, or western outlet of ihe Quorra, at about N. lat. 5° 30', and 5° E. of London. This kingdom includes the delta of the Quorra, and perhaps far inland towards the Kong mountains, and with it terminates the long eastern range of coast from Cape Palmas, and brings us into the northern part of lower Guinea, or Congo. With the bight of Biafra, or extreme eastern bay of the gulf of Guinea, the African coast turns to a direc tion so nearly southward as to gain but 4° of E. lon. in 22° of lat. This lengthened region is divided into four large sections — Loango op the JV., an^ extending to the Zaire river; Congo proper, ex tending to the Coanza river; -Angola, between the Coanza and Benguela rivers ; and on the southward, Benguela. Loango proper commences at Cape Lopez, about S. lat. 1°, and reaches to the mouth of the Zaire, or nearly 500 ms. As in the case of all the polit ical sections of Africa from the Sahara, clouds and darkness hang over the interior. From Loango proper may be distinguished the tributary States of Mayomba, Caconga, and En-Goyo. Loango proper and tributary States are supposed to sustain a pop. of 600,000 souls. Boualia, or, as more com- 25 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, AFR monly called, Banza-Loango, or as still more fre quently Loango, is the capital, and is situated about 3 ms. from the Allontic coast, at S. lat. 4° 30', lon. 12° E. ofLondon. The province of Mayomba extends northwestward of Loango, whilst En-Goyo lies to the southward, extending lo the Zaire. Passing the Zaire brings us into Congo, bounded on the S. by the river Danda, and inland by the sandy deserts and high mountains of Angola; and eastward by the mountains of the Sun, and by a country scarcely known, inhabited by savage tribes. Congo extends along the coast about 200 ras. ; and what may be regarded as its more civilized breadth inland about the same. Within these limits, the soil is of surpassing fertility. St. Salva dor, by the Portuguese, Banza, by the natives, is the capital, and is situated about 200 ms. inland, and NE. by E. from the mouth of the Zaire. Lat. 5° 30' S., lon. 15° E. ofLondon. The position of this city is on a mountain, and boasted of as one of the most healthy in the universe. Congo is divided into the provinces of Bamba, Batta, Sandi, Pango, Pemba, and a part of Segno. Sogno, or Snnho, to the west of St. Salvador, between the Zaire, Ambriz, and the ocean ; Bamba, on the coast be tween the rivers Ambriz and Loz, to the S. of Sogno and E. of ^Peniba; Pemba, in the centre, is drained and fertilized by the rivers Lelunda, Kai, and Ambriz; Batla spreads eastward of Pemba; Panga has Batla to the W., and the mountains of the Sun on the S. ; on the E. by Ihe river Barbell ; and on the N. by Sardi ; and finally Sardi, north eastward of St. Salvador, is bounded N. by the Zaire, on the southeast by the provinces of Batla and Panga, and northeast by the kingdom of Ma- coco and the Crystalline Hills. It ought lo be noted that those positions, given by Malte Brun, are illustrated much more correctly, or at least they answer more consistently to the map of Senex than they do to any modern map we have seen. Between the mouth of Danda river and the bay of Longa extends the coast of Angola, bounded on the E. by Malemba, the Matomba of Senex, and on the S. by Benguela. This country is very mountainous, and defectively cultivated. In lat. it extends from 8° lo 11° S., and on it litlle rain falls from May to October, and its dry and stony moun tains are very deficient in springs. Salt, wax, and honey, are its principal productions.- To general sterihly there are some exceptions. The chief city, Loando-San-Paolo, is also the capital of the Portu guese territories in Western Africa. It is situated at the bottom of a gulf, and on the S. side of the mouth of the river Bengo, and opposite to the island of Loando. Nearly in the middle of the seacoast of Angola disembogues the large volume of the Coanza river ; a stream which, like the Zaire, has, except near its mouth, yet lo be ex plored. 'The citv of St. Paul's stands at 9° 40' S., lon. 14° 30' E." Benguela is Ihe last and most southern of the great political sections of Western Africa, and along the coast extends from the river Cubegi to Cape Negro, or from 11° to 16° 30' S. ; its eastern limit, the river of Cumani, or Cunhinga, a branch if not the main stream of the Coanza. On the S. the boundaries of Benguela are the mountains and deserts of Caffraria. Its hilly and rugg«d interior abounds with, and feeds and conceals innumerable 26 elephants, rhinoceroses, zebras, antelopes, gnus, and other less ferocious animals, whilst 'the fehne and canine species abound, and the rivers swarm with the hippopotami. St. Philip, of Benguela, is the Portuguese capital, and stands on or near the coast, at S. lat. 12^^ 20' Lubolo, Quissama, Rimba, Scela, upper and lower Bemba, Tamba, Bamba, and some others, are named as provincial divisions of Benguela. Lubolo is an eastern province between the rivers Gango and Dos Ramos ; upper and lower Bemba are also eastern, and traversed by the river Gua- voro ; Quissama is northern, having Rimba S. and Lubolo E. In our view of central Africa, or Negroland, westward of Abyssinia, wilh all due allowance for protrusions of desert, we found the habitable surface to amount to 1,760,000 sq. ms., including Sene gambia. In upper Guinea our estimate was 300,000 sq. ms. as capable of dense population. Lower Guinea, including Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, comprises a distance, from Ihe mountains of the Moon to Cape Negro, of about 1,600 ms ; thebreadlh inland at a mean of 200 ms_ would therefore include an area of 320,000 sq. ms_ Sq. ms. 1,760,000 300,000 320,000 2,380,000 1,562,000 3,942,000 Soudan and Senegambia Upper Guinea Lower Guinea Amount Add Nile and Atlas regions Amount Thus wc find, that in northern, central, and Western Africa, there exists a habitable surface more extensive than in all Europe. Southern Africa, or Cape region. — The region designated by this head is bounded on the north west by Congo, or southern Guinea; north by. cen tral deserts or countries very imperfectly known ; northeast by the Portuguese colonies on that coast ; and west, south, and east, by the Atlantic, South ern, .and Indian oceans. It is or may be divided into three sections : Caffraria, or the country of the Caffres ; the Hottentot country ; and the once Dutch, now English Cape colony. In lat. these three regions extend from 15° to 35° S., and in lon. from 13° 30' to 35° E. The form approaches lo a triangle. Greatest length from the north western angle on Benguela, 1,400 ms., to the southeastern coast, at Cape Natal ; area about 1,200,000 sq. ms. But of. this large space, from all credible accounts, more than three-fourths is arid desert. Along the Atlantic coast, from the southern border of Benguela, lat. 17°, to the mouth of Orange river, lat. 28° S., or through 11° of lat., a sanily and rocky desert extends to the ocean, which is only the boundary on that side of the immense interior deserts of Caffraria. "The whole of this coast was visited in detail," says Malte Brun, vol. 4, p. 338, "more than twenty years ago, by an English expedition, wilh a view of selecting a place for transportation ; they did not find one spot favorable for cultivation, or which did not appear loo wretched even for criminals. Water that can be drank is very scarce ; the riyers fbaysl) AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR have at their mouths only brackish water. Ver dure to be seen only in partial situations." The eastern coast of Caffraria, along the Indian ocean, is of a very difi'erent characicr, deeply and frequently indented by promontories and bays; into the latter, also, numerous rivers are poured. One of these streams, the Espiritu Santo, pouring its waters into the Bay de la turn, at S. lal. 25°, is of considerable magnitude. A chain of mountains, probably a continuation northeastwardly of the Snow mountains of the Cape, appears to extend through Caffraria at a distance of from 100 to 200 ms. from the coast of the Indian ocean. From this chain issue the rivers (lowing eastward, and to one stream of comparative great magnitude and length of course, the Orange river flowing west ward, and finally discharged into the Atlantic ocean, after having passed over by general course along the mean lat. of 30°, 11° of lon., or about 700 ms. Northwardly, however, of the basin of Orange river, and westward of the mountains already al luded to, as far as discovered by civilized men, Caftraria is a lonely desert, with all the common features of the northern Sahara. The entire sur face of Caflraria amounts to at least 980,000 sq. ms., of which it is probable not one-sixth part will ad mit dense population, and most part must forever remain desolate wastes. 'Though in our geographical works a difl'erence is made and marked on maps as well as described in words, between the countries inhabited by the Hottentots and Caffres, we have no definite limits placed before us to point out their respective boundaries. When discovered, and when coloniz ed by Europeans, the Hottentots were the general if not the only inhabitants of extreme southern Afri ca. Under their respective heads the reader will see Ihe particular notice of each. In this place we can only observe, that ever since European colonization was established on southern Africa, the range of the Hotlentots has underwent pro gressive restriction, and the numbers of that peo ple constant diminution. In strictness, there now remains no country, at least southward of S. lat. 30°, or about the mean range of the Snowy moun tains, which can be assigned to the Hottentots. Beyond those mountains, towards and perhaps in places beyond the southern tropic, and particularly along or near Orange river, roam or reside differ ent tribes of that nation, such as the great and liltle Namaquas, Koranas, or Kora Hottentots, Gona- quas, and on their northern extreme the Dammaras. 'fhe Boschmen, on the sources of the Orange river, evidently a separated stem from the parent stock, are a still more brutish and degraded people than the olher Hottentots. Their excessively meager frames render the genuine Hottentot physical characteristics extremely prominent in the Boschirifen, or, as they are termed in their own language, Saabs. It is an arbitrary estimate, but as correct as our docu ment will adroit, to slate the separate Hottentot country at about 200,000 sq. ms. along the mean latitude of 27° S. 'The population it is vain to give at any amount. In some places their kraals, or villages, appear numerous; but when the whole great aggregate area of their country is brought into view, then, indeed, must be the distributive population of a people barbarous below the ordina ry levelof even African civilization, and occupying regions presenting. all the stern aspeiilies of Afri can geography. The territories of the Cape Colony comprise an area of 120,000 sip ms., between latitudes 30° and 34° 50' S., and longitudes 18° and 28° E. of London ; bounded inland by the Snowy moun tains, or countries of Hottentots and Boschmen, west by the Atlantic ocean, south by the Southern and southeast by the Indian ocean. Of the space, however, it is probable that much more than one- half is desert. Under the Dutch, it was divided into three large provinces or districts: Stellen bosch on the northwest, Graaf-Reynet northeast, and Zwelleudam south. 'There were still smaller subdivisions. The Cape Colony, (now British,) peopled by 240,000 veiy mixed inhabitants, is a very important position. 'i'he Cape Colony will be more particularly no ticed under its proper head ; we may here merely observe, that it is physically a country of moun tain chains, extending generally east and west, though, towards the extreme east and west, in flecting with the opposing coast. The rivers rise within and flow either along the mountain valleys, or turn abruptly, and rushing through mountain gorges, are lost in their respective recipients. Oli- fant's river rises in Slellenbosch, and, by a general western course, falls into the Atlantic ocean. The Berg, or Mountain river, southwardly of Olifant's and northward of Table bay, falls into the bay of Saldanha. The principal river of extreme south ern Africa is Gaurentz river, rising in eastern Slellenbosch and western Graafreynel. The le- mnte fountains of this river are in the southern valleys of the Snowy mountains, and, by a general southern course direcLly through and not far from right angles to the mountains, falls into the South ern ocean, a little west of Flesh bay, and about 240 ms. a little S. of E. from Cape 'Town. From Flesh bay, the coast, with no deep indentings, pur sues a nearly eastern course of about 250 rns., in to which no river of consequence enters until we reach the mouth of Groot or Camtoos river, falling into the Southern ocean immediately west of the soulhern cape of Algoa bay. Groot river rises in the Snowy mountains, opposite to the extreme sources of the Orange river, and, pursuing a gen eral comparative SSE. course of about 300 ms., crosses Graafreynel, and enters the Southern ocean about 700 ms. almost exactly E. of Cape Town. With Algoa bay and cape the African coast inflects to NE. by E.., and continues in that direction about 200 ms., to Point Natal. In this distance, which may be regarded as along the In dian ocean, two rivers of considerable length and volume have their oullels : these are Sunday river and Great Fish river, both having their most remote sources in the same mountains with the heads of the Orange. The general course is a very little E. of S., and comparative length of course 600 ms. Wilh the basin of Great Fish river termi nates the Cape Colony. This stream has its most distant source in S. lat. 31?, and, flowing thence by a comparative course of 700 ms. nearly paral lel to the course of Sunday river, falls into the In dian ocean about 9° of lon., or, by intermediate road, 600 ms. a little N. of E. from Cape Town. It is in the valleys of these rivers and along their main 27 AFR •GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR branches that have been formed the principal set tlements of the Cape Colony. With the basin of Great Fish river passed over, we enter Caffraria, by some geographers, though the limits here, as well as elsewhere, are very indefi nite. "Caffraria," say the French geographers, "comprise the most extended region of southern Africa. They give to it a length of 1,200 and breadth of 600 ms., and divide it into four sec tions : Caffraria^proper, country of Beljouanas, of the Barrolous, and Monomotapa." Caffraria proper, or the Natal coast of the Por tuguese, extends along and between the Snowy mountains and the Indian ocean, from the mouth of the river Kieskamma, S. lat. 33°, to. the bay of Lourenzo, Marquez, or Lagoa ; St. Esprit of the Portuguese, S. lat. 26°, by a general ocean dis tance of 700 jps. It is a coast affording no dedp harbors. It is inhabited by several tribes, as the Kousas on the southwest, Hambounas, T-ambou- quis, or Ma-Thimba, Abbatouanas, and Madou- anas. These tribes are followed by the Beljou anas, who are also divided into numerous tribes, differing amongst each other in language, cus toms, and manners. In fact, it is rather a load on a page to name 'these obscure, barbarous, and of course unimportant tribes ; we therefore proceed to eastern Africa, and close our view of that con tinent. Eastern region of Africa. — Here, again, we are left (o adopt an arbitrary limit, as in fact, if guided altogether by relative jposition, eastern Caffraria ought to fall under the preceding head. In the names and political boundaries, the maps and' ver bal descriptions are excessively discrepant. But commencing eastern Africa with Delagoa bay, S. lat. 26°, we have before us a stretch of coast ex tending, without including bays, of 3,000 ms. to the gulf of Aden. Politically, this greatly extended coast is divided into Mozambique, or Portuguese territory, extending 1,300 ms. from the bay of Lagoa to Cape Delgado, S. lat. 10°; and thence the territories of the Imaum of Muscat, extending 1,700 ms. to the gulf of Aden and Cape Guar dafui. Inland, the coantry is very little known, even in the rear of the Portuguese settlements, dat ing backwards upwards of 430 years. As far as known, " north of Orange river lies the country of the great Namaquas, which, to about lat. 26° S. and lon. 19° E., is watered by the tributary streams of Fish and Orange rivers; but north wards of the confluents of the Orange lies the great soulhern Sahara, extending probably to the equator," or, as likely, to near the mounlains of the Moon. As far as explored, the southern has all the general features of the northern desert. In our descriptions, we shall be restricted to the coast countries. / lahambane is the name given to the country between Lagoa bay and Cape Corrientes, and brings us into Portuguese east Africa. Sena, or Mozambique, includes the whole coast to Cape Delgado, but is divided into several provincial sections. The extreme southern of these prov inces is Bolorgo, or Sofala. Sofala, in Arabic, signifies low country, and extends northward to the Zambezi river. 'This river, from all we have yet leanned, is the third in volume of the African rivers, but, like the Congo and Coanza on the 28 western coast, the remote sources are yet involved in doubt. As laid down on our best maps, it lises in a country named Cazemba, near the middle of the continent, on the mean lat. of 15° S. and 35° E. of London ; flowing first northwardly, bat curving round by an immense sweep of 800 ms., it assumes a general eastern [course of 700 ms., and falls into the Mozambique channel. The wide delta, numerous mouths, and annual overflowings, all prove that the Zambezi belongs to the first class of rivers. About 300 ms. above its mouth, this river, by enormous cataracts, breaks through the Lupata mountains. The height of its inun dations are in April. This great river drains the still in some measure shadowy countries of Ca zemba, Changamera, Mocaranga, and Maravi. Monomotapa, or Beni-Motapa, lies behind Sofala, and drained also by Zambezi, but too litlle known to admit specific description. The city of Mozam bique, from which the country derives its name, is situated at S. lat. 15° 9', lon. 40° 46' E. of London. The coast of Mozambique presents every where dangerous reefs and shoals, wilh innumerable small islands. The rivers, as they, with -the exception of Zambezi, rise in the Lupata, or Picos Fragosos mountains, nor far inland, have wide and shallow mouths. The port of Mozambique, though diffi cult of entrance, is safe for such vessels as suit with its depth. Capo Delgado, S. lat. 10° 9', is a very impor tant political as well as geographical point, and seems to have been so in the former intent long previous to the arrival of the Portuguese in the be ginning of the 15lh century. It determines the northern limit of Mozambique and southern of Zan- guebar, Zangues, Zingues, or Zihdges, for the Ar abic name is thus variously written. 'The same point now separates the Portuguese territories from those of the Imaum of Muscat ; therefore, we may regard the residue of eastern Africa as appertain ing to one sovereignty ; and, advancing firom south to north, first comes Quiloa, and thence Zanzibar .proper, Mombaze, Melinda, Brava, Magadoxa, and Ajan, or Azania. Quiloa is a limited territory, of about 170 ms., between Mozambique and Zanzibar. Quiloa, the capital, is situated on an island at S. lat. 8° 27', and lon. 39° 40' E. of London. The interior is a country of forests. Zanzibar follows Quiloa, and has either derived its name from or has given it to the finest and largest of the small coast islands of Africa. This island is about 50 ras. long and 14 or 15 wide, and lies in lat. S., between 5° 40' and 6° 26'. It is fruitful, well cultivated, and, from very recent information, excessively inhabited. It has a good and much frequented port. To the northward of Zanzibar, and 50 or 60 ms. distant, is the island of Pemba, of about half the extent, but said to be still more productive than the former. "Here ends altogther modern information," says Malte Brun, speaking of the eastern coast of Africa, from Pemba to Cape Guardafui. " Is the city of Mombaz-a," asks the same author, "sit uated on an island formed by two branches of a river, still in possession of the Arabs of Muscat, who, in 1698, drove out the Portuguese ?" We can answer, that on Senex's map it is thus placed ; AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR and whether or not the .\rabs of Muscat have or have not held that city through all the intermediate time, they do so at present. The latitude of Moin- baza, as given by Malte Brun, is 4° 4' S., lon. 38° 12' E. of Paris, or 40° 33' E. ofLondon. "'The cities of Melinda, Lamo, and Pate, ap pear to be situated on the delta of n great river, called Quilimancy, which appears to be the same as that, which, under the name of Zebee, descends from the mountains of Abyssinia." — Malte Brun, vol. 4, p. 407. Here I have a remark lo repeat, which was made in another place, that the preceding answers much more exactly to the map of Senex than to any modern map which I have seen. The river men tioned in the preceding is represented by Senex as issuing from the mountains of the Moon, in the mean lal. of 7° N., ond thence named Zebee, north of the equator, and Quillimancy southward of that line, is brought into the Indian ocean at nearly 4° S. lat. The modern maps throw doubt upon the course of this stream, by representing it by dots northward of the equator. There is, however, not much reason to doubt its continuous existence and restoration to science, by means of future discov ery. Along this coast, when first visited by the Portuguese, the people were found civilized, man ufacturing, and commercial ; so they remain ; and their monarch, the Imaum of Muscat, has sent over to the United Slates the first Mahometan merchant vessel which has ever crossed the At lantic ocean. But behind these maritime and civilized people roam the almost savage tribes of Mosegueyos, Mara- cates, and others still more remote. Directly west wards of Quilimancy, and of the river of that name, Senex places a people whom he names and charac terizes "the Mosse-Guales, Kafres, very barbar ous." To the north, again, of the river Quili mancy, the same geographer places and ijames another interior nation thus : "People called Mar- acates, who possess a great extent in this country, till within two days' journey of the sea — Mahom etans." With the mouth of Quilimancy river passed, the African coast, which extends in a general northern direction from Mozambique, now turns to a near northeasterly course, and, though under other sec tional names, is known as the coast of Magadoxa. The city of that name is'situated near the sea, and is the capital, and, following the general oriental custom, gives name to the country to an extent rather vaguely limited. It stands at lat. 3° 6' N., and in lon. 45° 30' E. ofLondon. It appears from recent information that the coun try in' the vicinity at least of the capital is watered by a large river, and abounds in grain, fruits, and cattle. This again corresponds with Senex, who has placed the city of Magadoxa at the mouth and to the westward of a river which he derives from the interior mounlains 400 or 500 ms. to the north westward of its outlet ; and along which is noted, "the river Magadoxa, called by the Arabs ' the Nile of Mocadesson, ' because of its annual over- Jlowing." The name of Magadoxa appears to be derived from the name Machidas, mentioned by Abyssinian writers. Malte Brun calls the country "kingdom of Magadoxa, or Makadscou," and closes his brief account of it by observing : " It ia probable that the Machidas, mentioned by the Abyssinian histo- rie«, are no others than the Makadscou." Senex, on his map, has placed northward of the Maracates, and westward of his river Magadoxo, the "kingdom of Machida, a powerful nation, the king of which is of the line of the Ethiopian kings, wilh whom he is always at war. They are Ma hometans." From the tenor of both ancient and modern maps and records, it appears certain that the productive region of the Nile extends to and is continued to the southward of the Kong mountains, in a direc tion a little east of south, to the Indian ocean. Down this southern slope of the Kong, two large and some smaller rivers have their courses. The two main streams are the Zebee and Magadoxo of Senex. The western of these, the Zebee of Se nex, is the Quilimancy, or Melinda, or Ozee, of modern geography, and the eastern the Webbei, or Webbc, of modern geography. Senex repre sents a river by name Jubo, between the two for mer, and entering the Indian ocean directly under the equator. The French geographer.s, with anal ogy in favor of Iheir^ representation, draw the Jubo also firom the Kong, and all the maps before me have its mouth laid down under the equator. In latitude, this slope, which might be called that of Magadoxa, extends through 11°, or from 3° S. to 8° N., equal to about 750 ms. ; the mean breadth cannot fall short of 350 ms., exceeding an area of 260,000 sq. ms. ; very considerably ex ceeding the superfices of the Pyrenean or Spanish peninsula. What a field for future discovery ! The coast alone, from Melinda lo Magadoxa, upwards of 600 ms., general course, would well deserve an exploring expedition. Ajan, Azania, or Adel, are all general names of the -"ifrican coast, from that of Magadoxa to Cape Guardafui, distance by general course about 700 ms., and is thus described by Malte Brun: "The coast of Ajan presents to the eye of the navigator only a desolate mass of rocks and sand, where oc casionally may be seen a wandering ostrich. In proceeding round Cape Guardafui, the, eastern point of Africa, the coast puts on a less barren ap pearance." 'The following is a summary of the habitable sections of southern and eastern Africa: n „ , , Sq. ms. Cape Colony, (pop. 340,000,) area - 120,000 Caffraria, area - - - 1,080,000 Mozambique, Changamera, &c., area 450,000 Zanguebar, Melinda, &c., area 200,000 Magadoxa, Adel, Ajan, &c., area 360^000 •2,210,000 African islands— Uaaagascar, Comoro group, Zanzibar, Pemba, Socolra, Seychelle group, Masca- renhas group, &c., on the eastern side; St. Helena, Ascension, St. 'Thomas, Fernando Po, Cape Verd^ Canary group, and the group of Madeira, west.— In pursuing our specific description, we commence on the extreme northeastward with Socotora, orSo- * It would be vaiQ to attempt even an approximate esti mate of the population of these regions. We may observe' however, that if supposed to be over the whole surface eveu So^fPnm°°'5 'be square mile, the aggregate would then be i,iW,mj, and Ihey can hardly be less. 29 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR cotra. This island lies about 150 ms. NE. by E. of Cape Guardafui, with the small island of Curia in the intervening channel; lat. 12° 30', lon. 54° E. of London. It is about 100 ms. long from SE. to NW., mean width 20 ms., and area 3,000 sq. ms. A chain of naked and rugged mountains composes its eastern border, whilst another still more elevated extends along its centre, giving to the whole island a stern arid, arid aspect, without running water of vegetation. Concealed by these asperities lie some fertile valleys, abounding in dates, aloes, and other plants. It is inhabited by Arabs, with their Mussulman subjects or slaves ; the Bediognes, ancient inhabitants, who are Jacob ite Christians ; and by mountain savages. Tam- arida, on the eastern shore, is its capital. It is very remarkable, that, spreading between that part of the coast of Indostan northward of the Laccadive islands, and the coast of Africa from Zanzibar to Socotra, and thence continued north eastward to the coast of Mekran, or Beloochistan, extends a sea of 3,000 ms. in length, from SW. toNE., and exceeding a mean breadth of 1,000 ms., the aiea exceeding 3,000,000 of sq. ms. This sea comprises the northwestern part of. the Indian ocean, and vyith the Red sea, or Ara bian gulf, and the Persian gulf, as embranch ments. - Except the inlets to these gulfs, this sea is bounded on the NW. by the African coast, N. by the southern coast of Arabia and that of Makran, NE. by Indostan, and SE. by irregu lar groups of islands,, such as Comoro, Seychelles, Chagos, Maldives, and Laccadives. Independent of innumerable small islands along and near the coasts, the sea we have specified is remarkable for its depth and destitution of islands. It was the Erythrsean sea of antiquity, and its northern part the Arabian sea of modern geography. The two small though important islands of Pemba and Zan zibar have been already noticed, and may be found also under their proper heads. At an interval of 16° of lat., or about 1,100 ms. nearly due south of Socolra, rises from the ocean an extensive archipelago of small islands, and reefs, called by the general name of Seychelle islands, but divided by nature into sub-groups. Seychelle prop er, or .Mahe islands, totheNE. ; Admiralty islands in the middle, and Providence SW. These groups, says Malte Brun, " discovered by the Portuguese, are even at this period fat from well defined." Such is the case, no doubt, as to these islands in dividually, but it is only necessary to cast a glance on a general map of the Indian ocean, to be con,- vinced that the Seychelle archipelago is the con tinuation of the same ridge of which the superior height forms Madagascar ; the whole extending with a general conformity to the opposing coast of Africa. " Many small islands little known, amongst which are the Seven Brothers, Diego, Garcia, Adu, and Candu, reaching from the Seychelles to the Maldives, and even beyond the meridian of Ceylon, in the direction of Sumatra. 'They are all inhabited. To the SW. of the Seychelles are ma ny small islands and extensive reefs of rock uniting this archipelago to Madagascar and Africa. Thus, that part of the Indian ocean that extends from the coast of Zanguebar to that of Malabar, and from Arabia to the Seychelles and Maldives, forms a 30 kind of separate sea, or, it may be so called, a Mediterranean sea." — Malt e-Brun, vol. 4, p. 421. This .Mediterranean is closed on the southwest between Cape Delgado, in Africa, and Cape Am- bro, the northern point of Madagascar, by the fine archipelago of Comoro. With this group com mences the Mozambique channel ; they are four in number: Anjuan, or Joanna, but mor^ properly Hinzouan, Angaziga, or Great Comora, Mouhilly, Mohilla, or Molale, and Mayotte, or Mayolla. The most frequented and most important is Hinzouan, having commodious havens and watering places; its aspect highly picturesque, with hills and moun tains shaded by lofty trees, and painted as a car pet of green. Matchedon, on the north side, is its capital and best port, and is situated at S. lat. 11° 18', lon. 43° 16' E. of London, and about 300 ms. SE. of Cape Delgado. Angazija, or Great Comoro, lies about 70 ms. northwesterly of Anjuan, and is the nearest to the continent of Africa. It is composed of a vast as semblage of mountains, with bases near the sea shore, but uniting in a common summit towards the centre, rising from 6,000 to 7,000 feet above the ocean. It has no road, but many villages. The centre of Great Comoro is about in lat. 11° 30' S., lon. 43° E. of London. Mouhilly lies about 15 ms. SW. of Anjuan, and is encompassed by a chain of rocky shelves. It has two small towns. Mayotte, or Mayotta, is the smallest and most southeastern of the whole four, and distant from Hinzonan about 20 ms. It is very difficult of ac cess. Valentine peak, in this island, is in S. lat. 12° 54', lon. 45° E. ofLondon. "Situated under a fine sky," says Malte Brun, " the Comoro islands enjoy a very healthy climate. The champaign country every where exhibits the appearance of a luxurious vegetation." Madagascar, or, as it is supposed, more properly Madecasse, one amongst the largest islands of the earth, next rises before us in passing southeasterly from the Comoros. Madagascar lies between lati tudes 12°and25°S., and in longitude between 43° 40',and51° 10' E. of London, fhe range of Mada gascar is from SSW. to NNE. A direct hne from its southern point. Cape St. Mary, to Cape Ambro, on the extreme north, is within an unimportant fraction of 900 ms. It is very near 300 ms. wide where broadest, the whole having a rude approach to an ellipsis, which, were it such, would yield 214,400 sq. ms. ; but, allowing for entering curves, this immense island still contains at least a superfices of 200,000 sq. ms., and rendering its surface Utile, if any, under that of the Spanish peninsula. As this island will be parlicularly mentioned und«(|its own head, we refer lo that article. Mascarenhas group is traversed by .S. lal. 20°, and the westernmost, the island of Bourbon, lies about 450 ms. from the eastern coast of Madagas car. 'The group comprises three islands — Bour bon, or Reunion, on the SW. ; at the distance of 100 ms. northeasterly from Bourbon, Mauritius, or Isle of France ; and, lastly, Roderique, nearly east from the Isle of France 400 ms. 'The whole island of Bourbon bears traces too strong to doubt its volcanic origin. It is compos ed of two volcanic mountains and' mere selvedges of arable land. The soulhern mountain still emits AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AFR smoke, though no destructive volcanic eruptions have marked its history since inhabited by civilized man. St. Denis, on the eastern side of the island, is the capital, and stands at S. lat. 20° 51', and lon. 5.5° 27' E. ofLondon. The Isle of France, less extensive or fertile than is that of Bourbon, is indebted lo its belter harbors and roads for a greater importance. The form of this island approaches towards an oval of 30 by 22 ms. The shoals render disembarkation dangerous in foul weather. The interior is mountainous. Port St. Louis, on the western side of the island, is the capital, and is situated at S. lat. 19° 41', and in lon. 57° E. of Londim. 'The island of Diego Rodriguez has only recent ly been colonized. It lies in S. lat. 19° 40', lon. 63° 20' E. Advancing from the eastern or Indian ocean side of Africa to the western or side of the Atlantic, one remark intrudes itself: that is, the numerous, or, it might be said, innumerable small coast islands, which border eastern Africa, are singularly contrast ed with the very reverse character along Ihe .Afri can shores on the Atlantic. The islands in the Atlantic ocean enumerated as African islands are, from relative position, distinct from what are prop erly called coast islands. These are the group of Tristan d'Acunha, the solitary islands of St. He lena and Ascension ; the chain of St. Thomas, Prince's island, and Fernando Po ; the archipelagoes of Cape Verd, Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores, or Western islands. Tristan d'Acunha, of these groups and islands, comesfirst, if we advance from south to norlh. This group, four in number, is set down as African by a severe stretch of system, as it lies a little S. of W. upwards of 1,800 ms. from the Cape of Good Hope, at S. lal. 37° 20', and lon. 12° W. ofLon don. The distance, indeed, from the Tristan d' Acunha islands lo the southeastern coast of South America is only about 150 ms. farther than to southwestern Africa. These islands are evidently the peaks of mountains ; the principal island rising to the height of 8,326 feet, with verdure halfway up, but covered with snow many months of the year. They are mere specks in the vast oceanic desert around. An American, some years since, chose one of them for his abode, and found the soil productive. St. Helens is, in proportion to its celebrity, the most isolated spot on the earth. Standing in a fearful waste "of waters, at S. lat. 15° 40', and lon. 6° W. of London, the still smaller island of Ascension, 800 ms. to the northwestward, is the nearest land ; it is distant 1,200 ms. from the coa'st ftf Benguela, in Africa, and upwards of 2,200 ms. from the Srazil coast of America. It is curious that radil^^from St. Helena of no very unequal length will reach the African coast from Cape Pal mas, lying from it neariy due north, to Cape Frio, bearing from it only a little S. of E., embracing a stretch of African coast of about 3,000 ms. See art. St. Helena. Ascension, " a rock'^vithout water, except one fountain, and nearly without vegetation, rises above the waves of the Atlantic ocean, at lat. 7° 30' S., and lon. 14 W. of London. It is visited by mariners for the innumerable sea turtles which are found reposing amongst its rocks, lavas, and volcanic scoria ; and also an established point by which lo regulate their reckoning. Tho few islands appearing at such wide spaces on its surface, and so minute in themselves, ren der tho destilution of land over the great southern Atlantic striking in a supreme degree. At the great interval of 1,400 miles northeast ward from St. Helena, and towards the recesses of the gulf of Guinea, we reach St. Thomas, the most southwesterly of a chain which would seem to con sist of a continuation of a mountain range of the continent of Africa. This insular chain consists of the islands of St. Thomas, Prince's, and Fernan do Po. St. Thomas, or its capital, is situated on the eastern side of the island, at N. lat. 27', lon. 6° 48' E. ofLondon. It is about 33 ms. by 19, and lies 150 ms. W. of the continent of Africa. Its northern part is composed of high mounlains, ter minating in peaks. Advancing from St. Thomas in a NNE. direc tion, towards the bight of Biafra, brings us lo Prince's island, with a length of 20 ms. and breadth of 12 ms. N. lat. 1° 37', lon. 7° 40' E. of London. Air healthy and agreeable ; water excellent ; and harbors best in the chain. Still advancing NNE. upwards of 100 ms. , we reach the island of Fernando Po, or Fernao-do- Po, within 50 ms. of the African coast. It derives its name from that of a Portuguese gentleman in the service of Alphonsus V, king of Portugal, who discovered it in 1472, and named it Formosa, or the beautiful. It is about 22 ms. from E. to W., with a breadth of 8 ms. ; surface high and woody. Watering place or anchorage, N. lat. 3° 28', lon. E. from London 7° 26'. It belongs to Spain, while the two former appertain to Portugal. Fer nando Po lies directly "W. of the Dutch settlement, around the extreme bottom of the bight of Biafra. Cape Verd, al the wide interval of 2,500 ms. from Fernando-Po, next claims our attention amongst the insular African groups. Along the intermediate coast, it is true there are a few small islands, and but a few, and those are of the class of coast islands. The archipelago of Cape Verd commences about 300 ms. very nearly W. of the cape of the same name. A careful comparison of relative range and position leaves Utile doubt but that the Cape Verd islands are prominences of a continuation of the great central mountain system of Africa. The islands, beside mere rocks, are ten in number: St. Jago, Mayo, Fuego, Bravo, or St. John, Bonavista, Sel, or do Sal, St. Nicholas, Santa Lucia, San Vincenta, and San Antonio. — See article Cape Verd Islands. Porto Praya, in St. Jago, lat. 15° N., lon. 23° 30' W. of London. Passing northwardly along the African coast, and doubling Cape Bajador N. lal. 26° 12', and Cape Juby, we feel as if in the neighborhood of those fortunate islands, so long the empire of fable, and amongst the first and most interesting modern discoveries, or rather re-discoveries. "The cele brated archipelago of the Canary islands," says Malte Brun, " conducts us towards the empire of civilization ; it forms almost a part of Europe. Ap proaching from the S., the first island of this justly celebrated group which comes in view is Forteven- tura, to the N. of which rises Lanzarota, and to the southwestward of these two tomes in succes- 31 AFR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AGD sion Grand Canary, Teneriffe, or Santa Cruz, Go.. mera, Ferro, and Palma. The Canaries, extend ing in a general direction from E. to W. along the mean lat. of 38° 30', are evidently a continuation of the Atlas mountains. Lon. 15° W. of London passes between Grand Canary and Forteventura. See article Canary Islands. The same meridian which we have noticed as passing the Canaries, if extended about 300 ms. northward, reaches the Madeiras, or rather Madeira, as the group contains only one comparatively large island, Madeira proper, and one small, Puerto Santo, Funchal, situated on its southern side, is the capi tal of Madeira. Lat. 32° 28', N. loni 17° 6' W. of Iiondon. — See article Madeiras. Five hundred and fifty miles northwestwardly of Madeira rises St. Mary, the most southeastern of an archipelago amid the wide waste of the Atlantic ocean. These islamdsare known under the general names of Azores, {Hawk islands,) Terceiras, after the largest among them, or Flamandes, or Fla mengas, from a colony of Flemings, from whom a part of the inhabitants are descended, the English often designate them relatively the Western islands, As was remarked of Tristan d'Acunha islands, we may say of the Azores, that system only could in clude the latter under the head of Africa; and again, hardly as far distant from the coast of Por tugal, to whom they both nationally and politically belong, as they are from Africa, the Azores are es sentially islands of Europe. They are, not in cluding mere rocks or banks, nine in number ; which, ranging from southeast to northwestward, and commencing with St. Mary, are St. Mary, St. Michael, Terceira, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. The whole archipelago is divided into three groups : St. Mary's and St. Michael's, about 100 ms. separated to the south eastward, and Flores and Corvo, near 200 ms. to the northwestward of the middle and main group. N. lat. 40° passes a very little northward of Corvo, the most northerly and also the most northwesterly of the Azores, and lon. 30° W. of London, passes the wide strait between the middle and most west ern groups. 'The extreme length of the Azore archipelago is about 500 ms. from the eastern point of St. Mary's to the western of Flores. These islands form the prominences of an immense vol canic range. The coasts are generally high and steep, and surfaces covered with volcanic matter. — See article Azores. In the previous article, under the general head of Africa, we. have engrouped the principal features and natural subdivisions of that great continent, and connected with it those insular groups usual ly regarded as appertaining to it, and have left the political sections, cities, towns, &c., to be treated under their own heads, respectively. Summary of the physical geography of Africa. Sq. ms. Abyssinia- - ¦ - 330,000 Sennaar and Nubia - 400,000 Egypt - - - 150,000 'TripoU - - - 369,000 Tunis 5.3,000 Algeria - - - 310,000 Morocco . - - - 160,000 Sahara, northern desert - ' - 2,200,000 Soudan, Guinea, upper and lower - 3,380,000 33 Cape Colony - - - 120,000 Caffraria - -^ - 1,080,000 Mozambique, Changamera, &c. - 450,000 Zanguebar, MeUnda, &c. 200,000 Magadoxo - 360,000 Sahara, Southern - - - 3,200,000 Madagascar aud other islands - 250,000 Total area - 10,802,000 We may observe, that of the preceding aggre gate 4,400,000 sq. ms. are included in the two immense deserts,, leaving 6,402,000 as habitable. But, of the habitable sections, at least one third ought again to be abstracted for re-entering deserts, leaving for the really productive parts, capable of any considerable density of population, an aggre gate of 4,268,000 sq. ms. Unless Africa is re garded as a congeries of islands, separated on the land sides by seas, indeed oceans, of barren sand and rock, no rational idea can be formed of its real physical geography. I'he Nile, and still more northern sections, can far more easily communicate, by the Mediterranean, with Europe and Western Asia, than they can wilh Soudan or Nigritia, over the interior deserts. Still, however, wilh all de ductions, the insular sections of Africa, under the terms stated, comprise considerably more arable surface than does Europe ; and therefore, were the former regions possessed of the moral and political advantages pf Europe, in due proportion the re spective masses would be very nearly as 43 to 35. Therefore, allowing to Europe an existing popula tion of 230,000,000, Africa ought to have 282,000,000. It may be, however, doubted whether it contains one-fifth of such an amount. Egypt is probably the most densely inhabited of any African section, and there, according to the best accounts, the distributive population on 150,000 sq. ms. is only about 17 to the sq. m. Were the whole habitable surface populated in pro portion, there would then be only an aggregate of 72,576,000 persons. Africa, seaport town of Tunis, 70 ms. SSE. of 'Tunis. It was taken by Charles V, who de molished the fortifications. Lon. ll 10 E., lat. 35 36 N. Afrique, St., small town of Fr., in the dep. of Averion, 6 ms. E. of Vabres. AoA, Turkish title of distinction, applied as the English term Lord, rather indefinitely, lo high officers, military or civil. Agades, kingdom of Africa, in Negroland, about 500 ms. eastward of Tombuctoo. It is also called Agdass, and Aghades. It borders on the great desert. N. lat. 19° and lon. 13° E. of London, intersect in this kingdom. Agadir, or Santo- Cruz, a town of Morocco near the Atlantic coast, about 100 ms. southward of Mogadore, N. lat. 30 30. Agatha, St., a town of Naples, in the Ulteriore principality, with a bishop's see, 20 ms. NE. of Naples. Lon. 14 36 E., lat. 41 5 N. Agatton, town near the mouth of the Formosa, on the coast of Guinea, 80 ms. S. of Benin. Lon. 7 6 E., lat. 7 20 N. Agawam, town, Hampden co., Mass., 362 ms. from W. C. and 89 from Boston. Agde, town of Fr., in the dep. of Herault,and AIA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AIR late province of Languedoc, seated on tho riv er Herault, 1| m. from its mouth in the gulf of Lyons, where there is a small fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 ms. NE. of Narbonne. Lon. 3 28 E., lat. 43 19 N. Agen, cily of Fr., tho ancient Aginum, in the now dep. of Lot and Garonne. It is shuated on the Garonne. It is a place of considerable manu factures. Agen stands 108 ms. SE. of Bordeaux and 70 NW. of Toulouse. N. lat. 44 12, lon. 0 40 E. of London. Agenabat, town of Transylvania, 10 ms. NE. of Hermenstadt. Lon. 24 50 E., lat. 46 32 N. -iger, small town of Catalonia, in Spain. Lon. 1 50 E., lat. 41 50 N. Agga, or Aggona, town and district on the coast of Guinea, in which Ihe English have a fort. Lon. 0 5 E., lat. 6 0 N. Aggerhuys, town of Norway, and capital of a province of the some name,'which is full of moun tains. Itis 30 ms. NW. of Frederickshall. Lon. 10 20 E., lat. 59 30.— See Christiana. . Aglirim, village in the co. of Galway, Ireland. Aghrin, town in the co. of Wicklow, Ireland, 13 ms. SW. of Wicklow. Lon. 6 21 W., lat. 52 45 N. Agincourt, village of Fr., in the dep. of the straits of Calais, and late co. of Artois, 7 ms. N. of Hesden. Agmat, town of Morocco, on a river of the same name, and on the declivity of one of the mountains of Atlas, where the soil is fertile. Itis 16 ms. S. of Morocco. Lon. 7 15 W., lat. 30 56 N. Agimere. — See Adjemere. , Agosto, Lagusto, or Agusta, island in the Ad- , riatic, 70 ms. a litlle N. of W. from Ragusa, and 10 ms. S. of the island of Curzola. Agram, capital of Croatia, situated on a hill near the northern side of the Save river. It is known also by the Italian names of Zagrab and Sagabria, and, at an earlier period, called Grelz, or Graetz. Population 17,000. About 150 ms. a very little W. of S. of Vienna, 75 ms. down the Save from Laybach, in Carniola, ^nd 120 ms. neariy E. from Trieste. N. lat. 44 55, lon. 16 E. ofLon don. Ahuys, .town of Sweden, strong by situation, in the province of Gothland, with a good harbor, 15 ms. SE. of Christianstadt. Lon. 14 15 E., lat. 56 15 .N. Ahwas, ancient Gyndes, Zeindel of Danville, river of Persia, in Khoristan. This stream rises in the Elwend mountains, N. lal. 37°, interlock ing sources with the Kizilozein and Zab, and, flow ing thence nearly due south, falls into the Schat el Arab, or lower Euphrates, by several mouths, some above and some below Bassorah. The Ulai of Daniel was most probably a small eastern branch of Ihe Ahwas. It is a mountain stream of about 400 ms. in length, and next to the Tigris in size, ¦amongst the confluents of the Euphrates. Aiagha-Tag, mountains of Asia, between Tur key and Persia, a chain of the ancient Parthiene, and is the Zagros of antiquity, and a part of that vast congeries of mountains which, extending to the SE., gives source to the numerous confluents of the Tigris, and known in Persia as Elwend. 'i'hese chains have in all ages been possessed by 3* the Koords, and is the country now called Koor- distan. — See Elwend. Aichsladt, town of Germany, in Bavaria, situ ated on the north side of Alt Mnhl river, 45 Eng lish ms. SW. by W. of Ratisbon, and 60 NNW. of Munich. It is the capital of a bishopric of the same name. Aiclli), small town in Naples, in Abruzzo Ulte riore, belonging to tho hereditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15 20 E., lat. 41 40 N. Aigle, town in Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Rhone, 6 ms. froi-n its en trance into the lake of Geneva. All the houses, even the meanest, are built of white marble, found in the neighborhood.^ Small town of Fr., in the dep. of Orne, and late province of Norjnandy, 47 ms. SW. of Rouen. Lon. 1 0 E., lat.48 45 N. Aignan, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of Loire and Cher, and late province of Blasois. It is in the shape of an amphitheatre, at the foot of which runs the river Cher, at the distance of 60 ms. from Bourges. Aigue-Morte, town of Fr., in the dep. of the mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Lan guedoc. It is very strong, on account of its situa tion among the morasses, though at some distance from the sea. It had a harbor which is now chok ed up. Lon. 4 3 E., lat. 43 34 N. Aigue-Perse, town of Fr. , in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and late province of Auvergne, 18 ms. N. of Clermont, and 261 S. of Paris. It has a fountain, once regarded as a prodigy, its cold wa ter having the appearance of boiling. The water of this spring is said lobe fatal to the animals that drink it. Lon. 2 30 E., lat. 46 6 N. Ailah, town of Arabia Petrea, on the E. side of the Red sea, near the road which the pilgrims take from. Egypt to Mecca. Lon. 36 40 E., lat. 29 10 N. Ailesbury, largest and most populous town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. It is the centre of the business of the vale of Ailesbury, which occupies the centre of tho county, and is one of the most fer tile tracts in England. The inhabi-tants of this town and its neighborhood supply the London market wilh early ducklings. 'Pbey carry this trade to such an extent that it is s-aid jE3,000 have been re ceived at Ailesbury, from London, in six weeks, for that article. 'Phis town is 16 ms. SE. of Buckingham, and 41 NW. of London. Lon. 0 42 W., lat. 51 50 N. Ailsa, great insulated rock, to the S. of the isle of Arran, in Scotland. Its base is 2 ms. in cir cumference. It consists of a stupendous assem blage of precipitous cliff's, rising in a wild series, forming a pyramidal mountain 900 feet high, ac cessible only to the NE. Aime, or Axima, small town in Savoy, on the river Isere. Ain, dep. of Fr., lately the province of Bre.sse. Ainsa, town of Spain, in Arragon, seated in a plain, on the river Ara. Aintal, city of Asia, in Turkey. It is situated on the southern slope of Mount Taurus, about 50 ms. NNE. from Aleppo, near the sources of the river Kowaik. N. lat. 37 5, lon. 37 35 E. of London. Aintal stands about 100 ms. NE. from Scanderoon. Aire, town of Fr., in the dep. of Landes, and 33 AKM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ALA late province of Gascony, sealed on the river Adour, on the declivity of a mountain, 65 ms. S. of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 16 E., lat. 43 42 N. Strong town in the dep. of the straits of Calais, and late province of Artois. It is seated on the river Lis, 22 ms. S. of Dunkirk, and communicates with St. Omer by a canal from the river Aa. Lon. 2 29 E., lat. 30 42 N. Aisne, dep. of Fr., including the late provinces of Soissannois and Vermandois. Aix, ancient city of Fr. , now capital of the dep. of Bouche du Rhone. It was the capital of the late province of Provence, when it had a Parlia ment. It is seated in a plain, where there arc hot baths, near the river Arc. It is 75 ms. E. of Mont- pellier. Lon. 5 31 E., lat. 43 32 N. An cient town of Savoy, on the lake of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is 8 ms. N. of Chamberry. Lon. 6 10 E., lat. 45' 42 N. Small island on the coast of Fr. , between the isle of Oleron and the continent, 12 ms. NW. of Rochefort. Lon. 1 50 W., lat. 46 5 N. Aix-la-Chapelle, free and imperial city of West phalia, now capital of the Prussian province of lower Rhine. 'The Emperor Charlemagne chose this place for his residence, on acco.unt of ils beau ty. He is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where they keep his sword and belt, and the Four EvangeUsts, written in letters of gold, which are made use of at the coronation of emperors. Its famous mineral waters draw a great number of persons every year. It is seated in a bottom, sur rounded by mountains, 22 ms. NE. of Liege. Lon. 6 3 E., lat. 50 48 N. Ajan, a general and not very definite name, ap plied to that part of the eastern coast of Africa, from Cape Guardafui to tho equator, or upwards of 1,000 ms. It is also called Adel. — See general art. Africa, head of Magadoxa. Ajazzo, seaport of Natolia, in the province of Caramania, anciently Silesia, seated on the Medi terranean, 30 ms. N. of Antioch, and 40 W. of Aleppo, where stood the city of Issus, and where Alexander fought his second battle with Darius. Lon. 33 10 E., lat. 37 0 N. Akalzike, northeastern pachalic of European Turkey, in great part ceded to Russia. This country, formerly called Tsheldir, extends along and from the northeastern part of the Black sea, on bolh sides of the river Escharuk. It is very moun tainous, and to European geographers but little known. Central lat. 40 30 N., lon. from London 41 30 E. It lies northward from eastern Ar menia. Akhissar, ancient Thyatyra. It is also called Akissat ; which see. Akissat, ancient 'Thyatyra, a town of Natolia, built in a fine plain 18 ms. broad, which produces plenty of co^n and cotton. Itis inhabited by about 500 Mahometans, and is seated on the river Her mits, 50 ms. SE. of Pergaino. Lon. 28 30 E., lat. 38 48 N. Akmetchet, cafe of Russia, in Crimea. It is Ihe most western point of that peninsula. The Sympheropol, or Simferopole of the Rus sian town of the Crimea, and ancient capital of Crim Tartary. It stands inland about 50 ms. NE. from Sevastopol, and almost on lat. 45 0 N., lon. 34 20 E. of London. 34 Akron, town of Portage co., O., situated on the Ohio canal, at its highest elevation. The site of the town is about 500 feet above Ohio river at Portsmouth, 406 ms. above Lake Erie, and 970 above the Atlantic ocean. N. lat. 41 6, lon. W. C. 4 32 ; distant 32 ms. SSE. of Cleveland, 38 by canal; 16 SW. of Ravenna. It is a very flour ishing manufacturing and commercial place, wilh a population, in 1837, of about 1,600. In the vicinity there is an extensive stratum of bitumin ous coal, and water power to any desirable amount. Alaba, or Alava, one of the three smallest dis tricts of Biscay, in Spain, but pretty fertile in rye, barley, and fruits. 'There are in it very good mines of iron. Vitoria is the capital. Aktau Mountains, befn'een the basins of the Gi- hoon and Sihoon, or Syr-Daria. The chain of Ak-. tau, or "the White mountain," is extended, being a branch detached from the Beloor system. Alabama, one of the United Slates, having Ten nessee N., Georgia E., Florida and the gulf of Mexico S., and the Mississippi W. 'This Stateex- tends from N. lat. 30 12 to N. lat 35 0, or 334 ms., withamean width of 155 ms., extending over 51,770 sq. ms.— 33,133,800 acres. The face of Alabama is much variegated ; the soil also di^'ers in quality from the worst to the best. 'That sec tion of the State which lies along the gulf of Mex ico is low and sandy ; but this character of Coun try rapidly changes: within 10 or 12 ms. from the coast, the hills commence, and gradually gain ele vation, advahcing N. 'The bay of Mobile pene trates this section 30 ms. , and is followed by an overflowed tract, which extends again 32 ms., lo the junction of the Alabama and Tdmbigbec rivers. Between ihe head of Mobile bay and the union of, the two latter streams, a number of channels wind through the alluvial tract, the principal of which are those of the Mobile and Tensau. The bay and the alluvial bottoms above are limited on each side by hills of moderate elevation, covered wilh pine timber. The pine region extends into the centre of the State, and forms much the largest portion of its soil. 'The Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Cataw ba, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, and some minor streams, peninsulate the pine section of Alabama. Extensive bodies of river alluvion skirt those riv ers, and much interval land, of second-wte quali ty, is spread between the river bottoms and the open pine woods ; but, as a whole, the productive soil of Alabama does not in surface equal that which may be regarded of a contrary character. This State, with the exception of the southeastern angle and a very small section on the southwest, is compris ed in the valley of Tennessee and basin of Mobile. Under a general- view, Alabama is divided into two unequal physical sections, which may be called, relatively, northern and soulhern. That of the south, by far the most extensive, has its slope very nearly due south, and is, in that di rection, drained by the main streams, and numer ous confluents, of Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Al- ' abama, Mobile, Conecuh, Choctawhatchie, and Chattahooche rivers. Northern, or the Tennessee river section, com prises about 150 ms. of the valley of Tennessee — the main channel of that river entering the State very near the northeastern angle, and quitting it. almost as near the northwestern angle, with a rather ALA Geographic \l dictionary. ALA large intermediate southern curve. 'This Tennes see section has a mean length, from cast to west, of 145 ms., with a general breadth of 50 ma. — area about 7,000 sq. ms. The southern and much most extensivo zone or inclined plane falls, by a very gentle docUvity, from N. lat. 34 20 to the gulf of Mexico, over some thing more than four degrees of latitude. This slope is drained and finely vaiiei^atcd by the streams .ilready mentioned. Over both physical sections the Stale is well supplied with navigable channel though possessing within its own limits but one outlet — that is, by Mobile bay to tho gulf of Mex ico. The tides in tho Mexican gulf being so very moderate, (not exceeding a mean of more than 2.^ feet,) the passage of sea vessels of any draught is arrested at Claiborne, in the Alabama river, and at St. .Stephen's, in 'Tombigbee river — both places being about 100 ms. above Mobile bar. Though sometimes the navigation ol the northern rivers of -Alabama is impeded by, ice, yet they are not so fre quently. The excessive summer droughts occur, with more or less intensity, annually, and are pro ductive of a far more abiding cause of impeding navigation than any arising from ice. The seasons at the extremes of Alabama, in re gard to mean and cxireme temperature, differ greatly. The bo'rder along the gulf of Mexico may be called tropical, when compared with the valley of Tennessee. Between lat. 30 10 and 31 30, or below tide water, excessive frosts or lying snow is rare; but the temperature changes sensibly, advanc ing towards and into the valley of 'Tennessee, par ticularly in the northeastern sections of the State. No part, however, of Alabama admits the profita ble culture of sugar cane. Cotton is the general staple of the State ; Indian corn, or maize, the usual crop for subsistence, though, in the middle and ijorthern parts, smaller grain (wheal, rye, oats, &c.) succeed very well. PROGRESSIVE POPULATION OP ALABAMA, BY COUNTIES. t'oiinty. County. AutaugaBaUlwiu BarbourBibbBpntnn - Blount - Butler -¦ Cliambers OlierolreeClarke Coneculi Coosa - Covlnglon DaleDallas - De Kalb Fayette FranklinGreene - Henry Jackson .TefferRon Lauderdale LawrenceLimestone Lowndea H'lacoii - MadisonMarengoMarion - Marahall Mobile - MonroeMorgan Morilgomery 35 3,853 1,7133,6762,415 1,403 5,713 6,003 4,634 2,933 2,672 6,604 11,87-1 2,324 6,306 4,2335,630 7,4441,522 2,031 14,017 3,317 13,026 4,0206,835 9,410 7,700 4,058 6,267. 8,782 15,695 1840. 14,342 2,931 1-2,024 8,-idl 14,2t,0 5,5708,685 17,333 8,7738,6408,197 6,995 2,4-357,397 25,199 5,929 6,9.-12 14,270 24,024 6,787 15,715 7,131 14,48513,31314,374 19,53911,247 25,70617,264 5,847 7,553 18,741 10,680 9,841 24,574 PerryPiclcens Plks - Randolph Rus-snli f^t. Clair Slielby - Sumter - Tall.r|tunsaTallailogiiTuscaloosa Walker W.isliiiigton - Wilcox - Total 1320. 4,1662,416 2,917 1840. 7,1118 6,7IH 13,646 2,-202 3,471 9,5l!i 309,627 19,(»17,IIH1I1,II1H '1,973 i;i,r,i'!i 5,1,380,1 1-2 2;i (j;j^ "ii.'.'l'M l-2.r,XT16,5'^;! 4,li:-!2r.,:jiio 15,278 590,736 ALABAMA, NORTHERN DISTRICT. 0lo35 to 10 - 10 t J 15 13 to 20 20 to 30 . 30 10 40 40 to 60 30 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 60 to 90 90 10 100 - lt30 and upwards Total whiles - OtoIO 10 to 24 24 lo 36 36 lo 35 35 to 100 100 and upwards Total free colored and slaves Free colored. Males. 243216 56,529 Females- 216 Male 14,394 11,122 9,0426,575 10,327 6,529 4,2-272,352 1,181 4631-25 18 5 "6G,06(r_62,&3rr29,-247 Fr-umles. 13,25510,737 S,69P 7,286 9,9356,024 3,549 1,959 094 3-4 82 16 62,887 28,000 2 »b"ve its mouth. The Sergipe f^^^^^^ ,bounded inland 1 by Pernambuco, aifd Ihe J lauer by Bahia. Bahla, on the Atlantic ocean, E, of Pernambuco anil IVlinaPsGeraes .' M inaes Geraes, large inland province, clliefly on the branches of St, Fran CIS, and inland from Espiritu Santo and Bahia Goyas, very largo province on the biisin of 'rocantinas Matiasrossoa, southwestern part of Brazil .... Espiriio Santo, on Atlaniic, north of Rio Janeiro Rio Janeiro, SE, on Atlantic San Paulo, S-, between Paraguay and Atlantic San Calharina, southern, on Atlantic San Pedro, or Rio Grande, extreme south . - . - 10,000 8,000 206,000 177,000 284,000514,000 13,000 23,000 231,000 23,00052,000 500,000 ijO,oua COLOMBIA. 620,1X» Provinces. Sq. ma. Pop, Iithmns - Magilalena Cauca . Equator .... Sufr^'J . : Cundinamarci ¦Venezuela Biiyaiia - Assuay . Apure . Orinoco . . 20,400 52,200 47,700 62.40013,300 31,800 73,000 44,500 197,000 236,000 31,200 366,010 90,000 219,000 192,000 31(1,000 60,000 163,000 376,000370,000444,000 192,000158,000148,000 780,000 30,C»060,00030,000 340,000 330,000 30,000 130,000 1,195,500 2,671,000 3,060,000 4,000,000 PERU. ARGENTINE, OR BDENOS AYREAN PROVINCES. Provinces. Area, sq. ms. Pop. Provinces. Area, sq. ms. Pop. Tnixillo, NW. on Pacific ocean Jania ¦) Lima > W. along Pacific ocean - Ayacucho J Arequipa, SW. on Pacific ocean cT^n l^E. bounding on Bolivia - Nueva CaslilULNK, inland, on both sides of ilio Ucayala river. It is yei Indian country 70,000" r 26,000 J 35,000 (. 32,.50031,000 f 25,0110 i 59,00076,000 253,000210,000 197,000170,000167,000 ,100,000 318,000 90,000 Tarija, extreme nonli, on Potosi and Cliarcas, in Bolivia Salla, southward of Tarija, on the 8 urces of Vemejo river' - Tucuman, S. aud SW. from Salta Rioja, south of Tucuman and east of Chili .... Catamarca, betwe^-n Rioja and San tiago .... Santiago, southeast of Tucuman, and east uf Catamarca San Juan, easl ttf Cliili, and between Mendoza aud Rioja Cordova, a very lar^e province, having San Juan and Mendoza VV., Catamarca and Santiago N -, Sanla Fe E., and San Louis and Buenos AyresS. Sanu Fe, east of Cordova and west of Para^'uay river Entro Riiis, heiween Paraguay, and UiTTguay nvers - Mendozg,, east of Chili, and south of St. Juan San Louis, between Mendoza "and Buenos Ayres - Buenos Ayres, between St. Louis and Santa Fe and Itie Atlantic ocean, and southwest from the Rio do la Plata - - - . Corrienles, between Entre Rios and Paranariver.aod between Paraguay and Uruguay rivers MissionesIndian country. Grand Chaco, aouth- west fi-om Buenos Ayrea and San Louis, and south of iWondoza 27,00082,000 74,000 17,000 26,300 25,00027,000 8',500 33,00030,000 56,00027,000 95,000 34,00034,000 103,000 40,00060,000 45,000 20,000 40,00060,000 34,000 354,500 1,737,000 aoLrviA. Provinces. Area, sq. ms. Fop. 75,00030,000 Charcas, S. Piitosi, W. ' . Santa Cruz de la Sierra, E. lAPaz,NW.Cocliabambj, central 26,00070,000 3ai,«i0 48,000 17,000 190,000 330,000 160,000 300,000 220,000 13,000 38,000 16,000 482,600 1,200,000 120,000 EMPIRE OF BRAZIL, Provinces. Area, sq, ms- Pop. 25,000 1,180,000 98,000 96,00063,000 18,000 23,000 46,000 120,000 140,000 60,000 300,000 70,000 190,000 520,000 Para, northern part of Brazil Maranham, NE. on Atlantic Piaiihi, NE. between Maranham and Pernambuct) Ceara, NE., on the Atlaniic between Piahui and K'lM Grande do Norte - Rio Grande do None, on the Atlantic, NE. from Ceara - , Paraliyba, between Pernambuco arid Rio Grande do Norte Pernambuco, an immense province, extending from the Atlaniic ocean, betweeiyParaliyba and Minaes Ge aes, up St. Francis river ; and in all its length 880 ms., and in lat. ffom7 30tol6dpgs. 780,000 638,000 CHir.i. Chili, a narrow, but very fertile strip between the Andes mountains and Pacific ocean, extending from S. lat. 16 to 45 degrees; in no part quite 200 ms, wide, though upwards of 1,300 ia length, and bordering eastward on the Buenos Ayrean provinces Sq. ma, 91,000 Pop. 800,000 53 AME GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AME EANDA ORIENTAL, OR CISPLATINE REPUBLIC. This country is bounded W. by the Uruguay river, separatrng ii from EnireRios and Corrienles, in the Transplatine republic ; hy ihe province of San Pi^dro do Rio Grande, in Brazil, NE.; by tho Atlantic ocean SE.; and by the preat bay of Rio de la Plata S. Greatest lenpih from MoiUe Video, ' on the souihi to its norlhern angle, 600 ms. ; average breadlh, 150 ms. - Sq. ms. 90,000 Pop. ' 50,000 PARAGUAY. This country, remarkable for position and political condition, is bounded S. by Parana river, separating it from Corrientes, in the Trans[>la- line rGpuMic; E. by the Parana river, separating it from San Paulo. in Brazil; N. by Mat to Grosso,iu Brazil; aud W. by Paraguay river, separatine it from Gran Chaco. Greatest fentjth from N. to S , 500 me. ; mean breadth, 200 nis. : area, 100,(0) Bq. ms. Extends in lal. from 20 20 to 27 30 S. Area, sq. ms. 100,000 Pop. 200,0000 Provinces. "I British Guyana, hounded Essequibo Demerara > Berbice 1 J 1 by the Ailaniic ocean N.; by Dutch Guyana E. ; and Venezuela W. General slope to the norlh wards, Surinam, between the Corantin and Marowine W,, and between 3 and 5 degs. and20mins. N. Slope al- mf^st due N. Dutch Guyana Cayenne, or Eastern Guyana, extend- IQK on the Atlantic ocean from the Marowine to the Oyapok river; bounded W. and NW. by Dutch Guyana, and E^, S., and SW. by Brazil, French Guyana - Area, sq. ms. 16,000 43,000 40,000 108,000 103,000 .57,000 SUMMARY OF SOUTH AMERICA— Continued. Political section. Guyana.— The provinces, "three in number, French E., Dutch in the middle, and Engli.sh W.. occupy a slope between 1 and 7 Ae^a. N. lat., and having a very near due north slope to the Atlantic Patagonia— This general term desig nates S. America to the southward of S. lat. 40 degs. If we extend to Cape Horn, it reaches 56 degs. S. Beyond S. lat. 40 dfigs., the slope forming Chili, becomes broken int'i islands and peninsular points; and on the Atlantic side the coast is characieriz'^d by extensive ellipti cal bays. The interior country is imperfectly known, but prohably not so barren as repregpnted. In one respect, Patagonia is very re markable; it spreads a habitable l-ind surface manydeerees nearer ihe soulhern pole than even ihe southern island of New Zealand - Area, sq. ms. lOSjOOO 600,000 6,580,000 Pop. 178,000 311,000 11,504,000 SUMMARY OP SOUTH AMERICA. Political section. Colombia, or northern S. America - Peru, bordering on Pacific, but lor the greater part in the basin of Amazon. Lal. from -3 to 20 de^s S, Bolivia. — This extensive region occu pies the counties drained by the extreme southwesiern sources of the Amazon, and norihwestern of Ihp Plate. Lat. 12 to 2:3 degs. S. - Brazil. — The most extensive contin uous surface of productive soil ever held under one sovereignty. In lal. sweeping from 3 degs. N. to 33 degs. S. - - - Argeniineprovincos.— Chiefly in the basin of Plate, and in lat. from 23 lb 41 dees. S. General slope SE. - Chili.— This finR land, strPiching ' along ihe Pacific, is amongst ihe most delighiful portions of the earth. Lat. 15 to 45 degs. S. . - Banda Orien'al, though bordered SE. by the Atlantic, has a^iew ral slope ttfwards the Uruguay, westward • Paraguay. —This remarkable C'.-;untry Is composed or two slopes; one eastward towards the Parana, and the other westward towards the Paraguay. It is represented as a country of surpassing beauty arid lertiliiy. Lat. 20 2o to 26 degs. S. - 54 Area, sq. ni3. 1,195,000 35'1,BOO 482,000 3,060,000 01,000 90,000 100,000 ''""P- Remarks on the preceding synoptical view of South A merica. It may be noticed that there is a comparatively small discrepancy between the aggregate area by the zones and that by the provinces ; but as both are general, we may assume for the habitable sur face 6,000,000 of sq. ms., or nearly double that of all Europe. South America, in proportion to e»- tent, is unquestionably the most habitable continu ous section of the earth, and at the same time the most thinly peopled. It is true the numbers of in- habitants given in the table are in a con^derable degree conjectural, but probably rather too high than exaggerated'. When we turn from the aggro- gate to the provinces, and compare surface with population, we every where see that man is only beginning to appear, and the aggregate docs not amount to 2 to the sq. m. The already organized and inhabited parts of the United States of North America, on 1,000,000 of sq. ms., sustain 17,00.0,- 000 of people; South America, with a like den sity, would sustain upwards of 100,000,000. Eu rope, exclusive of Scandinavia and extreme north ern Russia, on about 3j000,000 of sq. mS., sus tains 200,000,000 of people, or 66 to the sq. m. If, therefore. South America was peopled equal to the aggregate of Europe, with the exclu sions staled, the former would possess a human mass of 400,000,000. There is, however, no risk of overrating its capability when estimating 150 to ¦1,000,000 the sq. m. on South America. Such is at the same time the madness of mankind, that on that 633,000 unequalled continent the greatest efforts have been made on reciprocal destruction, and it may be doubted whether it is gaining or declining in ag- 800,000 gregate population. North America. — The line of demarcation be- 60,000 tween Norlh and South America has never been precisely determined. Politically, the two small provinces of Panama and Veragua are included in South America, though physically northward, or rather westward of the narrowest part of the isth mus of Darien, between the bays of Panama and AME GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AME Mandingo. When, however, svpept into a gen eral view of the continent, these two provinces are of very tninor itnportartce ; we therefore commence our particular view of North America wilh the province of Costa Rica. It may be remarked that the meridian of Washington City strikes South .\nierica not two degrees E. of Panama gulf Tho term isthmus has been loosely applied to the whole or a part of the remarkable and irregular band which, with alternate contractions and ex pansions, extends from the Gulf of Panama to that of Tehuanlepec, in NW. by W. direction, on a direct air line about 1,200 ms. The general char- aeter of the whole continent is in no o«e of its mi- peninsular section ; along which, though not in reg ular systems or chains, the Pacific coast is moun tainous, giving source lo innumerable rivers and creeks flowing towards the Atlantic side of the con tinent. Some of these rivets are of no mean length of course or magnitude |0f volume, and amongst which may be named St. Juan, the outlet of the Lakes Leon and Nicaragua, BluefielJs, separating the province of Nicarjgua from Honduras, Gold river, in Honduras, falling inlo the Caribbean sea by several mouths near Cape Gracios a Uios, the Roman, Acasabastlan, flowing inlo the Gulf of Dulce, and thence into that of Anatique, Balize Main and Sumasinta flowing into the Gulf of Ter- minos. nor parts more strikingly maintained than in this Tabular view oftlif isthmus, including Central America, or Guatimala, and with Chiapa, Tabasco^ and Yucatan, taken provincial/y. Province. Veracua.— Thia province, tliou^h in cluded politically in S. America, i3 pliysically in N. America. Us gen eral range is from E to W. ; Uimnil- ed W. by Oosia Rica ; E. by Pana ma; S. by the Pacific ocean j and N. by the gulf of Nicaragua, in tlie Caritjbi^an sea, Leugtii (com E. to W. 15U ms. ; mean breadLh 70 mg. ; area 1,U,5'JU sq. ma. Santiaeo, the capital, 8 17 N. Lon. tl 2u \V. Lon don. Surface very mountainous ¦ Costa Rica.— Bounded NE. by the Caribbean aea ; E. by the province tif Veragua ; S, and W. by ilie Pa cific ocean ; aiid N. by a cham of mounlaiuB, separating il from the province of Nicaragua. General range NW. by VV., and SE. by E.. 300 ms ; mean breadth 60, and area 24,000 sq. ms. Costa Rica is re markable amongst the Isthmian provinces, as having its entire slope Boutliwardly towards the Pacific ocean. It is crossed nearly c.emri- cally. by lat. 10 degs. N., and lon. S30W. ofW. C. Nicaragua.— Bounded SE. by the Ca ribbean sea ; S. by a chain of moun lains, separating it from Cosla Kica; SW, by thn Pacific ocean; 1*1 VV.- by the province of Guate. mala ; and N. by a chain of moun lains, sep-iraiing ll from Western Honduras; and Nbl. by BluefieUl's rivei*, separating it fi-oni Easiern Hmduras. 'I'he wesiern part, or aboul 10,000 sq. ms , has a slope towards ihe Pacific ocean ; bul the residue, or aboui Gri,0OJ sq. ms., chiefly occupied by the remarkable Viill'^y of Si. John's, inclines souih- easl wardly. Tne head of lake J>fi- cara^ua, near the centre of the province, ia in N. lat. Id degs., Ion. 6 degs. W. ofW. C. - . Honduras.— Bounded S. by Nicara. sua i W. by Vera Paz ; aud N. and £ by the Caribbean sea. 'I'his province lies in a form approaching alriaiiiile; base 50J ms. from the moir.h of Bluefield's river lo the gulf of Anatique; greatest breadlh, :i50 ; area, 6^,500 sq- ms. The slope la towards the Caribbean sea, and ilie rivers flow, like radii, froni a common cenire. The inte rior border of thi.s large province, in a distance of 500 ms. from the Ama. tique gulf 10 BlueStld's s.iund. is bui liiile known, as is the case, in deed, wilh most part of Honduras aqd Nicaragua, i-.ondur.is txtends in lal. from 12 laJG degs. N., and in lon. from 4 to 11 degs. W. of Wash ington City Guaieinala. — The province so speci ally called, is a long narrow strip S.^. ms. 10,500 80,000 Pop. 60,000 140,000 400,000 62,S00 300,000 Province. of 450 ms. in length, along the Pa cific ocean, streicning from Hondu ras 10 Odxaca, of Mexico: the breaditi inland in no part exceed ing 60 ms ; mean breadlh about 40 degs., aud area 18,000 sq. ms. In terior mountainous and volcanic; extending in Lit from 3 20 lo 17 degs. N., and in lon. from 11 to 17 degs, W.ofW. C. Vera Pijz, has Honduras E., Nicara. gua SE., Guatemala S,, Chiapa W., and Yucatan N. In form it has a rudo approach to a circlfe ; area, 20,100 sq, ms. Its lower depression, and the recipient of its rivers, is the gulf of Aniatique, The slope is eastward, Lat, 15 degs. traverses It nearly centrically ; lon. between 11 and 14 degs, W. of W, C, Chiapa.— inland province Guatemala 10 the S. and SW, ; Vera Cruz N. ; Tabasco E. ; and llie river Suma sinta, separaiiiig it fnm 'yucaian, S. ; and on the S W. il touches Vera Paz ; slope eastward, and drained by the sources of the rivers Suma. smta, San Pedro, and Tabasco, Greatest lengtli from SE, to NW,, 220 ms. ; mean breadth 75 ms,, and area la,5.)0 sq. ma. Lat. from 15 degs. to 17 40 N, ; lon, from 14 degs. tol640 W.ofW. C. Tabasco, — Small province on the same slope with Chiapa, having the latler S.. Vera Cruz W., the GulfofiVIexicoN.anil Yucatan E Lengih from E. to W. 150 ms, ; mean breadth 60 ms ; and area 9,000 sq, ms, Lat, from 1." 20 lo Id 40 N, It is traversed by the rivei-3 Tabasco and San Pedro, and separated from tlie peninsula of Yucaiaii by the Sumasinta Yucaian, usually c.tlled the penin sula of Yucaian, thougii such a physical adjective name is rather lanciful, as the country lies wilh a not very rude approach to a paral- lelogram of 4u0 ms. by 200 ms. ; the area amounts to at least 7lMXiO sq, ms,, extending from 16 degs, to 21 25 N , and in lon, from 9 to 14 dess 'VV. of W. C. An accurate .survey of this very peculiar country has never probably been made, lis in terior and norlhern pans are devoid of rivers of any considerable size. It would appear that much of th i surface is desert, or at least arid The Sumasinta, a considerable stream, bounds TTucatan on the SW, ; and on the SE, the Balize Main, and some smaller streams are within ils limits, but ihe coun try, wilh upwards of 1,0011 ms. of sea coast, is, in proportion to dis- Unce, very devoid of harbora Sq. ms. 18,000 20,1 iio 16,300 9,000 70,000 Pop. 120,000 130,oco 6ij,000 55 530,000 AME GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AME SUMMARY OF ISTHMIAN OR CENTRAL AMERICA. Provinces. Veragua - Custa Rica NicaraguaBondurasGuaiemalaVera Paz ChiapaTabasco - Yucaian Area, 10,500 24,00080,000 62,500 ld,ooo 20,100 16,500 9,000 70,000 Pop. MEXICAN REaioN— Coniinued. 80,000 140,000400,000 300,000200,000 1-20,000130,000 55,000 520,000 310,000 1,945,000 Remarks. — W^e must premise that in regard to the surface of thege provinces, we have to depend on the best maps ; but though vague as to outline, we trust that the general summary is not far from accurate. As to the population we cannot vouch, though probably rather above than below the actual number of inhabitants. Here vre have the same sparseness of population as characteristic of most part, and comparatively with the general surface of Kurope of all America. On a surface nearly a^ extensive as*France and the British islands taken together, we have 6 persons to the sq. m., whilst twenty fold more, on a like surface, would be far from its capability of support. From the tuisis found within its limits, there probably was a lime when more than 100,000,000 of human beingstx- isted where our present estimate is perhaps over charged, f MEXICAN REGION. Provinces. Oaxaca, ihe mosi soulhern Mexican province, bounded E. by Guaie mala, NK. and N. by Vera Cruz, ¦VV. by Puebla, and S. t>s ihe Pacific ocean. Lal. 15 40 ami 16 40, i Amesbury or Ambresbury, a town in Wilt- 59 \M\ GEOGRAPHICAL Die fiONARY. AMD shire, Eng., 6 ms. N. of Salisbury and 77 W. of London. Amesville, town, NI>. part of Athens co., Ohio, 1'^ ms. northeasterly of Athens, and 25 ms nearly W. from Marietta. Township, 1841, 1431. Amewell, tp. of Hunterdon co, N. .1., about 34 ms. NE. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1810, 5,777, in 1820, 6,749. ' i Amikoues, river of the, runs into L.ike Huron from the N. shore, E. of the Misfassaga river. Amisi-ville, village and po. town, Culpeper co. , Va., 100 ms. NNW. from Richmond, and 80 SW. from Washington. Amite, river of the Stales of Miss, and Lou., rises within the former, in Franklin and Amito COS., about 40 ms. a little S. of E. from Natchez, Amhara, town and province of Abyssinia, lo and flowing nearly'a S. course 30 ms. in Miss., the soulh of Begamder, and watered by ihe higher j enters Lou., in which latter the general southern Nile. Lat. 18 30 N. i course is maintained 35 ms. to Ihe influx of the Amherst, town andlp. of Hampshire co., Mass., ' Cornile from the NW. The united stream ihence S ms. eastward of Northampton, and 85 ms. W.i purves 20 miles to the influx of Iberville from the of Boston. Amherst college was founded in 1831 i W., from whence the channel is continued in an and incorporated in 1825. Expenses of students ' easterly direction about 25 ms. into Lake Maurepas, from ?93 to $118 per annum. There are two after an entire comparative course of 105 ms, parallel courses' of study, one for ancient and the i Schooners drawing 5 feet water are navigated from other for modern languages. The .'Vmherst Acad- j Lake Pontchartrain through the pass of Manchac, emy and Mount Pleasant institutions are also in ' Lake Maurepas, and Amite, lo Gaheston, at the this tp. Pop. 1810, 1,654; in 1820, 1,623 ;| mouth of Iberville. and in 1830, 2,631. fp., Erie co., N. Y., 7 ms. E. of Buffalo. Town of Lorain co., Ohio, in Amherst tp. It ia rituated on the S Ridge road 8 ms. westward of Elyria, 137 ms. a litlle E. of NNE. from Columbus. In 1837 the tp. pop. about 1,000. Town of Nova Scotia, Amite, co. of Miss., drained by and named from the Amite river, bounded by Wilkinson co.. Miss., W., Franklin N., Pike E., and the par ishes of St. Helena and East Feliciana S. Length from E. to W. 30, breadth from S. to N. 24, and and area 720 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, Cumberland co., on Chigneto bay, 80 ms. a little with good bottom and interval land, but the great W. of N. from Halifax. rl-'^land, in the co. of body of ihe co. is covered with a pine forest. Ontario, U. C, formerly called Isle Tonli, con tains about 16,000 acres; it lies opposite lo Er nest town and part of Frcdeiicksburg, in Lake Ontario, towards the entrance of the bay of Quinte. Tp. and post of N. H., Hillsborough co. The Aurean academy was founded here in 1790. It is situate on a N. branch of the Southegan 53 ms. NW. of Boston, and 60 WSM'. of Portsmouth. Lon. 71 33 W. lat. 43 54 N. Pop. in 1810, 1,564; in 1820, 1,623; in 1830, 1,655; and in 1840, 1,565. Co. of Va., having the Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge, NW., Nelson NE., James river, or Buckingham and Campbell, SE., James river, or Bedford, SW., being 32 ms. in length, with 19 ms. in breadth, or 418 sq. ms. The face Central lat. 31 13 N. lon. 14-0 W. from W. C- Pop., 1820, 6,859; in 1830, 7,934, 1840,9, 511, Amity, town. Orange co., N. Y., 15 ms. a little S. of W. from Goshen, and 38 ms. SW. from Newburg. Town of Washington co.. Pa., situated on Banes' Fork of Ten Mile creek, 10 ms. S. of Washington, the co. seat, and 248 westward of Harrisburg. Town, western part of Trumbull co., Ohio- Town of Knox co., Ohio, in Pike tp., 8 ms. NE. of Mount Vernon, the county seat, and 53 ms. NE. of Columbus. The post office name Democracy. Amlwich, town of Wales — See Almwick and Pary's copper mine. Ammercot, fort in Hindoostan proper, in a very of the country is agreeably diversified by hill and extensive and sandy desert, between the Indus, the dale, and abounds in excellent spring water. The territories of -Agimere and Moultan, and the Pud- soil, like the features of the country, admits of dar. It is 190 ms. N. by E. of Tatta. great variety, bul is in many places extremely pro- j Amol, a town of Asia, in Usbec Tartary, sealed ductive. Central lat. 37 30 N. lon. W. C. 2 10 on the river Gihon, 60 ms. W. of Bokhara. Lon. W. This city lies directly W. from Richmond. | 64 30 E., lat. 39 20 N. Pop. 1830, 10,426. C. H. and town, seat of[ Amorgos, an island of the Archipelago, fertile justice Amher^ co., Ya. 103 0 W. from Rich- in wine, oil, and corn. It is 30 ms. in circumfer- mond, and 15 ms. NNE. of Lynchburg. N. lat. |ence, and 67 ms. N. of Candia. It is the ancient 37 31, lon. 2 3 W. of W. C. iAmorgo., 250 Illiiuani 24 350 Chimboraso 21 441 Disca CassaJo 20,892 Corcdhado 20,000 Oayambe Urcu I 0,380 Antisana 19,149 'i'sjora isisgs Cotopaxi - 18,891 Arequipo, volcano of 18,373 Illinissi 17,238 Sangui 17,136 Tunguragu.i IH,500 Potosi, t!crro dc jg ygy Pichiiicha ]r, gyii Potosi, Mines ol 15 91 y Carquirazo |,r, ij,f,f Mcrida, Nevada of j ;, 20 I Tacorra, village of 1 4 a.^o Potosi, the city . |:.I,(SHR Huessos, cily - 13 600 lluancavelica. Mines of 13 g(j(| Assuay, Plains of 13 jor, Puno, city of 12^832 Tiaguanaco - - 13 SI" Chiquito, or Tiiicaca, Lake ol 1 2^70:1 La Paz, cily of 12[200 Caharapala - 116-11 Choto, Mines of u'sfio Tupisa, cily of jn'ooo Quito, city 9 541, Chuquisaca 'j'.Kl Bogata, city s'sis Duido, Volcano of 8467 Cochabamba, city )^ 443 Riobamba, city 8441 Cuanaranca g 420 Tumiriquiri 62.50 Popayan, city - .5 g25 Venezuela, chain of mountains 5,000 63 AND GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AND South America — Continued, Feet Bergantin mountains - ' 4,500 Icononzo, natural bridge of 2,930 Oarracas, city 2,860 The accuracy of the commonly received opinion that the mountain- system of ^he Andes of South America and the Anahuac of Mexico are only con-j ijnuations of each other, is very problematical. All the climates of the earth are included in the! summits, plateaus, slopes, and planes of ,Soulli America, Indeed, many of its most elevated peaks arc above the region of vapor, and, of course, above that of snow. Vegetation partakes of all these extremes of temperature, and gives all the varieties, from the most tender tropical plant to the lichen of the polar regions. The highest' .points yet reached by man in Soulh America were attained in the Andes by Humboldt and Bomp-j land- 'By their own calculation, those intelligeni j travellers ascended to 19,300 feet, and there found, the summit of Chimborazo towering above them' 2,140 feet. The limit, acforiling to Humboldt, of; perpetual congelation under the equator is 15,7U0 feet, and about 700 feel louer than at lat. 20 0 N, Between the tropics, and below an elevation of ."5,000 feet, lies tho region of plantains, cassava, cocoa, maize, indigo, sugar, colton, coffee- The cereal gramina, such as wheat, rye, &c., with the apple and many other European vegetables ; but above that elevation large trees begin to dis appear. Some kinds of grasses grow as high as 15,000 feet, but above that height lichens close the last vestige of vegetable life, and leave the still | higher regions lo eternal frost, ! Andorra, Republic of, comprised in a valley of the Pyrenean mountains, and Iving within Span ish Cerdagne, The capital, Andorra la Bella, is situated at N. lal, 42 30, long, 1 36 E. from Lon don, and almost directly between Thmilouse, in France, and Barcelona, in Spain, 80 ms, distant from each- The republic of Andorra occupies a mountain valley or basin 31 ms. long and 18 wide, drained by one of the higher branches of the Segre river. Beside the capital, il contains about SO small towns or hamlets, and a population of 10,(i00 or 12,000, Surrounded by rugged, and, in many parts, precipitous mounlains, this valley is seclud ed from the adjacent provinces of both Spain anil France; politically presenting the ^ingular phe noraenon of a small republic existing for many cen turies between two great kingdoms, each claiming it nominally, and yet permanently independent of both. In a religious poinl of view, Andorra de pends on the See of Urgcl, to which it was attach ed in .\. D. 819 by Louis I, (Louis leDebonnaire of France.) E.vcesaively jealous of any cxerci,-*e of power on the part of Spain, the Andorrese, though as a nation Spaniards, are governed as a republi',-, and, bv a curidus mixture of rights, arc admissible lo office under ihe Spanish Government in army, church, and stale. Secluded in their moun tain recess, these primitive repuMicans have not rvcii a name in most geographical works, though claiming individual existence before the dissolution of the S;ixon Heptarchy, or the commencemenl of Russia at Great Novogorod- Andover, borough in Hampshire, Eng-, a tnnn- ubiotuie of shalloons, and having a considerable trade in malt- A navigable cantd passes hence to 64 Southampton water. It is situated hear the rivet Ande, 10 ms, N. by W. of Winchester, 63 W. by S. of London, ton, 130 W,, lat. 51 14 N. Town, Oxford Co., Me,, 61 rns, W. of Au gusta. Pop, in 1830, 399, Town, .Merrimac CO., N. H., 18 ms N. W. of Concord. Noyes's Academy is located in this tp. Pop. 1830, 1,324. Town, Windsor co., A^. Pop. 18.30, 975. Town of Mass., in Essex co. Here is an excellent academy, called Philijjs's Academy, wilh, in 1820, about 140 students. Its funds amount to ^50,000, and ils establishments to one princi pal and three assislanis. Also manufactures of paper and gunpowder. It is situate on the Shaw- sheen, 20 rns. WSW. of Newburyport, and 22 NNW. of Boston. Town, Tolland co., Con-, 15 ms. E from Hartford. Pop, 1820, 100. Town of Sussex co,, K. J , 50 ms, N, ftom Trenton, and 40 ms, AVNW, from N. V Town, Alleghany co., N. Y ., 285 ms. W. from -¦Vlbany Furnace and lown, V.''arren co , N J., 10 ms, SE, from iXewlown, Town, SE corner of Ashtabula co,, 0., about 25 ms, SSE. from .lefferson, the county seat, and 30 NNE, from Warren, in Trumbull co, Andreanovskoie islands are the western part of the Aleutian isles, towards Asia, The principal islands are Attou, Kiksa, Amgalka, Bokoovoi, Kanaga, and Andaschi, They belong to Russia .\, lat, 52 30 passes nearly along the Andreanov skoie group. See Aleutian. Andrcwsbridge, town, Lancaster co,. Pa-, 48 ms- from Harrisburg- Andrcws, SI., city in Fifeshire, Scotland, with a university ; at the bottom of a bay, on the level lop of a small hill, extending E. and W,, having an open prospect of the German ocean. It is 30 ms. NE. of Edinburgh. Lon, 2 45 W,, lat. 56 18 N. Andrews, town, SW. partof Richland co., O At this point the State roads from Mansfield to Delaware and from Sunbury intersect, 32 ms from Bucyrus, and 16 from Mansfield. Andria, town of Naples, in Bari, with a bish op's sec, 4 ms. S. of Barietia. Lon, 16 32 E., lat. 41 25 N, Andrichon, town nf Avis-liian Poland, neoi Cracow. Andros, island and town in the Archipelago The inhabitants uie of the Greek ehurdl, and have a bishop and several monaeteiies. The ptin- cipal riches of this island consist in silks, and the firlds lire very pleasant and fertile; being planted, grow vkiih oranges, cilr^)n.s, iriulberrie.s, pomegran ates, and figs. Lon. 25 30 E-, lat- 37 50 N- Androscoggin, in some maps called the Ama- riscoggin, a considerable river in N. H. ami Me.' It rises in the former in Coos co., and, flowing ESE-, enters the latter in Oxford co,, where it turns S. and SE-, and unites with the Kennebec river about 18 m-. from the ocean, after passing through the richest part of Me. Anduxar, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Guadalquiver. Anduxar is amongst the most in dustrious, and manufacturing towns of Spain- It is situaled on the right bank of the river, over which is a bridge of fifteen arches, which forms so much of the road from Anduxar to Jaen, 22 ms- distant. This lown stands very nearly op the in- tc-seetion of N. lat, 38° and lon. 4° W, London. ANG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ANN Anegnda, {drowned island,) one iif the Eng. Virgin islands. Lat. 18 40 N., lon. 64 7i W. of London. See Virgin islands. Anet, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, 8 ms. N. of Dreux. . Angara, the local name of that port of ihe great river Yenisei, below ihe Baikal sea, to about N. lal. 60. '-The .'\ngara is so limpid a river, ihat the pebbles at the liollom are seen in a deplh of several fathoms. When it issues from the Baikal lake, ils bed, generally from two to four hundred yards in breadlh, is, for the space of a mile, so confined amongst the rocks, that the smallest boats cannot pass along safely without the siriclest pre caution; and its waters, dashing against ihe .stones, make a noise like ihe ocean in a storm." — Malte Brun. See Baikal, Yenisei, ^c. Angazija, or Great Comora island. See gen eral an. Africa, under the particular head of Af rican islands., Angelica, lown and seat of justice of Alleghany CO., N. Y,, situated on Angelica creek. N. lat. 42 18, W. lon. W. C, 1 3. Pop. 1820, 1,510, Angeto, St., small but strong town of Naples, in Capilann, 5 ins, N, of Maiifredoniii, and 2 from the sea. Lon. 16 13 E., lat. 41 40 N, Angelas, populous and trading town of Mexico, wilh a bishop's see. The air is excellent, and Ihe land abounds in corn. It is 62 ms. SE. of Mex ico. Lon. 92 22 W,, Ul, 19 30 N, Angers, nncient lown of Fr. , in tho dep, of Maine and Loire, and the late province of Anjou. It is sealed near the confluence of the Sane and Loire, and is divided by the Maine inlo two parts: the western, extending inlo the plain, nnd the easiern, which rises oh the acclivity of a hill. Il is 50 ras. E. of Nantes, and 175 SW. of Paris, Lon. 0 .35 VV,, lal, 47 30 N, Anghiira, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mi- Ian, and capital of a county of the same name. It is sealed on the east side of the lake Maggiore, 30 ins. NW. of Milan. Lon. 8 40 E., lat, 45 42 N, Anglesey, island, and the most western co. of N. Wales. It is 24 miles in lengih, 14 in breadlh, and sends two members to Parliament. It is in the diocese of Bangor, is divided into six hundreds, containing two market towns and 74 parishes, it is separated from Caernarvonshire by a long and narrow sirait called fhe .Meniii, That part of the island which borders ihis sirait is finely wooded, recalling to the mind ils anrient slale, when it was the celebrated seat of the Druids, Vast quantities of copper are procured from a famous mine in Pary's mountain. In the NW. part of the isl.ind is a quarry of green marble, intermixed wilh ihal curious substance called asbestos. Angot, lown of S, America, in Chili, 155 ms, N, of Valdivia, Lon, 72 59 W,, lat, 37 36 S. Angola, kingdom of Africa. See art. Africa. Town, Erie co., N. Y., 807 ms. W. from Albany. Angoulesme, townjjf Fr., in the dep. of Char- enle and lale province of Angnumois. It stands on a miiuntain suiiouniled by rocks. The river Charenle runs at the fool of it. Tiiere were for merly hne paper inaiiulaetories in ils environs. It is 20 ms. W. of Limoges, and £50 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 0 14 E., lal. 45 39 N. 9* Angostura, town of S, America, in Colombia on the Orinoco river. N. lut. 8 E., lon. W. C 13 5 W, Aiiginimoi-", late province of Fr, , bounded on the ri), by Poitou, on the E. by Limnsin and Mnrehe, on the S, by Perigord, and on the W, by Soinlimge. ll is now comprehended in the dep. ot Chnii'nte. Angora, cily of Natolia, in the territory of Amasia, furinerly Ancyr.i, coiTV|»uted lo lonlain 100,000 Inbabilaiils. It is a Greek archbirhop's see, and remarkable for some remains of anliquily. Here they breed goals; the hair is of a fine while, almost like silk, which they work into the finest stuff's, parlicularly camlets. It is 212 ms. SE. of Conslaiitinople. Lon, 32 5 E., lal, 39 30 N. Angra, ihc capital of Terceira, oneofi be Azores. It is u bishop's see, and the resilience of the gov ernor of the Azores. Lon, 27 7 W ., lal. 38 39 N- Angra do llhco, the Walvrisch of the Dutch, bay of SW, Africa, S. Int. 23. Angra de St, Ambrosio, cape of SW. Africa. S. lat, 21, Angra Frio, cape of SW. .Africa. S, lal, 19. Angra de los Reyes, cily of Brazil, in Rio Jan eiro. Lon. 44 1 1 'W.', lat. 23 4 S. Anguila, the most norlhern of the Caribbee, 30 ms. in lengih and 10 in breadlh. Its productions are tobacco, maize, and sugar. Lal. 18 12 N., lon. W. C. 12 40 E; Anguilla, one ot ihe Bahama islands. NW. of Ihe island is the Anguilla Bank, or Cayos de los Paques, Lat, 23 36 N,, lon, W, C, 1 50 E. Anguille, cape, on the west coast of IS'ewfound- land. l.at. 47 57 N., lon. W. C. 17 30 E. Anhall, house of, in Germany, divided into three Juanches, each giving name lo a duchy. .Aiihalt Dessau consists of seveial detached territo ries, on the banks of the Ell* and the Mulda. It contained in 1822 a population, according to Has- sel, of 56,290 inhabilanls. Dessau is lhe;capiial. Anhall Bernburg, to the W. of Dessau, aild much smaller in extent, contains a pop. of about 40,000. Anhall Koelhan, detached from and to the W. of the two others. Pop. 34,000. Anian, straits of uiieeriain of existence, though so often named by geographers. Anjenga, or Angengo, seaport of Indostan, in the province of 'J'ravancore, about 80 ms. N W. from Cape Comoiin, and 100 SSE. from Cochin. Annabona, or Bonanno, island of Africa, in the Atlantic ocean. 55, lal, 1 45, bin. 15° W. of London, and about 230 ms. a little S, of W, from Cape Lopez Goiisalvo, It is about 20 ms, in cir cumference, surface high, climale healthy, and soil fertile. Ann Arbor, town and seat of justice Washte naw CO., Mich,, situated on Huron river, by post road 42 ms, W. from Detroit. N. lat. 42 18 lon. W. C, 6 45 W. A.NNALs, from annus a ye.nr, a species of history by which the events areairanged under ihejear in wliich they have occurred. Annapolis, liver of Noia Scolia; runs into the bay of Fuiidy. It is navigable for ships of any burden 10 ms., and 15 ms. for those of 100 ions. Co. of Nova Scoliii, on Annapolis river. Annapolis Royal, seaport of ,\ova- Scolia, on the river and. bay of Annapohs. The port is one of 6.5 ANS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ANT the finest in the world, from 5 to 18 fathoms deep, and large enough to contain several hundred ships. This city was the Port Royal of the French, and was founded as early as 1608. Lon. W. C. 10 38 E., lat. 44 49 N. Annapolis, city, Anne Arundel co,, Md,, on the S. bank of the Severn, 30 ms. S. from Balti more, 40 ENE. of Washington. It is the seat of the State government. Shipping in 1815, 2,553 tons. Pop. in 1820, 2,260. Lat. 38 58 N., lon. W. C. 0 31 E. Annapolis was first called Providence by the early colonists, but by act of As sembly, .Ajiril, 1650, changed to the name it bears — so called in honor of the lady of the lord proprie tary. Pop. 1840, 2,792. Annapolis was made a city by charter 1708, Aug. 16, and remain? the seat of government of Maryland, Vill,, Jef ferson CO,, 0., 152 ms. ENE. from Columbus. This place was formeriy called New Salem. It is on the road from Steubenville to New Philadel phia, 16 ms. NW. of the former. Anne Arundel, co. of Md., having Patuxent river SW. and W,, the Patapsco river NE., Chesapeake bay E,, and Calvert co, S, It is 60 ms, in length from SE. to NW,, with a mean width of 12 ms, ; area 720 sq, ms. Face of coun try in general rolling rather than hilly. Chief town Annapolis. Cent. lat. 39° N., lon. W. C. 0 20 E. Pop, 1820, 27,165; in 1830, 28,395; and in 1840, 39,533, Annobona, See Annabona, Annecy, town of Savoy, in the duchy of Gene- vois, seated on the river Sears, and on a lake of its own name, about 10 ms. long, and 4 broad. It is 70 ms. S. of Geneva, and 32 NE. of Cham- berri. Lon. 65 E., 45 52 N. Ann Harbor, lown, Washtenaw, Mich. Annonay, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Ardecey, and lale province of Dauphiny, formerly a fine manufactory for paper. Tt is seated on the con fluence of the rivers Canees and Deumes, 12 ms. SW. of Vienna. Lon. 4 10 E., lat. 44 10 N. Ano-Capri, principal town of the island of Ca pri, in the bay of Naples, about 1 5 ms. a little W. of S. from the city of Naples. Anow-pec-too-mion, or Yoomadong, mountains of Asia, rising from the Bay of Bengal at Cape Negrai, extend northwards between the basins of Inawaddy and Brahmacpootra rivers, and be yond our accurate geographical knowledge, no doubt merges into the great central system of Hi malaya. Anson, town, Somerset co.. Me,, on the Ken nebec river, 12 ms. NW. of Norridgewock. Pop,, 1840, 1,941. Co. of N. C, having Chester field district, S. C. S,, Mecklenburg co. W., Rocky River, or Montgomery, N., Yadkin river, or Richmond, NE, and E, It is about 33 ms. long, with a mean width of 23, extending over 760 sq. ms. The face of the countiy is broken, and ralher mountainous. The river lands are fertile, but the uplands are of a thin and unproductive soil. Chief town Sneedsborough. Central lat. 35 0 N, lon. W. 0. 3 15 W. Pop, 1820, 12,534; in 1830, 14,085; and in 1840, 15,077, Gold mines and lown, Anson co,, N. C, about 140 miles SW. by W. of Raleigh. Anspach, lown in Germany, in Franconia, and capital of the margravate of the same nam?. The 66 palace at Anspach, which is near the castle, has a remarkable cabinet of curiosities. It is seated on ¦a river of the same name 25 ms. SW. of Nurem burg. Lon. 10 47 E. lat. 49 20 N. Anatruther, borough on the SE. coast of Fife shire, 25 ms. NE. of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 W. lat. 56 15 N. Antequiero, town of Spain, in Granada, divided into the upper and the lower. The upper is seat ed on a hill and has a castle , the lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered with a great number of brooks. There is a large quantity of salt in Ihe mountain, and 5 ms. from the town a spring fa mous for the cure of the gravel. It is 25 ms. N, of Malaga, Lon, 4 30 W. lat. 37 1 N. Antequiera, town of North America, in New Spain, in the province of Guaxaqua, 75 ms.-SE. of Guaxaqua. Anthony's Nose, point of land projecting over the Hudson river, above 50 ras. N, of N. Y. It is a part of the highlands between West Point and Fishkill, Anthony's Kill, river of N. Y,, empties inlo the Hudson, from the W. 7 ms above the Mo hawk. Antides, seaport of France, in the late province of Provence, now in the department of Van, with a strong castle! Lon. 7 13 E. lat, 13 35 N. Its territory produces excellent fruit. Sealed on the Mediterranean, 9 ms. W. of Nice. Anticosti, a barren island of North America, lying in the month of the river St. Lawrence. Lon, 64 16 W. lat. from 49 0 to 52 0 N. Antietam, small river in Washington co., Md., which falls^into the Potomac near Shepherdstown. Antigua, one of the English Leeward islands in the West Indies, about 20 ms. in length and breadth. This island, having no rivers and but few springs, or such as are brackish, the inhabi tants are obliged to preserve the rain water in cis terns. The air here is not so wholesome as in the neighboring islands, and it is more subject to hurricanes. It has excellent harbors. The chief produce is sugar. The capital is St. John. It is 60 ms. E, of St. Christopher's. N. lat. 17 17 lon. W. C. 16° E. Antilles, the name which the French give to the Carribee islands, discovered by Columbus in 1492. See Indies West, Such is the general opinion, hut the name pre ceded, curious as it may appear, the discovery of the West Indies by Europeans, and was applied, from a previously conceived idea, to that archipel- lago. On the rude existing maps and charts of the lllh, 12lh, and 13th centuries, an island or group of islands is found represented by name Aif- TiLtA. Such representations prove that long be fore the age of Columbus ideas were entertained of lands lying westward of Europe and Africa, and a relative name given, which, when those lands were really disclosed, was naturally applied ; hence the origin of the general term Antilles. Antio, promontory of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, near which a harbor has been lately made. It takes its name from the ancient city of Antium, the ruins of which extend over a long tract of land. Antiocha or Antioch, an island in the Mediter- ransj'ij tliar Sardinia, taken from his Sardinian ANT GE()GRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. APO majesty by the French, in February, 1793, but evacuated soon cfler, Antioch, now Anthakia, an ancient and cele brated town of Syria, of which it was formerly the capital. It is sealed on the river Orontes, now called ,\s3i, 15 ms. E. of the Mediterranean and 40 SW. of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E. lal. 35 17 N. Antiochetia, town of Tuikey in Asia, in Cara mania, with a bishop's see, opposite tlie Island of Cyprus. Lon. 32 15 E. lat. 36 42 N. Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an Island of the Archipelago, 2 ms, W. of Paros, It is only a rock 16 miles in circuit, yet in some parts it is well cultivated, and produces as much barley as serves a small villige. It has a grotto, which is one of the greatest curiosities in nature; it ap pears lobe about 80 yards high and 100 broad, and the roof forms a pretty good arch, which en tertains the eye with a vast variety of figures of a white transparent crystalline substance. Lon. 25 44 E- lat. 37 8 N. Antis, tp. and town, Huntingdon co,. Pa,, 160 ms. W. from Harrisburg and 222 from W, C. Antivari, town of Turkish Dalmatia, with a Greek archbishop's see, 10 ms. N. of Dolcigno. Lon. 19 10 E, lat.. 42 19 N. Antoina de Bthar, town and capital of Texas, situated on the St. Antonia river. Lit 29 30 N. lon. W, C. 21 30 W. Antoine, St., town of France, in the department of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny, seated anong the mountains 13 ms, E. of Lyons, It has a celebrated abbey. It is 5 ms. NE. of St. Mar- cellan. One of the Cape de Verd islands, 15 ms. from St, Vincent, It is full of high moun tains, whence proceed .streams of excellent water, which render the land very fruitful. The princi pal town is seated among the mountains. Lon. 25 0 W. lat. 17 0 N. Aniin, village of Fr., in the department of the North, remarkable for having in its vicinity many manufactories of glass and the most extensive coal mines in Fr, Antrim, co, of Ireland, in the province of Ul ster, bounded on the E. by St, George's Channel, on the W. by Londonderry, on the N. by thi! ocean, and on the SE. by Down. It is 46 ms. in length and 28 in breatlth, and is pretty fruitful. It contains 56 parishes. Capital of the co, of Antrim, at the N, end of the lake Lough-Neah, Itis a poor place, 13 ms. W, of Carrickfergus, Lon. 6 6-W. lat. 54 43 N. Town and tp. in the northwestern part of Hillsborough co., N, H,, 30 ms, a little S. of W. from Concord. Pop., 1840, 1,225. Town in the northwestern part of Guernsey co., Ohio, on the road from Cam bridge to Cadiz, 25 ms. SW. by W. of the latter, and 16 ms. NE. by E, of the former. Il is the seat of a literary institution entitled "The Philo- raathean Literary Institute." Antwerp, cily of Brabant, capital of the mar quisale of the same name, It lies in a low, marshy ground on the Scheldt. 24 ms. N. of Brus sels. It is the third cily in Brabant, large and well built, containing 23 squares, and above 300 streets, all straight and broad. It is 22 ms. N. of Brussels, 22 NE. of (jhent, and 65 S. of Amster dam. Lon. 4 38 E. lat. 51 13 N. Town, Jef ferson CO., N, Y,, 35 nis, NE. from Sackett's Harbor and 40 SW, from Ogdonsburg, Anmllc Island, in the Gulf of Georgia, on the NW. coast of America. Lat, 49 30 N. lon. W. C. 45 ,30 W. Anvil, tp. of Lebanon co,. Pa, Pop. in 1820, 2,322, This tp,, before the separation of Leba non from Dauphin, belonged lo tho latter, and in 1810 contained 2,601 inhabitants. Aiizcrma. town and province of Popayan, Soulh America, where there are mines of gold. The town is seated on the river Coca. Lon. 75 25 W. lat. 4 58 N. Anzico, Anzicana, Aiiiecu, or Great Angeca, in terior country _of Western Africa. Malte Brun places this country to the eastward of Loango ; and it is remarkable that on Senex's map, and also E. of Loango, a country is laid down thus: "King dom of Macoco, or .Anzico," and placed immedi ately S. of the equator, and 20 0 E, of London ; on some of the branches of the Congo or Zaire river from 700 to 800 ms, inland, Anziyi, village of France, near the Valencien nes, remarkable for its glass works and the most extensive mines of mineral coal in France. Aousia, town of Piedmont, capital of a duchy of the same name, at the foot of the Alps, on the river Doria, 50 ms. NW. of Turin. Lon. 7 30 E. lat. 45 48. Duchy of Piedmont. It is a valley 30 ms. in length, fertile in pastures and all sorts of fruits. Apalachian mountains. — See Appalachian. Apalachicola river. — See Appalachicola river, Apamea, or Afamea, town of Syria, on the river Assi, 35 ms. S. of Antioch. Lon. 36 56 E. lat. 34 32 N. Apanomia, town of the island of Santorina, in the sea of Candia. It has a spacious harbor in the shape of a crescent, which is so deep that there is no anchorage. Lon, 25 59 E. lat. 36 18 N. Apee, oneof Ihenew Hebrides, nearMallicolIa, in the S. Pacific ocean, Lon. 168 33 E. lal, 16 46 S. Apenrade, a lown of Denmark, in Sleswick, wilh a citadel, sealed al the bottom of a gulf of tho Baltic sea, 27 ms, N, of Sleswick. Lon. 9 38 B. lat, 55 6 N, Aphamea. — See Apumta. Aphiom Karrahissar, town of Natolia, called Aphiom. It produces a great deal of opium. Lon. 31 48 E, lat, 38 35 N, Api, island of the Sandwich group. Apia, harbor in Upolu, one of the Navigators' islands. — See Navigators' Islands, Apiochama, river of Peru, runs N. of La Paz inlo the Beni, Apocrypha, from the Greek, literal meaning to conceal, but usually applied to those Jewish books admitted as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church, but refused that rank hy the Protestants, though by the latter often bound in the same vol ume with those books regarded as inspired. Apogee, from yn, the earth, that pant of a plan et's orbit the most distant from the earth ; the term is mostly applied to the moon, in opposi|jon to Perigee, or nearest the earth. Apolima, island — See art. Navigators' Islands. Apolda, town of the duchy of Saxony, usually called Saxe Weimar, remarkable chiefly for its cloth manufaiEtures. Pop. 3,000. 67 APP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. APU Apolabamba, province of Peru, in La Paz, N. of Larecaja. Pop, 30,000, chiefly civilized In dians. Chief town St. Antonia. Apostles, the Twelve, lie off the southern cape, which makes West bay, in Lake Superior. Group of islands in Ihe straits of Magellan. Lat. 52 34 S, lon. W. C. 1 .54 E. Appalachee, river of Georgia, one of the main sources of the Oconee, rising in Jackson and Gwin COS., and flowing SSE. about 60 ms., falls into the Oconee between Morgan and Greene cos. Appalachicola, river of the U. S.. The basin of the Appalachicola is remarkable, as forming the connecting link between the waters which flow into the Gulf of Mexico and those jtvhich enter the Atlantic ocean. The Appalachicola is formed by two streams, the Chattahoochee and the Flint riv ers. The former rises in the Appalachian moun tains at N. lat. 35 0, interlocking with the sources of Tennessee, Oakmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah rivers ; and flowing SW. by S, through 2 0 of lat , turns thence nearly due S. lo N. lal. 30 45, where it receives the Flint, The latter, an inferior stream to Ihe former, has ils sources in the angle between the Oakmulgee and Chattahoochee rivers at N. lal. 33 40, flowing SW. by S. 200 ms. unites wilh the Chattahoochee and forms the Ap palachicola. This latter fine river flows a litlle W. of S. lo N. lat. 29 50, having an entire course of about 70 ms. Its mouth is into St. George's sound. The basin of the Appalachicola affords an inland navigible expanse of 400 ms. in lengih, with a mean widih of 150 ms., and having an area of about 20,000 sq. ms. Though interrupted by sOme falls and many shoals, the rivers Chatiahoo- chce and Flint are navigable almost to their sources ; and schooners of considerable size ascend the Ap palachicola to ils bead. Colton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber, arc the common staples of ihis basin. Appamaltox, river of Va., rising in Bucking ham and Prince Edward counties, and joining the James river near City Point. Appanee, river of U, C, running through the front of the tp. of Camden, divides Fredericks burg from Richmond, and empties itself into the bay iif Quinle, al the Mohawk settlement. Appanace, ttoni panis food, estate assigned to younger sons. Appennine, mountains of Italy, commence in the kingdom of Sardinia, where the Col, de Tende separates them from the Alps, and separates also the sources of the Po from those of the Var; thence the Appennihes extend NE. by E, aboul 80 ms,, leaving a very narrow slip between them and the Mediterranean, to immediately norlh of Genoa, where the mountains inflect to SE. 250 ms., and in that direction continue to about E. from Rome, giving source on one side to rivers, such as the Sanlerno, Tronto, Pescara, Sangro, and Ofanio, whose waters are discharged inlo the Adriatic, and on'the othBr discharging from their flanks the Ar no, Ombrone, Tiber, and Vollurno, towards the M«»lilerranean. Hence the Appennines inflect a litlle more to the S,, and extend aboul 200 ms., where they embranch — one, or the western, grad ually inflecting to SW. 200 ms., terminates in Cape Spartivento. The olher, or easiern, terminates in Cape Lcuca. The Appennines in all their length 68 divide Italy into two slopes. The Appennine moun tains are evidently continued in those of Sicily, including Etna. In their range, and though com pared wilh the Alps of moderate height, the Ap pennines- exert a marked influence on the climate or ralher climates of Italy. See Italy. Appenzell, canton of Switzerland, entirely en closed within that of Si. Gall or St. Gallen. This was one of the original Thirtee!4 Cantons, and the last which united itself lo the Swiss Confeder acy. That event took place in 1513, and during 285 year'', up to 1798, the union was known as "The 'J'hirteen Cantons." During this period Appenzell comprised the lerriiory yet so called and St. Gall. The latter, now a separate and inde pendent canton, entirely surrounds Appenzell. Sea St, Gall, Appenzell in its present limit contains only 147 sq. ms. and 53,(00 inhabitants. Appenzel, lown and capital of the canton of the same name, is situated on an Alpine spur, near the exireme sources of the Thur river, 25 ms. a little E. of S. from Constance, and 50 ms. a little S. of E. from Zurich. N. lal. 47 20, lon. 9 16 E. ofjjoudon. Apple Creek, town, St. Genevieve co.. Mo., 80 ms. S. from St. Louis, Appleby, co. town, Westmoreland, Eng,, on the river Eden, by which il is almost surrounded, and is 10 ms, SE. of Penrith, and 266 NNW. of London. Lon, 2 34 W,, lal, .54 34 N. Appleton, plantation and tp,, Lincoln co. , Me. Pop. in 1810, 316; in 1820, 510. Appling, CO. of Ga,,' bounded W, by Irwin, N. by Tellfair and Tatnall, E. by Wayne and Cam den, and S. by E. Fa. The northern part is drained by Saltilla and the southern by Suwannee rivers. It is generally level, and in that side to wards Fa, swampy. Cent. lat. 31° N,, lon, 5 30 W, from W. C, Area uncertain. Pop. 1820, 1,264; 1840, 2,0,52. Applinglon, town and cap., Columbia co., Ga. N. lal. 33 35, lon. W. C. 5 35 VV. Appomattox river, ¦ See Appomattox, Appoquinimink, creek, Newcastle co., DeK, runs inlo Delaware bay, 2 ms, below Reedy is land. It rises in Cecil co,, Md,, and, flawing nearly due E, 15 ras., is one of the natural chan nels which hove claimed attention as affording the means of opening a canal between Delaware and Chesapeake bay, Tp,, Del. Pop. in 1810, 3,559; in 1820, 3,388. Apsis, to connect, in astronomy, that lino which unites ihe greatest and least distances of a planet from the sun. Sec art. Astronomy. Apt, ancient town of Fr., in the dep. nf tho mouths of the Rhone, and lale province of Prov ence. There are many fine Roman antiquities, and it is seated on the Calaron, 20 ms. N. of Aix, and 35 SE. of Orange. Lon. 5 30 E., lat. 43 51 N. Apulia, the E. side of the kingdom of Naples, on the Gulf of Venice. Itis divided into thi-ee provinces, whose modern names are Capitana, Bari, and Otranto. Town, Fabius Ip., Onon dago CO., N. Y. Apure, or ApUri, river of S. America, in Co lombia, the great norihwestern branch of the Ori noco. This river has its numerous sources iif the Venezuelian Andes, from 6^ to 10° N.'lat. It is ARA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, ARA very remark. ible that some of the branches of the Apure rise within less than 30 ms. from the Gulf of Maricaibo, and others equally near the Carib bean sea, al llie Gulf of Trtste, nnd flow from the ocean inland. The valley of tho .Apure is in form of a triangle, base 400 and allilude 200, and com prising 40,000 sq. ms. The provinces of Vari- nas and Venezuela are chiefly drained by the con fluents of the .'Vpure. The A|iuriinnc is the great western brancli of the Grand Para. It rises in the Andes at S. lat. 16, and 5° E. from W. C, and within 80 ms. from the Pacific ocean. With a general comparative course nearly N. of about 500 ms,, it joins the Grand Para at S. lit. 10 40. The province of Guancauelica is chiefly drained by this river. Apuremac, Urubamba, or Aquillibamba, river of S. America, is thus noticed by Malte Brun: " The Ucayal, both under the latter name and that of the -Apurimac, traverses mountain ranges almost inaccessible, deserted forests, and vast solitudes, .\s laid down on our maps, the Apurimac proper is the main southwestern constituent of the Ucay al, and having ils exireme fountains near the in terseclion of S. lat. 16 and lon. 73° W. of London, and ihence upwards of 400 ms. along the interior gorges of the main spine of the Andes, the whole uniting at S, lal, 13 and lon, 70° W. ofLondon ; Ihence, under the name of Apurimac, the united waters assume a northeastern course of 200 ms,, to its union with the Paro or Beni, to form the Ucayal. See Beni. Though the waters of the -Apurimac find their final discharge into the Atlan tic ocean hy the Amazon, the extreme southern fountains rise within less than 50 ms, from the Pacific, Aqua Negra, small town of Italy, in the Man- luan, on the river Chiesa, 12 ms. VV. of Mantua. Lon. 10 25 E-, lat- 45 13 N. Aquanshicola, creek, Northampton co,. Pa.; rises in Ross tp,, W. from the Wind Gap of the Delaware, flows a little S, of W. about 25 ms., and falls into the Lehigh, immediately above the Lehigh Water Gap. Aquia, small town upon Aquia creek, Stafford CO., Va. It is about 45 ms. below the city of VV'ashington. Aquila, town of Naples, capital of Abruzzo Ulteriore, with a bishop's see and a castle. An earthquake happened here in 1700, by which 34,000 persons were killed. It is seated on the Poscara, 52 ms. NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 39 E,, lat. 42 20 N. Aquileia, formerly a trading town of Italy, in Venilian Friuli. It was seated near the Gulf of Venice, 57 ms. NE. of Venice. Lon. 13 8 E., lat, 46° N. ^Aquino, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora. It was the birthplace of the Roman satirist Juve nal, and is 30 ms. NW. of Capua. Lon. 13 50 E., Iat- 41 36 N. Arabia, country of .Asia, bounded on the N. by Ihe ancient Mesopotamia, on the E. by the gulfs of Persia and Orinus, on the S. by Ihe Indian ocean, ond on the W. by the Red sea and Egypt. See heod of -Asia, art. Arabia, Arabian Gulf. See Red Sea, Aracan, city of, and capital of the couniry so called, is situated at Iat. 21 10 N. and lon. 93 6 E, ofLondon, at the head of n small gulf extend ing northward from the bay of Bengal, and about 400 ms. .sE. by E. from Culcutia, Aracan, country of Asia, SE, from Bengal. See head of Asia, art. Aracan. Aragiiay, river of Brazil, the SW. branch of the Tocantinas. Aral, basin of, ia the SE, part of the greater basin of the Caspian, The Aral receives from tho Belur Dag mountains the two great rivers Amu and Sihon, The sources of these streams are scattered from N, bt. 36 to 51), or through 14° of lat,, or about 1,000 ms. The slope from the Belur Dag towards Ihe Aral is about 400 ms. in mean width; therefore, this fine arable tract comprises 400,000 sq. ms. Sandy deserls prevail between Ihe Aral and Caspian seas. The Aral basin is nearly commensurate with Independent Tartary. Lake of .Asia, 200 ms. E. of the (Jaspian sea. It is 300 ms. in lengih, and in some places 150 in breadth. It lies between 58 and 63 of E. Ion., and between 43 and 47 N. lat. 'J'he Aral has no outlet, and its, water is salt. Arande de Daero, handsome town of Spain, in Old Castile, on. the Duero, 43 ms, E. of Vallado lid. Lon. 3 30 W., lat. 41 40 N. Ararat, high mounlains of Asia, in Armenia. The mountain, or rather syslem of mounlains, known under this name, forms the lable land and prominences from which flow the higher sources of the Euphrates and, Tigris southwardly; thoso of the Kur towards the Caspian, and the Escha ruk and some smaller rivers into the Euxine sea. The system, very imperfectly known as a whole, bears numerous local names. 'J"o I be north, the mountains of Tsheldir and Djanik separate Arme nia from the Euxine sea. In height, many of the Ararat chains seem to equal those of Caucasus. Snow sometimes fall", even on southern declivi- lies, in June, near Erzeroon. Tho chains of Tau ris, connected wilh those of Ararat, protruding from the westward, enter .Armenia near Ihe cata racts of the Euphrates. The Niphaies, ijiigros, and Masius mountains of the ancients are all ram ifications of the great Armenian nucleus Mountain in N. C, about 9 ms. NW. of Betha ny, in Stokes co. This is a very lofty mountain, which affords from its top a very extensive view of the adjacent couniry, Town, Patrick co., Va., by post road 200 ms. SW. from Richmond. Aras, ancient Araxes, is the great southern branch of the Kur, rising in the Caucasus moun tains, a short distance E, from Arzrcum, and in terlocking sources with the Euphrates and Kur, and with some smaller streams flowing into the Black sea, pursues a course nearly E. about 300 ms,, falling into the Kur at Dsehval, The valley of the Aras is along N. lat. 40°, but, from the ele vation of its sources, the country is cold. Simi lar to the Kur, tho Aras, beinga mountain stream, flows with great rapidity, and .iffbrds but little aid to navigation. Arassi, maritime and populous town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, 5 ms. SW. of Albcn- guay. Lon, 7 56 E., lat. 44 ? N, Arava, forlress of Upper Hungary, situated, on a river ol the same name, 72 ms, NW. of Casao- via. Lon. 20 E., lat. 49 30 N. Aran, or Aarau, in Swisserland, derives its 69 ARC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY ARE name from the river Aar, on which it is sealed. It is 37 ms. W. of Zurich. Lon, 7 50 E,, lat. 47 25 N. It is now the capital of the canton of Argan. Arauco, province of S. America, in Chili, lying between the rivers Biobio and Calacalla or Val divia, extending along the Pacific ocean from S. lat. 36 to 40°, and inland indefinitely. This is the original Aracania, which produced the Araca- nians, who were the first native nation of America whiiih opposed an eftective resistance to the Span iards. Valdivia is the capital. Araza, river of S. America, rising at S. lal. 1 1°, flo'ATS first upwards of 100 ms. northward, and thence NE. 300 ms., is lost in the .Amazon, S, lat. 3 30, and is the next great confluent above the Madeira. Yurba, Yutay, and Yavari, regu larly follow the Araza, advancing up the Amazon. These four rivers rise in the same region, and, curving alike, at a distance of 30 or 40 ms. from each other, have each a course of about 400 ms. In some maps, they are all made to flow from one common source, the Roguaguada lake; and, again, the latter is made to communicate with the Para, a branch of the Ucayal. It may bo doubted whe- ¦ ther any such conformation exists in nature. That part of S. America is yet very imperfectly known. Arbe, episcopal town of the republic of Venice, in an island of the same name, on the coast of Dalmatia, from which it is five miles distant. Arbela, town of Asia, in Curdistan, where Al exander fought Ihe last battle wilh Darius. It is about 60 ms. SE: of Mousul.' Lon. 43 25 E,, lat. 35 5 N. Town, Lancaster co,, Pa,, 47 ms, E. from Harrisburg, Arberg, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, on a kind of island formed by the two bran ches of the Aar. ft is 10 ms. NW. of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E., lat. 47° N. Arbois, populous town of Fr,, now in the dep, of Jura, lately in the province of P'ranche-Comle, famous for its white wines. It is 22 ms. SW. of Besaneon. Lon. 5 40 E., lat, 46 55 N. Arb'on, ancient town of Swisseriand, on the S. bide of the Lake Constance, in Thurgau, The majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. It is 12 ms, SE, of Constance. Lon. 9 30 E., lat. 47 30 N. Arbroath. See Aberbrolhwick. Arburg, or Aarburg, town of Swisserland, in Argau, sealed on the Aar, with a citadel cut out of a rock, 12 ms. E. of Soleure. .-Arcadia, town of the Morea, near the gulf of the same name, and in -the province of Belvedere, 22 ms, N, of Navarin, Lon, 21 42 E,, 1-at. 37 34 N. - ^ . Archangel, seaport of Russia, capital of the government of the same name. It was the only seaport of Ixussia for many years, and was first resorted to by the English in 15S3. Great pan of the city was burnt to the ground in 1793 ; but it is now rebuilding with neatness and even cle gance. Archangel is seated on the Dwina, 4 ms. from the White sea, and 400 NE. of Petersburg. Lon. 39 E., lat. 64 34 N. Archer, town in the village of Hanover, North tp., northern part of Harrison co., 0., 8 ras. a little W. of N. of Cadiz, Archipelago, most prohably from garche, prin- 70 cipal, and pelagos, sea, though olher etymologies are given ; but all agree that the term applies to the sea, and not to islands in that sea. In ancient times, and in general in modern times also, Arch ipelago designates that part of the Mediterranean between Greece and Asia Minor, having to the E. Asia Minor, Thrace N,, Macedonia NW. and W., Thessaly and Greece proper W., and the Medi terranean sea S. Length 400 ms. from the island of Rhodes to the Thracian coast, and breadlh about 150 ms. Arehville, town, Ohio co., Va,, 407 ms. NW. from Richmond. Arcis-sur-Aube, small town of Fr,, in the dep. of Aube, and late province of Champagne, seated on the river Aube, 15 ms, N. of Troyes. Lon. 4. 12 E., lat, 48 32 N, Arco, town and castle in the Treniin, on the river Sarca, 15 ms, SW. of Trent. Lon. 11 12 E.,.lat. 46° N. Arcole, town in the northeastern corner of Geau ga CO., 0., half a mile west of the line between Geauga and Ashtabula co., about 20 ms. NW. by W. of Jefferson, the co. seat of the latter. Areas, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a craggy rock, at the foot of which runs the Gaudaleto, 28 ms. NE. of Cadiz. Lon. 5 40 W., lat. 36 52 N. Arcot, city and capital of the Carnalic, in the peninsula of Hindoostan. It is 73 ms. W. by S. of Madras, and 2 17 E, by N, of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 E., lat. 12 30 N. Arcuiel, village of Fr. , 3 ms. S. of Paris, re markable for an aqueduct, which is thought to equal the works of the apcient Romans. Jt was built in 1624 by Mary de Medicis; its water is distributed into different parts of Paris. Ardebil, one of the most famous and ancient towns of Persia, 25 ms. E. of Tauris. Lon. 48 20 E,, lat. 38 15 N. Ardeche, dep. of Fr., partof the late province of Dauphiny. Ardenburg, town of Dutch Flanders, 10 ms. NE. of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E., lat. 51 16 N. Ardennes, dep. of Fr,, part of the late province of Champagne, so named from the famous forest of that name. Ardennes, forest on the river Mouse, between Thionville and Liege. Ardrah, small kingdom of Africa, in Guinea, extending round the Gulf of St. Thomas. It has a town of the same name. N. lat. 6 5, lon. 3 5 E. London. Ardres, town of Fr., in Ihe dep. of the Straits of Calais. It is 8 ms. S. of Calais. Lon. 1 59 E., lat, 50 50 N. Arebo, or Arebon, town on the slave coast of Guinea, at the mouth of the river Formoso. The English had once a factory here, as the Dutch have still. Lon. 5 5 5., lat. 6° N. Arekea, seaport of the Red sea, 55 ms. from Suaquam. Aremburg, town of Westphalia, capital of a CO. of the same name. It is seated on a river 22 ms. S. of Cologne. Lon. 7 3 E., lat. 50 22 N. Arendahl, a small but neat seaport town of Nor way, on the Seagerrac sOund, 50 ms. NE. of Christiansand. Arensburg, town of Westphalia, on a hill in the county of the same name, by the river Roer, 50 ARG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ARH ms. NE. of Cologne. Lon, 8 20 E, lat, 51 25 N. Seaport in the isle of Oesel.' It is in cluded in the Russian government of Riga. Lon. 35 40 E. lat, 60 15 N. Arenshard, tract in the duchy of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the famous rampart built by tho Danish King Gotric, in the beginning of the ninth century, as a defence against the ir ruptions of the Saxons. It extends across the country about 9 ms. in length. Arenswalde, town of the new mai'che of Bran denburg, on the lake Slauin. Lon. 15 52 E. lat. 53 13 N. Arequipa, episcopal town of South America, in Peru, seated on a river in a fertile country 390 ms. S. by E, of Lima, Near it is a dreadful volcano. Lon. 75 30 W. lat. 16 40 S. Arezzo, ancient episcopal town of Tuscany. It is sealed on a mountain 15 ms. W. of Citla di Castcllo. Lon. 12 0 E, lat, 43 27 N, Argau, or Aaargau, from German : signifying District of the Aar; in Fr., Argovie. It was a former dependent territory on, but since 1798, and more especially since 1814, an independent can ton of, Switzerland, bounded on the E. by Zu rich, NE. by Zug, by Lucerne S., by Berne, So leure, and Basil, W,, and on the N. separated from the grand duchy of Baden by the Rhine. The name is derived from the river .'Vaar, which traverses the canton from SW. to NE. See Aaar. Argau contains about 700 sq. ms. and 150,000 in habitants. The surface slopes northwardly to wards the Rhine. Central lat. 47 25 N. Aran is the capital. Argences, town of France, seated on the river Mouse, now in the department of Calvados, lately in the province of Normandy, 10 ms. E. of Caen. Lon. 0 2 W. lat. 49 12 N. Argens, small river of southern Fr., which rises in the southern valleys of that chain of mountains which separates the departments of Var and lower Alps, and Ihence, by a general southeastern course of about 70 ms. over the former department, falls into the Mediterranean to the SW. of Frejus. Argentine Republic or Buenos Ayres, the pro vinces of, are : Cordova, Mendoza, San Juan, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Tucuman, Rioja, Cat amarca, San Louis, Corientes, Buenos Ayres, Sanla Fe, Entre Rios, Missiones, and Provincia Oriental. — See art. America. North American Review vol. 54, p. 237. Argentan, town of France, in the department of Orne, and late province of Normandy. It is seat ed on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the thanks of the river Orne, and carries on a considerable trade in lace. It is 13 ms. NW, of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris. Lon. 0 5 E. lat. 48 45 N. Argenteuil, lown of the Isle of France, on the Seine, 5 ms. NW. of Paris. It is a very beauti ful place, with a fine vineyard ; and in the environs they have quarries of the plaster of Paris. Lon. 3 32 E. lat. 48 53 N. Argentiera, barren island of the Archipelago, which takes its name from the silver mines in it. There is but one viffage in the island, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterns. Lon. 33 10 E. lat. 36 SON. Argeniiere, town of France, in the department of Ardeche and lale province of Provence, 5 ms. SW. of Aubones, and 17 0 W. of Viviers. Lon. 4 33 E. lal. 44 30 N. Argetnon, town of France, in the department of Indre and late province of Berry, divided into two parts by the river ('reuse. It is 37 ms. SW. of Bourges. Lon. 1 38 E. lat. 46 35 N. Argis-Dag, mountain, — See articles Caucasus and Tauris. Argos, cily of Greece, This is amongst the most ancient cities in the world, retaining ils primitive name. It stands on a plain near the Inachus, now Planitzai river, in the Morea, 8 ms. NNE, from Napoli di Romania, and aboul 25 SSW. from Corinth. N. lat. 37 45, E. lon. 22 50. Argostol, or Argostoli, of the isle of Cephalo- nja, opposite Albania ; it is the best harbor in all ihe island, and the proveditor resides in the fort ress, which is 5 ms. distant. Arguin, island and fort of Africa, on the coast of Zahara, 30 ms. SE. of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17 5 W. lal. 20 30 N. Argun, river of Asia, which in part divides the Russian from the Chinese empire. The Argoun or Argun, as usually written, is the samfi river, otherwise called the Kerlon Pira, Kerlon Pira, &c. It is the main constituent of the Amur, ris ing in the same mouniainous region, giving source to the Selenga and Schilka rivers, and flowing by comparative courses northeasterly about 1,000 ms. joins the Schilka to form the Amoor. The valley of this river lies between N. lat. 42 0 and 48 0. In a distance, following its channel, of 450 or 500 ms. it constitutes so much of the boundary be tween Russian Asia and China. See article Amur. Argun, town of East Tartary, on the frontiers of the Chinese empire. There are mines of silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in the river .Argun. Lon. 103 56 E. lat. 42 30 N. Argyle, Ip. Washington co., N. Y., on the E. side of the river Hudson, S. of Kingsburg, and contained in 1820 2,811 inhabitants. Argyleshire, co. of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Invernesshire, on the E. by the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, on the S. and W, by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken into islands and peninsulas. Ils extent is very considerable, being not less than 90 ms. in lengih, and 70 in breadth. This county affords a very wild pros pect of hills, rocks, and huge mountains, piled up on each olher in dreadful disorder, bare, bleak, and barren lo the view ; or covered with shagged heath, which in summer is variegated wilh an agreeable bloom of a purple color. These high grounds, though liltle fitted for cultivation, afford excellent pasture. Argyro- Castro, city of European Turkey, in Albania, situaled in a very mountainous district, about 40 ms. NE. by E. from Butrinto, and 9 ms. N. from Libokavo, According to Hobhouse, it con tains 20,000 inhabitants, chiefly Turks. Though environed by high mounlains, Argyro-Castro oc cupies part of a very fruitful vale, watered hy the ancient Celydnus, now Voussa river. It is sup posed to be the Hadrianopolis of the Romans. Arhusen, seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, wilh a bishop's see. It is sealed on the Baltic Sea, 71 ARK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ARK at the mouth of the Guda, and surrounded by for ests full of game. It is 25 ms. S. of Uiberg. Lon 9 50 E., lat. 66 5 N. Ahian, one who follows the doctrines of Arius of the Church of Alexandria, in the 4th century ; who held Christ to be the greatest of created be ings, though infinitely inferior to the One Self- Existent Deity ; and that the Holy Ghost was created by the power of the Son or Christ. Ariano, town of Naples, in Principato Ulteri ore, wilh a bishop's see ; 15 ms. E. of Benevento, and 10 0 NW. of Trevico. Lon. 15 19 E., lal. 41 8 N. Town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, on a branch of the river Po, 22 ms. NE. of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E., lat, 45 ON. Arica, seaport of Peru, 550 ras. SE- of Lima. Here the treasure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms employed in the cultiva tion of Guinea pepper, in which it has a great trade to Lima. Lon. 71 6 W., lat. 18 27 S. Aripo, town on the west coast of Ceylon, at the moulh of the river Sarunda. To the east of it is a pearl fishery, Lon, 80.25 E,, lat, 8 42 N. Arkansas, river of the U. S,, which rises in the Chippewan, or Rocky mountains, about lat. 40 0 N., Ion. W. C. 37 0 W., and joins the .Mississip pi river at lal. 34 0 N., lon, W. C, 14 0 W. This great river has a general or comparative course of more than 1,300 ms., and by its windings ex ceeds 2,000 ms. It receives numeions branches, the principal of which are the Canadian Fork, Negracky, and Poleau. The Arkansas flows through, and gives name to the Slale of the same name. In the present state of geographical science, il is impraclicdble lo fix with adequate precision the area of the valley of the Arkansas, bul an approx imation to accuracy may not be entirely unsalisfac tory. From the month lo a distance of 250 ms., the valley is confined very nearly to the mere bed of the river. It thenr widens, and embraces a re gion of about 600 by 300, and wilh a superficies of 180,000 sq. ms. The fur greater part of this immense surface is open grassy plains. It is trav ersed by the Masserne mountains in a direction from NE. to SW. The entire lengih of the Ar kansas, by comparative courses, is about 1,200 ms. The geographical position of the valley of Ar kansas is between N. latitudes 34° and 43°, By actual calculation, this river has a general course S. 65° E. aboul 1,300 ms. in a direct line. The river of Europe having the greatest analog}' as to relative physical position wilh the Arkansas is the Danube. The latler has a general course S. 82° E. 1,470 ms. Though of nearly double the length of the Ohio valley, that of Arkansas comprises a lesser surface, from ils more confined width. In regard to variety of feature, .'\rkansas valley com prises all the extremes of massive mountains near its source lo low and annually overflown alluvian around ils efflux inlo the Mi-sissippi. Arkansas, Stale of the U, S, ; bounded on the N. by the Stale of Missouri, on the E. it is sepa rated from the States of Tennessee 'and Mississippi by the Mississippi river, on the S, it has Louisi ana, SW. Texas, and W. the Indian and unap propriated territory of the U. S. Geographically, it lies between 33° and 36^° N. lat. Length from S. to N. 243 statute ms, nearly ; mean breadth 72 along N. lat. 35 0 230 ms., which gives an area of55,890sq, ms. Arkansas isnaiurally divided into three distinct sections. The east section, along the Mississippi, While, St. Francis, and Arkansas rivers, is mostly level, and in winter and spring, except the inargiu of the streams, liable to inundation. With some prairie, this east section is covered with a dense forest. The soil, where arable, is very productive. The middle section, watered by the higher branches of While river, by the main volume of Arkansas, the higher branches of Ouachitta, and by Red river, is broken, in part, ralher mountainous, and pre senting extensive prairies. 'J'he west and north west section is mountainous, wilh extensive prairies. Though an interior region, Arkansas is in a high degree supplied wilh navigable streams. Beside the Mississippi, which forms the eastern boundary, St. Francis rises in Missouri, and, flowing south, enters Arkansas, over which it flows 120 ms., falls into the Mississippi about 60 ms. above ^he mouth of White river. The lalter, a much more con siderable stream, rises in the soulh part of Missouri by two great branches. White river proper and Black river, which, uniting in Arkansas, flows below the junction 120 ms., and falls into the .Mississippi 15 ms. above Ihe mouth of Arkansas river. Though impeded by shoals, the Arkansas is a navigable river far above the limits of the State lo whiph il gives name. 'J'he Ouachitia rises, by numerous branche.-;, in the Masserne mountains, between Arkansas and Red rivers, and is navigable at high water with boats of considerable size ; by the bends 200 ms. within Arkansas. Red river traverses the extreme southwest angle of the Stale. It may be doubted whether, in this large Stale, there is one spot 100 ms. fiom a navigable water course. The St. Francis, White, and Arkansas rivers form navigable channels within the Stale inlo tho Mississippi ; whilst the Red river and its confluent, the Ouachitia, leave the State, traverse Loui siana, and finally join the same great recipient. Tho mineral wealth of Arkansas has been too im perfectly developed to admit definite noiice. [fhe immense salt prairies or steppes of the interior give a brackish taste lo the water of Arkansas. Numerous salt springs are scattered over the coun try. Indications of lead and iron are numerous. Some lead has been smelted, but not in large quan lity. As a whole, Arkansas may beregardetl asa banen country, though, -scattered over ihe entire extent, tracts ofexuberantly fertile soil occur. If we compare it with Louisiana, and from what I have seen of bolh these two regions they appear re markably similar in tho relative extent of arable to unproductive soil in each, respectively, the cuhi- vateable surface would be about as one lo four. The diffijreiice of latitude and elevation give to the respective sections of Arkansas a much greater range of temperature than from ils extent could be expected. Cott.on can be cultivated lo advantage on llie south and southeast sections ; but advancing up the streams, and rising lo a much higher elevation, the temperature falls, and small grain succeeds well. On the whole, the climate of Arkansas may be considered as exces.sively variable; that of the south resembles Louisiana, whilst towards Ihe norlh and west the seasons approach those of Missouri. Amongst the curiosities of Arkansas may be par- ARK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ARK ticolarly mentioned the hot springs. 'I'hese foun tains, with a temperature near that of boiling water, are 47 ms. SW. by W. from Litlle Rock, on the Arkansas, and near the main stream of Washiluu They became a place of resort for invalids about 1800, and have increased in reputation. The ad jacent country is rocky, sterile, and mouniainous, the water pure, and air elastic, affording u most delicious retreat fi'om the summer and autumn tem perature of Louisiana and soulhern Arkansas. The Washilau is navigable with steamboats to within 30 ms, of the springs. Population in 1820. In 1820, it was politically divided into the fol lowing counties, which had the number of inhab itants annexed to each, respectively : Lawrence By the census of 1840, the populalion of Ark ansas, as stated in the census tables for that year, stood thus : Whites. Phillips ArkansasPulaskiClark - Hem[)steadMiller - This population is composed of — Free whites, males Do. do. females 5,602 1,201 1,2601,923 1,040 2,248 999 14,273 6,971 5,611 Total of whites Free people of color, males Do. do. females Male slaves - - - Female do. - . . All olher persons except Indians, not taxed In 1830 the classified population stood as fol lows : 12,583 44 15 820797 18 Ages. Under 5 years of age . 5 to 10 10 10 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 - 40 to 50 SO 10 60 60 10 70 70lo80 SO to 90 90 to 100 100 and upwards Total - Males. Females 3,0202,021 1,626 1,272 2,835 1,820 876434209 6912 10 14,195 2,7811,897 1,494 1,225 2,012 1,087 528301107 31 93 0 11,476 Of these, 10 were deaf and dumb, and 8 blind. Under 10 years of age 10 to 24 - 24 to 36 35 1 1 55 55 10 100 - 100 and upwards Total Free colored. Males. Kemales. 53 Males. Females. 846 814 395 192 47 0 2,293 803 &30399193 51 1 Of i;olored persons, 4 were deaf and dumb and 2 blind. Recapitulalion,— Whites, 23,671 ; free colored, 141 ; slaves, 4,576; lotal, 30,388, 10* OloB5 to 10 - 10lol5 . 15 to 20 20 10 30 . 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to CO 60 111 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 antl upwards Total whiles - Males. Females. 8,6076,?31 6,077 3,863 8,5-326,129 2,751 1,194 523162 35 43 42,21134,963 77,174 8,1086,8534,8093,911 5,881 3,317 1,715 805 . 357 113 30 31 34,963 nioio 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 10 55 55 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total free colored and slaves Free colored. Males, Females- Slaves, Males, Females. 3,4503,6142,069 890 182 14 10,119 9,816 19,935 3,302 3,5581,9,3ft 349 174 3 9,816 BUMMAnX, Whiles Free colored SlavesTotal While persons who are deaf and dumb, under 14 years of'ige Do, deaf and dumb, 14 to 25 Do, do", do, over 25 Do. whole number deaf and dumb Do. lilind Do. insane and idiots al public charge Do, do, at private charge Slaves and colored persona who are deaf and dumb Do, blind .... Idiots and insane at private charge Do. at public charge Whole number of persons .employed in: Mining - - - . AgricultureCommerceManufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. on canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Universities or colleges. Do. students in. Academies and grammar sctioola - Do. soholars in . Primary and common schools Do. scholars in - . - Pensioners for revolutionary and military services Total number 9f while persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read and write 97,574 1811II 2 8 13 8 41 26,355 215 1,173 3 39 301 S 300 113 2,614 24 - 6,567 Population of Arkansas in 1840, by counties. Counties, Arkansas Benton .Chicot Free white persons. 571 1,081 650 S 409 969455 Free col persons. 174 79 227 187 89 227 73 Total, 1,346 2,228 3,806 ARK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ARM POPULATION OP ARK ANSA s—Contimled. Free white t'ree col. Slaves. persons. persons. Total Counties. , 0) S i cu g 13 *(3 s rt s g 475 5 6 s 227 227 -Crittenden 621 1,661 Carroll 1,439 1,268 61 76 S'lM Conway 1,455 1,240 4 1 92 100 !'??? Crawford 2,201 1,413 21 13 293 325 *'?SS Clarke 884 7-3.1 _ 338 349 2,309 Desha , - 662 493 15 21 211 196 1,598 i-ranklin 1,213 1,044 3 5 191 209 Hf- Green 795 741 - _ 26 24 'S^S Hoi Spring - 908 747 2 1 114 135 1,907 Hempstead 1,634 1,289 35 27 989 947 4,921 Izard 1,1 « 1,013 - - 69 72 ?'1IS Independence. 1,643 1,603 8 1 257 257 3,669 Jackson 662 596 4 2 152 124 1,540 Jefferson 891 660 2 3 614 496 2,566 JohnsonLafayette 1,520 1,319 1 2 286 305 ^'S 346 209 1 _ 86i 783 ?'?2° Lawi-ence 1,335 1,227 3 3 124 143 2,633 Madison 1,413 1,279 - - 35 48 2,773 Marion 649 '¦-72 37 28 18 21 ''^i Monroe 437 349 1 1 76 72 936 Mississippi - 513 387 - - 276 234 1,410 Pike 457 403 - - 61 48 969 Phillips 1,474 1,161 10 7 480 425 3,347 Pulaski 2,389 1,572 53 52 C75 609 3,350 Poinsett 653 698 34 33 1,3-20 Pope 1,406 1,220 '6 3 109 106 2,850 Randolph 1,387 936 2 5 114 102 2,196 Sevier 1,098 978 4 5 356 369 2,810 Scott 866 676 12 9 60 71 1,694 Searcy 474 459 _ - - 3 936 St. Francis 1,145 987 2 - 181 184 2,499 Saline , 874 788 - 221 I7S 2,061 Union 1,059 922 1 1 438 ¦468 2,889 Van Buren - 814 645 - 27 32 '¦5'^ White 467 374 - 43 45 C 929 Washington - 3,387 2,859 8 11 427 456 7,148 Total Ark, - 42,211 34,963 248 217 10,119 9,816 97,574 Arkansas, co. of the State of the same name, lying oh both sides of Arkansas river, having Chicot CO. S., Clark W., Pulaski NW., M bite river or Philips co. NE,, and Ihe Mississippi river E. Length from N. to S. 60 ms,, mean width 40, and area 2,400 sq. ms. This co is traversed obliquely from NVV. to SE. by the Arkansas riv er; and the White river, bounding it to the NE,, renders the lower part subject to annual overflows. The Bayou Barlhelany, and Boeuf rivers, bran ches of the Washita, rise in the S. pari, flow S, over Chicot co,, and enter La, The W. side rises into eminences, but the body of the country is level. (For Iat. and lon. see next art.) Arkansas, town and seat of justice for Arkansas CO., State of Ark. This is the same village form erly called "The Post of Arkansas," and was founded by the French in 1685. It stands on the N. bank of Arkansas river, at N. lat. 34°, lon. W, from W, C. 14 25, The site is a high narrow bluff of poor soil, with the inundated flats of White river in the rear. Distant about 100 ms. SE, from Little Rock, and by the bends of the river 50 ms, from the Mississippi. Arkiopolis, vill. and seat of government Ark, Ter., on the right bank of Arkansas river, about 100 ms. above ils mouth. It is now called Little Rock', which see. Arklow, seaport of Ireland, in the co. of Wick low, 13 ms. S, of Wicklow. Lon, 6 5 W,, lat. 53 42 N. Atles, ancient cily of Fr,, in the dep. of the| 74 mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Prov ence. The country around is very pleasant, and produces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil, and fruits. It is seated on the Rhone, 12 ms. SE. of Nismes. Lon. 4 42 E., lat. 43 41 N. Arlesheim, handsome town of Swisserland, in the bishopric of Basle, where the canons of that city reside. Arlington, Benning'on co., Va,, about 13 ms. N. of Bennington, Pop. 2,000. Arlon, an ancient town of the Austrian Nether lands, now dismantled. It is seated on a moun tain 10 ms. N W. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 56 E,, lat. 49 45N. Armagh, co. of Ireland, bounded on the E. by Down, on the W. by Tyrone and Monagban, on the N. by Lough Neagh, and on the S, by Louth, It is in length 32 ms,, and in breadth 17, contains 49 parishes, and semis six members lo Parliament. Cily of Ireland, once a considerable town, now a small village; bul it gives name to a co,, and is the see of an archbishop, who is the pri mate of all Ireland. It is 45 ms. SE. of London derry. Lon. 6 34 W., lat. 54 27 N. Town of Centre co.. Pa. Town, Indiana co.. Pa., 163 ms. W. from Harrisburg. Armagnac, late province of Guienne, in Fr., 55 ms. in lengih and 40 in breadth. This prov ince, with Gascony, is now included in the dep. of Gers'. Armenia, a large conntry in Asia, bounded on the W. by the Euphrates, on the S. by Diarbeker and Curdistan, on the E. by Schirvan, and on the N. by Georgia. It is one of the most fertile coun tries in Asia, being watered by several large riv ers. Part of it belongs lo the Per.sians, and part to the Turks. The inhabitants are much attached to commerce, and undertake long journeys to carry it on. They are Christians, and have a patriarch and an archbishop. Polygamy is not allowed among them. The country in general is full of mountains and valleys, lakes and rivers, and pro duces rice, colton, flax, melons, and grapes. Armenian, similar to Jew, is a national term of the most remote antiquity, and still continues to designate a distinct people, who have for many ages lost their political existence ; and, what is re markable, what remains of them in their original country, and those scattered over much of the Eastern continent, generally live in primitive pa triarchal society, or in large families, under the government of the oldest members, and in a.state of happy concord. Politically, the Armenians are foreigners in that country, bearing their name. Scattered over Asia and Eastern Europle, addicted lo and skilful in manufactures and commerce, they have prospered in every country from Hungary lo China. They find their way lo places inacces sible to Europeans : they traverse the elevated plains of Tartary, and reach those watered by the Niger, The religion of the Armenians is that of the ancient Eastern Church, and, like the Greeks, they admit the marriage of their clergy. Two great patriarchs rule the Armenian Church : one resides at Esthmiazin, in the province of Erivan, or Persian Armenia, supposed to have under his spiritual jurisdiction 150,000 families; Ihe other patriarch resides at Jis, in the Lesser Armenia of antiquity, having under his spirittial direction ARP GEOORArillCAL DICTION ARV. ARR 20,000 families. 'J'he whole nation supposed slill to amount to 1,700,000 persons. Arminians, sect, so called from Hermaiisen, or Arminius, of Holland, who flourished in the lalter partof the 16th and beginning of tho 17lh cen tury, and whose fundamental doctrine was, that man could in his earthly life attain to and fall from a state of grace. Armenticrs, town ot Fr., in the dep, of the North Flanders, sealed on ihe Lis, 8 ms. N W. of Lisle. Lon. 3 3 E., lat. 50 40 N. Armiers, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Norlh Hainault, seated on the Sambre, 20 ms, S, of Mons. Lon. .4 3 E,, lat. 50 7 N. Armiro, town of Macedonia, on the Gulf of Velo, 30 ms, SE. of Larissa. Lon. 23 22 E., lat. 39 30 N. Arms Cross Roads, lown, Ontario co., N. Y., 184 ms. W. from Albany. Armstrong, co. of Pa., having Westmoreland and Allegany SW., Butler W., Venango NW., .TeflTerson NE., and Indiana E. and SE. It is about 35 ms. in length, with a mean width of 30, extending over 700 sq. ms. The Allegany river intersects this co., winding from the NW. angle in an elliptical curve to the SW. ^ The face of the couniry is hilly, rocky, and broken, though much of the soil, parlicularly that of the river bot toms, is composed of a fertile loam. Chief town Kittaning. N. lat. 41°, and lon. 3 30 W. from W. C, intersect in this co. Pop. 1820, 10,324; 1830, 17,695; and in 1840, 28,365. Armstrong's, Montgomery co., Ala., town, 95 ms. from Cahaba. Armuyden, seaport of the kingdom of Holland in the island of Walcheren, now inconsiderable. the sea having stopped up the harbor. The salt works are its chief resource. It is 3 ms. E. of Middleburg. Lon. 3 42 E., lat. 5131 N. Ar7ia, seaport of Andros, an island of the Ar chipelago, with a good port. Arnay-le-Duc, town of Fr., in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy. It is sealed in a valley, near the river Arraux, 25 ms. NW. of Baune. Lon. 4 26 E., lat. 47 7 N. Arneberg, town of Germany, in Brandenburg, on the Elbe, 3 ms. from Werbern, taken by the Swedes in 1631. Arnedo, seaport of Peru, 25 ms. N. of Lima. Arnheim, strong town of Holland, in Gelder- land, capital of the quarter or co. of its name, on the Rhine, 8 ms. N. of Nimegucn. Lon. 5 54 E., lat. 52 2 N. Arno, river'of Tuscany, which rises in the Ap pennines, and, passing by Florence and Pisa, en ters the Gulf of Genoa a litlle below the latter town. The valley of the Arno and that of the Ombrone drain the greatest part of the grand duchy of Tuscany. Arnsheim, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 8 ms. from Kreuzenach. Arnstadt, lown of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- gia, with a castle, a palace, and three churches ; seated on the Gera, 11 ms. S. oJ Erfurt. Arpent, former French unit of land measure, containing a square of 100 Fr. perches. The arpenl di6Fered, as did the foot, in different provinces of France ; but the arpent of Paris, adopted in Lou isiana, and still used in that State as well as in Arkansas and Missouri, is to the U. S, statute acre os 512 to 605. 'J'he arpenl, as a measure of length, is 29,10 Gunler's chains, or 192,06 Eng lish feet, Arques, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, on a river of ils name, 4 ms. SE. of Dieppe. Aroostook, river of Me., interiocking sources with those of tho Penobscot, about N. lat. 40 20, and flowing thence by a very winding channel, but general comparalive NE. course of from 90 to lOO' ms., falls into the western side nf St. John's riv er, and a few ms. within New Brunswick, at N. lat. 46 45. Co, of Me., called from and in cluding the river of same name; boundaries un known ; had, by the census of 1840, a population of 9,413, of whom 1,876 wore residents N. of St. John's river. Arraciffe, seaport of Brazil, in the province of Pernambuco. It is built on a narrow channel, with a castle to defend the entrance, and is es teemed the strongest place in all Brazil. Lon. 36 10 W., lat. 8 20 S. Arracan, "called by the natives," says Mal colm, "Rekhein," from which evidently comes the name in our books, is a province of Asia, which, according to the author above quoted, "is bounded N. by the river Naaf, and by a line from near its sources eastward to the A nou-pec too- raiou mounlains, which divide it from Burinah, down to Cape Negrais ; on the W. is the bay of Bengal. Length about 470 ms. Breadlh never exceeds 100, and in places only 10; average about 60 ms. It is estimated to contain about 17,000 sq. ms. The populalion is usually given in books at 300,000, hut by the last official returns is only 237,000. It is divided into four districts, viz : .\kyab, Ramree, Sandoway, and Aeng. About 1783 Arracan was conquered by the Burmans; but in the last, indeed only war yet waged between the British and Burmans, this country was con quered, and at the peace ceded to the British. If extended to Cape Negrais, .4rracan stretches from N, lat. 16° to near the northern tropic. Arragon, province of Spain, bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, W. by Navarre and the Two Casliles, S. by Valencia, and E. by Valencia and Catalonia. 'J'he country, though abounding in rivers, is in want of good water. It is fertile in corn, wine, flax, and fruit, near the rivers, but in other places dry and sandy. It produces saffron, and there are many mines of salt. Saragossa is the capital. Arrah, lown of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33 ms. W. by S. of Patna. Arran, island of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, to the S. of the isle of Bute. Among the rocks are found iron ore, spar, and great variety of beauti- ful pebbles. On the coast are many wonderful caverns, which often aftord shelter to smugglers. The principal place is Lamlash. Arras, fortified city of Fr., capital of the dep, of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see. Il is seated on4he Scarpe, 22 ms. WNW. of Cambray. Lon. 2 46 E., lat. 50 17 N. Arriege, dep. oP France, containing the late provinces of Couserans and Foix. Foix is the capital. Arbieke Ban, answering to " Levy en Mass," the calling out of the whole military force from 75 ASC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASH Ban, a proclamation, and rear, or whole from front to rear. Arroe, small island of Denmark, in the Baltic, between the islands of Funen and Alsen, Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 55 10 N. Arrojo-de-St, Servan, town of Spain, in Es tramadura, 8 ms. 8. of Merida and 25 E. of Ba dajoz. Lon. 6 20 W. lat. 38 36 N. . Arta, ancient seaport of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, wilh a Greek archbishop's see. It car ries on a considerable trade, and is seated on the river Asdhas, 70 ms. NNW. of Lepanto. Lon. 21 20E. lat. 30 38N. Artois, late province of the French Nether lands. Il now forms part of the department of the Straits of Calais. Aruba, island near Terra Firma, in Soulh America, subject to the Dutch. Lon. 67 45 W. lat. ,12 SON. > Arve,^ rapid river of Savoy, which rises in Fau- cigny, and joins the Rhone below Geneva. It has a cataract near Salenche, in Savoy. Its fall is said to be above 1,100 feet, rushing wilh great noise nnd violence from a prodigious impending rock. See Arpenas, Aran, river of Sussex, Eng., which, meander ing through a beautiful country, falls into the English Channel, below Arundel. Arundel, borough in Sussex, Eng., on the side of a hill on the Arun, where small ships may ride ; 68 ms, SSW. of London. Lon. 0 39 W. lat. 50 55 N. Tp. of York co.. Me., along the Saco river, about 30 ms. from York. Pop. in 1810 3,731 ; in 1820, 3,478. Arwangen, castle and village of Swisserland, on the river Aar, over which it has a covered bridge. Arzilla, ancient seaport of Africa, in the king dom of Fez. It is 50 ms. SSW. of Tangier. Lon. 6 3 W. Iat. 35 30 N. Arzina, river of Russian La|>land, into a bay of which, in 1553, two English ships (which had penetrated as high as 73 0 N. lat. to Spitsbergen) were forced ' by stress of weather, and their crews were frozen to death. Arzroum, usually called Erzerum. See Erze- rum. Mr. Morier, in his travels, spells this name Arzroum, no doubt with more propriety than the common orthography. Asaph, St., city of Flintshire, Eng,, on the river Elway, where it unites with the Clyde ; and over both is a bridge. It is a poor place, of note Only for ils cathedral. It is 34 ms. W. of Ches ter and 303 NW. of London. Lon, 3 36 W. lat. 53 13 N. Asbury, town Warren co., N. J,, 35 ms. NNW. if Trenton. , Ascension, barren uninhabited island in the At lantic, 600 ms. NW. of St. Helena. Lon. 14 18 W. lat. 7 40 N. Parish of Lou., lying along both banks of the Mississippi river, having As sumption and St. James SE., the .Atchafalaya river SW., Iberville .NW., and the Amite river NB. It is 40 ms. longfroqjNE. to SW., with a mean breadth of 10 ; area 400 sq. ms, 'J'he face of this parish is an almost urideviating plain. The soil is exuberantly productive, Ihijugh, the mar gins of the rivers excepted, liable to annual sub mersion. Staples, sugar and cotton. Chief town 76 Donaldsonville. Central lat. 36 6 N. W. lon. 14 0 W. C. Pop. in 1820, 3,728, and in 1840, 6,951. Aschffenburg, town in Germany, 40 ms. E. of Mentz.. Lon. 9 5 E. lal. 50 40 N. Aschraff, town of Per.-ia, of Nazanderan, and on the Caspian sea, about 80 ms. W. of Astrabad. Ascoli, populous town of Italy, in the marqui sale of Ancona, on a mountain, at the bottom of which runs the Fronto, 80 mS. NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 29 E. lat. 43 44 N. Ascoli-di-Satriano, episcopal cily of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, on a mountain 70 ms. E. of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E. lat. 41 1 N. Aseer, or Aseergur, strong fortress of the Sdu- bah of Candi.^h, in the Deccan of Hindooston, 20 ms. NE. of Burhanpour. Lon. 76 E. lal. 21 35 N. Ashantee, nation and country of Africa, in Up per Guinea, and traversed by the meridian of Lon don. It lies between ^he mountains of the Moon and Atlantic ocean. "The limits orpolirical subdi visions of Ashanlee are very imperfectly known. In the geography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, it is thus noticed. It is one of the most powerful kingdoms of the western region of .\frica. About twenty States pay tribute to the supreme head, which gives to the country the title of em pire. Extent 1,800 sq. leagues, (14,000 sq. ms.) The physical character of the Ashantins approach much more nearly to the Ethiopian than lo the pure negro ; number about 1,000,000. Coumas sie, or Coomassie, the capital, is situated in N. lat. 6 40 lon. 2 0 W. of London, and about 140 ms. inland from the Cape Coast Castle. See Africa, Ashborn, lown in Derbyshire, Eng, seated be tween the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 ms. NE. of Utoxeter and 130 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 44 W. lat. 53 3 N. Ashborough, village Randolph co,, N. C, about 80 ms. W. of Raleigh. Ashburnham, tp. Worcester co., Mass., about 50 ms. WNW. of Boston. Pop. 1,000. Ashburton, borough in Devonshire, Eng. It is seated among the hills (which nre remarkable' for tin and copper) near the river Dart, 19 ms. SW. of Exeter, and 193 W. by. S. ofLondon. It has a handsome church. Lon. 3 50 W. lat. 50 30 N. Ashby, town Middlesex co,, Mass. It is in the NW. tp. of the CO., on the N. H. line, 47 ms. NW. from Boston- Ashby de la Zouch, town in Leicestershire, Eng. A canal is now made from this town, which communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby is ' 13 ms. S. of Derby, and 115 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 50 W. lat. 50 80 N. Ashden, village in Essex, Eng., 3 ms. NW. of Saffron Walden. Ashfield, town in the SW. part of Franklin co,. Mass,, 113 ms. W. from Boston. Ashford, tp. of Windham co.. Conn,, lying principally between Bridgelows and Mounthopo rivers. Town in Kent, Eng., has a large church that was formerly collegiate. It is seated on the river Ash or Esh, 24 ms. SE. of Maidstone and 57 of London. Lon. 0 52 E. lat. 51 4 N. Windham co.. Conn,, town, on the heads of Shetucket river, 30 ms. NE. from Hartford. Ashe, CO. of N. C, forming the NW. angle of ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI that Slate, having Buncombe SW,, Bnrke S,, more nntural is, however, coming into use. On Wilkes SE. by E., and partof Va. N.,,and part of Black's General Atlas, Edinburg, 1841, from the Tenn. W. It is 64 ms. long, from SW. to NE,, southern extreme, or ralher biferealion of the Ura- with a mean width of 12 ms,, area 708 sq. ms. lian mountains, yor head of Ural river, the latter i.1 The surface of the co. is hilly, and even moun- made the boundary lo efflux into the Caspian sea talnous. The air is pure and healthy, and the near Giirief, thence along the western shores of soil in part productive. Chief town Jefferson, the latler i^ea to tho extension of the Cauc.iasian Central lat. 36 20 W. lon. W. C. 4 40. Pop. mountains, in Cape Ajishcron, and thence along 1820, 4,335, and in 1840, 7,467. j these mountoins to the Euxine. The residue by Ashland, posltown Richland co., Ohio, 14 ms. the Euxine, Bosphorus, Marmora sea, and Helles- NE. from Mansfield, the county seat, intersecting pent, into the Mediterranean, is natural and com et this point, a road from Paris, Huron co,, to mon to most, if not all systems of geography. Wooster, Wayne CO., 21 ms. NE. by E. from the Adopting the separating demarcation traced on former and 20 ms. NW. by W. from the latler Black's map of Asia, the latter loses about 300,000 place^ ' sq. ms., or a strip of 1,200 ms, in length, by a Ashraff. See Aschraf, I mean of 250 ms. in breadth. Ashtabula, small river or Creek of Ohio, in the j The diminution stated above detracts httle, com- co. of Ashtabula, aboul 30 ms. in length, ond paratively, from Asia, as that continent still con flows into Lake Erie. Co. of Ohio, forming tains an area of rather above 15,000,000 of sq. ms., the NE. angle of that Stale, having Trumbull S., ; or very neariy the one third of the land area of ihe Geauga W., Lake Erie .NW., and part of Penn. j earth. The longest line that can be drawn over it E. It is 28 ms. in length, and 25 in breadlh, ex- ! would be extended from the Straits of Bab-el-Man- tending over an area of 700 sq. ms. The face of deb to those of Beering, and, by actual calcula- this country is hilly ; the soil is, however, fertile, i tion, would measure 8, 125 ms. N. 66 32 E. In and well wooded and watered. Jefferson is the! breadth, Asia extends in a direction very neariy chief town. N. lat. 41 45 and lon. from W. C. j N. and S. 5,212 ms. from the Point of Malacca 4 0 W. intersect in the western part of this co. ; N. lat. 1 0 to Cape Severe Vostochnoi N lat 76* Pop. 1820, 7,382, and in 1840, 23,724 j Separated in a distance of 1,400 ms. from Af^ Town, Ashtabula co., Ohio. The village is on ^ rica by the-Red Sea, and only connected with that Lake Erie, at the moulh of Ashtabula creek, 40 continent by the isthmus of Suez, Asia has this ms. SSW. from Erie, Pa. i great peninsula lo the southwest, and Europe norlh- Ashton under- Line, village of Eng., in Lan- west. On all other sides Asia spreads its im- cashire, 7 ms. E, of Manchester, with a manufac- mense extent unconnected with other continents tory of cotton and an iron foundry. . , On the extreme northeast, the narrow straits of Ashvdle, lown Buncombe co,, N. C. The : Beering is followed by America ; from which tat village stands on French Broad, 40 ms, NW. ter protrudes the peninsula of Alaska, and which from Rulherfordton and 273 W. froio Raleigh.- lalter is evidently prolonged in the chain of Alcu Village, St. Clair co. .\la,, about 70 ms, a hltle tian islands. Southwardly from the Aleutians the E. of S. from HuntsviHe. . | two continents seem to retire from each other, Asia Asliwelt, village of Eng., in Hertfordshire, on southwestward and America southeastward Bv the river Rhee, which issues from a rock at the soulh a curious resemblance, bolh conlinenis branch into end of the town. Near the church are the re- peninsulas approaching the torrid zone • the form mams of a Roman camp, which consists of 12 acres er, however, altogether terminating before reach of land, enclosed by a deep ditch, and formerly a ing the equator, whilst the latter, after shrinkimr rampart It is 4 ms. N of Baldock. ^ . ., | at N. lat. 8 0 to an isthmus liltle more than 20 ms ASIA, the cradle of human society and of civil- i wide, again spreads into a continent containinn ization, has an extent very nearly equal to that of - - - -. - - — - " " America, though contrary to the lalter in regard lo outline. America haying a length great in pro portion to breadth, whilst Asia has a rude advance towards a rhomboidal outline. The origin of the name is now matter of conjecture. In antiquity, a small province of Lydia, inhabited by a people called Asiones, is supposed to have by extension been adopted for the entire continent. It is evi. dent that, physically speaking, Europe is only a mere extenision of Asia. The Ural system of moun tains, which conventionally separates the two con tinents is only the spine of two slopes, one drained eastward into the basin of the Oby, and the other westward into the basins of the Wolga and Pet- chora;of course, the system of mounlains is com mon, and ils strongly marked features and direc tion nearly north and south render it a convenient limit, but has no natural claim lo such distinction. As usually traced on our maps, the residue of the limits between Europe and Asia are still less found ed on any physical principle, such as by the rivers Kama, Wolga, Don, and sea of Asoph. One wards of 6,000,000 ofsq. ms., but, gra(iuaTly''n"r- rowing beyond S. Iat. 6 0, finally terminates at S lat. 53 30. Advancing southwardly from the Aleutian is lands, Asia is bounded by the Pacific ocean, but indented by deep gulfs and peninsular protrusions and covered from the main ocean by numerous islands. The sea of Ochotsk, enclosed on the east by Kamschatka, southeast by the Kurile inlands and south by the island of Saghalian ; sea of Corea' or Japan, havmgManaslhuria, or Corea on the west' and on the ocean side the insular chain of Japan' The Yellow sea, or Whang-hai, (Eastern sea.l has China west, and the Loochoo chain and great island of Formosa as ocean barriers. Southward ftom Formosa^cxtends the comparatively immense Chinese sea, filling the space from the norlhern tropic loathe equator, 1,600 ms., with a mean breadth of at least 600 ms., and with its two gulfs of Tonqum and Siam spreading over rather more than a million of sq. ms., and having the Philip pine group east, Borneo southeast, and the exireme southern protrusion of Africa southwest. 77 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI Passing the peninsula of Malacca and the island of Sumatra, we enter the wide triangular Gulf of Bengal, having on N. lat. 8 0a breadth of 1,400 ms., but gradually narrowing northwardly, ter minates at N. lat. 23 0, and at the common estua- ary of the Ganges and Brahmapootra. Into this gulf protrudes the northwestern part of the island of Sumatra, which is again followed by the Nico bar and Andaman islands. On the southwestern side of the Gulf of Bengal the fine island of Ceylon seems a continuation of Indostan. The Arabian sea follows Indostan, opening into the Indian ocean between Cape Comorin and the African coast by a mouth 3,000 ms. wide, and extending north wards from N. Iat. 8 0, having Indostan N. E., Africa and Arabia SW., the coast of Beloochis- tanN,, Arabia, NW., and the extreme easiern Af rica W. From the Arabian sea protrudes, northeast ward of Arabia the deep Persian Gulf, terminating on N. lat. 30 0 by the estuary of the Euphrates; from the western side opens the Gulf of Aden, nar rowing to the Straits of Babel Mandeb, and then again opening into the long and narrow Red sea, wliich, stretching 1,400 ms. lo N. lal. 30 0, and within 60 ms. of the Mediterranean, completes, wilh the isthmus of Suez, our survey of the great outlines of Asia from the straits of Beering to the sea of Kara, or its eastern, southern, and western boundaries. On the northern side, though Asia has no inland seas to compare with those connected with the Pacific and Indian oceans, slill ils shore along tho Frozen ocean is much indented. The sea of Kara separates both Europe and Asia from the island of Nova Zembla, iind is rather more European than Asiatic. By a long peninsular elongation of the Uralian system, the sea of Kara is separated from the gulf of Oby ; the latter, truly Asiatic, is the re cipient of the immense volume brought down from the Altoian mountains by the Irtish and Oby unit ed. With another narrow intervening peninsula, the gulf of Oby is followed by that of the Yenisei, or Jenisey, receiving from the same remote regions of Altai a mass of water little, if any, inferior to that of the Oby. The sea of Kara and gulfs of Oby and Jenisey, with their intervening peninsulas, are all crossed by N. lat, 70 0. With the latter gulf, Ihe coast of Asia assumes a course rather N. of NE., about 600 ms. to the Cape Cevero Vostochnoi, or Tai- mura, N. lat. 78 0, the most norlhern extreme of the eastern continent. Eastward of Cape Taimu- ra, the coast of Asia inclines to SE. by E. lo the mouth of the river Anabara, and thence eastward lo the mouth of the large river Lena, and Ihence lo Beering's strait, with a slight inclination south wardly, the general course is eastward. It is an iiiteresting problem to compare the out line of Asia with that of America. The following tabular view was taken by steps of 200 ms. , of course rejecting ihe minute indentings of small bai/s and the projections of minor capes or head lands. Beering's straits to Cape Lopalka, or soulhern part of Kamschatka Around sea of Ochotsk lo mouth of Amur river . - - - - From moulh of Amur river to the southern point of Corea .Around the Whang-hai, or Eastern sea, to mouth of Yellow river - From mouth of Yellow river to point of Cambodia Point of Cambodia, around Gulf of Siam, to point of Malacca Point of Malacca to the moulh of the Ganges Mouth of the Ganges to Cape Comorin Cape Comorin to the mouth of the Indus - From mouth of the Indus to that of Euphrates Mouth of Euphrates lo straits of Ba-bel-Mandob From straits of Bab-el-Mandeb to head of Red sea Head of Red sea to NE. angle or bay of the Mediterranean Bosphorus, at Constantinople Along southern and eastern shore of Black, or Euxine sea Along Caucassian mountains to the Caspian Shores of the Caspian to mouth of the Ural river at or near Guricf Along Ural river and Uralian mountains to the sea of liara Kea of Kara lo Cape Ccv^sro-Vostochnoi, or Taimura From Cape Taimura to Beering's strait Entire outline of Asia SCMM,SRT. Eastern Asia, from Beering's strait to point of Malacca Southern Asia, from point of Malacca to straits of Bab-el-Mandeb Wesiern .\sia, from straits of Bab el-Mandeb to sea of Kara Northern Asia, from sea of Kara to straits of Beering Miles, 1,400 2,200 1,6001,600 2,400 1,400 2,000 1,500 1,400 1,400 3,400 1,.500 500 800 800 600700 1,800 1,000 2,600 29,600 10,600 8,700 6,700 3,600 29,600 78 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI In order to preserve connexion and to facilitate comparison, we here insert the outlines of America, commencing at the same point and measuring from the same method of 200 ms. slop, and avoiding minute entering and re-entering angles, Beering's strait to point of Alaska - - Point of Alaska to mouth of Columbia river Cape San Lucas from mouth of Columbia river - .Ground Gulf of California river to mouth of Santiago river Santiago river to bottom of the Gulf of Panama - - - - Gulf of Panama lo mouth of Guayaquil river - - - Guayaquil river to straits of Magellan Through straits of Magellan inlo Atlantic ocean - Straits of Magellan to moulh of the Plate river - Mouth of Plate river to Cape St, Roque - - - Cape St. Roque lo moulh of the Amazon - . . . Moulh of Amazon to that of Orinoco Mouth of Orinoco to bottom of the Gulf of Darien Gulf of Darien to mouth of Guasacualco river - Guasacualco to Rio Grande del Norte Rio Grande del Norte lo moulh of Mississippi Mouth of Mississippi to Florida point Eastern coast of North America from Florida point to St. Lawrence river Mouth of St. Lawrence, around Labrador, to bottom of James's bay Bottom of James's bay.to Bothier gulf - . . . Norlhern coast of Norlh America to McKenzie's river - . . MdCenzie's river to Beering's strait SUMMAIII. Western coast of North America Western coast of South America - - Eastern coast of South America Eastern coast of North America Norlhern coast of Norlh America - - > Miles. Miles. 1,300 l,.30O 2,500 3,800 2,000 5,800 1,800 7,600 2,200 9,800 800 10,600 4,000 14,600 400 15,000 1,400 16,400 2,700 19,100 1,200 20,300 1,100 21,800 1,400 22,800 2,200 25,000 600 25,600 800 26,400 700 27,100 2,600 29,700 2,400 33,100 1,600 33,700 1,200 34,900 1,200 36,100 - 9,800 - 5,200 - 7,800 - 9,300 - 4,000 36,100 Thus we find that America, with very nearly equal area, from its great length compared with its breadth, has a much greater perimeter than Asia. At a hasty glance, no strong general resemblance would appear between the two continents, but the more closely they are examined the more strongly do their analogies appear. Both continents spread fan-shaped to the north, and terminate in sharp angular points south. If with Asia we connect the islands of Aufstral Asia and the insular conti nent of Australia, (New Holland,) a general phy sical arrangement common to both becomes not only apparent but demonstrative. It is true the land connexion of Asia with Australia is broken inlo islands, but the insular chain of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombock, Flores, the Lamblem group, and Timor, in their range supply the place of the irregular isthmus between North and South Amer. ica. Il is also peculiarly remarkable that the insular range, connecting Asia and Australia, is almost exactly parallel to the isthmian connexion of America. Again : a line drawn from North Cape of Europe to Cape Howe, the southeastern point of Australia, is exactly parallel to one drawn from Icy cape, in North America, ranging along the western side of that continent, and wilh its general course passing along the American isthmus over the Gulf of Panama, and Ihenco over South America to the .Atlantic ocean, near the island of St. Catharine. Were we nol restricted by the ne cessary brevity of our articles, the list of these analogies could be greatly enlarged, but we may observe that the two latler lines deflect from the meridians 39 40. When'sketching the outlines of .Asia, we might, without any severt stretch of system, have traced another limit hy the Caspian sea and Elwend mountains, and thence to the common mouth of the Euphrates and Tigris, at the head of the Persian gulf, as the Caucassian countries westward from the Caspian sea, Armenia, .Asia Minor, Syri.n Palestine, and Arabia, have as much natural con'- nexion with Africa and Europe as with Asia. In reality, geographical science is entangled by con ventional subdivisions at variance with thbse of nature. Though compelled to speak of them as Asiatic, in what may be called an artificial sys tem, we shall treat the regions of Caucasus, El wend, and Arabia, as physically distinct. Arabia, African in characle'r, is detached from the residue of Asia by the Arabian or Persian gulf and Euphrates river, and from Africa by the Red sea. On the NW. it protrudes its deserts towards the Mediterranean. Though inhabited by people more or less civilized from the eariiest ages, the in terior of .Arabia remains but partially known. Having no deep bays or rivers of any consequence, and in great parf composed nf arid deserts, the usual 79 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI inciting causes of exploring a couniry is here want ing, whilst its forbidding asperities contribute to re pulse enterprises of war, commerce, or travelling. The extent has been estimated at 1,000,000 sq. ms. ; and, by inspection of good maps, this area appears to approach correctness. Arabian popu lation must he a mailer of excessively vague con jecture. The name by which this large land section of the earth is known in our books is found in the Jewish Scriptures. It may be doubled, however, whether it was ever general among its own inhab itants, many of whom call Beni Kitrim, or Son of the East; and they also call it adjectively Djezey- ret -el-Arab, or the peninsula of the Arabs. 'Turks, Persians, and some other neighboring nations, call it Arab-estan, or country of the Arabs. From the very dawn of history lo the present time the people ofthis region have been divided into Iribes moreor less mu tually hostile. Mahometanism rose in one of these tribes A. D. 623, and for a brief' period united them into one sovereignty, but the nature of the couniry and manners of the people were adverse to permanent union, ond therefore, politically speaking, it is very probsble Arabia differs little at present from its aspect during the reigns of Da vid and Solomon, (B. C. 1,056 to 975,) and for ages slill earlier. The sectarian divisions which rose in the first age of Islamism remain in existence, such as the Zeidites in Yemen, the Abadates in Oman, Schiites on the Persjan gulf, and the Messekhilites in Hedjaz. One general characicr seems to be inherent in the government of Arabian society — a kind of mingled patriarchal and military subjection to Imans ami Scheriffs. Innumerable tribes, partial ly sedentary and partly nomadic, as described in the Book of Genesis, still exist in primitive sim plicity. These tribes occasionally unite in a kind of republic, but except under the imme diate successors of Mahomet no other instance has occurred of a union in one body politic of all Arabia. From Ptolemy down to the present time the ac credited division of .Arabia has been in European works, inlo three parts: Arabia the Stony NW,, Arabia the Desert NE,, and Arabia the Happy SE. These divisions, founded on very vague data, serve to confuse instead of to instruct. From Ballii we give the following political divisions, de rived by that author from those in use by the na tives of the Hedjaz, or the country of pilgrimage, comprising tb,e whole southwestern part of the pen insula, the same as Arabia Petrea, or The Stony, of our mips lo the frontiers of Yemen. Oman com poses the eastern Arabia. Hesse, orEI-Aga, ex tends northwestward from Oman from the bottom of the Persian gulf to the mouth of the Euphrates ; and, lastly, Bahya, or Bar-Arab, as named by the Arabians themselves, comprises the immense inte rior desert. These divisions are, of course, very general and indefinite as to their interior lines of separation. Their origin is a loose application of physical feature--, and unsanctioned by any ac knowledged political boundaries. The great general sameness of ihis couniry, its as general sterility, and destitution of rivers, strip it of that interest excited by nature where clothed in a more attractive garb. Over a space so large 80 as Arabia, and admitting a considerable popula tion, it is curious, indeed, to find not a stream de serving the title of river. The great outlet of the Euphrates and its confluent rivers touch as under the name of Scat-el-Arab, but cannot be regarded an Arabian river. The mountains of Arabia are moderate in ele vation, nor can much of the country be called mountainous. The chains towards the wesiern coast appear to be granitic. Those in the SW., in the opinion of Niebuhr, have a volcanic character. If metallic matter, to any great amount, exist in these mountains it is neglected, perhaps unknown to a people nomadic and pas toral. Mecca and Medina, cities made famous by one of those men whose footsteps on the earth are loo deep to be efficed, will receive a brief notice in their places. Mascate or Muscat, in the south eastern part of Arabia, capital of Oman and of a Mahometan sovereignty of considerable political power, is now the most important city of that pen insula. It would answer no useful purpose lo swell our articles by giving names which most probably the natives themselves never heard pro nounced ; we therefore proceed to give Balbi's tabular statements, rendered doubtful in many re spects by himself. If on 1,000,000 sq. ms. there are 13,000,000 of people, the asperity of the coun try must be most palpably exaggerated in most%e- ographical works, and which we believe to be the case. Tabular view of the population and political di visions of the Arabian peninsula, changing sq. leagues to sq. ms. All Arabia 1,000,000 sq. ms., ppp. 12,000,000. Hedjaz, including Djeidah (Djudah) and Com- lida, pop. 47,000, with the cities of Jermbo, pop. 3,000; Medina 8,000, and Moileh 3,000. Yemen, comprising Sama, Beit el-Fakih, and Abon-Arich, wilh aggregate pop, of 37,000, Da- mar 30,000, Moku 7,000, and Aden 3,000. Hadramaout, or Hadramut, containing cities of Makalla, pop. 1,500, Sahar 1,500, Kechi n 3,000, Morebat 3,000, Terim 15,000, Chhibam 20,000, and Doan 3,000. Oman, containing the cities of Mascate, 60,000, Sohar or Oman, 10,000. Hese Hadjar, or El Haca, wilh the cities of Bahr al-Khyma, pop. 4,000, El-Katyf 6,000, El- Fouf or El-Hoghouf 15,000, El-Koneyl or Grain 10,000, and Lahsa or Hadjar 15,000. Bahia, or Bahr Aral, or Nedjed, cities Aneseh, pop.' 3,000, and El-Derreych 5,000. El-Dahna, the desert, with the principal noma dic tribes; Anasehs, pop. 200,000, Chararats 10,000, Wahabites 300,000, Beni-Szahhers 30,- 000, Mahoualy 30,000, and Amasehs 10,000. Bahrein islands, in the Persian gulf; Bahrein, pop, 15,000, Arad 5,000, Monaina 6,000, and Maharay 2,000. Syria and Palestine, forming one physical re gion, and that amongst the most remarkable of the eiilh. A chain of distinct though moderately el evated mountains embranch at N. lat. 33 0 from the great Caucassian syslem ; and assunfing a course of SSW., very nearly parallel to the easiern ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI coast of the Mediterranean, and within from 10 lo 40 ms, from that sea, terminates in Mount Sinai. The Orontes of the ancients, now the Aazyr, is the only stream of much consequence which flows from the western flanks of this mountain chain, the Lebanon of the Scriptures, and discharged inlo the Mediterranean. Onlthe eastern side the small streams' around Damascus and the Jordan of Palestine, though as rivers scarcely deserving names in a general view, deserve most serious attention from the causes which have given them celebrity, and from their being so highly characterislic of the physical section to which they belong. Of these interior rivers, the Jordan is discharged in the Lake of Asphaliiles or Dead sea ; which, if recent measurements are correct, is the deepest water surface of the earth. Besides the Dead sea there are numerous smaller lakes in the same region without issue to the sea. The whole of Syria and Palestine, being an embranchment of the arable physical section of Caucasus, a part of the former . stretches eastward of the Jordan and Dead sea, bul is followed to the eastward by the extension of the .Arabian deserts, as is Palestine towards Egypt. About N, lal. 31 30 terminates the arable land of both sides of the Dead sea. In length Syria and Palestine comprise about 5 0 lat., with a mean breadlh of at most 100 ms., area' 35,000 sq. ms. More space is usually as. signed to Syria, bul is only gained by including uncultivateable deserts towards the Euphrates. The eastern and southern parts are on every physical principle confounded with the Arabian sands. The Arabs, some few, are sedentary and agricul tural, but most of them are now as they were from the dawn of history, robbers. The inhabitants are mixed. The Turcomans and Koords congregate around Aleppo, and wander over Diarbeker. More south wardly the Druses, Metualis, Ansaries, Maronites, and others of lesser note, form independent tribes, continually more or less mutually hostile. Pales tine is occupied by Arabs, Turks, Jews, and a few Europeans. All these semi-barbarous tribes, diverse in language, manners, and religion, and without any political tie, are in a state of anarchy, which appears from past history to be irremedia ble. Yet this same singular couniry has at all times sustained an intrepid, intellectual, and most influential people. The parents of our arts, and still more of our religions, lived and died there, and their dust mingles with ils soil. Include wilh it Arabia, and on it rose, and on it still exist, the Jewish, Christian, and Mahometan re ligions. Turning our view to the norlh, we discover Scan deroon, or Alexandrettk, subjected lo earthquakes, one of which, as late as 1822, laid it in ruins. Antakiah, or Antioch, once the capital of the em pire of the Seleucdae, and in aftertimes of Roman Asia, rivalling Rome itself in population and wealth, scarce now preserves the skeleton of former grandeur. About 60 ms. eastward from Antakiah brings us to Aleppo, the entrep6t between the Mediterranean and Euphrates, still rich and flour ishing, though severely visited in 1822 by the same earthquake which ruined Antakiah. Hamer, higher up the Orontes, and 100 ms. from Antakiah, maintains the rank of a commercial city. This 11* place was the birth place of Abul-Feda, Arabian prince and geographer. One hundred ms. SW. from Hama, and on the Mediterranean, we find Tripoli, the Taraholis of the Orientals ; a city with a defective port, unhealthy vicinity, and popula tion of 16,000. At the eoslern foot of Mount Libanus, amidst a fertile plain, and watered by the Barady (Pharphai of the Scriptures) and numerous olher gushing channels, stands, if not the most, surely amongst the most, interesting cities of the earth, Damas, or Damascus, the El Cham of the Orientals. Damao was a city before Jertisalero', and through all the changes of thirty centuries, has remained a cily. Very different from other cities of Asiatic Turkey, it is clean, well built, streets paved, with paved side walks. Houses, streets, and walks occupied by 200,000 industrious, manufacturing, and com mercial people. It is an immense entrepdt, with monuments of architectpral grandeur and im posing construction, to give it rank with the finest cities of Europe. N, lat. 33 29, Ion. 36 25 E. of London. Sidon, which preceded Tyre, has iflso survived the once commercial queen ; the former still a town of 7 or 8,000 souls, the latler a poor fishing village. Of the maritime towns of Syria, the most impor tant at present is St. John D'Acre, formerly Ptolemais, about 100 ms. SW. from Damascus, and 80 NNW. from Jerusalem. This place, so famous in the Crusades, has gained recent celebrity from the calamities of war. We have already named the people of Syria, but may add a few observations more in detail. The Maronites, formed into a Christian sect in the seventh century of our era, named from the con vent of Saint Maron. Their doctrines partake of both the Roman and Greek churches, and is proba bly more primitive than either. Their priests are permitted to marry. They inhabit the district of Libanus, called Kesraoun, about lat. 34° N., and between Mount Lebanon and the Mediterranean sea. Southwardly from the Druses, and also between Mount Lebanon and the Mediterranean, reside the Druses, Mahometans, usually regarded, though in fact professors of no particular religion, and equally opposed to both Mahometans and Christians. Tho number of the Maronites and Druses have been each estimated at 120,000. The two chains of Libanus and Anti-Libanus advancing from N. to S,, gradually incline to the westward, and both terminate near the Mediterra nean sea, a litlle above N. lat. 33°, leaving a long ntirrow intervening valley, inhabited by the Metu alis, .Mahometans of the sect of Ali, and violently opposed to the Turks, from the combined motives of religion and politics. Passing Anti-Libanus in a southern direction, we enter Palestine, and find ourselves on the foun tains of the Jordan, the Charia of the Arabs, and in the ancient and fertile Galilee, now Saphat, or Szaffad, from its principal city, ,the ancient Belhu- lia. We are now on ground where every name is the text for a history. Crossing the Lake Gene- saret, or sea of Galilee, on our right we see Zaba- nia, once Tiberias ; and still farther in the same direction rises Mount Tobor, and behind it, con cealed in sycamores and olive trees, Nazareth, now 81 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI Nassa, still containing a population of 2,000. From this village the Saviour of mankind derives one of his titles. Mount Carmel lies behind, and before spreads the smiling plain of Esdrelon. From the Lake of Tiberias to the Dead sea, the Jordan pursues a general course very nearly S., having on its right one of the most fertile tracts of Palestine, and the Scriptural Sichem, Neapolis, now Naplous or. Sychar. Here every name calls us back to patriarchal days. Advancing slill south ward, and leaving the fertile plains, we are led into the gorges of arid mountains, and lo Jerusalem, the El-Kouds, or Beit-el-Mukaddes of the Arabians, and, along some of the gorges, to a distant view of the Dead sea and mountains of Moab. — See article Jerusalem. At 6 ms. S. of Jerusalem, on a mountain covered with olive trees and vines, stands Bethlehem, and to the E. of both of those cities, so deeply engraven on the history of the world, and in the deep vale between the mountains of Judea and Moab, extends the Dead or Asphaltic sea, — See Dead sea. About lat. 31° the mountainous range, which in ils ramifications forms the region comprising Syria and Palestine, terminates in deserts inhabited by Bedouins. Retracing our steps from the Arabian deserts, and onse more gaining the ranges of Mount Liba nus, we enter into one of the favored by nature of the physical sections of the earth ; which, taken in its full extent, reaches from the moulh of the Eu phrates to the Caspian sea, Caucassian mountains, and Euxine sea, and westward to the Bosphorus, Marmora, Hellespont, and Mediterranean. In lal. this region extends from 36° to 42° N,, and in lon. from 26° to 50° E. ofLondon, and containing al least 400,000 sq. ms. One of the ramifications of the great mountain range of southern Europe, interrupted by the Hellespont, rises in Asia, antl extending SE. by E. 600 ms,, partially ranging with the opposite coast of the Mediterranean, approaches within 50 ms. of that sea, in the ancient Cilicia. From this range declines two slopes; one, the smallest and nar rowest, towards the Mediterranean, drained by numerous short but rapid rivers, of which the only ones of much note are the Sarabat, ancient Her- mu8, and Meander, now Minder. The Euxine, or northern slope of Asia Minor, does not, in all Its extent, fall directly from the Caucassian mountains, as the cenire of that peninsula is one of those ele vated basins without oullel, comprising much of the ancient Lycia and Phrygia. Though spreading over more than Iwo.thirds of what is properly Asia Minor, and containing, with many lesser streams, the comparatively large rivers, ancieni Sangaria, now Sacaria, and ancient Halys, now Kizil Irmak, it is less celebrated, and perhaps less favored by nature, than is that descending in a lower latitude towards the Mediterranean, The mountain system we have noticed reaches and is traversed by the Euphrates river almost ex actly at N, lat. 38°, Before reaching the Euphra tes, the mountain system has commenced to incline to E. and NE. by E., and following the latter course 400 ms. eastward of the Euphrates, and sep arating the higher sources of that great river from those of the Tigris, reaches the high crown of Ar menia in the celebrated local summit of Ararat. 82 Traversed by numerous lateral chains, the country containing the higher sources of the Euphrates, Tigris, Aras, or Kur, and some small but rapid rivers flowing into the Euxine, is the most elevated part of the great region under review. As regards human residence, in an excursive view of the whole surface, we find the rivers Eu phrates and Tigris issuing from mounlains and fer tile vales. One of the most important cities of this great country, rich in metals, and exhibiting traces of extinct volcanoes, is Diirbeker, flourish ing by its manufactures of morocco and silk, and containing a population ^of 70,000 or 80,000. Mardin, 20 ms. SE. from Diarbeker, equally in dustrious, though wilh not more than one-third of the population. Orfa, by some authors supposed the Ur of the Chaldees and the Greek Edessa, still a cily of 40,000 or 60,000 inhabitants, industrious and commercial. Mousol, at N. lat. 36 30, and 350 'ms, lower down the Tigris than Diarbeker, and which gave name to one of its fabrics, muslin, occupies bolh sides of the river, and is united by a bridge of 16 arches; pop. about 16,000. Itis the entrepot of the adjacent region, Carsten Nie buhr regarded the eastern side of this city as the site of ancient Nineveh, If so, and probability is in favor of ils being so, it is one of the most an cient of cities. In its environs, on the mountain El-Kosh, rises the monastery of St. Mathew, the apostolic seat of the Catholic Nestorian patriarch, on whom depends the Christian population of 300 villages. If we cross the Tigris, we find ourselves in that country between that river and the Elwend (ancient Zagros) mountains, which derives its name from its inhabitants, the Kurds, Coords, or Curds, a nation who claim descent from the Uzbecs, and perjiaps are descended from a mixture of Parthians, Tartars, and Persians, The Koords are peculiarly warlike. Those of them who are within the Ottoman empire and west of the Elwend, are more sedentary than those in Persia, and though nominally subject to Turkey, are ruled by their own chiefs and laws or customs. Their country, peculiarly fertile, is pro ductive in rice, wheat, barley, sessamum, various frails and gall nuts, as also tobacco. On the fron tiers of Persia roam predatory and ferocious tribes. The only towns of note are Djezireh, on a sandy island of the Tigris, in very near mid-distance be tween Mousol and Diarbeker ; Djoulamerk, or Gi- alamerk, on the Zab, 80 ms. eastward of Djezireh ; Amadiah, about 100 ms. N. of Mousol, the capital of a principality which it is said can bring to the field 40,000 men, and in which stands upwards of 100 strong castles. There is, indeed, good reason to regard all Turkish Asia, including Koordistan, as offering, in a social and* political condition, a very strong resemblance to most of Europe about from 500 to 700 years past, if not to a much later period. Descending the Euphrates and Tigris below N. lal. 36 0, we behold them spreading from each other, and then gradually reapproaching, leaving between them as low down as lat. 34 0 an expan sion of the Arabian desert. The former river, in deed, below its great southeastern infiection near lat. 36 0, has the deserts along or near its banks through upwards of 700 ms. of the lower part of ils course. About 300 ms, above their junction, ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, ASI these two noble rivers leave the hilly regions, and, winding through alluvial plains, and opposite Bag dad, the intermediate space not exceeding 20 ms., is cut by natural and artificial channels. Bagdad, Ihe great and mysterious Bagdad, founded in A. D. 762 by Abu Jaafar al-Mansoor, the second .\bas- side Khalif, stands on the easiern bank of the Ti gris, at N, lat. 33 20, long. 44 24, E. of London about 70 ms.', N. of Hillah, on the Euphrates, and 300 ms, NW. of Bassa, on the Shat-elArab. Bagdad was, from its foundation until taken by the Mongols in 1258, the seal of the most powerful empire then in wesiern Asia, rich, flourishing, and commercial, and the seat of arts and sciences, and which still retains a populalion of 80,000 or 100,- 000, and is still the principal entrepot of these re gions. Hillah, on the Euphrates, contended for by many writers as occupying the site of Babyloii, is a city of some 15,000 or 20,000 inhabitants, and con siderable commerce. We are here on ground which, it is probable, in the long course of ages has been every part occupied by towns and cities, and was no doubt more flourishing 3,000 years past than at present. Below the junction of the Eu phrates and Tigris, the united stream is called by the people of the country Shat-el-Arab, and re ceives from the Elwend and Louristan mountains two considerable confluents, the Haweeza Ahwas, {Ulai of the Prophet Daniel,) and the Karoon, On the right hank of the Shat-el Arab, and about 60 ms, above the Persian gulf, stands the import ant city of Bassora, Bassa, or Bussorah, with a population of 60,000. Before leaving the important region we ^have been reviewing, we cannot repress some reflections on the now barbarous condition of its people, and ' how much natural advantages may he vainly and profusely spread when man is not prepared to ren- j der them available. Here are connected countries containing more area than do all the British islands, i . France, and Spain, which latter, taken together, [ contain a population of 75,000,000 to 78,000,000. 1 Were Ihii great physical section of western Asiai^-'^*'' as well peopled, at least 80,000,000 of inhabitants! would exist upon ils surface. It ought, from its | soil, climate, fine rivers, and admirable, position between Asia, Europe, and Africa, to command the eastern continent. But blasted by war, reli gious fury, and misgovernmentof every kind, mis ery and barbarism reigns from age to age. Stupid tyranny in the Turkish rulers; excursions of bar barous, ferocious, and even savage bands, maintain enduring uncertainty of the present and future, which we may regard as an insuperable obstacle to even incipient prosperity. Disorder and weakness for good, but powerful for evil, characterises every branch of administration. Oppression and fer mentation in the provinces ; bands of robbers on every road ; insurrection on every quarter ; ambi tious and powerful neighbors; disunion of society every where prevailing ; and, finally, no power of repressing wrong in existence — such is the politi cal condition of one of the tracts most abundantly supplied by nature which exists on our planet. Though we cannot make ourselves accountable for its entire accuracy, we give,, as the best at tainable, the following tabular view of Asiatic Turkey : Turkey in Asia — area, 480,000 sq. ms. ,• popu lation, 12,000,000. ANATOLIA OR ASIA laiNOK. Provinces or Fachalica, Chief towns. Pop. ANATOLIA - Kouuiah 60,000 Brusa 60,000 Ghuzel.Hissar 30,000 AntaliaorSutalieh 20,000 Afiomn-Kara.HiBSar 60,000 Angora 26,000 Kastamouni - 12,000 ADAJS'A Boli Adana 6,0006,000 2,000 30,000 CAKAMANIA Konieb Ak-Shehr 10,000 Ak Serai 15,000 Nikde 5,000 KirShehr 3,000 Kaisarieh 5,000 MARACII Marach 3,000 Ain-tab 20,000 Kara 2,of latitude. The elevation of the land, and the snows, (he should have added pre vailing wesiern winds,) which for the greater part of the year prevail on the central mountains, of Asia, contribute to produce this difference of tem perature. 'The extremes of heat and cold are much greater at Pekin than al Madrid, though the latitude is much the same." If the latitude is nearly the same, the relative height above the ocean, of the two cities, is very different. Madrid is on ground at least 1,800 feet above the ocean, whilst it is not probable that the site of Pekin is one-sixth of that elevation; therefore, as far as height is concerned, Madrid ought lo be several de grees colder than Pekin. But, though lower as regards the earth's surface, the cold at Pekin, and of course the winter, is more severe than at Madrid. "At Pekin there are, properly speaking, but two seasons, winter and summer. According to Father Amyot, the mean term of the greatest heat is 121° Fahrenheit ; and that of the greatest cold, 63° below zero; the mean temperature of the year, 55°," "Thongh, as Italy, Corea is expo-sed to a very cold climate. This is produced, as some have sup posed, by mountains, which, however, cannot be the cause of difference, since Italy is also moun tainous ; bat because the Corean mountains are higher, and the physical position altogether differ ent from that of Italy. In eflect, Itoly is sheltered from northern winds by the Alps and their prolon gation ; and more, are separated from these moun tains by the valley of the Po, and on the NE. by the sea, whilst nothing similar is presented by the relative situation of Corea, which latter peninsula is exposed on the NE. to all the influence of the sea of Japan, which communicates with those of Jesso and Ochotsk ; and to the N. there is nothing to shelter Corea from the winds coming from the high mountains of Asia. What we here state, ap plies particularly to the norlhern part of Corea, where the surface, during winter months, lies bulled under deep and durable snows. ThO south ern part is exposed to very high temperature."* — And also to a very low one, ought to have been added. In these extracts we have some important truths staled, but to account for the phenomena, we have a most glaring confusion of ideas. In respect to relative position on their respective continents, great difference is slated to exist between Italy and Corea ; whilst a single glance on a map of the earth is sufficient lo show that very few, if any other two physical sections of the earth, have more in com mon. 'They stajid on opposile sides of the conti- ?Larenaudiere, BalBi, and Knot's geography, vol. 2,, p, 153, ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI nenl, but in range, relatively and specifically, they are in a very prominent degree similar. But, in the extracts, Italy is represented as having a mild climale, because in one direction it is sheltered from mountains by tho sea ; and, on the contrary, Corea is very cold, because in the same NE, direction it is exposed " to the seas of Japan, Jesso, and Ochotsk." The difference of climate between Italy and Cores, ond that between Spain and norlhern China, is no doubt correctly drawn. The causes, however, could not have been clearly, if at all, known lo the writer. Those causes are in them selves common to both the great continents of the northern hemisphere of the earth. — See article Climate. If, in fine, we engrasp the whole easiern conti nent in one sweep of vision, we have before us, from the extreme southeastern part of Asia to the soulhwestern of Europe, a chain of deep gulfs and inland seas, with intervening large protruding pe ninsulas. This chain of alternate land and water extends very nearly, at right angles, to the extreme southeastern and northwestern coasts. In the in terior of the continent the systems of mounlains, bolh longitudinal and transversal, obey in a re markable manner similar directions. Examining and comparing the opposing coasts, bolh we behold are indented by deep inland seas and lined by nu merous islands and peninsulas. Carry your exam ination closer, and you will find both extremes of the continent drained by many large, and a very great number of smaller rivers ; you will find the soil of each extremi productive, habitable, and densely inhabited. You will every where on these extremes find marks and monuments to show a long established and high degree of civilization. What at a cursory glance would appear doubtful, would, however, by inspection on a general map, be found correct, is that, along N. lat. 40°, from the eastern shores of Japan to the westernmost of Spain, the Imaus, or Beloor mountains, is almost exactly on the mid. distance between the extremes. This discovery will naturally call attention lo the range of the Beloor system, and lead on to another very important fact in physical geography. Ex amining the Beloor southward, or following its general range in Ihat direction, it will be found crossing the Kuen-Luen and Himalaya, and in the Suleiman range, continued W. of the Indus, to the Indian ocean. Returning to the proper Beloor,. and advancing northwards, it will be found to pass and throwing off the 'Thian Chan lo the E. and pass and touching the Altaian, turn lo the NW. under the name of Algydim Shalo, reach and be continued to the Frozen ocean under the name of Ural. Thus combining the parts of this remark able system, we find it extending form the Indian to the Froien ocean, and from the norlhern tropic to near the Arctic circle, in a direction with some intermediate inflections, almost exactly N. and S,, and not crossed by a single stream, great or small. Including Austral .4sia, Australia, and the eastern islands of Asftt, with that part of the lalter conti nent eastward of the Beloor, it will be found that this system divides the easiern continent inlo two very nearly equal sections of something above 15,000,000 ofsq. ms. each. Crossing bolh the Beloor and Himalaya oblique ly, extends an immense desert zone, which on the NE. commences in Mandshuria, and including Mongolia in its greatest extent; interrupted only by the well-watered countries near tho Himalaya and Beloor, hut spreading wide in Persia, hardly interrupted by the southern extreme of the Eu phrates' basin ; sweeping thence again over Arobia, is crossed in comparative narrow lines by the Red sea and Nile basin ; and thence, spreading over northern Africa, forms the immense Sahara lo the Atlantic ocean. Wtlh such slight interruptions, this zone of desert extends through 140° of Ion,, separating from each, by wide spaces, the two great productive and habitable regions already noticed. The long cultivated tracts, the abodes of civiliza tion on each side of this desert zone, do not in the aggregate differ materially in extent, and, as may be seen under various articles, very essentially in estimated population. Nor do the extremes dif fer in climate according to latitude. The climates of southern China and northern .\frica do not greatly differ in mean temperature. 'The mid-land and northern provinces of China, are exposed to extremities of cold, altogether unknown on wesiern Europe, on lots, of 10, 12, 15, and even on the coasts, 20° higher lat. The mountain systems, deserts, prevailing winds, and other phenomena noticed, being permanent features, ever have, and ever must coeval wilh their existence, not simply influence, but determine the relative destiny of man on this planet. The great extent of Asia, its most prominent physiognomy, its easiern Mediterranean seas, and ils insular groups, which we have thus briefly sur veyed, present to us several physical sections, which, commencing on the NE., we take in order, and first : * Mandshuria, nearly commensurate with the basin of the Amur, though embracing also a nar row slope towards the Japan sea, and on the south ward reaching to the Yellow sea, and there bound ing on Corea. Its general limits are Kingham^ mountams on the W., Stanovoy mountains and sea of Ochotsk N., channel of Tartary, or La Peyrouse straits, and sea of Japan E., and S. by Corea and China. General length 1, 100 ras. from the Yellow sea to the Stanovoy mountains and ^^^' of Ochotsk ; mean breadth, at least 700 ms. ; area, 770,000 sq. ms. ; extreme lats., 40 and 55° N. In comparalive geography, this extent rather exceeds that of wesiern Europe, from a line drawn from the head of the Gulf of Venice lo the mouth of the Vistula, including the British islands. Compared with the territory of the United Stales, Mandshuria about equals the area eastward of the Mississippi river to the mouth of Illinois, and thence with the latler river and Lake Michigan. The Mandshures are of the 'Tongoosic race, con- generate wilh the Chinese, and for nearly two cen turies past have been the ruling people in China. On a space so great, however, as that included under the general name of Mandshuiia, different nations and languages must exist; but, as in Europe, the whole population of the former evince by form, feature, and color, a common family. The Mandshures have a more direct resemblance to the Mongols than have the Chinese, as in com mon appearance they appear as a mixed people be tween their two congenerate nations ; and, in re- 93 ASI 'GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI gard lo civilization, their relative character would give them a similar place. By Europeans, the people of this great region are called Mant-Choo- 'Tartars, with an absurdity rendered glaring by a single glance on a map. Western Mandshuria and Tartary are separated by a distance as great as that from the latter into France and Spain, whilst in features of race the diflierence is still more ex- treine. It is probable that the term Mantchoo is itself an epithet ; the people call themselves Oven. Palas, as quoted by Malte Brun, observes in his Memoirs on the Mongolic nations, "TheDaoor- ians are Mantchoos mixed wilh Mongols. Several tribes, such as the Dutcheri, on the banks of the Amoor, about the middle of its course, the Solons, on the Argoun, and others, seem to differ only in slight marks of civilization. The Mantchoos, under the name of Nieutchg, Kefore the twelfth century, subjugated the Leaos, or Khitans, to whom they had been before tribu tary. In 1115 they invaded the norlh of China, and there founded the dynasty of Kin, and from whence they were expelled by the Mongols, in the thirteenth century. The dynasty of Ming, found ed in China 1368 by 'Tehu-Yuen-Tchang, or, as better known lo us Ijy the name of Hong-Yoo, rose on the ruins of the empires of Zingis-Khan and that gf the Mantchoos. The founding of this dynasty restored China lo more than former gran deur ; and the family of Hong-Voo held the scep tre until 1640, Then commenced that revolution which eventuated in once more placing the norlh ern over the southern branch of their common race, and commencing the reigning dynasty of 'Tching. Zun-Chin, the last emperor of the pre vious dynasty of Ming, had given dissatisfaction lo his subjects, and a rebellion rose in the province of Selchoun, under a rebel Licongtse. The emperor and family perished, A war had waged for some time before with the Manlchoos, and an able Chi nese general (Usanguey) was then on the northern border of China, but, so far froih submitting to the usurjler, offeVed peace and the throne of China to the Mantchoo general on condition of aiding him to punish the murderer of his sovereign. The con ditions were accepted and fulfilled. After a war of several years, Licongtse was defeated, dethroned, and put to death. The Mantchoo general died be fore the contest was determined; bul, in 1649, his son (Chunchie) was placed on the Ihrone; hiS reign was, however, one of war and confusion ; but his death, in 1661, gave the Ihrone to the greatest man who has ruled China since the reign of Hong- Voo, Kong-Hi, who sat on the Ihrone 62 years, and died in 1723. 'The short reign of Yong-Tching closed in 1735, and gave the crown to Kien-Lung who bore it 62 years. Before their conquest of China, if we can with any propriety call it a conquest, the Mandshures were a civilized and agricultural people, and living under written laws. Much more warlike, though greatly inferior in number and the arts of civilized life to the Chinese, we need not be surprised to find the Mantchoo power sunk into Chinese. 'Their dynasty has already greatly exceeded the mean period of those of China, and now in con test with far the most formidable invadeis with which they had ever to contend, sweeping revolu tions are fat more than probable. 94 On our maps and in our hooks, Mandshuria is represented as distinct from China, though subject to the same sovereign.. This has, however, not been politically the case for nearly a century past. In the reign of Kien-Lung, Mandshuria was form ed into three extensive provinces — Ching King, Hing-King, and He-Loung-Kiang, all declared parts of as incorporated wilh China : thus forming one empire. Southwardly from Mandshuria, westward of Japan, and east of the Yellow sea and of China, protrudes the peninsula of Corea, called by the Chinese Kaoli, and by the Mantchoos Solho, is only tributary to and not a part of China. It is ruled by 'its own hereditary monarchs, but who re ceive their investiture from Pekin. In its interior administration, therefore, Corea is an independent sovereignty. According to Hamel, it is much more densely populated than China, and on an area of 88,'r50 sq, ms. sustains a population of 1.5,000,000, or 170 to ihe sq. m. In manners, customs, and appearance, the Coreans differ little from the Chinese, though the language of the two countries differ materially. Passing the Yellow sea and great wall, we enter theancient and immense China. Bul before speak ing, of this truly interesting region, let us pause upon the most stupendous production of human labor, and the only one of all the ^works of man which forms a land-mark on a map of the earth — the great wall separating China from Mandshuria and part of Mongolia, and by its extension Corea from Mandshuria. Jt is to diminish our concep tions of this great work lo stale its commencement on the Yellow sea. In its original stale, the wall extended from the moulh of the Yalo river, in a NJVW. direction, 200 ms,, to meet another wall, which reached from the eastern branch of Soon garia river to' the western sideof Ihe Yellow sea, 400 ms. These more eastern, perhaps less massive, walls joined on the Yellow sea, that one called by pr* eminence the great wall. 'Thus taken together they commence, by a stupendous abutment on the western side of the Yellow sea, and from Ihis point stretch their gigantic arms ; the Mandshurian and Corean to the NE, and E,, and the Chinese lo the W. The latler traversing plains, high njoun- laiiis, deep valleys, and rapid rivers, until it finally terminates on the high table land of Mongolia, af ter a length of between 1,300 and 1,400 ms. along the mean latitudes of 39 and 40°. Adding to gether the three sections of this truly surprising production, the aggregate length falls but litlle short of 2,000 ins. Since the union of China and Mandshuria, and the extension of Chinese power over Mongolia, the walls have, in losing their importance, went to decay ; but enough remains, and for countless ages must continue to remain, to attest the dense populalion and resources of an cient China. A review of the Chinese walls intrudes upon us the reflection that these walls, their relative posi- lion and historical connexions, all tombine to ex hibit an astonishing resemblance between the an cient political relations of Rome and China. Each had more northern and more warlike nations to press upon ; and each, after the struggles of ages, with the aid of numerous armies and long and massive walls, resisted their enemies, but both ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI were subjected in the end. In this comparative view there are two circumstances in their history greatly in favor of China. 'The Asiatic empire much longer resisted their invaders than did the Romans. The Romano-Itahan people mingled wilh and lost their identity in great part amongst tho Celtic and Teutonic masses. New languages were formed on the peninsulas and islands of west ern and southern Europe. New names of places were adopted and applied to new political divisions. In Asia, the passive Chinese yielded to tho political sway, but never to any great amount mingled with the more warlike Mantchoo. 'This non-amal gamation was in a great degree attributable to the overwhelming superiority of numbers on the side of the Chinese, since in their general character, and probably language, the two nations did not, il is probable, differ more, if so much, from each other as do many of the now existing European nations united under one sovereignty. China proper comprises that immense slope of SE. Asia between the Yellow sea on (he N. and gulf of Tonquin S,, and between the 'Tung-Hay or F.astern sea and Chinese sea E., and the desert table land of .Mongolia W. Beside innumerable smaller rivers, China is drained on the extreme NE, by the Peiho, and thence S. and W. by the two vast central rivers Hoan-Ho, or Yellow river, and Yanglse-Kiang, or Blue river. 'The moun tain system of liuen-Luen terminates between the Yellow and Blue rivers, about 300 ms. above their mouths, inlo Whang-hay, or easiern sea. Not so the Himalaya, which crosses southern China and terminates only on the channel of Formosa, leav ing all the fountains of the Blue river to the N., but passing the Himalaya, we are in the valley of the Hong-Ki Ang, or river of Canton, which, ¦ were it not on the maps between the Blue and May-Ki-.-Vng rivers, would itself be regarded a great river. From its western to extreme eastern sources, the river of Canton is 800 ms. in length, along the mean latitude of the norlhern tropic, and just S. of that latitude, opening into the fine and so renowned bay of Canton, of about 80 ms, in length and 50 ms. in breadth. Hong-Kiang is the last of the great rivers of this slope, which is altogether within the limits of China. The Lisein Kiang, a river of from 500 to 600 ms, of couise, rises -with the Hong-Kiang, in the province of Yunan, but assuming a southeastern course, leaves China, and crossing Tonquin, falls into the gulf of the same name, by several months. Wilh very liltle departure from fact, China proper extends from 20 to 40° N., and from 93 to 124° E. of London. As regards relative longi tude wilh the Uniti'd Slates, the two countries lie very nearly on opposite sides of the globe, and in not very different latitudes. With a rude approach to a circle, the mean diameter of-China a little ex ceeds 1,200 ms,, and the area safely calculated at 1,300,000 sq, ms. Amongst the problems which divide geographers, and render iheir science uncer tain, none is more discrepant in results than the one on the population of China. Under its own particular head we shall give more detailed tabular views; in this place we may observe, that if we give credit to their own document, (and why should we not 1) China contains an aggregate population exceeding 350,000,000. We have two Slates of the United States, which, taken together, com prise an area of 12,500 sq. ma,, and an aggregate populalion of 1,047,700. These States are Mas sachusetts and Connecticut, which, by the preced ing element, contains a distributive population of 80 to the sq. m. Were China only peopled as dense, the amount would then be 104,000,000. Il cannot, however, be any violence lo probability to allow to China a population three-fold more dense, 'The excessive population of China, five conluric's past, was noticed and recorded by Mark Paul. China, wilh no interruption from war, which could in any manner worthy noiice affect population, has had, since the Mandshurian dy nasty was established, near two centuries to culti vate the arts of peace. During the last 2,000 years, according to statements found in native writers, the population never fell much below 50,000,000. 'The following dota is taken from the records of actual enumerations : In the 1st century of our era 59,600,000 A. D. 740, under the Tang dynasty - 48,144,000 A. D. 1393, under Hongvoo, ('Tshu- Yuen-Chang) - - - 60,546,000 A. D. 1491, under Hiao-Tsong 53,281,000 .A.. D, 1578, under Van-Lie 61,000,000 European geographers and statistical writers have evinced a disposition, difliicnit to account fur, to underrate the population of China. Martucci resident many years in China, gave the populalion in 1790 at 143,000,000. Mr, Thomas, an English merchant, also long resident in China, allowed 146,000,000. Abel Reniusal, again a resident of severul years in China, gives 140,000,000. Adrian Balbi estimates 170,000,000. Lord Macartney, Sir George Staunton, and others attached to the British embassy to China in 1793, stales, from Chinese authorities, a popu lation of 333,000,000 ; and Malthus and Moreau de Jonnes have adopted the latter estimate. The most recent authorities more than sustain the high est estimates, and raise the aggregate population lo at least 360,000,000. Confining our views lo China proper, and allowing to il an area of 1,300,000 sq, ms. and an aggregate population of 300,000,000, the distributive population would then be 230 to ihe sq. m. If again we allow to ihe whole empire a superficies of 6,500,000 sq. ms., and 360,000,000 of inhabitants, the distrib utive population will be only 55 to the sq. m,, which is far within the limits of credibilily ; the more, as in this estimate are included the very densely populated provinces of China proper. Whatever may have been the former or present population of China, that^ couniry, from all con current testimony, held one of the earliest civilized families of mankind. The advance of the Chi nese, according lo our idea-Si has been slow ; and in the higher branches of science they are no doubt far behind the Europeans and their colonies ; but even in science ihey are far in advance of the Europeans four centuries past. On the math. ematical sciences the Chinese are prevented from progressing, by an obstacle, let it exist where it may, to all human improvement anywhere; that is an opinion that they have already made suffi cient progress. We cannot, however, easily over rate the merit ot the Chinese in works of general -95 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI utility, or what provides for the wants and com forts of life. Their superiority in the fabrication of 'Certain stuffs. Their dying on cloth -and on porcelain can only be compared wilh their care and skill in the construction of canals, roads, and bridges; levelling down elevations and making of gardens. The art to produce, prepare, and weave silk into the finest stuffs, is amongst them lost in the morning mist of time. Their colton cloths are every where admired, and have sustained their re nown for ages. Their household utensils are re markable for lightness, simplicity, and solidity. From the earliest stages of their history they could forge and manufacture metals, make musical in struments, and cut and polish the hardest of the precious stones. The polarity of magnetized iron was known in China more than twenty centuries past. Engraving on wood, and as a natural pro cess, stereotype printing were known and practised there 900 years ago. They have almanacs in their libraries executed in this manner, and thus ancieni. Gunpowder, and other inflammable explosive sub stances, for the purposes of war and artificial fire works, were known in China somecenturies before either known or used for similar purposes in Europe. May we not grant the probability of a suppositisn of Abel Remusat, that bombs and lancing of large stones, the art of performing which they used against and communicated to the Mongols in the thirteenth century, may have come from the Chi nese into Europe in the succeeding century ? The Chinese nation possesses the virtues and vices, or, in other words, the qualities of a people habituated, from time immemorial, to implicit obe dience, and who have been agricultural, manufac turing, and mercantile from the earliest ages. This vast people have their individual character. Be yond the reach, or at least coeval wilh their history, knowledge was held by them in the highest honor. Far more free than was the common lot of Asiatic nations from military despotism, and ignorant of the odious distinction into castes, the very base of civilization in Indostan, China presents the image, comparatively, of a happy country, when ils con dition is contrasted with surrounding nations. Eu ropean authors have in general evinced reluctance in receiving evidence in favor of China as regards its arts, civilization, institutions, and government. We may, indeed, admit something for coloring on the part of men who have resided in China, and still much will remain undeniable to attest the soundness of principles which have supported ihis great people through a period of time more than equal to that which the people of the western side of the same continent have oppressed history by ihefr revolutions. " Filial piety,'' says Remusat, " is particularly held large portion of power. This natural course onco» entered on, the effects followed, giving authority to the hand which held the sword, until in 1585 the two powers in the State were fully separated, all civil and militory authority vested in the Djogoun, and the Dairi left lo the care of religious affairs. 'Two religious systems exist harmoniously in Japan. The most ancient is the Siouto, or reli gious and philosophical compounded system of Confucius. The second, which was introduced into Japan aboul the first century of the Christian era, is the system of Boudha. Amalgamated wilh the Sioutu are innumerable superstitious customs, favorable to monkish establishments. In speaking of the national character of the Japan ese, travellers have perpetrated their usual contra dictions. 'They have represented this people as proud, suspicious, false, and vindictive, and in the next sentence, perhaps, as temperate, active, polished, and courageous. They agree on their honesty and integrity, and that no people can be less inclined to pilfering. The Japanese have, perhap.s, of all people, the least fear of death. State crimijials are compelled to open their own bowels, or subject their relations to indelible dis grace. 'The Japanese are at once skilful and elegant manufacturers. Their silk and cotton stuff's are much admired, as is their beautiful porcelain. 'Their interior commerce is very flourishing; and, to give it facility, the Government maintains ex cellent roads over the whole extent of the empire. These roads are watered during the heats of sum mer, and all this amongst a people to which the European writers generally regard themselves greatly superior in the arts of life. Though under the influence of a government as despotic, if not more so, than is that of China, the Japanese are, in their manners, more manly, open, free, and independent, than any nation of conti nental Asia. 'The Chinese have bent before the storm of invasion, and, it is but just to say, have regained an erect posture when the pressure had exhausted ils force. 'This was peculiarly the case in Ihe occurrence of the Mongol invasions. Those fierce barbarians com|ileted the conquest of China in 1267, and, after long preparation, invaded Ja pan in 1281. We have, in Amyott's work from Chinese authors, a full account of this expedition. According to this authority, tho Mongols, Chinese, and Coreans, formed a combined army exceeding 11)0,000 inen, of whom, from storms and the svi'ords of the Japanese, there were scarce a suffi cient number who escaped death to relate the fato of the great body. Since the destruction of tho Mongols and their allies or tributaries in this for midable attempt, a period of 560 years has passed, during which no foreign force has dared to insult Japan. These brave islanders have been left lo decide their own disputes, or live in peace, as tho case may be, through upwards of five and a half centuries, an example standing alone in the histo. lory of our planet. Since the revolution in 1585 Japanese vessels no longer visit the harbors of Co rea, Mandshuria, China, or India. The empire may be said lo possess no marine ; and, insulated and isolated, these islanders remain sequestered 99 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI within their own shores, and those of the nation who voluntarily go beyond the bounds of the em- • pire are exiled forever, as death awaits if ever again found within its limits. Japan thus presents a spectacle altogether unparalleled of a civilized people, amounting to perhaps above 30,000,000, to whom the other nations are as if on a different orb. The Dutch, under the most severe restric tions, are permitted an annual commercial visit to Nangasaki, in the island of Kiusiu, and are the only foreigners permitted lo touch the empire. Separated by only a narrow sea, centuries have elapsed without any, except a very limited, inter communication between Japan and any of ils con generate nations on the continent of Asia. This exclusive system may, indeed will be, called one of wisdom or folly, according to the preconceived ideas of those called upon to decide its character. There are,however,suggeslionsexci ted by the histo ry of European connexions wilh Easiern Asia, which go far to support the soundness of Japanese policy. When the Christian mis.^ionaries first followed or accompanied the Christian sailors, soldiers, and merchants, into Indostan, they opened the road to military invasion, conquest, aod subjection. Have we not every reason to conclude that such would have been the case in China and Japan, had not these two Tongoosic nations prudently shut their gates'! Are we not justifiable in forming another conclusion : which is, lhat if, since the beginning of the fifteenth century, when the Europeans first reached with iheir ships, the seas ol India, China, and Japan, they had conducted themselves, when in those regions, with humanity, justice, and due respect, towards the various people and their gov ernment, laws, customs, and opinions, that travel ling and intercourse of every kind would now be as free and unrestrained amongst Asiatic nations as it is in Europe ? In brief, the Europeans want ed nothing but honesty, humanity, and prudence, to have opened Eastern .\sia lo Europe, and to have reunited China, Corea, and Japan, in rela tions of amity and civilized intercourse. May wo not add that the same sinister causes which have obstructed the accomplishment of objects so be nign, have also closed those immense regions, em pires, kingdoms, and nations, wilh their countless millions of inhabitants, to the light of Chiristianity ? When they first opened their missions, and pro claimed themselves as apostles of the gospel, the European missionary met no serious impediment, but what arose from difference of language, in any part oC eastern Asia. But loo many of them preached peace while, wilh concealed swords, they were grasping at power, and were detected, ban ished, and excluded. Smaller insular groups belonging to China, and inhabited by tribes of the yellow race. We may close this part of our general sketch of Asia by noticing the insular chain extending from Japan — indeed a continuation of that great chain already noticed, of which Japan itself is only a part. There is a chain of islands long known lo exist, but partially, however, delineated on our maps. It is only recently that this chain has ex cited much attention on the part of European nav igators. Under the different enunciations of a native name, this chain has been named Lieikiou, IQO Lieu-Kieu, but now more commonly, and more suitable to our idiom, Loo-Choo. From the most recent information, the Loo-Choo islands are trib utary to China, but, like Corea, ruled by native chiefs and laws. Similar to the Japanese and Chinese, the Loo-Chooans are highly, civilized, and also, like their congenerate nations, in great part ignorant of the fountain-head of their own history. The Loo-Choo islands became known to the Chinc-se about the beginning of the seventh century of our era, but were not made tributary lo China until in the fourteenth century; and il ap pears that Ihe dependence falls lightly on the is. landers. 'They were dimly seen by Kaempfer in 1G91, but could scarce he regarded as known to Europeans until in the last century. 'The inhab ited islands already placed on our maps amount lo about from thirty to forty ; but, from well-aulhen- ticaled accounts, there are numerous others on which, it is probable, no European foot was ever placed. 'The main Loo-Choo, which gives name to the whole group, is about 70 ms, in length, but comparatively narrow, and, like most of the others of the same range, bordered by islels otcoral and steep and rugged rocks; middle lat. 26^ N,, and about 350 ms, E, of the provinces of Fuhkien and Chekiang, in China, One and the principal cause why these islands have remained so httle known is their ex treme difficulty of approach, though good harbors exist between lhe*openings of their rocky shores. When once reached, voyagers give glowing pic tures of their beauty, 'J'heir hills and mounlains are described as in their ramifications forming the most smiling slopes and vales, where the richness of vegetation is brought into activity by a most happy climate, between the northern tropic and N. lat. 30. 'The most enchanting landscapes fol low on every side, with mountain steeps covered wilh fir, as in Norway, and vales decorated by the orange and mulberry. Agriculture furnishes to commerce lea, pepper, ginger, and other articles. The Chinese boast of having civilized these island ers, which is doubtful, as their language is tho same or a dialect of the Japanese. 'The emperor Kanghi, in 1720, founded a library in the main island, and at Zieuly, tbe capital of the kingdom, caused a temple to be built in honor of Confucius, and introduced the now prevailing religion of Fo, The physical qualities of the Loochooans!, as well as their language, bespeak descent rather from Japan and Corea than from China. Formosa, so called by the Portuguese from the beauty of its vegetation and softness of ils climate, is an island of Asia, to the eastward from Fuhkien and Quangtung, in China, separated by the strait which unites the Tung-Hay and Chinese seas. This island is traversed by the northern tropic, and named Thaiwan by the Chinese ; is 260 ms, long from S. to N., and in form of an elongated ellipse ; averages about 60 ms. wide, and compri ses an area of at least 15,000 sq. ms. It is trav ersed in ils greatest length by a mountain chain, rising in one peak, if not more, to the height of perpetual snow. It is but partially peopled by the Chinese, who appear not to have known of its existence before 1430. The indigenous inhabit ants resemble, by teint and physiognomy, the Malays. It was as late as 1683 lhat the emperor Kanghi declared Formosa an integral part of his ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASi empire ; and up to the present time the authority of China is ralher nominal in Formosa, The lengih of Formosa, stretching from S. to N., and its mountains following a similar direc tion, must give very different climates to the sp- posite sides. The Formosan mountains are of volcanic origin, and the whole island as late as 1782 was shaken and ravaged by an eaithquake. Formosa evidently belongs to the physical range of which Japan, Loo-Choo, and Philippines are sections. , Following the scries of islands along ihe south eastern coast of Asia, we must include Hainan, though utterly unconnected with the groups we have been surveying. 'The soulhwestern part of the Chinese province of Quangtung is projected southward by a peninsular point, which, with a narrow sirait intervening, is followed by the island of Hainan, which, translated from Chinese, is "south island of the sea." Itis about 150 ms. long, mean breadth 75, and area 11,250 sq, ms. ; cent. lat. 19° N, This is the extreme southern part of China. 'Though subjected to China for about 1,700 years, and though assimilated in dress, manners, and language, the physical structure of the two people differs so essentially as to argue a different origin. Situated between N, lat, 18 and 20°, constant summer prevails over Hainan, ex cept where some central mountains counteract tropical position.. * Such as we have briefly sketched are the im mense countries, continental and insular, inhabited by the independent and dependent branches of the Tongoosic race. This race, in regard to voluntary change of residence, is the very opposile of the Caucassian. To roam the earth is the rage of the latler ; whilst to remain round their native spot, and near the graves of their parents, enter inlo the very rehgion of the Chinese and Japanese, and indeed, to a great extent, with the whole of the yellow Asiatic race. But though, in consequence of their immigration, regarded by their own coun trymen at home as exiled vagabonds, there are numerous Chinese, and a few Japanese, scattered over the islands of Austral Asia, and as far as Madagascar. Some of these people reside at the Cape of Good Hope, and on St. Helena form the mass of population. All these are, however, mere exceptions ; and no one olher circumstance so strongly marks the contrast of character between the two great races who predominate on the op- , posing sides of the eastern continent as^the active spirit of colonization of the Caucassian and the local passiveness of the yellow Asiatic. Until, however, in the last five, or indeed we might say the last three centuries, the earth pre sented the curious spectacle of national isolation. During all previous ages, the two great civilized families of Caucassians and Tongoos, occupying the opposing sides of the eastern continent, had merely a confused idea of each other's existence ; and when, in the thirteenth century of our era, intercourse commenced, the advance was made by the Caucassians from the west, and for the two and a half succeeding centuries confined to long and painful land journeys from western Europe to eastern Asia. .\ very great revolution was now commenced. Until the opening of caravan com merce across Asia, impenetrable darkness hung over geographical knowledge; In Europe, west ern Asia, and northern Africa, nations more or less civilizud, had existed from ihe earliest recorded time ; and such was also the case on southeastern continental and insular Asia. Yet this lime, measured by accumulated centuries, passed away, whilst the two great civilized masses remained with little more reciprocal connexion than if placed on different planets. And, again, another circum stance adds much lo excite reflection on this sub- jecl. Ages upon ages had thus passed, whilst neither of the great civilized sections of mankind had gained the slightest knowledge of northeastern Asia, southern Africa, or the immense insular con tinent of Australia and Polynesia. Again, still more wonderful, a continent was concealed from these cultivated nations, and lhat continent stretch ing from one frozen extreme of the earth to the other. This continent was America, upon which, it is now fully proven, a third and detached civili zation existed. Thus, five or six centuries past, three masses of mankind, with more or less ad vance in the arts of polished life, existed on tbe earth, two of which had a faint knowledge of the existence of the other ; whilst the third stood alone and fell alone, leaving its mutilated fragments to excite the painful wonder of the ever-active Cau cassian : ever-active, we may repeal ; since, take away Caucassian agency, and the dark veil of ob scurity, torn away by their hands, would have re mained untouched, and under it would still have Iain concealed more than half the land surface of the earth. SUMMARY TABLE OF THE YELLOW ASIATIC RACE, Political section. China and dependencies . An Nam, empire soulh of China - Siam, between An-Nam and Bur- mah . . . - Burmah, between An-Nam and In dostan British Indo-China - Japan Area in 8(1- ^3.' 5,450,000 154,000 50,000 150,000 73,000 '214,000 6,091,000 Population 367,000,000 23,000,000 3,000,0006,000,000 I 300,000 30,000,000 429,300,000 'This sijmmary table comprises sections which, when aggregated, amounts to very near the one- seventh part of the land area of the earth, and, ac cording to the estimates of population most to be depended on, about one-half the human species. The distributive population here given amounts to only 70 to the sq, m., or about as 7 to 6 compared with the distributive population of Europe. We close the article Asia with a view of Indos tan, or, as frequently called, India. This great country, though very distinct as a natural section, has never been politically, and much less national ly, united in one sovereignty. Conquest, also, by different foreign nations, has also, by derang ing territorial limits, and hy adopting different names for the same sections, or mutilating domes tic names, created great difficulty in its geography. Nature there, as every where else, on regions of great extent, in part laid bases for physical subdi vision, which have become also political. Such demarcations cannot be entirely obliterated, but they may be obscured. The subjoined tabular 101 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI view was, wilh some unimportont changes of ar rangement, taken from the very valuable Atlas of Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1841 : "INDIA, — India is sitifale in the northern hemisphere, between 7 57 and 35 0 N. lat., and between 67 0 and 95 0 E. lon. of London, meas uring 1,870 English ms, in ils greatest lengih from N. to S., and nearly as much in its greatest breadth, in lat. 26 N. from the western border of Sinde lo the eastern border of .Assam. The natu ral boundaries of India are clearly defined. On the N. it is bounded by the long range of the Hi malayas, on the S. by the Indian ocean, on the E. and SE. by the range of mountains (.\noupec- touiniou) which separates Assam and Aracan from the Burman empire, and terminates at Cape Ne grais, and on the W. by the Suleiman mountains, which extend from the Suffied Kbo, near Cabool, to Ras (Point) Moaree, and are connected at their norlhern extremity with the protruding spurs of the Himalaya. The whole country within these extensive limits is, with partial exceptions, either directly governed by the Brilish East India Com pany, or more or less connected with it as tributa ry or allied. The superficial area exceeds 1,200,- 000 sq. ms. " India has never formed one empire, and has, therefore, not been subjected to any general sys tem of administrative divisions. Different parts of the country, however, have obtained certain popular and geographical names, which are of fre quent occurrence, and must, therefore, be men tioned as a necessary illustration of the geography of Ihe country. " 1st. 'Toe mountainous region between the sub- Himalayas and the great chain has been called North ern India, and the British portion is known famil iarly a.=i 'J'he Hills. Norlhern India comprises the beautiful valley of Cashmere, drained by the river Jylum, the districts of Kunnawar, Gurwal, Kum aoon, the kingdom of Nepaul, the territory of Si- kim, and Boolan, or the couniry of the Deb Rajahi "2d, 'The Punjaub, or Punjab, (the country of the Five Waters,) is the region watered by the Indus and its tributaries, the Jylum, Chenab, Ra- vee, Gurrah, Beeas, and Sutlege. Jt is divided into two portions by the Salt Range, a chain of hills extending across the bed of the Indus, and forming a table land of considerable elevation on its northern side. " 3d. Rajpootana, called also Rajwara and Ra- jahstan, (ihe country of the Rajpoots,) occupies the middle space between the Indus and the Ganges, on both sides of the Aravulli mountains, and extends southward lo the Runn of Cutch. " 4th. Hindustan is the popular name of the whole country which extends from tho Hills, the Punjaub, and Rajwara, to the frontiers of Bengal, and comprises the Mogul Subahs, or provinces of Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Oude, and Bahar, and the distiicls or regions of Hurianee, Rohilcund, Doah and Bundelcund. ¦ "ijth. Bengal, the alluvial plain at the mouths of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, intersected in every direction by their innumerable branches. " 6th, Malwah, or Central India, a table land supported by the Vindya and Aravulli mountains, 2,000 feet aoove the level of the sea, and sloping to the NE. 102 " 7lh. Gujrat, or Guzcrate, the couniry on both sides of the Gulf of Cambay, including also Iho large peninsula of Kallywar, or Calliwar; which lies between the Gulf of Cutch and the Gulf of Ciflnbay. "8th. Cutch, or Kachh, a small peninsula to W. of Guzerale, between the Runn of Cutch onJ the sea. " 9lh. Sinde, the region at the moulh of the Indus. " lOlh. The Deccan, Dekkhan, or Dukhun, ex tending from the Nerbuddab, on the N., to tho Kistnah and Tuinbudrah rivers on the S,, compris ing the old Mogul provinces of Khandeish, Berar, -Arungabad, Bejapoor, or Visiapoor, Bcder, Nan- dere, and Hydrabad. The name, however, is now generally restricted to that province of the Bombay Presidency of which Poonah is the capi tal, and which lies between the Ghauts and the western border of the Nizam's territories. " lllh. 'The Carnalic, divided into two regions, styled respectively Payen-Ghant and Bala-Ghaut, or the lower and the upper, the former compre hending the low maritime plains along the coast of Coromandel, from the Kistnah river to Cape Com orin, the latler comprehending the elevated table land between the eastern and western Ghauts, in cluding Mysore. " 12lh, Malabar, a long, narrow strip, between ihe wesiern Ghauts and the sea, extending 3,")0 ms. to the NW. of Cape Comorin, and including Travancore, Cochin, and the British province of Malabar, " 13th. Canara, cnnlinuation of the same strip, northwards from Malabar. " 14lh. Concan, or Konkan, a still further ex tension of the same strip, comprising Malabar and Canara, and stretching from the latter to Guzerale, and formerly included in the Mogul provinces of .^rungabnd and Bejapoor. " 15th. Gundw.ina and Orissa, a wild, and, in some parts, unexplored region, between Bengal, the Deccan, and Carnatic ; the maritime portion being Orissa, the inland Gundwana, bnt with no well-defined boundaries between or in any olher direction, except the seacoast. The southeastern part of Orissa has been known by the name of the Northern Circars, since it was acquired by the Presidency of Madras, in 1776, " 16th. Assam, the valley of the Brahmapootra, to the NE. of Bengal. " 17ih. Aracan, a narrow strip of country to the southeast of Bengal, between the .^noupectou- miou mountains and the sea. 'The polilicnl divis ions of India may be arranged into eight classes, as follows : Political divisions. First class —Territories directly subject to the oflic:ers of the Brit ish East India Company : 1. Presidency of Fort William, Bengal— Government of Bengal, Bahar, and Ori.-sa, with Assam and Aracan - Government of Agra, or northwest ern provinces, wilh ceded dis- tricts on the Nerbudilah - 2. Presidency of Fort George, Ma dras , • 3, Presidency of Bombay ¦ Sq, ms. 1S1,182 ^139,303 121,982 65,142 Population, 60,030,033 20,000,003 13,000,000 6,251,000 ASI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASI Fdlilical divisions. 23,92327,99y5t),723 1,574 l,98d 88,834 24,950 Second class.— Vr'mces with whom the Brilish Governmenr. have treaties of nil iaHce,otfBiisive and defensive, wlio liave a right on their part to claim f)rotection, external and internal, from the British Governmeni, and grant to the latter the right of inierfor- ence in their internal atTairs : Padislia'i. king of Oude Rajah uf Mysore - , Rajah of Berar or Nagpoor ^ Raiah of Travancore R'ljali of Cochin 7Vii7-d class — frioces with whom the Brilish Government have treaties ^f alliance, offensive and defensive, but without the right of internal interference, except vfhen. required by the princes themselves : The Nizam, or king of Hydrabad The Guickuwar,orKingofBuroda in Guzerate - - . Fourth c^o^.— Princes mostly trib utary, who acknowledge ilie su premacy of the Brilish Govern ment, and are bound to co-ope rate wilh tliem, but who aresu prerne rulers in their own do- minions ; Holkar, or Rajah ol Indore in Mal wah. Rajapoot, Princes nf Oudipoor, Jey pour, Joodpoor) Kotaii, Bi)ndi, Al war,Bikaneer,Jeysulmere,Kish- engurgh, Banswarra, Pertaub- furh, Duhgarpoor, Keroli, and erowi . - - . Rajah of Bhurtpoor Nawaub of Bhopal - Rao of Cutr-.h. or Kachh Rajdhs of Dhar and Dewas • Rana of Dholphoor, Barree, and Raiah-kairali Kajah of Rewah ¦) - r;„„ j^, Rajahs of Dhattea ^" f^ndel- Jhansi and Teshi, 3 '^""'^ Rajali of Sawuntwarree in the Bee- can - - . - . Fiftfi clt^s.^Princes with promise of guaranty aud protection from the British Governmeni, bil su preme in their own dominians; Ameer Khan, Lord of Tonk, Se- ronge, and Nimbhasa Patiala, Keytal, Naba, and Jeend- Seikfi along the Sutlege - Sixth cZass.— Princes wiih whom the Biiiish Government have re lations of amity and friendship : Maha-Rajaii Scmdia, in Central India Seventh class.—Vnnces protected by Llie Brilish Government, with right in the latler to control tlieir internal affairs: Rajah of Sattarar, 'JBoth in Ihe Kajah of Kalapoor, j Deccan. Eighth c^oss.— Independent na tive States: Kingdom of Lahore and Moultan, late Runject Singh's Ameers of Sinde Khan of Daoudpootra Kingdom of Nepani - Booiaiijor country of the Deb-Ra jah - - - Ninth f /ass.— Possessions of for eign Powers : French possessions— Pondicherry, Chandernagore, &c. Danish— Serampore and Tranque bar - - . - . Portuguese— Goa, Diu,&c. - Totals of area and population • 1,217,632 Sq. ms. 1,633 16,602 32,044 7,9433,184 160,000 10,000 10,003 36,000 20,000 500 90 2,000 Populalion. 2,393,300 2,^99,900 5,672,300 457,400 198,300 8,882,4002,495,000 107,623 1,9466,772 7,396 1,466 10,762,500 194,600677,200330,000146,600 1,625 162.600 10.310 16,173 1,031,0001,617,300 93,500 163,300 1,160,200 3,294,400 794,300318,400 4,000,000 2,000,000 500,000 2,000,0001.000,000 209,000 35,000 503,000 element, which places before us tho most extraor dinary circumstance in human history. A mer cantile company, under the influence of unity of design, has in less than a century founded an em pire on the opposite continent from ils metropole — an empire far exceeding 100,000,000 of civilized people, and sulijected them to a far more absolute control than can be pretended to by any European monarch over his subjects. We are shown in the following note on what tenure the independence of any State in India is now held : "The numbers are only approximations, and those of the population are almost entirely con jectural. The Rajah of Mysore has for some years been suspended from his regal functions on account of misgovernment, and his Stales administered by an AGENT or commissionkii of the Maduas Phes- inESCT, The Rajahs ofSattara and Sawuittwar- ree, and some others, have been nearly falling into the same predicament; and the Ameers of ^inde have been recently (1839) compelled to enter into a subsidiary treaty wilh, and virtually lo become the subjects of, the Brilish Indian Government. Daoudpulra has also recently been added to the list of protected States," There are two species of experience : one easily and cheaply procured, demanding only observation and reflection — lhat is, experience from others, which we may reject if we choose; the other is our own, dearly bought, and forced on us, whether we will or not. Political divisions of Asia, and estimated popu lation. [ It may be, however, noted, that in bolh re spects the geography of this great physical section is vague to a much greater extent than are its nat ural divisions.] , Poljlical ilivisiolis. 165,039,300 Here we have a statement from a document up on which we ma^place reliance, as far as the diffi culties can have been .overcome in' collecting ihe Turkey in Asia Arabia • Perfaia - Caucassian regirjn Russian Asia Turkisun, or Tartary - Afgiianislaa BeloochisLan Brilish Asia ... Seilcistan, or coimtry of the seiks Nepaul . ¦ . - Chinese empire Annam . Siam Binnan empire Malacca INSULAR ASIA. Ceylon - Japanese archipelago - Sumatra - JavaBorneoCelebes . Molucca archipelago - Philippine archipelago « FormosaLoochoo archipelago Maldive archipelago • Laccadive archipelago Kurile archipelago Grand total of Asia Populalion, 12,000,000 10,000,000 11. -.011,000 2,800,000 12,400,000 7,000,0006,000,0004,000,000 150,000,000 4,(100,0002,000,000 367,000,000 23,000,000 3,000,0006,000,0001600,000 1,000,000 30,000,000 2,000,0002,000,000 5,000,(100 1,000,000 500,000 3,000,000 ¦' 500,000 1,000,000 50,000 50,000 668,100,000 Of the Asiatic mass of populalion it may be 103 ASS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ASS safely decided that the following European nations have control more or less absolute : Great Britain, over a population of - 130,000,000 Holland, do 7,000,000 Spain, do 2,000,000 Portugal, do. 600,000 France, do 130,000 Denmark, do 30,000 129,760,000 Asinara, island in the Mediterranean, on the KW. coast of Sardinia, 17 ms. N. by W. of Sas- sari. It is 28 ms, in compass, Lon. 8 30 E,, lat, 41° N. Askeyton, borough of Ireland, in the co. Limer ick, on the river Shannon. /iskrig, town in the N. riding of Yorkshire, Eng., 6 ms. S, by E. of York, and 243 N. of Lon don." Lon, 1 W., lat, 53 R5 i\. Aane. See Esne. Asola, town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 ms. SE. of Brescia. Lon. 10 30 E,, lat 45 48 N, Asolo, town of Italy, in Trevisano, on a moun tain 17 ms. NW. of Treviso. Lon, 11 36 E., lat. 45 59 N. Asoph, sea, anciently the Paulus Mseotis, lying N. of the Black sea, wilh.,which it has a commu nication by the strait of Gaffa, the ancient Cimme rian Bosphorus, This sea, which is sometimes called the seaof Zabak, extends 150 ms, fromSW. toNE, Lon, from 35 to 42° E,, lat. from 45 to 47° N. The Asoph sea is properly the estuary of the Don ; it is shallow and only admits vessels of moderate draught, and, like olher small seas of Europe, is probably in a slate of progressive desic cation. No rock has been detected in any part of the sea of Asoph, Ils waters are turbid and abound in fish. Depth very shallow lo a great distance from the banks. In spring and early sum mer, when the Don and smaller but numerous con fluent streams are in flood, the sea rises to a foot or 15 inches above its ordinary height, Asoph, district of the Russian empire, in the province of Catharinenslaf, including a large tract of territoiy to the E. and W, of Asoph, Calha rinenslaf is the capital, Late capital of a dis trict of the same name in Asia, seated near the mouth of the Don, to the E, of the sea of Asoph, Il has been several times taken and retaken by the Turks and Russians. The branch of the Don, upon which it stands, is now so choked with sand as scarcely to admit the smallest vessel, which renders the place less important than il was former ly, Lon. 41 30 E, lat, 47 18 N, Aspern, town of Austria, on the left bank of the Danube, below Vienna, famous for a battle fought there May 22, 1809, between the French, under the Emperor Napoleon, and the Austrians ; the lalter were defeated, Asperosa, to.wn of Turkey in Europe, on the coast of the Archipelago, 23 miles SE, of Nicopo- li, Lon. 24 50 B. lat, 40 58 N, Asphaltiles. See Dead, Sea. Assam, couniry of Asia, bounded on the W. by Bengal and Boolan, on the N. by Thibet, and on the SE, and S, by Meckjey. Its capital is Gher- gong, and the river Burrampooter flows through the whole lengih of il. The open parts are mark- 101 ed with population and tillage ; the woods abound with elephants. Assam lies between Ion, 91 0 and 96 0 E. and Iat 25 0 and 28 0 N, Assancale, town of Armenia, on ihe river Aras, 23 ms, B. of Arzerum. Here are hot baths much frequented. Lon 41 10 E. lat. 39 46 N. Assanchif, lown of Asia, in Diarbeck, sealed on the Tigris, 40 ins. SE, of Diarbecker, Lon, 40 20 E, lat, 37 30 N. Assanpink, large creek pf N, J,, rises in Mid. dlesex, from whence it flows SW. into the Dela ware river, forming, for a few miles above ils moulh, at Trenton, part of the boundary line be- iween Burlington and Hunterdon counties. There are some cotton factories on this stream, Assawamset, town Plymouth co,, Mass., 50 ms, S. from Boston, and 30 E. from Providence. Assens, seaport of Denmark, in the island of Funen, It is the common passage from the duchy of Sleswick to Copenhagen, and is 17 ms, SW. of Odinsee. Lon. 10 2 E. lat. 55 17 N. Assiniboin, river of North America, in the United Slates and British territories, rising by two large branches, the Assiniboin proper and Red river. The former has its source in the recesses of Cabotia, as high as Iat 52 30 N,, flows SE. 200 and E. lOOms.; joins Red river. The latter rises in the Uniled States as far S. as lat. 45 30, and, flowing thence nearly N. about 300 ms., unites with the Assiniboin, which, continuing a short distance NE., is lost in the extreme soulhern an gle of Lake Winnipic. The regions drained by the Assiniboin and its confluents are flat, full of small lakes, and extend NW. from the sources of the Mississippi. Assisio, cily of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, on the side of a high mountain. The cathedral of St. Francis is magnificent, and composed of three churches, one above another. It is 70 ms, N, of Rome, Lon, 12 38 E, lat. 43 0 N. Assos, seaport of Natolia, on a bay of the Ar chipelago, 12 ms. SE, of Troas, Lon, 36 36 E, lat. 39 32 N. Assumption, town Lafourche, interior Lou., 91 ms. W. from New Orleans Episcopal city, the capital of Paraguay, in South America, tt is a large, populous, and handsome town, and stands in a fertile country, on the river Paraguay. Lon. W. C. 17 25 E. lat. 26 N. Parish of Lou,, situated along both banks of the Lafourche river, having the interior of Lafourche SE,, Atchafalaya river SW., Ascension NW,, and St. James and St. John's NE. It is about 36 ms. long and Iii ms, wide ; area 500 sq. ms. The face of the par ish is level, and, except the margin of the La fourche and some olher streams, liable to annual submersion. Soil extremely fertile. Staples sn- gar and cotton. No town of any consequence, N. bit. 30 0 and lon. 14 0 W, from W. C. inter sect in this parish near the banks of the Lafourche river. Pop. 1820, 3,576, ^ Assynt, district of Sutherland, in Scotland, con taining limestone and marble, Assyria, country of .\sia, celebrated in ancieni history. It comprehended the provinces in Asia now called Diarbec, Curdistan, and Irac. Aslabat, town of Armenia, 3«ns. from the river Aras, and 13 S, of Naksivan, Lon. 45 30 E. lal. 38 28 K. AIA ujiJUi.KAi'iilUAL DICTION AKV. Arc Asti, ancient episcopal town of Italy, in Mont- serrat. It is seated on the Tanaro, 32 ms, E. of Turin. Lon. 8 8 E. lat. 43 3 N. Astorga, very ancient city of Spain, in Leon, well fortified by art and nature, sealed in a pleas ant plain, 25 ms. SW. of Leon. Lon. 5 33 W. lat. 43 32 N. Astrabad, city and province of Persia, in Khor asan. The cily is situated about 20 ms. from the extreme southeastern angle of the Caspian sea. It was formerly a place of more note than it is at present. Its low and unhealthy situation and ex posure to the Toorkmans, with the internal revo lutions of Persia, have all contributed to the de cliue of Aslrabad. Tho same name has been pro. vincially given to the adjacent couniry, but.with no very definite limits. City 54 36 E. Ion,, lat. 36 SON. Astracan, (the Ghinterkau of the middle ages,) episcopal city of the Russian empire, capital of a province of the same name. It is large and popu lous, has a good harbor, and is surrounded by strong walls. The river Volga, on which it stands, overflows like the Nile; and, when the water is run off, the grass grows wilh much rapid ity. The city of Astracan is about 3i ms. in cir cumference, surrounded by a brick wall, which is now in a ruinous condition ; buf, if we compre hend the suburbs, the circuit will be near 5 ms. The number of inhabitants amounts to 70,000, in cluding Armenians and Tartars, as well as a few Persians and Indians. All around the city, at the distance of 3 ms., are seen a great number of gar dens and orchnrds. This cily is supposed lo have been, in early limes, the geneial slaple for the pro ductions of Persia, India, and Arabia. It is seated on an island formed by the Volga, 40 ''ms. NW. of the Caspian sea. Lon. 47 40 E. lal, 46 22 N. See art. Volga, Asturias, iirovince of Spain, 130 ms. in length, and 45 in breadth, bounded on the E. by Biscay, on the S. by Old Cafetile and Leon, on the W. by Gallicia, and on the N. by ihe Atlantic. It is di vided into two parts, Asluria d'Oviedo and .'Vsturia de Santillana. This province is full of mountains and forests, and its wine and horses are excellent. It has mines of gold, lapis lazuli, and vermillion, and belongs to the eldest son of the King of Spain, who is styled prince of .Asturias. Astronomy, See art. Chronology, Asylum, tp. of Luzerne co,. Pa., on the SW. side of Susquehannah river, 67 ms. NW. of Wilkesbarre. Atacama, harbor of Soulh America, in Peru, There is a great desert of the same name extend ing along the Pacific ocean from S, lat, 32 0 to 36 0, and inland to the foot of the Andes. Lon. 70 0 W. lat. 23 0 S. Atacapas, a considerable settlement in lower Louisiana, lying west of the Atchafalaya river, being bounded by that river E,, by Opelousas N. and NW., and by the Gulf of Mexico S. It is divided into the parishes of St. Martin's and St. Mary's; which see. Atalaua, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, seated on an eminence, with a strong fortress, 5 ms. S. of Toraar. Lon. 7 56 W, lat, 3? 35 N, Atanjauja, or Jauja, town of South America, in Peru, about 150 ms. NE. by E, from Lima. 14* Atchafalaya river may be strictly called the con tinuation of Red river; il is only 114 chains along the right bank of the Mississippi, from the ingress of Red river to theegriws of Atchafalaya, the latter inny therefore bo considered as leaving the Missis sippi exactly on lat. 31° N. It Is only at high floods, however, when any great quantity of water leaves the Mississippi by Atchafalaya; when tho former is at a moderately low stage, the current into the latter ceases. The Atchafalaya, below its cfilux, continues SW. about 3 ms, where it as sumes a S, course, which continues, with a small deviation to the E., 50 ms. in a direct line. The river then turns BE. 10 ms,, and again E. 35 ms.. to ils junction with Plaquemine from the Missis sippi. Below the Plaquemine the Atchafalaya re- assumes a S. course of 60 ms, , falls into the Gulf of Mexico, having an entire length of 147 ms. A few spots of land sufficiently high for cultivation are found on the left bank of the Atchafalaya, near ils eiflux from the Mississippi ; those, however, soon cease, and both banks are generally liable to inundation. A very heavy forest covers both shores of this river until within a few miles of ils mouth. ' Twenty-six ms. below ils efflux com mences the great raft. This singular phenomenon, about which so much mistake and speculation fias been made, was measured by the writer of this ar ticle. The following is the fruit of his observations on the subject : From the course of that particular bend of the Mississippi, out of which the Atcha falaya issues, the drift timber of ihe former is thrown inlo the lalter. In 1778, this drift timber passed into the Atchafalaya in such quantity as 10 form a compact mass too large to pass down with the current, and therefore choked and became set tled. Other accessions have annually augmented the original body, and now form rafts of more or less extent, for about 35 ms. along the river. It is a very erroneous, though a common opinion, that fhe raft is sufficiently compact to admit the passage of horses, and that trees are formed upon it: both these statements are entirely unfounded. It is with considerable difficulty and danger that a man can cross the river on the timber ; the body of which rises and falls wilh the water of the river, and at all seasons maintains an equal elevation above the surface. The raft is in fact subject to continual change of position, to which superadding its recent formation, renders eilher the solidity of ils struc ture or thegrowlh of large limber impossible. Some small willows, and olher aquatic bushes, are fre quently seen amongst the drift wood, but are too frequently destroyed by the shifting of the mass to acquire any considerable size. The distance be tween the extremities of the raft is, as slated, about 25 ms,, bul of this space not more than 10 ms, is impeded by raft. The width of the river is about 220 yards. If we allow the timber to be 8 feet deep, 10 ms. by 320 yards, will yield 3,240,500 solid cords. The first stream of consequence which enters Atchafalaya is the Courtableau, which comes in from the NW. half a mile above the lower raft. (See Courtableau.) Around the mouth of Cour tableau is one wide overflow. Towards Opelousas and Attacapas this drowned tract reaches 8 or 9 ms. in a direct line from the Atchafalaya. The intermediate space at high water is a lake. The 105 ATC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ATH currents of the smaller bayous are lost in the.maze, and only remain distinguishable by the openings of their channels. The many lakes that mingle with the outlets of the river, and with each other, render this region in an extraordinary manner in tricate. Below Oourtableau, many outlets leave the Atchafalaya, which flow into lake Chetimaches, and whose waters again enter the main stream by the outlet of that lake. From Courtableau to the Cow Island is SE. 25 ms. in a direct line, tiere the river turns E. So numerous are the outlets between Courtableau and Cow Island, lhat the cur rent of the Atchafalaya passes by them into Lake Chetimaches, and, therefore, from Cow Island to the Plaquemine, the volume of the former river is nearly stagnant. The river here winds diagonally over an inclined plane, and when the swell of the waters rise above the banks the water naturally flows down the direct slope, and, consequently, when the river assumes an eastern course, the cur rent at high water is at right angles to the river. Within a short distance below Cow Island there is a very narrow selvage of high land commencing on the right shore, which continues to the entrance of the Plaquemine, but cut by 30 or 30 outlets, great and small. In this eastern course of Atchafalaya*, the light colored water of Mississippi disappears, and the stream assumes the dark green tinge of the waters of the swamps. This change is effected by a bayou, whose banks are in general above over flow, and whicti comes in from towards Fausse riviere, and, flowing SW., carries the Mississippi waters towards Cow Island. Where the Atchafalaya and Plaquemine form their junction, the united stream assumes a S. course, which it maintains to the Gulf of Mexico, the distance by a meridian line 54 ms., or about 70 ms. pursuing the river. A summary of all the distances gives the whole length of the Atchafalaya, by comparative course, 133 ms., and along the stream 193 ms. A particular description of this river below Pla quemine would be mere repetition. It is suffi ciently explicit to observe, that 10 ms. below Pla quemine another small raft impedes the navigation, boats being obliged to be taken by an outlet through Lake Natchez, and thence again into the main etream below. The Atchafalaya passes through Lake Chetimaches, and 3 ms. further down con tracts again inlo a river of about 240 yards wide, receives the Teche, 5 or 6 ms. below which timber ceases, and the level grassy seamarsh reaches the banks, and continues wilh Ihe Atchafalaya to its mouth. The only spots of valuable arable land on the entire banks of Atchafalaya, in i..- o:j 1 ;.,.- t?.,,.l,l.-:,I™« Q\sr mountain and Blue Ridge, having Rockbridge SW., Bath and Pendleton NW., Rockingham NE,, and .\lbemarle and Nelson SE. It is in the form of a square of 30 ms. each side ; 900 sq. ms. The face of the county waving, or rather hilly ; soil va riegated, but generally producive. Staples: to., bacco, flour, and pork. Chief town, Staunton. Pop. 1830, 16,743. N. lat. 38°, and 3° W. lon. W. C, intersect in the southern part ofthis coun ty. The Shenandoah and James rivers rise in Au gusta, and flow from it in opposite directions. Tp. and village, formerly in Columbiana co., but now in Carroll co., 0. The village is situaled in the norlhern part of the county, 10 or 11 ms. a little E. of N. from Carrollton, the county seat, and about a like distance SW. by W. from New Lisbon. Capilal and town of Ga., situate on the »W. bank of the river Savannah, 120 ms. NW. of the town of Savannah. It is seated on a fine plain, and enjoys the best soil, wilh the ad vantage of a central situation between the upper and lower countries, and is rising into importance. Pop, in 1830, about 4,000. Lat. 33 30 N., lon. W. C. 5° W. Town, Perry co., Miss,, 74 ms, SE, from Monticello, Small village and town on the left bank of Tallapoosa river, Montgomery CO,, Ala., 68 ms. E. from ('ahaba. Augustine, St., cily of the U. S., in Fa. N. lat. 39 58, lon, W. C. 4 30 W. Pop. in 1840, 3,4S9. While persons, 1,476; free colored, 130; slaves, 863. Total, 2;459. This lown is situated on the eastern coast of Filorida. Il is built in a prairie on the sea shore, surrounded by walls and a dry dilch on the land, 110 side. It is defended on the N. by a fort of 4 sta tions, called the Fort of St. Jean, built of slone, with a parapet 9 feet thick and a rampart 20 feel high, with bombproof casemates and ways, and is lined wilh more than 50 pieces of artillery. Upon the sea shore, S. of the town, stands another small fort connected with the walls of the town. This fort defends the harbor, which is good, safe, and commodious, with a depth of water of not less than from 28 to 30 feet at low tide. This harbor is cov ered from the sea side by a long and low island, called the Island of St. .\nnastac. It is separated from the main land by a branch of the sea called the river Matanze. Should a vessel, after leaving the Bahama chan nel, be obliged, in consequence of some accident, or any particular reason, to stand in for an haibor, the port of St. Augu.stine is the nearest and most advantageous place. The entrance is covered outside by sand banks and rucks, extending out more than one-third of a league, between which there are openings or passes, which form the channels leading lo the in terior of the harbor. The S. channel is the one vessels generally make use of. There is not less than 20, 25, to 30 feet water al low tide ; but be fore you enter this channel you have to pass a bar, over which there is not more than 9 feet water at low tide. You can moor yonr ship outside of the bar, and wait till the tide comes in. This pass can easily be distinguished by the breakers of the sea, which beat against the rocks on the banks S. and N., and thereby plainly mark out the passage, which is at least 300 fathoms wide. After passing the bar, you find from 18 to 20 feet water. You will range along the island of Annastasius within two cables length ; you may cast anchor near the NE. point, opposite a battery, in 26 feel water, at the distance of one cable length and a half from the land. You double the N. point of the island, and then come to anchor before the town. N. and S. of the town there are two great Indian villages, which form the suburbs thereof. Half a league from the lown, on the N. side, there is a small fort, called the Fort Negro, situated on a flat and level ground, at a liltle distance from the norlhern shore of ihe river St. Maik's, with a branch communicating wilh the river St. Jean, towards the mouth, in the Atlantic ocean. These passes and entrance inlo the harbor are very advantageously situated; for, all the vessels coming from Mexico, Louisiana, and the Havana, are obliged lo pass through the Bahama channel, at a short distance from St. Au gustine, the port of which can be made wilh ease, and where you will find assistance and relief. — National Intelligencer, Oct. 17, 18':5. Augustine, cape of Brazil, in Pernambuco, about 20 ms. S. from Olinda. S. lat. 8 30, lon. W. C. 43 E. Augustow, small, but strong town of Poland, in Polachia, seated on the Narieu, 44 ms. N. of Bielisk. Lon. 23 40, E. lat. 53 35 N. Austowo, formerly a Waiwadet of Lithuania, bordeiing on Byalysloch. Augustus, Fort, small forlress of Invernessshire, Scot., at the head of Loch Ness, between the riv ers Taarf and Oich. Avigliano, small town of Italy, in Piedmonti 7 ms, W. of Turin. Lon, 7 38 E., lat. 45 5 N. A us Gh^UGKAFHlCAL DICTIONARY AUS Avignon, city of France, capilal of a territory of the same name, wilh a university. It was for merly (from 1309 to 1376) tho residence of the popes, who afterward returned to Rome. It is ad vantageously sealed on the Rhone, SO ms. E. of Nismes. Lon. 4 53 E. Iat., 43 57 N. Aulkland islands, a group lying in the Soulhern ocean, to the southward of New Zealand. The main island S. lat. 51, lon. 167° E, ofLondon. Aulcester, town of Warwickshire, Eng., 7 ms, W. of Stratford upon Avon, and 103 NW. of London. Lon. 1 52 W., lal. 52 16 N. Auiic CoDscii,, from court or palace, Greek, and in modern times parlicularly appUed to the supreme judicial tribunal of the German empire. Aulps, town of Fr., in the d'p of Var, and lote province of Provence. Lon, 6 30 E,, lat, 43 40 N. Aunts, lately small lerriiory of Fr., in Poitou, and now forming part of the dep. of lower Cha renle. Auray, small seaport of Fr,, on the gulf of Mor- bihan, in the dep. of lhat name, and late province of Brelagne, 8 ms. W. of Vannes. Lon. 2 33 W., lat. 37 40 N. Aurelius, village and tp, , Cayuga co, , N. Y. The tp. is situated at the head of Owasco lake, be tween the tps. of Junius and Marcellus, and the town about 5 ms, SW. from Auburn. Pop, in 1820, 7,933. Tp,, in Washington co., O. Pop. in 1820, 239. See Reignier's mills. Aurich, town of Westphalia, in E. Friesland. It is situated in a plain surrounded by forests, 13 ms. NE. of Embden, Lon. 7 13 E., lat. 53 38 N. Auriesville, village, Montgomery co,, N. C, 131 ms. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Aurillac, populous trading town of Fr., on the river Jordanne, in the dep. of Cantel, and lale province of Auvergne. Quantities of lace and vel vet are manufactured here. Il is 30 ms. SW. of St. Flour, and 250 S. of Paris. Lon. 2 33 E., lat. 44 55 N. Australia, Polynesia, Australasia, Oceana, Sandwich Islands, iSfC, — These rather indefi nite and conflicting terms weie invented to designate more or less of the immense regions spreading from Asia towards the southward and towards America — Australasia, or South Asia; Polynesia, or Many Islands. Australia, south ern continent, is now an established term for New Holland and contiguous islands, such as Papua or New Guinea, Waijoo, Arroo, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Norfolk island. Van Dieman or Tasmania, and, by a ralher too violent stretch of system, New Zealand, Ocean, amore indefinite though more compre hensive, would include all the preceding, with the Bonin, Sandwich, &c. But such sweeping terms rather confuse than serve lo any good purpose the science of geography. W hen, however, we scan on a map of the world that great space spreading from Asia southeast ward over the Pacific ocean, we cannot avoi'd the conclusion that one physical section includes not only the islands we have named, but also the La- drones, Carolines, New Hebrides, Friendly islands, Georgians, Marquesas, Society isles, and many smaller groups. It would not be a very violent extension of theory to include in this natural sec tion the great islands towards Asia, included by some geographers under tbe general names of Ma laysia, and under that term comprising the Su- matian, Javnn, Sumliava-Timor, Molucca, Cele bes, Borneo, and the Philippine groups. In Black's excellent atlas (page 12) wc have the following observations, under the head of Oceana: "The islands lo the southeast of Asia have been usually considered as appendages of that continent ; but they are now classed by the conlinenlal geographers along wilh the islands of the Pacific ocean, as a fifth division of the world, under the name of Oceana or Oceanica. Oceana is divided into Western Oceana or Malaysia, Cen tral Oceana or Australasia, Eastern Oceana or Polynesia." If we turn to a general map of the world, and on the wide ocean between America and Asia, the remarkable fact will stand revealed, that from the straits of Magellan lo the peninsulas of Oonalaska and Kamschatka, or from S. lat. 55° to N. lal. 60°, or through 115 degrees of latitude and 125 of longitude, spreads a deep sea, upwards of 10,000 ms. in length, and mean breadlh at least 3,500 ms., and comprising an area exceeding lhat of either Asia or America, The Sandwich, Owyhe- an, or Hawaiian group of islands, is the only one rising from this immense sheet of water. It is, indeed, as devoid of islands as is the Atlantic, and ranging from Easter island to Oonalaska, Kam schatka, and Japan. The southwestern shore, if we may use the lerm, is defined by successive groups of islands, included under our general head. With these remarks we proceed to the specific de scription of the sections of Australia, deriving our authority from Black's atlas. Australia is now, in Britain at least, the gene rally received name of the large island formerly called New Holland, which contains a superficial area of more than 3,000,000 sq, ras. Within the last half century, various British colonies, distin guished by the names of New South Wales, and Australia Felix, Soulh Australia, and Wesiern Australia, have been placed on its shores. New South Wales was discovered by Cook, who sailed along the whole coast, from Cope iHowe to Cape York, in the year 1770. In Janu ary, 1788, a convict settlement was established at Port Jackson, but for many years the progress of discovery and improvement was very slow. It was Only in 1813 lhat the first passage across the Blue mounlains, a range which runs parallel to the coast, was effected ; but since lhat time colonists have flocked to the setlleriienl, and ils progress has been unusually rapid. According to a census taken in September, 1836, the populalion amount ed lo 77,554, as staled in the following table, and the number of sheep exceeded 1,000,000. s a 03 Counties, &c. 6 1 3 c ¦3 "a o Eh. 1 5 i ?-9 Argyle Baihurst 1,275 1,142 2,417 l.filR 7PR IS W 902 1,729 l,iM3 4W 1 Bliffh 156 ¦m :m 273 103 Briibane iM i)90 i,rw 1,004 373 1 Cambden 1,SIS6 1,226 3,161 2,1,5R 982 18 Cook l.bbH ana 2,052 1,517 ,™ Cumberland 34,089 9,079 ;ai6i- 29,090 10,270 371 Purhatn 1,4U5 1,803 a,208 2,300 904 4 111 AUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AUS Counlies, &c. Georgiana G-loucesterHunter King MacquarieMurrayNonhumberlaad - Philip / - Roxburgh St, Vincent Weill ogton Westmoreland WlLlioul the bound aries lioad and iron gangs Penal selliements - Colonial vessels at sea Fort Philip 343330568 328364863 3,038 77 1,049 240 242311 1,653 39 107 1,175 224 23252-1240216 936 8G5 1,978 170931 352 2S5268 13152,191 1,605 43,689 27,835 77,554 47585480S 444 1,300 1,728 3,016 247 1,! 592530 579 2,9882,220 1,712 1,175 221 339 628 639327898 1,0893,601 147 1,41 430 357393 1,781 1,394 9268.50 210 231 222 175 217 376 630 1,398 10(1 561 162172 185 1,164 829 697 325 14 The following are the names of the principal towns : Principal towns of AuaLralia. Liverpool Wacquarie Maitland Newcastle Paramata Richini.nd Sydney Windsor South East lat. lon. 12 03 31 20 152 55 33 50 151 12 Popu. lation. 619536 1,436 536 2,637 762 16,232 Position, Easternmost coast of New Holland, Easternmost coast of New Holland, Eastern coast of New Holland. Sooth Australia comprises lhat portion of New Holland which is situated between 133 and 141° of E. lon. from London, and the tropic of Capri- corn and the south coast. It has been by the Brit ish Governmeni erected into a colony, and the first settlements have been formed upon the east side of the Gulf of St. Vincent. The capital has been fixed al the town of Adelaide, which already con tains 6,000 inhabitants. A number of colonists have also recently established themselves at port Lincoln, on the west side of Spencer's Gulf. Western Australia, or extreme western partof New Holland, has become a separate British col ony, wilh limits between 31 and 35° S. lat., and between the west coast and 130° E. lon. from London. The first settlers in this colony arrived al Swan river in 1829. The principal settlements arc yet on Swan river; but others, less densely peopled, have spread to a considerable distance in land and along tho coast, and a number of coun lies formed ; of which may be named Swiss, Perth, Murray, Wellington, Nelson, Sussex, Lanark, York, Grantham, Goderich, Stirling, Hay, Plan- tagenet, and Kent. The principal towns are Perth and Freemantlo, on Swan river, in Perth county, and Albany, on King George's sound, in Planlagenet county. The most of the names im posed show the origin, nationally, of this colony, which was projected in, and in great part peopled from, Scotland. The colony has made a steady Vathcr than a rapid advance. No convicts are ad mitted in Western Australia. 112 The limits of Western Australia, as defined above, would give it a length of about 400 ms. from north to south, with a mean width of 220 or 88,000 sq. ras. As, however, the whole region of Western New Holland is uncultivated wastes, with a few tribes of the lowest savage character, the colony of Wesiern .Australia may be indefi nitely extended, as will no doubt be the case, '^he land distance, in a nearly west direction from Sydney, in New South Wales, to Swan river, is aboui 2,000 ms. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land, is a large island to the southward of and separated from New South Wales by Bass's straits. It is about 210 ms. in length from norlh to south, and about 150 from east to west; area about 24,000 sq. ijns. The soulhern part of this island was discovered in 1642 by Abel Tasman, a Dutch commander, who gave it the name of Van Dieman's Land, in honor of the then governor general (Van Dieman) of the Dutch East Indies. It was, until 1799, regarded as a partof New Holland, at which time Messrs. Bass and Flinders sailed round it. The former had priorily in passing the strait, to which his name was justly given. On it, in 1803, a small penal settlement for convicts was established ; and early in 1804 Governor Collins arrived in the river Derwent, took formal possession of the country, and founded Hobart town, now the capital of the island, situated on the southeast part of the island, S. lat. 42 25, Ion. 148 30 E. of London. The population of the island on the 31st December, 1836, amounted to 43,695, viz: free, 25,944; convicts, 17,661, Norfolk is a small and detached island in the Pacific ocean, between the norlhern point of the rtorthernmost island of New Zealand and New Caledonia, S. lat. 39 30, lon. E, from London 169 25. At a distance exceeding 900 ms. ENE. from Sydney, this speck has become a settlement for convicts. In October, 1838, a new establishment was formed at port Essinglon, nn Cobourg peninsula of tho norlh coast of New Holland. Victoria, the capital of this colony, is situated at S. lat. 11 30, E. Ion. from London 131°. The immense extent of New Holland may in some degree be compre hended from the fact that Victoria of port Essing lon is in a direct line upwards of 1,60() ms. north- northwest from Sydney. New Zealand, group of, composed of two large and several small islands in the southern Pacific ocean, southeastward of and separated from New Holland by a sea of from 1,300 lo 1,400 ms. in width. Taken together, tho Iwo main islands and Stewart's island stretch in S. lat. from 34 30 lo 46 50, and in lon, from 166 to 177° E. of Lon don. 4''he range of those islands is from SW. to NE,, and their united mean length 840, the mean breadth about 100 ms,, area 80,000 sq. ms. It may not be unimportant to remark lhat Spain and tho New Zealand islands are antipodes to each other. " As far as we have documents deserving confi dence in regard to this Antarctic group, the soil and climate are eminently calculated to sustain a dense civilized population. The insular position of the country, and the lofty mountains which in tersect it, ensure a due supply of moisture, and hence the country abounds in beautiful forests. AUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AUS Atongitsgrealexlent of coast (from 1,200 to 1,500 ms.,) there are numerous harbors of unrivalled ex cellence, into some of which fiue rivers enter, after having passed through extensive districts of "great fertility. The climate is one of iho finest and most equable ill the world; and, indeed, no olher coun try possesses so many rc^uisiies for becoming the seat of a great naval and commercial power." — Black's Atlas, The native's, evidently a branch of the great Polynesian family, are, as primitive barbarians or savages always have been, and always must be, subdivided inlo clans, families, and even bands, hostile to each other, and, compared to the surface over which they roam, very few in number. In such condition, government, for any permanent beneficial purpose, cannot exist. The germ of human life will remain in fragments; but age alter age passes away in unchanged rudeness and fero city. The New Zealander, as all other branches of the Polynesian race, must submit to the laws of nature, and can only be saved from utter extinction by submitting to and mingling with iheir European conquerors. — See Hawaii, in this article. The New Zealand group was, in 1642, made a part of the discoveries of Abel Tasman, who, as discoverer, gave to it the name it bears. The na tive names are, for the northernmost, Eakeinoma- wee, and for southernmost, Tavai-Poenamoo. Stewart's island is, comparatively, an islet lying south of Tavai-Poenamoo, and separated by Fo- veaux's sirait. The two main islands, taken to gether, and measured along their mid- line, have a lengih of 1,200 ms. Cook's strait, which separates them from each other, extends from NW. to SE. from lat. 40°, about 150 ms., and very nearly along the mean length, as the two islands do not mate rially differ in respect to length. Polynesia, literally many islands, as a collective name, very properly designates the region or ex panse of our planet, over which lie scattered the innumerable islands of the Pacific ocean from the 108lh meridian W. ofLondon to an indefinite dis tance westward, and including New Zealand in the southern and the Hawaiian group in the northern hemisphere. We may here observe, that there slill exists a great difficulty in delineating the Pacific region from the confused nomenclature. In acquiring names from a language unknown to the inquirer, collective and even descriptive sentences are set down as individual names. Again, imposed names from European languages, Portuguese, Dutch, French, English, Russian, &c., conflicting with each other, superinduce still further confusion. Mr. Jalnes Jackson Jarves, in the first chapter of his very interesting history of "The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands," has made some remarks to exhibit the cause and consequences of this evil, as well as the remedy. "Ignorance of the structure of the Polynesian language," says this author, " led Cook into error iii regard to the proper names of many islands." Hawaii, he called Owyhee ; Kauai, Attooi; Nihau, Onehow; substituting compounti words for single terms. These extracted remarks apply to the far greater number of European navi gators. Mr. Jarves had, however, previously re- iharked that the perplexity produced by such inju dicious imposition of names was in a course of cur- 15* rection by tho better judgment of the present age, and adds: "Thns the Navigator group is becom ing better known by its aboriginal name Samoa ; and III* Friendly, by the Tonga; while others, such as New Zealand and the Marquesas, will be perpetuated by those cognomens." — Jarves, p. 2. But to pursue our survey. When vve regard New Zealand as our centre of vision, and extend our view around that group, we find it rising from an extensive sea on all sides, and from tho bosom of which emerge only mere islels at wide distances from each other. From North Cape, the extreme northwestern poinl of the northern New Zealand island, it is upwards of 700 ms. NNW. to New Caledonia, the nearest land of any consequence to any part of the group. From the same point of outset the distance exceeds 1,000 ms. to the eastern coast of New Holland. Wilh New Caledonia commences a natural sec tion of most profound interest. With, at the first glance, great apparent irregularity, here we enter a series of insular groups, whose order appears more and more systematic as we examine attentively their range. New Caledonia, from Cape Queen Charlotte, its southeastern point, S. lat. 22 26, lon. 167 48 E. of London, to Dampier's sirait and island of Waijoo, almost under the equator, and in lon. 131° E. of London, stretches the first of a congeries of islands and groups having a general range from southeastward to northwestward. This immense series, stretching over upwards of 40 equatorial degrees on a curve of the globe, includes, besides innumerable smaller islands, the groups of New Hebrides, Louisisiade, Solomon islands. New Ireland, New Britain, (the second, if not the first, largest island of the earth,) Papua, or New Guinea, Timorlaut, Coram, &c. Excepting on Timorlaut and Coram, no Euro pean colony has yet commenced civilized settlement on these widespread regions, containing a land area more than two and a half fold greater than that comprised in the Brilish islands, and falling little if any short of that part of the Atlantic slope of the U. S. southwestward from the Hudson. Il would not be a very violent extension of sys tem to continue the preceding series to include the slill more expanded groups of Australasia. It is, indeed, a departure from syslem to adopt any defi nite boundary between Australasia and Australia. Such grouping as the following will enable the reader or student to follow the series of groups as they seem to mingle into each other : 1. Advancing from Papua, the Moluccas, com prising Amboyna, Coram, Booro, Goram, Banda, Lothoir, Pulo-Ali, Letti, Moa, Lackar, Sermalta, Kissir, Welter, Grand Kay, Timorlaut, Gilolo, Ternates, Tidor, Batchian, Pulo-Obi, Mysol, Popo, &c. 2. Celebes group, comprising Celebes, Sangir, Siao, Banca, Xoulla, Bouton, Salayar, &c. 3. Sumbava-Timor group, comprising Sumbava, Flores, Solor, Sabrao, Lomblem, Panler, Ombay, Timor, Simao, Roll Dao, Savou, Sunba, or San dalwood, &c. 4. Javan group,' comprising Java, Madura, Bah, Lombock, &e. 5. Sumatran group, comprising Sumatra, Ban ca, Billiton, Lingan, Panjour, and olher islands to the E, and W. of Sumatra, 113 AUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AUS 6. Borneo group, if it is pro]ier lo group wilh an island exceeding in area the Spanish )ieiiinsula, a number of mere islets. 7. Philippine group, comprising Mindanao, Sa mar, Palawan, Luzon, Panay, Mindoro, and, by some authors, at least a thousand islands lessening lo mere rocks or sand banks. These six great archipelagoes have received, amongst other general namp,s, lhat of .Malaysia, from the original inhabitants, the Malays, and who remain the dominant populalion, bul wilh certainly very great variety of languages and character. Proceeding as far to the N W, as Ion, 140° E, ol London, and lo lat, 26 30, we discover a small group of islels, comparatively, railed the Bonin islands; the first in these inlricalc groups from which il derived the truly descriptive general name Polynesia, or "Many Islands." Extending a line along the earth's surface from the Bonin islands, about 66^° SE,, and crossing the equator very near mid-distance, leads to Easier island, al a dis tance a little above 7,000 ms. Such a curve fol lows the general course ol the norlheastern shore of the great sea alluded to in this article. To the :jot>lhwe3tward extends what may well be regarded as either an emerging or submerging continent. Between the exlremes, if we include every islet, rock, or shoal, there are many, even tens of Ihoii- sand.s, generally lying southwestward of the sup posed line. Departing from the Bonin group lo the SSE,, we are led first into the Ladrone group central lal, 15° N,, lon. 14-5° E, ofLondon, ' The Pelew, Carohne, Mulgrave, and Scarbo rough groups commence with Ihe former at lon. 130° E. ofLondon, and ranging between 10° N. and tlie equator, are scattered over something more than 60° of lon,, or upwards of 3,300 ms. None of the individual islands of these four groups are more than mere spots on the face of the deep ; very mony of them are, however, inhabited. Along the equator the Polynesian groups cease wilh that of Scarborough, as ihence to the Gallapagos islands, or through 90° of Ion., a quarter of the earth's cir cumference, no land deserving a place on our maps rises above the ocean. Between Papua, the Ad miralty, and Solomon groups, and those of Pelew, Caroline, Mulgrave, and Scarborough, spreads a sea of from 700 to 1,000 ms, wide, in which Iheie are comparatively few island.-;. This sea, which might be called Mediterranean, is continued to the south of the equator, eastward through 60° of Ion,, to the Marquesas group, to the northeastward of which il is merged into the great American West ern sea. Returning to Ihe New Hebrides, we are again in southern Polynesia, where, from Queen Char- lulte's group to Easter island, over an extent of 80° of Ion., and from S. lat. 10 to 28° we are led into the groups of Queen Charlotte, Feejee, Tonga, or Friendly isllands, the Navigator's or Samoa islands, Society or Tahila islands, the .Marquesas, and others of less note, lo Easter island. Thus we see that from Japan, China, Cambodia, and Malacca, over the great ocean, and over 150° of lon,, rise expanses of land varying in extent from mere rock's, sand banks, or coral reefs, to the vast islands of New Holland, Papua, Borneo, and Sumatra. Measured by the rhombs, this oceanic continent comprises about the one eighth parr of 114 the whole surface of the earth, and far exceeds any of the other sections of our planet in facilities of naval intercourse. The determination of the land area of A\istralia is a difTicuIl problem. The fol. lowing tabular view we give ai an approximalion to the leal land surface: New Holland New Zealand TftsmmiiaSumatraJava Borneo Sumbava") Flores C Timor 3 Philippines - Celebes, Gilolo, Papua New Ireland New Britain Solomon Isles New l^aledonia New Hebrides Feejee group Samoan group Tonga group Tahila group MarquesasHawaiian group Sq. Ills. 3,185,000 80,000 6,000 157,500 65,000 250,000 30,00090,000 &c. 82,000 200,000 2,800 1,000 3,0003,000 1,000 3,0003,700 1,000 2,000 1.000 6,000 Total - 4,172,000 In the preceding general view, we have not in cluded the Hawaiian group for reasons we now proceed lo explain. Bul, as a preface to such ex planation, we give the following table of courses and distances from Karakakoa Bay, in Ihe island of Hawaii, (Owyhee,) lo different points in Poly nesia, Australia, Asia, Japan, and America, calcu lated on the principles of Mercator : Dist. in Seel ion. Lat. Lon. Course. sutuie milea. o / a / o / Karakakoa Bay, Ha waii 19 26 n 136 00 w Nukahiva in the Marquesas 8308 139 40 w s 29 18 e 2,241 Tahita or Olahpite - 17 UO 3 148 40 w sU lOe 2,596 Upulu island, Sa moan, Of Naviga tor's 13 15 s 172 00 w s 25 44 VV 2,541 Tongataboo 21 00 s 175 00 w s 24 42 w 3,115 TacanovQ, in the Feejee gronp 16 20 s 180 00 w s 53 05 w 2,9S8 Central island of bolomon group - 800s 160 00 e s 57 40 w 3,587 Matthew's island. Scarborough do - 2 00 n 176 00 e s 57 35 w 2,283 Centre uf Mulgrave, group - 10 00 n 72 00 e s 73 30 w 2,263 Torres island of Car olines, do 8 00 n 159 30 e s 75 30 w 3,255 Central island of L.adrone, do 16 00 n 146 00 e s 86 27 « ' .3,831 Manilla, town of Luzon 14 38 n 121 00 e s 86 23 w 5,550 Canton, city of China - 23 03 n 113 20 e n 87 36 w ^ 5,962 Nangansaki, city, of Japan - 32 32 n 1-28 46 e n 78 08 w 4,413 Moulh of Columbia, or Oregon river - 46 14 n 125 00 w n43 00e 2,676 Aeapulco, port and town of Mexico - 17 00 n 99 51 w s87 26 e 3,780 Wesiern mouth of the straits of Ma gellan . 52 30 s 74 IS w s41 26 e 6,9K AUS (iKocu vriiicAL mrrioNAii'i ,\IJS The jireccding tabic exhibits the very rcmurkublo position of the Hawaiian group, showing it to bo the most remote from other continental or insular land of any part of the earth ; and to the results of Ihc lable wc may add, that the Russian sclllcmcnl of Kodiak and peninsula of Alaska, lying almosl duenoilh of Hawaii, and about N. lat. 57, is dis tant about 2,700 ms. As far as mere relative dis tance is concerned, the results of the table prove Hawaii lo belong to .\incrica, geographically speak ins; but no rational system would include this group with Polynesia or cither continent. It is surrounded, us wc sec, by an immense cNpanso of ocean, and rises from the bosom of the deep as if lo afford a resting place to the mariners of Ihc iia- lions afar off. Thus alone, HawaU'compensales in grandeur for the narrow spaces occcupicd by its isles. The island from which the general name is derived possesses the most stupendous of all active volcanoes, Mawna Kea, or Monna Kha — height above the ocean 18,000 English feci,* The recent work [lublisbed by Mr. .lumcs Jack son Jarves contains, wilh much valuable iiilorma- lioii on Polynei-ia generally, some highly imporl- :iiit particular documenls on the geographical posi tion and extent, climate, soil, natural features, and commercial advantages of the Hawaiian t;roup. From Ihit author wc have made already some ouo- lalions, and now become his debtor for the sub- j'lined extracts: "The peculiar situation of the Hawaiian islands, ill the vat.1 Norlh Pacific, is of great importance to commerce, and marks them as a gcncial rotating place in that portion of the great highway of the world, and the embryo depot of a va.-t and flouri.sh- ^iiig trade. Their extremes of lalituilc arc from IS 50 lo "'Z -iO N,, which brings ibcm upon the borders u( the tropic "l Cancer, and nf lon, IVoiii i.")! 53 lo IfiO 1,') W. from firconwich. "Their po.-sition is central to bolh the neigh boring contliiciils, being nearly equi-distaiit from Central America, .Mexico, t'alifornia, and the N\V,. coast on the one side, and the Russian do minions, Japan, China, and the Philippine islands, on the other. When a civilized and enterprising population shall have developed llic resources of lhe.se countries, ihcsc islands will bear the sanic relative Importance to ihcin, in proportion to their KXlcnl, lhat the West Indies do now to Norlh and ^outli America, " The lesser soulhern groups (individual islands must be meant, as the groups arc incomparably more extensive than the Hawaiian) lie also within a few weeks' sail, and much of their commerce must eventually centre here, though a long period must elapse before their full value and importance become thoroughly developed. " To Ihe whaling interests they are invaluable ^ If we multiply the square root of the liri^lu of the eye in feet by l.--i/, the product ia tho diatance we can see' au ob- irct on the earth's surface in miles. This Ibnnula applied to I'.Touua Kha, with a height of 18,000 feet, gives die following, suppoyiiig the eye to be on the<6ummit; The square root of 18,000 is within an incoii siderable fraction of 134 l-lO, winch, muUinlied by 1.2-M7, gives 164.23,or we may say that aradius of 16U miles of the earth's surface can be seen from the suuiiiiit of Mouna Kha, and of course, independent of refraction, which increases tlie distance, the great volcanic mountain of Hawaii can be seen at soa"*at least 161 nis., and in some conditions of tlie almos. pherc to a uiiich greater distance. the moan on every side, from tho rqiiator (far H. of the equator) lo the polo, and bclwieii bolh coii- linoiiis, abounds wilh favorable cruising groundi-, and these islands afford the advanlages of gnml harbors, abundant supplies, and a healthful cli mate, in the imiiiedialc vicinity of iheir dangerous labors, " If iho polls of this group were closed to neu tral commercn, many Ibousalid miles of ocean would have to be Iraversod before havens post-ens- ing iho requisite conveniences for recruiting and preparinn- shipping could In- reached. This fad illustrales their great importanrc in a naval point of view. iShouId any one of the great nations seize upon them, it might be considered as holding the key of the North Pacific, for no trade could prosper in their vicinity, or even exist, while a hostile Power, possessing an active anil powerful marine, should send forth its cruisers to prey upon the neighboring commerce. Their isolated jiosi- tion, ill connexion wilh their reef or precipice- bound shores, would add greatly lo ihcir local ad vantages of defence, and a military colony oiicn fairly established might surely put al defiance any means of attack which could be brought agaiii.sl them,"— Pp. 3, ¦]. Ill addition to Bird island, the group consists of twelve. The principal islands, as delineated by Mr. Jarves, are eight in number and range from SE. lo NW., with an extreme distance of aboul 340 ms. from the eastern cape of Hawaii lo the western of Kanui. The oxlcnl in lengih and breadth and su perficial area is kIvcii in the following lable, [wgc 4 of the work from which wo have quoled ; Islands, Lpiiqlli. RtP.adtli Area ill sq. ms. Hawaii m 73 1,000 Muni ' 48 ;») 620 Kdhodl.iwi' 11 8 .60 Laiiai » 17 9 lOfl Molokiii 40 7 190 Oahn 46 2,3 ,530 Katiai o.-> ¦:l 500 Nllhall iii 7 90 6,090 Since this article was commenced, wc have ihc intelligence published that the Brilish Government has taken formal po.'^scssion of this group. On the authority of the Army and Navy Chronicle il has been announced as follows : "On the 25lh of February, 1843, in conse quence of demands made by the Brilish officers, which the King could nol or would not comply wilh, the islands were conditionally ceded to Queen Victoria, Possession of them was taken tho same day fay Lord George Paulet, commanding Her Britannic Majesty's ship Carysfort, and tho British flag hoisted under salutes from the fort and ships," To the author of this article it is a little inler- csling, as he intended lo close with ihc suggestion of the extreme probability of the occurrence of Ibis occupation at no very distant time. As mat ters have eventuated, il may not be hazardous to suggest lhat the work alluded to may have ils share in hastening the consummation— a consum mation, however, in itself a pait of the dcvclop- 11.5 AUS - GEOGRAPHICAL DIG I'lONARY. AUS ment of a mighty revolution which is, with a stead iness, and we may say rapidity, few are aware of, spreading the anglo-Saxon race over the vast bo som of the Pacific ocean. Let the fragments of the English family be di vided politically as they may, it is a sublime sub ject of study to scan their progress. If we return to the fountain from which, early in the seven teenth century, the stream of emigration com menced its motion and flowed inlo North America, and pursue its course and flaxes in various direc tions, what do we now behold? On Norlh Amer ica, a nation spreading from the Atlantic towards the Pacific ocean, and already rising twenty mil lions, including the Canadian provinces, and quadrupling in every half century. In Australia and Polynesia anglo-Saxon colonial masses in creasing in magnitude and extending in every di rection annually. The interests of the moment may induce us lo regard such progress with some mixture of political jealousy, but when we dismiss from our myids the influences of the day, and ex tend our views lo coming time, it is impossible to repress sentiments of gratulation when contem plating a revolution which changes savage barbar ism for civilization over such immense regions of the earth. Aurora, island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific ocean. It is about 12 leagues long, but not above 5 broad. Lon. 168 24 E. Iat. 15 8 S. Tp. in Erie co,, N. Y,, 15 ms, SE. from Buffalo. Pop. 1820, 1,385. Tp. and village on the eastern shore of Cayuga lake, in Cayuga CO., 12 ms. SW. from Auburn. Town and tp. Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1810, 189; in 1820, 549. The town of AuroVa is situated in the northern part of the co,, on the road from Warren to Cleveland, at its crossing that from Akron to Painesville, 28 ms, westward from War- ren, and 25 ms, SE, from Cleveland, Town Dearborn CO., Ia,, J5 ms, W. from Cincinnati. Aurungabad, considerable cily of Asia, in the Deccan of Hindostan. It is but a modern cily, owing its rise from a small town to the capilal of Dowlatabad, to the great Aurungzebe, from whom it had its name. It is 260 ms. NE, of Bombay, Lon. 76 2 E. lal. 19 45 N. Austerlitz, or Slawkow, town of Moravia. Near this place a great and decisive victory was obtained by the French, commanded by Bonaparte, over the Austrians and Russians, on the 3d of December, 1805, which led to the treaty of Presburg. It is 12 ms. E. of Bran, and 30 SSW. of Olmutz, Town Columbia co,, N. Y, Pop. in 1820, 2 335. ' Au'stinburg, tp. Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 1830, 445. The posttown of Austmburg is situ ated 6 ms. westward of Jefferson, the co. seat. Ausiintown, tp. Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1810,440; in 1830, 1,720. Austinville, village Wythe co., Va., on the E, side of Kanawha liver, 34 ms. E. of Wythe court house, and 366 from W. C. Australasia, name applied by some geographers lo those Islands that lie S. of the continent of Asia, as New Holland, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and those of Solomon, Arroo, New Hebrides, '- See article Oceana. 116 Austria, in German, CEsterreich, Eastern King dom, the original centre around which the empire of lhat name has been formed. It is an archducal province, along both banks of the Danube, and sub divided into upper Austiria and lower Austria, sep arated by the river Ens. It is about 140 ms. long, and wilh a mean width of 70 broad, conlaining 9,800 sq. ms. One-third ofthis extent consists of mountains, forests, lakes, and pasture groinds. Il is bounded by Bavaiia W., Styria S., Hungary E,, and Bohemia and Moravia on the N. The population of the principal places arc— Lower Austria, Vienna - - 256,000 Krems - 7,000 Wiener Neusladt 6,000 Waidhopen - 4,300 Klosler Neuburg - 3,026 St. Pollen 2,960 Korn Neuburg 2,.')00 Boadeii Upper Austria, 2,000 Linz, or Lintz - 18,000 Ens 4,400 Freystadt 4,000 Wells 3, .'300 Gmunden 3,000 Reid 3,000 Hallstadt 2,800 Stever 3,200 The aggregate population of lower -Aus tria - - 1,062,000 Upper Austria 646,000 1,708,000 &c. The climate of the Duchy of Austria may be safely assumed as a scale by which lo esliinate Ihal of central Europe. It lies from N. lat. 47 20 lo 48 57. Linlz, the most westerly city, is about 1,000 feet above the level of the Black sea ; and Hain- burg, near Presburg, the most eastern, is 780 feet above the same level. On the banks of the Dan ube and thfc lower couniry, the heat is excessive in summer, and cold extreme in winter. Fahrenheit's thermometer frequently rising lo 98°, and sinking below zero. The changifs are rapid and severe. On the 25th of August, 1805, Fahrenheit's Ihcr- momelcr, al 3 in the afternoon, stood at 97, and at 3 in the ensuing morning, was down at 54°, at Vienna. Austria is limited N. by the mountains of Bohe mia, and S. by those of Styria. The whole coun try is uneven, the valleys productive in grain and fruits. The mean temperature of springs and deep wells at Vienna, from 44° to 46° of Fahrenheil. The air is considered healthy, though the winters are long, and liable to great vicissitudes. Agri culture generally commences in the latter part of March, and winter sets in about the beginning of November. The rivers of Austria aic, the Danube, which rolls its great volume through the whole duchy^ and "receives from the N. the Moravia, and the Kamp; and from the S. the Ens, Traun, Ips, and Tracen. There are a few lakes, but none of suffi cient note to demand particular attention. AUS GEOllRAl'HU'Al' DICTION AUY. AUT .lustria, an empire of Europe, the name of which has been taken from one of ils constituent provinces. The Austrian empire occupies the central, and comprises some of the finest parts of Europe, The empire of Austria is situated in the centre of Europe, between 42 0 and 61 0 N. lal, and 9 0 and 27 0 E. lon. Ils greatest length, from Seslo Calende, on the Ticino, in the duchy of Milan, to the confluence of the Porhorse and tho Dniester, at the eastern extremity of Galicia, is 850 English miles; and its breadth, from Trau, on ihc Adriatic sea, in Dalmatia, to the northern extremity of Bo hemia, 650 ms. It is formed by the union of dif ferent countries, inhabited by people differing in race, language, religion, form of government, man nors, customs, and institulions, who havo no nat ural connexion with each olher, ond aro held to gether by the single lie of a common sovereign and a central government. \ The German geographers agree in dividing into four great portions all ihe countries ot which the empiic is composed, viz: 1st, the Gorman pro vinces, 2d, the Polish provinces, 3d, the Hunga rian provinces, among which they reckon not only Hungary, Trinsylvania, and the military borders, but also the kingdom of Dalmatia, 4th, tho Italian provinces, in which they include only the LoJn- bardo-Venetian kingdom. But the empire is ac tually divided into fifteen governments, which arc subdivided into circles, provinces, counties, di.s- tricls, &c. TABLE, Area in square geograph Population according to the S ical miles. revised conscription list for ISM, 1 © N-iiues of the fiftepu Govern- ments. In the Out of In the Ger Out of the t:.i 1 mala. German jermaii man con- German ol Total, confede racy. confede racy. Total, lederacy. confede racy. a. 1, Kingdom of Hungary, with its dependencies 67,083 _ 67,083 ll,404,:ri0 - 11,404,350 170 Buda ,and Pesth, 2. Kinadom of Galicia 23,273 1,:J98 23,375 4,395,339 319,000 4,076,;339 174 Lemberg, 3, Grand principalityofTran- sylvania 16,i:33 _ 16,133 1,963,433 - 1,963,435 248 Klausenburg. 4. Kingdom of Bohemia 15,243 15,243 _ 4,1X14,852 4,004,852 - 263 Prague, ."i. iMilitary Borders 11,454 - 11,454 1,101,281 - 1,101,231 95 Perterwardein. 6. The Tyrol 8,29.-, 8,285 - 827,6:i5 827,635 - 100 Insbmck, or Inspruck. 7. MoravU and Silesia 7,731 7,731 - 2,110,141 2,110,111 - 272 Brunn, a Kingdom of Venice, Italy - 6,893 - 6,893, 2,079,588 2,079,588 :in2 Venice, 9. Kingdom ef Lombardy, Italy 6,321 - 6,321 2,495,929 2,495,929 ¦.m Milan. 10. Duchy of Slyria 6,541 6,.541 - 923,982 92:?,9-'^^ - 142 Graetz. 11. Carinthia and Carniola - 5,936 5,936 743,217 743,217 1-25 Laybach. 12, The Littoral, or Govern ment of Trieste 2.'.:ii 720 1,611 445,317 137,.520 307,779 191 Trieste, 13, Lower .Austria 3,769 3,769 - 1,343.632 1,313,6.32 - 234 Vienna,* 14, Upper Austria and Salz burg - 5,.5&1 5,581 - 846,982 816,982 - 152 Linz, 15. Kingdom of Dalmatia 3,922 - ¦i ,^"22 364,933 - 364,933 96 Zara, 194,399 57,205 137,192 35,050,533 11,256,881 23,793,652 180 This lable exhibits the heterogeneous composi tion and vast magnitude of Austria amongst the Stales of Europe. Occupying the middle basin of the Danube and the norlh of Italy, this empire possesses the most fertile regions in Europe. 'The mountainous chains of Bohemia, Hungary, Po land, and the Alpine tracts, towards Turkey and Ilaly, abound in metals and minerals to such vast extent that Austria is justly considered as the most productive metaUic region of not only Europe, but of the eastern continent ; and, by a singular for tune, the salt mines of Wielicza, in Poland, fell to Austria. The entire area now under the Austrian sceptre amounts to aboul 268,000 sq, ms. From the extreme eastern angle of Transylvania to ihe eastern boundary of Sardinia, in a direction nearly E, and \V'., Austria extends- 900 ms., and in breadth, from Croatia lo the northern partof Bohe mia, 450 ms. The empire generally lies between 45 0 and 50 0 N. lat, Austria is commonly considered as a Germanic State ; bul it is evident lhat, if the far greater part of ils inhabitants are taken into view, it is much more Hungarian, and even more Italian than Ger man. The Roman Catholic is the prevailing reli gion, though other sects exist parlially, and arc permitted, rather than tolerated, to exercise their rites in the empire of Austria. — See Archduchy of Austria, and Earth, Autauga, co, of Ala,, having Alabama river or Montgomery SE. and S,, Dallas SW., Cahaba W., iShelby N,, and Coosa river NE. Ilisaboul 43 by 18 ms. ; area 774; surface hilly, and soil varied in quality from first rale along the streams to extremely sterile ridges, Slaple, colton. Pop, in 1820, 3,853. Chief town, Washington. Cen tral lat. 32 30 N,, Ion. W. C. 9 30 W. AuTOCKiT, ruler who exercises self power, and used as a term to designate the utmost extent of arbitrary authority, restrained in ils exercise by no law except ihatof individual will. The emperors of Russia are, however, the only European sovereigns who express such power by their title " Autocrate of all the Russias, " * Capital of the empire. 117 AVE GEOGRAI'HKJ.AL DKri'lONARY. AW A Aulun, ancient lown W Fr., tho episcopal see of the dep. of Saone and Loire, in tho late province of Burgundy ; it contains a great many mines, and produces a great quantily of sulphur. It is 45 ms. E. by S. of Nevers, and ,162 SE, of Paris. Lon. 4 23 E., lat. 46 57 N. Auvergne, late province of Fr, , 100 ms. in length and 75 in breadth, bounded on the N. by the Bour bonnois, on the E. by Forez and Velao, on the W. by Limosin, Querci, and La Marche, and on ihc S. by Roucrgue and the Cevennes. It now forms tho two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome. Auxerre, ancient lown of Fr., in the dep. of Y'onne, lately an episcopal see of Burgundy, ad vantageously situated on the Yonne. The inhab ilanls are computed at 16,000, and it contains ma ny fountains and squares. It is 25 ms. S. of Sens. Lon. 3 39 E., lat, 47 48 N, Auxonnc, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Cole d' Or, and bite province of Burgundy, on the Soanc, over which there is a bridge of 33 arche.s, and is 17 ms. E. of Dijon. Lon. 5 22 E., lal. 47 UN. Ava, large river which rises in Thibet, and cross ing tbe kingdoms of Burmah and Pegu, falls into the bay of Bengal by several mouths. Large city in Asia, formerly capital of the kingdom of Burmah, and seated on the river Ava. The inhabitants are well-shaped, have good features, and an olive com plexion ; but the women, who are small, are whiter than the men. Ava is 1, 150 m. NE. of Calcutta. Lon. 96 40 E., lat. 31 0 N. Long tract of coast in .\sia, on the E. side of the Gulf of Ben gal, extending from the S. extremity of Aracan to Capo Negrais, and divided from Pegu, on the E,, by the river Ava. .ivaloa, ancient town of Fr., in the dep. of Yonne, and late province of Burgundy. It is 20 ras. SB. of AuxcriB, Lon. 3 ."^2 E,, lat, 47 30 N, Aveiro, lown of Portugal, on the lake of Vouga, wilh a good harbor, 30 ms, S. of Oporto, Lon, 8 30 W,, lal, 40 40 N, Avcirnii, dep. of Fr,, including the laic province of Rouerguc. Aveltino, episcopal lown of Naples, in Priiici-. palo Citeriore, It was almost ruined by an earth quake in 1694, and is 25 ms, E, of -"iaplcs. Lon, 15 OE,, lal. 40 ,50 N. Avenche, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, formerly capital of Swisserland, but now shows ils former greatness only bv its ruins. Itis 15 ms. of Bern. Lon, 6 52 E,, 'lal. 46 50 N. Aventsville, village in Nash co , N. C, by the post road 77 ms. NE. from Raleigh, Averack, fortified lown of Germany, in the fS, part of Suabia, and duchy of Wirlcmburg, sealed at the foot of a mountain on the rivulet Ermsl, 15 ms. E. of Tubingen. Lon. 9 32 E,, lat, 48 26 N. Avcrno, a lake of Na[iles, in Terra di Lavora, 2 ms, long and 1 broad. Virgil and others have said lhat the water was so bad that birds would drop dead when flying over it, and hence they call it he Lake of Hell; bul it is now found to have no poisonous quality ; for birds nol only fly over it, but swim upon it, A little to the W. of the lake is a cave, where some pretend Ihey went formerly to consult the Cumean Sybil. There arc also some old walls, which some suppose lo bo the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. US Aoersa, town of Naples, with a bishop's sec, Il is seated in a very fine plain, 8 nis. N. of Naples, Lon. 14 30 E,, Iat. 40 59 ,N. Averysboro', village of Cumberland co., N. C, standing on the E. side of the N W. branch of Ca|ie Fear river, 35 ms. N. of Faycitevillc, and 36 S, of Raleigh. Avcs, or the Islands of Birds, so called from llic great number of birds lhat frequent them. They are 70 ms. E. by S. of Curacoa, and 1,000 iV. of the coast of Terra Firma. Avesnes, small but strong town of Fr, , in llie dep. of the North, and late province of Hainault, sealed on the Hesper, 25 ms, E, of Cambray, ami 100 NE, of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E,, lat, 50 8 l\, Avila, ancieni town of Spain, in Old Caslilc, ll has a university, and in the middle of a fine large plain, surrounded wilh mou.Tlains, and covered wilh fruit trees and vineyards, 40 ms. NV/. uf Madrid. Lon. 4 35 W., lal. 40 40 N. ¦ Aviles, town of Spain, in .Asturias d'Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay, 25 ms. N, of Oviedo. Lon, (i 5 W,, lat, 43 27 N, Avis, small lown of Portugal, in Alentejo, on an eminence, with a casllc near the river Avis, Hence the military order of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 65 ms, E. of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40, lal, 38 46 N. Avon, river that rises in Wills, Eng., and, coast ing the edge of the new forest, falls into tbe Eng lish channel at Chrislchurch bay, in Hampshire. — —-River that rises in Leicestershire, Eng., and, running SW. by Warwick and Eversham, falls into the Severn al Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire. Lower, river that rises in Wills, Eng., and, run ning W. to Bath, becomes navigable there, con tinues ils course to Bri.^tol, and falls into the Sev ern. Town in Somerset CO., Mc. Pop. in 1810, 304; in 1820, 450. Tp, in Onlario co,, N, Y, Pop, in 1820, 1,933, Town in Somerset co,, Mc, 100 ms. NE. from Portland, lown in Lorrain co,, Ohio, is situated in a township of the same name, the most norlhern of the county, 9 ms. NB. of Elyria, the county seal, and aboul an equal distance from Rnckport, in Cuyahoga counly. Avoyelles, parish of Louisiana, having Opelou sas, or St. Landrc SVV., Rapides NW,, Red river NE., Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers E. ll is 35 by 20 ms. ; area 700 sq. ms. Tho general sur face of Avoyelles is a dead levtj, and annually overflown alluvial plain ; but the prairie or arable part of about 15 ms, by from 3 to 5, lies 20 or 25 feet aboveoverflow, wilh a very productivcaoil. Sta ple cotton. No town of any coijyequencc. Pop, in 1830, 2,245, Central lat. 31 ON., Ion, I,"") 0 VV, from W, C, Aol'anckes, ancient town of Fr,, in the drp, of the channel and late province of Normandy ; llic cily is mean but is finely sealed on an eminence, near which the sea runs about IJ ms, from the ocean and 30 E. of St. Male. Lon, 1 18 W,, lat, 48 4 1 N, Avoce, island of Denmark, eastward from Alsen, and in the little belt bolwecn Sleswich and Langc- laiid. Chief town Alrocc, N, lat. 54 50, lon. 10 23 E. of London. Pop, of the island 8,000, Awatsha-Bay, harbor of Kamtschatka, tho safest and most extensive that has been discovered, and the only one in thai part of the wor d that can ad- AYI. GROGRAPIIirAL DICTIONARY. BAB mil vt'fsels of a considerable burden. Lon. 158 48 E., lal. 52 51 N. Awe Loch, one of the most beautiful lakes of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 30 ms. long, and, in some parts, above 2 broad. It contains many fine litlle islands, lufled wilh trees. Tbe river Awe, the outlet ot this lake, is discharged inlo Loch Elivo, at the village of Bunawe, Awleti, small imperial lown of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 15 ms, W, of Oeling. It was taken by the French in August, 1796,,, Lon. 10 15 E,, lat, 48 36 N, a4xiW(/o'f, corporate lown in Somersetshire, Eng,, on the river Ax, under the Mendip hills, where there is a good pasturage, 10 ms. NW, of Wells, and 132 W. ofLondon, Lon. 3° W,, lat, 51 17 N. Axil, small fortified lown of Dutch Flanders, seated in a morass, 10 ms, N, of Ghent. It was taken bv the French in 1794. Lon, 3 45 E., lat, 51 15 N, A.rliolm, island in tbe N W, part of Lincolnshire, Eng, Il is formed by the Trent, Dun, and Idle, and is 10 ms, long and 5 broad. It is a rich tract, in which much flax is cultivated. Axim, lerriiory on the gold coast of Guinea, con taining two or three villages, on the sea shore. The inhabitants are generally rich, and sell a great deal of gold lo the English antl Dutch, They are likewise industrious in fishing and tilling the ground. The excessive moisture of the climale renders it very unhealthy ; but it produces plenty of rice, water-melons, lemon,s, oranges, &c. The Dutch have a fort and a factory here, called St, Anthony. Axius river. See Vurdari river and Mace- dmiia. Axminstcr, town of Devonshire, Eng., on the river Ax, It was a place of note in the lime of the Saxons, bul now contains only 200 houses. Here is a manufacture of broad and narrow cloths, artd a famous one for carpels. It is 18 ms, E, by N, of Exeter, and 147 W. of London. Lon. 3 8 W., lal. 50 46 N, Axum, formerly a large cily, and once the cap ital of Abyssinia, Ils ruins are very extensive, but consist altogether of public buildings. The pres ent town of Axum contains about 600 houses, stands in a confined valley between two hills, near the ruins of the ancient cily. Coarse cottons and excellent parchment are still made at this place. It is 125 ms, W, of the Red sea. Lon. 35 4 E,, lal, 14 6 N. Ayamonte, seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a strong castle built on a rock at the moulh of the river Guadiana, opposile Castro-Marino, 80 ms. NW.. of Cadiz. Lon. 7 15 W., lat 37 12 N. Ayas, ancient Issus, city of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Adana, the ancient Cilicia. It is situated on the gulf of Scanderoon, and by land round the head of the gulf about 50 ms, north westward from the city of Scanderoon, N, lat, 36 45, lon. 35 45 E, ofLondon. Ayasaluck, town of Asiatic Turkey, on the gulf of Scala Nuova. This place by many regarded as standing on the site of the ancient Ephesus, but by others of good authority placed to the NE. of the ruins of Ephesus, It is situated to the southward of the river Caypler, Aylesham, town in Norfolk, Eng , 12 ms. N, of Norwich and 131 NE, of London. Lon, I 1/ E,, lal, 52 53 N. Ai/lettes, town. King William co,, Va,, 29 run, NE, from Richmond and 120 S, Irom WuBhine ton, Aymouth, town of Hoot,, in Berwickshire, 6 nvs, N, of Berwick, formerly fortified, lo curb the garrison of that town. Lon. 1 46 W., lal, 56 1 1 N, Ayr, borough of Scot,, capital ol an extensive CO. of the .^ouH' name. It is situate on a sandy plain on bolh sides of the river Ayr, over which is a bridge of four arches, Ayr is 65 ms. SW, ol Edinliurgh, Lon, 4 39 E., lal. 55 30 N. Ayrshire, co, of Scot,, bounded on the W. and N, by the Frith of Clyde and Renfrewshire, on the E. by the counties of Lanark and Dumfries, aud on the SE, and S. by Ihe shires of Kircuil- brighl and Wighlon, ll exhibits the shape of two wings, extending lo the NW. and SW,, and forming a vast bay al the moulh of the Frith of Clyde, Between its exireme points it is about 53 ms. ; ils greatest breadth is noi quite 27, Ils most northerly division is Cunningham, the NW. an gle of which,, though mountainous, is rich in pas ture. Azal,ancient Saba, a territory nominally of Abys sinia, on the Red sea. It was one of the places called from Ihe Sabaie, an eaily trading people. On the map of Arabia attending Rees'sEncyclo- pcedia it is called Asab, and on the same map placed nearly opposite Mocha, in Arabia, N, lal. 13°, lon. 42 40 E. ofLondon. Azamor, small seaport of Africa, in the kingdorA of Morocco; formerly very considerable, but ruin ed by the Portuguese in 1513, Lon, 7° W., lat. 32 50 N. Azem. See Assam. Azof. See Asoph. Azores, or Western Islands, a group of islands in the Atlantic ocean. They are subject to a gov ernor general, who resides at Angra, in Terceira, No poisonous animal, it is said, is to be found in the Azores. All of them are fertile, and enjoy a salubrious air, but are subject to violent earth quakes. See particular head o( Azores in the gen eral article Africa. Pop. of the Azores 23,000, See Africa, p, 32. B. Baal Beck, or theValley of Baal, a fertile coun try of Asia, between Lebanon and Anti-Libanus, about 30 ms. from Damascus, where there was for merly a temple of the Sun, the ruins of which are still admired by travellers. Some geographers make it a part, and the others the whole, of Cailosyria ; but all agree that it was one of the most pleasant ' spots, on the earth. Baba, village of A. T., in Natolia, celebrated for its knives and sword blades ; it stands on a gulf of the same name on the archipelego. N lat 39 40, E. lon, 26 5. Baba, or St. Mary, the anoienl Ledum, cape of A. T., in Natolia. The village of Baba stands a short distance within the cape. It lies nearly N. from Mylilene, and is the SW. angle of ancient Troadc. Baba-Dagh, mountains of Asia Minor, extend ing from the eastern shore of the gulf of Scala No- 119 BAG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAD va, eastwardly between the rivers Meander and ¦Sarabat, ancient Hermus, about 300 ms., merging into the central mass of the great Taurus, near Angora. The chain now known as Baba-Dagh, comprised anciently the sub-chains of Tmolus, Mesoogis, and Sypylus. See Taurus. Babelmandeb, or, as it ought to be written, Bab- el-mandeb, is, strictly speaking, the outlet of the Red sea. The island of Perim divides the straits into two unequal channels. According to Lord Valentia's chart, the whole distance between the opposing shores is only 15 British statute ms., and the island within 3 ms. from the African shore, N. lat. 12 40, E. lon. 43 33. Babelmandeb, cape of Arabia, lying N. from the straits of that name, about 50 ms. !S. from Mo cha and 100 W. from Aden. It is the extreme southweslern angle of .Asia. N. lal. 12^40, E. Ion. 43 33. The meaning of this term is hterally Port of Death, from the real or supposed clangers of its navigation. Babingby, or Baburghley, village, Norfolk co., Eng. It ia noted as being the' place where Felix, the Burgundian, landed to introduce Christianity among the East Angles, and where their first church is said to have been erected. It is 4 ms. NE. from Lynn. Babuyanes, cluster of 6 or 7 small islands in the N. Pacific ocean, 10 leagues N. of the isle of Lu- conia. The chief produce is wax, ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains. Babylon, capital of the ancient kingdom of Baby lonia, or Chaldea. Ruins of, is supposed to be situated at lat. 33 34 N., and lon. 44 i3| E., al the higher extremity of the delta formed by the Tigris and Euphrates. Baca, or Baza, town of Spain, in Granada, 15 ms. NE. of Guadix. Bach, or Batha, town of Hungary, formerly the see of a bishop, seated near the Danube, 30 ms. ENE. of Funfkirchen and 85 S. of Buda. Bacharach, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Rhine and Moselle, lately of Germany, in the pal atinate of the Rhine. It is famous for ils wine, and stands al the foot of a mountain near the Rhine, 24 ms. S. by E. of Coblentz. Bacha, or Bashaw, Turkish lerm or title for superior officers, governors of cities or provinces, viziers, &c. It is rather odd that this word which half a century ago was spelled in European books commencing wilh B, is now almost invariably commenced with P, whilst the latter letter a Turk cannot pronounce ; and hence it is that this nation supply the Greek termination polis in names of places by boli. Bacheldors, tp., Oxford co., Maine. Pop. in 1810, 91. Bachelor's Retreat, town, Pendleton dislrict, S. C, 150 ms. NW. from Columbia. Bachlowitz. See Buchlowitz. Bachouanon, river of U. C, falls into Lake Su perior about midway between the falls of St. Mary and Red river. Bacheserai, town of Russia, in the province of Taurida, It was lately the residence of the Tar- tarchans of the Crimea, It is 70 ms, S, of Pre- cop. Lon. 35 40 E., Iat. 45 20 N. Bacar>;ach, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, formerly imperial. It is famous (or 120 its wines, and is seated on the Rhine, 20 ms. W. of Mentz. Lon. 7 53 E., lat. 49 55 N. Bachian, one of the Molucca islands, in the E. Indies, which produces cloves. It is very fruitful, and belongs to the Dutch. Lon. 135 5 E., lat. 35' S. Back Creek, town, Cecil co., Md., 5 ms, S, fiom Elklon. Back Creek Valley, town, Frederick co., Va., 35 ms. NW. from Winchester. Badajoz, lown o,f Spain, capital of Estramadu ra, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge built by the Romans over the Guadiana. It is a frontier town towards Portugal, and well fortified. - It is 14 ms. E. of Elvas and 175 S by W. of Madrid. Lon. 6 40 W., Iat. 38 45 N. Badakshan, cily of Usbec Tartary, capital of the province of Kilan. Gold, silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ; and caravans pass by this cily to Cabul and China. It is seated on the Har- rat, or .^mu, in a branch of the Beloor mountains, 320 mi. E. of Balk. Lon. 70 35 E., lat. 36 35 N. Baden, town of Suabia, capilal of a margravate of the same name, with a casile on the top of a mountain, where the prince often resides. It is re markable for its baths, whence it takes its name; and is seated near the Rhine, 4 ms. S. of Basladt. Lon. 8 14 E.,, Iat. 48 SON. Baden, grand duchy of Germany, extending from Constance, on the lake of that name, down the Rhine, below Manheim and the mouth of the Neckar. The duchy lies in the form of the letter L ; the base to the southward, about 90 ms. along the Rhine, opposite the Swiss cantons, and thence down the Rhine 150 ms. The breatlth nowhere reaches 40 ms. ; area about 6,000 sq. ms. On theS. and W. it is in all ils length bounded by the Rhine, on the N. it has Ducal Hesse, and on the E. Wurtemburgand HohenzoUern Heckengen. The slope of the country is in all its lengih towards the Rhine, sepaialed from Wurtemburg by a mountain chain, and drained by the numerous confluents of the Neckar and other streams flowing in deep val leys into the Rhine. It may be noted as interesting that the extreme source of the Danube is at the vil lage of Furtwangen in Baden, very nearly on lal. 48°, and very nearly E. from Old Brisac on the Rhine, distant about 30 ms. In latitude, Baden lies between 47 35 and 49 50 N. Baden is not a recent government; it was a margravate as early as A. D. 1 000, created an electorate in 1802, and soon after a grand duchy, or, in more distinct terms, a monarchy of Europe as independent in itself as Prussia, Bavaria, or even Austria. Capital Carlsruhe. It is divided in to the following circles : Circles. Mayn and Tauter Neckar Murg and Phinz Kinzig Triesam and Weisen - Danube and Constance - Pop, 105,000189,000 245,000 133,000 275,000 184,000 1,143,000 Wertheim ManheimCarlsruheOffenburgFriburg Constance Pop, 3,000 22,000 19,000 3,000 10,000 6,000 Distributive population of the grand duShy near, by the table, to 200 lo the sq, m,, and now, as BAG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAH tfio element is of several years anterior dale, per haps exceeding that density. Baden, ancient and handsome town, in a co, of the same name in Swisserland. It is remarkable lor its baths, mentioned hy the inhabitants under the names of Aqure and Thermie Helvetica;, and lor the treaty concluded here in 1714, between Gcrmanv and Spain. It is seated on the Limmat, 10 ms. NW. of Zurich. Lon. 8 30 E., lat. 47 25 N. Neat little walled town of .^u.'itria, fa mous for its hot baths, seated on the river Sticehat, 15 ms, SW, of Vienna. Lon. 16 25 E., lat. 48 1 N, Badenweiller, town of Suabia, belonging to the lower margravate of Baden, sealed near the Rhine, 10 ms. SE. of Friburg, Lon. 7 52 E,, lat. 48 1 N Badgeworth, village in Gloucestershire, Eng., remarkable for a spring of mineral water called Cold Pool, nearly the same as those of Chelten ham. Il is 7 ms. NE. of Gloucester. Baeza, town of Spain, in Andalusia. It is the see of a bishop, and has a university ; seated on the Guadalquiver, 15 ms. NE. of Jaen. Lon. 3 18 W., Iat. 37 45 N. Baffa, ancient Paphos, town and seaport on the western shore of the island of Cyprus, situated 70 ms. nearly due W. from Larnika. N. lat, 34 54, lon, 32 33 E. of London. See Baffo. Bafing, river of Africa, one of the principal confluents of the Senegal ; rises in the Kong moun tains N. lal. 1 1°, and flowing a little W. of N upwards of 200 ms., joins the Senegal. The course of the Bafing lies between 10 and 11° W. lon It forms the eastern boundary of the kingdom of Bambook. Baffin's bay, large bay lo the N. of Hudson's bay, said to be discovered in 1662, by Baffin, an Englishman, who attempted to find a 'NW. pas sage that way lo the South sea. Mr. Pinkerlon had the temerity to doubt the existence of this bay, but recent researches, particularly by Captain Parry, have established the accuracy of Baffin, and added much to the extent of this inland sea. Baf fin's bay, or sea, lies within the arctic circle, and is upwards of 1,000 ms. long, with a mean width exceeding 250. It reaches to near N. lat. 78°. In 1818, Captain Ross completed the circumnavi gation of Baffin's bay, and determined its norlhern extremity to be the bottom of Smith's sound, N lat. 77 45, and, as laid down by Tanner, almosl exactly on the meridian of Wash\ngton city. Baffo, considerable town in the island of Cy prus, with a fort near the ancient Paphos. Bagdad, falsely supposed to be ancient Baby lon, a populous city, capital of Irac Arabia, seated on the Tigris, and inhabited by Christians, Turks, &c. Bagdad was founded in A. D. 762, by Abu Jaafar al Mansur, the second Abasside Khalif, who removed the seat of the Sarazen empire to this new capital. It is now the seat of a Turkish Bashaw. Il is very remarkable that during all the revolutions of ages, from the most remote antiquity, a great capital has existed in the lower part of the basin of the Euphrates. Bagdad was built on the Ti. gris, about 70 ms. almost directly N. from the ru ins of Babylon, and about 20 ms. above Seleucia, and at a point where the Euphrates and Tigris ap proach sO near each olher as about 16 English ms., bul again recede from each other and do not unite [megs, and other more gross merchandise, 16* 131 until having each flowed by comparative courses something above 200 ms. Though fallen from ils former magnitude, Bagdad still shares with Basso ra us a commercial depot. N. Int. 33 20, lon. 44 42. Distant from Bassorah 250 ms., and about 500 duo E, from Damascus. Baglana, or Bocklana, couniry of Hindoostan, in the Deccan, which extends from the Sural river lo Poonah, and is enclosed by a ridge of moun tains, part of the Gauls. It is bounded on the N, by Candeish, on the SW, by Visiapour, and on the SE, by Dowlatabad, Bagnara, seaport of Naples, 8 ms, S, of Palma. In this town 3,017 person.-, perished by the dread ful earthquake in 1783. Lon, 16 8 E,, lal. 38 15 N. Bagnarea, town of Ilaly, wilh a bishop's see, in the patrimony of St. Peier, 5 ms. S. of Orvioto. Lon, 12 28 E., lat. 42 36 N. Bagnares, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Up per Pyrenees, and late province of Bigorre. Il lies al the foot of the Pyrenees, on the river Adour, It is much frequented on account of its hot mineral waters and is 10 ms, SE. of Tarbes. Lon. 0 12 E,, lat. 43 3 N. Hagnols, town of Fr., in the dep, of Herault, and late province of Languedoc, near the river Cese, 8 ms, SW. of Pont St. Esprit. It has a handsome square and two fountains, which rise in the middle of the town. Lon. 4 43 E., lat. 44 ION, Bahama, or Lucaya Islands, situaled between 22° and 27° N. lat,, and 73° and 81° W. lon. They extend along the coast of Florida to Cuba, and are said to be 500 in number, some of them only mere rocks, but 12 of them are very large, fer tile, and in nothing difl'erent from the soil of Caro lina. These islands were the first fruils of Colum bus's discoveries, bul they are all uninhabited, ex cept Providence, and are subject to the English, lo whom they were not known till 1667, when Cap tain Seyle being driven among them in his passage to Carolina, gave his name to one of them, and, being a second time driven upon it, called it Prov idence. The cotton seed has been recently intro duced into these islands from Georgia, and is well adapted to the soil and climale. Bahama Channel, between Florida and the Ba hama islands. The currents here set, but with va rying force, continually N, Bahar, country of Hindoostan proper, bounded on the VV. by Allahabad and Oude, on the N. by Napaul, on the E, by Bengal, and on the S. by Orissa. It is subject to the English East India Company, and most of the saltpetre they export is manufactured in this province, of which Patna is the capilal. Bahar Nagash, " The King of the Sea," coun try of Africa, along the Red sea, in Habesh, or eastern Abyssinia. It formerly extended from Su akim to S. of the straits of Bab-elMandeb, or from lat. 12° to 21° N., which, following the general course of the intervening coast, exceeds 700 ms. — See Habesh, Baqak, Bahaire, or Barhi:, a weight used in part of the East Indian islands, such as the Moluc cas, Ternate, and some others; it is of two kinds, the greater used for pepper, cloves, ginger, nut- This BAI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAL weight is equal to 524 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupoise. The lesser bahar is equal to 437 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupoise, and is used to weigh quicksilver, vermillion, ivory, and silk, and olher more costly materi«il. Baheren Island lies in the Gulf of Persia, and was once famous for its pearl fishery. Baherin, Bahrain, or Baherim, signifies two seas, and is the name of the group of islands so very vaguely de signated above. They are situated in the wesiern part of the Persian Gulf, opposile lo Lasha, in Ara bia. N. lat. 27 0, E. Ion. 49 0. They are nu merous, though small, individually. The pearl fishery, for which these islands have been celebrat ed, though declined in importance, is still carried on By the Arab inhabitants. Bahia Honda, port of the N. side of tlie island of Cuba. Lat. 22 58 N., Ion. 6 6 W. of W. C. ; 60 ms. SW. by W. from Havannah. Bahia de Todos Santos, province of Brazil, on the .Atlantic ocean. St. Salvador is the capital. Bahia, — See St, Salvador, Barel-Abiad, or White river, the wesiern and main stream which forms the Egyptian Nile. — See article Nile, Bahus, strong town of Sweden, capital of a gov- einment ofthe same name, on a rock in an island, 10 ms. N. of Gottenbnrg. Lon. 11 42 E,, Iat. 57 52 N. Baia, an inconsiderable town of Naples, in Ter ra di Lavora ; it was famous, in the lime of the Ro mans, for its hot baths and elegant palaces. Its splendor may be inferred from its innumerable ru ins, heaps of marble, mosaics, stucco, and other precious fragments of taste. It is seated on the bay of Naples, 13 ms. W. of Naples. Lon. 14 5 E., lat. 40 51 N. Baja, populous lown of Hungary, on the Dan ube, 35 ms. NW. of Ess'eck. Lon. 20 0 E., lat. 46 10 -^^ Baikal, great lake in Siberia, in the province of Irkulzk, 330 ms. long, and 80 broad. The Bai kal is out of N. A., the most extensive collection of fresh water known. Like the higher lakes of the Canadian sea, the Baikal is comparatively ex cessively deep, and appears as an immense cavern or basin in the mountains of central Asia. Ils range is from SW. to NE., about 200 ms. long, with a mean with of 40. It is in relative geographic po sition and extent very similar to Lake Eri^. 'fhe Angara river is discharged from the NW. angle of Ihe Baikal, which also receives into ils SW. ex tremity a stream of great magnitude, the Selen ga. The latler is formed by numerous branches issuing from the Altaian mountains ; which, unit ing after a comparalive course of 500 ms., falls inlo the Baikal, from which this vast mass of water is again discharged by the Angary. The outlet of the Baikal seems to have been rifled through the mountains, and presents a scene of terrific gran deur. The channel is about a mile wide, inter spersed wilh rugged fragments of rock, over which the immense cataract is poured with appalling ve locity. In grandeur, sublimity, and magnitude, the passage of the Angara from the Baikal is not, it is probable, equalled by any other scene on the Eastern continent. The water ofthis inland sea is extremely limpid, and in the abundance of seals along ils shores af fords a very remarkable anomally in animal life; 123 ' this being the only region of the earth where these creatures are found at any considerable dislance from salt water. The existence of the seal in the Baikal is one among the many proofs of a gradual recession of the oceanic mass. The Baikal lies between the parallels of 51° and 55° N. lal. Ils shores exhibit a congeries of mountains. Baikal Mountains. — These rugged ridges are evidently a part of the vast system of the Altai, and extend from SW. to NE., nearly parallel to the Baikal sea ; W. of which commences an immense marshy steppe or plain, which spreads towards the Oby over the sources of the Janissey. On all other sides the mountains rise to a great height; some peaks reaching the region of perpetual snow. They are composed partly of granite and partly of sifi. cious breccia and limestone. Coal is found amongst their lower valleys. ileysburg, town in Surry co,, Va., 72 ms. SE. from Richmond. Bailleul, town of Fr., in the d^. of the North, and late French Flanders, 9 ms.TSW. of Ypres. Lon. 3 55 E., lal. .50 45 N. Bainbridge, tp. and vill. in Chenango co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,290. Tp. in Geauga co,, Ohio, Pop. in 1820, 199. For town of Bain bridge, Geauga co,, see Bissels. Tp. and town in Ross CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 146. This town is situated near the falls of Paint creek, on the main road from Chillicothe to Maysville, 18 ms. SW. ofthe former, and 56 ms. NE. from the lalter. It is a flourishing place in regard to man ufactures and commerce. Village on the left bank of Tennessee river, opposite the lower ex tremity of Muscle shoals, and 5 ms. above Flo rence, in Franklin co , Ala. Bain Gonga, or Bain river, river of Hindoos tan, which rises near the Nerbudda, ransS. through Berar, and, after a course of near 400 ms., unites wilh the Godavery, within the hills that bound the Brilish Circars. Baird's Forge, lown in Burke co., N. C, 200 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Bairdstown. — See Bardstown. Baker, lown in the southwestern part of Cham paign CO., Ohio, 53 ms. westward of Columbus, and 11 ms. a little S. of W. of Urbanna. Bajalance. See Bujalance. Bakewell, town of Eng., in the Peak of Derby shire, on the river Wye, 20 ms. NN W. of Der by, and 151 of London. Lon. 2 42 W., lal. 53 15 N. Bakerjield, village, Franklin co., Vt., 5t) ms. NW. from Monlpelier. Bakerstown, town, Alleghany co.. Pa,, 14 ms. from Pittsburg, on the Butler road. Baktchi-Serai. See Baccheserai. Baku, town of Persia, in the province of Schir van, the most commodious haven of the Caspian sea, on the west coast of which it is situated. TWe number of shoals and sand banks renders the en trance somewhat difficult. Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls, 300 ms. south of Astracan. Lon. 49 15 E., lal. 40 2 N. Bala, town ,in Merionethshire. It is 50 ms. SSE. of Holyhead, and 105 N.W. of London. Lon. 3 35 W., lal. 52 50 N. Balaclava, ancient Symbolon, seaport of the Crimea, which, after flouiishing some ages under BAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BAL tlie Genoese, fell into the possession of the Turks, who eff'ected its ruin. Il is now recovering under the Russian Governmeni. The haven is .leeuio, but entrance narrow. Pop. 3,000. N. lat, 44 38, E. lon. 33 44. / Balagat, or Balaghaul, province in the Dec- can of Hindoostan. Jt consists of a vast extent of fertile and populous plains, supported in tho na ture of a terrace, by a stupendous wall of mount ains, called the Gauls, which rises abruptly from the low couniry called the Concan, This li'act is so elevated, iKat tho air is cool and pleasant. Il extends through the peninsula to tho southern ex tremity of Mysore. Balaguer, fortified lown of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Scgra, at the foot of a craggy rock, 75 ms. N W.of Barcelona. Lon. 1 1 E,, l.it, 41 55 N. Balaklava, town and seaport of Russia, in the Crimea, aud near ils exireme southern point, in habited by about 3,000 Greek traders and fisher men. Balaknanova Gora, chain of hills in the prov. ince of Nishnei-Novgorod, Russia. Balambangan, island, Iat. 7 12, lon. 117 E,, one of a group lying north of Cape Sampanmangc, the extreme northern point of Borneo, East Indies. Balangonan, port, Iat. 7 44 N., Ion. 122 E,, one of the northwestern capes of the island of Min danao, aud on the oast side of the Soolo sea. East Indies. Balaton, lake, lat. 46 50 N., lon. 17 45 E., sheet of water of the empire of Austria, inllun- gary, 120 ms. SE. of Vienna. This lake is fre quently called Flatten sea, Balaruc, town of Fr,, near the road from Monl pelier to Toulouse, noted for its bath. Balasore, seaport to tho NW. nf the bay of Bengal. The inhabitants make stuffs of silk, cot ton, and a sort of grass. It is 124 ms. SW. of Calcutta. Lon. 6 46 E,, lat. 21 26 N. Balbastro, episcopal town of Spain, in Arra gon, on the river Vero, 42 ms. NE. of Saragossa. Lon. 0 27 E,, lat. 42 8 N. Balbec, city of Asia, in Syria, anciently called - Heliopolis. It is situaled at the foot of Anti-Leb anon, precisely on the last rising ground, where the mountain terminates in a plain. On the east side are the remains of ancient ruins, of whose magnificence it is difiicult to give an adequate idea. Among the most magnificent are the ruins of the Temple of the Sun, for a particular descrip tion of which we refer our readers to Mr. Wood, and -Mr. Dawkins, and to Volney. It is 37 ms. N. of Damascus. Lon. 37 20 E., Iat. 34 22 N. Baalbec, or Balbec, is one or the places to which the primitive name is now applied. The Greek name Heliopolis is merely a translation of Baalbec, and bolh mean Cily ofthe Sun. Batch, lown of Usbec Tartary, on the frontiers of Persia, 200 ms. S. of Bokhara. Lon. 69° E., lat. 37 20 N. Balcuny Falls, town, Rockingham co,, Va,, 162 ms. NW. from Richmond. Baldeagle, town, Lycoming co., Pa. ; by the postroad, 126 ms. from Harrisburg, A mount ain of Pa., between the main branch of Susque hanna and the west branch, separating Northum berland and Columbia from Lycoming, and ex tending lo tlie NE. into Luzerne River of P.I,, Centre co,, falls inlo the west branch of Sus quehanna. Tp., Lycoming co,. Pa, Po|i. in 1810,340; ill 1830, 281. Tp., Cenire co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,145; in 1830, 685, Baldhead, light-houso, on a small island, near the mouth of Cape Fear river, in N, C. Lal. 33 51 ^., Ion. W. C. 1 13 W. Poinl in Norton sound, on tho NVV. coast of North .\mcrica. Lat. 64 43 N., lon. W. C. 84 42 W. Baldivia, seaport of Chili, in South America. It was built by tho Spanish general Baldivia, about 1551, after ho had conquered Chili. It stands between iho Callacallcs and Portero, whore they fall into the Pacific ocean. Lon. VV. C. 3 40 B., lat. 39 38 S. Baldivia. See Valdivia. Baldock, town in Herts, Eng,, between tho hills, in a chalky soil, and chiefly of note for ils trading in mall. Itis 9 ms. WSW. of Royslon, and 37 NNW. of London. Lon. 0 5 W , lat. 52 2 N. Baldwin, tp. and town, Cumberland co.. Me. Pop. in 1810, 546; in 1820, 1,120. Co. of Ga., having Jones W,, Putnam and Hancock N,, Hancock E,, and Wilkinson S. Il is 30 ms. long by 27 wido ; area 810 sq, ms. ; face of the couniry rolling, and soil of middling quality iif general. Chief lown Milledgeville. Pop. 1830, 5,665; in 1840, 7,260. Cent. lat. 33 10 N., lon. W. C. 6i° W. Co. of Alabama, having Mobile S., part of Miss. W., Washington N., and Tombigbee and Mobile rivers E It is 33 ins. in length, with a mean width of 20 ; area 660 sq. ms. ; face of the country hilly, except upon the streams; soil in general thin, and covered with pine timber, though the alluvial land along the rivers is highly productive. Staple cotton. Chief town Blakely. Cent. lat. 30 40, Ion. W. C. 10 .30. Pop. in 1820, 1,713; in 1840, 2,941. Buldwinsville, town, on the left bank of Seneca river, fjnondago co., N. Y., 25 ms. NE. from Auburn, and 12 NW. from Salina. Bale. See Basle. Balearic, a group of islands in the Mediterra- , nean sea, between Spain and Sardinia. The prin cipal are, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, or Iviza, Balfrush, or Balfrooch, town and seaport of Persia, on the Caspian sea, and in the province of Mazanderan, about 60 ms, nearly due norlh from Teheran. Pop. 25,000. N. lat. 36 40, lon. 52 45 E. ofLondon. Bali-Kesri, or Bek-Hissar, lat. 39 43 N., Ion. 27 49 E;, town of Asiatic Turkey, in the proyince of Karasi, about 55 ms, NE. by E. of .4dramyth. Balize, -river of Norlh America, in Yucatan, falling inlo the Gulf of Honduras. On its banks the English have their principal establishments for cutting mahogany. Bali, island forming the north side of the straits of Java, through which the East India ships some times return from China; but the passage is com monly very difiicult, on account of contrary winds. This island is extremely populous, and abounds in rice and many sorts of fruils. Balkan, the Turkish name of the ancieiit Mount Hojmus, which separates Romelia from Bulgaria. They call -some parts of this chain Desproto Dag. See Hsemus. 133 BAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAL Balkashi, lake. See Falcati, lake. • Baloochislah. See Beloochistan. Balk, city of Usbec Tartary, capital of a prov ince of the same name. It has a considerable trade in silk, and is the chief seal of the commerce between Bokharia and Hindoostan. Il is scaled towards the borders of Persia, on the river De- wash, which flows into the Amu, 220 ms. SE. of Bokharia. Lon. 67 16 E., lal. 36 38 N. Balk, it is probable, is the ancient Bactria. Ballard's Bridge, lown, Chowan co., N. C ; by the postroad, 199 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Ballard's Cape, part of the island of Newfound land. Lat. 46 35 N,, Ion. W. C. 24 34 E. Ballardsville,'tovin, Oldham co., Ky. Ballyconnel, town 'of Ireland, in the co. of Cavan, II ms. NE. of Cavan. Lon. 7 25 W., Iat. 54 10 N. Ballynakill, borough of 'Ireland, in Queen's co., 18 ras. NW. from Kilkenny. Lon. 7 25 W., Iat. 52 50 N. Ballyshannon, large seaport of Ireland, in the CO. of Donnegal, with a good harbor, 110 ms, NW. of Dublin. Loh. 7 50 W., lat, 54 33 N. Ballstown Springs, or Ballstown Spa, village Saratoga co., N. Y., remarkable as being the site of very celebrated mineral springs. These waters *are within the precincts of the town, and are emi nent for their medicinal virtues. There are sev eral bathing houses erected, and the accommoda tions for visiters are very convenient and splendid. The number of visitants is considerable ; in 1831 they amounted lo near 3,000. Village Sarato ga co., about 4 ms. from Ballstown Spa. Persons directing letters to either of these places ought to be very careful to designate which, as they are fre quently confounded, and each possesses its own post ofEce. Ballsville, village Powhallan co,, Va. Baltic, large sea between Dcnmaik and Sweden to the W., and Germany, Poland, and Russia, to. IheE., from which run the Gulfs of Bothnia, Fin- land, Riga, and Danlzic. It is remarkable that this sea neither ebbs nor flows, and a current al ways sets through the sound into the ocean. Yel low amber is found on the coast. The Baltic is the Venedicus Sinus of Ptolemy, the Mare Suvicum of Tacitus, and the Sinus Co- danus of Pliny. In tho countries contiguous lo its shores its ancient name was Varialzkohic More, in Russia it is TJaltiskoe Morec, and in Swedish Osier Sjow. There are many very important particulars re lating to the Baltic, which demand a much more ample description than is contained in Ihe original article. This great inland sea commences wilh the narrow sirait between Elsineur, in Denmark, and Helsinborg, in Sweden. The depth of water is 10 fathoms directly opposile the castle of Cro- nenburg. The sirait is parlicularly called The Sound. The gallic is again connected with the Cattegat by the Great Belt, between the islands of Zealand and Funen, and by the Little Belt, be tween Funen and Jutland. Of these passes, the Souiifl is the most frequented, mo.«t direct, and deepest channel; it, however, shallows within Cronenburg so much that about 10 ms. SE. from Copenhagen it contains but 4 fathoms. Within the bar it again deepens, and, gradually spreading 134 between Germany on the S,, Russia E,, and Swe den W., presents a sheet of water from 100 lo 160 ms. wide, and 300 in length. This is the south ern Baltic, from which turns, almost at right an gles, ils northern extension between Sweden and Ru^sia. The latter, in its northern part, the Gulf of Bothnia, reaches above N. lat. 05 0. From the norlhern Baltic are protruded, eastward, the. Gulfs of Riga and Finland. Into the former is discharged the Dwina, the latter receives the Neva, From the southern moulh of the Liltle Belt to that ofthe Vistula is 400 ms., the Oder entering aboul midway. From the mouth of the Vistula lo lhat of the Tornea, 800 ms. Thus the entire length of the Baltic, curving from Jutland to the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, is 1,300 ms. The average width about 120 ms., including all its gulfs. This yields an area of 150,000 sq. ms. The mean depth of the Baltic does not exceed 50 fathoms, and near any of its shores it falls far short of lhat depth. The water is merely brackish, and does not contain more than one-lhirtielh part of sail, (muriate of soda.) This sea has no tide. The Baltic »in(J ils gulfs, as recipients, receive from Germany the Oder, from Prussia the Vistula, from Russia the Memel, Dwina, Narova, Neva, Kymen, Kume, and Ulea, and from Sweden the Tornea, Kalix, Lulea, Pithea, Skillistea, Urnea, Windel, Angerman, Indahl, and Westerdahl, with the outlets of the JVIaelar and Welter lakes. With in this range are included, in Germany, great pari of Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Brandenburg, all Pomerania, Lusalia, and Silesia; in Polond, all Polish Prussia and partof Austrian Poland; in Russia, all Corland, Riga, Revel, Pskoy, Polotsk, St. Pelersburgh, Viburg, Finland, and part of Russian Poland, Smolensk, Novogorod, Olonetz, and Russian Lapland ; in Sweden, Tornea, Lulea, Piles, Bothnia, Norland, Sweden Proper, and Gothland. In the Bailie are the islands of Zea land, Funen, Langcland, Falsler, Laland, p'eme- ren, Rugen, Bornholm, Oland Gothland, OeSel, Dago, and Aland. Upon the Bailie basin exist more than 30,000,000 inhabilanls. This mass exceeds one-half the human species above N. lat. 55°. This circumstance is altogether the most- important in comparalive geography. Here we find numerous and highly civilized nations in lati tudes which, in .\merica and_ Asia, are exposed to , almost continual winter. This remarkable region extends from the source of the Oder, N. lat, 49°, lo those, of the Tornea, 68°, Ihrough 19° of lal., 1,300 ms. From W. lo E., 700 ms. fiom the Dofrine mounlains to the eastern confluents of the Onega lake. The mean width about 700, giving an area of 900,000 sq. ms. Exclusive of the Baltic and Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and other water sur. faces, the habitable superfices of the basin of the Bailie is very nearly 700,000 sq. ms. The subsidence of the water of the Baltic re mained long a contested subject, but appears lo be now registered amongst the authenticated fads in physical geography. The following extract from the Mechanics' Magazine, Glasgow, in Scotland, appeared in Ihe National Intelligencer September, 1825: "A singular and interesting fjict has been as certained respecting the level of the Baltic. It was suggested that the waters of this sea are grad- BAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. liAM ually sinking ; but a memoir in the Swedish Trans actions, for 1823, has put tho change beyond question. From lat. 56° lo C3°ilhc observations show a mean fall of 1^ fool in 40 years, 4-10 of an inch annually, or 3 feet 10 inches in a century. The Bailie is very shallow at present, and if the waters continue to sink as they have done. Revel, Abo, and a hundred other pons, wi.l, by and by, become inland towns ; the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, and ultimately the Baltic itself, will .be changed into dry land." See Earth. Baltimore, New, tp. Green co.. N. Y. Pop. 1820, 2,036. Town of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, seated on a headland which runs into the sea 9 ms. NK. of Cape Clear. Lon 9 14 \V. lal, 51 24 N. Co. Md., having Anne Arundel SW., Frederick NW., York co,. Pa,, N., Hart ford E,, and the bay of Chesapeake SE. It is about 30 ms. in lengih, and 25 mean width, area 750 sq. ms. The face of the country is very plea.sanlly diversified hy bill and dale, and is well woodecl and watered. The soil is good for grazing, for the cultivation of small grain, and for orchards. Chief town Baltimore, Central lat, 39° N, lon. Pop. 1820, 33,3.64, exclusive of the city. Baltimore, city and port of entry, Baltimore CO., Md., situated on the N. side of the Patapsco river, 14 ms. above North Poinl, 38 NE, from Washington, and 100 SW. from Philadelphia. Lat. 39 17 N. lon. W. C. 0 27 E. 'I'hf-i city is built al the head nf a bay which ex- lends from the Palapsco river. Ils harbor is spa cious and convenient. Below the cily the bay narrows to a very confined strait, which is amply commanded by Foil >?cHenry. Jones's falls creek divides the cily and harbor into two seijtiohs. The lower part of the city is called Fell's Point, lo which vessels of 600 tons can ascend, but the water shallows so rapidly that at the city the depth is insufficient for any of heavier draught than 200, Baltimore is extremely well situated for commercial connexions wilh the valley of Ohio; it commands the trade of Md,, moie than one-half of Ihatof Pa,, and a part of that of N. Y. Having the ad vantage of climate, the harbor of Baltimore is not so liable to obstruction from ice as lhat of Philadel phia. Its relative amount of shipping places it ihe third in rank in the Uniled States. The edifices necessary for the transaction of ju dicial and commercial business are splendid and convenienl, whilst the interests of science and ele gant amu.'iemcnts have met their due share of en couragement. The city contains a Stale peniten tiary, almshouse, a court-house and jail, a cus tom-house, an exchange, a museum, theatre, and h»spital. Besides the foregoing, there are in this city 3 market house,':, 10 banks, and upwards of 30 places of public worship, ' Washington's monu ment, crected'of marble al the N. end of Charles ¦ street, on an elevated spot, is a very sublime pro duction of art. It is 163 feet in height, exclusive of the statue of Washington, which crowns the edifice. The monument, erected to the memory of the men who fell irj defence of the cily, on the 12lh and I3lh of September, 1814, is a handsome Structure in N. Calvert street. The literary institutions of this cily are respect able. In 1807 a medical college was founded. which sifliscquenlly received the title of ihe Uni versity of Maryland, and ombraces the ordinary pursuits connected wilh such an iiielitution. Ht. Mary's college possesses a fine library, with a chemical and philosophical apporatus, and is sup ported by about 150 students. Baltimore college has about 50 sludenls. The increase of Baltimore has been lully com mensurate with the advantages of its local posi tion. In 1790 it contained 13,'503 inhabilanls, and in 1800, 26,614, The following lable ex hibits its subsequent advance: Population in 1810 — Free while males Free whito females All olher persons, ta.Ncd Slaves except Indians, not Total population in 1810 Population in 1820 — 14,793 13,104 3,9733,713 35,583 Free white males . 23,823 Free while females Total whites ; - 24,2,33 48,05,'5 Free persons of color, males 4,363 Free persons of color. females 5,963 Slaves, males - 1,968 Slaves, females 2,389 Total population in 1820 62,738 81 147 17,967 3, 190 102 313 13,503 26,514 35, ,683 62,738 80,625 102,313 Distributive populalion of Baltimore from the "census of 1840. White males 38,841 White females - 42,306 Total whiles Free colored Slaves Total population in 1840 Progressive population. 1790 - 1800 1810 182018301840 The preceding shows an increase of very near 768 per cent, in a period of 50 years. Baltimnre, tp,, Sussex co., Uel., including the hundreds of Daysborough, Indian rivei, Lewes, Rehobolh, and Broad Kiln. Pop. 1810, 10,107; Baltimore -alone, in 1820,2,057. Fine lown in the norlhern part of Fairfield co. , 0., on Walnut creek, and on bolh sides ofthe Ohio canal, 24 rns, a liltle S, of E, from Columbus, and 9^ very nearly due N. -of Lancaster, The village occupies com paratively high ground, and has a pleasant asficet. Pop. 550. Bam, or Bau.u, in geography, when found as an initial syllable, signifies wood, from Ihe Teu tonic baum, wood. From the same root coiiics beam, Bambara) cily of Africa, on ihe Niger, and capilal of a kingdom ol the same name. N. lat. 14 10, W. lon. 2 40. 125 BA-M GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAN Bambarra, couniry of Africa, on boPh sides of the Joliba or Niger river ; bounds uncertain, Se go, the capital, stands on the north or left side of the Niger, and, as laid down from Park, at. N, lat. 13 40, lon. 5 30 W. of London. As laid down by Tanner, about 700 ms. NNE. from Monrovia, in Liberia. Bamberg, large handsome town of Franconia, formerly imperial, but now capilal of a bishopric of the same name, of considerable extent, with a university. It is seated al the confluence of the Maine and Rcdnils, 35 ms. N. of Nuremberg. Lon. 11 7 E., lat. 50 2 N. Bamberg now be longs to Bavaria, and forms two baillages in the circle ofthe upper Maine. Town of Bohemia, sealed at the foot of a mountain, 30 ms. S. of Glalz. Lon. 16 50 E., lat. 49 55 N. . Bamberg, canal. "The canal commences at Bamberg, whence it runs south, and parallel with the little river Regnitz, or Rezat, a tribulaiy stream of the Mayn, and, passing by the indus trious lown of Nuremberg, reaches the waters of the Altmuhl, which flows into the Danube at Kelheim. The whole distance from Bamberg to Kelheim is about 112 English miles. The Alt muhl has been deepened, embanked, and furnish ed wilh locks, by means of which facilities it has been rendered navigable to Dietfurlh, where the excovation of the artificial canal was commenced at this end. The summit level is al Newmarket, on the Sullz, a small stream which flows inlo the Alimulil. The canal is here 300 feet above the level of the Danube at Kelheim. Its dimensions are 54 Bavarian feet at the top and 34 at the bot tom. It has 94 locks, each being from 88 to 108 feet long and 16 feet wide, several well-built via ducts, and traverses near Nicderoelsbach, a tunnel 900 feet in length. The difficulties presented by the natural features of thecountry have been over come wilh admirable skill by tho able engineers employed on tho work, every part of which has been constructed with the greatest strength and beauty," This brief account of a work, as far as history informs us, projected by Charlemagne up wards of 1,000 years past, and completed within the current century, was extracted from a letter, dated Berlin, January 25/ 1843, from Mr, Henry Whealon lo Francis Markoe, jr., corresponding secretary of the National Institute, Washington cily. — Vide National Intelligencer, May 6, 1843. Bambook, kingdom of Western .Africa, between Bafing and Faleme rivers. N. lat, 14°, W. lon. 8°. About 400 ms. NE. froni Sierra Leone. Town and kingdom of interior Scnegambia, W. Africa, of which, like nearly all the interior part of that continent, we have but very imperfect knowledge. On our maps, the lown of Bambook is placed at N. lat. 14 20, lon. 10 30 W. ofLon don, and almost exactly E. of Cape Verd, and about 600 ms. very nearly due north from Monro via, in Liberia. Bamiyan, ancient city of Asia, situaled in ihc mountains of Hindo Kbo, N. lat. 34 20, E. lon. 67°, 250 ras, NW, by 'W. from Altock. This is Ihe sacred place, the Jerusalem of the sect of Buddh. In Sanscrit it is called Vami-nagari, or Vamigran, and is a derivation from Vamiyan, "the most beautiful and excellent city." This interesting scene of ruin lies between Caboul and 126 Bahlac, distant about 150 ms. from the former. It is represented in the books of the Buddhists as the seat of purity. They contend lhat it was built by the patriarch Sliem, from whom they sometime^ call it Shem- Bamiyan. This patri arch they suppose to have been an incarnation of Vichnou — an opinion in which they are followed hy the Brahmins. Every appearance inland around Bamiyan corresponds lo support the ve racity of Hindoo literature. An air of extreme antiquity appears on all sides. Colossal statues, massy walls, and immense palaces, those monu ments of a primitive age, are spread over the now desolate space. Bamiyan and Bahlac, or Balk, are often confounded by Persian authors, who call the first Balk-Bamiyan, and the second Balk- Bochara. '1 hrough the dislrict of Bamiyan flows a pleasant though scanty stream, which rises in the adjacent hills, and falls inlo a lake from which is. sue four rivers — the Hirmend, the Landhi-Sindli, the rivers of Bahlac and Conduz. See Brewster's Ency., art. Bamiyan, Bampton islands, lat. 18 55 S., lon. 158 50 E., a group of small islands in the Pacific ocean, about 500 ms. NE. by E. of Cape Townsend, of Australia, and 300 NW.^ by W. from North Cape, of New Caledonia. Bampton, lown of Oxfordshire, Eng,, near the Thames, 12 ms. W. of Oxford, and 70 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1 25 W., Iat. 51 46 N. Town in Devonshire, Eng., in a bottom sur rounded by hills. It is 14 ms. NNE. of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. of London, Lon. 3 38 W., lat. 51 2 N. • Baiv, from an old German word baron, answer ing very nearly lo the English term proc/ffma/ion, and hy inflexion proscription and banishment. Indeed, the latter term is clearly derived from "ban," and f.^om which banns of marriage, arri- ere ban, fn the German empire, to put one of ils princes to the ban, was lo declare by procla mation that he was deprived of his dignities ; and to put a city to the ban, was by the .same means to declare it deprived of ils rights; and *' bans of marriage" means a proclaimed inlenlion lo marry. Banbury, borough in Oxfordshire, Eng., on the Charwell, 75 ms. NNW. of London. Lon. 1 11 W., lal. 52 4 N. Banca, island of Asia, in the East Indies, on the east coast of Sumatra, with a town and strait ofthe same name. Lon. 105 50 E., lal. 2 35 S. The straits of Banca extend between Banca and Sumatra, directly north from the straits of Sunda. Bancalis, seaport, on Ihe east coast of Sumatra, where the Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 ms. W. of Malacca. Lon. 100 7 E., lat. 1 15 N. Bancock, town of Asia, in the kingdom of Siam, wilh a fort, once in the possession of the French, who were expelled in 1688. Itis 17 ms. N. ol the Sea, and 40 S. of Siam. Lon. 101 5 E., lal. 13 .35 N. Banda, the general name of five islands in the East Indies, of which Banda is the chief. These islands arc remarkable for the production of nut meg and mace; have been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609, when they expelled both the Eng lish and the natives. They arc all very small, the largest being scarcely 26 ms. in length, aud BAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAN are subject to earthquakes. Banda is 75 ms, SE. of Amboyna. Lon. 128 5 E., lat. 4 50 S. Banda Oriental, or Uruguay, country of South America, lying between the Atlantic ocean and Uruguay river, and so called from its relative po sition with the former. The Banda Oriental is bounded W. by the Uruguay, S. by the Rio-de- la-Plata, E. by the Atlantic ocean, and N. by an indefinite limit along the Brazilian provinces. This fine region stretches from N, lo S. 280 ms. , or from S. lat. 31° to 35°, wilh a mean width of 250 ms. ; the area about 70,000 sq. ms. It is in a peculiar manner supplied with navigable bays and rivers. Beside the Atlantic coast and the vast es tuary of the Plate river, the wesiern limit of the Banda Oriental is formed by the noble volume of the Uruguay, and its central parts are drained by the Rio Negro and the soulhern branch of the Rio Grande, Chief city Montevideo. Bander Congo, seaport of Persia, seated on the Persian gulf, 80 ms. W. of Gombroon. Lon. 55 8 E,, lat. 27 10 N. Banderas, bay of Mexico, on the Pacific ocean. Lat. 20 30 N. Bandon Bridge, large town of Ireland, in the CO. of Cork. It stands on Bandon river, 15 ms. SW, from Cork, and contains a pop. of 12,000. N. lat. 51 36, W. Ion. 8 48. Bandora, town of Hindoostan, and the capilal of Salselle, an island separated frem Bombay by a narrow channel. Lon. 72 40 E., lat. 19 N. Banff, seaport, and the county town of Banff shire, Eng., pleasantly situated on the side of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, erected by Gov ernment. Here is a manufacture of thread, and another of stockings, and the children attend the factory and school alternately ; so that education and industry are united. It lies in a beautiful plain washed by the Deveron, the lofty banks of which, clothed with wood on the opposile side, af ford a delightful contrast lo the soft vale beneath. Banff is 32 ms, NW. of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 15 W., lal. 57 35 N. Banffshire, co. of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Murray Frith, on the SE. by Aberdeen- sliir.e, and on the NW. by Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 ms., and its extent along the coast nearly 30. Pop. in 1810, 35,807; in 1811, 36,668 ; and in 1821, 43,561. Sq. ms. 217. Bangalore, city of Hindostan, in Mysore. The chief manufactures are silk and colton cloths, nius lins, leather, and oil. It is 74 ms. NE. of Serin gapatam. Lon. 77 37 E.. Iat. 13° N.' Bangerniassing, kingdom in the south part of the island of Borneo, the capital of which is Mar- tapura. The country produces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, diamonds, canes, bird's nests, wax, and dragon's blood. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbor, at the mouth ofthe river Barijer. Lon. 114 30 E. lat,, 3 15 S, Bangor, a cily of Wales, Carnarvonshire, 36 ms, W. of St. Asaph, and 251 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 4 12 W. lat,, 53 12 N. Borough of Ireland, in the co, of Down, on the soulh shore of Carrickfergus, opposile the town of that name, Lon, 5 42 W. lat. 54 40 N. Bangor, town and capital of Penobscot co,. Me., lying on the W, side ofthe river Penobscot, at the heod of winter navigation, about 37 ms. N. of Castine, on the- same river. Pop. in 1810, 8.60; and in 1820, 1,221. In 1810 this tp. was included in Hancock co., but Is now in Penobscot. It is 35 ms. N. from Castine, and 52 above tho entrance of Penobscot bay. Lat. 44 41 N., lon. W. C. 8 30 E. Pop. 1840, 8,627. I'p. and town, Franklin co., N. Y, Pop. in 1820, 370. Bang-koh, Iat. 13 52 N., lon. 100 45 E,, prin cipal city of Siam, situated on the E. or left bank of the Meinam river, a few jns, above its moulh. The missionary Malcom estimates the population at 100,000 ; a mixture of Chinese, Siamese, Pe- guans, Malays, Cochin-Chinese, Portuguese, &c. This city bears nearly SE., and is distant about 900 ms. from Calcutta. BANiAif, a Hindoo merchant. Banister, fine small river of Va,, in Pittsylva nia and Halifax cos. ; rises in the former, and flows E, into the latter; falls into Dan river 10 ms. above its moulh. Village and seat of jus. lice, Halifax co., Va., on Banister river, 139 ms. SW. from Richmond. Banjaluka, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, supposed to contain 18,000 inhabitants. It is sealed at the confluence of the Verbania wilh the Verbas, 70 ms. NW. of Seria, 160 ms. S. from Vienna, and 155 W. of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 E., lat. 44 44N. Banjer, considerable river in the island of Bor neo, which flows almost due S, from the centre of% the country lo the harbor of Banjermassing; and at ils moulh the Dutch have their principal factory. Bank, primary sense a ridge of earth, having the acclivity on one side. Bench is only an in flection of bank'. Figuratively, this term is very extended, and wilh not very great variation of or thography or sound common to numerous lan guages. Il is said, with much probability of cor rectness, that the term bank, in money transactions, comes from the same root. Banka island. — See Banca island. Banka island, cape and strail of Asia, in the East Indies. The cape is the NE. angle of Celebes, N. lat. 1 40, and lon. 125 E. London. Banks' island, in the Pacific ocean, on the E. side of New Zealand, about 100 ms. in circumfer ence. Lon. 174° E., lat. 43 30 S. Island in the Pacific ocean, near tbe W. coast of N. America, about 60 ms. long and 5 broad. Lon, 130° W,, Iat. 53 30 N. Bann, river of Ireland, which issues from the Mourne mountains, inlheco. of Down, flows NW. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boundary between Londonderry and An trim, entering the sea 4 ms, below Colerain. Banneb, from an ancieni German word Ban, which signified the order of a sovereign lo march, and formerly performed by the banner, and, though for a difl'erent purpose, is retained in modern armies. Bannbridge, town of Ireland, in the co, of Down, on the river Bann, 14 ms. N. by E. of Newry. Bannockburn, village of Scot., on the river Bannock, 2 ms. S. of Stirling. Bannow, town of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, sealed on the E. shore of a bay lo which it gives name, 20 ms. SVV. of Wexford. Lon, 6 50 \X ., lal, 52 12 N, 137 BAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAR Banstead, village of Surry, Eng., noted for its downs; one of the most delightful spots in Eng. on account of its fine carpet ground, covered with short herbage, perfumed with thyme and juniper. These downs form a tract of 30 ms., extending, under different denomination,?, from Croydon to Farnham, Banstead is 13 ms. SSW. of London, Bantam, large town on the NW. coast of Java. It is the capilal of a kingdom of the same name, with a good harbor and a castle. It is divided inlo two towns by a river. . The produce is pepper, of which' they export vast quantities. Bantam, pnce populous and flourishing, is now a poor and wretched place. Lon. 105 26 E,, lat. 6 20 S. Bantry, town of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, on a bay of the Atlantic, lo which it gives name. Lon. 9 25 W., lat. 51 36 N, Bapaume, strong lown of Fr. , in the dep. of the straits of Calais, and lale province of Artois, 12 ms. SE. of .Arras.- Lon. 2 35 E., lat, 50 8 N. Baptistown, town, Hunterdon co,, N, J,, 29 ms. NW. from Trenton. Bar, strong town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 40 ms, NW. of Bracklaw. Lon. 27 30 E,, lat, 49, 14N. Baraba. — See Barraba. Barataria, bay of Louisiana ; it is the entrance from the sea to a chain of lakes and small bayous, reaching to the Mississippi at the city of New Or leans. Boats and canoes can pass from the river at several points, and penetrate lo Barataria bay. The adjacent country is an open flat seamarsh. Bar, or Barrois, lale duchy of Fr., lying on bolh sides of the Mouse, between Lorrain and Champagne. It now forms the dep. of Meuse. Barbadoes, the easternmost of the Windward islands in the West Indies, 25 ms. in lengih, and 15 in breadth. It belongs to the English ; and the number of the whites is about 20,000, who have 100,000 slaves. Their exports are sugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger; and they have most of the fruils common to the cUmate. The sugar ex ported hence is whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and they have one particular pro duction, called Barbadoes tar, which rises out of the earlh, and swims upon the surface of the water, This island has suffered much fom hurricanes; particularlv from a dreadful one, October 10, 1780. It is 70 rns. E, of St, Vincent, The capital is Bridetown. Barbary, country of .\frica, between the Allan- tic ocean, the Mediterranean sea, and Egypt; con taining the countries of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Al giers, Fez, and Morocco, — See Africa, p, 15, «fec. The soil is various, though in general highly productive in fruils and grain. Maize, wheat, rye, and millet, are the mo,st common ceralia. Barbary is in a pre-eminent rnanner the country of fruit. In its orchards are reared apples, peaches, grapes of great variety, plums, pomegranates, dates, &c. The religion Mahometan, in its most repulsive forms. Jews are, however, found in every [iro- vince, and every where exist in a slale ofthe great est degradation. Christianity, once general, may be considered as obliterated in Barbary. Any rep resentation of the aggregate population of this couniry, the interior of which we know so impcr- feclly, would be a mere conjectural, skelch. The French are now in pof-scs^-ion of many 12S strong places along or near the Mediterranean coast of Barbary, and are maintaining a doubtful conflict with the natives for political possession of the couniry. Wilh the use of fire arms, and animated by a religious zeal, the conquest of this region is at present a very different task from that performed in the same couniry by the Romans. The latter, in deed, did not fix their power until more than a century after their first invasion, nor was their power there ever very firmly based. — See Africa, page 17. Barbas, cape of Africa, in the Atlantic ocean. Lon. 162 40 W., lat. 2 15 N. Barbe, St., a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, near which are rich silver mines. It is 500 ms, NW, of Mexico. Lon. 107 5 W., lat. 26° N. Barberino, town of Tuscany, at the foot of the Appennines, on the river Sieva, 12 ms. N. of Florence. Barbazieux, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Cha renle, wilh a mineral spring and a mahufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 ms. NE. of Bordeaux. Barboursville, town. Orange co., Va,, about 80 ms. NW. from Richmond. Town and seal of justice, Knox co., Ky., on the right bank of Cum. berland river, 124 ms. SE. from Frankfort, lat. 36 52 N., lon. W. C, 6 36 VV. Pop. 1840, 224. Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the West Indies, 20 ms. long and 10 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but no direct trade to Britain. The inhabitants (about 1,500) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and breeding cattle, for the use of the neighboring islands. It is 35, ms. N. of Antigua. Lon. 61 50 W. lat., 17 50 N. Barbae, river of U. C, falls into Lake Erie 40 ms. W. from Long point. It is now commonly called the Orwell. River in the U. S., in the peninsula of Mich/; falls into Lake Michigan, Barby, town of Upper Saxony, capital of a co. of its name, wilh an ancient castle and an aca demical college, founded by the United Brethren in 1754. Il is sealed on the Elbe, 15 ms, SE. of Magdeburg. Lon. 12 4 E,, lat. 52 2 N. Barca, country of Africa, on the S. coast ofthe Mediterranean, between Egypt and Barbary. It extends in an R. and W. diieclion 800 ms., and- inland indefinitely to the Sahara. Barca lies be tween N. lat. 28° and 31°. Ils principal vegeta ble production dales. The Barcans, though rude and bigoted barbarians, are more humane and mild than the inhabitants of the Barbary coast. The chief towns of this country are Zora, Soluk, Ber- nie, Bengasi, Tauchira, Tolemata, {Ptolmais,) Barca, the capital ofthe country, Curin, {Cyrene,) Derna, Cape Luco, {Promontoreum Cary Ionium,) Porta Mesulman, {Calabathmus,) Rameda, Bare- ton, {Parelonium.) City of Africa, and capi tal of the country of the same name. The term is no doubt regularly transmitted from the Carthage- nians, amongst whom this name was common, Barca is situaled on or near the Mediterranean, 7d ms. NE. from Bengasi. N. lat. 38^°, E. lon. 21 0. Barcelona, tho Barcenona of the Romans, cily of Spain, and capilal of the province of Calalonia. It is situated on the Mediterranean, between the rivers Bezos and Llobregat. Barcelona is, after the cities of Lisbon and Cadiz, the greatest mart of Ihe peninsula of S|iain. The citizens of the former. BAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAR however, very far exceed those of the two latter cities in personal industry. The following is an accurate statement of the progressive population of this city, including Barcelonelta : In 1715, - 37,000 In 1798, 130,000 In 1769, 54,000 In 1806, 160,000 In 1787, 111,000 In 1843, 203,000 The harbor is mostly artificial, and gradually be coming more shallow. Lat. 41 26 N., lon. 2 13 E. ; 250 ms. a little N. of E. from Madrid. Town of Colombia, South America, on the Carib bean sea, 40 ms. SW. by W. from Cumana. Lat. 10 1 N. lon. W. C. 12 5 E. Town in Bloom- field tp., western part of Richland co,, Ohio, 14 ras. SW, by W. of Mansfield, and 22 ms. NE. by E. from Marion, in Marion co. Barcelonetta, or Litlle Barcelona, is adjacent lo and situated to the SE. of that city. This suburb rose during the last century, between the sea gale and light-house. It is built in a regular square of 24 streets. The inhabitants (about 25,000) ai-e mostly, in some manner or olher, engaged in com mercial pursuits. Barcelonette, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Alps, seated on the Hubaye, 12 ms. SE. of Em- brun. Barcelore, or Barcura, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara, which gives name to a dis trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 ms. NNW. ofMangalor;. Barcelos, town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 ms. WSW. of Braga. Bardewich, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunnenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 ms. SE. of Hamburg. Bardi, town of Italy, in the Parmesan, 30 ms. SW. of Parma. Bardstown, seat of justice of Nelson co., Ky., situated on Chaplin's fork of Salt river, 36 ms. SE, by E. of Elizabelhtown, and 42 ms. S W. of Fiank- fort. Pop. in 1840, 1,492. Bardt, town of Germany, in Swedish Pome rania, with a castle and harbor, near the Baltic, 12 ms. W. by N. of Stralsund. Lon. 13 12 E., Iat. 54 23 N. Bareges, village of Fr., much frequented on ac count of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley ofthe same name, 13 ms. S. of Bagneres. Bareith, town of Franconia, in the margravate of Culembach, wilh a famous college, 15 ms. SE. of Culembach. Lon. 11 56 E., lat. 50 N. Barjieur, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Chan nel, and late province of Normandy. The cape of that name is 1 2 ms. E. of Cherbourg, and near it part of the navy of France was destroyed by the English in 1692. Itis 170 ms. NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 6 W., lat. 49 40 N. Bargaintown, village in Gloucester co., N. J., 50 ms. SE. from Philadelphia. Baril, islands of, in the St. Lawrence river, above Ogdensburg. Baril point, in St. Lawrence river above Og densburg. Bari, formerly a good seaport town of Naples, till ils harbor was ruined by the Venetians. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, is the capital of Ter ra di Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is 20 ms. E. of Trani. Lon. 17 5 E., lat. 41 36 N. 17* Bari, or Terra di Bari, province of Naples, on the Gulf of Venice, The air is temperate and the soil fertile, but there are many serpents and taran tulas. Barkadores, district of the Logwood country, E. side of Yucaian. Barkhampstead, tp. and village in Litchfield co. Con. Pop. in 1810, 1,506; in 1820, 1,592. Barkhamstcad, this noted village is in the NE. part of Litchfield co.. Con., about 20 ms. NW. from Hartford. Barking, a town ot Essex, Eng., on the river Roding, near the Thames, in an unwholesome air, 7 ms, E. ofLondon. Lon. 0 12 E., lat, 5153N. Barksdale, village of Lincoln co,, Ga. Bar-le-duc, town of Fr., in the dep. of Meuse, capital of the late duchy of Bar, with a handsome castle. It is divided into the upper and lower lown ; being seated on the side of a hill, 30 ms. W. of Toul, and 138 E. of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E., Iat. 48 44 N. Barlett, tp. Grafton co,, N. H. Pop. 700. Barlttta, handsome and strong lown of Naples, in Bari, on the Gulf of Venice, 25 ms. WSW. of Bar. Lon. 16 32 E., lat, 41 30, N. Barlow, tp. in Washington co. Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 316, Barnard, tp. in Windsor co., Vt. Pop. 1,650. About 60 ms. NE. from Bennington, and 31 NW. from Windsor Village in Meigs co., Ohio. Barnard Castle, town in the county of Durham, Eng,, on the river Tees; it has a manufacture of stockings ; 30 ms. SW. of Durham, and 244 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 49 W., lat. 54 35 N. Barnardston, tp. in Franklin CO., Mass. Pop. in 1830, 912. Barnaul, a mining city of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Kolyvan, situated on the left bank of the Oby, 150 ms. above, and neariy due S. from the city of Kolyvan. The principal mines are of copper and silver. The mines are Crown property, and worked by about 50,000 boors, be- sides the regular miners. N. Iat. 53 0 , E. lon. 83 30. Barnegat, inlet from the Atlantic ocean, on the E. coast of Monmouth co., N. J., about 70 ms. NE. from Cape May. Barnegat bay, ofN. J., Monmouth co., 68 ms. NE. by N. from Cape May. Lat. 39 47 N., lon. W. C. 2 47 E. Barnegat, village in Duchess co., N. Y., on the E. side of the Hudson, 10 ms. S. from Pough- keepsie. Barnef, tp. and village in Caledonia co., Vt., on the W. side of the Connecticutriver, 19 ms. N. of Haverhill, N. H. This township is settled prin cipally by emigrants from Scotland, as the name implies. Pop. about 1,000. Town partly in Middlesex and partly in Herts, Eng. It is in the parish of E. Barnel, and situated on the top of a hill, whence it is called High Barnet, and also Chipping Barnet, from a market granted here by Henry II. to the monks of St. Alban's. Barnet is II ms. N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 0 5 W., lat. 51 42 N. Barnsborough, village in Gloucester co. N. J., about 14 ms. below Philadelphia. Barnestead, tp. in Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1,500. It is 30 ms. NW. of Portsmouth. 129 BAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAR Barnsley, town in the west riding of Yorkshire, with a considerable manufacture of coarse linen. It is seated on the side of a hill, 13 ms. N. of Shef field, and 174 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 28 W., Iat. 53 35 N. Village of Gloucestershire, Eng. It is noted for large quarries of excellent freestone, and 4 ms. NE. of Cirencester. Bamesville, villsge in Montgomery co., Md., 4 IBS. from the mouth of Monocacy creek, and 13 S. from Fredericktown. A large village near the wesiern part of Belmont co,, Ohio, 18 ms. SW. of St. Clairsville, the county seat, 39 SW. by W. of "Wheeling, and 6 ms. SE. of Fairview, on the Na tional road. Barnes's Mills, town in Monongahela co., Va. near Morgantown, and 219 ms. NW. from Rich mond. Bamet's, village in Fauquier co., Va., 60 ms. W. from W. C. Barnstable, co. of Mass. , having Plymouth NW , Buzzard's bsy W., the Atlantic ocean SE., and Cape Cod bay N. This county is peculiar in re spect to form ; it includes lhat remarkable penin. sula to which the name of Cape Cod has been ex tended, and includes, besides the peninsula, the Elizabeth group, and some other small islands. Following the curvature of the cape, it is about 65 ms. in length, wilh a mean width of 5 ms. ; area 325 sq. ms. The surface is generally flat; soil sandy and barren ; but the air is healthful. Chief town Barnstable. Central Iat. 41 45, Ion. W. C. 6 45 E. Pop, in 1820, 24,046, and in 1840, 33,548. Town and capital of Mass. It is sit uated in Barnstable bay, a part of Cape Cod bay, 64 ms. SSE, from Boston." This town is flourish ing and commercial. Pop. 3,650. Tp. in Barnstable CO., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 3,646 ; in 1820, 3,824. Barnwell, dislrict of S. C, having Savannah river SW., Edgefield NW., Orangeburgh NE,, Colleton and Beaufort SE., being 50 ms. in length, by a mean width of 35; area 1,050 sq. ms. ; sur face hilly, and soil of middling quality. Staples cotton and, grain. Chief town Barnwell. Central lat. 33 10 N., lon. W. C. 4 20 W. Pop. in 1820, 14,750, in 1840, 21,471. C. H. and town of Barnwell district, S, C. Lat. 33 1 3 N. , lon. 4 20 W. Baroach, town in the Deccan of Hindoostan, on the S. bank of the Nerbudda, 40 ms. N. of Sural, formerly a very commercial place. Lon. 72 55 E,, lat. 21 35 N. Babon, the lowest but most ancieni title of Brit ish nobility. It is not, however, peculiar to Great Britain. Barrabara, a general name for the peninsula be tween the Oby and Irtish rivers, in Asiatic Russia. This vast plain extends, in fact, from the Baikal sea and Angara river, extending N. from the Al taian mountains ; but the steppe of Barraba is lim ited on the SE. by the river of Tomsk, and ex tends from SE. to NW., from Cayansk to Sam- aroy, or rather from Kolyvane to Samaroy, nearly 700 ms., with a mean width of 300 ms , extending over about 300,000 sq. ms. It is one vast and almost nndevialing plain, over which are interspersed open meadows and fresh and saline lakes. Though ' lying between 55° and 6 1°, the climate is mild, and the soil being an alluvial deposite, is very pro ductive. 130 Baroda, town of Indostan, on the opposite side of the Mahy river, and about 40 ms, E. of Cam- bay. It is or was the capital of the Mahratta prince, known by the title of Guicowar. N. lat. 20 23, lon. 73 0 E. of London ; 350 ms. a litlle E. ofN. of Bombay. Barramahol, province or country of Indostan, separated on the W. from Coimbatoor by the river Canery, and extending eastward towards the river Punnair. It is rather an elevated country, declin ing to the southeastward from the central table land, the western Ghaut mountains forming its northwestern frontier. It includes, also, Salem, of which the capital of the same name stands at N. lat. 1 1 40, and about 300 ms. northward of Cape Comorin. Barraux, fortress of Dauphiny, Fr., at the en trance of the valley of Gresivaudan, built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is seated on the Isere, 6 ms. S. of Chamberry. Lon. 5 53 E., lat. 45 29 N. Barre, village in Washington co,, Vt,,^6ms, SE. from Monlpelier. Village in "Worcester co., Mass., about 60 ms. "W. of Boston. Pep. in 1810, 1,991, and in 1820, 2,077. Tp. in Genessee CO., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,767. Tp. in Hunt ingdon CO., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,053; in 1830, 1,387. Barren Creek Springs, town in Somerset co., Md,, by the post road 85 ras. SE. from Anna polis. Barren, Great and Litth, two considerable branches of Green river, in the State of Ky. Barren, co. of Ky., having a part of "Ten. S., Allen S W., Warren W., Hardin N., and Greene, Adair, and Cumberland E. ; the surface generally level, and soil of middling quality. It is 45 ras. in length, by a mean width of 20 ; area 900 sq. ms. Chief town Glasgow. Pop. in 1820, 10,328, and in 1840, 17,288. Central lat. 37 5 N., lon. W. C. 8 30 W. Barrens, town in St. Genevieve co.. Mo,, 70 ms, SE. from St. Louis. Barrier Point, the W. point, where the river Petite Nation enters the Ottawa, U. C. Barrington, tp. in Bristol co. , on the S W. side of Warren river. Pop. in 1810, 604 ; in 1820, 634. Tp. in Strafford co., N. H., about 30 ms. NW, of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1810, 3,564; in 1820, 1,610. Great, town in Berkshire, Mass., about 150 ms. westward from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,784; in 1820, 1,908. Village in Steu ben CO., N. Y,, 226 ras. W. from Albany. Barron's, town in Prince William co,, Va,, 48 ms, SW. from W. C. Barry, town in Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Bar-sur-Aube, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the foot of a moun tain, 18 ms." SW. of Joinville. Bar-sur-Seine, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aube, on tbe river Seine, at the foot of a mountain, 20 ms. SW. of Bar-sur-Aube. Bart, tp. and town in Lancaster co., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,099; in 1820, 1,423. Bartholomews, St,, oneof tho Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, 30 ms. N. of St. Christopher. It is 20 ms. in circumference, and has a good har bor. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785. Lon. 63 10 W., lat. 17 36 N. Parishof S. C, BAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAS in the district of Charleston, containing about 13,- 000 inhabitants, three-fourths slaves. Bartholemew, small river of Arkonsas and Ijou- isiana, rising in the former, and falling into the Ouachitta. Bartholemew Cape, S. point of Staten island, in the straits of Le Maire. Bartlett,lp. in Coos co., N. H. Pop. in 1810, 436; in 1829, 511. Post office in the viflage of Pleasanton, western part of Washington co,, Ohio, 20 ms, westward of Marietta, and about a like distance NE, by E. of Athens — See Pleasanton. Barton, town in Lincolnshire, Eng,, on the Humher, where there is a ferry into Yorkshire, of great advantage lo the town, which is 35 ms. N. of Lincoln, and 166 of London. Lon. 0 20 W,, Iat. 53 42 N. Tp. in the co. of Lincoln, U. C. Village in Orleans co., Vt., 50 ms. NE. of Monlpelier. Small river in Vt,, rising in Or leans CO,, and falling into Lake Memphramagog. Baruth, once a considerable town of Syria, with a Christian church, 30 ms. NE. of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E., lat. 34 ION. Basartschick, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is sealed on the river Merilz, or Maritza. Lon. 24 40 E,, lat. 42 19 N. Basel, or Basle, canton of Swisserland, 24 ms. long and 31 broad; bounded on the N. by Bris- gau, E. by the Forest towns, S. by the canton of Soleure, and W. by the bishopric of Basel and France. It contains about 38,000 inhabitants, and is of the Calvinist religion. Basel, bishopric in the NW. part of Swisser land, bounded on the E. by the canton of Basel, S. by that of Soleure, and W. and N. by France. The capital of the canton of the same name, and the largest town in Swisserland. It is sur rounded by thick walls, flanked by towers and bas tions, and is divided into two parts by the Rhine, which communicates by a handsome bridge. The largest part is on the side of Swisserland, and the least on that of Germany. The larger has five gates, six suburbs, numerous streets and fountains, and is partly seated on a hill : the olher stands on a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets and fountains. Under a marble tomb in the prin cipal church is interred the great Erasmus. The university, founded in 1459, has a fine library and a rich cabinet of medals. Basel has several mapufactures, particularly of paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an extensive trad Basel (the city) now forms, for all political pur poses relating to its own internal concerns, a sep arale canton from Basle the country, which latter is independent of the city. As a member of the Swiss confederacy, or federally, Basle remains un changed. Three treaties of peace were concluded here in one year (1795) with the French republic : namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Hesse Cassel, Basel is capable of containing 100,000 inhabitants, but the number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 174 ms. N. by E. of Geneva and 250 E. by S. of Paris. Lon. 7 30 E,, lat. 47 35 N. Bashee, island in the China sea, the most east ern of a cluster called, from this, this the Bashee islands, lying to the S. of Formosa. The produc tions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, sugar cane, potatoes, yams, and cotton. The quadrupeds are goats and hogs. Bashce is of a circular form, 6 ms. in diameter, and has a town of the same name. Lon. 131 50 E., lat. 30 80 N. Basilicata, province of Naples, bounded on the N. by Capilanata and Bari, E. by the gulf of Ta- ranta, S. by Calabria Citeriore, and W. by Prin cipato Citeriore and Ulteriore. It has some moun tains continually covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil, colton, honey, and saffron. Acerenza is the capital. Basilipotamos, the ancient Eurotas, river Eu. Turkey, in the Morea, which flows inlo the gulf of Colocythia. BASiLiauE, metropolitan church or cathedral, so styled from the Greek word royal. Basin Harbor, village, Addison co. Vt. Basin Minus, bay, or small gulf, at the NE. ex tremity of the bay of Fundy. Basingstoke, a corporate lown in Hampshire, Eng. It has a great trade in corn and malt, a man ufacture of druggets and shalloons, and a naviga ble canal to the river Wey, near its entrance into the Thames. It is 18 ms. NNE. of Winchester and 45 W. by S. ofLondon. Baskeer. See Baskir. That part of the Uralian mountains inhabited by Baskirs are called Baskee- rian mountains. See Urals. Baskenridge, town, of Somerset co., N. J., 7 ms, SSW. from Morristown. Here, on the 13th December, 1776, General Lee was taken prisoner by Colonel Harcourt of the British army. Baskirs, or Bashkirs, a wandering or rather nomadic Tartar nation, who range along the lower part of the Don and Volga rivers, on the confines of Europe and Asia. They seem to be descendants of the Bulgares, and are now subject to Russia. Basques, late territory of Fr., which included lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the dep. of lower Pyrenees. Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot., at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between the towns of N. Berwick and Dunbar. On the S. side it is almost conic ; on the other it overhangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It is inaccessible on all sides, except the SW., and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of the gan- nets, or solan geese. The rock is 1 mile in circum ference, and has a rabbit warren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, once the State pris on of Scotland, stands at the edge of the precipice. The garrison, in 1694, surrendered to King Wil liam, and the fortifications were demolished. Bass strait, channel about 100 ms. wide, which separates Van Diemen Land from the S. extremity of New Holland. It contains a chain of small islands extending N. and S. It was discovered in 1797 by Surgeon Bass. S. lat. 40°, E. lon. 136°. It has numerous small islands, beside one of some size in its western outlet, called Bass's island. Bassano, town of Vicenlino, in the territory of Venice, on the rivei- Brante, in a country fertile in excellent wine. Lon. 11 34 E., Iat. 45 51 N. Basse, lown of Fr., in the dep. of the N. and late province of Flanders, famous for the many sieges it has sustained ; biit its fortifications are now demolished. It is 18 ms. SW. of Lisle. Lon. 3 52 E., lat. 50 38 N. 131 BAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAT Basseen, city and fortress in the Deccan of Hin' doostan, opposite the N. end of Salsetle. Il is 27 ms. N. of Bombay. Lon. 73 10 E., lat. 19 19 N. Bassenihwaite-water, a fine lake in Cumber- lan(3, 3 ms. NW. of Keswick. It is 4 ms. long, bounded on one side by high hills, wooded in many places to their bases ; on the other by the fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. Bassaterre, capital of St. Christopher, built by the French before the island was cet^d to the En glish in 1713. Capital of Guadaloupe, in a dis trict of the same name, in the "W. part of the is land. It is defended by a citadel and other fortifi cations. Lon. 61 59 W., Iat 15 59 N. , Bass Cove, in Adolphustown, bay of Quinte, U. C. Bass island, in the bay of Quinte, lies off near to the town-plot in Adolphustown, U. C. Bass islands, an interesting group in Lake Erie, appertaining to Huron co., Ohio. This cluster is comprised of 3 principal and several smaller islands. In the southern, Bass island is the fine harbor of Put-in bay, about 5 or 6 ms. W. of which, on Sep tember 10, 1813, Capiain Perry captured the Brit ish fleet under the command of Capiain Barclay. Bass's strait. See Bass strait. Bassora, or Bussarah, city and seaport of Tur key, in Asia, 40 ms, N W. of the gulf of Persia. It stands on the Euphrates, a canal from which di vides the city into two parts ; and over it is a bridge of boats. The houses are constructed of bricks dried in the sun, and have a very mean aspect. The circumjacent tract is looked upon by the Arabs to be one of the most delightful spots in Asia, and even as one of the most beautiful gardens in the world. The hot Winds that blow here are very trou blesome to travellers, sometimes overwhelming them with sand driven out of the neighboring deserts. In 1691, the plague destroyed 80,000 of the in habitants. It is 340 ms. S. by E. of Bagdad. Lon. 44 53 E., lat 29 26 N. Bastard, tp. of U. C, between Lansdowne and Le^ds. Bastia, seaport in Albania, in Turkey in Eu rope, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon. 20 20 E., lat. 39 40 N, Bastia, capilal of Corsica, wilh a good har bor, a strong castle, and a bishop's see. It sur rendered to Lord Hood in 1794, but has since revolted to France. It is 70 ms. SSW. of Leg horn. Lon. 9 30 E., lat. 42 39 N. Bastimentos, the name of some small islands near Terra Firma, in S. America, at the month of the bay of Nombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbor. Lat. 9 32 N., Ion. W. C. 2 40 W. Bastiogne, town of Lu-xemburg, 35 ms. NW. of Luxemburg. Log. 6°E., lat. 50° N. Batacola, seaport on the coast of Malabar, be tween Onore and Barcelore. Here are the re mains of a once considerable city, on the banks of a small river, 4 ms. from the sea. The country produces a good deal of pepper; the English had a factory here, but were all massacred by the na tives, because one of their bull dogs killed a con secrated cow. Bataseck, tower of Lower Hungary, on the Danube, 70 ms. S. of Buda. Lon. 1 9 30 E., lat. 46 15 N. 133 Batavia, city of the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settlements in the £. Indies. In general, the place is very beautiful, and built of while stones; they have canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees. It is the residence of the governor general of all the Dutch colonies in the E. Indies. It has a handsome hospital and arsenal ; and all the goods brought from other parts of the E. Indies are laid up here, till they are exported to their places of destination. The air is very unwholesome; and this place is represented as the grave of European navigators. Shortly after the Dutch declared war against Eng., Batavia was captured by the Bri tish. Lon. 106 51 B.,lat. 6 10 S. Town and capilal of Genesee co., N. Y"., 48 ms. W. from Canandaigua, and 38 ms. E. from Buffaloe. It is a thriving village. Pop., including the post lown ofthe same name, in 1830, 3,597. Lat. 43° N.,lon. W. C, 1 15 W. Tp. and town of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 355. The town in this tp. is called Middlesex ; which see. Tp. in Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,208, ^Town of Clermont co. Ohio; is also the county seat, and is situaled on the north side of the east branch of Little Miami river 23 ms. nearly due E. of Cincinnati, and 33 ms. NW. of Ripley, opposile Limestone on the Ohio river. Pop. 500. Batcah, town of Mexico, in Yucatan, on the side of the bay of Campeachy. Batchesserai or Bakchessei'ai, town of Russia, in the Crimea, a few ras. from the Black Sea, and NE, from Levastopol, N. lat. 44 50 E., lon. 33 20. It was the former residence of the Khans of the Crimea, and is situated on the rugged flanks of two mountains. The ruins of the palace ofthe Khans occupy the central parts. Batchian, the largest of the Lesser Moluccas, about 12 ms. in circumference. S. lat. 0 25, E. lon. 125 5. Bates, town, Monroe,co. N. Y., 350 ms. W. from Albany. Batesville, town, Beaver Ip. SE. part of Guernsey co. Ohio, 15 ms. SE. of Cambridge the county seat, Village Independence co,. Ark., Ill ms. from Little Rock. Bath, city of Eng., in Somersetshire. It has been famous from the time of the Romans for its hot springs, which are not only used as baths, but internally as a medicine. Bath is sealed on the .^von, which has been made navigable hence to Bristol; 13 ms, ESE. of Bristol, and 107 W. of London. Lon. 2 21 W. lat. 51 32 N. Tp. Steuben co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 2,578. Village and seat of justice, Steuben co. N. Y., 20 ms. NVV. of Painted Post, and 40 ms. S. from Canandaigua. It is a neat well built village of about 100 houses. Village, tp. and port of entry, Lincoln co,, Maine, on-the right bank of the Kennebec, 34 ms. NE. from Portland. Pop. in 1810, 2,491, in 1820, 3,026, Villageand tp. Grafton co. N. H. Pop. in 1810, 1,316, and in 1820, 1,498 Village, Rensselaer co.,N. Y., on the E. side of the Hudson, opposite the upper part of Albany. "Village Northampton CO., Penn. Town of Berkely co., Va., 104 ms. NW. from Washington. Here are the Berkely Springs. Tp. in Medina co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 176. BAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAV Tp. in Greene co., Ohio. Pop. in 1810, 913,and in 1820, 1,185. Co. of Va., having Bottetourt and Monroe S., Greenbriar W., Ran-' dolph NW., Pendleton NE., Augusta B., and Rockbridge SE. It is 45 ms, in lengih, with a mean breadth of 20 ms., and 900 sq, ms, Situaled on the Appallachian ridges ; the face ofthis county is mouniainous ; the_ air is pure and healthy ; the soil in general ralher sterile, though some very productive land lies along the streams. Chief town, Warren Springs. Central lat. 38 10 N., lon. W. C. 2 40 W. Pop. in 1820, 5,237, and in 1840, 4,300. Court house and village, Bath CO. Va., 50 ms. W. from Staunton, and 227 SW. from "Washington. Village of Beaufort co., N. C, 61 ms. SE. of Edenton, on Tar river, 24 ms. above Pamlico sound. Lat. 35 31 N. Co. of Ky., having Nicholas NW., Flemming NE., Floyd SE,, and Montgomery SW. It is 34 ms. in length, with a mean breadlh of 10 ; area 340 sq. ms. Chief town, Owingsville, Pop. in 1820, 7,961, and in 1840, 9,763. Central lat. 38 15 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. Tp. and town, east part of Medina co., Ohio, 16 miles eastward of Medina the co,, seat. NW. tp. Green co., Ohio. The posttown of thistp. i^ called Fairfield ; which see. Batha, or Bachia, town of Hungary, in a co, ofthe same name, on the Danube, 110 ms. SSE. of Buda. Lon. 20 40 E., lat. 45 36 N. Batjan, city of Asia, in Napaul. N. lat. 27 20, E. lon, 85 15, It is the third city in the kingdom, and is situated 10 ms. S, from Catmandu, the capital. Batjon, town of Asia, in Cambodia, and on the Maykoung river. Batnian, country of Asia, in Indostan, bounded N. by the Penjaub and the Sutledge river, E. by the district of Hurriannah, S. by BycEeneer, and W. by a sandy desert. This district lies along the Cuggar. Batnir, the capital of Batnian, N. Iat. 28 4, E. Ion. 74 1. 200 ms. W.from Delhi. Battel, town, Sussex, Eng. This town is noted for a manufacture of gunpowder, well known by the name of Battle Powder. It is 32 ms. E. of Lewes, and 57 SE. of London, Lon. 0 33 E., lat. 50 55 N. Batecola, fortified town on the E. coast of Ceylon. Lon. 81 3 E., lat. 5 55 N. Battenburgh, town of Dutch Guclderland' seated on the N. bank of the Meuse, 10 ms. SW- of Nimuguen. Lon. 5 33 E,, Iat. 51 48 N. Batteraux, island, in the river St. Lawrence, above Bearded Island. Battersea, village in Surry, noted for ils fine asparagus. Near it stands a distillery, and a curious horizontal air-,jnill. Here Sir "Walter St John founded a free-school, and here is a limber bridge over the Thames lo Chelsea. Battersea is 4 miles WSW. ofLondon. Baton Rouge, town La., on the left bank of the river Mississippi. Here, in ascending the river, banks rise to a considerable height obove the elevation of the water in freshets. It is about 138 ms, above New Orleans, following the river. Here the country is finely improved. The town contains about 60 or 70 houses, and 350 inha bitants. Pop. in 1840, 2,269. Baton Rouge, East, parish of Lou., on the left bank of the Mississippi river, having that stream W., New Feliciana N., the Amite river, or St. Helena, E., Iberville river, or St. Gabriel, S. It is 26 ms. in length, with a mean width of 15; area 400 sq. ms. Ils surface is rolling towards the N., but becomes generally level to the south ward. The soil is fertile, and, in its natural state, covered with a dense forest. Staple colton. Chief town Baton Rouge. Central lat. 30 30, lon. W. C. 14 15 W. Pop. 1830, 5,220, and in 1840, 8,138, Baton Rouge, West, parish of Lou., on the right bank of the Mississippi, opposite E. Baton Rouge, having the Mississippi river E., Placque- mine river, or St. Gabriel, SE., Atchafalaya river SW. and W., and Pointe Coupee N. It is 30 ms. in lengih, by 25 mean width ; area 750 sq. ms. Its surface, a dead alluvial plain, extremely fertile, but except near the margin ofthe Mississip pi and some other streams, liable to annual sub mersion. Staple cotton. Central lat. 30 30, lon, W. C. 14i° W. Pop. 1820, 2,335, and in 1840, 4,638. Batopilus, town of Mexico, in Chihuahua, 150 ms. S W.from Chihuahua, the capital, and 700 NW. of Mexico. Batroon, or Batroun, ancient Bostrus, town and seaport of Asia, in ancieni Syria. The town is one ofthe ports of the Maronile couniry, and is situated 25 ms, SW. of Tripoli, of Syria, and 30 NE. of Beirout, Batta, province of Africa, in Congo, of which little is known. Couniry ofthe island ofSuma- tra. This country, taking name of its people, lies in the NW. part of the island, between the king doms of Acheen and Aru, and comprises a zone across the island. The Battas are more civilized in some respects than the other people of Sumatra, but in others are ferocious barbarians. Canabal- ism is practised by them as punishment for certain crimes, a fact well authenticated. Batticaloe, town, island, and seaport, on the eastern side of the island of Ceylon. N. lat. 7 40, lon, 81 56 E, of London, 80 ms. SSE. of Trincomale. Battlefield, village in Shropshire, Eng,, 5 ms, N. of Shrewsbury. ' Battletown, village Frederick co,, Va., 11 ms. E. by N. from Stevensburg, and 6 E. from Win chester. Batture Grand, on Ottowa river, below Por tage du Chene, U. C. • Batuculla, town of Hindostan, in Canara, with 2 mosques, and upwards of 70 temples. It is sealed near the mouth of the Sancada, which wa ters a beautiful valley, 27 ms. NNW. of Kunda- pura. Bavaria, formerly an electorate, but during the French revolution, on the 21st June, 1808, be came a kingdom of Europe, in Germany, and is, as' the most considerable of those Slates, purely German, as Austria and Prussia are formed of heterogeneous materials. Bavaria is bounded S. by tho Tyrol and Upper .Austria, on the E. it is separated from Bohemia by the Bohemar Wald mountains, N. it borders on the kingdom of Sax ony, Slates of Saxe Weimar and Hesse, &c., NW. Hesse Darmstadt, and W. on the kingdom of 133 BAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BAY Wurtemburg. These limits bound Bavaria Pro per, but the kingdom includes a large province W. of the Rhine, separated from the body of the mon archy by Hesse Darmstadt. Rhenish Bavaria has France S., grand, duchy of Lower Rhine, a Prus sian province, and a district of Saxe Coburg, W., and NE. by that part of Hesse Darmstadt lying W. of the Rhine. Bavaria lies between 47 20 and 49 40 N. lat. Beside a change of title the monarchy was greatly .augmented in territory from similar causes. " In Bavaria the Roman Catholic religion is that of the majority, but all Christian forms of worship are frep and equally protected by the laws, and the press is likewise free. These two bene factions were secured by the constitution of May 26, 1818, and which also assured the inviolabihty of the King by the establishment of a legislative body composed of two Houses."— -Geography of Larenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, vol.'l, p. 687. The kingdom is divided into the following pro vinces or circles. Circles, IsarKegenUpper Danube Lower Danube Bezat Upper Mayn Lower Mayn Rhine Total Population, 546,000400,000560,000 390,000580,000520,000640,000 444,000 3,980,000 Chief tdvvn. Population, Munich RatisbonneeAugsburg Passau - AnspachBayreuth"Wurtsburg Spire - 65,000 26,000 33,00011,000 17,000 14,000 20,000 6,000 The above table, translated from the French of the above quoted, gave, it is probable, a genera correct view of the population when published, but the subjoined document, of ten years later dale, shows great increase. " At the end of 1840," says the Franconian Mercury, " Bavaria comprised 4,370,977 inhabitants; Munich pop. 95,000, and Nuremburg 46,000." Bavaria, to the southward of the Danube, is composed of an immense plain, sloping about NNE. from the Alps of Tryol and mounlains of Sallz- burgh. Down this plain flow, advancing from W. to E., the rivers lUer, Mindel, Lech, Iser, and Inn, with some minor streams. On the N. side of the Danube that great river receives within Bavaria, advancing from W. to E,, the rivers Wernitz, Altmuhl, Nab, Regen, and Ilz. The extreme norlhern and norihwestern Bavaria, E. of the Rliine, is drained by the Mayn and ils branch es. See articles Germany, Zoll Vereifi, &c. Bavay, town of France, in the department of Nord, 6 tas. NE. of Quesnoy, and 13 SW. of Mons. Baugs, town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Coesnon, 18 ms. E. of Angers. Baugenci, town of France, in the department of Loire, and late province of Orleannois, seated on a hill, at the foot of which runs the Loire. It is fa mous for its wines, and is 6 ms. W. of Orleans. Baughman, tp. E. border of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 553. The post town of thistp. is called Marshallville ; which see. Baume-les- Nones, town of France, in the de- 134 parlment of Doubs, and late province of Franche Comtek. It had, before the French revolution, a rich nunnery, from which it received its appellation. Baume is 15 ms. SW. of Besangon. Lon. 6 24 E., Iat. 47 34 N. Bausk, or Bautko, small but important town of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a cas tle on a rock. It is seated on the river Musza, 15 ms. SE. of Mittau. Lon. 23 56 E., lat. 56 30 N. Bautzen, considerable town of Germany, and capital of Upper Lusalia, wilh a strong citadel. It stands on the river Spree, 30 ms. E. of Dresden. Lon. 14 43E., lat. 51 ION. Baux, town of France, in the department of the mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Prov- ence. It is built upon a rock, at the top of which is a strong castle, 10 ms. E. byN. of Aries. Lon. 4 57 E., Iat. 43 43 N. ( Bawtry, town in the west ridimg of Yorkshire, seated on the river Idle, 7 ms. S. by E. of Don- caster, and 153 N. of London. Lon. 1 10 W., Iat. 53 37 N. Bayazid, strong town of Asiatic Turkey, in Armenia, 143 ms. E. from Arzroum. Baya, or Baja, town of Lower Hungary, on the Danube, 32 ms. N. of Esseck. Lon. 19 59 E., lat. 46 12N* Baydensville, lown Indiana. Bayeux, town of France, in the department of Calvados, and lale province of Normandy, once a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Aure, 4 ms. from the Enghsh channel, and 140 W. by N. of Paris. Lon. 0 43 W., lat. 49 16 N.' Bayle's Store, town Stokes co., N, C, 145 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Bat, (Fr. laic, Ital, baia, Sp. bahia,) opening from the sea between two capes or head lands. It is so very difficult to distinguish between bay and gulf that no definition of one but will often apply to the other. The term bayou, applied in Louis iana to the same species of water course, designated creek in other parts of the United Stales, comes no doubt from the Spanish. Bayon, town of France, in the department of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, on the river Moselle, 12 ms. S. of Nanci. Lon. 6 32 E., lat. 49 38 N. Bayon, or Bayona, seaport town of Spain, in Gallicia, situaled on a small gulf of the Atlantic, 12 ms. W. of Tuy. Lon. 8 34 W., lat. 43 N. Bayona, large bay of the Pacific ocean, between the mouth of the Santiago river and the Marie islands. It is in the Mexican province of lalisco, lale Guadalaxara. N. lat. 32°, Ion. Washington Cily 28 30. Bayonne, populous and commercial city of Fr., in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, and lale pro vince of Gascony, seated at the mouth of the river Adour, which forms a good harbor. It is divided into three parts. There is a communication be tween these different parts by a bridge. The Nive and Adour unite their streams in the middle ofthis city, and proceed to the sea, at the distance of a quarter of a league. The citadel is the strongest in Fr. The military weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented. The hams and chocolate of Bayonne are famous. It is 25 ms. SW. of Dax, and 435 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 1 30 W,, lat. 43 29 N. BEA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BEA Bayou Carancio, town, Rapides, La. Bayou Chicot, town in the norlhern part of Opelousas, La., 30 ms. NW. from the village of St. Landr(5, and 1,488 SW. from "W. C. Bay river, town. Craven co., N. C, 20 ms. E. from Newborn. Bay river is a small creek of Pam lico sound, and forming part of the boundary be tween Beaufort and Craven counties. Bazab, Arabic, warehouses, or houses of traffic. Bazas, town of Fr., in the dep. of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. Lou. 3' W., lat. 44 32 N. Bazetta, tp., in Trumbull co., fJhio. Pop. in 1820, 196. The town of the same name in Bazetta is situated 5 ws. NE. of Warren, the co. seat. Beach Grove, town, Luzerne co.. Pa. Beach Island, tp. in Hancock co., Maine. Pop. in 1810, 4; in 1820, 8. Beachy-head, promontory of Eng., on the coast of Sussex, between Hastings and Shorem. Lon. 19' E., Iat. 50 54 N. Beaconsfield, town of Eng., in Bucks. The poet Waller died here, and is interred in the church yard, as is likewise the late Edmund Burke, who resided here. It is 23 ms. WNW. of London. Lon. 30' W,, lat. 51 36 N. Beallsville, fine village on the U. S. road, Wash ington CO., Pa,, 8 ms. W. from Brownsville, and 17 E. from Washington, the co. seat. 'Town northeast part Monroe co., 0., 10 ms. NE. from Woodsfield, the co. seat, and 17 ms. SSW. of St. Clairsville. Beaminster, town in Dorsetshire, Eng,, seated on the Bert, 15 ras. WNW. of Dorchester, and 138 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 52 W., Iat. 50 50 N. Bean's Station, own, Granger co,, Tenn., 30 ms. NE. from Knoxville, and 336 NE. from Mur frcesborough. Bearded island, in the river St. Lawrence, above Lake St. Francis. Bearjield, tp. in Perry co., O. Pop. in 1830, 428. ' - Bear Creek, small branch of Tennessee, which gains importance from being for a short space the boundary between the Stales of Alabama and Mis sissippi. -Also, another inconsiderable stream, running into the Western side of Miami river, in Montgomery co., O. Beard's Store, lown, Anson co., N. C, 80 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Bear Gap, small village of Northumberiand co., Pa., 70 ms. N. from Harrisburg. Bear Lake, one of the sources of the Mississippi about lat. 48 20 N. Beard's Creek, in Georgia, a small branch of Alatamahah river, in Liberty co. Beard's Mill, town. Rowan co., N. C. Beam, late province of Fr., bounded on the E. by Bigorre, on the S. by Spanish Navarre, on the W. by Saule and a part of Lower Navarre, and on the N. by Gascony and Armagnac. It now forms, with Basques, the dep. of the lower Pyrenees. Beattie's Ford, town of Lincoln co., N. C.. Beaucaire, town of Fr., in the dep. of Gard, on the Rhone, opposite Tarascon, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. It is 10 ms, E. of Nismes. Lon. 4 39 E., Iat. 43 50 N. Beauce, late province of Fr., between the Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleannois. It now forms the dep. of Eure and Loire. Beaucharnois Isle, in the northeasterly part of Lake Superior, not a great way from the shore, and eastward of Isle Hocquart. Beauclere, port in an island on the N W. coast of America. Lat. 56 17 N., lon. Washington City 56 37 W. Beaufort, co., N. C, in Newborn district, having Craven SW., Pitt NW., Martin and Wash ington N., and Hyde and PamUcoe sound E. Length, 40 ms. ; mean breadth, 17 ; area, 670. It is generally level. Chief town, Bath. Pop. in 1820, 9,900; and in 1840, 12,225. Central Iat. 35 30, lon. W. C. 5'. Small town of Fr., in the dep. of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, containing about 100 houses. It is 16 ms. E. of Angers. Lon. 9' W., lat. 47 26 N Strong town of Savoy, in Italy, on the river Oron, 12 ms. NE. of Monstier. Lon. 6 28 E., lat. 45 50 N. District in S. C, containing four par ishes; having the Atlantic ocean SE., Savannah river SW., Barnwell NW., and Combahee river or Colleton district NE. It is 60 ms. in length, by a mean width of 30 ms., or 1,800 sq. ms. Chief towns, Beaufort and Coosahatchie. "This is a maritime district, and has a considerable propor tion of light land ; the rest yields pretty good crops of cotton, Indian corn, rice, and indigo. Pop. in 1820, 32.199; and in 1840, 36,794. Central lat. 32 30 N., lon, W. C. 4° W Seaport and town, Beaufort district, S. C, on Port Royal island, 75 ms. S. from Charieston, and 58 N. from Savan nah. Its harbor is deep and spacious. Here is a chartered college, but in a languishing state. Present population about 1,000. Shipping in 1816, upwards of 1,500 tons. Lat. 33 25 N., Ion. 3 30 W. Seaport town and capilal, Carte ret CO., N. C, on Gore sound, 44 ms. S. from Newborn. Vessels drawing 14 feet water can ascend to Ihis place. It is well situaled to become an extensive depot of trade ; and it is proposed to connect its sound with the Neuse, Tar, and Roanoke rivers. Ils present population about 500; Shipping in 1815 exceeded 1,530 tons. Lat. 34 40 N., due S. from W. C. Beaujeau, town of Fr., in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonnois, wilh an old castle. It is seated on the river Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, 8 ms. W. of Saone. Lon 4 40 E., lat. 46 9 W. Beaumaris, co. town of Anglesey, Eng. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one member to Pariiament. It is 59 ms. W. by N. of Chester and 241 NW. of London. Lon. 4 15 W lat 53 15 N. ' ¦ Beaumont, town of Fr. , in the dep. of the North, and lale French Hainaiult. It was ceded to the French in 1684, and taken by the English in 1691, who blew up the castle. It is seated between the Maese and Sambre, 10 ms. E. Of Maubeuge. Lon 4 19 E., lat. 50 12N. Beaumont de Lomagne, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Garonne, on the Gimone, 5 ms. from the mouth of that river and 12 SE. of Lectoure. Beaumont-k- Roger, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, 33 SW. of Rouen. Lon. 56° E., lat. 49 7 N. 135 BEA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BEG Beaumont- k-Vicomte, town of Fr., in the dep of Sarte, and late province of Maine, 10 ms. N. of Mans. Lon. 12° E., lal. 48 4 N. Beaunwnt-sur-Oise, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of Fr., seated on the declivity of a hill on the river Oise, which has a bridge, 30 ms. N. of Paris. Lon. 2 26 E., lat. 42 9 N. Beaune, town of Fr., in the department of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its excellent wine. It is 25 ms. SW. of Dijon. Lon. 4 47 E., lat. 47° N. Beauport, seigniory, Quebec co., L. C, at the moulh of the Montmorenci river, on the N. side of the St. Lawrence. Beauri-viage, river of L. C, enters the Chau diere about 4 ms. above its moulh. Beauvois, episcopal city of Fr., in the dep. of Oue, is sealed on the river Thesin, 43 ms. N. of Pari:^. Lon. 3 5 E., lat. 49 26 N. Beavoir-sur-Mar, seaport of Fr., in the dep, of Vendee, and late province of Poitou, 25 ms. SW. of Nantes. Lon. 1 54 W., Iat. 46 53 N. Beaver creek rises in the tp. of Caistor, U. C, and running through part of Gainsborough, empties itself into Welland, to which river it ruhs close, and nearly parallel for almost 4 ms,, before its dis charge. In the tp. of Humberslone, runs into Lake Erie, W. of Row's point, U. C. Runs into Lake Superior, on the N. side between river Aupie and river Rouge, U. C. Town, Madi son CO., N. Y., 85 ms. W. from Albany. Usually called Little Beaver, to distinguish it hom the large stream above mentioned, is an excellent mill-stream in Columbiana co, , O. , rising in the northern parts of that co., and after running gen erally in a southeaslwardly direction 30 ms., falls into the Ohio river just within the borders of Penn sylvania. It affords a vast number of excellent mill-seats, many of which are already improved ; and, among numerous others, are two paper-mills, beside several forges and furnaces. -Mill stream, Clark CO., O,, running northwardly into Buck creek, a little distance above Springfield. Name of a creek running into the west side of Litlle Miami river, in Green co., 0. Also the name of a tp. situated on the above stream, in Green co. Pop. in 1820, 384. Beaver, or Big Beaver river. Pa. Big Beaver is formed by the Mahoning, Shenango, Neshanock, and Conequenessing creeks. The Shenango rises in Ashtabula co. of 0., and Crawford of Pa,, with in 13 ms. from the SE, shore of Lake Erie, inter locking sources with those of Grand river, Coneaut and French creek, and pursuing a nearly S. course over Mercer, receives the Conequencssing from the NE,, and entering Beaver co,, unites with the Mahoning, and forms Big Beaver. The Mahoning is, in reality, the main branch, rising in Columbiana, Stark, Trumbull, and Port age COS., O. ; ils course is first nearly N. 30 ms,, to near Warren, in Trumbull. Winding to SE., it pursues lhat course 35 ms., entering Pa. in the SW. angle of Mercer, and joining the Shenango at N. lat. 41°, about 2 ms. within Beaver co. Bei low the junction of the Mahoning and Shenango, Big Beaver flows a little E. of S. 20 ms. into Ohio river. Conequencssing is the eastern constituent stream of Beaver, draining the peninsula between 136 the Alleghany, Ohio, Big Beaver, and Shenango rivers. The valley of Big Beaver is nearly circular, and about 70 ras. diameter; area 3,850 sq, ms. Itis worthy of remark, that the general courses are nearly on a direct NW. line of the Youghiogany, below the mouth of Castleman's river, Mononga hela and Ohio, from the mouth of Youghiogany lo that of Big Beaver, and the latler and Mahoning, to about 3 ms. above Warren. This range of nav igable water is upwards of 130 ms. direct, and from 180 to 200 ms. following the sinuosities ot the streams. The sources of the Mahoning interlock with those of the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, and Cayahoga and Grand river of Lake Erie. Beaver river empties itself into the narrows, a little below the falls of St. Mary's, running from N, to S., U. C. Beaver co.. Pa,, on bolh sides of Ohio river, having part of the State of Ohio W., Mercer N., Butler E., Allegany SE., and Washington S. It is about 40 ms. in length along the State of Ohio, wilh a mean breadth of 15 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. ; features hilly and broken ; soil generally, however, fertile, and well wooded and watered. Chief town Beaver. Central lat. 40 50 N., lon. W. C. 3 20 W. Pop. in 1820, 13,340 ; and in 1840, 29,368. Beaver, Big, tp,, Beaver co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 702; in 1830, 742. Beaver, tp., Crawford co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 336 ; in 1830, 419 Tp.. Union co.. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 3,036. Borough, tp., and village, Bea ver CO., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 436; in 1820, 351. — Tp., Columbiana CO,, O. Pop. in 1810, 483; in 1820, 639. For the principal village in thistp,, see Lima, — The southeasternmost tp. of Guernsey CO., 0. Pop. in 1820, 556. For the principal vil lage in Beaver tp., Guernsey, co. see Williamburg. Tp., Green co., 0. Pop. in 1810, 799 ; and in 1820,757. Beaver Dam, tp., Erie co.. Pa.. Pop. in 1820, 142.— Town, Goochland co. Va., 24 ms. NW. from Richmond. Beaver, Little, tp., Beaver co, , Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,379; in 1820, 1,144. Beaver, North, tp., Beaver co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 932; in 1820, 1,206. Beaver, South, tp., Beaver co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,331, in 1820, 800. Beaver Ironworks, town, Bath co., Ky,, 78 ras. E. from Frankfort. Beavertown, town. Union co.. Pa., 69 ms. N. from Harrisburg. Bebelinguen, town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirlemburg, on a lake, from which runs the river Worm, 10 ms. N W. of Slutgard. Lon. 9° 2 E„ lat, 48 58 N. Bee, town of Fr., in the dep. of lower Seine, and lale province of Normandy. Lon. 52' E,, lal, 49 14 N. Becancour, river of L. C, enters the St. Law rence opposite the mouth of the river St. Maurice. Its sources interlock with those of the Chaudiere. Beccaria, tp. in Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 3S6. Becket, village of Berkshire co., Mass., on the head of Westfield river, 17 ms. SE. from Lenox and 25 W. from Northampton. BED GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BED Beckhamsville, town, Chester dislrict, S. C, on the Wateree, 32 ms. NW. from Camden. Beccles, lown, Suffolk, on the navigable river Waveney, 12 ms. SW. of Yarmouth and 108 NE. of London. Lon. 1 45 E., lat. 52 36 N. Bec-d'Arieux, or Bedarieux, town of Fr., in the province of Herault, and late province of Lan guedoc, on the river Obe, 20 nis, N. of Beziers. Lon. 20 E., lat. 43 32 N. Bechin, town of Bohemia, situated on the river Lausnics, 55 ms. S. of Prague. Lon. 14 53 E., Iat. 49 13 N. Becket, tp., Berkshire co.. Mass,, aboul 170 ms. W. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,028; in 1820, 984. Beckum, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munsler, at the source of the river Nerse, 22 ras. SE. of .Munsler. Lon. 8 3 E., lat, 51 44 N, Bescangil, province of Asia, in Natolia, bound ed on the N. by the Black sea, on the W. by Ihe sea of Marmora, on the S. by proper Natolia, and on the E. by the province of Belli. It was an ciently called Bithynia. The capilal is Bursa, Bedal, town in the Norlh Riding of Yorkshire, Eng,, 10 ms. SE. of Richmond, and 220 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 26 W., lat. 54 20 N. Beddington, tp,, Washington co.. Me., near the source of Pleasant river, 35 ms. NW. by W. irom Machias, Village, near Croyden, in Sur ry, Eng. Beden, or Beding, village of Eng,, in Sussex, 13 ms. W. of Lewes, near a river of its own name, which runs into the English channel at New Shoreham. Beder, fortified city of the Deccan of Hindoos tan, in Dowlatabad, once the capilal of a consid erable kingdom. It is 80 ms. NW. of Hydrabad. Lon. 78° E., Iat. 17° N.. Bedford, borough, and a county town of Bed fordshire, Eng. It is divided into two parts by the Ouse, over which there is a bridge with a gate at each end. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to Parliament, and is 27 ms. E. by N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 0 30 W., Iat. 63 13 N. Tp., Hillsbor ough CO., N. H. Pop. in 1810, 1,396 ; in 1820, 1,375 Tp., Middlesex co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 592; in 1820, 648. Tp., Westchester CO., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,432. Village, Westchester CO., N. Y., about 35 ras. northeast wardly from the city of N. Y. Pop. 2,400. Borough, town, and capital of Bedford co., Pa., about 189 ms. W. of Philadelphia, 91 E. by S. of Pittsburg, and 150 NW. from Washing'ton. The situation of this town is extremely romantic, being surrounded by mountains. It is now much frequented in the summer season, on account of the mineral springs in its neighborhood. Pop. in 1810, 547; in 1820, 789. The county was di vided from Cumberland, and Bedford erected into a county town, March, 1771, it had about 730 inhabitants. Population in 1840, 1,022. Co. Pa., having Md. S., Somerset W., Cambria NW., Huntingdon NE., and Franklin SE. Length 52 ms. ; mean breadth about 31 ; 1,600 sq. ms. ; surface extremely diversified by mountains, hills, and valleys ; ^il equally varied ; in general rocky and barren in the mountains, but fertile and well nri4tPrpH in tbp Vnllpva fifanlpf, n-y^ir, Q„,,r whiskey, and salted provisions. It is very pro ductive in excellent iron, and possesses some min eral coal. The springs near Bedford have become a place of fashionable resort in the months of July, August, and September, Chief town Bedford. Pop. in 1820, 20,248; in 1840, 29,335. Central lat. 40° N., lon. W. C. 1 30 W. Tp., Bed ford co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,343; in 1830, 1,331. Co. of Va,, having Franklin SW., Bottetourt W. nnd NW,, Rockbridge N., Am herst NE., Campbell SE., and Pittsylvania S. It is 30 ms. in length, by a mean breadth of 22 ; area 660 sq, ms. ; separated by the Blue Ridge from Bottetourt co. A part of Bedford is moun tainous ; it is in general, however, hilly, and mod erately fertile. Staples tobacco and grain. Chief town Liberty. Central Iat. 37 15 N., lon. W. C. 3 20 W. Pop. 1820, 19,305; in 1840, 20,203. Co. of "West Ten,, on Duck river, having Maury W., Williamson NW., Rutherford N., Warren NE., Franklin SE., Lincoln S. Length 35 ms,, mean width 26, area 875 sq. ms. ; surface rolling. Staples cotton and small grain. Chief town Shelbyville. Pop. 1820, 16,006. Central lat. 35 30 N,, Ion, W. C. 9 30 W. Village in the northern part of Henry co., Ky., 13 ms. SE. from Port William, at the mouth of Kentucky river, and 40 ms. NW. from Frankfort. Vill., Cuyahoga co,, O,, 184 ms, NE. from Columbus. Town of Bedford tp., Cuyahoga co., O. ; is situated in the southeast part of the county, about 13 ms. SSE. of Cleaveland. Bedford, New, Ip., Bristol co., Mass., at the head of the navigation on Accushnet river, 58 ms. S. by E. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 3,947. Lon. W. C. 6 58 E., lat. 42 41 N. See New Bedford. Bedford Level, tract of fenny land, about 300, - 000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lin coln, Eng. After various attempts to drain these fens, in the reign of Henry Vflf and Charles I., William, Earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and completed it ; and in the reign of Charles II. a corporation was established for the government of this great level. Bedfordshire, co. of Eng., bounded on the SE. by Huntingfordshire, E. by Cambridgeshire, SW. by Buckinghamshire, and NW. by Northampton shire. Its utmost length is 35 ms,, and ils great est breadth 32, containing 260,000 acres. It is divided into 9 hundreds and 124 parishes, and has 10 market towns. The number of inhabitants in it, in 1801, was 63,393; in t811 was 70,313; and in 1831, 83,716. Pop. to the sq. m. 206 ; sends four members to Parliament. 'The princi pal rivers are the Ouse and the Ivel. Its chief products are corn, butter, and fuller's earth ; its manufactures, lace, straw hats, baskets, and toys. Bedminstsr, tp., Bucks co.. Pa, Pop. 1810, 1,199; 1820, 1,248. Tp,, Somerset co., N. J. Pop. 1810, 1,313; in 1820, 1,393. Bednore, or Bedanore, town in the peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It is 453 ms. SE. of Bombay, and 187 NW. of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 30 E., lat. 14° N. Bedouins, modern name of the wild Arabs, who live in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the north of Africa, governed by their "hiefs in the same manner that the patriarchs were 137 BEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BEL formerly ; their principal employment is grazing of cattle. Bedwin Great, borough in Wiltshire, Eng,, 5 ms- SW. of Hungerford, and 71 W, of London. Lon. 1 33 W., Iat. 51 32 N. Beech Grove, town, E. Feliciana parish. La. Beech Hill, town, Jackson co., Tenn., 70 ms. NE. from Nashville. Beech Park, tovyn, Gallatin co., Ky. ; by the postroad, 48 ms. N. from Frankfort, Beeder, province or country of Indostan, having Beerar N,, Arangabad W., Hydrabad S,, and Godavary river E. This interior country, drained by the numerous streams of the two great rivers Kistna and Godavary, has an inclination SE. Beeder, the capital, stands at N. Iat. 17 56, lon. 77 30, about 270 ms. a little S. of E. from Poo nah, and 370 ms. SE. by E. of Bombay. Beekman, town and tp. of Duchess co, , N. Y,, 10 ms. E. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. in 1820, 4,257. Beekmantown, tp,, Clinton co,, N. Y, Pop. in 1820,* 1,343. Vill,, CHnton co., N. Y,, 173 ms. N. from Albany. Beekmansville, village, Schoharie co,, N, Y. Beelin's Ferry, town of Cumberland co,. Pa, Beemah, river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains to the N. of Poonah, and flows SE. upwards of 300 ins., till it joins the Kistna near Edghir. Beering, or Bhering's Strait, the narrow sea between the W. coast of North America and the E. coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide, in the nar rowest part, belween,the Capes of Prince of Wales and Tchutsolskoi. The arctic circle passes this strait a little norlh of the narrowest part. Beering's, formerly Admiralty bay, NW. coast of Norlh America. Lon. W. "C, 62 0 W., lat. 59 20 N. Beering s Islemd, in the sea of Kamschatka, or north Paciflc o^n. On this island, on Novem ber 5, 1741, the worthy but unfortunate Captain Beering, the discoverer of the straits which bear his name, was wrecked, and on it he died the 8th of the following December. Lon. 163 0 E, of Lon don, lat. 55 0 N. Beesley's, town in Cape May co., N. J., 1 05 ms. S. from 'Trenton. Befort, small but strong town of Fr,, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, at the foot of a mountain, 28 ms. W. of Basil. Lon. 6 54 E., Iat. 47 36 N. Begia, or Beggia, town of Africa, in the king dom of Tunis, with a strong castle, on the declivi ty of a mountain, 65 ms. W. of Tunis. Lon. II SO E., Iat. 36 42 N. Beja, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, in a fruit ful plain, near a lake of the same name, 72 ms. I SE. of Lisbon. Lon, 7 40 W,, lat. 37 28 N. j Beichlingen, town in Germany, in Thuringia, | 17 ms. N. of Wiemar. Lon. 11 50 E,, lat, 51 22 N. Beira, province of Portugal, bounded on the N. ; by Tra-los Monies and Entre-Duero-e-Minho, on the S. by Portuguese Estramadura, on the E, by the Spanish province of the same name, and on the W. by the Atlantic. Belcastro, town in Naples, in Calabria Ulteri ore, on a mountain, 8 ms, from the sea, and 13 138 SW, of San Severino. Lon. 17 5 E., Iat. 39 6N. I Belcherton, lown in Hampshire co., Mass., 16 ms. W. by N. of Brookfield, the same distance E, by S. of Northampton, and about 80 W. of Bos- jton. Pop. in 1810, 3,370; in 1830, 3,426. I Beichite, lown of Spain, in .Arragon, on the ] river Almanazir, 20 ms. S, of Saragossa. Lon, 0 ,30 W., Iat. 41 33 N. i Bek-Hissar, — See Bali-Kesri. [ Belchoe, town of Ireland, in the co, of Ferma nagh, sealed in Lough Nilly, 18 ms, SE. of Bal lyshannon. Lon. 7 29 W., lat. 54 20 N. Belclare, lown of Ireland, in the co. of Sligo, 22 ms, SW. of Sligo. ' Lon, 8 54 W., lat. 54 I N. Eeled el Harem, the holy land of the Moham medans, a district of Arabia, 60 ms. N. and 100 SE. from Djedda, Geddo, Jidda, Jutldah, or Jedda; which see. ¦ Belem, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, on the N. side ofthe Tajo, a mile from Lisbon, de signed lo defend the entrance lo that city ; and here all the ships lhat sail up t'ne river must come to. Belestat, town of Fr., in the dep, of Arriege, and late county of Foix, remarkable for a spring, which, it is pretended, ebbs and flows 12 times in 34 hours, as exactly as a clock. Belfast, borough and seaport of Ireland, in the CO. of Antrim, on Carrickfergus bay. It is one of the most flourishing commercial towns of Ireland. A canal was cut in 1793, connecting the harbor with Lough Neagh. Lon. 5 53 W., lat. 54 46 N. -Town in Hancock co.. Me,, near the moulh of Penobscot river, 31 ms. N. of Thomastown, on Penobscot bay. Pop, in 1810, 1,274; in 1820, 2,026, Tp, in Bedford co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 750; in 1820, 1,196, Village in Lawrence dis • trict, S. C. Belford, village in Nash co., N. C, 64 ms. E. from Raleigh. Belgium, or, as styled, "the kingdom of the Belgians," is composed of the southern provinces ofthe Netherlands, and bounded by France SW,, Prussian province of Lower Rhine E,, Holland N., and the North sea NW. The slope of Bel gium is to the NE,, and drained principally by the Meuse and Scheldt rivers and their confluents. Face of the kingdom slightly hilly on the southern or higher part, level or rather rolling in the centre, and level and even flat towards the North Sea. In lat. extending from 49 30 to 51 50 N,, and in Ion. from 2 35 to 6 16 E. ofLondon. Provinces, AreaEsq, ms. Pop, Capitals, Pop, S, Brabant - 1,298 556,146 Brussels 103,200 E, Flanders - 1,188 733,938 Ghent 84,000 "W, Flanders - 1,276 601,704 Burges «,000 Antwerp 1,128 354,974 Antwerp 77,000 1,474 604,957 212i725 Mons 123,000 Namur 1,422 Namur 'im Liege 1,421 369,937 Liege 68,000 Limburg, in part 1,128 337,703 Luxemburg, in part 1,194 292,151 Arlon 2,300 11,529 4,064,235 Belgium, ancient name of a part of what has been BEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BEL in modern times called "The Netherlands," One of the consequences of the revolution which placed Louis Philippe on the ihrone of Prance severed the former Burgundian provinces from Holland, and led to their formation into a kingdom of Europe, under the ancient name ofthe country. This an cient name applied only lo Netherlands, or low countries on the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. The name was revived by the French when in posses sion of the couniry. Belgorod, town of Russia, and capilal of a prov ince of the same name. It is seated 80 ms. SE, of Bender. Belgrade, town of Turkey, in Europe, the cap ilal of Servia, and a Greek bishop's see. It is seat ed on the Danube, a little above its confluence with the Savoy. The streets, where the greatest trade is carried on, are covered with wood, to shelter the dealers from the sun and rain. It is 265 ms, SE, of Vienna, and 400 NW. of Constantinople, Lon, 21 2 E,, lat. 45 10 N. Small town of Roma nia, in European Turkey, on the sirait of Constan tinople, 20 ms, N. of that city. Lal. 41 33 N. — ' — Tp,- and village in Kennebec co,. Me, Pop, in 1810, 996; in 1830, 1,131. Belgrado, lown of Italy, in Friuli, sealed near the Tojamenla, 81 ms. S. by W. of Udina. Belida, or Bleeda, town of Algiers, in the prov ince of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 15 ms. SE. of Algiers. Belitz, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, with a manufacture of cloth, seated on the river, of the same name, 37 ms. SVV. of Berlin. Bellac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Vi- enne, sealed on the "Vincon, 20 ms, N. of Li moges. Bellaire, seigniory L, Canada, Hampshire co,, on the N, side of the St. Lawrence, 24 ms, above Quebec. Town in Lancaster district, S. C. Town of Md,, capital of Harford co, , 22 ms, NE. of Baltimore, and 86 WSW. of Philadelphia. Latitude 39 31 N., longitude Washington Citv, 0 46 E. Bellbrooke, lown in Sugar Creek tp,, Greene co,, Ohio, 8 ms. SW. from Xenia. Bellebrooke is situated on the right bank of Lit tle Miami, and on one of the roads from the Yel low Springs to Cincinnati, and about 1 2 ms. SE. by E. from Dayton, Ohio. Bellfontaine, small town and seat of justice for Logan CO., Ohio, 18 ms, N. from Urbana, and 56 'NW. from Columbus. Village and county seat of Logan co,, Ohio, seated on a branch of Miami river, 50 ms. NW. from Columbus, 18 N. of Ur bana, and 42 SSW. of Upper Sandusky. N. lat. 40 22, lon. 6 45 W. of W. C. Bellefonte, tp. borough, and post town of Cenire CO., Pa. Pop, in 1810, 303; in 1830,433. Lat. 40 50 N., lon. W. C. 0 40 W. Belleforte, town in Jackson co,, Ala., 75 ms. SE. from Murfrcesborough, in Ten., and 150 ms. NE, from Tuscaloosa. Bellegarde, strong place of Fr,, in the dep, of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Rous- sillon, above the defile of Pertuis. Il is an import ant place, on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. Lon. 2 56 E., lat. 42 27 N. Town of Fr,, in the dep, of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, seated on the river Saone, 16 ms, NE, of Chalons, Lon. 5 10 E., lat. 46 57 N. Belleisle, island of Franco, 15 ms. fr'bm the coast of Brittany. It is a mixture of craggy rocks and pleasant fertile plains. The principal place is Pa lais, a fortified town, wilh a citadel. It was taken by tho English in 1761, and restored in 1763, Lon, 3 6 W,, Iat. 47 17 N, -Island of Norlh America, at the moulh of the strait between New Britain and Newfoundland, whence the straits take also the name of Belleisle. Lon, W, C, 31 35 E,, lat, 51 55 N, Belle river, U. C, runs into St. Clair, to the eastward of river Aux Puces, and is navigable for boats some way up, Bellesme, town of Fr. , in the dep, of Orne, and lale province of Perche, with an ancient castle, 75 ms, S W. of Paris. Lon. 0 43 E,, lat. 48 23 N. Belle Vernon, village in Fayette co,. Pa,, 8 ms. from Uniontown, and 194 SW. by W. from Har risburg. Belleoiew, lown and settlement of Washington CO., Mo., in the Mine dislrict ; il contains about 1,000 inhabitants. Belleville, village in Essex co,, N. J., 5 ms. above N ewark, on the Passaic river. At this place printing, bleaching, and dying manufactories are established Town in Wood co., Va,, on the left bank of the Oliio river, at the moulh of Lee's creek, Village in Miffln co,. Pa. Town southern part of Richland co,, Ohio, on Clear fork of Mohecan creek, 9 ms. southward of Mansfield, the county seat, and 14 ras. northward of Mount Vernon, in Knox co« Town in Logan co., Ohio. Town in Richland co,, Ohio, on the W. branch of Mohecon creek. Town in St. Clair CO., Ill,, 16 ms. nearly E. from Cahokia. Village on Trade Water river, in the western part nf Hopkins co., Ky., 200 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort. Village in Conecuh co., Ala,, 70 ms. NNE, from Pensacola, and 100 ms. S. from Cahaba. Bellevieu, fief of L. C, in Surry co, , on the right bank ofthe St. Lawrence, 22 ms. NE. from Mon treal. Belley, episcopal town of Fr,, in the dep. of Ain, and late province of Bresse, near the Rhone, 12 ms, N. of Chamberry, and 250 SE. of Paris. Lon. 5 50 E,, Iat. 45 47 N. Bellingham, town in Northumberland, Eng,, 14 ms, NNW. of Hexham, and 294 of London, Lon. 2 10 W., lat. 55 10 N. Tp. and village in Norfolk CO., Mass. Pop. in 1810,766, and in 1820, 1,034. Bellinzona, town of Italy, in the Milwese. It is seated on the Tesino, 5 ms. above the place where it falls into the Lago Maggiore. Lon. 8 16 E., Iat. 46 6 N. Bellona, arsenal and post office in Chesterfield CO., Va,, 13 ms. from Richmond. Bellows Falls, in Connecticut river, between Walpole and Rockingham. The whole pilch in about half a mile is 42 feet Town in Cheshire CO., N, H., at Bellows Falls, Bellunese, territory of Italy, belonging to the Ve netians, lying between Friuli, Cadorino, Feltrimo, the bishopric of Trent and Tirol. It has iron mines. Belluno is the only place of note. Belluno, town of Italy, capital of the Bellunese, 139 BEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BEN and formerly a bishop's see. It is seated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 ms. NE. of Fel- tri, Lon. 12 9 E., lat. 43 13 N. Bellvue, extensive prairie of Louisiana, in the Opelousas. It lies between the waters of the Teche and Vermillion, and those of the Mermantau river. Bellvtlle, village in the NE. part of Rockbridge CO., Va., 10 ms. NE. from Lexington, and 151 W. from Richmond. Belmonte, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, on the coast ofthe Tuscan sea, 10 ms. W. of Co- zenza. Lon. 19 5 E., lal. 39 20 N. Belmont, co. of Ohio, having the Ohio river E., Monroe S., Guernsey W., and Harrison and Jefferson N. Il is 35 ms. in lengih by 20 wide ; area 500 sq. ms. ; surface hilly ; soil very produc tive. Staples grain and salted provisions. Central lat. 40 4 N., lon. W.C. 4 0 W. Pop. in 1820, 3,329. Belmonte, town and tp. in Hancock co.. Me., 19 ms. W. from Castine, and 8 ms. SW. from Belfast. Pop. in 1830, 744. Village in Han cock CO., Maine, 97 ms. NE. from Portland. Village in Wayne co,, Miss,, 168 ms. from St. Charles. Bellemont, village in Belmont co., Ohio, 8 ms. SW. from St. Clairsville, and about 7 a little N. of E. from Bamesville. Beloochistan, country of the Belooches, extensive couniry of .\sia, generally co-extensive with the ancieni Gedrosia, and the Mekran of the Arabians. It is bounded W. by Kerman and Laristan, in Per sia, N.. by Afghanistan, E. by Sinde, and S. by the Indian ocean. Length from W. to E. 600 ms. ; mean breadlh about 250 ms. ; area 150,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to 30° N., and in lon. from 58° to 69° E. of London. The general inclination of Beloochistan is southward. The northern part extending along about N. lat. 28°, is a high, rugged, mouniainous table land, inhabited by Brahoos, Belooches, and Taudjiks. The more level, though hot and dry country, to wards the Indian ocean, called Sewastan, is in habited by Jutes. The whole population is set down by Balbi at 3,000,000. The people called Belooches, and from whom the country has been named, speak a language wilh much affinity to the Persian. They are re presented as a fine people, tall, robust, and every way well formed ; also, brave, hospitable, and in telligent. It is a country, however, of which our knowledge is very imperfect. — See article Asia. Belper, town in Derbyshire, Eng. Here are several large cotton njills, a bleaching mill, and an iron forge. It is seated on the Derwent, 8 ms, N. of Derby, and 134 NNW. of London. Belpre, town of Washington co., Ohio, on the NW. bank of the Ohio, opposite the moulh of the Litlle Kenhaway, 13 ms. below Marietta. The tp. is 16 ms. in length along the river. Pop. 1810, 494, in 1820, 1151. Belpurg, town of Spain, in Catalonia, wilh a famous convent, 18 ms. ENE. of Lerida. Belt, Great, strait of Denmark, between the is lands of Zealand and Funen, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not so commodious, nor so much frequented as the Sound. Belt, Little, strait to the W. of the Great Belt, between Funen and Norlh Jutland. It is one of 140 the passages from the German Ocean to the Bal tic though not 3 ms. in breadlh, and very crooked. Belturbet, borough of Ireland, in the co. of Ca van, on the river Erne, 9 ms. NNW. of Cavan. Beltz or Belzo, a town of Poland in Red Rus sia, capilal of a palatinate of the same name. It is 30 ms. N. by W. of Lemburg. Lon. 24 5 E., lat. 50 20 N. Belum, town of Lower Saxony, near the moulh ofthe Este, 24 ms. NW. of Stade. Belug Dag, ancient Imaus chain of mountains in Central Asia, stretching N. and S. between Tartary and Mongolia. Belvez, town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 37 ms. SSE. of Periguex. Belvedere, rown of Greece, capital of a pro. vince of the same name, in the Morea. 'Phis province lies on the W. coast, and is the most fer tile in the Morea. The town is delightfully situated, 17 ms. NE. of Chiurenza. The raisins called Belvederes, come from this place. Lon, 31 45 E., Iat, 38° N. Village, Warren co,, N. J., on Delaware river, above the mouth of Beaver creek, 11 ms. above Easton, and 50 NNW'. from Trenton. Belvidere, town of Franklin co., Vl., on the waters of La Moelle river, 38 ms, N. from Monlpelier, Village and seat of justice, War ren CO., N. J., 13 ms. above Easton, and 10 SW,, from Hope. The uniled streams of Beaver and Pequest creeks enter the Delaware at this place, and have immense water power. Is rapidly im proving, and already a place of considerable acti vity and wealth. Lat. 40 50 N,, lon. W. C, 1 55 E. Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnshire, Eng,, 4 ras, W. of Grantham. Ils foundation was laid soon after the Norman conquest. Belvuron, town, Marion, co., O., 5 ms. east ward of Marion the county seat. Benares, district of Hindoostan Proper, be tween Bahar and Oude ; containing the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chunar, and Gazypour. Il was ceded to the English in 1775, and produces a clear annual revenue of 380,000/. Populous city, capital of the dislrict of the same name, in Hindoostan. It is more celebrated as the ancieni seat of Braminical learning, than on any olher account, and is built on the N. side of the Gan ges, which is here very broad, and the banks very high. The streets are narrow ; the houses high, and some of them 5 stories each, inhabited by different families. The more wealthy Hin doos, however, live in detached houses wilh an open court, surrounded by a wall. Benares is 435 ms. SE. of Delhi, and 400 NW. of Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 E., lat. 25 20 N. Benavarri, town of Spain, in Arragon, 17 ms. N. of Lerida. Lon. 0 45 E., lat. 42 11 N. Benavento, town of Spain, in Leon. It is seal ed on the river Ela, 23 ms. SE. of Astorga. Lon, 5 7 W. lat. 42 4 N. Benbecula, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, between N. and S. Uist, from the last of which it is separated by a narrow channel, nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular form, including the inlets of the sea, 9 ms, in diameter. The soil is sandy and unproductive, but much kelp is made from the sea-weed thrown on the coast, BEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HION Bencoolen, fort and town on the SW. of the 'island of Sumatra, belonging to the English. The country about Bencoolen is mountainous and woody ; and there are several volcanoes in the is land. The chief trade is in pepper. Lon. 103 5 E., lat., 3 49 S. Bendermussen, capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Borneo, wilh a good harbor. Lon. 140 40 E , lat. 2 40 S. Bender, town of Turkey, in Europe,' in Bes sarabia, on the river Dniester, 100 ms. NW. of Belgorod. It was the residence of Charles XII, of Sweden, after his defeat at Pultowa. Lon, 29, E , lat. 46 58 N. Benedetto, St. town of Ilaly, in the Mantuan, 25 ms. SE. of Mantua. Lon, 11 35 E., lal, 44 44 N, Benedict, lown of ChaHes co,, Md , on tho Pa tuxent river, at the moulh of Indian creek, 60 ms. S, from Baltimore, and 35 SE. from W. C, Benedictine Monies, so called from having adopted the rules of St, Benedict. This ancient order, as early as the 6lh century of our era, had spread over Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and England, It was men of this order who intro duced Christianity into Britain, Placius Marcus Guide, Alcuin, and the venerable Bede, with many other lights of the dark ages were Benedictines. Benesoeuf, town of Egypt, remarkable for its hemp and flax ; seated on the W. shore of the Nile, 50 ms. S. of Cairo. Lon. 31 10 E., lat, 29 10 N. Benevento, city of Naples, agreeably situaled in Principato Citeriore. It has suffered greatly by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when tho arch bishop, afterwards Pope Benedict XIII. was dug out of the ruins alive. It is subject to the Pope, and seated near the confluence of the Saboro and Calora, 35 mi, NE, of Naples. Lon, 14 57 E , lal. 41 6 N. Benfield, town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace on the river 111, 12 ms. SW. of Strasburgh. Lon 7 45 E., lat. -48 24 N. Bengal, country of Hindoostan Proper, bounded on the W. by Orissa and Bahar, on the N. by Bootan, on the E. by Assam and Meckley, and on the S. by the bay of Bengal. Its greatest ex tent from W. to E. is about 720 ms,, and from N. to S. above 300. The country consists of one vast plain, of the most fertile soil, which, in com mon with olher parts of Hindoostan, annually renders two, and, in some parts, even three crops. It is sometimes subject to such extremes of heat as render it fatal to Europeans, The great cause of the unheallhiness of Bengal, however, is owing to the inundations of the Ganges and Burram pooler, by which such quantities of pulrescible matters are brought down as infect the air with the most malignant vapours when the waters retire. By the latler end of July, all the lower parts of Bengal, contiguous to the Ganges and Burram pooler, are overflowed, and present a surface of water more than 100 ms. wide. As some of the lands in Bengal would receive damage from such a copious inundation, they must, for this reason, be guarded by strong dykes to resist the waters, and admit only a certain quantily. One parti cular branch of the Ganges is conducted, for 70 ms. between dykes ; and when full, the [lassengors look down upon the adjacent country as from an eminence, Ils principal products are sugar, silk, fruit, popper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac, and ci vil. It is compared to Egypt for fertility ; the Ganges dividing here into several streams, and, like the Nile, annually overflowing Ihe country, Bengal has been subject, ever since 1766 to the E. India Company, See ait, Asia, head Indostan, Tp. Oneida co., N. Y., lying N. from Oneida lake, between Fish creek and Constantia, Benguela, kingdom of W, Africa. See Africa p. 26, Capilal of a kingdom of the same name, where the Portuguese have a fort. It lies tolhe N. of the bay of Benguela. Lon. 12 30 E,, lat. 10 30 S. Beni, river of S, America, tho eastern consli- luent of the Ucayal, The extreme sources of the Beni are as remote as S. lat, 18, from whence, by a .general northern course of 300 ms , and again northwestwardly 300 ms,, unites wilh Iho Apurima to form the Ucayal. Benin, See Africa, p. 35. Benin, the capital of a kingdom of the same name in Africa, situated on the river Benin or Formosa. Lon. 5 4 E,, lat. 7 30 T*. Benlawers, mountain of Scotland, in Perth shire, on the E. side of Loch Tay. ll rises in a conical shape to the height of 4,015 feet above the level of the sea. Benlomond, mountain of Scotland, in Dumbar tonshire, on the E, side of Loch Lomond, rising to the height of 3,262 feet above the level of the sea. Its sides, particularly toward the lake, arc finely covered wilh trees, and il produces a num ber of rare plants. Bennevis, mountain of Scotland, in Inverness shire, E. ot Fori William. It is the highest in Great Britain, rising 4,370 feet above the level of the sea. On the NE. side it presents a precipice, nearly perpendicular, of about 1,500 feet in height. Bennington, co. of Vt., forming the SW. angle of that Stale, having Rutland N., Windsor NE,, Windham E., Berkshire, in Mass,, S., and Wash ington CO., N. Y., W. It is 40 ms. in length, with a mean width of 17, area 680 sq. ms. ; its features are hilly in general, and in part mountain ous. The soil is productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Staples flour, salted provisions, and lumber. Chief town Bennington. Central Iat. 43° N. lon. W. C. 4 15 E. Pop. 1820, 16,135. The chief town of Bennington co,, Vt., 36 ms. NE, from Albany, 36 ms, W. of Brattlebo- rough, and 33 N, of Pittsfield, in Utass. It con tained 2,283 inhabitants in 1800, and is famous for a victory obtained here August 16, 1777, by the troops of the United States under General Starke, over a detachment of the British army, or rather Hessians, under Colonels Bawn and Brey- man, which was a prelude to the decisive victory at Saratoga, by which General Burgoyne and all his army submitted to the United States army un der General Gates. The principal pubhc edifices are a church, court-house, and jail. It lies in Iat. 42 52 N., and lon. W, C, 3 56 E. Town, Genessee co,, N. Y. Pop. 1820, 796. On the Shenango, village of Mercer co.. Pa. Town in the NE. quarter of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 413 Tp., Licking co., O. Pop. 1830, 141 BER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BER 210. Vill,, St. Clair co., Ala., 163 ms, N, from Cahaba. Bensalem, tp., Bucks co,. Pa., about 30 ms. N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1810, 1,434 ; in 1830, 1,667. Bensoboro, vill,, Pitt co., N. C. 60 'ms. SE. from Raleigh> Benson, town, Rutland co., Vt., on the east side of Lake Champlain, 9 ms. N. by W. of Fairhaven," and 37 NW. of Rutland. Pop. 1800, 1,159, Bent Creek, lown, Buckingham co,, Va,, 80 m'^, SW, by W, from Richmond. Bentheim, town of Westphalia, capital of a co. of the same name, sealed on the Vecht, 33 ms. N W, of Munsler, Lon, 7 35 E., lat. 52 23 N. Bentivoglio, town and castle of 'Italy, in the Bolognese, 10 ms. NE, of Bolo^a. Lon. 11 34 E,, lat, 44 37 N. Bentleysville, vill., Halifax co,, Va,, 120 ms. SW. from Richmond. Benton, town, Onlario co,, N, Y, Pop. 1820, 3,357, Town, norlhern part of Holmes co,, O,, 5 ms. NE. of Millersburg, the counly seat, Village, Scott co., Mo., 165 ras,, by the post road, from St, Louis. • Berar, soubah of the deccan of Hindoostan, .bounded by Malwa and Allahabad on the N., Orissa on the E,, Golconda on the S., and Cande ish and Dowlatabad on the W. Less is known of the interior parts of Berar than of most of the other countries in Hindoostan. Its capilal is Nagpour. Beraum, lown, Bohemia, and capital of a circle of thesame name, 11 ras. W. of Prague, Lon, 14 25 E., lat. 50 3 N, River of Bohemia, the main western confluent erf the Elbe, Beiiber. "At every successive step of my in vestigations," says Hodgson, " new proofs accu mulate in favor of my hypothesis, that the Berber is the original language of all North Africa, in cluding the Egypts and Abyssinia. I have ascer tained it lo be the native idiom of the Mozabies, Wadreagans, and Wurgelans- " The inhabilanls of Wadreag call their country Eregaiah, the com pound of Wadreag, which means Oasis, or Egser of Ereag. (See Wad, Egser, and Oasis.) These people call their tribes, respectively, AilhJUmzal, Ailh Eregaiah, Ailh Wurgelah, Aith answers to the Beni, or children of the Arabs. Berbice, Dutch settlement, on a river of the same name, in Guiana, two leagues W, of Par amaribo. Il was taken by an English fleet in May, 1796, and ceded to Great Britain in 1814. Berchtolsgaben, town, Germany, in the arch bishopric of Sallzburg, It serves all the neighbor hood wilh salt, and is seated on the river Aa, 10 ms, SW. of Saltzburg, Lon, 13° E,, lat, 47° N. Berea, village in Middleburg tp,, Cuyahoga CO,, 0,, 13 ms, SW, of Cleaveland, and 13 ms. nearly due E. from Ellyria. Berealston, borough, Devonshire, Eng,, 10 ms. N. of Plymouth, and 311 W. by S, of London, Lon, 2 52 W,, lal, 50 28 N, Bereilly, cily, Hindoostan proper, capilal of Rohilla. It lies between Lucknow and Delhi, 123 ms, from each, Lon, 79 40 E,, lat, 38 30 N. Bere Regis, lown, Dorselshire, wilh a market on Wednesday. It is a small place, seated on the 143 Bere, 13 ms. E. by N. of Dorchester, and 113 SW. of London. Lon. 2 15 W., lat. 50 44 N. Berg, duchy, Westphalia, very mountainous and woody. Dusseldorp is the capital. Bergamo, province, Italy, in the territory of Venice, bounded by Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Their language is the most corrupt of any in Ilaly. Ancient town, Italy, capilal of Bergamo, with a strong citadel and a bishoj^'s see ; famous for its sewing silk. It is 30 ras. NE. of Milan. Lon, 9 47 E., lat. 45 46 N. Bergarac, trading town of Fr., in the dep. of Dordogne, and late province of Perigord, seated on the river Dordogne, 50 ms. E, of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 42 E., Iat, 45° N. Bergas, town, Romania, and the see of a Greek archbishop. It is seated on the river Larissa, 40 ms. SE. of Adrianople. Lon. 37 40 E,, lat, 41 14 N. Bergen, ancient seaport of Norway, It is the see of a bishop, and has a strong castle. It carries on a great trade in skins, fir wood, and dried fish, and is 350 ms. N. by "W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 4 45 E., lat. 60 1 1 N. Town of Swedish Po merania, capital of the isle of Rugen, 13 ms, NE, of Stralsund, Lon. 13 40 E., lat. 54 23 N. Town, Genesee co., N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,438. Bergen co., N., J,, bordering on the North riv er, which separates it from N. Y, ; bounded by Newark bay and Es,sex and Morris SW,, Sussex W., Orange and Rockland cos., N. Y., NE., and Hudson river E. Lengih 30, by a mean width of 16; area 480 sq. ms. Surface rocky, hilly, and in part mountainous, and soil various. Staples: grain, fruits, salted provisions, and garden vegeta bles. Chief town Bergen. Pop. in 1820, 18, 178. What was Bergen co. formerly, now comprises what remains under that name and Hudson co. By the census of 1840, these two counties stood thus : Bergen, 13,223; Hudson, 9,483— total, 22,076. Central Iat. 41° N., lon. W. C,3 46 E. Village and seat of an academy, in Bergen co,, N. J., 3 ms. W. from New York,— — Tp., Bergen co,. N. J. Pop. in 1810, 3,690 ; in 1830, 3,137. Bergen-op-Zoom, town of Dutch Brabant, in the marquisale of the same name. It is a handsome pi ace, and one of the slronges|; in the Netherlands, seated partly on a hill, about 1 ^ mile from the Scheldt, with which it communicates by a canal. It is 15 ms. N, of Antwerp and 32 S"W. of Breda. Lon. 4 25 E., lat 51 27 N. Bergaes, St, Vinox, fortified town of Fr. , in the dep. of the North, and lale co. of Flanders, sealed on the river Colme, at the foot of a mountain, 5 ms. S. of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 28 E., lat. 50 57 N. Berkhamstead, tp,, Litchfield co,, Ct, The lands are rough and broken. Pop. about 1,000. Town of^ Herts, Eng,, 26 ms, NW. of Lon don. Lon. 31' W., Iat. 51 46 N. Berkeley, corporate lown in Gloucestershire, Eng,, on a brook that flows into the Severn, 18 ms. SW. of Gloucester and 113 W. of London. Lon. 2 23 W., lal. 51 45 N, Town, Bristol co., Mass,, 35 ms. S. from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,014; in 1820, 1,060. Co. of Va., bounded SW. by Frederick, Hampshire NW., Potomac river NE., and Jefferson SE, Length 28, mean width 18 ms. ; area 500 sq. ms. ; surface mountainous, and soil generally thin, though many spots are favorable BER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BKR exceptions. Staples : grain and salted provisions. Chief town jMarlinsburg. Pop. in 1830, 11,311. Central lat. 39 40, lon. W. C, 1 15 W. Berkley, or Sandtown, village of Gloucester co., N, J,, 14 ms. from Philadelphia. Berkley's sound, on the N W. coast of America, between Nootka sound and the mouth of Columbia river. Berkley Springs, village .Morgan co., Va., on the right bank of the Potomac, 110 ms. above VV. C. Berks, or Berkshire, inland co. of Eng,, bound ed on the E. by Surry, on the S. by Hants, on the W. by Wilts, and on the N. by Oxfordshire and Bucks. From E. to W, it extends above 50 ras., and from N. to S. it is 25 ms, in the widest, though not more than 6 ms. in Ihe narrowest pari; area about 750 sq. ms. Pop. in 1801, 109,215; in 1811, 118,277; and in 1821, 131,977, Pop, to the sq. m. 176. It lies in the diocess of Salis bury, contains 20 hundreds, 13 market towns, and 140 parishes, and sends 9 members to Parliament. The air is healthy, even in the vales. Its chief rivers are the Thames, Kennet, Lamborn, and Loddon. The E, part has much uncultivated land, as Windsor forest and its appendages; the W. and middle parts produce great plenty of wheat and bar ley. Reading is the capital. Berks, co. of Pa., on both sides of the Schuyl kill river, bounded S W. by Lancaster and Lebanon, NW. by Schuylkill, NE. by Lehigh, and SE. by ware CO., 0. Pop. in 1810, 284; in 1820, 190. Village, Berkshire tp., Delaware co,, 0,, is situaled 9 ms, E.by S. from Delaware, and 23 ms. N. by E, from Columbus, Berkshire, Valley, town, Morris co., N. J,, 51 ms. N. from Trenton. Berlamont, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Nord, 6 ms. ESE. of Quesnoy. Berleburg, town of Germany, in tho Wesler- wald, with a castle, sealed on the Berleliach, near its confluence wilh the Eder, 30 ms. NW, of Mar burg, Berlin, city of Germany, capilal of the elec torate of Brandenburg and of the whole Prussian dominions ; one of the largest, best built, and best governed of any in Germany. It is defended partly by walls, partly by palli.sades, and has 15 gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long; and its large squares, magnificent palaces, churches, and olher building?, are scarcely lo be equalled. It is 12 ms, in circumference; but within this enclosure are numerous gardens, and many beautiful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The pop, in 1803 was 15,3,128, exclusive of the garrison. Accord ing lo the Suabian Mercury, the populalion of Ber- hn increased from 193,217 inJ821, lo 315,541 in 1841, or rather above 160 per cent, in 20 years. The royal palace contains a fine library, a rich cab inet of curiosities and medals, and the supreme colleges of government. Near the place stands the Montgomery and Chester. Lengih 38 ras., mean j magnificent cathedral. Here are also several acad width 27 ms. ; area 1,000 sq, ras. This is one of emies and hospitals, an astronomical observatory. the most fertile counlies in Pa. It is traversed by one humble chain of mountains, and limited on ils NW. and SE. sides by two others. The soil is varied — in some parts limestone abounds, and in others clay slate. Staples : grain, flour, whiskey, cattle, hogs, and salted provisions. Chief town Reading. Pop. in 1820, 43,146, Central lat. 40 25, Ion. W. C. 1 10 E. Berks, in 1810, included what is now Schuylkill co., which then contained the tps. of Upper and Lower Mahantango, Pine- grove, Norwegian, Manheim, Brunswick, and Schuylkill. These tps. at that epoch contained an aggregate of 5,819 inhabitants, reducing the cen sus of what is now Berks co. to 37,327. In 1830, Berks contained 53,152 inhabitants ; and in 1840, 64,569. Berkshire, co., Mass., is the most westwardly CO. of the State, and is for the mast> part moun tainous; bounded S. by Litchfield co., Ct., W. by Columbia and Rensselaer cos., N. Y., N. by Ben nington CO., Vt., and E. by Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden cos., Mass. Lengih from N. lo S. 48 ms,, mean width 18 ms. ; area 860 sq. ms. The Green mountains traverse this co. in all its length. Olher mountain ridges also chequer its surface, giving a mountainous aspect lo the whole. The soil is, however, in general, fertile, and peculiarly adapted to grazing. Staples : grain, flour, and salt ed provisions. It is abundant in marble and lime stone. Chief town Lenox. Pop. in 1820, 35,666 ; in 1837, 37,835 ; and in 1840, 64,569. Central Iat. 42 35, lon. W. C. 4° E. Village, Frank lin CO., Vt., on the waters of Missisque river, and near the northern line of the State, 65 ms, N. from Monlpelier. Town, Tioga co., N. Y., about 180 ms. SW. by W.from Albany. Tp. Broome co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,503. Town, Dela- a superb arsenal, and a royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flourishing trade, occasioned by its numerous manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, cam els hair, linen, Prussian blue, cutlery, and porce lain ; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroider ed works. It is seated on the river Spree, from which there is a canal to the Oder on the E,, and another to the Elbe, on the W. ; so lhat it has a communication by water both with the Baltic sea and the German ocean. It is 100 ms. N. of Dres den, and 185 ms. NW. of Breslau. Lon. 13 32 E,, lat. 53 31 N. Berlin, village, Washington co., Vt,, 5 ms, SE. from Monlpelier. Town, Worcester co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 591; in 1820, 635. Town of Hartford CO., Conn,, 10 ms. S. of Hartford. Pop, 800- Tp,, Hartford co,. Conn. Pop, in 1810 3,798; in 1830, 3,877. Town, Rensselaer co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,986. Village with a post ofiice, in Adams co,, Penn,, 6 ms, N. of Ab- botstown, 20 S. of CaHisle, and about 100 W. of Philadelphia. Village and borough, Somer set CO,, Penn,, on the southern road from Bedford to Uniontown, 30 ms. W. from the former, and 45 E. from the latter place. Pop. in 1810,330- in 1830,382, Town, Holmes co,, Ohio, 8 ms. a liltle N. of E. from Millersburg the co. seat and 100 ms. NE. by E, of Columbus Town, Coshocton CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 395, .' Town, Delaware CO., Ohio. Pop. in, 1820,482. Berlinville, town in Berlin tp., northern part of Huron co., Ohio, about 7 ms. NE. of Norwalk the CO. seat, and on the road thence to Cleveland. Village, on the main road from Easton, North ampton CO., Penn., to Berwick, about 2 ms. be low the Lehigh water Gap, and 1 m. from Lejiigh river, Northampton co., Penn. 143 BER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BER Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a port of entry, in Chesterfield co., Va., on the W. side of James river, 20 ms. below Richmond. It main tains a considerable foreign trade. Lon. W. C. 30' W. Iat. 37 18N. Bermuda, Somers, or Summer Islands, a clus ter of sraall islands, nearly in the form of a shep herd's crook, and surrounded by rocks, which ren der thelli almost inaccessible to strangers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, 700 ms. E. of Carolina, and are inhabited by the English. They were dis- covered by Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard ; but not inhabited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was cast away upon them ; and they have belonged to Britain ever since. The town of St. George, on St. George's island, is the capital. Lon. 63 28 W., lat. 33 35 N. The centre of the Bermudas group lies in 73 30 E,, lon. and 680 ms. distant from Cape Halteras, in North Carolina. Bermudian, village, York co., Penn,, 50 ras, S. from Harrisburg. Bern, largest of the cafitons of Swisserland, bounded by the main Alps SE, ; the cantons of Unterwalden, Luzerne, Aargau, Soleure, and Ba sil NE., Fr. NW., and the cantons of Neufchatel, Fribourg, and Vaux SW. Greatest length 86 ras. from SE. to NW; area, 3,500 sq. ms. ; andmean breadth, 40 ms. Surface extremely diversified from the mounlains of Finsler-Aar-Horn, elevated 14,116, and Jung-Frau-Horn, 13,730 feet, to the fine vales of the Aar river and confluents. The canton of Bern extends in lat. from 46 30 to 47 30, and in lon, from 6 60 to 8 35 E, London. Pop. 350,000. — See Art. Switzerland, Capi tal of the canton of^ Bern in Swisserland. Here is a celebrated school, a rich library, and 13 com panies of tradesmen, in one of which every inhab itant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any ofiice. The houses are mostly built of white freestone, and in the principal streets have piazzas or arches under thern, for the convenience of walk ing in wet weather. The public buildings are magnificent. Bern is 70 ms. NE. of Geneva. Lon. 7 10 E,, lat. 46 52 N., and very new mid- distance of the greatest lengih of the canton. Town, Albany co , N. Y. Pop, in 1830, 5,531. Upper, tp., in Berks co., Penn. Pop. in 1830, 3,017. Village, Berks co,, Penn., 16 ms. N"W. from Reading. Lower, tp., Berks CO., Penn. Pop. in 1830, 1,791. Bernard, Great St., \mauntam of Swisserland, between Vallais and Val-d'Aousta, at the source of the river Drance. The top of it is always cov ered wilh snow ; and there is a large convent where the monks entertain all strangers gratis for three days without any distinction of religion. Bernard, town of Ger., in the electorate of Brandenburg, 5 ms. from Berlin, famous for its excellent beer. Tp., Somerset co., N. J. Pop. in 1810, 1,879 ; in 1830, 2,063. Bernardstown, village, Franklin co., Mass., 103 ms. by the post road from Boston. ^emay, j trading rown of Fr., in the dep. of Eure and late province of Normandy, seated on the river Carantonne, 30 ms. SW. of Rouen. Lon. 50' E,, lat. 49 6 N. Berne, tp,, Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. in 1810, 976; in 1830, 923, Bernburg, town of Ger, , in the principality of 144 Anhall, where a branch of the house of Anhall resides. It is sealed on the river Sara, 32 ms. SW. of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 46 E., lat. 51 51N, Berry, late province of Fr. , fertile in corn, fruit, hemp, and flax ; and there is excellent wine in some places. It is now included in the deps, of Cher and Indre. Berrysburg village, Dauphin co., Penn,, 28 ms. from Harrisburg. Berry's Ferry, over the Shenandoah, and post office, Frederick co., Va,, on the road from Lees burg to Winchester, 58 ms. W, from Washington, Berthier, village and seigniory of L. C, War wick CO., on the left shore of St. Lawrence river. Seigniory of L. C, in Heresford co,, on the right side of the St. Lawrence river, Bersella, fortified town of Italy, in the Mode nese, sealed near the confluence of the Linza and Po, 10 ms, NE. of Parma. Lon. 10 56 E., lat. 44 45 N. Bersuire, town of Fr, , in the dep, ofthe Sevres, and late province of Poitou, 12 ms. SW. of Thou- ars. Lon. 27' W,, lat. 46 53 N. Bertat, or Djebel-O'onin. — See Africa, p. 9, Bertie, tp. on the W. side of Niagara river, in the CO. of Lincoln, U. C. ; it lies S. of Willoughby, and is open lo Lake Erie. Co. of N. C, on the Roanoke; bounded S. and SW. by the Roanoke river, or Martin, W. by Halifax, NW. by Nor thampton, N. by Herford, E. by Chowan river, and SE. by Roanoke river or Washington co. Length 38, mean width 35, area 700 sq. ms ; sur face generally level, and pan marshy ; soil of mid dling quality ; staple, tobacco ; chief town, Wind sor. Pop. in 1830, 10,805; in 1830, 12,362; and in 1840, 13,175. Central lat. 36° N., and the meridian of W. C. intersects very near the centre of this co. Bertinero, town of Italy, in Romagna, wilh a strong ciladel and a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill, 50 ms. NE. of Florence. Lon. 11 40 E., lat. 44 18 N. Bertrand, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, 43 ms. S. of Auch. Lon. 48' E,, lat. 43 56 N. Bervie, seaport and borough in the co. of Kin cardine, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 35 ms. SW. of Aberdeen. Lon. 3° "W., lat. 56 40 N. Berwick, town and co. of itself, on the borders of Eng. an'd Scot. It is governed by a mayor, and was once a strong fortress of great importance, when Eng. and Scot, were hostile nations. It is large and populous, has a good trade in corn and salmon, and is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge of 15 arches; is 147 ms. N. of York, 53 SE. of Edinburgh, and 336 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 46 W., lat. 55 45 N. Tp. in York co.. Me. Pop. in 1810, 4,455; and in 1830, (exclusive of S. Berwick,) 2,736. Tp. Adams CO., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,799; in 1820, 1,307. Village, Columbia co.. Pa , on the W, side of Susquehannah river, opposite the head of the turnpike road, between this and the Lehigh. It is 16 ms. NE. of Catawissey, 37 of Northumber land, and about 35 W. of the navigable part of the Lehigh. Sometimes called Abbotstoiyn, village, Adams co.. Pa., about 15 ms. W. of Little York. Berwick, North, borough in the co. of E. Lo- BET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BET thian, Scot,, on the Frith of Forth, 30 ms. NW, of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon. 3 33 W , lal. 56 5 N. Village, York co,. Me , 10 ms. NW. from York. Berwick, South, village, Y'ork co.. Me., on the E. side of Piscataqua river, about 7 ms. from York, the CO. town. It has an academy. Pop. 4,000. Tp,, York CO,, Me, Pop. in 1830, 1,473, Berwickshire, co, of Scot., sometimes called the Mers; bounded on the E. by the German ocean, on the SE. by the Tweed, on the S. by Roxburg- shire, on the W. by Edinburghshire, and on the NW. by Haddingtonshire. It is 40 ms, in length, with a mean width of 18 ; area, 720 sq, ms. Pop. in 1801, 30,621; 1811, 30,799; and in 1821, 83,385. Pop. to the .sq. m. 46. It abounds with corn and grass, and, being a low and flat country, is sometimes called the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Leather, Black- adder, Whiteadder, and Eye. Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the NE. angle of Merionethshire, beneath which spreads the fine vale in which flows the infant river Dee. Besangon, ancient and populous city of Fr., in the dep. of Doubi=, and late province of Franche Comte, The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and olher Roman antiquities, are still to be seen. The streets are wide and handsome, and the houses are well built wilh freestone. It is 52 ms. E, of Dijon, and 208 SE, of Paris. Lon. 6 3E,, Iat. 47 13 N. Bessarabia, territory of Turkey in Europe, be tween the Danube and the Dneister, along whose banks the Tartar inhabitants rove and maintain themselves by their cattle, by husbandry, and by robbery. Their common food is the flesh of oxen and horses, cheese, and mare's milk. Bender is the capital. Bestricia,, town of Transylvania, remarkable for the gold mines near it, 85 ms. NW. of Herman- sladl, and 90 E. of Tockay. Lon. 23 45 E,, lat. 47 30 N. Betanzas, town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the Mandeo, on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 ras. S. of Ferrol. Lon. 7 55 W., lat. 43 12 N. Betelfagni, town of Arabia Felix, famous for lh# vast quanlity of coffee bought and sold here lo the Europeans. It is 35 ms. E. ofthe Red sea. Lon. 44 30 E., Iat. 15 40N. • Bethabara, Moravian setilement, Stokes co,, N! C, 4 ms. SE. from Bethany. Bethania, village, Stokes co. N, C, on a branch of the Yadkin, about 135 ms. NW. by W. from Raleigh. It is a Moravian settlement, with a pop ulation of 400. Lat. 36 10 N. Bethany, tp., Wayne co.. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 193. Town, Genesee co., N. Y., on the head branches of the Tonnewanto and Black creeks, 8 ras. SE. from Batavia. Village and seat of jus tice, Wayne co., Pa., on Duberry creek, 130 ms. N. from Philadelphia. N. Iat. 41 37, Ion. W. C. 1 43 E. Bethany Church, town, Iredell co., N. C, 170 liis. W. from Raleigh. Bethel, tp., Oxford co.. Me. Pop. in 1810, 975; in 1830, 1,267. Tp., York co.. Me., chiefly on the south bank of the Androscoggin river. Town, Windsor co,, Vt., about 30 ms. W, from New Haven, Town, Sullivan cO,, N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,090. -Tp , Delaware CO., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 299; in 18B0, 394, Tp,, Bedford co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,096; in 1820, 1,083. Tp,, Lebanon co,. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 3,059. Borough, Lebanon CO., Pa, Pop. 1830, 1,437.^ Tp, Berks co.. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 1,394, Town, Clermont co,, O,, 100 ms. SE. from Columbus, and 30 SE. by E. from Cincinnati, The post-town of Bethel, 'Tale tp,, Clermont co , 0., is situated in the SE. part of the CO , on the road from Cincinnati to Portsmouth, 12 ms. southeastward of Batavia, the co. seat Tp., Clark co., 0, Pop. in 1820, 970 Tp,, Huron co., 0, Pop, in 1820, 164, Tp,, Miami co., O, Pop, in 1810, 506 ; in 1820, 1043. Bethlem, tp , Hunterdon co,, N, J. Pop. in 1810, 1,728; in 1820, 2,002. Bethlehem, {Beth el-Lakim,) town of Palestine, famous for the birth of Christ, It is sealed on the ridge of a hill, running from E. to W., and has a delightful prospect. It is now an inconsiderable place, but much visited by pilgrims. Hero is a church yet entire, erected by the famous Helena, in the form of a cross ; also a chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativity, where they pretend lo show the manger in which Christ was laid ; as also another, called the Chapel of Joseph, and a third, of the Holy Innocents, A few Greeks reside here. It is 6 ms. S. of Jerusalem. Lon, 26 25 E., lat. 31 50 N. -Town of Austrian Brabant, 3 ms. N. of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E , Iat, 50 55 N Town, Grafton co,, N, H. Pop. in 1810, 432; in 1820, 467. Bethlehem, town in the SE, part of Lilchfleld CO., Ct,, 38 ins, SW. by W. from Hartford. Pop. 1810, 1,738; in 1820, 932. Town, Al bany CO., N. Y., situated on the W. side of Hud son river, 8 ms. S. of the city of Albany. The tp, is famous for its dairies, aud contained 3,095 inhabitants in 1800. Tp., Albany co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 5,114, Town, Northampton co,, I'a, ; Iat, 40 37 N,, lon. W. C. 1 46 E. The United Brethren were settled here by Count Zin- zendorf in 1741, In 1800 the town contained 543 inhabitants, and the tp. 1,343; in 1810 the tp. contained 1,436; and in 1820, 1,860 inhabit ants, principally of the same sect. In 1840 the tp. contained a pop. of 2,989. The buildings are not remarkable for grandeur or elegance, but are generally comfortable. It is the principal town of the Moravians, or Unitas Fratrium, in Pa. ; is situated on the north or left bank of the river Lehigh, in a tp. of the same name, at the mouth of Monocacy creek, on ground descending to wards the river, and towards the creek, which gives it a fine appearance when viewed from the S. or W.^— Tp., Stark co., 0. Pop. i,n 1820, 489. Village, situaled on the Ohio canal, 6 ras. S. of Massillon, and 10 ms. SW. of Canton, the counly seat, Village, Clarke Co., la. '- Post Office, Oglethorpe co,, Ga,, 65 ms. NNE. from Milledgeville. Post Office, Clarke co,, la,, 100 ms. S. from Indianopolis. Bethlehem, East, tp., VVashington co,. Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,806; in 1820, 2,339. Bethlehem, West, ,tp., Washington co,. Pa. NE. from Rutland.- — Town, Fairfield co., Ct, iPop. 1810, 1,849; in 1830, 3,187. 30 ms. NW. from Stratford, and 25 a litlle N. of I Bethlehem's Creek, or Coeyman's Kill falls 19* 145' BEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BIE into the right bank of the Hudson 7 ms. below Albany. Bethlehem'' Cross Roads, village, Southampton, CO., Va., 63 ms. SE. from Richmond. Bethsaida, village, Joniss co., Ga., 25 ms. W. from Milledgeville. Bethune, fortified town of Fr., in the dep. of the Straits of Calais, and late co. of Artois, with a castle. It is seated on a rock, by the river Brette, 30 ms. E. of St. Omer, and' 130 N. of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E., lat. 50 45 N. Belley, town in Staffordshire, Eng., 16 ms. NNW. of Stafford, and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W., lat, 53 5 N. Betlis, town of .isia, in Curdistan, on a steep rock, on the frontiers of Turkey and Persia, but subject to its own bey, and a sanctuary for the subjects of the neighboring Powers. It is 150 ms, E. of Diarbeker. Lon. 42 50 E., Iat. 37 30 N. Betton's island, near the coast of Revillagigedo. Latitude 55 31 N,,- lon. Washington Cily, 54 42 W. Bettsburg, village, Jerusalem tp., Chenango CO., N. Y., 142 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Betuwe, fertile island of Dutch Guelderland, 40 ms. long and 10 broad, containing in lhat space 8 cities and several hundred villages. It was the ancient Batavia, and formerly gave the name of Batavians lo the inhabitants ofthe Dutch Netherlands ; and it was principally hence that the Dutch spread themselves over the different provinces. Beula, small town, Cambria co., Pa,, planted chiefly by emigrants from Wales, (G. B,,) about 60 ms. E. of Pittsburg. Bevecum, town of Austrian Brabant, IT ms. S. of Louvain. Lon. 4 50 E., lat. 50 36 N. Beveland, North and South, two islands of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Zealand, between the east and west branches of the Scheldt. Bevergom, town of Westphalia, 33 ms, from Munsler. Beverly, borough in the East Riding of York shire, Eng., on the river Hull, 9 ms. N. of Hull, and 183 of London. Lon. 0 15 W., Iat. 53 53 N. Town, Essex eo.. Mass , 15 ms. N. by E. from Boston, and separated from Salem by a bridge. Pop. 1800, 3,881; in 1810, 4,608; in 1830, 4,283. Viflage and seat of justice, Ran dolph CO., Va., on the east branch of Mononga hela river, 40 ms. SE. from Clarksburg, and 350 NW. from Richmond. Beverly Township, in the West Riding of the CO. of York, lies W. of Flamborough, on Dtipdas street. Beverungen, town of Germany, in the diocese of Paderborn, at the confluence of the Beve and, Weser, 32 ms. E. of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 E,, lat. 51 46 N. Bevis's, tavern and post office, Colerain tp., Hamilton co., O,, about 15 ms, NW. of Cin cinnati. Bewcastle, village of Eng,, in Cumberland, on the Leven. Bewdley, borough of Eng., in Worcestershire, on the Severn, 14 ms. N. of Worcester, and 138 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 3° W,, lat. 53 30 N. Bewley, or Beaulieu, river which rises in the N. of Invernessshire, Scot,, and, flowing along 146 the S border of Rossshire, forms the fine estuary on which stand Inverness and Fort St. George, and which terminates in the Frith of Murray. Bex, village of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, near the town of St. Maurice, remarkable for its delightful situation and the salt works near it, the largest of which is entered by a passage cut out of the solid rock. Beziers, town of Fr., in the dep. of Herault, and lale province of Languedoc, near the royal canal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Or- bre, 12 ras. NE, of Narbonne. Lon. 3 18 E,, lat, 21° N. Biafar, capital of a kingdom of the same name, in Negroland, to the E. of Benin. Jion. 17 40 E,, lat. 6 10 N, Biana, town of Hindostan proper, remarkable for excellent indigo, 50 ms. W. of Agra. Lon. 80 50 E., lal. 26 30 N. Bibb, CO. of Ala,, bounded N, by Shelby, E.by Coosa river, S. by Autauga and Perry, and W. by Tuscaloosa. Lengih 45 ms,, and mean widih 25 ms. ; area 1,100 sq. ms. Cahaba river passes through this counly ; and the 33° N. Iat. and 10° of lon. W. from W. C. intercepts in its west ern part. Pop. in 1830, 3,676 ; and in 1840, 8,284, C. H. and town, Bibb co., Ala., 35 ms. SE. by E. from Tuscaloosa. Biberach, free imperial town of Suabia, on the Reuss. It has a manufacture of fustians; is 17 ms. SW. of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E., Iat. 48 10 N. Bicester, or Burcester, town of Eng., in Oxford shire, between Oxford and Buckingham; 13 ms. N. of the former and 57 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1 10 W., lat. 51 54 N. Bichida, See Vichada, Biche Marais a la empties itself into Lake On tario at theNE.parlof the tp. of Grantham, Upper Canada. Bickley's store, town, Abbeville district, S. C, 100 ms. W. from Columbus. Bidache, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of the lower Pyrenees, and late province of Basques, on the river Bidouse, 13 ras. E. of Bayonne. Lon. 1 9 §/V,, Iat 43 31 N. Bidassoa, river of France and Spain, which has its source in the Pyrenees, and falls inlo the bay of Biscay between. Andaye and Fontarabia. Biddeford, seaport and town corporate of Eng., in Devonshire, on the Torridge, over which is a stone bridge of 34 arches. It is a well inhabited trading place, 16 ms. S. by W. of Ilfracooibe and 203 W. of London. Lon. 4 10 W., lat. 51 10 N. Port of entry, Me., on Saco river, 23 ms. S. by W. of Portland and 30 NE. of Ports mouth, N. H. Pop. 1,560 Tp,, York co.. Me. Pop. in 1810, 1,563 ; in 1830, 1,738. Biddle, lake, one of the sources of Big-horn river. Is laid down on Melish's map ; it is at 42 40 N. lat., lon. W. C. 32 40 W. Bieka, Crabb island, 9 ms. SE, from Porto Rico. Lat. 18° N., lon. W. C. 11 45 E. Bieez, town of Poland, in Cracovia, remarka ble for its mines of vitriol, sealed on the Weseloke, 50 ms. SE. of Cracow. Lon. 31 5 E., lat. 49 50 N. Biela, town of Piedmont, capital of the Bellese, near the river Cerva, 80 ms. W. of Verceil. Lon. 7 58 E,, lat. 45 35 N. BIG GEOCiK.APlllCAL DICTIONARY. BIL Bielogorod, strong town of Bessarabia, on Lake Videno, near the Black sea, 42 ms, SW. of Ocza- kow. Lon. 30 10 E,, lat. 46 20 N. Bielsk, lown of Poland, in the palatinate of Po lachia, near one of the sources ofthe river Narew, 100 ms. NE, of Warsaw. Lon. 33 39 E,, lat. 52 40 N. Bienne, town of Russia, in the government of Smolensko, 80 ms. NE. of Smolensko and 170 W, of Moscow. Lon. 33 5 E,, lal. 55 40 N, Town of Swisserland, on a lake of the same name. at the foot of Mount Jura. It is 17 ms, NW. of Bern. Lon. 7 10 E., Iat, 47 11 N, Bienvenu, a bayou or creek of La,, parish of Orleans, rises to the N. of the city of New Oreans, runs E. into Lake Borgne, after a course of 10 ms. It was by the route of this channel that the British army reached the bank of the Mississippi Derember 23, 1814. Bieroliet, town of Dutch Flanders, 2 ms. N. of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 E , lat. 51 31 N. Bigbay, settlement and village of Johnson co.. III. Big-black, river, a small branch of the Missis sippi, rising in the State of Miss., and having its discharge at the Grand Gulf 62 ms. above Natchez. Big-blue, river of la., falls inlo Ohio 15 ms. VV, from Corydon, dividing Crawford and Harrison counlies. Big Bone Lick creek, small stream in Woodford CO,, Ky,, famous on account of the animal bones of an enormous size that have been found here. Some have supposed these to be the bones of the mammolh, and others of a nondescript animal. Big Bottom, village, Roxbury tp,, Washington CO,, 0,, situated in the NW. angle of the co., about 20 ms. NW. by W. from Marietta and 11 south eastward of McConnellsville, co, seat of Morgan co. Big creek, a branch of the Loosa Hatchie river, Shelby co., Tenn. On this creek is a post-town, 240 ms. SW. by W. from Murfrcesborough, Big Dry, branch of Mississippi from the right, 150 ms. above Yellow Stone river. Big Eagle, town, Scott co,, Ky,, 25 ms. from Frankfort Big Flat, lown in the tp. of Elmira, Tioga co,, N. Y. Biggleswade, town of Eng,, in Bedfordshire, one of the great barley markets in Eng, It is seat ed on the Ivel, over which is a neat slone bridge, 10 ms. NW. of Bedford and 45 NNW. of Lon don. Lon. 21' W., lat. 52 6 N. Bigorre, late province of Fr., bounded on the N, by Armagnac, on the E. by Cumminges, on the W, by Beam, and on the S. by the Pyrenees. It is now included in the dep. of the Upper Pyrenees, Big Hachy, river, Tenn. and Miss,, rises in the lalter, and flowing NW., enters Henderson and Madison cos. in the former, gradually turns W., and falls into the Mississippi, lat. 35 30 N. Bighorn, river, large southeastern branch of the Yellow Stone river, rises in the Rocky or Chippe wan mountains, and flowing NE. by N., by com parative courses, 450 ms., falls inlo Yellow Stone river from the right, at Manuel's fort. Lat. 46° N„ Ion W. C. 39 31 W. Big Island, tp. and village, Marion co,, O. The village is 6 ms. westward of Marion, the co. seat, and 15 ms. southward of Upper Sandusky. Big Lick, village, Bottetourt co,, Va. Big Miami, used ffequenlly to distinguish tlio larger from the smaller of tho two rivers thus named. Big Muddy Creek, village, Randolph co,, III. Big Prairie, town, near Wooster, Wayne co,, Ohio, 90 ms, NE. from Columbus. Tp. Now Madrid co,. Mo. Big River, town, Jofl'erson co., Mo. Big Rirer Mills, lown, St, Francis co,. Mo,, 90 ms. S. from St. Charles. • Big Rock, tp. Ark. Pop. in 1830, 328. Big Sandy, river, branch of Ohio, having its soui'ces in the Cumberland mountain, interlocking with those of Cumberland, Tennessee, and Great Kenawha, and flowing NW. about 150 ms. by coraparative courses, falls into the Ohio. Lat. 38 27 N,, lon. W. C. 5 30 W. For about 65 ms. this river is the boundary between Va, and Ky. Big Sandy, creek, branch of Oconee river, Ga., falls inlo the Oconee about 20 ms. above Dublin. Big Scioux, river, branch of Missouri frony the left, having its source between those of St. Peter's branch of the Mississippi and St. Jaques's branch of Missouri, and flowing S,, falls into the latler about 800 ms. above ils moulh. Big Springs, village, Washington co., Md., above the mouth of Little Conococbeague. Big Swamp, town, Montgomery co., Ala., 50 ms. E, from Cahaba. Big Twin, called otherwise Franklin creek, a very important thongh not a very large stream of Ohio, rising in and traver,^ing Preble co., and thence over the southwestern angle of Montgomery, falls into the right side ol Miami river near to and below Franklin. Big Walnut Creek, large easterly branch of Sciota river, rises in the northeastern angle of Delaware co , O,, Ils course is nearly S, 50 ms. through Delaware, across Franklin, into the N. border of Pickaway co., where il joins the Sciota. For original Indian name of Big "Walnut, see Gahanna river, BIjinagur, See Bisnagur, Bigore, province of Hindooslan Proper, be tween the rivers Indus and Attock, having Cabul on the W., the Bockbarian mounlains on the N., Cashmere on the E , and Peishore on the S. It is 40 ms, from N. to S. and 30 from E. to W. It full of mountains and wilds, inhabited by a savage and turbulent race, Bilboa, city of Spain, capital of Biscay, with a good harbor. Ils exports are wood, sword- blades, and other manufactures of iron and steel. It is remarkable for the wholsomeness of ils air, and the fertility of the soil about it. It is seated at the mouth of the Ibaicabal, which enters the bay of Biscay, 50 ms. W. of St. Sebastian, and 180 N. of Madrid. Lon. 3 10 W,, lat. 43 33 N. Bildeston, town of Eng,, in Suffolk, on the river Breton, The only business of the town con sists in spinning of yarn. It is 12 ms. SE. of Bury, and 63 NE. of London. Lon. 0 55 E,, lal, 52 16 N. Biledulgerid, {country of dates,) province of Barbary, bounded on the N. by Tunis, on the E, by Tripoli, on the S. by Guerguia, and on the "W, by Tuggurt, It lies between 5 and 11 E. Ion., and 28 and 32 N. lat. The air is wholesome, but hot, and the soil vields a great deal of barley. 147 BIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BIR Bilevelt, town of Germany in Westphalia, in the CO. of Ravensburg, 7 ms, SE, of Ravensburg. Lon. 8 50 E.,Iat, 53 10 N. Biliton, island of Asia, or Austral Asia, lying between Borneo and Banca. Lal, 3° S,, and lon, 108° E, London. Biliton Straits, between Biliton island and the wesiern coast of Borneo ; they are about 130 ms, wide. Their s&uth entrances 300 ms. NE. from the straits of Sunda. Bill Birs Key, small island near tho Spanish Main, on the Musquito shore, Billericay, lown of Eng , in Essex, on a hill, before which opens a beautiful prospect over a rich valley, to the 'Pharaes, 9 ras. SW. of Chelmsford, and 33 E. of London. Lon. 0 31 E., lat, 51 30 N. Billerica, town, Middlesex, co., Mass., about 30 ms. NW. of Boston, and 10 S, of Dracut, on tho Merrimack river. Pop, 400. Tp. Mid dlesex CO., Mass. Pop, in 1810, 1,389, in 1830, 1,380. Billimead, tp., Caledonia, co., Vt., on the sources of Passamsick river. Billingsport, village, N. J., on the river Dela ware, about 13 ms. below Philadelphia. Here was a fortification during the war of Indepen dence, which defended the channel of the river. Billom, town, France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome, and late province of Auvergne, 15 SE. of Clermont. Lon, 3 28 E,, lat, 45 41 N. Bilma, a burning desert of Africa, to the SE, of Fezzan, between 21° and 25° N. lat, Bilsden, town in Eng., in Leicestershire, 96 ms. N. by W. of London. Lon.'O 51 W. Iat. 52 35 N. Bilson, lown of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, on the river Demer, 16 ms. N. of Liege. Lon. 5 39 E,, lat. 50 50 N. * Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near the channel of Bahama, 8 ms. in length, and as much ill breadlh. Il is very woody, and difficult of access on account of the shoals, but it is a very pleasant place, and inhabited by the native Ameri cans. Lon. W. C. 3 30 W,, lal. 25 0 N. Bimlipatam, seaport of Golconda, in the dec- can of Hindooslan, seated on the bay of Bengal, 12 ms. N. of Visagapatam. Lon. 83 5 E,, lat. 18 N. Binaros, small town of Spain, in Valencia, re markable for good wine ; seated near the Medi terranean, 20 ms. of Tortosa. Lon. 0 35 E., lal. 40 33 N. Binbrook, tp. in Lincoln co,, U, C, between Sallfieet, Glandford, and Caistor. Binch, litlle fortified town of Austrian Hain- atdt, 9 ms. E. of Mons. Lon. 4 15 E., lat. 50 24 N. Binchcster, village of Eng., on the river Were, near Durham. Several inscriptions and monu ments show it to have been the Roman Vinovium ; many Roman coins are dug up hero, which are called Winchester Pennies; and two altars have been discovered, from which it appears that the 30th legion was stationed in Ihis place. Bincazo, seaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Tripoli,, 140 ms. W. of Derna. Lon. 19 10 E., lat. 33 20 N. 14S Binjield, village of Eng., in Berkshire, in AA indsor forest, 3 ms. N. by E. of Okingham. Binfield was the scene of Pope's youthful days, and here he wrote his Windsor Forest. Bingen, ancient lown of Ger.many, in the arch bishopric of Mentz, sealed at the place where the river Nahe falls into the Rhine, with a stone bridge over tho former. Il is 15 ms. W. by S. of Mentz. Lon. 8? E., lat. 49 49 N. Bingham, town of Eng., in Nottinghamshire, 9 ms. E. of Nottingham, and 120 N. by W. of London. Lon, 0 51 W,, Iat, 52 58 N. Town, Somerset co,, Maine, on the E. or left side of Kennebec river, above tho Cariolunk falls, Binghampton, town, and seat of justice in Broome co,, N. Y,, at the junction of the Una- dilla and Chenango rivers, 145 ms, SW. from Albany, and 40 nis. SE. from Ithica, This vil lage is usually named Chenango Point; which see. Biohia, river of S. America, in Chili, rises in the Andes, and enters the bay of Conception. The Biobia is the norlhern boundary of Aranco. Lat. 36 45 S. Biorneburg, lown of Finland, in Sweden, near the mouth of the Kune, in the Gulf of Bohemia, 7.5° N. of Abo. Lon. 22 5 E. lat. 61 42 N. Birch Bay, NW. coast of America, in the Gulf of Georgia, lat, 48 53 N., lon, W. C. 45 27 W. Bir or Beer, lown of Diarbeck, in Turkey in Asia, with a castle, where the governor resides. It stands on the E. bank of the Euphrates, near a high mountain, in a fruitful couniry. It is 50 ms, NE, of .\lcppo. Birch Stream, lown, Penobscot co , Maine, 150 ms. NE from Portland. Bird, small island, or ralher rock in the head af Niagara river, between iho harbor of Buffalo, and Fort Erie. Tp, Brown co,, O, Bird Islands, a cluster in the Caribbean sea, opposite to the coast of Columbia, aboul 50 ms. SE, from Curacoa, Lat, 12 N. Ion,, W, C, 10° E. It is also the name of many inconsiderable islands in various parts of the earth Birdsborough, village, Berks co , Pa,, on the right side of lie Schuylkill, 8 ms, below Reading, Birdsville, village, Burke co , Ga,, 50 ins. SE. by E. from Milledgeville. Birkenfeld, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; scaled near the river Nahe, 25 ms. ESE. of Treves, N. lat, 49 43; long. 7 10 E. London. The lerriiory of Birkenfeld belongs lo the Duke of Oldenburg, though separated from the Duchy of Oldenburg, upwards of 300 Eng lish ms. Birmah or Burmah, a large couniry of Asia, between Indostan and China, The nalives write the name of their couniry Myamma, and in speak ing, call it Byamraa or Bramma, by foreigners changed into Burmah. The Chinese call tho couniry Meenteen, When in ils integrity, Bur mah included Ava, Cassay, Pegu, Tavoy, Tena- serim, and the country of the Shyans, wilh Arra can. This extensive country, stretches from Junkseylon, N. latitude 8° to above 26° hav ing Thibet N., Siam S,, China E. and NE., and the bay of Bengal W. Except to the west, these limits must have been altogether vague, as from the reconstruction of this empire by Alompra, HIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. IMS (.Moung-Pra,) about the middle of the last cen tury, the country has been in almost constant war, and by the treaty of Yan-da-boo, on the 28lh of February, 1826, the British procured the cession of Arracan, Yeh, Tavoy, and Mergui, or most of wesiern and maritime Burmah. Malcolm sums up " the number of inhabitants to whom the Burmah tongue is vernacular, at 3,000,000." His description decides them lo be of the same race with the Chinese. " Standard of beauty a deli cate yellow ; and in full dress, a cosmetic is used by ladies aud children which imparls this teint." Birmingham, town of Eng,, in Warwickshire. It is a place of great antiquity, and stands on the side of a hill, forming nearly a half moon. The lower part is filled with workshops and warehouses, and consists chiefly of old buildings. The upper part contains many new and regular streets, and a handsome square. It has also a large school en dowed by Edward VI,, an elegant theatre, and the complelest set of baths in the kingdom. The hardware manufactures of Birmingham have been noted for a considerable period ; but of late years, by great additions lo its trade from a vast variety of articles, such as metal buttons, buckles, plated goods, japanned and paper ware, &c,, it has risen greatly in population ; and in 1811 contained up wards of 70,000 inhabitants. It is plentifully sup plied wilh coal, by means of a canal lo Wednes- bury ; and it has a communication wilh the Great Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by a branch passing by Wolverhampton. The improved steam engines, made here by Bolton & Watt, deserve to rank high among the productions of human inge nuity ; their application to various mechanical pur poses, and particularly to the draining of mines, places them among the most valuable inventions of the age. Birmingham is 17 ms. NW. from Co ventry, and 116 from London. Lon. 1 50 W,, lal. 52 30 N, -Tp., Chester co,, Penn. Pop in 1810, 290; in 1820, 323. Tp., Delaware CO,, Penn. Pop. in 1810, 686; in 1820, 515. Town, Huntingdon CO., Penn. Pop. in 1820, 43. Town, Florence tp,, Huron CO., Ohio, 15 ms. NE. by E. from Norwalk, the co. seat, on the road thence to Cleveland. Birr, town of Ireland, in King's co., near the borders of Tipperarv, 34 ms,, NE. of Limerick, and 34 NNW. of Kilkenny. Birse, lown of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, on the Dee, 28 ms, W, of Aberdeen, Birtley, village of Eng,, in Durham, 10 ms. N. of Durham, noted for a valuable salt spring, and an extensive manufacture of salt. Birviesca, town of Spain, in Old Castile, 10 ms. N. of Burgos. Birza, town of Poland, in Samogilia, 43 ms. SE, of Mittau. Bisacia, town of Naples, in Principato Ulteri ore, 15 ms. NE, of fJonza. Biscara, lown of Algiers, in the province of Constantia, and the chief place of the district of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 ms. SSW. of Constanlina, Lon. 5 12 W,, lat, 33 36 N. Biscay, province of Spain, 97 ms. long and 50 broad, bounded on the N. by Ihe bay of Biscay, E. by Upper Navarre, S, by Old Castile, and W. by Asturias. It contains 3 divisions : Biscay Prop er, Guipuscoa, and Alaba, This province is a kind of republic, in Iho hands of the nobility, un der tho protection of tho crown. Here aro neillier garrisons, custom-houses, stamps, nor oxeiso ; and of all the royal taxes, none aro known but tho do- nalivo or gratuitous donation. Biscay receives, by mere condescension, a corrcgidor and a com missary of marines, but docs not permit any order of the Spanish government lobe executed wilhout the sanction of the province. It produces apples, vinos, and grain ; and has also wood for building ships, and mines of iron and load. The Biscayana arc stout, brave, and choleric to a proverb, and the lowest laborer deems himself a genlleman. They speak the ancient Canfabrion language, which has but little if any affinity wilh any other in Europe. Bilboa is the capital. Biscay, Bay of, extensive bay of the Atlantic, between Cape Ortegal, in lon. 7 35 W,, Iat. 43 48 N,, and the Isle of Ushant, in lon. 5° W,, lat, 48 30 N. Biscay, New, province of Mexico, noted for ils silver mines. It h«s New Mexico on the N. and Zacaiecas on the S. ; the Rio de las Nassas runs through a great part of it. It forms the SK. part of the intendancy of Durango. See Durango, Biscayno, island in the Florida channel. Lat. 25 55 N,, lon. W, C. 3 33 W. Bischofsheim, town of Franconia, in the duchy of Wurlsburg, seated on the Tauber, 30 ms. SSW. of Wurlsburg. — Another seated on the Bliom, 44 ms. N, by E, of Wurtsburg. Bischofslack, town of Germany, in Carniola, wilh a good trade in linen and worsted, 17 ms. W. by N. of Laubach, Bischofswerda, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- nia, seated on the Weiserilz, 18 ms, B. of Dres den. Bischofswerder,-town of Prussia, in the prov ince of Oberland, on the river Os?, 28 ms. JNE. of Culm, Btschofzell, town of Switzerland, in Thurgau, with a castle, seated at the confluence of the Sitter and Thur, 13 ms, S. of Constance, Bischwiler, lown in Fr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, with a fortress, 14 ms. W. by N. of Ha- guenau. Biseglia, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a hill near the gulf of Venice, 6 ms. E- of Trani, Biserta, seaport of the kingdom of Tunis, in a couniry abounding in corn, fruit, oil, cotlon, and olher valuable productions. It stands on a canal, which communicates wilh a gulf ofthe Mediterra nean, 37 ms, NW. of Tunis. Lon. 9 46 E., Iat, 37 10 N. Bishop, Lat. Episcopus, literally an overseer, from the Greek. Bishop Auckland, ond for olher places wilh the same prefix, sec Auckland, &c. Bishops-castle, borough of Eng., in Shropshire, near the river Chin, 8 me, E. of Montgomery, and 159 WNW, of London, Bishopsville, village, Sumpler district, S. C, 60 ras, SE, from Columbia, Besignuno, town of Naples, in Calabria Cite riore, near the river Boccona, 16 ras, N, of Co senza. Bisley, village of Eng,, in Gloucestershire, 3 ms, SE. of Stroud. It has a manufaclure of broad cloth. 149 BLA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BLA Bisnagur, town of Hindoston, in the country of Sanore. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and formerly a large city. It is sealed on the river Nigouden, 38 ms. SSE. of Sanore, and 105 N. by W. of Chiltledroog. Lon. 76 3 E,, lat. 15 30 N. Bisnee, town of Bootan. capital of a district on the borders of Bengal and .4ssam. It is 50 ms. ENE. of Rangamutty, and 130 SE, of Tassasu- don. Lon. 90 45 E., lat. 26 27 N. Bissells, village, Bainbridge tp. Geauga co., Ohio, situaled In the SW. angle of the co., 15 or 16 ms. SSW. of Chardon the co. seal. Bistineau, lake, Lou., 30 ms. long, and from I lo 3 ms. wide, lying in nearly a N. and S. posi tion, receiving Dacheet river at ils northern, and falling inlo Red river at ils southern extremity. See Red River, Lou. Bistriez, lown of Transylvania, on a river of the same name, 142 ms, NE. of Coloswar, I^on 25 3 E,, lat. 47 33 N, Bitche, fortified town of Fr , in the dep. of Moselle, and late province of Lorrain, at the foot of a mountain, near the Schwelb, 30 ms. N. by W. of Strasburg, Lon, 7 44 E , lat. 49 5 N. Bitonio, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 ms. WSW. of Bari, Lon. 16 30 E,, lat, 41 6N. Black Bay, on the N. shore of Lake Superior, lies a little E. of Isle de Minatte, and W. of Shanguenac, U. C. Blackbank, town of Ireland, Armagh co,, 7 ms. S, of Armagh, Lon, 6 36 W,, lat 6 20 N, Blackburn, lown of Eng , in Lancashire. It carries on a vast trade in calicoes for printing, and is seated near the Derwent, 203 ms. NNW. of London. Lon 2 35 W,, lat 53 42 N. Blackheath, elevated plain, SE. of Iiondun, commanding some fine prospects, and adorned wilh many villas Black Creek, Lincoln co., U. C, discharges itself into the river Niagara, in the tp. of Wil loughby, some ms, above Chippewa. Blackburn's Spri7igs, vill,, Jackson co,, Tenn, Blackford, lown, Posey co,, la. Black Heath, village, Monroe co., III., 110 ms. SW. from Vandalia. Black Horse, town, Burlington co,, N, J,, 13 ms. SSE. from Trenton, and 30 NE. from Phil adelphia. Town, Chester co,, Pa. Black Lake, or Oswegatchie Lake, N. Y,, St. Lawrence co. ll receives Indian river at ils SW. extremity, and, exlenJing 20 ms. in a NE. direction, contracts again lo the size of a small river, and joins the Oswegatchie, 7 miles above its mouth, at Ogdensburg. Black Lake, river, La,, rises in the pine for ests in theNW. part of the Slate, fiows S. 60 ms,, expands into Black Lake, a sheet of water about 10 ms, long, again contracts to a small riv er, turns SE, 20 ins,, and joins Salme river. Blackleyville, town and vill,. Plain Ip,, Wayne CO,, O., 8 ms. SW. of Wooster. Black Lick, tp,, Ind, co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 965; 1830, 1,303. River, 0,, branch of Big Walnut. Black, river, Vt., rises in Rutland co,, passes through the country in a SE. course to the Con neclicut river, with which it unites near Charles 150 ton. River, N. Y. It rises in Herkimer co,, and, running nearly a NW. course through One ida, Lewis, and Jefferson counties, falls into Lake Ontario at Sackett's Harbor, 8 ms. below Browns ville, after a comparative course of about 100 m>. River, N. C, unites with Cape Fear river about 30 ms, above Wilmington. It rises in Wake CO., and, flowing SSE. 80 ms., enters Cape Fear river, in New Hanover. River, Crises in Medina co., over which and Cuyahoga it flows in a northerly course of 35 ms. into Lake Erie. River, Mo.,J main northern branch of While river, rising in Mo,, and flowing E, Black River, S, C, rises in Kershaw, and, flowing SE., crosses "Williamsburg, into George town district, and falls into Winyaw bay at George town. Town, Loraine co., O. Pop. in 1820, 354. The post village of same name in this tp. is situated on or near the shore of Lake Erie, 10 ms. NW. of Eluria, and 37 ms. W. of Cleaveland. At the expense of the United States, an artificial harbor has been made at this place, by extending piers into the lake about 1,400 feet, giving great advantage to this town, which has since rapidly improved. Blackma'iJs Store, town, Sampson co,, N,«C.; by the postroad, 85 ms. SSE. from Raleigh. Black Forest, forest of Germany, in the W. of the circle of Suabia. It is part of the ancient Hyr canian forest. Black Island, tp., Hancock co., Me. Pop. in 1820, 9. Blackwater, creek, Pickaway co., 0. Bladen, co. of N. C, on both sides of Cape Fear river, bounded SW. by S. C, by Robeson W., Cumberland NW., Sampson and New Han over NE,, and Brunswick SE , being 50 ms, in lengih, by a mean width of 30; area 1,500 sq. ms. ; surface generally level ; soil of middling quality; staples grain, tobacco, &c. Chief town Elizabelhtown, Central lat. 34 30 N., Ion, VV. C, MOW. Pop, 1820, 7,376; in 1830, 7,814; and in 1840, 8,033. Bladensburg, village. Prince Georges's co,, Md,, on the NE. branch of Potomac, and on the main road from Baltimore to W. C, 31 ms. from the former and 6 from the latter. Blair's Ferry, town, Roane co,, Tenn, near Kingston, and 160 ms. E. from Murfreesboro, Blair's Gap, town in the western part of Hun tingdon CO., Pa. ; by tho postroad, 120 ms. W. from Harrisburg, Blair.sville, village, Indiana co,. Pa, ; by tlic post road, 190 ms. W. from Harrisburg, •Town, S. C, in, I believe, York district; but in the General Post Office list this office is marked in Pinckney district, whilst no such districl'as the lalter exists in tbe Slate. Blair Athol, village of Eng,, in Perthshire, in an angle formed by the rivers Till and Garry, 28 ms. NW. of Perth. Blaisois, late province of Fr., which now forms the dep. of Loire and Cher. Blaize, cape of Fa,, at the mouth of Appalachi cola river, between Appalache and St. Joseph's bays. See Sati Blass. Blakely, village and port of entry, Ala., situa ted on the Tensaw branch of Mobile river, at the 1 head of .Mobile bay. This town is of recent con- MARY. BLO [The following page was ac^dentally ornitted in its proper place, tt should follow " Black River, Missouri," in page 150.] Black, river. Mo., main northern branch of White river, rising in Mo., and flowing E. about 180 ms., turns to S. and SW. 300 ms., in which latter distance it enters Arkansas, and joins White river. It is augmented by a great number of trib utary streams. The country it waters is in gene ral fertile, and productive in grain and fruits. River of Louisiana, formed by the junction of Ocatahoola, Washilau, and Tensaw, flows S. by a very circuitous channel of 40 ms. , falls into Red river 30 ms. above its mouth. Black Rock, harbor, Fairfield ca, Con., at the mouth of Ash creek, 3J ms, SE. from Bridgeport. Village, Erie co., N. Y,, on the right bank of i^iagara river, 3 ms. N. from Buffalo. It con tains about 100 houses, and about 600 inhabitants. Blacks and Whites, post office, Nottaway co., Va , 60 ms. SW. from Richmond. Blacksburg, or Blacksbluff, village on the left bank of Alabama river, 60 ms. NE. from St. Ste phen's, and 55 SW. from Cahaba. Blacksburg, village, Montgomery co., Va., be tween Christiansburg and Fincastle, 230 ms. SSW. from Richmond. Black Sea, ancient Euxine, is bounded on the N. by European Russia, W. by Moldavia, Bul garia, and Romania, S. by Turkey in Asia, and E. by Georgia. It is within a small fraction of 700 ms. from Emineh Bouroun on the W., to the Georgian coast on the E. Its greatest breadth is from the Asiatic coast, at the mouth of Sacaria river, to, the mouth of the Dnieper, 400 ms., but grad ually becoming narrower advancing to the E. The mean width may be assumed at 350 ms. This yields an area of 175,000 sq. ms. The Black sea is a very Important recipient, receiving from the W, the immense volume of the Danube ; fropa the N. the Dniester, the Bog, Dnieper ; and, by the straits of Caffa, the diseharge of the Don and Cu ban rivers ; from the E. a number of small moun tain torrents are poured from the rugged steeps of Georgia and Armenia, and from Asia Minor, be- ^es many of lesser note, the Kizil Ermak and sacaria rivers. In the Euxine basin are included some of the finest regions of the eastern continent. From the extreme western source of the Danube, near Fur- stenburg, in Suabia, to the great eastern bend of the Don, W. from Tzaritzin and Saratav, on the Wolga, the basin of the Euxine extends 1,700 ms. in a direction very nearly E. and W. Its greatest breadth 1,300 ms., from the sources of the Kizil Ermak to those of the Dnieper, near Smolensk. It is remarkable that this basin is every where bounded on the S. by mountains, and on the coii- trary, except the mountains of Bohemia, the line of river source ofthe Euxine confluents lie* along a flat, and, in many places, marshy table land. The whole basin forms an iinmense triangle, based by the Alps and Hsmus, in Europe, and Caucasus, in Asia, 1,800 ms. The perpendicular froin Mouiit Haemils to the sources of tte Don and Dnieper 1,100 ms., and. comprising anyarea of, ih round iiumberS,' 1,000,000 sq. lis. ff from this aggre gate we deduct 10,000 sq. ms. for the Asoph, and ort of Fr., in the dep, of Gironde. itadel, and a fort on an island in the h is here 3,800 yards wide. lis n the wines of the adjacent couniry. uch frequented, and the ships which IX are obliged to leave their guns ms, N. of Bordeaux. Lon. 36' W., , E. Tennessee, bounded by Marion Warren, and White NW., Roane SE, ; lengih, 35 ms; mean width, 5 sq. ms ; surface hilly, and part soil varied, bul in some parts highly ;rain and fruils. Chief town, Pike- I 1820, 4,005 ; in 1830, 4,648 ; and '6. Lat. 35 45 N., lon. W. C. province of Sweden, in Gothland, on ) Baltic. It is 90 ms. long, and 21 lough mountainous, is one of Ihe 1 countries in the kingdom. The 1 is in potash, pilch, lar, tallow, ber. The chief town is Carlscrona. Ilage, in Blendon tp., norlhern part ., O,, 13 ms, a little E. of N. from 1 15 SSE, of Delaware, in Delaware 'illage of Bavaria, on the Danube, if Hochstet, and 35 NNW. from -Tp. in the W. Riding ofthe co. of le northward of Dundas street, oppo- J. C. Tp , Schoharie co., N. Y. 1,863 Town, Schoharie co,, W. side of the Schoharie river, 40 V. from Albany. of Fr,, in the dep. of Indre and river Cher, 18 ms. E. by S. of , borough of Ireland, in the co. of ed on a rising ground near the Lifley, of Dublin. , borough of Eng,, in Surry, on a of Ryegate, and 31 S. ofLondon. gnory, on the Sorel, Bedford co,, SE. from Montreal. nd, NW. coast of N. America, be- Jrauma bay and Point Freemanllc, m Montagu island. Lat. 60 53 N., 3 17 W. iAn the Atlantic ocean, 13 ms. NE. roint, the eastern extremity of Long ms, SW. from Point Judith. It is ew Shoreham, in Newport co., R. I. 722; and in 1820, 955. 3. and lown, Philadelphia co,, Pa,, kill, 3 ms. from Philadelphia. Pop. 8; in 1820, 2,655. own of Holland, in Overyssel, wilh I at the mouth of the Aa, on the vhere there is a good harbor 8 ms. iwick. Lon. 5 39 E., Iat. 53 44 N. if Fr., capital of the dep. of Loire I lately an episcopal see. In this :il. was born, and here, in 1588, lused the duke of Guise, and his cardinal, to be assassinated. The nerce is in wine and brandy ; and the lures are serges and ticken. It is Loire, 37 ms. ENE, of Tours, and 151 BLO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BLU 100 SSW. of Paris, Lon, 1 30 E,, lat, 47 35 N. Bloody-Brook, village, Franklin co,, Mass., 100 ms. NW. by W. from Boston. Bloody-run, village of Bedford co,. Pa , on the left bank of the Juniatta river, 8 ms. E. from Bedford. Bloom, village, Columbia co,. Pa. Pop. in 1,200. Tp , Columbia co,. Pa, Pop. in 1820, 1,626 Village, Fairfield co,, 0., 7 ms, NW. from Lancaster. Tp,, Fairfield co,, 0. Pop, in 1820, 1,613. Tp,, Morgan co,, 0. Pop. in 1820, 445. Tp, of Sciota co , O, Pop, in 1820, 305. Bloomjield, town, Somerset co , Me., right side of Kennebec river, 7 ms. E, from Norridgewock, Tp., Somerset CO,, Me, Pop. in 1830, 889. Tp. of Ontario co,, N.Y,,8 ms. W. from Canandaigua. Tp., Onlario co,, N, Y. Pop. in 1830, 3,631, Town, Essex co , N, J, 5 ms. NW. from Newark Tp. in Essex co,, N, J. Pop, in 1820, 3,085, Village of Craw ford CO , Pa, Tp , Crawford co., Pa, Pop in 1810, 114; in 1830, 214. Village, Loudon CO , Va., 50 ms. W. from W. C. Village, Nelson co , Ky,, 10 ms. NE, from Bairdstown, Town, Trumbull co,, 0, ; post road 310 ms, NE. from Columbus, Pop, in 1830, 166. Tp., Jackson co,, O. Pop. in 1820, 318, Small village, Wayne tp., in the wesiern borders of Jefferson co.; 0 , 14 ms, westerly from Steu benville, on the road from that place to Cadiz, Town, Pickaway co , upon Walnut plains, on the road from Columbus to Chilicolhe ; 17 ms. S. from Columbus, and 8 N. from Circleville. Tp,, Knox CO , 0. Pop, in 1820, 468 This town lies along the wesiern borders of the co , and the post village nearly due W,, 13 ms, from Mount Vernon, and 13 ms. NE. from Berkshire, in Dela ware co. Village, Oakland CO., Mich, 18 ms from Detroit. Ricljland co., O. — See Barce lona. Bloomjield, South, village, northern part of Pickaway co., O., on Litlle Walnut creek, 9 ms. northward of Circleville, and 17 soulhward of Columbus, Bloomfield, North, village near the northern border of Trumbull co,, O,, 15 ms. northward of Warren, the co. seat, Bloomingburg, village, Sullivan co,, N, Y,, 100 ms, by the road from Albany Village, Fayette CO,, O,, 35 ms. SW. from Columbus. Village, Sullivan co , N. Y. Bloomingdale, village on the Hudison, 7 ras, above the cily of N. Y, Blooming Grove, town in Orange co,, N. Y, Pop. in 1820, 3,319, Village of Richland co,, O. Tp,, Richland co,, O, Pop. in 1820, 168 Bloomin gsburg, village, Fayette co,, 0,, 40 ms, SW. from Columbus, Bloomington, village and seat of justice, Mon roe CO,, la., on Bran-bloBsom branch of While river, about 70 ms. NE. from Vincennes. Lat. 39 12 N., lon. 9 35 W. W. C. Bloomingville, village, Huron co,, O., 135 ms. N, from Columbus, Village, Huron co., is sit uated in Oxford tp,, 10 ms. N'W, of Norwalk, the CO. seat. Bloomsburg, village, Columbia co.. Pa,, on Fishing creek, and on ihc road from Danville lo 152 Nescopec. Village, Hunterdon co., N. J,, on Musconecung creek, 46 ms, NW. from Trenton, and 8 NE. from Easton, in Pa. Village, Hali fax, Va. Bloomsville, village, Ontario co,, N. Y., 13 ms, W. from Canandaigua. Bloomville, village, Delaware co, N. Y,, by the post road, 117 ms. SW. from Albany. — See Broomville, Delaware co., N. Y. Bloinez, town of Poland, in Masovia, 30 ms, W. of Warsaw, Blore, village of Eng,, in Staffordshire, 10 ms. N. of Utoxeter, Blount, CO. of Ten., bounded by the Cherokee lands SSVV. and W., Holston river separating il from Knox, and Roane, NW. and N,, and by Se vier E. ; length, 38 ms ; mean width, 15 ms; area, 570 sq. ms. ; surface hilly ; soil varied. Staples, grain, flour, salted provisions, and some cotton. Chief town, Maryville. Pop. in 1820, 11,258; in 1830, 11,028; and in 1840, 11,745. Lat. 35 40 N., lon. W. C. 7 W.- Co , Ala,, bound ed S. by Shelby and Jefferson, W. by , N. by Colaco, E. by , and SE. by St. Clair; lengih, 32 ms.>; breadth, 30 ; area, 960 sq. ms, ! surface hilly ; slaple, cotton. Lat. 34° N., lon. W, C. 10 20 W, Pop. in 1820, 2,415; in 1830, 4,233; and in 1840, 5,570. Blountsvitle, village and capital, Sullivan co,, E. Tennessee, on the Watauga branch of Holston river, 25 ms, W. from Elizabelhtown, and '109 above Knoxville, Lat. 36 30 N., lon. W. C, 5 21 W. Village, Jones Co., Geo., 17 ins. W. from Milledgeville. Blue-earth, river, branch of Kansas river, . Bluefield Bay, between Luana Poinl and Ca- barilla Point, island of Jamaica, Iat. 18 10 N., Ion. W. C. 1 36 W. Blue Field, river, N. America, which separates Honduras from Nicaragua, and is discharged inlo Bluefield's bay. Lon. W. C. 4 30 "W,, lat, 12° N. Blue Hill, town Hancock co.. Me. Pop, 1830, 658. Blue Lick, Upper, on Licking river, Fleming CO. , Ky. Lower. See Ellisvitle, Blue Mountain, sometimes called Kittatiny, was originally called by the Indians Kaalatin chunk, which is said to signify " main or princi pal mountain." It crosses the Delaware, which forms a deep gap ihrough if, about 34 ms. above Easton, and, running WSW,, crosses the Lehigh, which forms also a ^ap through it, and continues nearly the same direction westward ofthe Susque hannah. The height of this mountain is at three points in the co, of Northampton, as ft;lIows: on the W. side of the Delaware, at the Delaware water gap, it is found to be 1,250 feet, on the W, side of Lehigh water gap it measures 1,175 feel, and on the E. side of Kiinkle's Gap, or Allentown road, it measures 1, 135 feet. These measurements were taken by the common geometrical method, and will give the average height of the mountain in the co. of Northampton at 1,186 feet. The Blue mountain, so far as it extends in Northamp ton CO., is a very regular ridge, nearly uniform in ils height, and has properly but four passes or gaps in the co. These are the Delaware Water Gap, the Wind Gap, the Lehigh Water Gap, and Lillle Gap, between the Wind Gap and Lehigh BOC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOG Water Gap. The mountain is in all places steep, thinly covered with poor timber, generally rocky, and unfit for cultivation. Blue Ridge, one of the ranges of tho Appalach ian or Alleghany mountains, and generally, though erroneously, considered the SE. ridge of that sys tem. It extends from the Hudson river into Geor gia. The great Limestone valley, as it is called by pre-eminence, extends along the NW. side of the Blue Ridge. The real Limestone range is, how ever, much more limited than generally believed. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania it is seldom as much as 10 ms. wide from the foot of the moun tain, and followed by clay slate, which forms the substrata on the NW. side of the valley. The line of separation crosses the Delaware about 30 ms. above the borough of Easton, the Lehigh at the Slates, the Schuylkill above the mouth of Maiden creek, and the Susquehannah at Harris burg. Between the Susquehannah and Potoraac the relative distances and distinction between the two formations maintain a nearly similar position. From the latler stream SW. we are unprepared to mark their respective limits. The entire length of the Blue Ridge, as a sep arate range, is upwards of 700 ms. Its general elevation varies considerably. In N. J,, Pa,, and Md., it is humble, but in Bedford co,, Va,, the peaks of Otter exceed 5,000 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean, and are the most elevated part of the Appalachian syslem SW. from Hudson river. Blue Ruck, tp. Muskingham co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 557. Blue Rock is one of the southern townships of the co. The post-town is about 12 ms. southward of Zanesville. Blue Stone, river Va,, rises in Tazewell, and flows NE. into Kenhawa river, in Giles co,, hav ing an entire course of 40 ms. Blue Sulphur Spring.s, post office Monroe co, , Va. These mineral waters are situated near the Ken hawa river, 40 ms, SW. from Lewisburg, and 237 W, from Richmond. Blue Water, post office Lauderdale co,, Ala,, 260 ms. by the postroad NW. from Cahawba. River, soulhern branch of Missouri, which it joins 9 ms. below the mouth of the Kansas. Bluff Springs, village Jefferson co,. Miss. Blufflon, village Ray co.. Mo,, on the left bank of the Missouri river, 280 ms. postroad above St. Louis, and 1,180 from W. C. Blylh, town of Nottinghamshire, Eng,, 23 ms. NNW, of Newark, and 151 N, by W.of London. Boalsburg, village Centre co,. Pa,, 118 ms, NW. from Harrisburg. Boardman, town 18 ms. SE. from Warren, in TrumbuU co., Ohio. Pop. 1810, 343, in 1820, 604. Boat-run, village Clermont co., Ohio." Boat-yard, village Sullivan co,, Tenn,, upon the Natouga river, 16 ms. below Blountsville. Bobenhausen, town of Germany, in Weleravia, 3 ms. SB. of Frankfort, on the Main, and seated on the river Gersbrentz. Bobio, town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the Trebia, 35 ms. SE. of Pavia. Lon. 9 13 E., lat. 44 45 N. Bocat, valley nf Syria, in Asia, in which are the famous ruins of Balbec. 20* Bocca Chica, the entrance into the harbor of Carthagena, in Soulh America. It is defended by several forts. jBoca del Drago, tho W, entrance inlo Chiriqui bay, on the Atlantic side of tho isthmus of Darien. Lat, 9 5 N., lon. W. C, 4° W. Boca del Toro, entrance into tho bay of Chiri qui, or Almirante, E. from the island of Bocaloro. Lat. 9 12 N., lon. W. C. 3 45 W. Bocaloro, island at the mouth of tho bay of Chi riqui or Almirante. Lat. 9 13 N,, lon, W. C 3 50 W. Bocault's bay, South America, in the straits of Magellan, Lat. 54° S,, lon. W. C. 5 44 E. Bocca Tigris, bay or estuary of the river Peki- ang. Tho groat commercial city of Canton stands at its head. Bochetta, chain of mountains in the territory of Genoa, over which is the road leading from Lom bardy to Genoa. On the peak of the highest mountain is a pass, which will hardly admit three men to go abreast ; this pass is properly the Bo chetta, for the defence of which there are three forts. It is the key of Genoa, and was taken in 1746 by the Austrians. * Bockholt, town of W"'estphalia, io the diocess of Munsler, 30 ms. E. of Cleves. Lon. 6 22 E,, lat. 51 42 N. Boccing, large village of Essex, Eng., adjoining to Brain tree. It has a great manufacture of baize, and is 41 ms. NE. of London. Lon. 0 40 E., lat. 51 56 N. Bodcau, lake of Lou., 6 ms. W. from Lake Bistineau. It discharges its waters into Red river at the S,, and receives Bodcau river at the norlh ern extremity, River of Lou, and Ark,, rises in the lalter, N. lal. 33 40. W. lon. W. C. 17°, interlocking with the waters of Little river of the S,, Little Missouri, and Dacheet; the entire length of the Bodcau is about 100 ms., one-third of which is in Lou, ; it enters the NE. extension of the lake of the same name. The country drained by the Bodcau is hilly, covered with pine and oak woods; soil thin and sterile. Bodega, port on the W. coast of N. America. Lat 38 21 N., Ion, W. C. 47° W. Bodet, river au, U. C, in the tp. of Lancaster, falls inlo Lake St. Francis, E. of Point au Bodet. Bodlio, town of Italy, in the co. of Nice, 35 ms. N W. of Nice. Lon. 7 6 E,, lat. 44 2 N. Bodmin, borough in Cornwall, Eng. Il sends two members lo Parliament, and is 32 ms. NE. of Falmouth, and 384 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 40 W., lal. 50 32N. Bodon, fortified town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria, seated on the river Danube, 26 ms. W. of Viden. Lon. 25 54 E,, lat. 44 10 N. Bodroch, town of Hungary, on the Danube, 100 ms. SE. of Buda. Lon. 19 52 E,, lat. 45 55 N. Boeschot, town in the province of Brabant, seated on the river Nelhe, 12 ms. NE. of Mech lin. Lon. 4 42 E., lat §1 8 N. Bog, river of Russia, which runs SE. through Podolia and Budziac Tartary, falling into the Black sea between Oczakow and the river Dnieper. The Bog rises in Podolia. N. lat. 49 30, interlocking sources with those of the Dniester and Dnieper, from thence it flows SE. by comparative courses 300 ms., joins the Black sea below Cherson, drain • 153 BOI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOL ing parts of the Governments of Podolia, Kief, and Kherson. Bogdo, mountain of Asia, separating the sources of the Selenga river from those of the Upper Irt ish and the Dschabehan, or Upper Oby. 'The cen tre of the Bogdo is about 95 E. from London. Lat. 45 N. Bogue Chitto, river of Miss, and La., rises in Lawrence co,, in the former State, flows SSE, through Lawrence and Pike cos. 50 ms., crosses the line between La. and Miss. N. lat. 31°, turns SE. through St. Tammany 60 ms., falls into Pearl river about 40 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The general character of the country drained by Bogue Chitto, is in every essential respect similar to that watered by Pearl river. Post office, Law rence CO., Miss. Boeuf, Le, lake in Erie co.. Pa., discharges its waters into French creek, branch of Ohio. The portage from Le Bceuf to Presque Isle on Lake Erie is about 14 ms. Bceuf, of Franklin co.. Mo. River of Ark. and La. It rises in the former, interlocking ils sources with those of the Mason and Barlhelemy, flows S?, enters La., and turns to SW. by S ; con tinuing that course upwards of 100 ms. between Washilau and Mason, joins the former opposite the W. end of the Sicily island, at N. lat, 31 47. Bayou, or creek, of La , rises in the Pine for ests, between Opelousas and the rapids of Red riv er, flowing first NE., turns gradually to SE., enters on the low lands S. of Red river, and after contin uing to flow by comparative courses 60 ms., unites with the Crocodile to form the Courtableau river. Boggs, tp.. Centre co.. Pa. Pop, in 1820, 847. Bogota, the capital of New Granada, in Terra Firma. See Santa Fe, River of S. America, rising in the mountains near Santa Fe, and flowing fo the SW., falls into the Magdalena, It is ren dered in a peculiar manner interesting by the great cataract of Tequendama. Bohemia, kingdom of Europe, included in tho empire of Austria, bounded on the N. by Misnia and Lusalia, on the E. by Silesia and Moravia, on the S. by Austria, and on the W. by Bavaria. It is 200 ms. in length, and 150 in breadlh, and is fertile in corn, saffron, hops, and pasture. In the mountains are mines of gold and silver, and in some places they find diamonds, granates, copper, and lead. The Roman Catholic religion is the principal ; though there are many Protestants. The chief rivers are the Muldau, Elbe, Beraun, and Eger. Their language is the Sclavonian, wilh a mixture of German. It is an integral of the Aus trian empire. The capital town is Prague, See Austrian empire,— — Creek, Cecil co., on the Eastern shore of Maryland, which unites with Elk river a few ms. above its junction with Chesapeake bay. Bojador, cape of Africa, in Negroland, discov ered by the Portuguese in 1412, and doubled by them in 1433. Itis a projection of Africa, about 160 English ms. very nearly due S, from the strait between Fortaventura and Grand Canary islands Lon. 14 27 W., lat. 36 12 N. Boiano, town of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Appennines, near the river Tilerno, 45 ms. N. of Naples. Lon. 14 40 E., lat. 41 30 N. Bois Blanc, island of Mich., in the Detroit river 154 opposite Amherstsburg. Though lying within a quarter of a mile off the Eastern shore of the strait, the main ship channel passes between the island and Amherstsburg with depth of water for the largest vessels. Tbe island contains between 100 and 300 acres of excellent land. Lake between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods. Bois-le-Duc, large, well fortified town of Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel and Aa, situate among morasses, 22 ms. E. by N. of Breda, 45 NE. of Antwerp and 45 SSE. of Amsterdam. Il is in lat. 51 40 N. Boitnitz, town of Upper Hungary, in the co. of ZoII, remarkable for ils baths and the quantity of saffron about it. Lon. 19 10 E., lat. 48 42 N. Bokharia, city of Usbec Tartary, capital of Bok haria, 138 ms. W. by S. of Samarcand. Lon. 65 50 E, lat. 39 16 N. Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bucharia, a general name for all lhat vast tract of "land lying between Karazm and the sandy desert bordering on China, It is divided into Great and Litlle Bucharia. Great Bucharia is situated between 34 and 46 N. lal. and 76 and 92 E. lon. It is bounded on the N, by the river Sir, on the E. by the kingdom of Kash- gar, on the S. by Persia and the peninsula within the Ganges, and on the W. by the country of Karazm. It is a fertile country : the mountains abound wilh the richest mines, the valleys are of an astonishlHg fertility, and the rivers abound with excellent fish. Litlle Bucharia is sufficiently pop ulous and fertile ; but the great elevation of ils land, joined to the height of the mountains which bound it in several parts, renders it much colder than from its situation might be expected. It con tains rich mines of gold and silver. See article Asia. Bolabola, one of the Society islands, in the S. Pacific ocean, 4 leagues NW. of Olaha. Lon. 161 62 W., lat. 16 32 S. Bolao, river of S. America, in Quito, rises near Cuenca and falls into the gulf of Guayaquil oppo sile the island of Puna. Lat. 3° S. Bolca, mountain of Italy, about 20 ms. NE. from the city of Verona, on which is a small village of tbe same name. Mount Bolca is in an eminent degree remarkable' as containing the most exten sive and specifically numerous collection of organic remains ever yet discovered. The mountain and vicinity exhibit also many volcanic debris. The organic remains extend to almost every indestructi ble part of animated nature, except the human, from the elephant lo small insects. Bolcan, or Volcan, town of S. America, in Tu cuman, on the river Leon. Lon. W. C. 13° E,, lat. 23 33 S. Bolcheresk, a lown of Kamtschatka, on the river , Bolchoireka, 22 ms. from its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Lon. 156 37 E., lat. 52 54 N. Bold Fountain, village in Charlotte co., Va, Boleslape, or Buntzlau, a town of Silesia, on the Bobar, 17 ms. NE. of Lignilz. Lon. 16 10 E,, lat, 51 12 N. Bolingbroke, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, at the source of a river, which falls into the Witham. It is 29 ms. E. of Lincoln and 131 N. by E. of London. Lon. 7' E., lat. 53 12 N. Village, Talbot CO , Md. Bolislaw, town of Bohemia, 30 ms. NE. of Prague. Lon. 15 23 E., lat. 50 35 N. BOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BON' Bolivar, village in the northern part of Tus carawas co., 0., and on the Ohio canal, wesiern side of the river, 8 ms. above and northward of New Philadelphia. Bolivia, Republic of. This new Slate has re cently been formed out of a part of Peru. The limits aie yet rather indefinite. The capital is to bear the name of Sucre, in honor of General Sucre, the hero of Ayacucho. It will be seen by refer ence to article America, that the pop of Bolivia is yet very limited, not exceeding 500,000. Bologna, city of Italy, capital of the Bolog nese, with an university. It lies at the foot of the Appennine mountains, in a fruitful plain and salubrious air. The river Saronia runs near its walls, and the Reno, which turns 400 mills for the silk works, through the city. There are a great number of palaces, particularly the Palazzo Publico, in which the cardinal legate or viceroy of the Pope, resides. In the area before this palace, is a noble marble fountain, the principal figure of which, a Neptune in bronze, 1 1 feel high, the workmanship of Giovanni di Bologna, is highly esteemed. "TKe anatomical theatre, be side its museum, is adorned with statues of cele brated physicians. The church of St. Petronius is the largest in Bologna ; and on the pavement of this, Cassini drew his meridian line. There are 168 olher churches. The private houses are well built, and the cily contains 80,000 inhabi tants. They carry on a considerable trade in silks and velvets, which are manufactured here in great perfection. The surrounding country pro duces immense quantities of oil, wine, flax, and hemp, and furnishes all Europe with sausages, maccaroni, liqueurs, essences, and even lap-dogs. It IS seated at the foot of the Appennines, 22 ras. SE. of Modena, and 176 NW. of Rome. Lon. 11 21 E,, lat. 44 30 N. Bolognese, province of Italy, bounded on the N.by the Ferrarese, W., by Modena, S., by Tus cany, and E,, by Romagna. It is watered by meny small rivers, and produces all sorts of grain and fruit, parlicularly rich muscadine grapes. Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the couniry seems one continued garden. The vine yards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry trees ; the vines hanging in festoons, from one tree to another. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the capital . Bolsena, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Pelef, on a lake of its name, 18 ms. NNW. of Viterbo. Bolsover, town of Eng., in Derbyshire. It is noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes, and is 6 ms. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 NNW. of London. Bolswaert, town of Holland, in Friesland, near the Zuyder Zee, 10 ms. N. of Sloten. Bolton, a populous town of Eng,, in Lanca shire. It has a canal to Manchester, and manu factures of fustians, counterpanes, dimities, cali coes, and muslins. It is 11 ms. NW. of Man chester, and 197 NNW. of London. Town of Richelieu co,, L. C, on lake Memphramagogi Town, Worcester co.. Mass , noted for its fine limestone, 18 ms,, NE. of "Worcester, and 34 W, of Boston. Pop, 1,050. Village and tp. of Chittenden co., Vt , on Union river, 25 ms. NW. from Monlpelier. Tp, Worcester co,, Mass. Pop. in 1810, 1,037, in 1820, 1,229 Tp., Tolland co.. Conn. Pop. in 1810, 700, in 1820, 1,607. Town, Wurren co., N. Y. Pop, in 1820, l,0fit7. Bolzano, town of Germany, in the Tyrol, on the river Eisach, 27 ras. N, of Trent. Lon. 1 1 26 E., Iat. 46 35 N. Bomal, town of Austrian Luxemburg, on the river Ourt, 30 ms, S. of Liege. Lon. 5 38 E., lat. 58 18 N. Bombay, island of Hindoostan, one of the three presidencies of the English East India Company, by which their Oriental territories are governed. It is situated on the W. coast of the Deccan, 7 ms. in length, and 30 in circumference. It came to the English by the marriage of Charles II. with Catharine of Portugal, It contains a strong and capacious fortress, a large city, dock yard, and marine arsenal. The ground is barren, and good water scarce. It wos formerly counted very unhealthy ; but, by draining the bogs, and other methods, the air is greatly altered for the belter. It has abundance of cocoa-nuts, but scarce any corn or cattle. The inhabitants are of several nations, and very numerous. It is 150 ms. S. ofSurat. Lon. 73 38 E., lat. 18 58 N. Bombay Hook, point, and small island in Dela ware river, Kent CO , Del,, 17 ms. SE. by S. from Reedy Island. Bomene, seaport of the kingdom of the Ne therlands, in Zealand, on the N. shore of the is land of Schowen. Lon. 4 E., lat. 51 42 N. Bommel, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in the Isle of Overflacke, 7 ms. W. of Wil- liamstadt. Bommel, handsome town of Dutch Guelder land, in the island cf Bommel- Waert, seated on the Waal, 6 ms. N. of Huesden. Bommel Waert, island of Dutch Guelderland, formed by the junction ofthe Waal and the Maese. It is 15 ms. long, and 5 broad. It was taken by the French in 1794. Bona, seaport of Algiers, in the province of Consfciiitina. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Hippo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wax, and wool, and is 370 ms. E. of Algiers. Lon. 7 45 E., lat. 36 53 N. Bonair, fertile island near the N. coast of Ve nezuela, to the E. of Curacoa. It is 60 ms, in circuit, and has a good harbor and road on the S W. side. Lon. W. C. 8 4 E., lat. 13 10 N. Bonavista, the most eastern of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 33 47 W., lat. 16° N. A cape on the E. side of the island of Newfoundland. Lon. W. C. 24 36 E., lat. 48 15 N. Bond, CO. of III. on both sides of the Kaskas- kias river, bounded by JeflTerson SE., Washing ton S., Madison W,, and the Indinn country N.; length 30, breadth 18 ms.; area 540 sq. ms.; sur face level, or moderately hilly, soil productive. Chief towns, Ripley, Perrysville, and Indepen dence. Pop. in 1830, 3,931, in 1840, 5,060. Central Iat. 38 50 N., Ion. W. C. 12 30 ,W. Bondou, kingdom of central Africa, bounded on the E. by Bambook, on the SE., and S. by Tenda, and the Simbani Wilderness, on the SW, 155 BON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOO by Woolli, on the W. by Foota Torra, and On the ' N. by Kajaaga. The country, like that of Woolli, is very generally covered with woods, but the land is more elevated, and towards the Faleme river, rises into considerable hills. In native fer tility the soil is not surpassed (according to Mr. Park) by any part of Africa. From the central situation of Bondou, between the Gambia and Senegal rivers, it is become a place of great resort, both for the Slatees (slave dealers) who generally pass through it in going from the coast to the iri- terior countries, and for occasional traders, who frequently come hither from the inland countries to purchase sail. The centre of this kingdom is about 8° W. London, Iat- 10° N. Bono, post office, Lawrence co. Ia., 100 ras. SSW. from Indianapolis. Bonne Chew, river of U. C, flowing into the Ottawa. Bon Pas, post office White co.. 111., 70 ms, SE. from Vandalia. Bonsecours, seigniory, Richelieu co., L. C, 35 ms. NE. from Montreal. Seigniory, in Buck ingham CO., L. C, on the right side of St. Law rence, 30 ms. SW. from Quebec. Seigniory, Devon CO., L. C, 40 ms. below Quebec, on the opposile side of St. Lawrence river, ^ — —Bay of Ala,, forming the SE. curve of Mobile bay, ex tending towards Perdido bay. Bonhampton or Bonum, village, Middlesex co, , N. J., about half way between Brunswick and Woodbridge. Bonifacio, seaport of Corsica, well fortified ond populous: 37 ms. S. of Ajaccio. Lon, 9 30 E., lat 41 25 N. Bonhomme, town, St, Louis co. , Mo. Bonn, ancient city of Germany, in the electo rate of Cologne. It contains 13,000 inhabitants, and has a flourishing university. It is seated on the Rhine, 10 ms, S. by E. of Cologne. Lon. 7 12 E., lat, 50 45 N. Bonna, or Bona, seaport of Africa, in the king dom of Algiers. It was taken by Charles V, in 1,535, and is 306 ms E. of Algiers. Lon. 6 15 E., lat. 36 2 N. Bonanno island. — See Anna bona Island, Bonnefemme, town, Howard co,. Mo. Bonnestable, town of Fr., lately in the prov ince of Maine, now in the dep. of Sarte, 15 ms, NE, of Mans. Lon, 30' E., lat, 48 11 N, Bonnet Quarre. See Parish of St.- Charles, Iia,, situated along both banks of the Mississippi coast, bounded E. and SE. by the parish of St. Bernard, NE. by lake Ponchartrain, and pass of Manchac, N. by lake Maurepas, and W, by the parish of St. John Baptiste. The only arable land in this parish is on the Mississippi ; it produces sugar, cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco, sweet pota toes, maize, oranges, peaches, figs. Natural tim ber : various species of oak, elm, ash, and hicko ry ; also cotton wood, cypress, willow, and syca more; Pop. in 1830, 3,863 ; in 1830, 5,147; and in 1840, 4,700, Bonum. See Bonhomme. Bonneval, town of Fr., in the dep. of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, It is seated on the Loire, 8 ms. N. of Cheautaudun. Lon, 1 20 E., lat. 48 12 N. Bonneville, town of Savoy, capital of Faucig- 156 ny, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a mountain called the Mole. It is 20 ms, S, of Ge neva. Lon, 6 10 W., lat. 46 33 N. Bono, lown, Lawrence co., Indiana, on the E. fork of While river. Boodge-boodge, town of Hindostan Proper, cap. ital of the rajah of Cutch, 330 ms. NE. of Sural. Lon. 68° E., lat. 33 16 N. BooiiH, is a general term for divinity, and not the name of any particular Deity. It has been, however, in our books adopted to designate, per haps, the most extensive religion of the earth. "Holfthe population of China,* Las, Coehin- China, and Ceylon ; all of Camhoja, Siam", Bur mah, Thibet, Tartary, and Loochoo, and a great part of Japan, and most of the other islands of soulhern seas (of Asia) are of this faith, (if such it can be called.) 'The real import of the term, ns already stated, in the countries where itis used, is equivalent to Dditt as a generic term, and not to any form of worship, or principles of be- Hef." — Malcom. — See art. Asia, p. Boone, co. of Kentucky, on the left side of the Ohio river, opposile the mouth of great Miami, bounded NW. and N. by Ohio river, E, by Camp bell, and S, by Pendleton ; length 25, mean width 13; area, 300 sq. ms. ; surface hilly; soil pro- duclive in grain and fruils; staples flour and salt ed provisions. Pop. in 1820, 6,582; in 1830, 9,076; and in 1840, 10,034. Cll. lat. .39°, lon. W. C. 7 30 W. Boonsborough, village, Washington co., Md., on the road from Fredericktown to Hagerstown, 16 ms. NW. from the former, and 13 SSE. from the latter place. Boonsboro, town, Madison co., Kentucky, on Kentucky river, about 50 ms. above Frankfort. Boonesburg, sraall village, Washington co., Md., 60 ms. from W. C. Booneslick. — See Boonville. Booneton, village, Morris oo., N. J., 29 ms. NW. from Newarlc. Boonville, town, Oneida co,, N. Y,, on Black river, 31 ms. N. from Utica. Pop. 400. Tp,, Oneida co,,' N, Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,294. Boonesville, or Boonsborough, village, War wick, as in the post office list, but correctly War wick CO., Indiana. Boonsville, village. Cooper co., Mo,, on the right bank, of Missouri river, directly opposite FrankUn, and by land 170 ms. above St. Louis. Latitude 39 53 N., longitude Washington City, 15 20W. -, Bootan, couniry, NE. of Hindoostan Proper, between Bengal and Thibet, of which last it is a feudatory. 'Phe southernmost ridge of the Bootan mounlains, rises near a mile and a half perpen dicular above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal distance of only 15 ms., and from the summit, the astonished traveller looks back on the plains, as on an extensive ocean beneath him. The capital is Tassassudon. Boffmgen, free imperial town of Suabia, on the river Egypt, 4 ms. E. of Awlan. Lon. 10 31 E., lat. 48 55 N. . Boothbay, town, Lincoln co., Maine, between Sheepscut and Damariscotta rivers, 10 ms. SE, from Wiscapet. Tp., Lincoln co., Maine. Pop, 1810, 1,582; in 1820, 1,950. BOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOR Booth's Store, post office, Franklin co., Va., 180 ms. SW. from Richmond, Boppart, lown of Germany, in the archbishopric of Treves, at the foot of a mountain near the Rhine, 8 ms. 8. of Coblentz. Lon. 7 35 E,, Iat, 50 16 N. Borch, town of the duchy of Magdeburg, on the Elbe, 14 ms. NE. of Magdeburg. Lon. 12 3 E,, lat. 52 19 N. Borchloen, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric ol Liege, 15 ms. NW. of Liege. Lon. 5 31 E., lal. 50 50 N. Boques, or Boque, creek of Ohio, rises in Union, and enters the right side of Sciota, in Del aware CO., Ohio. Bordentown, town, Burlington co., N. J., seat ed on the E. side of the river Delaware, and near ly at the Great bend of that river below Trenton, 11 ms. NE. from Burlington, and about 36 from Philadelphia. This town possesses a considerable trade, being the common rendezvous of a line ol stages between Philadelphia and Amboy. Boreham, village of Eng,, in Essex, 3 ras. NE. of Chelmsford. Borgne, lake of La., and Miss. It is in reality the wesiern extension of Pascagoula sound. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico, by the SE. pass, SW. from Cat Island, with the Pasca goula sound, by the passes of Christian and Mari anne, and wilh lake Ponchartrain, by the Rigolets. The depth of water, through the ship channel of lake Borgne, is at low tide about 6 feet. It is from the moulh of Bienvenu creek to the W. end of Cat Island, 40 ms. in length, with a mean width of 10 ms. between the opposite shores of Miss, and La. Lake Borgne forms one of the great channels of entrance into Louisiana. Borgo, town of Sweden, on the Gulf of Fin land, 30 ms. NE. of Helsingfors. Lon. 25 40 E., lat. fiO 34 N. Borgoforte, town of Italy, iu the duchy of Man tua, on the river Po,, 10 ms. S. of Mantua. Lob. 10 53 E,, Iat. 45° N. Borgo-San-Domino, episcopal lown of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 15 ms. NW. of Parma. Lon. 10 6 E., lal. 44 58 N. Borgo-di-San-Sepulchro, episcopal town of Tuscany, 40 ms. E. of Florence. Lon. 13 7 E., lat. 43 32 N. Borgo-val-di-Taro, small town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 20 ros. SW. of Parma. Lon. 10 16 E., lat. 44 30 N. Borja, town of Spain, in Arragon, 12 ms. SE. of Tarazona. Lon. 1 16 W., Iat, 42 6. N. Boriquen, island of the West Indies, near Por to-Rico. It is uninhabited, though fertile, and the water good. Here is a great number of land crabs, whence some call it Crab Island. Lon. 66° W., lat. 18° N. Borkelo, strong town of the Uniled Provinces, in Zutphen, on the river Borkel, 10 ms. E. of Zutphen. Lon. 6 18 E., lat. 52 UN. Bormio, town of the country of the Grisons, capital of a co, of the same name, bounded on the S. by the State of. Venice, on the E. by the terri tory of Austria, and on the S. and W. by Caddea. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, and has a des olate appearance. It is 40 ms. SE, of Coire. Lon. 18 5 E,, lat. 46 35 N. Borneo, island in the Indian ocean, discovered by the Portuguese in 1621 ; before the discovery of New Holland thought to be the largest in the world, being 1,800 ms, in circumference. It is seated under the equator, that line cutting it al most through the middle. It is almost of a circu lar figure, abounds wilh gold, and the finest dia monds in the Indies are found in its rivers, being probably washed down from the hills by torrenis. It produces, likewise, rice, pepper, fruits, and bees wjax, which last is used instead of money. The beasts ore oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats, elephants, tigers, and monkeys. This island has fine rivers, especially towards the W. and S. The rainy season continues for eight months in the year ; and as during lhat time all the flat country is over flowed, the air is rendered very unhealthy, and the inhabitants are forced to build their houses on fioats, which they make fast to trees. The houses have but one floor, with partitions made of cane. The people are very swarthy, and go almost na ked. There are Mahometans on the sea coast, but the rest are Gentoos. The capital, of the same name, is large and populous, with a good harbor, and seated on the N W. side. Lon, 1 1 2 27 B,, lat. 4 55N. Bornholm, island of the Baltic sea, 20 ms. SE of Schonen, in Sweden. Lon. 14 56 E , lat. 54 55 N. Bornou, extensive country in Africa, bounded on the NW. by Fezzan, on the N. by the desert of Bilma, on the SE. by Nubia, and on the SW. by Cashna, It extends from 12 to 22° of E. Ion,, and from 17 to 21° of N. lat. The northern part is poor, and like the rest of the provinces of Zaara ; but all the rest is well watered by springs and riv ers, rendering the country prolific in corn, grass, and fruits, and giving it a pleasing aspect. The eastern and western frontiers are divided inlo mountains and valleys, the latler abounding with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the mountains with wood, fruit trees, and cot lon. The climale is said lo be characterized by excessive, though not by uniform heat. Two sea sons — one commencing soon after the middle of April, the other at the same period in October — divide the year. The complexion of the natives is black, but they are not of the negro cast. The capital is of the same name. r-The capital of the empire of Bornou, situated in a flat country. Lat. 20° N,, lon. 22° E. Borodino, on the Moskwa, village of Russia,- 90 ms. W. from Moscow, famous for a sanguinary battle between the French and Russians, Septem ber 7, 1812. Post Office, Onondago co,, N. Y., 180 ms. W. from Albany. Borough. See Burg. Borough, Ip., Beaver co.. Pa, Pop. 1820, 344. Boroughbridge, borough of Eng., in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the Ure, over which is a stone bridge ; 17 ms, NW. of York, and 318 N. by W. ofLondon, Lon. 1 25 W,, lat, 54 10 N. Borrowdale, dreary district of .Eng,, in the S. part of Cumberland, abounding, beyond any other part of the world, with the finest sort of black lead, or wad, the mines of which are only opened at intervals, aud then carefully closed again, lest this precious substance should become too com- 157 BOS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOS mon. Copper, lead, and calamine, are also found in this tract. Borrowstounness, or Boness, village of Scotland, in Linlithgowshire, on the Frith of Forth, sur rounded with coal pits and salt pans. It has a good port, but its trade is not on the increase. Bosa, ancient seaport of Sardinia, with a bish op's see and a castle, on a river of the same name, 17 me. SE. of Algeri. Lon. 8 50 E., lat. 40 29 N. Boscawen, tp., Merrimac co., N. H , on the W. side of the Merrimac river, about 10 ms. N. of Concord. Pop. 1810, 1,829; in 1820, 2,113. Bosco, or Boschi, town of Italy, in the Milan ese, seated on the Arbe, 5 ms. E. of Alexandria. Lon. 8 53 E., lat. 44 54 N. Boscobel, village of Eng., in Shropshire, 9 ms. SE. of Newport. Bosna Seraio, large and strong town of Turk ey, and capital of Bosnia, seated on the river Bos na, 110 ms. SW. of Belgrade. Lon. 17 57 E., lat. 44 40 N. Bosnia, province of Turkey, in Europe, bound ed on the N. by Sclavonia, on the E. by Servia, on the S. by Albania, and on the W. by Croatia and Dalmatia, Bosna Serai is the capital. Bosphorus, ancient name of two remarkable straits — the Thracian Bosphorus, now straits of Constantinople, and the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now straits of Kaffa, Zabach, or Jenicale. In the outlet of the Euxine basin by the successive straits of Kaffa, Constantinople, and Dardanelles, we have a complete specific resemblance to the chain made by the straits of St. Mary, Michilimakinac, St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara, and St. Lawrence rivers. The quantity of water discharged by the American basin, it is probable, exceeds that from the European, though the latter is most extensive in point of area. A very erroneous idea of the relative extent of the Canadian lakes prevails in the United States. The Black sea alone covers more than twice the superficies of all the Canadian lakes taken together. According to the evidence of Pallas, Clark, and indeed every other traveller, whose observations have been made public, re specting the regions adjacent to the Caspian and Black seas, there has been a progressive diminu tion of their waters. The whole land space from the base of the mountains of Transylvania to the Aral sea, including the alluvial mouths of the Dan ube, Dneister, Bog, Dneiper, Don, Wolga, and Ural rivers, show marks of water depression^ and that, in all probability, the Caspian and .Aral were once links of the Mediterranean chain of inland seas. The Dardanelles (ancient Hellespont) and Bosphorus of Thrace, or straits of Constantino ple, both have a depth of water admitting the lar gest ships of war. Bo.ssiney, borough of Eng,, in Cornwall, on the Bristol channel, 17 ms. NW. of Launceslon, and 233 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 40 W., lat. 50 45 N. Bost, strong town of Persia, capital of Sables- tan. Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N. Boston, borough of Eng., in Lincolnshire, seat ed on both sides of the Witham, not far from its influx into the sea ; but its harbor can admit ves sels of inferior burden only. It has a navigation frow Lincoln, partly by the Witham, and partly 158 by a canal, at the termination of which, in Beston is a large and curious sluice ; and there is another canal to Bourn. It is a flourishing town, 37 ms. SE. of Lincoln, and 115 N. ofLondon. Lon. 0 5 E., lat. 53 1 N. Boston, seaport and city of Mass., in Sufiblk CO., on a fine peninsula, extending into Massachu setts bay about 2 ms., with a mean breadlh of 1 m. The surface on which the city stands is undo. lating, and gives an agreeable variety to the streets, and affords, with the aid of the buildings, particu larly the Stale house, some very fine prospects of the adjacent country, bay, and islands. The har bor is spacious, and has sufficient water for the ad mission of the largest vessels, and adequately land locked for their protection from all winds except easterly. It is very seldom so much incommoded with ice as to render it inaccessible at the severest seasons of frost. The entrance is narrow, and defended by Forts Warren and Independence. Boston is a very commercial city, and, in pro portion to her resident population, contains an im mense mass of wealth. In point of tonnage, the shipping of Boston stands next, among the cilica of the United States, to New Y'ork. In 1815 the tonnage of the former exceeded 143,000 tons. Du ring 1841 there were 6,31 7 arrivals at Boston : ships 289, barques 283, brigs 1,227, schooners 4,341, sloops 177 — coastwise, 4,574, foreign 1,743. To facilitate the operations of commerce, agricul ture, and internal intercourse, Boston is connected with the surrounding country by excellent roads, and the interior of Mass. and N. H. by the Mid dlesex canal. This city is indeed flourishing and prosperous. It is not, however, from the amount of its capital, or the extent of its comraerce, that Boston founds its most solid claim to the respecta ble rank it possesses amongst the cities of the U. S. ; it is upon the number and exalted character of its literary institutions which this city has based her true grandeur. .It would be to swell this ar ticle to a much too extensive length to enu merate its various literary establishments ; we may therefore notice the AthensEum, wilh 18,000, and the Boston library, wilh 6,000 volumes, as rich stores of intellectual wealth ; and, as in a scientific point of view Cambridge is only a suburb of Bos ton, we may in this view include the most exten sive collection in the Uniled States, exceeding 25,000 volumes, which appertains to the universi ty in the former place, 'This article was written some years past, and therefore these numbers must be far short of the literary stores now in the Bos ton libraries. The natural disadvantages which must have existed in mutual communication between town and country, from the insular situation of Bos ton, is amply obviated by 4 fine bridges. One over Charles river, from Boston lo Charlestown, exceeds 1,500 feet in length, with a breadth of 42 feet ; West Boston bridge, leading to Cambridge, is based on 180 piers, and extends 3,483 feet; Craigie's bridge is between the two former. A fourth bridge, over the bay lo the SW. from Bos ton, with a wing dam, constructed tn procure, by aid of the tide, an immense water power, intended to put in operation different kinds of machinery. The appearance of the streets and houses of Boston affords ample monuments of the change of BOS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOT taste, wealth, and views of convenience. In the ancient parts of the city the streets are narrow and crooked, and the houses low and plain, but in the western and more modern quarters the streets aro wide, and cutting each other at right angles, and the houses in a high degree spacious, splendid, and elegant. The public buildings of Boston are numeroas and spacious. The Slate house, standing upon an elevated spot, with the park and open space of 45 acres, and a fine descending slope from the front of the edifice, presents, particularly from its dome, an expansive prospect over the harbor, wilh its numerous islands and the adjacent city and country. The new court-house, a fine building, reared at an expense of near §100,000, Faneuil Hall, an almshouse, custom-house, and near 30 places of public worship, adorn the city. Progressive population of Boston. 1800 - - 34,937 1810 - . . . . 32,250 1820 - 42,536 1830 61,393 1840 - . 93,383 By the census of 1840 the distributive popula lion stood thus : iVliites, Ages, Males. Females. Oto5 5,711 5,558 5 to 10 4,246 4,465 10 to 15 3,368 3,55c 15 to 20 4,043 4,812 20 to 30 13,612 11,242 30 to 40 9,404 6,566 40 to 60 - 3,066 3,492 50 to 60 1,476 1,9-2C 60 to 70 606 951 70 to 80 243 402 80to90 - 66 136 80 to 100- 10 14 100 and upwards 4 1 Total 47,864 43,112 Free colored persons. Ages, Males. Females, OtolO 205 211 10 to 24 212 254 24 to 36 614 279 36toS3 318 215 55 to 100 - 49 69 100 and upwards 1 Total 1,329 1,028 SUMMARY. "Whites Colored 90,956 2,4:17 Total 93,383 Ratio of increase in 40 years, 3,744, or near ly 3| per cent. The following statements will show the number of foreign and coastwise arrivals and clearances at this port during (he last 1 3 years ; also, the value of foreign imports and exports for the same lime. t: Foreign arrivals. Foreign Coastwise Coijstwise |x clear'nces. arrivals. clear'nces. ISM 642 567 2,938 2,216 1«31 766 684 2,946 2,298 1832 1,064 943 3,538 2,611 is;j3 1,066 939 4,024 2,848 im 1,166 1,002 3,527 Mrr fBOO 1836 1,302 1,225 .3,879 1836 I, '152 1,326 3,944 2,927 183/ 1,591 1,381 4,000 2,506 1838 1,313 1,124 4,018 2,901 1839 1,553 1,381 4,261 2,803 1S4U 1,628 1,362 4,406 2,815 1841 1,791 1,581 4,674 2,841 Total, 6,3636,6948,1568,877 8,162 9,306 9,649 9,478 9,3569,988 10,211 10,787 The coastwise arrivals and clearances, in the above statement, do not include those vessels which arrive and depart with domestic merchandise ex empted from entry or clearance at the custom house ; the number of this class of vessels is esti mated to exceed 3,500 annually. The arrivals from foreign ports at Boston, from 1790 to 1800, averaged per year 569 vessels. 1800 to 1810, 1810 to 1830, 1830 to 1830, 1830 lo 1835, 1835 lo 1841, 789 610787 1,199 1,473 By the above statements it will be seen lhat the arrivals at this port, bolh foreign and coastwise, for the past year, far exceed lhat of any former year. Value of foreign imports and exports. Year. 1830-1831-1832-1833-1834-1836- 1836- 1837- 1838- 1839- 1840- 1841- Iinports. «8,348,613 13,414,80916,760,51217,853,44616,514,700 18,643,80025,898,965 15,027,83713,464,680 18,409,15914,122,31919,250,000 Exports. «5,180,178 5,896,092 10,107,768 8,062,219 7,309,761 7,962,,MS8,475,3137,836,2707,036,88! 8,013,5368,405,3149,333,154 The above statement shows an increase of ex ports at this port, the past year, (1841,^ of over $900,000. ^ Boston, tp. in the western part of Portage co Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 370. Town Erie co.. n' Y. Pop. in 1820, 686. Boswellsville, village in the southern part of Louisa CO., Va., 21 ms. NW. from Richmond. Bosworth Market, town of Eng., in L^cester- ihire. In its vicinity was fought the famous bat tle between Richard III and the earl of Richmond afterwards Henry VH, in which the former lost hi,^ crown and life. It is seated on a hill, 13 ms. W of Leicester, and 106 NNW. ofLondon. Botany bay, bay of New South Wales, discov ered by Captain Cook in 1770, and so called from the great quantity of herbs fonnd on the shore. The promontories which form its entrance arc named Cape Banks and Point Solander. It was originally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great Britain, which, in the sequel, look place at Port Jackson, 13 ms. further to the N. Lon 151 31 E., lat. 34° S. Botany island, small Island in the Pacific ocean, 159 BO IT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOU to the SB. of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 17 E., lat. 22 37 S. Botesdale, town in Suffolk, Eng,, in a valley, 15 ms, NE. of Bury, and 86 ofLondon, Botetourt, co. Va., on the sources of James and Roanoke rivers, bounded by Franklin S., Mont gomery and Giles SAy., Monroe W., Bath N., Eoekbridge%E., and Bedford SE. ; lengih 40, mean width 28, area, 1,130 sq. ms. Embracing a part ofthe great limestone and slate valley NW. from the Blue Ridge, much excellent soil exists in this county, though much of its surface is moun tainous. Chief town Fincastle. Pop. 1820, 13,590, in 1840, 11,679. Central lat. 37 30 N., lon. W, C. 2 45 W. Bothnia East, province of Sweden, in Finland, on the E. side of the Gulf of Bothnia, between the provinces of Kimi and Finland Proper and Russia. It is 300 ms. in length, and from 90 to 220 in breadth. On the seacoast, and toward the S., the land is low and marshy, and the summers are of ten so cold as to destroy great part of the crops. The inhabitants are thinly spread over this large space, the cattle small, and bears numerous. The principal exports are timber, butter, whale oil, pitch, and tar. This province is sometimes called Cajania, and the capital is Cajaneburg. Bothnia West, province of Sweden, in Nord- land, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is 230 ms. in length, between the seacoast and Swedish Lapland, and from 25 to 50 in breadth. The soil is tolerably fertile, but sudden frosts in July often deslro/lhe crops. It has mines of cop per and iron, and numerous forests. The chief articles of commerce are copper, iron, skins of foxes, ermines, bears, wolves, reindeer, otters, &c. The capilal is Uma, Bothnia, Gulf of, sea or large gulf branching N. from the Baltic, at the isle of Aland, and bounded on the W., N., and E., by the dominions of Sweden. On its coasts are many small islands. Botley, village of Eng., Hampshire, 6 ms. E. of Southampton, on the river Hamble, noted for a considerable trade in flour. Botol, or Bottel, a small island in the Chinese sea, about 12 ms. in circuit, situated due E. from Formosa. According to La Perouse, its SE, point is at lal. 21 57 N. Ion,, 119 32 E. from London. La Perouse sailed close to, but did not land on Bolol. Bottesford, village of Eng,, in Leicestershire, on the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lincoln shire, 7 ms. W. by N. of Grantham. Bottlehill, town Morris co., N . J., 16 ms. N W. from Elizabelhtown. Botzenburg, town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Elbe. Lon. 10 48 E., lat, 53 30 N. Bouchain, fortified lown of Fr., in llip dep, of the Norlh, and late French Hainault, divided inlo two parts by the Scheldt. It is 9 ms. W. of Va lenciennes. Lon. 3 21 E,, lat. 50 18 N. Bouchart, town of Fr., lately in the province of Touraine, now in the dep. of Indre and Loire, situ ated on an island ofthe river Vienne, 15 ms. SSW. of Tours. Boucherville, seigniory L. C, Kent co., oppo site Montreal island, on the right side of St.'Lawrence river, about 13 ms, E. from the city of Montreal. 160 Boudet. See Bodet, Boudry, town of Swisserland, in the co. of Neufchatel. Lon. 0 40 E,, lat. 47 1 N. Bouillon, town of Fr,, in the duchy of the same name, and territory of Luxemburg, 12 ms, N. of Sedan. Lon. 5 20 E,, Iat. 49 45 N. Boulogne, large seaport of Fr., in the dep. of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Boulon- nois. The harbor has a mole for the safety of the ships, and which at the same time prevents it from being choked up. It is sealed at the moulh of the Lianne, 14 ras. S. of Calais. Lon. 1 42 E., lal. 50 44 N. , Boundbrook, village, Somerset co., N. J,, on the E, bank of the Raritan. Bourbon Land, a. town of Fr,, in the dep, of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for ils castle and hot baths. It has a large marble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is the work of the Romans. It is 15 ms, SW. of Au- tun. Lon. 4 6 E., Iat. 46 47 N. Bourbon I' Archambeau, town of Fr, , in the dep, of Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois, in a bottomj near the river Allier. It is 15 ms. W. ol MouUns and 363 S. of Paris. Lon. 3 5 E,, lat, 46 35 N. Bourbonne-ks-Bains, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Upper Marne, and late province of Champagne, famous for its hot baths. It is 17 ms. E. of Lan- gres. Lon. 5 45 E., lat. 47 54 N. Bourbonnois, late province of Fr., bounded on the N. by Nivernois and Berry, on the W. by Berry and a small part of Marche, on the S. by Auvergne, and on the E. by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, fruit, pasture, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the dep. of Allier. Bourbon, co. of Ky,, between Ky, and Licking rivers, bounded SW. by Scott and Fayette, NW. by Harrison, NE. by Nicholas, and SE. by Mont gomery and Clarke, length 16 ms,, breadlh 11 ms. ; area 176 sq. rns. Surface rather hilly ; soil fertile. Chief town Paris. Pop. iu 1840, 14,478, Central lal. 38 30 N., lon. W. C. 7° W. Bourchemin, seignory, L. C. Richelieu co., 35 ras. E. from Montreal. Bourdeaux, ancient city of Fr., in the dep of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. Il is built in the form of a bow, of which the river Garonne is the string. This river is bordered by a large quay, and the water rises four yards al full tide ; for which reasons the largest vessels can come up to il very readily. The ancient city of Bourdeaux, though considerable in point of size, was ill built, badly paved, wilhout police or any of those muni cipal regulations indispensably requisite to render a cily splendid or elegant. It has entirely changed ils appearance within these last 40 years. The public edifices are very noble, and all the streets newly built are regular and handsome. The quays ure 4 ms. in length, and the river itself is consid erably broader than the Thames at London bridge. The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet remain, constructed under the Emperor Galienus, built ol brick ; likewise several aqueducts. It is 87 ros, S. of Rochelle and 335 SW. of Paris. Lon. 34' W., lat. 44 50 N. Bourdines, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Namur, 5 ms. NW. of Huy. Lon. 5° E., lat. 50 35 N. BOV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BOW Bourg, town of Fr,, lately in the province of Bresse, on the river Ressousse, 20 ms. SE. of Mn- ,on and 233 of Paris, Lon, 5 19 E,, lal, 46 1 1 N. Town of Fr,, lately in the province of Gui enne, now in the dep. of Gironde, wilh a good harbor on the Dordigne, near the point of land formed by the junction of that river with the Ga ronne, which is called the Bec-d'Ambez, ll is 15 ms. N. of Bourdeaux, Lon. 30' W., lat. 45 5 N. Town of the island of Cayenne, in S. Ameri ca. Lon, 52 50 W,, lal. 5 2 N. Bourganeuf, town of Fr,, lately in the province of Marche, now in the dep. of Creuse, on the riv er Taurion, 20 ms. NE, of Limoges and 200 S, of Paris. Lon. 1 35 E,, lat, 45 59 N. BoDBGEois, burgher, townsman, Sfc, from the German bourg, is a lerm very common in Euro pean history, and not very clearly definable. It signifies often the free and common citizens of a cily contradistinguished from the nobiUly. Bourges, ancient cily of Fr,, in the dep, of Cher, and late province of Berry, on the rfvers Aurou and Vevre, 25 ms, NW. of Nevers and 125 S. of Paris. Lon. 2 28 E,, lat, 47 5 N. Bourget, town of Savoy, on a lake of the same name, 6 ms. N, of Chamberry. Lon. 5 50 E., lat. 45 41 N. Bourg-la-Reine, a lown of Fr,, 1 league S. of Paris. Bourmont, lown of Fr,, in the dep, of Upper Marne, and lale province of Champagne, 32 ms, E, by N, of Chaumont. Lon, 5 43 E,, lal. 48 14 N. Bourn, town of Eng,, in Lincolnshire, near a spring called Bourn Well-head, from which proceeds a river that runs through the town. From Bourn is a navigable canal to Boston. It is 35 ms, S, of Lincoln and 97 N. ofLondon, Lon, 20' W., lal. 52 42 N. Bourneville, village, Ross co., O., 11 ms. west ward of Chillicothe, and 25 ms, eastward of Hills borough, in Highland co. Pop, 150. Bouro, island, in the Indian ocean, between the Moluccas and Celebes. It produces nutmegs and cloves, cocoa and banana trees, and many vegeta bles introduced by the Dutch. Bouro is 50 ms. in circumference. Lon. 127 35 E,, lat 3 30 S. Buurton-on-the-hill, village of Eng., in Glou cestershire, on the side of a hill, with a fine pros pect inlo Oxfordshire, It is 5 ms. from Stow and 30 from Gloucester. Bourton-on-the-water, village, 1 mile from the preceding place, watered by a river that rises near il, which here spreads 30 feet wide, and over which is a stone bridge. Adjoining to it is a Ro man camp, where coins and other antiquities are dug up. Boussac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Creuse, and late province of Marche, with a castle almost inaccessible, 35 ras. NE. of Gueret. Bouton, island in the Indian ocean, 12 ras. SE. of Celebes. The inhabitants are small, but well shaped, and of a dark olive coraplexion. Their religion is Mahometanism. Lon. 123 30 E., lat. 5° S. Boiva, a town of Naples, near the Appennines, 38 ms. SE. of Reggio. Lon. 16 30 E., Iat. 37 50 N. Bovignes, town of the kingdom of the Nethet- 21* lands, in Namur, on the river Meuse, 10 m». S. of Namur. Lon. 4 50 E., lat. 50 19 N. Bovina, tp. and post office, Delaware co,, N. Y, Pop, in 1820, 1,267. Village, Delawore CO., N. Y,, by postroad 179 ms. SW. from Albany. Bovino, lown of Naples, in Capilanata, at tho foot of the Appennines, 15 ms. NE. of Benevento. Lon. IS 15 E,, lat. 41 17 N. Bow, town of Eng,, in Devonshire, at the source of a river lhat falls into the Taw, 14 ms. NW. of Exeter and 188 W. by S. of London. Lon. 8 49 W., lat. 50 50 N. Bow, or Stratford le Bow, a considerable vil lage of Eng , ii^ Middlesex, 3 ms, ENE, of Lon don It is said that the bridge here, was the first stone one built in Eng,, and that, from its arches, it received the name of Bow. Bow, Tp,, Rockingham co,, N. H, Pop, in 1810, 729, in 1830, 935. Bowdoin, town, Lincoln co,, Maine, Pop, in 1810, 1,649, in 1820, 1,777. Bowdoinham, town, Lincoln co , Me. Pop. in 1810, 1,413, in 1820, 2,259. Bowerbank, town, in Penobscot co,. Me., near Sebee lake, 40 ras, NW. from Bangor. Boivers, village, Essex co , Va. Village, Southampton co,, Va , 61 ms, SE, from Richmond. Bower's Store, post office, Ashe co,, N. C, 170 ms,, NW. from Raleigh, Bowersville, village, Livingston co,, N. Y., 208 ms, W. f om Albany. Bowling Green, post office and seat of justice, Caroline co,, Va,, on Marrocossac creek, a branch of Mattapony river, 50 ms. N, from Richmond. Village and seat of justice, Warren co., Ky,, on Barren river, branch of Green river, 91 ms. NE, from Nashville, and 184 ms. SW. ftom Lexington, Ky. Tp,, Licking co., O. Pop. ia 1810, 379, in 1820, 479 Post ofiice, Ogle thorpe CO. Ga., about 75 ms. N. from Milledge. ville. Post office. Pike co., Mo. Bowman's Creek, po^t office, Montgomery CO., N. Y., 60 ms. NW. from Albany. Bowman's mountain, called the Bald moun tain, near the wesiern limits of Luzerne co., is a high, regular, barren range, whose average height may be 1,000 feet. This extends from the E, to the W, branches of the Susquehannah river, be tween which it appears to have no olher name than those mentioned, except that, in a small territory on the head of Fishing creek, the inha bitants call it the North mountain. Westward of the waters of the Susquehannah, it forms the main ridge ofthe Alleghany mounlains. It cros ses the E, branch of the Susquehannah, at fhe mouth of Tunkhannock and Bowman's creeks, and extending northeastwardly, it is called Tunk hannock mountain, and terminates in Susque hannah CO,, where it is called the Elk mountain. Bowman's Valley, lying on Bourn's creek, be tween Bowman's and Mahoopeny mountains, Luzerne co.. Pa., is not very populous, and the land generally poor. It is about 3 ms. wide, and 15 ms. long. The principal populalion is near the river. Bowyer's Bluff, precipice of limestone rock, forming the west point of Washington harbor, Green Bay, Lake Michigan, about 100 ms. SW. from Mackinaw. 161 BRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRA Bowyer, Fort, situated on Mobile point. This was merely a small water battery erected lo de fend the main pass into Mobile bay. Here, on September, 15, 1814, Major W. Lawrence, wilh a garrison of 158 men, repulsed an attack made by a British squadron, of which the Hennes of 28 guns was destroyed. The fort was invested by a land and naval force on the 8th of February, 1815, and surrendered to General Lambert by Major Lawrence, on the 10th of the same month, and on the ratification of peace was restored to the Uniled States. Bowersville, village, Southampton co , Va. Boxborough, tp., Middlesex co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 388, in 1820, 424. Boxford, tp., Essex co.. Mass , about 16 ras, W. of Newburyport. Town, Essex co,, Mass,, 15 ms, N. from Salem. Pop, in 1810, 880, in 1820, 906. Boxley, village of Eng,, in Kent, near Maid stone. Boxtel, town of Dutch Brabant, on the river Bommel, 8 ms, S. of Rios-Ie due, Lon. 5 15 E,, lat. 51 33 N. Boxthude, lown of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, seated on the brook which falls into the Elbe, 12 ms. SW. of Hamburg. Lon. 9 45 E,, lat. 53 26 N. Boyd's creek, village, Sevier co. Tenn. Boydstown, village and seat of justice, Meck- lenbergco,, Va. Boydsville, village, Davidson co , Tennessee, 57 ms, NW. from Murfreesborough and 20 from Nashville. Boyle, town, Ontario co N. Y. Boyle, or Abbey Boyle, borough of Ireland, Roscommon co. It is seated near Lake Key, 33 ms, N, of Roscommon. Boyleston, tp,, Worcester co. Mass. Pop. in IglO, 800, in 1820, 903. Boyleston, West, town, Worcester co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 633, in 1830, 886. Boyne, river of Ireland, which rises in Queen's CO., and runs by Trim and Cavan into the Irish channel below Drogheda, Boyolo, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, capital of a territory of the same name, subject to the House of Austria. It is 15 ms S"W". of Man tua. Lon. 10 35 E,, lat, 45 6 N. Bozra, lown. New London co.. Conn. Pop. in 1810, 960, in 1830, 1,803, Braan, river of Scotland, which, descending from the hills of Perthsshire E, by Loch Tay, falls into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling Bridge. Under an arch thrown over a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brabant, duchy of the kingdom of the Nether lands, bounded on the N, by Holland, on the NE. by Guelderland, on the E. by Liege, on the S. by Namur, and on the W. by Hainault, Flanders, and Zealand. Bracbiano, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, on a lake of the same name, 13 ms. N W. of Rome. There are some celebrated baths to the west of the town. Lon. 13 34 E., lat. 42° N. Braceville, town, Trumbull co., 0. Pop. in 1830, 380. 163 Bhachmait, or Bramtn, from Brahma, priests of India, or followers of the Supreme God. The lille is generic, as these priests are divided ia several orders, and like all other associations of mankind, differ in moral character, from austere virtue, to the most abandoned dissoluteness of manners. Brahm, as explained by Webster, " Broum, Piromis-Gothic, Frum, original mean ing " beginning," Is not the English word from, derived from the same root 1 Richardson in his Dictionary answers in the affirmative. See Brahmin sect. Bracken, co,, Ky , bounded by the Ohio river NE., by Mason SE,, by Harrison S. and SW,, and by Pendleton W.; length 23, mean breath 13 ms., area 264 sq, ra>„, surface hilly, and soil productive. Staples, grain, flour, tobacco, and salted provisions. Chief town, Augusta. Pop, in 1830, 5,380, and in 1840, 7,053. Central lat. 38 45 N., lon W. C. 6. 0 W. Braceville, village, westernmost of Trumbull, co. Ohio, 8 ms. westward of Warren, Pop, 700 in the tp. of same name Bracklaw, strong town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 85 ms, E ofKaminieck, Lon. 28 30 E., lat, 48 49 N, Brackley, borough of Eng,, in Northampton shire, on the river Ouse, 18 ms, S. of Norlh- amption, and 64 NW, ofLondon, Lon, 1 10 "W,, lat, 52 2 N. Braddock's field, 8 ms, from Pittsburg, on Turtle creek, Alleghany to,. Pa. Here July, 1,755, the Brilish and Provincial army was de. feated by the French and Indians. General Brad- dock was mortally wounded, and died shortly after. It was here the military talents of Geo. Washington, then a Provincial major, were first conspicuously displayed. Braddock's bay, N, Y., S. side of Lake Onta rio, at the mouth of Solomon creek, 8 ms. W. from Genesee river. Bradsley, or Badsley, village of Eng,, near Broomsgrove, in Worcesiershire. Bradjield, town of Eng,, in Essex, 16 ms, N. of Chelmsford. Lon. 0 20 E., lat. 51 58 N, Bradford, town of Eng., in Wilts. It is the centre of the greatest manufacture of superfine cloths in Eng., which it shares with the surround ing towns of Trowbridge, Melksham, Corsham, and Chippenham. It is seated on the .ivon, 11 ma. W. of Devizes, and 102 of London. Lon. 3 20 W., lat. 51 20 N. Town of Eng , in the "W, tiding of Yorkshire. It is seated on a branch of the Ayre, 36 ms, SW. of York, and 193 NNW. of London, and has a trade in shalloons, everlastings, <&c., which are made in the neigh borhood. Lon. 1 40 W., lat. 53 49 N, Town, Merrimack co., N. H., 20 ms "W. from Concord, Pop. in 1810, 1,034; in 1820, 1,318. Vil lage, Orange co., Vt., 55 ms. SE. from Monlpe lier. Town, Essex co., Mass., on the right bank of the Merrimack, opposite Haverhill. Pop. in 1810, 1,369; in 1830, 1,600. Bradford, East, tp., in Chester co., Penn. Pop. in 1810, 1,003; in 1820, 1,317. Bradford, Wesi, tp., Chester co., Penn. Pop. in 1810, 1,219; in 1830, 1,739. Bradford, co. of Penn., on both sides of the Susquehannah river, bounded N. by the state of BRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRA N. Y., E. by Susquehannah co., SE. by Luzerne, SW. by Lycoming, and W. by Tioga; length, 38 ms. ; mean width, 35 ; area, 1,330 sq. ms. ; features hilly and rocky, and soil varied. On the Susquehannah, and other streams, large bodies of first-rate alluvial soil exists, but extensive tracts of broken and poor land spread between the water courses. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, salted provisions, live slock, and lumber. Pop, in 1830, 11,564; in 1840, 32,769. Chief towns Tioga and Meansville. Cll. lat. 41 45, Lon. W. C. 30' E. Village, on Ohio river, Sciota co,, Ohio, 1 m. below, ond on the opposite side of Sciota river from Portsmouth, the co, seat, Brady, and Eastown Grant, tp., Oxford co,, Maine,' Pop. in 1820, 8. Bradley's vale, lown of Vt., Caledonia co., on the waters of Ihe Possampsick liver, 40 ms. NE, of Monlpelier. Bradleysmlle, village of Litchfield co. Post office, Sumpler district, S, C, 62 ms, E. from Columbia. Brae-Mar, fertile vale in Aberdeenshire, Scot land, surrounded by rugged precipices. It is 27 ms. NW. of .\bordeen, Braga, town of Portugal, capital of Enlre-Min- hoee-Douero, seated on the river Cavado, 180 ms. N. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 29 W., lat. 41 42 N. Braganza, capital of the duchy of Braganza, in Portugal, on Ihe Sabor, 33 ms. NW. of Mi randa. Lon. 6 30 W., lat. 42 2 N. Bbahmi», a sect or body of men in Indostan, who do not admit description by the use of any terms known to European languages. They are neither priests or monks in any meaning attached to those terms. In their first or preparatory state, the Bramins are called Bramachari ; this is their preparatory condition. Their second slale is Gri- hastha, which is complete when he is married and has children ; marriage without children does not complete the tiile of Brahmin. Similar to all ex clusives they pretend to a purity far beyond their praclice. Like all other pretended exclusives, they are artful impostors. The Hindoo character, sim ilar to all olher oppressed nations, is that of artful disguise, which has its extreme in the Brahmin. Braila, town of Turkey in Europe, in Wa- lachia, on the Danube. Brailow, town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 50 ins. NW, of Bracklaw. Lon. 28° E., lat. 49 13 N. Brain le Comte, town of Hainault, 15 ms. SW, of Brussels. Lon. 4 6 E., lat. 50 41 N. Brainerd, chief station of the American Board of Commissioners, in the Cherokee nation, situ ate on Chickamaugah branch of Tennessee, about 146 ms. WSW. from Knoxville. Brainard's bridge, village in Nassau, SE. part of Rensselaer co., N. Y., 16 ms. from Albany. Braintree, town of Eng., in Essex, 13 ras, N. of Chelmsford, and 41 NE. of London, Lon, 40 E., lat 61 65 N. Tp. Norfolk co., Mass., 8 ms. from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,357, in 1830, 466.- — Tp,, Orange CO., Vt., on Third Branch, creek of While river. Braintree, New. See New Braintree. Braintrem, town, Luzerne co., Penn., on the SW. side of the river Susquehannah. Brakel, lown of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, seated on the rivulet Brught, 13 ms. E. of Paderborn. Lon. 9 12 E., lat,, 51 46 N, Bralio, mountain ofthe Alps, in the country of the Grisons, which separates the valley of Mons ter from the co, of Bormio. Bramant, town of Savoy, on the river Arck, 35 ms. NW. of Turin. Lon. 7 5 E., lat. 45 23 N. Bramber, borough in Eng., in Sussex, 47 ms. S. by W. of London. Lon. 0 12 W., lat. 50 52 N. Brampton, town, of Eng., in Cumberland, on the river Itshin, near the Picts Wall. It is 8 ms., NE. of Cariisle, and 311 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 40 W., lal. 54 58 N. Village of Eng., in Herefordshire, 1 mile S. of Ross. Brancaster, village of Eng,, in Norfolk, the ancient Branodunum, a considerable Roman city, where ancient coins have been frequently dug up. Branchon, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Namur, on the river Mehaigne, 8 ms. N. of Namur. Lon. 4. 40 E., lat., 50 36 N. Branchtown, village, Philadelphia co., Pa. Branchville, village, Sussex co., N. J., 80 ms. N. from Trenton. Brandets, town of Bohemia, on the river Elbe, 10 ms. NE. of Prague. Lon. 14 45 E., lat. 50 15 N. Brandenbitrgh, country of Germany, bounded on the N. by Pomerania and Mecklenburg ; on the E. by Poland, on the S. by Silesia, Lusalia, Up per Saxony, and Magdeburg ; and on the W. by Lunenburg. It is divided inlo five principal parts ; the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the Middle Marche, Uncker Marche, and the New Marche. Berlin is the capital ; and the principal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The greatest part of the inhabitants are Lutherans, but the Roman fJatholics are tolerated. Though the title Prussia, given to the monarchy of that name, comes from a province of Poland, yet the real foundation of this State was Brandenburg. See Prussia. — — Town of Germany, divided into the Old and New Town, by the Havel, which sepa rates the fort from both. It is 26 ms. W. of Ber lin. Lon. 14 5 E. lat., 52 45 N. Brandon, village of Eng., in Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a ferry at a mile's distance. It is 12 ms., N. of Bury. .Town, Rutland co., Vt., 1 6 ms. N. of Rutland, on Otter creek. Pop. 1,400. Brandy Pots, islands in the St. Lawrence river, about 100 ms. below Quebec, and nearly opposite the mouth of Saguenai river. Brandywine, a considerable stream which rises in Chester co.. Pa., and empties into the Dela ware river, in the State of Delaware. It is dis tinguished for the numerous merchant mills erected near its mouth. These mills are employed in the manufacture of flour, gunpowder, and pa per. The commercial facilities, to and from these mills, add much to their value. The commodi ties are shipped from the mill houses. The water power is so immense as to admit indefinite increase of the manufacturing establishments. Brandywine Manor, village, Chester co.. Pa. 30 ms. W. from Philadelphia. Brandywine, tp., Chester co., Pa. Pop. in 163 BRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICJ lONARY, BRE 1810, 1,257, in 1820, 1,431. tp., IJew Casile, CO., Del. Pop. in 1810, 2,375, in 1830, 3,796. Brandywine Mills, town in Boston tp.. Portage «o., 0., about 35 ms. northwestward of Ravenna, the county seat, and 15 ms. northwards of Massillon. Branford, town. New Haven co.. Conn. Pop. in 1810, 1,933, in 1820, 2,330. Brantrem, village, Luzerne, co.. Pa., on the Susquehannah, 50 ms, above Wilkesbarre. Pop. 635. Brant's village, on Grand river, U. C. Branska, town of Transylvania, on the river Merish, 35 ms. S. of Weissemburg. Iion. 34 1 6 E., lat. 46° N. Brassa, one of the Shetland islands, where is the noted Brassa sound, in which 1,000 sail may at once find commodious mooring, Brassa sound is in Iat, 60 10 N, Braasaw, or Cronstadt, strong town of Tran sylvania, on the river Burczel, 50 ms, E. by N. of Hermanstadt. Lon, 35 55 E., Iat. 46 35 N. Brasil, an extensive couniry of South Ameri ca, claimed and in part possessed by Portugal. It extends along the Atlantic ocean from Cape Or ange, lat. 4° N. to near lat. 33° S., and from Cape St. Rocquo, lon. AV. C. 44° E , to the mouth ofthe Javery river, lon. W. C. 5° E , ex tending through 39° of lat. It is bounded NE, by the Atlantic ocean, N, by Guayana and Colom bia, NW. by Colombia, SW. by Peru and the United Provinces of La Plata, and SE. and E. by the Atlantic ocean. Itis intersected by a chain of mountains ranging along the Atlantic coast from S. lat. 10 to 30° The aspect of a country of such vast extent must present an indefinite variety of surface and soil. Brasil is, however, in general, rather plain than mouniainous. The Ainazjn, with its numerous branches, waters and fertilizes these Immense regions, affording the most exten sive tracts of productive soil in one connected body ever united under one sovereignly. The Brasils is about 3,500 ms. in length and breadth, wilh an area of about 3,000,000 ofsq. ms. It is very dif ficult to fix its population — supposed to be about 3,000,000, independent ofthe aborigines not sub ject or tributary to the Crown cf Portugal. Il is divided into the captain generalships of Rio Grand, St. Paul's, Minas Ceraes, Janeiro, Bahia, Per nambuco, Ceara, Maranham, Grand Para, Malta- grosso, and Goias, Il would be needless to enu merate the productions of Brasil, either mineral or vegetable ; it is sufficient to observe that in both kingdoms the objects are almost commensurate wilh all that can administer lo the wants, com forts, or luxury of human beings. Form of gov ernment, monarchical ; chief magistrate styled em peror. See art, America, p, 53. ¦ Brassos a Dios, river of Texas, in the inlend- ency of St, Louis Potosi. The sources of the Bressos are not correctly known, but are supposed to be south of Red river, about N. Iat. 33° and W. lon, W, C. 39°- The lengih of this river exceeds 400 ms, ; the country near its source is mostly prairie, with narrow borders of woods along along the banks of the river and some of ils bran ches. The quantity of water at its moulh is gen erally reported to be about 10 or 13 feet. Brattleboro, town, Vt,, in Windham co,, on Whetstone creek, 33 ms E. from Bennington. 164 Brattleborough, village, Windham co., Vt., on the W. side of ^Connecticut river, 36 ins. E, of Bennington, 9 S. of Pultney. Pop. 3,000. Brattonville, village. Prince William co., Va,, 35 ms. SW. from W. C. Braubach, town of Germany, in Weleravia, wilh a castle, seated on the Rhine, 8 ms. 8. of Coblentz. Braunaw, town of Germany, in lower Bavaria, seated on the river Kiun, 35 ms. SW. of Paus- sau. Lon. 13 3 E., lat. 48 ION. Braunsburg, town of Poland, in New Prussia, with a commodious harbor, sealed near tho Baltic, 50 ms. E. of Dantzic. Lon. 30 6 E., lat. 54, 23 N, Braunfeld, town of Germany, in the co, of Soims, wilh a handsome palace, 36 ms. N. by W. of Frankfort, Lon, 8 33 E,, lat. 50 31 N. Brava, town of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, with a pretly good harbor. It is 80 ms, from Magadoxo, Lon. 43 25 E., lat. 1 30 N. Bravo, one of the Capo de Verd islands, re markable for excellent wine, and inhabited by the Portuguese. Lon. 34 59 W., lot. 14 53 N. Bray, seaport of Ireland, in the co, of Wick low, seated on St, George's channel, 10 ms. S. of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W., Iat. 53 UN. Village of Eng., in Berkshire, on the Thames, one mile S. of Maidenhead. Brazza, town and island on the coast of Dal matia, in the Gulf of Venice, opposite Spalatro, and subject to Venice. Lon. 17 35 E., lat. 43 50 N. Brechin, borough of Scotland, in Angusshire, washed by the river Southesk, over which there is a stone bridge of two largo arches. It lies at 8 ms. distance from Montrose, and the tide flows within two miles of the town. It is 70 ms. NB, of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 18 E,, Iat. 56 40 N. Breckenridge, co. Ky., bounded by the Ohio river NW., by Hardin E. and SE., by Grayson S., and by Ohio and Daviess SW.; length 38 ms., mean width 30 ; area 760 sq- ms. ; surface broken, and soil generally productive. Staples grain, flour, tobacco, and salted provisions. Chief town Hardenslmrg, Pop, 1830, 7,485. Cent. Iat. 37 50, lon. "W . C. 9 30 W, Brecknock, or Brecon, the capilal of Brecknock shire, Wales, called by the Welsh Abber-Hond- dey, and seated at the confluence of the Honddey and Usk, -34 ms, NW. of Monmouth, and 162 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 32 W,, lat, 51 54 N. Brecknock, tp,, Berks co,, Pa. Pop. in 1810, 495; in 1830, 536 Tp., Lancaster co,. Pa, Pop. in ISIO, 890; in 1830, 1,063. Brecknockshire, co. of Soulh Wales, 39 ms in length and 27 in breadth; area 731 sq. nis,; bounded on the E, by Herefordshire and Mon mouthshire, on the S. by Glamorganshire, on the W. by Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire, and on the N, by Radnorshire. It is full of mounlains, some of which are exceedingly high, parlicularly Monuchdenny Hill, not far from Brecknock ; bul there are large fertile plains and valleys, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Usk. Pop. in 1801, 31,633; in 1811, 37,735; and in 1821, 43,613,' Pop. lo the sq, m,, 60. BRE tiEOGRAPHICAL DICTION, \RY. BRE Breda, cily of Brabant, large, populous, and well built. It is sealed on the rivor Meek, in a marshy country, which may bo ovetflowed and rendered inaccessiblo to an army. It is 22 ms W, by S. of Bois-le-duc, 25 NNE, of Antwerp, and 60 S. of .\msterdam. Lon, 4 50 E lal, 51 35 N. Bregentz, town of fiermany, capilal of a co. of the same name, in the Tyrol. It is sealed on the lake of Constance, 70 ms. NE. of Appenzel, Lon. 9 46 E,, lat, 47 2/ N. Brehar, the most mountainous of the Scilly islands, 30 ras. W. of the Land's End, Lon. 6 42 W., lal, 50 2 N, Brele, river of Fr,, which divides the dep, of Lovver Seine from that of Soramc, and, watering Eu, enters the English channel. Bremgarten, town of Swisserland, in the free lower bailiwics, watered by the Reuss, between the cantons of Zuric and Bern. The inhabilanls deal chiefly in paper, and are Roman Catholics, ft is divided inlo the Upper and Lower Town, has a handsome bridge over the Reuss, aud is 10 ms. W, of Zuric, Lon, 8 17 E,, lat, 47 20 N, Bremen, considerable lown of Germany, capilal of a duchy of the same name, with an archbishop's see, which is secularised. It is divided, by the Weser, into the Old and New Town, It is 22 ms, E. of Oldenburg, 60 southwesterly from Hamburg, and 60 NW. from Hanover. Lon. 8 48 E., lat! 53 6 N. Duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lovver Saxony, lying between the Weser and the Elbe, of which Ihe former separates it from Olden burg, and the olher from Holstein, The air is cold, but ihe country is fertile and well peopled. The territory of Bremen embraces about 62 English sq, ms. The entire populalion is 50,000, of which the city contains 38 or 39,000, Bremenwoerd, town of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen, 27 ms, N. of Bremen. Lon. 8 45 E lat. 53 33 N. '' Brent, town of Eng,, in Devonshire, 200 ms. ' W. by S, of London. Lon. 4 2 E , lat, 50 33 N, River of Eng,, in Somersetshire, which rises in Sclwood Forest, on the edge of Wilts, and falls into Bridgewaler bay, Brente, river which rises in the bishopric of Trent, and falls into the Gulf of Venice, opposite that city, Brentford, town of Eng,, in Middlesex, It is seated on the Thames, into which, at ihe W. end ofthe town, flows a rivulet called tho Brent, It is divided into Old and New Brentford, 7 ms, W, of London, Lon. 10' W., lal. 51 26 N, Tp., Rockingham co., N, H,, 15 ms. W. from Porls- mouth. Pop. in 1810, 905; in 1820, 892, Brentsville, village, Prince William co, Va 35 ras, SW. from W. C, ' Brentwood, lown of Eng,, in Esse,\-. It stands on a fine eminence, 11 ms, WSW, of Chelmsford and 18 ENE, ofLondon, Lon, 25' E,, lat, 51 36 ^; Town, Rockingham co,, N, H,, 33 ms, SE. from Concord. Brescia, town of Italy, capilal of Bresciano, on the Garza, 95 ms. W, of Venice. Lon. 10 5 E Iat, 46 61 N, ' Bresciano, province of Italy, in the territory of Venice; bounded on the N, by the country ofthe Grisons and the bishopric of Trent; on the E,, by | Lake Garda, Ihe VemiieKC, and Ihc MiiiiUluii ; on Ihc S, by the Mantuan and the (Jremoiu',so ; ond on the W. by Crcmasco, Bergamo, and the Valteline, It is watered by several small rivers, and is full of towns and villages, of which Brescia is the^capilal. Bresellow, lown of Ilaly, in the Modenese, on the river Po, 27 ms, N W, of Modena. Lon. 10 41 E,, lat, 44 50 N, Breslaw, large, rich, and populous lown of Ger many, capital of Silesia, with a bishop's see and ii university. It is seated al the conflux ofthe Oder and Ola, The royal palace was obtained by Ihc Jesuits, where they founded a univuisity in 1700. The two principal churches belong to the prolcst- ants ; near one of which stands the buildings ap pertaining lo the university of that city. It is 1 13 ms, NE, of Prague, and 106 N, of Vienna, Lon 17 8 E,, lat, 51 3 N. Bresse, lal? province of Fr,, which now forms the dep, of Ain, It is bounded on the n! by Bur gundy and Franche Comte, on the E. by Savoy, on the S. by the Viennois, and on the W. by the LyRnnois, Bres.iici, or Brzesk, ihc capilal of Poletia, in Poland, on the river Bog, 100 ms. E, of Warsaw, It is a fortified town, and has a castle built upon a rock. Here is a synagogue, resorted to by the Jews from all the countries of Europe. Lou 34 6 E,, lal. 62 4 N. Bressuirc, town of Fr., lately in the province of Poitou, now included in Ihe dep. ofthe Two Sevrc,-^, Breit, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Finisterre and late province of Brittany, wilh a cattle seated on a craggy rock by the sea side. The sticcis are nar row, crooked, and all upon a declivity. The quay IS above a mile in length. This is the best port in Fr|, and has every accommodation for the navy It IS 30 ms. SE. of Moriaix, and 325 W. of Paris" Lon. 4 30 W., Iat, 48 22 N, Bretagny, or Brittany, lale province of Fr. 150 m,«. m length, and 1 12 in breadth. It is sur' rounded by the ocean, except on the E. where it is united to Anjou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou, Ihe air is temperate, and it has large forests. It now forms the dep, of the N. ciast, Finisterre, Isle and Villaino, Lower Loire, and Morbinan. Breteuil, town of Fr,, in the dep of Lower Seme, and late province of Normandy, seated on the lion, 16 ms, SW, of Evreux, and 65 W ol Pans, Lon. 1°E,, Iat. 48 56 N, ..^'^'"iT^o^?^''"'''""^ "'' ^- A "'erica, between 45 and 47° N. lat , separated from Nova Scotia bv a narrow strait called Canso, and is 100 ms in length, and 50 in breadlh. It is a barren country subject to fogs throughout the year, and covered with snow in the winter. There is an excellent fishery on this coast. It was confirmed to Eng by treaty m ]763.-See Louisbourg. 'Breton island of Louisiana, or rather Iwo small islands lying SW. from the Grand Gosicr, There IS a cbaiinel containing 12 feet water between the islands of Grand Gosier and Breton island, and another SW^ ofthe latter, leading intoChandeleur bay, with 18 feet water. N. lat. 29 26 W„ Ion W. C. 2 20. Bretton Woods, tp, in Coos co,, N. H Pod in 1810, 12; in 1820, 19. ^' Brevordt, lown of Guelderland, 24 ms, SE. of Zutphen, Lon. 6 25 E , lal 52 3 N. 165 BRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRI Brewer, village, Hancock co,. Me-, 130 ms. NE. from Portland. Brewer's Haven, good harbor on the N. end of the island of Chiloe, on the coast of Chili. Lon. 71° W , lat. 43 30 S, Brewers, town, Penobscot co., Me. Pop, in 1830, 744 Brewer's Lagoon, on the coast of Honduras, to the NW. of Cape Gracios a Dios. Lon. W. C. 7 40 W., lat, 15 48 N. Brewood, town of Eng,, in Staffordshire, 10 ms. S. by VV. of Stafford, and 130 NW. ofLon don. Lon. 3 5 W., Iat. 53 43 N. Brewster, town, Barnstable co , Mass., 16 ms. E. from Barnstable. Pop, in 1810, 1,112; in 1820, 1,285. Erey, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, 14 ms. N. of Maestrichl. Lon. 5 39 E., 51 4N. Briangtm, town of Fr, , in the dep. of Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, with a castle sealed on a craggy rock. Il is remarkable for the manna gathered in its neighborhood, which at first appears on the leaves and small branches of a sort of pine tree ; but they make incisions into the bark, to get larger quantities It has a noble bridge over the Durance, and had a handsome church ; it is 17 ms, NW. of Embrun. Lon. 6 25 E., lat. 44 46 N. Briaire, town of Fr., in the dep. of Loiret, and late province of Orleannois, seated on the Loire, and remarkable for a canal of communication between that river and the Seine. It is 35 ms. SE. of Or leans, and 88 S. of Paris. Lon, 3 47 E., lat. 47 40 N. Briar Creek, tp,, Columbia co.. Pa, Pop, in 1820, 1,719. Sraall branch of Savannah river, which it joins between Augusta and Savannah. Briceland Cross Roads, post office, Washington CO., Pa. ' Brick Meeting House, post office, Cecil co., Md, Bricksville, tp,, Cuyahoga co., 0. Pop, in 1820, 315, Bricksville, or Brecksville more correctly, though the former is the name in the post-office list, is one ofthe southeasternmost tp's of theco,, and is trav ersed by the Cuyahoga river and Ohio canal. The ¦ village of Bricksville is 13 ms, S. of Cleveland, and 20 ras, a Httle W. of N. from Akron. Bridge Branch, post-office, Sussex co., Del., 53 ms. S. from Dovei". Brigend, town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Ogmore, which divides it into two parts, joined by a stone bridge. It is 7 ms. W. by N, of Cowbridge, and 178 W. ofLondon. Lon. 3 38 W,, lat 51 30 N. Bridgehampton,, village, Suffolk co., N, Y., at the NE, end of Long Island. Bridgenorth, horougb. of Eng., in Shropshire, on the Severn, which divides it into the Upper and Lower lown, joined by a stone bridge. It is 20 ms. \V. by N. of Birmingham, and 139 NW. of London. Lon. 2 28 W., lal. 52 36 N. Bridgeport, town, Fairfield co , Ct , on Long Island sound, on the E. side of Sasco river, oppo site to Fairfield, 10 ms. SW, of Stratford, and 10 NE. of Norwalk. Borough of Pa,, on the Mo nongahela river, at the mouth of Dunlap's creek, Favelte co. It is separated from Brownsville by a 166 bridge over Dunlap's creek. Pop. in 1830, 624. Village, Harrison co , Va,, 300 ms. NW. from Richmond Village, Belmont co., 0,, oh Ohio river, opposile Wheeling cily, and at the mouth of Indian or Western Wheeling creek. The village extends above half a mile along the creek and national road ; distant from Wheeling 1 m., St. Clairsville 10, Zanesville 73, and Columbus 126, Bridgton, town, Cumberland co.. Me., 30 ms. NW. from Portland. Pop. in 1810, 882; in 1820, 1,160. Bridgeton, principal lown in Cumberland en., N. J,, 18 ms SE. by S. of Salem, 40 ms. SSE, from Philadelphia, and 186 ms from Washington. It is the capital town of the co., has a court-huuse and jail, and is a port of entry for the dislrict of W, Jersey. It is situated on the Cohansic creek, which is navigable for vessels of 100 tons, to tbe town. It contains 1,500 inhabitants, has a post office, and several manufacturing establishments. The tonnage, in 1815, amounted to 1,600 tons. N. Iat. 39 24, lon. W, C. 1 47 E. Bridgetown, capital of the island of Barbadoes, in the inmost part of Carlisle bay. The streets are broad, and the houses well built and finished. The wharves and quays are convenient Lon. W, C. 26 24 E., lat. 13 5 N. Village, Grafton co., N. H,, on the Merrimack, 36 ms. above Concord. Village, Queen Anne co., Md., on the W. side of Tuckahoe creek, 8 ms. E. from Centreville. — =— Village, Kent co., Md,, on the N. side of Chester river, 30 ms. above Chester. Bridgeville, village, Muskingum co , 0., 8J ms eastward of Zanesville, and 3^ westward of Nor wich. Bridgewaler, borough of Eng , in Somerset shire, on the river Parrel, over which is a stone bridge, and near it ships of 100 tons burden may ride. It is 8 ms. S. of the Bristol channel, 31 SSW. of Bristol, and 137 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 10 W., lat. 51 7 N. Tp , Grafton co., N. H,, on the Merrimack. Pop. in 1810, 1,104; in 1830, 737. Village, Windsor co,, Vt., 17 ms. NW. from Windsor. Tp , Plymouth co., Mass, 22 ms. S. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 5,157; in 1830, 5,670. Town, Oneida co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,533, Tp,, Somerset co., N. J. Pop. in 1810, 2,906; in 1820, 3,147, Tp., Susquehannah co.. Pa Pop. in 1820, 1,994. Village, Ijuzerne co. Pa. Bridlington, or Burlington, seaport of Eng, in the east riding of Yorkshire, on a creek near Flam- borough-head, with a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good trade, 36 ms. N. of Hull, and 208 ofLondon. Lan. 5' W , Iat. 54 8 N. Bridport, borough of Eng., in Dorselshire, be tween two rivers, and had once a harbor, which is now choked up with sand. It is 12 ms. W. of Dorchester, and 136 W. by S, of London. Lon, 2 52 W., lat. 50 42 N. Town, Addisiyi co., \'l , on Lake Champlain, near Crown Poinl, 15 ms, S. from Vergennes. Brieg, handsome lown of Silesia, capital of a territory of the same name, with a college, and an academy for the nobility. It is seated on the Oder, 20 ms. SE. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E., lal. 50 50 N. Briel, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, capilal of the island of Voorn, seated at the moulh BRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRI of the Maese, 13 ms. SW. of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 23 E., lat. 51 50 N. Brientz, lake of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, three leagues long, and one broad. The Aar runs through the whole extent of this lake, and unites it to lhat of Thun. Brier Creek, post-office, Wilkes co., N, C, 180 ms. NW, by W. from Raleigh. Brieux, St., town of Fr., in the dep, of the Norlh Coast, and late province of Brittany, wilh a good harbor. It is seated near the English chan nel, 50 ms., NW, of Rennes, Lon. 2 38 W , lat. 48 31 N. Briey, town of Fr , now in the dep. of Moselle, lately in the province of Lorraine, seated near the river Manse, 30 ms. NE. of St. Michael. Brigg. — See Gland fordbridge. Bright's Comer, village, Cumberland co,, Me,, 36 ms. frora Portland. Brightelmston, or Brighton, seaport of Eng., in Sussex. It is the station of the packet-boats to and from Dieppe, and is 50 ms. S. of London, and 74 NW. of Dieppe. Lon. 6' E,, lal. 50 53 N. Bright Hope, post office. Green co., Tenn., 200 ms. E. from Murfreesborough. Brigliton, town, Middlesex co., Mass., 5 ms. W. from Boston. It is the cattle market of Bos ton Tp., Middlesex co., Mass. Pop, in 1810, 608; in 1820, 702, Town, .Monroe, CO,, N. Y., immediately contiguous lo, and SE, from Ro chester, Town, Beaver co, , Pa., on Beaver river, 5 ms. above Beavertown. Village, Har mony tp., Clark CO., O,, to the eastward of Spring field. One of the wesiern tps. of Lorain co., 0., with a post village about 23 or 24 ras. SSW. of Elyria. Brightstown, village, Crawford co., Pa. Brignolles, town of Fr., in the dep. of Var, and lale province of Provence, famous for its prunes. It is sealed among mounlains, in a pleasant coun try, 325 ms, SSE, of Paris. Lon, 6 15 E,, lat. 43 34 N. Brihuega, town of Spain, in New Castile, seated at the foot of the mountain Tajuna, 43 ms. NE. of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W., lat. 40 50 N. Brimfield, lown, Hampden co., Mass. Pop. in 1830, 1,613. Villogein tp. of samename. Por tage CO., 0., 8 ms. SW. of Ravenna, 'and 10 ras NE, by E. of ."Vkron, on the road leading thence to Pittsburg. Brimfield, S., tp., Hampden co., Mass. Pop in 1830, 683. Brimpfield, village of Eng., in Gloucestershire, at the sources of the river Stroud, where are the foundations nf a castle long destroyed. It has also a nunnery. It is 7 ms. SE. of Gloucester. Brindiri, ancient Brundusium, seaport of Na pies, in Otranto, wilh an archbishop's see and a fortress. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, 32 ms, E. of Tarento. Lon. 18 15 E., lat. 40 45 N, Breengei's Farm, post-office, on the left bank of the Mississippi, 5 ms. below Donaldsonville, and 75 above New Orleans. Brinkleymlle, village Hahfax co,, N. C, 85 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Brinn, town of Moravia, where the assembly of the States meet. It is seated at the confluence of the Zwitla and Swart, 53 ms. N. of Vienna, and 27 SW. of Olmulz. Lon. 16 40 E,, lat, 49 6 N. Brioude, in France, the name of two towns, a mile distant from each other, now in the depart ment of Upper Loire, lately in the province ol Vp- lay. Old Brioude is seated on the river Allier, over which is a bridge of one arch, whose diameter is 173 feel. It is 16 ms. S, of Issoire, and 235 S. by E of Paris, Lon, 3 50 E,, Iat, 45 16 N, Briqueras, lown of Piedmont, in Ihe valley of Lucerne, 3 ms, from the lown of that name. Lon. 7 34 E,, lat. 44 56 N. Brisach, Old, town of Suabia, once the capital of Brisgau, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge of boats, 35 ms. S. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 49 E,, lal. 48 3 N, Brisach, New, fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, and lale province of Alsace, It is built opposile Old Brisacb, about a raile from the Rhine, and 23 S. of Strasburg, Lon. 7 40 E., lat. 48 5 N. Brisgau, territory of Suabia, on the S. side of the Rhine, which separates it from the department of Upper Rhine. Brissac, lown of France, in the department of, Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, seated on the river Aubeflce, 13 ms, S. of Angers. Lon. 0 37 W., Iat 47 20 N. Bristol, city and seaport of Eng. , in Gloucester shire and Somersetshire, to which last co, il was accounted to belong before il formed a separate ju risdiction. In wealth, trade, and population, it was long reckoned the second in this kingdom, but is now greatly exceeded by Liverpool. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon wilh the Frome, 10 ms. from the influx of the Avon inlo the Severn. Bristol has a prodigious trade, for it is reckoned that hence 2,000 ships sail yearly. The tide, rising to a great height in these narrow rivers, brings vessels of considerable burden to the quay. But the largest ships are discharged at Kingroad, 4 ms. below the city, and the goods are brought to the quay by lighters. There are some considerable woolen manufactures, and no less than 1 6 glass-houses, and a sugar refinery, which is one of its principal manufactures. For supply ing the city wilh water, there are 6 public con duits. It has 18 churches beside the cathedral, a bridge over the Avon, a cuslom-house, and an ex change. The Hot Well, about a mile from the town, on the side of the Avon, is much resorted to. It is of great purity, and has obtained a high reputation in consumptive cases. In St. Vincent's Rock, above this well, are found those native crys tals, so well known under the name of Bristol stones. Besides this well, there is a cold spring which gushes out of a rock on the side of a river that supplies the cold bath. Here are used sledges instead of carls, because the vaults and common sewers would be injured by them. Bristol is gov erned "Dy a mayor. It is 13 ms. WNW. of Bath, 34 SSW. of Gloucester, and 134 W. of London. Lon. 2 36 W. lat. 51 38 N. Bristol, town Lincoln co.. Me., on Booth bay, 13 ms. SE. of Wiscasset, and 300 NE. of Boston. Tp. Lincoln co. Me. Pop. 1810, 3,753, in 1820, 3,946. Town Grafton co,, N. H. Pop. 1830, 675. Town Hartford co.. Conn. Pop. 1810, 1,438, in 1830, 1,363. Co. Mass., bounded N. by Norfolk, E. by Plymouth, SE. by Buzzard's bay, and W, by Rhode Island ; length 167 BRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRO 35, mean width 17 ms., area 600 sq. ms. It is generally level, though some parts are hilly ; soil of middling quality. Chief town Taunton. Pop. 1830, 40,908, in 1830, 49,593, and in 1840. 60,164, Cental lat. 41 45, lon. 6° E, W, C, Co, R, L, bounded N. and NE. by Mass,, W. by Narraganselt bay, E. by Mount Hope bay ; length 10 ms., mean width 4, area 40 sq. ms. ; soil in general rocky, but productive ; surface hilly, and very pleasantly diversified. Chief town Bristol, Pop. 1820, 5,637, in 1830, 5,446, and in 1840, 6,476. Central lal. 41 44, lon W. C. 5 45 E, Tp, Bristol co., R, L, including Bri,stol village. Pop. 1810, 2,693, in IS20, 3,197. Seaport and village, capilal of Bristol CO., R. I., 13 ms. N. from Newport, and 15 S. from Providence. The site of this town is in a high degree pleasant, on a point of land between Taunton tiver and Narraganselt bay. Il is a place of considerable commerce; the shipping in 1816 exceeded 6,900 tons, and its present pop. 2,700, in 1840, 3,490. Town Ontario co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 2,429. Borough and village Bucks CO., Pa., on the Delaware river, nearly opposite Burlington, N. J., 30 ms. .above Philadelphia, and 13 below Trenton. Pop. 1810, 638, in 1820, 908. Tp. Philadelphia co.. Pa, Pop. 1810, 965, in 1820, 1,257, Town Bucks co,. Pa, Pop. 1810, 1,008, in 1830, 1,667. Borough Bucks CO., Pa. Pop. 1840, 1,438; situated^ on the Delaware river 30 ms. above Philadelphia, and 13 below Trenton. Tp. Trumbull co,, Ohio, Pop, 1810, 212, in 1830, 313, The village of Bristol, Trumbull co., Ohio, is situaled 10 ms. NNW. of Warren, and named in the post office list, lo distinguish il from Bristol poslv., Morgan CO., Ohio, Bristolville. Village Morgan co., Ohio, about 6 ms. NE. of McConnellsville, the county seal, and 4ft NW. of Marietta. Tp. Morgan CO., Ohio, Pop, 1820, 452, Village Perry co., Ohio, 50 ms. SE. from Columbus. Bay on the NW. coast of North America, lying between the peninsula of Alaska and Cape Newn ham. Lon. W, C. from 80° lo 85° W., lat. 56° to 58° N. Channel, between the S. coast of "Wales and the cities of Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, in England. Bristolville, village Trumbull co., Ohio, 200 ms. NE. from Columbus. Britain, or Great Britain, the most considera ble of all the European islands, extending 550 ms, from N. 10 S,, and 290 from E. to W. It lies to the N. of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. The ancient name of this island was Albion, which, in process of rime, gave way to that of Britain, by which it was known to Julius Csesar. The general division of the island is into England, Scotland, and Wales. See Great Britain, Britain, New, cpuntry of North America, com monly called the Esquimaux country. It is sub ject to Great Britain, and lies between 50° and 70° N. lat., and between 50° and 100° W. Ion. There are innumerable lakes and morasses, which are covered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belonging to the English Hudson's Bay Company are Churchill, Nelson, New Severn, and Albany, on the W. aide of Hudson's bay — —Island to the N. of New 168 Guinea, It is divided into two islands by a strait, through which Captain Carteret sailed in 1767. New Britain lies in lon. 152 19 E., and lal 4° S. The inhabitants are black and woolly-headed, Uke negroes, but have not their flat noses and thick lips, Britton's Store, post office Bertie co,, N. C, 120 rns. N. by E. from Raleigh. Brives-la-Gaillarde, ancieni lown of France, in the department of Corez, and late province of Lii. raosin. It is seated near the confluence of the Correze and the Vezere, in a delightful valley, and has a handsorae hospital and college, and a fine walk planted with ircos, which surrounds the lown, and adds to the beauty of ils situation. Il is 37 ms. S. of Limoges, and 220 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E., lat, 45 15 N. Brixen, lown of Germany, in the Tyrol, capilal of fhe bishopric of the same name. It is seated al the confluence of the Rienlz and Eysoch, 15 ms, E. of Tirol, and 40 N. of Trent. Lon. II 47 E., lat. 46 45 N. Bishopric of Germany, in the Tyrol. It is surrounded with mountains, which produce excellent wine. The bishop is a prince of the empire. * Brizen, or Brietzen, lown of Germany, in the .middle marche of Brandenburg, sealed on the river Adah, 12 ms. NE. of Wirlemburg, Broadalbin, tp. and post office of Montgomery CO., N. Y,, 45 ms. NW. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 2,428. Broad Creek, tp. Sussex co., Del. Pop. in 1810, 3,789, in 1820, 2,599 Village Queen Anne co., Md, Broadfield, village Westmoreland co,, Va. Broadkiln, tp, Sussex co, Del. Pop. 1820, 2,371. Broad River, river S, C, at the moulh of which is seated the town of Beaufort. River Ga., en ters the right side of Savannah river, between Sa vannah and Lisbon. Brockport, village Sweden tp., Monroe co., N. Y,, on the Great Western canal, 17 ms. W. from Rochester. Brockville, seat of justice, Leeds co., U. C, on the left bank of St. Lawrence, 16 ms, above Pres- colt, Il is a very flourishing place, in a fertile, well cultivated neighborhood. Brodera, principal fortress and town of Hin doostan Proper, in Guzerat, in the NE. part of the tract lying between the rivers Tapty and My- hie. It is 95 ms. S. by W. of the former, and 195 NE, of the latler. Lon, 73 11 E., lal. 22 15 N. Brod, or Brodt, strong place of Hungary, on the river Save, famous for a battle gained by the Turks in 1688. It is 30 ms. SE. of Posega. Lon. 19 25 E., lat. 45 30 N. Brod-Nemiki, or Teuch Brod, town of Bohe mia, seated on the river Sozawa, 30 ms. S. by. E. of Czazlaw. Lon. 15 40 E., lat. 49 33 N. Broek, town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, the capital of a county of tho same name, seated on the Roer, 11 ms. N. of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 53 E., Iat. 51 23 N. Beautiful village in N. Holland, 6 ms. from Amsterdam. Tbe in habitants, though peasants only, are all rich. The streets are paved in mosaic work, with variegated bricks. The houses are painted on the outside. BRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRO and look as fresh as if quite new. The gardens are adorned wilh china vases, grottos of shell work, trees, and flower>, wilh borders composed of minute particles of glass of difl'erent colors, and disposed inlo a variety of forms. Behind the bouses and gardens are meadows, full of cattle grazing ; the out houses are likewise behind, so 'that wagons, carts, and cattle, never enter these neat streets. .\s quiet as the streets of Broek, is proverbial in Holland. Broken Bay, bay of New Soulh Wales, on the E. coast of New Holland, It is formed by the inouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury. Lon. 151 27 E., lat. 33 34 S, Broken Sword, name of a creek in Crawford CO., Ohio, runningsouthwestwardly into Sandusky river. Broken Straw, tp. Warren co.. Pa. Pop. 1810, 379, in IS'-O, 902. Creek, village Crawlord CO., Ohio. Bromberg, city of Prussia, in the grand duchy of Posen, capital of the dislrict of the Netze. This city is very important, as from it a canal extends, which unites the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe rivers, by connecting the Brahe, near Bromberg, with the Netz near Nackcl. It is 30 ms. NW. from Thorn, and 160 ms. E. from Berlin. Bromley, town of Eng,, in Kent, on the river Ravensburn, 10 ms. S. byE. from Loudon. Lon. 0 6 E., Idl. 51 23 E iTown of Eng,, in Staf fordshire, 7 ms, N. of Stafford, and 130 NW"". of London, Lon. 1 35 W., lat. 52 50 N, Vil lage of Eng., near Bow, in Middlesex. Brompton, village in .Middlesex, 2 ms. W, by S, of London. Village of Eng., in Kent, on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing the fine barracks for the military of that garrison, Town of L. C, Buckingham co,, on St. Francis river. Bromsgrove, lown of Eng., in Worcestershire, on the rivei Salwarp, 15 ms, NNE, of Worces ter, and 115 NW. uf London. Lon. 1 50 W., lat. 52 25 N. Bromyard, town of Eng., in Herefordshire, 18 ms. W. of Worcester, and 125 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 2 20 AV., lat. 50 8 N. Bronno, town of Ilaly, in the Milanese, 10 ms. SE. of Pavia. Lon. 9 26 E., lat. 45 6 N. Branson, village Bronsontp., Huron co., Ohio, 2 ms. S. of Norwalk, the county seat. Bronx, post office West Chester co., N. Y., 22 ms. NW. from the city of New York. Brooke, the most northerly co. Va., situated in an angle formed by the river Ohio and State of Pa., bounded W. and N. by Ohio river, E. by Pa,, and S. by Ohio co,, Va. ; length 30, mean breadth 5, area 150 sq. ms.; surface extremely hilly, though the soil is in a high degree fertile. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, and some iron. Chief town Wellsburg. Pop. 1820, 6,611, in 1830, 7,041, and in 1840, 7,948. Central lat 40° N., lon. W. C. 3 32 W. BrookeviUe, village Montgomery co., Md., on Holland's river, a branch of the Patuxent river, 32 ms. N. from W. C. It contains about 30 dwell ing houses, an academy for male students, 2 tan neries, and 2 grist and saw mills. N. lat. 39 11. Brookfield, tp. Strafford co., N. H. Pop. in 32* 1810, 657, in 1820, 690. Town Orange co., \'l,, 17 ms, S, from Monlpelier. Pop. 1,400, Town Worcester co.. Mass, Pop, 1810, 3,170, in 1820,2,292, iV, town Worcester CO., .Mass, Pop. 1820, 1,095. Town Fair field CO., Conn. Pop. 1810, 1,037, in 1820, 1,159. Town Modison oo.,N, Y. Pop. 1820, 4,240. Town Trumbull co., Ohio, Pop. 1810, 345, in 1S:0, bZi. Town of Brookfield, tp. same name, Trumbull co., Ohio, situaled near the easiern border of the co., and 12., ms. E. of Warren, the county seat, and 3 nis. westward of Sharon, in Pa, "Tp. on the northeastern border of Morgan co., Ohio. For post village in this tp., see Hoskinsville. Tp. Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1S20, 314. Brookhaven, tp, Suffolk co,, N, Y. Pop. 1820, 5,2 iS, Brook Hill, village Montgomery co., Tenn,, 135 ms, NW. from .Murfreesborough. Brookline, Hillsborough co., N. H. Pop. 1810, 528, in 1820, 592. Brooklyn, town Windham co., Conn., 46 ms. E. from Hariford. Pop. 1820, 900. Tp. Windham co.. Conn. Pop. in 1810, 1,200, in 1S20, 1,264. Brooklyn, town and township in King's co. N. \"., on Long island, opposite New York city, from which it is only separated by the East river, J m. wide. The site of this town is pleasantly waving, and gives an air of variety and openness to the streets and houses. Many of ihe buildings are elegant, and the country adjacent in a high stale of cultivation. To the NE. ofthe town, on a point between East river and the Wallabout bay, is one of the Uniled Slates navy yards. Pop. in 1820, 7,175. The above was written in 1822 ; at the present epoch, (1826,) it is probable Brooklyn contains a populalion of 10,000 ; in 1840, 32,221. Township in Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 348. The post office name of Ohio city, on Lake Erie, mouth of Cuya hoga river, » flourishing village and commercial port opposite Cleveland. Letters directed by either name would probably reach their destination. Pop- of Brooklyn tp. in 1840, 1,409. Brooks, town in Hancock co.. Me , by postroad 114 ms. NE. from Portland. Pop. in 1830, 318. Village in Hancock co.. Me., 100 ms. NE. from Portland. Brooksville, tp. in Hancock co.. Me. Pop. in 1820, 973. Brockville. — See Brookeville. Brookville, village and seat of justice, Franklin CO., la , on the point in the forks of White river, branch of Great Miami, 40 ms. NW. from Cin cinnati, It is a flourishing village, laid out in 1811, and now contains more than 100 bouses, and 500 inhabitants. Lat. 39 35 N,, lon. W. C. 7 57 W. Broom, loch, and an extensive salt water and arm of the sea, in Rosshire, on the W. coast of Scotland. It has long been noted for ils excellent herrings, and is esteemed one of the best fishing stations on the coast. Broome, co. in N. Y., bounded by Pennsylva nia S., Tioga W,, Courtlandt and Chenango N., and Delawaie E. ; length 43, mean width 30 ms. ; area 860 sq. ms. Surface hilly, though being in- 169 BRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BRO tersected by the Susquehannah river and its nu merous branches, the soil is in general productive, and in port extremely fertile. Chief town Che nango. Pop. in 1830, 14,343; in 1830, 17,749; and in 1840, 32,338. Central lat. 42 15 N,, lon. "W. C. 1 30 E. Town in Schoharie co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,680. Broomville, village in Delaware co , N. Y, , on Mohawk branch of Delaware river, about 70 ras, SW. from Albany. This village is named Bloom ville in the post office.list of 1825. Brora, seaport on the E. coast of Sutherland- shire Scotland, 40 ms. N. by E, of Inverness, River of Eng,, in Sutherlandshire, which issues from a lake of the same name. Above the town of Brora it forms several fine cascades, and, below that village, falls into the British ocean. Brother's Valley, tp. in Somerset co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,314; in 1820, 1,301. Brouage, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle, and late province of Saintonge. Its salt works are the finest in France, and the salt is call ed Bay salt, because it lies on a bay of the sea. Il is 17 ms. S. of Rochelle, and 170 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 4 W., lat. 45 62 N. Brouca, town of Sicily, on the S. side of the Gulf of Catania, 15 ms. S. of Catania. Lon. 15 30 E.,_lat. 37 35N. Brouershaven, seaport'of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in the island of Schonen, 9 ras. SW. of Helvoetsluys. Lon. 4 15 E., lal. 61 40 N. Brouette, river in Vigo co., Ia., falls into the right side of the Wabash, 10 ms. above Terre Haute. Broughton, town in Buckingham co., L. C, 35 ras. S. from Quebec. Brown, a southern 'co. of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio river. It is bounded on the N. by Clin ton and Highland counties, E. by Highland and Adams, S. by the Ohio river, and on the W. by Clermont CO. It is 30 ms. long, frora N. lo S,, by 17 broad, from E. to W., and contains about 470 sq. ms. It contains the town of Ripley, the temporary seat of justice, and Decatur. The sur face ofthis county is in general hillv, but its soil fertile.; Pop. in 1840, 33,715 . Central lat. 39 0, lon. W. C. 6 50 Co. of Mich., W.from Lake Michigan, and contiguous to GreOn bay. Fort Brown chief town. Pop. in 1830, 963. Central lat. 44 0 N., lon. W. C. 10 0 W. Tp. in Ly coming co.. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 322. Tp. in Miami co., Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 349. Village in Brown tp., Carroll co., Ohio, is situated on San dy creek, about 10 ras. NW. of Carrollton, and 12 SSE. of Canton, county seat of Stark co. Tp. in Carroll CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 365. Brownfield, village in "H^ayne tp., southwestern part of Belmont CO., Ohio, and about 20 ms. SW. of St. Clairsville. Town in Oxford co.. Me., on Saco river. Pop. in 1810, 388 ; in 1820, 747. Brawnhelm, tp. in the most northwestern part of Lorain co., and borders on Lake Erie, eastward of Vermillion river. It contains two post towns, Brownhelm and Brownhelm Centre. They are both about 15 or 16 ms. a little N. of W. of Ely ria. Pop. in 1820, 282. Brownings Store,posto^ce in Culpeper c, Va., 70 ms. NW. from Richmond, and 60 SW. from W. C. 170 Brownington, lown in Orleans co., Vt,, near Barton river, 55 ms. NE. by N. ftom Montpclier. Brownsborough, village in Madison co,, A!a, Brownsburg, village in Rockbridge co,, Va,,on Hay's creek, 13 ms. NE. by N. from Lexington. Village in Washington co.. Ten., near French Broad river, 15 ms. E. from Greensville. Brown's Corner, village in Kennebec Co., Me. Brown's Ferry, post office in Madison Co., Ala. Brown's Mills, post office in Mifflin co,. Pa. Post office in Washington co., Ohio, 80 ms. SE, from Columbus, and 18 ms, a very lillle N. of W, from Marietta. Brown's Passage, between Dundas and Sle- phen's islands. Northwest coast of North America, leading inlo Observatory inlet. Lon. W. C. 53 33 W., lat. 5417N. Brown's Point, cape, S. extremity of the island of Tobago, in the West Indies. Lon. W. 0. 16 20 E., lal. 11 ION. Brown's Store, post office in Caswell co., N. C, 80 ras. NW. from Raleigh. Brown's Tavem,post office in Anne Arundel co,, Md,, 46 ms. NW. from Annapolis, and 64 N, from W. C. . Brownstown, village in Wayne co., Mich,, on Huron river, of Detroit strait, and on the road from Detroit into the Stale of Ohio, 16 ms. SW. from Detroit. Town ond capital of Jackson co,, la,, on the left bank of the ea.sl fork of White river, 100 ms. VV. from Cincinnati, and 45 NW. from Louisville. Lat. 38 54 N., lon. W. C. 8 57 W. Brown's Turnpike, post office in Albemarle co., Va,, about 75 ms, NW. by W.from Richmond. Brown's Village, village in Herkimer co., N. Y., 68 ms. NW. from Albany. Brownsville, town in Penobscot co.. Me., on Pleasant river, 40 ms. N. from Bangor. Town in Jefferson co., N. Y., on the tight bank of Black river, 8 ms. NE. from Sackett's Harbor. Pop. in 1820, 3,990. Tp. in Fayette co.. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 769. Formerly called Red Slone Old Fort, town in Fayette co., Pa.,, included in the foregoing tp. ; on the E. side of the river Monon gahela, 13 ms. NV/. from Union, 33 SE. from Washington, Pa., and 35 S. from Pittsburg. It is in the cenire of a settlement composed consider ably of Friends. This town is connected wilh Bridgeport by a wooden bridge thrown across Dun lap's creek, a small stream of water between these villages. Both together contain about 200 houses, and, in 1830, 1,600 inhabitants ; and, in 1840, the two places comprised 2,130. Brownsville is in a flourishing state, being in the centre of a well-cul tivated and rich country. The United Slates road passes through Brownsville, and consequently il is a general rendezvous of emigrants on their way to the West. Village in Marlborough district, S, C. Village near the extreme southeastern an gle of Licking co., Ohio, and on the National road, 14 ms. W. of Zanesville, and very nearly an equal distance SE. from Newark, the county seat. It is a fine thriving village. Seat of justice in Bd- monston co., Ky., situaled on the left bank of Green river, about 40 ms. SSW. of Elizabelhtown, and 45 ms. NE. of Russelville. Pop. in 1840, 1 1 2 Village in Oldham co., Ky., 50 ms. WW. from Frankfort Village in Union co,, la., on BKU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BUY the east fork of White river, 60 ms. NW. from Cincinnati, and 70 SE. by E. from Indianapolis. Village and seat of justice in Jackson co,, 111,, on Muddy river, 40 ins. SE, from Kaskaskias, Lat. 37 46 N., lon, W. C. 12 16 W. Village in Granville co., N. C, about 50 ms. N. from Ra leigh, Broyle, harbor and settlement E. side of the is land of Newfoundland, between the city of St. John's ond Cape Race, Lon. "W, C. 24 0 E., lal. 47 ION. Brucetown, village in Frederick co., Va., 78 ms. W. from W. C. Bruceville, village in Knox co,, la. Bruchsal, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Spire, on the river Salz, 5 ms. SE. of Philipsberg, Lon, 8 36 E., lat, 49 11 N, Brugg, or Broug, town of Swisserland, in Ar gau, on the river Aar, over which is a bridge. Il is 22 ms. SE. of Basil. Lon. 8 4 E., lat. 47 21 N. Bruges, large episcopal cily of Belgium, and capilal of West Flanders. — See Belgium. It is sealed in a plain, 8 ms. from the sea, and has a communication by canals wilh Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Newport, Fumes, Ypres, and Dunkirk. It is 8 ms, E. of Ostend. Lon. 3 5 E., lat, 51 12 N, Brugge, or Bruggen, lown in Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Hildesheira, 0 ms. from the city of lhat name. Lon. 10 5 E,, lat. 52 6 N. Brugneto, town of Italy, in the lerriiory of Ge noa, at the foot ofthe .Appennines, 35 ms. SB. of Genoa. Lon. 9 30 E., lat. 44 15 N. Brule, river of the Northwestern Territory of the United States, falls into the southweslern part of Lake Superior. Brunetto, strong and important place in Pied mont, near Susa, which it defends. Brunsuttle, seaport of Germany, in Holstein, at the mouth of the Elbe, 13ms.NW. of Glucksladi, Lon, 9 3 E., lat. 54 3 N. Brunswick, country of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on ihe N. by Lunenburg, on the W. by the circle of Westphalia, on the S. by Hesse, and on the E. by .Anhalt, Halberlsladt, and Magdeburg. 'J'he principal rivers are the We ser, Ocker, and Lync. It is divided into Bhree principalities. Wolfenbuttle, Grubenhagen, and Ca!enberg, which also comprehends the duchy of {jotlingcn. The principality of Wolfenbuttle has its own dukes ; but the other ttvo belong to Hano ver, Large city of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, on the Ocker, 55 ms, W. of Magde burg. Pop. 12,000. Lon. 10 42 E., lal. 52 35 N. Town in Cumberland co.. Me., on the An droscoggin river, in the NE. angle of the county, 37 ms. NE. of Portland. Pop. in 1830, 2,931. Tp, in Essex co, Vt. on Con. river, 65 ms. NE, from Monlpelier, Tp. in Rensselaer co., N. Y. Pop. in 1830, 2,318. South, tp. in Middlesex co., N. J. Pop. in 1810, 3,332 ; in 1820, 2,489 New, tp. in Middlesex co., N. Jersey. Pop. in 1810, 3,980 ; in 1820,4,275. New. — See New Brunswick, province of Caboria, or British North America. New. — See New Brunswick, city of N. Jersey ¦J'p. in Schuylkill co,, Pa. Pop. in 1820, 1,974. Town in Medina co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 172. Village in Brunswick tp,, Medina CO,, Ohio, is situated 7 ms. northward of Medina, tho county seat, on the road thence to Cleveland. Co. ofVa., on bolh sides of Meherin river; bounded S. by N. Car,, W. by Mecklenburg and Lunenburg, N. by Nottoway, NE. by Dinwiddle, and E. by Greenville; length 37, breadth 31 ras. ; area 570 sq. ms. ; surface ralher rolling than level ; soil of middling quality. Staples, grain and tobac co. Chief town Percival. Pop. in 1830, 16,687 ; in 1830, 1.6,767; and in 1840, 14,346, Central lat, 36 40, lon, W. C. 0 46 W, Co. of N. C, siluoted near th^ moulh of Cape Fear river, and bounded S. by tho Atlantic ocean, by S. C. SW., by Bladen N'rt',, and Cape Fear river NE. andE. ; lengih 45, breadth 31 ms. ; area 1,260 sq. ms. ; surface level, part marshy ; soil generally poor and thin. Chief town Smithville, Pop, in 1820, 5,480 ; in 1840, 5,365. Central Iat. 34 13 N., Ion. W. C. I 20 W. Post office, seaport, and seat of justice, Glynn co., Ga., situate on Turtle river, in a direct line, about 10 ms.' W, from St. Simon's sound, and 15 SSW. from Darien. N. lat. 31 12, lon. W. C. 4 40 W. Brussels, cily of South Brabant, and capital of the kingdom of Belgium. It has many magnificent squares, public buildings, walks, and fountains. It is celebrated for its fine lace, camblets, and ta pestry, and contains 103,200 inhabitants, and has a communication with the Scheldt by a canal 20 ms. long. It is seated partly on an eminence and part ly on the Senne, 35 ms. S. of Antwerp, and 148 N. by E, of Paris, Lon. 4 18 E., lat. 50 51 N. — See Belgium. Brush Creek, Ip. in Scioto co., 0. Pop. in 1830, 288. Tp. in Highland CO., Ohio. Pop. 1,173. Exireme southwestern tp. of Muskingum co,, Ohio, Pop. in 1820, 699; in 1840, 1,606. For post village in this township, see Roseville. Bruton, town of Eng,, in Somersetshire. Here are manufactures of silk and hosiery, a free-school founded by Edward "VI,, and a stately almshouse, consisting of the ruins of a priory. Il is seated on the river Bruc, 12 ms. SE. of Wells, and 100 W. ofLondon. Brutus, totvn in Cayuga co., N. Y., 10 ms. SE. by E. from Montezuma. Pop. in 1830, 3,579. • Bruyers, town of Fr., in the dep. ofVosges, 11 ms. ENE. ofEpinal. Bryan, co. of Ga., bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE., Liberty SW., Tatnall and Bullock NW., and Effingham and Chatham NE. ; length 35 ms., mean width 13, area 430 sq. ras. ; surface level and soil thin. Staples, grain, tobacco, and cotton. Chief town Hardwick. Pop. in 1840, 3,132. Centrallat. 33 0N.,lon. W.C. 40 30 W. Bryan C. H. and post office in Bryan co., Ga., between the Comachie and Ogechee rivers, about 35 ms. SW, by W. from Savannah. N. lal. 31 53, Ion. W. C. 4 30 W. Bryansbridge, town of Ireland, in the co. of Clare, sealed on the Shannon, 8 ms, N. of Lime rick. Bryantown, village in Charles co., Md., on the road from Port Tobacco to Annapolis, 40 ms. SSW. from the latter place. Bryant's Cross Roads, post office in Northamp ton co.,N. C, 80 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Brydie's Store, post office in Lunenburg co., Va., 80 ms. SW. from Richmond. 171 BUG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BUG Brzese, fortified town of Lithuania, capital of Polenesia, or the polatinate of Brzese. Il is sealed on the river Bug, 90 ras. S. by W. of Grodno. Lon. 24 6 E., Iat. 52 4 N. Town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name. Il is sur rounded by a wall, and seated in a marshy plain, 95 ms. WNW, of Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 E., Iat. 52 40 N. Brzesnitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufactures of lace, firearms, and hardware, 25 ms. WNW. of Saolz. Another, in the circle of Prachin, 18 ms. WNW. ofPisek, Bua, island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge island, be cause frequented by these birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon. Buarcos, lown of Portugal, in Beira, on Ihe seacoast, at the moulh of Mondego, 27 ms. S. of Aveira. Buccanekhs, from a Carib word, signifying meat cured by smoke ; pirates of different nations who infested the American seas from the middle of the 16th into the 18lh century. They were called by the French, Flibustiers. Buccari or Buchari, seaport of Morlachia, on the NE. part of the Gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce with the E. Indies. It is 12 ms. E. of Fiumo. Lon. 14 26 E., lat. 45 17 N. Buchannes, the most easiern promontory of Scotland, to the E. of Peterhead in Aberdeen shire, in lon. 1 34 W., lat. 57 27 N. Near this promontory are the BuUers of Buchan, and olher stupendous rocks and precipices, much admired for the awful grandeur they exhibit. Bucharia. — See Bokharia. Buchau, lown of Suabia, wilh a nunnery, seated on a small lake, called Feadcr See, 25 ms. SW. of Ulm. Town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, 26 ms. SW. of Saatz. Bucholz, town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, seated on the Dahme, 23 ms, SSE, of Berlin. Bucharest, a strong cily of European Turkey, capital of Wallachia, tohere the hospodar com monly resides. The mhabilanls are estimated at 60,000. It is seated on the Domboriza, 35 ms. SSE. of Tergovisl, and 200 N. by W. of Adrian ople. Lon. 26 8 E,, lat. 44 57 N. Buchorn, town of Suabia, seated on the lake of Constance, 18 ms. ENE. of Constance. Buchlowitz, town of the empire of Austria, in Moravia, about 12 ms. east of the famous village of Austerlitz, and 25 ms. SE of Brun. It is known from its sulphurous mineral springs. Buck Creek, a large mill stream of Claik co,, O,, a branch of Mad river, on which has been erected, besides a considerable number of mills, a cot ton and woolen manufactory. Post office on tbe cieek of samename, northeaslermost part of Clark CO., O., 13 ms. northeastwards of Springfield, the county seal, and 35 ms. westward of Colum bus. Buckden, village of Eng,, in Huntingdonshire, 5 ms. SW. of Huntingdon. Buckeburg, town of Westphalia, in the co. of Schauenburg, with a castle on the river Aa, 3 ins. ESE. of Minden. Buckenham, town of Eng., in Norfolk, 13 ms. 172 E. by N. of Tbetford, and 93 NE. of London, Buckfast leigh, village of Eng., in Devonshire, 3 ms. S. by W. of Ashburton. Buckfield, lown, Oxford co,, Maine. Pop. in 1810, 1351, in 1820, 1501. Buchamwn, village, Lewis co. Va,, by postroad, 282 ms, NW, from Richmond. Buckhead, creek, Ga., falls into the Ogechee « river, 60 ms. below Louisville. Town, Fair field district, S. fc., 35 ms. N. from Columbus. ^Tuwn, Morgan co., Geo,, 50 ms. N. from Milledgeville. Buckhorn Falls, post office, Chatham co,, N. C. 37 ms. from Raleigh. Buckingham, borough of Eng,, and the capital of Buekingliamshire. It is almost surrounded by the Ouse, over which are 3 stone bridges. Here is liltle trade or manufaclure, except lace-making, and some paper mills on the river. It is 25 ms. NE of Oxford, and 55 NW. of Lon. 0 58 W., lat. 5 1 58 N. Buckinghamshire, co. of Eng,, 39 ms, long and 18 broad; bounded on the N. by Northamp tonshire, E. hy Bedfordshire and Middlesex, S, by Berkshire, and W. by Oxfordshire, It con tains 318,400 acres; is divjded into eight hund reds, and 185 parishes; has 15 market towns; and sends 14 members lo pariiament. The num ber of inhabitants in 1801, 174,444; in 1811, 117,650, and in 1821, 134,068. Ils principal, rivers are the Thomas, Coin, Ouse, and Tame. The soil is rich, being chiefly chalk or marl ; and the woods on, the hills, chiefly beech, form a con siderable article of profit, both as fuel and limber. The most general manufacture is, bonelace and paper. Buckingham, CO. of L. C, in the district of Three Rivers, on the right side of Si. Lawrence river. Town of L. C, in York co,, on the Ottawa river, Tp,, in Wayne co,. Pa, Pop. in 1810, 163, in 1820, 385. Town of Pa,, Bucks CO. Co. of Va., bounded NW. and NE. by James river, SE. by Cumberland, and SW". by Prince Edward, Charlotte, and Camp bell cos ; length 34, and mean width 20 ms., area 680 sq. ras., surface hilly and rocky ; soil of mid dling quahty. Staples, tobacco, grain, and sailed provisions. Chief town, Maysville. Pop. in 1820, 17,682, and in 1840, 18,786. Central lal, 37 26; lon. 1 30 W. Court house and postoHice, Buckingham CO., Va,, 45 ms, NE, from Lynchburg, N, lat, 37 28 lon. W. C, 1 32, Tp,, Bucks CO,, Pa, Pop, in 1810, 1715, and in 1820, l,86ii. Buckland, town of Hertford co,, L. C, on the right side of St. Lawrence, 20 ms. SE. from Quebec. Town, Franklin co., Mass., he iween Hawley and Shelburnc, on Deerfield river, 120 m,s. NW, from Boston. Village in the SW. part of Prince William CO., Va,, on Broad- run creek, branch of Occoquan river. Posl office, Wayne CO., Mich. Bucklerstown, village of Berkeley co., Va., Bucknersville, village. Christian co., Ky., by the post road, 233 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Buckram, posl office, Queens co, N. Y ; 23 ms. E. from the cily of New York. Bucks, CO. of Pa., on the Delaware, bounded SW. by Philadelphia and Montgomery, NVV. by Lehigh and Northampton, and on ihe NE. and BUE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, BUK t^E. separated from N. J. by tho Delaware river; length 37 ms., mean width 16 ms., area 600 sq. ms. ; the surface hilly, or ralher rolling, and de lightfully variegated ; soil in general excellent. Staples — grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, cider, hay, nnd a great variety of olher articles of minor im portance. Besides the Delaware it is watered by the Neshaminy, and Tochicon creeks, both fine mill streams ; the Pcrkiomen also rises in Bucks CO. It is abundant in mills, and presents the as pect of a well cultivated and' flourishing co. Chief towns, Doyleslown, Newtown, and Bristol. Pop. in 1820, 37,842, and in 1840, 48,107. Central lat. 40 20 N., lon. W. C. 1 50 E. Bucksport, tp., Hancock Co., Me. Pop. in 1820, 1,658. Buck's Store, post office, Tuscaloosa co. .Ma., 80 ras. NW. from Cahaba. Back's TuL'crn, post office, Deloware co.. Pa. Buckstown, town of Md., in Dorchester co., between Blackwater and Transquaking creeks. Buckler's-hard, village of Eng., in Hampshire, on Beaulieu river, 9 ms. SSW. of Southampton. The inhabitants are principally employed in ship building. Bucyrus, village and seat of justice, Crawford CO., O., on the Columbus and Sandusky turn pike road, 60 ms. almost exactly due north of Columbus, 46 a liltle W. • of S. from Sandusky City; 25 almost due W. from Mansfield, and 18 NNE. from Marion. N. lat. 40 47, Ion. 6 55 W. of W. C. It is situated on the main soulhern source of Sandusky river. Pop. in 1837, 600. Buda, or Offen, the capital of Lower Hungary, situate on the tide of a hill, on the west side ofthe Danube, over which is a bridge of boats lo Pest. The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000. In the adjacent couniry are vineyards, which produce excellent wine; and hot baths, which were in good order, with magnificent rooms, while the Turks h,-id possession of this place. It is 94 ms. ESE. of Presburg, 200 NNW. of Belgrade. Lon. 19 5 E,, Iat. 47 .30 N. Budelich, town of Germany, in the territory ol Treves; seated on the Traen, 12 ms. ENE. of Treves. Budorich or Burich, lown of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves; seated on the Rhine, 22 ms. SE, of Cleves. Budin, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ba- koiiilz, with a custle, 9 in». S, by W. of Lcul- Iiicrilz. • Bud/gen, town of Germany, in Wellaravia, with a castle, situate on the Sainbach, 26 ms. ENE. of Frankfort, liudtssen. See Bautzen. Budoa, strong seaport of Dalmalia, and a liish- np's see, 30 ms. SE. of Ragusa. Lon, 18 68 E,, lat. 42 30 N. Budrio, town of Italy, in the Bolognese, 8 rns. E. ofBologha. Budweis, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin. In the environs are mines of gold anjj silver. It is seated on the Muldau, 75 ms, S. by W, of Prague. Lon. 14 25 E,, Iat. 49 2 N. Budxac. See Bessarabia. Buenaventura, bay, town and settlement of New California. Lon. W. C. 42° W., lat. .34 30 N. Seaport of South .America, on Ihe Pa cific ocean, at Ihe mouth of Choco bay, Lon, W. C. 0 10 W., lat. 3 56 N. Rivor of Mex ico, entering the Pacific ocean, in New fJalifornia, at 36° N. lat. and 44 W. lon. W. C. This river rises in the high mountain chain of Chippewan, between N. lut. 40 and 43°, interlocking sources wilh Lewis's Platte and Rio Grande del Norlo. Pursuing a soulhwestern course of 700 ms,, it is lost in the Pacific, I have given the position and extent of this stream from Tanner's map of Mexico, Buenos Ayres, cily and seaport, the capital of Paraguay, and the seat of a lale vieeroyalty, and now of the united provinces of La Plata. A great part of the treasures and merchandise of Peru and Chili are brought bere, which are exported lo Spain, It was fountled by Mendosa in 1535, but afterwards abandoned ; and in 1544 another colony of the Spaniards came here, who left it also; but it was rebuilt in 1583, and inhabited by Spaniards and the native Americans. It has two monaste ries, five convents, a college, a beautiful square, and about 70,000 inhabitants. The trade is car ried on with the provinces of Peru by means of carts drawn by oxen, which travel together in car avans. The couniry around is quite open and level, furnishing every species of American and European productions; but the most extraordinary circumstance is the propagation of cattlej which have multiplied so immensely that a great many are killed merely for their hides. The trade of the city, if not obstructed by war and revolution, would be immense. See art, America, p. 53, It is seated on the Plata, 220 ms, from the ocean, thougli the river iherc is 21 ms. in breadth. Lon. "VV. C. 18 39 E., lat. 34 25 S. Province of Soulh Amer ica, one of the uniled provinces of La Plata, bounded SE. by the .Atlantic ocean, SW. by the Colorado river, W. by Cordova, and NE. by the Rio de la Plata; length from the SW. lo NE, 400 ms, ; mean width 200; area about 80,000 sq. ms, Il is in general an open and flat couniry, wilh a soil of exuberant fertilily, and situated be tween 33 and 40° of S. lat,, produces in abund ance the grains, aud fruits of a teraperele climale. The extent of its unwooded plains, however, in vites to and superinduces pastoral pursuits. Ag. riculture is too much neglected, and the attention of the inhabilanls drawn to the rearing of cattle and horses. Manufactures can scarcely be said to exist in their most incipient slale. Relative pop ulation uncertain. Buffalo, lake of Norlh .America, laid down by Heme. Lon. W. C. 34° W., lot. 67 20 N. Buffalo, port of entry and seat of justice, in Erie CO., N. Y., on Lake Erie, at the head of Niagara river, 32 ms. above Nmgara falls. This cily is admirably situated for a great interior marl, Buffalo creek is of sufficient deplh (12 feet) to ad mit ot" an excellent harbor, and the necessary works to meliorate ils entrance lo lake Erie, and to fa- cihlate the ingress and egress of vessels, are now in an inconsidei-able stale of forwardness. The grand canal of New York debouches inlo Lake Erie al Buft'alo harbor. The cily is built upon an elevated and dry plain, extending on each side of the road leading from the hat bor to the interior of N. Y. This fine cily was burnt by the Brilish in Ihc lale war, but has risen in a very improved slale from its ashes. 1 -TO 1 to Blip GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BUL The preceding account of Buffalo was written in 1826, and left unaltered to show ils improve- inent, by contrast, in a period of 14 years. Population in 1820 - 3,095 Do. 18301 8,668 Do. 1840 - - 18,213 In the latter year, distributive populalion : Whites.— Ages. Males, Females 0 to .''i 1,434 1,404 .-)lolil 1,032 97c in to 1.5 775 786 15 tu -20 803 1,002 20 to 30 2,730 2,065 ao to 40 1,498 1,096 to to 50 703 684 00 to 60 262 278 en to 70 89 102 70 to 80 33 40 80 to 90 5 6 911 to 100 2 1 100 and upwards 0 0 9,366 8,344 8,344 Total whites 17,710 Colored.— Ages. , Males, Females. 0 lo 10 57 6- 10 to 21 50 69 2110 36 111 • 68 ;i6 to 55 46 31 55 to 101 - 5 1 100 anil ujivvards » 0 269 •a-i 2.34 Total colored 503 SliM5I,lllY, Total willies 17,710 Toul Colored - 503 Total lS,2i; Buffahi, tp,, Erie co,, N. Y., including Buf falo village. Pop. 1820, 2,095. Tp., Perry CO., Pa. Pop, 1830, 875, Tp,, Union co,, Pd. Pop, 1830, 3,376, 1 p,, Washington CO., Pa. J'op. 1810, 1,416; in 1820, 1,430. T)),, Butler Co,, Pa. Pop. 1810, 375; in 1820, 682. Tp,, Armstrong co,. Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,160; in 1830, 1,597. — -Tp,, Guern sey CO., O. Pop, 1810, 286; in 1820, 482, Village, Mason co., Va, ; by postroad, 344 ms. NW. by VV. from Richmond. Town, Pike CO,, Mo,— — ^Ocek or river, N. Y. ; falls inlo Lake Eric at Buff.ilo, and forms the harbor of lhat lown. It ri.sos by several hranehcs in Niagara and iTencs^ce counties. Creek, Centre and Union counties. Pa, ; falls into the west branch of ihe Susquehanna, after watering a fertile strip of land called Buffalo valley, and flowing 22 ms. Creek in Virginia anri Peninsylvania; rises in Washing ton counly, of tbe latler, and falls into Ohio river at Wellsburg, in Brooke counly, of the former, Small stream, Mecklenburg co,, Va,, falling into the Roanokn in the SW. angle of tlie counly. On this creek is a post office, 120 ms. SW. from Richmond, Creek, N. and S. C; rises in the former, and falls into Broad river in the latter. 174 Creek, Ga., branch of Ocone river, which il joins about 40 ms. below Milledgeville. Small river. Miss., in Wilkinson co Its course is nearly W. 40 ms. ; falls into the .Mississippi 9 ms. be low the moulh of Homochitto. The soil watered by this stream is generally hilly, but fertile, pro. ducing cotlon and maize in abundance. Buffalo, West, tp.. Union co.. Pa. Pop, 1820, 1,183, Buffalo Shoal, post office, Iredell co,, N. C, 130 ms. W. from Raleigh, Buffalo, small branch of While river, Ark, Bug river of Europe, the southeastern branch of the Vistula, It rises near Lemburg, and (low ing NW. separates Gallicia from "Volhynia, as far as the town of Drohiczyn, where it leaves Vol- bynia, and separales Gallicia from Wersovia, until its union with the Vistula, 30 ms. below Warsaw, Bugey, formerly province of Fr., between Fran che Coinpte, Bre.sse, Dauphiny, and Savoy ; itis now included in the dep. of the Ain. Buen Ayrs. — See Bonair. Bugia, province of Algiers, in Africa, sur rounded with mountains, and very fertile in corn. Seaport of the kingdom of .Algiers, at the mouth of the Major, on a bay of the Mediterra nean. It is 75 ms. E. of Algiers. Lon. 3 58 E,, lat, 36 49 N. Bugis, pronounced Boo-geese, people of Cele bes and Bony, in Austral Asia. Builth, town of Wales, in Brenockshire, oil the Wye, over which is a wooden bridge into Rad norshire, 13 ms. N. of Brenock, and 171 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 14 W., lat. 5 8 N, Bais, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Drome, lately in the province of Dauphiny, 40 ins. SW. of Gap. Bajalance, lown of Spain, in the province of Jaen, situated on the right bank ol the Guadal quiver river, between Cordova and Andujar, 16 . from the former and 28 from the lalter. N. lat, 37 68, long, 4 30 W, London. Bukari, small but well-built town of Hungarian Dalmalia, with a harbor on the Gulf of Bikeriza, near the Gulf of Venice, 10 ms., NE. of Veglia, Loh. 14 59 E,, lat, 45 29 N, Bulac, town of Egypt, on the Nile, 2 ras. W. , of Grancl Cairo, being the seaport of lhat city. On the N. side of it is the Calish, whose banks are cut every year to convey the waters of the Nile, by a canal, in Grand Cairo. Lon. 51 22 E.; lat. 30 3 N. Bulam, island of Africa, al the mouth of tlie Rio Grande. The soil is good. Lon. 15° VV,, Iat, 1 1° N, Bulgaria, province of Turkey in Europe bounded on the N. by Wallachia, on the E, by the Black Sea, on the S, by Romania and Mace donia, and on the W, by Servia. Itis the ancieni Moesia. Bullness, or Boumcss, village of Eng., in Cum berland, at the end of the Picts Wall, on the Sol- ,way Frith. It was a Roman station, called Bla- tuin Bulgium ; and hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. It is 13 ms. W. by N. of Carhsle. Bullitt, eo. of Kentucky, bounded by the Ohio river W,, Salt river SW., Nelson S., Shelby E,, and Jefferson N, ; lengih, 30 ms. ; mean width, 1 0 ; area, 300 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and soil. BUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BUR though varied, n general productive. Staples, grain, flour, and sailed provisions. Chief town SheppardsviUe. Pop. in 1830, 5,381, and in 1840,6,334. Cll, lal. 38° N., lon. W. C. 8 30 W. Bullock, CO., Georgia, bounded by Bryan SE., Tatnall SW., Emanuel NW,, and Scriven and Effingham NE. ; length 45 m^., mean breadth 12, area 540 sq. ms. Surface, part level, and part hilly ; soil of middling quality. Staples, grain, colton, tobacco, &c. Chief town Siatesboro, Pop. in 1830, 3,578. Cll. lat. 33 30 N., lon. W. C. .5° VV. Bull's Bay, on the R. coast of Newfoundland, nearly due E,, 60 ms, from Placentia. Lon, W. C. 24 30 E., lat. 47 30 N. Bullskin. township, Fayette co,, Penn,, on the Youghiogeny river. Pop. in 1810, 1,439; in 1830, 1,484. Village, Guyan tp., in the ex treme soulhern angle of Gallia co., Ohio, about 13 ms. southward of Gallipolis. Bulltown, village, Lewis co., Virginia, 373 ms. NW. by the post road from Richmond. Bundela, or Bundlecund, territory of Hindoos tan Proper, on the SW. of the river Junna, and separated from it by a narrow tract of a low coun try. Chatterpour is the capital. Lon. 79 75 E., lat. 35° N. Buncombe, co. of N. C, bounded by S. Car. S., Haywood W,, Tennessee NW., Ashe NE., and Burke and Rutherford E. ; length, 65 ms. ; mean width, 22; area^ 1,430 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly and mountainous, and soil rocky, though in part fertile. Staples, grain and flour. Chief town, Ashville. Ctl. lat. 35 30 N., Ion. W. C. 5 30 W. Pop. in 1820, 10,542. Yancy CO., was separated frora Buncorabe since 1830. Pop. ofthe latter in 1840, 10,084. Bundysburg, village, in Parkmon tp., south eastern corner of Geauga co., Ohio, about 24 ms. SE. of Claridon the oo. seat, 5 ms. from Parman- vil, and 18 ras. NW. of Warren, co. seat of Trumbull co,, Bungay, town of Eng., in Suffolk, on the Wavney, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth, It is 36 ms. N. by E. of Ipswich, and 107 NE. of London. Lon. 1 30 E,, lat. 52 36 N. Bungo, kingdom of Japan, in the island of Ximo, whose capilal is Lunay. Buniingford, town of Eng. in Herts, 7 ms. S. of Royston, and 31 N. by E. of London. Lon, 6' E,, Iat. 51 58 N. ' Buragrag, river of Barbary, in the kingdom of Fez, which falls inlo the Atlantic Ocean, at the town of Sallee. Burdette, village, Tomkins co., N. Y., by the post road 377 ms. VV. from Albany. Burella, or Civita Burrella, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 30 ms. S. of Lanciano. Lon. 14 48E., lat, 41 58 N. Buren, a town of Dutch Guelderland, which gives the title of count of Buren to the prince of Orange. It is 22 ms. W. of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 12 E., lat. 54 58 N. Town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, seated on the Alme, 10 me. S. of Paderborn. Lon. 8 53 E., Iat. 63 16 N. Town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the river Aar, between .Arberg and Soleure. Burford, lown of Eng,, in Oxfordshire, on the river Windrush, and noted for the making of sad dles, and for tho downs in its neighborhood. It is 17 ms, W. by N. of Oxford, and 71 W. of Lon don. Lon, 1 33 W., lat. 51 49 N.- Tp., in Oxford CO,, U. C, between Windham and Dun- das-street. BuiiG, in German, signifies Caslcllum, a fori, a fortress, and Burg-grave, the commander of a BuRB having full power from the emperor. The Burgraves commenced under the Saxon Olhos, be. tween A, D. 961 and 1,002. They were in forti fied towns, and tbe district appertaining thereto, what Counts Palatin were in large provinces. They became hereditary and independent, and the Burg-graves of Magdeburg and Nuremberg sat in the college of princes, and by increase of power became electors of Brandenburg, and finally kings of Prussia. The word comes, there is little doubt, from Berg, a hill or mountain. Town of tho kingdom of the Netherlands, in Zutphen, seated on the Old Yisel, 18 ms. E. of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 15 E., lat. 52 59 N.— See art. Graff. Burgaw, town and castle of Suabia, capital of a margravate of the same name. It belongs lo the House of Bavaria, and is 36 ms. W. of Augs burg. Lon. 10 25 E., lat. 48 28 N. Burgdorf, town of Swisserland, in the Canton of Bern ; it is pretty large, and sealed on an emi nence 8 ms. NE. of Bern. Lon. 7 19 E., lal. 46 58 N. Burgess, town of Leeds co., U. C, N. from Bastard. Burgetstown, small village in "Washington co., Penn., 18 ms. NW. from Washington. Burgh-upon- Sands, village of Eng., in Cum berland, near Solway-Frilh. Il is 5 ms. NW. of Carlisle. Burgos, town of Spain, eapilal of Old Castile. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine, and the walks agreeable. It is seated partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Aronzon, 95 ms. E. by S. of Leon, and 1 17 N. of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W., lat. 42 20 i\. Bbjig-ghave. — See Burg, and Graaf, and Margrave. Burgundy, late province of Fr., which now forms the 3 departments of of Cote'd'Or, Saone, Loire, and Yonne. It is 112 ras. in length, aud 75 in breadth, bounded on the E. by Franche Compte, on the W. by Bourbonnois and Niver nois, on the S. by Lyonnois, and on the N. by Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and ex cellent wines. Burhampour, city of Hindoostan, in the Dec- can, the capital of Candeish, and, at one period, of the Deccan also. It is yet a flourishing city, and is situated in the midst of a dehghlful coun try, 225 ms. E. by N. of Sural. Lon. 76 19 E., I lat. 21 25 N. Burick, town of Germony, in the duchy of Cleves, seated on the Rhine, opposite Wesel, 17 ms. SE. of Cleves. Lon. 6 18 E., lat. 51 32 N. Burke, town in the northern side of Caledonia CO., Vt., on Passampsick river, by the post road 88 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Co. of N. C, bounded by Rutherford S., Buncomb W. and NW., Wilkes and Iredell NE., and Lincoln SE. ; length 60, mean width 22, area 1,320 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil varied ; 175 BUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. BUR staples, grain, flour, and salted provisions ; chief town, Morganton. Pop. in 1830, 13,411; and in 1840, 15,799. Central lal. 35 40 N ,'lon. W. C. 4 40 W. — -—Co. of Georgia, bounded by Ogechee river, or Emanuel SW., Jefferson NW., Rich mond N., Savannah river E., and Scriven S. ; length, 40 ms. ; mean width, 24; area, 960 sq. ins. ; surface rather waving, and soil generally of middling quality ; chief town, VVaynesborough. Pop. in 1820, 11,576; and in 1840, 13,176. Central lal. 33° N., Ion. W. C. 5 15 W. Burkhausen, town of Germany, in Lower Ba varia, on the river Saltz, 27 ms. N. by W. of Saltzburg. Lon. 12 50 E., lat. 40 17 N. Burke's Garden, vilhige, Tazewell co., Va., 300 ms. WSW. from Richmond. Burkesville, village, Cumberland co., Ky., on the right bank of Cumberland river; post road 146 ms. S. from Frankfort. Burkitt's, post office, Jefferson tp., southeast part of Adams co., 0 , 20 ms. NW. by W. from Ports mouth, CO. seat of Sciota co., and about 15 SE. by E. from West Union. Burlingkam, posl office, Bedford tp., northern part of Meigs co., O., 8 or 9 ms. N VV. of Chester, the CO. seat, and 15 ms. SSE. of Athens, co. seat nf Athens co. Burlington. — See Bridlington. Burlington, Bay, forming the exireme wesiern part of Lake Onlario, or rather a separate lake, as the surf has thrown up a bar of sand and pebbles. Over the outlet a good bridge has been erected. Burlington, town, port of entry, and seat of jus tice, Chittenden co , Vt,, on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 4 ms. S. of Union river, and 20 north erly of Vergennes. The situation is healthy and pleasant, which induced the legislature to pass a law for the establishment of a university at this lown. Beside many other public establishments, the university of Vermont is located in this town. It has a library exceeding 1,000 volumes, and a philosophical ajiparalus, and is under the govern ment of a president, 5 professors, and 2 tutors. In come about ?il,200 annually, arising chiefly from land. Students about 30. Town, Middlesex cs., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 471 ; in 1820, 508, Town, Hartford co,, Ct. Pop. in 1810, 1,467; in 1820, 1,360. Town, Olsego co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,457.- -Co., N. J., bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE., Gloucester co. SW,, Dela ware river and Huntington co, N W,, and Middle sex and Monmouth cos, NE, ; length 40, mean width 13J ms. ; area, 500 sq. ms. ; surface gene rally level, and soil sandy, though productive. The staples of this co. are grain, flour, sailed provisions, wilh hay, garden vegetables, fruit, and olher neces saries for the Philadelphia market. Chief towns. Mount Holly and Burlington. Pop. in 1840, 33,831. Central lat. 39 50 N., Ion. W. C. 3 30 E. City, Burlington co,, N. J,, seated on the SE. bank of the river Delaware, opposile Bristol, and 30 ms. above Philadelphia. It was founded in 1677, and called New Beverly. The municipal jurisdiction is vested in a mayor and aldermen. There is an episcopal church, two or three meeting houses, and a considerable brewery. Tp,, Bur lington CO., N. J., including Burlington city. Pop, in 1810, 3,419; in 1820, 3,758. Town, Bradford co., Pa. Pop. in 1820, 560, Tp,, 176 Lawrence co., O. Pop. in 1820, 140 Village in this tp., is the co. seal of Lawrence co., and the most southern town of the State of 0. It is situ ated on the bank of Ohio river, and nearly opposile the moulh of Big Sandy and Catletlsburg, in Ky. N, Iat. 38 34, lon, W.C. 5 20 W. Pop. 250. Small town, Belmont CO., 0., 4 ms. above Wheeling. Tp., Licking co,, Ohio. Tp., Geauga co,, 0. Village and seat of justice, Lawrence co., O., on the norlh bank of the Ohio river, at the southern extremity of the co., 75 ms. southeasterly from Chillicothe, and 110 in the same direction from Columbus. Lal, 38 30 N., lon. W. C. 5 37 W. Village, Greene co., Ia., on the W. Fork of While river, 50 ms. NE. from Vincennes, and by the post road 72 SW. from Columbus. Village, Boone co., Ky., 14 ms. SW. from Cincinnaii, and by the post road, 83 a hltle E. ofN. from Frankfort. Burmah, — See Birmah, Burnt Cabins, village, Bedford co.. Pa. Burncoat island, tp., Hancock co., Me. Pop. in 1820, 218. Burnett's Corners, post office, eastern part of Cuyahoga CO., O,, 13 ins. a little S. of E. from Cleveland, Burnt Corn, town and seat of justice, Monroe CO., Alabama. Burillsville, town. Providence, R. I. Pop. in 1810, 1,634; in 1820, 2,164. Burnham, town of Eng., in Norfolk, near Ihe sea, 39 ms. NW. of Norwich, and 126 NE. of London. Lon. 48' E., lat 53 4 N. Town of Eng., in Essex, at the mouth ofthe river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water, 11 ms. SE. of Maiden. Burnley, town of Eng,, in Lancashire, 36 ms, SE. of Lancaster, and 208 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 16 W., lat. 63 46 N. Burntisland, borough of Scot., in Fifeshire, on the Frith of Forth, with an excellent harbor. It is seated under a stupendous rock, 10 ms. NW. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 W., lat. 56 8 N. Burrampooter, river of Asia, which rises near the head of the Ganges, in the mountains of Thi. bet. It first takes its course to the E., directly op posile to that of the Ganges, and winding with a rapid current through Tliibet, where it is named Sampoo, or Zanchin, it washes tho border of the territory of Lassa, and proceeds SE, to within 320 ms, of Yunan, the westernmost province of China; then turning suddenly to the W., through Assam, it enters Bengal on the NE,, where it assumes the name' of Burrampooter. It then makes a circle round the western point of the Garrow mountains, and altering its course to S. meets the Ganges; aboul 40 ms. from the sea, after having meandered for more than 3,000 ms. During tbe last 60 ms. before its junction with the Ganges, it forms a stream which is regularly from 4 to 5 ms. wide, and but for its freshness might pass for an arm of the sea. The Ganges is belter known than the Burrampooter ; but, as delineated on our best maps, it is difficult to determine which is the main stream. Measured by a comparative scale, the valley of the Burrampooter is about 1,400 ms. in lengih; and, being a mountain river, the volume of water dis charged at its mouth is enormous. The valley of this great river lies between N. lal. 32° and 33 30. BLfS GEOGKAPIHGAL DICTIONARY- Bur Bursa, or Pi-usa, one of the largest cities of Turkey in Asia, capital of Becsangil. It stands upon several litlle hills, at the foot of Mount Olym pus, and on the edge of a fine plain full of fruit trees. The mosques aro elegant, as are the cara vansaries. Bursa is 99 ms. S. of Constantinople. Lon. 39 6 E., lat. 40 5 N. Burton, town of Eng , in Lincolnshire, near the river Trent, 30 ms. N. of Lincoln, and 164 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 36' W., lat. 53 40 N. Town of Eng,, in Westmoreland, in a valley, near a hill called Farleton-Knothill, 1 1 ms. N. of Lan caster, and 247 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 50 W., lal. 54 10 N. Flourishing lown, Geauga CO., 0., about 12 or 13 ms, a little S, of E, from Claridon, the co, seat, and 14 ms. SSW. from Chardon, co. seal of Geauga co. It is principally settled wilh farmers, and contains the village of Bur ton, in which is the post office. Pop, in 1810, 517; in 1820,506, and in 1840, 1,022 Tp,, Stafford CO., N. H. Pop. in 1810, 194; in 1820, 209 Burlonsville, village, Orange co,, Va., about 70 ins, NW. from Richmond. Burton upon-Trenl, town of Eng., in Stafford shire, 12 ms. NE. of Litchfield, and 134 NNW. of London. Lon. I 40 W., lat. 53 48 N. Burville, village Anderson co,, Tenn,, on the N, side of Clinch river, 30 ms, N, of Knoxville. Bury, town of Eng,, in Lancashire, on the Ir well, and noted for its fustian manufaclure, and the coarse goods called half-thicks and kerseys. Bury is 36 ms. SE. of Lancaster, and 190 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 3 24 W., lat, 53 36 N. Bury St, Edmunds, borough of Eng., in Suf folk. The situation is very pleasant, and the air is supposed to be the best in England. The as sizes are held here. It i.s 14 ms. E. of Newmar ket, and 72 NNE. of London. Lon. 0 46 B., lal 52 22 N. Bush, small river in Harford co., Md,, which falls inlo Chesapeake bay near its head. Bushkill, creek, Northampton co,. Pa,, falling into tho Delaware at Easton. It is between 20 and 30 ms. long, and oneof the finest mill streams ill the Stale. Tp. Northampton co., Pa. Pop. 1820, 1,262.- Posl office Pike co,, Pa,, 25 ms, SE, from Milford, and about 40 above Easton. Bushkirk's Bridge, post office Washington co., N. Y., 34 ms. N. from Albany. Bushville, village Franklin co,, Ga,, and by the post road 136 ms. N. from Milledgeville. Bushwick, tp. King's co,, N. Y. Pop. 1830, 930. Village King's co,. Long Island, N, Y,, 3 ms, from Brooklyn, and nearly opposile lo Cor ner's Hook, part of the city of New York. Buasletown, village Philadelphia co,, Pa., 11 ms. N. by E. of the city, with about 30 dwelling houses. Bustard, river of I,. C, enters St. Lawrence near Manicouigan Point. Basil, village Chatauque CO,, N. Y., 350 ms. a little S. of W. from Albany. Buteshire, co. of Scotland, consisting of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inchmarnoc, and some others of smaller note, which lie in the Frith of Clyde. They are fertile in corn and pastures, and there is a considerable herring fishery. This shire sends a member to Parliament alternately with Caithnesshire. Area 300 sq. ms. Pop. 1801, 23* 11,791, in 1811, 13,033, and iu 1831, 13,797, to the sq. m., 68. Butler, CO. of Pa., between the Alleghany and Beaver rivers, bounded S. by Alleghany, W. by Beaver, NW. by Mercer, N. by Venango, and E. by Armstrong ; lengih 35 ms., mean width 24, area 840 sq. ms. Surface hilly, but soil general ly fertile and well watered. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, live stock, and salted provisions. Chief town Butler. Pop. 1830, 10,351, and in 1840, 22,378. Central lal. 40 50 N., lon. W. C, 2 50 W Tp. Butler co.. Pa. Pop. 1810, 458, and in 1820, 472. Borough and village in Butler co,, Pa. Pop. 1810, 235. Co. of Ohio, bounded by Preble N., Montgomery NE. , Warren E,, Hamilton S., and Dearborn, Indiana, SW., and FrankUn, Indiana, NW.; area 480 sq. ras. The surface of this co. is agreeably diversi fied by hill and level, though only on the SW. quarter do hills of any considerable elevation rise, and there but comparatively with the general level of central and western Ohio. The Great Miami enters near the northeastern, and, after meander ing diagonally through it, leaves the co. near the southeastern angle. The Miami canal, following the valley of Mill creek 13 ms., and thence over a level country 16 ms., reaches near the bank of Miami river at Hamilton, the county seat of Butler CO. , and thence up the general course of Miami river, leaves the co. a short distance above Middle- town. This was amongst the first civilized settle ments in Miami valley, and has preserved an ad vance commensurate with its dale. In lat. it ex- lends from 39 30 to 39 35 N., and in lon. from W. C. from 7 14 to 7 43 W. Chief town Ham ilton. Pop. 1830, 31,746, in 1830, 37,000 and in 1840, 38,173. Butler, tp. in Columbiana co. , Ohio. Pop. 1810, 516, and in 1820, 998, -Co. of Ky,, on Green river, bounded S. by Logan, W, by Muhlenberg, NW. by Ohio, NE. by Grayson, and SE. by Warren ; length 33 ms., mean width 25, area 835 sq, ms. Surface gently waving, or hilly ; soil fertile. Staples, grain, flour, fruit, live stock, and sailed provisions. Chief town Morgan- town. Pop. 1830, 3,083, and in 1840, 3,898, Central lat. 37 30, lon. W. C. 9 30 W. Co. of Ala,, bounded S, by Cunecuh, W. by Monroe and Wilcox, Montgomery N., and by Henry E.; length 63 ms,, mean width 30, area 1,900 aq. ms. Surface generally flat or gently rolling, with a thin soil, except along the. streams. Staple,cot- ton. Pop. 1830, 1,405, and in 1840, 8,685. Central Iat. 31 45, lon. W. C. 9 30 W. Broad Mountain, or fourth large ridge from the Blue Mount, commences its eastern extremity in Northampton co., near the head of Pokono creek, and crosses the Lehigh at the "Turn Hole," ex tends westerly to the river Schuylkill. Ils average height is about 1,000 iFeet above its base. Butrago, town of Spain, in New Castile, 'sealed on the Lozoya, 30 ms. N. by E. of Madrid. Lon, 35 W., lat. 40 46 N. Butrinto, ancient Buthrotum, seaport of Euro pean Turkey, in Albania, on the canal of Corfu, at the entrance of the Gulf of Venice, 30 ms. S. of Chimajra. Lon. 30 9 E., lat. 39 40 N Butter Island, tp. Hancock co., Maine. Pop. 1810, 10, in 1830, 11. 177 CAA GEOGRAPHIQAL DICTIONARY. CAB Butter tp. Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1830, 32?. Tp. Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 1830, 1,646. Buttermere Water, lake of Eng., in Cumber land, 8 ms. SW. of Keswick, 3 ms. long, and nearly 1 broad. This lake is called the Upper Lake, and near a mile from it, to the NE., is the Lower, called Cromach water. Buttermilk Falls, Luzerne co.. Pa,, so called from the color of the water ; below it is a fall of about 1 5 feet, over a rock formed by a creek of the same name, on which ate some fine mills. Butter Nutts, town in Otsego co,, N. Y. Pop. 1830, 3,661, and in 1840, 4,057. Butterworth, town of Eng., in Lancashire, 3 »is. from Rockdale. Pop. 4,827. Button's Islands, in Hudson's strait. Lon. W. C. 11 50 E., 60 30 N. Button's Bay, the N. part of Hudson's bay, through which attempts have been made to discover a N W. passage to China. It is so called from Sir Thomas Button, who here lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the country. It lies be tween 60° and 66° N. Iat. Butzaw, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Schwerin, 17 ms. SW. of Rostock. Lon. 11 55 E., lat. 54° N. Burlztown, village Northampton co,. Pa. Buxton, village of Eng., in Derbyshire, at the entrance of the Peak. The warm waters of Bux ton are the bath, consisting of 9 springs, St. Anne's well, and St. Peter's well, 33 ms, NW. of Derby, and 160 NNW. of London. Town York CO., Me., near the mouth of Saco river, and about 115 ras. northeastward from Boston. Pop. 1810, 2,334, in 1820, 2,590. Buzbach, town of Germany, in Weleravia, and in the CO. of Solms, 29 ms. N. by E. of Franc- fort. Lon. 8 44 E., lat. 50 23 N. Buzzard's Bay, noted bay on the coast of Mass., running up between Bristol co. and the peninsula of Barnstable. Byberry, tp. Philadelphia co.. Pa. Pop. 1810, 765, in 1820, 876. Byfleld, village Essex co., Mass. Dummer Academy, and an academy for young ladies, are located at this place. Bychow, town of Lithuania, on the Dnieper, 180 ms. SW. of Wilna. Lon. 30° E., lat. 53 38 N. Byrd, one of the southeastern townships of Brown co., Ohio. For post towns in this tp., see Decatur and Russelville, Byrnvillc, village Schoharie co., N. Y., 31 ms. W. from Albany. Byron, village Genessee co., N. Y. Byzantium, See Constantinople, c. [5^ Proper names, particularly those derived from the Arabic, are often spelt with a K or C indifferently ; therefore Ihose which cannot be found under one of these letters may be sought for under the other.] Caana, town of Egypt, on the river Nile, whence they transport corn and pulse to Mecca. Some fine monuments, covered with hieroglyphical cha racters, have been found here. It is 330 ms. S. of Cairo. Lon. 30 33 E., lat. 26 30 N. 178 Cabarras C. H., Cabarras co., N. C— See Concord, Cabarras co. Cabarras, co. ofN. C, bounded by Montgom ery SE,, Mecklenburg SW., Iredell NW., and Chowan N. It is in form of a triangle, 24 by 20, and extending over an area of 340 sq. ms. ; sur face broken, and even in part mountainous, with a soil of middling quality. Chief town Concord. Pop. in 1820, 7,228, and in 1840, 9,359. Cen tral lat. 35 30 N., lon. W. C. 3 40 W. Cabeca de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, with a castle, 12 ms. SW, of Poitalegro. Cabbin Point, village in Surry co., Va.— 8ec Cabin Point. Cabell, CO. of Va., bounded by Ohio river NW., Mason and Kenhawa NE., Giles and Tazewell SE., and by Kentucky, or Big Sandy river SW.; length 50 ms., mean width 35, area 1,760 sq. ms. It is a mountainous, hilly, and rocky region, with much fertile soil, well-watered and wooded. Pop. in 1820, 4,779, and in 1340, 8,163. Centrallat. 38° N., and 5° W. of W. C, intersect near the centre of this counly. Cabell C. H. and post office in Cabell co,, Va,, by the post road 300 ms. W. from Richmond. Cabello, or Cavello Porto, seaport of Colombia, in the province of Venezuela. Il has an excellent harbor, at I he bottom ofthe Gulf of Trisle, 85 ms. W. from Caraccas, Lou. W. C. 9 10 E., lat. 10 35 N. Cabenda, seaport of Africa, in Congo, 100 ms. SE. of Loango, subject to Portugal. Lon. 12 2 E., lat. 4 5 S. Cabin Point, village in Surry co,, Va,, 30 ms, SE. by E. from Petersburg, and 49 SE. from Rich mond. Cabotia, or British North America, N. from the limits of the United States, This comprehen sive term has been adopted by the Brilish geogra phers, and includes Nova Scolia, New Brunswick, Lower Canada, Upper Canada, East Maine, New South Wales, and all other British territories in North America, from those we have named to the exireme known regions towards the Northern ocean. — See articles New South Wales. Cabott, village in Caledonia co. Vt., 40 ms, NE. from Monlpelier. Cabot's Head, U. C, very large promontory running into Lake Huron, W. of Gloucester, or Matchedash bay, and embays a large part of that lake at the easternmost extremity, stretching itself towards the Manitou islands. Cabreria, island in the Mediterranean, about 7 ms. S. of Majorca, Il is a large harbor, defended by a strong castle. Cabul, or, more correctly to give the sound ac cording to English orthography, Caubool, and found written in different geographical works Ca- baul, Caubaul, Caboul, Khaboul, &c., a city of Asia, and at present capital of the country of the Afghans, to which it also gives name. It is situ ated on the high table land, from which flow to the eastward a branch of the Indus, and lo the westward the extreme sources of the Heermend into the sea of Dunah, "Cabool," says Mr. Burnes, " is upwards of 6,000 feet above the level of the sea." The same author describes the spring as fully advanced there early in May, and the city as healthful. N. lat, 34 30, long. 69 0. Pop. CAD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAE 60,000. From ils position, Cabool, or Caubool must be always a place of commercial and political consequence. — See article Asia, head Persic re gion. In the region containing Cabul, the rivers seem to struggle ihrough narrow and excessively preci pitous passes. Jellalabad, a poor, dirty town, stands upon the Cabul river, 105 ms, from the city of Cabul. The road (between the two places) rnns through very difiicult passes of the mounlains, and from 7,000 to 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. The defile of Tazeen is 8,200 feet above the level of the sea, and the surface of the river was already skimmed over wilh ice on the 8th of Octo ber, 1841. — Henry Wheaton, — See Asia, p. 84, head Cabulistan. Cacaoa, town of the kingdom of Fez, with a fort upon a rock. The Moors retook it from the Spaniards in 1534. Lon. 2 53 W., lat., 35 3 N. Caceres, town of Spain, in Estramadura, famous for its fine wool, and seated on the Sabrot, 23 ms. SE. of Alcantara. Lon. 5 44 E., lal. 39 11 N. Cachan, or Cashan, town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, where they carry on a considerable trade in silks, silver, and gold brocades, and fine earth enware. It is seated in a vast plain, 55 ms. N. by W. of Ispahan. Lon. 51 55 E., lal. 33 30 N. Cachao, the capilal of the province of the same name, in Tonquin, on the west side of the river Holi, 80 ms. from the Gulf of Tonquin. The fac tories purchase silks and lacquered ware, as in China. Lon. 105 31 E., lal. 33 10 N. Cache, tp. and settlement in Philips co.. Ark., on White river. Pop. in 1830, 178. Cacoho, town in Negroland, seated on the river St. Domingo. It is subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts, and carry on a great trade in flax and slaves. Lon. 14 55 E., lat. 12 0 N. Cackley's, post office in Bath Co., Va., by post road 211 ms. NW. by W. from Richmond. Cacongo, small kingdom of .\frica, on the river Zaire. The inhabitants have a considerable trade, and their manners, religion, and government, are the same as those in Loango. It lies in lot. 5° S, Cacorla, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the rivulet Vega, between two mounlains. It is 15 miles ESE, of Ubeda. Lon, 2 55 E., lat. 37 40 N. Caddo, town in Clark's co., Ark. Pop. in 1820, 617. Cadenac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lot, and late province of Querci, on the river Lot, 37 ms. ENE. of Cahors. Lon. 2 0 E., lat. 44 33 N. Cadenet, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Mouths ofthe Rhone, 28 ms, SE. of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E., lat. 43 42 N. Cadillac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Gironde, and late province of Guienne, on the Garonne, with a handsome castle, 15 ms. SE. of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 22 W., lat. 44 40 N Cadiz, a large and rich city of Spain, in Anda lusia, with a good harbor, well sheltered. The city is seated on an island 18 ins. in length and 9 in breadlh ; but the northwest end, where the city stands, is not 2 broad. It has a communication wilh the continent by a bridge. The bay formed by it is 12 ms. in lengih and 6 in breadlh. The south side is inaccessible by sea, because it is edg ed with craggy rocks ; and two forls, the Puntal and Malagorda, command the passage into tho har bor. The inhabilanta are computed at 100,000. It is a very ancient place, being built by the Phe- nicians ; it was afterwards a Roman town, and there are still several remains of Roman antiqui ties. It is 65 ms. NW. of Gibraltar, and 90 S. by W. of Malaga. Lon. 6 11 W., lat. 36 31 N. Village and seat of justice for Harrison co., Ohio, ia a thriving town, in a tp. of the same name, on the road from Wheeling to New Philadelphia, and on that from Steubenville to Cambridge and Zanes ville, 24 ms. westward of Steubenville, 21 NW. of Wheeling, 13 a very little E. of N. from St. Clairsville, 40 northeastward of Cambridge, and 33 SE. of New Philadelphia. The situation of Cadiz is high, dry, and pleasant, and the town has an air of activity and neatness which bespeak prosperity. An inexhaustible stratum of most ex cellent coal extends under this town. It possesses the usual county buildings, several churches, and many fine private houses. Pop. in 1820, 537 ; in 1830, 818; and in 1840, 1,028. N. lat. 40 20, lon. almost exactly 4° W. of W. C. Village and seat of justice in Trigg co., Ky., on Little river, by post road 333 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Cado, post office in Clark co,. Ark., 60 ms. from Iiittle Rock. Cadore, the capilal of the district of Cadorino, in Italy, 15 ras. N. of Belluno. Lon. 13 0 E., Iat. 46 38 N. Cadorino, province in Italy, in the territory of Venice, bounded on the E. by Friuli proper, on the S. by the Bellunese, and on the N. by Brixen, The chief lown is Cadore. Cadron, tp. in Pulaski co.. Ark, Pop. in 1830, 717. Cadsaud, island on the north coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheldt, which river it com mands. Cadwalladtr, post office in the village of West chester, southeasternmost angle of Tuscarawas co., Ohio., about 30 ms. a little N. of,W, from Cadiz, and 15 ms. NE. from Cambridge, Caen, considerable city in Fr., in the dep. of Calvados, and late province of Lower Normandy, of which it was the capital. It has a celebrated university and an academy of literature, and the inhabilanls are computed at 40,000. The river Orne runs through the city, lo which the tide brings up large vessels. It is 65 ms. W. by S. of Rouen, and 125 W. of Paris. Lon. 0 17 W lat 49 11 N. " ¦ Caer, for some places that begin thu«, as Caer- diff, see under Car. Caernarvon, tp. in Lancaster co,. Pa. It is watered by Little Conestogoe creek, and bounds on Berks co. on the NE. Pop. about 1,000. Caermarthenshire, co. of Soulh Wales, 48 ms. long and 25 broad, area 1,200 sq. ms. It is bound ed S. by Bristol channel, W. by Pembrokeshire N. by Cardiganshire, and E. by Brecknockshire and Glamorganshire. The principal rivers are the Towy, Cothy, and Tave ; of which the first abounds with excellent salmon. It contains 228,000 acres ¦ is divided into 8 hundreds and 145 parishes, and' has 6 market towns. In 1801, the inhabitants amounted to 67,317; in 1811, to 77,287; and in • 1821, to 90,239. It abounds with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near Caermarthen, towards 179 CAP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAI the E., may be seen several vast caverns, suppos ed to have been copper mines of the Romans^ Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs and flows twice in 24 hours. The county and" cily send each a member to Parliament. Caermarthen, borough of Wales, capital of Ca ermarthenshire, on the Towy, over which is a stone bridge, lo which small vessels may come up. Caermarthen is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. There are Iron and tin mines in the neigh borhood. It is 24 ms. SE. of Cardigan, and 230 W. by N. ,of London. Lon. 4 23 W., lal. 93 12 N. Caernarvonshire, co, of Norlh Wales, bounded ,jn the N. and W. by the sea, on the S. by Merion ethshire, and on the E. divided from Denbighshire by the river Conway. Il is aboul 50 ms. in lengih and 30 in breadth. It contains 310,000 acres ; is divided into 7 hundreds and 68 parishes ; has one city and five market towns, and sends two members to Parliament. In 1801, the inhabitants amount ed to 41,521 ; in 1811, le 49,336 ; and in 1831, to 57,958. The principal rivers are the Conway and Seint. This counly being the most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly called the British Alps. Its central part is occupied by the famed Snowdon, and the prospects aiound are rude and savage in the highest degree, but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and mea dows. The soil in the valleys on the side next Ireland is pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great numbers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound wilh variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these mounlains, as well as lead, and quantities of stone, excellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway below forms a pleasing contrast. The chief manufacture is woolen cloth. Caernarvon, borough and seaport of Wales, cap ital of Caernarvonshire, on a sirait of the sea, call ed Menai, near its entrance into Caernarvon bay, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland and the principal English ports. Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the castle, who is al ways mayor. Here are salt water baths, and ele gant hot and cold baths, which are much frequent ed during the season, tt is 7 ms. SW. of Bangor, and 344 NW. of London. Lon. 4 20 W., lat. 63 8 N. Caerleon, town of Eng., in Monmouthshire, on the Usk, 19 ms. SW. from Monmouth, and 148 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 0 W., lat. 51 40 N. Caerphilly, town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, between the "Taafe and Rumney, 7 ms. N. of Car diff, and 160 W. ofLondon. Caerwent, village of Eng., in Monmouthshire, 4 ms. SW. of Chepstow. It is the Venta Silu- rum ofthe Romans. Caorwys, town of Wales, in Flintshire, 5 ms. W. of Flint, and 213 NW. ofLondon. Ccesar's Creek, tp. in Greene co,, Ohio. Pop. in 1810, 649; in 1820, 1,131. Caffa, or Theodosia, the largest town of the Crimea, with on excellent road and harbor. Caffa was the^heodosia of the ancients, a name which has been restored to it since the Russians became 180 po,ssessed of the Crimea. It contains about 39,000 inhabitants, and is constantly well garri soned. The trade consists in wax, furs, lambskin leather, and horses. Caffa is situaled on a bay of the Black Sea, ot the foot of some high mountain, 65 ms. E. by N. of Sevastopol, and 130 SE. of Precop, Lon, 35 30 E., lat. 45° N. Caffy, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bos. phoru.s, a strait that forms the communication be. tween the Black Sea,, and the sea of Asoph. Caffraria, or Kaffraria. — See Africa, pages 36, 37, 38, &c. Cagli, ancient episcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot of the Appennines, 30 ms. S. of Urbino. Lon. 13 42 E., lat. 43 36 N. Cagliari, ancient and rich cily, capital of Sar dinia, wilh an archbishop's see, a university, a castle, and a good harbor, Lon. 9 14 E,, lat. 39 37 N. Cahaba, river of Ala,, rises in the angle be tween the Coosa branch of Alabama, and the Black Warrior branch of Tombigbee rivers, and flowing S. over Shelby, Cahaba, and Dallas counties, joins the Alabama at the town of Cahaba after a com parative course of 130 ms. It waters much good land. Town and seat of justice, Dallas co., Ala., at the moulh of the Cahaba, on the left bank of Alabama river. It was the seat of government for the Slate, until recently the Legislature of Ala bama have removed it to "Tuscaloosa. Cahoes Falls, in the Mohawk, 3 ms. above its junction wiih the Hudson at Waterford. The de scent is about 70 feet. It is a sublime and inter esting feature in American scenery. Cahokia, village, St. Clair co,, Illinois, on the E. side of the river Mississippi, 64 ms. N. by W. of Kaskaskias, and 5 from St. Louis. Cahors, considerable town of France, in the department of Lot, and late province of Querci, with a university. It is sealed on a peninsula made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. There are 3 bridges over the river., The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. Cahors is 50 ms. NW. of Alby, and 387 S. of Paris. Lon. 1 33 E., lat. 44 26 N. Cajanaburg, capital of E. Bothnia, in Sweden, on lake Cajania, 300 ms. NE. of Abo. Lon. 27 45 E., lat. 64 13. N. Cajazzo, or Cajizzo, episcopal town of Naples, in Terri di Lavora, 33 ms, NE. of Naples. Lon. 14 .34 E., lat. 41 10 N. Caicoa, islands of the West Indies, to the N. of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal one. Lon. W. C. 5 30 E., lat. 21 40 N. Caifong, large and populous city of China, on the Hoang-ho, in the province of Honan. Lon. 113 37 E,, Iat 35° N. Cailloma, town, Penn., near the source of the Apurimac, between Caygo and Arequipo, nearly 50 ms. from the latter, and 160 from the former. Lon. W. C. 5 30 E,, lat. 15 30 S. Caimacait, Turkish officer, derived from Ara bic, and literally signifies " Lieutenant of the Grand Vizier," One of the Caimacans is ex- oflicio governor of Constantinople, and cannot, whilst such, quit that city. CAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAL Caimans, or, more correctly. Caymans, a uroup of small islands, in llio Caribbean sea, to iheNW. of Jamaica, Lon, W. C, 5 W,, lat. 19 15 N. Cairo, village, Cumberland co,, Virginia, on Willis's creek, 02 ms, W. from Richmoml. Cairngorn, mountain of Scotland, between the counties of Banff and Murray. Il rises in a coni cal form 1,750 feet above the level of a small lake near its base, which is the source of the Avon, and 4,050 feet above the level of the sea ; ils sides clothed wilh firs, and its top generolly covered with snow. It is famous for beautiful rock-crystals, much esteemed by lapidaries, Cairo, or Grand Cairo, large city, capital ot Egypt. It consists of 3 towns, about a mile apart ; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port termed Bu lac. The population is estimated at 300,000. Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. New Cairo is a mile from the river, and 7 ras. in circumfer ence. It stands on the right bonk of Ihe Nile, 100 ms, S, of its mouth. Lon.*31 18 E., lat. 30 3N. Cairo, lown, Greene co., N, Y., formerly called Canton, 10 ms, above Catskill town, on Calskill creek. Pop, in 1830, 3,553. Town, Illinois, at the moulh of the Ohio rivet. Village, Sum ner co,, Tenn,, at the influx of Bledsoe's creek, into Cumberland river, 30 ms, by land above Nash ville. Cairoan, town of the kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city of Tunis for trade and number of inhabitants. It is situate near a sandy desert, where are found many vestiges of former magnifi cence ; it stands on the river Magrida, 60 ms. S, by E. of Tunis. Lon. 10 36 E., lat, 36 5 N. Caistor, town of Eng , in Lincolnshire. Near it are the remains of a monastery, and many Ro man vestiges. It is 13 ms. SW. of Grimsby, and 165 N. of London. Tp., in the co, of Lin colnshire, U. C, between Binbrook and Gainsbo rough, and is watered by the river Welland. Caithness-shire, raost northerly co. of Scotland, 35 ras. long, and 30 broad ; bounded on the N. by Penlland Frith, E. and SE. by the German Ocean, and W. by Soulherlandshire. The S. an gle is occupied by mountains, and a vast ridge of hills forms the SW. boundary, ending in a pro montory called the Ord of Caithness, which runs out into the sea. The rest of the co, may be deemed an immense morass, interspersed with some fruit ful spots, producing oats and barley, and others affording pasture for sheep and black cattle. Its other chief products, are butter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers, and kelp. It sends a member to parliament alternately with Buteshire- English is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the highlands, the Gaelic prevails. Pop. in 1801, 32,600; in 1811, 33,419; and in 1831, 30,338. Wick is the capital. Caket, town of Persia, near Mount Caucasus. Ils trade consists chiefly in silk, Lon, 46 15 E., lat. 33° N. Calabar, town of the kingdom ef Benin, capi tal of a country of the same name. The Dutch have a factory here. It is 140 ms. SSE. of Benin. Lon. 7 15 E., lat. 3 40 N. Calabria, country of Naples, divided into the provinces of Calabria, Citeriore, and Calabria Ul teriore, or Hither and Further Calabria. The first is bounded on the S. by Calabria Ulteriore, N. by Basilica, and W. and E, by tho .\1editerraneau. Cosenza is the capital, Calabria Ulteriore is washed by the Mediterranean on the SE- and W., and bounded by Calabria Citeriore on the N. Cu- lanzaro is ihe capital. Calahorra, episcopal town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the side of a hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 ms. E. of Burgos. Lon. 2 7 W., lot. 42 12 N. Calais, seaport of Fr., in the dep, of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Picardy, with a citadel. It is built in the form of a triangle, one side of which is towards the sea. The fortifica tions are good ; but its greatest strength is ils sit uation among the marshes, which may be over flowed at the approach of an enemy. In time of peace, there are packet boats which go twite a week between Dover and Calais, It is 21 ras. ESE, of Dover, and 153 N. of Paris. Lon 1 66 E., lat. 50 58 N. Tp,, Washington co.. Me. Pop, 1810, 373 ; in 1830, 418. Town, Wash ington CO., Me., on the Passamaquoddy river, 3G ms. NE. from Machias. Pop. 370.^ Tp,, Washington co , Vt., about 100 ms. NE, of Ben nington, and 9 N. from Monlpelier. Calais, St,, town of Fr., in the dep, of Sarte, and late province of Maine, 16 ms. NW, of Ven- dome. Calamata, town of Turkey, in Europe, in the Morea. It stands on the river Spinarza, 8 ms. from the Mediterranean, Lon. 21 55 E., lal. 37° N. Calamianes, three small islands of Asia, be tween Borneo and the Philippines, and N. of Par age. Lon. 118 5 E,, lat. 11° N. Calatajud, town of Spain, in Arragon, at the confluence of Xalon and Xiloca, 37 ms. SW. of Saragossa. Lon. 1 9 W., lat. 41 42 N. Calatrava, town of Spain, in New Castile, the chief place of the military order of the knights of Calatrava. It is sealed near the Guadiana, 80 ms. S. of Madrid. Lon. 3 20 W., Iat. 39 4 N. Calben, town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, with a good castle, 32 ms. N. of Magdeburg. Calcar, town of the duchy of Cleaves, seated near the Rhine, 8 ms. SE. of Cleaves. Lon. 5 65 E,, lat. 51 40 N. Calcasiu, river. La., rises in the pine woods, 30 ms. S. of Natchitoches. The Calcasiu is very remarkable for its almost perfect compliance with the curve of the Sabine, the two rivers being a trifling deviation from 35 ms. asunder, the entire length of the former; and, like the Sabine, the Calcasiu receives the largest tributaries from the right. After an entire course of 70 ms., the Cal casiu enters the lake of the same name, at lat. 30 8 N,, lon. W. C. 16 33 W. This stream rises in a forest of pines, which tree composes nine- tenths of all the timber found on its banks. About 10 ms. in a direct line above the head of the Lake Calcasiu, the forest begins to become chequered with prairie, copses of timber gradually become more scattered, and at the head of the lake trees entirely disappear. On the left side, the open prairies skirt the river 16 or 30 ms. higher than on the opposite shore. In the prairie between Cal- 181 CAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY CAL casiu and Mermenlau are scattered copses of wood, mostly pine, with a few oaks ; soil poor and thin. Very liltle of the whole surface watered by Calca siu is fit for culture, though high, dry, and well watered wilh limpid and excellent spring water. One immense pine forest covers the country wa tered by Calcasiu north of the prairies. The lide flows up the Calcasiu as far as the head of the prairies. Calcasiu, lake. La. ; is about 30 ms, in length and 10 or 13 ms. wide; communicates with the Gulf of .Mexico, a channel of about 8 or 10 ms. in length, and from 1 m. to 200 yards wide. At the mouth of this outlet is a bar, having not more than four feet water. The lake, like that of Sa bine, is shallow, not having more than 506 feet water in any part, and near the shores not more than 2 or 3. The banks of Calcasiu outlet and lake are something higher than those of the Sa bine ; but on each the entire absence of timber precludes settlement. Calcalayres, province of Peru, NE, from Cuzco. Calcutta, or Fort William, the emporium of Bengal, situated on the E, side of the Hoogly, or wesiern arm of IheGangesJ 100 ms. from the sea, in the bay of Bengal. It is a modern city, having risen on the site of the village of Govinpour, about 90 years ago. It extends from the western poinl of Fort William, along the banks of the river, al most to the village of Cossipoor, 44 ras, ; the breadth in many parts inconsiderable. Calcutta is 1,030 ms. NNE. of Madras. Lon. 88 28 E., lal. 33 33 N. Caldersburg. See Roscoe. Caldwell,town and seat of justice, Warren co., N. y., on Lake George. Lat. 43 22 N., Ion. W. C. 3 35 E. Tp., Warren co., N. Y. Pop. 1830, 723, Tp., Essex co,, N. J. Pop. in 1810, 3,335; in 1830, 3,020 Co. in Ky., on bolh sides of Cumberland river, bounded SW. by Tennessee river, NW. by Livingston, NE. by Hopkins, SE. by Christian, and S. by Tenn. ; length 40 ms,, mean width 20, area 800 sq. ms. Surface generally level ; soil fertile. Staples, grain, tobacco, live stock, and salted provisions. Chief town Eddyville, Pop. 1830, 9,033 ; and in 1840, 10,365. Central Iat. 37 30 N., Ion. W. C. 10 35 W. Caledonia, village, northeast part of Claridon tp., Marion co., 8 ms. NE. by E. of Marion, and 11 ms. S. of Bucyrus. Co.', Vt., bounded by Washington SW., Essex NE, and E,, Connecti cut river SE,, and Orange S. ; lengih 37, mean width 14 ras., area about 500 sq. ms, ; surface hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil generally pro ductive in grain and )iasturage. Chief town Dan ville. Pop. 1830, 16,670 ; and in 1840, 31,891. Central lat, 44 30 N,, lon. 5 10 E. W. C. Caledonian canal. This splendid work is amongst the most remarkable of those artificial channels which have been performed in modern times. Scotland is traversed obliquely from NE. to SW. by a very remarkable mountain valley, extending from the Atlantic ocean to the German ocean, chiefly through Invernessshire, bounded on both sides by elevated and precipitous mountains. This valley terminates towards the Atlantic ocean by Loch Linnhe, and in the German ocean by the Murray Frith, The tide from the German ocean 182 flows to Inverness, where the discharge of Loch Ness falls into the Murray Frith. From thence the valley extends about 60 ms. to Atlantic tide water at Fort William. The base of this valley is composed of two considerable lakes, Loch Lochy and Loch Nes.s, with their confluent rivers. The idea of executing a continued chain of intercom munication through this pass, by locks and ca nals, was suggested, in 1773, by Mr. James Walt, but no operative proceeding instituted until 1803, when Mr. Thomas Telford's nautical and inland survey of Scotland led to the execution of the Cal edonian canal. In the construqtion of this canal, numerous and formidable obstacles were encoun tered, owing to the necessity of deepening the lakes, which formed a part of the line, and in con sequence, also, of the impetuous character of some of the streams partly depended on as feeders. The whole was accomplished in 19 years from the first survey, by parliamentary grants, al an expense of about §4,000,000. It was opened October 23, 1822, when a sftamboat and two sloops of wai' passed from the locks at Muirlon, near Inverness, to Fort William. The passage from sea to sea, a distance of 69 ms., was effected in 13 hours, in cluding the time requisite for clearing 22 locks, — Dupin, vol. 2, p. 217. The valleys of the Hud son, Lake Champlain, and Sorrel river, is the only other pass in the globe which bears a strong comparison, in aspect and structure, with that of Scotland. In magnitude, the American glen is on a much larger scale, but in many other essential features the analogy is striking. See Lochs Ness and Lochy. Caledonia, town, Livingston co,, N. Y,, W. from Genesee river, on the road from Avon to Ba lavia, 30 ms. W. from Canandaigua, and 17 E. from Batavia. Gypsum abounds in the tp. Pop. 1820, 2,645. Village, Washington, co,, Mis souri. Caledonia, New, a large island, in the S. Pa cific ocean, extending from 19° to 33° S, lat., and from 163° to 167° E. Ion. It was discovered by Captain Cook, in 1774, The inhabitants are stout, tall, and in general well proportioned, their hair and beards black, and much frizzled, so as to be somewhat wooly in some individuals. Calenburg, a former principality of Lower Sax ony, which constitutes a part of the kingdom of Hanover. It is divided into two parts, and the prin cipal towns are Hanover and Goltingen. It takes ils ils name from an ancient castle, now in ruins, seated on the Leine, 17 ms. S. of Hanover. Calewdah, from Latin calare, to call, and, by the Romans, applied to the first day of each month. Calhuco, town on the coast of Chili, inhabited by Spaniards, Meslees, and Indians, 180 ms. S. of Valdivia. Lon. W. C. 3 33 E., lal, 42 40 S. Cali, city of New Granada, in the province of Popayan, in a valley of the Andes, on the river Cauca, 20 ms. E. from Bonaventura. Lon. W. C. 1° E., lat. 3 15 N. Caliaqua, port of the W. Indies, in the W. part of St. Vincents. Caiifk, Arabic khalifa, vicar, successor, or lieutenant ; one who supphes or comes in place of another. The Arabian pontifs, Abu Bekr, Omar, and Othman, took this title from modesty ; C.\L GEOGRAPIIICA L DICTIONARY. CAI but under it their successors became the most ab solute sovereigns who, perhaps, ever ruled mankind. California, general name of the western coast ofN. America, from Cape St. Lucas, N. lat, 33 53 to N. lat. 43°, or through nearly 30° of lat, Il is divided into two parts. Old California and New California. Old California was discovered under the direction, and in part by tho personal observations of Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, and found to be a long narrow peninsula extend ing through 1 1° of lat.. and united to the continent to the NW., by a neck of land reaching from the mouth of the Colorado river westward 160 ms. to a bay since called San Diego. A chain of moun tains ranges through this extensivo peninsula, "The sky," says Humboldt, "is constantly serene, of a deep blue, and without a cloud," TheCerro Giganta, the highest peak of its raoun- tains, reaches to near 5,000 feet. The soil is sandy and arid, and rain scanty and uufroquenl. Springs of fresh water are also rare. It extends over 56,000 sq. ms., with a pop. of not more than 10,000. On the few spots where water is found, the soil is excellent ; and it is reported that vines grow naturally in the mountains, and that the Jesuits, when they resided here, made abund ance of wine, in taste approaching to that of Ma deira. The chief town Is Loreto. California, New, extends from Old California, to the utmost limits of the Spanish claims, on the N. American coast of the Pacific ocean, or from 33° to 42° N. lat,, about six hundred ms. The breadth inland is trifling, and the interior un known, or at least very imperfectly explored. The whole extent actually peopled by civilized inhabi tants does not exceed, if it amounts to 16,000 sq. ms. The soil is, however, as remarkable for its fertility and abundance of limpid water, as is that of Old California for ils arid sterilily. The climale of the Pacific coast of N. America, being milder than that of the Atlantic, the inhabitants of New California enjoy more temperate seasons than do those of the U. S., from the Carolinas to Connec ticut, inclusive. According lo Humboldt, this is a very flourishing and valuable colony. The same chain of mounlains which ranges through Old California, reach inlo and intersect also New California. Monterey is the capilal. Pop. in 1803, 15,562. California, gulf of N. America, extends from the moulh of the Colorado river, between Sonora and Old California, in a SE. direction 800 ms. It gradually widens from its head, at the mouth of the Colorado, to ils mouth between Cape Pal- mo in Old California, and .Mazatlan in Sonora, where it is about 120 ras. wide. It is full of is lands and shoals, and is very difficult to navigate. From Old California, no stream of any great con sequence enters this gulf; but from Sonora, it re ceives, beside the Colorado and Gila, the Ascen sion, Hiaqui Mayo, Fuerte, Inaya, Culiacan, la- bala, Rostla, and a brook which forms Mazatlan harbor. Caliioor, forlress of the island of Ceylon, at the moulh of a river of the same name, 28 ms. S. of Columho. Calix, town of Sweden, in West Bothnia, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the Gulf of Bothnia, 23 ms. W. of Tornea. Calhoun, village, McMinn co., Tenn., on Hi. wassee river, postroad, 130 ms. SE. from Mur freesborough, and about 75 ms. SW, of Knoxville, Calhoun's Mills, posl office, Abbovillo di,itricl, S. C, about 100 ms. W, from Columbia. Calhounsvilk, village, Mifflin co,, Penn., 6'; ms, NW, from Hairisburg. Calla Calla, rivor of Chili, rises in tho Andes, and falls into tho bay of Valdivia, Calland's Store, post office, Pittsylvania co,, Va,, postroad, 188 ms, SW, from Richmond, Callah, town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the grestesi luarket for carpets in the couniry. It ia 40 ms. E, of Oran, Cullender, town of Scotland, in Perthshiri , wilh a considerable manufacture of muslin ; sealed on the river Teath, 30 ms. WSW. of Perth, Callao, seaport of Peru, wilh the best harboi on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead de fended by the islands of Callao and St. Laurence. In the port every commodity is to be procured, that vessels may be in need of. The town was almosl totally destroyed by an earthquake, m 1746 It is seated on a river of the same name, .6 nis, W. of Lima, of which it is the port. Lon. W, C. 0 3 E,, Iat. 13 3 S. Calle, town of Algiers, in the [iroviiice of Cont.- lantina, where the French have a factory estab lished for a coral fishery, and trade for grain, wool, leather, and wax. Il stands on a rock, almost surrounded by the sea, 36 ms. E. of Bona. Callen, borough of Ireland, in the co. of Kil kenny, 10 ms, SW. of Kilkenny. Calliance, town of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad ; the houses built of rose-wood, and covered with thatch. It is sealed near the Kaknah, 74 ms. W. of Beder, and 150 SSE. of Aurungabac. Callington, borough in Eng,, in Cornwall, with a manufacture of cloth ; situate on the Lyn- her, 12 ms. S. of Launceslon, and 216 W. by S. ofLondon. Calloma, town of Peru, celebrated for its silver mines, 70 ms. N. by E. of Arequipa, and 170 S, of Cusco. Calmar, strong seaport of Sweden, capital of Smaland, and a bishop's see. It is celebrated as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Den mark, and Norway, were appointed lo assemble for the election of a king, according to the Union of Calmar ; 160 ms. SW. frora Stockholm. Lon. 16 37 E., Iat. 56, 40 N. Cain, E., tp,, Chester CO., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 974, in 1830, 1,163. Cain, W., tp., Chester co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,003, in 1220, 1,182. Calne, borough of Eng., in Wiltshire, 25 ms. E. of Bristol, and 88 W. of London. Lon. 1 69 W., lat. 51 30 N. Calvados, a department of France, comprehend ing part of the late province of Normandy. Calvert, a co. of the western shore of Md,, situ aled between Chesapeake bay and Patuxent river, and bounded on the N. by Anne Arundel co,; length 36 ms,, mean width 8, aiea 300 sq. ms, ; surface generally level or rolling ; soil of middling quality. Staples, grain and tobacco. Chief town Prince Frederick. Pop. 1820, 4,365, and in 1840, 9,239. Central lat. 38 35 N., lon. W. C, 0 35 E, 183 CAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICPIONARY. CAM Calumet, Grand, on the Oltowa river, on the S, side, above the Porlage de Montague, Upper Canada. Calumet, Point au, on Lake Superior, U, C, on the N. shore, the first point W.of river Du Chene, between which places the coast, consisting of per pendicular rocks, is dangerous. Calvi, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavori, 8 ins. N, of Capua. Lon. 14 19 E., lat. 41 15 N. Town of Corsica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same name, wilh a strong fortress and a good harbor. It is 33 ms. SW. of Bastia. Lon. 9 16 E., lat. 43 36 N. Cam, or Grant, river of Eng., which rises in Herts, and, running NE. by Cambridge to the isle of Ely, there falls into the Ouse, to which river il is navigable from Cambridge. Camana, sraall district of Aquipo, lying along whiskey, salted provisions, and live stock. Chief town Ebensburg. Pop. 1830, 3,287, and in 1840, 11,356. Central lat. 40 30 N., lon. W. C. 1 40 W. Cambridge, town of Eng., the co. town of Cambridgeshire, and seat of a celebrated universi ty. It takes the name of Cambridge from the bridge over the Cam, which divides the town into two parts. It is principally remarkable for a much celebrated university, consisting of 13 colleges, 4 halls, several schools, and a very extensive library. It-is 17 ms. S. of Ely, and 51 N. by E, of Lon don, Lon. 0 4 E.', 53 13 N Village of Eng,, in Gloucestershire, near Berkley, on the river Cam, Tp. in the co. of Stormont, lies to the S. and in the rear of Clarence, U. C. Town, Middlesex co., Mass., and a flourishing uni versity, which consists of 4 elegant brick houses. the Pacific ocean, Lon. W. C. 3° E., lat. 0 16 j and is, with re.-ipect lo its library, philosophical ap- Soulh. I paratus, and professorships, the first literary insti- Camaron, cape of Honduras, on the N. side of tuliou in America. It was established by the ori- Ihat country, at the mouth of the river Tinto, | ginal settlers of Mass, in 1638, Its officers are a Lon. W. C. 6 50 W., lat. 15 50 8 Camarones, large river of South America, in Patagonia, falling into the Atlantic ocean 44 45 S. Camarat, seaport of France, in the department of Finnisterre and late province of Brittany. It stands on a bay of the same name, Cambay, large city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Guzerat. Its products and manu factures are inferior to those of few towns in India, for the country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk ; and cornelian and agate stone? are found in its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroidery, and some of their quilts have been valued at iO£. It is subject to the Poonah Mahralta.s, is the poit of Amenabad, from which it is distant 56 ms. Lon. 73 10 E., lat. 32 25 N. Cambodia, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. by Laos, on the E. by Cochin China and Ci- ampa, and on the S. and W. by the gulf and king dom of Siam, divided by a large river called Me- can, or Cambodia, which annually overflows the couniry in the rainy season, between June and October. Capital of a 'kingdom of the same name in Asia, on the river Mecan, or Cambodia, 150 ms. from its mouth. Lon. 104 5 E., lat. 13 ION, Cambray, fortified city of France, in the de partment of the North, and late province of the Cambresis. It has a considerable manufacture of cambricks, which took their name from this city. Itis seated on the Scheldt, 22 ms. SE. of Arras, and 102 N. of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E,, lat. 50 11 N. Cambray, or Governeur, tp. N. Y,, in St. Lawrence co,, on the Oswegatchie river. Cambresis, late province of France, 35 ms. in length, bounded on the N. and E. by Hainault, on the S. by Picardy, and on tho W. by Artois. Cambray is the capital, and it is now comprehend ed in the department of the North. Cambria, town Niagara co., on Niagara river, N. Y. Pop, 1830, 1,134, Co. of Pa., be tween the Alleghany mounlains and Laurel Hill, bounded by Somerset S,, Westmoreland SW., Indiana W., Clearfield N., and Huntingdon and Bedford E,; length 36, mean width 20 ms ; area 720 sq. ms. Surface hilly and rocky ; soil gener ally of middling quality. Staples, grain, flour, 184 president, 30 professors, 2 tutors, 4 proctors, and a regent. The library is the most extensive in the United Stales, and the necessary philosophical and chemical apparatus very complete. -Attached to it, also, are a botanical garden; cabinet of min erals, and anatomical museum. The buildings are extensive and appropriate. In 1818 the stu dents amounted to nearly 400, and the whole number, according to Mr. Morse, educated in this seminary, from its institution up to 1818, amounted to 4,443. Pop. in 1830, 6,073, and in 1840, East and West Cambridge contained, jointly, 9,773. West, tp. Middlesex co., .Mass. Pop. 1810, 971, 1820, 1,064. Post office Middlesex co., Mass. Pop. 1810, 2,323, including West Cambridge, 1830, 1,518. -Tp. and village Franklin co., Vt., on or near Lamoelle river, 38 ms, NW. from Monlpelier, Tp. Washington co. , N. Y. Pop. 1820, 2,491. Village and seal of justice. Dor. Chester co,, Md., on the Choptank river. Lat, 38 40 N,, lon, 1 3 E. W. C. Village Abbe ville dislrict, S. C, 150 ms, NW. from Charies ton. It contains 60 or 70 houses, and 250 lo 350 inhabitants. Fine town and county seat of Guernsey co., Ohio, situated on the national road, 50 ms. westward of Wheeling, 38 in the same di- reclion from St. Clairsville, 24 NE, by E, of Zanesville, and 42 ras, SW. hy W, from Cadiz, N. Iat. 40 4, lon. W. C, 4 33 W. The site of this town is pleasant, and the place has the appear ance of salubrity and prosperity. The main pari of the town is comprised in one street along the national road. A substantial bridge here crosses Wills creek. Pop. 1830, 518, and in 1840, 816, Cambridgeshire, co, of Eng,, 50 ms, long, and 25 broad, bounded on the NW. by Lincolnshire, NE. by Norfolk, E. by Suffolk, S, by Essex and Hertfordshire, and W, by the counlies of Hunt ingdon, Bedford, and Northampton, It contains 500,000 acres, is divided inlo 1.6( hundreds and 64 parishes, has a city, a university, and 8 market towns, and sends 6 members lo Pariiament, In 1801 the number of inhabitants, was 89,-346, in 1811, 101,109, and in 1821, 121,909. The principal rivers aro the Ouse, Nen, and Cam. The soulhern and eastern parts are pleasant and healthy, but the norlhern part, called the isle of CAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, CAM Ely, is low and fenny, from the confluence of many rivers, .Ml the waters ofthe middle part of Eng , which do not flow inlo the Thames or the Trent, run into those feus, and in the latter part of the year they are sometimes overflowed by water, or appear covered with logs. See Bedford Level. Cambrilla, town of Spain in Catalonia, sur rounded by a wall, and scaled near llie sea, 14 ms. W, by S. of Tarragona. Camden, East, tp, in the Midland district, lies northerly of Erncsttown, U. C. Camden, tp, in the co. of Kent, called also Camden West, on Ihc N. side of ihe river Thames, opposite to Howard, U, C, Town, Lincoln CO,, Me, Pop, in 1810, 1,607; in 1820, 1,825. Town, Oneida co,, N, Y, Pop, in 1820, 1,772. Town of Gloucester co,, N, J,, oppo site Philadelphia, It is a flourishing village, ex tending along the river. The houses are neat, and many elegant. Pop. about 660, Town of Kent CO., Del,, 4 ms,, SW. from Dover. Co. of N. C, bounded by .\lbeiiiarle sound SE., Pasquo tank CO. and river SW,, Virginia N,, and Curri tuck and Norlh river NE, ; lengih, 38 ms. ; mean width, 6 ; area, 228 sq. ms. ; surface level, and soil thin and generally sterile. Chief town, Jones- borough. Pop, in 1820, 6,305 ; and in 1840, 5,663. Central lat, 36 15 N., lon. 55' E, W. C, Town and seat of justice in Kershaw district, S. C, on the left side of the Wateree river, 36 ms, NE. from Columbia, and 110 NE, from Augusta. It contains 300 houses, and about 1,000 inhabi tants; the common buildings necessary for judicial purposes, are an academy and several places of public worship. The river is navigable from the ocean for boats and other vessels of 70 tons, which renders Camden a place of considerable trade. Two batllfes were fought here during the revolutionary war: one, August 16th, 1780, in which the army of the U. S,, under General Gales, was defeated by the British under Lord Coriiwallis; the other, April 3, 1781, between General Greene and Lord Rawdon, Co. of Ga,, forming the SE. angle of that Slate, on the Atlantic ocean ; bounded by lhat ocean E., by Florida S. and SW., on" the W. limits uncertain, and by Glynn N.; length, 38 ms. ; mean width, 25; area, 700 sq. ms. ; surface Hal ; soil sandy, and in some parts marshy ; staples, sugar, colton, rice, tobacco, &c. ; chief town, Jef ferson. Pop. in 1820, 3,403; and in 1840, 6,075. Central lat. 32° N,, lon. W. C. 4 20 W. Formerly Newcomb, village, Somers tp,, southern part of Preble co., O,, 8 ms. soulhward of Eaton the CO. scat, and 18 ras. a Httle W. of N. from Hamilton, co. seat of Butler co. Pop. in 1837, 350, Port, NW. coast of America, in Prince Frederick sound. Lon. W. C, 56 46, Iat, 56 55 N. Camelford, borough of Eng,, in Cornwall, on the river Camel, 24 ms. W. of Launceslon, and 229 W. by S. of London. .\- great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and ils neighborhood. Lon. 4 55 W., lat. 50 42 N. Camel's Rump, one of the peaks of the Green mountains, 20 ras. SE. from Burlington. Lat. 44 20, lon. W. C. 4 10 E. Camerino, ancient and populous town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, on a mountain near the Appennines and the river Chieiito, 37 ms. SW. of Ancona. Lon, 13° E., lat. 43 15 N. 24"* Cameron, post office, Steuben co,, N. Y, f'«/H(//i(s, posl office, Onondaga CO,, N. V. Pop, iu 1830, 5,791. Caminha, seaport of Portugal, in the province of Entre- Douero-c-Minho, at the mouth of the river Minho, 13 ins. N. of Viana. Lon. 8 29 W., lal. 41 50 N. (.'ammin, district of Prussian Pomerania, con verted into a principality, in favor of the house ol Brandenburg, by the treaty of Westphalia. Col- berg is tho capital, Seaport of Prussian Pome rania, in the principality of the same name ; sealed on tho Odet, op|iosile the isle of Wollin, 30 ms, N. of Stetun, Lon, 14 55 E,, lal, 54 4 N. Campagna, or Campania, lown of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, wilh a bishop's see, 40 ms, SE. of Naples. Lon. 15 19 E., lat. 40 35 N. Campagnia di Roma, anciently Latium, pro vince of Ilaly, in the Ecclesiastical Stale, extending 60 ms. SE , along the Mediterranean, to tho fron tiers of Naples, formerly the raost delightful and most populous country in the world ; few villages, liltle cultivation, and scarcely any inhabitants, are now to be seen ; no trees, no enclosures ; nothing, in short, but tho scattered ruins of temples and tombs, which present the idea of a country depop ulated by pestilence. Rome is the capital. Campaign, creek of O., in Gallia co., falling into Ohio river, 8 ms. above Gallipolis. Campbell CO., Va., bounded N. by James river, NE. by Buckington, SE. by Chariotte, S. by Roanoke river, or Halifax and Pittsylvania, and SW. by Bedford; length, 28 ms; mean width, 20 ; area, 560 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and soil va ried ; staples, grain, flour, and tobacco ; chief town, Lynchburg. Pop. in 1820, 16,570; and in 1840, 21,030. Central Iat. 37° N., lon. W. C. 3° W. Court-house and post office, Campbell co,, Va,, 10 ms. S. from Lynchburg, Co., Ky., on both sides of Licking river, opposite to the city of Cin cinnati; bounded by the Ohio river N. and NE-, by Pendleton S., and by Roane W. ; lengih 33, mean width 10 nis; area, 320 sq. ms. ; surface hilly ; soil productive ; staples, grain, flour, whis key, live stock, .°alted provisions, and fruit ; chief lown, Newport. Pop. in 1820, 9,022. Recently Ihe norlhern part of this co. wos struck off ana formed into a new co. under the name of Kenton. By the census of 1840, the two cos, stood thus: Kenton, 7,816; Campbell, 5,214; total, 13,030. Central lat, 39 N., Ion. 7 10 W. Co., Easl Tennessee, in a triangular form, bounded by Ky. N., by Clinch river SE., and by Anderson SW. ; length, 35 ms, ; mean width, 12 ; area, 420; sur face hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys and along the streams ; staples, grain, flour, fruit, and salted provisions ; chief town, Jackson'sborough, Population in 1820, 4,344; and in 1840, 6,149. Central latitude 36 30 N., 7 10 W. Campbell's Point, cope of the NW, coast of N. America, at Cooke's inlet, SE. side. Lon. W. C. 73 75 W., lal. 67 6 N. Campbell's Grove, village, Iredell co., N. C. Campbell's M^ls, post oflSce, Abbeville district. South Carolina. Campbell's Station, post office, Knox co., Tenn, Campbellstown, village, Steuben co,, N. Y., post road 354 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. 185 CAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAN Village, Lebanon co,. Pa., on the road from Leba non to Harrisburg, 18 ms. from the latter. Campbellsville, village. Green co., Ky,, on a small branch of Green river; post road 89 ms. SSW. frora Frankfort. Village, Henry co., Ky., 54 ms. NW. from Frankfort. Campbellton, borough of Soot., in Argyleshire, on the peninsula of Cantyre. It has a good harbor, and its inhabilanls are much engaged in the fishing trade. Lat. 53 29 N., lon. 5 43 W. Campbelltown, village, Steuben co. N. Y Village, Edgefield district, S. C. Campden, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 23 ms. NE. of Gloucester, and 87 WNW, of London. Lon. 1 50 W., lat. 53 4 N. Town of the kingdom of Holland, in Overyssel, wilh a ciladel, and a port almost choked up. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuyder Zee, 44 ms. NE, of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 55 E., Iat. 53 38 N. Campeachy, town of Mexico, in Merida, W. side of the peninsula of Yucatan, on the E. coast of a bay of the same name. It is noted for log wood, which, however, does not grow very near it. It is defended by a good wall and strong forts, but is neither so rich, nor carries on such a trade as formerly, it having been the port for the sale. Lon. "W. C. 13 50 W., lat. 30° N.— See Honduras. Camplins, post office, Knox co., Ky., post road 180 ms. SSE, from Frankfort. Campoli, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, 23 ms. N. by B. of Aquila. Lon. 43 57 E., lat. 42 43 N. Campo Major, town of Portugal, in Alenlejo, 100 ras. E. of Lisbon. Lon. 74° W., Iat. 38 53N. Campredon, town of Spain, in Calalonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 46 ms, N. of Barcelona. Lon. 3 16 W., Iat. 43° N. Campion, lown, Grafton co,, N. H. Pop, in 1810, 873; in 1830, 1,047. Canaan, town, Somerset co,, Me, Pop. in 1810, 1,275; in 1820, 1,470. Town, Grafton co,, N. H. Pop. in 1810, 1,094; in 1820, 1,198. Town, Litchfield co,, Ct. Pop. in 1810, 2,302 ; in 1830, 3,333. Columbia co,, N. Y. Pop. in 1810, 2,079. Tp., Wayne co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 239; in 1830,;526. Tp,, Athens co,, O. Pop. in 1820, 345,^ Tp., Madison co. For post village in this tp. see West Canaan. Tp., Wayne co., 0. Pop. in 1810, 158. — Forpost vil lage in Canaan, Wayne co., see Jackson, Canaan tp., Wayne co. Canaan Four Corners, post ofiice, in the NE, angle of Columbia co,, N. Y., 32 ms. SE. from Albany. Canaansville, village, Canaan tp,, Athens co., 0,, 4 ms. northeastward of Athens, the counly seal. Canada, or the province of Quebec, By the royal proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, this province was bounded on the E. by the river St. John, and from thence, hy a line drawn from the head of that river through Lake St. John, to the S. end of Lake Nipissing ; from whence the line, crossing the river St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain in the 45lh parallel of N. lat., passes along the highlands which divide the rivers lhat empty themselves inlo the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the sea ; and also along the N. coast of the Baye de Chaleurs, and the 186 coast of the gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Rosiersj and from thence, crossing the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, by the W. end of the island of An ticosti, terminates at the river St. John. An act of Parliament, passed in 1774, has re moved the northern and western limits of the prov ince of Quebec, adding to its jurisdiction all the lands comprised between the northern bounds of New York, the western line of Pennsylvania, the Ohio, the Mississippi, ond the soulhern boundaries of Hudson's Bay Company. Canada, a general name for that part of Cabo tia, or British N. America, lying in tho basin of the St. Lawrence. This immense region lies be tween the parallels 42 and 50° N. and embracing about 30° of longitude. Tho value of Canada, as a habitable couniry, is very inadequately estimated in the Uniled States. The soil and climate of Up per Canada bears a strong analogy with those fea tures in New York and the New England States. Canada, as now limited, one of the great politi- cal sections of North America, comprising two Bril ish provinces, called relatively Upper Canada and Lower Canada, in respect to their positions on both sides of the St. Lawrence river. In general terins, Canada is bounded on the S. and W. by the Unit ed Slates, E. by New Brunswick and the gulf of St. Lawrence, and N. rather indefinitely by Lab rador, another British territory. The inhabited part of Canada lies between latitudes 43 and 50° N., and stretching in a NW. by W. direction 1,300 ms. from Mingan settlement inclusive, to the mouth of Detroit river. The breadth varies, bul may be assumed ot a mean breadth of 100 ms., or 130,000 sq. ms. See head British America, in the general article America, pp. 58 and 59. Canada, East, creek, N. Y., rising in Mont gomery and Herkimer cos,, flows SSW. about 20 ms. inlo ihe Mohawk, which it enters at Open- heim. Canada, West, the largest norlhern branch of the Mohawk, rises in Montgomery co., and flow. ing first W, 20 ras,, to the borders of Oneida, turns to the SE., and flowing in that direction 20 ms., falls into the Mohawk at Herkimer. Canada, creek, northwestern branch of Wood creek, in Oneida co., N. Y. Canadaway, creek, N. Y., in Chatauque co., enters Lake Erie about 2i ms. W. from Dunkirk. Canadaway, — See Fredonia. Canadea, ip., Alleghany co., N. Y. Pop, in 1820, 696. Canadian river, the great southweslern branch of Arkansas river, rises by two large branches in the mounlains of New Mexico, and flowing by comparative courses about 600 ms, each, unite at N. hit. 35°, and 18° W. from Washington cily. Below the confluence of the two principal branches the Canadian fork continues E. 40 ms., where it unites with the Arkansas, receiving in the inter mediate distance another large branch from the SW. For the true position, course, and relative extent of the Canadian Fork, the public stands in debted to Major Long. Canadian sea, a lerm very properly applied lo that greatest expanse and mass of fresh water on earth, and through which extends a considerable part of the inflected political boundary between the United States and the British provinces in North CAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAN America. Of the lakes forming the component parts of this sea, five of them are of surpassing size, con stituting as a whole the far largest mass of fresh water on the earth. In latitude, the Canadian sea includes from the extreme soulhern shore of Lake Erie N, Iat. 40 40 to the mouth of Neepegon riv er into Lake Superior N. lat, 48 SO, 8° lat. very nearly. The range of the lakes are from SE, to N W. nearly, and distance 600 ms. from tho south eastern margin of Lake Erie to the norihwestern of Lake Superior. The general breadlh of this region, including the intervening peninsular bodies of land, is about 350 ms,, and area about 310,000 sq. ras. The subjoined table shows the general area of the five great lakes, with their respective greatest length and mean breadth : , Lakes. Greatest length. Mean breadth. Area in stat ute miles. SuperiorMichiganHurxin Erie - Ontario 350 320250250200 100 60 80 5035 35,000 19,200 20,00012,500 7,000 93,700 The immensity of the body of water contained in these great lakes firom their great depth is much more matter of rational wonder than their compar ative extent. Under the head of Caspian, it is shown how false is the idea lhat the largest of the Canadian lakes equals in extent the vast inland sea of Asia. In order to save reference, wo may here observe, that if to the result of the preceding table we add for other smaller lakes 6,300 sq. ms, the lake surface of the Canadian sea would then be lo the Caspian only as 100 to 124 ; but such a calcu lation would falsify tbe real facts in physical ge ography. — See Caspian. A line drawn from Kingston, at tbe outlet of Lake Ontario to the mouth of St. Francis river in to the Georgian bay of Huron, such line and the bounding lake encloses a peninsular body of land of 300 ms. in lengih from SW. to NE., mean width 80 ms,, and 24,000 sq. ms. The peninsula of Michigan is very nearly com mensurate with the space enclosed by lakes on three sides :'E. by Erie and St. Clair, NE. and N. by Huron, and W. by Michigan, comprising a land area of 36,000 sq. ms. If a third line is drawn from the head of Green Bay of Michigan to Fond du Lac, or extreme western bay of Superior, it will measure about 250 ms,, and enclose between it and Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior, a pen insular space of about 24,000 sq. ms. If we then add those three land spaces amounting in the ag gregate lo 130,000 sq. ms. to the lake summary of 93,000, we have as the joint area of land and water 313,000 sq. ms. ; leaving the relative proportions of land and water as 40 to 31. Table of the relative heights ofthe Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, ifc. Feet. Superior - - - - 641 Huron and Michigan - - - 600 Erie . - - - 565 Feet- SSI Ontario - * - Crooked Lake, in Yates and Steuben coun ties, New York - 700 Canandaigua Lake - - 680 Aqueduct at Rochester 499 Seneca Lake, at Geneva - 440 Rome level - - 420 Seneca river, at Montezuma - 371 Cayuga Lake - - . . 400 Lake Champlain - - - 90J The heights here given has relation to the sur face of the lakes, and disclose some very important physical facts. From these heights we see that an increased elevation ofthe Atlantic ocean of 90 J feet would bring the tides up the Sorrel river into Lake Champlain, a further rise of 231 feet into Lake Ontario and to the fool of the Niagara rap ids. But with less rise than necessary to flow in to Onlario, the tides would unite the waters of Sorrel and Hudson, and insulate all those parts of the United Slates and Canada northeastwords from these rivers, and such rise would of course greatly extend the water surface at the expense of tha of land. Many have expressed the opinion verbally, or by writing, that the sea of Canada is without a parallel ; that opinion is, however, unfounded in reality. The Black or Euxine sea and ils river inlets and outlets, are, though differing in features, of a liko nature. The Don flowing into the Azoph, and lhat sheet of water discharged again into the Euxine, and the latter receiving from Europe the Danube, Dniester, and Dnieper, and from Asia, beside numerous smaller streams, the Kizel, Irmak, and Sacaria, and discharging its surplus waters by the straits of Constantinople into the Marmora, and from the latter, by the Hellespont, into the archipelago or northeastern part of the Mediterra nean ; all afford similar phenomena to those of the Canadian sea. — See and compare with this, articles Caspian and Euxine, Canal, post ofiice, Genessee co., N. Y. Canal, Dover, village, or ralher the post office designation for Dover, on the Ohio canal, Tusca rawas CO., 0,, 4 ms. northward from and above New Philadelphia. Canal, Fulton, the post oflfice name ofthe village of Fulton, on the Ohio canal, Lawrence tp.. Stark CO., O. ; 13 ms. NW. of Canton, the county seat, 21 NE. by E. of Wooster, and 9 ms. northerly of Massillon. Pop., according to Ohio Gazetteer of 1837, 600. Canandiagua, lake, N. Y., in Ontario co., 15 ms. in length and 1 mile in mean breadlh. It re ceives a number of creeks and discharges its wa ters at the village of Canandaigua into an outlet which flows NE. 20 ms,, joins Mud creek at Ly ons. The level of Canandaigua lake is about 070 feet above that of the Atlantic ocean, 105 above that of Lake Erie, and 399 above the Great West ern canal at Montezuma. Canandaigua, village and seat of justice in On tario CO., N. Y., on a rising plain at the outlet of Canandaigua lake. It is one of the most elegant and thriving villages in the interior of the United States, extending in one street near two miles from the lake. Many of the houses are edifices vying . in architectural magnificence with those of the 187 CAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAN most flourishing commerc\pI seaports. The style of building and gaidening are so tastefully display ed as to give to Canandaigua a peculiarly interest ing aspect to the passing traveller. Lon. W. C, 17' W., lat. 43 54 N., 307 ms, W. from Albany and 90 E. from Buffalo. Pop, in 1830, 1,830; but, in 1840, had risen to 5,653 Tp., Ontario CO., N. Y., including the village of the same name. Pop. in 1830, 4,680. Cananjoharie, town, Montgomery co., N. Y., on the Mohawk river, about 40 ms. westward frora Schenectady. Pop. in 1830, 4,677. Cananore, large seaport on the coast of Malabar. It was ceded by Tippoo Sultan, regent of Mysore, to the English East India Company in 1793, Lon. 74 10 E., lat. 12° N. Canara, province on the coast of Malabar, sub ject to the Rajah of Mysore. Its most northerly port is Onore, in Iat. 14 20 N. Canard, small river of Upper Canada, falls in to Detroit river between Amherstsburg and Sand wich. Caharia, or The Grand Canary, principal of the Canary islands, about 180 ms. from the coast of Africa, which gives name to the whole. It is a fruitful island, and famous for the wine that bears its name ; the temperature of ils air is delightful ; and it abounds with good water, with trees, herbs, and delicious fruits. Here are two wheat har vests, in February and May, and the corn makes bread as white as snow. It is 42 ms. long, and 37 broad, and lies 18 leagues W. by S. of Fuerla- ventura. Lon. 15 34 W., lat. 28 14 N.— See Africa, p. 31, Canary Islands, anciently called the Fortunate Islands, on account of their temperate healthy air and excellent fruits, are seven in number, lying in the Atlantic ocean, near the continent of Africa ; namely, Palma, Ferro, poraera, Teneriffe, Cona- ria, Fuertaventura, and Lancerota ; to which may be added several smaller isles as Graciosa, Roccas, Allegranza, St. Clare, Infierno, and Lobos. Frora these islands the Canary birds originally came. The NE, point of these is in lon. 15 38 W., lat, 38 13 N. — See Africa, p, 31. Canary, the capital of the island of Canaria, with a bishop's see, an inquisition, supreme coun cil of the Seven Islands, and a castle seated on a hill. They have sugar houses, in which a great quantity of sugar is made. The wine called Sack, has hence been often termed Canary. It is com- putecl that 10,000 hogsheads are sent annually to Eng, in time of peace. Lon, 4 N^ — See Africa, p. 31. Canastota. — See Canistota. Canavamal, bay of the U. S., on ihe Pacific coast. Lon. W. C. 47° W., lat. 45 N. Cancalle, bay on the coast of Fr , 10 ms. E. of St. Maloes, where the English made a descent, under the Duke of Marlborough, in 1758, and hence proceeded to burn the ships ot St. Maloes. Candahar, rich trading city of Asia, capital of a kingdom of the same name. While the Persian and Mogul empires were severally undivided, it was the frontier fortress of Hindoostan towards Persia ; and was esteemed the key of the western provinces of the latter, and not unfrequently 5 changed masters, although very strong by situa tion, being surrounded by fens and rocks. It is 188 145 ras, SW. of Cabul. Lon. 67 15 E,, lat. 33° N. — See head of Persic Region, art. Asia, and art. Afghanistan, Candeish, rich and populous province, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, subject to the Poonah Mahratlas. ll is bounded on the N, by Malwa, on the E, by Berar, on the S. by Dowlatabad, and on the W. by Baglana. Candelania, bay of, at the mouth of the Atrato river. Colombia, — See Alrato. Candia, island in the Mediterranean, formerly Crete, and to the S. of the Archipelago. The capital of the same name, though populous for merly, is little better than a desert, there being nothing but rubbish, except at the bazar or mar ket-place ; and the harbour of Candia is now fit for nothing but boats ; but the walls of the towns are standing, and it is the see of a Greek arch bishop. The products are corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and excellent honey. The climale of Can dia is delightful. The heat is never excessive; and in the plains violent cold is never felt. In the warmest days of summer the air is cooled by breezes from ihe sea. Except December and Jan uary, bul liltle cold is felt. The narrowness of the island exposes ils entire surface lo the influ ence of sea breezes, which are generally mild and genial. The mountains are covered .with a great number of odoriferous plants. In a word, from the hills, the vales, and the plains, on all hands there arise the most exquisite perfumes, which embalm the air, and render it a luxury to breathe it. Candia is 200 m?. in lengih, and 50 in breadth. It is 500 ms. SW. of Constantinople. Lon, 26 18 E., lal, 35 18 N, Town, Rockingham co., N, H. Pop. in 1810, 1,290; in 1S20, 1,273, Candlemas Isles, near the coast of Sandwich Land. Lon, 27 13 W., lal. 57 10 S, Candor, tp, and post ofiice, Tioga co,, N. Y., on Cutetant creek, 10 ms. NNW. from Owego, and by postroad 215 ms, SW. by W. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 1,6.55. Candy, Kingdom of Ceylon, containing about a quarter of the island. It is full of hills, whence rivulets proceed, which abound with fish. The in habitants are dexterous in turning these rivulets to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and hemp. The king is absolute, and his sub jects are idolaters. Capilal of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Ceylon. Lon. 80 42 E,, lat. 7 45 N, Candy's Creek, posl office, Cherokee nation, in 15 50 W., lat! 28 I theNW. partof Ga. Cane, Grotto del, famous grotto, on the banks of Lake d'.'igano, 7 ms. from Puzzoli, in the king dom of Naples, A suffocating vapour rises a fool above the bottom of this cave, and is destructive to animal life. A dog having his head held in this vapour, is convulsed in a few minutes, and soon after falls motionless to the earth, hence the name. The fellows who attend at the cave, have always some miserable dogs, with ropes about their necks, ready for this cruel purpose. Canea, considerable town of the island of Can dia, with a good harbor. The envirOns are adorned wilh forests of olive trees, mixed with fields, vine yards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myrtle- trees and laurel-roses. Lon. 24 15 E., Iat, 36 20 N. CAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAN Canesus, small lake of Ontario co., N Y,, dis charges its waters into Gonosc-e river, Caneto, town of Ilaly, in the Manfuan, on the river Oglio, often taken and retaken by the French and .'Vustrians. It is 20 ms. W.of Mantua. Lon. 10 22 E,, lat. 45 9 N. Caneadea, tp,, Alleghany co,, N, Y. Canfield, town, Trumbull co., Ohio, 190 ms. NE. from Columbus, and about 30 NW. from Beaver, in Penn. Pop. in 1820, 787. Canina, capital of the district of the same name, in the N, part oli Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, lying near the entrance of the Gulf of Venice, 8 ms. N. of Volono, Lon. 19 25 E,, lat. 41 12 N.— See Joanino, Canistota, village in Lenox, Madison co., N. Y,, on the great wesiern canal, post road 27 ms, W. from Utica. Cannay, one of the wesiern isles of Scotland, SW. of the isle of Skye. This island is fertile, and is noted for vast basaltic columns, which rise above each olher to a great height, in many suc cessive ranges, each separated from tho other by a stratum of pebbly concretions. On the E. side of the island, the tops of an immense number of these columns appear at low water, forming a sort of causeway of surprising extent, the surface of which is smooth and regular, like an ordinary paved street. Cannaughquensing, village and creek, Butler CO,, Pa. Pop. 1,300. Cannaveral, cape of Florida, N, lat. 28 22, lon. W, C. 3 35 W, Il was off this cape (April 29, 1814) that the British brig Epervier, of 32 guns and 128 men, was captured by the U. S, sloop Peacock, Captain Warrington, after an ac tion of 43 minutes, Cannelton, village of Perry co., Ia-, situated on the Ohio river, opposite Hawesville, Hancock co-, Ky. The remarkable circumstances under which this village was founded, and attending its exist ence, deserve more than a mere noiice of its name. It is situated on the margin of the Ohio river, on one of those comparatively, with the now highest floods of that stream, elevated alluvial plains so characteristic of the banks of Ohio, and at the foot of high bluffs or hills- In 1830, a vein of mineral coal was discovered in the adjacent hills by Judge Alraey McLean, and which discovery led on to the opening of a stratum of from four to six feel of cqal, having some resemblance to the English Cannel coal ; hence the name. This coal depos ite is now worked by a company, and appears to be of immense extent. The coal, sold at 5 cents per bushel, yields a fair profit. This noiice is de rived from an ample description given by Mr, P. A. Hall, in a letter to F, Markde, jr.. Esq,, and published in the National Intelligencer of July 20, 1843. The same authority stales the existence al the same locality of abundant iron ore. Cannelton was first named Coal Haven, and the name changed to suit the supposed species of coal, which, though not identical with the real Cannel coal, is of ex cellent quahty. Cannonball, river, branch of Missouri, from the W. below the Mandan village, and above the Wetarhoo. Cannonehe, river of Georgia, branch of the Ogechee. Pop. by on Lon. Cannonsburg, tp,, Washington co,, Pn, 1920,440. Cannonxville, vill,, Delaware co, , N, \ . postroad, 141 ms. SW, from Albany. Canobia, town of Italy, in the Milanese, Lake Maggiore, 35 ms. NNW. ot Milan. 8 44 E., lat, 45 55 N. Canoe Camp, village, Tioga co,. Pa. Canoga, small creek, N, Y., between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, discharges inlo Seneca outlet. Canogc, the ruins of which are at present of great extent, is a town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Agra, seated on the Ganges, near its confluence with the Calin, It is now reduced to the size of a middling town. It is said to have been built more than 1,000 years before the Chris tian era, and to have been the capilal of all Hin doostan, under the predecessor of Porus, who fought against Alexander. Itis 127 ms. SE. of Agra. Lon. 80 13 E., lat. 27 3 N. Canonical, island in Naragansett bay, belong ing to the State of R, I. The soil is fertile and well cullivated ; the inhabitants are about 600. Canonsburg, village, Washington co,. Pa,, on the road from Pittsburg to Washington, 18 ms. from the former and 7 from the latter place. It is the seat of Jefferson college, formerly an academy, but changed from the latter to the former in 1803. The college is under the direclijin of a president and two professors. The library contains about 1,000 volumes, and the philosophical apparatus is respectable. Pop, 1840, 687. Jefferson college, located in the borough of Canonsburg, was char tered and organized in 1802, though with an en largement ralher than any serious change in its objects of tuition. This institution had its origin in a Latin and clerical school formed at the resi dence of the Rev. John McMillan, between 2 and 3 ms, SE. from Canonsburg, commenced about the close of the revolutionary war. The log cabin in which this school was held was standing in 1839 ; and in it the writer ofthis article has to say he stood in 1789 and 1839. Canosa, town of the kingdom of Naples, in Terra di Barri. Between Canosa and the river Osanto are still songe traces ofthe ancient town of Cannae, in the plain of which was fought the cel ebrated battle between Hannibal and the Romans, Lon, 16 32 E,, Iat, 41 30 N, Canso, seaport of Nova Scotia, on a sirait which separates Nova Scolia from Cape Breton. Near this town is a fine fishery for cod, Lon. 55° W., lat. -45 20 N. Canstaf, town of Suabia, in tbe duchy of Wirlemberg, seated on the Neckar, 3 ms. NE, of Stutgardt. Lon. 19 14 E,, lot. 48 53 N. Cantal, dep. of Fr., including part of the late province of Auvergne. The capital is St, Flour. Cantazuro, town of Naples, in Calabria Cite riore, near the sea, 30 ms, E. of Nicastro, Lon, 16 47 E., lat. 39 3 N. Canterbury, ancient city of Eng,, the capital of Kent, with an archbishop's see, the metropolitan of all Eng. It is governed by a mayor, and pos sesses a share of the silk manufactures introduced by the Walloons, who have here a church under the cathedral. It is seated on the rivor Sleur, 26 ms. ESE. of Rochester, and 56 of London. Lon. 1 4 E., lat. 51 19 N. Town, Rockingham co., 189 CAP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAP N. H. Pop. 1810, 1,526; 1820, 1,696. Town, Windham co., Ct. Pop. 1810, 1,813; 1820, 1,984. Town, Orange co., N. Y., on the right bank of the Hudson, between West Point and Newburg. Town, Kent co., Del., between Camden and Frcderica. Canton, or Quangtong, one of the southern provinces of China, bounded on the NE. by Fo- kien, on the N. by Kiangsi, on the W. by Quan- si and the kingdom of Tonking, and every where else by the seas. The country is diversified Wilh hills and plains, and the soil is in general so fer tile that it produces two crops annually. Canton is the capital. See articles Asia and China. Canton, large, populous, and wealthy city of China, capilal of the province of that name, stands on the river Pekiang. It is a seaport, and one of the finest in the empire. The number of inhabit ants was computed at 1,000,000, but later calcu lations have made them considerably less. Lon. 133 12 E., lat. 23 7 N. Town, Oxford co.. Me., 67 ms. NNW. from Portland, Town, Norfolk CO., Mass. Pop. 1810, 1,353; in 1820, 1,268. Tp., Hartford co., Ct. Pop. 1810, 1,374; in 1820, 1,332. Town, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,337 Tp., Wash ington CO., Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,335; in 1820, 1,276. Tp., Bradford co.. Pa. Pop. 1820, 569, Tp., Stark co., 0. Pop. 1810, 846 ; in 1820, 1,398- Village and county seat. Stark CO., O., on the Nimishillen creek, over which, in the vicinity of the village, four fine bridges have been erected, NW. from Steubenville 58, and NNE. from Zanesville 90 ms. In 1830, this place contained 1,257 inhabitants, and in 1840, 3,299 ; distant 35 ms, a very little S. of W. from Ravenna, 34 west of New Lisbon, 55 NW. of Steubenville, and 8 E, of Massillon, on the Ohio canal. N. Iat. 40 48, lon. W. C. 4 35 W Village, Belmont CO., 0. For Canton, Belmont CO., see Bridgeport, Belmont co-, 0. Land district of Ohio, includes part of Stark, and all of Wayne and Richland cos., and is composed of 31 ranges of tps,, comprehended between the Green ville treaty line on the S, and the Connecticut western reserve on the N., excepting the seven easternmost ranges which belong to the Steuben ville district. The land office for this district is at Worcester, in Wayne co. Village, Wilcox CO., Ala,, on the left hank of the Alabama river, about 40 ms, by water below Cahaba. CantweWs Bridge, town on the Appoquini mink, in Newcastle co,, Del,, 9 ms. S. from St. George's, and 19 from Newcastle. Caney Fork, branch of Cumberland river, rises in Warren, White, and Jackson counties, in Ten., and, flowing NW., enters Smith co., and falls into Cumberland at Carthage. Cantyre, the southern division of Argyleshire, in Scotland. It is a narrow peninsula between the Atlantic ocean and the Frith of Clyde. To the soulh the peninsula terminates in a great promon tory, surrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Cantyre. The soil, in general, is fertile. Caorlo, small island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 20 ms. NE. of Venice. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 13 30 E., lat. 45 42 N. 190 Capacio, episcopal town, Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 16 ms. S. of Salerno. Lon. 15 3 E,, lat. 40 20 N. Capatina, creek and post office, Belmont co,, 0., 13 ms. below Wheeling. Cape, tp,, Cumberland co., Me. Pop. 1820, 53. Cape Breton, very irregular island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about 100 ms. in length, and forming a part ofthe province of L. C, separated from Nova Scotia by the strait or gut of Canso, The shores of this island are remarkable for the antiquity and abundance of its fisheries. The in-. terior of the island is fertile, and abounds wilh mineral coal. Pop. about 3,000. Cape Elizabeth, tp,, Cumberland co., Maine. Pop. 1810, 1,415; in 1820, 1,688. Cape Girardeau, co.. Mo., bounded by Mis sissippi river NE,, New Madrid co. S., St. Francis river W., and St. Genevieve co. N. ; lengih 48 ms,; mean width 85 ; area 1,300 sq. ms. ; surface mostly level, and in part liable to annual submer sion. Soil fertile ; staples, some cotton, Indian corn, live stock, &c. Chief towns, Jackson and Girardeau. Pop. in 1820, 5,968. Central Iat. 37 20 N., lon. W. C. 13 35 W. Village, Cape Girardeau Co., Miss., on the right bank of the Miss, river. N. lat. 37 32, lon. W. C. 12 10 W. Cape Charles, the exireme southern point of the peninsula, between the Atlantic ocean and Chesapeake bay. Cape Cod, remarkable point of land in Mass., extending in form of a long narrow peninsula, into the Atlanric ocean. It forms a_part of Barnstable co. The extreme NW. point of this cape, is at Ion, W. C. 6 48 E., lat. 42 6 N. Cape Cod Bay, between Cape Cod peninsula, and Barnstable and Plymouth counties, Mass. Cape Farewell, southern extremity of Green land. Lon. W. C. 33 E,, lat. 59 58 N. Cape Fear, southern extremity of Smith's is land, at the moulh of Cape Fear river, N, C. Lon, W. C. 1 35 W,, lat. 33 33 N. Cape Fear River, the most considerable river which flows entirely in N. C. It rises principally in Rockingham and Guilford counties ; whence it pursues a SSE. course to the Atlantic ocean. Cape Haitien, or Cape Frangois, lown and seaport on the north side of the island of Haiti, or St. Domingo. This place was estimated to,con- tain a population exceeding 10,000, but was nearly destroyed by an earthquake on the 7th of December, 1843. Lat. 19 50 N., lon. 73 10 W. of London. Cape of Good Hope, the southern extremity of Africa, discovered by the Portuguese navigator Bartholomew Diaz, in 1486, who gave it the name of Cabo Tormentoso, from the boisterous weather which he met with near it ; but Emanuel, king of Portugal, on the return of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape of Good Hope,, from the hope he entertained of finding a passage beyond it lo India; and in this he was not deceived, for Vasco de Gama, having doubled this cape on the 30lh of November, 1497, proceeded to India, and landed at Calicut, on the 33d May, 1498. The Cape of Good Hope was first touched at by the Dutch in 1600, and in 1650 they established a set- CAP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, CAP tlement at this place, of which they held undisturb ed possession for near 150 years. Here is a neat town called Cape Town, rising in the midst of a desert, surrounded by a black and dreary moun tains. — See Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, colony, extends over all tho soulhern regions of Africa, surrendered by copilulalion to tho British in 1795, but was, res tored in 1803, by the treaty of Amiens. It again surrendered to the British, in 1806; and now forms part of their dominions, — See Africa, p. 27. Cape Colony, as represented on Black's Edin burg .'Vilas, extends from Cape Castle, on the Atlantic ocean, lon. 18° E. London, to the mouth of Kiskamma river. Lon. 27 30 E,, or from W, to E,, along S. Iat, 33°, about 540 ms. ; and from Cape Lagullas, S. lat. 34 26 to S, 30° in land. The Brilish Government have anglicised, in great part, the local subdivisions. The Cope district, or extreme west, remains, and is followed by Stellenboch, continuing the name on a very small scale of a large former Dutch province. Clan Wilham now follows the new Stellenboch, on the southern coast, extending from False Bery and Stellenboch, Schwellendam reaches to Gauretz river, and is followed by George, and the Big Uitenhage, two districts nearly commensuiate with the former Schwellendam of the Dutch. The former Graaf Reynet, or eastern Dutch province is near and along the ocean now called George, and inland next to George Somerset, and still more northerly, Graaf Reynet. The inclination of the far greater part of the Cape Colony is southward, though towards its northern extreme flow the higher sources of Orange river, and from its north western district Clan William, flow, beside some of lesser note — the considerable volume of Olifants river. We say considerable, however, only as comparalive, since like all the other rivers of Africa, those of the Cape are only abundant in water during the rainy seasons. — See art. Africa, pp. 37, 38. Cape Henry, opposite Cape Charles, the point to the SE, oft" the mouth of the Chesapeake bay. Cape Henlopen, Sussex co,, Del , opposite Cape Mav, from which il is distant, N'W., 83 ms. Lon, W" C. -1 57 E,, lat. 38 44, Cape Hope, light-house, NW. poinl of Martha's vineyard. Capelle, town ofFr., now in the dep. of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, 8 ma. NE. of Guise, taken by the Spaniards in 1636,, but re taken the year after. Lon. 3 SO E,, Iat. 49 58 N. Cape May, point of land in the Slate ofN. J,, formed by the Atlantic ocean, and the bay of Delaware, Lon. W. C. 3 18 E., Iat. 38 56 N. Cape May Court, House, tillage and seat of justice in Cape May, co., N. J , a few ms. N. from Cape May, 34 SE. frora Bridgetown, and 74 from Philadelphia, in the Iat. of 39° N. and 75° W.— See Middletown, Cape May, co. of N. J., the southern extre mity of that Stale; bounded SE, by the Atlantic ocean, W. by Delaware bay, N. W. by Cumber land, and by Tuckahoe, and Great Egg Harbor rivers N. E.; length 31, mean width 10 ms., area 310 sq. ms. ; surface level, soil sandy. Chief town, Middletown. Pop. in 1820, 4,265, in 1840, 5,324. Central lat, 39 10, lon, W. C, 3 15 E, Cape Neddick, cape and post office, York co. , Me,, 53 ms, 8, W. from Portland. Capestan, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Aude, and lato province of Languedoc, near tho river Aude, and the famous canal of Languedoc. Lon. 3 8 E., lat. 43 31 N. Cape St, Michael, seigniory of Lower Canada, in Surry co , nearly opposile Quebec, Cape Town, capital ofthe Cape of Good Hope colony, in Africa. Lat. 33 56 S., lon. 18 33 E. from London, and 95 33 E, from W. C. This city stands on a capacious bay of the Atlantic ocean. It is tolerably well built. Pop. 15,000. The adjacent country is mountainous, though the valleys are fertile and well cultivated. This cily being the great entrepot between the Atlantic and Indian oceans, must be at all times a very im portant commercial position. Cape Town, with the whole of S. of Africa, was ceded lo Great Britain in 1814, Cape Vincent, village of Jefferson co,, N, Y , on the St. Lawrence river. Caption Springs, village, Frederick co,, Va. Capitinati, province of the kingdom of Na- pies, bounded NW. by the province of Molisi.W. by Benevento, S. by Basilicata and Terra di Bari, and ENE. and N, by tbe Adriatic sea. As a natural sec tion, Capitinala slopes eastward from the Appennine mountains, and is included between latitudes 41° and 42° N. On the Adriatic side, this province is indented by the Gulf of Manfredonia, and traversed by a spur of the Appeninnes, protruding the promontory of Mount Gargan. The name, according to Sismondi, is derived from the title of the Greek Governor Catapan, when that nation regained their ascendancy in that country, A. D. 982 — 1003. Capital, Manfredonia. Town of New Granada, 60 ms. from Tunja, . Capo Fino, a barren rock in the tjrritory of Genoa, with a castle on its easiern peak. Near it is a small harbor of the same name, 13 ms. EbE. of Genoa. Lon. 8 56 E., lat 44 20 N. Capo D'Istria, town of Italy, in the Venetian Istria, on the Gulf of Trieste, whose principal revenue consists in wine and salt. It is 8 ms. S, of Trieste, Lon, 14 6 E,, Iat. 45 49 N. Capolica, small river of Mexico, in the inten dancy of Oaxaca, flows inlo the Gulf Tehuantepec- Lon. W. C. 19° W., lat. 16° N. Caprala, isle in the Mediterranean sea, to the NE, of Corsica, on which it depends. It has a strong castle, and is 15 ms. in circumference. Lon. 10 E., lat, 43 5 N. Caprana, nearly coinciding wilh the ancient Chseronea of Bcelia, now Livadia ; it is a village on the ancient Cephisus. Capri, island of Naples, in the .Mediterranean, opposite Sorenlo. A vast quantity uf quails come here every year, forming the principal revenue of the bishop, who is hence called the bishop of Quails. It is 5 ms. in length and 2 in breadth. Capi tal of an island of the same name, wilh a strong castlau II was once a delightful place, embellished wilh Tnagnificent works, which were demolished after the death of Tiberius. Lon, 14 8 E,, lat. 40 1 1 N. Captina, creek of Ohio, rising in the SW. 191 CAR GEOGR.APHICAL DICTIONARY. CAR angle of Belmont co,, and falling into the Ohio river opposite Captina island, 23 ms. by water below Wheeling; Captina, post office, York tp,, southeastern angle of Belmont co., O,, on or near the Ohio river, about 15 rns, a little E, of S. from St. Clairsville, and about an equal distance below Wheeling, Capua, town of Napless, in Terra di Lavora, wilh an archbishop's see. It is 2 ms, from the ancient Capua, and was built out of its ruins. It was taken by the Austrians in 1 707 ; and is sealed on the Vollurno, 15 ms. N, ot Naples. Lon. 14 19 E., lat. 41 7 N. Caraccas, province of S, America, in tho former Republic of Colombia, included in the W. part of the province of Venezuela, It is bounded on the N. by the gulf of Mexico, on the E, by Cumana, and on the S, by New Granada, The coast is rocky and mouniainous, interspersed wilh small fertile valleys ; in general wilh a clear air and wholesome climate. The chief town is Caraccas. Caraccas, or St. Jago de Leon, capilal of Carac cas. It is situated in an elevated valley between two mountains, 3,900 feet above the level of the sea. It is subjected lo earthquakes ; one occurred March 16, 1813, which reduced great part of the cily to ruins, and the population from upwards of 32,000 lo less than 20,000 persons. Lon. W. C- 10 14 E., Iat- 10 34 N, Caramania, province of Turkey in Asia, in the S, part of Natolia. Salalia is the capital. — See Asia, p. 83. Caramania, province of Terra Firma, lying on bolh sides of the river Cauca ; bounded on the N. by the district of Carthagena, on the E. by New Granada, on the S. and W. by Popayan and Pa nama. It is a valley surrounded by high moun tains; and there are rivulets whence the nalives get very good salt. Capilal of a province of that name in Terra Firma, South America, sealed on the Cauca, 240 ms, NNE. of Popayan. Lon. 75 15 W., lat. 5 18 N. Carangas, small province of Peru, in the Andes, to the E. of Arica, on bolh sides of the river Des- aguadura. Carango, inconsiderable island in the Easl In dies, near Bombay. It affords nothing but some rice, fowls,' and goals. Carsra, town of Tuscany, in the principality of Massa, between Massa and Sarzana, 5 ms. from each. Near this place are quairies of marble of various colors. Lon, 9 55 E,, Iat, 44 5 N. Carasu, river of Natolia, which rises in Cara mania, crosses part of Aladula, and falls into the Mediterranean. Carasu Meslro, river of Romania, which rises m Mount Rhodope, and falls into the Archipelago. Carasui, lake in Bulgaria, said lo be 55 ras, in circumference, and to contain several islands. It i-4 formed by a branch of the Danube, not far from Its entrance inlo the Black sea. Cauat, from a bony of a pod used for a weight of 4 grains. It is used in weighing precious stones, and to express the fineness of wrought or coined gold. Pure gold divided into 34 equal paflfe and any number of these parts taken away anTT sup plied by other metal, the mixture is then designated by the "number of carats of pure gold. If, for ex ample, allowing the whole mass 34, two carats are 192 copper, the gold is then termed .33 carats fine, or 11 13lhs gold and 1 18th copper. Caravacca, town of Spain, among the moun tains near the river Segura, in Murcia- It is 50 ms- NW. of Carthagena, Lon. 2 5 VV,, Iat, 38 5N, Caravan, from Arabic karau, to move or stretch along, is applied, however, particularly to any body of people, whether pilgrims or merchants, associated together to traverse the great deserts of Africa and Asia, Hence caraviin-serai, or enclosed places of stoppage or of refreshment for caravans, Caravan-seiiai, composed of caravan and serai, an enclosed space, A kind of inn or stopping place for travellers, pilgrims, merchants, &c,, moving in caravan, — See Seraglio. This term is spelled differently as lo the terminating syllable, as cara vansera, caravan-serai, and caravanserail. Caravclle, cape of the island of Martinico, on the NE. coast- Lon- W- C. 16 4 E., lat, 14 55 N. Carcassone, ancient lown of Fr,, in the dep, of Aude, and lale province of Languedoc, Here are manufactures of all sorts of cloth. It is 15 ms, Vn', of Narbonne and 400 S, of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E,, lat, 43 14N. Cardiff, borough of S. Wales in Glamorgan shire. It is a large and well built town. It is seal ed on the Taafe, over which is a bridge, and it has a considerable trade with Bristol, Cardiff is 13 ms. E. of Cowbridge and 164 W. of London. Lon. 3 12 W., lat. 51 30 N. Cardigan, county lown of Cardiganshire, on ihc river Tyvy, over which is a handsome stone bridge; 33 ras. NE. of St. David's and 335 WNW. ofLondon. Lon. 4 38 W., lal, 53 10 N. Cardigan bay, on the coast of Cardiganshire, at the mouth of the Tyvy, extending to Barscy is land, in Carnarvonshire. It is 40 ms from oiio cape lo the olher, and affords secure shelter fur ships, Cardiganshire, co. of Soulh Wales, bounded on the N, by Merionethshire and Monlgoincryshire, on the E. by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire, on the S, by Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, and on the W. by Cardigan bay. Il extends 43 ms, from N, lo S,, and 30 from E, to W,, and is divided into five hundreds, containing six market towns, and 64 parishes, extending over 500,000 acres. It lies ill the diocess of St. David's, and sends iwo members lo Parliament. The air is milder here than ill most parts of Wales. To the S. and W. are plains fruitful in corn; bul the N. and E, parls are a continued ridge ot mountains; however, there are cattle bred in all parls; but they have neither wood nor coals of their own for fuel. They have fish in plenty, wilh fowls bolh tame and wild. Near the rivers are great numbers of otters ; and in Iho valleys are several lakes. The mounlains abound wilh veins of lead aud silver ore ; and the mines have been worked several limes lo great ad vantage : Sir Hugh Middleton is said lo have clear ed J32,000, a month for several years together, which enabled him to bring the New river water to London ; but he expended the whole on that great object. The principal rivers are the Tyvy, the Rydal, and the Istwith. Pop. in 1801, 43,956; in 1811, 50,360; and in 1831, 57,311. Caudinal, chief, principal, or first. The rad ical meaning " the foundation— first principle," CAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAR an ecclesiastical dignity. In its original applica tion, which dales back to the earliest ages of Chrisliunity, the title of cardinal was given lo ng niar clergy — bishops, priests, and ileaeons, who were attached to a particular chunb, lo di-ilinguish them from clergymen who n'liiaini'd unsettled- This distinctive application remained unchanged to the eleventh century, when the pope.'!, in their increase of power, deemed it suitable lo their views to have a council of these cardinals ; which, how ever, in the first age of the existence of such coun cil conferred no superiority of its members over other clergy of equal rank in the church. Bul in this case the laws of nature bad their course and effect — an increase of eoiicenlrated power The election of the popes finally fell inlo their hands- Urban VIII, in 1631, granted them the Utie of Eminence, which replaced their former title of 11- Insirious- Their number "hod been fixed in I.'j2li al 70, which has remained the regular number, o\-- cept that death rarely admits a full college. Many cardinals have been ministers of Stale ; but Cardi nal Fleury, Prime Minister of France, and who died in 1743, was the last of ihe order of any note who hove been, out of the Papal Stales, called to so high political station, Cardington, village, Morventp,, near the south eastern angle .if Marion en., O,, 18 ms. SE, by E, from Marion, the county seal, 16 ms. NNE, from Delaware, and 40 very nearly due N. from Columbu.s. Cardona, town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a castle. Near il is an inexhaustible mountain of salt, of several colors, which, when washed, be comes white ; and there are vineyards which pro duce excellent wine. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Cardeneio, 30 ms, NW. of Barce lona. Lon, 1 30 E,, lal. 41 36 N. Carelia, eastern part of Finland. It belonged formerly to Sweden, bul now to Russia, — See Wi burgh. Carentan, town of Fr , in the dep. of the Chan nel, and lale province of Normandy, wilh an an cient castle, 8 ms. from the sea. Lon, I 4 W,, lal. 49 IG N. ' Cares, or Kareis, town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 17 ms. SE. from Salonica. Carew, village of Wales, on an arm of Milford- liaven ; remarkable for its ruins, Carfagnano, — See Castle Nuovo di Carfag- nano. Carhaix, town of Fr., in the dep of Finisterre, nn the river Yer, 19 ms. S. of Moriaix. Carham, village of Eng., in Northumberiand, 5 ms. E. of Kelso. Cariaco, gulf of Soulh America, in Cumana, extending between the continent and a long nar row peninsula terminated by Cope Araya NW,, 17 ms. from the city of Cumana, Sraall river falling inlo the gulf of the same name, Town of Cumana, at the head of the Cariaco gulf. Cariati, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeri ore, near the gulf of Taranto, 35 ras, N. of St. Se verino. Caribbean sea, lhat part of the Atlantic ocean lying between Cuba, St. Doraingo, and Porto Ri co on the N. and the Republic of Colombia S, — See America, Caribbe islands, the most easiern i-^lands of the llice of Cumberiand count 25'' West Indies, divided into Windward islands and Leewaril islands, ? Caribeuf, island in Lake Superior, nbout Hill ras, NW, from the falls of St. Mary, Curical, town uf Hindooslan, in llie Caniulii-, where the French had a solllemenl, which w.\ ¦ taken by the British in I7li0, Il stands at llh- moulh ol a branch ol the Cavery, 8 nn, S. ul Tranqueliar, Carignan, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ardennes. It was formerly called Ivoix, and belonged to Lus emburg, hut was ceded lo Louis XIV, who chongeii tho name, ft is sealed on the (yhierfi, 8 ms. ESE. of Sedan, Town of Piedmont, in a dislrict of the ^ame name, sealed on the river Po, 13 ins. S, by W. of Turin, The heir apparent to the thione of Sardinia is entitled ** Prince of C'arignan." Cariman Java, cluster of islands to the N. of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for le- Ireshmenl in their voyage lo Borneo. Lon. 110 12 fi,, lat 6 56 S, Carinacou, chief ol" the Granadilla island,^, in the West Indies, 16 ms. NNE. from Grenada. It produces much cotton, and has a good hofbor, Lon, CI 22 VV., lat. 13 38 N. Carinola, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated near Mount Massico, 25 ms. NW. from Naples. Ci/rinlhia, duchy of Germany, in the circle of Austria, E. by Styria, S. by Carniola and Friuli, and W. by Tyrol and Salzburg. Il is mountain ous and woody, but yields good pasturage, and abounds in excellent iron and lead. Clagenfurt is the capital. Carion Crow, creek of La,, forming part ofthe limit between Opelousas and Attacapas, Carisbrook Castle, ancient castle near Newport, in the Isle of Wight, one mile S, of Newport, now the seat of the governor of the Isle of Wight, and has a strong garrison. Caristo, or Castel Rosso, episcopal town of Greece, at the southern extremity of the island of Negroponl. Lon. 34 35 E,, lat. 38 4 N. Carlentini. — See Lentini, Curlingford, borough and seaport of Ireland, in the CO, of Lowlh, with a castle on a rock. It is noted for excellent oysters, and seated on Carling- ford b,iy, 31 ms. N, of Drogheda. Lon. 6 0 W,, lat. .64 1 1 N. Carlinwark, village of Scotland, at the norlh corner of a lake of .its name, 7 ms, NE. of Kirk cudbright, with a considerable manufacture of cotton. Carlisle, city of Eng,, and the capital of Cum berland. It is governed by a mayor, and contains about 13,000 inhabitants, Carlisle has consider able manufactures of coarse linens, cottons, cali coes, muslins, whips, and fish-hooks. It is 60 ms. S. of Edinburgh, and 301 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 53 W., lat. 54 46 N. Tp. in Middle sex CO. Mass. Pop, in 1810, 673 ; in 1830, 681, Town in Schoharie co., N. Y. Pop. in 1830, 1,583, Village and capilal of Cumberiand CO., Pa., on the S. side of Connedogwinnet creek, 18 ms. W. by S. from Harrisburg, 37 N. by W. of York, about NW. from Lancaster, and 118 from Philadelphia. The county was divided from Lan caster, and Carlisle made the principal seal of jus- ' ' " January, 1749-'f,0, 193 CAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAR The lown is pleasantly situated, and the houses are built principally wilh brick and limestone, plain and commodious. The streets are laid out in Blraight lines, and of a convenient width. Ills the 'seal of a seminary of learning, called Dickinson College, founded in 1783, which, after languish ing many years, has been revived by the exertions of individuals, and by a liberal grant. Pop. of the bjrough and township in 1840, 4,351. Bo rough and tp. in Cumberland co,, Pa, Pop. in 1810, 3,491; in 1820, 3,908; and in 1840, the borough and township contained 4,S61 inhabitants. Village in Bourbon co,, Ky, Village in Nicholas co, Ky., situated on a branch of Hink- ston's fork of Licking rive.-, 30 ms- NE. of Lex ington, and near aboul u like distance SW- of Maysville, Village in Lorain eo., Ohio, 3J ms, S, of Elyria, the county .seat, 5 E, of Oberiin, and .0 N. of Lagrange, Carlow, or Catherlough, co. of Ireland, in the province of Leinsler, 38 ms. in length and 8 in breadth; bounded on the E, by Wicklow and Wexford, on the W, by Queen's co. and Kilken ny, and on the N, by Kildare. Town of Ire land, in a county of the same name, on the river Barrow, 16 ms, NE. of Kilkenny, Lon. 7 14 W„ lat, 53 48 N. Carlow, post ofiice in Hopkins co, Ky,, aboul 200 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort. Carlowitz, town of Sclavonia, sealed on the Danube, 38 ms. NW. of Belgrade. Long, 20 5 E,, lat. 44 45 N, The treaty deriving its title from this town was signed 36lhJan., 1699, by the min isters of Turkey, Germany, Poland, Russia, &c. Carlscrona, or Carlscroon, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Blekingen, It derives its ori gin and name from Charles XI,, who first laid the foundations of a new town in 1680, and removed the fleet from Stockholm to this place on account of its advantageous situation in the centre of the Swedish seas. The town contains about 11,000 inhabitants. Formerly, vessels in this pert, when careened and repaired, were laid upon their sides in the open harbor, unlit a dock was hollowed in a solid rock, in 1724, capable of receiving a first rale man of war, Carlscrona Is 320 ms. S W. of Stock holm, Lon. 15 26 E,, lot, 56 20 N. Carlstadt, capilal of Croatia, on the river Kulp, 140 ms. S. of Vienna. Lon, 15 21 E., lat. 56 2 N. Town of Sweden, in Wermeland, on the island of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches of the Clara Elbe. The lown contains 1,600 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in iron and wood across Lake Wenner, Itis 133 ms, W. of Stockholm. Lon. 13 43 E., lat. 59 16 N. Town of Germany, in the bishopric of Wurlsburg, seated on the Maine, 16 ms. N. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 13 E., lat. 49 56 N. Carlyste, village in Washington co,. III., on the left bank of Kaskaskia river, 37 ms. SE. from Vandalia. Carmagniola, trading town of Piedmont, on a small river which runs into the Po, 14 ms. S. of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E,, lal. 44 51 N, Carmel, a mountain in Palestine, 50 ms, N, of Jenisalem Town in Penobscot co., Maine. Pop. in 1830, 153. Town in Putnam co., N, V. Pop. in 1830, 3,247,— Po'i ofiice in Ua,, in the Cherokee nation, 194 Carmi, village and seal of justice in While co,, III,, on Liltle Wabash, 20 ms, above ils mouth, 42 ms. from Shawneelown. Lat. 38 7 N,, long, \V, C. 11 5. Carmicharls, post office in Green co. Pa. Carnarvon. -^Hee Caernarvon. Carnarvon, tp, in the SE. part of Berks co,, Pa, Pop in 1810, 723; in 1820, 839, Tp, in the NE. part of Lancaster, Pa. Pop, in 1810, 1,084, and in 1820, 1,413. Carnatic, country of the peninsula of Hindoos. tan, extending from Ihe Guntoor circar, along the whole coast of Coromandel, to Cape Comorin, in cluding its appendages, which are Tanjore, Mara- var, Tiichinopoly, Madura, and Tinevelley. It is 570 ms, from N. to S.. but no where more than 130 wide, and commonly no more than 76. In 1787, the Easl India Company took the whole ad ministration of the Carnatic, and the collection of the nabob's revenues into their own hands. Arcol is the capital. Carnesville, village and seat of justice, Franklin CO., Ga,, on one of the head blanches of Broad river, by postroad UO ms. N. from Milledgeville. Lat. 34 26 N,, lon, W. C. 6 38 W. Carniola, a province of Germany, in the circle of Austria, bounded on the N. by Carinthia and Slyria, on the E. by Sclavonia and Croatia, on the S, by Morlachia and Istria, and on the W. by Friuli. It is full of rocks and mountains, some of which are cultivated, others naked and barren, and others continually buried in snow. Laubach is the capital. Carolina, North, See North Carolina, Carolina, South, See South Carolina, Caroline, town in the NE. angle of Tioga CO., N. Y. Tp. Tioga CO., N. Y,, including the foregoing village. Pop, 1830, 1608. Co. Md., between the W. boundary of Delaware and Tuckahoe river, bounded E, by Del., S. by Dor chester CO., W. by Tolbot, and NW. by Queen .'inne; length 30, mean width 8 ms., area 340 sq, ms. Surface level, and soil sandy. Pop. 1820, 10,108, in 1840, 7,806, Chief town Den ton. Central lat. 38 50 N., lon. W. C. 1 10 E. Co. of Va,, between the Rappahannock and Norlh Anna rivers, bounded SE, by Essex, King and Queen, and King William, SVV. by Hanover or Norlh Anna river, NW. by Spotsylvania, and NE. by Rappahannock river; length 30, mean width 30 ms,, area 600 sq, ms. Surface hilly, and soil generally composed of sand or clay, varying very greatly in quality. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, or rolher seat of justice, Bowling Green. Pop. 1830, 18,008, and in 1840, 17,013. Central lal. 38° N,, lon. W. C. 0 15 W. Caroline Islands, group of, Polynesia. See Australia, head Caroline, p. 114. Carondelet, or Vider Poche, village of Mo., in St. Louis CO., 6 ms, below St. Louis, and oppo sile Cahokia. Carondelet, canal of, at New Orleans, extends from the_bayou St. John 3 ms., to a basin in the rear of tne city. Vessels drawing 5 feet water en ter the basin. By this channel, water communi cation is open from New Orleans inlo Lake Ponl- charlra'n. CaronitshicB, or Paraguay, river of Colombia, CAR GEOGKArillCAL DICITONARV, CAPt in Soulh America, ri>cs al N, lat. 4°, and flowing nearly N., falls into tho right side of the Oronoco, at N. lat. 3 30, after a, comparalive course of up wards of 300 ms. Ils mouth is about 100 ms. below Angostura, or St, Tome. Carora, city of Colombia, in Venezuela, 140 ms. W, from Valcnlio, and 70 SW. from Coro. Carpathian, or ivm/iasc nwuntains, mountains which separate Hungary and Transylvania from I'oland, and Transylvania from Wallachia and .Moldavia, The Carpathian chain commences W. of Bohemia, and inflecting round Moravia, Hun gary, Transylvania, and Temesvacr, reaches the Danube, at Orsovo, and aio obviously continued on the southern side of the Danube, in a chain which mingles with the Balcan to the W, of and near Sophia, extending in a continuous ridge up wards of 1,100 ms. See Mountains, Carpenters' Point, village Orange co,, N, Y. Carpeiilras, episcopal town of France, in the lale province of Provence, and capital of Venais- sin, on the Auson, al the foot of a mountain, 14 ms. NE. of Avignon. Lon, 5 6 E,, lal. 41 8 N. Carpi, town of Italy, in the Modenese, wilh a castle, 8 nis. N. of Modena. Lon, 11 16 E,, lal, 44 41 N Town of Ilaly, in the Veronese, bcated on the Adige, 34 ms, SE. of Verona. Lon. 11 39 E., lat. 45 10 N. Carribean. See Caribbean Sea. Carrick oa Sure, lown of Ireland, in Tippcra- ry, 14 ms. NW. of Waterford. Lon, 7 10 W,, lal. 53 34 N. Carrickfergus, populous borough and seaport of Ireland, in Antrim, with a castle. It is seated on a bay, in the Irish channel, of the same name, 86 ms. N. of Dublin. Lon. 5 46 W., lat, 54 43 N. Carroll, co, of Md,, bounded by Baltimore co. E,, Anne Arundel S,, Frederick W., and York and Adams cos., Pa., N, Chief lown Westmin ster. The meridian of U . C. passes very near the middle of this co. Pop. 1840, 17,241. Co. Ga., bounded by Paulding N,, Bell and Cow eta E , Heard S., and Stale of Alabama W. Cen ¦ tral lat. 33 35, lon. 8 15 W. of W. C. Co. of Miss., on the E. side of Yazoo river, bounded N. by Yalabasha co., E. by Choctaw, and S. by Holmes. Central lat. 33 30 N., lon. 13° W. of W. C. Chief town Carrolton. Pop, 1840, 10,481. Norlhern co. of Arkansas, having .Marion co. E., Johnson S,, Madison W,, and Tanner co,. Mo N, Ils N. side lies on N. lat. 36 30, and E, border nearly on 16° W. of W. C. Chief lown Carrollton, Co. of Tenn., bound ed N. by Henry, E. by Humphrey, S. by Hender son, and W. by Gibson. It is traversed by N. lat. 36°, and by 1 1 30 W. of W. C. Chief town Huntington. Pop. 1840, 18,862. New co. of Ky-, position uncertain. Pop. 1840, 3,966. Co. of Ohio, bounded by Harrison S., Tuscarawas W,, Columbiana N,, and Jefferson E, Chief towii'Carrolton. Central lat. 40 30 N., and lon. 4 10 W. of W. C. Pop, 1840, 18,018. Co. of la,, bounded NW. by White, NE. by Cass, SE. by CUnton, and SW. by Tippecanoe. N. lat. 40 30, ond lon. 9 30 W. of W. C, intersect near its centre. Chief town Delphi. Wabash river traverses this co. from NE. to SW. Pop. 10,843. A northwestern co. of III., bounded by Joe Daviess and Stephenson N., by Ogle E,, by White side S,, and by the Mississippi river W. It is traversed by N.' lat. 43°, and 13 40 W. ,of W, ( :, Pop. 1840, 1,849, Co, of Mo,, bounded W, by Ray and Caldwoll, by Livingston N,, ami Chariton E,, and by Missouri river H, Cliic.l town Keytot-villc. (Jontral lat. 39 30 N,, and Ion, 16 20 \V. ofW, C, Pop, 1840, 3,423. Carrollton, formerly Cenlreville, town and co. teat of Carroll co., Ohio, is situated on a fine tabic land, from which tho walois flow eastward, to wards Ohio, and westward, towards Tuscaiawas river, distant 36 ms. SW. of New Lisbon, 35 SE, of Canton, 3ll a little N. of E. from Now Philadelphia, and 35 NW. of Steubenville, N, lat. 40 38, lon, W. C. 4 6. Pop, 1840, 698. Carrollton, village, Green co,. III,, 60 ms. W, from Vandalia. Carron, river of Scotltuid, in Slirliiigsliirc, which rise,s on the S. ,sidc of the Cliainpsey Hillh, and flows inlo the Frith of Forth, below Falkirk, Ils stream is sraall, and scarcely deserves the no tice of the traveller; yel there are few riveis which have been the scene of so many memorable traiisaclioiiB. When the Roman empire was in il:> glory, the banks of Carron were its boundaries on the NW., and Auloninus's wall, which was raised lo mark the limits of that vast empire, ran paral lel lo this river for several ms. Two nis. from ils source il forms a fine cascade, called the Fall of Aii- chinhlly. Village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, remarkable for its extensive foundry, belonging to the Carron Company, on the river Carron, 1 in. from Falkirk, consisting of the greatest iron works in Europe. All sorts of iron goods are made in il, from the most trifling article to a cannon that dis charges a ball gf 42 lbs. The short piece of ord nance, called a carronadc, was first made here, and hence received its name. These works were erect ed in 1761, before which lime there was not a sin gle house on the spot. Carrying river, sometimes called Portage river, river of Ohio, flows into tho SW. part of lake Erie, Carsonsville, village, Ashe co,, N. C,, po-il road, 195 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Cartago, cily and capilal of Costa Rica, iii Gualamela, on the Carlago river, 60 ms. above its moulh, inlo the Gulf of Nicoya, and 100 ms, from the moulh of St. Juano river. Lon. W, C. 5 40 W., lat. 9 50 N. Small river of Costa Rica, fiows into the Gulf of Nicoya. City of S. America, near llje Magdalena river, 200 ms, NE. by N. from Popayan, and 100 W. frora Sanla Fc de Bogota. Lon, 1° E,, Iat. 4 40 N. Cart, name of two rivers of Scotland, in Ren frewshire, distinguished by the appellations ol Black and While. Cartama, town of Spain, in Granada, al the fool of a mountain near the river Guadala Medina, 8 ms, NW. of Malaga. Lon. 4 43 W,, lal. 3b 50 N. River of Colombia, in New Granada, in the province of Antioquia, flows into Ihc Cauca Carter, co, of Tenn,, on the sources of the Watauga branch of Holston river, bounded by N. Car. E. and SE., by Washington co. SW,, and by Sullivan :^W. It is in form of a triangle, each side 34 ms. ; area 560 sq. ms, ; surface hilly, and in part mouniainous ; soil, in general, rather sler- 195 CAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, CAS ile, though wilh some exceptions of excellent land. Staples, giain, flour, &c. Chief town Elizabelh town. Pop. in 1830, 4,835; in 1840, 5,373. Ctl, lat. 36 30 N,, lon, W. C. 5 10 W. Carteret, co, of N. C, bounded by the Atlan tic Ocean S, and SE., Onslow W., Craven N., Pamlico Sound NE, ; length 60 ms., mean width 10, area 600 sq, ras,, soil sandy, and in general sterile, and surface flat, and, in part, marshy. Chief lown, Beaufort. Pop. in 1880, 5,609; in 1840, 6,591. Ctl. Iat, 34 45, on the meridian of W. C. Carteret Island, island in the S. Pacific Ocean, seen by Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues long from E. to W. Lon, 159° 14 E,, lal, 8 36 S, Carter's, post office, Stokes co., N, C, 355 ms. SW. from W. C. » Post office, Scott co., Inda,, 80 ms. S. from Indianopohs. Cartersville, village, Cumberland co., Va., on James river, 50 ms. above Richmond. Carthage, ruins of, 10 ms. NE, of Tuni,s, near a promontory called Cape Carthage. Lon, 10 35 E,, 36 50 N, Town of New Spain, in Costa Rica, with a bishop's see, 360 ms, WNW. of Pa nama. Lon. 85 45 W,, lat. 10 15 S. Village, Jefferson CO., N. Y. — — Village, Monroe co,, N. Y., below the Falls of Genesee river, 3 ms. N. from Rochester.— — TowVi and seal of Justice in Smith CO., Tenn., on the N. side of Cumberland river, opposite the mouth of Caney Fork river, about 60 ras. above Nashville. Lat, 30 17 N,, lon. W, C, 8 50 W. Tp,, Athens co , Ohio. Pop, in 1830, 318, Village, Hamilton co., Ohio, 8 ms. NNE, from Cincinnati, This place has prospered, and from its central position in the CO. has been chosen for holding the annual Fair of the Hamilton Agricultural Society- The mail is received twice daily. Pop- 300. Village, Tus caloosa cO-, Ala., 50 Ills- NW- from Cahaba- Carthage, or Moore Court House, town, and the principal seal of justice of Moore co-, N- C, about 40 ms. NW. from Fayetleville, and 56 SVV of Raleigh. Lal, 35 18, lon. W, C. 3 33 W. Carthagena, seaport of Spain, in Murcia, built by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and named after the cily of Carthage. Il has the best harbor in Spain, but nothing else very considerable. Il is scaled on a gulf of the same name, 87 ms. S. of Murcia. Lon, 8' W,, Iat, 37 37 N. A province of S, America, in Colombia, bounded on the W. by the isthmus of Dari^i, on the NW, and N- by the Carribbean Sea, on iheE. by Santa Martha, and on the S. by Antioquia, Pop., whiles, 70,000; civilized Indians, 15,000; and about 8,000 black slaves. Capital of the prov ince of Carthagena, in Colombia, one of the most populous, opulent, and beautiful cities in S. Amer ica. Its harbor is one of the safest and best forri- fied in the republic of Colombia, The fortifica tions, bolh of the city and suburbs, are built after the modern manner and lined with freestone.' The streets are broad, uniform, and well paved. All the houses are built of stone or brick, only one story high, neat, and furnished with balconies of wood, which is more durable in lhat climale than iron, the latler being soon corroded by the acrimonious quality of the Atmosphere. Lon. W. C. 50' E., at. 10 34 N. 196 Cartmtl, town of Eng., in Lancashire, among the hills called CartracI Fells, nol far from the sea, and near the river Kent, ,13 ms, N. by W. of Lancaster, and 360 NNW. of London. Lon, 3 6 W., lat, 54 13 N. Carver, town, Plymouth co,, Mass. Pop. in 1810, 858; in 1830, 839. Carwar, seaport on the coast of Malabar, sub ject to the regent of Mysore. It is 60 ms. S. by E. of Goa. Lon. 74 34 E., 16° N. Casada. — See Cosdanga. Cassa Grande, ruins of Mexico, in Sonora, on the Rio Gila. These very extensive and curious remains are evidently of Aztec construction, though separated above 1,000 ms, from the olher existing monuments of that anciently civilized people. The ruins, which are known by pre-em inence as la Casa Grande, arc situated on a plain near the bank of the Gila. Lon. W. C, 36 25 W., lat. 33 40 N, — See Ruins of America. Casal, lown of Italy, in Montserral, on the river Po, 37 ms, NE. of Turin. Lon, 8 27 E,, lat. 45 18 N. Casal Maggiore, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, on the river Po, 20 ms. SE. of Cremona. Lon. 10 .36 E., lat. 44 56 N. Casal Nuova, lown of Naples, in Calabria Ulte riore. Casanara, or Cassinare, river of S. America, in Colombia, rises in the mountains of Varinas, and flows E., through the plains of Casanara, and falls inlo the Mela, aboul 300 ms- above the junc tion of the latter wilh the Orinoco- Casbin, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, encircled by a wall 4 ms. in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is scaled near the high mountain Elwend, where there are fine quarries of white marble, 180 nis. N. of Ispahan. Lon- 53 16 E., lal. 35 30 N. Caiscais, lown of Portugal, in Estramadura, at the moulh of the Tajo, 17 ms. E. of Lisbon- Lon. 8 43 W., Iat. 38 40 N. Caschuw. — See Cassovia. Casco Bay, bay of Me-, between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point. It is 35 ms. wide, and in terspersed with small islands. Lou. 69 30 W-, Iat. 44 5 N- Casdaga, creek in Chatauque co-, N. Y-, the middle branch of Conewango creek rises within 5 ms. of Lake Erie, and, flowing SSE- 30 ms-, joins the outlet of Chatauque lake, and bolh unite wilh the (jonewango 5 ras. N. ofthe norlhern boundary of Pa. Post office, on the Casdaga creek, is about 60 ras- SSW. from Buffalo. Casey, co., Ky., bounded by Adair and Wash ington W,, Mercer N,, Lincoln NE-, and Pulaski SE- ; length, 30 ms. ; mean width, 13 ; area, 360 » sq. ms, ; surface hilly ; soil productive ; chief town, Caseyville. Pop. 4,349; and in 1840, 4,939. Caseyville, village and seat of justice, Casey CO,, Ky. Lal. 37 38 N,, lon, 7 33 W. Cash, river of Illinois, rises in Union, flows SE, into Johnson, and thence SW., W., S,, and SE., into Ohio, in Alexander co. Cash-Clap, settlement and post oflice, Johnson CO., Illinois. Cashel, town of Ireland, in Tipperary, with an archbishop's see, 13 ms. NW. of Clonmel. Lon, 7 33 W., lat. 53 26 N. CAS GEOCiKAPHlCAL D1(;T10N,M{Y t>; Cashgur, or Cashgar, cily of Asia, eiqiilal of a couniry of the same name. It stands at the fool of the Himmalaya mounlains, and enjoys a good Irado with the neighboring countries. Lon. 73 25 E., lat. 41 30 N. Cashmere, lown, from which tho country in which it is situated has derived its name, is placeil on Black's Atlas at N. lat. 34, lon. 75 10 E. Lon don, aboul 300 ms. nearly due E. from Altock, on the Indus, Province, or rather mountain valley, of Hindooslan proper, bounded on the W, by the Indus, on the N. by ihe Himalaya mountains, on the E. and S. by Lahore, The valley or couniry of Cashmere is 80 ms, long, aud 40 broad ; and is celebrated for its romantic beauties, the fertilily of the soil, add the temperature of the atmosphere. Among other curious manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and the delicate wool of which they are made, is the product of a species of goat of this country, or ofthe adjoining Thibet. Here arc bred a species of sheep called Huiidoo, which are cm- ployed in carrying burdens. The Cashmercan^ have a language of their own, said to be anterior lo that of the Sanscrit; and a religion, too, it is Ihought, difl'erent from that of the Hindoos. Large city of Hindoostan Proper, cajiital of the province or valley of Cashmere, It is sealed on both sides ofthe Chelun, 286 ms, E, by S. of Ca bul, Lon. 73 HE,, lat. 33 49 N. Cashna, extensive empire of .Africa, part of the region called Negroland; bounded on the N. by Fezzan and Zahara, on the S. by the Niger, and on the E. by Zamphara and Bornou. Il resembles Bornou in chmale, soil, and natural productions, and in the color, genius, religion, and governineiit of the people. The rains, indeed, arc less violent than those of Bornou. This country is known in our books by the names of Cassina, Cashna, Was- sanah, Wangara, Gangara, &c, — Sec Africa, page 30. Capital of the empire of Cashna, in Africa, 970 ms. S, by W. of Mesnratar in 16 20 N. lat. Cashville, village, Spaitanburg, district S, C, 1 1 1 ms, N. ftom Columbia. Coiimir, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin. Lon. 22 3 E,, lal. 51° N. Caspian sea, great inland sea of Asia, bounded on the N. by the country ofthe Kalmucks, on the E- by a tribe ofthe Turcomans, on the S, by Per sia, and on the W. by CJeorgia and Circassia, Il is 690 ms. in length, reckoning from Gurief lo .Medshelifar, and in no part more than 200 ms. in breadlh. Il has no tide.; and, on account of its frequent shoals, is navigable only for vessels draw ing from 9 lo 10 feet water; it has strong currents, and Its water is salt. There are certain winds that domineer over it wilh such absolute sway, that ves sels are often deprived of every resource; and, in the whole extent of il, there is nol a port that can truly be called safe. The surface of this lake or sea has been found, by recent admeasurement, up wards of 320 feet depressed below that ol the Euxine or Black sea. Subsequently, however, the depression being so great has been doubled, but lhat the Caspian surface is far below lhat of the Euxine, is regarded as an established fact. — Sec Dead bea, or Asphaltic sea. Flora a very ceraraon opinion that Lake Supe rior in N. America was equal in extent to the Cas pian, I have taken some pains to measure both on good nia|is, and the following is Iho cniiiparalivc result, 'I'he Caspian e.vtcnds from N. lal, 37 l,''i to 47 10, or williiii a small fraction of 10° of lat,, 690 ms. Tho mean width is at least 180 nis. These dimensions yield an area of 124,0110 s(|, ins. Lake Superior lies in tlio I'lirm ul a triangle, liiise, from the outlet of SI. Mary's In Ibo mouth of Si, Louis river, 350 ms. The perpendicular, from Ihc mouth of Redstone river to the base, 150 ms. Area 26,000 sq, ms. So far, in lad, is any one of the Canadian lakei, from being equal lo the (Caspian, that the entire area of Superior, Huron, Michigan, Eric, and On tario, only amount lo aboul 93,700 aq. ins., and of course, when taken together, arc to the Caspian as 93 lo 124, or two-lhirds, very nearly. — See Black sea, Canadian sea, and Eu.iini. Caspian, lake of Vt,, in Grccnsborougb, Cale donia CO. Caspian Bonin. — This great section ofthe hab itable earlh is peculiar in being greatly the largest extent having no oceanic communication. From every appearance of tlir iiilcrmcdiatc space, il is ob vious IJiiit Iho Aral and Caspian oiico formed a sin gle sheet of water. The Oxus, ur Jihon, discharg ed one of ils branches inlo the Cas]iiaii until within five centuries past; accumulating sand mid diminu tion of ils level have closed this inlet into the Cas pian, and at present Ihe entire flood of the Jihon enters the Aral. In every geographical (loint of view, however, the Aral and Caspian basins ought to bo considered as one natural section of the ter raqueous earth. Taken wilh this latitude, Ihc ba sin of Ihe Caspian extends from the sources of Ihi: Jihon, N, lat. 36 0, to those ofthe Kama, N. lat. 61 0, embracing 25° of latitude. Tho greatcsl lengih from the mountains of Indostan lo the ex treme northern sources ofthe Volga, 2,500 ms. in a direction of N W, and SE, It is bounded on the NE. by the Imans, or Belur Dag, and Ural moun tains; on Ihe SE. by the mountains of Indostan ; on the SW. by the Caucasus, or its embranchments into Persia; and on the NW. the Valday hills sep arate the confluents of the Baltic and White seas from the sources of the Volga and Kama, This immense space averages at least 1,000 ms. of mean width, and 2,500,000 sq. ms, in area. The most remarkable rivers of this basin are, in Eu rope, the Volga, flowing into the Caspian ; in Asia, tho Ural, Kur, Kizal Ozein, and Tredjend, enter ing the Caspian, and the Jihon and Sihon inlo the Aral sea, — See those rivers under their respcctivp heads. Similar to the Mediterranean, Black, and Baltic seas, the Caspian has no tides, or at least none worthy notice. Near the shores il is shallow, and. being subject to violent tempests, ils navigation is dangerous and difficult. This deficiency is am ply compensated by the rivers, parlicularly the Volga. This great stream, by all its branches, the Kama, Oka, and Volga proper, presents ihe most unbroken river navigation on the easiern continent. The Oxus, or Jihon, is also a river of considera ble magnitude, and flowing NW. from Indostan, might, in the hands of a civilized people, form part of a line of commercial communication between Europe and Asia ; but from the northern shores of the Caspian to Indostan all is barbarism, slavery, and ruin. 197 CAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAS In one circumstance, the Caspian basin is peculiar. The surface of that inland sea is the second lowest depression on this planet, being, as is already stat ed under the head of Black Sea, 330 feet lower than the surface of the Black sea. The water of the Caspian is considerably less salt than that of the Atlantic ocean- — See Dead sea, Caspian Gates, the Pylx Caspise of the an cients, pass of Rudbar of the modern Persians, and pass of Gudook of the Turkmans. This was the pass by which Alexander entered Hyrcania, (Kho rasan,) and the most remarkable of the gaps in that chain of snow-clad mountains, which separates Irac Adgenii from Mazanderan. " We finally," says "Burnes, "cleared the valley by the pass of Gudook, which leads up to the table land of Persia- Our ascent from the dell was continued and gradu al, and at Fecrozkoh wc were again 6,000 feet above the sea," (the Caspian-) Cassano, lown of Ilaly, in the. duchy of Milan, on Ihe Adda, 15 rns. NE. of Milan. Lon, 9 34 E,, lal, 45 30 N. Town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see, 35 ms. N. of Cosen za. Lon. 16 30 E., lal, 39 55 N. Casicl, capilal of the landgravate of Hesse-Cas- oclv divided inlo the old and new town, Tbe streets are broad, the market places spacious, and there are four churches. The castle, or palace, whence there is an extensive and delightful prospect, is built of freestone. The gardens, the arsenal, and the cabinet of curiosities, deserve the attention of travellers. It is seated on IheFulda, 40 ms. SE. of Paderborn. Lon. 9 89 E., Iat. 51 19 N. Town of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late French Flanders, seated on a mountain, whence may be seen 33 towns, and the German ocean, though 60 ras. from it. It is 10 ms. NE. of St. Omer, Lon. 3 36 E., lal, 50 48 N. Strong lown of Germany, in ihccirclcof the Lower Rhine, situated on ihe Rhine, opposite Mentz, wilh which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. Ca-i'iina, lake, so named by Mr. Schoolcraft, in honor of General Ca'ss. It forms one of the sources (if ihe Mississippi river, above lake Wiiinepeg. Cassina, Cashna, or Wassana, country of the interior of Africa, on the Niger- — See Cashna and Wassana, and art- Africa, pp. 31, 38. Cassiquiari, river of South America, in Colom bia. It is that singular stream which flows from the Orinoco into the Rio Negro, and forms a con necting channel between the basins of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. According to Tanner's map, Ihis remarkable separation takes place at lon. W. C. 10 40 E,, Iat. 3 0 N. Cassovia, or Cashaw, strong lown of Hungary, wilh a fine arsenal, seated near the river Horat, 56 ms. NE. of Agria. Lon. 31 35 E,, lat. 46 48 N. Caslanovitz, lown of Austrian Croatia, sealed on the river Unna, which divides that country from Turkey. Lon. 17 19 E,, lal, 45 40 N. Caste, race, or ralher lineage, as it means per sons descended from the same stock. The term came inlo the languages of Europe through the Por tuguese, and by them from Indostan, and there again from "Tchadi,'' Sanscrit. That congeries of nations lo which we apply the general name Hindoo, and who have from time immemorial in habited lhat great projection of Asia from the Hi malaya mounlains lo Cape Comorin, and from the 198 rivers Ganges lo the Indus, inclusive, have, from the most remote antiquity, been subdivided into four castes, or TciiAni. These castes are, 1, Brachmins ; 3. Kshatryas, or, as often called, Ra- jepoolras, soldiers ; 3. Vaisayas ; 4. Sudras. The Brachmins, or sacerdotal caste, have main tained a rank, influence, and power, unknown lo the priests of any other parls of the earth. They are, however, greatly subdivided inlo orders and stales. The second caste, Kshatryas, or Rajepools, " soldiers," might he called the ruling class. The terms Rajepoots comes from Rajah, a ruler, prince, or sovereign, and therefore these men of the sword denominate themselves thus as descendants of ra jahs, or princes. — See the articles Rojfpoots aud Riijepootana. The Vaisayas comprise the third caste of Ihc Hin doos. Their duties consist in Ihe various pursuils of agriculture, in tlie field, garden, and pasture, and in the disposal of landed property. When the Vaisayas adopt tho life of itinerant inerchaiil, they are known by the tide of Banyan. By the laws of their caste they are free from military duly, bul ol late ages many Vaisayas have become l?ajepoots. The Mahratlas are so generally descended from Vaisay as, that, in order to hide their origin, they claim the title of Rajepoots nationally, from whence comes Rajepootana as a geographical term. The Kshoodra, or Sudra caste, is the fourth, the lowest, and most numerous class of Hindoos. This class is devoted to .servile labor, and in all cases where the severity of original institutions have nol been softened by political necessity, the degrada tion of the Sudra is inhuman. They are compell ed to work for the Brachmins, being considered as created solely for their use. They are not, by llic laws of Menu, allowed lo collect property. They must never read or hear read the Vedas, or sacred books, nor are they to be taught or receive any re ligious instruction or consolation. Below these four castes there are outcasts slill more degraded and wretched than even the lowest Sudra. Of these miserable objects of contempt, two classes are in particular named : the Buncii Suiiker and Pariah, Modifications ol" the Hindoo castes have been in evitable ; even the despised Pariahs have been ad- inillcd into the armies, and shared in some small de gree the immunities enjoyed by the military caste ; but in a general view, sociely, in all the vast regions of Indostan, is based on these primitive artificial distinctions. Hope and moral and intellectual im provement must be alike unknown under the iu- fluence of such a system — a system, however, iu some degree, found in all countries and under all modifications of society, and in every society tl» effects must be in proportion to cause. Caslelamara, town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a bishop's see, and a good harbor,, 15 ms, SE. of Naples. Lon. 14 35 E., lat. 11 40 N. Castel Aragonese, seaport of Sardinia, 20 ms. NE. of Sassaria. Lon. 9 I E,, lal. 40 56 N. Castel Baldo, town of Italy, in Iho Veronese, on the river Adige, 35 ms. SE. of Verona, Lou. 12 7 E., lal. 45 ,5 N. Castelbar, town of Ireland, in theco, of Mayo, 35 ms. N. of Galway. Lon, 9 15 W., lat. 53 54 N- CAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAS Castel Branca, town of Portugal, capilal ol Beiro, sitnated on the river Lyra, 38 ms, NW, of Alcantara, Lon, 0 40 W,, lot, .39 52 N, Ctistet-de-Vidc, town in I'oriugal, in Alentejo, 8 ms, N, of Porlalegre, Lon. 7 :U W-, lat, 39 16 N, Castel, Folit, town of S[)ain, in Calalonia, on an macL-essible eminence, near the river Fulvia, 15 ms. W, of Gironna. Castel Gondolfo, village in Campagna di Romo, near Albano, Near ihis village is the villa Bar- barini, within the gardens of which are Ihe ruins of an immense palace, built by the Emperor Do- miiian- It is 10 ms, S. by E. of Rome. Castel Joluux, town of France, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the department of Lot and Garonne. It is ,seated on the Avance, 20 ins. K. of Bazas. Lon- 0 26 E,, lat. 44 20 N. Castel Nuovo, town of Venetian Dalmalia, situ ated on the Gulf of Cataro, 12 ms N. by W. of Cal.aro. Lon, 14 89 E,, lat. 43 36 N. Castel-Nuovo-di-Carfagnana, lown of Italy, in the Modene.se, wilh a strong fort. Il is the capi tal of ihe valley of Carfagnona, and seated on the river Serchio, 17 ms, aBove Lucea. Lon, 10 40 E,, lat, 44 5 N. Castellane, town of France, in the department ofthe Lower Alps, and lale province of Provence. It is sealed on the Verdon, in a hilly coantry, 37 ins, S. by E. of Senez. Lon, 6 34 E., lat. 43 55 N. Castellmi, town of Spain, in Catalonia, 5 ms. NW. of Roses. Lon. 24 58 E., lat. 42 18 N. Castelnaudary, town of France, in the depart ment of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, on an eminence. The Languedoc canal here forms a basin about 3,600 feet in circumference. Castel naudary is 15 ms. W. of Caroassonne. Lon. 8° E., lal. 43 19 N. Castel Rodrigo, town of Portugal, in the pro vince of Tra-los-Montes, 30 ms. NVV. of Cividad Rodrigo. Lon, 6 33 W,, lal. 41° N. Castiglione, lown of Italy, in the Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the French on August 3, 1796. It is 30 ms, NW, of Mantua. Lon. 10 32E,, lat. 45 23 N. Castile, principal and most opulent of the king doms into which Spain was formerly divided. It now forms the two provinces of Old Castile and New Castile. Castile, Old, province of Spain, 193 ms. in length, and 116 in breadth, bounded on the S, by New Castile, on the E, by .Arragon and Navarre, on the N. by Biscay and the Asturias, and on the W. by Leon. B urges is the capital. Castile, New, or Toledo, province of Spain, 800 ms, in length, and 184 in breadth, bounded on the N, by Old Castile, on the E. by Arragon and Va lencia, on the S. by Murcia and Andalusia, and on the W. by Estramadura. It is divided into 3 parls: Argaria to the N., Mancha to the E., and Sierra to the S. Madrid is the capital. Castile del Oro, or New Castile, in America. See Terra Firma, Castile, post office Genessee co,, N. Y. Caatillara, town of Italy, in the duchy of Man tua, 6 ms. NE. of Mantua, Lon. 10 54 E , lat. 45 14 N. Castillon, town of France, in the department of Gironde, and lale province of Guienne, famous for a victory gained by the French. over the English in 1451. Il ia sealed on the Dordogne, 35 ni':. E. of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 3 E., lal. 44 f,:i N, Custina, village Thompson Ip,, NE, part of Senera co , Ohio, situaled on the road from Til- fin, the counly seat, to Sandusky city, 18 ras, NE. from Tiffin, and 84 SW, of Sandusky cily, Cu.-iliiir, village Hancock eo., Mr., on Ihe E, side of renobscot bay, 4 ms, S, of Penobscot, in the lot. of 44 34 N,, and lon. W. C. 9° E, Itis a place of considerable foreign trade, Tp, in Hancock co,. Me,, including the above village. Pop, in 1810, 1,036, and 1820, 975. Castio, ancient Mylelene, formerly capital of the island, when called Lesbos, now a wrelched vil lage. Lot, 39 16 N. Castle Cary, town of Eng,, in Somersetshire, 13 ras. SE, of Wells, and 1 12 W. by S, of Lon don. Lon, 2 32 W,, lat. 61 5 N. Castle Comb, town of Eng., in Wiltshire, so called from ils ancient casile. It is 13 ras. NNE. of Bath,Castle Hedingham, village of Eng,, in Essex, 7 ms. SW. of Sunbury. Castlemans, the eastern constituent branch of the Youghiogeny river, rises in Alleghany co., Md,, between Meadow and Negro mountains. It first flows NE., about 12 ras,, inlo .Somerset co,. Pa, Through the latter co. this stream curves 30 ms,, and falls into Youghiogeny, 11 ms. N. from the Md, line, and opposite tho eastern foot of Su gar Loaf mountain. The fall in this stream is considerable ; whore it is passed by the United States road its bed is 1,979 feel above the ocean level, from which to its inouth it falls near 1,000 feet. Castle Rising, borough of Eng,, in Norfolk, il is governed by a mayor, and sends 2 members to Parliament. The castle, whence it bos its name, has now fallen into ruins. It is 7 ms. NE. of Lynn, and 103 NNE, of London. Lon. 0 30 E,, lat- 50 58 N. Castleton, village of Eng,, in the peak of Der byshire, at the foot of a rock above 850 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to William Peverel, natural son of .the Conqueror. Town Rutland co,, Vt,, 30 ms, E, of Mount Independence. Pop. 1,800. Village Rensse laer CO., N. Y. Castletown, tp. Richmond co., Staten Island, N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,537. Capital of the Isle of Man. Lon, 4 35 W,, Iat. 53 55 N. Caston, town of Eng., in Norfolk, 10 ms. NNW. of Norwich, and 113 NE. of London. Lon, 1 33 E., lat. ,62 48 N. Castor, town of Eng,, in Lincolnshire, 15 ms. NE. of Lincoln, and 159 N. of London. Lon. 0 9 W., Iat, 53 30 N. Castres, town of France in the department of Tarn, and late province of Languedoc, of which it was recently an episcopal see. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Agout, 20 ms. S. of Alby Lon. 3 30 E., lat. 43 27 N. Castri, a small mud village, of about 300 crowd ed houses, can occupy but a very small part of the site of the ancient Delphi. " It is situated," says Hobhouse, "a little to the east of a circular hol low in the mountain, round which are the rows of 199 CAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAT seats belonging to the Pythian sladium. Above Castri is a perpendicular rugged rock; below it is a steep descent into the vale of the Plistus ; on the other side of which are the stony, flat, hills of Mount Cirphis." At Delphi, all is not only ruin — it is desolalioi^. This place was not, as is com monly supposed, peculiarly celebrated amongst the ancieni Greeks for the oracle of Apollo, but much more as being the treasury of their wealth. The temples of .Apollo al Delphi, and in the island of Delos, were dedicated as repositories of money, as was the temple at Jerusalem, Their treasures were committed by the Greeks to the sacred care of Apollo, and they very carefully placed his shrines amongst the crags of Phocis and the rocks of De los. "On the whole," observes Hobhouse, on the spot, "you would, I think, be disappointed with the situation of this place, [Delphi,] which is so hidden in a nook, or a sort of natural amphi theatre, about a raile up the mountain, as to afford a prospect, neither of the deplh of the precipice below nor of ihe height of the rocks above. You would be very much at a loss lo gues.5, where a town of nearly two miles in circumference could have been placed, for there are nol more than two small spots of level ground any where within the circuit ofthe present remains. You would look in vain for the "woods that wave," as, except in the little olive grove sui rounding the monastery, there is not a single tree on the rocks eilher above or be low. The laurel has again been transplanted to her native Tempe. If, however, forgetting the poetic raptures you expected to feel in the bosom of Pomassus, you should consider only the object which the Greeks must have had in view, in offer ing their wealth and the richest productions of art, at this favorite shrine, you would at once allow that no place could have been selected better adapt ed for the security of their united treasures than the steeps of Castri, which, to an open enemy, must be perfectly inaccessible. Indeed, though Delphi was often plundered, yet, when a serious resistance was made, the Gauls, under Brennus, as well as the Persians of Xerxes army, were re pulsed, and did not dare lo advance into the for tresses of the mountains. The same object of se curity induced the Greeks to fix their olher mag nificent temple of Apollo on the island of Delos. which modern travellers have described as one mass of rugged rocks." The Phocajons at one time carried away from Delphi 10,000 talents, or above 8,500,000 dollars in gold ond silver. This plunder was made in the second sacred war, 355 years A. C. ; and yet, enough of wealth and art remained to excite the admiration of Pausanius five centuries afterwards. Of all those wonders of art which once adorned and rendered this place indeed sacred, only one unequivocal specimen remains, that is, the triple twisted serpentine column of brass, whose three heads supported the tripod, dedicated by the Greeks, after the battle of Platiea, to" Apollo, which is still to be seen, though mutilated, in the Hippodrome, the Atmeidan of the Turks in Con stantinople. Castro, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 40 ms. NW. of Rome. Lon. 11 54 E., lat. 43 23 N. Maritime town of the kingdom of Naples, 6 ms, S. of Olranto, Lon, 18 31 E,, lal, J 200 40 16 N. Town of'S. America, in Chili, cap ilal of the Island of Chiloe. It is 180 ms. S, of Valdaivia. Lon. 75 5 VV,, lal. 42 4 S. Pastro-Marino, town of Portugal, in Algarve. It is strong by situation, and sealed near the mouth of the Guadiana, 55 ras. S. of Beja. Lon. 7 12 W., lat 37 6 N. Castro -Verey no, town of Peru, remarkable for mines of silver, and for good tobacco, and whole some air. It is 125 ms. SE. from Lima. Lon. W. C, 2 16 E,, lat. 13 50 S. Caswell, CO. of N. C, bounded by Virginia or Dan river N,, Person E., Orange S., and Rock ingham W,, 20 ms, square, area 400 sq, ma, surface hilly, soil of middling quality. Chief town, Leesburg. Pop. in 1830, 13,253; and in 1840, 14,693, Ctl. lat. 36 30 N,, lon. W. C, 2 30 W. C, H,, and post office, Caswell co., N- C, on a branch of Dan river, 100 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Cat Island, Guanahamu, or St. Salvadirr, one of the Bahamas. This tvas the first land of Amer ica discovered by Columbus, Oct. 12th, 1492, Cat Island, on the coast of Louisiana and Miss., aboul 6 ms. long by one quarter of a mile mean widih, lying between the passes of Marianne and SE. It ivas on the outside of this island that the British fleet lay during the invasion of La. in 1814 and 1815, .63 ms. NE. by E. from New Orleans. Catabambee, lown and province of Peru, SW, from Cusco. Catahoola, parish of La., bounded by (yoncor- dia E, and SE,, Rapides S, and SW,, and by Ouachitta NW. and N,, lengih 80 ms,, mean width 25, area 2,000 sq. m,s. Surface hilly in the SW. part, and level in the NE. It is nearly intersected into 2 equal sections by Ouachitta riv er. The soil is in general extremely sterile, and covered with pine timber. Some very productive tracts lie along the streams upon the small prai ries, and on Sicily island. .Staples, cotton, live stock, and lumber. No town of any consequence. See Ocatahoola. Pop, in 1830, 3,287; and in 1840, 4,955, Cll. lat, 33° N., lon. W. C, 15° W. River of La., rises in the parishes of Natchitoches and Ouachitta, and flowing SE., en ters the parish of Ihe same name, expands inlo a lake 30 ms. in length, by from 3 to 6 ms. wide, turns E,, contracts again to a river of about 70 yards wide, flows 10 ms. and joins the OuachitW and forms Black river, after an entire comparative course of 130 ras. The couniry drained by the Cat ahoola is generally sterile pine woods, though con siderable extent of good arable land exists along and near the water courses. — See Ocatahoola, Lake of La, This lake is remarkable. It is a natural reservoir, filled and emptied by turns. When the Mississippi river is rising, it throws a volume over the intermediate space into the Ouachitia, which, thus swelled, forces the current to reflux into the Catahoola lake, which then becomes filled ; but as the Mississippi depresses, the water drains from the lake, and in autumn ils bottom becomes one great meadow of succulent herbage, with the river winding its devious way through ils wide-spread plain. Catalmu; river of N. and S. Car., rises in the former, and, flowing SE, by S. into the latter, takes CAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAT the name of Wateree, joins the Congaree, and to gether forms the Saiiteo. See Wateree. Catalina, harbor on the E. coast of Newfound land, S. from Capo Bonavista, Lou, W, C. 34 50 B,, lat, 48 40 N. Catalogue, or enumeration of the stars. The earliest stellar catalogue extant is that ascribed lo Ptolemy, and found in tho Almagest, It is, how ever, prohable that the catalogue called tho Ptole maic was formed from that of Hipparchus, B, C, 130, modified lo .\. D. 137. This primitive cat alogue contained 1,033 stars, and is amongst the most invaluable legacies of ancient to modern science. When science was neglected in Europe, the Arabs in some degree preserved much of the ancient astronomy, and even made additions. Stellar catalogues weie made by ,\lbategnius and Ulug-Beg, and which greatly modified the nomen clature of the starry heavens, as many stars have on our catalogues Arabic names. Tyeho Brahe was tho first modern European astronomer who added much to the catalogue in tho Almagest ; Hevelius followed; and in 1713 appeared the splendid catalogue of Flamslead. Between 1767 and 1763, M. de la Caille publijied three cata logues. In 1776, the Academy of Berlin publish ed a catalogue comprising 4,535 stars, combining the observations of Hevelius, Flamslead, La Caille- Bradley, &c. In the great phenomena of the uni verse csiablished by catalogues, the most remarka ble is the extinction of some and the appearance of other stars, which have always appeared at the formation of every new catalogue, when compared with those made previously, Catalonia, province of Spain, bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, on the E. and S, by the Med iterranean sea, and on the W. by Arragon and Valencia. Its greatest extent from E. to W. is 112 nis., and from N. to S, 148. It is 156 ras. in lengih and 100 in breadth. The air is whole some ; and it is full of high mounlains, covered with forest and fruit trees. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulse, and there are several quarries of marble of all colors, crystal, alabaster, amethysts, and lapis lazuli. Barcelona is the capital. Catamain, river of South America, in Quito, fails into the Pacific ocean, S. (rom Cape Blanco. Catania, once a celebrated cily of Sicily, on a gulf of the same name, wilh a university, Ihe only one in the island. The land about it is fertile in corn, excellent wine, and fruits. By an eruption of iEtna, in 1669, it was almost totally destroyed ; and in 1593 it was entirely swallowed up by an earthquake, which buried 18,000 people in the ruins. It is 52 ms, SW. of Messina. Lon. 15 39 E,, lat. 37 36 N. Catanzaro, lown of Naples, in Calabria Ulte riore, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain, 13 ms. SW. Belcastro. Lon, 16 48 E,, lat, 39° N. Cataract, river, branch of Columbia, which it joins from the N. 200 ms. from the Pacific ocean, Cataraugus, co., N. Y., bounded by Pa. S,, by Chatauque W., by ErieN., Genesee NE., and Allegany E. ; length 39 ms., mean width 36 ; area 1,400 sq, ras. ; surface hilly, and soil productive. Chief town Hamilton. Pop. 1820, 4,090; in 1840, 28,872. Cent. lat. 43 15, lon, W. C, I 35 W. River, N. Y,, in Cataraugus co,, falls into Lake Erie. 26"* Catawissa, lown, Columbia co.. Pa, Pop. 1820, 2,620. Cataro, town of Venetian Dalmatia, on a gulf of the same name, 30 rns. W. of Scutari. Lon. 18 40 E,, lal, 42 40 N. Cateau. See Chateau Cambresis, Categate, gulf between Sweden ond Denmark, by which tho Bailie communicates with the ocean. There is some confusion intjur geographical works as respects what is included under the names of Categate and Schagerac, as they are frequently conloanded, though really distinct. The Cate gate is bounded S. by the Danish islands, W. by Jutland, E. by Sweden, and N. by the Schage-. rac. Mean lengih 120 ras., mean width 50, and covering an area of 6,000 sq. ms. The Calcgale is shallow. Along the Jutland coast extends a rce'f with not more than from 3 to 4 fathoms ; the depth is greater on the Swedish shore, but the general average would fall below 25 fathoms, or 150 feet. If the diminution is equal in the Cate gate to that shown to take place in the Baltic, less than 400 years will leave the former a sand bank, and in the intermediate time the current through the sound and the two belts must increase in ve locity towards the point of greatest depression. See Earth, Schagerac. Catfish Falls, post office, Jefferson co,, N. Y., 192 ms, NW, from Albany, Catharineslaf, or Ecatterrinenslaf, government of the Russian empire, divided into two provin- ces, nam.ely, Catharineslaf, which includes New Russia and the lale government of Asoph, and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catharineslaf, capital of a province of the same name, built by the late empress of Russia ; and ils name signifies " the glory of Catharine." It is seated near the confluence of the Killzin and Sa mara, 178 ms, NE, ,of Cherson, Lon. 35 15 E,, lat, 47 23 N, Catherine's Landing, village at the head of Seneca lake, in the NW. angle of Tioga Co., N. Y,, 4 ms. N, from Catherinestown. Catherine, tp., Tioga co,, N. Y,, at the head of Seneca lake, containing two post offices — Cath arine's Landing and Catharineslown. Pop. 1820, 1816. Catharine's, St., principal island on the coast ofthe S. part of Brasil, with a harbor defended by several forls. It is 37 ms, long, but not more than 6 broad. Lon, W. C. 27 43 W,, Iat, 27 36 S. Catherine's, St., island on the coast of Ga,, in the lat. of 31 30 N,, lon, 81° W. Catholic League. ' The formation of the Evangelic League had its natural effect in exciting the Catholics of Germany to unite in a counter confederation, under the title of " Cathohc League," into which entered Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria; the Electors of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves; the Archbishop of Sallzbourg ; the Bishoos of Bam berg, Wurlzberg, and Aichslet ; the Archdukes of Austria ; and several other Catholic princes of the empire. The Pope and King of Spain offered to join it ; and it was soon strengthened by two Pro testant princes — John George, Elector of Saxony, and the Landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. The two rival Leagues prepared the fuel for the thihtt TKAKs' war. See Evangelic League. 201 CAU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAU Catletlsburg, village, Greenup co., Ky., on Ohio river, at the mouth of Big Sandy, and on the NE. angle of the State; by postroad, 157 ms. a liltle N. of E. from Fratikfort. Catlin, post office, Tioga co,, N. Y. Cdtmandu, capital of Napaul, in Hindooslan proper, 445 ms. E. of Delhi. Lon, 84 51 E , lat. 28 6 N. Cato, tp, and town, Cayuga co,, N: Y., W. from Cross Lake. Pop. 1820, 4,021. Cato Four Comers, post office, Cayuga co., N. Y , about 16 ms a liltle E. of N. from Auburn. Catoche, cape, NE. promontory of Yucatan, in N. America, where the English adventurers from Jamaica first attempted to cut logwood, Lon. W. C. 8 50 W., lat. 22 10 N. See Honduras. Catskill, town. Green co,, N. Y., on the W. side of Hudson river, at the mouth of Catskill creek, 8 ms. from the cily of Hudson, and 114 N. of N. Y. It is a very thriving, well-built vil lage. Pop. 1830,3,510; 1840, 5,339. Creek, Green co,, N. Y., rises in the Catskill mountains, and falls into the Hudson river at the town of Catskill. Mounlains, range through N. Y., in the COS. of Sullivan, Ulster, Green, and Schoha rie. Some of the peaks of these mountains, in Windham, Green co., exceed 3,500 feet, the Round Top 3,804, and High Peak 3,718. Cattack, or Cuttack, the capital of Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, in the Deccan. It is a post of consequence, on the Mahanuddy, as it lies on the only road between Bengal and tho Norlhern Circars. Cattack is seated on the Mahanuddy, near its influx into the bay of Bengal, 380 ms, SW. of Calcutta. Lon. 86 1 E., lot. 80 51 N. Cattarick, village of Eng., near Richmond, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It has abridge over the river Swale. Cattaro, town of the Austrian empire, on the E. side of the Gulf of Venice, at the head of the Gulf of Cattaro, 30 ms. SSE. from Ragusa. Lon 18 58 E., lat. 43 33 N, Catawessy, See Catawissa, Catwick, village of Holland, on the German ocean, near which the only branch of the Rhine that retains its original name is lost in the sands. It is 6 ms. N. by W. of Leyden. Cauca, river of South America, the SW. branch of the Magdalena, in New Granada ; rises near the city of Popayan, at 3 30 N. lal,, aiid flowing N. a liltle E., joins the Magdalena at 9 30 N. lat., after a comparative course of 350 ms. Caucasus, system of mounlains between the Euxine and Caspian seas. Very high mountain of Asia, being one of that great ridge of mountains that runs between the Black and Caspian seas. Of this ridge, mount Elbours is the highest and raost difficult to pass. The top of some of the peeks rises to the region of perpetual snow, but the other parts arc very fruitful, abounding in honey, corn, fruits, hogs, and large cattle. See Asia, Elbours, Caucassian mountains are part of an immense chain, extending from Europe to India — from the Dardanelles to the sources of the Indus, Amu, Ganges, and Burarapooter. Caucassian Countries, so denorainated from the Caucassian mountains, may, in general terms, be regarded as spreading between lat, 40 and 46° 202 N. In lon. it extends from 37 to 50° E. of Lon don. In its greatest length, in a direction from SE. to NW,, it stretches 800 ms.,from Bakou, near the moulh of Kur river, to the straits of Ta man, between the Euxine and Asoph seas, which distance and course are nearly the same as those of the main system of mountains from which the name is derived. The mean breadth of this r^ gion, which ought to be called Caucassia, is about 300 ms , and nearly at right angles to the greatest lengih; area 160,000 sq. ms. This country is comprised in two slopes of not very unequal ex tent; one, the southward, is drained into the Cas pian by the Kur, and into the Euxine by the very inferior stream of the Rione ; the opposile, or norlhern slope, is drained into the Caspian by the Terek river, and into the straits of Taman by the Kooban river. So confused are most descriptions of the Caucassian countries, that a clear view of their political divisions is of difficult construction. In general, however, it may be slated that the southern slope, setting out from the Caspian, con tains the provinces of Karadagh, Georgia, Imo- rilia, Mingrelia, and Abasia. On the norlhern side, advancing in the same direction, are Les- ghistan, Daghislan, Great and Little Kabardia, and Great Cherkesse, (Circassia.,) It is evident, from inspection on a general map including the whole three sections, that Caucassia is only the northeastern part of an immense natural section of Asia, comprising Circassia NE , Lesser .Asia W., and ihe combined basins of the Euphrates and Tigris SE., and embracing a surface exceeding five hundred thousand sq, ms. See art. Asia Caucasus, governraent of the Russian empire, divided inlo the two provinces of Astracan and Cau casus. The province of Caucasus comprises the Cuban, and all that dislrict lo the E. and S, now in the possession of Russia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black sea and the Caspian, extending as far as the confines of Geor gia. As laid down on Black's Atlas, Caucasus has the sea of Asoph NW , the Kooban river separates it from Circassia SW., on the SE. the Terek riv er separates it from Kabardia and Daghislan ; it reaches the Caspian sea on the E , on the NE. the Manitch river separates it from Astracan, and on the NW. the Kougoi river separates it from the Don Cossacs, Length from the Don river to the Caspian 500 ms , mean breadth about 100, and area 50,000 sq, ms. It is traversed nearly centri cally by N, Iat. 45°. Capital city, Georgievsk: Caudebec, rich and populous trading lown of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, at the foot of a mountain near the Seine, 18 ms. NW. of Rouen. Lon. 1 26 E , Iat. 49 31 N. Caughnawago, village, .Montgomery co., N. Y,, on the river Mohawk, 30 ms. W. by N. of Schen ectady and 306 NNW. ofN, Y. Caune, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Tarn, and I^te province of Languedoc, seated near the moun tains where the river Agout has ils source. It is 81 ras. NE. of Castres. Lon. 2 43 E , lat. 43 40 N. Cauterets, village of Fr , in the dep, of the Up per Pyrenees, and late province of Bigorre, noted for its mineral water. It is 18 ms. SW. of Bag neres. CAX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CAY Cauvery, or Cavery, considerable river of the peninsula" of Hindooslan, which rises omong the Gouts, and watering Seringapatam and Tanjore, en ters the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, be tween Cuddalore ond Trichinopoly, after a com parative course of 300 ms. Cava, considerable and populous town of Na ples, in Principato Citeriore, with a bishop's see ; seated al the foot of Mount Metelian, 3 ms. W. of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 E., lat. 40 36 N. Cavaillan, town of Fr., in Venaissin. It lately had an episcopal see, and was subject to the Pope. It is seated on the Durance, 30 ms. SE. of .Avig non, Lon. 5 17 E , Iat. 43 34 N. Town of St, Domingo, on the NW. peninsula, 16 ms. W. by S. from St. Louis. Cavalht, direct from the Italian cavalleria, soldiers on horseback. It is evident from pictorial Representations in the catacombs of Egypt, and from scripture, that the Egyptians, as remote as 15 or 16 centuries B. C. used cavalry in war. Amongst the Greeks the wor of Messina, B. C, 743, was the first instance recorded in history of the use of cavalry. With proportions, varying from time and circumstances, cavalry and infantry have min gled or superseded each other in the armies of most nations not in the savage stale, for the last 3,000 years In Europe, under the title of "Men- at-arms." Y rench gendarme, cavalry for many cen turies was the principal military force ; but the in troduction of gunpowder, the victories gained by the Swiss foot over the Austrian and Burgun dian horse, and the close column of the Spanish infantry, which no cavalry was found capable of breaking, gradually restored the great dispropor tion of infanlry over cavalry in European armies to pretty near what they were under the Romans in their most military age. Cavan, co. of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 47 ms, in length and 23 in breadth ; bounded on the N. by Fermanagh and Monagban, on the E by the latter co, and Louth, on the W, by Leit- rim, and on the S by Lonford, West Meath, and East Meath. It has but two towns of any note, Ca van and Kilmore, It sent 6 members to the Irish Parliament, and it contains 37 parishes, Bo rough of Ireland, capilal of the co. of Cavan, 60 ms. NW. of Dublin. Lon, 7 33 W,,lat. .64 51 N. Cavendish, town, Windsor co,, Vt,, on the N, side of Block river, between Wethersfield and Lud low, 33 miles SE. of Rutland river. Populalion 1,016, Cavesville, village. Orange co,, Va,, 104 ms, NW. of Richmond and 109 SW. frora W. C. Cavete, seaport on the W. coast ofthe island of Luconia. — See Manilla, Caviana, island at the mouth of the Amazon river, about 100 ms. in circuit. Lon. W. C. 38°, E. lat. 10' N. Cavina, town in the island of Manilla, with a strong castle, a harbor, and a dock. It is 10 ms. from the city of Manilla. Cawood, town of Eng., in the E. riding of Yorkshire, 13 ms. S. of York and 186 NW. of London. Lon. 1° W., lat. 53 47 N. Caxamarca, town of Peru, capital of a territory of its own name, on the river Tunguragua. It was noted for a sumptuous palace belonging to the In- cas, and a magnificent temple dedicated to the sun. Itis 300 ms. NNE. of Lima. Lon. W. C. 33' E,, lot. 7 25 S. Caxamarquilla, city and province of Peru, on the river Tunguragua, to the N. of Caxamarca. Caxatamba, city and province of Peru, nearly midway between Lima and Caxamarca. Lon. W. C, 30' W,,lat, 10 .30 S. Caxton, town of Eng,, in Cambridgeshire, 10 ms. W. by S, of Cambridge and 49 N. of London, Lon. 10' W. Caya, river of Portugal, which rises near Porl alegre, and running SE, divides Spain from Por tugal, and falls into the Guadiana at Badajoz. Cayahoga. — See Cuyahoga, Cayambe Urcu, one of the highest peaks of the Andes, Itis 19,386 feet above the level of the ocean, 150 ras, NE. from Chimborazo and nearly on the equator. Cayenne, rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, in S. America, copital of the French set tlements there, and bounded on the W. by the Dutch colony of Surinam, The French settled here in 1635, but left in 1654, and was successive ly in the possession of the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1677. The island is about 16 nis. in circura- ference, and is only separated from the continent by two rivers. By a particular formation, uncom mon in islands, the land is highest near the water side and low in ihe middle. Hence it is so full of morasses that all communication between the dif ferent parts of il is impossible, wilhout taking a great circuit, Cayenne pepper, sugar, and coffee, are the principal commodities. Lon. W. C, 24 45 E., lat, .6° N. Cayes, seaport of the NW. part of St, Domin go, 60 ms. W. frora St. Louis. Lon. W. C. 4° E , lat, 19 12 N. Cayuga, lake, N. Y. , commences at the moulh of Fall creek, in Tompkins co , and extending nearly N., with a mean width of 2 ms, 40 ms., to the village of Cayuga, where it again contracts in to a small river, which, a short distance below Cay uga, unites with the Seneca outlet. Cayuga lake 'forms port of the natural channel of water commu nication from the Grand canal ofN, Y. to the Sus quehanna river, A sleamboat already runs be tween Ithica and Cayuga. Counly, N. Y,, bounded S. by Tompkins, W". by Cayuga lake, Cayuga outlet, and Seneca co , NW. by lake On tario, N. by Oswego, and E. by Onandago and Courtlond ; lengih 55 ms,, mean width 13' ms ; area 740 sq. ms, ; surface in general hilly, with a very productive soil. Staples : grain, flour, whis key, live stock, sailed meal, butter, cheese, &c. Chief town Auburn. Pop. in 1820, 38,897 ; in 1830, 47,947; and in 1840, 50,338. Central lot. 42 50 N., Ion. W. C. 30' E. Creek and post office, Erie co,, N. Y. The post office is about 12 ms. from Buffalo. Town, Cayuga co., N. Y,, on the right bank of Cayuga outlet, on the road from Auburn to Geneva, 10 ms, from the for mer and 12 from the latter place. A steamboat now plies between Cayuga and Ithaca, Creek, N. Y., rises in Genessee, and flowing W, into Erie co,, joins Buffalo river 5 ms. above ils moulh at Buffa- lo harbor.Cayuta, tp,, Tioga co., N. Y. Pop. in 1830, 1,889. 203 CEF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CEN Cazenovia, town, Madison co., N, "5^,, near the head of Chenango river, about 40 ms. W. from Utica and 130 W. from Albany. Pop. in 1830, 3,909. Cazimer, town of Little Poland, in the palatin ate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 ms. E. of Zarnaw. Lon. 22 3 E,, Iat. 51° N. Cebu, one of the most southerly of the Philip pine mountains. Cecil, CO., Md,, forming the NE. angle of the State, bounded N. by Pa,, B. by Del,, S.by Kent CO., and W. by Chesapeake bay and Susquehanna river; length 21 ms., mean width 12 ms ; area 250 sq. ms. ; surface generally level, though not actually flat ; soil varied ; much good land on the streams. Staples . grain, flour, fruit, whiskey, and salted meat. Chief town Elklon. Pop, in 1830, 16,048 ; and in 1840, 17,338 Central lat 39 30 N., Ion. W. C. 1 80 E Tp,, Washington CO., Pa, Pop. in 1810, 1,167; 1880, 1,154. Cecilton, post office, Cecil co,, Md., formeriy called Savington. Cedar Branch, post office, Beaufort dislrict, S. C, Cedar Creek, village, Monmouth co,, N. J., about 60 ms, E. from Philadelphia. Tp,, Sus sex CO., Del. Pop. in 1810, 3,874, in 1820, •3,380. Cedar, creek, Rockbridge co., Va. is a small stream failing into the left side oi Jaraes river. The natural bridge over this creek, which gives narae to the co,, is in itself a very curious pheno menon, which there are, however, in America, several others of a similar nature. Creek, and post office, in the northern part of Shenandoah co,, Va., postroad, 180 ms. NVV. from Richmond.— — Town, Howard, co., Mo, Cedar-creek mouth, village, Franklin co., Ky. Cedar Grove, post oflice. Union district, S. C, about 70 ms. NW. from Columbia, Cedar Grove, post office, Wilson co,, Tenn,, 26 ms., NE. from Murfreesboro. Cedar, lake, British N. America, between Lake Winnipeg, and the Sa,skatchewine river, Lon. W. C. 83 30 W., Iat. 53° N. Cedar point, cape, St. Mary's co. Md., SE, side ofthe mouth of Patuxent river, In Charles CO., Md , at the moulh of Nanesmy, or Nanjemoy river. Cedars, village, U. C, on the left bank ofthe St. Lawrence, 30 ms. above Montreal. Cedar Shoals, post office, Chester district, S. C, 88 ms. N, from Columbia, Cedarville, village, Cumberland co,, N. J. Post office, Herkimer co,, N. Y. Post oflBce, Perry tp,, northern part of Brown co,, 0,, on Lillle Miami river, about 88 ms. nearly due N. of Georgetown, the county seat, and 16 ms. NE, of Batavia, the county seat of Clermont co. Cedonga, town of Naples, in Principato Ulte riore, 3 ms. NW. of Melfi. Lon. 15 38 E., lat. 41 5 N. Cejalonia, considerable island of the Mediter ranean, on the coast of Livadia, and opposite the Gulf of Lepanto. Il is fertile in oil, and excel lent muscadine wine. It is subject to the Vene tians, and the capilal is of the same name. Lon. 30 36 E., lat. 38 32 N. Cefalu, seaport of Sicily. Lon. 13 58 E., lat. 38 35 N. 204 Cehino, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, a mile from the lake of Celano. Lon. 13 39 E,, lat, 41 56 N. Celaya, — See Silao. Celebes, or Macassar, island in the Indian ocean, to the E. of Borneo, The Dutch have strong forts here, by which they keep the natives in owe, Lon, from 116° to 124° E., lat. 1 30 N. to 6 30 S. Celestins, monks of the order of St. Bene dict, founded by Pope Celestin V., about A. D, 1295. Cenada, oncient town of Italy, in Trevisano, with a bishop's see, 18 ms. N. of Tievigio. Lon, 13 86 E., Iat, 46 3 N. Cenis, raounlaiii which is a part of the Alps, and separates the raarquisate of Susa from the Morianne. Cessus, from census, evaluation or enumera tion. In the United States an enumeration of the whole people taken every tenth year ; but more loosely applied lo every enumeration of the inha- bilonts of a State, town, &c,, whether universal as lo the limits embraced, general, or partial of taxables, men subject to military service, or what ever other object, Ceniral America, new Republic of N. America, formed from the late Spanish Captain Generalship of Guatemala; which see, as also America, p. 55. Central Square, village, Oswego co,, N. Y,, 180 ms. NW. by W. from Albany. Centre harbor, Ip., in Strafford co,, N. H. Pop, in 1810, 349, in 1830, 486, Centre, co,, Penn,, bounded by Huntingdon S,, Clearfield W,, Lycoming NW,, N., and NE,; Union B,, and Mifliin SE. Length 58 ms., mean width 36; area 1,500 sq, ms. Surface mountainous, and soil in general rocky and sterile, though much good land skirts the streams, parli cularly the west branch of the Susquehanna. Staples — grain, flour, whiskey, livestock, salted meat and lumber. Chief town, Bellefonte. Pop. 1830, 13,786, and in 1840, 80,493. Central lat. 41° N , lon. W. C. 0 20 E. Tp. Union CO,, Pa Pop. in 1830, 2,094. Tp,, Green CO., Pa. Pop. in 1820, 795, Tp,, Bullerco., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 743, in 183i), 973. Post office, Delaware co., 0, Tp,, Monroe co,, 0. Pop. in 1830, 1,392, Tp. Morgan co,, 0. Pop. in 1820, 377, Tp, Columbiana co,, 0. Pop. in 1810, 1,103, in 1820, 1,437. Post office, Natchitoches parish, La. Posl office, Guilford co,, N. C, 69 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Centreburg, or Centrebury, tp. and post oflice, southwestern part of Knox co,, O,, on the stage road from Mount Vernon to Columbus, 13 ms. SW, of the former, and 32 NNE. from the latter place. Centre-furnace, Cenire co.J Pa. Centre-harbor, town N. H. Strafford co , on Winnipiseogee lake. Centre Square, post office, Montgomery co. Pa,, 20 ms. N. from Philadelphia. Centreville, post office, Kent co., R. I,, 11 ms. SW. from Providence. Town, Alleghany co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 421, Town, Crawford CO,, Pa. Post ofiice, Ulster co,, N. Y., marked on the post-oflttce list 107 ms. from Albany,- ¦ Post office, Hunterdon co., N. J,, 28 ms,, from Trenton- Village, and seat of justice in Queen CER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA Anno CO., Md., on Corsica creek, branch of Chester river, 13 ms. S, from Chester, and 36 SE. from Baltimore, In this town there is an academj-. Village, Fairfax co., Va., 23 ms, SW. hy W, from W. C. Village, Pendleton district S. C, Post office, Wilkes co,, Ga,, 89 ms. NW. from Milledgeville, Village, Fayelleco,, Ky,, wilh an academy. Village, Fairfield co,, 0,, on the road between Lancaster and Columbus, and 14 ras. from each. Town, Montgomery co,, 0,, 9 ms. SE from Dayton. This village stands on a fine rising ground, and is composed of one street olong the main road from Dayton to Lebanon, 14 ms. nearly due N. from the latter, 7 from Dayton, 15 SW. by W. of Xenia, Pop, in 1830, 326, in 1837, 400, 1840, 450. Post ofiice, Columbiana co, , O,, ISO ms. NE. from Columbus. Village, and seat of justice, in Wayne co,, la,, on the main fork of the W, branch of the While-water river. Post office, Hickman co,, Tenn,, 75 ms, SW. by W. frora Murfreesborough. Post office. Amity CO., Miss,, 58 ms, SW. from Monticello,- Post office, Bibb co , .Ma,, on the Cahaba river, about 70 ras. N, from the village of Cahaba, Cephalonia. — See Cefalonia. Cepeta, town of Peru, on the Falicaco lake, 60 ms. NW, frora La Poz. Ceram, island in the Indian ocean, one of the Moluccas, lo the W, of New Guinea, 140 ms. in lengih, ond 40 in breadth. It is mouniainous and woody ; and the Dutch once had a fortress lo keep the nalives in subjection, and to defend the Spice Islands, having destroyed the clove trees here, Lon. from 136° to 129° E., lot, 3° S. Cerdagna, small district, partly of Spain, in Calalonia, and partly of Fronce, in the dep. of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Roussillon Puycerda is the capital of the Spanish part, and Mont Lewis of the French. Cerenza, town of Naples in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see; seated on a rock, 18 ms. NW. of St. Severino. Lon. 17 8 E,, lat. 39 23 N. Cerestown, town, McKean co,. Pa, Pop, in 1810, 142, in 1880, 425. Ceret, town of Fr,, in the dep. of the Easiern Pyrenees, and late province of Roussillon, wilh a magnificent bridge of one arch over the Tel. It is 13 ms. from Perpignan. Lon. 3 46 E,, lal. 48 36 N. Cerigo, island of the Archipelago, to the S. of the Morea, and to the N. of Candia, formerly known by the name of Cytherea, and noted for being the birth place of Venus. It is 46 ms. in circumference, full of mountains, and has a small town of the same name. Lon. 33 33 E., lat. 36 30 N. Cerines, seaport of Cyprus, with a castle, and a Greek bishop's see. Lon. 33 35 E., lal. 35 59 N. Cerney North, village of Eng,, Gloucestershire, near the downs where Cirencester races are run. In an adjacent field is a camp of considerable ex tent. It is 4 ms. from Cirencester. Certosa, celebrated Carthusian monastery in the duchy of Milan, 4 ms. from Pavia, Its park is surrounded by a wall 30 ms. in circumference, and contains several villages. Cervcra, town of Spain, in Catalonia, an a river of its own name, 33 ms. NW. of Tarragona. Lon. 1 9 E,, lat, 41 25 N. Cervia, seaport of Ilaly, in Romagna, wilh a bishop's see, seated on the Gulf of Venice, 10 ms. SE, of Ravenna. Lon. 12 17 E,, lal, 44 30 N. Cesenii, town of Italy, in Romogno, wilh a bishop's see, scaled on the Savio, 15 ms. SE. of Ravenna. Lon. 12 20 E., lat, 44 26 N, Cette, seaport of France, in the department of Herault, and late province of Languedoc, seated at the place where the canal nf Languedoc beginc, between Monlpelier and Agde, on the Mediterra nean sea. Lon. 3 42 E,, lat, 43 23 N, Ceva, town of Piedmont, on the Tanaro, wilh a fort, 8 ms, SE, of Mondovi. It was taken by the French in April, 1796. Lon. 8 10 E., lat. 44 26 N, Cevennes, mountainous couniry in the south of France, The Cevennes, when taken in their ut most extent, branch from the Pyrenees in Arriege, and extend NE, through Arriege, Ande, Herault, Gard, Lozere, and Ardeche, to the River Rhone, This chain is about 240 ms. in length, but in no part very elevated. Mount Jura and the Voges are evidently parts of Ihe same ridge wilh the Ce vennes. Cevero Vostochnoi. See Severo Vostochnoi. Ceuta, seaport of Africa, now belonging lo Spain, It is sealed on the straits of Gibraltar, Lon, 6 20 W,, lat. 35 60 N. Ceylon, large island in the Indian oceon, 250 ms, in lengih, ond 195 in breadlh. In general the air is very good, and, though the country is full of mountains, there are fertile valleys. In some places there are rich mines, whence are got rubies, sapphires, topazes, and other stones of less value. The Portuguese were the first Europeans who settled on this island, but the Dutch soon drove them away, and established themselves on all the principal places along the coost. In Feb ruary, 1796, all the Dutch forls and settlements were taken by the English, Lon. from 80° to 83° E., lot. from 6° to 10° N, ' Chablais, province of Savoy, bounded on the N, by the lake of Geneva, on the E, by Vallas, on the S. by Faucigny, and on the W. by the Gene- vois, 'Thonon is the capital, Chablis, town of France, in the department of Yonne and the province of Burgundy, remarkable for while wines. It is 15 ms, E. by N. of Aux erre. Lon. 3 59 E., lat, 47 43 N. Charco, a vague, indefinite, ond now obsolete term for the plains of Tucuman and adjacent places. Chactaws, nation of Indians residing in the Slate of Mississippi and Alabama, on the walers of Tombigbee, Pearl, Pascagoula, and Big Black rivers Chseronea. See Caprana. Chacloole. See Chaicatok. Chagre, fori of South America, in the province of Darien, at the mouth of a river of the same name, to the SW. of Porto Bello. It was taken by Admiral Vernon in 1740. Lon. W. C. 3 30 W., lat, 9 30 N, River of North America, in the province of Panama, rises in the Isthmus of Darien, between the Bay of Panaraa and Point San Bias, at N. Ion, 9°, lon. W. C. 1 30 W,, 205 CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA and, flowing W. by comparative courses 60 ms , turns to N, 30 ms , falls into the Carribbean sea, between Porto Bello and Conception. It is navi. gable only a short distance for sea vessels to Cru- ces, but for boats down stream it is the channel of commerce between the two oceans. Chaarin, small river of Ohio, rising in Geauga and Portage COS., O. The main or most remote branch rises in the townships of Aurora and Man tua, Portage co., and thence, entering the tp. of Solon, Cuyahoga, flows by a general northern course of 35 ms. along the eastern border of that CO. into the tp, of Willoughby, where it receives an easiern branch from Geauga co ; continuing thence a northern course of 10 ms., tails inlo Lake Erie, near the exireme norlheastern angle of Cuy ahoga CO. Now Willoughby, most NE. tp. of Cuyahoga co., Ohio See Willoughby. Chagrin River, village and port on Chagrin riv er, near ils entrance into Lake Erie. The sums received at the respective post offices affords an ex cellent general rule to estimate the relative import ance of places ; and if we adopt this rule in the present case, it speaks well for Chagrin River, where, by the post office list, it appears that in 1835 $305 77 were paid in at that office. It is 30 ms. NE. of Cleveland, and 10 SW. of Fair- port, at the mouth of Grand river. Chagrin, town Cuyahoga co., Del. Pop, 1880, 733. Chagrine, river of Ohio, in Cuyahoga and Geauga cos,, running neariy along the line of sep aration, but entering Lake Erie in the former. Chais Dieu, town of France, in the deportment of Upper Loire, and lole province of Velay. Its Benedictine abbey was ranch celebrated. It is 13 ms. E, of Brioude. Lon, 3 4 E., lat. 45 15 N. Chaldea. See Irac Arabia. Chaleur, large bay of the Gulf of St. Law- renca, separating New Brunswick from Lower Canada, Ristigouche river enters its head lat. 48 North Chalk Level, post oflSce Pittsylvania co , Va., 179 ms, by postroad from Richmond. Chalons-sur-Saone, ancient cily of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, lately an epis copal see in the province of Burgundy, on the Sa one, 35 nis S, of Dijon, Lon. 4 57 E,, lat. 46 47 N. Chalons-sur-Marne, cily of France, in the de partment of Marne, lately an episcopal see in the province of Champagne. It contains 16,000 in habitants, 40 miles southwest of Verdun, and 95 east of Paris. Longitude 4 37 E,, latitude 48 57 N. Chamb, town of Germariy, in the circle of Ba varia, capital of a co. of the same name, seated on the river Chamb, 37 ms. NE. of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 55 E., Iat. 49 14 N. Chamberry, populous town, the capilal of Sa voy, with a castle. It is watered by many streams which have their sources in St, Martin's Hill, and run through several of the streets. It was token by the French in 1792. Il is 37 ms, NE. of Grenoble, and 85 NW. of Turin, Lon 5 50 E., lat, 45 35 N, Chambersburg, town and seat of justice in Franklin co,, Po,, situated on the Conegocheague creek, 11 ms, SW. of Shippensburg, 50 of Car- 206 lisle, and 143 W. of Philadelphia. This is a thriving town, being seated in the bosom of a very fertile limestone valley, and a populous'settlement. Lon. W. C. 0 38 W., lat, 39 57 N. Pop. 1820, about 1,000, and in 1840, 3,339. Village Butler township, in the northern part of Mont gomery county, Ohio, 10 or 12 ms, above and N. of Dayton. Chambly, seigniory, and town of L. C, in Bed ford and Kent cos,, on the left bank ofthe Sorelle river, 13 ms. SE. by E. from Montreal. Chamond.^own of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonnois, on the river Giez, 1 7 ms. S. of Lyons. Lon. 4 55 E., lat. 45 39 N. Champagne, lale province of France, 163 ms, in length, and 113 in breadlh, bounded on the N. by Hainault and Luxemberg, on the E. by Lor rain and Franche Comte, on the S, by Burgundy, and on the W. by the Isle of France and Soissan nois. It now forms the department of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne. Champaign, co. of Ohio, bounded by Logan NW. and N., by Union NE., Madison E., Clark S., and Miami "W.; length 89 ms., width 16, area 460 sq. ras. Surface generally level, and part flat and swampy ; soil exuberantly fertile, produc ing grain, particularly maize, and fruits in abun- donee. Chief town Urbanna. Pop, 1820, 8,479, 1840, 17,721, Central Iat, 40 8, Ion. W. C, 6 45 W. Champion, Tp, and post town, Jefferson co,, N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,080. S. Road, post office, Jefferson co., N. Y., in Champion tp., about 20 ms, SE, by E. from Sackett's Harbour, and 15V NW, from Albany. Village, Geauga CO., Painesville tp., Ohio. Tp,, in Trumbull CO,, Ohio, Champlain, lake of N. America, extending from Whitehall, in N. Y., in a N. direction 112 ms. to Ashisland in Canada, with a width from 1 to 1 6 ras. lis shores are mostly bold and rocky, in some places they are precipitous. From the NW. angle it receives the discharge of lake George, from the S. Wood creek, Paulet and Huh- berlon, and from the east, Otier, Onion, La Mo elle, and Missisque rivers. From the W,, Bou quet, Sable, Saranac and Chazy. It-* outlet is the river Sorelle. Considerable commerce is carried on upon this lake, amounting to perhaps 8,000 tons of shipping. Lake Champlain is now uniled to Hudson river by a navigable canal, cut from Whitehall to a point on Hudson river below Glenn's Falls. Thislake was discovered and named by M. Champlain, first governor of Canada, in 1611. In 1814 a Brilish fleet and army attacked Plattsburg, in Clinton co , at the mouth of Sara nac. On the 11th September this fleet was at tacked, defeated, and nearly entirely captured by a squadron of U. S. vessels, ond the invading array compelled to retreat precipitately into Canada. Tp. and post town, in Clinton co. N. Y , Pop. in 1830, 1,611. Chancay, province of Peru, on the Pocifio Ocean, bounded N. by Santa, "W. by the Pacific, S. by Cereado, E. by Canla, and NE, by Caxo- tamba. Capital of the province of the sorae name, is 50 ms. NW. from Lima. Lon. W. C. 10' W., Iat. 10 30S. CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA Penn. Penn, Chanceford, Upper, town, York Co., Pop. in 1810, 966; in 1820, 1,248. Chanceford, Lower, tp., in York co. Pop. in 1810, 818; in 1830, 965. Chancellorvilte, village, Spoltsylvania co,, Va,, 75 ms. N. from Richmond. Chanca, rich and considerable town of Egypt, 5 ms, from Cairo, al the entrance of the desert which leads to Mount Sinai. Chemda, considerable city of Berar, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, subject to the chief of the Eastern Mahratlas, It is sealed on a branch of the Godavery, 70 G. ms, S of Nagpour. Lon, 79 40 E , lat. 20 10 N. Chandernagore, large town of Hindoostan Proper, in Bengal. It was a French settlement, and had a very strong fort, destroyed by Admiral Watson in 1757; and in 1793 the English again dispossessed the French of this settlement. It is a neat and pretty large town, and is sealed 2| leagues above Calcutta, with an excellent harbor. Chandler's Gore, Oxford tp., Maine. Pop. in 1810, 9; in 1820, 42. Chang-hai, town of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages depen dent on il, are more than 300,000 weavers of common cotton cloth. This city is situaled on the south or right side of the Blue river, near its mouth, N. lat, 33 30, long. 18 121 E. of Lon don. By English writers, it is now named Shang- hae, and described as an immense mart of foreign and domestic trade. It is one of those laid open to foreign commerce by a recent treaty between China and Great Britain. Distant about 60 ros. below Nankin. Chanmanning, cily of Thibet, which has been the residence of the Grand Lama. It is 130 ms. W. of Lassa. Lon, 89 46 E,, lat. 31° N. Channeray, village in Ross-shire, Scotland, near the Frith of Murray, 30 ms, W. of Elgin. Chan-si, province of China, and one of the smallest in the empire, is bounded on the E. by Petcheli, on the S. by Honan, on the W. by Chen-si, and on the N. by the great wall. The chmale is healthy and agreeable, and the soil gen erally fertile, though the country is full of mountains. Chan-tong, province of China, bounded on the E. by Petcheli and part of Honan, on the S. by Kiang nan, on the E, by the sea, and on the N. by the sea and part of Petcheli. The country is well watered by lakes, streams, and rivers. Chaos, Gr,, and literally means a frightful opening, an enorraous abyss, in which a dark and ptofound obscurity reigns. The supposed confu sion of all elements before Creadon gave order. Chapala, lake of Mexico, in Guadalaxara, or Jalisco, it is 50 ras, long, and about 30 wide, united at ils eastern extremity with the river St. Jago, or Tololotlan. Chapel Hill, village, Orange co., N. C, on a branch of Cape Fear river, about 14 ms S. of Hillsborough, and 34 W. of Raleigh. The situ ation in an elevated and broken couniry, is pleas ant and healthy. It is the seat of the University nf N. C. This seminary was incorporated in 1788, and liberally supported by public donations, and private benefaction. The revenues aie at present ample. The officers are, a president and 4 professors The students exceed 100. Chapel in Frith,- town of Eng , in Derbyshire, with a poor market on Saturday, seated on tho confines of tho Peak, 7 ras. SE. of Manchester, and 166 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 55 W., lat. 53 33 N. Chapel Island, bay of Honduras. Chapman, tp,, Lycoming co., Penn. Pop. in 1820, 355. Chaptico, town, St. Mary's co , Md., 12 ms. NW. of Leonard town, and 56 from Washington. Charabon, seaport on the N. coast of Java, in the Indian ocean, 150 ms. E, of Batavia. Lon. 109 10 E., Iat. 6° S. Charadra, ancient Charadrus, traverses the plain of Marathon, and enters the strait between .i^tlica and Negiopont. Charaton, east, and Charaton west, two rivers of Missouri, rising in the angle between Des Moines river, and Grand river, and flowing S. falls into the Missouri 220 ms, above St. Louis, and 120 below the moulh of Kansas river. Charaton, co, — See Chariton, Choreas, province of S, America', on the sources of the Madeira and Hilcomaya, having Potosi S., Andes W",, Coochabamba N ,and E, by indefinite limits. It is included in the United Provinces of La Plata. Lon. W. C. 10 E,, Iat. 20° S. Chard, town of Eng., in Somersetshire, on the side of a bill, 6 ms. W. of Crewkerne, and 141 W. by S, of London. Lon. 3 18 W., lat. 50 52 N. Chardon., town and seat of justice, Geauga co., Ohio, 13 ms. frora the rnouth of Grand river, and 168 NE. from Columbus, Lat. 41 35 N,, lon. W. C, 4 15 W. Pop. in 1840, 446. Chardon is situated on the table land, from which flow branches of Chagrin, Grand, and Cuyahoga rivers, and supposed lo be elevated 6U0 feet above Lake Erie, from which it is distant in direct line about 13 miles. The mail stages from Pitlsbur-g and Zanesville meet at this place, and a daily fine of stages pass through from Fairport, on Lake Erie, to Wellsville, on the Ohio river ; distance 94 ms. Distance of Chardon from Warren, NW., 35 ms., 30 N. from Ravenna, and 38 E. by N. from Cleveland. Charenle, dep. of Fr,, including the late prov ince of Angoumois, River in the W. ofFr., the ancient Carantanus, rises in Upper Vienne, and after a course of about 100 ms. falls into the sea, 8 ms. below Rochefort, It is navigable to Roche- fort for vessels of large tonnage. Dep. of Fr. , bounded by Lower Charenle, Deux, Sevres, Vi enne, Upper Vienne, and Dordogne. Pop. 330,- 000, sq. ms: 3,840. Capital, Angouleme. Charenle, Lower, dep, of Fr,, consisting of the two late provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes is the capital. Dep. of Fr., bounded by the Atlantic ocean W., and in the interior by Gironde, Dordogne, Deux-Sevres, and La Vendee. Pop. 400,000, area 8,800 sq. ms. Charenton, the name of two lowns in France, the one upon the Marmaude, in the dep. of Allier, the other on the river Seine, 4 ms. S. of Paris, once famous for its protestant church. Charette, lown of Missouri, on the left bank of the Missouri river, 50 ms. above the moulh of that stream. Charite, town ofFr., in the dep. of Nievre, and 207 CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA _L late province of Nivernois. The town derives its name from the charity of the lale prior of the Ben edictine Clunistes, upon whose bounty it subsisted in a time of scarcity. Lon. 3 1(1 E., lat- 47 10 N. Chariton, co. of Missouri, bounded S. by -Mis souri river and Howard co., W. by Ray co., E. by Ralls CO., and N. by the Stale Hne. This co. is drained by the two Charaton rivers. Chief town, Chariton. Central lat. 39 30 N. Lon. W. C. 15 30 W. Pop- in 1840, 4,746. Village and seat of justice, Chariton co.. Mo., on the left bank of the .Missouri river, and at the mouth of the two Charalons. N. lat. 39 9, lon. W. C. 15 35 W. Charjoo, or Charjooe, city of Asia, in Bokhara, situated on the Oxus river, about 80 ms. southward of the city of Bokhara, and on the great road from Bokhara lo Persia. The Oxus, Jihoon, oi Amoo river, as it is severally called, is here, accoiding to Burnes, 650 yards wide, and from 35 to 29 feet deep. According to the same author, tbe river here is sometimes frozen, and passable on the ice. Lat. 38 16 N., lon. 63° E. Charkof, or more correctly Kharkof, province of Russia, on the sources of the Vorskia, branch of the Dnieper, and the Donelz branch of the Don. Charkof, the capital, is on the Donelz- Lon. 36 26 E,, lat. 50° N. Charlemont, borough of Ireland, in the co. of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, 6 ms. 8, of Dungannon. Lon. 6 37 W,, lat, 54 44 N, Fortified town of the Netherlands, in the co., of Namur, ceded to the French by the treaty of Ni meguen. It is seated on the Meuse, 25 ms. SW. of Namur. Lon, 4 40 E,, Iat. 50 6 N. Tp., Franklin co,, Mass, Pop. in 1820, 1,081. Charlemonle, tp, , Hampshire co., Mas.s, Pop. 1,000. Charleroy, town of tho Netherlands, in the co , of Namur, on the Sambre, 18 ms. W. of Namur. Lon. 4 30 E,, lat, 50 20 N. Charles, co., Md,, on the Potomac; bounded by Si, Mary's and Patuxent river E., by Prince George N,, and by Potornao river W. and S, ; length, 30 ms, ; mean width, 15; area, 450 sq. ms, ; surface hilly ; soil in part sandy, and in gen eral of middling tfuality ; staples, grain, flour, to bacco, &c. ; chief lown, Port Tobacco. Pop. iu 1820, 16,500; and in 1840, 16,023. Central Iat. 38 30, and on the meridian of W. C. Cape on the coast of Labrador, NE. from the straits ol Belleisle, Lon. W. C. 21 40 E,, lat, 52 25. River, Mass., which flows into Boston harbor, near that town Charles, Cape, Va. — See Cape Charles, Charles City, co,, Va., on the peninsula be tween James and Chickahominy rivers; bounded by the James SE. and SW., Henrico co., NW., and by the Chickahominy river, or New Kent, and James city cos. NE. ; length, 26 ms. ; mean width, 8; area, 200 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, or rolling; soil thin, or of middfing quality ; staples, grain, flour, and tobacco ; chief town, a post village 86 ins. SE. from Richmond. Pop. in 1830, 5,255; and in 1840, 4,774- Central lat. 37 15 N., and on the meridian of W. C. Charles, Cape, promontory on the SW. fart of the strail entering inlo Hudson's bay. Lon. 75 15 W.,lat. 68 ION. Charles, Fort, a forlress of Ireland, al the en- 308 trance of Kinsale harbor. Lon. 2 23 W., lal. 51 1 N. Charleston, R. I. — See Charlestown. Charleston, town, Montgomery co., N. Y. Pop, in 1820, 5,365.-, District, S. C, between San. tee and Combahee rivers ; bounded by tho Atlantic ocean SE., Colleton SW., Orangeburgh and SumpterNW., and Santee river, or Williamsburgh, and Georgetown districts NE. ; length, 55i ms. ; mean width, about 30 ; area, 1,750 sq. ms. ; sur face, in general, level, part flat and marshy, or sandy. 'J'he soil partakes of a variety of features; sorae tracts are in a high degree productive; in general it is, however, of middling quaUly. Sta ples, rice and cotton. Chiet town, Charieston cily. Pop. in 1820, 55,432. Central lat. 33° N,, and lon, W. C, 3° W,, intersect almost exactly in the centre of this district, Village, Charleston tp,. Portage co., 0,, 5 ms, E. of Ravenna, and HO ms. NE. of Columbus. It lies on Iho direct road from Ravenna to Warren, about 23 ras. SW. by W. of the latter place. Town and seat of jus tice, in Clarke co,, la,, near the Ohio river and the mouth of Eleven-mile creek, 15 ms. above Louis ville. Pop. 1,550. Lat. 38 88 N., lon. W. C. 8 38 W. Town on the SW. side of the island of Nevis, in the W. Indies. It is the seal of gov. ernment, and defended by a fort. Lon. W. C. 14 30 E., lat. 16 40 N. Village, Cheshire co., N. H-, on Connecticut river, 51 ms. W. from Concord- Tp. and village in the SE. angle of Montgomery co., N. Y-, 40 ms. N W. by VV. from Albany. Charleston, City, and seaport, Charleston dis trict, S. C, at the junction of Cooper and Ashley rivers. Lon. W. C. 3 5t W., 79 54 W., from London, lat. 33 50 N. ; 112 ms. SSE. from Co lumbia, and 550 SSW. from Washington. Asltley river is navigable 20 ms, above the cily by vessels of considerable burden ; but, being placed on a low spot of ground, and in the vicinity of the ocean, il is subject to be inundated by high tides, and has often sutt'ered from this cause, as well as by fires and tremendous whirlwinds. The harbor is uniled to Sanlee river by a fine navigable canal, 23 ms. in length, which opens lo ils merchants the trade of the interior of S. C. and N. C. The harbor has two channels of entrance, the deepest of which admits vessels drawing 16 feet water. The en trance of the harbor is defended by a fort on SulH- van's island, about 6 ms, below the cily. This fort repelled the attack of a British fleet under Sir P, Parker, in the revolutionary war, wilh « very destructive eflect to the assailants. Charleston is, nevertheless, a capital of great riches and commerce ; the exports of 1803 amount ing lo $7,811,108 ; and in 1816 its tonnage ex ceeded 36,470 tons. The banks of the rivers, above and below the town, are beautified with fins plantations, and walks interspersed wilh rows of trees. The streets that lie E. and W. run io straight lines from river to river, and are intersected by others at right angles, though they have one common fault of being loo narrow, some of them being not above 35 feet wide. Most, if not all of them, are provided with subterranean drains that carry off the water and filth of the city. The houses lately built are principally of brick, and some of ihem in a style of comparalive grandeur CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA and elegance. Tbe chief public edifices are an ex change, a state-house, a bank, an armory, and a public almshouse, with ten or a dozen places of re ligious worship. Here are two banks. The orphan asylum is a very respectable founda tion, consisting of « large and spacious building, where 150 children are protected, clothed, fed, and educated. A library society, formed some years past, have now a library exceeding 1 3,000 volumes. This city has kept full pace with the other great seaport towns of the U. S. In 1790, the inhabi tants amounted to 16,359; in 1800, to 18,711, Its subsequent advance is seen by the annexed table. Population in 1810. Free white moles 6,863 Free white females • - 5,705 AU olher persons except Indians not taxed 1 ,472 Slaves 11,671 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Free while females Total whites Free persons of color, males Free persons of color, females Slaves, males Slaves, females Total population in 1820 Of these, foreigners not naturalized Engaged in agriculture Engaged in manufactures Engaged in commerce - Population in 1830. Whites Slaves and free colored Total population in 1830 Progressive populalion of Charleston. 1790 1800 1810 1830 18301840 34,711 5,333 5,330 10,653 633 853 5,6956,957 34,780 435 164 887 1,138 13,928 17,361 30,289 16,35918,711 24,711 24,780 30,28929,261 Distributive population of Charleston, 1840- Whites.— AgP3. nto5OtolO 10 to 15 ID to 20 •JO to 30 ao to 40 ¦10 to 60 ¦ 50 to 60 - 60 to TO 70 to SO 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total whites Males. 900643660 699 1,662 1,196 623 283 99 ¦19 6 6,827 6,203 Females- 918630 ooB737 1,400 854486 315 158 8120 60 6,203 27* I'Vee colored,— At;eM OtolO 10 to 24 21to3B36 to 55 65 to 100 - 100 and upwards Totjil free colored Slaves,— Ages, OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 65 55 to 100 - 100 and iipwardfl Maleu, 283 161 106 48 16 0 973 1,558 Males 1,893 1,8251,581 802¦231 2 6,3348,339 14,673 Females. 251 296 232 124 69 3 Females, 2,089 2,3132,312 1,273 347 8,339 Whites Free colored Slaves ^'otal Charleston, island at the bottom of Hudson's bay. Lon. 79 5 W., lat. 63 3 N. Charlestown, New, lown of Penobscot co. , Me. , 38 ms NNW. from Bangor. Charlestown, tp,, and, alternately with Keene, seal of justice, in Cheshire co,, N, H., on Connec ticut river, 43 ms. W. from Concortl, and 30 S. from Dartmouth college. A fine bridge over the Connecticut river unites this beautiful village with the opposite shore in Vermont. Pop. in 1810, 1,601 ; in 1830, 1,703. Lat, 43 14 N The principal town of Middlesex CO., Mass,, opposite to Boston, from which it is separated by Charles river, over which is constructed an elegant bridge This town stands upon the elevated peninsula be tween Mystic and Charles rivers. Besides the Bos ton bridge, leading into Prince street in that city, another leads over the inner harbor to Cambridge. Bridges cross also over Mystic river, and open communication with Maiden, Chelsea, and Salem. The Stale prison of Massachusetts is located in this town ; and on the point opposite Lynn and Ship streets, in Boston, the United States have a navy yard, extending over about 60 acres, on which have been erected the necessary buildings to carry on the business, and accommodate the ofiicers and men attached to the estabhshment. The battle of Breed's, generally , though erroneously called Bunk er's Hill, was fought in this town, June 17, 1775, A splendid monument, completed and consecrated this year, (1843,) on the day of anniversary of this battle, now crowns the hill where it was fought. Pop. of this city in 1830, 8,783 ; in 1840, had risen to 11,484. Tp., including the preceding village, in Middlesex co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 4,959; in 1820, 6,591. Tp. in Washington CO., R. I. Pop. in 1810, 1,174; in 1820, 1,160. —Village in Washington co., R. I. It is re- 209 CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA markable for being the residence of the greater part of the Narraganselt Indians that still remain (to the number of 350) in this Stale. They are peaceable and well disposed toward the Govern ment, and speak the Enghsh language. Tp. and town in Chester co.. Pa,, 7 ms. above Nor- ristown. Pop. in 1810, 1,580; in 1820, 2,069. Village in Cecil co., Md,, on the W. side of Northeast river, 10 ms. W. fromEIkton. Vil lage in Jefferson co,, Va-, 73 ms. NW. from W. C. Village of Kenhawa co., Va-, on the point of confluence above the junction of Kenhawa and Elk rivers. In Brooke co., Va. See Wells burg. Tp. in Jackson co., Ohio, on the road from Jackson, the county seat, to Athens, county seat of Athens co. — See Reed's Mills.- Village in Portage co,, Ohio, same as otherwise called Charleston ; which see. Charleville, borough of Ireland, in J.he co. of Cork, 30 ms. N. of Cork, Lon. 8 30 W., lat. 52 23 N. Town ofFr., in the dep. ofthe Arden nes, and lale province of Champagne, The streets arc as straight as a line, and the houses of an equal height, covered wilh slate. Here is a mog- nificent sq'uore, and in the centre a hanflsome foun tain. It is seated on the Meuse, near Meziers, from which it is separated hy a bridge and a causeway, 16 ms. NW, of Sedan, and 115 NE, of Paris. Lon. 45 0 E,, Iat. 49 50 N. Charlotte, co. in New Brunswick ; bounded by the bay of Fundy S,, and by the St, Croix and PassamaquocTdy bay "W. Chief town St. Andrews, Town on the east side of Lake Champlain, in Chittenden co,, Vt,, at the distance of 10 ms. S. of Burlington, and 13 N. of Vergennes. Vil lage in Monroe co,, N, Y., on Braddock's bay. The village is al the moulh of Genessee river, Town in Charlotte co., Va, — See Maryville. Co, in Va,, on Staunton river; bounded by Lu nenburg E., Mecklenburg SE,, HaUfax, or Roan oke river SW,, Campbell NW,, Buckingham and Prince Edward NE. ; length 33 ms,, mean breadlh 18 ; area 600 sq, ms, ; surface pleasantly variegat ed by hill and dale, and well watered. Part ofthe soil along the streams excellent. Staples, grain, flour, tobacco, live stock, and some salted provi sions. Chief lown Maryville. Pop, in 1820, 13,290; in 1840, 14,595. Central lat. 37 0 N,, lon, W. C. 1 35 W C. H. and post oflice in Chariotte co., Va,, 105 ms. SW, from Richmond, Village and seat of justice in Mecklenburg co,, N. C, on Sugar creek, a branch of Cataba river, 46 ms. S. of Stalesville, and about the same dis tance SW. of Salisbury. Lat, 35 16 N,, lon. W, C. 3 48 W. Village and seot of justice in Dick son CO., Ten,, 30 ms. W. from Nashville. Lal. 36 6,N., Ion. W. 0. 10 15 W, Village in S. C, at the junction of Tugaloo and Broad rivers. River, bay, and harbor, W. coast of E. Florida. The river rises in the interior of the peninsula, and flows W. inlo the bay. Lon. W, C. 4 30 E,, Iat 26 30 N. Charlotteburg, town in Brunswick co., N. C. (iharloitehall, post office in St. Mary's co., Md,, near the Patuxent river, 56 ms. SE. from Wash ington. Charhttenburg, town of Brandenburg, 3 ms. from Berlin, on the Spree. Charlotte's, Queen, Island, island in the South 210 Pacific ocean, first discovered by Captain Wallis, in the Dolphin. It has abundance of good water, cocoa nuts, palm nuts, and scurvy grass. Lat. 19 18 8., lon. 138 4 W. Charlotte's Town, Prince Edward's island, in the bay of St. Lawrence, on a deep bay south side of the island, Charloitestown, formerly Rouseau, the capital of Dominica, 21 ms, SE. of Prince Rupert's bay, on a point of land on the SW. side of the island. Lon. 61 35 W,, lat, 15 25 N. Charlottesville, town of Norfolk co., U, C, on Lake Erie, Village and seat of justice in Albe marle CO., Va., on Rivanna river, 86 ms, NW. from Richmond- The Central college of Virginia was located at this place in 1817- Lat- 38 3 N., lon. W. C. 1 28 W. Charlton, lown in Worcester co-. Mass, Pop, in 1810, 3,180, in 1820,2,131, Town in Saratoga co,, N, Y. Pop, in 1820, 1,953 Village of Eng,, in Kent, on an eminence that com mands a fine view of the Thames. Charlton is 6 ms. ESE, of London. Island of James's bay, Lon. W. C, 3 0 W,, lat. 52 12 N. Charmes, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Vos- ges, and lale province of Lorraine, sealed on the Moselle, over which is a handsome bridge, 8 ms. E. of Mirecourt. Lon. 6 17 E,, lal, 48 21 N, Charnwood, or Charley Forest, a rough, open tract of England, in the NMV . partof Leicester shire. Charolles, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy. It is sealed on the Reconce, 24 ras. "WNW. of Macon. Lon. 4 24 E., lat, 46 28 N. Charon, river of Upper Canada, enters Lake Su perior. Charost, town ofFr,, in the dep, of Indre, and lale province of Berry, sealed on the Arnon, 6 ms. NE. of Issoudun, Lon, 2 10 E., lat. 47 1 N. Chartiers Creek, of Washington and Alleghany counties. Pa. ; rises near Waahington, in the former, and, flowing NNE. into the lalter, falls into Ohio river, 4 ms, below Pittsburg. It is nav igable at high water for boats going down stream from Morganza, at its main forks, 2 ms, from Can nonsburg, Chartiers, tp in Washington co , Pa, Pop. in 1810, 1,747; in 1820, 1,338. Chartrea, ancient cily of Fr-, in the dep- of Eure and Loire, and lale province of Beauce- The cathedral is one of the finest in Fr-, and its steeple is much admired. The principal trade con sists in corn II is seated on the Eure, 45 ms. SW. of Paris- Lon- 1 34 E , lat. 48 27 N. Chartreuae, or Grand Chartreuse, lately one of the most celebrated monasteries in Fr., 8 ms, N, of Grenoble, now converted into a kind of ar senal. Lon. 5 49 E,, lat. 45 30 N. Charibdis, famous whirlpool in the strail of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele brated Scyllo, in Italy. According to the poets, it was very formidable to mariners ; but it is said to have be.en entirely removed by the dreadful earthquake in 17S3. On diving inlo il, there were found vast gulfs and whirlpools below, which produce all the commotion on the surface of the water. Chatahooche, river of Ga,, Ala., and Fa. ; rises CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHA in the Appalachian mountains, and, flowing by comparative courses about 300 ms,, joins the Flint, and forms the Appalachicola ,- which see. Chatauga, village, Franklin co,, N. Y,, on the road from Plattsburg to St. Regis, 40 ms. NW. from the former, and 35 NNE , from the latter. Chataughque, lake in Chatauque co., N. Y., "near the line which divides that State from Pa , ond obout 10 ms. from the SE. side of Lake Erie. The walers of thia lake are discharged by the Conewango creek into the Alleghany tiver at Warren. Chatauque, co , N, Y,, forming the SW. an gle of that State on Lake Erie ; bounded by Pa. S. and SW., by Lake Erie NW., by Erie co., N. Y., NE., and by Cattaraugus E. i lengih on Pa. 37 ms. from E. to W,, and 19 wide from N. 10 S. ; the residue in form of a triangle, 37 ms. base, with an altitude of 19. The whole area 1,050 sq. ms. Surface hilly and rocky, with a very productive soil. Staples, grain, whiskey, flour, live stock, and salted provisions. Chief town, Mayville, Pop. 1830, 13,568; in 1840, 47,975. Cent, lat, 48 30, lon. W. C. 2 15 W. Chateau-Bryant, lown of Fr,, in the dep, of Lower Loire, and late province of Britanny, with an old castle, 34 ms. S, of Rennes. Lon. I 16 W., lat. 47 46 N. Chateau-Chambresis, town of Fr , in the dep, of the North and late province of tbe Cambresis, is 12 ms. SE. of Cambray, Lon. 3 40 E., lat 13 7N. Chateau- Chinon, town of Fr., in the dep. of Nievee, and late province of Nivernois, with a considerable manufaclure of clolh. It is seated on the Yonne, near the source of that river, 36 ms, E. of Nevers. Lon, 4 8 E,, lat. 47° N. Chateau-Dauphin, strong castle of Piedmont, 18 ms. W. by N, of Saluces. It was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1743, and restored in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Chateau-du-Loir, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of Sarte and late province of Maine, on the Loir, 22 ms. SE. of Mans, and 97 W. of Paris. Lon, 0 30 E,, lat. 47 40 N. Chateau-Dun, ancient lown ofFr,, in the dep, of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce. The streets are straight, the houses uniform, and the great square is very spacious. It is seated on an eminence, near the Loire, 30 ms. N. of Blois, and 72 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 32 E,, Iat. 48 4 N. Chateaugay, river, rises in N. Y,, Franklin and Cfinton cos,, and, entering L, C, flows NE into Lake St. Louis. The couitfry from which this etream takes its source is low and swampy. Village, Clinton co , N. Y, Chateauguay, village, Franklin co,, N. Y. Pop. 1820, 828 Seigniory, L. C, Hunting don CO., on the Chateauguay river, 15 ms. SW. from Montreal. Chateau- Gontier, town of Fr., in the dep. and late province of Maine, seated on the river Maine, with a castle. It has a mineral spring ; ils trade consists in linens ; and it is 22 ms. NW. of An gers, and 147 SW. of Paris. Lon. 0 36 E., lat. 47 47 N. Chateau-Landon, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, and lale province of Ihe Isle of France, 5 ms. S, of Nemours, and 50 S. by E. of Paris Lon, 3 38E,, lat 48 1 1 N. Chateaulin, town of Fr., in the dep. of Finis terre and late province of Brittany, 18 ms. N. of Quimper, on the river Auzon, where there ia a salmon fisifi^ry. Chateau-Meitlant, town of Fr., in the dep. of Cher and late province of Berry, 9 ma. E. of Chatre. Here is a castle, with a tower said to have been built by Julius Csesar. Chateauneuf, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Cher and late province of Berry, 16 ms. S. of Bourgea. It is the name of two other inconsiderable towns in France ,— Town ofFr., in the dep. of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce, 12 ms, NQ. of Charlres, Town of Fr,, in the dep. of Maine and Loire, and lale province of Anjou, sealed on the Sarte, 12 ms. N. of Angers. Chateau-Renaud, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, 20 ras. NW. of Amboise, and 88 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 1 W., lat. 47 33 N, Chateuroux, lown of Fr., in the lale province of Berry. It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre, 15 ma. SW. of Issoudun, and 148 S. of Paris. Lon. 1 5 E,, lat, 46 46 N. Chateau-Thierry, town of Fr., in the dep. of .'Visne and late province of Champagne, on the river Maine. It is the birth-place of the inimitable La Fontaine, and is 27 ms. SW. of Rheims, and 97 NW. of Paris. Lon. 3 33 E , lat, 49 2 N. Chatel, town of Fr,, in the dep. of the Vosges and lale province of Lorraine, seated on the Mo selle, 8 ras. E. of Mirecourt. Chatel- Chalon, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, 30 ms. S, of Dole. Lon, 5 38 E,, lat. 46 46 N. Chatellerault, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Vienne and late province of Poitou, seated on the Vienne, over which is a handsome stone bridge. It is noted for ils cutlery, watchmaking, and the cutting of false diamonds. It is 38 ms. NNE. of Poitiers, and 168 SSW. of Paris. Lon. 6 44 E., Iat. 46 50 N. Chatfield, tp. and village, NE. part of Craw ford CO., 0,, on the main road, through Bucyrus, from Columbus to Sandusky city, 1 3 ms. a little E. of N, from Bucyrus, the county seat. Chatham, town of Eng,, in Kent, adjoining Rochester, and seated on the Medway. It is one of the principal stations ot the royal navy ; and tho yards and magazines are furnished with all sorts of naval stores. It has about 500 houses, mostly low, and built with brick ; the streets are narrovT and paved; and it contains about 3,000 inhabit ants. The principal employment of the laboring hands is ship building in the King's yard and pri vate docks. Itis 31 ms. ESE. ofLondon. Lon. 0 36 E., lat. 51 22 N. Tp.., Kent CO., U. C, on Lake St. Clair. Town of York co., L. C, on the left bank of the Ottawa river. Town of Northumberland co.. New Brunswick, on Miramachi river. Tp., Coos co., N. H, Pop. 1810, 301 ; in 1830, 398. Town, Barn stable CO., 20 ms. E. from Barnstable, Mass. Pop. 1810, 1,334; in 1820, 1,630. Tp., op. posite Middletown, Middlesex co., Ct, Pop. 1810, 211 CHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHE 3,258; in 1820, 3,159. Town, Columbia co., N. Y. Pop. 1830, 3,373. Town, Morris CO., N. J., 13 ms, NW. from Elizabelhtown. Pop, 1810, 3,019 ; in 1830, 1,832.-. Village, Chester CO., Pa., on the Newport turnpike, 16 ms. SW. from West Chester. Co. of N. C, on both sides of Cape Fear river, bounded by Randolph W., Orange N., Wake NE,, Cumber land SE., and Moore S. ; length 33, width 26 ms. ; area 860 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and soil va ried. Staples, grain, tobacco, &c. Chief lown, Pittsburg. Pop. 1830, 12,661 ; in 1840, 16,343, Central lat. 35 40, lon. W. C. 2 20 W. Town of Chesterfield district, S. C, on the right bank of Pedee river, 100 ms. from Columbia, Co., Ga., bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE., Ogechee river or Bryan SW., Effingham NW., Savannah river NE. ; length 37, mean width 15 ms. ; area 400 sq. ms. Surface level, and in part low and marshy. Soil in general rather sterile, though tracts of very fertile land are found along the rivers. Staples, rice colton, tobacco, and some sugar. Chief town. Savannah. Pop. 1820, 14,737; in 1840, 18,801, Central lat. 33° N., lon. W. C. 4 30 W. Bay of Florida, or a common name for that part of the west coast of that peninsula extending from Punla Larga, or Cape Roman, to the mouth of Shark river, be. tween lat. 25 and 36°. Island in the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 100 W., lat. 43 40 S. Island in the Pacific ocean. Lou. W. C. 95' W., lat, 13 32 S. Strait, on the NW. coast of North .A,merica, between King George and Ad miralty islands. Lon. W. C, 57° W„ Iat. 58° N Chatham Four Corners, town, in the tp. of Chatham, Columbia co., N. Y, This is a differ ent post office from that called Chatham, in the same township. Chaatilkn-lea-Dombes, town ofFr., in the dep of Ain, and lale province of Bresse, 12 ms. W. of Bourg. Chatillon-sur-Indre, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Indre, and late province of Berry, 10 ms. S. of Loches. Lon. 55' E,, lat. 47 22 N. Chatillon-sur-Loire, town of Fr., 14 ms. NE from Aubigny. Chatilkm-sur-Marne, town of Fr,, in the dep of Marne and late province of Champagne, 37 ms. S. of Rheims. Lon, 4 5 E., lat. 48 58 N. Chatillon-aur-Seine,, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy, di vided into two by tho river Seine. It has ironworks in its neighborhood, and is 36 ms. NW. of Dijon. Lon. 4 35 E. lat,, 47 43 N. Chatre, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre, and late province of Berry, seated on the river Indre, 37 ms. ftom Bourges. It carries on a considerable trade in cattle. Lon. 1 55 E,, Iat. 46 35 N. Chatsworth, village of Eng., in the Peake of Derbyshire, near the' river Derwent, 6 ms. W. of Chesterfield. Chaudiere falls, on the Ottawa river, U. C, 36 feet high. They are a little above the mouth of the river Radeau, and below Lake Chaudiere. Chaudiere lake is formed by the widening of the Ottawa river above the mouth of the river Radeau and below Lake Chat, U. C. Chaudiere, riviere a la, or Catfish creek, runs jflto Lake Erie W, of Long Point, U. C. 818 Chaudiere river, L. C, rises on the hilly region from which the Connecticut and Kennebec have their sources. It flows nearly N. from Megantic lake about 100 ms., and falls into St. Lawrence 6 ms, above Quebec. It was by the channel of this stream that General Arnold reached the St. Law rence river early in the revolutionary war. It is a precipitous and unnavigable stream. The scenery along its banks has excited the admiration of all travellers who have visited il. Chaulness, town of Fr., 7, ms, SW. from Pe- ronne. Town ofFr., 30 ms. ESE. from Paris. Chaumont, town! of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Marne, and late province of Champagne, on a mountain, near the river Marne, 14 ms. S. of Join ville. Lon. 5 9 E., lat. 48 8 N. Town of Fr,, in the dep. of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 30 ms. NW. of Paris. Lon. 3 7 E,, lat. 49 18N. Village,Jefferson CO., N.Y., on Chau mont boy. Bay of Lake Ontario, JeflTerson co., N, Y,, to the N. of, and communicating by, a strail with Sackett's Horbor. Cliauny, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 ras. E, of Noyon, Lon. 3 18 E,, lat. 49 17 N. Chaves, town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los Monies, seated at the foot of a mountain on the river Tamega. Between the town and the suburb Magdalena is an old Roman s/tone bridge. It is 30 ms, SW. of Braganza. Lon. 7° W., lat, 41 45 N. Chazy, two small rivers of N. Y., Clinton co., fall into the W. side of Lake Champlain, in the tp. of Champlain, Town, Clinton co., N. Y., 186 ms. N. from Albany. Pop. in 1880, 3,313. Cheadle, town of Eng., in Staflfordshire, on the most fertile part of the Moorland, 12 ms. NE. of Stafford. Lon. 1 56 W., lat. 53 N. Cheam, vilfage of Eng., in Surry, adjoining to which is the site of the village of Codington, or Cudington. Cheam is 13 ms. SSW. of Londoh. Cheat, river of Va., which rises in Randolph CO., ond ofter running a northwardly course falls into the Monongahela near the line that divides that State from Pa. At its junction wilh the Mon ongahela it is about 200 yards wide- Chebrechin, town of Poland, in the province of of Russia and palatinate of Belskow. Lon, 33 51 E., 50 35 N. Chebukto, harbor, near Halifax, in Nova Scotia. Lon. W. C. 13 18 E., lat. 44 45 N. Chebuotequoin, is one of the lakes on the com munication between Lake Simcoe and the Rice lake, U. C. Chedabucto, bay of the NE. coast of Nova Sco lia, opening into the strait between Cape Breton and Nova Scolia'. Lon. W. C. 15 50 E., Iat. 46 25 N. Cheder, village of Eng., in Somersetshire, fa- raoiis for its cheeses, which are as large as those of Cheshire. It is 3 ms. E. of Axbridge. Chedworth, village of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 4 ms. WSW, of Northlech, situated on the decliv ity of two hills. In this parish, in 1760, a Roman bath was discovered ; and near it is a tumulua, in which great quantities of human boneg have been found. Cheeks' s cross roads, post office, Hawkins co,, Tenn, CHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHE Cheitore, or Oudipour, town, in a province of the same name in Hindooslan proper. It was a fortress and cily of great extent, situated on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe hi 1681, and had once before ex perienced a like fate from the hands of .\cbar in 1567. It is 130 ras. S. by E. of Nagpour. Lon. 74 56 E., Iat. 25 21 N. Chelm, town of Poland, in Red Russia, capital of a palatinate of its own narae. It is 100 ras. ESE. of Warsaw. Longitude 23 29 E,, latitude 51 20N, Chelmer, river of Eng., in Essex, which rises near Thaxted, and flows by Dunraow and Chelms ford to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater, and forming the estuary colled Blackwater Bay, or Maiden water, enters the German ocean. Chelmsford, town of Eng., in Essex co,, situ ated in a beautiful valley, at the confluence of the Chelmer ond Can. In 1793, an act of pariiament was obtained to make the Chelmer navigable hence to Maiden. Chelmsford is 81 ms. WSW. of Col chester, and 29 ENE. of London. Lon. 33' E,, lat. 51 43 N- Tp., Middlesex co.. Moss. Pop. in 1810, 1,396; in 1820, 1,535. Very flour ishing village, Middlesex co., Mass., in Chelmsford tp., and on the right bank ofthe Merrimack river, 26 ms. NW. from Boston. Here the Middlesex canal joins the Merrimack river hy several locks. Chelsea, village of Eng, on the north bank of the river Thames, a mile W. from Westminster, remarkable for a magnificent hospital of invalids and decrepit soldiers. Here is also a physic garden belonging lo the company of apothecaries. Vil lage and seat of justice, Orange co., Vt., on a branch of While river, 35 ras. a little E. of S. from Monlpelier. Lot. 43 59 N., Ion. W. C. 4 51 E. Tp-, Sua"olk CO., Mass., 3 ms- NE. from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 594 ; in 1820, 642. Chelsea Landing, village and port in Norwich, New London co., Ct., on the point between, and at the junction of the Shetucket and Yantic rivers, 14 ms. above New London. Cheltenham, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, noted for its mineral walers, which are somewhat like those of Scarborough. It is 9 ms- NE- of Gloucester, and 95 W. by N. of London- Lon. 2 31 W., lat. 51 55 N. Cheltenham, — See Chittenham, Chelum, or Jhylum, river of Hindoostan Proper, being the westernmost of the five eastern branches of the river Indus. It rises above Cashmere, wa ters that city, and, flowing through the province of that name in a SW, direction, joins the Indus below Moultan, It is joined by a vast number of streams in its course. This river is the famous Hydaspes of Alexander, and is -somerimes called Behut. Chemali, village of Natolia, Chemiur, river, la., falling inlo Lake Michigan. Chemnitz, cfr Kemnitz, town of Saxony, 36 ms. WSW. from Dresden. Lon. 12 50 E., lat. 50 45 N. Chemnitz, town of Bohemia, 30 ms. SE. from Dresden. Chemung, town, Tioga co., N. Y., 8 ms., SE. from Newtown. Pop. 1,350. Chenal Ecarie Isle, V, C, near the entrance of the river St. Clair into Lake St. Clair, E, of Har^ son's island ; it contains about 300 acres of arable land ; the other parls are meadow and marsh. Chenal Ecarte, Isle de, U. C, in the river St, Lawrence, opposite the tp. of Cornwall, contains from 7 to 800 acres ; the soil is good. Chenal Ecarte river, V, C, runs nearly parallel to the river Thames, and empties itself at the en trance of river St. Clair. Chenango, river, N. Y., one of the main con stituent branches of Susquehannah, rises in Madi son, and, flowing SSW. 100 ms,, joins the Sus quehannah at Binghampton, in Broome co Tp., Broome co., N. Y. Pop. in 183Q, 3,686. Co., N, Y., bounded by Broome S., Cortland W., Madison N,, Olsego and Deleware E. ; length 36 ms. ; mean width 35; area 900 sq. ms. ; sur face hilly, and soil productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. .Staples, grain, floor, whiskey, fruit, five stock, salted provisions, and lumber. Chief town, Norwich, Pop, in 1820, 31,315; and in 1840, 40,785. Central lat. 42 30 N., lon, W. C. 1 30 E. Chenango Forks, village at the junction of the Tonioga and Chenango rivers, and in Chenango CO., N. Y,, 12 ms. above Chenango Point. Chenango Point, Broome co,, N. Y., at the junction of Chenango river with the Susquehannah, Chenaub, or Chunaub, branch of the Indus, river, the Acessines of the Greek historians of the Macedonian expedition into India, The name Chenab of Burnes, as spelt by him, is that perpet uated from the particular stream of the Punjaub, lo the influx of the uniled walers of that region into the Indus at Mittun. — See Punjaub, Jylum, the Hydaspes of the Greeks, the Bahut of Abul Fazel, is the raost westerly ofthe five rivers, rising in and flowing to the N W,, down the fine valley of Cash mere, and known there by the name of Vedusta, Drawing ils principal confluents from the Himalaya mountains, it winds gradually to the SSW., and, after a coraparative course of 400 ms , falls into the Chenaub at Trimmo, Chenaub, which gives name to the united streams of the Punjaub, is the Aces sines of the Greeks, rises in the Himalaya moun tains, between the sources of the Jylum and those of the Ravee, flows first, like the Jylum, lo the NW,, down the valley of Cashmere, winding gra dually to the SW,, and, after a comparative course of 400 ms., receives the Jylum, and 50 ms. still lower the Ravee, from the northeastward. One hundred miles below the influx of the Ravee, the Chenaub unites with perhaps a superior stream, the Sutledge. The Chenaub, now a really great river, passes near Oooh, in the country of Daoudpolra, and flowing to the southwestward 50 ms., joins the Indus, after an entire comparative course of 600 ms. Ravee, or Ravey, rises in the southern slopes of the Himalaya, between the sources of the Che naub and Beeaoo. General course southwestward, and comparative length 400 ms. to ils junction with the Chenaub, about 40 ms. above Moultan. Sutledge, called the Gorra, or Cbarra, in the lower part of its course, rises in the Chinese territory to the northward of the Himalaya, and interiocking sources with those of the Sampoo, Gogra, Ganges, Indus, and also with the other rivers of the Pun jaub. It is the Hesudrus of Pliny, the Zaradrus of Ptolemy, and the Saranges of Arican, and though in N, lat, 31°, the fountains are amongst perpetual 213 CHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHE snows, above 17,000 feet elevation. Flowing to the northwestward 250 ras., the Sutlege inflects to the southwestward, pierces the Himalaya, and from thence 350 ms., receives from NW. the Beas, the Hyphases of the Greeks, and thence 300 ms. to its junction with the Chenaub. If continued to the Indus, the entire length of the Sutledge would be 850 ms. The walers of the Sutledge are pale; those of the Chunaub reddish ; the diflference visible many miles below their junction. Beyah, or Beeas, though ranked as one of the Five rivers, is in reality only the main confluent ofthe Sutledge, flowing between the latter and Ravee, with a com parative course of about 350 ras. The entire surface included in the Punjaub, ur valley of Chenaub, is about 63,000 sq. Eng. ms., and politically, is very nearly commensurate with the territory of the Seiks. According to Burnes, the Sutledge is a navigable stream far above its confluence with the Beeas. Chene, Isle du, in Lake Ontario, lies ofif the easterly coast of Marysburgh, U. C, aud close to the land. Chene, Pointe au, on the river St. Lawrence, lies E. of the river de la Traverse, and nearly op posite to St. Regis, U. C. Chene, 'Portage du, on the Ottawa river, im mediately below Lake Chaudiere, U. C. Chene, Riviere du, runs into the bay of Mic- hipicoten. Lake Superior, W. of river Michjpico- ten, U. C. Chene, Blanc, small river, Ark , the S, branch of Little Missouri, Chene, river. La,, rises in the marshes SE, from the English Bend, below Nevv Orleans ; flows parallel to the Mississippi, and falls inlo Chandeleur bay, about 10 ms. E. from Fort St. Philip. An inlet connects Ihe Chene wilh the Terra aux Boeufs river. Chenowith's post office, Washington tp,, W. part of Darke co., 0,, about 15 ras, westward of Greenville the county seat, Chenowith's, post office, Darke co,, 0,, postroad, 81 ms, W". from Columbus, and about 75 a lilllo W. ofN. from Cincinnaii. Chen-si, one of the most extensive provinces of China, bordering on the great wall. It is divided inlo two parls, the Eastern and Western. Sin- gan-ssonis the capital, — See China. Chen-yan, or Moug-den, capilal of eastern Chinese Tartary, (or couniry of tho Mantchoo Tartars,) and of a dep. of the same name, which is bounded on the S. by the great wall of China. Chepelio, insland in the bay of Panama, 3 ms. Irom the city of Panama, which it supplies with provisions and fruit, Lon, 80 15 W,, lat. 8 46 N. Chepatchet Creek, northwestern branch of Pawtucket river, rises in the NW. angle of Pro vidence CO., R. I, Chepatchet, flourishing village. Providence co., R. L, on chepatchet creek, 16 ms, NW. from Providence. Chepstow, town of Eng., in Monmouthshire, on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near its con fluence wilh the Severn. It is walled around, has a handsome high bridge over the river, and sends provisions and olher commodities to Bristol. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any other part of Europe, it swelling to 60 or 60 feet per- 214 pendicular. It is 18 ms. N. of Bristol, and 127 W. of London. Lon. 8 36 W., lat. 51 43 N. Cher, river of Fr., rises near Bellegarde, and after a course of 150 ms. joins the Loire a little below Tours. Dep. of Fr., including part of the late province of Berry. Bourges is the capital. Cherasco considerable town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of the same name, al the confluence of the Sturia and Tanaro, upon a mountain 24 ins. SE. of Turin. Lon. 7 58 E., lat. 44 45 N, Cheraw, post office, Darlington district, S. C, 100 ms. NE. from Columbia. Cherburg, seaport of Fr. , in the dep. of the channel, and late province of Normandy, 50 ma. NW. of Caen. Lon. 1 33 E., lat. 49 38 N. Cheresoul, town of Turkey in Asia, capilal of Curdistan, 150 ms. N. of Bagdad. Lon. 44 15 E,, lat,. 35 50 N. Cherokee, from the Indian Chellokee, post office, McArthur tp., Logan co., 6 ms. northward of Belfontaine, the county seat, and 24 ms. SSW. from Kenton, co. seat of Hardin co. Cherkesse or Circassia, is thus described in gene ral terms by G. Poulett Cameron. Cherkesse may be divided inlo four different and distinct divisions. The first is ihatof the province of Abazak;the second is formed of the three large districts of Abaza, Natukgoilch, and Shapshook, which com prise the whole of the, seacoast from Soochoum- Kale to Anapa ; the third is that of the plains situaled between the Kooban and Laba rivers, composed of the provinces of Zadooz, Gurghenai, Magoish, Adhugor, and Damedgoee; and the fourth and last division, Ihe largest and the richest, is that comprehended in the fertile fields, unrival led pastures, and picturesque valleys lying be tween the Kooban and Terek and known under the general term of the Great and Little Kabardas. As laid down in Black's Atlas, Cherkesse, or Cir- casia, extends from the mouth of the Kooban river, along the NE. coast of the Black sea, 300 ms., and Ihence 300 ms. inland and eastwards to the borders of Doghastan. Breadlh various, and ill defined, no where probably reaching to 100 Eng. ms. In this sweep, however, in addition to other and great variety of scenery, rises the magnificent Mount Elbrouz, or as usually written Elburz, Circassia lies between N. lat 42° and 45°, and between 37° and 47° E. London. Cherokeea, nation of Indians residing in Tenn,, Ala., and Miss. Schools and missionary esta blishments have been established among this peo ple ; but more efficacious means of civilization have been introduced through the agency of agri culture and the mechanic arts. The Cherokees have made the most extensive and eff'ective ad vance in the arts and modes of pohshed life, of any nation of Indians within the limits of the U. S. Cherry Creek, rises at the foot of the Blue Mount, on theN. side, inNorlhampon co,, Penn., near the Windgap, and running ENE. along the foot of the mountain, falls into the Delaware, at its entrance into the Walergap ; It is not navigable; is rapid, and has several mills erected in il. , Cherri/fleld, -tp., Washington co.. Me, 30 ms. W. from Machias. Pop. in 1810, 181, in 1820, 241. Cherry Grove, post office, St. Clair co , III,, postroad, 59 ms, SW. from Vandalia. CHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, CHE Cherry Island, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 80° W., lat. 11 27 S. In the North ern ocean, between Norway and Greenland. Lon, 20 5 E , lat 74 30 N. Cherry Ridge, poet office, Wayne co., Penn. Cherry Tree, post office, Venango co., Penn. Cherry Valley, village, Otsego co , N. Y., 12 ms, NE, of Cooper's town, and 60 W. of Albany. It is an ancient establishment Many of the houses built in the old Dutch mode. Tp. Ot sego CO., N. Y-, including the village. Pop. in 1820, 3,684. — -Tp. and post office in Ashtabula CO., 0,, 14 ms. SE. from Jefferson the county seal, and 193, N E. from Columbus. Cherry Tree, lown, Venango co,, Penn."^ Pop, 1810, 391, in 1830, 397. Cherryton, seaport of the Eastern shore, Va., Northampton county. Cherry ville, village, Northampton co,, Penn,, on the Berwick road, 13^ ms., NW. from Bethle hem, and 4 from the Lehigh Watergap, Post office, Rapides parish, La, Cherso, island in the Gulf of Venice, wilh a town of the same name, near Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The soil is stony, but it abounds in wine, cattle, oil, and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E,, lat. 45 11 N. Cherson, capilal of New Russia, in the govern ment of Catharineslaf. It is a new town erected by Catharine II. on the north bank of the Dnei per, 10 ms, below the mouth of the Ingulec. It is intended lo be the principal marl of all the com modities of export and import. It has a dock, for the construction of large vessels, from which several men-of-war and merchant ships hove been already launched. It is supplied with fuel by reeds only, of which there is an inexhaustible forest in the shallows of the Dneiper, opposile the town. Rails, and even temporary houses, are made of them. They are tall and strong, and aftord shelter lo various kinds of aquatic birds, tome of which are very beautiful. The fortifica tions are made, and the plantations formed, by malefactors, who amount to some hundreds. In this place, in 1790, the excellent Mr. Howard, so well known for his plans of reform of the dif ferent hospitals and prisons of Europe, fell a victim lo his indefatigable humanity. Cherson is 50 ms. E, of Oczakow- Lon. 33 10 E., lal, 46 5 N. Cherlsey, town of Eng, , in Surry, in a low wet situation not far from the river Thames, over which is a handsome stone bridge of 7 arches. It is 7 ms. W. of Kingston, and- 20 W. by S. of London. Lon, 0 30 W., lal. 51 35 N, Cherz, ancient town of Poland, in Massovia, 15 nrs, from Warsaw. Lon 81 8 W,, Iat. 52 1 N. Chesapeake Bay has its entrance between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Va., 18 ins. wide, and it extends 180 ms, to the N., dividing Vir ginia from Md; through this extent it is from 7 to 18 ms. broad, and generally 9 fathoms deep, af fording many comraodious harbors, and a safe nav igation. It receives the Susquehannah, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers, which are all large and navigable. Chesapeake bay is in fact a continuation of the Susquehannah river below tide water. The gen eral breadlh through Md. is aboul 10 ms., but below the influx of tho Potomac, to tho Atlantic ocean, the mean width exceeds 20 ms. There ia perhaps no olher bay on earth with shores so much and deeply indented as the Chesapeake. Chesapeake, village Cecil co,, Md. Chesham, town of Eng,, in Bucks, 12 ms, SE, of Ailesbury, and 39 W. by N. ofLondon, Lon, 0 36 W,, lal. 51 42 N. Cheshire, English co,, palatine, bounded on the N. by Lancashire, on the NE, by Yorkshire, on the E, by Derbyshire, on the SE. by Slaff'ord- shire, on the S. by Shropshire, on the W. by Denbighshire and Flintshire, and on the NW. by the Irish sea. This co. extends 33 ms. from N. to S,, and 43 from E, lo W., without including a peninsula, 13 ms. in lengih and 6 in breadth, which projects into the Irish sea, or a narrow tract of land which stretches between Lancashire and Derbyshire, lo Yorkshire, on the NE. Pop. 1801, 191,761, in 1811, 337,031, in 1830, 370,098, It is remarkable for ils cheese and rock salt, Cheshire, co. ofN. H., forming the SW. angle ofthe Stale, bounded S. by Mass., W. by Vt., ot Ct. river, N. by Grafton, and E. by Hillsborough ; 60 ms. in length, mean width 80, area 1,800 sq. ms. Surface hilly and rocky, but delightfully variega ted, well watered, and the soil productive in grain, fruils, and pasturage. Chief towns Keene and Charlestown. Pop. 1880, 45,376, and in 1840, 86,429. Central lat. 43° N., and lon. 4 E. from W. C, intersect in this co, Town Berkshire CO. Mass., 140 ms. WNW. from Boston. Pop, 1810, 1,315, in 1820, 1,202. Town New Haven co., Ct., 13 ms. N. from New Haven, It is the seat of the Episcopal academy of Ct, Tp., including the preceding town. New Haven CO., Ct. Pop. 1810, 2,288, in 1820, 2,281, Tp. Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 446. Vil lage Addison tp., (xallia co , Ohio, on the Ohio river, 10 ms, above and N, of GaMipohs. Cliesnut creek, of Va,, enters the Great Ken hawa river, near the N, C. line. Chesnut Hill, post office Strafford co., N, H., 58 ms, from Concord. Post office Philadelphia CO. Pa,, 8 ms, N. from Philadelphia. Norlh- amplon co.. Pa. See Chesnut Hill. Post of fice Orange co , Va,; postroad 40 ms. NW, from Richmond. Post office. Hall co., Ga,, 80 ms, NNW. from Milledgeville. Chesnut Ridge, one of the ridges of the Appal achian mounlains, extending from Md,, through the COS. of Fayette, Westmoreland, and Indiana, in Pa. Chester, lown of Eng , and the capital of Che shire, 30 ms. S. by E. of Liverpool, 38 SW- of Manchester, and 182 NW. of London. Lon 3 3 W., Iat, 52 12 N. Town of Lunenburg, SE, coast of Nova Scolia, on Mahone bay, 25 ms. S. from Windsor, and 20 SW. from Halifax Town, Rockingham co., N. H,, 25 ms. SE. from Concord. Pop. 1810, 2,030, in 1820, 3,863. Town, HampcJen co., Mass., 30 ms. NW, from Springfield. Pop, 1830, 1,536 Town, Ct,, in Saybrook, Middlesex co. Village, Go shen, Orange co., N. Y Town, Warren co,, N, Y,, 90 ms, N, frjm Albany, and 35 NW. from Whitehall — —Town, Warren co,, N, Y. Pop, 1830, 1,018 West. See West Chester. Town, Morris co., N. J. Pop. 1810, 1,176, 215 CHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHE in 1830, 1,313. Tp., Burlington co,, N, J. Pop. 1810, 1,839, in 1830, 3,353. Chester, co. Pa,, bounded by Md, SW,, Lan caster W., Berks NW., Montgomery NE,, and Delaware co. and the Stale of Del. SE.; lengih about 38 ms., mean width 19^, area 738 sq. ras. This CO. is extremely diversified in its surface. The western part, towards Lancaster co,, is hilly, and even mountainous, whilst those sections skirt ing Md. and Del,, though not level, are much less elevated than the W. and NW. parts of the co. Octararo creek. Northeast river, and Elk river, rise in the SW. part of Chester CO., and, flowing southward, into Md., fall into the Susquehannah, or Chesapeake bay, The centre of the co. is drained by the sources of Brandywine, Chester, Ridley, and some smaller creeks entering Delaware river. The Schuylkill limits the co. on the NE. The soil is also greatly varied, changing from rocky to the productive limestone valleys, extend ing from the river Schuylkill SW., across the wa ters of the Brandywine. The staples are numer ous, consisting of every article of agricultural pro duction suitable to the climate. Chief town VVest Chester. Pop. 1830, 44,455, in 1840, 57,513, or 77 to the sq. m. Central lat. 40° N., lon. 1 20 E. W, C. Cheater, borough on Delaware river, Delaware CO,, Pa,, 15 ras SW. from Philadelphia, Pop. 1830, 657. This is a very ancient town, and was the seat of the first Legislature, after the arri val of William Penn, but has long been stationary in ,point of growth. Tp. Delaware co., .Pa. Pop. 1810, including the borough, 1,066, in 1830, 638, exclusive of the borough. River of the Eastern shore of Md. and Kent co,, Del., rises in the latter, and, flowing nearly SW. into the for mer, separates Queen Anne and Kent cos., and falls into the Chesapeake bay at Love point Village, Shenandoah co-, Va-, 17 ms. SW. from Winchester. Tp., Wayne co., Ohio. Pop, 1830, 551. Tp., Clinton co , Ohio. Pop. 1880, 1,171 Tp., Geauga co,, Ohio. Pop. 1830, 369. Tp., Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1830, 697. Village and co. seat, Meigs co., Ohio, situated between the two branches of Shack river, about 34 ms. SE. from Athens, 38 ms. by land SW of Marietta, and 37 ms. above and NNE. from Gallipolis Post office, Butler co., Ohio, 100 ms. SW. from Columbus, and 30 NW. from Cincinnati.- District of S. C, on Wateree riv er, bounded by Fairfield S., Broad river or Union W., York N., Catawba river or Lancaster E.; length 32, width 18 ms., area about 400 sq, ms. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale, and well watered. Soil of middling quahty. Staples, grain, tobacco, live stock, &c. Chief town Ches- terville. Pop, 1830, 14,389, and in 1840, 17,747, Central lat. 34 40, Ion. W. C. 4 10 W. (5ourt-house and post office, Chester district, S, C, See Chesterville River of W. Florida, flowing into Pensacola bay. Chester Cross Roads, village, Chester tp,, west ern ^art of Geauga co,, Ohio, 9 ms. westerly of Chardon, the county seat, and 19 very nearly due E, from Cleveland. Chester Factory, post office, Hampden counly, Mass., 7 ms. SE, from Chester, Chesterfield, town of Eng,, in Derbyshire, on a 316 hill between the rivulets Ibber and Rolher, 33 mn, N. of Derby, and 149 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 87 W., Iat. 53 18 N, Tp. in Kennebec co,. Me. Pop, in 1810, 430; in 1820, 612, Town in Cheshire co,, N. H., 11 ms. SW. from Keene, Pop. in 1830, 3,110. Town in Hampshire co., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 1,408; in 1830, 1,447. Tp. in Essex co., N. Y., on the point between the Riviere au Sable and Lake Champlain, ISms. S, from Plottsburgh. Pop. 667. Tp. in Burling ton CO., N. J. Pop. in 1810, 1,839; in 1830, 3,087. Co, of "Va., opposile Richmond, be tween Appomatox and James rivers ; bounded by Powhatan N W., James river NE., and SE. by S. by the Appomatox river ; length 30, mean width 16 ms. ; area about 480 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil of middling quality, in general, though con siderable tracts upon the streams are in a high de gree productive. Staples, grain, flour, and tobac co. Chief town Manchester. Pop. in 1820, 18,003, and in 1840, 17,148. Central lat. 37 18 N., lon. W. C. 0 40 W. C. H. and posl of- fice in Chesterfield co., Va-, 15 ms. S. from Rich mond. N. lat. 30 17, lon. W. C. 0 33 W. District of S. C, bounded by N. Car. N., Marl borough dislrict, or Great Pedee river, E,, Dar lington SE., ami Kershaw and Lancaster districlfi, or Lynch creek, SW. ; length 30, mean width 16 ms.^ area 780 sq. ms. Surface hilly, soil sandy in general, and of middling quality. Chief town Chesterville. Pop. in 1830, 6,645, and in 184p, 8.574. Central lat. 34 35 N., lon. W. C. 3 1.5 W. C. H. and posl office in Chester district, S. C, about 10 ms. SW. from Sneadsborough, N. C, and 111 NE. from Columbus. Inlel, or strail, extending to an unknown distance west ward from Hudson's bay outlet. Lon, W. C. 13, 30 W,, lat. 63 30 N. Key, north side of the island of Cuba, Chestertown, seaport, and seat of jijstice for Kent CO., Md., on the right bank of Chester river, 40 ms. SSE. from Baltimore. Lon. W. C, 1 0 E,, lat. 39 13 N. Pop. 700, A very re spectable academy exists in this town, the remains of Washington college, founded there in 1782, but subsequently removed. , Chesterville, town in Kennebec co,. Me,, on Sandy river, 30 ms. NW. from Augusta. Vil lage in Kent co., Md,; 66 ms. NE. from Annapo lis. Village in the western part of Knox co., 0,, 14 ms. NW. by W. from Mount Vernon, 28 SE. by E. from Marion, counly seat of Marion co,, aod 42 ms, NNE. from Columbus. The oflice was formerly called Mill's Cross Roads. Chestnut Hill, tp. in Northampton co,. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,128; in 1820, 1,036. Chesuncook, lake of Me., crossed by the lino be tween Somerset and Penobscot counties. It re ceives from the NW. the upper Penobscot, and several lesser streams. Chetimaches, lake of La., between the Atchafa laya and Teche rivers, is about 40 ms. in lengih, with a breadth of from 1 to 6 ms- It is shallow, and environed by a low, annually inundated, and uninhabitable country. At high water, it commu nicates in every direction with the Atchafalaya, and at all seasons, at its SE. extremity with the Teche river. Chetican Head, cape on the NW. coast of the CHI GEOGRAPHKLVL DICTIONARY, CHI island of Cape Breton, Lon, W, C, 16 14 B,, lat, 46 40 N. Cheviaux, Point aux, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, and to the eastward of river of Can- araska, U. C. Cheviot, Eng,, district in Northumberiand, to the SW, of Wooler, on the borders of Scotland, famous for the free chace, much used here by the English and Scots gentry. The adjacent coun try being hilly, is called the Cheviot hills, of which one is so high that it is seen 60 ms, off, and is the first land discovered by ships coming from the E. This is the Cheviot famous for the fierce encounter between ^Ihe English and Scots, under the earls Percy and Douglas, which is celebrated in the bal lad of Chevy Chace, Village in Greene tp,, Hamilton co,, 0., 7 ms. NW, from Cincinnati. Chevotiere, river in L, C,, flows into St, Law rence from the N., 40 ras, above Quebec, Chiapa, province of Guatamala ; bounded N W, ond N. hy Vera Cruz, E. by Yucatan, SE, by Vera Paz, SW, by Guatamala proper, il is an inland country, drained by the Sumasinta and Tabasco rivers, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, Central lat. 16 30 N. Chiapa-elReal, town in North America, in the province of ils own name, wilh a bishop's see. Its principal trade consists in cocoa nuts, cotton, and sugar, Lon. W, C, 16 10 W., lat, 17 10 N, CAfa'"enza, seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, opposite the island of Zante. Lon, 21 35 E,, lat, 37 50 N, Chiari, lown of Italy, in the Bresciano, where the Imperialists defeated the French in 1701. Lon. in 17 B., Iat. 45 30N. Chiaro Monte, town of Sicily, on a mountain, 25 ms, W, of Syracuse, Lon. 14 59 E., lat, 37 3 N. ' Chiavennu, town of Switzerland, capital of a country of the same narae, under the sovereignty of the Grisons. Itis a trading place, especially in wine and delicate fruits ; but its chief support is the transport of merchandise, il being the principal communication between the Milanese and Germa ny. Chiavenna is seated near the lakes of Chia- venna and Como. Lon 9 19 E-, lal. 46 19 N- Chiavenna Laghelto di, smal I lake of the coun- Iry ofthe Grisons, in Swisserland, near the town of Chiavenna, remarkable for ils delightful views, which aro wild and magnificent- It is surrounded by barren rocks, craggy, and rising into spires -sprinkled with snow, 'Phe bases of these dreadful precipices are lost in the overshadowed water, dan gerous on account of its malignant vapors, and af fording no asylum, scarcely a landing place, to the crews of those frail boats, which are caught un warily in the violent storms to which it is subject. Chicago, small, but very important river enter ing Lake Michigan at its southern extremity. The country over which it flows is a low, flat prairie. Its mouth is obstructed by a bar, over which ves sels drawing more than 3 feet water cannot enter, though inside adequate depth is found for ships of almost any tonnage. The postage between Chi cago and Riviere aux Plains, a branch of Illinois, is only about 9 ms. At high water, vessels of con siderable size already pass, and a canal is contem plated to unite Lake Michigan with Illinois. Port of entry and flourishing town of Illinois, and I 28* seat of justice for Cook co,, situated on the south western side of Lake Michigan, at N, Iat. 41 53, long. 10 43 W. of W. C, and about ,330 ma. NNE, of Vandalia. This place ia now an incor porated city, and, by the census of 1840, contain ed a populalion of 4,470. Besides the common edifices of a county seat, one of the United Statea land offices is located at Chicagb. Chicama, small river of Peru, falls into the Pacific ocean 30 ms, NW. from Truxillo. Lat- 7 45S- Chicasaws, nation of Indians settled on the head branches of the Tomheche, Mobile, and Yazoo riv ers, in the NW- of Ga-, and NE. of Ala- Chickapee, river in Mass-, rises in the counties of Franklin and Worcester, flows SW. into Hamp den, where it turns W., and falls into Connecti cut river at N- Springfield, Village in the SE. part of Hampden co., Mass., 95 ms, SW. by W, from Boston. Chicas y Tarija, province of South America, in Potosi, now appertaining to the United Provinces of La Plato, It is drained by the Rio Grande and Pilcomayo, and bounded W, by the Andes, Cen tral lat, 84 0 S,, lon. W, C, 10 0 E, Chichester, Eng., capilal of Sussex. The prin cipal manufacture is malt and needles. Its mar ket is noted for fish, wheat, barley, malt and oats ; the finest lobsters in Eng. are bred in the Levant ; and it is observable that this river unlike most others, is very low in winter, but in summer often overflows its banks. It is 61 ms, SW. of London- Lon. 48' W-, lat- 50 50 N- Town, Rocking ham co,, N, H. Pop, in 1810, 951; in 1820, 1,010, Chichester, Upper, tp , Delaware co.( Penn, Pop, in 1810, 417; in 1830, 413, Chichester, Lower, tp , Delaware en , Penn , Pop. in 1810, 511 ; in 1820, 503. Chickahominy, river, Va., branch ofthe James river, rises in Hanover, and flowing SE. separates Henrico and Charles city from Hanover ; New Kent and James city falls into Jaraes above Point Comfort It is navigable for 13 feet vessels, 8 ms. Chickasaw Agency, post office. Miss., 130 ms, SW. from Huntsville. Chickasaw Bluff, high bank of the Miss, river, 115 ms, below the mouth of Ohio, at the NW, angle of the Stale of Mlss- Chickasawhay, River, northeastern and mam branch of Pascagoula, Slate of Miss — See Pas cagoula- The Chichasawhay rises in the counties of Kemper, Neshoba, and Lauderdale. N. lat. 33 40, flows nearly S., through pine forests, crosses Claik, Wayne, and Greene, and enters Jackson CO., on the borders of which, at^ N. lat. 30 67, it. joins Leaf river and forms Pascagoula. The en tire length of Chickasawhay is about 1 30 ms. Chidley, Cape, on the northeastern coast of Labrador, has Davis's Straits NE., and the bay of Ungaya S W. Lon. W, C. 12 10 E., lat. 60 12N. Chielefa, lown of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. It was token by the Venetians in 1685 ; but the Turks retook it, Lon. 32 28 E., lat. 36 35 N,, 13 ma, W, frora Kolikithia. Chiemsee, lake of Germany, in Bavaria, which contains an island and town of the same name. The island is 17 ms, in circumference, and the town is 38 ms. WSW. of Saltzburg, 217 CHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHI Chieri, town of Piedmont, on the declivity of a hill, in a pleasant country, bounded on all sides by hills covered with vines. It is 8 ms, E, of Turin, Chifti, town of Naples, capital of Abruzzo Citeriore. It is seated on a mountain near the river Pescara, 8 ms, SW. of Pescara, Lon, 15 7 E., lat. 48 80 N. Chifuncte, riser, La,, in St, Tammany, rises in the N. part of that parish, flowing SSE. 50 ms., falls inlo lake Ponchartrain, in a direction nearly N. from the city of New Orieans. There is depth of water at the moulh of the Chifuncte sufficient to admit vessels drawing 6 or 7 feet water, as far as the moulh of the Bogue Falaya, Chigneete, biiy of Nova Scotia, the NW, arm of the bay of Fundy. Chigwell, village of Eng,, in Esse.x, 10 ms NE, of London, It is noted for a free school, founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of this place, and lies buried in the church. Chihuahua, Stale of, one of the Slates of the republic of Mexico, bounded S, by Durango, W, by Sonoray Sinaloa, N, uncertain, and E, by Coahuilay Texas, Capilal Chihuahua. N. lat. 28°, and lon. 88° W. from W. C. intersect ac cording to Tanner's map of Mexico, about 75 ms. SW. from the city of Chihuahua. Extent and pop. uncertain. 'Phe features of Chihuahua are in great part similar to those of Durango, though the great Plateau or table land of Anahauc is here less elevated than farther to the S. A very great deficiency of water is the most serious impediment, however, to the general pop, of this part of Amer ica, and is one of the many traits of resemblance belwe* central N. America and central Asia- The seasons of what was the Provincias Internas, now the northern Slates of Mexico, have winters of excessive rigor, even more so than can be ac counted for, either from lal- or elevation of surface- See arts. Earth and Mexico. City, capilal of the Stale of the same name in ihe republic of Mex ico, situated near the river Conchos, a branch of Eio Grand del Norte, in the province of New Biscay. It is the capilal of the Internal Provinces, ond en vironed by some very rich mines. Pop. 13,000, Lat. 28 50 N,, lon, W. C. 37 80 W. Chilesburg, village, Caroline co., Va, , 68 ms, S. from W. G. Chili, large country of S, .America, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Diego d' Almagro in 1635, extending from the desert of Attacam.as S, Iat. 34 30, to Chiloe S. lat, 44°. The mountainous part of it is possessed by the Puelches, Araucos, and other tribes of its original inhabitants, who are still formidable neighbors to the Spaniards. That part of Chili, therefore, which may be properly deemed Spanish, is a narrow district, extending along the coast from the desert of Atlakamas to the Island of Chi loe, above 900 ms. Though bordering on the tor rid zone, it never feels the extremity of heat, be ing screened on the E. by the Andes, and re freshed from the W. by cooling sea breezes. The fertility of the soil corresponds with the benignity of the climale, and is wonderfully accommodated to European productions. The most valuable of these, corn, wine; and oil, abound in Chili as if they had been native in the country. Here all the 218 I fruits imported from Europe attain to full maturity ; and Ihe animals not only multiply but improve. The horned cattle are of larger size than those of Spain ; and its horses excel in beauty and spirit the famous Andalusian race, from which they sprung. Nature, too, has enriched Chili wiih valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. The populalion of Chih has been for the last 2 centuries increasing; and at present, besides the independent tribes of natives, exceeds, it is proba ble, 1,500,000. Since Feb., 1818, this fine coun try has been virtually one of the civilized nations of the earlh, and was by the Government of the United States so recognised in the Congress of 1881-'38. Township and post village, Mon roe CO., N. Y., between Black creek ami Genes see river, 10 ms- SW. from Rochester. Chilka, lake in the Deccan of Hindooslan, which bounds the 6 Circars on the N. It lies on the coast of ihe bay of Bengal, and seems the effect of the breach of the sea over a fiat sandy surface, whose elevation was something above the level of the country within- It communicates with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening. Chillau, province of Chili, bounded on theE, by the Andes, on the N. by Maule, W. by Itala, and S. by Arauco. Capilal of the province of the same name, on the Chillau river. Lon. W, C. 6° E., lat. 35 30 N. Chilicothe, cily and seat of justice in Ross co., Ohio, on the right bank of the river Sciota, 46 ms. S. from Columbus, and 73 E, by N, fram Cincinnati, Lon.W. C. 5 53 W.. lat. 39 20 N. The site of the lown is a plain or river level ; but the adjacent country rises into bold hills of from 300 to 300 feet, affording a fine diversity of sur face. It was laid out in 1796, and in 1810 the tp- contained 1,369, and in 1880, 3,426 inhab itants. There are in this town 3 printing offices, 1 hank, and about 40 mercantile stores. Manufac luring establishments are numerous and flourish ing- The site of this beautiful town is a part of a peninsular plain between the river Sciota and Paint creek. It stands on the ground once occu pied by a people gone truly to obfivion ; mounds or tumuli still remain around the mansions of civili zalion, one of which stood where houses now stand. Aniongst the new creations of the great central valley, there are few indeed which presents ' more deep interest. The great Ohio canal passing through the place renders it of easy approach ; and few will visit it and regret the expcmse of lime or money. Pop. in 1840, 3,977; but a resident of Chilicolhe informed me lhat the present pop. of that town, (1843,) from a census taken by its own officers, must reach, if not exceed, 5,000. The canal crosses Paint creek by an aqueduct well and substantially constructed. Distance 45 ms. S. of Columbus, 70 SW. of Zanesville, 34 from Lan caster, and 36 NE. from Hillsborough. Land district, is composed of the 9 westernmost of the 22 range of tps. of the U. S. army lands. The refugee tracts, and the 7 westernmost of the 22 ranges of tps. of the U. S. lands S. of the refugee tract. It includes parts of Delaware, Knox, Lick ing, Franklin, Fairfield, Pickaway, Ross, Athens, Hocking, Lachfor, Lawrence, Pike, Sciota, and Gallia counlies, but not the whole of either, — — Township, in Ross county, Ohio. Population in CHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHI 1810, 1,369 ; in 1880, 3,436 ; including tho lown of chilicolhe. Chillicothe, Old, tp., Ross co., O. Pop. in 1820, 199, Chillisguaque, tp., Northumberland co., Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,505; in 1820, 1,035. Chilmark, lown, Dukes co., Mass., in the is land of Martha's Vineyard, Pop, in 1810, 723 ; in 1820, 695. Chilo, village, Franklin tp., and very near the southeastern angle of Clermont co., O, This place, formerly called Mechanicsbuig, is situated on the northern or right bonk of Ohio river, about 32 ms. SSE, from Batavio, and 13 ms. SW. from Georgetown, co. seat of Brown co, . Pop. in 1 830, 126 Village, Clermont co,, 0., 95 ms. SW. from Columbus. Chiloe, group of islands and gulf of Soulh Amer ica, in southern Chili. The islands extend nearly parallel to the opposite coast. The principal is land, from which this archipelago was named, ex ceeds 100 ms in length, with a mean width from 15 to 30, and lying between S. lat, 41 50 and 43 10, lon. VV. C. 3° E. Chilpanzinco, cily of Mexico, situated on ihe southern slope of Analuac, 3,542 feet above the level of the ocean, surrounded by beautiful fields of wheat and orchards, on ihe road from Mexico to Aeapulco. Lat. 17 40 N,, lon. W. C. 32 20 W, , Chilquesy Mosques, small province of Peru SW. from Cusco, on the sources of the Grand Pa. ra, Central lat. 14° S. Chiltern, Eng., chain of chalky hills, running from E. lo W. through Buckinghamshire, and forming the S. part of the county. They are cov ered in various parts wilh woods ; and some of the erainences are of considerable height, and afford rich prospects. The air on these heights is ex tremely healthful ; the soil, though stony, produces good crops of wheat and barley. This district be longs to the crown, which, from time immemorial, has had an officer under it, with the title of Stew ard of the Chiltern Hundreds. Chimalapa, small river of Mexico, in^Oajaca; it flows S. into the gulf of Tehuantepec. Chimborazo, mountain of South .\merica, in chain of the Andes. Lon. 1 80 S., about 100 ms. SW. frora Quito. This immense cone can be seen far into the Pacific ocean, ar,d presents to the eye of the mariner a most magnificent object. It rises, according to Humboldt, lo 21,440 feet. That illustrious traveller ascended its slope as high as 19,300 feet — the highest point on the globe ever ascended by man. It is covered for several thou sand feet by perpetual snow, and generally sur rounded by fogs. C&'na, vast empire of Asia, comprising China proper, Mandshuria, Thian Chanpelou, or " coun try beyond the Thian Chan mountains ;" Zoonga- ria, Mongolia, Thibet, Corea, with several islands along the coast of China proper. — See head of China, under article Aaia, pp. 94, 96. Provinces and their principal cities of China proper, PROVINCES, CAPITAL CITIES, Pechilee, Pekin, capital of the empire. Shaming, or Changtung, Tsinanfou. Shansee, Tajruen, Shensec, Caifong. CAPITAL OITIBS. , PROVINCES. Kansuh, Lantcheou. Ngan-Hoei, Nganking. Spichueii, Tchingtoo. Kiangson, Tchingkiang Honan, Kalfong. Hooplh, Wuchang, j Queacheow, or Kuei Theou Hoonan, Kueiyang. Tchangcha, Keangsec, Nanchang. Ganhwuy, Nanking. Chekiang, Hangcheou. Fuhkeen, or Fookiang, Foucheou. Kwangiung, or Canion, Canton. KwangflRe, Kueiling. Yunnan, Yunnan. In our books generally, and on our maps, Mant-^ chooria ia named and marked as connected with, though distinct from, China. This has not been the case for nearly a century past. In the reign of Kien.Lung, which began in 1733, Mantchooria was remoddeled, and formed into three govern ments, named Ching-King, Hing-King, and He- Loung-Kiang, ond all placed on the same footing with olher provinces of China proper. The t"ollowing explanations of ihe Uteral mean ing of the names of the great divisions of China were extracted from the " Chinese Register," print ed in English at Macao. They nre inserted in this Dictionary as serving to show the long duration of the language and pohtical subdivisions of this great country. China, from Tsin, the first or amongst the most ancient dynasties who ruled the country. It is not, however, the sacred name; the Chinese call their country "Chung-Kwo," the" middle country. Cheilee signifies "source of direct rule," and wilh the suffix " Pih" North, comes "Pih-Cheilee," which Europeans have corrupted into Pechelee. Shantung signifies "East of," and Shanse " West of the Hills." Honan, "Soulh of the Yellow river," as nan signifies soulh. Keang nan denotes "Soulh," and Keangsee "West of the Yang-Tse-Kiang, or Blue river." Kang-Soo and Nganhway are the more modern subdivisions of Kiangnan, and derive their names from three of the principal cities they contain ; such as Keang-Ning, (Nanking,) "Tranquil City on the River;" Yang-Tse-Kiang, Soo Tchow, "The Blissful Region;" and Hwuychow, ".Region of Excellence," from the latter, the provincial name Nganhwuy. Foukeen, or "The Happy Settled Region.'' Chekiang, " Province of the river Che." i Hoo-Kwang, "The Broad Region ofthe Lakes," comprising the two provinces of — Hoopih, " North," and Hoo-nan, "South of the Lakes." Shen-Kan is named like most of the other unit ed provinces of China from its two parts Shen-See, " Wesiern defiles ;" and Kan-Suh, "Voluntary Reverential." Szechuen, literally "'Phe Four Streams." Leang-Kwang, "The Two Wide-spreading Provinces," comprises the " Eastern" and " West ern Broad Provinces" — Kwang-Tung (Canton) and Kwangsee; both south of the mountains which separate them from Kweichew, Hoonan, Keang- See, and Fuhkien. Yun-Kwei, from uniting the first syllables of— Yunan " Cloudy South ;" and gl9 CHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY CHO Kwei-tchow, " Noble Region." China, town, Kennebec co,. Me. Pop. in 1880, 894 Genessee co., N. Y, Pop. in 1830, 780. China Grove, post office, Rowan co., N. C, 130 ms. W. from Raleigh. Post ofiice, George town district, S. C. Chinca, seaport of Peru, seated on a river, in a valley of its own name, 90 ms. S. Lima. Lon. W. C. 45' E,, lat. 13 10 S. Chine, La, village of L. C, 6 ms. from Mon treal, upon the same island. It is the upper part of that city : here all boats arrive from, and depart, which are employed in the commerce of the St. Lawrence or Ottawa rivers. A canal is completed from La Chine to Montreal, in order to obviate the dangers of the intervening rapids of St. Louis. Chin-India. — This new term in physical geog raphy has been introduced inlo that science by Malte Brun with great propriety. That great pro jection of Asia extending southward from Thibet and China, and between the bay of Bengal and the Chinese sea, had never before the publication of Malte Brun's Geography received a definite dis tinctive name- Chin-India is highly appropriate as respects population and position. Arracan the Birman empire, and, in sorae slight degree, Siam and Malacca, weVe influenced by Hindoo languages, religion, and civilization ; whilst the manners, lan guage, and literature of China are visible in Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, and Laos. See the different sections under their respective heads. Chinon, ancient lown ofFr., in the dep. of In dre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, on the Vienne, 10 ms. N. of Richelieu and 150 SW. of Paris. Lon. 33' E., lat. 47 13 N. Chinsura, town of Hindoostan proper, in Ben gal. It is a settlement of tbe Dutch, and is sealed on the river Hoogly, nearly midway between Chandernagore and the old town of Hoogly. It contains several good houses and a church, wilh a little mole projecting into the river. It was taken by the English in 1795- Chiny, town of the Netherlands, capilal of a couniry of the same name, in Austrian Luxem burg, 57 ms. W. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 37 E,, lat. 49 45,N. Chios, Scio, or Kio, by the Turks called Saki Saduri, an island lying near Ihe coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor, about 100 ras. W. of Smyrna. It is mouniainous and rocky, and about 100 ms. in cir cuit. It abounds vWth excellent wines ; and from thence the ancients had their nectar. Chios, capital of the above island. It stands on the E. coast ; is as well built as most of the towns in the Levant, the Genoese having been long in the possession of it. The natives pretend that Homer was born here, and show a place they call his school, at the foot of .Mount Epos, about 4 ms. Irom the city. Lon. 37 5 E., lat. 38 6 N. Chieurlic, ancient town of Romania, on a river of the same name, 47 ms. W. of Constantinople, Lon. 37 57E,, lat. 41 8 N. Chipzzo, anciently Fossa Claudia, a town and island of Italy, in the territory of Venice, with a harbor defended by a fort. It is 18 ms. S. of Ve- nide. Lon. 13 9 E., lat. 45 17 N. Chippenham, borough of Eng., in Wilts., on the Avon, over which is a stone bridge of 16 arches, 3«0 21 ms. E. of Bristol and 94 W. of London. Lon. 3 8 W., lal. 51 37 N. Chippewan, mountains of N. America, This great chain is the principal spine of lhat conti nent, and, by various names, extends from the isthmus of Darien to the Frozen ocean, through 60° of lat,, or 4,150 ms. In Mexico it is known by the general term Anahuac. Further norlh, the Spaniards designate it as the mountains of New Mexico. In the U. S., it is known as the Rocky mountains; in Cabotia, or British Ameri ca, by its true native name, Chippewan or Ckip- pewyan. In Mexico and Guatimala, it rises into volcanic summits, elevated far above the regions of perpetual snow. Popocatepetl, Citlaltepetl, or Peak d'Orizaba, Pico Frailes, and Coffrede Pero- te, all rise above 13,500 feet. In the U. S., the elevation of this chain remains undetermined, bul must be considerable, from the length and rapidity of the streams flowing from its opposile sides. Recent accounts, though not very definite, give a very elevated character to many of the peaks of this system, in the region from which rise the Missouri and Columbia rivers. Chippeway, small river or creek, Lincoln cu., U. C, ; falls into Niagara river at the village of Chippeway, Village of Lincoln co , U. C, on Niagara river, at the mouth of Chippeway creek. Here a sanguinary battle was fought be tween the Brilish and the U. S. armies, July 5, 1814, Village and tp, in the extreme north- easternmost partof Wayne CO., 0,, 18 ms. NE. of Wooster, and 11 ms. NW. of Fulton, on the Ohio canal. The place is often called Doyleslown, and so named orrthe maps; but for the direction of letters the post oflice name is given at the head ofthe article. River of the U. S,, NW. terri tory ; course of 45 ms. ; opens inlo a wide bay, and turns to NW. 18 ms. ; it joins the Chesa peake bay belweeen Cook's point and Tilghman's island. Chitalut, French knight; what appertains lo knighthood. CHoi,F,nA, an epidemic, if not a contagious dis. ease. In its worst form, it is called .'Asiatic Cholkba, and has obtained a historical as well as geographical importance as one of the great scour ges of mankind. About 1816 this disease reached Indostain from China, and in August, 1817, broke out at Jessore. Its progress was westward. It reached Astracan in 1823, from which it spread over Russia, and in 1830 ravaged Wesiern Eu rope, and soon afterwards burst out in the U. S. The cause and all other circumstances attending this last visitation of the Asiatic cholera agree so nearly with the description given by Villani'and other writers of what was then called "plague," from 1330 to 1350, that we may safely consider the cause identical of these fearful phenomena. Chopunish, river in the Rocky mountains ; falls into the right side of the Kooskoushee, a branch of Lewis river. Charges, town of Fr,, in the dep. of the Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, burnt by the duke of Savoy in 1692. It is 10 ms. E. of Gap. Lon. 6 33 E., lat. 44 35 N. Chorley, town of Eng., in Lancashire, near the source of a rivulet called Chor, not far from the river Yarrow, 6 ms, SSE, of Preston, and 205 CHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CHU NW. of London. Lonodn 8 42 W., lat. 53 38 N. Chota, post office, Blount co,, Tenn,, about 80 ms. E, from Murfreesboro, Chouan, name given to those who, during the early part of the French Revolution, rebelled against the new Government. The Chouans were chiefly of the western provinces of Fr., and, though suppressed, the term seems to be perma nently introduced into the French language, to designate robbers, burglars, and other outlaws. Chowan, river of N. C, formed by the united streams of the Meherin, Nottaway, and Blackwa ter, all rising in Va., but flowing into N. C, The Chowan opens by a very wide estuary into Albe marle sound. Co. of N. C, on the north side of Albemarle sound, bounded by Chowan river W., Gales N,, Perquimans E,, and Albemarle sound S. ; length 33, mean width 9 ms. ; area 200 sq, ms. Surface flat, and in part swampy. Soil in general of middling quality. Chief lown, Edenton. Pop. 1620, 6,464; in 1840, 6,993, Cent. lat. 36 10 N., lon. W. C, 0 20 E- Chowle, lown on the coast of Malabar, wilh a harbor for small vessels, which is fortified. It is 15 ms. S, of Bombay. Lon, 72 45 E., lat, 18 43 N, Chremnitz, chief mine town in Upper Hun gary, 90 ms NE, of Presburg. Lon, 19 27 E,, lat. 48 69 N. Chrislchurch, borough of Eng,, in Hampshire, at the confluence of the Avon and Stour, 98 ms. SW. of London. Lon. 1 40 W., lat. 50 45 N. Parish of Charleston dislrict, S. C. Christian, co. of Ky., W, by Trigg and Cald well, N. by Hopkins and Muhlenburg, E, by Todd, and f5. by Montgomery co , Tenn. Jjength 33, mean breadth 15 ms,, and area about 500 sq. ms. Chief lown, Hopkinsville ; which see for lat. and lon. Pop. of this co. in 1820, 10,459 ; in 1840, 14,006. Tp,, Lawrence co.. Ark. Pop. 1820, 1,322. Christiana, village, Madison tp., in the NE. part of Butler co., O., 14 ras. NE. of Hamilton, and very nearly a like distance SW. from Dayton. Cily of Soulhern Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming'a semi-circular bend along the shore of the beautiful bay of Biorming, which forms the north extremity of the gulf of Christiana. The castle of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky eminence on the west side of the bay, at a small distance from the city. Christiana is 30 ms. from the open sea, and 290 N. by W. from Copenhagan. Lon, 10 50 E., lat. 59 6 N. Town, Newcastle co , Del , on Christiana creek, 9 ms. above Wilming ton, and 37 SW. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1810, including the village of the same name, 6,698 ; in 1820, 8,355. Creek of Del. ; is formed by the Red Clay and White Clay creeks, and Chris tiana creek proper, which unite near Christiana bridge ; turns to NE., and joins the Brandywine at Wilmington. Vessels drawing 14 feet water ascend to Wilmington, and those of 5 or 6 to Christiana bridge.' Christian, Great, small island between Crete and Santorin, It is the ancient Ascamia. Lon. 35 15 E., lat. 36 30 N. Christiample, strong seaport of Sweden, on the Baltic, and capital of Blekingen. It is 13 ms. NE, of Carlescroon. Lon, 16 47 E,, lat, 56 36 N. Cluristianburg, fort of Africa, on the gold coast of Guinea, subject to the Danes. Lon, 1 55 E,, lat. 4 10 N, Christiansburg, village near the very extreme angle of Champaign co , O., 18 ma. SW. by W, from Urbana, and 18 ras. NW, by W, from Springfield, the county seat of Clark co,, and 60 ms. a litlle N, of W, from Columbus, Post oflfice and seat of justice, Montgomery Co., Va., 40 ms, SW. from Fincastle, and 820 SW. by W. from Richmond, N, lat. 37 14, lon. W C, 3 13 W. Christiansand, city and government of Nor way, on the SW. coast. The harbor is excellent. Lon. 8 3 E,, lat, 58 8 N, Christian Sound, opens between Capes Oin- mamay and Decision, and, extending SE, off Khig George's island, unites Prince Frederick sound lo the Pacific ocean, Lon. W. C. 57° W., lat. of the opening into the Pacific 56 15 N, Christiansville, village, Mecklenburg co., Va,, on the Meherin river, 34.S ms. from Washington. hristina, St., one of the islands in the South Pacific ocean, called the Marquesas. Lon. 139 9 W., lat. 9 56 S. Christmas Island, island in the North Pacific ocean, so named by Capt, Cook, on account of his first landing there on Christmas day. It is 45 ms. in circumference, uninhabited, and desti tute of fresh water, but has abundance of fine turtle. Lon. 157 30 W., lat. 1 59 N, Christmas Sound, sound of Soulh America, in Terra del Fuego. Lon. 70 3 W., lot. 55 31 S. Christopher, St. or St, Kilt's, one of the lee ward islands in the "West Indies, 60 ms. west of Antigua. It was formerly inhabited by the French and English ; but in 1713 it was ceded to the lat ter. It is 30 ms. in breadth, and 7 in length, and has high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow, which are of great use to the inhabitants- It was taken by the French in 1783, but restored the next year, fiasseterre is the capital. CaiioNOLOGY and Astbonomt. See Appendix. Chuckey Bend, post office, Jeff'erson co-, Ten. ; by post road, 370 ms- a little N. of E. from Mur freesborough. Chucuilo, province of Upper Peru, now apper taining to tbe united provinces of La Plata. It lies along the west side of Tiiicaca, SE. from Ar equipa. Chicuilo, the capilal, is on the lake. Lon. W. C. 6 30 E., lat. 16 30 S. Chucuilo, lake. See Tiiicaca. Chudleigh, town of Eng., in Devonshire, seated near the river Teigne, 9 ras. SW. of Exeter, and 185 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 39 W. lal 50 38 N. Chunar, fort of Hindoostan proper, in the pro vince of Allahabad. It is sealed on the Ganges, 80 ms . above the Banares, and is built on a rock which is fortified all round by a wall, and towers at various distances. At the end, overiooking the river, is situated the citadel, which has formerly been strong. This fort is said to be of the highest antiquity, and originally built by the Hindoos. In the citadel is an altar, consisting of a plain black marble slab, on ' which the tutelary deity of the / 221 CHU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CIN place is traditionally supposed to be seated at all times, except from sunrise till nine in the morn ing, when he is at Benares, during which time, from the superstition of the Hindoos, attack*may be made with a prospect of success. Chunar has always been considered as a post of great conse quence on the Ganges, from its insulated situation, projecting forward to a great extent, and being of considerable height. At this place is kept the magazine of ammanilion and artillery for the brig ade of Cawnpore. It is 385 ms NW. of Calcut ta, Lon. 85 50 E., lat. 35 10 N. Chunaub, or Jenaub, river of Hindoostan Pro per, one of the five easiern branches of the Indus, It runs through Cashmere and Lahore, between the Chelum and the Rauvee. Its general course is from NE. to SW., and, after leaving Jummoo, is through a flat country, gradually approaching to the Chelum. It is uniled wilh bolh these rivers at some distance above Moultan. Ils junction with the Chelum, about 80 ms. above Moultan, is effect ed wiih great violence and noise, and no less dan ger to navigators. The Chunaub is the .\cessines of Alexander.Chun's Store, post office, Jefferson co,, Tenn., 200 ms. E, from Murfreesborough. Chun-te-fou, city of China, in the province of Petcheli, with nine populous cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction, Chouquibamd, lown of Peru, near Camana and Arequipa. It is the capital of the dislrict of Con- desuyos. Church, " House of God." In English, if we gave the sound according to etymology, we would have, with slight difference of vowel intonation, the Scots Kirk. The original of the lerm, there is liltle doubt, is the Greek word for circle, an en closed place, &c. Church Creek, village Dorchester co., Md,, 7 ms. SW. from Cambridge. Church Stretton, town of Eng., in Shropshire, 14 ras. S. of Shrewsbury, and 153 WNW. of London. Lon. 3 46 W., lat. 53 33 N. Churchhill Fort, fort on Churchhill river, on ihe E. side of Hudson's bay, Lon, 17 3 W. W. C, Iat. 58 48 N. Churchhill, village Queen Anne co., Md., on Southeast creek, a branch of Chester river, about 9 ms. E. by S. of Chestertown, and the same dis tance N. hy E. of Centreville.-; Village, Abbe ville district, S. C. Village, Trumbull co., Ohio. Cape in Hudson's bay, 40 ms. E. from the mouth of Churchhill river. Lon. W C. 16° W., lat. 68 54 N. River of New South Wales, falling into Hudson's bay at Fort Church hill, 39 ms. from the cape of the same name. Church Fort, on Hudson's bay, at the month of Churchhill river, Lat. 59° N., lon. 17° W from W. C. Church Town, village, Lancaster co., Pa,, 65 ms. from Harrisburg. Church Tract, post office, Alleghany co.. New York. Churchville, village, Middlesex co., Va.,80 ms. NB. by E. from Richmond. Chusan, island on the E. coast of China, where the English Bast India Company had once a fac tory. Lon. 184° E., 30° N. Chusestan, province of Modern Persia, corre 222 sponding in some degree to the ancient Susiann, bounded N. by Irac Agemi, E. by Farsistan, S. liy the Persian gulf, and west by the Tigris river, Chtmistbt, derived by Webster from the Ara bic kimria, the occult art or science from kamai, to conceal. It differs only apparently in original meaning from alchemy, as the latter is compounded of al (the) and chimi, chymistry. As now used, this term means bolh the art and science of deter mining, by every form of analysis and synthesi.«, the relative properties of bodies, their action upon each other, and modifications by mixture, &c. Few reflect on the universality of this science and art uniled. Every trade or profession, having for object the compounding or modification of mallei', is practical chymistry, from the production of metal from the ore to baking of a loaf of bread. As a sci ence, there is no other the study of which is so universally requisite and useful. A good work, in a popular form, on chymistry, is a most valuable labor-saving machine, and ought to be in the libra ry of every family. But such a treatise ought to embrace the ordinary arts of life, such as working, baking, washing of all kinds of clothing, the prop erties of mailer used in these operations, and, in fine, whatever could contribute to teach the laws of nature lo the world at large. Ciampa, or Chiampa, kingdom of Asia, bound ed on the E. and S. by the Indian ocean, on the N. by Cochin China, and on the W. by Cam bodia. Cicasica, province and city of the Uniled Pro vinces of La Plata, on the river Dessagudro, and W, from Cochabamba, Central lat. 18° S., lon, W, C. 9° E, Cicero, town, Onondago co., N, Y. Pop, 1820, 1303. Ciclui, or Ciclugh, frontier town of Dalmalia, on a rocky hill on the W. bank of the Narentha, Lon. 18 22 E., lat 43 29 N. Cilicia, now the SE. part of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkey. This singular triangular valley occupies the region adjacent to the NE, angle of the Mediterranean, between lhat sea, PamphyUo, Cappadocia, .\rmenia, and the raountains of Amanus, alley, ancient town of Germany, in Upper Carniola, It is the capital of a co. of the same name, and sealed on the Saan, 36 ms. NE. of Laubach, Lon. 15 15 E,, Iat. 46 31 N. Cimbrisham, seaport of Sweden, in Schonen, Lon. 13 .30 E,, Iat, 56 40 N. Cina'oa, called also San Felipe de Santiago, town of Mexico, in Sonoro. Lon, W. C. 30 50 W., lat. 35 50 N. Pop. 10,000. Cincinnati, is a large commercial city, and seat of justice for Hamilton co., Ohio. Itis situated on the N. bank of Ohio river, opposite Newport, Ky., and about 30 ms. from the moulh of the Great Miami river, at the SW. corner ofthe Slate. The town was laid off in January, 1789, adjacent to Fort Washington, which had been erected dur ing the autumn previous. It was settled by emi grants from N. J. and the New England Stales, but did not extensively improve until after General Wayne had defeated the hostile Indians in August, 1794. Since that period, however, it, together with the adjacent country, has rapidly progressed in population, wealth, and internal improvements. CIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CIN Among the public buildings are two presbyte- rian, two methodist, one episcopalian, and one friends' meeting house, besides an elegant and cost ly court-house and jail, and 3 extensive market houses, one of which, called the lower market, is built with triple rows of pillars 300 feet long, "The markets are held in them four days in a week, two days ot each, alternately. Here arc also several manufacturing establishments for colton ond wool en goods, for paper, and for silver, brass, copper, and iron wares, and machinery of various descrip tions. Here are also four printing offices, three of which print weekly newspapers, likewise four book stores, a type foundry, and a manufactory for making cards for carding machines. One of the machines in this establishment is a great specimen of human ingenuity. By the simple process, merely, of a boy turning a small crank, the wire is drawn from a reel, cut off' at a suitable lengih, bent into card teeth, the leather perforated, and teeth sot therein, all by the one process above men tioned. In January, 1819, a medical college was estab lished here by the Ohio Legislature; and during the same month the Cincinnati college was also chartered, both of which are now progressing, with a prospect of becoming useful institulions for the western couniry. The faculties ol both colleges are in some measure united, and bolh occupy, conjointly, the public edifices designed for their accommodation. Cincinnaii was formerly the seal of the old ter ritorial governmeni until 1800, and in January, 1819, was incorporated as a city. Distance, S. by W, from Dayton, 53 ms,, UO SW. from Co lumbus, 93 W. by S. from Chillicothe, and 83 N. by E. frora Frankfort, in Ky, Lat, 39 6 N,, lon- W. C. 7 25 W. Tho following account of the local situation of Cincinnati, and enumeration and description ofthe various public edifices and improvements, are tak en from Doctor Daniel Drake's valuable " Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami country," published in 1815. I have repeated this rather long and now certainly only historical description in fact as his tory, but may preface it hy noticing the far most important improvement of Cincinnati — the Miami canal, which joins the Ohio in the cily, and the pavement ofthe river front, " Ils site is ihe eastern part of a tract of alluvial or bottom land, bounded on the N, by a chain of ridges, on the W. by Mill creek, on the S, I'y the river, and on the E. by Deer creek, a brook which originates in Ihe neighboring uplands. The area of all this plain is aboul 4 sq ms. It is unequally elevated, and the upper and lower tables have re ceived from the inhabitants the names of Hill and Bottom. The latler (gradually widen'ing) stretch es westwardly from the inouth olDeer creek, where it is but 200 feet broad, to the interval lands of Mill creek. Its medium breadth is aboul 800 feet The NW. portions of this slip are the lowest. They have been overflown a few times since the settlement of the lown, and in March, 1793, the whole ofthis plain was inundated. The hill rises about 50 feet above the bottom. The ascent, which is at first steep, soon becomes gradual, and continues for the distance of nearly 1,000 feet, when the surface declines gently to the base of the adjoining highlands. The medium 'breadth ofthis table is about one mile Its western portions are uneven, and, towards Mill creek, descend lo the level of tho bottom. On the opposile side of the river the valley hofi nearly the same expansion 1 he ranges ol hills bordering these extensive plains intersect each other in such directions as to com pose an imperfect square, through the NE, and SW. angles of which the Ohio enters and passes out. Being variously divided by streams and rivu lets, lying ot different distances from the lown, and having a dense covering of tall trees, these ridges afford a pleasant termiiiaticm to the view. " Philadelphia seems lo have been the model af ter which that portion of this town first laid out was planned. Between Broadway and Western Row there are six streets, each 66 feet wide, run ning from the river N, 16 0 W., and lying 396 feel asunder. These are intersected at right an gles by others of the same width, and at the same distance frem each olher, except Water and Front slroels,j^nd Second and Third streets, the former of which are nearer, and the lalter, on account of the brow of the hill, raore distant. Nol a single alley, court, or diagonal street, and but one com mon was laid out. The blocks, or squares, were each divided into eight lots, 99 by 198 feet, ex cept those lying between Second and Third streets, which made ten los lach, and Ihose between Front and Water streets. The out-lots, 81 in number, contain 4 acres each, and lie chiefly in ihe N. of the town. This plan was not deposited in the public archives for record until the 29th of April, 1803. Tbe streets in that part of the lown laid out by John C. Symmes are but 60 feet wide. Those intersecting the river ran N, 44 0 W,, and lie at the same distance from each olher as the streets in the original lown; but the cross streets are nearer, and hence the lots of this quarter are shorter- The plan of this survey was not record ed by the proprietor till the 12lh of September, 1811- The reservation of the General Govern ment was surveyed so as to connect the plals just described. The different subdivisions will be hest understood by a reference lo the engraved plan, " The new Presbyterian church is a very spa cious brick edifice, measuring 68 by 85 f"eet. It.'* eastern and narrower front looks towards Main street, and is cornered with square turrets crowned with cupolas. From the rear is an octagonal pro jection, for a vestry . The roof is of curnmon form. The height from the ground to the eaves is only 40 feet, to the top of the cupola 80, which is less than either side, including the towers, and hence the aspect of the building is low and heavy. The stair cases are in the basement of the turrets, and are entered without passing inlo the house. Tho inside is divided into 113 pews, and 6 capacious aisles, " The Episcopalian church, in Sixlh street, is a handsome and commodious brick edifice, 40 by .55 feet, well furnished wilh doors and windows, or namented with a balustrade, and finished inside with taste. "The Cincinnati college, on Walnut street, in the rear of the Presbyterian church, is an exten sive two-story brick edifice, consisting of two ob long wings, extending from Walnut street 88 feet deep. Near the front, Ihey ore connected by an 333 CIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CIO apartment, for stair cases, 18 by 30 feet, out of which arises a dome-capped peristyle, designed for an observatory. The front of this intermediate apartment is to be decorated with a colonnade, forming a handsome portico, 13 feet deep and 30 feet long. The front and each side are ornament- 1 ed with a pediment and Corinthian cornice. The i aspect of the building is light and airy. "The buildings of the Cincinnaii Manufaclur-j ing Company, on the bank above Deer creek, are I numerous and extensive; the main edifice is 160 feet long, from 80 to 37 feet wide, and from 8 to 4 stories high, "The most capacious, elevated, and perma nent building in this place is the steam mill, erect ed in the years 1813, '13, and '14, on the river beach, upon a bed of horizontal limestone rocks, and in high floods is for its whole length exposed to the current. The foundation is 63 by 87 feet, and aboul 10 feet thick, Ils height is 110 feel, and the number of stories nine, including two above the eaves. To the height of 40 feet, th^ wall is battered, or drawn in ; above, it is perpendicular. The cornice is of brick, and the roof of wood, in Ihe common style. It has 34 doors and 90 win dows. The limestone with which it was built was quarried at various places, in the bed of the river, and measures in the wall 6,630 perches. Besides this, it swallowed up 90,000 bricLs, 14,800 bush els of lime, and 81,300 cubic feet of timber. Its weight is estimated at 15,655 tons. Through the building there is a wall dividing each story into two unequal apartments, the one designed for manufac turing flour, the olher for receiving wool and cotton machinery, a flaxseed oil mill, fulling mill, and several olher machines." Population in IStfl, Free white males Do. do. females .Ml other persons except Indians, not taxed Slaves Free colored males Do. females 528 562 Total free colored 1,090 Total population 24,831 Population in 1840. "lVhite3.-Ages, Males, Females, Otoo 3,431 3,336 5 to 10 2,066 2,105 10 to 15 - - 1,816 2,012 13 to 20 * ¦ 2,216 2,708 20 to 30 7,321 5,2-3? 30 to 40 3,S0O 2,717 40 to 50 1,496 1,433 50 to 60 673 729 611 to 7» 302 OT 70 to 80 92 126 80 to 90 16 23 90 to 100 4 1 100 and upwai-ds 1 0 23,254 20,844 20,844 Total whites 44,098 Free colored-— Ages, Total populalion in 1810 Population in I'S'^fl, Free white males Do, do, females Total whites Free persons of color, males Do. do, females Slaves, males Do. femaleTotal population in 1830 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in agriculture - Do. in manufactures Do. in commerce Population in 1830. White males Do, females 1,.358 1,100 83 none 2,540 OtolO 10 to 24 2'1 to 36 36 to 55 55 to ino 100 and upwards Total colored Total whites Total colored - Males, 206291315 146 46 1 1,005 1,235 Females, 276 411325 162 61 0 SUMMAliy, 1,235 44,098 2,-240 Aggregate - 46,338 Progressive population. 4,9194,890 9,809 319314 none none !1810,1820¦1830 1840 9,643 340 99 753313 13,48511,356 Total whites 324 33,741 2,5409,642 24,83146,338 Cinque Ports, Norman French, and literally Five Ports. The term is applied to five havens on the eastern coast of England, Hastings, Roitt- ney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich, Wincholsea and Rye are often connected with the Cinque ports. The original cause of giving a distinct or ganization to these ports was their relative posi tion towards Fr., and their importance as defen sive positions against invasion from lhat kingdom. j .4 warden (keeper or guardian) is still appointed over the Cinque ports, and each sends two mem: bers to Parliament, Cinthiania, Harrison co,. Ky, — See Cynthiana. Cintra, cape of Portugal, in Estramadura, called the rock of Lisbon, on the north side of the entrance of the Tajo, On it is a town of Ihe same narae, 14 ^s. W. of Lisbon,, Lon. 9 30 W,,lat. 38 46 N. Ciotat, seaport of Fr,. in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence, de fended by a strong fort. It is famous for Musca- CIT GEOGR.MnilC.VL DICTIONARY. CLA dine wine, and is seated on the boy of Loqueo, ' Cily Point, village and port of entry, in Prince between Marseilles and Toulon. Lon. 6 4b E,, George co,, Va,, on James, at the mouth of Ap- lat. 43 18 N, pomaltox river, 30 ras. below Richmond. Circars, Northern, 5 provinces on the west Ciudad-Reat, lown of Spain, capital of Man- coast of the bay of Bengal. They were originally cha. The inhabitants nre noted for dressing denominated Northern, from their position in re- leather for gloves. It is 3 ms. from the Gaudiana, sped to Madras, on which they depend. Of the 5 norlhern Circars, Cicacole, Rajamuiidry, Elloro, and Condapilly, are in the possession of the Eng lish, anil Guntoor is in the hands of the Nizam. The first 4 extends from the norlh bank of the Kistna to Chilka lake, forming a narrow slip of ond 90 S. of Madrid. Lon. 3 35 W., lat. 38 58 N. CiudadRodrigo, lown of Spain, in Leon, with a bishop's see, seated on the river AquaJa, 40 ms. SW. of Salomanca. Lon. 5 58 W., lal. 40 33 N. Civita-di-Friuli, small bnt ancient town of couniry 350 ras. long, and from 20 to 75 broad, Italy, in Veneiiaii Friuli, seated on the Nalisona, bounded by mountains and extensive forests on the U) ra^. E. of Udena. Lon. 13 16 E., lat. 46 side opposite the sea. The English Circars had 12 N. been ceded to the French by the Nizam of the Ciuita-di Pennu, ancient" town of Naples, in Deccan, in 1753; but they were conquered by Abruzza Ulteriore, wilh a bishop's see, near the Colonel Clive in 1769, and produce an annual river Salino, 36 ms. NE. of Aquila. Lon. 14 revenue of £360, 000.— See G!«?/oor, ' "" 53 E-, Iat. 42 27 N. Circassia, couniry of Asia. This coimtry has Civita-Caslilana, lown of Ilaly, in Campagna long been celebrated for the extraordinary beauty di Romans, on a high rock, ot the foot of which of its women ; and here it was that the practice of is a river, which falls into the Tiber. It is 25 ms. inoculating for the small pox first began. Terki, NW. of Rome. Lon, 13 35 E,, Iat. 43 85 N. the principal cily, is seated in a very spacious plain, 1 Civila-Vecchia, seaport of Italy, in the palri- very sw,impy towards the sea side, in 43 33 N. mony of St. Peter, wilh an arsenal Here the lat.; it is about 3 ms, in compass, well fortified Pope's galleys were formerly stationed, and it wilh ramparts and bastions in the modern style, vvas a free port ; but the air is unwholesome. It well stored with cannon, and has always aeon- is 35 ms. NW. of Rome. Lon. 11 51 E., lat. siderable garrison in it, under the command of 43 5 N. a governor. — See Oherkese. \ Clackamus, river, U. S., enters the Wallaraut, Cirencester, a considerable borough of Eng,, of Columbia. in Gloucestershire. It is one of the greatest marts i Clackmannan, small town in Scotland, and in Eng. for wool, and .is 18 ms. SE. of Glou- ' capital of ihe county of tho some name. Ills (jester, and 89 W. of London. Lon. 1 68 W., sealed on the north shore ofthe Forth, and stands lat 51 43 N. j on a hill, on the top of which is a castle, com- Cireleville, village, and seat of justice in Pic- 'manding a noble prospect. It is 33 ms. N. by E. kaway co., O., on the east side of Sciota river, of (Glasgow. Lon. 3 40 W., lal. 56 5 N. at W. lon. W. C. 5 5 lot. 39 36 N. 20 ms. | Clackmannanshire, co, of Scotland, bounded below Columbia. Il derives ils name from ,^ome on ihe E, by Fifeshire, on the N. and W. ancient works in a rude circular form, on the site by Perthshire ; and on the S by the Forth. of which it is situated. The adjacent country is It is 8 ms, in length, and 5 in breadth. The amongst the most fertile of the Ohio valley. Th'e site ol Circleville is an undulating plain, and country is plain and fertile towards' the Firib, producing corn and pasture in abundance. This though extensive remains of human works really shire, with Kinross, sends 1 member lo parlia- exisled on that plain, much of what has been so ment. It is watered by the rivers Forth ond De- regarded, was, and is, the work of naiure. The wholS subsoil is clay, admixed with sand and peb ble, similar to the formation of so much of O., Ia , and III. The Ohio canal passes along the southern margin of the town, giving great water power and commercial advantage lothe place. Cirenza, town of Naples, capilal of Basilicata, Powell's rivers; bounded by Va-, N., by Haw- wiih a bishop's see. It is sealed on the river kin's co., in Tenn., E,, CUnch river, or Granger, Brandono, at the foot of the Appennines, 97 ms. and Knox SE., and Powell's river, or Campbell, E. of Naples. Lon; 16 10 E., lal- 40 44 N. NW. : lengih 40, mean width 10 ins. ; area 400 Cittadello, seaport anA capilal of Minorca, on sq. ms ; surface hilly, and in part mountainous; van- Pop. in 1801, 10,858, in 1811, 10,010; and in 1821, 13,263. Clagenfurt, town, of Germany, capital of Co- rinthia, 50 ms. SW. of Vienna. Lon. 14 30 E., lat. 46 53 N. Claiborne, co-, Tenn., between Clinch and the W. sideof that island. Lon. 3 34 E., Iat. 39 54 N. Citta-di-Castello, populous cily of Itoly, capi tal of a country of the same name in Umbra, wilh bishop's see. Itis seated on the Tiber, 27 ms. SW. of Uibino- Lon. 12 18 E., lal. 43 32 N. )il of middling quality. Chief town, Taze well. Pop. in 1830, 5,508, and in 1840, 9,474. Central lal. 36 35 N , lon. W. C. 6 40 W. Co., Missj, bounded NW. by the Missis sippi and Big-black rivers, E, bounding co., uncertain, and S. by Jefferson; surface,' except Citta-Nouva, city of Italy, in the marquisale of along the bounding rivers, hilly ; length 33 ms., Ancona, containing 16 churches and convents me3nwidlhl8; area 384 ; soil varied, productive within its walls, and 16 without. It is seated on on the alluvion of the streams, but towards the the Gulf of Venice, 10 ms. S. of Lorelto. Lon. eastern part sterile pine woods. Staple, cotton. 13 40 E., lat. 43 16 N seaport of Venetian Chief town, Gibsonport. Pop. in 1820, 5,963, Istra, with a bishop's see, 60 ms. E. of Venice, and in 1840, 1.3,078. The 38° N. lat., and 14° Lon. 14 3 E,, lal. 45 36 N. I W. Ion. W. C. intersect in this county. 29* 225 GLA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CLA Claiborne Fori, lown on the left bank of Ala -| Clark, tp., Clinton co., 0 bama river, in Monroe co., Ala,, at the head of l,8lu. Tp , Brown co., O. .schooner navigation, 35 ms. E. from fort St. ' Stephens. Clamed, town of Fr., in the dep. of Nievre, and late province of Nivernois. Claineci is sealed at the confluence ofthe Beuvron and Yonne, 112 ms. S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 36 E., Iat. 47 28 N. Claphan, village of Eng., in Surry, noted for many handsome villas, which chiefly surround a beautiful common ; 3 ms. SW. of London. Clara, St., small island of S. America, in Peru, in theBay of Guayaquil, 70 ras. SW. of Guayaquil, Lon. 82 20 W. lat. 3 30 S. Small island or rather rock, one of the Canaries, between Lan cerota, and Allegranza. Clare, town of Suffolk, wilh a manufacture of baize. It is sealed near the Stour, 15 ras. S. of St. Edmund's Bury, and 56 NE. of London. Lon. 0 36 E,, Iat 53 12 N. Clare, St. co. of Ireland, in the province of Munsler, 55 ms. in length, and 38 in breadth; bounded on the E. and S. by the Shannon, which separates it frora Tipperary, Limeric, and Kerry, on the W. by the Atlantic, and on the N. by Galway. It contains 2 market towns and 73 parishes, and before the Union sent 4 meftibers to the Irish parliament. Town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, 17 ms. NW. of Limeric. Lon. 8 46 W., lat. 52 52 N. Claremont, town, Cheshire co., N. H. Pop. in 1810, 2,094; in 1830, 3,090. Village in the last noticed tp., Cheshire co,, N. H., on Sugar river, 53 ms. NW. by W. from Concord. Clarence, tp., in Niagara co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 3,378. Tp., Stormont co., U. C, on the Ottawa river. Clarence, Duke of , straits on the NW. coast of N. America, between Duke of York and Prince of Wales islands ; and between Prince of Wales island and Point Barry. Lon. W. C. 56° W. lat. 56 30 N. Clarendon, village of Eng., 3 ms. E. from Salis bury, where Henry II suraraoned a council of the barons and prelates, in 1164, who enacted that body of laws, since called the Constitutions of Clarendon. Town, Rutland co,, Vt., 30 ms. W, from Windsor. Pop. in 1820, 1,800. Tp, and post town, Genessee co., N. Y., 13 ms. VV, from Rochester, S. from Erie canal, and SE. from Batavia. Clarens, or Chatillard, village of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, delightfully situated nut far from Vevay, on an eminence, whose declivity slopes gradually towards the lake of Geneva. Claridon, tp. and village, Geauga co,, O., by the post office list 170 ms NE. from Columbus, 30 ms, due E. from Cleveland, and 28 ms. NW. from Warren, co. seat of Trumbull co. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 588 Clarington, «mall village on the western bank of Ohio river, Salem tp., Monroe co,, 18 ms. E, from Woodsfield, the co, seat, and about 55 ms. by land route above Marietta. Claritza, seaport of European Turkey, in the ancient Thessaly, lo the S, from the mouth of the PeneUB. Lon. 32 54 E,, lat. 39 45 N. 326 Pop. in 1820, Pop. in 1820, 1,892. Co, of Va., bounded N. by Jefferson, E. by Loudon, S. by Fauquier and Warren, and W. by Frederic. It lies westward of the Blue Ridge, and is traversed by the Shenandoah river. Co. of Georgia, bounded by Madison and Jackson N,, the Appalalchee river separates it on the W. from Walton and Morgan, and having Green S., and Oglethorpe E. N. lat. 34° trav erses ils northern border. Central lon. 6 30 W. of W. C. Chief town, Watkinsville. Pop. in 1840, 10,523. Easiern co. of Mississippi, haying Wayne S., Jasper W-, Lauderdale N., and Wash ington and Sumpter cos. of Alabama E. Central lat. 33° N., lon. 11 40 W. of W. C. Chief town, Quitman. It is traversed in a southern di rection by the main eastern branch of Pascagoula river. Pop. in 1840, 8,986. Co. of Arkansas, having Pike and Hempstead W., Union S. and SE., and Holspring N. N. lat. 34°, and lon. 16° W. ofW. C, intersect in this co. Slope soulh ward, and drained by the main Washilau river. Chief lown, Greenville. Pop. in 1840, 3,309. Clarke, co. of 0., bounded W. by Miami, Chara- paigne N., Madison E., Greene S., and Mont gomery S"W". Area, 413 sq. ms. The slope of this CO. is to the southwest, and in that direction traversed by Mad river, Lillle Miami river, and Darby creek, have their sources in the southeastern part, and in Ihe northwestern rise and flow from some branches of Great Miami. The soil is of un surpassed fertility. The national road enters a little N. of the middle of the eastern border, and inclining a little .S. of W. divides the co. into two not very unequal portions. It is also traversed nearly centrically by N. lat. 39 55. Springfield is the CO. seal. Pop. in 1830, 13,074; and in 1840, 16,883. The extreme NE. co. of Missouri, bounded S. by Lewis co., SE. by the Mississippi river, and NE. by Desmoines river. Chief town, St- Francisville. Central lat. 40 35 N., lon. 14 40 W. of W. C. Pop. in 1840, 8,846. Co., Ia-, bounded by the Ohio river SE., Harrison SW., Washington W. and NW., Jennings N., and Jef ferson NE. ; lengih 36 ms- ; mean width 19 ; area 500 sq. ras. Surface hilly, but soil generally very productive. Chief town, Charleston. Pop. in 1820, 8,079 ; and in 1840, 14,595. Central lal. 38 30, lon. W. C. 8 30 W.- Co., Ky., bound. ed by Kentucky river N-, Madison and Fayette SW., Bourbon NW., Montgomery NE., and Es till SE. ; length 35 ms. ; mean width 8 ; area 200 sq. ms. ; surface moderately hilly, and soil produc tive. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. in 1820, 11,449; and in 1840, 10,802. Lat. 38° N,, and lon. 7° W. from W. C., intersect in the SW. part ofthis CO. Co., Ala., bounded W. by Tombig bee river, N. by Marengo, and E. by Monroe; length 45, mean width 14 ms. ; area 840 sq. ms. Surface ralher hilly, and, except on the streams, soil sterile. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. in 1820, 5,839; and in 1840, 8,640. Central lat. 31 40, lon. W. C. 10 50 W. Clarks, post oflSce, Cochocton co. , 0. Clarkeaville, village and seat of justice, Mont gomery CO., Tenn., on the point of land formed by the junction of Cumberland and Red rivers, 45 ms. by land below Nashville. Lat. 36 38 N., lon, W. CLA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CLE V. 10 11 W, Town, Clarke co , la,, at the lower part of the rapids of Ohio. Clarkesborough, town, Jackson co,. Go,, on a branch of Oconee river, 10 ms, S- from Jefferson. Clarkesburg, town, Berkshire co., Mass. on lloo- sack river, 33 ms. NNW, from Lenox, Pop. in 1810, 2^1 ; in 1820, 274, Town, Montgomery CO., Md.,on the road from W. C. to Fredericktowii, 25 ms, from tho former, and 15 from the latler place Town and seat of jusiice for Harrison CO,, Va,, on the right bank of tbe Monongahela, 40 ms, SSW, from Morgantown, Lat, 39 18 N,, lon. W, G. 3 20 W. Village, Habersham co., Ga,, 140 ms. NW, of Augusta. Village, Ross CO., O,, 16 ms. NW. from Chilicolhe, and 30 ms, a lillle W, of S. from Columbus. Town and seat of justice, Lewis co,, Kv-, on a creek of Ohio river, 25 ms, by land NNW- from Washington, Ky. Lat, 38 44 N,, Ion. W. C. 6 10 W. Clark's Ferry, post office, Cumberland co,. Pa. Post office, Columbiana Co., 0. Clark's field, posl office, Huron co., O., 137 ms. NNE. from Columbus, It is situated on the weekly post route from Norwalk, the co. scat, to Medina, in Medina co., 13 ms, eastward of the former, and 36 westward of the latter place. Clark's Fork, river, one of the great branches of the Yellow Slone, falls into lhat stream from ihe S., about 100 ma. above the mouth of Bighorn 'ri ver. Clarkson, town, Monroe co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,612. Clarkson, village, Columbiana co,, Ohio, 9 ms. eastward of New Lisbon, and on the middle road thence to Beavertown, in Fenn. Clark's Store, post office, Marlin co., N- C-, posl road 120 ms. E- from Raleigh. Clark's Store and post office, Hamilton co., Ohio, 18 ms- NW. by W. from (cincinnaii, 6 ms. northerly of Elizabelhtown, and 3 ms. S of New Haven. Clark's River, the great middle branch of Co lumbia river, rises in the Chippewjn mountains, in terlocking wilh the sources of the Missouri, flows SW., W. and NW., by a course of about 800 ms., joins Lewis's river and forms the Columbia. Clarkstoiun, town and seat of justice, Rockland CO., N. Y. Pop. in 1830, 1,808. Clarksville, village, Clinton co. , Ohio, 86 ms SW. from Columbus. Green co-, Penn. — See Clarkesville. Village, Wayne co. Penn. Village, King and Queen co. , Va., 50 ms. NE. from Richmond. Village, Habersham co,, Ga., 140 ms. N. from Milledgeville. — See Clarksville. Village, Pike co.. Mo,, on tho .Miss, river, 83ms, NNW. from St, Charles, and 93 in asim- i lar direction from St. Louis. Village, Clark , CO., Ala., 13 ms. NE. from St. Stephens. Vil lage, Clinton co., Ohio, 10 ms. westward of Wil-| minglon, the co. seat, and 13 ms. eastward of Lebanon, co. seat of Warren co. Claverack, tp,, Columbia co,, N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,813. Village, Columbia co,, N. Y., 5 ms. E. of Hudson. Claude, St., handsome city of Fr., in the dep. of Jura, and late province of Franche Compte, between 3 high mountains, on the river Lison, and owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, built in 435, in this then barren and uninhabited country. The cathedral is exlroinely elegant. In this city aro many public fountains wilh large basins. Itis 36 ms. NW. of Geneva. Lon. 6 18 E,, lat. 46 24 N. Clauaenburg, town of Transylvania, on tho river S imos, 60 ms, NW. of Herraaiistadt. • On one of the galea is an inscription in honor of the emperor Trojan. Lon. 83 80 E., lat. 46 53 N, Clay, lown of Eng,, in Norfolk, on an arm of Ihe sea, between two rivers, 20 ms. NW. of Nor wich- Here ore some large salt works Co. of Ken-, on the head walers of Cumberland and Kentucky rivers, bounded by Knox SB-, Rock castle W-, Madison, Eslcll, and Floyd N-, and Floyd E. ; lengih 60, mean width, about 40 ms. ; area, 2,000 sq- ms. ; surface, very hilly and rocky ; soil in some places productive, but in general of midilling quality. Chief town, Manchester. Pop. in 1820, 4,393; in 1830, 3,548; and in 1840, 4,607. Ctl- lat. 37 25 N,, lon. 6 30 W. from W. C, C. H. and post office, Clay co,, Mo,, post road, 286 ms, up the Missouri river, above St. Charles, and 300 from St. Louis. Village in western part of Sandusky co., Ohio, on the Maumee turnpike, 16 ms. westward of Lower San dusky. Clay-ponds, light-house on Cape Cod, Mass. Claysville, village, Washington co., Penn,, on the U, S, turnpike road, 10 ms. W. from the bo rough of 'Washington, and 20 E. from Wheeling. This village contains about 30 houses in one street along the road- Pop. in 1840,392. Village, Harrison co., Kentucky, 48 ms- NE- from Frank- fort- Claylon, Perry co-, Ohio. — See Rehobolh, same CO. antl Stale. Eastern tp,, Perry co,, Ohio, on Ihe walers of Hockhocking river, Claytonville, village, Rabun eo,, Ga,, 160 ms. NNW, from Milledgeville, Clayville, as in post office list, or Claysville, as in Ohio Gazetteer, viliaje, Westland tp., Guern sey CO , Ohio, 10 ms. SSW. of Cambridge the co. seat, 18 ms. almost exactly E. of Zanesville, and 11 nis. SE, of Norwich on the National road. Clear, Cape, promontory of a little island on the S, of Ireland, Lon. 11 45 W., Iat. 51 18 N. Clear, creek of Ohio, joining the Great Miami from the left, in the NE. corner of Duller co. Clear, Creek, tp-, Warren co., Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 3,444. Tp-, Richland co., Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 309. On the maps the village in Clear creek tp., Richland co., is called Vermillion; the post ofiice is, however, named Clear creek, and situated 18 ras. NE. of Mansfield and 33 ras. N W. of Wooster, co. seal of Wayne co. Tp., Fair- fieldco., Ohio. Pop- in ,1810, 1136; in 1830. 1,174. Clearfield, co., Penn., on the waters of Sus quehanna, bounded by Inda. W., Jefferson NW., M'Kean N., Lycoming NE-, and Centre SE. ; length 4.6, breadth 33 ms., area 1435 sq. ms. This CO- is yet but very thinly peopled, though tnuch of the soil is excellent, and the climate de lightful. It is a true Alpine region^ rich in the most varied scenery. Clearfield is drained by the higher creeks, and W. branches of Susquehan nah, particularly Sinnamahoning and Mushannon creeks. Some of the waters of Toby's creek, Sandy creek, and Mohulbuctitun branches of Al- 237 CLE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CLE leghany river rise on and flow frora the western part of this county. The surface is generally bro ken, and much of it mountainous. There are ex tensive indications of metallic ores, particularly iron. Chief town, Clearfield. Pop. in 1830, 3,3*2; and in 1840, 7,834. Ctl. lat. 1 30,N., Ion. W. C. 1 30 W. Borough, post office, and seat of justice, Clearfield co., Penn., on the point of land between the W. branch of the Sus- quehanhab and Clearfield creek. N. lat. 41 1, lon. W. C. 1 28 W. Clearfield Bridge, village, Clearfield co-, Penn-, 14 ms. 8. from the borough of Clearfield. Clearfield, tp., Bullerco., Penn. Pop. in 1810, 388 ; in 1830, 515. Clear Fork, post office, Richland co., Ohio, 73 ms. NNE. from Columbus. Clear Spring, post office, Washington co. Md-, about midway between Hancockstown and Ha gerstown, 1 3 ms. from each. Cleaveland. — See Cleveland, Cuyahoga co-, Ohio. Cleves, village, Hamilton co., Ohio, on Ohio river, 16 ms. below Cincinnati. Clebury, town of Eng., in Shropshire, on the river Rea, 38 ms. SE. of Shrewsbury, and 136 NW. of London. Lon. 3 23 W., lat. 52 21 N. Clerac, or Clairac, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the dep. of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the river Lot, 10 ms NW. of Agen. Lon. 25' E-, lat. 44 20 N. Clermont, town of Fr., in tho dep. of Meuse and late territory of Barrois, 137 ms. NW. of iParis. Lon. 5 9 E., Iat. 49 34 N- Town of Fr., in the dep. of Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 37 ms. N. of Paris. Lon. 3 25 E., Iat. 49 25 N. Considerable city of Fr., in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and lale province of Auvergne. Many Roman antiquities are found in the neighborhood. There are also some mineral springs; and that of the suburb of St. AUyre has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls. It is called the mineral bridge, and car riages may pass over it. Clermont contains 30,- 000 inhabilanls ; and has manufactures of rat teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is ihe birth place of the celebrated Pascal, and is 300 ms. S. of Paris. Lon. 3 10 E., lat. 45 47 N. -Tp. and post office, Columbia co., N. Y., on the E. side of Hudson river, and 15 ras. S. ofthe city of Hudson. The tp. has 1,154 inhabitants. rCo., Ohio, bounded by Ohi» river E. and SE,, Hamil ton W., Warren N., and Brown E, ; length 32 ms,, mean width 13, area 416 sq, ms, A great portion of the soil is of first-rale quality. Siaples, grain, flour, and salt provisions. Pop, in 1820, 15,820, and in 1840, 23,106. Cll, lat. N. 39°, and W. lon. 7° from W. C. intersect in this co. Clerk's Island lies in the N. Pacific Ocean, be tween the coast of Kamschatka and that of N. America. It was discovered by Capiain Cook in 1788, and was so named in honof' of Captain Clerk, his second in command. A landing could not be effected. Near its E. extremity is a litlle island remarkable for having three elevated rocks upon it. It is quite uninhabited. Lon. W. C. 92 30 W., lat 63 15 N. Clery, village of Fr., 9 ms. SW. of Orleans, once famous for the pilgrimage lo our Lady of Clc- 228 ry. Here was the tomb of that monster Lewis XI. who appeared in white marble as the saint and pat- roil king. Cleveland, tp., Cuyahoga co., 0. Pop. in 1810, 547; in 1820, 606. City and counly seat, Cuy ahoga CO., O, at the moulh of Cuyahoga river, on Lake Erie. Lon. W. C. 4 44 W., lat. 41 31 N. Cleveland,, frora its position at the norlhern termination of the Ohio canal, is a place of great and increasing importance. The site is about 80 feet above, and commands a most expansive pros pect over Lake Erie. Its progressive populalion proves its solid prosperity: Pop. in 1835,500; in 1830, 1,000; in 1834, 4,300; in 1837, 6,500; in 18411, 7,037, including the township. This place was incorporated as a village in 1816, and as a city, in 1836, The first seltlement was made there in 1797, distance by post roads about ISO ras,, but, by actual calculation, the bearing ftom Columbus lo Cleveland is N. 37 50 E,, and dis tance 139 ms., the course passing about 10 ms. Westward of Millersburg, 4 ms. westward of Woos ter, and 3 ms. easl ward of Medina, by postroad 130 ms. northwestward of Pittsburg. Cleves, duchy of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, delightfully variegated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villages; and is sub ject to the King of Prussia, City of Westpha lia, capilal of the duchy of Cleves. Il is seated on the easiern side of three hills, about a mile W. of the Rhine, wilh which it communicates by means of a canal, which is large enough for great barges. It has a castle built by Julius Csesar II has been often taken and retaken ; the last lime by the French in 1794. It is 15 ms. SE. of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 50 E., lat. 51 45 N. Town of Va., King George's CO., on the Rappahannock. ,\ small village in Hamilton co, 0,, 15 ms. NW. by W.of Cincinnati. Cleybrook, Great and Little, two villages of Eng., in Leicestershire, on the NW. side of Lut terworth. They are supposed lo have been a part of Cleycester, situated 1 mile to tho W., which was a flourishing city of the Romans, and where their bricks and coins have been frequently found. Clief, town of Eng , in Northamptonshire, 30 ms. NE. of Northampton and 88 NNW. ofLon don. Lon. 37' W,, lal. 52 53 N. Clifford, tp,, Susquehannah cu,. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 681. Clifton, village of Eng,, in Westmoreland, 3 ras. SSE- of Penrith, Village of Eng., in Glou cestershire, near Bristol, noted for the hot well in its neighborhood, upon tbe lower Avon, at the foot of St, Vincent's rock. Town of Buckingham CO,, L, C. Village in the northern part of Green co., Ohio, 10 ms. a lillle E. of N. from Xenia, and 9 ms. S. of Springfield, co. seat of Clark CO. This place is remarkable for the pecu liar position of its colton factory, which is thus noticed in the Ohio Gazetteer: " The factory is wor thy of particular notice, it being built directly over the river (Little Miami) at the falls, where the riv er enters a chasm in the rocks, from 30 to 70 feet in deplh, and from 30 to 50 wide. The building is 73 feet long by 40 wide, and 3 stories high, and will, when completed, employ from 70 to 80 hands. There is abundance of water power yel unimproved CLI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CLW Distance 45 ms. SW. of Columbus, aud 21 ms. NE. by E. of Dayton." Clinch, navigable river of the Slate of Tenn., which rises in Clinch mountain, and alter running through Powell's-Valley, flows into the Tennes see river at SW. Point, or Kingston, and forms Tennessee- Mountain of Tenn., ranges be tween Clinch and Holston rivers. Clingaris, post oflice, Chester co,. Pa. Clinton, tp., Buckingham co,, L, (3. Town, Kennebeckco., Me,, by posiroad 81 ms. NE, from Portland, Pop. in 1830, 1,356, Village, One ida, CO,, N, Y., on Oriskanny creek, 9 ms, WSW. from Utica. Hamilton College, near Ihis village, was incorporated in 1813, and from the liberal sup port given hy public and private patronage, is a flourishing institution. It is under the direction of a president, 3 professor-s, and 3 tutors; the stu dents about 70. Co., N. Y., bounded by L. C. N,, Lake Champlain E,, Essex co, S,,and Frank Un W.; length 40 mean width 35 ms,; area 1,400 sq. ms. Il forms the NE. angle of the Slale, The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous; soil generally indifferent. Chief town, Plattsburg Pop, in 1830, 13,070; and in 1840, 38,157, Central lat. -44 45 N,, lon. W. C. 3 20 E. Co. of Lincoln, U. C, on Lake Ontario. Tp., Knox CO., 0. Pop. in 1810, 714; in 1820, 834. Tp,, Franklin co., O. Pop. in 1830, 518. Tp., Jackson CO., 0. Pop. in 1820,338 Co., O., on the walers of Lillle Miami, bounded by Warren W., Green and Fayette N., Fayette E,, Highland SE,, and Brown S. ; length 32, mean width 18 ms, ; area 390 sq. ms. Surface diversified by hill and dale; soil generally highly productive. Chief lown, Wilmington. Pop. in 1830, 8,085. Central lat. 39 3.6, lon. W. C. 6 46 W. In the Ohio Gazetteer, with much lhat our limits will not admit, we find the following on Clinton co. 0. : "The general surface ofthe do. is level, but sufficiently rolling for cultivation. Ils character in different parts derives its quaUties from the three classes of land into which tbe co. is di vided. There are — 1, prairie, or open meadow ; 3, dry, level wood lands, of an excellent quahty ; 3, low swamp, of a deep soil. The third class,' or low swamp lands, are invariably found at the head of water courses, and, from their peculiar situation, are easily reclaimed." The^e extracts are made the more as they not only illustrate the features of Clinton county, bul also those of central and western Ohio generally. Clinton counly occupies a table land from which flow numerous confluents of Lillle Miami west wardly and those of Paint creek eastwards. Those who would look on a map ofthis counly, and who were acquainted only with a hilly or mountainous country, would of course suppose the fountains were lo be found in valleys or slopes ; but directly the reverse is the case over a large portion of Ohio, and in Uke manner over Indiana and Illinois ; nor is it an easy matter to give, by any description, a correct or even tolerable conception of such a country lo those who have not seen others of simi lar features. Clinton, village on Ohio canal, NW. part of Stark CO., O., 17 ms. NW. of Canton, the county seat, and 4 ms. from Doyleslown, or Chippewa, Woyno CO, Village, Parke co,, la., on Iho right bank of Woha-h river. Lot- 39-40, lon. W. C. 10 30 W. Village, Anderson co-, Tenn., on the right bank of Clinch river, 150 ms. a liillo N. of E. from Murfreesboro'. Lat. 30 5, lon. W. C, 7 13 W. -Village, Samson co,, N, C, about 70 ms, S. from Raleigh. Village and seat ul jusiice, Jones co,, Ga,, 32 ms. W. from Milledge ville. Lal. 33 1 r^ , lon. W. C. 6 48 W. ' Clinton Hollow, Dutchess co., N. Y., is situ ated between tho tps, of Rhinebeck and Pough keepsie, and lies along. the Hudson liver. Pop, in 1820, 6,011. The posl oflice is 90 ms. S. of Al bany. Clintonville, village, Onondaga co,, N, Y., by post road 146 ras. a litlle N. of W. front Albany. Clissa, fort of Dalmalia, taken from the Turks by the Venetiansi, It is scaled on a craggy moun tain, 6 ms. N. of Spalatro. Lon, 17 31 E,, lat. 44 10 N. Clisson, town of France, in the dep. of Lower Loire, and late province of Brelagne, on the river Seure, 13 ms. S, of Names. Lon. 1 38 VV., lat. 47 1 N. Clithero, borough of Eng., in Lancashire, near Pendil Hill, 36 ms, SE. of Lancaster and 313 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 2 21 W,, lat, 53 54 N- Clockville, village, Madison co., N. Y^-, 41 ins. W. from Utica. Clogher, episcopal lown and borough of Ireland, in Tyrone- Lon. 6 50 W., lat. 54 30 N. Clonmel, borough of Ireland, in the co- of Tip perary, seated on the river Sure, 19 ms. SE, of Tipperary. Lon 7 27 W., Iat. 52 14 N. Cluplon's Mills, post oflice, Putnam co,, Ga., 16 ms. N. of Milledgeville. Cloud, St., town ofFr., 4 ms. W. from Paris, on the Seine. One of the royal palaces is in this place. , Clough Mills, post office, Laurens, S. C, Clouliersville, post office, Natchitoches parish, La,, between Nalchitochos and Rapides, 25 ms. SE from the former and 35 N W. from Alexandria. Clover Dale, post office, Bottetouil co,, Va,, 179 ms. W. from Richmond. Clover Garden, post office, Chatham co. ,N. C, 47 ms, W- from Raleigh. Clover Hill, post office, Blount co., Tenn., 150 ms in an easterly direction from Murfreesboro'. Cloverville, post office, Delaware co , N. Y., 90 ms, SW. from Albany- Cloway, river and lake of Brilish Norlh Amer ica. The lake lies about 30° W. from W. C, at lat. 62 30 N., and discharges its waters to tho SW., which, flowing about 300 ms , enters Great Slave Lake. Lon- W. C. 35° W., Iat. 63 N. Cloyne, episcopal, lown and borough ot Ireland, in the co. of Cork, 16 ms. E of Cork. Lon. 8° W., lat. 41 54 N. Cluny, town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire and lale province of Burgundy, remarkable for ils late famous Benedictine abbey. It is sealed on the Grosne, 10 ms- NW. of 'Macon Lon. 4 33 E., Iat. 46 24 N. Cluse, town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the .\rve, 83 ms, SE. of Geneva. Lon. 0 39 E lat, 45 57 N. Clwyd, celebrated vale of Denbighshire, ex tending frora its upper end to the Irish sea, above 229 COA . GEOGRAPHICA-L DICTIONARY. COC 20 ms., its breadth varying from 3 to 8, according to the approach or recess of the high mountains enclosing it, through which, in different parls, are gaps formed by nature for entrances. A river of the same name, which rises in the middle of the CO., runs along this vale, and, having entered Fhntshire, falls into the Irish sea, Clyde, river in Scotland, which rises in An- nandale, falls into the sea, over against the Isle of Bute. River of Orleans co., Vl., which falls into Lake Memphremagog, at its SE. corner, Village on the great Western canal, in Seneca co , N.'Y., 18 ms. NE. from Geneva, and 35 NW. from Auburn. f.'lyde River, of N. Y., formed by the outlet of Canandaigua lake and Mud creek. These two lat ter unite at Lyons, in Wayne co. The outlet of Cahandaigua lake issues from that sheet of water at the village of Canandaigua, flows thence a little E. ofN., 8 ms.,inl8 the tp. of Manchester, where it turns abruptly to the E., in which direction it gonlinues 13 ms., to Phelp.s, having received from the southward the large accession of Flinl creek. Below Phelps the Canandaigua again turns to al mosl due N., 8 ms,, to Lyons, where it joins Mud creek. Mud creek rises as far S. as the head of Canan daigua lake, having ils source in the tp. of Naples, from which il flows 35 ms. nearly due N., through Ontario co., to Farminglon, Here it turns NE, 10 ms,, reaches Palmyra, where it winds to the E., and follows the latter course by a very wind ing channel of 15 ms., unites with the Canandai gua at Lyons. These streams are of importance, as they contribute to supply the Erie canal. The (Jlyde, from its head at Lyons toils influx into the Seneca river, has a winding course of about 30 ms., with a fall of 21 feet. Clydesdale, wild district of Scotland, in the S. part of Lanarkshire. Amid the mountains here, particles of gold have sometimes been washed down by the rains and streams of water; but this tract is chiefly remarkable fur producing metals of infe rior worth. The veins of lead lie mostly N. and E., and their thickness, which seldom exceeds 40 feet, varies greatly in different parts. The scanty pasiure here feeds some sheep and catile, Coahuila y Texas, State, one of the States of the republic of Mexico; bounded S. by New Leon, SW. by Durango, W. by Chihuahua, N. uncer tain, aud E, by the State of Tamaulipas. This Stale, the extent of which is uncertain, Mes upon the eastern slope of the Great Cordillera or Plateau, upon which is situated Durango and Chihuahua. Rivers, and even spring water, rare in the two lat ter, become abundant in some parts of Coahuila. The immense volume of the Rio Grande del Norte traverses this Stale from NW. lo SE. Though ex actly E. from Chihuahua, the climale of Coahuila is much more exposed to heal in summer, though the winters are alike severe in both places ; and in bolh rains are, when they do occur, excessively heavy and durable, falling in torrenis, but droughliy are as durable. However, except sorae small tracts near the seacoast, the whole of the northern States of Mexico are, in a peculiar manner, salubrious. See Mexico. N. lat. 28°, and lon. W. C. 24° W.,. intersect in Coahuila y Texas. Chief towns Montelovez and Sallillo. 230 Coal Mines, Chesterfield co., Va. Coal's Mouth, post office, Kenhawa co,, Va. Coanamine, river of Guiana. Coaquago, NW. and main branch of Delaware river, rises in Delaware co., N. Y., flows SW. to near the NE. corner of Pa., where it turns abrupt ly to SE. Coast Castle, cape, and principal settlement of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a strong cila del. It is 30 ms. E. by N. of St. George del Mi- na. Lon. 0°, lat. 5 6 N. Coatsville, post office, Chester co , Pa. Coafes Tavern, York district, S. C, 97 ms, N. from Columbia. Coates Prairie, post office, Calloway co., Mo., no ras. NW. by W. from St. Louis. Cobagua, river in South America. Island in the Caribbean sea. Lon- W. C. 13 34 E., lat, 10 50 N, Cobbescompte, river Kennebec co., Maine, the drain of a number of small lakes between Kenne bec and Androscoggin, which unite in the town of Gardner, and enter the right sideof Kennebec river. Cobb's Corners, village, Mantua tp.. Portage CO., Ohio, 13 ms. NNW. from Ravenna, and about 30 ms. a little N. of W. from Warren, co. seat of Trumbull co. Coberly's, post office, Allen tp., Union Co., 10 ms. NW. of Marysville, the county seat, and 13 ras. SE. by E. from Bellefontaine, the county seat of Logan counly. Cobham, village, Dinwiddie co., Va., on the S. side of James river, opposite to Jamestown, and about 13 ms. S. of Williamsburg. Cobijah, seaport of Peru, Lat. 82 24 S,, lon.i W. C. 7° E. 'J'he bay of Cobijah is opposite the desert of Altacamas. Coblentz, ancient city of Germany, in tho elec torate of Treves, at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle, 50 ms. NE. of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E. lal. 50 34 N. Cobleskill, town, Schoharie co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 3,440. Coburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, capilal of a principality of the same name, wilh a college, a fort, and a castle. This town and ils principality belongs to the house of Saxony. It is seated on the Itch, 20 ms. N. of Bamberg, Lon. 11 18 E., lat. 60 33 N. Coburn's StorCj post office, Mecklenburg co-, N. C, 170 ras. SW. from Columbia. Coca, river of Columbia, is the northwestern branch of the Napo; which see. Town of Spain, in Old Castile, near which is a strong cas ile for Slale prisoners. It is sealed among moun tains, at the confluence of the Morvedro and Ele- zena, 35 ms. NNE. of Segovia. Lon 3 34 W., lat. 41 17 N. Cochabamba, province of the united provinces of La Plata, bounded W. by the Andes, S. by Charcas, and drained by the sources of the Para and Magdalena rivers. It is a fine healthy and fer tile country, of about 4,500 sq. ms., and peopled by 100,000 inhiibitanls. Central lon. W. C. 11° E., lat. 18° S. Cocheclon, village, Sullivan oo., N. Y., on the bank of the Delaware river, at Cocheclon Falls, 60 ms. SW. by W. from Newburg, and 50 ms. SE- by E. from Montrose, in Susquehanah co.. Pa. COL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. COL Cochieim, town in the electorate of Treves, formerly imperial. It was forced to surrender to the French in 1794, and is seated on the Mo selle, 25 ms. SW. of Coblentz. Lon. 7 3 E,, lat. 50 12 N. Cochin, seaport on the coast of Malabar, in Travancore. It is a Dutch settlement, and was captured by a British fleet in 1795, Il is 120 ma, S. by E. of Calcut. Lon. 75 30 E., lat. 10° N. Cochin China, kingdom of Asia; bounded on the E. by the Eastern ocean, on the N. by Ton quin, on the W. by Cambodia, and on the S. by Ciampa. Coldingham, healthy tract near the coast in the CO. of Berwick, in Scotland. Colding, town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, re markable for its bridge, over which all the cattle pass that go from Jutland into Holstein, and pay a small toll, which brings in a considerable rev enue to the king. It is situaled at the extremity of a bay ofthe Litlle Belt, 50 ms. S. by E. of Wilburg, on an eminence in a pleasant country abounding with game. Lon. 10 15 E-, lat. 53 35 N. 1 Cold Spring, village. Suffolk, co,, N. Y,, at the head of a small bay ot Long Island Sound, and 38 ms, from N. Y. Post office, Cape May CO., N. J. Cold Spring ove, near Burlington, N. J. Coldstream, town of Eng., in the county of Berwick, on the Tweed, over which is a hand some bridge. Lon. 2 5 W., lat. 56 36 N. Colebrook Dale, in Eng., in Shropshire, a winding glen on the banks of the Severn, be tween Iwo vast hills, which break into various forms, being oil thickly coveretl, ond forming beautiful sheets of hanging woods. Here are Ihe most considerable iron works in Eng., and a curious bridge over the Severn, constructed en tirely of cast iron. Tp., Berks, co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 793, in 1830, 1,046. Colebrook, town, Coos co., N. H. Pop. in 1810, 325, in 1820, 470. Town, Litchfield CO., Conn,, on the west branch of Farminglon river, between Barkhamstead and Norfolk. Pop. 1,250. Colebrook Meeting-house, post office, Litch field CO., Conn, in the tp. of Colebrook, 32 ms. NW. from Hartford. ' Colenet, Cape, cape of the island of New Ca ledonia, inthe S. Pacific ocean. Lon. 164 56 E., lat. 20 30 S. Colerain, borough of Ireland, in the co. of Londonderry, on the rivery Bann, 25 ms. NE. of Londonderry. Lon. 6 39 W., lat 55 16 N. Tp. in Bedford co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 876, in 1820, 986. Tp. and post office in Franklin CO, Mass., 10 ms. NW. from Greenfield. Pop. in 1830, 1,961. Tp., Lancaster co , Pa. Pop. in 1810, 834, in 1830, 1,088. Village, Bertie co., N. C, posiroad, 174 ms. NE. by E. from Raleigh. Village, Camden co,, Ga., on St. Mary's river, 30 ms. above St. Mary's. Tp., 6 ms. sq., in tho NE. corner of Ross co,, 0-, in which is .situated the town of Adelphi. Pop. 1810, 846, in 1820, 866, in 1840, 1,281. Village, Belmont CO., 0., NE. from Clearsville. Pop. in 1810, 471, in 1820, 778. The village in Cole-I rain, Belmont co. , is situated on the road from Wheeling to Cadiz, 6 ms. NW. of Ihe latter place, Tp. Hamilton co,, 0,, on IheE. side ofthe Great .Miami river, 15 ms. from its moulh, and opposile to Crosby. Pop. in 1810, 1,058, in 1820, 1,906, in 1840, 2,378. For post office, in this tp., see Bevis' tavern. Colerain Forge, post office, Huntingdon co.. Pa. Coles Forge, and post office, one mile westward of the Ohio canal and Scioto river, and 9 ms. N NW. of Portsmouth. Coles Grove, village. Pike co,. III,, posiroad 118 ms, from Vandalia, Coleshill, town of Eng,, in Warwickshire, on the side of a hill, on the Coin, over which is a stone bridge. It is 11 ms, j\ W. of Coventry, and 105 of London. Lon. 1 35 W., lat. 53 32 tV. Colesville, tp. and village, Broom co. N, Y., between Susquehannah and Chenango rivers, 35 ms. E, from Owego, Village, Montgomery CO. Md., 15 ms, NW. from W. C, Village, Chesterfield co,, Va., 153 ms. from W. C, and 3 1 S. Richmond. Coleford, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 14 ms. S. of Hereford, and 133 W. by N. of Lon don, Lon. 3 40 W., lat. 51 48 i{. Colima, town of Mexico, capilal of a fertile valley of the same name. It is seated at the mouth of a river, near the N. Pacific ocean, 300 ms. W. of Mexico, in Valladolid, now Mechiacan, near a volcanic mountain. Lon. W. C. 36 iO; Iat. 19 30 N. Colioure, seaport of Fr., in the dep. of the Easiern Pyrenees, and late province of Rousillon. It is a small, but a strong lown, sealed at the foot of the Pyrenees, 10 ms. SE of Peipignan. Lon. 3 8 E., lat. 43 34 N. Coin, village or Bohemia, 38 ms. E. from Prague. Colle, town of Tuscany, lOras, NW, ofSienna, Lon. 11 7 E,, lat. 43 16 N. College Grant, tp,, Coos co., N. H. Pop. in 1830, 33. College, from con and lego, together. The most common application of this lerm is to designate a seminary of learning, and in particular, one dedi cated to the study of the ancient or classical lan guages. Any body of persons, however, legally assembled to perform any legal purpose, may be correctly called a college, hence, college of electors, college of physician.1, &c. It is also applied to the edifices in which the object of coming to gether is to be effected. — See art. University, Academy, Sfc. College, tps. are two tracts of land each 6 ras. sq., situated in the centre of Athens co,, O., ad joining each olher, the one on the N. the other S. Through the northernmost, runs the Hockhock ing river, adjacent to many parls of which are several tracts of excellent land. The names of those tps. arose from the circumstance of their having been granted as a donation to the college of Athens ; the right of soil to which, belongs ex clusively lo the said college. — See Athena, 0.— — ¦ Tp., 0., six ms. sq., in the western border of of Butler CO , belonging to the Miami university. See Oxfprd. 231 COL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. COL College Comers, post office in the extreme northweslern angle of Butler co., 0. It is at a settlement, partly jn Butler and Preble, cos., O,, and in Franklin and Union cos,, la., about 30 ms. northwestward of Hamilton, 16 ms. SW. from Eaton, and 5i from Oxford,' and 16 NE. of Brookville, la. College Hill, Columbia collage, and post office, D, C, 3 ms. N: from the capitol, and on the roail from W. C. to Rockville, Fredericktown, &c. Colleton, district S. C, bounded by the Atlan tic ocean and Charleston di.-trict SE., Beaufort SW., Barnwell' and Orangeburgh NW., and part of Charleston NE. ; length 57 ms,, mean width 30 ; area 1,700 sq. ms. Surface generally flat, and soil, except on the streams, of indifferent quality. Staples — rice, colton, and tobacco. Chief town, Walerborough. Pop, in 1820, 36,373, and in 1840, 35,548. Central lat. 33 45 N,, Ion. W. C. 3 35 W. Collins' Cress Roods, post office, Colleton dis trict S. C, about 70 ras. S. from Columbia. Collins' Milts, post office, Jefferson co , N. Y,, 190 ms, NW. from Albany. Collins' Seltlement, post office, Lewis co,, Va,, post road, 360 ms, N W. from Richmond, Collinsville, village, Hunlingdnn co,. Pa , post- rood, 153 ms. W. from Harrisburg, Post office, Butler co,, 0., 10 ms. northly of Hamil ton, and 16 a liltle E. of S., from Eaton. Collmore's ridge, plantation in Lincoln co. Me. Colmar, city of Fr., capilal ofthe dep. of Up per Rhine, and lale province of Upper Alsace, It is seated near the river 111 , 36 ms. S. by W. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 37 R., 48 5 ,N, Colmars, town of Fr,, now in the dep. of the Lower Alps, lately in the province of Provence, 30 ms, E. of Digne. Lon. 6 35 E., Iat. 44 7 N. Colmagarod, lown of Russia, is an island form ed by the river Dwina, 30 ms. SE. of Archangel, Lon. 39 43 E., lat. 64 14 N. Coin, name of several of the small rivers in Eng., the chief of which rises near Clare, in Suf folk, and passing by Halstead and Colchester, in Essex, falls inlo the German ocean, between Mer sey island and the mainland. In tbe inlets and pools, at the moulh of this river, are bred the fa mous Colchester oysters. Colnbrook, town of Eng., in Bucks, on Ihe river Coin, 17 ms. W. ofLondon. Lon. 25' W., lat. 51 39 N. Colne, town, Eng., in Lancashire, on a hill, 314 ms, NNW. London. Lon. 3 5 W., Iat. 53 50 N. Colnet, cape of New California, SW. from the town of St. Thomas and bay of Virgins. Lon. W C. 40 50 W., lot. 31 40 N. Coloca, town of S. America, in the upper part of Santa Cruz de la Sienna, on the river Guapey. Lon. W. C. 13 50 E.,'lat. 13 30 S. Colochina, town of Turkey, in the Morea, 50 ms. SE. of Misitra. Lon. 33 83 E., lot. 36 33 N. Colocza, town of Hungary, on the Danube, capital of the co. of Bath, 57 ms. SE. of Buda. Lon. 18 39 E,, lat. 46 38 N. Cohgna, town of Itoly, in the Paduan, 86 ms. SW. of Padua. Lon. 17 27 E., lal. 45 14 N. , Cologne, electorate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, bounded on the N- by the 232 duchy of Cleves and Guelderland, on the E.'hy the duchy of Berg, on the S. by the archbishopric of Treves, and on the W. by the duchy of Juliers. Il is one of the most fertile countries in ihe empire, abounding with all the necessaries of life. An cient city of Germany, capilal of the electorate of Cologne, with a bishop's see and a famous uni versity, seated on tbe river Rhine, 17 ms. E. of Juliers. Lon. 7 10 E., lot. 50 55 N. Colombia, one of those confederated republics formed out of part of what was Spanish America, but since dissolved. We retain the name in order 10 preserve the annexed table, as it may seive as element of reference. Departments- Frovinces. Provincial pup- Depart meutal pop. 1 C S>Ia, K f Guayana 43,000 ,2 ,' Cumana 70,000 2 Orinoco "^ Barceluoa 45,000 2 tlVXargaetta 13,000 175,000 i 1 Veni^zuela - c Caraccas t Barillas 1 Coro 350,000 8J,000 30,U00 430,000 i i 1 Stili.i J 1 ruxiUii ,1 Merida VMaricaibo 33,4.iU 1 BU,UOO 2 4«,ruo .102,100 4 2 ( Tunja ' 2UU,000 7 Boyacf.a, ; Socuro 150,000 5 "•, l*am|ilona ( Caaaiiare 75,OU0 a 1 1S,000 l72,0U0 444,000 4 1 ( Bogota 6 Cundinairarca J Antioquia j Mariquiia 101,000 45,000 32 [Meiba 50,00 1 371,000 4 ~ Cauca J Popayan i Ctiuco 171,000 2i000 193,000 4 61 r Carthagena 170,000 6 Magdalena J Sama Manha - 6:^,700 2 CKioHacha 7,0UU 239,300 4 1 Quito 250,000 3 Quijos, Majas 33,0U0 I Cuenca 78,001) 3 Jaen 13,000 1 Mamas ,- 5li,UuO 1 1 Luja 48,000 i (juayaquil 90,000 530,000 s yaiirtiu.1 60,000 2 "VLTagua ii0,U«0 80,000 ¦28 1 2,G44,t00 90 _ Colombo, town of Ceylon, and seat of the Brilish establishments on lhat island. Lat. 7 4 N. Colombotz, castle of Turkey in Europe, in Bul garia, on a hill, under which is the strong pass of Urania. Colomey, or Colomia, town of Poland, in Red Russia, seated on the river Pruth, 42 ms. SE. of Halitz. Lon. 36 40 E., lat. 48 41 N. Colonna, lown of Italy, in Campagna. Colorado, river of Mexico, in the Provincias In ternas, or ralher unconquered country, NW. of Sonora and New Mexico. This stream rises in the mountains, which give also source to the confluents of Missouri, Colombia, nnd Rio Grande del Norlo, at N. lal. 41, and W. lon. from W. C. 35°. Its general course is SW. by S,, receiving numerous and large branches from the E., joins the Rio Gila, N. lat. 33°, dilates into a very wide estuary, which has received the dislinclive nartie of the Gulf of California. The regions watered by this great river are very defectively known. Its entire length. COL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. COL if ihe gulf is included, exceeds 1,800 ms. River of Mexico, province of Texas, rises in the unex plored country between the Red and Rio Grande rivers, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico N. lat. 39° W., lon. W. C. 19°. River of S. America, rises in the .\ndes, S. lat. 33°, and pursuing a SE, course, falls into the Allanlie ocean at lal. 40° S., after an entire lengih of 700 ms. by com parative courses- Colorno, town of Ilaly, in the Parmasan, near the Po, 8 ras, from Parma. The duke of Parma had a pleasure house here, which was one of the most delightful in Italy, and the gardens were very line. Lon. 10 23 E., lal. 44 54 N. Colosse, posl office, Oswego co., N. V., 166 ins. NW. from Albany. Coloswar, large town of Transylvania, where the Stales meet. It is sealed on the river Samos, 37 ms. NW. of Weissemburg, and 130 E. by S. of Vienna. Lon. 33 15 E., lat. 46 53 N, Colouni, Cape of, ancieni promontory of Su nium, in Attica, being the SE. extremity of Greece, and indeed of conlinenlal Europe. Cape Sunium was visited by Mr. Hobhouse in 1810, who has given a pretty detailed account of the ruins of the temple of Minerva Sunias, from the still standing white marble columns from which the modern name ofthe cape is derived. The view from Cape Colouni presents, on the W., the promontory Ke- tapheke, and very near It.) that head land the abrupt rocky island, now called Gaidaronessi, an cient Patroclus, and still farther, Archinda, for merly Belbina. The view to the N. is soon ter minated by the pine-covered marble pe.^ks of Lau rium, To the S. the view is unlimited except by the horizon ; the islands of Macronesi, Zea, l''her- inia, and Serpho, and, in clear weather, Andros, Tine, and olher islands, enrich Ibis fine perspec tive. Mr. Hobhouse rather hastily contradicts Pausanius, where the latler asserts, that the spear and statue of Minerva on the Acropolis, at Athens, "could be seen from Sunium- It is probable lhat much could be seen from the summit ofthe temple of Minerva, when entire, that cannot be visible Irom the surface of the ground; and it is also probable lhat the moderns too much restrict what was meant by Cape Sunium. ,\s it is, this cape must afford one of the most splendid views in the world. Hobhouse closes his account of its sweep by observing, that beyond Macronesi is Zea, thou Thermia, and next Serpho, all long low land lying ill a line successively, so as lo have the appearance of one large island stretching to the S. The high lands of .^rgolis, about the Cape Scylleum, that form the other extremity of the Saronic gultj are also visible al a distance of two or three and twenty inile-s. Colourie, a village of Greece, on Ihe island of Ibe same name, is situaled on the deep bay men tioned in our noiice of the island. Il contains 700 houses, wilh perhaps 3,500 inhabitants, composed of Greeks and Albanians, and with no Turks. Colouri, the ancient Salamis, is about 5 ms. square, and indented by a deep bay from the W. It is separated frora Attica by a narrow strait not more than 300 yards wide, and from Megaris by another slill more narrow. The Bay or Gulf of Salamis, so famous as being the scene of perhaps the most important naval battle ever fought, ex- 30* tends between the island and tho raaiii about 10 ms., with a mean width of about 3 rns. The island is rocky and elevated, but with a good soil ; extent something about 80 sq, ms. Enjoying the cfl"ectH of sra air, the harvest of Salamis, according lo Strabo, is finished before those of the main land are commenced. It contains two large villages, Co louri and Acupelaki. "The island seems unculti vated," says Hobhouse, "except in the narrow valleys between the hills, near Colouri, and .\cu- pelaki, where wheat and barley are grown," There are some thin pine forests on the mounlains. The slopes are supplied wilh springs of good water. The women of Salamis are of a fine shape and handsome face, superior to the Athenians of the same condition. They have the free ingenuous air, wilhout any of the vulgarity of the peasant, and their whole manner is a happy mixture of the sprighlliness of the Albanian, and the pohteness of the Greek female. Columbia, Coos co,, N. H,, 30 ms. N. of Lan caster. Pop. 1830, 443; 1840, 680. Wash ington CO., Me,, 18 ms, W. of Machias. Pop. 1830, 663; 1840, 843. Co., N. Y., bounded E. by Mass., S. by Dutchess co,, N. Y., and W. by tile Hudson river, separating it from Greene CO,, N, Y, Length from S to N. 30, mean width 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Slope westward, to wards the Hudson. The soil of this county is favorable to agriculture, though broken, and in part even mouniainous. Its chief town, the city of Hudson, is situaled on bold rising ground, on the bank of Hudson river, and very near the mid- distance of the counly along lhat stream, at N. lal. 42 13, Ion. W. C. 3 11 E,, 117 ms. N. of N. Y,, and 38 S. of .Albany. Pop. of the co. 1830, 38,326; in 1840, 43,352, In 1830 the city of Hudson contained 5,393 inhabitants, and in 1840 5,673, Co. of Pa,, bounded NW. by Lyco ming, NE. by Luzerne, by Schuylkill SE., and by Northumberland SSW. and W. Lengih 35, mean width 20, and area 700 sq, na. N, lat. 41° and lon. 3' E. W- C- intersect near ils centre. Slope lo the southward, and SE. part traversed by the north branch of the Susquehanna. Hilly, and part mountainous, but with much excellent soil, <'hief town, Danville, Pop. 1830, 30,049 ; in 1840, 34,267. Village, West Hampfield tp., Lancaster CO., Pa., on the left bank of Sus quehanna river, 10 ms, W. from Lancaster, The new road from Philadelphia, through Lancaster, reaches the Susquehanna at Columbia; distance 81 ms. Here the canal commences, and ascends the Susquehanna. The village extends chiefly near the river and canal, but also rises up the rather abrupt slope, affording very beautiful sites for houses. Populalion 1830, 3,047; in 1840, 3,719. Columbia, District of, seat of the U. S. Gene ral Governmeni. It is composed of a tract 10 ms. square, lying nearly in a NE., SW., NW., and SE. direction, on both sides of the Potoraac. It was formed out of a part of Prince George's and Montgomery cos., in Md., and part of Fairfax co. , Va., and was ceded by Md. and Va., respectively, lo the United States in 1790, and in 1800 became the seat of the U. S. General Government. It now contains, besides the city of Washington, properly so called, Alexandria and Georgetown. 233 COL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. COL See these places, under their respective heads. It is under the immediate government of Congress, and for local purposes subdivided inlo Washing ton city, county of Washington, Alexandria, and Georgetown. The surface of the District of Co lumbia is generally very pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. The soil, in its natural state, rather sterile; but, from the nature of its base, is easily improved, as is shown by successful examples of astonishing increase of fertility by manure and skilful culture, which have enabled those who adopted and pursued the practice to produce great variety of fruit and other vegetables to supply the markets of the three cities- The climate is es teemed very healthy. The lat. of the capitol is 38 52 45 N., and, within a very small fraction, 77° W, from tho royal observatory, near London. The mean temperature about 55° Fahrenheit. Similar to Philadelphia, Wilmiqgton, Baltimore, and Richmond, Washington cily stands immedi ately below the primitive range, and at the head of tide water. As the project of a canal from W. C, over the Appalachi'-in chain inlo the basin of the Miss., is an object of public attention, the fol lowing table of comparative heights is inserted un der the present ar'jcle : Table of the ascents and descents from tide water, in Potomac river at Georgetown, to Lake Erie, at the town of Cleveland, by route of Potomac, Youghiogany, Monongahela, Ohio, Big Bea ver, and Cuyahoga rivers. 'Where ftom. Miles- Tide, Feet, Georgetown to Gr't Falls . 13 Rises . 143 Harper's Ferry Shenandoah Falls 40 52 Do 39 182 m ,W4 Do 43 225 Cumberland - 130J JRR Do 312 637 Mouth of Savage creek - 31 219 Do 446 983 Summit level - 14 233 Do I,nll3 3486 Mouth of Deep creek, a branch of Youghiogany river 16 249 Falls 34V, 2144 Down Youghiogany river to Smithlield, on U. S, roau 37| 271* Do 739 1405 Connelsville - 309 Do S07 898 Moulh of Youghiogany - 40 349 Do 87 811 Pittsburg Mouth oiBigBoaverriver 18 367 Do 11 800 30 397 Do 106 694 Up the latter to foot of Falls M imit Rises 12 706 Head of Falls 401 Do 44 750 "Warren BO 451 Do 104 854 Summit level between the sources of Big Bea ver and Cuyahoga riv ers- 10 4B1 lln ,W 9117 Level of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Cuyahoga river at Cleveland . k 60 521 Falls 342 565 In the United States a difference of relative level of 400 feet is equivalent to a degree of latitude in relative temperature. See article United States. From this constitution of our atmosphere, a canal from W. C. to Pittsburg would virtually, as re spects temperature, inflect to lat, 43° N. I have inserted this remark from having found, in almost all reviews of this important matter, an entire ne glect of so necessary an element as relative height. The following tables will exhibit the progressive advance and state of the population of the District of Columbia. 234 Population of 1810 — Free white males - - 8,140 Free while females - - 7,949 All olher persons, ei^cept Indians, not taxed - " - 2,649 Slaves - - . 5,395 Total population in 1810 - - 34,033 Populalion In 1820 — Free white males - - 11,171 Free white females - • 11,443 Total whiles - - - 22,614 Free pei sons of color, males - 1,731 Free persons of color, females 2,317 Slaves, males - - - . 3,007 Slaves, females - - 3,370 33,039 Of this population there were — Foreigners, not naturalized 564 Engaged in agriculture 853 Engaged in manufactures '^184 Engaged in commerce - - - 512 In 1830, the population of the District stood thus: Washington City. Whites Free colored - Slaves Male.'- Fern's- Total 6,581 1,342 1,010 6,798 1,787 1,309 13,379 3,1293,319 18,827 Washington county. without the city. Males, Fera's, Total, Whites Free coloretl - Slaves 1,015 1636U6 712 104 394 1,727 267 1,000 3,994 Population of the District of Columbia, 1840, by caste and pursuit. District of Columbia. AVhites,— Ages, 0to5 OtolO 10 to l5 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total whiles - Males. Femalas- 2,354 1,7551,764 1,728 2,891 1,953 1,201 724312 115 21 22 14,82215,835 30,657 2,394 1,7711,899 2,1)773,030 2,025 1,338 795 412 149 41 11 15,835 COL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. COL Free colored persons,— Ages, Males- Females. In the foregoing are— WhitLi persons who are deaf and dumb, under 14 year* of age - - - - 1 Do- deaf and dumb, 14 to S5 ¦ 5 Do, do, do, over 25 - 2 Do, whole number deaf and dumb 8 Do, blind ... 6 Do, insane and idiots al public charge 1 Do, do, at private charge 13 Whole number of persons employed in- Mining,Agriculture . 384 OtolO 10to24 - 24io36 - 36to5555 to 100 - 100 and upwards 1,168 948562525237 13 1,208 1,466 1,0 J7 813390 16 3,463 4,908 4,908 Total free colored 8,361 Commerce - - . 240 Manufactures and trades - 2,278 Navigation on the ocean - • 126 Do, on canals, lakes, and rivers 80 Learned professions - - 203 Pensioners for revolutionary services - 15 Slaves-— Ages. Males. Females, OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 65 55 to 100 - too and upwards 598747 338 276 96 4 630977498370 158 3 Universities or colleges - - 2 Do, students in - 224 Academies and grammar schools - - 23 Do. students in - 1,389 Primary and common schools 29 Do, scholars in - - - 851 Do, at public charge - - - 482 Total number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write - - - 1,033 Colored persona, free and slaves, who are deaf and 2,058 2,636 2,636 Total slaves 4,691 Do. blind ... 9 Do» insane and idiots at private charge - 4 Do. do do public do - 3 Total aggregate 43,712 Census ofthe District of Columbia, 1830 and 1840 compared.'' Census. White. Free colored. Slaves, Grand Males, Fem's- Total, Males, Fern's, Total. Males, Fem's, Total. total. VVashington in 1840 Do 1830 8,196 6,681 8,647 6,798 16,84313,379 1,949 1,342 2,859 1,793 48083,136 649 1,010 1,064 1,309 1,713 2,319 23,364 18,833 IncreaseDecrease 1,615 1,849 3,464 607 1,066 1,673 361 246 606 4,531 ¦Washington county in 1840 Do 1830 . l,ns8 1,015 861712 1,959 1,727 141163 147 104 288 • 267 465606 357393 822999 3,069 2,993 IncreaseDecrease 83 149 232 22 43 21 141 36 177 76 Georgetown in 1840 Do 1830 2JJ90 3,052 2,834 3,006 5,124 6,058 689 500 814709 1,403 1,209 327516 468 660 785 1,176 7,3128,442 Increase Decrease 762 172 934 89 105 194 188 202 390 1,130 Alexandria in 1840 Do 1830 2,7482,712 3,010 2,969 '6,758 6,681 664566 963 816 1,6271,381 444462 630 739 1,0741,201 8,4598,263 Increase,Decrease 36 41 77 99 147 246 18 109 127 196 Alexandria counly in 1840 Do 1830 490 401 483 401 973 802 110179 125 176 235 356 173 177 127179 300356 1,5081,613 IncreaseDecrease 89 82 171 69 51 120 4 62 56 5 In the District, 1840 Do 1830 , . 14,82213,763 15,835 13,891 30,65727,654 3,463 2,646 4,908 3,617 8.3616,163 2,0582,772 2,636, 3,288 4,694 6,060 43,71239,877 IncreaseDecrease 1,059 1,944 3,003 807 1,391 2,198 714 652 1,366 3,836 From its position Colon centre of a very extensive merce. Formerly the diffe mac were overcome by shoi which answered the purpose down in the spring and i now got over by the Chesa commencing at Georgetown obia is and i rent fal t canals of pass all, TI peake s , and is necessa icreasin s in th aroun ng the lis diffi nd Oh now ni rily Ihe g com- e Poto- d them, iroduce cully is 0 canal ivigable to ab aions,of wa samepassesbafW. Grcitest length E, arid W,, and being 3 tps, wide, the breadlh is 18 ms., area 594 sq. ms. Extending in hit, from N, 40 42 to 40 58, and in, lon. W. C, from 5 45 to 6 23 W. With the exception of a part of ihe two south- easlern tps., this co. is drained by the higher con stituents of Sandusky river. The surface is gene rally flat, but the very gentle slope is northward. Extensive prairies exist, some of which might be called swamps, ft was called for the lamented Col. Crawford, who was burned to death by the savages, on one of its plains, in 1782. It was or ganized in January, 1826, and fhe co, seat fixed at Bucyrus. Pop. in 1830, 4,778; and in 1840, 13,152. Co, of la,, on Ohio, below ils juncl'ion with Great Blue river; bounded by Ohio SE,, by Perry SW., bubois W,, Orange N,, Washington NE,, and Harrison E, ; lengih 22 ms,, mean width 12, area 264; surface hilly, and soil generally pro ductive. Chief lown, Fredonia. Pop. in 1820, 2,583; and in 1840,5,282. Central lat, 38 20 N,, lon. W. C, 9 20 W. Co,, III , bounded by Clark N,, Wabash river E,, Edwifids, Wayne, and Jefferson S,, and Bond W. ; lengih 75 ms,, mean width 35, area 2,625 ; surface par', hilly, and part flat, with much good soil Pop. in 1820, 3,024; and in 1840, 4,422. Central lat. 39°, and lon, 11° W. from W. C, intersect in this co. Co,, Mo,, having Gasconade and Ffaiiklin N., Washington E., Ripley S,, and Pulasti co. and Gasconade river W. 'Phe greater part of Ihe surface is drained northeastwardly by the higher branches of Merrimack river. Chief town, Sleel- ville. Pop, in 1840, 3,561. Crawford's, posl office, Estill co,, Ky,, by post road, 77 ras, SE, from Frankfort. Crawfm-dsv'ille, village, Montgomery co., Ia., 50 ms. SSE. from Indianopolis. Crecy, or Cressy, village of Fr., in the dep, of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Picardy ; remarkable for the victory gained by Edward III.' in 1346. It is 32 ms. S. by E. of Calais. Credit river, U. C, discharges itself inlo Lake Ontario, between the head of that lake and York, in the Mississaga territory. It is a great resort for these and other Indian tribes, and abounds in fish. Credition, town of Eng,, in Devonshire. It has a considerable manufaclure of serges, and is seated between two hills, 12 ms. NW. of Exeter and 181 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 45 W,, lat. 50 41 N. Creegerstown, or Creagerstown, on the Mon- 251 CRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.' CRI ococy creek, Frederick co., Md., on the road from Frederick to Gettysburg, in Pa , 12 ms. from the former and 22 from the latter place. Creek Indians, or, raore correctly, Muscogees, inhabiting the wesiern part of Georgia and E. part of Alabama.Creek. Agency, post office, Crawford co.,Ga., 63 ms. SW. by VV, from Milledgeville. Creetown, small port of Scotland, on the E. side of Wigton bay, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here sev eral sloops are constantly employed in carrying sea- shells coastwise, or importing coal and lime from Cumberland. Creiff, town of Eng., in Perthshire, with an an nual fair for cattle, one of the greatest in Scotland. It is sealed on the Earn, 20 ms. W. of Perth. Creil, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Oise, lale. ly in the province of the Isle of France, seated on the Oise, 5 ms. E. of Senlis. Lon. 2 43 E., lat. 49 13 N. Crema, town of Italy, capilal of Cremasco, wilh a bishop's see. Il is seated on the Serio, 20 ras. N. of Placentia. Lon. 9 50 E., lat. 45 25 N. Cremiu, town of Fr., in the dep. of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny. It is seated at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone, 20 ms. NE. of Vienna. Lon. 5 20 E., lat. 45 44 N. Cremnitz, principal mine-town of Upper Hun gary, 70 ms, NE. of Presburg. Lon. 19 6 E., lat. 48 32 N. . Cremona, town of Italy, capilal of the Cremon- ese, defended by a strong castle. The streets are broad and straight, the houses well built, the churches handsome, and the squares large. It was the see of a bishop, and had an university. It is sealed on the Po, 30 ms. NW. of Parma. Lon. 9 58 E., lat. 45 8 N. Cremonese, territory of Ilaly, in the duchy of Mi. lan ; bounded on Ihe E. by Mantua, on ihe N. by Bresciano, on ihc W. by Cremasco, and on theS. by Parma. It is fertile in wine and fruits. Cre mona is the capital. Crempen, town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, 5 ms. from Hamburgh. Cresapsburg, or Cresapstown, village, Alle ghany CO., Md., on the W. side of Potomac river, 7 ms. SW, of Cumberland, 8 N. of Frankford, and 155 from Washington. Crescentino, town of Piedmont, on the river Po. It was taken by the French in 1704, and by the al lies in 1706. Iti3 20ms.NE. ofTurin. Lon. 8° E., lat. 45 20 N. Crespy, town of Fr., in the dep. of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 32 ms. N W. of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E., lat. 49 10 N. . Crest, town of Fr., in the dep. of Drouse, and late province of Dauphiny, seated on the Drome, 16 m.s, SE of Valence. Lon. 5 26 E., lat, 44 40 N. Crevecseur, town of Fr , in the dep. of the North, and late province of Cambresis, on the Scheldt, 5 ms. S. of Cambray. Lon. 3 20 E., lat. 50 6 N. Town and fort of Dutch Brabant, at the con fluence of the Dommel with the Maese, 4 ms. N W. of Boise-le-Duc. It was taken by the French in 1794, when they overran Holland. Creuse, dep. of Fr., containing the late province of Marche. Gueret is the capital. Creuse river. Part of the Ottoway river is so called above les Atumets. 252 Creutznach, town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, with a castle on an eminence. It has been frequently taken and retaken. It is sealed on the Nahe, over which is a stone bridge, 20 ras. SW. from Mentz. Lon. 7 55 E., lat, 49 44 N. Crewkerne, town of Eng,, in Somersetshire, near a branch of the Parrel, 25 ms. S. of Wells and 132 WSW. of London. Lon. 3° W,, lal, 50 50 N. Crewsmlle, town, Goochland co,, Va., lying on the S. side of South Anna riyer, a branch of the Pamunkey river, 20 ms. SE. of Columbia and 122 from Washington. Crickhowel, town of Wales, in Brecknockshire, on the river Usk, LO ms. SE. of Brecknock and 149 W. by N. ofLondon. Lon. 3 7 W., lat. 51 49 N. Cricklade, borough of Eng., in Wills. It is al most surrounded by the Thames, and is 25 ms. W. by S, of Oxford and 83 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1 50 W., lat. 51 38 N. Crimea, or Crim Tartary, the ancient Taurica Chersonessus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the S. and W. by the Black sea, op the N. by the province of Catharinenslaf, wilh which it commu nicates by the isthmus of Perekop, and on the NE. and E. by the sea of Asoph and the strait of Caffa. The mounlains are well covered with woods fit for the purpose of ship-building, and contain plenty of wild beasts. The valleys consist of fine arable land ; on the sides of the hills grow corn and vines in great abundance; and the earlh is rich in mines. But the mountaineers are as careless and neghgent as the inhabitants ofthe deserts, slighting all these advantages; and, like their brethren of the low lands, are sufficiently happy if they are in posses sion of a fat sheep and as much bread as serves them to eat. In 1783 the Russiaps took posses sion of the country with an army ; the following year it was. ceded lo them by the Turks; and the peaceable possession of the whole was secured to them in 1791, by the cession ofthe fortress of Oc zakow. The Crimea is divided into two parls, by mountains which run E. and W. The N. division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. In the S. parts the valleys are astonishingly productive, and the climate extremely mild, /rom the exclusion of those violent winds hy which the N. division is frequently incommoded. Besides the ports of Kerlh and Jenikale, the road of Caffa, and the harbor of Baluclava, there is, near Sebastapol, one of the finest harbors in the world. The Crimea now forms one of the two provinces of the government of Catharinenslaf, under the name of 'Taurida; in some late maps it is called Taurica. Achmelschet was made the capital in 1785. Crio, cape, ancient Criumetopon promontory, SW. point of the island of Crete. The name means ram's head, and was also applied to the most southern point of the Taurica Chersonessus, now called by the Turks Karadje Bowroun, or " Blapk Nose," or Ajadag, "Holy Mountain." Cria, Big and Little, two points on the N. shore of Lake Superior, U. C., E. of Isle Grange, and surrounded by islands ; between these paints is a noted and safe harbor. Crissu, ancient Crissa, village of Greece, on mount Parnassus. CRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CRO Croatia, formerly a part of the ancient Illyri- cum, now a province of Hungary, bounded on the N. by Sclavonia, on the E. by Bosnia, on the S, by Dalmalia and the Gulf of Venice, and on the VV. by Carniola. The greatest part of it belongs to the house of .\uslria. Carlstadt is the capilal. The people of this country are called Creates. Croghan's. village of Sandusky co. , Ohio, on the E, side of Sandusky river, opposile Fort Stephen son, 98 ms, N. from Columbus, and 18, by water, above the moulh of Sandusky river. Pop. in 1820, 78. Crogan's Gap, postoffice in Cumberl-andco-, Pa. Croia, lown of Albania, with a bishop's see, seated near the Gulf of Venice, 13 ms. NE. of Du razzo. Lon. 19 27 E., lat. 42 6 N. Croisic, or Croisil, town ofFr., now in the dep. of Lower Loire, lately in tho province of Brelagne. It is seated on the Bay of Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 ins. W. of Nantes. Lon. 2 31 W., lat. 47 17 N. Croix, St., river of N. America, which forms the NE. boundary of the United Slates, and falls into the Bay of Fundy. Cromack-water, lake of Eng., in Cumberiand, between the Buttermere water and Lowes-water, with each of which il is connected by the river Crocker. It is 4 ms. long, and near half a mile over ; beautified with 3 small isles, one of them a rock. Cromarty, co. of Scotland, which comprehends part of a peninsula on the S. side of Ihe Frith, to which it gives name. It is bounded on all sides by Ross-shire, except on the E , where il is bounded by the Murray Frith. It is 12 ms. from E. to W-, and 3 in the greatest breadlh. Cromarty, capital of the shire of Cromarty, at the mouth of the Frith of the same name. It is 16 ms. N. of Inverness. Lon. 3 53 W., lat. 57 44 N. Cromer, town of England, in Norfolk, near the German ocean. The inhabitants are now chiefly fishermen, and the best loli.sters on this part of the coast aro taken here. It is 22 ms. N. of Nor wich, and 127 NE. ofLondon. Lon- 1 15 W., lat. 53 0 N. Cromford, village of England, in Derbyshire, on the river Derwent, 2 ms, N. of Wirksworth. Cronach, strong town of Germany, in the bish opric of Bamberg, with a ciladel, 25 ms. NE. of BaraWg. Lon. 11 35 E., lat. 50 27 N. Cronborg, strong fortress of Denraark, on the i,sle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards the passage of the sound. Not far from this is Ham let's garden, said to be the spot where the murdei/ of his father was perpetrated. Lon. 12 54 E., lat. 56 0 N. Cronenburg, town of Germany, in the landgra vate of Hesse Cassel, with a castle. It is seated at the foot of a raountain, 10 ms. N. of Frankfort, on the Maine. Lon. 8 40 E,, lat. 49 55 N. Cronstadt, town and fortress of Russia, on the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland. It has a good harbor, which is the station of the Russian fleet, and great magazines of naval stores, as well as docks and yards for building ships. It is 12 ms. W. of Petersburg. Lon. 29 56 E-., lat. 59 56 N. Crooked, creek of Pa., falls into the Alleghany from the E,, 20 ms. below Kittanning. Crooked Island, island in Ihe group of Baha mas, between Crooked Island passage and Maya- guana pu.ssage. Lon. W. C. 2 40 E., lat. 22 30 N. Crooked Island. Passu ge, NW. from Crooked Islanil, and stretching from the old Bahama Chan nel iro the Atlantic ocean, between Crooked ond Yuma, or Long Island. Crooked Lake, lake ofN. Y., partly in Steuben and partly in Onlario cos. Its outlet is inlo Sen eca lake. Crooked River, Maine, rises in Oxford co,, and, flowing SSE , enters Cumberland co., falls inlo Sebago lake after a course of about 40 ms, Camden co,, Ga,, falls into the Atlantic ocean, be tween the Santilla and Si, Mary's rivers, III., branch of Illinois river, joining that stream from the NW., 75 ms. above ils mouth. Crosby, Ip., lies to the northward of Leeds, and to tho westward of Bastard, U, C, Village in Hancock co.. Me. Tp. in Hamilton co,, Ohio, on the W. side of Great Miami river, opposile Colerain, Pop. in 1820, 1,721. Cro.w Canal, post office in Camden co., N, C, 251 SSE. from W. C, and about 200 NE. by E. from Raleigh. - Cross Cape, NW. coast of America, forming the SE. point of opening into Cross sound. Lon, VV. C, 59 0 W., lat, 68 0 N. Cross Creek, town in Washington go,. P., about 20 ms. NW, from Washington, the countv seat of justice. Pop. in 1820, 1,908. Tp. in Jeffer son CO., Ohio, Pop. in 1820, 1,651. Cross creeks, two creeks flowing into Ohio river : one rises in Washington co,. Pa , and, flowing W. into Brooke co., Va., falls into Ohio river 5 ms. below Steubenville; the other enters directly op posile the preceding from Jefferson co , Ohio. Cross island, on the coast of Maine, at tbe raouth of Machias bay, and forming a part of Washington CO. Lon. W. C. 9 38 E,, lal. 44 30 N. Crass Keys, post office -in Union district, S, C, 75 ms. NNW. from Columbia. Cross Lake, a dilatation of Seneca river, between Onondago and Cayuga cos., iV. Y. Cross Plains, village in the eastern part of Fay ette CO., Ky., 12 ms, SE. from Lexington. Cross River, village in Westchester co,, N. Y.. 20 ms. NNE. from New York cily. Cross Roads, village in New London tp., Ches ter CO., Pa,, between London Grove and Little Britain, near the Maryland line, and about 18 ms. westward from Wilmington, in Del. Village in Kent CO., Md , on the road from Frederick to New Market, Village in Madison co,, Ohio. Cro.ss Siiund, between King George's island and the continent of Norlh America. Lon. W. C. from 58° to 50° W., lal 58° N. Crosswicks, village in Buriington, co , N. J,, ,on Crosswick's creek, 8 ras. SE, of Trenton. Crossen, handsome town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, at the ctmfluence of the rivers Bobar and Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit. The bridge over the Oder is fortified, and it is 35 ms. N W. of Glogaw. Lon. 15 49E., lat. 52 5 N. Croton river, rises in Fairfield co,, Ct., and, after passing into N. Y., falls into the North river, or Tappan bay. 253 CUB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CUR Croton, village ofN. Y,, on the left bank of the Hudson, above the mouth of the Croton river, 4 ms, above Sing Sing, and 6 ms, below Peekskill. Crotona, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, on the Gulf of Taranio, 15 ms. SE. of St, Seve- rina, Lon. 17 27 E., lat. 39 9 N. Crouch, river of Eng,, in Essex, which, rising near Horndon, terminates its course in the Ger man ocean, between Burnham and Foulness island. Crow creek, falls inlo the right side of Tennes see river, 25 ms, below Nickojack, and opposile Crowlown. Crowland, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 11 ms- N. of Pelersborougb, and 93 N- by W- of Lohdon- Lon- 0 10 W., lal. 52 41 N. Crowland, tp,, in the co. of Lincoln, U. C, lies W. of Willoughby, and is watered by Ihe Welland. Crown Point, town of Essex co., N. Y., on Lake Champlain, 12 ms. N. from Ticonderoga. Pop. 1820, 1,522. Lon. W. C. 3 33 E., lat. 44 3 N. Crowsnest, one of the peaks of the Highlands, near Hudson river, N. Y. Elevation above ride water 1,330 feet. Cruwsville, village, Spartanburg district, S, C. Croxton, village in Brush Creek, the exireme norlhern tp. of Jefferson co,, Ohio, aboul 20 ms. NNW. from Steulienvillo, and 16 E. from Car rollton. Croydon, town of Eng., in Surry, near the source of Ihe Wandle, surrounded in a manner wilh hills, and has a hospital and free school, founded by archbishop Whilgift. It is 9 ms. S. from London. Lon. 0 1 W., lal. 51 20 N. Tp., Cheshire co., N. H., 35 ms. NW. from Concord. Pop. 1820, 1,060. I Cruces, town of Colombia, in Panama, on ! Chagre river. Lon, W. C. 2 10 W., lal. 9 20 N. [ Crugerstown. See Creegerstown. 'j CiiusADE, from a cross worn on the shoulders' of those who undertook, in the latter part of the 11th century, to march from Europe to the Holy Land, for the purpose of wresting it from the Ma hometans. These expeditions were reiterated, and the same insignia placed on their coats and ban ners, by European armies marching against infi dels in Asia and Africa, bul also against the Pagan nations of northern Europe, and against the Al bigenses, &c,, amongst Christians. Cruxhaven, small maritime town of Germany, in the N, part of the duchy of Bremen, ,seate[l at the moulh of the Elbe, 70 ms. NW, of Ham burgh, CavpTORAMonB, from Greek kruptos, co;nceal- ed or secret, and gamos, marriage, -used as a bo tanical term for such vegetables whose sexual or gans cannot or have not been discovered. *Mush- roons and truffles are examples. Cuba, island of the West Indies, at the en trance of the Gulf of Mexico, 700 ms, in length, and about 60 in mean width, or 42,000 sq, ms. superficial area. On the E. side it begins at 20 20 N. lat., touches the tropic of Cancer on the N., and extends from 74° to 85 18 W. lon. from London, and from 3° E. to 8° W. from W. C. It lies 60 ms. W. of Hispaniola, 85 ms. N. from Jamaica, 80 ms. lo the E. of Yucatan, and 100 to the S. from Cape Florida. Il commands the- en- 254 trance of the gulfs both of Mexico and Florida, as also the windward passages. It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, The Spaniards are entire masters of it, having extirpated the nalives. The is varied, in part extremely productive. Exten sive savannahs chequer the the interior. A chain of not very elevated mountains ranges nearly iho entire lengih of the island. This ridge is sup. posed to be rich in minerals. The produce is composed chiefly of coffee, sugar, ginger, cassia, wild cinnamon, and very good tobacco, called by the Spaniards cigarros. The hills run ihrough the middle of the island from E, lo W., but near the coast ihe land is generally level, and many rivu- lets flow from the hills to the N. and S. The hundredth part of this island is nol yet cleared. The true plantations are mostly confined lo the beautiful plains of the Havana, Matanzas, anJ near St, Jago. The following statistical notices of Ihe island of Cuba are extracted from an article in ihe Southern Patriot, printed at Charleston, which the editor of thai paper informs us is from the pen of a gentle. man who has had access to the 'best sources of in formation : Property and products. — During the last seven years the average crop has been 300,000 boxes of sugar, of 400 lbs. each, and 25,000,000 lbs. of coffee. When the census was taken in 1801, a note was raade of the number of churches, houses, farms, &c., by which it appears that there were then 204 churches, 42,268 houses, 1,762' farm houses, 623 sugar estates, 779 cnffee plantations, 1,601 tobacco planlations, 830 breeding farms,' 1,193 pastures, 354 beehive faims, 17 cocoa plan tations. Commerce. — In 1803 ihe exports from the Ha vana were estimated by Baron Humboldt al $8,000,000; 158,000 boxes of sugar, which he considered worth $40 per box, 50,000 arrobas of coffee, worth ^5 the arroba, 40,000 arrobas of wax, at $18 the arroba. In 1821 the exports were: 236,669 boxes of sugar, 792,5094 arrobas of coffee, 15,724^ arrobas of wax, 26,6841 arrobas of molasses, 4, 646^ pipes of rum ; showing an in crease in the exports of the island of 78,669 boxes of sugar, 742,509 arrobas of coffee, and a diminu tion of 24,276 arrobas of wax. The number of vessels lhat entered the port of the Havana in 1821 was 1,322, exclusive of 300 small coasters. Of these 385 were Spanish, 65-') American, 128 English, 72 French, 25 Outch, 15 Bremen, 13 Danish, 9 Hamburgers, 6 Portuguese, 5 Swedish, 4 Sardinians, 3 pirates, prizes, 1 Prus' sian, and I Hanoverian. In 182^ there entered 1,396 vessels, of which 386 were Spanish, 669 American, 1 18 English, 62 French, 18 Dutch, 12 Hamburgers, 7 Bremen, 6 Danish, 7 Portuguese, 4 Swedes, 2 pirates, prizes, 2 Sicilians, 1 Oldenburger, 1 Sardinian, and 1 Columbian, a prize. Population. — In 1805 the island of Cuba con tained to Baron de Humboldt, 432,000 inhabi tants, of which there were — Whites ... 162,000 Free colored - - 90,000 Slaves - 180,000 432,000 CUB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CUB From 1804 to 1817 there were imported, slaves - 95,000 Which, added to the number of slaves existing in 1804 - 108,000 203,606 The slave populalion, according the cen sus of 1817- - 199,145 1820 1821 1822 1823 18241825 692,840717,089 740,700766,624793,400 821,000 Loss - 4,401 By the census taken in 1817, it appears that the populalion then amounted lo 625,099 inhabitants, of which 259,260 were whites, 108,057 free col ored persons, and 199, 145 slaves. The island is divided inlo Iwo provinces, under the present government, Havana and Cuba. The province of Havana, lately erected inlo a bishop ric, comprehends Malanzas, Trinidad, Santo Es- pirita, Remedios, and Villa Clara, It contains a jiop. of 431,377, of which 197,678 are whiles, 58,506 free colored persons, 126,213 slaves, 14,- 000 troops, and 25;000 transient. The province of Cuba comprehends the districts of Santiago de Cuba, Bayamo, Holgium, Baracoa, and Puerli) Principe, and contains a pop. of 193,702 iiihahilants; of which 59,722 are whites, 57,135 free colored persons, 63,071 slaves, 4,430 troops, and 9,286 transient persons. The number of African slaves imported, from the year 1800 lo 1821, amounts to 175,054. The cily of Havana, by tbe census of 1817, contained within the walls 140,618 inhabilanls, including transient persons. Of those, 37,885 were whites, 9,010 fiee colored, 12,361 free blacks, 2.542 colored slaves, 21,799 black slaves; 83,598 permanent population of the city and sub urbs.The annual consumption of the same is eslimalcd at - - • $4,489,000 The value of articles wrought up, as bricks, &c., at - 318,776 Value of Ihe produce exported, al - 13,658,961 Revenue. — The annual receipts from cuslom-house amount to about -$2,400,000 From direct taxes - 1,000,000 Expenses 3,400,000 3,643,868 Deficit - - 243,868 According to Baron Humboldt, in 1804 the revenue of ihe whole island produced $2,300,000, and the deficit was made up by an annual supply from Mexico of $1,326, 000- The doalhS in 1821, in ihe Havana, were 2,340 whites, 2.126 blacks and colored persons — tnlal 4,460. Births in the same year, 4,326. The excess of deaths to births is owing lo the num ber of strangers and negroes imported, who die of the black vomit. From the pieceding elements, it is shown that the pop- of this very important island increased from 1805 until 1817, from 432,000 to 625,099. This increment is very nearly al the rale of 3^ per cent.; and, adopting thia ratio, the pop, of Cuba was, in 1818 646,875 1819 - 669,415 Similar lo every large section of America, the island of Cuba itt only commencing lo be peopled. The aggregiile given in the preceding lable for 1825, only supposes about 20 to the sq. ni. Cuba would amply support 200 lo the sq. m-, or admit a pop. of 7 or 8 millions. Jamaica, in 1812, had a collective pop, of 80 lo a sq, ni. ; and at this ratio Cuba would have 2,800,000 inhaliilanis. Though from climate and soil the productions of Cuba may be considered as comprising nearly all the tropical plants, yel il is probable coflee will continue to be the principal vegetable slaple. In fluenced by the intrinsic value of this island, and the paucity of general information on the subject, I have given place to a succinct account of coffee cullivalion in Cuba. — Nat. Int., Nov. 13lh, 1824. Commerce of the Island of Cuba. — Very full and precise slatemenls of the commerce and finances of the Island of Cuba are annually pub lished by the government of that flourishing col ony, which exhibit a flatteringpictureof its wealth and resources. Total amount of imports - $15,198,465 45 Tolal amount of exports - 13,595,017 81 Of tlie importations, $3,576,706 99 were from Spanish ports, and in Spanish vessels, (excepting $725,019 62 at Havana, and $19,820 at Manlan- zas, in foreign vessels,) Of the remaining $1 1,- 621,7-')8 25, $796,512 12 was in deposit for entry inlo Havana, the balance frora foreign ports, as follows: In Spanish vessels, $3, 178,596 31 ; from Ihe Uniled Stales, $3,542,935 37; Hanseaiic ci ties, $1,618,806 63; England, $l,257-,9fi4 18; France, $805,824 43; Belgium and Holland, S299,3'J0 56; Portugal, $52,241 25; Ilaly, $35,643 31; Denmark, $32,745 06; Sweden, $1,098. Of Ihe cxportations $2,173,537 61 were to Spanish ports and in Spanish vessels, (excepting $10,631 81 from St. Jago, and $9,735 87 fiom Havana in foreign vessels.) Of the remaining $11,421,480 20, $737,009 75 was in deposit for export at Havana, the balance to foreign ports, as follows: In S(iaiii.-h vessels, $993,404 19; U. States, $3,108,466 43 ; Hanseaiic cities, $2,104,- 476 68; England, $2,101,ti86 50; Russia, $1,- 072,479 06 ; Belsiuin and Holland, $486,3:36 50 ; Italy, $371,123 06 ; France, $360,999 75 ; Swe den, $52,661 50; Poriugal, $22,451 87; Den mark, $11,159 87; Turkey, $1,225. Importation — National commerce $3,576,703 00 Foreign " 10,825,246 12 On dejiodit for entry 796,512 13 Exportation — 16,198,465 25 National com merce $2,173,537 62 Foreign com- meice 10,684,470 44 On deposit for export 737,009 75 13,59.5,017 81, Balance 1,603,447 44 255 CUB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CUL The number of different vessels of different na tions which entered the different ports in the Island in 1832 was 1,842, of which 982 at Havana, 267 at Matanzas, 250 at St. Jago, 1.54 at Trinidad, and olher potts 189. 886 were American, 673 Spanish, 107 English, and the remaining 176 of 12 other nations. The number which has sailed from the ports in the Island in the same period, 1,731. The amount of duties on imports for the same period, was $3,880, 103 81 ; on exports, $912,- 074 94.— Tolal $4,792,178 75. Imports — From Spain, gold and silver, $58,704 ; provisions, $^87,412; bread-stuffs, $644,943; li quors, $923,127; manufactures, $815,968 ; other articles, $446,553,— Tolal, $3,576,707, From the United States, gold and silver, $374,045 ; pro visions, $1,815,453; bread-stuH's, $183,063; li quors, $97,413; manufactures, $777,275; other articles, $29.5,687.— Tolal, $3,542,936. Frora the Hanseaiic cities, gold and silver, $2,069; provisions, $20,609; liquors, $80,206 ; raanufac- tures, $1,390,100; olher articles; $125,222,— Total, $1,618,806. From England, gold and sil ver, $31,443; provisions, $19,535; bread-stuffs, $2,650; liquors, $47,572; manufactures, $1,019,- 211 ; olher arricles, $137,553.— Total, $1,257,- 964. From France, gold and silver, $8,500; pro visions, $46,537; liquors, $299,273; manufac tures, $367,455 ; other articles, $84,059. — 'I'olal, $805,824- From Belgium and Holland, gold and silver, $1,424; provisions, $5.5,058; liquors, $36,157; manufactures, $169,566; other articles, $37,185.— Total, $299,390. From Portugal, provisions, $50,088; liquors, $1,985; manufac tures, $168. — Total, $52,241. From Italy, pro visions, $12,558 ; liquors, $9,176 ; manufactures, $8,956; other articles, $4,953. — Total, $35,643. From Denraaik, gold and silver, $9,835 ; provis ions, $5,306; bread-stuff's, $6,642; manufac tured, $8,072; other articles, $2,790. Total, $32,745. From Sweden, raanufac^jjres, $1,098. Exports — To Spain, produce, $1,225,888 ; gold and silver, $570,526; other articles, $371,- 123,— Total, $2,173,507, To the United States, produce, $2,902,345; gold and silver, $92,203; other articles, $113,919.— Tolal, $3,108,466. For more recent document on the Island of Cuba, see art- West Indies. Cuba, post office, Alleghany co., N. Y-, posl road 290 ms- SW. by W. of Albany. Vil lage, Clinton CO., Ohio, 5 ms. S. of Wilmington, the CO. seat, and 45 ms. NE. by E. from Cincin nati. Cily of the Island of Cuba- — See St. Jago, Cuba, or Aicuba, town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, 36 ms. S. by E. of Evora. Lon. 7 10 W., lat. 38° N. Cubatiua, barren island of S. America, be tween that of Margaretla and Terra Firma, where the Spaniards, in 1509, established a fishery of pearls. Lon. W. 0. 12 10 E., lat. 10 25 N. Cuban, large river, formed by the junction of many streams that rise in the countries between the Black sea and the Caspian. It divides the Abkhas and Circassians from part of Caucasus. The Cuban falls into the sea of Asoph by one mouth, and into the Black sea by another. The island of Jenicale lies between those outleto and forms the eastern side of the straits of Caffa. The 256 straits themselves have been evidently formed by tbe alluvian of the Cuban. This river has a com parative Course of NW. by W. aboul 300 ms. ' Cuban, or, Cuban Tartary, couniry of Asia, in the Russian province of Caucasus, bounded on the W. by the sea of Asoph, on the N. by the river Don, which separates it from Europe, on the E. by the deseit of Astracan, and on ihe S. by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia, and the country of the Abkhas. Cuckfield, town of Eng., in Sussex, 13 ms, NW. of Lewes, and 40 S. by W. of London. Lon. 12' W., lat. 51 4 N. Cuddalore, town on the coast of Coromandel, belonging to the English, very near the place where Fort St. David once stood. It is naturally a strong situation. It wag once taken by the French, in 1781 ; and in 1783 it stood a severe sii-ge against the English, which was ended by the inteUigence received of peace. It is 80 ms. S. of Madras. Lon. 79 45 E.. lat. 11 41 N, Cuddapa, town of the peninsula of Hindoos tan, ceded by Tippo Sultan to the Nizam of the Deccan. Il is sealed on the Pennar, 95 ms- W. by N. of its entrance at Gangapotnam inlo the bay of Bengal, and 140 NW, of Madras. Lon, 78 47 E., lat. 14 3 N. Cuenca, town and province of Colombia, in Quilo. The province lies' between Piura, Jaen and Guayaquil. Tbe town stands a short distance E. from the Gulf of Guayaquil on the road from Valladolid to Quito, 120 ms. SW- from the latler. Pop. 15,000. Lon. W. C. 2 16 W,, lat. 2 55 S. Cuenza, town of Spain, in New Castile, ou the river Xucar, 74 ms, E. by S. of .Madrid. Lon. 1 55 W., lat. 40 7 N. - Cuernavaca, ancient Quanhuahuac, city of Mexico, in the slate of Mexico, on the south de clivity of the Cordillera, of Guchilaque, in a tem- peiate and delicious climate, where the fruils of soulhern Europe como to full maturity. Eleva tion above the Pacific ocean 5,4-28 leel. Lon- W. C. 22° W., lat. 18 50 N,, about 40 ms. SSW. from Mexico. ¦Cuiaba, town of Brazil, in Ihe captain general. ship of Mattagrosso, on a branch of Paraguay river. Lon. W. C. 21° E-, lat- 15 30 S. Culebras, river of Veragua, falling into the Caribbean sea. Culembach, town of Franconia, capital of a margravate of the same name. It is seated on the Maine, 25 ms. NE. of Bamberg. Lon. 11 33 E,, lat, 50 11 N. Culemburg, town of Dutch Guelderland, on the river Leek, 12 ms. SE. of Utrecht, Lon, 5 12 E , lat, 51 58 N. Culiacan, town of the State of Sonora Sina loa, in the republic of Mexico, opposile the south end of California, Lon, 10 85 W., lat. 24° N. Cullen, small lown of Scotland, on the coast of Bamfl'shire, 40 ms. NW. of Aberdeen. Near it are seen thiee lofty spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the Three Kings of Cullen. Lon, 2 40 W., lat. 57 40 N. Culliton, town of Eng., in Devonshire, seated on the Cully, 17 ms. SE, of Exeter, and 154 W, by S, ofLondon, Lon, 3 6 W,, lal, 50 46 N. Cullodm, village in Scotland, 3 ms. E. of In verness. CUM GEOGRAPHICAL DICFIONARY CUM Cullodens, post office, Monroe co,, Ga,, 68 ms. SW, from Milledgeville. Cullumpton. See Cullumbton. Culm, town of Western Prussia, near the Vis tula, 60 ms. S. of Danlzic. Lon. 18 30 E,, lat, 53 24 N. Culmore, town of Ireland, in the co, of Lon donderry, on the coast of Loughfoyh-, 5 ras. N. of Londonderry. Lon. 7 3 W,, lat 55 8 N. Culpeper, co, of Va., bounded by Orange S., Madison SW., the Blue Ridge or Shenandoah NW., Fauquier NE, and E,, and Spotsylvania SE. Length 30 ms, ; mean width 18 ; area 540 sq, ms. Surface pleasantly diversified by hills, valleys, and mountains, with much excellent soil. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, Fairfax. Pop, 1820, 20,942; in 1840, 11,393; bul, including the population of Rappahannock, (9,257,) cut off' from Culpeper subsequent to 1830, Ihe aggregate would be 50,650 in 1840, Lat. 38 30 N. and lon. W, C, 1° W. intersect in this CO. Court house and post office, Culpeper CO., Va. ; by post road 77 ras. SW. from W. C. Culross, borough of Scotland, on the Frith ol Forth, in a tract of country between Clackinanan- shire and Kinrosshire, which is reckoned an ap pendage of the CO. of Perth. Lon 3 34 W., lat. 56 4 N. Cumana, province of Colombia, on the Carib bean sea, bounded by that sea N., the Gulf of Pa ra and the Atlantic ocean NE-, S. by Guayana, and W. by V^enezuela. See Colombia. Cumana, city and capital of the province of Cumana, near the Gulf of Curaico, on a sandy plain- This place, like Caraccas, is subject to earthquakes. Lon. W. C. 12 50 E., lal. 10 40 N. Cumanacoa, town of Cumana, 40 ms. S. from Cumana. Cumberland, co. of Eng., bounded on the N. by Scotland, on the E by Northumberland, Dur ham, and VVe,tmoreland, on the S. by Lancashire, and on the W, by the Irish sea and Solway Frith. The length frora N. lo S. may amount lo 55 ms but the breadth does not exceed 40. It is well watered with rivers, lakes, and fountains, but none of ils streams are navigable. In some places there are very high mounlains. The air is keen and pierqing on these mountains, towards the N., and the climate is moist, as in all hilly countries. The country produces great quantities of coal, some lead, abundance of the raineral earth called black lead, several mines of lapis calaminaris, and an in considerable pearl fishery on the coast near Ra venglass. The Skiddaw is the principal moun tain, and the chief rivers are the Eden and Der went. The lakes in Cumberland are the Derwent Water, Bossenlhwaite Water, Buttermere Water, Cromack Water, Lowes Water, Uls Water, West Water, Ennerdale Water, Elder Water, Broad Waler, &c. Carlisle is the capilal. Pop. 1801, 117,230; in 1811, 133,744; in 1821, 156,124, Cumberland, co, of Me , bounded by the Atlan tic ocean SE , by Saco river or Vork SW., Ox ford NW. and N,, Androscoggin and Kennebec rivers NE. and E, Lengih 36 ras,, mean width 28 ; area about 1,000 sq, ms, ; surface greatly va- rietl — the seacoast being broken by deep bays and chequered by numerous islands ; the interior hilly, 33* though interspersed by several lakes, of which Sebacook or Sebago is the principal. Soil pro ductive in pasturage, though in general rather sterile. Chief town, Portland. Pop. in 1820, 49,445; 1830,60,113'; 1840,68,658, Lat, 43 45 N. and lon. W. C, 6 45 E. intersect in thia counly. Cumberland, co. of N. J., bounded by Dela ware bay S, and SW,, Salem NW., Gloucester NE,, and Cape May SE, Length 30 ms,, mean width 15 ; area 450 sq, ms. Surface generally flat, and soil sandy. Chief town, Greenwich, Pop, 1820, 12,668; 1840, 14,374, Cent, lat. 39 20, lon. 2° E. W. C- Cumberland, co- of Pa-, bounded by York and Adams SE,, Franklin SW., Perry NW, and N,, and Susquehanna river NE, Length 34 ms,, mean width 16 ; area 545 sq, ms. This country lies in the fine valley between Soulh and North raountains, and is watered by the Conedogwinet creek. The SE side of the valley is based on liraestone, and NW- on clay slale. The surface is gently hilly, and soil productive in grain, pas turage, and fruit. Staples, wheal, rye, oats, flour, whiskey, apples, cider, peach and apple brandy, live stock, and salted provisions- Chief town, Carlisle- Pop. 1820, 23,606 ; in 1840, 30,953. Central lal. 40 10, lon. 15 W. W. C- Cumberland, village and seat of justice, Alle ghany CO., Md., on the left bank of Potomac river, on both sides of the mouth of Wills's creek, 135 ms, NW, by W. from Baltimore, and 70 SE, from Brownsville, on Monongahela river. At Cumberland the U- S, road commences. This village is 537 feet above the level of the Atlantic tides. It is neat and well built, and contains many dwelling houses. Pop. 1,000. Lal.' 39 38 N,, lon. W". C. 1 46 W. This place hais rapidly in creased within a few years. Il is already reached by railroad from Baltimore and W. C, where tho cars meet the western stages. When the canal along the Potomac is completed, a great addi tional importance will be given to this town. Cumberland Head, peninsula on the north side of Lake Champlain, in Clinton co. Cumberland, co. of Va., bounded by Amelia and Prince Edward SE. and S., Buckingham NW,, James river or Goochland NE., and Pow hatan E. Length 32, mean width 10 ms, ; area 320 sq, ms. Surface hilly, and soil varied in quality. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, Carterville. Pop. 1820, 11,023; in 1840, 10,400, Central lat, 37 25 N,, lon. W, C, 1 10. W. Cumberland, tp, U, C, and lies partly in ihe CO, of Stormont, and partly in Dundas, and is the sixlh tp. in ascending the Ottawa river, Co. of New Brunswick, at the head of the bay of Fun dy. Bay, between Cumberland Head and the mouth of the Saranac river, Clinton co,, N, Y. Plattsburg stands at the head of this bay, at the mouth of the Saranac, Tp,, and extensive manufacturing district, in Providence, R, I, Pop, in 1810, 2,110; in 1820, 2,653, Tp., in Adams co.. Pa. Pop. 1820, 1,022. Tp., in Greene CO,, Pa. Pop. ISIQ, 1,591; and in 1820, 1,731. Cumberland Valley, tp. in Bedford co.. Pa. Pop. 1810, 570; in 1820, 683. 257 CUM GEOGRAPHICAJ> DIG I'lONARY. CUR Cumberland, C. H. and post office, Cumber land CO., Va., 56 ms. W. from Richmond. Town of New Kent co., Va,, on the Panumkey river, 65 ms. ENE. from Richmond.— ^Co. of N. C,, bounded by Robeson and Bladen S., Moore and Chatham NW., Wake N., Johnson NE., and Sampson E. ; length 50, mean width 30 ms; area 950 sq. ms. ; surface hilly ; soil of middling qual ity ; staples, grain, flotir, tar, turpentine, and to bacco. Chief town, Fayetleville. Pop. in 1820, 14,546; and in 1840, 15,284. Cent. Iat. 35 10 N., W. lon. W. C. 2°. Co. of Ky., bounded by Tennessee S., Barren W., Adair N., and Wayne E. ; length 47, mean width 22 ins. ; area 1,034 sq. ms. Chief town, Burkville. Pop. in 1820, 8,058. Central lat. 36 40, W. lon. W. C. 8°. Town, O,, on Buffaloe Fork of Wills's creek, southweslern part of Guernsey co., O., 16 ms. S. of Cambridge, and on the road thence to McCon nellsville. Island on the coast of Ga, , extending from Santilla to St. Mary's river. It is generally a level sandy plain, but vi'ith some fertile spots. This island lies between lal. 30 42 and 30 58 N,, having Cumberland sound S,, and St. Andrew's sound N. It is a part of Camden co. Cumberland, river, rises on the western slopes of Cumberland mountain, and flows nearly W., through Knox, Whitley, Pulaski, Wayne, and Cumberland cos,, in Ky. ; turns to SW. and en ters Tennessee, through which it flows by a gene ral wesiern course, though curving consiilerably to the S. After having traversed or bounded in Ten nessee, the COS. of Jackson, Smith, Wilson, Sum mer, Davidson, Robertson, Moijtgomery, Dickson, and Stewart, the Cumberland turns nearly N. and re-enters Ky., passing through the cos. of Chris tian, Caldwell, and Livingston, and finally enters the Ohio river, 11 ms. above the mouth of Tennes see. The Cumberland by comparalive courses flows in Upper Ky. 220 ras. ; in Tennessee 170; and in Lower Ky., 50 ; having an entire compara tive course of 440 ras., upwards of 350 of which are navigable at nearly all seasons. Cumberland, East, lown, CumberlanU co.. Me,, 9 ms. SSE. from Portland. Cumberland Ford, post office, Knox co., Ky,, 138 ms. SSE. from Frankfort. Cumberland Furnace, post office, Cumberland CO., N. J., by post road 83 ms. S. from Trenton. Cumberland Gap, post office, Claiborne co., Tennessee, 180 ras. NE. by E, from Murfreesboro. Cumberland House, one of the Hudson's Bay Company factories on Saskatchawaine river, at the outlet of Pine Island lake. Lon. W. C. 25° W., lat. 54° N. Cumberland Hill, post office. Providence co., R. I,, 12 ms. N, from Providence. Cumberland, Mountains, one of the ridges of the Appalachian chain, and the continuation, in Va,, Ky., and Tenn., of the Laurel mounlains of Pa. As a separate ridge, Cumberland mountain dis tinctly commences SW. from the Great Sandy river, and following a direction of nearly SW., separates Ky. from 'Va., and entering Tenn. trav erses that State, and entering Ala., crosses Tennes see river, and gradually terminates in the N. part of Alabama. Cumbray, Great and Little, two islands of Scot., in the Frith of Clyde, to the E. of the isle 258 of Bute. The former is remarkable for its excel lent freestone quarries, and the ruins of an ancient cathedral, dedicated to St. Columba. Cummington, town, Hampshire co,, Mass., 20 ms, NW. from Northampton. Pop. in 1810, 1,009; and in 1820, 1,060. Cumree, tp-, Berks co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 2,017; in 1820, 2,462. Current, tp., Lawrence co., Arkansas. Pop, in 1820, 422. Cunningham, most northerly division of Ayr shire, Scot. The NW. angle of this dislrici, though mountainous, afi'ord,i rich pasturage, Ils chief lown is Irvin. Cunningham'a island, situaled at the western end of Lake Erie, and southeasterly from the Bass islands. State of Ohio. Cunningham's, post office, Washington co., Ky,, post road 44 ms. SSW. from Frankfort. Cunningham's Store, post office. Person co,, N. C, post road 64 ras. NNW. from Raleigh. Cupar in Angus, small town of Scot., in Forfar shire, wholly employed in the manufacture of linen cloth. Cuper, royal borough of Scot,, in Fifeshire, and the CO. lown. Il is seated in a rich valley on the N. side of the Eden, 8 ms, WSW. of St. An drew's. Lon. 2 55 W., lat. 56 15 N. Curagoa, island oft' the coast of Colombia, in the Carribbean sea, 30 ms. long and 10 broad. It is a barren spot, destitute of fresh water, and im portant as a commercial station. Central Ion. W. C. 8 20 E., lat. 12 5 N. Curdistan, country of Asia, seated between the Turkish empire and Persia, lying along the eastern coast of the river Tigris, and comprehending great part of ancient Assyria. Il is the Carduchi of Xenophon. Some ofthe inhabitants live in lowns and villaJres, and others rove from place lo place, having tents like the wild Arab-s, and being robbers like them. Their religion is partly Christianity and partly Mahoraetanisra, but they are very loose in regard to either. Recent information has given great interest to Curdistan, which renders necessary a raore ample notice. — See Koordistan. CuiiPEW, from \Norman I'r. couvre-feu, cover- fire! The term comes from an order of William, the Conquerer, under which, at a certain hour, gen erally 8 in the evening, bells were rang, when the inhabitants were compelled to cover up their fire and retire to rest. Gray's elegy has immortalized the term in English liteiature. — "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." Curia-Maria, an island on the coast of Arahia Felix, opposile the mouth of the river Prim. Lon. 55 25 E-, lat- 17° N. , Curice, town of Chili, on the road from Chullaa to Santiago. Lon. W. C. 6 10 E., lat, 34 35 S, Curiches Haff, a bay of Polish Prussia. It is in reality the outlet or estuary of the Memel, and reaches about 70 ras. from Labiau to Memel. Curin, ancient Cyrene, tp. and seaporl of Africa, on the Mediterranean. N. lal. 32 25, lon. 21° E. London. It stands very nearly at mid-dis tance between Alexandria, in Egypt and Tripoli, and about 500 ms. air line from each. Curlins, post office, Halifax co., N. C, post road 91 ms. NE. from Raleigh. , Currant River, Missouri, one of the wesiern CUT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CUZ confluents of Ihe Black river, branch of White river. Currituck, co., N. C, bounded by Va, N., Atlantic ocean E,, Albemarle sound S,, and Pas quotank W, ; lengih 42 ms,, mean width 10; area 420 sq. ms. Surface level, and soil generally sandy and barren. Pop. in 1820, 8,098 ; in 1840, 0,703. Central lat. 36 10, lon. W. C, 1° E, C. H. and post office, Currituck co., N. C, 40 ms. SSE, from Norfolk, in Va,, and by thepu.it road 243 ms. NE. by E. from Raleigh.' Currituck. Inlets, two openings, between three islands, into Currituck co., N. C. Curcoliers, a group of small islands of Livadia, in the Gulf of P.itras, ancient Echinades Insulte, Cunvinsville, village, Clearfield co,, Pa., 7 ms, SW. from the borough of Clearfield. Curzola, island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, ancient Corcyra Nilra, about 20 ms. long. It belongs to Austria, and has a lown of the same name. Lon. 17 15 E,, lat. 36° N. ¦ Capital of the island of Curzola. Lon. 17 6 E,, Iat, 43 12 N. Cashing, tp,, Lincoln co.. Me., situated on St. George's river, about 50 ms. NE. of Portland. Pop. in 1810, 532; in 1820, 600. Cussewago Creek, branch of French creek, which it joins al Meadville. Cussewago, tp,, Crawford co.. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 642.' Cushai, river of N. C, which falls into Albe marle sound. Cusset, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Allier, lately in the province of Bourbonnois, 17 ms. N. of Roanne. Lon. 4 5 E., lat. 46 17 N. Custrin, capital ofthe new marche of Branden burg, at the confluence of the Oder and Warta, 46 ms. E, by N. of Beriin. Lon, 14 40 E., lat. 52 40 N. Cusa Leuvu, river of South America. Il rises in the Andes mountains, and in the province of Mendoza, and, assuming a SE. course, separates the United provinces of La Plata from Patagonia, , and, after a comparative course of about 600 ms., falls into the Atlantic ocean at S. lat, 41°, be tween the mouth of the Colorado and the bay of St, Mathias. Cutahogue, post office, Suffolk co., N, Y,, on Long Island, 58 ms, E, from the city of N. York. Cutais, capital of Imeritia, and the residence of its sovereign. The remains of its cathedral seem to prove that it was once a considerable place, but it now scarcely deserves the name of a village. Lon. 43° E,, lat, 43 35 N. Cutch, island and district of Indostan, situated between the delta ofthe Indus river and the penin sula of Guzerat, having the province of Sinde NW. and N., Marwar NE., the Guicowar E,. Gulf of Cutch S., and the Indian ocean W. The run of Cutch, which separates it from Sinde, is rather an immense salt raarsh than a gulf. From the NW. it receives part of the surplus water of the Indus, and into the eastern part is discharged the Loony, Puddar, and other smaller rivers. Some part of Cutch is fertile, but generally the country is sterile. Extent from W. to E. 180 ms., mean breadth about 50. The tropic of Can cer traverses the northern side of Cutch. Bhooj, situated near the cenire, is its capital. Cutch Gundava, easiern district of Beloochis tan, and W. of the Indus river, comjirising a part of the valley between the two main chains of the Solyman mounlains. Il is drained by a stream we may call the river of Gundava, and which, issuing from the valley through a mountain gorge, falls into the Indus at Sehwun. N. lat. 29° passes nearly centrically over Gundava. Cultock, dislrict of Hindoston, in Orissa, S. from Bengal, and between the Bay of Bengal ami a range of mountains. In ihis country is the fa mous temple of Juggernaut. It lies between lal. 19° and 22° N. Cuyahoga, river of O,, rises in Geauga co,. flows SW. into Portage, in which it turns firist W., and on the W. border ofthe county, nearly N., enters Cuyahoga co., and falls into Lake Erie at Cleve land, after a comparative course of 80 ms. This river forms a part of l|he natural channel through which the grand central canal of Ohio has been formed. Cuyahoga, co. of Ohio, bounded E. by Geauga, SE. by Portage, by Medina S,, Lorain W., and Lake Erie N, and NE. Lengih, directly E. and W., 30 ms,, but along ils Lake Erie border, about 42 or 43 ms., the area 550 sq. ms. The progres sive pop, of this CO, is rather remarkable, even in Ohio; ISIO, 1,495, in 1820, 6,328, 'in 1830, 10,361, again in 1840, 26,506. County seat Cleveland. The whole co. belongs lo the I,ake Erie slope, the descent rapid, as is fully shown in the Ohio canal, by the great difference of height between the Cuyahoga aqueduet, in NW. angle of Portage co., and Cleveland, General aspect hilly, soil tolera bly good. On the wesiern side the co. is traversed in a norlhern direction by Rock ridge. The lo cally very important stream of Cuyahoga traverses also northerly, and divides the co, into two not very unequal sections ; the eastern part is also traversed northerly by Chagrin river. In lat, it extends from 41 16 to 41 40 N,, and lon. from 4 26 to 4 58 W. of W. C. Cuyahoga, falls'and village, Talmadge tp.. Por tage CO., Ohio. Here are the great falls in Cuya hoga river, aboul 240 feet, affording an immense waler power, which has already been made availa- able in part ; however, only a small part. The Pa. and Ohio canal passes this village, and joins the Ohio canal, 4 ms. distant at Akron. It is al ready a place of great and increasing business. In its vicinity exist the only stratum yet found, on the Erie slope of Ohio, of raineral coal. This stratum is now extensively worked. Cuyo, province of the united provinces of Ija Plata, in Peru, bounded by the Andes W. Cuzco, town of Peru, forraerly the residence of the Incas. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, and is built in a square form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America ; 4 large streets terminate in the square, which are all as straight as a line, and regard the four quarters of the world. It contains 8 large parishes and 5 re ligious houses, and the number of inhabitants is about 50,000, of which three-fourths are the ori ginal Americans. Streams of water run through the town, which are a great convenience in so hot a country, where it seldom rains. It is 320 mi;, S: of Lima. Lon, 73 47 W,, lat. 12° S. 259 czo GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DAH Cuzumel, small island in the Caribbean sea, E. from the coast of Yucatan. Lon. W. C. 8 20 W., lal. 19° N. Cylades, ancient name of the Grecian islands, SE. from Attica, and so called ,from lying round the island of Delos. The principal of these is lands, advancing from the N., were Andros, Teno, Myconus, Rhrenea, Delos ; to the W. were Sy- ros, Ceos, Cythnus, Seriphus, Syphnus, and Mc- los; and to the S, from Delos were Naxos, Paros, Amorgos,- and Astypalaea, Cynthianna, village on the S. fork of Licking river, 36 ms. NE. by E. from Frankfort, and 34 NNE. from Lexington. This place is the seat of justice for Harrison co. Pop. 1840, 978. Village on Loranie's creek, northwestern part of Shelby co., Ohio, 12 ms. westward of Sidney, the county seat, and about 20 ms. NE. of Greenville, in Darke co. Cyprus, island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Syria. The soil is an excellent fertile clay, and if the nalives were industrious, they might make it a paradise. The exports of the is land are silk, wool, and wine. Nicosio is the cap. ital. Cyr, St,, village of France, 2 ms. from Ver sailles. Cythianna, village Posey co., by post road 202 ms. SE. from Indianapolis. Czackthurn, strong place of Austria, between the rivers Drave and Muhir, 100 ms. S. of Vien na. Lon. 17 10 E,, lat. 46 44 N. CzAK,or Tzar, applied now only to the Emper or of Russia, but it is probable lhat the common derivation, from Csesar, is erroneous. As a suffix it is fully supported by analogous connexion that it is the same title found in Nebuchadnezar, Bel- teshezar, Nebu-zar-aden, &c. Czaslau, town of Bohemia, capilal of a circle of the same name. Here is the highest tow er in Bohemia. It is seated on the river Croden- ka, 40 ms. SE. of Prague. Lon. 15 33 E., lat. 49 50 N. Czenstokow, town of Poland, in Cracovia, on the river Watte, 50 ras. N. by W. of Cracow. Lon. 19 15 E., lat. 50 48 N- Czercaaai, town of Russia, in the Ukraine, near the JDnieper, 85 ms. SE. of Kiow. Lon. 32 5 E., lat. 49° N. Czernic, town of Carniola. It is remarkable for its lake, which is 15 ms. in lengih, and 5 in breadth, and produces fish and corn every year; for when the waters fall from the mountains it be comes full, and abounds with fish, and after some time it sinks into the earth, and then it is cultivat ed, and produces grass and corn. .\ similar rou tine of phenomena occurs in several lakes in Lou isiana. See Ocatahoola, Black, Spanish, S^c, takes. Lon, 15° E., lal. 46 6 N. Czemikou, town of Russia, capilal of a duchy ofthe same name, on the Dezna, '70 ms. N. by E of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E., lat. 51 29 N., Czerako, town of Poland, on the Vistula, 20 ms. NW. of Warsaw. Lon. 21 31 E., lat. 52 26 N. . Czongrodt, town of Hungary, capital of a terri tory of the same name, at the confluence of the Teisse and Keres, 13 ms. N, of Sagedin, Lon. 30 54E., lat 46-36 N. 260 D. Dabul, town of ^he Deccan of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, 75 ms. S. by W, of Bombay, Lon. 72 50 E., lat. 18° N. Dacca, city of Hindooslan proper, on the E, quarter of Bengal, bettveen the Ganges and Bra- raapootra, about 100 ms, NE. of Calcutta. It has, or had, a vast trade in muslins, and manufac tures* the most delicate ones among those which are most sought after in Europe; the cotton is produced within the province. Dacca is situated 100 mS. above the mouth of the Ganges, and 180 by the road from Calcutta. As the latler rose, the former declined. Lon, 90 25 E., lat. 23 55 N. Dachaw, town of Bavaria, on a mountain near the river Amber, 10 ms. NW. of Munich. Lon, 11 30 E., lal. 48 20 N. Dacheet, river of Ark. and Lou., rises in the former, and, flowing S. into the latter, falls into the head of Lake Bistineau. Daehslein, town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of AlsaOe. Lon. 7 45 E., Iat. 48 35 N. Dafar, or Dofar, a town of Arabia Fehx, seal ed on a bay of the same name, on the SE. coast, Lon. 53 25 E., lat, 16 30 N, Dagenham, village of Eng,, in Essex, 9 ms, E. by N. of London. A great breach was made here by the Thames in 1703. Dacheslan, or Daghestan, meaning country of mountains, province of Russia, bounded S. and and SW. by the Caucassian mountains, NW. hy Kabardah, N. by. Terek river, separating it from the province of Caucasus, and E. by the Caspian sea. Length, along the Caspian, 250 ms,, mean breadth about 50 ms., area 12,500 sq. ms. It is drained by numerous small rivers flowing from the Caucassian mountains northeastward into the Cas pian. On the recent, and much more than the former, natural limit, between Europe and Asia, Daghestan forms the exireme SE. province of the former. Ils SE. angle on the Caspian is is at N. lat. 40 37. Principal towns Derbent and Tarki. Dahhnega, Iat. 33 33, lon. 7 13 W. of W. C, village and mint town, Lumpkin co. Georgia, about 125 ms. NNW. of Milledgeville, and near 200 ms. a little N. of W. of Columbus, in S. C, It is situated between the Etowah and Chestalee rivers, Dagno, town of Albania, capital of the district of Ducagni, wilh a bishop's see, seated near the confluence ofthe Drino and Nero, 13 ms. SE. of Scrutari. Lon. 19 39 E., lat. 42 30 N. Dago, or Dagao, island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia, between the Gulfs of Finland and Riga. It is of a triangular figure, and is 20 ras, in circumference, and has two castles, called Da- gerwort and Paden. Lon. 22 56 E., lat. 58 44 iV, ¦ Dagaborough, village in Sussex co., Del. lying on Pepper creek, a stream that runs into Rehobolh bay, and about 18 ras. S. from Lewistown. Pop. 1,500. Tp. in Sussex co,, Delaware, contain ing the village of the same narae. Pop. in 1820, 2,204, and in 1840, 2,324. Dahl, tbe finest river of Sweden, which flows through Dalecarlia and Geslricia, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, lo the E, of Gesle, Near Es- DAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. [DAM carleby, il forms a celebrated cataract, scarce infe rior to the fall of the Rhine, at Lauffen. Dahomy, kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, to the N. of Whidah. It is supposed to reach from the seacoast about 500 ms,, or 200 ms. inland, though no European has penetrated half the distance. The capital, Abomay, lies about 9 50 N. lal., and between the 3d -and 4lh de grees E. Ion., reckoned from the meridian of Green wich. Daily's, post oflice in Westraoreland co,. Pa, Dalaca, island of the Red sea, opposile the coast of Abex, 72 ms. in length and 15 in breadlh. It is fertile and populous, and reraarkable for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are negroes, and great' enemies to the Mahometans. Daleburg, town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, sealed on the Lake Wenner, 50 ms N. of Golten- burg. Lon. 11 59 E., lat. 58 32 N. Dalecarlia, province ef Sweden, near Norway, 175 ras. in length and 100 in breadlh. It is full of mountains, abounding in mines of copper and iron, some of which are of a prodigious depth. The towns are small, and the inhabitants are rough, ro bust, and warlike. Daletown, village in Wilcox co,, Ala, Dalia, province of Sweden, bounded on the N. by Dalecarlia, on the E. by Wermeland and Lake Wenner, on the S by Gothland, and on ihe N. by Norway and the sea. Dalkeith, town of Scotland, Edinburgshire, with a great weekly market for corn and oatmeal. It is 6 ms. SE- of Edinburg. Lon. 3 12 W., lat. 55 54 N- Dallas, CO, in Alabama, bounded by Wilcox S., Marengo W-, Greene NW., Perry N., Autauga NE., and Montgomery E. ; length 45 ras,, mean width 24, area 1,080 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly pine woods. Soil on the streams fertile, par ticularly on Alabama river. Staple, cotton. Chief town Cahaba. Pop. in 1820, 6,003, and in 1840, 25,199. Central Iat. 32 23, lon. W, C. 10 0 W. Tp. in Luzerne co.. Pa. Pop, in 1820, 455. Dalmatia, country of Europe, formerly a king dom. It is hounded on the N. by Bosnia, on the S. by the Gulf of Venice, on the E. by Servia, and on the W. by Croatia. It is divided into Ve netian, Turkish, Ragusan, and Hungarian Dalma tia. Spalatro is the capital of Venetian, and Her zegovina of Turkish Dalmatia ; Ragusa is the capi tal ot the republic of Ragusen ; the Hungarian part contains- five districts, and Segna is the capital. The air is wholesome, and the soil fruitful. — See Morlachia, Dalton, town of England, in Lancashire, at the source of a river, in a champaign country, not far from the sea, and the ancient ca^le is made use of to keep the records and prisoners for debt in the liberty of Furness. It is 19 ms. NW. of Lancas ter, and 273 NNW. ofLondon. Lon, 3 18 W., lat. 54 14 N. Town in Coos co., N. H., at the Fifteen Mile falls. Pop. in 1810, 235; in 1820, 347, Tp. in Berkshire co., Mass., on the Housatonic river, above Lenox. Pop. in 1810, 770 ; in 1820, 817. Town in Grafton co., N. H., on the E. side of Connecticut river. Tp. in Berkshire, Mass , about 130 ms. W. of Boston. Post office at Dover, Sugar Creek tp., southeast ern part of Wayne co., Ohio, 12 ms, E. of Woosi- ster, and 18 W. of Canion, and on the interme diate road. It is a very flourishing village, with u population exceeding 400, and supplied with a daily mail. — See Dover, Ohio. Dam, town of Groningen, sealed on the Dain- ster, 3 ms. from the sea, and 15 SW, of Embden, Lon, 6 48 E,, lat. 53 22 N. Town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Oder, 10 ms. SE. of Stettin. Lon. 14 50 E., lat, 53 31 N. Damar, town of Arabia Felix. Lon. 49 25 E,, lat. 16 0 N. Damariscotta, river of Maine, or ralher a long, deep bay, extending from the Atlantic ocean into Lincoln CO., between Boothbay and Bristol. Damascus, the Demeshk, or Bar-el-sham of the Orientalists, city and capital ofthe Pachalic of Sy. ria, in the Ottoman empire. It stands on the small river Barida, 200 ms. S. frora Antioch, and 150 ms. SE. from Jerusalem. Lal. 33 35 N,, lon. 36 30 E. The climate is almost an unfading spring and summer admixed. Eastern authors call Da mascus one of the four terrestrial paradises. The form of this cily is a nearly square of 1| ms., with an extensive suburb. Perhaps no other cily in the World is so completely supplied wilh ex cellent fresh water. The Barida, or Barady, flow ing from the mountains of Syria afford a supera bundance of llfel delicious fluid, and the whole city abounds in gushing fountains. Pachalic of Tur key, in Asia, of which the cily of Damascus is the capital. It contains nearly all northern Syria, ex tending to Caramania on the N., and to Palestine S. It is bounded on the W. by the Mediterranean, and on the E. by deserts of sands. Tp. in Wayne co.. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 391 ; in 1820, , 366, Village in the NE. part of Frederick co., Md., on the road frora New Market to Barnestown. Village in Logan co,, Ohio, by postroad 150 ms, NW. from Columbus. Village, eastern part of Henry co., Ohio, situated on the north or left bank of Maumee river, 10 ms. below and east ward of Napoleon, the county seat. Damascoville, post office al the village of Da mascus, northwestern part of Columbiana co., O., 15 ms. NW. of New Lisbon. Damaun, seaport of the Deccan of Hindoostan, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cambay. It is sub ject to the Portuguese, and is 50 ms. S. of Sural. Lon. 72 25 E., lat. 20 20 N. Dames Gore, tp. in Grafton co,, N, H. Pop. in 1820, 28.— See Dana, Damgartin, town of Swedish PoniJerania, on the Recknils, 18 ras. W. of Stralsund. Lon. 12 57 E., lat. 54 16N. Damietta, ancient and rich town of Egypt,'seat- ed at one of ihe eastern mouths of the Nile, wilh a good harbor. It is rounded in a semicircle, two leagues and a half from the mouth of the Nile. The tongue of land on which Damietta is situated, straitened on one side by the river, and on the olher by the W. extremity of Lake Mentzali, is only from two to six ras. wide from E. to W. It is in tersected by innumerable rivulets in every direc tion, which render il the most fertile spot in Egypt. It is there that nature, lavishing profusely her pomp and riches, presents flowers, fruils, and har vests, at every season of the year. Daraielta was taken by the French in their expedition to Egypt in 1799, 261 DAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DAN Damiano, St,, town of Italy, in Monslerrat, 18 ms. W- by N. of Vercelli- Lon. 8° E., lat. 45 33 N. Damme, strong town of Flanders, on the canal between Sluys and Bruges. , Dam's Mills, post office, York co.. Me., 27 ms. from Portland - Dan, river of N. C, which, rising iu the State of Va., runs in a serpentine course near the line which divides the two Slates. Near Mecklenburg it falls into the river Roanoke, and loses its name in that of the greater stream. The falls at Dan ville, near the line between Va- and N- C, im pedes the navigation ; bul measures have been taken to form a canal around this obstruction, which, if completed, will render the Dan naviga ble to its junction with Irvine river. Dana, tp., Worcester co-, Mass. Pop. in 1810, 625; in 1820, 664. Danbury, village of Eng., in Essex, situated on a hill 5 ms. E. of Chelmsford and 16 W. of the sea. The spire of the church was burnt wilh hghtning in 1750, but was soon after rebuilt, and forms a sea mark-- Tp-, Grafton co-, N- H., 25 ms. NW. from Concord- Pop. in 1810, .345 ; in 1820, 467- Town, Fairfield co-, Ct., 10 ms. N. of Ridge- field and about 33 N W- of New Haven. This town and a large quantity of military stores lodged there were burnt by the British troops in 1777. 'Pp., Fairfield co-, Ct-, 54 ms. SW'. frora Hartford- Pop- in 1810, 3,606; in 1820, 3,873. Tp., Huron co., 0-, on tbe peninsula, between Sandus ky bay and Porlage river. Pop- in 1820, 157- Danby, lown, Rutland co., Vt., 21 ms. S. of Rutland. Pop. 1,700- Town, Tioga co-, N. Y., 10 ms. N. from Spencer. Pop. in 1820, 2,001. Dancey's store, post office, Northampton co., N. C. Dandridge, town and seal of jusiice, Jefferson CO., Tenn., on the right bank of Broad river, on the road from KnoxvilleJ to Greenville, 45 ms. above the former place. - Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Soulh Pa cific ocean, seen by Commodore Byron in 1765. They appeared crowded with people, but were so surrounded by rocks and breakers that il was un safe to attempt lo land. The commodore sup posed them to be the islands seen by Quiros in the beginning of the 17lh century, and named Solo mon's islands. Lon. 169 28 W-, lat. 10 15 S. Daniel's Lot, post office, Nash co., N. C, 61 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Daniehville, village, Spoltsylvania co-, Va. Town and seat of justice, Madison Co., Ga., on a branch of Broad river, 80 ras. N- from Milledge ville. Dansville, tp-, Steuben co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,.565. Danneberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the Telze, near the Elbe, 40 ms. SE. of Lunenburg. Lon. 11 29 E., lat. 53 4 N. Dansby's, post office, Oglethorpe co., Ga., about 70 ms. NNE. from Milledgeville. Danborough, post office, Plumstead, Bucks co.. Pa., on the P. and Easton posl road. Dantzic, capital of western Prussia, standing on a branch of the Vistula, about 4 ms. above where it falls into the Baltic, in lon. 16 36 E,, lal, 54 262 ( 20 N. This city is famous in history on many ac counts, particularly that of its being formerly at the head of the Hanseaiic association, commonly called the Hanse towns. It is large, beautiful, populous, and rich ; its houses are generally five stories high ; and many of its streets are planted wilh chestnut trees. The houses are well buill of stone or brick, six or seven stories high, and the granaries are still higher, to which the ships lie close, and lake in their lading. The established religion is the Lutheran ; but Roman Catholics, Calvinists, and Anabaptists, are tolerated. The in habitants have been computed at 200,000, but olher computations have made them considerably less. Be sides corn, of which great quantities are exported, they trade in naval stores, and a great variety of olher arlioles. It is seated on the Vistula, near the gulf of Angil, in the Baltic, 30 ms. SE. of Mari- cnburg and 100 NW. of Warsaw. Danube, one of the largest rivers in Europe, called the Ister by the ancients. It rises at or near Doneschingen, in Suabia, and fiows NE. by Ulm; then E. through Bavaria and Austria, by Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and Vienna; it then enters Hunga ry and runs SE. by Presburg, Buda, and Belgrade; after which it divides Bulgaria from Morlachia and Moldavia, discharging itself by several channels into the Black sea. It begins to be navigablO for boats at Ulm, and receives several large rivers as it passes along. It is so deep between Buda and Bel grade, that the Turks and Germans have had men- of-war upon it; yet it is not navigable to the Black sea, on account of the cataracts, 'The entire length of the Danube is about 1,200 ms. It is remarkable for containing three basins : that of Suabia and Bavaria near its source, and that of Austria and Hungary in the middle, and that of Bulgaria and Valachia near the Black sea. The basin of this fine river extends in a direction frora NNW. 1,000 ms,, with a mean width of 200, and contains 200,000 sq. ms., or about the one fifteenth part of all Europe ; but, as a produc tive tract, from the general fertility which prevails n all its minor basins, but parlicularly in the mid dle, the Danube sustains a population which far exceeds the comparative rank ef its basin. From the arbitrary division of provinces, it is difficult to fix the number of inhabitants existing upon this region, but the mass raust be immense, as il is composed of the far greater part of the inhabilaiits of Wurtemburg and Bavaria — at least five sevenths of all the empire of Austria ; wilh Croatia, Bosnia, Servia, Bulgaria, Valachia, and Moldavia, and cannot fall short of 33,000,000. If we estimate the entire population of Europe at 240,000,000, the valley of the Danube must sustain one-seventh of the whole mass. Lying between the parallels of 42 and 50° N,, the climate is mild, and except some parls of Hungary, and near its mouth, tho air of the Danube basin is healthy. Its most southern point is the sources of the Morava, in Servia, and the most northern, those of the Marsch, which it receives between Vienna and Presburg. As a navigable basin, however, the Danube basin falls far below either that of the Volga or the Dneiper. The former is traversed by two of mountains ; one extending N. from the chain of Tyrol, and the second, branching in a similar direction from the Hternus, crosses the Danube at DAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DAR Orsova, and continuing N., unites with and forms a continuation of tho mountains of Transylvania, Though navigable, therefore, in each minor basin, this noble stream cannot yet be passed from source lo moulh. The moulh of the Danube has never been pos sessed by a really civilized people ; tho Turks only make ruin ; and neither Austria nor Bavaria have availed themselves of the full advantages of their share of one of the greatest streams of the earlh. — See Tiess, or Theisse, The name of the Danube, German Donow, as also Don, &c., is most proba bly derived from Celtic Dian, Damn, force, vio lence, &c, Danube, circle of tho Upper, one of the great divisions of Bavaria, Capital, Eichsladl. Circle of the Lower, one of the great sub. divis ions of tbe Kingdom of Bavaria. Capital, Pasau. Danube, Circle of, district of tho Grand Duchy of Baden, Capital, Villingen. Danube, Dislrict of, one of the sub divisions of the kingdom of Werleraberg. Danube, Herkimer co., N. Y, Pop. in 1820, 3,187. Danvcrs, Village, Essex co.. Mass,, about 1 ill. N. from Salem. This village is, in reality, a con tinuation of Salem, ll is noted for the extent and importance of its manufactures. Tp,, Essex CO,, .Mass., including the foregoing village. Pop, in 1810, 3, 1 27 ; in 1 820, 3, 646 ; and in 1 840, ,5, 020. Danville, ip. , Cumberland co., Maine. Pop, in 1820, 1,085. Town and seat of justice, Cale donia CO,, Vt., 25 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Pop. 2,240. Town Steuben co., N. Y. Pop. 1,565. Town and seal of jusiice, Columbia CO,, Penn,, on the right bank of the Susquehan nah, 25 ins, above Northumberland. N, lat. 40 57, lon. W. C. 1 36 W. Village, Pittsylva nia CO,, Va., on the right bank of Dan river, 150 ms. SW. from Richmond. Il is -> very thriving place, situated at the falls of Dan river. The nav igation for boats is uninterrupted, except by low wa ter in summer and autumn thus far. Canal im provements are in operalion to permit boats to pass the falls at Danville, and will, when comple. led, open water comnimunicalion to Henry and Patrick counties in Virginia, and lo Rocking ham and Stoke counties in North Carolina- 'Pown, Mercer co-, Kentucky, 40 ms. south ward of Frankfort. Pop. in 1840, 1,223. Posl office, Knox co-, Ohio, NE. by E. from Mount Vernon, on the road thence to Millersburg, 20 ms. NW. by W. from the lalter. Co. seat, Hen dricks CO., Ia,, situated 20 ms. W. of Indianap olis, and 22 NE, by E. from Greencastle. N. lat. 39 46, lon. W. C, 9 22 W. Darby, village. Lower Darby tp., Delaware co., Penn , 7 ms. SW. of Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840, 1,267. Village, Madison co., Ohio. Pop. in 1840, 466, Darby Creek, village. Union co., Ohio, in Ge- rome tp , southweslern angle of the co., 20 ms. NNW. of Columbus, and 10 SE. of .Marysville, CO. seal of Union co. Darby River, one of the western branches of Scioto river, rises in Union, Champaign, and Franklin cos. ; comparalive course 65 ms., falls into Scioto about one m, above Circleville. Darby's post office, Columbia co., Ga,, which. from the post office lisl, is 109 ms. NE, by E- "f the Stale capital, Darbi/rillc, village on Darby river, 12 ms, NVV. by W. of Circleville. Pop, in 1840, 1,050, in cluding the Ip, Darda, town and fort of Lower Hungary, built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by ihc Austrians the next year. It is scaled on the Druve, at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 ms, S. of Barun- whar, and 80 ms. NW. of Belgrade. Lon, 19 56 E,, lal. 45 45 N. Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey, on each side of the ancient Hellespont, now ihe, strait of Gallipoli, the SW. entrance of which they com mand ; the one is called Sestos, scaled in Roma nia, the olher Abydos, in Natolia. At the latler, the cargoes of all ships sailing from Constantino ple are searched. Longitude 26 30 E., latitude 46° N. Dardanelles, Straits of and those of Gallipoli are difl'ereni, Ihough often confounded- About 12 ras- from the open Archipelago, within the Helles pont, the sirait turns to nearly NVV. and SE, and contracts to less than an English mile. Here the Sultan Bajazet I, built two castles, one on each side, called the Dardanelles, Irom which the whole strait is often vaguely named. Above the Darda nelles the strait turns to NE. and SW., and widens considerably ; but again 22 ms. higher, and immediately below where tho Marmora sea opens, and on the European side, stood the an cient town of Gallipolis, now Gallipoli ; here the sirait is again contracted to less than a raile, and is the proper Gallipoli. Dardenne, lown, St, Charles co,. Mo, I find this place marked on the post oflice list 110 ms. from St. Charles, on evident mistake either in dis- tanre or locality. Darfoor, kingdom of central Africa, lo the W, of Sennaar and Abyssinia. Darel-Humara, town of the kingdom of Fez, buill by the Romans. Its trade consists in oil and corn ; and it is sealed on a mountain. Lon. 6 35 W,, lal. 34 20N. Dar'ien Isthmus, which unites the two Ameri cas. Tho narrowest part is from the bay of Pa nama to that of Mandingo, which does not ex ceed 20 ms- from bay to bay. The intermediate space is mountainous,' though not very elevated. — See art. America, p. 54. Darien, province pf Colombia, in New Grana da, is bounded by Novita S., the Pacific ocean and bay of Panama W., province of Panama NW,, Gulf of Darien NE,, and Choco E. See Co lombia.— — Large gulf stretching into Colombia, between Darien and Carthagena. It receives, at ils.exlreme head, the rivers .Atrato and Guacaha. ^Tp., Fairfield CO, Ct. Pop, in 1820, 1,126. Town and seaport, M'Intoshco., Ga., on the N. side and principal channel of the > Alatamaha, 12 ms, above the bar and 190 below Milledgeville. The town is situated upon a sandy bluff, and has advanced in wealth and pop. with great rapidity. In 1810 the number of inhabitants only a litlle ex ceeded 200 ; it now, (1843,) probably, contains ten times that number. It has a bank with a cap ital of $150,000. A steamboat navigation has been opened from this town to Milledgeville. The r at the raouth of the Alatamaha has 12 feet 263 DAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DAR water at ordinary tides. But little 'comparative expense, it is probable, would procure a much greater deplh, and admit merchant vessels of the largest class. Lon. W. C. 4 37 W., lal. 31 23 N. Dark, co,, bounded hy Mercer N,, Shelby NE,, Miami and Montgomery SE,, Prebje S,, and Wayne and Randolph co,, la, W. It is 34 by 21 ras., area about 700 sq, ms. The exireme source of the Mississinewa branch of Wabash is in the SW. angle ofthis co, ; from the SW. angle flow some creeks of White-water river ; and along the southern border rise the extreme fountains of Franklin creek ; but the great body of the co. is drained by the headwaters of Stillwater river. General slope, southeasterly. Surface, diversified, but generally rather level. Soil, productive. The extreme norlhern angle of this co., is the mem orable J'ort Recovery, on the ground of St. Clair's defeat, Nov, 3, 1791, and regained by General Wayne, in 1794, and named from that fact. In lal. this CO. extends from 39 54 lo 40 23 N., and in lon. W. of W. C. from 7 20 to 7 43. Pop. in 1820, 3,717; in 1830, 6,204, and in 1840, 13,282. Counly seat, Greenville. Darking, or Dorking, town of Eng,, in Surry, on the river Mole, 23 ms. SW. of London. Lon. 0 14 W., lat 51 17 N. Darlaston, village of Eng., near Stone, in Staffordshire, where are the remains of a castle on a hill. Darling Island, the largest of two islands in the entrance of Lake Simcoe, U. C. Darlins, village on Owl creek, Knox co., O., 15 ms, E. from Vernon. Darl'tngton, town of Eng,, in the co, of Dur ham, in a flat, on the river Skerne, which falls into the Tees. It has a spacious market place, and a long stone bridge over the river. A curious water machine for grinding optical glasses, and spinning linen yarn has been erected here, the invention of a native of the town. Darlington is 19 ms. S. of Durham, and 239 N, by W. of London. Lon. 1 25 W.,lat. 54 32 N. Darlington Township, in the co. of Durham, U. C, lies to the W. of Clarke, and fronts on Lake Ontario. Darlington, district, S. C. ; bounded by Sump ter SW., Kershaw W., Chesterfield NW., Marl borough NE,, and Marion and Williamsburg, SE. ;. length 34 ms., width 28 ; area 950 sq, ms. Lying between Lynch's creek and Great Pedee river, the surface is ralher level than hilly ; and generally of middling quality. Staple, cotton, Chief town, Dariington, Pop. in 1820, 10,949, in 1830, 13,728, and in 1840, 14,822. Central lat 34 15 N., lon. W. C. 3° W, Village and seat of justice, Darlington district, S. C. ; on Black creek, very near the centre of the district, 40 ms E from Camden. Post office, Hart ford CO,, Md, Darmstadt, capilal of the landgravate of Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle, where its own prince generally resides. It has handsome suburbs and a good college. Il is seated on a river of the same name, 30^ms. NW. of Heidelberg. Lon, 8 40 E,, lat. 49 43 N, Darnestown, village, Montgomery co,, Md., by postroad 65 ms. from W. C, 264 Darrtown, village in Milford tp,, Butler co,, Md., 8 ms. NNW. of Hamilton, and 5 nearly E. from Oxford, It is a fine country village, with a pop. of 250. Dart, river of Eng,, in Devonshire, which rises at the foot of Dartmore Hills, crosses Darl- raoor to Ashburton, and falls into the English channel, at Dartraouth. Dartford, town of Eng., in Kent, on the Da- rent, not far from its influx into the Thames, Here are the remains of* a fine nunnery, founded by Edtvard III. The town is finely watered by two or three very good springs, and is full of inns by reason of its being a great thoroughfare from London lo Dover. It is 16 ms. E, by S, ofLon don. Lon. 0 16 E., lat. 51 25 N. Darlown, village, Butler co,, 0,, by posiroad 111 ms, SVi^. from Columbus. Dartmoor, extensive moorish tract of Eng,, in Devonshire; bounded on the N. by bleak hills, and extending soulhward quite through the centre of the counly to the sea. It is watered by the river Dart, On this moor prison-barracks were erected during the late war between Great Brilaiii and the U. S. Here on the 6th of April, 1815, by order of the comraandant, 7 American pri soners were massacred, and 56 .dangerously wounded. Dartmouth, borough of Eng., in Devonshire, near the river Dart, near its fall into the sea, and has a spacious harbor defended by a fort. It has a considerable trade to the S. of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as a share in the coasting traffic. It contains three churches, and is 30 ms. SSW. of Exeter, and 204 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 3 45 W., lat. 50 22 N. Dartmouth College, This institution is located in the town of Hanover, Grafton co., N. H. It was founded, 1769, by the Rev. Dr. Eleazer ' Wheelock, and named in honor of William, earl of Dartmouth, one of its most munificent bene factors. In 1797, a medical institution was an nexed to the college. The officers of this college, are, a president, 4 professors, 2 lecturers, and 3 tutors. The number of students, ordinarily about 150, and from 50 to 60 medical students. The college library exceeds 4,000 volumes; and two other libraries with about 2,000 volumes each have been formed by associations of students. The medical department possesses a laboratory, anatomical museum, 2 lecture rooms and chapel. The college has attached to ils other establish ments an extensive and valuable philosophical and chemical apparatus. The site of Dartmouth college is pleasant and healthful, which, wilh the judicious arrangement of concerns, have rendered it a very flourishing institution. Its funds are chiefly drawn from lands, amounting to about 1,600 dollars, annually. This revenue, added to the sums paid by students, yields a neat yearly amount of about $4,000. Town and seaport, Mass., Bristol co. It is situated on the NW. side of Buzzard's bay, about 75 ras. S. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 3,636. Darvills', post office, Dinwiddie co., Va., 30 ms. S. from Richmond. Dassen-Eyland, or Isle of Deer, one of the three small islands to the N. of the Cape of Go«d Hope, so called, on account of the great nuraber DAU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DAY of deer, which were first carried thither in 1601. Here are also sheep whose tails weigh from 10 to 20 pounds. Lon. 18 7 E., lat. 33 25 S. Davenport, tp. and village, Delaware co., N. Y, Pop, in 1820, 1,384. Daventry, corporate town of Eng., in North amptonshire, on the side of a hill, 10 ms. W. of Northampton, and 72 NW. of London. Lon. 1 10 W., lat, 52 15 N. David Point, cape of the island of Grenada, on the N. Lon. W. C. 15 26 E., lat. 12 20 N. David's, St., cily of Wales in Pembrokeshire, in a barren soil, on the river lien, scarcely a mile from the seashore. It was once a considerable place, and the cathedral is said lo have the highest roof of any in Eng. It is 24 ms. NW. of Pem broke, and 255 W. by N. of London. Lon- 5 15 W-, lat- 51 56 N. David, Fort St., English fort on the coast of Coromandel. It was taken and destroyed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 ms- S. of Fort St. George. Lon. 79 45 E. , lat- 11 30 N. Davidson, co., Tenn., situated on the W. side of Cumberland mountains, bounded by Robertson N., Summer NE-, Wilson and Rutherford E-, Williamson S., and Dickson W. Length 26 ms., mean width 22 ; area 570 sq. ras. Surface ralher uneven than hillv ; soil generally fertile. Chief lown, Nashville," Pop. 1820, 20,154; in 1840, 30,509. Central lal. 36 10 N., lon. W. C. 9 50 W. Post office and seat of justice, Law rence CO., Ark. Davidsonville, village. Ark,, 175 ras. by post road from Little Rock. ' Davidstown, village, Hunterdon co,, N, J., 10 ms, above Trenton, on the Asanpink creek, Davies, co. of Ky., bounded by Ohio river N., Breckenridge NE., Ohio SE., Muhlcnburgh S., Hopkins SW., and Henderson W. Length 30, mean width 20 ms. ; area 600 sq, ms. Sur face hilly, except near the streams ; soil generally productive. Chief town, Owensburg. Pop. in 1840, 8,331. Central lat. 37 40, lon. W. C. 10° W. Co. of la,, between the two main branches of While river, bounded by Dubois SE. and S., Gibson SW., Knox W., Sullivan NW., and Monroe and Lawrence NE. Lengih 60 ras., mean width 15; area 900 sq. ms. Pop. 1840, 6,720. Cent, lat, 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 10' V/. Daviaburg, village. Christian co,, Ky. Davis's Straits, an immense opening into Hud son's and Baffin's bays, between North America and Greenland. This inland sea bears to the NW. and SE. Davis's Straits is an arm of the sea between Greenland and North America, dis. covered by Capiain Davis in 1585, whilst in search of a NW. passage. This sheet of water is very improperly called a strait, as the general width from Greenland to Labrador is upwards of 500 ms. It is in fact, with ils termination, (Baffin's bay,) a great inland sea. Davis's Store, post office, Bedford co., Va., 60 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Daun, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Lezer, at the foot of a mountain, on which is a castle. It is 12 ms. N. of Mount Royal. Dauphin, river of British North America, flow- 34* inlo Lilllo Winnipic lake. Lon. W. C. 23° W., lal. 52 20 N.-^i— Island of Ala,, off the raouth of Mobile bay. It is a sandy flat, covered with a few trees about 6 ms, long, and irom 2 ms. to a quarter of a mile wide. The Pass au Heron into Mobile bay enters frora Pascagoula sound, north from Dauphin island ; Ihe main pass enters be tween the island and Mobile Poinl. Dauphin, co. of Pa,, on the oast side of Sus quehanna river, bounded by Lancaster and Leba non SE,, by Susquehanna river W., Northum beriand N,, and Schuylkill NE, Length 33 ms,, mean width 16; area 528 sq, ms. This co. is extremely diversified in surface. The SE. part of the CO. is hilly and broken, but with a soil highly productive, 'I'he Swotara rises in Schuylkill, and traverses Lebanon into Dauphin, passing over the southeastern section of the latter, into the Susque hanna river. This part of the co, lies below the Killalinny range of mountains, and, covering about 230 sq. ms,, is subdivided into nearly equal portions by the limestone and slate regions. See Kittatinny Valley. Above the Kittatinny moun tain, the residue of the co. is excessively broken by mountains and hills, wilh a generally sterile soil. The staples of Uauphin are grain, flour, whiskey, sailed provisions, and live slock. Chief lown, Harrisburg. Pop. 1820, 21,663; in 1840, 30,118. Central lat. 40 25 N;, lon, 15' E. of W. C. Dauphin Fort, seaport of St. Domingo, on the N. side of the island. Lon. W. C. 4 40 E,, lat. 19 41 N. Dauphiny, lale province of Fr., extending 40 leagues from N. to S., and 36 from E. to W., bounded on the W. by the Rhone, N. by the Rhone and Savoy, S. by Provence, and E, by the Alps. Two-lhirds of Dauphiny are intersected by mounlains, which afford good pasturage, and plenty of timber (fir trees in particular) for the building of ships. The valleys afford wheat, and tho hills, in the vicinity of tho Rhone, excellent wines, olives, and silk. The principal rivers aro the Rhone, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps. Dax, or Acqs, ancient town of F.,, in the dep. of Landes, and late province of Gascony, with a bishop's see and some famous hot baths. It is sealed on the Adour, 24 ms. NE. of Bayonne. Lon. 1° W,, lat. 43 42 N. Dayton, flourishing village, and county seat of Montgomery co,, O., situaled on the easiern -side of Great Miami, immediately below the mouth of Mad river. N. lat. 39 46, lo/i. 7 08 W. of W. C. It is situaled on a plain, or ralher two plains, as the body ofthe town occupies ground 10 or 15 feet lower than the second rise on which the houses are extending. The .Miami canal, which is con nected with Hamilton by a side canal and basin, phsses directly through Dayton ; and here the bus tle of boats and machinery mingles with the ordi nary business of life, and gives to the place all the aspect of a commercial mart. The place is indeed insulated, as, about a mile above the town, the water of 'Mad river is taken out, and, after giving unlimited water power to the inhabitants, is thrown into the canal and Miami river. The canal is lined with factories of various kinds, which we are 265 DEA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DEA Do 1820 Do 1828 Do 1S30 Do 1831 Do 1833 Do 1839 Do 1840 unable to enumerate, but cannot «avoid observing that whoever visits this place for the first time will find much to admire of prosperity. In November, 1795, a Mr, Ludlow laid out the town, and'named it Dayton, bul, like others in a wilderness, at first progressed slowly. The first brick house here was built in 1805, and Ihe subjoined lable will show ils advance in populalion and its advance in wealth has been in a higher ratio : Population -in 1810 - 383 1,139 1,697 2,954 3,258 - 4,000 6,000 6,067 The proportion of churches and olher public buildings is fully maintained in Dayton; and, in fine, it is amongst Ihe great manifestations — one of the greatest — of the irresistible growth of society in the Ohio valley. Lal. 39 42 N., lon- 7 8 W. W. C. Dayton, tp., Montgomery co., 0., in which the preceding town is situaled. Pop. in 1820, 2,530. Deadman's Head, cape in Cornwall, between St, Maw's and Fowey. Dead Sea, ancient lake of Asphaliles, is the lower depression of a valley of Asia, genei^ally known by the name of the river Jordan. The Dead seaisa sheet of waler extendingaboulNNE. and SSW. 60 ms. ; mean breadlh 10, and area 600 sq. ms. Similar to most of the Asiatic lakes having no outlet, the waler of the Dead sea is briickish, though more so, from all accounts, than any of the others. The Jordan takes its rise in the mountains of ancient Galilee, but soon swells into Lake Meron, 10 or 12 ins. long, Ihough narrow; contracts thence 10 or 12 ms. iato a river, and again opens inlo the much larger lake of Genesareth, or sea of 'I'iherius. This lalter, 20 ms. long and widest part 8, is again terminated by the real Jordan, which, by a general course of 75 ms, to Ihe soulhward, is lost in the Dead sea, about 25 ms. a lillle N. of E. from Jerusalem, The entire valley is about 180 ms. from S. to N., wilh a mean width of 60; area 10,600 sq. ms,, lying between lais. 31° and 33 30 N. The Arabs call this lake Bahr-el-Loud, " Waler of Lot," It has all the appearance of having once been the scene of volcanic action. In regard to the relative height of the cily of Jerusalem with that of the Mediterranean and Dead sea, the following appeared in the National Intefligencer of the 17th January, 1842, right hand column, page 1 : " A letter was read from the lale lamented Sir David Wilkie to Mr. Harvey, con taining the result of his barometric observations to determine the level and depression of the Dead sea, being the last, if not the only, scientific labor of that celebrated man. No barometer had ever before been carried to the Dead sea, and the obser vations of Sir David Wilkie showed a depression of 1,198 76-100 feet below the Mediterranean, and the elevation of Jerusalem as 2,262 feet also above the latler, points to which previous obser vers had nearly approximated." From combining these elements, it appears lhat 266 Jerusalem, aboul 28 ms. direct distance from the Mediterranean, hes an elevation above that sea, in regard to temperature and height, eqbal to 5^° of Iat., allowing 400 feet to be equal tn 1°, os to in fluence on aerial temperature, and of upwards of 8° above the Dead sea, wilh similar allowance on 16 ms., the air distance from Jerusalem to the Dead sea. If correct, (and we have no doubt they are so sufficiently for general purposes,) these ele ments account for two phenoiliena — the salubrity of Jerusalem, and the excessive difference of tem perature of different parts of Palestine. Deacos, literally a minister or servant, the low est degree of holy orders. In the Presbyterian churches the office of elder is equivalent to deacon. The office was instituted by the .\poslles. Deardoff's Mills and village, in Wayne tp,, northweslern part of Tuscarawas co,, 0., about 8 ras. NW, of New Philadelphia, and 8 ms. west. wa'd of Bolivar on the Ohio canal, D.:avertown, village, in the northwestern part of Morgan co,, O.', 14 ms. NW. of McConnells ville, and 16 ras, a litlle W. of S. from Zanesville. Debrecen, town of Upper Hungary, capilal nf a district of the sarae name. It is 106 ms. E. of Buda. Lon, 22 1 1 E., lat. 47 32 N. Debrelzin, town of Hungary, and the seat of a very respectable academy, possessing a library of upwards of 20,000 volun^ps. The number of slu denls is considerable, exceeding 500. Il is situated about 160 ms. ESE, frora Vienna. Decatur, lown, Olsego co., N. Y., 9 ms. W. from West Union. Pop. in 1820, 902. Vil lage in the SE. part of Brown co., O., 13 ms. SE. from Georgetown, the counly seal, and 10 ms W' of West Union, in Adams co. 'Village, Union dislrici, S. C, Village, De Kalb co,, Ga,, sit uated at the junction of the two raain railroads of Georgia, by post road 90 ms, NW. of Milledge ville Village, Morgan co., Ala. -Village and C. H., Adams co,, la. Village, .VIeigs co,, Tenn, Village, Howard co , Mo, Village, Macon co,, 111. Village and seat of jusiice, Ad ams CO., Ia,, on St. Mary's river, 132 ms. NW. of Indianapolis, Village and seat of justice, Newton co,. Miss. Deal, seaport of Eng-, in Kent. It is seated on the strail of Dover, and is a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It has about 1,000 houses, which are mostly built of brick. The inhabilanls amount to 4,500, and, as no man ufacture is carried on here, they chiefly depend on the seafaring men who resort hither. The port is defended by two castles ; Deal, or Walmar castle lo the S., and Samlown castle to the N. Between this place and the Godwin Sands, are the Downs, where the ships usually ride at their leaving or coming into the river Thames. It is 7 ms. S. hy E. of Sandwich and 72 E. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 1 29 E., lat. 51 13 N Village of N. J-, on the seashore, in Monmouth co-, famous as a wa tering place, 7 ras, S, from Shrewsbury. Dearborn, town, Kennebec co., Me. Pop. in 1820, 463. Co., Ia,, on the Ohio river, hound ed by the Slate of Ohio and the Ohio river E., Switzerland S., Ripley W., and Franklin N,; length 27 ms,, mean width 15 ms ; area about400 sq. ms. Surface very hilly, Ihough with a produc tive soil. Chief town, Lawrenceburg. Pop, in DEC GEOtUIAPHlCAL DICTIONARY. DE): 1820, 11,468; ond in 1840, 19,257. Centrallat. 39 18 N., lon. W. C. 7 50 VV River, a west ern branch of Missouri, into which it falls above the rapids. Deben, river of Eng,, in Suflblk, which rises near Dehenham, and expands into a long narrow arm of the German ocean, a litlle to the N. of Harwich. Debenham, town of Eng., in Suflblk, near Ihe head of the Doben, on the side of a hill, 24 ms. E. of Bury St. Edmund's and 84 NE. of London. Lon. 1 17 E., lat. 52 22 N. Deccan, soulhern part of Indostan, coming, according to some, from "Dakkan," or "the soulh," and from "Daxine," "the couniry on the right," according to others. It has at all times been a vague term as lo ils northern 'ooundary. In the .'ith century il had Vijanagara, or Bisagur, for cap ilal, and comprehended, uniler the liilo of "the kingdom of the Deccan," the countries included under the modern provinces Khandeish, Dowlale- bad, Bejapour, Golconda, Berar, and Gundwana. In its most extended sense, " the Deccan" coin- prises all Indostan to the soulhwai-d of Ihe Ma hanuddy and Nerbuddab rivers, or from N. lat 21° on the bay of Bengal, and 22° on the gulf of Cambay. This great region is from Cape Como rin due N. something more than 1,000 ms,, with a breadth from the mouth of the Mahanuddy lo that of ihe NerbuHdah of 900 ms,; the area at least 450,000 sq. ras. Wilh the exception ofthe deep, though narrow, valleys ofthe Nerbuddab and Tap ty rivers, which incline westward, arid a long and also a narrow strip west of the Ghauts along the Malabar coast; the residuiiand more than the five sixths of the Deccan slopes eastwards, and is drain ed into the bay of Bengal, by beside many of lesser consequence, by the rivers Cavery, Punnair, Pen- iiair, Kistnah, Godavery, and Mahanuddy. One very striking circumstance distinguishes the Deccan from that part of Indoostan lo the north ward of the Nerbuddab, Easl of the western Ghauts and rising from Cape Comorin, a plaleau or table land streiches to the Vindhia mountains near the Nerbuddab. From this elevated tract the rivers fall wilh such rapidity as to render them use less as navigable channels — a characteristic directly the reverse of the gentle current of the Ganges and Indus, as well as most of their confluents. If we suppose the oceanic surface to be gradually ele vated, oil central Indostan would be inundated, and an immense sea formed from the gulf of Ben gal lo the delta of the Indus, whilst rauch of the Deccan would remain an elevated island, bearing in these circumstances a strong resemblance lo Spain. This superior elevation^ gives to tho ecu tral Deccan a chmale more temperate than that of the lower parts of the basins of the Ganges and Indus. Deception, bay of N- America, on the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 48 W., lat. 46 12 N. Deception Passage, sirait of N. America on the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 48 W., lat. 47 10 N. Decision Cape, soulh point of an island lying between Prince of Wales' Island, and King George's island. Lon. W. C. 56 56 W., Iat. 56 5 N. Dccise, ancient lown of Fr., iu the dep. of Nievre, and late province of Nivernoisr, scaled in an island formed by tho Loire, 16 ms. SE. of Nevers. Lon. 4 31 E., lat. 46 50 N. Deckendorf, town of Lower Bavaria, seated near the Danube, 37 ras. SE. of Ratisbon. ll was taken by the Swedes in 1641. Lon. 12 55 E-,lat. 48 42 N. Deckerstown, village, Sussex co,, N. J., on the Papacossing branch of Wallkill river, 20 ms. NNE. from Newtown and 102, a liltle E, of N. from 'Trenton. DE(;nifATioN, distance of a star from the Equa tor N.,' or S,, the opposile of longitude. Deddington, lown of Eng., in Oxfordshire. It is 16 ms. N. of OxI'oid, and 70 WNW. of Lon don. Lon, 1 12 W,, lat. 52 2 N. Dedham, village of Eng., in Essex, iisoted for an ancient l.irge church, which has a fine Gothic steeple. Ills 6 ms, N. of Colchester. Town, and seat of justice, Norfolk co,, Mass., situaled on the S. side of Charles river, aboul 1 1 ras. from Bo.ston. Pop. 2,493. Dee, river of N. Wales, which rises in Merio nethshire, in N. Wales, and runs E. to the bor<- ders of Denbighshire, where turning N. il washes the walls of Chester, and then with a brOad chan-' nel falls inlo the Irish sea Kiver of Scotland, which rises in Aberdeenshire, amid the mountains of Mar forest, and flows through a wild couniry till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae-mar whence it proceeds in an easterly direction to Aberdeen below which il falls into the British ocean. Over it there is a bridge of seven arches. It abounds with salmon, so as lo form one of tho greatest salmon fisheries in Scotland, River of Scotland, which rises in the NW, part of Kircudbrightshire, and joining the Ken below New Galloway, falls into the Iiibh sea at Kircudbright, Deeping, lown of Eng,, in Lincolnshire, on the VVelland, in a fenny couniry, 6 ms. E. of Stamford, and 90 N. of London. Lou, 0 21 W., lat. 52 42 N. Deep Creek, post office, Pasquotank co , N, C. Post office, Norfolk co,, Va,, 9 ms. from Norfolk, Deep River, in N. C, one of the main and higher branches of Cape Fear river. Deer Creek, southweslernmost tp., Pickaway CO., O. Pop, in 1820, 1,532 Tp. of O., Madison co. Pop. in 1820, 584. Deerfield, lown, and tp. Rockingham co,, N. H, Pop. in 1820, 2,133. Town, Franklin co,. Mass, on the W, side of Connecticut river, 17 ms. ,N . from Northampton. Pop. in 1820, 1,868. Tp. of Oneida co., N. Y., opposite Utica, on the Mohawk. Pop. in 1820, 2,344.-, — Town, Cumberiand CO., N. J, Pop. 1,900 Tp. in the SE angle of Portage co., O. Pop. in 1820, 430. Village in the wesiern part of Morgan CO., 0., 10 ms. W. of McConnellsville. Pop. in 1820, 558. Village in the southeasternmost part of Portage co., O,, 16 ins. SE. of Ravenna, the CO. seat, and about 30 ms. NW. of New Lisbon. Tp., of Ross co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 1,804. Village, Augusta co., Va., by the postroad 152 ms NNW. from Richmond. Deerfield River, rises in Vt., and flowing S. enters Mass., turns to neariy E,, and falls into Connecticut river, between Greenfield and Deerfield. 267 DEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DEL Deerfield Sheet, village in the northern part of| Cumberland co,, N. J., and on Cohansey creek, between Woodbury and Bridgeton, 64 ms. SSW. from 'Trenton, and 35 S. from Philadelphia. Deerfieldville, village, on the Litlle Miami river, 14 ms, SSE. of Lebanon, and about 22 ms. nearly due E. of Hamilton, co. seat of Butler co. Deering, town, Hillsborough co., N. H. Pop in 1820, 1,415. Deer Isle, island and tp., Hancock co., Me. 9 ms. SE. from Castine. Pop. 1,500. Deerhurst, village of Eng., 3 mi, S, of Tewkes bury, in Gloucestershire, subject, by its low situation, to frequent inundations from the Severn. Deer Park, village. Orange co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,340. Defiance, village and co. seat, Williams co., 0., situated on the point between Maumee and Au glaize rivers, NE. at their junction, in the S. E. angle of the co., 20 ms. above Napoleon, county seat of Henry. Demse, or Deynse, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, on the Lis, 8 ras. SW. of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E., lat. 50 59 N. Deir-el-kamar, city of Asiatic Turkey, in the Pachalic of Syria, and the capilal of tho country of the Druses. De Kalb, town, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on Oswegatchie river, 20 ras. above ils junction wilh the St. Lawrence, Pop. 1820, 709, in 1840, 1,531, Court-house and post office, De Kalb CO., Geo., marked on the post office list 701 ms, frora W. C, and 158 from ^Milledgeville. Delaooa, bay of -Africa, on tho Indian ocean. Lat. 27 S. Delaware, co. ofN. Y., having Broome and Chenango 'W., Olsego N., Schoharie and Green NE., Ulster and Sullivan SE., and Delaware river separating it from Wayne co. Pa., SW. Length 45 ms., mean width 30, and area 1,350 sq. ms. Lat, 42, and lon. 2° E. of W. C. inter sect in this CO. Population in 1820, 26,587, in 1830, 32,933, and in 1840, 35,396. Chief town, Delhi. Delaware, co, of Pa., having Chester W. and NW., Montgomery N., Philadelphia co. and river Delaware E. ; and New Castle co., Slate of Del, S., area 220 sq. ms. Lat. from N. 39 47 to 40 05 Ion. W. C, from 1 28 to 1 48 E, Chieflown, Chester. Pop, in 1820, 14,810, in 1830, 17,361, and in 1840, 19,791. Delaware, river of the U. S. The Delaware basin, intervening between that of Susquehannah and that of the Hudson, extends about 250 ms. frora N to S,, wilh a mean width of 60 ms. ex tending over au area of 1.5,600 sq. ms. The Delaware rises by two branches in the Calsbergs, draining the angle between the Susquehannah and Schoharie branch of Mohalwk. "The sources of the Delaware flowSW. by comparative courses, 50 ms., Ihrough Delaware co.,- N. Y,, unite at the NE, angle of Pa,, and turn at right angles to a course of SE,, following the lalter direction, by comparative courses 70 ms,, to the N W. angle of N. J., and the base of the Kittatinny mountain ; again turning with the raountain to the SW,, fol lows that course, along its base, by coraparative courses, 40 ras., to the mouth of Broadhead creek, ivhere the river again turns, and passes the Kil- 268 taCinny raountain. The general physiognomy nf the Susquehannah and Delaware, every where re raarkable, is in no olher place so striking as in the valley between the Kittatinny raountain and the continuation of the Blue Ridge, below Easton and the mouth of the Lehigh. This river has a very crooked course above* and even below the Blue mountains; the country is very raountainou,') ihrough which it passes, until it leaves Ihe water- gap. It continues hilly along its banks, below the mountain as far down as Well's falls below the village of New Hope, in Bucks co. It his many rapids and shallows along its whole lengih, until it reaches Trenton falls, where il meets the tide. Boat navigation is very difficult above Eas ton. From Easton to the tide, the navigation has been improved, and at present, a very considera ble trade is carried on in this part of the river. In the Kittatinny valley, 25 ms., by comparalive courses, below the Delaware Watergap, tho Le high comes in from the NW. The latler stream claims a very large share of attention, as being one of the great channels from which the cily of Philadelphia, and indeed thfc whole Atlantic coast, is destined to receive exhaust- less supplies of coal. This branch of the Delaware rises in Wayne, Luzerne, and Northampton, and is, emphatically, a mountain slreaifl. Flowing first to SW., curves to S. and SE., pierces the Kittatinny moun tain, crosses the Killalinny valley in a SE. di rection, is turned by the SE. mountain at Allen town, where il winds lo the NE., and joins the Delaware al the borough of Easton, after a com parative course of about 80 ms. See Lehigh. Below the SE. mountain, the Delaware turns lo a SE. course 35 ms., to where it leaves the pri mitive, and falls into the alluvial formation at the head of tide-water. Continuing over the alluvian 4 or 5 ms., the Delaware again turns to SW., nearly parallel to, and about 5 ms. distant from, the primitive ledge, in which direction it flows by coraparative courses, 35 ms., to the raouth of Ihe Schuylkill. Respecting the Schuylkill, it is sufii- cient lo observe, that it has ils principal sources in Nonhampton and Schuylkill counlies : lhat ils general course is from NW. to SE., by compa. ralive courses, 120 ms. Few secondary rivers of tbe American continent are destined to become of equal importance with the Schuylkill as a chan nel of inland navigation. The general course of S VV. is maintained by tbe Delaware, about 30 ms. below the mouth of the Schuylkill, or obout 5 ms. below New Castle. Here the river, already con siderably expanded in width, opens into a wide triangular bay, 65 ms, in lengih, and 30 wide, between Capes Henlojien and May. See Schuyl kill. Delaware Bay, the estuary of the Delaware river, between N. J., and Pa,, and between N. J, and Del. This bay, in strictness, commences at Trenton, at the head of tide-water, but is usual ly computed from Fisher's point below New Castle to Capes May and Henlopen. 'I'hus restricted it is about 65 ms. long, and varying in width from 3 to 30 ms. It admits the entrance of the largest vessels though much impeded by shoals. Delaware, one of the U. S. 'Ehis Slale is bounded by an exterior hmit, from ils SE. angle DEL GEOGRAPHICAL D1CTI0N,\RY. DEL at Fenwick's island to Cape Henlopen 20 ms. .\long the right shore of Delaware bay 90 Around the semicircle of 12 ms., radius from New Casile - - 25 Thence nearly S. along Md. - - 87 Thence due E. to Fenwick's Island - 36 Having an entire outline of 258 Population of Delaware in 1840, Whites,— Ages, Area 2,120 sq, ms., equal to 1,356,800 acres. Ex treme length from S. to N. 96 ms. ; greatest breadlh along its southern boundary 36 ms. Ex tending from lat. 38 29 to 39 54 N. The State of Delaware, from its confined extent and position, presents the raost uniform surface of any of tho great political sections of the United Slates. That part of Dela. bordering on Pa. rises into hills of some lillle elevation, and is extremely well watered. Receding, however, down Delaware bey, or ralher along the intervening peninsula be tween that and Chesapeake bay, the face of the couniry becomes more monotonous, and finally sinks 10 a general level. Sorae parls of the lower sections of the Stale are marshy, some sandy, but interspersed wilh productive tracts. The respect ive fertility of the different divisions of the Slale can be seen by reference lo the different counlies, wilh their coraparative population. In the norlhern part of the State the soil is well well adapted to the production of grain and pastu rage. Grain and flour are therefore staple com modities. For the manufacture of the latter article, few places in any couniry can possess greater natural facilities than does higher Delaware. Brandywine creek, rising on the primitive and secondary for mations in Pa., is precipitated over considerable rapids in its passage from the prirairive rock to the alluvial tract below. Red Clay and While Clay creeks, branches of Christiana river, present simi lar features lo Brandywine, and, taken together, aftord an uncommon assemblage of seats for mills and other manufactories. Much has been done to improve those natural advanlages. Manufactories of paper, gunpowder, and colton and woolen goods, have been extensively established. For political and local purposes Delaware is sub divided into the following counties, having the population respectively annexed in 1820: New Castle - - - ' - 27,899 Kent ... 20,793 Sussex .... 24,057 72,749 State capilal, Dover. In the convention held at Philadelphia, in 1787, the inhabitants were computed at 37,000. At!- Gording to the census of 1790, they amounted lo 50,000; in 1800, they had risen to 64,273. Progressive population of Delaware by counties. Counlies. Pop" 1810, Pup, 1820, Pop, 1830. Fop, 1840, New Castle - Kent r .Sus^e-K 27,89920,79324,057 29,72019,913 27,115 33,120 19,S?2 25,093 Asgregales - 72,674 72,749 76,748 78,065 oto:.5 to 10 - 10 tot,". 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 -10 to 50 60 to 60 60 to 70 70 to SO SO to 90 90 lo 100 - 100 and upwards Tolal wliites Free colored-— Aites- OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to j5 55 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total free colored Slaves.— Ages- OtolO 10 to 24 2-1 to 36 36 to 55 ,'i3 to ion - 100 and upwards Total slaves Males, 4,9393,957 3,581 3,104 6,7223,5192,117 1,270 682 268 61 29,259 Males, 2,7402,679 1,3921,163 645 8,620 Male: 442 076170 5330 Q 1,371 Feiiial'K 1,7,-il :i,s,-i;i 3,4013 337 i-|,7073,1692,171 i,;j-ii 637 320 92 93 29,:J02 29,259 2,6182,457 1,415 1,127 662 14 8,29,3 8,026 16,919 Females. 375,551 101 76 37 1,234 1,371 2,005 'Whites Free colored Slaves Total 58,561 16,919 2,605 78,063 'White per,?ons ofthe foregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, under 14 years uf age Do, from 1-1 to 25 Do, above 23 - Do, total deaf aud dumb Do, blind Do, iusane and idiots al— Piiljlio charge - Private charge Total whites insane, &,c. Colored person.?, free and slavep, who are- Deaf and dumb - ^ - Do. blind Do. insane and idiots Tolal of persona employed in- Mining -¦ - Agriculture • . Commerce Manufactures and trades Navigation on Ihe ocean Do- canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Pensioners, for revolutionary or military aeivice.s . 269 ,18 47l.i R 18 28 6.015 4B7 4,060 401 2:35 199 4 DEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DEL 'i'otiil of persons employeil in— tTniversitiesnr colleges "- 1 Do. atudfinls ill " • 23 Academies atid Gramraar schools 20 Oo. sludenls in . - 7i31 Primary and common schools - 152 Po echolara in - 6,924 Scholars at public ciiargn - - - 1,571 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write - . 4,832 Population of Dclawaref by couniies,.from the censua of 1840. Whites. Free colored. Slaves, Counties, i 1" 1 s 1'rf IS 1 1 Tolal, '. New Castle Kent Sussex 12,797 6,885 9,577 13,009 6,7339,560 3476 2952 2198 3297 2875 2121 298 232 841 243 195 796 33,120 19,872 1 23,093 Total Dela're 29,259 29,302 8626 8293 1371 1334 78,085 Delaware, co, of Ohio, bounded by Franklin S. Union \V., .Marion N., linox NE,,, and Licking SE, ; greatest length E. and W. 27 ms, ; mean breadth' 23, and area 620 sq, ms. The slope of this CO. is soulhward, and in that direction drained bv Sciota, Whetstone, and 'Walnut rivers, wilh their numerous tributary creeks. Surface flat or rolling, and soil productive. In lat it extends from 40 8 to 40 30 N,, and in lon, from 5 42 lo fi 12 Wj of W C, Chief lown, Delaware, Pop. in 18^0, 7,639; in 1830, U,.'5()4; and in 1840, 22,060. Town and co. seat, Delaware co,, O., situated on the wesiern side of Whetstone river, 84 ms. a lillle W. of N, from Goluinbus, 83 ms, a lillle W. of S. ofSanduiMoii, tp,, Preble CO., Ohio. Pop. 1820,841, Dixon's Entrance, W. coast of North America, between Queen Charlotte and Prince of Wales is lands. Lon. W. C. 5.5° W., lat. 54° N. Dixon's Springs, post office. Smith co., Tenn. Dixville, tp., Coos co,, N. H, Pop. 1820,2. Post office, Henry co., Va. . Dizier, St., considerable town of France, In the department of Upper Marne, and late province of Champagne, sealed on the Marne, where it begins to be navigable for boats, 15 ms. SE. of Vitri le Francois. Lon. 4 54 E,, lat. 48 35 N. Djebail. See Gebail. Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a large river of Russia, which rises in the government of Smol ensko, and, flowing in a southerly direction, enters the Black sea, between Cherson and Oczakow. From its source to its mouth it now flows entirely ihrough the Russian dominions. The Dnieper is the third largest river in Eu rope, yielding only to the Volga and Danube. The basin pf this great river is aboul 600 ms, in lengih, with a mean width of at least 300, giving DOE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DOM an area of 180,000 sq. ms. It is in every respect a contrast to the Danube. The country drained by the lalter is mountainous and broken ; that by the former scarcely chequered by a single hill of any considerable consequence ; tho Danube is in terrupted by cataracts, and cannot be , passed from head to mouth ; the navigation of the Dnieper, in all its branches, is only once interrupted by a se ries of cataracts, which begin below tho moulh of the Sennara, and continue for about 40 ms., but these are passed in spring, with little hazard, by loaded barks. The basin of tho Dnieper lies be tween the parallels of 47° and 56' N,, and is an nually frozen from December to March. Dniester, river of Europe, in Russia and Aus trian Poland, rises in Galicia, SW. from Lem burg, at N. lat. 49 30, lon. 24 E, from London, interlocking sources with Theisse, the Vistula, and Piypec branch of the Dnieper. Flowing thence SE, 150 ms,, draining Galicia, and pass ing Zaieszyk, approaches to within 10 ms. from the Pruth at Czernowilz, turns E. 50 ms-, and, entering Podolia, passes Choczym and Uschitza, winds again to SE. by a very circuitous channel, but general course of 220 ms., passing Mohilew, Czekinowka, Hamenka, Ribnitzki, New Dubossa- ry. Bender, Tiraspol, and Akerman, falls into the Black sea, 5 ms. below the latter place, after an entire comparative course of 420 ms. The basin of the Dniester is 380 ms. in length, by a mean width of about 50, area 19,000 sq. nis-, lying be tween lal- 46° and 49° N. The fine port of Odes sa is on the northern coast of the Black sea, 30 ms. NE- from the mouth of the Dniester. This river, in the lower part of ils course, separates the governments of Bender and Kherson. As a navi gable stream, the Dniester does not hold a rank equivalent to ils length of course. DoAB, in Indostan, means a space between two rivers, and is especially applied lo the couniry be tween the Ganges and the Jumna, and lhat be tween the Chenaub and Sutledge. These Doabs also supply convenient compound names, and thus formed by contracting the names of the rivers, and uniting them into one word. Between the Che naub and Behut we have the Chenut, between the Ravee and Chenaub the Reechna, and between the Beas and Ravee the Barree. Doab, meaning a country between two rivers, a province of Indostan, between the Ganges aud Jumna rivers. It is highly fertile, and from it are exported, beside other products, indigo, sugar, and cotton. It is in great part subject to the Brilish. The pop. estimated at 6,000,000, prevailing reh gion Hindoo, and common languaje Hindostanee. Spreads between lat. 26° and 30° N. Dobson's Cross Roads, post oflice, Stokes co,, N, C, 100 ms. NW. by W. from Raleigh. Doce Rio, fine river of Minaes Geraes, in Bra zil, flows by a general course NE. by E., about 300 ms. by comparative courses, falls into the At lantic ocean lat. 19 30 S. Dockum, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in W. Friesland, at the mouth of the river Ee, 10 ms. NE. of Lewarden. Lon. 5 41 E,, lat. 53 18 N. Doel, town of Dutch Flanders, on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 9 ms. NVV. of Antwerp. Lon. 4 15 E,, lit. 51 17 N. Doesburg, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Zulphon, It is sealed on tho Issol, 10 ms. S. of Zutphen. Lon. 5 36 E,, lal. 43 2 N . Dofrafield, or Dofrine, that chain of mountain.s which separates Norway from Sweden. It ox- tends about 800 ms, NNE., and rises to the ele vation, in some of its peaks, of 7,680 feet above the level of the ocean. Dog river, branch of PaScagoula, rises between the lalter and Tombigbee river, flows SSW., and falls into Pascagoula, 10 ms. above its moulh. Rises wilh the preceding, and, flowing SE,, falls inlo Mobile bay, aboul 10 ms. below the town of Mobile. Dogado, province of Ilaly, in the territory of Venice, bounded, on the E. by the Gulf of Ve nice, on the S. by Polesino, on the W. by Padu- ano, and on the N. by Trevisano. It compre hends many small islands near it, called the La- gunes of Venice. Doge, Italian for dux or duke, Dohrman, SE. tp,, Tuscarowas co,, Ohio. Pop, 1820, 520. In this tp. there is a post oflice same name. Dot, town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine, and lale province of Brelagne. Il i,s situated in a morass, 5 ms. from the sea, and 21 SE. of St. .Malo, Lon, 1 41 W., lat. 48 33 N. Dolce Aqua, town of Piedmont, capital of a raarquisate of the same name, with a castle. It i,s seated on the Nervia, 5 ms. N. of Vinlimiglia. Lon. 7 42 E,, lat, 43 58 N. Dole, town of France in the departmentof Jura, and late province of Franche Comte, seated on the river Doubs, 25 SW. of Besaneon. Lon. 5 38 E., lat. 47 6 N. ' Doleigno, strong town of .\lbania, wilh a good harbor and a ciladel. It is seated on the Drino, 10 ms. SE. of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 E,, lat. 42 12 N. Dolegelly, town of Eng-, in Merionethshire, on the river .\von, in a vale so called, and at the fool of the great rock Cader Idris, which is extremely high. It has a good manufaclure of Welsh cotton, and is 31 ms. NW. of Montgomery, and 205 of London. Lon. 9 48 W., lat. 62 43 N. Dollart Bay, large gulf separating E. Friesland, in Germany, from Groningen, one of the provinces of the kingdom of the Netherlands. The Dollart forms the NE. extremity ofthe kingdom. Domazlize, lown nf Bohemia, in the circle of Piisen, on the rivulet Cadbuzz, 17 ms. S, of Piksen- Domfront, town of Fr,, now in the dep. ol Orne, lately in the province of Normandy, sealed on a sleep mountain, which has a large cleft from the summit lo the base, through which flows the litlle river Varenne. It is 35 ms, NW. of Alcn- 9on. Lon. 43' W,, lal, 48 38 N. Domingo, St., or Hispaniola,one of the richest islands in the W, Indies, 400 ms. in length, and 75 in breadth. It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and is surrounded by craggy rocks and dan gerous shoals. The heat to the N. and SE, would be insupportable for 6 months of the year, if not qualified by the easterly winds and frequent rains ; but the latter soon spoil the flesh, bread, and fruils. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and crystal. The Spaniards had possession of the whole island for 120 years. They were afterwards 277 DOM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DON forced to divide the island with the French, who obtained the W. part ; and the Spaniards retained the E., the most extensive and fruitful. Since the revolution in Fr., this Island has been subject to great calamities. In 1791, an insurrection began in the French plantations,, which, after a series of sanguinary scenes, has terminated in the establish ment of a free African State, under the name of the Republic of Hayti. In 1821, the Spanish part fell also under the authority of Boyer, the president or king, and left him master of the whole island. St. Domingo has Cuba W., Porto Rico E., and Jamaica SW. The populalion of this islana in 1789, was, from the best authorities, about 660,000 inhabi tants, of which nearly 500,000 were black slaves. The French part contained 535,000, of whom 480,000 were slaves; the Spanish part 125,000; 15,000 of whom were slaves. It is probable that the present numbers do not materially differ in ex tent, though the number of whites have no doubt greatly diminished. The trade of this island has greatly declined. The value of exports .in 1791, exceeded 5,370,000 pounds sterling ; !^23, 832, 800. Coflee amounted lo 84,617,328 lbs. Sugkr 217,46.3 casks. Indigo 3,257,610 lbs. Cocoa 1,536,017 lbs , and cotton 11,317,226 lbs.— See article West Indies. Domingo, St., capital of theE. part of the island of St. Domingo, on a navigable river, and had formerly a harbor, which is now choked up with sand. Though ils trade has been long extinct, it was in a respectable condition while it continued in the hands of the Spaniards. Tho city itself is large, well built, of stone, and defended by bat- ' terics. Lon. 70 10 W,, lat, 18 20 N. Dominica, one of the windward Caribbee islands in the W. Indies, It lies about half way between Gaudaloupe and Martinico, and is 28 ms. long and 13 broad. It was taken by the English in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. The French took it in 1778, but restored it in 1783. It suffered great damage by a tremendous hurricane in 1806. Tho soil is thin, and better adapted lo the rearing of coffee than sugar ; but the sides of the hills bear the finest trees in the W. Indies, and the island is well supplied wilh rivulets. The capilal is Charlotte town, Largest of the islands of the Pacific ocean, called the Marquesas. Lon. 139 2 W., lat. 9 41 S. Domino, St., one of the Tremili islands, in the Gulf of Venice, 45 ms. from the coast of Naples. Domitz, town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen burg Schwerin, wilh a fort, sealed al the conflu ence of the Elve and Elbe, 25 ms. S, of Schwerin. Dommel, river of Dutch BrabanI, whieh receives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows into the Meuse. Domo d'Ossola, town of Ilaly, in the Milanese, with a castle sealeil on the Tosa, 20 ms. N. of Varallo. Dompaire, lown of Fr., in the dep. ofVosges, 10 ms. NNW. ofEpinal. Domremy-la-Pucelle, village ofFr,, in the dep. of Meuse, and lale province of Barrois, remarkable for the birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the Meuse, 5 ins. from Neufchateau, 60 ms. SSW. of Metz, and 30 SW. of Nancy. N. fat. 48 37, lon. 5 42 E. ol London. 278 Don, or Dun, as prefixes, constitutes a part of many names of rivers and places on or near rivers and seacoasts in Europe, coming no doubt from the same root with Downs, which see. ' Don, large river, that, according to most English maps, [see Europe,'] separates Europe from Asia. It issues from Lake St. John, in the government of Moscow, and divides near Tcherkask, into three streams, which fall into the sea of Asoph. This river has so many windings, is in many parts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and its mouths, also, are so choked up with sand, that only flat-bottom boats, except in the same season, can pass into the sea of Asoph. River of Scot., which rises in .Aberdeenshire, joins the Erie Water at Inverary, and, passing by Kintore, falls into the German ocean at Aberdeen, within 2 ms. of the moulh of the Dee. Upon each of these rivers is an excellent salmon fishery. River of Eng., in Yorkshire, which waters Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncasler, and joins the^Aire, near its termination wilh the Ouse. Donaldsonville, village and seal of justice of the parish of Ascension, La. It stands on the point formed by the Mi-ssissippi and the efljux of Lafour che river, below the latter; contains 30 or 40 houses, and from 150 lo 200 inhabitants, 81 ms. above New Orleans. Donawert, strong town of Germany, on the frontiers of Suabia, subject to the duke of Bavaria. It is seated on the N. side of the Danube, 3^ ms. N. of Augsburg. Lon. 11 5 E., lat. 48 fi3 N. Doncaster, corporate town of Eng., in the W. riding of Yorkshire, on the river Don. It is large and well biiilt, and governed by a mayor. It was noted for knitting worsted stockings, but that ar ticle of , trade is now on the decline. It is 37 ms. S. of York, and 160 N. by W. OfLondon. Lon. 1 12 W., lat. 53 33 N. Donchcrry, handsome town of Fr., in the dep. of Ardennes, and lale province of Champagne, sealed on the Meuse, 3 ms. from Sedan. Lon. 5 2 E., lat. 49 42 N. Donegal, co- of Ireland, in the province of Ul ster, 68 ms. in length, 44 in breadth, bounded on the E. by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the W. and N. by the ocean, and on the S. by Fermanagh and the bay of Donegal. It contains 43 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 13 members to the Irish Parliament. It is in general a champaign country, and abounds with harbors Town of Ireland, .capital of a co, of the same name, seated on the bay of yonegal, 10 ms. N. of Ballyshannon. Lon. 7 47 W., lat. 54 42 N. Populous tp., Lancaster co.. Pa,, situaled in tho NW. corner of the CO , about 14 ms. NW. ofthe borough of Lan caster. Pop, 1820, 3,986 Tp., Westmore land CO., Pa. Pop. 1820, 2,564 Tp,, But ler CO., Pa. Pop. 1820, 960. Tp., Washing ton co.. Pa- Pop. 1820, 1,879. Doneschingen, town of Suabia, in the princi pality of Furslenburgh. It is the chief residence of the prince of Furslenburgh, in tho court yard of whose palace one of the higher sources of the Danube takes its rise. Some small springs bub bling from the ground form a basin of clear water, about 30 feel square. From this issues the Dan- DOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DOU ube, whore is here only a lillle brook ; and though the small rivers Bribach and Brege, uniting below the town, are far more considerable than this stream, which flows inlo them soon after their junction, yet has this alone the honor of being called the source of the Danube, Dongala, or Doncala. See Africa, p. 11. Donzy, town of Fr., in the dep. of Nievre and late territory of Nivernois, 22 ms. N. of Nevers. Lon, 3 14 E., lat. 47 22 N, Dooab, or Doabah, tract of land in Hindooslan proper, occupying all the flat country between the Ganges and the Norlh mountains, as well as the principal part of that tract lying between the Gan ges and Jumnah. The principal part of it is sub ject to the nabob of Oude. Doomsday Book, so often mentioned in Eng- lish history, is a form or corruption of the Saxon DoM Boc, or Book of Judgment, a supposed cor rect register, to serve as a legal guide lo judges in determining contestations in regard to laniied prop erty. Doon Loch, lake of Scotland, in Ayrshire, in the SE. part of Kyle, 6 ms, in length, and of con siderable breadth. On an island in this lake stands Balloch castle, Doon, river of Scollaild, which, issuing from Loch Doon, runs NW,, divides the district of Kyle from Carrick, the southern division of Ayr shire, and falls into the Frith of Clyde. Dorat, town of Fr. , no w in the dep. of Upper Vienne, lately in the territory of Limosin, sealed on the Abrax, near its confluence wilh the Sovre, 25 ms. N. of Limoges. Lon. 1 24 E., lat. 56 12 N. Dorchester, co. town of Dorselshire, Eng., on the river Frome, on a Roman road 8 ms. N. of Weymouth, and 120 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 2 45 W., lat. 50 42 N. Town of Eng,, in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It is seated on the Tame, 10 ms. SE. of Oxford, and 49 WNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1° W,, lat. 51 39 N. — ^Tp., Norfolk CO., Mass., in the vicinity of Boston. It was settled at an early period of the colony, in 1630. Pop. 1820, 3,684. Co. of L, C, olong both banks of the Chaudiere river, and extending to the St. Lawrence. Tp,, Norfolk CO., U. C, on the river Thames, — Town, Grafton co., N, H. Pop. 1820, 584.-- Village of Cumberland co., N. J,, on the left hank of Morris's river, between Port Elizabeth and Leesburg. Co. of Md,, bounded by Chesa peake bay S. and SW., Choptank river and C oline N., Delaware E., and Nanticoke river SE. Jjength 32 ms., mean width 20; area 640 sq. ms Surface ralher level, in part marshy ; soil generally sandy, and of second-rate quality. Chief town, Cambridge. Town and seat of justice, Colle ton district, S. C, on the left bank of Ashley riv er, 18 ms. WNW. from Charleston. Dordogne, dep. of Fr., which includes the lale province of Perigord. Dorn, village of Eng., in a detached part of Worcestershire, 3 ms. SE. of Campden, in Glou cestershire, where have been found abundance of Roman and British coins. Dornoch, royal borough of Eng., in the co. town of Sijtherlandshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry lo Taim. It is 40 ms, NE, of Inverness, Lon, 3 48 W,, lal, 57 .52 N. Dorpt, or Dorpat, lown of Livonia, on the Ember, between the Lakes Wosoro and Pepas, 60 ms. S. of Narva, Lon. 27 52 E., lal, 58 18 N. Dorsetshire, co. of Eng., bounded on the S. by the English channel, on the N, by Somersetshire and Wiltshii-e, on the E, by Hampshire, and on the W, by Devonshire and some part of Somerset shire, It is between 40 and 50 ms, long from E. to W,, and 34 broad from S, to N,, and contains 34 hundreds, 23 market lowns, and 248 parishes. This CO. enjoys a mild, pleasant, and wholesome air, and a deep, rich, and fertile soil, finely diver sified. Towards the N. it is level, under the. high lands lhat divide it from Somersetshire, where there is fine arable ground, that w\Jl yield large crops of different kinds of giain- It is distinguish ed for ils woolen manufactures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is the capilal- See Port land ani Purbeck. Pop- 1801, 115,319; 1811, 124,693 ; 1821, 144,499- It extends over 1,129 sq- ms- ; consequently, it has 127 lo each sq- m- Dorset, town, Benmngton co-, Vl-, about 25 ms. N- of Bennington., Pop- 1,500- Dorsettsville, post office, Chatham co., N, C, 20 ms. W, from Raleigh. Dort, or Dordrecht, cily of Holland, famous for a Protestant synod, held in 1618, which con demned the tenets of Arminius. It is seated on an island of the Meuse, opposile that of Yssel- mond. Il was detached from the main land in in 1421, by a flood occasioned by the breaking down ofthe dyke, which overwhelmed 70 villages and about 100,000 persons. It is 10 ms. SE. of Rullerdam. Lon. 4 48 E,, lat. 51 50 N. Dortmund, strong imperial town of Westpha lia, in the co, of Marck, seated on the Emster, 35 ms. NE. of Cologne. Lon, 7 35 E., lat. 51 26 N. Douay, city of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late French Flanders. It is sealed on the river Scarpe, in a very pleasant and fertile country. The town is large and populous, and exceedingly well fortified. From the river Scarpe there is a canal to the Deule, 15 ms. NW, of Cambray, Lon, 3 10 E,, lat. 50 23 N. Double Branches, post office, Lincoln co., Ga, ; by postroad 110 ms. NE, from Milledgeville. Double Bridge, post office, Lunenburg co,, Va,, about 60 ms, SW. from Richmond. Double Pipe Creek, post office, on Pipe Creek, branch of Monscavy river, Frederick co., Md., about 15 ms, NE, from the town of Frederick. Douba, dep. of Fr., including part of the late province of Franche Comple. River of Fr., rises in Mount Jura, and, flowing first N. then W., turns S. and joins the Saone at Verdun, after passing by Mounlbeliard, Besangon, Dole, and other towns. Doue, small town of Fr., in the dep. of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou. It has one of the finest fountains in Fr., and near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre cut out of the solid rock. It is 9 ms, SW. of Saumur. Douglass, town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, on a river of the same name that falls into the Clyde above Lanark. Here is Douglaso Castle, for many 379 DOV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DOW ages the residence of the second family in Scot land. A modem building has been erected on the same side, in imitation of the ancient castle. It is 37 ms. SW. of Edinburgh, Seaport of the Isle of Man, nearly at the same distance from the English, Scotch, and Irish shores, and the best harbor in the island. It is defended by an impreg nable fort. Lon. 4 20 W., lat. 54 12 N. . Village, Worcester co., Mass., 25 ms. from Prov idence, R. I., 4 from the NW. angle of lhat State, and 39 SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1375. Douglass, Cape, lofty promontory on the W. coast of America, within the entrance of Cook's river. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1778; its summit forming two very high moun tains. Lon. W. C. 75 30 W., lat. 58° N. Douglass's Mills, post office. Perry co,, Penn., 42 ms. from ][^arrisburg. Dove, river of Eng., in Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak, parls the co. from Staffordshire, and falls into the Trent 4 ms. N. of Burton. The Staffordshire canal is carried over this river in an aqueduct of 33 arches, Cape, on the coast of Nova Scotia, NE. from Halifax. Lon. W. C. 13° E., lat. 44 20 N. Dovedale, Eng., one of ihe most romantic spots in Derbyshire, in the neighborhood of Ashborn. Here the river Dove runs in a chasm between pre cipitous rocks. Dover, seaporl of Eng., in theco. of Kent, be tween two high chffs, on' one of which is an an cient castle, E. from the town. It was repaired in 1756. and there are barracks in it for 3,000 men. It is the station of the packet boats lhat, in time of peace, pass between Dover ond Calais, from which it is distant only 21 ms. The harbor is made by a gap in the cliffs, whose height is truly sublime. Hence, in fine weather, is a pros pect of the coast of France. Dover is 15 ms. SE. of Canterbury, and 73 of London. Lon. 1 23 E., lat. 51 8 N. Kent co., U. C, on the right bank of the Thames, opposite Raleigh, Town and seat of jusiice, Strafford co., N. H,, lying on the river Cochecho, 12 ms. N. by W. of Portsmouth. This town was incorporated in 1633. Pop. in 1820, 3,871. Village, Penob scot CO,, Me,, by post road 155 ms. NE. from Portland. Tp., Norfolk co., Mass., 16 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1830, 548, Vil lage, Kent CO., Del., and the seat of a Slate gov ernment, situated on Jones's creek, near its junc tion with the river Delaware, about 30 ms. S. of New Castle. This small towii is neatly built, the houses being mostly of brick, and the streets dis posed with regularity. In the centre is a hand some square, on which the State house and public offices are erected. It lies in lat. of 59 10 N,, and lon. 75 30 W. Pop. in 1820, about 600. Town. York co., Penn., situated about 8 ms. westward from York. Pop. 1,500. Town Dutchess CO., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,193. Tp., Monmouth co,, N. J., on Cedar Bay creek, 40 ms. E. from Philadelphia Pop. in 1820, 1,916. Town, York co,, Penn., on a branch of Conewago creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,816. Tp„ Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 308. The village sfands in the SE. corner ofthe tp., 13 ms. SW. of Cleveland, and about an equal dis tance NE. of Elyria, the co. seat of Lorain co. 280 Town and seat of justice of Stuart co., Tenn., on the left bank of Cumberland river, 35 ms. be low Clarksville, Town, Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 718. Canal Dover is the post oflice name of this place, and thus ought letters to be directed. The town of Dover is situated on the Ohio canal, 4 ms. above and northward of New Philadelphia, and by canal 93 ms. from Cleveland. "The site of the town is a level plain, 35 feet above the water in the canal, which is separated only by the towing path from the Tuscarawas river. Across the river and canal there is a cov ered bridge, 346 feet long and built in 1833. The town contains 600 inhabitants." — Ohio Gazetteer, It is 56 ms. NW. from WheeUng, and 56 nearly NW. by W. from Stpubenville. Tp,, Athens CO., Ohio. Pop, in 1830, 592. Dover, fine, village of Wayne co,, Ohio.— See Dalian, the post office name. Dover-mills, post office, Goochland co., Va. Douero, or Douro, river in Spain, which rises in Old Castile, in the mountains of Urbjon. It mns W. by several towns, and crossing Portugal, falls into the Atlantic ocean near Oporto, Dourac, town of Persia, near the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, remarkable for the reed of which they make pens. Lon. 56 57 E., lal. 33 15 N. Dourdon, town of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, with a manufaclure of silk and worsted stockings. It is seated on the Orge, 25 ms. SW. of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E., lat. 48 35 N. Dourlach, town of Suabia, capital of Baden Dourlach. The inhabilanls are protestants. It is seated 'on the Giessen, 12 ms. S. of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 28 E., lat. 49 2. N. Doulens, or Dourlens, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Somme, lately in the province of Picardy, with two citadels. It is sealed on the Autie, 15 ms. N. of Amiens. Lon. 3 33 E., lat. 50 10 N. Dowlatabad, formerly called .\mednagur, a province of the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is bounded on the N. by Candeish and Malway, on the W. by the Gauls, on the S, by Visiapour and Golconda, and on the E. by Berar. Aurun gabad is the capital. Fortress in the Deccan of Hindoostan, 15 ms. NW. of Aurungabad. Near it are the pagodas of Flora, most of which are cut out of the natural rock. Lon. 70° E., lat. 19 55 N. Down, CO. of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 43 ms. in length, and 34 in breadth, bounded on the E. by the Irish Sea, on the W. by Armagh, on the NW. by Antrim, and on the S. by Carling- ford bay and the ocean. It contains 73 parishes, and before the Irish union sent 14 members to the Irish ParUament. This co. is rough and full of hills, and yet the air is temperate and healthy. The soil naturally produces wood, unless constant ly kept open and ploughed ; and the low grounds degenerate into bogs and moss where the drains are heglected. But by the industry of the inhab itants it produces good crops of corn, particularly oats; and, where marl is found, barley. Cap ital of the CO. of Down, in Ireland. It is a bo rough and market town, seated on the river New ry, 7 ms. W. of Stranford bay. Lon. 5 49 W,, -lat. 54 29 N. DRA GEOGR.APHICAL DICTIONARY. DRO Downington, village in Scipio tp., ond near the northern border of Meigs co,, Ohio, 16 ms, NW. byW. of Chester, the co. seat, and 12 ms. S. of .\lliens, in Athens co. Downe, tp., Cumberland co,, N. J. Pop. in 1320, 1,749. Downham, town of Eng,, in Norfolk. It is sealed on the Ousa, 35 ms. NE. of Cambridge, and 86 N. by E. of London. Lon. 20' E., lat. 52 40 N. Downington, village, Chester co., Penn,, on the left bank of Brandywine creek, 33 ms. W. by N. from Philadelphia, Downs, roads on the E. coast of Kent, between the N. and S. Foreland. It is a famous rendez vous for shipping. — See Godwin sands. Dow.NS, Fr. Dunes, a lerm derived from the Celtic, and mean.-i a swelUng eminence. It is ap plied to those sandy hillocks along the seacoast of France, Germany, Denmark, and the Brilish Islands. Many places have derived names Irom the Downs, or Dunes, one of the most noted of which is Dunkirit, from Dune, and Kirk, church- See arts- Danube, Don, &c. Downton, borough of Eng-, in Wills, on the Avon, 6 ms. SE. of Salisbury, and 84 WSW. of London. Lon. 1 36 W., lat- 51° N. Doyleslown, borough, village, and seat of jus tice, Bucks CO., Penn , on a branch of the Ne- shainony creek, 26 ms, directly N. from Philadel phia. The borough, besides the ordinary co,, buildings, contains many fine private houses, and is a neat thriving village. N. lal. 40 18, lon. W. C. 1 56, Pop, of tho tp, in 1820, 1,430, and in 1840,2,127. Wayne co., Ohio.— See Chip peway, the post office name. Dracut, town, Middlesex co., Mass., situaled on the N' side of the Merrimack, aboul 35 ms. NW . of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1,407. Dragoman, DiiOGOiVtAN,DROGUEMAN, comes in to the other European language through the Italian, and from modern Greek Dragonmans. Lunier, in his Dictionary, says it is borrowed from the Turk ish word terdgrumen, or from the Arab tordgeman, or tardgeman, and both from the Chaldean tar- gem, meaning one who explains or interprets.' It is a general term in the Levant, but more espe cially applied to the Deagoman of the Porte, or principal interpreter lo the Turkish Government. Draguignan, town of Fr. , in the dep. of Var, and late province of Provence, 10 ms. NW. of Frejus. Lon. 6 35 E,, lat. 43 31 N. Drake, port. Sir Francis bay, W. coast of Mex ico. Lon. W. C. 46° W., lat. 38° N. Drakenstein, district of the colony at the Cape of Good Hope, 40 ms. from Cape town, celebrated for its fine wine. ' Dranesmlk, village, Fairfax co,, Va., 17 ms. from W. C. Drave, considerable river of Germany, which rises in the Tyrol, runs across Carinthia, and enter ing Styria, continues its course by Marpurg ; then it runs along the confines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, passes by Esseck, and a little after falls into the Danube. Drayton, town of Eng., in Shropshire, on the river 'Forn, which separates this county from Staf fordshire. It is 17 ms, NE, of Shrewsbury and 1.54 NW, ofLondon, Lon. 2 22 W,, lal. 53 54- N. 36'*' Drenlelburg, town of Germany, in the pr'tnci- puUty of Hesse. Lon. 8 67 E., lat. 51 23 N, Dresden, cily of Germany and the capilal of llie kingdom of Saxony, It is divided by the Elbe in lo the old and now lown, which are uniled by a grand bridge; and surrounded by strong forlificu- lions. It has a castle, an academy of painting and seul|ilure, and a magnificent church for the Roman I'atholios. The palaces of Holland and Japan aro lull of curiosities from lhat couniry and China ; and tlio picture gallery may claim precedence over every individual gallery in Ilaly. The city and suburbs aro estimated lo contain 70,000 inhabit ants. Here are manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewellery; porcelain, paper-hangings, and wind instruments of music. It is 80 nis. NNW. of Prague, 120 nearly S, from Berlin, and OQ SSE. from Leip,=ic, Lon, 13 50 E,, lat, 51 6 N,— See Saxony, the kingdom, Dresden, town, Lincoln co,. Me,, by post road 59 ms. NE. from Portland and 8 NW. from Wis casset. Village, Muskingum co., O,, on the right bank of Muskingum river, 16 ms. above Zanesville. This place has become of much con sequence since the construction of a side canal from Zanesville into the Ohio canal, on which it stands, A daily canal boat runs to and from il, connecting it in business wilh Zanesville. Pop. in 1830, 391 ; in 1833, 4.50 ; and in 1840, 819. Dresden Mills, posl office, Lincoln co., Mc, 4 ms. below Dresden village, — See Dresden, village, Dreux, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, Itis seated on the river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, 48 ms. W. of Paris. Lon, 1 25 E , lat, 48 44 N. Drewsville, village, Cheshire co,, N. H., 60 ms. from Concord. Driessen, strong town of Germany, in the new marche of Brandenburg, wilh a strong fort, on the river Warta, 20 ms. E, of Landsperg, Lon. 15 43 E , lat. 52 53 N. Drinaward, town of Turkey in Europe, in Ser via. It stands on a small island formed by the Dri no, on the confines of Bosnia. Drino, river of Turkey in Europe, which has ils source in the frontiers of Albania, and falls inlo a bay of the same name in the gulf of Venice. It is the ancient Drin, Seaport of Turkey in Eu rope, on a bay of the same name, in the gulf of Venice, 50 ms, SE. of Ragusa. Lon. 10 19 E,, lat, 42 48 N. Drogheda, seaport and borough of Ireland, in the CO, of Louth. Il is a strong place and well inhab ited, having an excellent harbor. It is seated on the Boyne, 5 ms. W. of the Irish sea and 23 N. of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W., lat, 51 63 N. Droitwitch, borough of Eng., in Worcester shire, noted for excellent white salt, made from the salt springs in ils neighborhood. Il is seated on the Salwarp, 6 ms. ENE. of Worcester and 118 WNW. ofLondon, Lon. 1 48 W,, lat. 52 15 N. Drome, dep. of Fr,, including part of the late province of Dauphiny. Dromore, lown of Ireland, in the co. of Down, It is a very ancient town, and the seat of a bishop ric. The cathedral is small, but the episcopal pal ace is handsome and conVenienl. It is seated on theLaggan, 15 ms. SW. of Belfast, Lon. 6 8E,, lat, 54 25 N Town, Lancaster co.. Pa., on 2S1 DRU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DUB the E. side of Susquehannah river, between Pe-I quea and Oclorora creeks. . Pop. in 1820, 1,500. Dronero, town of Piedmont, seated at the foot of the Alps, on ihe river Maera, over which is a bridge of prodigious height. Dronfield, town of Eng , in Derbyshire, wilh a free-school. Il is so resorted to, on account of its wholesome air, that it abounds with gentry and handsome buildings. It is 28 ms. N. ef Derby and 155 NNW. Of London. Lon. 1 25 W., lat. 53 18 N. Drontheim, province of Norway, bounded on the W. by the ocean, on the N. by the govern ment of Wardshuys, on the S. by that of Bergen, antl^on the E. by Sweden, from which it is sepa rated by high mountains. Il is but thin of people. City of Norway, capilal of a government of the sarae name, with an archbishop's see and a good harbor. It carries on a great trade ; is almost surrounded by the sea and river Piddet; and is 370 ms. NW. of Stockholm. Lon. 11 9 E,, lat. 63 25 N. Drowned lands, valuable tract of about 60,000 acres in the State of N. Y., on the N. side of the mountains in Orange co. The waters, which de scend from the surrounding hills, being slowly dis charged by the river Walkill, cover ,these vast meadows every winter, and render them extremely ferljle. Drowned Meadow, post office, Suffolk co., N. Y., on Long Island. Druid. Neither the real meaning of this term or lille, or the irue social and political character of the Druids are now known with much certainly. That they were an order of priests is undoubted, but lhat they were also lawgivers and judges is probable. They were peculiar in Europe lo the Celtic tribes of Gaul, Germany, and Britain; but frum the Welsh term derwyz, and its cognate Per sian term dervis, the real title of the Druids would appear to claim an Asiatic origin. Druid is not supposed to be the title used by the people amongst whom the order existed, but imposed by the Greeks of Marseilles. Drumbote, town of Ireland, in the co. of Mo nagban, 8 ms. W. of Dundalk, Lon. 6 31 W,, lat 54 10 N. Drumlanrig, town in Eng,, in Dumfriesshire, in the dislrict of Nilhsdale ; remarkable for a wood of oak 6 ms, in lengih. Drumlanrig is seated on the river Nith, 13 ms. N. of Dumfries. Lon. 3 31 W., lai. 55 25 N. Drummond^s island, in Lake Huron, 36 ms. E. from Mackinaw. Here the Brilish governraent maintain a garrison and trading post. Drummondtown, lown and seat of justice, Ac comack CO,, Va. , on a small creek discharging inlo the Atlantic ocean, 45 ms. N. from Cape Charles. DnnsES, people of Syria, on the mountains Li banus and Antilibanus. It is shown by Malte Brun, from almost irresistible evidence, that they are the Ituraei of the Greeks and Romans, and lhat amidst the murderous revolutions of ages this small band of mountaineers have maintained their independ ence. Their rocky territory, subdivided into the districts of Matn6, Garb, Sahel, Chouf, Tefa, Cha- gif, and Djoord, lies between Damascus and the Medilenanean. Chieflown, Deir-el kamar. The Druses are in fact a religious sect, divided inlo three classes — Akals, or initiated ; Djoheli, or aspirants, and the vulgar, who know liltle or noth ing of mysteries concealed by their superiors. The name, according to the best auihorities, comes from a root signifying true, hard, &c,, and from which came Druid, and, by analogy, the English term truth. In a nominal manner, the Druses are Ma hometans, and subject lo the Turks; in both cases, however, they pay lillle regard to eilher the reli gion or authority of their sovereign the Sultan. 'i'he Emir, or Turkish governor, is never a Drnze ; and the real chief of this singular people is their own Sheikh, who resides at Soueida in the Haou- ran. The exclusive character of the Druses have preserved them as a separate people. Their ori gin is due to a more easiern position — Persian, probably. Dryden, one of the military tps. in N. Y., at llie SE. end of Cayuga lake. Pop in 1820, 3,951. Dry Ridge, post office in Pendleton co., Ky., 58 ms. NE. from Frankfort, Dry Run, post office in Franklin co,. Pa., about 74 ms. SW. from Harrisburg. Duanesburg, town in Schenectady co., N. Y,, 25 ms. W. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 3,510. Dublin, CO. of Ireland, in the province of Lein sler, 27 ms. in lengih and 17 in breadlh ; bound ed on the E. by the Irish sea, on the N. by East Meath and the Irish sea, on the W. by East Mealh and Kildare, and on the S. by Wicklow. Before the Union it sent 10 members to the Irish Pariia ment. Capilal of Ireland, in a county of the same name, with a bishop's see, sealed on the Lif- fey, in view of the Irish sea on the E. Its form is that of a square, 2^ ms. in extent on each side, and it contains about 22,000 houses, whose inhab itants are estimated at 156,000. With respect .to its streets, Dublin bears a near resemblance to London ; some ofthe old streets were formerly nar row, but great improvements have been lately made in regard both to convenience and embellish ment ; and there are several magnificent squares, the largest of which is St. Stephen Green, neariy a mile in circuit. Il has a cathedral and a colle giate church, 18 parish churches, 8 chapels, 16 Roman Catholic chapels, numerous meeting houses for dissenters of various denominations, 4 foreign churches and a synagogue. Among the principal public buildings are the castle, (the residence of the viceroy,) the national bank. Trinity college, the hall of justice, the royal exchange, the custom-house, the royal hospital of Kilmainham for invalids, the linen hall, the bar racks, the toll-sell, or town-house, and Essex bridge and Sarah bridge, 2 of the 6 bridges over the Liffey. The hospitals and other charitable in stitulions are numerous ; and il has 2 theatres. An observatory is erected on a rocky hill, about 4 ms. NW. of the cily. The civil government of Dub lin is executed by a lord mayor, recorder, 2 she riffs, 24 aldermen, and a common council, form ed of representatives from the 25 corporations. Be side the silk, woollen, and colton manufactures carried on in the supurbs, other branches of uselul manufacture are establishing in different parts of the mefropolis, and its foreign trade is considerable. The harbor is incommoded by two banks of sand, which prevent vessels of large burden from DUD (iEO(iK,'M'IIIC.\L UICTION.AKY DIJM going over the har; it has a mole nearly 4 ms, in length, wilh a light -house al the extiomily, and an other on the promontory opposite, called the hill of Howlh. Three miles below tho city, al a place called the Pigeon-house, is a commodious dock, and here the packets receive and land passonsors, 'J'ho Lifl'ey divides tlio cily into almost two equal part-*, and has spacious and iiolile quays on bolh sides, A grand canal has been made from Ihc Lif fey, which communicates .with the Shannon near Clonfort, Dublin is scaled on the end of a spa cious bay, 7 ms, from the Irish sea, 60 W. of Ho lyhead, in Wales, and 300 WNW. of London. 6 18 W,, lat- 53 21 N. Dublin, town in Cheshire co., N. H., 31 ms. SW. from Concord- The tp. includes the Grand Monadiioeh mountain. Pop. in 1820, 1,260. Tp. inHunlington co,. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 632, Tp, in Bedford co,. Pa. Po|i. in 1830, 713. Lower, tp. in Philadelphia co-. Pa-, on the Delaware river, 10 ms; above Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 2,640. Upper, tp. in Montgomery CO-, Pa-, between Abingtoii and Gwinned tp.s., 15 ms. NW, from Philadelphia, Village and scat of jusiice in Laurens co., Ga,, on the right banis. of ihe Oconee, 55 ms, below Milledgeville, N, lal, 33 32, lon. W, C. 6 5. Town in Franklin CO,, Ohio, on the right bank of Scioto river, 12 ms. NW. from Columbus, Pop. in 182U, about 50, Dubois, or LaJce of the Woods, lake of Brilish Norlh America, W, from Lake La Pluie, or Lake Rain. The river La Pluie flows from the latler to tbe former. The discharge of the Lake of the Woods is again inlo Lake Winnipic. The NW. boundary of the United Stales, on N lat. 49°, in tersects the W, bank ofthe Lake ofthe Woods. Dubois, CO, of la,, bounded by Perry SE,, Spencer S,, Warwick SW., Pike W., Davies NW,, Owen N., and Orange and Crawford E. ; lengih 20 ms,, mean width 18 ; area 378 sq. ms. Surfice generally hillv, and soil varied. Pop, in 1820, 1,168, and in' 1840, 3,632. Central lal. 38 22 N., Ion. W. C, 9 50 W. Dubourg's, post office on the Mississippi river, in the parish of Si, John tho Baptist, 49 ms, above New Orleans. Duck. Branch, post office in Barnwell district, S. C,, by postroad 136 ms, SW, from Columbia. Duck Creek, sometimes called Salisbury, town and hundred of Kent, Del., 13 ms. N. by W. of Dover, and 38 S. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1820, .3,951. Duck river. Ten., rises in Franklin co,, and, pursuing a comparative course of about 150 ms. WNW,, falls inlo Tennessee river, after having traversed Bedford, Maury, Hickman, Williamson, Dickson, and Humphrey counlies. It is naviga ble for boats at high water, following the bends, about 100 ms. Duck Island, tp. in Hancock co,. Me. Pop. in 1820, 18. Dudley, town of Eng., in Worcestershire, with a great manufacture of nails and other iron wares. There is a church at each end of the longest street. It is 10 ms. NW. of Birmingham, and 120 of London. Lon. 2 0 W., lat. 52 33 N Town in Worcester co., Mass., on the line which di vides this Slate from Connecticut, and on the B. side of Lockwood river. Pop. in 1820, 1,615. Village oil tho northern bank of Scioto river, lliu din CO., Ohio, 6 ms. E, of Kenlon, tho <;oiinl.y soal, 22 a lilllo N. of E, from Marion, and IH inn, SW. of Upper Sandusky. Ducrstade. — Sec Wirk-de- Duirstiidr. I>uff''s Fork, post oflice in tho northeaslern part ofFuyetlo co., Ohio, 12 ms. NNE. of Wusliiiig- ton, the counly seat, 18 ins. nearly due W. from Circlesville, and 25 ma. .SSW, of Columbus, This place is usually called Yankcclown. Duins, or Dnins, seaport in tho duchy of Car niola, 8 ms. NW. of Trieste. Lon. 13 46 E., lal. 45 55 N. Du'iiburg, lown of Westphalia,, in the duchy of Cleves, wilh a university, sealed on the Roer, iipar Ihe Rhine, 12 ins. N. ol Dusseldorf. Lon. 6 50 E-, lat. 51 22 N. Duitz, or Duytz, town of Westphalia, on Ibe, E.' side of the Rhine, opposite Cologne, ll is chief ly inhabited by Jews. Duke comes, it is probable, from modern Greek, and lhat from dux, lo conduct or guide. As early as the reign of Probus, A, D, 276, a certain class of Roman generals were designated Dues, Duces, Conductors. In process of lime, governors of pro vinces received this title. It is now applied lo sev eral sovereign princes, Duke of York's island, island in the S. Pacific ocean, discovered by Commodore Byron in 1765, lying N. of the Friendly islands. The ground was covered by land crabs, but no other animal was seen. Lon. 172 30 W., lat. 8° S. Island in the S. Pacific ocean, about 10 ms. lon^, lying between Lord Howe's group and the SE. point of New Ireland. The nutmeg was seen by Captain Hun ter, who anchored in Port Hunter bay, in this is land, in May, 1791.. Lon, 152 42 E., lat. 4 7 Soulh. Dukes, CO., Mass., comprises Mi#tha's Vine yard island, Chobaquiddick island, Noman's is land, and the group of Elizabeth islands ; the whole surface amounting to about 120 sq. ms. of habitable land. Soil of middling quality. Chief lown Edgartown. Pop. 1820, 3,292, and in 1840, 3,958. Centrallat. 41 25 N., lon. 6 30 E. W. C. Dulas, village.of Eng,, on the NE. side of the isle of Anglesey, much frequented on account of the corn and butter trade, and for fern ashes. Dulce, river of N. America, in Costa Rica and Veragua, falls into the Gulf of Dulce, after sepa rating the two provinces from which it flows Gulf of the Pacific ocean, into which the river Dulce is discharged. Lon. W. C. 5 20 W., lat 9° N. Dulderstadt, town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick. It is sealed on the river Whipper, 15 ms, E. of Goltingen, and 130 NE. of Mentz. Lon. 10 14 E., lat. 51 38 N. Dulmen, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munsler, 18 ras. SW. of Munster. Lon 7 4 W., lat. 51 47 N. Dulverton, town of Eng., in Somersetshire, seated on a branch of the E.x, 34 ms. E. of Barn stable, and 164 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 3 40 W., lat. 51 4 N. Dulwich, village of Eng., in Surry, 5 ms. S. of London. Dumbarton, borough of Eng., the capilal of 283 DUM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DUN Dumbartonshire, seated at the confluence of the Loven and Clyde, with a stone bridge over the former. Its principal manufaclure is glass, but many of the young women are employed in the print fields on the banks of the Leven. It is al most surrounded by the Leven and the Clyde. Dumbarton is 15 ms, WNW. of Glasgow. Lon. 4 30 W., lat. 50° N Town, Straftbrd co., N. H. Pop. 1820, 1,450. Dumbarton, the post office name of Jackson ville, Meigs CO., Ohio, The village stands 10 ms. NNE, from West Union, and about 30 ms. N W. of Portsmouth, at the mouth of SciolO river. Diimbartonshire, or Lenox, Eng,, runs far N. among a cluster of hills, and is bounded on the S. by the frith and river of Olyde, on the E.- by Lan arkshire and Slerhngshire, on thdNE'. by Perth shire and the Grampian hills, and on the W. by Argyleshire and Loch Lang, It is about 20 ms, broad, from E, to W., and about 40 long, from N. to S. That pa'rt.'VvhiOh lies to the E. is very fruitful in corn, the other parts being hilly feed vast flocks of.sheep; Pop.- 1801, 20,710, in 1811, 28,189, and in 1821, ,27,313. Dumblane, village of Eng., in Perthshire, 30 ms. NW. of Edinburgh. DumfermUne, borough' of Scotland, in Fife- shjre, which i^ a considerable manufacturing town, and has a good trade in linen goods, particularly' diapers- It is 15 ms. NW. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 37 W., lat. 56 5 N. Dumfries, village and scat of justice in Prince William co , Va-, on Quantioo' creek, 32 ms. SSW. from Washington, and 23 ms. NNE. from Fredericksburg. Royal borough of Scotland, capital of Dumfriesshiie, pleasantly situaled be tween two hills, on the river- Nitli. It is a regu lar well built town, 8 ms. N. of Solway Frilb, and 30 WNW. *f Cariisle. Lon. 3 29 W., lat. 55 13 N- Dumfries, co. of Scotland, which includes .\n- kndale and Niddisdale ; il is bounded on the N. by part of Ayrshire, Lanaikshire, Peeblesshire, and Selkirkshire, on tbe W. by Selkirkshire and Rox burghshire, on tho S. by the Solway frith, and on the W. by the cos. of Ayr and Kircudbright, ex tending about 50 ms. in length, and 30 in breadth. Eusdalo is the most easiern division, and divided from .\nnandale by Eskdale. Annandale lies on the' banks of the river Annan, which runs through the- middle of the co-, and falls, into the Solway frith, afler a course of 27 ms., ' This division is a slewarly, abourfding wilh .pasture and pleasant woods, is aboul 27 ms long, and 14 broad. Nid disdale, or Nilhdale, receives its name from ihe river Nid, Ihal passes through it and runs into the Solway frith ; this is the wesiern division, abounds in pastures and arable lands, produces abundance of corn, and some woods and forests ;' gcild has been found in some of its brooks, afler great rains. Its chief rivers arc the Esk, An^an, and Nid. Its chief towns are Annan and Dumfries. Pop. in 1801 54,597, in 1811,. 63,960, and in- 1821, 70,878. ¦ Dummer, tp., Coos;co-, N. H. Pop. 1820, 42. Dammerston, or Dummerstown, town,., Wind ham CO., Vt.,'on West river, 104 ms. S. from Mont- ; pelier, and 8 NNE. from Brattleborough. , I Dunamond, town of Russia, in the govetniaent 384 of Riga. It is situated near the mouth of the Dwina, 15 ms. NW. of Riga. Dunbar, royal borough of Eng,, in Hadding tonshire, seated near the German ocean. Il has a good harbor, formerly defended by a castle. Under the rock, on which the casllc stands, are two natural arches, through which' the lide flows, and between the harbor and the castle is a stratum of -vast basaltic columns. It is 25 ms. E. of Edin burgh. ¦ Lon. 2 34 W., lat, 57 12 N,^Tp. Fayette coi. Pa., on the SW. side of Youghiogany river, opposile Connellsville. Pop. 1820, 1,805. Dunbartfin,:town, Merrimack co , N. H,, on Ihe W. side of Merrimack river, 35 ms. W: of Portsmouth, Pop. 1830, 1,450. Duncansborough, town, Orleans co., Vt,,;ou Lake Memphremagog. Pop. 150. Duncannon, forlre3,s and town of Ireland, in the CO, of Wexford, seated on the river Ross, 6 ms. E. of Waterford. Lon 6 46 W., lat. 54 12 North. Duncan's Falls,' pew village on Muskingum river, and in .Muskingum Co., 8-^ ms. below Zanes ville. Greati water power is obtained here, by a dam thrown over the river, wilh a lock, being part of the great work necessary to ' render the Mus kingum navigable lathe Ohio.' The place is oth erwise called Taylorsville. Duncansvijle, village, Barnwell dislrici, S. C, aboul 80 ros, SSW from ColHinbia. , IJundaff, yillage in the SE, angle of .Susque hannah CO,, Pa,, on the road from Bethany; lo Montrose, 20 ms, NW. from the former, and i 22 SE, from the lalter. Dundalk,' senporl of Irelartd, in the co. of Louth, on a bay of Ihe same name, 20 ms. NNW. of Drogheda. Lon. 6 17 W,, lat. 52 16 N, Dundas, co. ,of Upper Canada, bounded E. by Stormont, SB. by St. Lawrence river, W. by Greenville, and N. by Oltowa river. Dundee, royal borough of Scotland, in Angus shire, with an excellent harbor. Its situation for commerce is very advantageous. Trading vessels ofthe largest burden can get into ihc harbor-; and on the quay there are are ,3 very convenient and handsome warehotfscs, buill in 1756, as well as good room for ship building,i which is carried on to a largo extent- ''Phe houses are built of stone, generally 3 or 4 stories high" 'Pbo pop. in 1788 amounted to nearly 20,000, but Ihe inhabilanls have increasod to 23 or 24,00(1.- Ills seatedon the N. side of the frith of Tay, 12 ms, from its moulh, 40' NE.oi Edinburgh, 22 E of Perth, and 14 NW. of St. Andtews. Lou. 2 55 W., lal. 56 30 N. Duneburg, lown of Livonia, on the Dwina, 90 ms. SE. of Riga. Lon 27 E', lal. 56 SN. Dunganrwn, town of Ireland, in the co. of Ty rone, 11 ms. NNW. of .Armagh. Lon. 6 3!) W,, lat, 54 48 N. Dungarvon, seaport of Ireland, in the co. of Waterford, sealed on Dungarvon Bay, 22 ras. SW. of Waterford. Lon. 7 39 W., lal. 52 6 N. i)un.geneaa, cape on the coast of Kent, 8 ms. S. by W. of Romney. Lon. 29' E., lal. 50 52 N. Dunkard,'lp.,. Green co.. Pa-, on the W. side of the river Monongahela, and bounded -on the S. by the line that 'divides Pa. from Va. Pop.: in 1820, 1,473. DUN G EOGRAPHICAL D1C1'I0N.\RV. DI Dunkeld, lown of Scot., in the shire of Perth, seated on the N. side of the river Tay, in a situa tion truly romantic, under and among very high and almost inaccessible crags. Dunkeld is 12 ms. N- of Paris. Lon. 3 36 W-, lat- 56 35 N- Dunkirk, considerable seaport of Fr., in the dep. ,of the North aud lale French Flanders, 23 ms, SW. of Ostend. Lon 2 28 E., lat. 61 '3 N. Small village and fort on Lake Erie, . Cha tauque CO., N. Y. The harbor lies in the form of a semi-ellipsis. Il is sheltered to the NVV. by a point of laml, and on the N. by a reef of focks, on which there is only about 3 feel waler. It is the only harbor from Buffalo lo Eric on Ihc N., Y, and Pa. shore. From Buffalo 45 ms,, and from Can adaway or Fredonia 4 ms, ^Village in King and Queen eo;-, Va',, 11-6 ms. from Washington, Dun-le-roi, town of Fr. , in the dep. of ("her, and lale province of Berry, 20 ras. S, of Bourges. Lon. 2 29 E,, lat. 46 45 N. Diinhp, village of Scot,, in Ayrshire, in the dis trict of Cunningham, celcbratcil for rich, and deli cate cheese. Dunlapsville, village on E. branch of While Water river. Union co,, la,, IjO ms. NW. from Cincinnati, aud 83 .a, hltle S. of E. from Indian- apoli.s. Dunmouf, Great, town of Eng., in Essex, wilh a manufacture of baize. It is 13 ms, N.of Chelms. ford, and 46- NE. of London. Lon. 24' E., lat. 51 .54 N. Dunniow, Little, village of Eng., in Esse.x, ad joining to Great Dunmow. Dunning Street, village, Saratoga CO., N. Y., 30 ms. N. from Albany. : Dunninglo.n, town of Enji^,,in Lincolnshire, 27 uis, SE. of Lincoln, and 111 N. ofLondon. Lon. 7' W„ lat. 52 55 N. Duiinose, cape on tho S. side of tlic Isle of Wight- Lon. I 16 W,, lat, 50 33 N, . Dunnsbury, village, Lycoming co., Pa. Dunse, town of Eng,, in Berwickshire, between the forks of Ihe rivers Blackadder. and Whiteadder, in a rich and fertile country, 12 ms. W. of Ber wick upon Tweed,. Lon. 2 5 VV,, lal. 55 46 Ni, Dunstable, lown ol' Eng., in, Bedfordshire, on a dry chalky hill, and has. lour streets which regard the four cardinal points.- The church is the re mainder of a priory, and, opposite to it is a farm house, once a royal palace. Dunstable is famous for elegant baskets, &c,, made of slr.aw, which are even an article of ^expoitutiou II is 34 ms. NW. ofLondon. Lon. 29' W., lat. 51 .59 N. Town, Hillsbofough co.j N. H,, lying, on ^ the river Merrimack, about 40 ms. NW. of ^Btoston. Pop. in 1820, 1,142. Mp,, Middlesex co,. Mass,, on the VV.iside of .Merrimack river, 25 ms. NW. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 584. -Tp., Lycomkig co., P», Pop. ^n 1820, 474. Dunslanville, village, Edgefield district. S. C, by posl road 67 ras. W. from Columbia. Dunster, lown of Eng. i-n Somersetshire, wilh a harbor on the Bristol chapnel. It is 20 ms. NW. of Taunton, and 158 W.of iLondon. Lon. 3 41 W., lal. 51 13 N. Dunwich, borough of Eiig., ift Suffijik, at the top of a loose cliffi 24 ms, S. of Yarmouth, and 99 N, of London. Lon. 1 55 E,, lal. 52 21 N. Tp-, \J.,C., CO. of Suffolkj, lies to the W. of Soulhwold, having tlio river 'I'hamcs for lis N-, and Lake Erie for lis S,, boundary. Dupage, Jake, la., in Ihc river Des Planes, fi ms, above its junction wilh the Kankakee. Duplin, CO, ofN, C, bounded by New Hano ver S,, Sonipsoli. W,, Wayne .^'., Lenoir and J.ornJs NE , ond Onslow E„; lengih 32 ms., mean width 20; area 640 sq. ms. Surface ginerally level, or moderately hilly, and soil thin, and ralher sterile. Po|., in 1620, -9,744; and in 18,40, 11,182. N. lat. 35°, and .Ion. 1° W. from W. C, inloiscct very near the centre ofthis co. Duprcerille, village, Norlharnplon co , N. C , between Mehcrrin and Roanoke rivers, 245 nis, SSW. of Washington, DMCqucla, provinci) of Africa, in. the, kingdom of Morocco, about 75 ms. in length, and 85 in breadlh. It abounds in corn and caille. Durampour, town of the Deccan of Hindooslan, in the province of Guzerat, 40 ms. NNE. of Bom bay .i.'J.on. 73 14 E., lat, 20 33 N. Durance,- r'lver of y.r., wh'icli rises near Briaii- coo, ,and, watering Embrun, 'I'allard, Sistenni, Moiiosque, and Cavaillon, falls inlo the Rhone, below Avignon. Dur.and, tp., Coos co,, N. H- Pop- in 1820, 7H, Durango, city of Mexico, and capital of ihe Slale of the' same name, is situated on ihe western side of Ihe great Cordilleras of Anahuac, 570 ms, N W. from the cily of Mexico, According lo Humboltll, this city stands neaily 7,000 feet above the level of the ot-ean, N, lat. 24 25, lon.W. C, 26 35 W. The environs of Durango, appear volcanic. Tin; largest mass oJ, that very remarkable substance, na tive iron,- ever yet, discovered, was found near this cily; its weight supposed lo lie 40,000 lbs. avoir dupois. ¦ The population, was estimated by Hum boldt at 12,000. Durango, formefly au inleridancy, and now a Stale of the Mexican Republic, generally known as NcAv Biscay. It was one of ihc internal provinces, .^s a Slate, it is bounded SE. by Zacaiecas, S, by Jalisco, E. by New Leon, N. by Chihuahua, anil W,.. by Sonora y Sinaloa. Area uncertain,,, but about 40,000 sq. ms. Central lal. 26° N,, lon. W. C. 27'=' W. According to Malte Brun, the great central chain, or rather,, lable land of Ana huac, traverses this Slale, with craters of volcanoes (extinct,) 'Phe mines of silver are common, and abundant in lha,l precious metal, ,,Hunj,boldt in forms us, lhat ibe general level, exceeds. 6,500 leel above, the ocean, but declining to the E. and W. AS'a level in. N.i America of atioul 400 feet is equivalent to .a degree of lat., ihc climate of Du rango must be Similar to Ihal on the Pacific coast, of upwarjls of 40 N. ; anil of course the , vegetable productions generally, grain, grasses, and fruils ol the same species of those of the Middle Slateis of the U. S. The winters, says Malte Brun, are se vere, and followed in summer, by suiibcatiiig heals, precisely the character of the climate of Quebec. Durango has, in its geographical features, a very strong resemblance to the high cehtral plains of Mongolia, and Soongaria in Asia. Rivers hero rise, and finding no outlet, are lost in lakes, or wasted in sands. The population is necessarily thin, but they are in a peculiar'degree hardy, mus cular, an,d patient of faligne. If the number, 16,000, on 'rannci's map of Mexico, be correct as gS5 DUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. DVVl lo the share allotted lo Durango, the inhabitants amount to only about 21 to the' sq. m., and of these a large proportion in the capital. 'J'he latter distribution is, hnwever, in the Spanish provinces, by no means peculiar lo Durango. Capital, Du rango. Durani's Bay, N. C, Albemarle sound. Lon. W. C. 44' E. Durazzo, village of Albania, with a good har bor, on the Gulf of Venice, 50 ms. N. of V '^, the wide spread plain of Russia extending from the SW. to NE,, from the Carpathian to the Ural mounlains, 309 EUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. EUR and from SE, to NW., from the Caspian ond Black seas to the Baltic and While,*fcas ; 4, the Scandinavian peninsula in the extreme NW., hav ing the Atlantic ocean. Frozen ocean. While sea, Baltic sea, and German ocean to bathe ils shores; and, 5, the Brilish islands detached from, but form ing essentially, bolh morallyand physically, a part of Europe. The extent of Europe has been very variously staled, and from- ils excessively indented outline this problem is difficult of solution. Hav ing no natural line of separation from Asia, differ ent national geographers have been far frora fol lowing the same Une of demarcation. The Eng lish, and afler them American, authors have traced a very artificial limit between those two great sec tions of the earlh ; following the Kama, Volga, and Don rivers from ihe Ural mountains to the sea of Azoph, On the contrary, most of the continen tal geographers of Europe bound that sectiod of the earth on the side of Asia by the Ural moun tains lo the head of, and thence down, the Ural river to its mouth in the Caspian ; ihence follow ing the Caspian to the extension of Mount Cau casus, and thence along the ridge of lhat chain W. to the straits of Kaffa. Kees, in the maps of his Cyclopsedia, judiciously adopted the latter, which is in fact the most natural Une of demarcation be tween Europe and Asia, and gives to the former about 200,000 sq. ms. raore area than it would contain if restricted to the Kama, Volga, and Don boundary. AdopUng, therefore, the Ural river, Caspian sea, and Caucassian mountains, as the out line of Europe on the side of Asia, the former will contain within a small fraction of 3,000,000 ofsq, rns,, lying between the parallels of 36 20 and 72° N. lal. For the climale and seasons of Europe, see Earth. The principal chains of mountains on the Span ish peninsula are the Sierra Neveda of Granada, of which two peaks, the Muley Hassen and Veleta, rise above the region of perpetual snow; the Sier ra .Morena and the uniled chain of the Pyrenees and Galicia. In the central lable land of Europe rise the Alps, Carpathian, with its embankments, and HiErnus, with ils lateral chains. Though lim ited on two sides by the Ural and Carpathian mountains, the great plain of Russia has in its in terior not even hills of rauch elevation. The Do frine chain forms the nucleus of the Scandinavian peninsula. The Dofrine, rising from the German ocean, extends NE. to N. lat. 69°, i I then turns first E. then S,, assumes the name of Olonelz, is finally terminated in the marshes of Finland be. tween the Baltic and While seas. The fifth di vision, the British islands, ihough chequered wilh some mountainous districts, has no chain of con siderable extent or mass. 'I'he principal rivers on the Spanish peninsula are tbe Guadalquiver, Guadiana, Tagus, Duero, and Ebro, The central lable land discharges into the Atlantic ocean, the Garonne and Loire; iolo the English channel, ihe Seine; into the German ocean, the Rhine, Weser, and Elbe ; inlo the Bal tic, tho Oder and Vistula; into tho .Mediterranean, the Rhone ; inlo the gulf of Venice, the Po ; and into the Black sea, the Danube and Ihe Dniester. The great Russian plain is drained by the Bog, Dnieper, and Don, flowing inlo the Black and Azoph ,seas ; by the Volga and its numerous con- 310 fluents into the Caspian ; by the Neva, entering the gulf of Finland, and, finally, the Onega, Dwi na, Mezin, and Petchora, losing themselves in the* White sea, or Arctic ocean. The Dofrine chaift, ranging along near the Atlantic ocean at a mean distance of about 300 ms. from the Baltic, dis charges its rivers of note towards the latler recipi. .ent, and gives source to the Kimi, Tornea, Sulea, Skellestea, Umea, Indal, and Westerdal, with sev eral others, which are lost in the gulf of Bothnia and Baltic. This chain discharges also a fine stream, the Clara, inlo Lake Wener, from which it again issues by the name of Gotha, and is finally lost in the Categate at Gottenburg. Of all sections of tbe earlh the British islands are most abundantly supplied wilh navigable rivers in proportion to the extent of surface. The Thames, Severn, Mersey, Humber, Clyde, and Shannon, are astonishing streams^ if we take into view the relative extent of England, Scotland, and Ireland, wilh th'dl of Europe entire. The seas of Europe are on the 'VV. and NW. of the Atlantic ocean, on tho S. the Mediterranean and Black seas, on the SE. the Caspian, and on the N. the Arctic ocean. This region is indented by the gulf of Venice, by the sea of Azoph, by the Baltic, and by the White sea ; and as we consider the Brilish islands as a part of Europe, by the Ger- raan ocean. In point of magnitude the Lakes of Ladoga, Onega, Wener, Wetter, Enara, Geneva, and Conslance, follow nearly in order, and are the fhincipal lakes of Europe, if we may not except lhat intricate maze of lakes between the While sea and gulf of Fioland. Such are the general fea tures of that section of the earth where the human mind has risen to the highest dignity, and the hu man form to perhaps its utmost perfection of strength and symmetry. — Europe contains at present the Christian gov ernments of Sweden, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Great Britain, France, the kingdom of the Neth erlands, Spain, Poriugal, Sardinia ; the two Sici lies, the Pope's dominions; and several minor States in Ilaly ; Austria, Bavaria, Wirlemburg, and Saxony, wilh olher minor Stales of Germany. Ma hometan Europe embraces all Greece, Epirus or Albania, Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, and Bosnia, wilh part of Croatia and Her- zegowina ; or, briefly, all the continent and most of the islands of Europe SE. from the Save and Danube rivers. The languages are the Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, which are dialects of the Latin ; the German, Flemish, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and English, which proceed from the Teutonic; the Sclavonian, which reigns (ihough in disguise) in Polantf, Russia, Bohemia, and a great part of Tuikey in Europe ; the Celtic, of which there are dialects in Wales, the Highlan'ds of Scotland, Ire land, Bretagne in France, and Lapland ; the mod ern Greek, and several others. The general religion of Europe is the Christian, subdivided inlo three great sects — the Roman Calh- lic S., the Protestant (with the exception of Ire land) NW., and the Greek church on the SE. and E. The JMioinetan, of the sect of Omar, or the Sonnites, is the established, ihough not the most prevalent, religion in the Turkish empire in Eu rope, POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF EUROPE. The following table exhibits at one view the names of the principal political divisions, the numbers and the religions of their population, and the names oj their capital cities ; the smaller German States being all classed as one under the name of " German States," and'the Swiss cantons under that of Switzerland, Sovereign States, United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland Kingdom of Frailce - - . j Empire of Austria - . - . . Empire of Russia - - . . . Kingdom of Prussia . . _ . Kingdom of Spain . - . . . Kingdom of Portugal . - . . Kingdom of Holland Kingdom of Belgiom . . - , Kingdom of Denmark . . - . Kingdom of Sweden .... Kingdom of Norway- . - - . German States ..... Switzerland- - . . . . Kingdom of Sardinia - . . . Duchy of Parma .- - *" . Duchy of Modena - . . - B Duchy of Lucca . , - . " i Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Kingdom of Two Sicilies States of the Church .... Principality of Monaco , Republic of St, Marino Ottoman Empire . . - , . Kingdom of Greece .... Principality of Servia . - - . Principality of 'W'allachia Principality of Moldavia - United States of the Ionian Islands Free City of Cracow . . - Kepiililicof Andorre .... Area in ge ographical sti, miles. 90,950 154,000194,500 1,535,700 80,450 137,400 29,150 9,780 8,250 16,500 137,000 96,000 68,500 11,200 21,000 1,600 1,370 318 6,324 31,460 13,000 38 17 110,200 14,100 9,000 S1,W0 11,600 754 373144 Aggregate population. 23,400,000 32,000,00033,000,00066,500,000 12,164,00013,900,000 3,630,000 2,558,0003,560,000 1,950,000 2,800,000 1, ('60,000 13,900,000 1,980,000 4,300,000 440-000 380,000 143,000 1,275,000 7,420,000 2,590,000 6,-500 7.2110 7,000,000 700.000380;090970,000 450,000 176,000 lt!,«IO 15,000 Relative pop- to the sq- mile. 2,772,472 (87,638,700 257208 165 37 155101121262463119 22 11 193 205 254238 464202236199171 265 63 51 42"15 39 234 106 104 ReligioD- Protestants of every sect. Catholics, Jews, &c. Catholics and Protestants Catholics -.--.- Greek church and Catholics Catholics and Evangelicals Catholics ... . - . Catholics ----.. Calvinists ..-.-- Catholics - - - - . . Lutherans ...--. Lutherans ..-.-- Lutherans - . , - - Protestants and Catholics - Protestants and Catholics Catholics • Catholics - Catholics . - - Catholics - - - Catholics - . - Caiholics - Catholics - . - Catholics . . - Catholics - - - Mahommedans and Greeks Greek church Greek church Greek church Greek church Greek church Catholics ... Catholics - Revenue in fiounds ster ing. 45,000,000 41,000,000 18,600,000 16,496,000 8,666,000 3,400,000 3,600,000 . 1,650,000 I 1,732,000 2,800,000 190,000144,000 78,600 701,000 3,464,000 1,800,000 17,000 2,900 240,000 151,000 36,000 Army, 109,0004-2(),0(JO 272,000710,000 199,453 26,000 47,000 30,83843,201 5 l-2-J,249 33,7585 46,667 1 1,8001,750 SOO 4,000 61,610^ 7,400 40 6,000 i.sro so Capitals, LondonParis - "Vienna St, Petersburg Berlin Madrid Lisbon Hague Bruxelles Copenhagen - Stockholm - Christiana - Frankfort, on Maine Berne - - - Zurick LucerneTurin - Cagliari Pai-ma ModenaLuccd- Florence NaplesPalermo Rome - MonacoSt, Marino - Constantinople Athens Seraendria - Bukkarest Jassy . Corfu - Cracow A ndorro Population. 1,465,268 909,126 330,000 450,000240,000 175,000260,000 65,000 "106,000 120.000 soiooo 21,000 60,000 20,600 11,000 5,000 114,000 •27,00030,000 27,000 17,450 80,000 364,000168,000154,000 1,M0 5,500 330,000 15,000 8.(X» 60000 28,000 17,000 28,000 2,000 Distancesfrom Lon don i n Das, 210 760 1,.300 600 760910 190190 600 890720430480 5S0 5706b0 710 720980 1,130 910 1,490 1,460 1,0* l,-230 1,2301.-230 It may be observed that the area above is in square geographical miles, which, when reduced to square statute miles, amounts to 3,234,550 ; and when coi-n'pared with the aggregate Eij-ope a distributive population of a fraction above IW to the square statute mile. populalion gives to all EVA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. EXA Europe forms the northweslern portion of the eastern hemisph|ere, or old world, and is situate between 34° and 82' N. lal,, if Spitzbergen be in cluded, and between 24° W. and 71° E. Ion., in cluding Iceland and Novaiya Zemlia. But the ex tremities of the continental portion are comprised \vithin narrower limits; Cape Nord Kyn, the most northern pgint, being in lat. 71° 6' N. ; the most soulhern points, Punla de Tarifa in Spain, in lat. 36°, and Cape Matipan, in the Morea, in lat. 36° 17' N. ; the most wesiern point. Cape St. Vin cent, in 9° W. lon. ; and the most easiern poinl, in the Ural mounlains, near Jekalerinburg, in 60° 20' B,, lon.' The greatest length of the continent is in the direction of northeast and southwest frora the moulh of the river Kara, on the Arctic ocean, and to St. 'Vincent, in Spain ; and is estimated at 3,490 Brilish miles. The greatest breadth, from Cape Matapan to Nord Kyn, is aboul 2,420. The superficial area is estimated to contain about 3,900,- 000 square miles. Europe is at present divided inlo eighty-six sov ereign States ; but of these a great proportion be long to the Germanic or Swiss confederation, and can scarcely be considered as really independent. Eusiis, lake ot the U. S., one of the sources of Yellowstone river. Lon. W. C. 31 30 W,, lat. 43 N. Eutaw Springs, small stream of S. C, flowing inlo the Sanlee river, in the N W. part of Charles ton dislrict, 60 ms. from Charleston. Eustalia, St,, one of the smallest of the Lee ward islands in the W. Indies." It is a mounlain in the form of a sugar loaf, whose top is hollow, and lies on the NW. of St. Christopher, and be longs to the kingdom of the Netherlands. Lon. 63 10 W., lat., 17 29 N. Eutim, town of Holstein, with a castle, where the bishop of Lubec resides. It is 7 ms. from Lubec. Euxine Sea, — See Black Sea. EvAN&KLic LkatjUe, or revival of the League of Smalcald. This confederation which had so much influence on European policy generally, and still raore on Germany in particular, arose from the encroachments made oh the Protestants by the Emperor of Germany in the Catholic interest. Frederick IV., Elector of Palatine, menaced on all sides, yet holding the highest rank amongst the Protestant princes of Germany, had sufficient in fluence to unite several others to his party. He found most of the Protestant princes and people already well disposed to break with the emperor from the vexations imposed on them by the Impe rial Chamber at Spire, and by the Aulic Council ; and thus, in 1609, towards the close of the reign of Rodolph II, was forraed " The Evangelic League," into which entered the duke of Wirlemberg, Mau rice, Landgrave, of He^se Cassel, Joachim Ern est, Marquis of Anspach ; Frederic, Marquis Of Baden Dourlach; Christian, Prince of Anhalt; and most of the Protestant cities. Frederic IV., Elector Palatine, was declared then- general and chief. I'he most erainent raen who held t"he sta tion of generalissimo of this League, were Chris tian IV,, King of Denmark, and Guslavus Adol- phus. King of Sweden ; religion was the pretence, but human policy the main-spring of the Evangelic League, as was seen more distinctly by the history 312 of the Counter League. — See Catholic League, and Smalcald, League of, Evansham, town and seat of justice, Wytheco., Va., on Reed creek, branch of Great Kenhawa, 56 ms. SW. from Christiansburg. Lat. 36 10 N., lon. W. C. 4° W. Evaks's post office, Erie co., N. Y., 268 ms. by post road W. from .Albany. Evans's Mills, post ofiice, Jefferson co. N. Y., 168'ms. by postroad NW. from Albany. Evansville, village and seat of justice, Vander- burgco., Inda., on the bank of the Ohio river, 51 ms. S. from Vincennes, and 24 SE. from New Harmony. N. lat. 38 1, lon. W. C. 10 30 W. Evaux, town of France, in the dep. of Creuse, and late province of Marche, 20 ms. from Mount Lacon. Lon. 2 35 E., lat. 46 13 N. Evensburg, village, Crawford co., Penn. Everding, town of Germany, in the circle of Austria, seated on the Danube, 12 ms. W. of Lintz. Lon. 13 46 B., lat, 48 19 N. ' Everett House, post ofiice, Lewis co., Ky., 90 ms. by the post road NE. from Frankfort. Everettsville, village, Albemarle co., Va. Evershot, town of Eng., in Dorsetshire, 12 ms. NW. of Dorchester, and 1 29 W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 2 55 W., lat. 50 52 N. Evesham, borough of Eng., in Worcestershire. It has a manufacture of stockings, and is scaled on a gradual ascent from the Avon, which almostsur. rounds il, and over which 'a a slone bridge. It give name to an adjacent vale, remarkable for pro ducing plentifully of corn. It is 14 ms, SE. of Worcester, and 95 NW. of London. Lon. 1 45 W,, lat. 52 4, N. Tp., Burlington co,, N. J,, 8 ms, NE. of Haddonfield, and about 16 ms, E. of Philadelphia Evian, lown of Savoy, in Chablais, on the S. side of the lake of Geneva, 22 ms. NB. of Gene va. Lon. 6 50 E,, lat. 46 21 N. Evoli, town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 12 ms. B. of Salerno. Lon. 15 16 E., lat. 40 46 North. Evora, fortified town. of Portugal, capital of Al enlejo, with a university. It is seated in a coun try, which, though a litlle unequal, is very pleas ant, surrounded on all sides by mountains, and planted wilh large trees of divers sorts. .It is 65 ms. E. by S. of Lisbon. Lon. 7 30 W., lat. .33 28 N. Evreux, ancient town of France, seated in the department of Eure. It is the capital of the de partment, and its cathedral is a handsome struc ture. The trade consists in corn, linen, and wool en clolh, and it has a manufacture of cotlon vel vets, and another of tick. It is sealed on the river Iton, 25 ms. S. of Rouen, and 55 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 14 E., lat. 49 1 9 N. Ewel, town of Eng,, in Surry, on a rivulet which empties itself into the Thames at Kingston. It is 10 ms. NNE. of Darking, and 13 SSE. of London. Lon, 15' W., lat. 51 26 N. Ewingsmlle, village Cecil co., Md. ExAncHs of Ravenna. This term, originally applied in the singular to an officer in the Greek church, immediately below the patriarch, but was made remarkable in history as applied to an officer who, after the fall of the kingdom of the Ostro goths in Italy, and the reconquest of part of that EXM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FAII countiy by thcj arms of the Greek emperors resi dent at Constantinople, represented those emperors ond resided in Ravenna. The first exarch was the Eunuch Narses, who completed the ruin of the Gothic kingdom about A. D. 563. The exarchate continued until 754, when Ravenna was taken by Astolphus, king of the Lombards. This was one of the great leading events which led to the estab lishment of the temporal power of the bishops of Rome, as these adroit ecclesiastics sought and ob tained the aid of France, and obtained, by that means, the subversion of Ihe Lombard kingdom, and the investiture of great part of what the Lom bard kings held in Italy, and were relieved from all dependence on the emperors of Constantinople. See Gibbon, vol. 6, pp. 179, 186. Ex, river of Eng., which rises in the forest of Exmoor, in Somersetshire, and after being joined by several little streams, leaves that co. below Dul verton, and runs to 'Tiverton, Exeter, and Top- sham, from whence it forms an estuary, which ter minates in the English Channel, at Exmouth, af ter a course of 40 ms. Exeter, capital city of Devonshire, Eng., situ ated on the river Ex, 10 ras. N. of the British channel. It is large, populous, and wealthy, with gates, walls, and suburbs ; the circumference of the whole is about 3 ms. Ships of burden former ly came up lo this city, but the navigation was al most destroyed by Henry Courtney, earl of Devon, and, though repaired, could not be restored to its former state. Its port, therefore, is at Topshara, 5 ras. below. It has 13 companies of tradesmen, a manufacture of serges and other woolen goods, an extensive foreign and domestic comraerce, and a share in- the fisheries of Newfoundland and Greenland. It is 68 ms. SW. of Bristol, and 173 W. byS. of London. Lon. 3 33 W., lat. 50 44 North. Exeter, town, Penobscot co.. Me. Pop. in 1820, 582. ^Town, Rockingham co., N. H., on Ex eter river, branch of Piscataqua, at the head of tide water, 15 ms. SW. from Portsraouth, sealed at the fall of the Exeter river. The village of Ex eter has become the seat of numerous flourishing manufactures 'of woolen and cotton cloths, and also ordnance and sraall arms. Exeter academy is a very respectable institution, originally founded by the Hon. John Phillips, LL.D., in 1781. It is supported by the students, amounting to about 80, and by funds eiiceeding §80,000 Small but important river of N. H., rising in Rockingham co., and flowing past Exeter into Great bay. Tp., Washington co,, R. I , 25 ms. SW. from Providence. Pop. in 1820, 2,581. Town, Otsego co., N. Y., 10° NW. from Coop erstown. Pop. 1820, 1,430 Town, Luzerne CO., CO., Pa., on the Susquehannah river, 10 ms. above Wilkesbarre. Pop. 1820,820. Tp. of Berks co. Pa,, NE. side of the Schuylkill river, commencing about 3 ms. below Reading. Pop. in 1820, 1,381. Village, New Hanover co,, N. C, on the E. fork of Cape Fear river, 36 ms. above Wilmington. Village of Harrison co., Ia. Exilles, strong fort of France, now in the de partment of the Upper Alps, lately in the province of Dauphiny. It is an important passage, 6 ms. W. of Suza, and 40 NE. of Embrun. Exmoor, forest of Eng., in Somersetshire, in 40* tho NW. corner of that co., extending Ihence into Devonshire. Exmouth, village of Eng,, in Devonshire, on the E, side of the bay which forma the mouth of the river Ex, 10 ms, S. by E. of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of sea bathing. Exodus, second book of Moses, thus called from two words, meaning "going out," and applied to the Israelites going out of Egypt. Exuma, long narrow island, in the group of the Bahamas. Lon. W. C, 1 15 E,, lat. 28 25 North. Exuma Sound, extending SE. from Eleuthera, to Yuma, and between Guannahani and Exuma Keys. Exuma Keys, long and dangerous reef, com posed of rocks, sand banks, and small islets, stretching NW. from Exuma island towards New Providence. Eye, borough of Eng., in Suffolk, 20 ms. N. of Ipswich, and 91 NE. of London. Lon. 1 10 E., lat. 52 20 N. River of Eng,, which rises in the NW. of Berwickshire, and falls into the British ocean at Eyemouth. Eyemouth, seaport in Berwickshire, at the mouth of the Bye, formerly fortified to curb the garrison of Berwick, frora which it is distant 9 ms. Lon. 1 50 W., lal. 55 51 N. Eyesdale, small island of Eng., on the coast of Argyleshire, to the SE. of Mull. It is noted for its slate quarries. Eylau, town of Prussian Poland, about 30 ms. nearly S. from Koningsberg. Eyndhoven, town of Dutch Brabant, in the dis lrict of British-le-Duc, at the confluence of the Bynds and Dommel, 13 ms. SE. of Bois-Ie-Duc. Lon. 5 26 E., lat. 51 31 N. Eysoch, river of the bishopric of Brixen, which waters the town of that name, and falls into the Adige below Meran. Faaborg, seaport of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen. Lon. 10 16 E., lat. 55 12 N. Fabiua, town, Onondago co,, N. Y. Itis sit uated on the head springs of Chenango river, 148 ras. W. of Albany.' Pop. 1820, 2,494. . Fabriano, town of Italy, in the marquisale of -Ancona, famous for its good paper. It is 35 ms. NE. of FoUgni. Lon. 12 32 B., lat. 43 10 N. Factoryville, village, Tioga co., N. Y., about 164 ms. SSW. from Albany. Faenza, ancient town of Italy, in Romagna. It is famous for fine earthen ware, invented here, and is seated on the river Amona, 13 ms. SW. of Ra venna. Fairbank, village, Chatauque co., N. Y. Fahlun, town of Sweden, capital of Dalecarlia, situated in the midst of rocks and hills, between the Lakes of Run and Warpen. It contains two churches, and (including the miners) 7,000 in habitants, whose houses are generally of wood, 2 stories high. It is chiefly celebrated for its copper mine, which is on the E. side of the town. It is 30 ms. NW. of Hedemora. Lon. 16 42 E., lat. 60 34 N. 313 FAr GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FAI Fairfax, Kennebec co.. Me., 26 ms. N. from Augusta. Pop. 1820, 1204. Town, Frank Un CO., Vt., on the river Lamoelle, 20 ms. NNE. from Burlington Co. of Va., on the Potomac, opposite the District of Columbia, bounded by the Potomac river and District of Columbia NE., the Potomac river E., Prince William SW., and Lou don NW.; length 25 ms., mean width 18, are* 450 sq. ms. Surface broken, and soil in most thin and sterile. Chief town Centreville. Pop. 1820, 11,404, and in 1840, 9,730. Central lat. 38 42, lon. W. C. 12' W. Town and seat of justice, Culpeper co., Va., on Mountain creek branch of Rappahannock, 38 ms. above Fredericks burg, and 75 ms. SW. from Washington. Court-house and postoffice, Fairfax co., Va., 15 ms. W. from W. C. Fairfield, town on the right side of the Kennebec river, in the extreme S. part of Somerset co.. Me. Pop. in 1820, 1,609. Town in Franklin co., Vt., on Black river, a branch of Mississque river, 26 ms. NNE. from Burlington. Pop. in 1820, about 1,350. Co. of Ct., on the SW. angle of the Stale, bounded by N. Y. W., Litchfield N., New Haven NE. andE., and Long Island sonnil SE. ; length 35 ms., mean width 17 ; area about 600 sq. ins. The surface of this county is most delight fully variegated by hill and dale. The soil, though not generally very fertile, is yet productive, and well cultivated. The shore along the sound is ve ry much indented by small creeks, hays, and in lets, affording a very convenient navigation. Sta- pies are too numerous for discrimination, consist ing of a'great variety of articles suitable lo the N. York market. Chief towns, Danberry and Fair field. Pop. in 1820, 42,739. Central lat. 41 15, lon. W. C. 3 35 E. Town, tp,, and port of entry in Fairfield co., Ct., of which it is the seat of justice, on Long island, 54 ms. NE. from N. Y. It is a place of considerable commerce. It is also the seat of an academy, and contains the ordinary buildings appertaining to a seat of jusUce. Pop. ofthe tp. in 1820, 4,151.— See Greenfield Hill, Saugatuck, Black Rock, and Mill River. Town in Herkimer co., N. Y., on the E. side of West Canada creek, 10 ms. N. from HerkimeF, Pop, in 1820, 2,610. Tp. of Cumberland co., N. J. Pop. in 1820, 1,869. Tp. of Crawford CO., Pa., right bank of French creek, and S. from the tp. of Mead. Pop. in 1820, 1^053. Tp. of Westmoreland co.. Pa,, between Loyalhannon and Connemaugh rivers. Pop. in 1820, 2,685. Town in Adams co.. Pa., 7 ms. S W. by W. frora Gettysburg, and at the foot of Jack's mountain. Village in Rockbridge co,, Va., 12 ras. NB. from Lexington. District of S. C, bounded by Broad river SW. and W,, Chester N., Wateree river NB., Kershaw E., and Richland S. ; length 30, mean width 23 ms. ; area 690 sq, ms. Sur face moderately hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town Winnieborough. Pop. in 1820, 17,174. Cen tral lat. 34 20 N,, lon. W. C. 4 0 W. Village in Columbia co., Ga. Village in Putnam co., Ga. Village in Nelson co., Va. Co. of Ohio, bounded by Franklin NW., Licking N,, Perry E., Hocking S., and Pickaway SW. The greatest breadth about 24, and greatest length 30 ms., but the mean breadth would not amount to quite 19 ms, ; area about 550 sq. ms, Lancaster, 314 the county seat, lies directly on a straight line from Zanesville to Circlesville, 36 ms. S'W. by W. of the former,' and 23 NE. by E. of the latter, " This county," as stated in the Ohio Gazetteer, " embra ces, perhaps, the most elevated tract of country of similar extent between the Muskingum and Sciolo rivers. The land Is, therefore, drier and more pe culiarly adapted to the production of wheat and other kinds of grain than that of several adjacent counties. " This, we may agree from personal ob servation, is true in part, but if taken as even a general fact, would give a very erroneous idea of Fairfield county. The hilly region between the Ohio and Muskingum rivers extends, with partial river bo,ttoms, to and beyond the Scioto. The line we have already noticed may be regarded as pretty nearly a general demarcation between this billy region and the great alluvial expanse of Cen tral and Western Ohio. The northern and north western part of Fairfield belongs to the alluvion. It is truly observed, in the Ohio Gazetteer, that "the face of the country about Lancaster, in the central part of the county, presents a peculiar as pect. The land seems generally level, but abrupt, precipitous, and uniform piles of rocks, producing very litlle timber or herbage, are occasionally in terspersed in a promiscuous manner in every direc tion. One of these, (Mount Pleasant,) aboul half a mile NE. of New Lancaster, is very remarka ble." This isolated mass I visited, and found an extremely interesting object. It^ front, towards Lancaster, is an immense broken precipice of free stone rock of upwards of two hundred feet eleva tion ; on the other sides, il is steep, with massive rocks projecting ; but the most interesting objects this hill presented were masses of transported horn blende rocks, lying on its upper surface, in rela tive position similar to where they are found over the whole alluvial sections of Central and Western Ohio. — See article New Lancaster. As a whole, Fairfield counly may be regarded as divided nearly equally between the hill tract to wards Ohio river and the central alluvion, and, of course, the soil must present great contrasts of sur face and fertility. A lateral canal has been already constructed, along the Hockhocking valley, from the Ohio canal, in Greenfield tp., of this co., to Lan caster, and which is intended to be continued down the Hockhocking to the Ohio river, at Troy, in Athens co. The completion of this work wUl give incalculable advantages, not only to Fairfield, but to all the adjacent counlies. In latitude, Fairfield co., Ohio, extends from 39 33 to 39 56 N., and in longitude W. C. from 5 18 to 5 42 W. Pop. in 1820, 16,633 ; in 1830, 34,788; and in 1840, 31,924. Fairfield, tp. of Jefl'erson co., Ohio. Tp. of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,287, For village in this tp. see East Fairfield. Tp. in the northern part of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 2,100. Tp. of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 342. Town in Bath tp., north western part of Greene co., Ohio. In the Ohio Gazetteer, this town is so represented as if it stood on Mad river bank, from which it is distant up wards of 2 ms., 15 ms. NE. af Dayton, 12 SW. of Springfield, and 12 NNW. of Xenia. It is a fine and flourishing village. Tp. of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,867. Tp. of Licking FAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FAL CO., Ohio, 4 ms. N. frora Newark. Village in Franklin co., Ia., on the E. fork of White Water river, 7 ms. N. from Brookeville, by post road 77 ms. SE. by E. from Indianapolis. Village in Wayne co., III., by post road 03 ms. SE. from Vandalia. Village in Nelson co., Ky., 40 ms. SW. from Frankfort, and 35 SE. from Louisville. Fairfield Corners, post office in Somerset CO., Me., 83 ms. NNE. from Portland. Fairford, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, on the Coin, 25 ms, SE. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N. ofLondon. Lon. 1 44 W., lat. 51 40 N. Fairhaven, town in Rutland co., Vt., 18 ms. W. of Rutland, and 50 N. of Bennington. Pop. 650. Town in Bristol co,. Mass,, on Acush- net river, opposite Bedford. Pop. in 1820, 2,733, Village in Irael tp,, southwestern part of Pre ble CO,, Ohio, 9 ms, SW, of Eaton, the county .seal, and 8 ms. a little W. of N. from Oxford, in Butler CO. Fair Isle, island of the Northern ocean, between Shetland and Orkney, frora both of which its high towering rocks are visible. Fairlee, in Orange co,, Vt,, on Connecticut river, opposite Oxford, in Grafton co. N. H. Fairport, village on the E. bank of Grand river, Geauga co., Ohio, on the southern shore of Lake Erie, and has a tolerable good port, or harbor, for vessels usually navigating the lakes. It is 32 ras. NE. from Cleveland, 170 in the same direction from Columbus, and 15 N. of Chardon, the coun ty seat. Fair Town, village in Cumberland co., N. J., on Cohanzy creek, 4 miles S. from Bridgeton, and 35 SB. from Salem. Fairvale,v'iHage in Washington co., N. Y. Fairview, tp. in the extreme N. pait of York CO , Pa., between the Susquehannah river and Yel low Breeches creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,764. Village in Erie co.. Pa., on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Walnut creek, 8 ras. SW. by W. from Erie. Village in Brooke co., Va, VUlage in Guernsey co., Ohio, on the road frora Zanes ville to wheeling, 25 ms. E. from Cambridge, and adjoining the E. line ofthe county. Fairweaiher, cape of Patagonia, at the mouth of the Gallegos river, on the Atlantic coast, Lon, W. C. 8 10 E , Iat. 51 30 S. Cape of N. Ameri ca, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 60 20 W., lat. 58 50 N. Fairweather Mount, high and remarkable iso lated mountain, 12 ms. NE. from Cape Fairwea ther, ofN. America. Faisans, island in Iheriver Bidassoa, which sep arates France from Spain, situated between An daye and Fontarabia. Lon. 1 46 W.,lat. 43 30N. Fakenham, town of Eng,, in Norfolk, on a hill, 20 ms. NW. of Norwick, and 110 NNE, ofLon don. Lon. 0 58 E., lat. 52 53 N. Fakth, Arab and Derviche Persan, are sy nonymous terms, and mean a poor wretch in in digence, but is raore loosely applied, and, as ap plied, rather means a vagabond, or impudent beg gar. In India, it is applied to poor students liv ing on charity whUst employed in study. Falaiae, town ofFr., in the dep, of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. It is remarkable for being the birth place of William the Conqueror. It has a good trade in serges, linen, and lace, and ils fair, which begin.s on August 1 6, is the most famous in France, next to that of Beaucaire. It is seated on the river Ante, 20 ms. SE. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris. Lon. 0 3 W., lat. 48 36 N. Faleme, river of Africa, and one of the consti tuent branches of the Senegal. The Falerne rises in the Kong mounlains, and, flowing nearly due N. from N. lat. 12 0 to 14 30, where it falls into the Senegal, after a comparative course of 260 ma. In part of ils course its forms the wesiern bounda ry of Bambouk. Falkenberg, seaport of Sweden, on the Baltic, 17 ms. NW. of Helmstadt. Lon. 13 50 E., lat. 56 53 N. Falkenbburg, strong lown of Germany, in the new marche of Brandenburg, seated on the river Traje, 60 ms. E. of Stetin. Lon. 15 58 E., lat. 53 35 N. Falkingham, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 18 ms. W. by S. of Boston, and 104 N. ofLon don. Lon. 0 30 W. lat. 52 48' N. Falkirk, lown of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, 9 ms S. of Stirling. Lon. 4 58 W., lat. 55 57 N. Falkland, small town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 20 rns. N. of Edinburg. Lon. 3 7 W., lal. 56 18 N. Falkland Islands, near the straits of Magellan, in S. America, discovered by Sir Richard Haw kins, in 1594. Lon. W. C. 17° E., lat. 52 S. This group which was found, and remains with but very partial exception uninhabited, bids fair to become of great importance as a British colony. The following document was extracted from an ar ticle in the National Intelligencer of Friday, May 19th, 1843, headed The Falklamd Isxands: Lieutenant Governor Moody, empowered by a commission from the British governmeni, landed on one of these islands on the 15th of January, 1842, and took possession of the group as a British colony. Governor Moody describes the Falkland Islands "as situaled between 51° and 53' S., and 57° and 62' W. of London." The group lies distant about 400 ms. a little N. of E. from the eastern mouth of the straits of Magellan, and comprises two main and about 200 smaller islands of various extent down to mere rocks or sand banks. E., or rather NE., Falkland is at a mean of 85 miles length, greatest breadth 53 ms. West or SW. Falkland is about 80 ms. in length, with varying breadth, mean 40 ms. Area of B. Falk land 300, and of W. Falkland 2,000 sq. ms. Area of the whole group about 6,000 sq. ms. Coast excessively irregular, and indented by bays, harbors and inlets. Soil of the Falkland group more fitted for pastu rage than agriculture or tillage. The summer tem perature lower than in England, and weather uncer tain. Winters mild. Jt has been described as a dreary and desolate region, which it must be, as it is almost entirely destitute of trees. Efforts are making to supply this deficiency, and from what the writer of this article has seen effected in the N. American prairies has no d'oubt but that for ests may be formed in the Falkland Islandsi Falls Creek, small stream in Tompkins co., N. Y., remarkable for a fine cascade of 90 feet per pendicular descent. These falls or cataracts are in a chain of near 3 ms., and if taken entire amount to 350 feet ; but the lower and perpendic- 315 FAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FAR ular fall is estimated at about 90 feet. Falls creek rises in the NE. part of the co., and flowing SW. enters Cayuga lake below the village of Ithaca. Village on Falls creek, Tompkins co., N. Y. Falley's Cross Roads, post office, wesiern part of Hampden co., Mass., 130 ms. WSW. from Boston, Falling Springs, creek in Va., Bath co, It is a branch of Jackson's river, and about 25 ms. SW. from the Warm Springs, is precipitated on a ledge of rocks of 200 feet perpendicular height. Falling Waters, village, Berkley co.^ Va. Fallowfield E. and W.,lwo tps., Chester co., Penn. "They are contiguous on the W. branch of the river Brandywine about 40 mUes W. of Philadelphia. — See East Fallowfield and West Fallowfield. Fallowfield, tp., Washington CO., Penn., on the left bank of Monongahela river on the waters of Pigeon creek. Pop. in 1820, 3,020. Tp., Crawford co,, Penn,, on the sources of Big Bea ver river, 1 0 ms. SW. from Meadville. Pop. in 1820, 742. Fall River, village, Bristol co., Mass. Falls, tp., Bucks co., in the Great Bend of Delaware river, opposite Bordentown. Pop. in 1820, 1,880. Tp., Muskingum co., Ohio, im mediately W. from Zanesville. Pop. in 1820, 1,112. Tp,, Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1001. Fallsington, village, Bucks co., Penn., 5 ms. SW. from Trenton. Fallstown, viUage, N. C, Iredell co. Falmouth, corporate lown and seaport of Eng., in CornwaU, situaled where the river Fale runs into the English channel. The harbor is so ex tensive and commodious that ships of the greatest burden come up to the quay. Il is guarded by the castle of Maires and Pendennis, on a high rock at the entrance ; and there is such excellent shelter in many creeks belonging to it that the whole royal navy might ride safe herein any wind. It is 268 ms. WSW. of London. Lon. 5 2 W., lat. 50 8 JV. Seaport and town, Barnstable co. , Mass,, at the SW. end of the peninsula of Barn stable, 18 ms. S. by W. of Sandwich, and 41 S, of Plymouth. Pop. 2,370. Tp., Cumber land CO., Maine, 5 ms. NW. of Portland. Pop, in 1820, 1,673. Village, Stafford co., Va., on the N. side of the river Rappahannock, opposite to Fredericksburg, 70 ms, N. of Riohmond, and 60 S. by W. of Washington. Village and seat of justice, Pendleton co., Ky., on the left bank of the S. fork of Licking river, 30 ms. S.from Cin cinnati, Lat. 38 45 N., lon. W. C. 7 2 W. False Bay, bay E. of the Cape of Good Hope, frequented during the prevalence of the NW. winds, which begin in May. Lon. 18 33 E,, lal. 34 10 S. False Cape, E. of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E., lat. 34 16 S. Falster, little island in Denmark, near the en trance of the Baltic, between the islands of Zea land, Larsland, and Mona. Nikoping is the cap ital, Famagosta, town in the island of Cyprus, with a harbor defended by two forts. It was taken by the Turks in 1570, after a siege of six months, when they flayed the Venetian governor alive and 316 murdered the inhabitants, Ihough they surrendered on honorable terms. It is 62 ms, NE. of Nico sia. Lon. 35 55 E., lat. 35 10 N. Famart, town of Fr., 3 ms. S. of Valenciennes, in the dep. of the N. where the allied forces de feated the French in 1793. Famine, Port, forlress on the NB. coast ofthe straits of Magellan. Here a Spanish garrison per ished for want ; since which it has been neglected. Lon. 70 20 W., lat. 55 44 S. Fanai, from the Greek, Phaino Lustre, Light house. 'This term is frequently corrupted into Fanar. Fanano, town of Italy, in the Modenese, 25 ms. S. of Modena. Lon. 1 1 18 E., lat. 44 10 N. Fancy Grove, post office, Sangamon co.. Ill,, post road 92 ms. NNW. from Vandalia. Fanegoria, town of Russia, on the island of Taman, in the straits of Kaffa. It is the ancient Phanegoria. Faunet, town, Franklin co., Penn., on the W. branch of Conococheague preek, between Stras burg and the Tuscarora mounlain. Pop. in 1820, 1,747. Fano, town of Italy, in the duchy of Ur'oino, on the Gulf of Venice, 8 ms. SE. of Pesaro. Lon. 13 4E,,,lat. 43 46 N. Fantin, sraall but populous kingdom of Africa, on the Gold coast of Guinea, where the English and Dutch have forts. Its palm wine is much better and stronger than that in other parts of the coast. The principal village has the same name. Fareham, town of Eng., in Hampshire, 12 ms. E. of Southampton, and 74 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 1 6 W., lat. 50 53 N. Farewell Cape, most southerly promontory of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis's straits. Ijon. W. C. 34 48 E., lal. 59 38 N. Promonlory of the island of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41 E,, lat. 40 37 S. Fargeau, St., ancient town of France, in the dep. of Yonne, and late province of Burgundy, with a castle, 10 ms. SE. of Brairie, and 82 S. of Paris. Lon. 3 8 E., lal. 47 40 N. Farlysville, village, Charlotte co. Va. Farmer, town Seneca co., N. Y. Farmers, vUlage, Genessee co., N. Y., by post road 264 ras. W. frora Albany. Farmersville, viUage, Cattaraugus co., N. Y,, 70 ras. SW. from Rochester, and 50 BE. from Buffalo. Village, Jackson tp., and in the wes tern part of Montgomery co., Ohio, 15 or 16 ras. westward of Dayton, Farminglon, town on Sandy river, in the NW- part of Kennebec co., Maine; the village is 33 ms. NW. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 1,938. Town, Staflbrd co. N, H,, on the Cocheco river; the village is 26 ms. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. in 1820, 1,716. River of Mass. and Cl., rises in Berkshire co. of the former, and flowing SE, inlo the latler State, crosses Litchfield and Hart ford cos. by a very circuitous course, and falls inlo Connecticutriver 4 ras, above Hartford. Town, Hartford CO., Ct., 9 ms. westward from Hartford. Pop. in 1820, 3,042, Town, Ontario co.. N. Y., between Flint creek and the outlet of Canan. daigua lake, 8 ms. NE. from the village of Can andaigua. Pop. in 1820, 4,214, and in 1840, 2,122. Town, TrumbuU co., Ohio. Pop. in FAV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FAY 1820, 368. ViUage, Belmont co., Ohio, 5 ms. NE. from St. ClairsvUle, and 8 ms. NW. of Wheeling.. i Farminglon Falls, village on Sandy river, 5. ms, above the village of Farminglon, and in the NW. angle of Kennebec co., Maine, 97 ms. near ly due N. from Portland. Farmis, postoffice, Suflblk co., N. Y., 109 ms. E. from the city of New York. Farmville, village on the N. side of Appomattox river. Prince Edward co., Va., 20 ms. SW. from Cumberland, and 72 W. by S. from Richmond. Farnham, tp. of Bedford and RicheUeu c6s.,L. C, on the river A la Fortue, 20 ms. SB. from Montreal. Town of Eng,, in Surry. It is one of the greatest wheat markets in Eng. ; it is famous for hups, of which there are many plantations round the town. Itis seated on the Wye, 13 ms. W. of Guildford, and 39 WSW. of London. Lon. 46' W., lat. 51 16 N. ViUage, Richmond co., Va., 159 ms. S. from W. C. Earn Islands, Eng., two groups of little islands and rocks, 17 in number, lying opposile lo Bam- borough castle, in Northumberland. Al low water the points of several others are visible, besides the 17 just mentioned. The largest, or House island, is about 1 mile in compass, and has a fort and light house. It contains about 6 or 7 acres of rich pas ture ; and the shore abounds with good coals, which are dug at the ebb of lide. Faro, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, on the Gulf of Cadiz, with a bishop's see, 20 ms. SW. of Tavira. Lon. 7 48 W., lal. 36 54 N. Faro if Messina, the sirait between Italy and Sicily. It is so named from the Faro, or light house on Cape Faro, and its vicinity to Messina. Farringdon, town of Eng., in Berks, on an eminence near the Thames, 18 ras. W. of Oxford, and 50 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1 27 W., lat. 51 44 N. Farrowville, village, Fauquier co,, Va., 64 ms. SW. from W. C, and 145 NNW. from Rich mond. Farsistan, province of Persia, bounded on the E. by Kerman, on the N. by Irac Agemi, on the W. by Kusistan, and on the S. by the Gulf of Per sia. It is very fertile, and famous for its excellent wines, called the wines of Schiias, the capilal of this province. Here are the ruins of Persepolis, perhaps the most magnificent in the world. Far sistan is the ancient Persis, and the province from which the whole country derives the name given to it by Europeans. This province is traversed nearly in the middle by N. lat. 30°, and has been in all ages admired for its rich vales, and soft salubrious and temperate atmosphere. Fartack, town of Arabia Felix, at the foot of a cape of the same name. Lon. 51 25 E,, lal. 15 55 N. Fate, Ip., Clermont co,, 0. Pop. 1820, 1,775. Fatimites, or Fathimites, descendants of Mahomet by his daughter Fatima, and his son-in- law Hali, Fatlipour, town of Hindoostan Proper, in Ihe province of Agra, where the e'hiperors of Hindoos tan, when in the zenith of their power, had a pal ace. It is 25 ms. W. of Agra. Lon. 77 43 E,, lat. 37 32 N. Favagnana, small island, 15 ms. In compass. Lon, 12 25 on the W. side of Sicily, wilh a fort. E., lal. 38 16 N. Fauquemont, or Valkenburg, town of Dutch Limburg, on the river Geulc, 7 ms. E. of Maes trichl. Lon. 5 50 E., lat. 50 52 N. Fauquier, co., Va., bounded by Stafford SB,, Culpeper SW,, Blue Ridge, or Frederic NW., Loudon NE,, and Prince William E. ; lengih 45 ms, mean width 16 ; area 720 sq. ms. The face of this CO. is pleasantly diversified by hill, dale, and mountain. The soil partakes, also, of the varied physiognomy, being of almost every variety of tex ture. Staples, grain and tobacco. Chief town, Warrenton. Population in 1820, 23, 1 03 ; and in 1840, 21,897. Central lal. 38 45 N., lon, W C, 45' W. Fausse Riviere, a lake in La., in Point Coupee, once a bend of the Mississippi river. The banks of the lake are high, diy, and arable ; one of the most wealthy setllements-in the Stale is on Faus se Riviere. Fawcett's Store, post office, Orange co., N. C. 61 ms. NW. frora Raleigh. Fawcettslown, vUlage on Ohio river, Colum biana CO , O., 5 ms. below the Pennsylvania line, and 48 ms. by water from Pittsburg — See, for its present and post office name. East Liverpool. Fawn, town, York co.. Pa,, situated on the S. side of Muddy creek, and joining the divisional line that separates this State from Md. Pop. 1830 803. Faivn Grove, post office, York co., Pa., by post road 25 ras. S. from the borough of "York. Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western islands. Its capilal is Villa de Horta. Fayence, town ofFr., in the dep. of Var, and late province' of Provence, near the river Biason, 10- ms. W. from Grasse. Lon. 6 44 E lal 43 38 N. Fayette, town, Kennebec co.. Me. Pop. in 1820, 824. Tp., Seneca co,, N. Y., between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, 8 ras. SE. frora Geneva, Pop, in 1820, 3,698. Post office, Chatauque CO., N. Y. Co., Pa,, bounded SE. by Alle ghany CO., in Md., S. by Preston and Mononga hela COS., in Va,, W. by Monongahela river, or Greene and Washington cos., N. by Westmore land, and B. by Somerset; length 30 ras., breadth 27 ; area 824 sq. ms. The surface of this co. is generally broken, part mountainous, and every where hilly. The soil upon the streams, and ex cept where rendered otherwise by rocks, is produc tive in grain, truit, and meadow grasses. Staples. flour, whiskey, grain, salted provisions, and iron. Chief towns, Brownsville, Bridgeport, and Union Pop. in 1820, 37,285; and in 1840, 33,574* Central lat. 40° N., lon. W, C. 2 3S W Co. of West Tennessee, bounded S. by the Slate of Mississippi, E. by co. ; N. by Haywood, and NW. by Tipton. It is about 24 ms. square, wuh an area of 575 sq. ms. It is drained by the sources of Cedar creek, of Big Hatchie, and those of Loosahalchie and Wolf rivers. Central lal 35 12, lon. W. C. 13 35 W. Pop. in 1840, 21,501. Tp., Alleghany co.. Pa,, on Chartier's creek, along the borders of Washington co,, 14 ms, from Pittsburg, and 15 from Washington. Pop. 1820, 3.000. Co., Ky., on the sources of Elkhorn river, bounded byjessaraine SE., Woodford W. Scott NW., Bourbon NB., Clark B,, and Madison 317 FEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FER or Kentucky river S. ; length 32 ms., mean width 13 ; area 364 sq. ms. Surface generally level, and soil fertile. Chief town, Lexington. Pop. 1820, 33,250; and in 1840, 22,194. Central lat. 38 7 N., lon. W. C. 7 12 W. Co., Ga., bounded N. by Henry, E. by Oakmulgee tiver, S. by Mon roe,, and W. hy Flint river; length 33 ms., mean width about 30 ; area 660 sq. ms. N. lat. 33°,' and lon. W. C. 7° W. intersect in' the NE. part of this CO. Ppp. in 1840, 6,191. Co., O., bounded S. by Highland, SW. by Clinton, NW. by Greene, N. by Madison, E. by Picaway, and SE. by Ross; length 36 ms., mean width 16; area about 420 sq. ms. Surface mostly level, and soil tolerably fertile. Chief town,, Washington. Pop. in 1820, 6,316; in 1830, 8,182; and in 1840, 10,984. In lat. this co. extends from 39 21 to 39 43 N., and in lon. from 6 16 to 6 38 W. of W. C. Deer creek, rising in Madison co,, enters and flows along the northeastern part of Fayette, about 12 ms. from whence it enters Pickaway ; but the body of the forraer is drained by the various branches of Paint creek, with a SSE. slope. Cen tral lat. 39 35 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. Fayette, Lafayette, for which see Lafayette, Madison co., 0. Fayetteville, village, Onondago co., N. Y.,by postroad 139 ms. W. from Albany. Town and seat of justice, Cumberland co., N. C, on the right bank of Cape Fear river, about 60 ms. S. from Raleigh, and 100 NNW. from Wilmington, N. lat. 35 3. It stands at the head of boat navi gation, and is the centre of a very extensive inland trade in grain, flour, tobacco, some cotton, and naval stores. Lat. 35 2 N., lon. W. C. 1 50 W. Village and seat of justice," Lincoln co., Tenn., on the right bank of Elk river, 50 ms. SW. from Murfreesboro. Lat. 35 10 N., lon. W. C. 9 37 -VV. Village, Fayette co., Ga., about 50 ms. WSW. from MilledgevUle. Village, Perry tp., northern part of Brown co., O, This viUage is situated on Little Miami river, about 20 ms. a little W. ofN. from Georgetown, the co. seat, and about 15 ms. NE. of Batavia, in Clermont co. Faystown, tp., Washington co,, Vt., 17 ms. SW. from Monlpelier. Fearing, tp., Washington co., O., on Duck creek, 6 ms. N. of Marietta. Pop. in 1830, 811. Fecamp, ancient seaport of Fr,, in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, 24 ms. NE. of Havre-de.Grace. Lon. 23' E., lat. 49 37 N. Federalsburg, village, Caroline and Dorchester COS., Md., on Marshy Hope creek, 20 ms. E. frora Easton. Federal Store, village, Dutchess co., N. Y. ; by posiroad 95 ms. SSE. from Albany. Federation, village, Rome tp., Athens co., O,, 13 ms. E. of Athens, the co. seat, and 86 SE. of Columbus. Feeding Hills, post office, Hampden, Mass., 5 ms. W. from W. Springfield. Feestown, village, Clermont co., 0. Feldkirchs, trading town of Germany, capital of a CO. of the same name, in Tyrol. It is seated on the river 111, near its entrance inlo the Rhine, 15 ms. E. of Appenzel. Lon, 9 49 E., lal. 47 ION. Feliciana. See New Feliciana. Felicity, large village, Franklin tp., southeast- 318 ernmost part of Clermont co., 0., and, by the Ohio Gazetteer, 4 ms. from the Ohio river, and 35 from Cincinnati, on the road to Augusta; Bracken CO., Ky. Pop. 425. Dwelling houses 75.. Felicuda, one of the Lipari islands, in the Med iterranean, 28 ms. W. of Lipari. Felix, St., island in the S. Pacific ocean, NNW. of Juan Fernandes. Lon. 86° W., lal. 26° S. Fellen, town in the Russian government of Ri. ga, on a river of the same name, 62 ms. SE. of Revel.. Lon. 34 5 E., lat. 58 23 N. Felletin, town of Fr., in the dep. of Creuse, and late province of Marce, noted for its manufac ture of tapestry. Feltri, episcopal town of Italy, in the Trevisa no, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the Asona, 40 ms. N. of Padua. Lon. 11 55 E., lat. 46 3 N. Felts's Mills, post office, Jefferson co., N. Y. ; by postroad 170 ms. NW. from Albany. Femeren, fertile island of Denmark, in the Bal tic, 3 ms. from the coast of Holstein. Femme Osage, village, St. Charles co.. Mo. Feneatrelle, town ;and fort of Piedmont, in the valley ofthe Vaudois, 18 ms. W. ofTurin. Lon. 7 31 E., lat. 45 10 N. Fenner, village, Madison co., N. Y. ; by post-'' road 115 ms. W. from Albany. Fenn's Bridge, post office, Jefferson co., Ga,, about 60 ras. a little S. of E. from !Willedgeville. Fenwick's Tavern, post office, St. Mary's co., Md, ; by postroad 80 ms. S. from Annapolis, and 65 SE. from W. C. Fer, Point Au, the outer SE. limit of Atcha falaya bay. Lon. W. C. 14 36 W., lat. 29 12 N. Ferabad, town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, seated among the mountains which bound the Caspian sea to the S., and 13 ms. from it. Shah Abbas often spent his winters here. It is 130 ms. W. of Astrabad. Lon. 53 21 E,, lal. 37 14 N, Town of Persia, 2 ms. from Is pahan, and extending almost 3 ras. along the banks ef the Zenderoud. It was buUl by Shah Abbas, who brought the Armenians here from the prece ding town, after they had revolted from the Turks. Ferdinand, tp., Essex co., Vt., on Connecti cut river, 15 ms. above Lancaster, and 60 NE, from MontpeUer. Tp., St. Louis co.. Mo. Fere, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, famous for its powder mill and school of artiUery. Near the town is the castle of St. Gobin, famous for its manufacture of fine plate glass. Fere is seated at the confluence ofthe Serre and Oise, 20 ras. N. of Soissons, and 75 NE. of Paris, Lon. 3 25 E. , lat 49 29 N. Ferentino, or Fiarento, episcopal town of Italy, in Champagna di Roma, seated on a mounlain, 44 ms. SE. of Rome. Lon. 13 27 E., lat. 41 46 N. Ferelte, town of .\lsace, in Germany, 49 ms. S. of Strasburgh. Lon. 7 36 E., lat. 41 50 N. Ferguson, southern tp. of Centre co.. Pa., on the sources of Spring and Penn's creeks. Pop. 1820, 1,189. Ferguson's Ferry, post office, Johnson co., lUinois. . f Fermanagh, co. of Ireland, in the province oi FER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. . ! FIE Ulster, 38 ms. in length and 23 in breadth, bound ed on the N. by Donegal and Tyrone, on the E. by Tyrone and Monaghan, on the S. by Cavan and Leitrim, and on the W. by Leitrim. It con tains 19 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 4 members to the Irish Parliament. Inniskilling is the capital. Tp. in Miffln co.. Pa., having the Shade mountain on the N. and Juniata river on the S. Pop. 1820, 3,529. Fermo, town of Italy, in the marquisale of An cona, near the Gulf of Venice, 17 ms. SE. of Ma- eerata. Lon. 13 50 E,, lat. 43 7 N. Pernambuco. See Pernambuco. Femandina, seaport and village, on Amelia island, Easl Florida, 5 ms. SE. from St. Mary's, in Ga. Fernando Noronha, island near the coast of Brasil, subject to the Portuguese. Lon. 32 33 W., lat. 3 56 S. Fernando Po, an island of Africa, 25 ms. W. of the coast of Benin. It is 30 ms. long and 30 broad. Lon. 3 3 E., lat. 3 6 N. See Africa, p. 31, 2d col. Ferrara, city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name. It is seated in an agreeable and fer tile plain, watered by the river Po, which is a de fence on one side, and on the other is encompassed Ferrier Point, cape of Mexico, on the Pacific ocean. Lon. W. C. 41° W,, lat. 33 42 N. Ferriaburg, tp. of Addison co., Vt,, on Lake Champlain, at the mouth of Otter river, 25 ms S. from Burlington. Feroe Ialands, cluster of 22 small islands in the Northern ocean, between 5 and 8° W. lon. and 61 and 03° N. lat., subject to Denmark. Seven teen are habitable, each of which is a lofty moun tain, divided from the others by deep and rapid currents. Some of them are deeply indented with secure harbors, all of them steep and most of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jasjier, and beautiful zeolites. The surface consists of a shallow soil of reraarkable fertility, yielding plenty of barley, and fine grass for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or stunted willow, will grow here ; and the only quadrupeds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea fowls frequent the rocks, and the taking of them furnishes a per ilous employment for the inhabitants. The ex ports are sailed mutton, tallow, goose quills, feath ers, eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, and stockings To the south of these islands is a con siderable whirlpool. Ferro, or Hiero, the most westward of the Ca nary islands, about 18 ms, in circumference. It is not fertile, but produces some corn, suga: fruits, and legumes. Lon. 17 52 W., lat. 37 47 N. Ferrol, seaport of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the -Atlantic. Its harbor is one of the best in Europe, for the vessels lie safe from all winds ; and here the Spanish squadron? frequently rendezvous in lime of war. It is 20 ms. NE. from Corunna, and 65 W. of Rivades. Lon. 8 4 W., lat. 43 30 N. Ferte Alais, town of Fr., iu the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France, 18 ms. S. of Paris. Lon, 2 27 E., lat. 48 30 N. Eerie Bernard, town of Fr., in the dep. of Sarte, and late province of Maine, seated on the Huisne, 30 ms. NE, of Mans. Lon. 0 39 E., lal. 48 8 N. Fetfa, Turkish lerm, meaning the written de cree of the Mufti, or High Priest. Fetiche, Fetichism, from the Portuguese. As we understand the terms, they mean the wor ship of gross animate or inanimate matter. It is usually applied to the African negroes. Accord ing to the opinion of Benjamin Constant, Feti chism was the original form of religious observance, and preceded Anthropomorphism, or worship of dei fied human beings. It is, however, only an expression for idolatry combined with sorcery. In both French and English, the term fetiche comes from the Por tuguese feticho, sorcerer, and feiichero, sorcery. The same terms, with some slight variation of or thography, are found in Spanish hetchicero, sor cerer, hetchicera, sorceress, and hechizo, sorcery ; in Italian, faitucchierie and fattuchiere have the same meaning. The English terms witch and wizard convey the same ideas. Fetid, Feodai, Feudality. Webster says " feud is not a Teutonic or Gothic word." It may not be so, as many Latin terms were adopted by the Teutonic and Gothic nations as they settled themselves into regular communities in the Roman part of Europe, and parlially, and often entirely, adopted the Roman law ; but there is no rational doubt of a common root, and that root expressive of fidelity. Feud, when used for hatred, violence, quarrel, or other analogous expressions, affords only one out of the many other instances in our language, of words sounded or even spelled alike, but which differ in etymology and meaning. Feversham, seaport of Bag., in Kent, on a creek of the Medway, rauch frequented by small vessels, 9 ras. W. of Canterbury, and 48 E. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 0 55 E., lat. 51 23 N. Fez, kingdom of Barbary, 125 ms. in length and breadth, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic ocean, on the N. by the Mediterranean sea, on the E. by Algiers, and on the S. by Morocco and Tafilet. Fez, capital of the Kingdom of Fez, and one of the largest cities in western Africa. It is com posed of 3 towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez, Old Fez is the raost considerable, and contains about 70,000 inhabitants. Fez is 160 ras, S. of Gibraltar, and 350 NE. of Morocco. Lon. 5 5 W., lat. 33 40 N. Fezzan, kingdora of Africa — See Africa, p. 16. -Fiano, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, sealed on the Tiber, 15 ms. N. of Rome. Fianona, town of Venetian Istria, seated on the Gulf of Carnero, 17 ms. N. of Pola. Fiascone, town of Italy, in the territory of the church, noted for fine muscadine wine. It is seated on a mounlain near Lake Bolsena, 13 ms. NW. of Viterbo. Lon. 12 13 E., lat. 42 34 N. Ficherulolo, fortified town of Ilaly, in the Fer rarese, seated on the Po, 12 ms. W. of Ferrara. Lon. 11 31 E., lat. 45 6 N. Fief, Feof, Fec d. Feudal Syslem, are all ev idently from the same root, and radically meaning land disposed of by a superior to an inferior per son in trust for the performance of service by the latter to the former. In application the Feudal System had relation principally to military service. This political system, though much modified, is 319 FIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FIS far from actually extinct ; its principles were too lon^ and too intimately blended wilh the laws and constitution of European society to .be easily ex ploded. All lands in fee simple are held under, and are, in fact, feudal property. Fieranzuolo, town of Italy, in the Parmesan, 10 ms. SE. of Placentia. Lon. 9 44 B., lat. 44 59 N. Fiezoli, town of Italy, in the Florentino, 5 ms. NE. of Florence. Lon. 11 11 E., lat. 43 49 N. Fifeshire, co. of Scotland. It is a fine penin sula, enclosed between the Forth and the Tay rivers, bounded on the E. by the Brilish or Ger man ocean, on the S. by the Frith of Forth, on Ihe W. by the Ochill-hills, Kinross, and Perth shire ; and on the N. is divided from the Forfar by the Tay. It is about 36 ms. long from NE. lo SW., and about 17 where broadest. The eastern part is almost level. The N. and S. parts are fruitful in corn, and the middle fit for pasture. The number of towns is almost unparalleled in an equal tract of coast, for the whole shore from Crail to Culross, about 40 ms., is one continued chain of towns and villages. Cupar is the co. town. Pop. in 1801, 93,743; in 1811, 101,272 ; and in 1821, 114,556. Fig'ari, seaport of Corsica, at the moulh of a river of the same name, 22 ms. WNW. of Boni facio. Figeac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lot, and late province of Querci, and Guienne, seated on the Selle, 23 ms. E. of Cahors, and 270 ms. S. of Paris. Lon, 1 58 E,, lat. 44 32 N. Figueiaro-dos-Vinhos, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, seated among raountains near the river Zizere, and remarkable for its excellent vine yards. It is 22 ms. N. of Tomar. Lon. 7 45 W;, lat. 39 49 N. Figueras, or St. Ferando-de-Figueras, very strong fortress of Spain, in Catalonia, which was taken by the French in 1794. Lon. 2 46, lat. 42 18 N. Fillech, town of Hungary, in the co. of Novi- grad, seated on the Ipol, 20 ms. from Agria. Lon. 19 8 B., lat. 48 24 N. Final, town of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, 30 ras. SW. of Genoa. Lon, 8° E., lat. 44 14 N. Finale, town of Italy, in the Modenesse, on an island formed bv the river Panaro, 22 ms. NE. of Modena. Lon! 11 35 E., lat. 44 26 N. Fincastle, village and seat of justice, Bottetourt CO., Va., situated on the W. side of the N. moun tain, at lat. 37 28 N., long. W. C. 2 46 W., containing 1 brick court house, 1 presbyterian and 1 methodist church, 36 ms, E. from Lexington, and 192 W. by N. from Richmond. Pap. about 800. Village in Eagle tp., northeastern angle of Brown co., Ohio, 17 ms. NE. of Georgetown on the road Hillsboro. Findhorn, fishing town of Scotland, in Mur rayshire, at the raouth of a bay of the same name. It is a considerable town, and has a good harbor. It is 17 ms. W. by N. of Elgin. Lon. 3 40 W., lat. 57 45 N River of Scotland, which has its source in Inverness-shire, and crossing Nairneshire and the NW. corner of Murrayshire, forms the bay of Findhorn, which opens into the Frith of Murray at the town of the same name. 320 Findlay, as in Ohio Gazetteer, and Finley, post office list, village and co. seat of Hancock CO., Ohio, on the S. side of Blanchard's fork of Au Glaize river, 36 ms. a little W. of S. of Per- rysburg, on the Maumee river, and 36 ms. SW. of Tiffin, CO. seat of Seneca co. N. lat. 41 3, Ion. W. C. 6 40 W. Pop. in 1840, 469. Finisterre, Cape, the most western cape, not only of Spain but of Europe. It was thought by the ancients to have no country beyond it ; and therefore they gave it a name which signifies the end of the earth. Lon. 9 17 W., lat. 42 51 N. Finisterre, dep. of Fr., which includes part of the late province of Bretagne. Its name corres ponds to the English expression, the Land's End, it being the most westerly part of France. Quim per is the capilal. Finland, recently one of the five general divis ions of Sweden, but at present a province of Rus sia, bounded on the N. by Bothnia and Lapland, on the E. by Wiburgh, on the S. by the Gulf of Finland, and on the W. by that of Bothnia. Il is about 200 ms. in length, and as many in breadlh. It has many lakes, in which are several islands, which are generally ^ocks or inaccessible mounlains. It contains the provinces of Finland Proper, the Isle of QGIand, Ostrobothnia, Tav- asleland, Nyland, Savolax, and that part of the fiefs of Kymne and Carelia which Sweden has preserved. Abo is the capital. finlayville, village, N. C , Mecklenburg co. Finley, tp., Washington co., Penn. Pop. in 1820, 1,967. Finmark, part of Lapland, in the government of Wardsburgs. ' Finneyaville, village, Rutland co., Vt., by post road 97 ms. SSW. from Monlpelier." Finks, a people of Eastern and Northern Eu rope. This remarkable family, the Jotnar of Snorre Sturleson, the Fenni of Tacitus, Zoumi of Strabo, Skrithfenni of Procopius, and the Cwenas and Finnas mentioned by the Norwegian navigator, Ohter, to King Alfred. " It is the Finnish, together with fcslhonian and the Livonian, that we may consider as the most distinct class of all the other languages of the globe, or at least of all those of Europe." The Finnic family of languages is, generically, by some authors called the Ouralian, subdivided specifically into Finnish proper, Lap- ponic, Tcheremiss, Perraiac, Hungarian, or Mad- giar, &c. These are included under one general lerm, Tchoudes, by the Russians. All the Fin nic nations give to the countries they inhabit the name Suomen. "The Huhs were nol Sclavoni- ans," slates Malta Brun, and suggests the prob ability that they were "a branch of the Finns or Tchoudes." Fionda, ancient Phaselis, city of Asia Minor, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Satalia, 36 ms. S. from Adalia. Fiorenzo, St., seaport of Corsica, on a gulf of the same name, 7 ms. W. of Bastia. Lon. 9 20 B., lat. 42 35 N. Fireplace, village, Suffolk co., N. Y., about 40 ms. NE. of the city pf N. Y. Fisher-row, village in Scotland, about 5 ms. from Edinburgh, on the W. side of the moulh of the_ river Esk. Fishersfield, village, Merrimack co., N. H., at FIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FLA the head of Sunapee lake, 30 ms. NW. from Concord. Fishers field, town, Merrimack co., N. II. , on Sunapee lake, dischargini; into Sugar river, branch of Conueclicut and the he.td walers of the War ner river, branch of Conloocook river. It is through this tp. that a canal has been contemplated to unite the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers. Pop. in 1820, 874. Fisher's Island, island in the NE. moulh of Long Island Sound, nearly opposile Stonington, Conn. It is about 9 ms. by 2, and forms part of Soulhold, in Suffolk, N. Y. Fishing Creek, post office. Cape May co., post road 114 ms, S, from Trenton. Post office, in the NW. angle of Tyler co., Va., 40 ms, S. from Wheeling. Fishing-creek, town, Columbia co., Penn., which takes its name from a creek of the same name. It is situated on the N. side of the E, branch of the Susquehannah. 'I^'he chief town is Berwick. Fishing Ford, post office, Bedford co., Tenn., about 40 ras. S. frora Murfreesborough. Fishkardt, corporate town of Eng,, in Pen-i-l brokeshire, on a sleep cliff, at the influx of the river Gwaine, into St. George's Channel, which here forms a spacious bay. It is 16 ras. NE. of St. David's, and 242 W. by N. of London. Lon. 4 53 W., lat. 52 4 N. Fishkill, sraall river of N. Y., rises in Oswego and Lewis cos,, by a number of creeks, which flow inlo and unite in Oneida co., and join Wood creek a short distance above the discharge of the latter into Oneida lake. Creek ofN. Y., and Saratoga CO., falls into the Hudson opposite Battenkill. Small but important creek of N. Y,, in Dutchess CO., falls into the Hudson opposite Newburgh. Town, Dutchess co., N, Y., on Fishkill creek, 6 ms, frora ils moulh. This is one of the best cullivated and raost thickly populated country places in the U. States, Pop. in 1840, 10,437. ¦ -Mountains, is the continuation of the high lands above West Poinl, and curving lo the NE. and N. streiches between Dutchess and Putnam counties, and Ihence through the forraer towards the SW. angle of Massachusetts. Fishkill Landing, village, Dutchess co. N. Y., directly opposite Newburg, 5 ras. S. frora the vil lage of Fishkilll, and 60 ms. above the cily of N. Y. This village stands on the declivity qf a hill rising rather abruptly from the Hudson river, and affiirds a splendid landscape, comprising a view of the mountains on bolh sides of the river between Newburg and West Point, with an extensive range of prospect over Orange co. Pop. 300. Fish Lake, village, Delaware co., N. Y., post road, 89 ms. SW. from Albany. Fish river. Great, considerable river of Africa, which rises in the unknown interior regions, di vides Caflraria from the country of the Hottentots, and falls inlo the Indian ocean in lat. 30 30 S. The deepest parts of this river are inhabited by the hippopotamus, and the adjacent woods by ele phants, rhinorceroses, and buffaloes. Fistelia, fortified town of Morocco. The inhab itants carry on a great trade in fine garments. It is 125 ms. NE. of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 W., lat. 33 27 N. 41* Fitchburg, town, Worcester co., Mass., about 40 ms. N'W. of Boston and 25 N. of Worcester. Pop. in 1820, 1,736. Fitchville, village of Huron co., 0,, 16 ms. SSE. of Norwalk, the co. sent, and about 25 ms. nearly due S, of Mansfield. Fitzgerald's, post office, Marion, co., Alabama, about 100 ms. NW. from Tuscaloosa. Fitzwilliam, town, Cheshire county, N. II. It is bounded on the S. by the line which divides this Slale frora Mass. Pop, in 1820, 1,167. Five Churches, village of Hungary, 85 ms. S. of Buda. Lon. 18 13 E , lat. 40 5 N. Fium, capilal of a province of the same name in Egypt. It is very populous. Here are many ruins of magnificent ancient structures ; and it has a con siderable trade in flax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs. The province contains a great number of ca nals and bridges built by the ancient Egyptians. The town is sealed on a canal that communicates with the Nile 70 ms. SW. of Cairo. Lon. 39 49 E,, lat, 29 2 N. Fiume, or St, Veil, seaport of Austrian Istria, with a good harbor formed by the river Fimarna, which enters the bay of Carnero in the giilf of Ve nice. It is very populous, noted for wine, good I, and olher fruits ; and the cathedral is worth observation. It is 37 ms, B. of Capo d'Istria. Lon. 14 46 B., lat. 45 40 N. Flaggtown, village, in the southern part of Somerset co., N. J., 29 ms. N. from Trenton. Flamborough Head, lofty promonotory of Eng., in Yorkshire, whose snow-white cliffs serve for a direction to ships. Its rocks are occupied by innu merable multitudes of sea-fowls, which fill the air and ocean all around. It is 5 ms E. of Burling ton. Lon. 4' B., lat. 54 9 N. Flanders, ancient province of the Netherlands, and at present divided into East Flanders and West Flanders, forms the 2 provinces of Belgium. The whole of both Flanders is 70 ms, long and 35 broad, bounded on the N. hy the German ocean and Hol land, E. by Brabant, S. by Hainault and Artois, and W^. by Artois and the German ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Ly.s, and Denders. N. lat. 51° traverses Flanders nearly centrically. It is a level country, fertile in grain and pastures, and very populous. The chief manufactures are beautiful table linen and fine lace. Village, Morris co., N. J., near the head of Rariton river, 15 ms. a lillle N. of W. frora Morristown and 59 N. from Trenton. Flat-Bush, village and seat of justice. King's CO., Long Island, N. Y. It is situated 5 ms. S. ofthe city of New York and 150 from Albany. It is a fine little village, in one street, with an acad emy and the ordinary county buildings. Pop, in 1840, 3,029. Flat-Lands, tp.. King's co.. Long Island, on N. Y. bay,S. from Brooklyn. Pop. in 1820, 513. Flat-Rock, post office, Povvhatan co., Va., 24 ms. W. from Richmond. Flattery, Cape, on the W. coast of N. Ameri ca, so named by Captain Cook, who discovered it in 1788, because he was disappointed at not find ing a harbor. Lon. 124 67 W., lat. 48 35 N. Flat-Woods, post office, Lewis co., Va., by post road 395 ras. W. from W. C. Flavigni, town of Fr., in the dep, of Cote d'Or, 331 FLI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FLO and late province of Burgundy. It is seated on a mountain 12 ms. E. of Semur and 140 E. of Paris. Lon. 4 37 E., lat. 47 26 N. Fleche, town of Fr., in the dep. of Sarte, and late province of Maine. It is seated on the river Loire, 22 ms. N. of Angers. Lon. 3' W., lat. 47 39 N. Fleet, river of Scotland, in Kircudbrightshire ; it winds through a beautiful valley, screened by woody hills, and enters Wigtoli bay at Gatehouse. On the W. side of this river are the vestiges of a camp, a druidical circle, and a vitrified fort. Fleming, co., Ky., bounded SW. by Licking river, or by Bath and Nicholas cos., N'W. by Ma son, NE. by Lewis and Greenup, E. by Lawrence, and SE. by Pike; length 35 ms,, mean width 16 ; area 560 sq. ms. Surface rather undulating than hilly ; soil fertile. Chief town, Flemingsburg. Pop. in 1840, 13,368; and in 1840, 13,268. Central lat. 38 25 N., lon. W. C. 6 25 W. Flemingsburg, v'illage and seat of justice, Flem ing CO., Ky., 50 ms. NE. from Lexington. Flemington, village, Hunterdon co., N. J,, on a branch of Rariton river, twenty-three ms. N. of Trenton. Flendsburg, town of Denmark, capilal of Sles wick, on a bay of the Baltic, and has a harbor deep enough for large shipping. It is a place of consid erable commerce, 15 ms. NW. of Sleswick. Lon. 9 47 B., lat. 54 50 N. Fletcher, tp. , FrankUn co., Vt., between La- moele river and the head of Black river, branch of Mississque river, 23 ms. NB. from Burlington. Village, Brown tp., in the norlheastern part of Mi ami CO., O., 10 ms. NE. from Troy, the co. seat, and 7 E. of Piqua. Fleurus, village of the kingdom of Ihe Nether lands, in the province of Naraur, 6 ms. NE. of Charleroy. Fleury, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, 30 ms. N. of Chalons. Lon. 4 50 E,, lat. 47 13 N. Flie, or Vlteland, island on the coast of Hol land, at the middle of the entrance of the Zuyder- Zee. Flimis's Fork, Village, Caldwell co., Ky., 8 or 10 ms NB. from Princeton. Flint, town of FUntshire, in Wales, which gives name to the counly, and sends one member to Par liament ; but it is a small place without trade, and the assizes are held at Mold. It is seated on the river Dee, 13 ms. W. by N. of Chester and 193 N W. of London. Lon. 3 3 W., lat, 53 16 N. Flint Cfeek, rises in the tp. of Italy, on the ex treme southern verge of Ontario co., N. Y., and flowing 30 ms. NNE ,, between Seneca and Can andaigua lakes, falls into the Canandaigua outlet at Vienna. Post office, Onlario co,, N. Y., on Flint creek. Flint Hill, post office, Culpeper co,, 104 ms. SW. from W. C, and 135 a Utile W. of N. from Richmond. Flintshire, co. of N. Wales, 39 ms, in length, arid 12 where broadest, bounded on the N. and NE. by a hay, at the moulh of the Dee, which di vides it from Cheshire, on the NW. by the Irish sea on the E. by the Dee, which continues to di vide it from Cheshire, and on the S. and SW. from Denbighshire. Part of Flintshire extends on 333 the E. side of the Dee, about 9 ms. between Che shire and Shropshire. It is divided into five hun dreds, in which are two market towns and 28 par ishes. Pop. 1801, 39,622, in 1811, 46,518, and and in 1821, 53,784. Flint's Mills, post office Washington co., 0. Flint Stone, village, Alleghany co., Md., by post road 150 ms NW. by W. from W. C. Flint River, See Appalachicola, Flix, town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both by art and nature. It is built on a peninsula in the Ebro, where it makes an elbow, which serves the town instead of a ditch, and may be conducted quite around it. The side whore Ihe river does not pass is covered by mountains, and defended by a castle, on an eminence, and near it is a wa terfall. It is 30 ms. S. of Lerida. Lon. 26' E., lat. 41 15 N. Flood'a, post office, Buckingham co,, Va., 134 ms. SW. from W. C, and 78 W. frora Rich mond. Florence, capital of the duchy of Tuscany, and one of the finest cities of Italy. It is surrounded on all sides, but one with high hills, which rise insensibly, and at last join the lofty mounlains called the Appennines. Towards Pisa there is a vast plain of 40 ms. in length, which is so filled wilh villages and pleasure houses, that they seem to be a continuation of the suburbs of the cily. Independent of the churches and palaces of Flor ence, most of which are very magnificent, the ar chitecture of the houses in general is in good taste, and the streets are remarkably clean, and paved with large broad stones chisseled, so as to prevent the horses frora sliding. The city is divided into two unequal parts by the river Arno, over which there are no less than four bridges, in sight of each olher. Florence is a place of some strength, and contains an archbishop's see and a university. The number of inhabitants is calculated at 80,000. Florence is 45 ms. S. of Bologna, and 125 NW. of Rome. Lon 11 15 E., lat. 43 46 N. Florence, town, Oneida co., 18 ms. NW. from Rome. Pop. 1830, 1,259. Village, Huron co,, Ohio, by post road 131 ms. NNE. from Colum bus. 'Phe village is situated in the NE, part of the CO., 13 ms. NE, of Norwalk, the counly seal, and about 20 ms. westward of Elyria. Village and seat of justice, Lauderdale co., Ala., at the mouth of Cyprus creek, lower extremity of the Muscle shoals, in Tenn., 120 ms. SW. from Murfreesborough, and 80 W. from Huntsville. Lat. 34 47 N., lon. W. C. 10 46 W. Fhrent, St., town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjuu. It lately had a rich Benedictine abbey. It is seal ed on the Loire, 20 ms. WSW. of Angers. Lon. 56' W., lat. 47 34 N. Florentin, St., town of France in the depart ment of Yonne, situated at the confluence of the Armance anij Armancon, 15 ms. NE, of Auxerre, and 80 SB. of Paris. Lon. 3 55 E., lat. 48 1 N. Florentino, one of the three provinces of Tus cany, bounded on the W. by the republic of Luc ca and the Modenese, on the N. by the Appen nines, on the E. by the duchy of Urbino, and on the S. by the Siennese. It is a well watered pro vince, and very fertile. Florence is the capilal. Flores, fertile island, one of the Azores, so called FLO GEOGRAl'lIICAL DICTIONARY. FLO from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lon, 31° W., tat. 39 34 N. Florida, territory of the United States, forming the southeastern political division of the Union. Physically, Florida is divided into two .•auctions : to the SB. the peninsula, and NW. a narrow strip along the Gulf of Mexico, from the Suwanee to the Perdido river. Taken as a whole, Florida is hounded B. by the Atlantic ocean, SW. by the Gulf of Mexico, NW. by the State of Alabama, and N. by Georgia. Length of the peninsular part, from St. Mary's river, separating it from Ga., 400 ms, lo Florida point. 'Fhe broadest part of the peninsula, from Cape Cannaveral to St. Clem ent's island, about 160 ms.; mean breadth, not dif fering much from 100 ms., gives area 42,000 sq. ms. The mean lengih of West Florida about 360 ms., breadth varying from 40 lo 100 ms., mean breadth fully estimated at 60 ms,, and area 15,600. From the preceding data, the area of all Florida amounts to 57,600 sq. ms. Geographically, this territory lies between 25° and 31° ofN, lat., and between 2 50 and 10 45 W. of W. C. Though no part of Florida is even very hilly, the surface is far from uniformly level. The southern part of the peninsula is flat and marshy, generally, but the surface rises gradually, advanc ing northwards, and above N. lal. 30°, from the Atlantic ocean to the Perdido, much of the coun try is beautifully varied by hill and dale. 'I'he whole of Florida being the tropical region of the United Slates, and so much of it almost insular, and all within the influencs of sea air, the climate is mild and healthful. The northern part is in a peculiar manner supplied with rivers, setting out from the Atlantic ocean, come in succession, and, faUlng into the Atlantic ocean, St. Mary's and St. John's, and having their efflux into the Gulf of Mexico, Suwanee, Oscilla, Ockleconee, Appalach icola, Chickasawhatche, Yellow Waler, Escambia, and Perdido. MUes. Florida, taken in ils utmost extent, has a boundary from the mouth of St. Mary's river to Cape Sable - - 450 Upon the Gulf of Mexico, between Cape " Sable and the mouth of Perdido river 600 Up the Perdido bay and river, lo N. lat. 31° .... 40 Along N. lat. 31° lo Chattahooche river - 140 Down Chattahooche to the junction of that stream and Flint river . 40 Thence to the source of St. Mary's river . 140 Down St. Mary's river to the moulh 80 Having an entire outline of 1,490 ins. Area 57,000 sq. ms., 36,480,000 acres, betweeii lal. 25° and 31° N. Extending through 6° of lat., considerable diversity of seasons must be experi enced in Florida ; but, from the uniformity of the general surface, the whole extent exhibits none of those rapid transitions of seasons whifeh cah only arise from great inequality of relative elevation. The interior of the country remains but imperfect ly known. As far, however, as correct informa tion has been received, the greatest part of this large peninsula is composed of a very inferior soil, with exceptions found near and along the streams. The vegetable productions are numerous and im portant. Amongst the valuable cultivated plants maybe enumerated cotton, sugar cane, rice, indi go, tobacco, Indian corn, olive tree, poach, orange, lime, and fig tree. It remains undetermined whe ther or not tho colfoe plant can bo cultivated in Florida. Florida was discovered in 1512 by John Ponce do Leon, and named Florida from having been discovered on Palm Sunday, " Pasqua Florida." The first civilized colony in this country was plant ed by the French, in 1562, under Francis Ribault. The French colony was surprised in 1565, and the' colonists murdered by the Spaniards. St. Augus tine vvas soon afler founded, and tho Spaniards re mained undisturbed possessors until 1666, when St. Augustine was taken and plundered by an Eng lish squadron under John Davis. Pensacola was founded by Don Andre de lalliola, in 1699. The country was frequently attacked by the French and English, but continued a Spanish province unUl 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain. In 1783 it was, again receded to Spain. On the 22d February, 1819, by the treaty ot "Washington, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. This treaty was, on the 24lh October, 1820, rati fied by the Cortes and King of Spain, and on February '23, 1821, ratified by the Congress of the United Stales. Florida is now a territory of the United Stales. Census of Florida, 1840. "Wliitea,— Ages. Oto 5 6 to 10 10 to 15 16 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 60 to 60 60 to 70 - 70 to '80 80 to 90 . 90 to 100 - 100 and upwarda Total whites Males. Females. 2,4631,947 1,6201,305 4,388 3,801 1,193 630220 73 ¦20 3 16,456 2,241 1,761 1,4481,322 2,220 1,219 704354 156 49 10 2 1 11,48716,456 27,943 OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 100 and upwards Total Free colored. Males. Fern's, 108 123 8749 29 0 398 108123 7875 35 0 817 Slaves. Males. Fem's. 4,0444,070 2,9071,496 512 9 13,038 In the foregoing are- White persons who are deaf aud dumb, under 14 years 323 Do, deaf and dumb, 14 to 25 Du, do, do. over-25 Do, whole number deaf and dumb 6 44 14 FLO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FOG In the foregoing are- White persons who are blind , - Do. insane and idiots at public charge Dq. do. at private charge Colored persons, free and slaves,' who are deaf and dumb . - - . Do. blind Do. insaue and idiots at private charge Do. do du public do. Whole number of persons employed in- Mining AgricultureCommerce Manufactures anilradeg Nav^ation on the ocean Do. on canals, lakes, and rivers Learned profeasions Pensioners for revolutionary and military services ITniversities or colleges. Academies and grammar schoLils - Do. students in Primary and comfflon schools Do. scholars in . Do. at public charge Total number of white persons, over 20 years uf age who cannot read or write 1 - 12,117 481 - Ijl77 435118 204 16IS 51 - 925 14 - 1,303 Populatiofi of Florida by counties, from the census O/1840. Free white Free col. Slaves. persons. persons. Counties. 1 1 S "ri S 133 1 1 i s H V 1,334 996 i74 709 647 3,993 Walton im 655 23 18 116 116 1.461 Gadsden 1,372 1,266 b b 1,683 1.659 6,992 Hainilton ,5,52 4!i2 3 - -208 '219 1,464 Jefferson 1,209 963 2 - 1,781 1,76a 5,713 Leon 2,007 1,454 Id 6 3,679 3,552 10,713 Madison 80t 642 - 633 669 2,644 Alachua 1,289 430 1 - 304 266 2,282 Columbia 879 770 1 247 203 2,102 Duvall 1,455 795 49 bb 919 8S2 4,156 Hillsburough - 372 65 - 2 fa 8 4,52 Mosquito 7C 3 - - - - 7-3 Nassau 495 459 14 lb 440 •466 1,892 St. John's 925 76C 54 67 412 476 2,694 Dade 305 107 3 1 lb 14 446 Monr.'e 327 189 3b 38 41 56 688 Calhoun 461 241 7 10 217 20c 1,142 Franklin ,5W 198 22 4 UO 112 1,030 Jackson 1,091 903 24 19 1,334 1,302 4,681 Washington - 287 217 1 1 185 168 859 Total Florida - 16,456 11,487 398 419 13,038 12,679 54,477 Florida, cape of Florida. Lon. W. C. 2 40 W., lat. 25 40 N. Gulf of, channel between the peninsula of Florida and the Baharaa islands, Stream, sirait between Florida and Cuba, Town, Berkshire co., Mass., 30 ms. NNE. from Ijenox. Pop. 1830,431, Town, Orange CO., N, Y., about 60 ms. W. of the city of New York, on the postroad to Albany. Village, Montgomery co., N. Y., 35 ms. NW. from Alba ny. Pop. 1320.2,743. Floriaant, village, St. Louis c*. Mo,, on Mis souri river, opposite St. Charles, 20 ms, NW. from St. Louis. Flotz, town of Wallachia, sealed on the Genis- sa, near ils influx into the Danube. Flour town, village, Montgomery co.. Pa,, 12 ms. N. from Philadelphia. Flowden, village of Eng , In Northumberland, 5 ma. N. of Wooler. Floyd, town, Oneida co., N. Y., 6 ms. NE. from Rome. Pop. in 1820, 1,498. Exireme 324 easiern co. of Ky., bounded by Va. NB. and SE., Harlan and Perry SW., Pike NW. and Lawrence N. Surface broken, hilly, and mountainous. Soil varied, but generally of middling quality. Chief town, Prestonburg. Lengih 55 ms., mean width 46 ; area 2,530 sq. ms. Pike co. has been formed out of the N W. part of Floyd. Both were, by the census of 1810, included in one table by the latter name. Pop. in 1820, 8,207. Pop. of Floyd in 1840, 6,302. Central lat. 37 45, lon, W. C. 5 25 W. Co., Ia., opposile Louisville, Ky,, bounded bv the Ohio river SB., Harrison S. and SW., Washington NW., Scott N„ and Clarke NB. ; about 20 ras. square ; area 400 sq. ms. Il is a hilly, and generally nol a very fertile trad. Chief towns. New Albany and Jeflfersonville. This CO. was formed out of the SW. part of Clarke, and theNB. of Harrison co. Pop, in 1820, 2,776; and in 1840, 9,454. Central lat. 38 25 N., lon. W. C. 8 48 W. Floyd's Fork, is the northern branch of Salt river o'f Ky., rises in the SW. part of Henry co., flows SSW. across Jefferson, and falls inlo Salt rivor, at Shepherdsville, in Bullitt co. Floydsburg, village, on Floyd's Fork, Jefferson CO., Ky., 36 -rns. W'. from Frankfort, and 20 NE. from Louisville. . Flushing, strong and considerable seaport of South Zealand, in the island of Walcheren, with a go'od harbor, and a great foreign trade. It is 4 ms. SW. of Middleburg. Lon. 3 35 E,, lat. 51 29 N. Tp., Queen'sico., N. Y., situated about 5 ms. E. of N, Y.. Pop. in 1840, about 4,124. Village, Belmont co,, O , in the northwestern an gle of the CO., 10 ms. NW. of St. Clairsville, the CO. seat, 10 ms. SW. from New Athens, and about 30 ms. a lillle N. of W. from Wheeling. Popu lation 150. Fluvanna, considerable river of Va., which rises in the Alleghany mountains, and runs nearly an E. course, till it joins the Rivanna near Columbia. The united stream is then called James river. The name of Fluvanna, given to the main fork of James river, is becoming obsolete. Co. of Va., situ aled at the fork of the Rivanna and Fluvanna rivers, bounded SW. by James riviSr, NW. by Al bemarle, NE. by Louisa, and SE.' by Goochland, and the bend of James river, above the raouth of the Rivanna ; length 23 ms., mean width 18 ; area 414 sq. ras. Surface beautifully variegated by hill and dale, and well watered ; i'he soil is not, how ever, in general very productive. Chief town, Co lumbia. Pop, in 1820. 6,704; and in 1840, 8,812. Central lat. 37 45 N., lon. W. C. 1 20 W, Fochabers, town in Bamffshire, seated on a plain near the river Spey. It is 48 ms. NW. of Aber deen. Fo-chan, village of China, in the province of Quang-tong. It is 12 ms. from Canton. Fochia, Nova, ancient Phocea, town of Natolia, on the Gulf of Satalia, with a good harbor. Fodgia, town of Naples, in Capilanata, seated near the Ceibero, 10 ms. E, of Manfredonia. * Fodwar, town of Hungary, seated on the Danube, opposite Colocza. Lon. 19 30 E., lat. 40 39 N. . . Fogarus, lown and castle of Transylvania, on the river Alauta, 30 ms. NE. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 25B., lal. 46 30 N. FON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FOR Foglesville, village, Lehigh co.. Pa. Foglia, river of Italy, which rises on tho con fines of Tuscany, cro.«ses the duchy of Urbino, and falls into the Gulf of Venice at Pesaro. Fago. — See Fuego. Fohr, island of Denmark, near the coast of Sles wick. It is about 12 ras. in circumference. Foia, ancient town of Natolia, on the Gulf of Smyrna, with a good harbor, and a strong casile, 30 ms. N. of Smyrna. Foin, Point au, in St. Lawrence river, the first above river A la Viello Galelle, in Edwardsburg, Upper Canada. Foix, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Arriege, and lale CO, of Foix. It is seated on the .\ri-iege, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 8 ras. S. of Pamiers. Lon. I 32 B,, lal. 43° N. Fokien, province of China, bounded on the N. by Tche-kiange, on the W. by Kiangsi, on the S. by Quang long, and on the E. by the Chinese sea. They have all commodities in common wilh the rest of China; but more parlicularly musk, pre cious stones, quicksilver, silk, hempenclothj calico, iron, and all sorts of utensils wrought to the greatest perfection. From other countries they have cloves, cinnamon, pepper, sandal-wood, amber, coral, and many other things. The capital city is Foulcheon Fou. It contains 9 cities of the first, and 60 of tho third class. FoUgni, episcopal and trading town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria, remarkable for its sweet meats, paper-mills, silk-manufactures, and fairs. It is seated on the declivity of a mountain, near a fertile plain, 09 ms. N. of Rome. Lon. 13 34 E,, lat. 43 48 N. Folkstone, town of Eng., in Kent; the inhabi tants are chiefly employed in fishing. It is a mera- ber of the port of Dover, on the English Channel, 8 ms. SW. of Dover, and 73 E. by S. ofLondon, Lon. 1 14 E., lat. 51 5 N. Fond du lac, or St, Louis, enters the SW. ex tremity of Lake Superior. This river forms one of the most direct channels of inter-comraunicalion between Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi. Fondi, episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora. It is seated on a fertile plain, but in a bad air, near a ISke of its own name, 42 ms. NW. of Capua, and 50 SE. of Rome. Lon. 13 24 E., lat. 41 22 N. Fong-yang-fou, city of China, in the province of Kiangnan. It is seated on a mountain, which hangs over the Yellow river. It is 70 ms. NE. of Nankin. Fontainbleau, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, in the midst of a forest, 35 ms. SE. of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E., lat. 48 25 N. Fontaine L'Eveque, town of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late province of Hainault, near the river Sambre, 3 ms. W, of Charleroy. Lon. 4 18 E,, lat. 50 23 N. Fontarabia, seaport of Spain, ancient Ocaso, in Biscay, seated on a peninsula in the Bay of Biscay, and on the left or west side of the river Bidassoa. It is -ivell fortified both by naiure and art ; has a -good harbor, though dry at low waler; and is sur rounded on the land side by the Pyrenean moun tains. It is a very Important place, being ac counted the key of Spain on lhat side. It is 33 ms, SW. of Bayonne, and 62 E. of Bilboa. Lon. 1 33 W.,lat. 43 23N. Fontenai, village of Fr,, in the dep. of Yonne, and lale province of Burgundy. It is 20 ms. SE. of Auxerre. Lon. 3 48 E., lat. 47 28 N. Fontcnai-lc Comte, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Vendee, and late province of Poitou. It has a woolen manufaclure, and ils fair is famous for cat tle, parlicularly for mule-^. It is seated on the Vendee, near the Bav of Biscay, 25 ms. NB. of Rochelle. Lon, 5.5' 'W., lat. 46 30 N. Fontenoy, village of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Hainault, 4 ms. SW. from Tonrnay. Fontevaalt, lown ofFr., in the dep. of Maine and Loire, and lato province of Anjou. It is 9 ms. SB. of Saumur, and 160 SW. of Paris. Lal. 47 9N. Forbes's Grant, large tract of land in Florida, embracing the delta ofthe Appalachicola river. Fordsville, post oflice in Marion co,. Miss., at the crossing of the Pearl river, about 75 ms. N. from New Orleans. Forcalquier, lown of Fr,. in the dep. of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, scaled on a hill by the river Laye, 20 ms. NE. of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E., lat. 43 58 N. Forchnin, strong town of Franconia, iu the bish opric of Bramberg, on the Rednilz, 18 ms". S. hy E. of Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 B,, lat, 49 44 N. Fordham, tp. in Westchester co , N. Y. Pop. about 200. Fordingbr'idge, town of Bug., in Hampshire, on the Avon, 20 ms. WSW. of Winchester, and 87 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. I 40 W., lat, 50 56 N. Fordsville, village on Pearl river, in Marion co.. Miss,, 160 ms. SE. by B. from Natchez, and 80 NNE. from New Orleans. Fordun, small village of Scotland, in Kincar dineshire. Fordwich, member of the port of Sandwich, in Kent., Eng., on the river Stour, 3 ras. NE. of Canterbury, and 8 W. of Sandwich. Foreland, South, remarkable point of Upper Canada, projecting inlo Lake Erie, and usually called Point Pele. lilies opposite to Huron co, , Ohio. Foreland, North, promontory which is the NE. point of the isle of Thanet, in Kent, Eng. It is also the most soulhern part ofthe port ofLondon, which is thence extended N. in a right Une lo the point called the Nase, in Essex, and forms what is properly called Ihe raouth of the Thames. Here is a rounti brick tower, near 80 feet high, erected by the Trinity House for a seamark. Foreland, South, headland forming theE. point ofthe Kentish coast of Eng., and called Soulh, in respect to its bearing from the other Foreland, which is about 6 ms. to the N, Between these two capes is the noted road called the Downs, to which they afford a great security. FoKEsr. " German /ors^, and from which our word was evidently derived. The Saxon word hurst, wilh which the names of so many places in the south of England terminate, has probably the same origin.*' — Enc. of Science, &c. Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, lying along the Rhine and the confines of Switzerland, at the entrance of the Black Forest, Their names are, 325 FOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FOR Waldschut, Lauffenburg, Seckingen, and Rhein- felden ; and they are subject to the house of Austria. Forest, Isle au. — See Gage's island. Foresierton, village in Burlington, co., N. J., 15 ms. E. from Philadelphia. Forez, province, of Fr,, hounded on the W, by Auvergne, on the S. by Vevay and the Vivarais, on the E. by.the Lyonnois, and on the N. by Bur gundy and the Bourbonnois. It is watered by the Loire and several other st'eams ; has several mines of coal and iron. It is now included with the Ly onnois, in the dep. of Rhone and Loire. Forfar, borough of Scotland, and capital of the county of the same name. It stands on the val ley of Stralhraore that runs from Perth NE. to the sea. Its principal manufacture is osnaburgs ; il is 20 m.s. W. of Montrose. Lon. 2 54 W., lat. 56 35 N. Forfarshire, or Angusshire, co. of Scotlsud, bounded N. by Aberdeen and Kincardine, E by the German ocean, S. by the Frith of Tay, and W. by Perth ; area 977 sq. ms. Staples, grain, fish, and linen. Pop. in 1801, 99,127; in 1811, 107,264; and in 1821, 113,430. Forges, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, remarkable for ils mineral waters. It is 60 ms. N W. of Paris. Lon. 0 40 E., lat. 49 38 N. Forked Deer, river of Ten., rises in the counties of Henderson, Carroll, and Madison, and, flowing W, between Big Hatchy and Obians rivers, falls into the Mississippi at N. lat, 35 45. Forks, post office in Madison co., N. Y., 10 ms. W. from, Utica. Forli, ancient town of Romagnia, capital of a territory of the same name, with a bishop's see. The public structures are very handsome, and it is sealed in a fertile and healthy country, 10 ms, SE. of Faxena, and 40 NE. of Florence. Lon. 1 1 44 E,, lat. 44 Ifi N. Formosa, island in the Chinese sea, 90 ms, E. of Canton, lying between 119° and 122° E long., and 22° and 25° N. lat. It is subject to the Chi nese, who, notwithstanding its proximity, did not know of ils existence till the year 1430. Tai- quang is the capilal. River of western Africa, falling inlo the Gulf of Benin. According lo M, Keichardt, it is the outlet of the Niger. Forres, lown of Scotland, in Murrayshire, seat ed on an eminence, close to a rivulet ; it is a small well-built town, pleasantly situated, 2 ras. to the E. of the river Findhorn. Forres manufactures some linen and sewing thread, and is 15 ms. W. of Elgin- Fort Alford's, Lawrence co., Mo. Fort Amanda, in -Allen co., Ohio, 50 ms. NB. frora Greenville. Fort Anne, village and Ip. N W. part of Wash- ton CO., N. Y. The village near old Fort Anne is on Wood creek, at the northern extremity of the Hudson and Champlain canal. Pop. in 1820, 3,911. Fort Armstrong, military establishment of the U, S., on Rock island, in the Mississippi, about 3 ms. above the moulh of Rock river. Fort Ball, or Oakley, a village in Seneca co,, Ohio, on 'the western or opposile side of Sandusky river from Tiffin, the county seat. Fort Brown, in Paulding cc, Ohio, 16 ms. S. 32G from Fort Defiance. At the head of Green bay of Lake Michigan, and on the left bank of Fax river. Lon. W. C, 10 30 W., lat. 44 18 N. f Fori Carlos, on a small island in the mouth of the bay of Maracaybo, 20 ms. NE. from Mara caybo. Fort Chippewayan, one of the Brilish posts on Athapescow lake, 25 ms. NE. from the inouth of Elk river. Lon. W. C. 33° W., lat. 58° N. Fort Churchill, on the W. coast of Hudson's bay, at the mouth of Churchill's river. Lon. W. C. 17 45 W., lat. 58 50 N. Fort Claiborne, village in Monroe co., Ala., on the left bank of Alabama river, al the head of schooner navigation, CO ms. above the junction of Tombigbee and .'Alabama. Fort Clarke, on the right bank of Illinois river, by comparative courses about 250 ms. above ils mouth. Lon. Washington City, 12 15 W., lat. 40 35 N. Fort Covington, village in Franklin co., N. Y,, formerly the French Mills, on Salraon river, 8 ms. B. frpm St. Regis. Fort Crawford, on the point raade by the con fluence of the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, and about 5 ms. above their junction, in Prairie du Chien. A fur trade settlement was made atthis place by the French, when in possession of Cana da, and about 500 of Ihe descendants of the origi nal colony remain. It is a very important fron tier station and trading establishment. Lon. W. C. 13 50 W., Iat 43 5 N. Village in Cone cuh CO., Alabama, on Murder creek, branch of Conecuh river, 45 NNE. from Pensacola, and 60 B. from Fort Stoddert. Fort Coulonge, L. C, 170 ms. NW. by W. from Montreal. Fort Dearborn, U. S. fort, about half a mile from Lake Michigan, on the right bank of Chicago river. Lon. W. C. 10 35 W., lat. 41 43 N. Fort Defiacne, village in 'Williams co,, Ohio, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee riv ers, 16 ms. SW. from Fort Meigs. — See Defiance. Fort Dummer. — See Hindsdale. Forteventura, one of the Canary islands, 65 ms. in length, and of a very irregular breadth, con sisting of two peninsulas joined by an isthmus 12 ms. in breadth. It produces plenty of wheat, bar ley, beeves, and goals. Lon. 14 36 W., lat. 28 4N. Fort Edward, (forraerly a considerable British fortress,) now a village in Washington co., N. Y., on the E. side of Hudson river, 50 ras. N. from Albany. The N. Y. Northern canal enters Hud son river at this place. Fort Ferree, station so called, at Upper San dusky, 40 ms. S., or up the river, fiom Fort Ste phenson. Fort Findley. — See Findley, or Finley. Fort Ga&dera, Florida, on the left bank of Chat ahooche river, near the point where that stream spreads into several channels. Lon. W. C. 7 25 W,, lat. 33 15 N. Fort Erie. — See Erie Fort. Fort George, town and military post, Lincoln CO., U. C, on the left bank of Niagara river, about half a mile above its mouth, Warren co., N. v., at the extreme S. end of Lake George, 60 ms. N. from Albany. FOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FOS Fm-t Gratiot, on the right bank of St. Clair river, near its outlet from Lake Huron. Fort Greenville. — See Greenville, Darke co., 0. Fort Hamilton. — See Hamilton, counly seat of Butler CO., Ohio. Fort Hawkins, village in Jones co., Ga,, on the left bank ofthe Oakmulgee river, 33 ms. SW. by W. from Milledgeville. Fort Howard. — See Fort Brown, of Green bay. Forth, one of the most noble and commodious rivers in Scotland. It takes its rise near the bot tom of Lomond hills, and, runningfrom W. lo E., receives in its passage many considerable streams, deriving their waters from the eminences in the midland counties of Norlh Britain. There is a communication between this river and the Clyde, by a canal 35 ms. in length. Fort Independence, on Castle island, Boston harbor. Fort Jackson, village, Montgomery co,, Ala., on the point between and above the junction of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, 60 ms. a little N. of E. from Cahaba. Fort James, Wayne co,, Ga., on the right bank of Alatamaha river, 10 ms. below the junction of Oconee and Oakmulgee rivers. Fort Jefferson, village in the soulhern part of Darke co., 0., 70 ms. a litlle W. ofN. frora Cin cinnati, and 77 a little S. of W. from Columbus. Fort Jennings, SE. angle of Putnam co,, Ohio, on the left bank of the Auglaize river, 32 ms. S. from Fort Defiance. Fort Lawrence, Ga , on the right bank of Flint river, 31 ms. SW. from Fort Hawkins, 65 ms. W. from Milledgeville, Fort Loramie, NW. angle of Shelby co,, Ohio, 30 ms. NW. frora Greenville. Lon. W. C. 7 15 W., lat, 40 16 N. Fort Louis, or Vauban, important fortress of Fr., on the Rhine, 18 ms. below Strasburg. Fort McArthur, Hardin co., Ohio, on the right bank of Scioto river, 65 ms. NNW. of Columbus. Fort Maiden, stood on the left bank of Detroit river, half a mile. above the village of Amherstburg, U. C. The fort has been abandoned since the con clusion of the last war between Great Britain and the United States. Fort Massac, Pope co.. 111., on the bank of the Ohio river, 38 ms. above its mouth. Fori Meigs, town in Wood co., Ohio, on the right bank of the Maumee, 80 ms. SW. from De troit. Fort Mitchell, or Coweta, on the right bank of Chatahooche river, where the road passes from Milledgeville to New Orleans, about 100 ms. SW. by W. from Milledgeville. Fort Miller, village in Washington co,, N. Y., on the bank of the Hudson river, 10 ms. below Sandy Hill, and 38 N. from Albany. Iv Fort Montgomery, Mobile co., Ala,, 12 ms. NNE. from Fort Stoddert. Fori Moose, at the moulh of Moose river, into James's bay of Hudson's bay. Lon. W. C. 3 40 W , lat. 51 30 N. Fort Osage, village in Jackson co., Mo. , by post road 285 ras. SW. by W. from St. Louis. Fort Pickering, Shelby co.. Ten., at Chicka saw bluff, below the moulh of Wolf river. — See Memphis. Fort Plain, village in Montgomery co,, N, Y,, on the right bank of the Mohawk rivor, at tho moulh of Olsequaga creek, 78 ms. NW. hy W. from Albany. Fort Recovery, Dark eo., Ohio, on a branch of Wabash river, 23 ms. NNW. from Greenville, Fort Seneca, village in Seneca co., Ohio, by post road 93 ms. a little W. of N. from Columbus, and 8 ms. northerly of Tiffin, the county seat, Fortrose, borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire, on the Frith of Murray, nearly opposite Fort George, and 9 ms. W. of Inverness. Fort Royal, seaport ofthe S. side of Martinico. Lon. W. C. 16 0 E., lat. 14 34 N. Fort St. Clair, Preble co., Ohio, quarter of a mile S. from Eaton. — See Eaton, Preble co., 0. Fort St. David, Brilish establishment in Hin doostan, Coromandel coast, and in the Carnatic, 15 ras. SSW. from Pondicherry. Lon. 79 57 E,, lat. 11 46 N. Fort St. George, at Madras. Fort Santa Cruz, citadel of the city of Rio Ja neiro, capital ofthe kingdom of Brazil. It stands up on a lofty mass of granite rocks, and commands the entrance into the harbor. 1 Fort St. Jean de Uloa, on a rocky island at the mouth of the harbor of Vera Cruz, Slale of Yera Cruz, Mexico. Fort St. Julian, on the point N. side of the mouth of the Tagus, Portugal. Fort St. Mark's, Fa., on St, Mark's river, 20 ms. above its mouth. Fort St, Mary, Allen co., Ohio, on St. Mary's river, 12 ms. S. from Fort Amanda. Fort St. Philip, important military establish ment of the U, S., on the left bank of the Missis sippi, at the Plaquemine bend, 70 ras. below New Orleans. Fori St, Stephen's,— See St, Stephen's. Fort Stanwix. — See Rome. Fort Stephenson., Sandusky co., Ohio, 18 ras. above its mouth. This place is now called Lower Sandusky ; which see. Fort Stoddert, town and seal of justice, Bald win CO., Ala., al the junction of Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. Fort Stolher, St. Clair co., Ala., on the right bank of Coosa river, 20 ms. SE. from St. Clairs ville. Fort Washington, village on the left bank of ' Potomac river, and on the point above the mouth I of Piscalaway creek. Prince George's co., Md , 15 ms. below W. C. Fort Wayne, village in Allen co., Ia , by post road 175 ms. NNE. from Indianapolis, and 157 NW. from Columbus, in Ohio. Fort Williams, Ala., on the E. side of the Coo sa, in the country of the Upper Creeks, about 60 ms. above Fort Jackson. Fortescue, bay in the straits of Magellan. Lon. W. C. 3 38 E., Iat. 53 40 S. Fortune, bay in the S. coast of Newfoundland, enclosed by Miquelon island and Poinl May. Lon. W. C. 21 40E , lat. 47 ON. Fossano, strong town of Piedmont, with a bish op's see, seated on the Sture, 10 ms. NB, of Coni, and 27 SE, of Pignerol. Lon. 7 56 B., lat. 44 45 N. Fossombrmie, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Ur- 327 FOW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRA bino, with a bishop's see, seated near the river Me tro, 16 ms. SW. of Pesaro, and 12 SE. of Urbi no. Lon. 13 48 E., lat. 43 40 N. Foster, town. Providence co,, R. I., 15 ms. W. from Providence. Pop. 1820, 2,900. Foster's, post office, Logan co., Ky., 10 ms. from Russellville, and by posl road 184 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Fotheringay, town of Eng., in Northampton shire, 9 ms. S. of Stamford, near the river Nen. Village, Montgomery co,, Va., 300 ms. SW. by W. from Richraond. Foucault, seigniory, Bedford co., L. C, be tween Mississque bay, the norlhern boundary of the U. S. and Richelieu river. Foue, ancient town of Lower Egypt, seated on the Nile, 25 ms. S. of Rosetta, and 40 B. of .Alex andria. Lon. 31 15 E., lat. 31 12 N. Fourgeres, town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire, and late province of Bre tagne, on the Coesnom, 25 ms. NE. of Rennes, and 150 W. of Paris. Lon. 1 13 W., lat. 48 22 N. Foulkstown, small town, Columbia co., Ohio, in St. Clair tp,, 13J ms. SE. of New Lisbon. Foulsham, town of Eng,, in Norfolk, 16 ras. NW. of Norwich, and 111 NE, ofLondon. Lon. 1 7E., lat 53 51 N. Foulweather, cape of the U. S,, on the Pacific ocean, NW. from Cannaveral bay. Lon. W. C. 47 30 W., lat. 44 55 N. Fountain of Health, post office, Davidson co., Tenn., 43 ms, NW. frora Murfreesborough. Fourche au Cado, branch of Washilau river, entering from the left. It rises between Washi lau proper and Litlle Missouri. Fouchede Thomas, post office. Ark. Four Corners, village, Lincoln co., Maine. Village, Oswego co,, N., Y. 14 ms. W. from Rotterdam. Village, Huron co., Ohio, by postroad 129 ms. a litlle E. ofN. from Columbus, and 8 ms. westerly of Norwalk. Four Mite Branch, village, Barnwell dislrici, S. C, by post road 93 ms. SW. from Columbia. Fourneux island, small island in the South Pacific ocean. Lon. 143 2 W., lat. 17 11 S. Fourness, Eng., in Lyonsdale, Lancashire, is a tract between the Kent, Leven, and Dudden Sands, which runs N, parallel whh the W. sides of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and on the S. runs out into the sea as a promonlory. Fou-icheou-fou, cily of China, in Fokien, one of the most considerable in that province, on ac count of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, the number of ils literati, and the magnifi cence of its principal bridge, which has more than 100 arches constructed of white slone, and orna mented with a double balustrade. It is the resi dence of a viceroy, has under its jurisdiction 9 cit ies of the third class, and is 360 ms NE. of Canton. Fau-tsiang-fou, city of China, in the province Chen-si, Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class. It is 495 miles SW. of Peking. Fowey, borough and seaport of Eng., in Corn wall. It is 32 ras. SW. of Launceslon, and 240 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 35 W., lat. 50 19 ]>}, River of Eng., in Cornwall, which rises in the NE. part, passes by Leslwithiel, and enters the English channel, at Fowey. 328 Fowleneas, island on the coast of Essex, for- merly subject to inundations, till, by the Dutch art of draining, it has become good land. Fowler, town. Si. Lawrence co., N. Y, Pop, 1820, 605. Village, TrumbuU co., Ohio, 12 ms. NE. from Warren. Pop. 1820, 125. Fowler's Mills and post office, Geauga co., 0,, 8 ms. S. of Chardon. Foxborough, town, Norfolk Co., Mass., on Wading creek, a branch of Taunton river, aboul 25 ms. S. of Boston. Pop. 1,000. Fox cape. Pacific coast of Norlh America. Lal. 54 45 N. Foxcreft, town, Penobscot co^ Maine, betweeii Piscataquis and Sebec rivers, 40 ms. NNW. frora Bangor. Pop. 1820, 211. Fox islands. See Aleutian islands. Fox Loacs Grove, post office. Limestone co,, Alabama, by post road 269 ms. N, from Cahaba. Fox river. This fine and very important stream rises to the NW. of Green Bay, interlocking with the sources of the Wisconsin. Bolh streams, in the higher part of their course, flow nearly S. upwards of 200 ms,; they then approach within 11 m. of each other other, and thence turn, the Wisconsin SW., and Fox river NE. The porl age from the Fox to Wisconsin is one of those singular situations which the interior of America affords, where nature seems to have made prepara tion for the operations of human intercourse. The intervening ground is level prairie, ovei: which, at lime of high flood, loaded canoes are easily navi gated. Fox river flows by a gentle course as far as the narrows, through a range of highland, pass ing W., off Lake Michigan. Below this rocky pass it expands into Winnebago lake, from which it again issues by a course nearly N. to Green Bay, which it enters at Fort Brown, The entire comparative course of Fox river is about 300 ras, Fras,a, town of Spain, in Arragon, with a cas tle. It is 46 ms, E. of Saragossa. Lon. 28' E., lal. 48 46 N. Framingham, town, Middlesex co., Mass., be tween Sherborn and Marlborough, 20 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 2,037. Framingham, town of Eng,, in Suffolk. Itis 30 ms, E. of Bury, and 87 NE. ofLondon. Lon. 1 26 E,, 1-dt. 52 25 N. Frampton, tp,, Dorchester ' and Hertford cos., L. C, between Cranbourne and lalliet, 30 ms. SE from Quebec. France, kingdom of Western Europe, bounded by the British channel, separating it from Eng. N., the Bay of Biscay W., Pyrenean mountains, separating it from Spain, SW., Mediterranean SE., the kingdora of Sardinia, the Swiss cantons, and Germany, E., and Belgium NE. France is situate nearly in the middle of the northern temperate zone, between 42 30 and 51 5 N. lat., and 8 35 E. and 4 43 W. lon. Ils great est length, frora the most westerly point of Finis terre to Antibes, in the department of the Var, is about 665 British ms., and the greatest breadth, from Givet, in Ardennes, to Mount Horumba, near St. Jean Pied de Port, in the lower Pyre nees, 576, The superficial area, as stated in the Statistique de la France, is 52,768,618 hectares, equal to 185,515 Eng. sq, ms., or 118,729,600 Eng. acres. FRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRA Departments, Anciont provincro. Arr-a in Population in Chicl towns, with their popu sq. III, 1826. lation. Ain Bourgogno Ile ue France, Picardy, and 1,700 316,188 Bourg-en Bresse, 9,628. Aisne Champagne - 2,179 .537,095 Laon, 8,230. Allier Bourbonnois 1 ,6S',I 3u9,270 Moulins, 15,231, Alps (Low> Provence %lii 159,045 Digne, 6,366, Gap, 7,854, Alps (High) Provence and Dauphin l,,Wli 131,162 Ardeclip Languedoc 1 ,595 363,762 Privus, 4,219. Ardennes «- ChampagneFoi.v, Gaacogno 1 ,47-1 306,861 Mezieres, 4,083, Arieee 1,6-0 260,536 Foix, 4,699. Aobfi Chiiinpa^ne, Bourgogne 1,7110 253,870 Troyes, 25,563, Aude Languedoc 1 ,837 281,088 Carcassone, 18,907, Aveyron Guienne 2,566 370,951 Rhodes, 9,686, Bouches du Rhone Provence 1,-171 362,3-25 Marseilles, 146,289, Calvados Lower Normandy 1,6-22 501,775 Caen, 41,876, Cantal Auvergne 1.576 262,117 Aurilkc, 10,889. Charenle Angoumois, Saintonge 1,711 365,126 Angouleme, 16,910, Charenle Inl'erieure Aunis, Saintonge 1,769 449,649 Rochelle, 14,857. Cher Berry, Bourbonnois 2,075 276,853 Bourges, Correze Limousin 1,674 302,433 Tulle, 9,700, Corsica Corsica 2,852 207,889 Ajaccio, 9,Oa3. Dijon, 24,817, Corted'Or Boorgogne 2,551 385,624 Cones du Nord Bretagne 2,164 606,563 Saint Brieroj, 11, .332. Gueret, 4,796, ^ Perigeux, 11,576, * Bencon, 29,718, Valence, 10,967. Evreux, 10,287, Creuse Marche 1,548 276,234 Dordogne Guieone 2,738 487,503 Doubs Franche Comte 1,692 276,274 Drome Dauphioe 1,911 305,499 l-^ure Normandy 1,690 424,762 Euro and Loire - Orleannois, Perche 1,753 286,058 Chartres, 14,760, Finisterre Brelagoe 2,017 546,965 Quimper, 9,716. Nismes, 43,036, Gard Languedoc 1,744 366,269 Garonne (Haute) Languedoc, Gascognp 1,954 454,ra7 Toulouse, 77,372, Gers Gascogne 1,7S9 312,882 Auch, 10,461, Gironde Guien'iiR 2,981 655,809 Bordeaux, 98,705, Herault Languedoc 1,815 357,846 Montpellier, 36,506, Ille and Vilaine Bretagne 1,&I9 547,249 Rennes, 35,652. Indre Berry, Touramp 2,041 267,350 304,2?1 Chateaurou.x, 13,847. Tours, 26,699, Indro and Loire - Touraine, Anjou, &,c. 1,871 Isere Dauphine 2,419 573,645 Grenoble, 28,969. Jura Franche Comte 1,464 315,355 Lons-lB-Saulnier, 7,684, Landes Gascogne 2,645 28-1,918 Mom de Marsan, 4,082, Loir and Cher Orleannois 1,861 244,043 Blois, 13,628. Loir Lyonnois , 1,344 412,497 MontLrison, 6,266. Le Puy, 14,924. • Loire (Haute) Languedoc, &,c. 1,442 296,384 Loire (Inferioure) Bretagne^ 1,773 470,768 Naotes, 76,895, Orleans, 4(),272, Cahors, 12,417, Agen, 13,399. Mende, 6,909, Loiret Orleannois 2,051 316,189 Lot Guienne 1,525 287,003 Lot and Garonne Guienne, Gascogne 1,395 346,400 Lozere Laoguedoc 1,482 141,733 Maine and Loire Anjou 2,094 477,270 Angers, 36,901, Saint Lo, 9,065, Maache Normandy 1,754 694,382 Marue Champagne 2,358 315,245 Chalons, 12,952. IMarue (HaulP) Champagne 1,812 265,969 Chaumont, 6,318. Laval, 17.81(1, Nancy, 31,445. Mayenop- Maine, Anjou 1,507 361,765 Maverthe Lorraine 1,621 424,366 Meuse Lorraine 1,7,59 317,701 Bar le Due, 12,383, Morbihan Bretagne 2,073 449,743 Vannes, 11,623, Moselle Lorraine 1,955 437,250 Metz, 42,793, Nievre Nivernois, &c, - 1,997 297,560 Nevers, 16,967. Nord Flanders 1,632 1,026,417 Lille, 72,005, Oise lie de France 1,716 398,641 Beauvais, 13,082. Ornp Normandy 1,632 443,688 Alencon, 13,934. Pas de Calaio Artois, Picardy - 1,949 664,654 Arras, 23,485. Puy de Dome Auvergne 2,356 589,438 Clermont-ferrand, 32,4-37 Pyrennees (Basses) Beam, Navarre 2,223 446,398 Pau, 12,607, Pyrennees (Hautes) Gascogne 1347 244,170 Tarbes, 12,630. Pyrennees (Orientates) Rousillon, &c. 1,197 164,S5 Perpignan, 17,618. Ehin (Eas) Alsace, &c. i;;i4 561,869 Strasbourg, 67,885, Rhin (Haul) Alsace, &c. 1,120 447,019 Colmar, 15,968, Rhone Lyonnois 814 482,024 Lyons, 150,814. Vesoul, 5,887, .Saone (Haute) Franche Comte 1,497 343,298 Saone and Loire Bourgogne 2,493 638,507 Macon. 11,944. Sarthe Maine 1,806 466,888 Le Mans, 23,164. Paris, 909,126, Seine He de France 1.38 1,106,891 Seine Inferieure | Normandy 1,732 720,625 Rouen, 92,083. Mel un, 6,846. Versailles, 29,209, Seine and Marne Ile de France, &c. 1,734 ^,881 Seine and Oise ¦ lie de France, Orleannois • 1,600 449,582 Sevres (Deux) Poitou 1,702 304,105 Niort, 18,197, Somme Picardy 1,758 562,706 Amiens, 46,129, Tarn Languedoc 1,668 ¦346,614 Alby, 11,801, Tarn and Garonne Guienne, Gascogne 1,043 24-2,184 Montaubon, 23,865, Var Provence 2,122 ^404 Draguignan, 9,794, Vauchige Avignon, Provence 963 246,071 Avignon, 31,786, Vendee Poitou 1,964 341,312 Bourbon Vendee, 5,257, Vienne Poitou 2,010 2^,002 Poitiers, 22,000. Vienne (Hiute) - Limousin 1,666 293,011 [/imoges, 29'706. Vosges Lorraine 1,451 411,034 Epinal, 9,526. Yonne Bourgogne, Champagne 2,095 355,237 Auxerre, 11,575. 33,540,910 42'^ 3^ FRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRA The foregoing tabular view of France was taken from Black's Alias, 1841, and gives, no doubt, the most recent and correct statistical view of that kingdom yet published in the United States. Progressive population of France. 1700 - . 19,669,320 1762 - - 21,769,163 1784 - - - 24,800,000 1789 - - - 35,065,883 1802 27,349,000 1806 - . - 29,107,425 1820 ' - - 30,461,875 1826 - - 31,858,937 1831 - 32,569,223 1836 - - 33,540,910 1842 . - - 34,194,875 Progression, 170 per cent, in 142 years. The population of France has not only in creased within the last century, but the com- pft-ative increment has also increased. During the eighteenth century, the mean annual in crease on 1,000,000 was 3,199; since 1800, a similar increase amounted, to 5,962, according to the best data, and the aggregate annual increase 190,000. Before the revolution of 1789, France was divi ded inlo 33 governments or province.^, of very un equal extent, which were subdivided into general ities and sub-delegations. It is now divided into 86 departments or prefectures, named mostly after their principal river, mounlain, or some other nal ural feature. These departments are divided into 363 sub-prefectures or arrondissements; these into 2,845 cantons, and these into 38,623 communes. Each department is under the charge of a prefect, each arrondissement of a sub-prefect, and each commune of a maire, besides other ofiicers of va rious ranks and duties. France, Isle of, or Mauritius, island in the In dian ocean, 200 leagues B. of Madagascar, It was early discovered by the Portuguese. Afler them the Dutch settled on the SB. shore, and gave it the name of Mauritius, in honor of prince Maurice, their stadtholder ; but they abandoned il on their acqusition of the Cape of Good Hope. It then remained uninhabited till the French land ed there in 1720. This island is about 45 leagues in circumference. The climate is healthy, bul the soil not very fertile. There are many mounlains, which produce the best ebony in the world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, and are made very productive by cultivation, of which indigo is the principal object. The town and harbor are called Port Louis, and are strongly fortified ; the town is large, and covers a great deal of ground. But in the hurricane months the harbor cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are large storehouses, and every thing necessary for the equipment of fleets. The number of inhab itants on the island, exclusive of the military, is 8,000 whites and 12,000 blacks. Lon. 57 28 B., lal. 20 9 S. Frances, port of Colombia, in Venezuela, near Capff Codera. — See Codera, in the Addenda. Francestown, town and tp., Hillsborough co., N. H., 15 ms. N'W. of Amherst, and about 55 W. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1820, 1,479. Franche Comte, late province of France, bound- 330 ed on the N, by Lorraine, on the E. by Alsace and Switzerland, on the 'VV. by Burgundy, and on the S. by Bresse. It is 126 ms. in length and 80 in breadth, and abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It was conquered by Prance in 1674, and ceded to it by the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. It now comprehends the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. ' Franchemont, town of Germany, in the bish opric of Liege, 12 ms. SB. of Liege. Francis, village of St, Genevieve co,. Mo. Francisburg, village. Union co., Ky., by posl road i40 ms. SW. by 'W. from Frankfort. Francisco, Rio, large river of Brasil, rises in the Capilania general of Minaes Geraes, lat. 19 S,, and flowing a little E. of N., nearly parallel lo the Atlantic coast, to lat. 14° S. It thence grad ually curves to NE., E. and SE. by E., falls into the Atlantic at lat. 11° S,, after an entire compar alive course of up,wards of 1,000 m.s. Frangois, River, U. C, runs SW. from Late Nipissing into Lake Huron. It has several port ages ; that nearest to Lake Nipissing is called Port age de Trois Chandlers ; in length about half a mile. ' Frangois, village, 'Wayne co.. Mo. Frangois, Cape, fine town in the N. part of the island of St. Domingo, belonging to the French, who often call it the Cape, by way of eminence. It was almost ruined by the dreadful commotions which attended tbe French revolution. Lon. W. C. 4 42 E., lat. 19 46N. Franconia, former circle of Germany, bounded on the N. by the circle of Upper Sa.xony, on the B. by that of Bavaria, on the S. by that of Sua bia, and on the W. by the circles of the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits, but the borders are full of woods and barren moun tains. Tho Franks, who conquered France, came from this province, and gave the name to that kingdom, Town, Grafton co., N. H., on the waters of Amonoosuck river, 15 ms NE. from Haverhill. The tp, is remarkable for the abun dance and excellence of ils iron ores. There are' two companies engaged in the manufacture of iron on a large scale ; the N. H. Iron Factory Compa ny, and the Haverhill and Franconia Company. The former manufacture weekly from 12 lo 15 tons of iron and steel, and the latler, though on a smaller scale, do extensive business; the whole forming one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in the U. S, 'J'p., Montgomery CO., Penn,, on the S. side of the NE. branch of Perquioming creek. Pop. in 1820, 848. Franeker, or Franker, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Friesland, with an university, 7 ms. W. of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 E., lat. 53 11 N. Frankendal, town of Germany, in the palati nate of the Rhine, near the river Rhine, 7 ms S. of Wotas. Lon. 8 29 B., lal. 49 25 N. Frankenstein, town of Germany, in the palati nate of the Rhine. Lon. 7 55 E., lat. 49 18 N. Frankford, tp. of Sussex co., N. J., 5 ms. N. from Newtown. Pop. in 1810, 2,J)08. Town and borough, Philadelphia co., 5 ms. NB. from the centre of Philadelphia. The Friends Asylum for the Insane is about a mile from this borough. FRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY FRA Pop, in 1820, 1,405. Village, Greenbrier co., Va,, 74 ras, NN'W. from Christiansburg, and 313 W, from Richmond. Hampshire co., Va, — See Frankfort, Morgan co,, Va. Frankfort on the Maine, ancient and free im perial city of Germany, in the circle of Franco nia, in which the emperor is elected. AUreHgions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain restric tions ; but Lutheranism is the established faith. It is seated on the river Maine, 15 ms. NE. of .Mentz, and 350 W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 8 40 E,, lat. 49 55 N. Frankfort on the Oder, flourishing cily of Ger many, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, for merly imperial, but now subject lo the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for three great fairs and its university. It is 45 ms. SE. of Berlin, and 78 S. of Stetin. Lon. 14 39 E., lat. 52 33 N. Frankfort, lown, Hancock co., Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot river. At this place win ter navigation terminates, 26 ms. N. from Castine. Pop. in 1820, 2,129, Town, Herkimer co,, N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,685. Town, Frank lin CO., Ky., on the right bank of the Kentucky river. Il is the-capilal of the Slate, and contains, besides the ordinary buildings necessary for legisla tive purposes, a co. court-house, penitentiary, an academy, theatre, &c. At seasons of high waters, s^teamboats of 300 tons are navigated to this town and to New Frankfort, a flourishing village oppo site. The progressive pop. of this town is shown by the annexed table : Pop. in 1810— Free whites, males - 431 Dd. do. females - - 255 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed - - 6 Slaves - - 407 Total pop. in 1810 1,092 . Pop. in 1820— Free white males 497 Do. do. females 387 Total, whites 884 Free persons of color, males - 36 Do. do. females - 43 Slaves, males - - - 311 Do, females 332 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed 74 Total pop. in 1820 1,679 Aggregate in 1830 1,679 Do. 1840 - - 1,917 Frankfort, village, Beaver co.. Pa. Village and seat of justice, Morgan co., Va., on Patter son's creek, a branch of Potomac, a little W. of S. 12 ms. from Cumberland, Md. Village, Franklin co., III., 47 ms., NW. by "W. from Shawneelown, and 65 SE. by E. from Kaskaskia. Village of Guernsey co., Ohio, on the great road from Wheeling to Zanesville, 15 ms. E. from Cambridge. Village, Concord tp., Ross co., Ohio, standing on the ground of old Chillicothe, 1 1 ms. NW. of the city of Chillicothe. Franklin. See Sf, Thomas. Franklin, village, Franklin co., Vt., by the post road 45 ma. NW. from Monlpelier. Co., Vt,, bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Or leans CO., Vt., S, by Chittenden, and W. by Lake Champlain; lengih 30, mean width 27, area 810 sq. rns. The eastern part mountainous, hilly in the central and western sections; soil varied in quality, but on the streams in many places highly fertile. Chief lown St. Albans. Pop. in 1820, 17,192; and in 1840, 24,531. Central lat. 44 48 N , lon. W, C. 4 12 E. Co., Mass., on both sides of Connecticut river, bounded N. by Windham co., Vt., and Cheshire co., N. H., E. by Worcester co,. Mass,, S. by Hampshire, and W. by Berkshire; length 36 ms., mean width 18, area about 650 sq. ms. Surface highly and ele gantly variegated. Connecticut river divides the CO. into two nearly equal portions, and each of these sections is again divided by the two fine ,^ liltle rivers. Millet's to the E., and Deerfield to the ' W. Detached though not very elevated moun tains decorate the various parts. The soil, espe cially near the streams, is highly productive in grain, fruits, and meadow grasses. Chief town Greenfield. Pop. 1820, 29,368, and in 1840, 28,812. Central lat. 42 35 N., lon. W. C. 4 35 B Town, Norfolk co., Mass., 10 ms. SW. firom Dedham. Town, New London Co., Ct., on the right side of Shetucket, 5 ms. above Nor wich, Co., N. Y., bounded by Lower Canada N,,by Clinton co., N. Y., E., by Essex SB., by Hamilton S., and by St. Lawrence W. ; length 60 ms., mean width 27^, area 1,665 sq, ms. Sur face mountainous towards the S., in the central and northern parts level and swampy, interspersed . with hills and with some spots of gpod land. Chief town Melone. Pop. 1820, 4,439, and in 1840, 16,518. Central lat. 44 35 N., lon. W. C, 2 45 E. Town Delaware co., N. Y., on Oleout creek and Susquehannah river, 15 ms. W. from Delhi. Pop. in 1820, 2,481. Tp., Som erset CO., N. J. Pop. 1820, 3,071. Tp., Gloucester co., N. J. Tp,, Bergen co., N. J. Pop. 1820,2,968. Franklin, co,, Pa., bounded S. by Washington CO., Md., "W. by Bedford, NW. by Huntingdon, N. by Mifl[lin, NB. by Perry and Cumberland, and B. by Adams; length 30 ms., mean width 25, area 756 sq. ms. The surface of this co. is highly diversified by mountains, hills, and valleys. Itis limited by mounlains on two sides; on the W. and N. margin extend the Cove mountain, Tuscarora, and North mountains, and on the' SE. the S. mounlain, with the truly fine valley of the Conecocheague and Conedogwinet intervening. Those two large creeks form nearly a boundary between the limestone and slate formations, leaving the latter to the NW., and the former to the SE. The soil of those great rock formations differs es sentially, the limestone, in the present state of agricultural science, being much the must produc tive in the growth of valuable cultivated vegetables. Franklin co. produces, as staples, grain, flour, whis key, apples, cider, live slock, and salted provisions. Its commercial outlet, Baltimore. Chief town Chambersburg. Pop. 1820, 31,192, and in 1840, 37,793. Central lal. 39 55 N., lon, W. C. 40' West. Franklin, town and seat of justice, Venango county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 331 FRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRA French creek 'and Alleghany river, at their junc tion, about 70 miles north from Pittsburg. Lat. 41 32 N., Ion. W. C. 2 50 W. Tp., Adams CO., Pa., in the forks of Marsh creek, on both sides of the road from Gettysburg to Chambers burg, 7 or 8 ms, from the former. Tp,, York CO., Pa., on the head waters of Bermudian creek, branch of Conewago, between the two roads from Little York to Carlisle, 20 ms. from the former. Tp., in the northern part of Huntingdon co.. Pa., between Little Juniata and Spruce creek, 14 ms. NW. from Huntingdon. Tp., Fayette co.. Pa., between Youghiogany river and Redstone creek, and between Washington and Dunbar, com mencing 5 ms. N. from Uniontown, Tp., Westmoreland co.. Pa., extending^ from the head branch of Poketon's creek, falling into Alleghany river, to the road from Greensburg to Pittsburg, across the head watAs of the northern branch of Turtle creek. Marysville, near its centre, 1 1 ms, NW. from Greensburg. Tp., Greene co., Pa., on the S. fork of Ten Mile creek ; Waynesburg, the seatof jusiice lor theco., is in this tp. Co., Va., hounded by Pittsylvania E,, part of Henry SE,, part of Henry and Patrick 8,, the Blue Ridge or Montgomery W., Botetourt N., and Bedford NB,; length 28 ms., mean width 34, area about 670 sq. ms. Although bounded on two sides by mountains, this co. is ralher waving than hilly. Soil generally fertile. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. (Jhief town Rocky Mount. Pop. 1820, 12,017, and in 1840, 15,832. Central lat. 36 50 N., lon. W. C. 2 45 west. Village, 'Pendleton co,, Va,, on the middle fork of the S. branch of Potomac, 40 ms. SW. from Moorfields, and 80 ms. NW. frora Staunton, Village, Russel CO., Va,, on Cedar creek, branch of Chinch liver, 17 ms. N, from Abingdon. Co., N. C, bounded SW. by Washington, Granville NW., Warren NE,, and Nash SB.; length 26 ms., mean width 20, area 540 sq. ms. ; surface moder ately hilly ; soil in part fertile, though generally rather unproductive between the streams. It is drained by various branches of Tar river. Chief town Lewisburg. Pop. 1820, 9,741, and in 1040, 10,980. Central lat. 36° N., lon. W. C. 1 30 W. Village, Hjiywood co,, N. C, by post road 313 ms. W. from Raleigh Co., Ga., bounded by Elbert and Madison E., Jackson SW., Habersham NW., and Tugaloo river, or S. C, NE,; length 36 ms,, mean width 23, area about 940 sq. ms. Surface broken, and soil varied. Chief town Carnesville. Pop. 1820, 9,040, and in 1840, 9,886. Central lat. 34 23 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. Franklin, co., Ala., bounded N. by Tennessee river, E, by Lawrence, S. by Marion, and W. by the territory of the Chickasaws ; length 32 ms., mean width 21 ms., area 670 sq. ms. Surface hilly and broken ; soil productive. Staple, cotton. Chieflown, Russellville. Pop, in 1820,4,988; and in 1840, 6,942. Central lat. 34 32 N., lon. W. C. 10 30 W. Co., Miss., bounded S. by Amite, SW. by Wilkinson, W. by Adams, N. by Jefferson, and NE. by the New Purchase ; length 46 ms., mean vyidth 20, area 920 sq. ms. Sur face hilly, but without slone. Soil on the streams very productive. In the eastern and northern parls of the CO. the intervals between the watercourses, 332 open pine woods. Staple, cotton. Chief town> Franklin. Pop. in 1820, 3,881; and in 1840, 4,775. Central lat, 31 32 N., lon. W. C. 14 20 W. Village, Franklin co.. Miss., 25 ms. SE. by E. from Natchez. Village, on the Teche river, in St. Mary's parish, Attacapas, La Co., Tenn., bounded S. by Ala., W. by Lincoln, NW. by Bedford, NB. by Warren, and SE. by Marion; length 42 ms., mean width 38, area 6110 sq, ms. Surface mouniainous and hilly ; soil fer tile. It is principally watered by the heads of Elk river. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. in 1820, 16,571; and in 1840, 13,033. Central lat. 35 13 N., lon. W. C. 9° W. Village and seal of justice, Williamson co., Tenn., on Harpelh river, 17 miles S. from Nashville. Co., Ky,, bounded by Mercer and Washington S., Shelby SW., Owen N., and Scott and Woodford E. ; lengih 40 ms,, width 12 ms., area 270 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly; soil fertile. Chieflown, Frankfort. Pop. in 1820, 11,034; and in 1840, 9,420. — See Frankfort, Village, Simpson co., Ky. Tp., Warren CO., O. The post village of Franklin, Warren co., 0,, is represented on maps, and in some books, as being on the bank of Great Miami, which is true, but it is rather on the Miami canal, which passes through it. It is a very fine vil lage, 10 ms. NNW. from Lebanon. Tp., Co shocton CO., O. Pop. in 1820, 345. N W. tp,. Stark CO., 0. Pop. in 1820, 388, Tp., Co lumbiana CO., O. Pop. in 1820, 620, Tp,, Licking co„ O, Pop. in 1820, 713. Tp,, Jack son CO., O. Pop, 1820, 536. Tp,, Richland CO,, O. Pop. 1820, 360. Co., Ia., bounded by the State of Ohio E,, Delaware and Ripley cos. S., Fayette W., and Wayne N. ; length 24 ms., mean width 21, area about 540 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and soil fertile. Chief tpwn, Brookville. Pop. in 1820, 10,763; and in 1840, 13,349. Central lat. 39 25 N., lon. W. 0. 8° W. Village, Johnson co., Ia., aboul 40 ms. S. from Indianapolis, Co., III., bounded by John son and Union S., Jackson and Randolph W., Jefferson N,, White and Gallatin E. j length 30 ms,, width 24, area 934 sq, ms. Surface gener ally level, and soil productive. Il is principally drained by the higher waters of Muddy river. Pop. in 1820, 1,763; and in 1840, 3,683. Cen tral latitude 37 50 N,, longitude Washington city 11 50 W. Town and seat of justice, Hpward county, Missouri, on the left bank of Missouri river, 180 ms. by land above St. Louis. Co., Mo., bounded N. by Missouri river, E.by St. Lou is and Jefferson, S. by Washington, and W. by Wayne ; length 33 ms., mean width 30, area 990 sq. ms. That part of this co. adjacent to the Mis souri river rather level, and interspersed with prai ries. The soulhern part, drained by the Marrimac river, hilly, broken, and in great part sterile. Much of the soil near the Missouri excellent. Chief town, Rogerstown. Pop. in 1820, 2,379. Cen tral lat. 38 10 N., lon. W. C. 13 40 W. Post ofiice, Concordia parish. La., by post road, 145 ms. from New Orleans. Co., 0,, bounded W. by Madison, Union NW., Delaware N., Licking NE., Fairfield SE., and Pickaway S. It is nearly a square of 23 ms. each side ; area 530 sq. ma. Darby creek flows along the' western border, but the body of the co, is drained by the Scioto, Whet- FRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRE stone. Big Walnut, and olher confluents of the main Scioto. The slope is almost directly S., and surface level, much of it lovv and wet; part, indeed, rising into benches, but nearly, if not the whole, comprised of alluvion or mixed sand, pebbles, and clay. There are within the county very fertile Iracls, but in general the land suits better for grazing than farming. Columbus, beside being the seat of the State Government, is the county seat of Frank lin, and very near the centre of the county. In lat,, it may be interesting to observe that 40° N, and 6° W. of W. C. intersect about 5 ms. NW, from Columbus. Pop. in 1820, 10,300; in 1830, 14,756 ; and in 1840, 35,049, Tp., Ross co,, O,, on the road from Chillicothe to Portsmouth. Franklin Furnace and post office, in Greene tp., southeastern angle of Sciota co., 16 ms, above and southeastward of Portsmouth. Franklin Square, village, Columbiana co., -0 6 or 7 ms. N, of New Lisbon. Franklin Mills, post office, Porlage co,, O,, 180 ms. NE. from Columbus, and 4 or 5 rn?. west ward of Ravenna, Franklinton, village, Franklin co,, O., 1 m. W. of (jolumbus, and on both sides of the national road. The Scioto river is crossed between the two places by one of the most substantial and elegant bridges in the U. States. The ground on which Frankfinton stands is considerably lower, and much more flat than is the site of Columbus; and lhat is the case with the land along the western side of Scioto river for some distance above and below both towns Pop. in 1830, 332. Franklinville, village, Cattaraugus co,, N. Y. , by post road 289 ms, SW. by W. from Albany. Frankstown-branch, river, Penn, ; the NW, branch of Juniata rises in Bedford co,, and flowing N. aboul 20 ms. enters Huntingdon co,, turns E and SB. joins Raystown branch 2 ms. below the borough of Huntingdon, and forms the Juniata. Frankstown, tp., Huntingdon county. Pa., on Frankslown river, 20 ms, SW, by W. from Hunt ingdon. Pop. in 1820, 1,297, exclusive of Hol- lidaysburg and Frankstown, Village, Hunting don CO,, Pa,, on the left bank of Frankstown river, and 20 ms. nearly W. from Huntingdon. Pop. in 1820, 101. Frauenfield, lown of Switzerland, capital of the Thurgau. It is seated on an eminence, and was the place where, since 1712, the deputies of the Swiss cantons held iheir general diet. Lon. 8 56 E., lat. 47 35 N. Fraust,adt, town of Silesia, 20 miles NW, of Glogaw, ' Lon. 16 3 E,, lat. 51 48 N. Frazersburg, small town of Scot., in Aberdeen shire, on the German ocean, with a tolerable har bor. Il is seated close by a promontory called Kin- naird's Head, on which is a light-house, 40 ms. N. of Aberdeen. Lon. 1 37 W., lat. 57 35 N. Fradenburg, town of Westphalia, 50 ms. W. of Cassel. Lon. 8 16 E., lat. 51 10 N. \ Frederica, village, Kent co., Del., 12 ms. E. from Dover. Pop. in 1820, 250. Village, on St. Simon's island, Glynn co., Ga., at the moulh of Alatamaha river. Frederick, tp,, Montgomery co,. Pa., on the right side of Perkiomen, 9 ms. NE. from PottS- town. Pop. in 1820, 937. Post oflSce, Milton tp , in the northweslern part of Trumbull co,, on the road from Canton to Warron, 30 ms. NW. of the former, and about 35 NE. of the latler place. Co. of Md,, bounded by Adams co,. Pa,, N. ; Carroll co., Md,, E.; Montgomery co., Md., SB., Potomac river separating it from Loudon co , Va,, SW. ; and Washington co,, Md,, W. ; length, in a very near due N. direction, 33 ms. from the moulh of Monocacy river to the Pa. line ; mean" breadth 18, and area 594 sq. ms. The slope of this county is to the S,, and in that direction trav ersed in all its lengih by the Monocacy river and Caloclin mountain. The Catoctin creek, 'which rises in it also from very nearly S. Chief town, cily of Frederick. Carroll co. was, subsequent lo 1820, formed in part from Frederick, which explains the apparent diminution of population ; aggregate pop ulalion of Frederick county in 1820, being 40,450; and in 1840,' 36,405. For lat., see Frederick City, Co. of Va., between the Blue Ridge and the continuation of the Kittaninny mounlain, bounded by Loudon and Fauquier NE,, Shenan doah SW., Hampshire NW., and Berkley and Jefferson NE. ; length 38 ms., mean width 22, area 736 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and in part mountain ous. Soil excellent for grain and orchard fruits. Chieflown, Winchester. Pop. in 1820, 24,706; and in 1840, 14,243. Central lal. 39 12, lon, W. C, 1° 13' W. Frederick, city, and seat of justice, Frederick co., Md., near the western side ofthe river Monocacy, NNW. from Washington city. N. lat. 39 36, lon. 18' W. of W. 0. .\bout 50 ms., by railroad, a little S. of W, from Baltimore. Distributive population of the city of Frederick, 1840. IVhitea,— Ages, Males. Females, 0 to J 295 282 5 to 10 260 237 10 to 15 247 260 16 to 20 252 276 -20 to 30 260 398 30 to 40 267 252 40 to 50 174 212 60 to 60 115 130 60 to 70 47 62 70 to 80 18 26 80 to 90 4 8 90 to 100 - 1 1 100 and upwards 0 0 1,940 2,144 1,940 Total whites 1 4,084 Free colored. Slaves, 1 Males. Fem's. Males, Fem's, 0 to 10 79 85 49 48 10 to 24 64 90 59 105 24 to 36 29 68 , 33 32 36 to 65 56 65 22 24 55 to 100 23 45 8 11 too and upwarda 2 1 0 0 253 354253 171 220 171 Total - 607 391 333 FRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRE SUMMARY, Total whites ^ - Total free colored Total slaves Aggregate 4,084 G07 391 Frederick Point, Upper Canada, is on the E. side of Kingston harbor, and on the W. side of Haldimand cove, which is made by it and Point Henry. Fredericksburg, Danish fort on the Gold coast of Guinea, near Cape Three Points, 62 miles WSW. of Cape Coast Castle. Lpn. 1 5 W., lat. 4 30 N. Village, Spoltsylvania co,, Va., on the S. side of the river Rappahannock, 66 ms. N. from Richmond, and 62 SW. from Washington. This is a very advantageously situated and pros perous commercial port. Vessels of about 140 tons can come up to the foot of the falls. Ils staples are grain, flour, and tobacco, calculated to exceed an annual average of $4,000,000. Its public in stitutions are, two banks and an academy. Ils res ident populalion about 4,000. Village, Galla tin CO., Ky,, on the left bank of the Ohio river, 55 ms. below Cincinnaii. Village, Salt Creek tp., in the southeastern part of Wayne co., O., 9 ms. SB. of Wooster and 94 NNE. of Millersburg, in Holmes CO. Tp. and village, Washington co., Ia. The village is on the right bank of Great Blue river, 17 ms. N. from Corydon. Tp., co. of Lenox, U. C, lies to the W. of Ernest town, in the bay of Quinte. Frederickshall, or Frederickstadt, seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, situated on the extremity of the Swinesund, at the mouth of the river Tist. This lown is 51 ms. SE. of Christiana. Lon. 10 55 E,, lat. 59 12 N. ! Fredericksham, neatly built lown of Russia, in Carelia, whose streets go off like radii from a cen- j tre. It is seated near the gulf of Finland. | Frederickstadt, town of Denmark, in S. Jutland, sealed on the river Eyder, 17 ms. SW. of Sles wick. Lon. 9 43 E,, lal. 54 30' N. ! Frederickstein, strong fortress of Norway. It is situated on the summit of an almost perpendicular | rock, near the town of Frederickshall, Frederickton, or St, Anne, capital of New Brunswick, on St. John's river, at the head of sloop navigation, about 90 ms. above its mouth. j Fredericktown, town and seat of justice, Frede rick CO., Md.— See Frederick city. Village, Wabhington co.. Pa., on the left bank of Monon gahela river, 2 ms. below the moulh of Ten Mile creek, and 8 above Brownsville. Village, Knox CO., 0., ^ ms. NW. from Mount Vernon. This is a fine village, pleasantly situaled, with a popu lation of from 500 to 600. Fredonia, village, Chatauque co., N. Y., for merly Canadaway, 45 ms. from Buffalo, and 45 from Erie, on the road between the two latter plafies, and 4 ms. from Dunkirk, on Lake Erie. It is- a flourishing village, wilh a printing office and several stores. 'Village, Crawford co., Ia., on Ohio river, 5 ms. below the mouth of Great Blue river, and 15 ms. a little S. of W. from Corydon. Freeburg, village, Union co.. Pa. Freedom, town, Kennebec co.. Me., 28 ms. NB. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 788. Vil lage, Dutchess CO., N. Y,, by post rood 35 ms. 334 from Albany. Village, Baltimore co., Md Village of Portage co., 0., 7 ms. NE. of Ravenna, and about 20 ms. a litlle S. of W. from Warren. Freehold, village. Green co.. N. Y., on Cals kill creefc, 20 ms. N W, from Hudson, and 27 SSW. from Albany. Freehold, or Monmouth, village and seat of jus tice, Monmouth co., N. J., 15 ms. SW. by W. from Shrewsbury, and 25 ms. SE, by E. from Bordentown. It is the seat of an academy. Pop, in 1820, in the tp., 5,146. Lat. 40 14 N., Ion. W. C. 3 45 E. Freehold, Upper, tp. of Monmouth co., N. J., W. from Monmouth. Pop. in 1830, 4,541. Freeman, town, Somerset co.. Me., 40 ms. N W, from Norridgewock. Freeman's Store, village, Jones co., Ga., 14 ms. W. from Milledgeville. Freeport, town, Cumberland co.. Me., 20 ras. NE. from Portland. Pop. in 1820, 2,184. Village, Armstrong co.. Pa,, on the right bank of Alleghany river, at the mouth of Buffalo creek, 15 ms. below Kittanning, and 26 ms. above Pittsburg. Town and tp. in the SW. angle of Harrison CO., 0. Pop. in 1820, 1,194. Village in the SW. part of Harrison co., 0., 17 ms., SW. by W. from Cadiz, 25 rns. NW. by W. of St, Clairs ville, 25 NE. by E. from Cambridge, and 36 very nearly due E. from Coshocton. Tp., Ontario CO., N. Y. Pop. in 1830, 1,288. Frehel, cape ofFr., in the dep. of the North Coast, and lale province of Bretagne, 13 ms. W. of St. Malo. Lon, 3 20 W., lat. 48 41 N. Freetown, principal place of the British settle ment of Sierra Leone, on the W. coast of Africa. — See Sierra Leone. Town, Bristol co., Mass., left side of Taunton river, 40 ms. S. from Boston. Town, Cortland co., N. Y. Frejus, town of Provence, in Fr., now in the dep. of Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Julii, and at that time had a good port on the .Medi terranean, which is now above a mile from it. It is sealed near the river Argens, in a morass, 40 ms. NE. of Toulon. Lon. 6 50 E., lat, 43 26 N. French-broad, river ofN. C. and Tenn., one of the branches of Tennessee river, rises in and drains the whole of Buncombe co., in the former, and, flowing first N., then NW., enters the latler in Cocke CO., over which it passes, and receives the Nolachucky from the left. It thence turns W„ and traversing part of Jefferson, Sevier, and Knox COS., joins the Holston IS ms. above Knoxville. It is navigable to the mouth of Nolachucky. French Creek, post ofiice, Jefferson co., N. Y., by the post road 200 ms. NW. from Albany. Rises in Berks co.. Pa., and, flowing SB., enters I Chester co., falls into Schuylkill river, 10 ms. I above Norristown. NE. tp. of Mercer co.. Pa. ¦ River, rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., and, pursuing a comparative course SW. 20 ms., enters Pa., in Erie co., and continuing SW. 35 ms. by comparative courses to Meadville, there receives the Cassawago from theNW., turns to NE. 25 ms., and unites with the Alleghany river at Frankhn. It is navigable as high as the month of Boeuf creek, 5 ms. S. from Waterford. Entire comparative length, 80 ms. ^-Tp. of Venango co.. Pa., along the right side of French creek and Alleghany rivers, above and below Franklin. FRl GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FRI c. and French Grant, village, Sciolo co., O., by the post road 106 ms. S. from Columbus. Frenchman's Bay, bay, and a settlement round il, in Lincoln co.. Me. It was so named from a small colony of French established there as early as 1637. Freneh Mills, now Fort Covington, town, Franklin co., N. Y., on Salmon river, 8 ms. E. from St. Regis. French Mills, post oflice, Onslow co,, N by the post road 158 ms. SB. from Raleigh. French river. — See Frangois. French, river, risos in 'Worcester, Mass. joins the Quinebaug in Wihdbamy- Ct. Frenchton, village, Dinwiddie co,, Va, Frenchtown Landing, one mile S. from Elklon, Cecil CO., Md. Frenchtown, Monroe co., Michigan, territory on the left bank of the river Raisin, 40 ms, SSW, from Detroit. Frescati, town of Italy, in Champagna di Roma. It derives its name from the coolness of the air and fresh verdure of the fields around. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Tusculum ; the Tusculan villa of Cicero is at no great distance. Frescati is seated on the doclivity of a hill, 12 ms, SB. of Rome. Lon, 11 42 E., lat. 41 48 N. Fresnillo, lown of Mexico, in the State of Xaca- lexas, 30 ms. NW. from Xacatexas. Lon, W. C. 24 50 W., lat. 23 22 N. Freudenstadt, strong town of Suabia, in the Black Forest, built, in 1600, to' defend the pas sage inlo this forest. It is 12 ms, SE. of Stras- burg. Lon. 21° E., lat. 48 28 N. FVeukenshal, town of Silesia, celebrated for ils breed of horses and manufacture of fine linen. Lon 17 21 B., lat. 50 3 N. Freyberg, kingdom of Saxony, the most cele, brated mining establishment in Europe, 19 ms, WSW. from Dresden. It is the capital of the Erzgeberg, and the residence of the mining super intendents throughout the kingdom. Besides many others, this mineral school has been rendered illus trious by having produced Werner, the Newton of mineralogy. — See Erzgeberg. Frey's Bush, post office, Montgomery co., N Y., 71 ms. NW. by W, from Albany. Freystadt, town of Hungary, in the co. of Nei tra, on the 'Waag, opposite Leopoldsladt. Lon. 18 10 E., lat. 48 32 N. Town of Silesia, in the duchy of Treschen, 20 ms. E. of Troppaw, Lon. 18 15 E., lat. 50 N. Frias, considerable town of Spain, in Old Cas tile, seated on a mountain, near the river Ebro, 35 ms. NW. of Burgos. Lon. 3 46 W., lal. 42 52 N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Switzerland, sur rounded on all sides by the canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures. Town of Switzerland, capital of a canton of the same name, seated on the river San, 15 ms, SW, of Bern. Lon. 6 55 E., lal, 46 48 N. Town of Suabia, capital of Brisgaw, remarkable for the steeple of the great church, and for its university. The in habitants are famous for polishing crystal and pre cious stones. It is sealed on the river 'Triser, 10 ms. E. of Brisach, and 26 S. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 57 E., lat. 48 10 N. Frice.nti, episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, near the river Triapalto, 20 ms. SE. of Benevento. Lon. 15 9 E., lal. 40 59 N, Friedberg, imperial town of Germany, in We- teijavio, sealed on a mountain, 15 ms. NB, of Frankfort, Lon, 8 46 E,, lal. 50 10 N. Town of Germany, in Bavaria, 30 ms. NW. of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E., lal. 40 23 N. Town of Ger many, in Misnia, remarkable for ils mines, and for being the burying place of the princes of the house of Saxony, ll is seated on the Mulla, 15 ms. SW. of Dresden. Lon, 13 36 W,, lat. 51° N. Town of Germany, in Thuringia, seated on theUnstrue, 30 ms. W. of Leipsick. Lon. 11 41 E., lat. 51 19 N, Name of two smal! towns in Silesia; the one in the duchy of Javer, and the other in the duchy of Schweidnilz. Priding, town of Suabia, on the Danube, 30 ms. NE. of Conslance. Lon. 9 31 E., lat. 48 11 N. Fridland, town of Polish Prussia, on the Pregel river, 40 ms. SE. from Koningsberg. Town of Bohemia, on the confines of Silesia, 55 ms. E. of Dresden. Lon. 15 15 E., lat. 52 4 N. Fridlingen, town of Suabia, 3 ms. E. of the Rhine, and 4 N. of Basle. Lon. 7 36 B., lat. 47 40 N. Friendly Islands, group of islands in the South Pacific ocean, so named by Captain Cook, in 1773, on account of the friendship that appeared to sub sist among the inhabitants, and their courteous be haviour to strangers ; a character reversed by sub sequent and more accurate observation. The gen eral appearance of these islands conveys an idea of the most exuberant fertilily ; the surface, al a dis tance, seems entirely clothed with tiees of various sizes, some of which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa palm, and a species of fig wilh narrow pointed leaves. On closer examination, they are almosl wholly laid out in plantations, in which are some ofthe richest productions of naiure, such as bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine. — See Australia, Polynesia, &c. Friendship, tp. of Lincoln co.. Me., on the E. side of Muscongus bay, 30 ms. E. from Wiscasset. Town, Alleghany co., N, Y., 15 ms. SW. from Angelica. Village, AnneArundel co., Md. Friendsville, village, Susquehannah co.. Pa. Friesach, town of Germany, in the archbishopric ol Saltzburg. It is 56 ms. SB. of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 13 E,, lat. 47 13 N. Friesengen, town of Germany, capilal of a bish opric of the same name, in the circle of Bavaria. It is sealed on a mounlain, near the Iser, 20 ms. N. by B. of Munich. Lon. 1 1 50 E., lat. 48 26 N. Friesland, one of the provinces of the kingdom of the Netherlands, bounded on the N, by the Ger man ocean, on the W. by the Zuider-Zee, on the S. by the same and Overyssel, which also, with Groningen, bounds it on l^e E. Lewarden is the capilal. Friesland, East, province of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, lying near the German ocean. It IS hounded on theS. by the bishopric of Munsler, on the E. by the co. of Oldenburg, on Ihe W. by the province of Groningen, and on the N. by the sea, being about 50 ms. in lengih and 30 in breadlh. The principal towns are Norden, Leer, Essens, Whitmunde, and Aurick. Embden was an imperial city, and the principal place in the 335 FRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. FUI country, but now belongs also to the King ol Prus sia, who bought it of the Dutch. Friesland, West, another name for lhat part of Holland called Norlh Holland. The States of Holland hence take the title of the Slates of Hoi land and West Friesland. Frinwalt, town of Germany, in the margravate of Brandenburg, seated on the Oder, 30 ms. NE. of Berlin. Lon. 14 10 E.-, lat. 52 50 N. Frio, Cape, promontory of Brazil, in the pro vince of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 4131 W.,. lat. 22 54 S. FVischaff, bay ofthe Baltic sea, at the mouth of the Vistula. Fritalar, town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, 20 ms. SW. of Cassel. Friuli, province of Italy, bounded on the N. by Carinthia, on the S, by the Gulf of Venice, on the E. by Carniola and the Gulf of Trieste, and on the W. by the Trevisano and Bellunese. It is fertile in wine and fruits, and subject partly to the Venetians and partly to Austria. Udina is the capital. Frobisher's Straits, litlle N. of Cape Farewell, and West Greenland, discovered by Sir Mariijj Frobisher. Lon, 42° W., lat. 63' N. Frodingham, town of Eng., in the East Riding of Yorkshire, 36 ms. E. of York, and 194 N. of London. Lon. 0 12 W., lat. 53 56 N. Frodsham, town of Eng., in Cheshire, near Ihe Mersey, by Frodsham Hills, ihe highest in the CO., II ms. NE. of Chester, and 182 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 48 W., lal. 53 21 N. Frog's Point, or Frog's Neck, Westchester CO,, N. Y,, on Long Island sound, 9 ms. NE. from Harlaem Heights. Frome, or Froom, river in Dorselshire, which comes from the SW.'part of the co. of Dorchester, and, proceeding to Wareham, empties itself into the bay that forms the harbor of Poole. Frome, river in Somersetshire, which flows by the town of Frome, and unites with the Avon al Bristol, Town of Eng., in Somersetshire. Their chief manufacture is second cloths. It is sealed on the frome, 12 ms. S. of Bath, and 104 W. by|S, ofLondon. Lon 2 10 W., lat, 51 10 N. Fronde, from the French, a sling. The war of "The Fronde," so called, arose in France, un der the reign of Louis XIV, between the partisans of the Parliament and the Minister Maz-arin— why, history has not clearly shown ; but the ori gin, whatever it was, branded the party opposed to Government wilh the epithet Frondeurs, and gave a term to the French language to designate discontented Jjoliticians. Fronsac, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Gironde, and lale province of Guienne, seated on the Dor dogne, 22 ms. NE. of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 16 W,, lat. 45 4 N. Fronteira, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 1 9 ms. NE. of Eslremos. Frontera, San Juan dc la, town of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, aboul 100 ms N. by by E, from Mendoza. Lon. W. C. 8 24 E., lal. 31 17 S. Frontigniac, lown of Fr., in the dep. of He rault, and late province of Languedoc, remarkable for its excellent muscadine wines. It is sealed on Lake Maguleone, 14 ms. SW. of Monlpelier. Lon. 3 48 E., lal. 43 46 N. 336 Frontenac, co., U. C., bounded on the E. by ' the CO. of Leeds, on the S. by Lake Ontario, on the W. by the tp. of Ernest, running K. 34° W, until it intersects the Ottawa or Grand river, and thence descending that river until it meets the norlhwesternmost boundary ofthe co. of Leeds. Frontenac, fort. See Kingston, Frostberg, village, Alleghany' co., Md., situate on the national road, 10 ms. W. from Cumber land, and contains 30 or 40 houses in one street along the road. This is perhaps the most elevated town in the U. S., being, according to Mr. Schri- ver, 1,792 feet above tide waler in Chesapeake bay. This village is 145 ms. from Washington. Frostville, village, Cuyahoga co,, O., about 30 ms, NE. from Cleveland. Front Royal, village, Frederick co., Va,, on the E, side of Shenandoah river, near the Blue ridge, 20 ms, S. from Winchester. Froward Cape, the exireme southern prolon gation of the American continent, in the straits of Magellan. Lon. W. C. 6° E,, lat. 54 3 S. Froyen, island in the North sea, about 35 m:., in circumference, and situated near the coast of Norway. Lon. 9° E , lat. 63 46 N. Frozen or Arctic ocean. This is a general and very indefinite lerm for the seas lying north from Europe, Asia, North America, and around the North Pole. Fruict's, post office, Callaway co.. Mo., 59 ms. W. from St. Louis. Fruitstown, Columbia co.. Pa., 15 ms. N, from Danville. Frutingen, beautiful town of Switzerland, situ ated in the canton of Bern, 31 ms. SE. of Friburg. Fryberg, town, Oxford co., Maine, and the seat of an academy, lying on the noilh branch of Saco river, 58 ms. NW. of Portland. Fryingpan Shoals, off Cape Fear river, N. C, Fuca, St. Juan de, straits of the U. S., on the coa?t of the Pacific ocean, between the Wakash or Quadra and Vancouver's island and the conti nent. Its southern entrance from the ocean is between Cape Flattery and the island of Quadra. Lon. _W. C. 48° W,, lal. 48 30 N. There is an almost inextricable confusion of names applied lo this gulf, or sound, or strait. Under ihe head of Quadra and Vancouver's Island, I have made an attempt to remove part ofthe evil. Fuego, one of the Cape de Verd islands, in the Atlantic ocean. Il is 300 ms. W. of Cape do Verd. Lon. 24 30 W,, lat. 14 54 N. Fuen-lwu-fou, extensive and populous cily of China, in the province of Petcheli, celebrated for the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches. Fuen-tclieou-fou, commercial city of China, in ihe province of Chan-si, It is sealed on the river Fuen-ho, 250 ms. SW. from Pekin. Fuente-Duegna, town of Spain, in New Cas tile, seated on the Tajo, 35 ms. SE. of Madrid. Lon. 3° W., lat. 40 14 N. Fuers, ancient town of France, in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and lale province of Forez, seated on the Loire, 23 ms. SW. of Lyons. Fuesaen, town of Suabia, belonging to the bishop of *Augsburg, on the Lech, 50 ms. S. by E. of Augsburg. Lon. 11 15 E., lat. 47 40 N. Fuh-chow-foo. See Toucheou-fou. Fuidentall, town of Silesia, in the duchy of FUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GAI Troppaw, seated near the Mohra, 1 6 ms. W. hy S. of Troppaw. Fula, or Thule, one of the Shetland islands, W. of Mainland, thought by sorae lo be the Ulti mata Thule of the ancients. Fulda, town of Germany, in the territories of Hesse Cassel, with a celebrated abbey, whose ab bot is nominally primate of the abbeys of the em pire, and sovereign of a small territory between Hesse, Franconia, and Thuiingia. It is seated on the Fulde, 55 ms. S. of Cassel. Lon. 9 43 E., lat. 50 40 N. Fulham, village of Eng., in Middlesex, 4 ms. W.^by S. ofLondon. Fullenwiders, post oflice, Lincoln co., N. C. ; by postroad 194 ms. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Fulton, village. Rowan co., N. C, ; 137 ms, by postroad from Raleigh. Post office, Sum ter district, S. C. ; by posiroad 49 ms. from Co lumbia. Court house and post office, Fulton CO., III. ; by postroad 96 ms. from Vandalia. Village of Hamilton co., 0,, adjoining and above Cincinnati, to which cily, though a separate cor poration, the village is commercially a suburb. The town of Fulton is composed principally of a single street, in the form of a crescent, correspond ing to the opposite course of Ohio river. Fulton is indeed the navy yard of Cincinnati. "There are in this town," (Fulton,) as slated in the Ohio Gazetteer, "two extensive lumber yards, from which Cincinnaii and St. Louis are in ^art sup plied ; also, three steam saw mills, and the fourth in building ; but the principal business of Fulton Is^steamboat building. It contains four ship yards, which launch annually steamboats to an aggregate of from five to six thousand tons. Pop. 2,000 in 1837. Village, Lawrence tp.. Stark CO., O. See Canal Fulton, (post office name.) Fultonham, or Union, village, SW. part of Muskingum co., O., within one mile ofthe border of Perry co., 9 ms. SW. of Zanesville, and 9 ms. NE. of Somerset. The great road passes through it from Zanesville, via Somerset, Lancaster, Chil licothe, and West Union, to Maysville. 'Funchal, capilal of Madeira, situate round a bay, on the gentle ascent of the first hills, in form of an amphitheatre. Lon. 17 6 W., lat. 32 38 N. Funen, island of Denmark, 340 ms. in circum ference, separated from Jutland by a strait called the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is remarkably fertile in pasture and grain, and exports to Norway barley, oats, rye, and peas. Odensee is the capital. Funksiown, village on Antietama, 2 ms. south from Hagerstown. It is a small village, contain ing 35 or 30 houses in one street along the great road from Hagerstown to Fredericktown. Furnace, village, Litchfield co., Ct. ; by post road 58 ms. a little N. of W. from Hartford. Post office, Vermillion tp., NE. part of Huron CO., O., 20 ms. NE. of Norwalk, the co. seat, and about 25 ms. a little N. of W. from Elyria. Fumes, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, 12/m3. E. from Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E., Iat. 51 4 N, Purruckabad, district of Hindoostan Proper, contiguous to the W. bank of the Ganges, and surrounded by the dominions of Oude. It is little more than 30 ms. in extent, and belongs to 43* a chief of the Patan Rohilla tribe. Its capital is of the same name. Lon. 79 30 W., lat. 37 88 N. Furatenburg, principality of Suabia, bounded by the duchy of Wirlemburg, the co. of Hoheii- burg. by the Brisgaw, the Black Forest, and the lake%nd bishopric of Constance. In this State the river Danube takes its rise. It is subdivided between Baden, Wirlemberg, and HohenzoUern, Sigmaringen. Village of the principality of Furslenburg, 14 ms. NNW. from Schafhausen. Furafenfeld, town of Lower Styria, with a castle, on the river Ausnitz, 50 ms, S. of Vienna. Lon. 16 5 E., lal. 47 33 N. Furatenwald, town of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, seated on the Spree, 20 ms. W. of Frankfort on the Oder. Il was taken by the Swedes in 1631. Lon. 14 8 E., lat. 52 33 N. Futtypour Sicri, considerable town of Hipdoos- lan Proper, in the province of Agra, seated under a range of hills, the southern boundary of an im mense plain, in which, for the greatest part, not a shrub is to be seen, and the soil is light. It is 42 ms, W. of Agra. Lon. 77 45 B,, lat, 27° N. Fyal, or Fayal, one of the Azores or Western Islands. The most considerable place is called Villa de Horta. Lon. 28 36 W., lat. 38 33 N. Fyers, river of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which, descending from the S., flows toward Loch Ness. Fyne, Loch, inlet of the Atlantic, in Argyle shire, near 40 ms. in lengih, noted as the resort of the herring shoals and numerous fishing vessels. It receives and returns a tide on each side of the isle of Arran, which is directly opposile its en trance. Fyzabad, large city of Plindoostan Proper, in the territory of Oude, of which it was once the capital. It is sealed on the Gogra, a large river from Thibet, and is 80 ms. E. of Lucknow, and 500 NW. of Calcutta. Lon. 82 30 E., lat. 29 34 N. G. Gabaret, town of France, in the department of Gers, and lale province of Gascony, seated on the Gelise, 20 ms. W. of Condom. Lon. 6' B., lat. 44 59 N. Gabel, town of Bohemia, 45 ms. N. of Prague. Gabian, village of France, in the dep. of He rault, and late province of Languedoc, famous for its mineral waters. Gabin, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, 50 ms. NW. of Warsaw. Lon. 19 45 B,, lat. 52 26 N. Gahannah, original Indian name of that branch of Scioto river usually called Big Walnut. This stream rises in the western part of Knox and eastern part of Delaware co. by numerous creeks, which, by a general southern course over the eastern part of Franklin, finally unite and fall into the eastern side of Sciolo river a small distance above the line between Franklin and Pickaway counties. Comparative lengih about 50 ms. Gaieta, ancient town of Naples, in Terra di- Lavora, at the foot of a mountain, near the sea, 30 ms. NW. of Capua. Lon. 13 47 E,, lat. 41 30 N. 337 GAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GAL Gaillac, town of France, now in the depart ment of Tarn, lately in the province of Langue doc, remarkable for its wines. It is seated on the Tarn, 10 ms. SW. of Alby. Lon. 3 5 E,, lat. 43 54 N. Gaillon, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Eur^and late province ol Normandy, remarkable for its acchiepiscopal palace, which lately belonged tn the archbishop of Rouen, It is 5 ms. from Andely, and 22 from Rouen. Gaines, town, Genessee co., N. Y. The post office is situated norlh from the western canal, 35 ms., and 48 a liltle N of W. from Balavia. Town, Boone co., Ky. Gainsborough, town in Lincolnshire, seated , near the river Trent, over which is a handsome atone bridge. It is 17 ms. NW. of Lincoln, and 151 N. by W. of London. Lon, 36' W., lat. 53 38 N. Tp. of Lincoln co., U. C, Vil lage, Frederick co,, Va. Village, Jackson co., Tenn., by post road 74 ms. NE. from Murfrees borough, and 70 NE, by E. from Nashville. Gainsburg, village. Christian co,, Ky., by post road 227 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Gains's Cross Roads, post ofBce, Culpeper co., Va., by post road 97 ms. SW. from W. C. Post office in the 8E! part of Boone co., Ky., by post road 73 ms. a liltle E. of N. from Frankfort, and 25 SSW. from Cincinnati, Gainsville, village in the tp. of Gains, Genessee CO., N. Y., 35 ms. a little N. of W. frora Ro chester. Gairloch, large bay of Scotland, on the W. coast of Ross-shire. In this bay, which gives name to a tract of land near il, the fishing of cod and and other white fish is very considerable. Galitsch, town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of its name, 56 ms. ENE. of Kostroma. Lon. 32 54 E., lat. 57 56 N. Gall, St., new canton of Switzerland, bordering on the lake of Constance, between the canton of Thurgau and Appenzel. Gall, St., or St. Gallen, town of Switzerland, capital of the canton, of St. Gall. It has a rich abbey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sover eignly of the lown. It is sealed in a narrow val ley, on two small streams, 35 ms. E. of Zurich. Lon. 9 18 E., Iat. 47 21 N. Galium, town of Negroland, capital of a king dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. Gallapagos, group of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying under the equator ; the largest 65. ms. long and 45 broad. Lon. W. C. 12° W. This group lies 10° of lon. W. of the province of Ecuador, in S. America ; and it may be remarked as curious, that the equator and lon. 90° W. from London intersect very near its centre. There are some mere islets, but the four main islands have considerable extent, and are named Chatham SB., Albemarle W., Bendloes N., and Norfolk in the centre. Gallatin, tp., Columbia co., N. Y.— See .4ra- cfam. Village and seat of jusiice. Summer co., Tenn., 27 ms. NE. from Nashville. Co., Ky., bounded N. by Ohio tiver, E. by Grant, SE. by Grant and Owen, and SW. by Henty. Lengih 35 ms., mean width 10, area 350 sq. ms., surface hilly, and soil, where fit for tillage, generally fer tile. Chief towns Port William and Warsaw, Pop. in 1820, 6,674, and in 1840, 4,003. Ctl. lat. 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 7 45 W. Co., III., bounded by Wabash river E. and SE., Pope S. Franklin W., and White N. ; length 36 ms,, mean width 33, area 880 sq. ms., surface waving, fattiier than hilly, and soil productive. Chief town Shawneelown. Pop. in 1820, 3,155, and in 1840, 10,760. Cll, lat. 37 45 N., lon. W. C. 11 30 W. Village, Copiah co.. Miss., 63 ms. from Monticello. Gallatin's River, branch of Missouii, rises in the Rocky Mountains, between Yellow Slone river and Madison's river, and joins the Missouri a few miles below the junction of Madison's and Jeffer son's rivers. Lat. 45 15 N. Galle, or Point de Galle, seaport on the S, coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beautiful dislrici, wilh a strong fort and secure harbor. Gallia, co., Ohio, bounded by the Ohio river E. and SE., Lawrence SW,, Jackson NW., and Athens and Meigs N.; length 36 ms., width 24, area 500 sq, ms., surface generally hilly and bro ken, though much good bottom land spreads along the Ohio river; soil on the hills sterile. Chief town Gallipolis. Pop. in 1820, 7,098, and in 1840, 13,444. Cll. lat. 39° N., lon. W. C. 5 18. W. Gaisee, village of Switzerland, in Rhode exte rior, which is the Protestant division of the county of Appenzel. Il is much resorted to on account of its goat's whey, which is brought from a neighbor ing mountain, k Galaez, lown of Bulgaria, seated near the Dan ube, between the mouths of the Pruth and Seret. Galashiels, village of Scotland, in Selkirkshire, on the Gala, near its confluence with the Tweed. It is 35 ms, S. by E. of Edinburgh. Galaso, river of Naples, in Otranto, which rises in the opening near Oria, and falls into the Gulf of Taranio. Galata, village near Constantinople, or ralher a suburb of that city, on the European side of the Bosphorus, opposite the Seraglio, on the NE. side of the inner harbor. It is inhabited by Christians of all sorts, as well as Jews, who exercise their re-- ligion publicly ; and here wine is sold in taverns, which is not allowed in the city itself. Galeri, tp. and post office in Seneca co., N. Y. The tp. lies NE. from the Clyde river, between Clyde and Montezuma, 30 ms. NE, from Geneva, and about an equal distance N. W. from Auburn. Galicia, couniry in the SW. part of Poland, which extends 330 ms. from E. to W., and 390 in breadth. It comprises Little Poland, the greatest part of Red Russia, and a slip of Podolia to the W. of the river^Bog. This lerriiory was forcibly seiz ed by the Austrians in 1773 and 1795, and incor porated into the Austrian dominions, under the ap pellation of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodome- ria. The mouniainous parts produce fine pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ; and these countries contain mines of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latler are the most valuable. This country is divided into East Galicia and West Galicia, of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracow,— See Empire of Austria. Province GAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GAN of Spain, bounded on the N. and W. by tho At lantic, S. by Portugal, and E. by Asturias and Leon. The air is temperate along the coast, but in other places cold and moist. It is thin of peo ple. Tho produce is wine, flax, and citrons. Here also are copper, tin, and lead, and the forests yield wood for building ships. Compostella is tho cap ital. , Galicia, New. — See Guadalajara. Gallon, village in Sandusky tp., western pari of Richland co,, Ohio, 15 ms. westwawl of Mansfield, and 13 eastward of Bucyrus. Galistio, town of Spain, in Estramadura, 10 ms. NW. of Placentia, Gallipoli, strait between European and Asiatic Turkey, It forms part of the communication be tween the archipelago and the sea of Marmora. — See Dardanelles. Seaport of European Turkey, in Romania, the residence of a pacha. It contains about 10,000 Turks, .3,500 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. Il is an open place, with no other defence than a sorry square castle, and stands on a strait of the same name, 100 ms. SW. of Constantinople. Lon. 36 59 E., lat. 40 26 N. Seaport of Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo. This place is a great mart for olive oil, and has a manu facture of muslins. It is seated on a rocky island, ont he S. shore of the bay of Toronto, «nd joined to the main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 ms. W. of Otranto. Lon. 18 5 E., lat. 40 20 i\'. Gallipolis, village and seat of justice, Gallia co,, Ohio, on an elevated second bottom of Ohio river. Lat. 38 50 N, Il is the seat of an academy. Pop. ofthe village and tp. in 1820, 830; in 1830, only t55; but in 1840, 1,413. Lat. 38 55 N., lon. W. C. 5 8 W. Gallivant's Ferry, village in Horry dislrici, S. Carolina. Gallop, or, as they are commonly called, Galloo islands ; a group of beautiful small islands in the St. Lawrence, U. C. They arc aboul 30 in num ber, wilh a very rich soil, and appertain mostly to St. Lawrence co., N. Y., and lie opposite to Ed- wardsburg, in Grenville co., U. C. They com mence about 5 ms. below Ogdensburg, and extend down the St. Lawrence 6 or 7 ms. Gallo, cape of the Morea, the ancient Acritas. Lon. 21 53 E„ lat. 36 48 N Island of the Pa cific ocean, near the coast of Peru, the first place possessed by the Spaniards when Ihey attempted the conquest of Peru. It is also the place where the Buccaneers used to come for wood and water, and to refit their vessels. Lon. W. C. 2 0 W., lat. 2 30 N. Galum, village in Jackson co.. 111., by post road 120 ms. SSW. from Vandalia. Galloway, New, borough of Scotland, in Kir cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 14 ms. N. of Kir cudbright. Galloway, Upper, or West. — See Wigionshire. Galveston, small village of La., on the right bank of Amite river, at the mouth of Iberville, 20 ms. NNE. from Donaldsonville, and 25 SE. from Baton Rouge. Galveston bay, bay of Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of Trinity river. Lon. W. C. 18 0 W., lat. 29 0 N. Galway, co. of Ireland, in the province of Con naught, 82 ms. in length and 42 in breadth , bounded on the N. by Ihe Atlantic and tho coun ties of Mayo and Roscommon, on the E. by Ros common, West Meath, and King's co , on the SW. by Tipperary, on the S. by Galway bay and Clare, and on the W. by the Atlantic. The river Shannon washes the frontiers of the E. andSE., and forms a lake several mile's in length. It con tains 136 parishes, and formerly sent 8 members lo the Irish Parliament. Seaport of Ireland, cap ital of Galway co., on a bay of tho same name, on the Atlantic ocean', 40 ms. WSW. of Athlone, and 100 W. of Dublin. Lon. 9 0 W., lat. 53 18 N. Town in Saratoga co,, N, Y., 12 ms. NW. from Ballstown, and 33 from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 2,579. / Galway bay, large bay of Ireland, encircled on the N. and E. by Galway co., and S. by co. Clare ; to the W. it is open to the Atlantic ocean. Gambia, great river of Africa, — See Africa, p. 23. Gambler, village in Knox co., Ohio, on theN. or left bank of Vernon river, 5 ms. E. from Mount Vernon, and 24 ms. duo N. of Newark. Il is pleasantly situated on high ground, and is the seat of Gambler college. The populalion of the place is about 300, besides the'students, who are usually from 150 to 200. A daily stage runs Ihence lo Mount Vernon. N. lat. 40 24, lon. W. C. 5 25 W. If the following extracts from the Ohio Gazet teer are correct, Gambler is amongst the most ad vanced of the seminaries of the U. States W. of the Appalachian mountains : "The village of Gambler, named after Lord Gambler, is beautifully situated on a high and level ridge of land, encompassed on three sides by Ver non river. Ils situation exempts it from most of the diseases of the Western country. It coiitains between 30 and 40 dwelling-houses, and about 200 inhabitants, exclusive of students. The pub lic buildings arc the college, built of cut stone, 190 feet long and 4 stories high ; a chapel of the same material, 100 feet long by 66 wide, with a base ment; the grammar school, a wooden building 80 feet long and two stories high, used as a school room and dormitories for the senior preparatory de partment ; and Milnor Hall, a brick, building, four stories high and about 70 long, with two wings at tached, built for the minor preparatory department of the institution, and calculated to accommodate the principal and 80 boys as boarders. The insti tution, in its different departments, has 12 profes sors and teachers, and 200 students. Its library composes more than 8,000 volumes." Games, tp. in the soulhern part of Genesee co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,134. Gamesville, tp.. Genesee co., N. Y. Gananoqui, river, U. C, fallsinto the St. Law rence 18 ms. below Kingston. There is an ex cellent harbor, with from 12 to 15 feet, water at ils mouth. Gananska, small river, U. C, falls inlo Lake Ontario, nearly opposite to Genesee co,, N. Y. Lon. W. C. 1 15 W. From its mouth there is a carrying place of about 15 ms. to Rice, lake in the river Trent. Gandersheim, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle, with a cele- 339 GAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GAR Lon. brated nunnery, 17 ms. SW. of Goslar, 18 20 E. lat., 51 54 N. Gandia, seaport of Spain, in Valencia, with a small university, 55 ms. N. of Alicant. Lon. 0 20 E. lat. 39 6. N. Gandicotta, town of the peninsula of Hin doostan, remarkable for a strong fortress, and a diamond mine near it. It is seated near the river Pelmar, between Gooty and Cuddapa. Ganges, or Ganja, town of Persia, in the pro vince of Erivan, 105 ms. S. by E. of Tefflis. Lon. 45 50 E., lat. 41 10 N. Ganges, river of Asia, in Hindoostan, .called by the Hindoos Padde, and Boora Gonga, or " the river." From the latter native term, the cor rupted name of Ganges ia taken. In almost all our maps, this mighty stream is made to rise to the N., and pierce the Himalaya mountains; but Lieut. Webb, being sent in 1808, to explore its sources, ascertained that all the streams above Hurdwar, which rise and mingle lo form the Ganges, rise S. from the Snowy mountains. Two main and several minor branches, flow first W., then turn to the S., unite, and piercing a secondary chain of mountains, enter the plains of Hindoostan above Hurdwar. The Ganges now assumes a SE. course, which it pursues 400 ins. to its junction with the Jumna, above Chup- rah. Below the mouth of the Jumna, the Gan ges flows E. 200 ms., to where it again receives a large tributary stream, the Gogra, from the NW. The general course of the Ganges, below ils confluence wilh the Gogra, is SSE., 500 ms,, to the Bay of Bengal. About 40 ms. above its efflux into the Bay of Bengal, the Ganges is joined by the vast volume of the Brahmapootra, or Burrampooter. The entire comparative length of the Ganges is about 1,700 ms,; that of the Brahmapootra is not much less. The united basin of these two great rivers, is about 1,200 ms. in length from NW. to SE., and wilh a mean width of 500 ms. comprises an area of 600,000 sq. ms. The Ganges, though in many places fordable above its junction wilh the Jumna, is every where, at all seasons, navigable below Hurdwar. At so great a distance as 500 ms. from the sea, the river is 30 feet deep in the lowest stale of ils waler. The depth it maintains, to the sandbars near its mouth. There is a very strong re semblance between the manner and seasons of floods in the Ganges and Mississippi. In the delta of bolh, the annual overflow, has reached its height about the first of July. Of the two, the Ganges is a little later, and rises and falls rather more slowly and more regularly than does the Missis sippi. In both, the perpendicular height of the inundation decreases, advancing towards their re spective recipients. The basin of the Ganges lies between N. lat. 22° and 35°, and within less than one degree, its moulh and that of the Mis sissippi arc separated 180° of lon. See Burram pooter, Jumna, Gogra, Src. In the annual inundation of this immense river, the couniry comprised in its delta is overflowed to the extent of more than 100 ms, in width ; nothing appearing but villages and trees, except ing very rarely, the lop of an elevated spot, the artificial mound of some deserted village, appear ing like an island. The rise of the water is, on 340 an average, 31 feet. In a word, it is, in every respect, one of tho most beneficial rivers in the world, diffusing plenty immediately by means ol ils living productions, and secondarily by enrich ing the lands, affording an easy conveyance foi the productions of its borders, and giving employ ment to many thousand.boatmen. Gangotri, or Falla of the Ganges, 300 nis. NNW. from Delhi. Lon. 76 35 E., lat. 33 8 N. Gangpour, town of the peninsula of Hindoos. tan, 225 ms. S. of Patna. It is in the country of Orissa. Lon. 83 57 B., Iat. 21 25 N. Ganjam, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan in one of the northern circars, subject lo the English. It lies on the bay of Bengal, between a river and the SW. end of Chilka lake. Lon. 85 30 E., lat. 19 32 N. Gannat, town of Fr., in the dep. of Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois, 30 ms. S. of Moulins. Gap, ancient town of Fr. , in the dep. of the Upper Alps, and lale province of Dauphiny. Gap is seated on the small river Bene, at the foot of a mountain, in which some mineral walers are found that are deemed febrifuge. Il is 27 ms. N. of Sistron. Lon. 6 10 E., lat. 44 33 N. Garack, island of Asia, in the Gulf of Persia, remarkable, for the fine pearls fished up on its coasts. Lon. 48° E,, lat 28 15 N. Gard, dep. ofFr., which comprehends part of the late province of Languedoc. Nismes is the episcopal lown. Garda, town of Ilaly, in the Veronese, seated at the end of a lake of its own name, 17 ms. NW. of Verona. Lon. U 4 E., lat. 45 36 N. Gardeleben, town of Germany, in .the -oldi marche of Brandenburg. It has a trade in hops and excellent beer, and is sealed on the river Beise, 32 ms. N. by W. of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 35 E., lat. 52 41 N. Garden, bay on the NE. side of Newfound land. Lon. W. C. 54 30 E,, lal. 49 42 N. Gardiner, town, Kennebec co.. Me., between Cobbeseconle, and Kennebec river, opposite Pittstown, and 6 ms. below Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 2,053. Gardiner's Bay, or ralher small gulf of Long island, enclosed between Kocky point. Plum is land, Gardiner's island. East Hampton, and Sheller island. Gardner's Cross Roads, post oflice, Louisa co. , Va., 78 ms. NW. from Richmond. • Gardner's Island, at the E. end of Long is land, forming part of the tp. of East Hampton, Suffolk CO,, N, Y. It lies nearly in a N. and S. direction, about 4 ms. long, exclusive of a long sandy beach. Gardner's Inlet, New Hanover, Pacific coan of N. America. Lon. W. C. 51 43 W., lat. 53 35 N. Gardner's Store, post office, Dallas co,, Ala. Gardner's Tavern, post office, Hanover co,, Va., 20 ms. from Richmond. Gardner, tp., Worcester co., Mass., on the highland between the sources of the W. branch of Nashua river, and those of Millers river, 60 ms. NW. from Boston. Garland, lown, Penobscot co.. Me., 28 ms. N W. from Barigor. GAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEA Garonne, river ofFr., which has its source in the Pyrenean mounlains, and, taking a NW. di rection, walers Toulouse and Bourdeaux, below which.it is joined by the Dordogne, and ihence to its entrance into the Bay of Biscay assumes the name of Gironde. Il communicates with tbe Mediterranean, by its junction wilh the Royal canal. Garonne, Upper, dep.^olFr., which compre hends part of Languedoc. Toulouse is the capital. I Garrard, co., Ky., bounded hy Rockcastle SB., Lincoln SW,, Mercer NW., Kentucky river or Jessamine N., and Madison NE.; length 28 ms. , mean width 8, area 220 sq. ms. Chief town, Lancaster. Pop. in 1840, 10,480. Central lat. 37 40 N., lon. W. C. 7 25 W. Garretsville, village, Otsego co., N. Y., on Butternut creek, 75 ms. W. from Albany. -^ — Village on the norlheasternmost border of Porlage CO., O., 18 ms. NE. of Ravenna, the co. seat, and 12 ms. N W. by W. of Warren. Garrison, town of Ireland, in the co,, of Fer managh, 10 ms. SB, of Ballyshannon. Lon. 17 43 W., lat. 54 25 N. Garstzang, town of Eng., in Lancashire, on the river Wyre, 10 ms. S. of Lancaster, and 235 NNW. of London-. Lon. 2 53 W., lat. 53 56 N. Gariz, town of Pomerania, sealed on the Oder, 13 ms. S. of Stetin. Lon. 14 45 E., lat. 53 33 N. Garwood's Mills. — See East Liberty, Logan CO. 0. Gasconade, river of Mo., rises in Wayne eo., interlocking sources wilh those of While, St. Francis, and Merrimac, and, flowing N., enters Missouri about 100 ms. above St. Louis. Gascony, lale province of Fr., bounded on the W. by the bay of Biscay, on the N. by.Guienne, on E. by Languedoc, and on the S, by the Pyre nees. This province, with Armagnac, is now in cluded in the dep. of Gers. Gaspe, bay of L. C, SW. from Cape Gaspe. The shores are high and rocky. Cape of L. C., in the gulf of St, Lawrence, between Cape Rosier and Gaspe bay. Lon. W. C. 12 30 E , lat.48 50 N. District of L. C, on the right side of St. Lawrence bay, bounded N. by St. Lawrence, E, by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and S, hy Chaleur bay and the province of New Brunswick. New Carlisle, principal town. Seigniory, Bucking ham CO., L. C, 15 ms. SW. from Quebec, on the left side of Beaurivage river. Gaasaway's Mills, post office, Monrbe co,, 0., by post road, 144 ms. a liltle S. of E. from Cin cinnati. Gatehouae, considerable village of Scot,, in Kir cudbrightshire, at the mouth of the river Fleet, with a cotton mill. The river is navigable for sloops within a short distance of the lown. It is 9 ms, NW. of Kircudbright. Galea, tp., Monroe co., N. Y., N. from the moqth of Genesee river. Pop. in 1820, 2,643. Co. of N. C, bounded N. by Va., W. by Chowan river, S. by Chowan co., SE. by Perqui mans, and E. by Pasquotank ; length 23 ms., mean width 12 ; area 276 sq, ms. Surface level, and soil partly sandy, or swampy. Chief town. Hertford. Pop. in 1820, 6,837; and in 1840» 8,161. Central lat. 36 23 N., Ion. W. C. 1.5' E. C. H. and post office. Gales co., N. C, about 50 ms. SW. from Norfolk, in Va., and 150 NE. from Raleigh. Gates's Mills, and postoffice, Mayfield tp., Cuy ahoga CO., O,, nearly on the easiern border of the CO., 15 ms. B. of Cleveland, and 15 ms. SW. of Chardon, the co. seat of Geauga oo. Gallon, borough of Eng,, in Surry, 19 ms. S. by W. of London. Lon. 10' W., lat, 51 18 N. Gavardo, town of Italy, in the Bresciano, sealed on the Weise, 7 ms. W. of Lake Garda. Lon. 10 9E., lat. 44 40 N. Gaudens, St., town of Fr,, in the dep. of Up^ per Garonne, and lale province of Languedoc, seat ed on the Garonne, 8 ms. NE. of St. Bertrand. Lon. 56' E., lat. 43 1 N. ' Gaveren, or Waveren, town of Austrian Flan ders, sealed on the Scheldt, 8 ras. S. of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E,, lat. 50 46 N. Guvi, town of Italy, in the lerriiory of Genoa, seated on IheLemo, 19 ms. NW. of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 E., lat. 45 40 N. Gau, or G.vw, so found as suffix lo names of places, is from the old German, and means a dis trict. Gauley, river of Va,, rises in Randolph co.,and, flowing nearly W., separates Greenbriar from Ken awha COS., and enters ihe right side of Kenawha at the Great falls. Gauls, or "Gales," two chains of mountains in Hindoostan, — See Ghauts. Gayhead, W. point of Martha's Vineyard. Gas, according to Lunier, is a " word invented by Van Helmont, to designate a liquid incapable of coagulation. It is the name given to aeriform fluids, compressible, elastic, transparent, wilhout color, invisible, incondensible in liquor by cold ; intermixible in atmospheric air in every propor tion, and having all the apparent properties of air, without capability of performing its functions." Gaza, ancient and celebrated town of Palestine, 3 ms. from the Mediterranean, wilh a harbor call ed New Gaza, 50 ms. SW. of Jerusalem. Lon, 34 45 E,, lat. 31 28 N, Gazetta, a small Venetian coin, from which comes, by transition, the term gazette. The first publication made in Europe lo answer the purposes of what we now call a newspaper, were printed in Venice, and sold per sheet for a gazetta; hence the name of one of the greatest aids to human reason. Gazitte, now adopted for public prints ofa sin gle sheet, with the same meaning as newspaper, but coming from the name of a small Venilian coin called gazetta, for which the first of those sheets printed were sold. Venice, therefore, has the dou ble honor of having originated the first newspaper and of giving to them a general title. Gearon, or Jaron, town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are pro duced. Lon. 51 17 B,, lat. 28 15 N. Geauga, a lake county of Ohio, bounded E. by Ashtabula, Trumbull SE., I'brlage 8,, Cuyahoga W., and Lake Erie N. ; greatest length on the easiern border 35 ms,, mean lengih 30, and area 600 sq. ms., as the breadlh is four 5-mile town ships. In latitude it extends from 41 22 to 41 5U 341 GEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEN N., and in lon. W. C. from 4 5 to 4 26 W. The SE. part of this co. is drained southerly by the ex treme sources of Cuyahoga river the residue slopes towards Lake Erie northwesterly, and in that di rection is drained by Chagrin and Grand rivers. The surface of this county is mostly hilly, but soil fertile. Chardon is the county seat ; but Paines ville is the superior business place of the county, though 3 ms. from the lake shore. Pop. of the co. in 1820, 7,791; in 1830, 15,813; and in 1840, 16,297. Gebail, lown and seaport of Syria, ancient Bayb- los, 30 ms. NE. from Beyroot. Gebhart's, post office, Somerset county, Penn sylvania, by post road 152 miles SSW. from Har risburg. Geddes, village, Onondago county, N, Y., 3 ms. SW. from Salina. Gee's Store, post office, Halifax co, N. C, 116 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Geste, the capital of the province of Gestrike, in Sweden, seated on three branches of a river of the same name, vvhich begins to be navigable here, and falls, in a short distance, into a bay of the Baltic. It is the most commercial town in this northern part of Sweden ; and ils exports are principally iron, pilch, tar, and planks. It is 65 ms. N. by W, of Stockholm. Lon 17° E., lat 63° N. Gegenbach, free imperial city of Suabia, under the protection of the house of .\uslria. It is seated on the Kinzia, 12 ms. SE. of Strasburg. Lon. 8 2 E , lat. 48 24 N. Geldiure, town ol Suabia, near the river Ko- cher, with a castle belonging to the lords of Lim burg. Geislengen, an imperial town of Suabia, 17 ms. NW. of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E., lat. 48 36 N. Geismar, town of Germany, in the principaUly of Hesse. Longitude 8 57 E., latitude 51 19 North. Gelhausen, small imperial lown of Weleravia, under the protection of the elector palatine, wilh a castle, sealed on the Kinlzig, 25 ms. £. of Hanau. Lon. 9 15 E., lat. 60 7 N. Gemapve, village of Belgium, 3 ms, W. by S. of Mons. Gemblours, town of the kingdom of the Bel gium, in BrabanI, on the Orneau, 22 ms. SE. of Brussels. Lon. 4 51 E.. lat. 50 37 N. Geminiani, St., town of Tuscany, in the Flo rentino, seated on a mountain, in which is a mine of vitriol, 25 ms. SSW. of Florence. Gemmingen, town of Germany, in the palatin ate of the Rhine, 30 ms. E. of Philipsburgh. Lon. 9 13 E,, lal, 49 6 N. Gemund, imperial town of Suabia, with a man ufacture of chaplets or beads, which are sent to dis tant countries. It was taken by the French in Au gust, 1796, and is sealed on the Reims, 30 ms. N. by W. of Ulm. Lon. 9 48 E., lat. 48 48 N. Town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers, seal ed on the Roer, 34 ms. SW. of Cologne. Lon, 6 48 E., lal. 50 38 N. Town of Upper Austria, remarkable for ils salt works, seated to the N. of a lake of the same name, on the river Draun, 20 ms. SSW. of Lintz. Genap, town of the kingdom of the Belgium, in Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles SE. of Brus sels. Lon. 4 40 E., lat. 50 40 N. 343 Geneganislet, post office, Chenango co,, New York. Genep, or Gennep, town of Westphalia, subject lo the king of Prussia, and scaled on the Nears, 5 ms. SW. of Cleves. Lon. 5 48 B., lat. 51 42 North. Geneseo, town, Livingston co., N. Y., E. from Genesee river, 29 ms, above Rochester, and, by post road, 42 ms. W. from Canandaigua. G^enesee, river, rises in Potter county, Pa., and, flowing NNW., enters Alleghany co,, N. Y., and, continuing that direction 30 ms., turns to NNE. 65 ms. through Alleghany, Livingston, and Monroe COS., falls into Lake Ontario 30 ms. NW. from Canandaigua, and, by water, 10 ms. below Roch ester. This stream is navigable for large boats 10 ms., to its falls at Rochester. Above the falls il is again navigable al high waler lo near Angelica, in Alleghany co, Tho grand Western canal closes the Genesee at Rochester. County, N. Y., bounded S, by Alleghany and Cattaraugus, W. by Erie and Niagara, N. by Lake Onlario, and E, by Monroe and Livingston cos.; length 52 ms., width 26, area 1,356 sq. miles. The surface of this eo., with very partial exceptions, is hilly. The soilii very varied in quality, but may in general be con sidered as productive in grain, fruits, and meadow grasses. The central part is a kind of table land, from which flow the sources of Buffalo and Ton- nenranlo creeks to the W., and Black and Allen creeks, branches of Genesee river, to the NE. Tho Grand canal traverses the norlhern part of this county, along the Ontario hills Chieflown, Batavia. Pop. in 1820, 58,693; and in 1840, 59,587. Central latitude 43°, longitude Wash ington Cily 1 18 W. Town, Livingston co. — See Geneseo. Geneva, Lake of, ancient Leman, a magnifi cent expanse of water in Switzerland, which, from the city of Geneva to Villeneuve, extends 54 ms. in lengih ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is 12 ms. It is in the shape of a crescent, of which Switzerland forms the concave and Savoy the con vex part. Geneva, ancient, large, and populous town, capilal of a republic of the same name, and a member of the Swiss confederacy, near the con fines of France and Switzerland. It is seated on the most narrow part of a lake of the same name, where the Rhone issues in two large narrow chan nels, which soon aftei unite. This river divides the city inlo two unequal parls. Geneva, which lies partly in the plain on the borders of the lake, and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built. It is the most populous town of Switzerland, con taining 24,000 souls. Geneva is 40 ms, NE. of Chamberry, and 136 NW. of Turin. Lon. 6 i B., lal. 46 12 N. Town, Seneca tp., Onta rio county. New York, on the NW. margin of Seneca lake. In this vallage is a bank, an academy, and several manufactories, two print ing offices, and several places of public wor ship. The site is uncommonly fine, rising by gen tle acclivity from the lake, and affording an ele gant prospect of the lake and adjacent country. It is 16 ms. E. from Canandaigua and 22 W. from Auburn. The pop. aboot 2,000 ; by the census of 1830, the tp. contained a pop. of 6,161, and in 1840, 7,073. Lat. 42 54 N., lon. very near GEO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEO the meridian of W. C. Tp., Ashtabula co,, Ohio, on Lake Erie. It is the NW. tp, of the CO., and the village in it is situated about 12 ms. NW. from Jefferson, the CO. seat. Village, Jen nings CO., Ia., by post road 54 ms. SSE. from In dianapolis. See New Geneva. Genemeve — See St. Genevieve. Genevois, duchy of Savoy, of which Geneva and its territory were formerly a part. Annecy is the capital. Gengenback, town oi Suabia, 10 ms. SB. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 53 E., lat. 48 28 N. Gengoux de Royal, St., town of France, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, reraarkable for its excellent wines. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 17 ms. SW. of Chalons. Lon. 4 43 E., lat. 46 37 N. Geniz, St., lown of France, in the department of Aveiron, 34 ms. NB. of Rhodes. Lon. 3° B., lat, 44 35 N. , Genis, town of Savoy, on the Guier, 12 ms. W. of Chamberry. Lon. 5 30 E., lat. 45 40 N. Genite Bridge, post office, Powhatan co., Va., 34 ms. W. from Richmond. Genoa, formerly a republic of Italy, now a province of Sardinia, extending along that part of the Mediterranean called the Gulf of Genoa 152 ras. ; but its breadth is very unequal, being from 8 to 12 ms. Where it is not bounded by the sea, it is bordered from W. to E. by Piedmont, Mont- serrat, Milan, Placentia, Parma, Tuscany, and Lucca. It is populous, well cultivated, and fertile, near the sea ; but the inner parts are mountainous, and barren in several places, having neither trees nor grass upon them. Ancient city of Ilaly, cap ital of the province of the same name. Tt is situ- ted at the bottom of a little gulf, partly on the de clivity of a pleasant hill, in consequence of which it appears to great advantage from the sea. It is defended on the land side by a double wall, which. In circumference, is about 6 ms. Genoa is 62 ms. SE. of Turin, and 225 NW. of Rome. Lon. 8 41 E., lat. 44 25 N. Town, Cayuga co., N. Y., on the E. side of Cayuga lake, 26 ms. S. from Auburn. Pop. in 1820, 2,585, Post office in the southern part of Delaware co., Ohio, about 29 ms. a little E. of N. of Columbus. Gentile, a lerm long applied to those people who were neither Jews nor Christians. It is in meaning correlative with Pagan, and would seem from the original meaning of both, to mean igno rant persons, or persons who knew not the truth. " The Hebrews," says Webster, " included under the term Goim, or Natiohs, all those tribes who had not received the True Faith." ' Pagan comes from paganus, a villager or clown — ignorant per son; hence peasant. Heathen again means an inhabitant of the heath ; and what is in no slight degree curious is, that the Arabic word kaffir, or caffir, means the same as pagan and heathen," an inhabitant of huts, the fields, or woods, or, in plain terms, a savage. Geo, from Gr. Gi the earth, commences many terms in our language, all relating to the earlh. Geocentric, in astronomy, to express the longitude of a planet in relation to the earth. Ge- ocyclic, any instrument made to reptesent the movement of the earth round the sun, and in par ticular to show the phenomena of the seasons by the parallelism of the axis to itself in all parts of the orbit. Geodesic, usually called surveying, measuring, and dividing land amongst different pro prietors. Geognosy, Greek, earth and knowl edge. Geology has, in fact, the same meaning. GKoaiiAPUT, Gr., the earlh, and grapho, to describe. GEOHTimooitAPHY, description of earth and water. Gkometbt Gr., the earlh; metron, measure. Geoponics, Gr., equivalent lo agricul ture ; Georgic, same meaning ; Geoatatic. , weight of heavy solid bodies, as contradistinguished from Hydrostatics, weight of fluids. Geocyclick, Greek, gd, the earth, and kyclos, circle — a name given to any machine showing the motion of the earth round the sun, with the axis of Ihe latler kept parallel to itself. Geohesy, Greek, gi, the earlh, and daid, to divide — has the same meaning as our common term "surveying ;" but the former is most usually applied to extensive geometrical operations, as to measure tracts to procure elements for constructing maps, or to measure a degree of the meridian, or for canals, roads, &c. Geography, from Greek — gi, the earth, and grapho, to write — a written description of the earlh or its parts. George, Fort, strong and regular fortress of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, on a peninsula run ning into the Murray Frith, and completely com mands the entrance into the harbor of Inverness. George, Fori. See Madras. George, lake of N. Y. It lies SW. of Lake Champlain, and is 35 ms. long, but narrow. The adjacent couniry is mountainous. The scenery around this beautiful sheet of water is high, bold, and extremely romantic. Its vicinity is a favorite resort in summer of the visitants to Ballston and Saratoga springs. It is about 33 ms. long, wilh a mean width of about 2 ms. Lake of Florida, in N. Iat. 29°, about 25 ms. long and 8 wide. This lake is a mere dilatation of St. John's river, and is generally surrounded by low marshy grounds. What land is of a sufficient height for cultivation is generally of the first-rate quality. The timber, live oak, cabbage, palm, cypress, and pine. George, St., one of the Azores. The inhabit ants are employed in the cultivation of wheat. Pop. about 5,000. Lon. 28° W., lat. 38 39 N. Island of the U. S., in the strait of St. Mary, that forms the communication between Lake Su perior and Lake Huron. George del Mina, St., best fort on the Gold Coast of Guinea, and the principal settlement of the Dutch in those parts. It is 30 ms. W. by S. of Cape Coast Casile. Lon. 22' W., lat. 6 3 North. George's, St., small island in the Gulf of Ven ice, lying to the S. of Venice, to which it is sub ject. Here is a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of the finest in Italy. Largest of the Bermuda islands, in which is the town of St. George, the capital of all the islands. Lon. 65 30 W., lat. 32 45 N. Island in the Gulf of Mex ico, opposite tbe mouth of the Appalachicola. Lon. W. C. 7 50 W., lat. 29 30 N. George's Key, St., small island ofN. America, off the coast of Honduras. It is likewise called Cassina, or Cayp Cassina.* By a convention in 343 »,„Wi,^-..w»*.t'-»«™K™"'.'»'' ¦'vm» GEO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEO 1786, the English logwood cutters were permitted to occupy this island. George's, post office, St. Francis co.. Mo., about 70 ms. a little W. of S. from St. Louis. Georgeaville, village, Franklin co, 0., on Dar by creek, 13 ms. SW. from Columbus. Georgetown, village on the left bank of the Ohio river, Beaver co,. Pa., immediately above the Va. line, 40 ms, WNW. from Pittsburg. Village, Mercer CO., Pa. Village, Brown co., 0., on the road from West Union to Cincinnati, 40 ms. SB. by E. from the lalter, 23 a litlle N. of W. from the former, and by post road 107 ms, SSW. from Columbus. Tp., Lincoln co., Me., on the left side of the Kennebec river, at its mouth. Tp. and village, Madison co,, N. Y, Town and seat of justice, Sussex co., Del., on the dividing ground between the heads of Indian and Nanticoke rivers, 40 ms. from Dover. Lat. .38 42 N., lon. W. C. 1 37 E, Town and port of entry, D. C, 3 ms. W. from the Capitol. The site of Georgetown is an acclivity rising by a bold sweep from P.otomac river and Rock creek. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic college, which possesses two large buildings, a well-chosen Ubra- ry of 7,000 volumes, and about 150 students. "This lown is the mart of considerable commercial business. See art. District of Columbia. Village, Kent co., Md., on the left bank of Sas safras river, 65 ms. SW. from Philadelphia, District of S. C, bounded by the .A.tlantic ocean SB., by Santee river or Charleston SW., by Wil liamsburg NW., and by Marion and Horry NE. Length 36, mean width 25 ms. ; area 900 sq. ms. Surface generally level, and in part sandy or swampy. Soil of middling quality. Chieflown, Georgetown. Pop. 1820, 17,603; 1840, 18,274. Cent. lat. 33 30 N., lon. W. C. 2 25 W. Village, seaporl, and seat of jusiice, Georgetown districts. C, on the point between Sampit creek and Black river, near the head of Winyan bay, 60 ms. NE. from Charleston. Lat. 33 21 N. It is well situated for a port of trade, the bar at the moulh of Pedee admitting vessels of 11 feet draught, and having the extensive country watered by the Great Pedee and its branches in ihe rear. It contains several places of public worship, a bank, and the ordinary buildings necessary for legal purposes. Village, Warren co., Geo., on the left side of Ogechee river, 60 ms. from Savannah, and 35 above Louisville. Village, Beaver co., Penn. Town and seat of justice, Scott, CO., Ky., on the left bank of North Elkhorn creek, 15. ms. E. from Frankfort. It contains a court-house, bank, printing office, and several places of public worship. Lat. 38 14 N., lon. W. C. 7 28 W. Village, Harrison co., 0., 6 ms. SE. from Cadiz. Village and co. seat, in Pleasant tp. of Brown co., 0.; situated about 7| ms. from Ohio river, on the road from West Union lo Cincinnati, about 105 ms. by postroad SSW. from Columbus, 45 ms. SB. by E. from Cincinnati, 23'SE. from Batavia, and 22 a little N. of W. from West Union, N. lat. 38 58 lon. W. C. 6 42 W. Pop. 1836, 500, in 184^ the tp. contained 1,970.-- Village Dearborn co., Ia. Called by the Dutch Stabroeck, town of S. America, in Demarara, on the right bank of Demarara river. Lon. W. C. 19° E., lat. 6 40 N. Pop. 9,000, 344 Georgetown Cross Roads, post oflice, Kent co., Md,, 3 ms. S. from Georgetown. Georgia, country of Asia, called by the Per sians Gurdistan, or more correctly Koordistan, and by the Turks Gurtshi. It is one of the seven Caucassian nations iu the countries between the Black sea and the Caspian, and comprehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. Il is bounded on the N. by Circassia, E. hy Daghestan and Schirvan, S. by Armenia, and W. by Cuban, or the new Russian Government of Caucasia. It is divided into 9 provinces. Of these, 5 form what is com monly called the kingdom of Georgia, and 4 the kingdom or principality of Imeritia. The last reigning prince ceded this country to Russia on his death, which happened in 1800. Tlie hills of Georgia are covered wilh forests of oak, ash, beech, chesnuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of grapes, from which much wine and brandy are made. Colton grows spontaneously, as well as the finest European fruit trees. Rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plains, almost wilhout culture. The valleys afford the finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the mountains abound in minerals, and the climale is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, being fed by mounlain torrents, are always either loo rapid or too shallow for the purposes of navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the Greek com munion. The principal 'mountains are the Cau casus, separating it from Circassia. Georgia, one of the U. S,; bounded SE. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by Fa., W. Ala., N. by Tenn., and NE. by S. C. Length 380 ms., mean width 150 ; area within a small fraction of 58,000 sq. ms., equal to 37,120,000 acres. Ly ing between lat. 30 22 and 35° N. Of all the States ofthe U. S., Georgia presents the greatest diversity of climale and of vegetable production, indigenous and exotic. Its moun tainous northern extremity rises inlo an elevation favorable to the cereal gramina, whilst its south ern extremity, on the branches of Appalachicola, St. Mary's, and Alatamaha, have a climate sufficiently mild to permit the growth, and even profitable culture, of the sugar cane, orange, olive, date, and lemon trees. Between those exlremes, every valuable vegetable substance produced in the U. S. can be brought to perfection. From the much higher temperature of the seasons on the Atlantic coast than those in the basin of the Mississippi, tender tropical vegetables are culti vated upwards of two degrees of latitude further N. in the former than in the lalter region. Sweet oranges are cultivated in Beaufort district, S. C. Lat. 33 30 N. This fruit ceases in La. at aboul lat. 30 10 N. Oranges are cultivated along the entire seaboard of Ga., as is the sugar cane. Cotton may, however, be considered as the staple commodity of the Stale. Ga. is naturally divid ed into three zones, presenting very distinct and appropriate features. First, the almost flat and in many places inundated sea border ; the sand hill tract, between the sea border and the falls of the rivers ; and, lastly, the hilly and mouniainous section above the falls. The first is marked by some very productive islands, but generally by a marshy or sterile pine wood soil, reaching 80 or GEO .GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEO 90 ms. inland. The second, or sand-hill tract, interspersed with much very valuable river allu vion. The third, the raost extensive, most fertile, and much the most salubrious part of the State, reaches from the interior ofthe middle zone to the utmost limits ofthe Slate. On the latter, are cuiti vated in full perfection all the grains ofthe U. S., rice excepted, ond an indefinite variety of orchard and garden fruits, and other vegetables. Taiten as a Vvhole, this Slate produces grain, sugar, cot ton, tobacco, indigo, &c. The inleresls of educa tion have received their share of attention in Ga. An university has been planned and partially es tablished, consisting of Franklin college, already in operalion at Athens, and of an academy in tended lo be located in each co. The latter part of the design remains necessarily incomplete, though several academical establishments have been actually formed. Free schools were pro jected in 1817, and 200,000 dollars appropriated by the Legislature to carry the enlightened pro ject into effect. The State is judicially divided inlo four dis tricts — soulhern, eastern, middle, and wesiern. Similar to olher Stales of the U. S., the Legis lature of Ga. consists of a Senate and House of Representatives ; but elections are more than or dinarily frequent. The members of both Houses nre chosen annually hy the respective cos. The Governor is chosen ijiennially by the Legislature. In point of commercial importance, Ga., from the value of her products, holds a high rank ; in 1817, her exports amounted to near 9,000,000 of dollars, and in 1836 amounted to upwards of 10,000,000 dollars. A railroad has been projected, and in part executed, to extend from Augusta through the Stale, in a northweslern direction, to the Tennessee line, on a branch of Tennessee river; another railroad to leave Savannah, and, passing by Macon, join the first at the lown of Decatur, in DeKalbco.; and a third to leave Biuns- wick harbor, in Glynn co,, and extend SW. by W. across the State, to itsSW. angle, at the junc tion of the Flint and Chattahooche river. Isf, about - - 260 ms. 2d, about - - 280 3d, about ' - 200 Total 740 Savannah, the capital, is also the principal sea port and mart of the State. Pop. in 1840, 11,214. Sunbury, Brunswick, Darien, and particularly St. Mary's, have all good harbors, ihough neither have depth of water to claim rank as first-rate havens. Progreaaive population of Georgia, by counties. Counties, IM). 1830. 1840, Appling 1,264 1,468 2,052 Baiter - 1,253 4,2-26 Baldwin 7,734 7,296 7,250 Bibb - 7,154 9,802 Bryan 3,021 3,139 3,182 Bullock 2,578 •2,587 3,102 Burke 11,577 11,833 13,176 Buns - 4,944 5,308 Camden 4,342 4,578 6,075 44* Table — Continued. Counlies, 1820. 1830, 1840, Campbell 3,323 6,370 t.'.arroll 3,419 6,252 Cass - - I9,,390 Chuiliam U,737 14,127 18,801 Chiittaoga - 10,176 3,438 Cherokee - - 6,895 Clarke 8,7G7 10,522 Cobb - - 7,639 Columbia 12,695 12,606 11,356 Coweta - 6,003 10,364 Crawford 5,313 7,981 Dade - 1,364 Decaiur 3,854 5,872 De Kalb ¦' 10,042 10,467 Dooley 2,1,33 M,427 Early 768 2,031 5,444 Eliiiigham 3,018 2,924 3,075 Elbert 11,788 12,354 11,125 Emanuel 2,928 2,673 3,129 Fayeite - 6,504 ' 6,191 Floyd - 4,441 Forsyth _ - 5,619 Franklin 9,040 10,107 9,886 Gilmer * 2,536 Glynn 3,418 4,567 5,302 Greene 13,539 12,549 11,690 GwinuHit 4,589 13,289 10,804 Habersham 3,145 10,671 7,961 Hall 5,086 11,748 7,875 Hancock 12,734 ll.ffiO 9,659 H^trris - 5,005 13,9S3 HeanI - 6,329 Henry 10,506 11,766 Ho u sion t 7,369 9,711 Irwin 411 1,180 2,038 Jackson 8,355 9,004 8,522 JasperJetierson 14,614 . ra,i3i 11,111 7,056 7,309 7,2,54 Jones 16,560 13 345 10,063 Laurens 5,436 5,689 6,583 Lee - 1,680 4,520 Liberty 6,695 7,233 7,241 Lincoln 6,458 6,145 5,895 Lowndes 2,453 6,574 Lumpkin - 6,671 Macon - - 6,045 Madison 3,735 4,646 4,610 Marion 1,436 4,812 Mclnlosh 5"l29 4,998 6,360 Meriwether I 4,422 14,132 Monroe - 10.202 16,275 Montgomery 1,852 1,269 1,616 Morgan 13,520 12,046 9,121 Murray - - 4,695 Muscogee 3,508 11,699 Newton - 11,155 11,628 Oglethorpe 14,046 13,618 10,868 Paulding ~ - 2,656 Pike > _ 6,149 9,176 Pulaski 5,283 4,906 5,389 Putnam 15,475 13,261 10,260 Rabun 524 2,176 1,912 Randolph _ 2,191 8,276 Richmond 8,603 •11,644 11,932 Scriven 3,941 ¦ 4,776 4,794 Stewart - - 12,933 Sumter - 5,759 Talhot 5,940 15,627 Taliaferro - 4,934 6,190 Tatnall 2,644 2,040 2,724 Telfair 2,104 2,136 2,763 Thomas - 3,299 6,766 Troup - 6,799 15,733 Twiggs 10,640 8,031 8,422 Union - - 3,162 Upson Walker 7,013 9,408 - - 6,572 Walton 4,192 10,929 10,209 Ware - 1,205 2,323 Warren 10,630 10,946 9,789 Washington 10,627 9,820 10,565 Wayne 1,010 963 1,238 Wilkes 17,607 14,237 . 10,148 Wilkinson 6,992 6,513 6,842 Tolal 340,972 616,823 691,392 345 GEO GEOGRAPHICAL' DICTIONARY. GEO Population of Georgia, by classes, from the census of 1840. Whites,— Ages, Males, Females. Oto5 43,739 40,579 5tol0 - . 33,899 32,089 10 to 15 27,136 25,993 15 to 20 - 20,897 22,395 20 to 30 34,696 31,705 30 to 40 22,196 19,603 40 to 50 - 13,886 12,300 50 to 60 7,623 6,795 60 to 70 4,240 3,679 70 to SO 1,641 1,485 80 to 90 455 V 443 90 to 100 - 87 79 100 and upwards - 19 25 210,534 197,161 210,334 Total wliites - 407,695 Free colored. Slaves, Males, Fem's. Males, Fem's. OtolO 427 375 48,933 48,445 10to24 375 381 43,630 44,346 24 to 36 232 229 24,953 27,557 36 to 55 193 192 16,319 16,265 55 to 100 137 178 5,374 4,922 100 and upwards 8 24' 126 72 1,374 1,379 1,374 139,335 141,609 139,333 Total \ 2,753 280,944 « SUMMARY, Whites - 407.695 Free colored 2,75£ Slaves - 280,944 Total 691,392 Population of Georgia, hy counties, in 1840. White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 yeara of age . 78 Do. from 14 t,o 25 - - 62 Do, above 25 - 53 Do. total deaf and dumb 193 Do. blind - . 136 Do. insane and idiots at— Public charge 243 Private charge 574 Tolal whiles insane, &c. - 817 Colored persons, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb 64 Do. blind - 151 Do. insane and idiots ai— Private charge - 108 Public charge - - 26 Tolal of persons employed in- Mining - . 574 Agriculture - 209.383 Commerce - - - 2,428 Manufactured and trades - 7,984 Navigation on the ocean - 262 Do. canals, lakes, and rivers . 352 Learned professions - - . 1,250 Pensioners, for revolutionary and military services - 325 Universities or colleges - -11 Students in do ^ - - 622 Academies and Grammar schools 176 Doi students in - ' - 7.878 Primary and common schools . f '601 Do- scholars in - 15,561 Scholars at public chargft - . - 1,333 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write - - . 30,717 346 Free while Free col. Slaves, persons. persons. Counties. , Counlies, S T t B 5 — ; s & (2 S fc 5 b Union 1,542 1,553 41 ,3,1,52 Upson Walker 2,802 2,731 a 1 1,925 1,94c 9,40t 3,037 2„-.26 21 22 472 47^ 6,572 "Walton- 3,4-14 3,148 1 1,803 1,822 10,209 Ware 1,123 1,066 1 1 67 65 •2,;;-2:i Warren 2,601 2,373 41 36 2,309 2,2-27 9,789 Washington - 2,973 2,987 19 IS 2,375 2,191 10,663 Wayne 442 435 Si 6 168 199 l,2,5t' Wilkes 1.813 1,815 9 H 3,202 3,29i 10,148 Wilkinson 2,546 2,411 7 1-2 936 9311 6,S-12 Tolal 21053l'l97161 1374 1379 139335 141609 6B1392 Progre ssive population oj rCeoi gia. Years. Popolation. Ral io of increase. 1810 232,433 1820 . 340,989 131 1830 516,8-23 1,22 1840 ' 691,392 1,33 % Ratio of increase in 30 years, from 1810 to 1840,- 2.74. Georgia, gulf ofthe U. S., on the Pacific coast, between ilie continent and Quadra and Vancouver's island. It extends from Johnson's straits to the straits of John de Fuca, about 250 rns. This so called gulf is really a strail betv?een the continent of North .'\merica and the isband of so many names, as Quadra and Vancouver's, Queen Charlotte's, and the Wakash nation. Tlie southern entrance inlo this sirait is aboul 160 ms. N. of the moulh of Columbia river. Town of Franklin co., Vt., situaled on Ihc E. side of Lake ChampUin, about 5 ms N. of IVlilton, containing 1,800 inhabitants, Georgia, Southern, island of the South Pacific ocean, discovered by Capiain Cook in 177.5, and so named by him. It is 31 leagups long, and 10 in ils greatest breadth. It seems lo abound wilh bays and harbors, which the vast quantities of ice render inaccessible the greatest part of the year. The valleys were covered with snow, and the only vegetation observed was a bladed grass, growing in tufts, wild burnet, and » plant, like moss, which sprung from the rocks. Not a stream of fresh -water was to be seen on the whole coast. This island lies between 38 13 and 35 34 W. Ion., and 53 57 and 54 57 S. lat. Georgiersk, capilal of thS Russian province of Caucasus, as laid down on Black's map, is situ ated on a higher branch of the Kouma river, at N. lit. 44 45, lon. 42 45 E, London, about 140 ms. NE. of Soukoum Kaleh, on the Euxine, and 300 ms. southwestward of Astrakhan. ' Gepping, town of i^uabia, in Wirlemberg, on the river Wills, 25 ms. E. of Stutgard. Lon. 9 45 E., lat. 48 44 N. "Ger is mentioned by Pliny (1. 5, c. 1) as a river in Mauritania Csesarien'sis. Ger, or Gher, in the Berber language, signifies between, and is a very probable etymology of that river. There is a lown in the empire of Morocco, whieh at this day is called Gher. It lies to the SE. of Fez, between two ridges of Mount A.tlas. There is also Capo Gher, on the western coast of Morocco, between Mogador and Santa Cruz," — Hodgson, Gera, town of Germany, in Misnia, with a handsome college, on the river Elster. Lon. 11 ,i6 E., lat. 50 50 N. Geraw, town of Germany, In Hesse-Darmstadt, capilal of a district of the same name, 10 ms. NW. of Darmstadt. Lon. 8 39 E., lal. 49 45 N. Gerberoy, lown ofFr., in the dep. of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 50 ms. N. by W. of Paris. Lon. I 54 E., lal. 49 33 N. Gerbs, Gerbi\ or Zerbi, island on the coast of Tunis. It bears no other corn than barley, but has large quantities of figs, olives, and grapes, which, when dried, form the principal trade. It depends on the Dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10 30 E., lal. 33 56 N. Gerbevillers, town of Fr., in the dep. of Meur the, and lale province of Lorraine, on the Agen, 5 ms. from Luneville. Gergenti, town of Sicily, near the river St. Blaise, 50ms. S. ofPalermo. Lon. 1324E., lat. 4734 N. Gerisau, village of Switzerland on the N. side of the Lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi. It is a republic, the smallest in Europe. Ils territory is two leagues in length and one in breadlh, com posed entirely of scattered bouses and cottages, of a very neat and picturesque appearance. The in habitants are computed at about 1,200, and are rauch employed in preparing silk for the manufac tures at Basle. This republic is under the protec tion of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden ; and, in of case of war, furnishes ils quota of men. Gerisau is 12 ms. SW. of Schweitz. Germain, St., town of Fr,, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, ori the Seine, near a forest, 10 ms. NW. of Paris. Lon. 2 15 E., lat. 48 52 N. Germain's, St., borough of Eng., in Cornwall, near the sea, 10 ms. W. of Plymouth and 224 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 24 W., lat. 50 32 N. Germain Laval, St,, town of Fr., in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forez, remarkable for e.\cellent wine. It is 225 ms. SE. Paris. Lon. 4 2 E., lat. 45 50 N: German, town, Chenango co,, N. Y., 18 ms. W. from Norwich. Pop. in 1820, 2,675. Tp., Fayette cu.. Pa., on Brown's creek, 6 ms. W. from Union. Pop. iii 1820, 3,379. Tp., Clarke co., 0. Tp., Montgomery co., 0, Pop. 1820, 3,0V9. Western tp., Darke co,, O. Tp., Cape Girardeau co,, Mo. German Coasi, district of La., on bolh banks of the Mississippi river, above the parish of Orleans. — See St, Bernard, German Flats, town, Herkimer co., N, Y., on the level pointbetween Mohawk river and West Canada creek. The tp. is named from the extensive alluvial bottoms of the Mohawk. Pop. in 1820, 2,665. Germanna, village, on Rapid Ann river, in the NE. angle of Orange co., Va,, 72 ms. SW. from W. C, and 81 N. from Richmond. Germano, village in the northeastern part of Harrison co,, C, 10 ms. NE. of Cadiz. German Settlement, post office, Preston county, Va., 170 ms. a little of N. of W. from W. C. 347 GER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GER Germantown, town, Columbia co., N. Y., on Hudson river, 12 ms. below Hudson. Village, Philadelphia co., Pa., commencing 6 ms. and ex tending along the Reading road to Chestnut Hill, 10 ms. N. from Philadelphia. In this fine village is located Mount Airy College, a respectable lite rary institution. -Village, Fauquier co., Va.,49 ms. from W. C. Village, Hyde co., N. C, on the N. side of Pamlico sound, 30 ms. SE. by E. from Washingtom. Village, Stokes co., N. C, on Dan river, 100 ms. NW. froin Raleigh. Village, nearly on the line between Bracken and Mason counties, Ky., 33 ms. SE. from Cincinnaii, Village, in the SW. part of Montgomery co., O., situated on Twin creek, 13 ms. SW. of Day ton, 4 W. of Miamishurg, and 18 SE, by E. from Eaton, in Preble county. It is a very flourishing- village, and, according to the Ohio Gazetteer, it ' contained iii 1836 a population of 1,000. German ocean, that expanse of water bounded by Germany and France S., by the Brilish islands W., a part of the northern Atlantic N., and by Norway, Julland, and a part of Germany E. — See North sea, Germany, large country of Europe, bounded E. by Hungary and Russian and Austrian Poland, S by Ilaly and Switzerland, W. by France and the Netherlands, and N. by Denmark and the Baltic sea ; in length and breadlh il is about six hundred miles by a mean of three hundred and seventy, or area of 220,000 sq. miles. From its peculiar con stitution and political and moral consequence, we may so far depart from our usual brevity as to give a few geiieral facts of its history. In the ages when Roman power had risen lo the highest, the Ger man tribes were free, unsubdued, and braved the conquerers of so many other nations. As the Ro man power declined, German power and political consistency increased ; and when, in A. D. 476, the Roman empire of the west ceased to exist, it was superseded by the Goths, Alains, Suevi, Lom bards, Franks, and other German nations. In suc ceeding centuries, those new nations changed the ancient order of things, new laws, languages, and political divisions rose, and finally the Emperor Charlemagne, in the year 800, being then at the city of Rome, Pope Leo III. crowned him emperor, in St. Peter's church ; and Nicephorus, who was then emperor of the East, consented to this coro nation. -Mter the death of Charlemagne, and of Louis le Debonnaire, his .son and successor, the empire was divided between the four sons of the latter. Lothario, the first, was emperor ; Pepin was King of Aquitaine ; Louis, King of Germany; aiid Charles le Chauve, King of France. This partition was the source of incessant feuds. The French kept the empire under eight emperors, till the year 913, when Louis III, the last prince of the line of -Charlemagne, died without male issue. ^Conrad, Count of Franconia, the son-inlaw of Louis, was then elected emperor. . Thus the em pire went to the Germans, and became elective; for it had been hereditary under the French em perors.'" The emperor was chosen by the princes, the lords, and the deputies of cities, till the year 1 239, when the number of the electors was reduced to seven; one more was added in 1649, and an other in'1693 ; .these nine electors continued to the year 1798, vthen, in consequence of the altera 348 tions made in the constitution of the empire, un der the influence of France and Russia, ihey be came ten in number; namely, the elector and arch bishop of Ratisbon, the elector and King of Bohe mia, (the then emperor,) the elector of Bavaria, the elector of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg, (King of Prussia,) the elector of Hanover, (King of England,) the elector of Wurti^burg, (late grand duke of Tuscany,) the elector of Wirlemburg, the ' elector of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. Ro- dolphus. Count of Hapsburg, was elected emperor in 1273. He is the head of the house of Austria, which is descended from the same slock as the house of Lorraine, reunited to it in the person of Francis I., father of the two late emperors, Jpseph and Leopold. On the death of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, an emperor was chosen from the house of Bavaria, by the name of Charles VII. On the death of this prince, in 1745, ihe above- mentioned Francis, formerly Duke of Lorraine, and when elected Grand Duke of Tuscany, was elected emperor; whose grandson, Francis II., en joyed the dignity of Emperor of Germany till 1806, when he formally resigned the title and office. At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the preroga tives of the emperor were very considerable ; but, in 1437, Ihey were reduced to the right of confer ring all dignities and lilies, except the privilege of being a State of the empire ; of granting dispensa tions with respect to the age of majority ; of erect ing cities, and conferring the privilege of coining money; of calling the meetings of the diet, and presiding in them. Bul, afler all, there was not a foot of land annexed lo this lille ; for, ever since the reign of Charles IV., the emperors depended entirely on their hereditary dominions as the only source of their power, and even of their subsist ence. To prevent the calamities of a contested elec tion, a king ofthe Romams was often chosen in ihe lifetime of ihe emperor, on whose death he suc ceeded to the imperial dignity of course. The em peror (always elected and crowned at Frankfort on the .Maine) assumed the tillc of august, and pre tended to be successor to the emperors of Rome. Although he was chief of the empire, the supreme authority resided in the diet, which was composed of three colleges — the cbllege of electors, the col lege of princes, and the college of imperial towns. The diet had the power of making peace or war, of settling general impositions, and of regulating all the important afl'airs of the empire ; but ihe de cisions had not the force of law till the emperor gave his consent. When a war was determined on, every prince contributed his quota of men and money, as valued in the matriculation roll ; though, as an elector or prince, he might espouse a differ ent side from that of the diet. All the sovereigns of Germany have an absolute authority in their own dominions, and can lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances, provided they did nol prejudice the empire. They determine all civil causes defi nitely, unless in some particular cases, in which an appeal may be made. These appeals were to two courts, called the Imperial Chamber, at Welz- lar ; and the Aulic Council, at Vienna. The three principal religions are the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinists; bul Christians of all denominations are tolerated ; and there is a multi tude of Jews in all the great towns. GER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GER Germany was divided into nine circles, namely : Austria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, Westphalia, and Upper and Lower Saxony : each of these includes several other Slates; and Bohemia, Moravia, Lbsatia, and Silesia, are not comprised in the ten circles. Germany late ly conlained 6 archbishoprics and 38 bishoprics; but this hierarchy was thrown into ronfusion by Ihe secularizations in 1798, and is not yet restored to order ; the Archbishop of Ratisbon is primate and metropolitan of all Germany ; the see of .M^niz having been moved to Ratisbon, No country has undergone such a variety of changes for the last 20 years as Germany. This account must be consid ered as what Germany wos previous lo the year 1806 ; after which time, in consequence of the formation of the confederation of the Rhine, the emperor Francis II. resigned his ofiice as em peror of Germany, which dissolved that oncient constitution ,- and therefore that confederation may now be considered as abolished. By the confeder ation of 1815, Germany was new modelled, and now stands as follows : A permanent diet is form ed, and holds its sessions at Frankfort on the M-iine. The Stales whieh are entitled lo repre sentation in that body are the following : Statistical table of th? Germanic Confederation, from Liechtenstein, giving their respective area in statute square miles, their population, and the military contingents which each is bound to furnish in case of war States, Area in sq, ms. Population, AuJ,lria 265,000 28210,000 94,8-22 Prussia 108,300 10,224,0)0 79,234 Bavaria 31,000 3,525,000 35,600 Wurternburc 8,000 1,393,000 13,955 Baden, sraiTd duchy 5,860 1,004,000 10,000 Hesse DarmsLadl, grand duchy 3,822 619,000 6,195 HohenzoUern Heckingen 108 16,000 145 Liechtenstein ¦ 52 5,600 55 HohenzoUern Sigmarin gen - 383 35,500 336 Hesse Honiherg 165 •20,000 200 Franliforl on the Maine - 92 49,000 479 Saxony, the kingdom Saxe Gotha 3,691 1,200.000 12,000 1,138 1^4,000 1,857 Saxe Coburg ¦ - , -554 80,000 800 Sdxe IWeiningen 426 54,000 544 Saxe Hildeburshausen - 233 30,000 297 Reuss Greitz 144 22,.500 2-2;j Reuss Schleitz - 434 52,500 522 Hesse Electorate, CCaasel) 3,759 538,000 3 679 Nassau, grand duchy 2,300 303.000 3,028 Saxe Weimar, do 1,447 201,000 2,010 Anhalt Dessju - 337 53,000 529 236 37,000 370 Anhalt Knethen 315 33.000 325 »Schwanzb'g Snnderhausen 3-16 45,000 431 Schwartzburg Rudoldstadt 428 56,000 539 Hanover, kingdom 1,473 1,306,000 13,054 150 210,000 2,026 Waldeck 455 52,000 319 Schaumburg, Lippe 212 23,000 240 Lippe Detmold - 430 691 Holstein - 3,600 3,600 Mecklenburg Schwerin - 4,600 358,000 3,580 Mecklenburg Strelitz . '756 72,000 718 Holstein Oldenburg, grand duchy , - 258 217,778 •2,178 Lubec, tlie city - 114 41,000 407 Bremen, the city 44 49,000- - 485 HamburE, the city 1-26 123,698 1,298 Luxenibrii-g, duchy mi 300,000 2,566 450,000 60,816,000 301,637 See Zoll Yerein, or " German Customs Union." Though greatly changed politically, tho funda mental constitution of Germany was too deoply radicated in the manners, language, and thoughtu of Ihe Germans to admit of any essential revolution in ils sociely, but what arose from gradual meliora tion in the reasoning power and arts of life of the people. The changes have therefore been political meliorations, and, as such, aro still in progress. Note. — It will be seen Ihal, in the aggregates of population contained in this article and lhat of the Zoll Verein, there is a discrepancy ; but ihe cause is the different authorities for Ihe two arti cles, and in part, no doubt, from difference in lime of making the estimates. According to the Suabian Mercury, the advance in populalion of the principal cities of Germany wos as follows : Cities, Berlin, Prussia Carlsruhe, grand duchy ol Baden Cassel, Electoral Hesse Darmstadt, Ducal Hesse Dresden, kingdom of Saxony Hanover, kingdom of Hanover Munich, Bavaria - Slutgard, kingdom of Wurtemberg Vienna, Austria - Weimar, Ducal Saxony 1821. 192,317 315,541 16,021 23,484 23,692 31,349 15,450 29,007 52,000 80,989 24,000 29,0011 60.0-24 106,351 27,600 42,217 273,242 357,927 8,917 11,485 {^F^-om the London Morning Chronicle.} Railroads in Germany. — The year's result of the Gerrnan railroads at present in activity has been published, and shows an increase of nearly two millions of travellers in 1842, as compared wilh 1641. The following table will show the number of passengers and the amount (in English money) received for passengers and goods during the monlh of December, and during the whole of the year 1842: Names of railroads. Number of pas. sengers. Linz-Budweis - Linz-GiiiundenLeipzig- Altenburg Munich Augsburg Hamburg Bpigedorf 13er]io-S\ettin • Berlin-FrankfortBreslau Oppeln IVlanheim- Heidelberg Cologne Aix la Chapelle Dusseldorf Elberfeld ¦ Brunswick-Harzburg - Berlin-Anhalt - Vienria^lbckerfiuVi^nria-Brunn-Olinutz Magdeburg-Leipzig* - Leipzig Dresden Berlin Potsdam Mentz-Frankfort Nurembui'g-FurthVienna- Raab During Decem ber, 1842. None, 5.556 8,173 9,-2299,313 12,1351-3,278 14,-2.36I6„5(-i617,76019.113 20,70020,925 20,826 21,638 24,93230,50532,81133,874 36,335 Moneyreceiv- £1,566 1,2381,072 1,363 242 2,168 932 5-22 2,439 1,153 2,3295,873 1,076 9,416 7,4651,6651,487 '402 3,795 During the whole ot 1842. Number ofpassen gers. 14,-274 121,15,- 43,622 213,647 153,648 70,88033,274 139,099 307,692317,776384,916289,454 318,639321,490297,303377,,380 500,906 609,012 460,636 1,151,393 Money ,receiv- ed. £2;!,992 20,035 5,-266 26,865 6,277 7,353 8,633 9,696 39,914 14,893 79.677 14,894 110,617 98,679 2:j,69237,795 5,271 71,641 The lotal number of passengers during the monlh of December (wilhout including Magde- ? Had made no return at the end of January. 349 GER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GER burg and Leipsic) was 368,049; the number in the corresponding month of 1841 was 289,864. During the whole year of 1842 the number of passengers was 6,829,002, whereas in 1841 the number was 5,071,342; so that, on the whole year, there appears an increase of 1,757,660. In the returns of several of the lines, the amount re ceived is not specified, owing to their not having made up their accounts for the last quarter at the time the general statement was made up. Ap proximate calculations have in the mean time been made, according to which the whole number of travellers, along all the lines, has been estimated at 6,870,000, and the amount received 7,000,000 Rhenish florins, or about £583,333; a sum per haps less than was anticipated by the original esti ¦ mate| of the difterenl companies, but which must still be looked on as large, when the circumstances is taken into account that the majority of the twenty-one railroads enumerated in tlie above labl^ are still incomplete, or are only portions of a more extensive syslem, the real traffic of which will nol he known until the whole syslem has been brought intq activity. Even those lines which are com plete, such as the lines that connect Berlin and Dresden, "r Vienna and Olmutz, will probably be come much more productive to their proprietors when the other lines now in construction shall have covered all Germany with a net of railroads: The Linz-Budweis railroad conveys no passen gers during the winter months, owing to the ac cumulation of snow in the mountains, and the consequent impossibility of malting the trips wilh any degree of regularity. Indeed, upon all the German railroads, it will be seen tbe number of travellers was small in December compared to the monthly average of the year. The Leipzig-Altenburg line is only the com- mcncement of one which is lo connect the chief cities of Saxony with those of Bavaria. The road was partially opened to Altenburg on the 19th of September, and will, in a fevi' months, be further opened to Crimmilzchau. The Bavarian Govern ment seems determined that lhat pari of the rail road which wilt traverse Bavarian ground shall be constructed wilh the least possible delay. The railroad is to enter the Bavarian territory at Hof, whence it is to pass through Augsburg and Nu remburg, and run on to the southern frontier at Lindau ; thus traversing the entire kingdom frotn north lo south, a distance of about one hundred and fifty leagues. The bill for the construction of this railroad has been submilted to the Bavarian Chambers. The expenses of the construction are to be covered by a loan. The Munich-Augsburg company have declared a dividend for the year, on their shares, of three per cent. We have not heard whether the sharehold ers have made up their differences wilh the direct ors, or whether the company can yet be said lo have lost the unenviable distinction of being the worst managed of all the German railroads. The litle, however, which at the present mo ment justly excites the greatest interest in Germa ny ; and which to England is of inore importance than all the other German railroads put together, is the projected line from Hamburg to Berlin, of which as yet only a few miles have been completed, namely, from Hamburg to Bergedorf. The enter- 350 t prising mercantile community of Hamburg were, if we mistake not, the first in Germany to bestir themselves for the establishment of railroads, but encountered so many obstacles in the jealousy of their neighbors that one plan after another was abandoned in despair. Il was at length, however, determined lhat so much of the line towards Ber lin as ran upon their own territory should be exe cuted at all events, and they calculated that when a commencement had been made, they would find it all the easier to overcome personal objections. The result has justified that calculation. All oppo sition on the part of Denmark and Mecklenburg has gradually been overcome, the political difficul ties to the undertaking have been all obviated, and nothing now remains but to raise the necessary capilal in order to proceed with the construction of the railroad. In ordinary limes there would be no difficulty in obtaining, in Hamburg and Berlin, purchasers for all the shares in such an undertaking- as a railroad intended to connect the two cities ; but at the pres ent time several circumstances contribute to im pede the prompt filling up of the subscription list. The calamity which befel Hamburg last May is still severely felt there, independently of which Hamburg has largely participated in the eflfecls of that commercial depression under which England has now been suffering for so considerable a time. Many ofthe citizens of Hamburg have passed from affluence to poverty in consequence of the great fire, and many more are probably 'still struggling to conceal from the world the slate of insolvency to which that calamity has reduced them. Capital is, therefore, necessarily less abundant in Ham burg now than in more prosperous times, and other circumstances conti-ibute just now in Germany to invite the investment of surplus capilal in olher undertakings. The king of Prus sia has projected a colossal system of railroads to radiate from his capital towards the exireme points of his kingdom. Many of the lines which he has determined on, and which have received the sanc tion of the States, however important they maybe in a political or military point ot view, are not likely to produce much profit lo those who would make them at their own risk; the king, in order, nevertheless, to ensure their construction, has guar antied to the capitalists who will undertake them a minimum interest of three and a half per cent. This guaranty fund is not to be extended to the line from Berlin to Hamburg, which has been looked on by the Prussian Government as so se cure a speculation that no guaranty from the Slale would be requisite to induce capitalists to enter upon it. Eventually this anticipation will, nrf doubt, be fully justified ; but in the mean time what may be called the State railroads in Prussia will by many be deemed a safer investment, the Prus sian Government guarantying the dividends on the shares, not merely from the time when the rail roads shall have been completed, but from the day when the works commence. In addition to these circumstances, there are cer tain loadl jealousies and rivalries that are exerting such means as they have at their command to de lay, if they cannot wholly prevent, the construc tion of the railroad between Hamburg and Berlin. When the lines now in construction ore completed GER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GER there will be two great lines extending, the one from Trieste, over Vienna, Prague, and Uresderi, to Antwerp ; and the other from Trieste, over Vi enna, Breslau, and Berlin, to Hamburg. Should the line to Antwerp be finished sooner than that to Hamburg, there can scarcely be a doubt that the Antwerp line would become the raain artery for German commerce, and that much of the trade ol Hamburg would be drawn off by her Belgian rival. It may be worth while to present th? present stale of these two lines to our readers in a tabular form : Railnjads. Ready. In construction. From Trieste to Gloggnitz 50 miles. From Gloggnitz to Olmutz 40 miles. From Olmulz to Prague - 32 miles. From Prague to Dresden - _ 20 miles. From Dresden to Magde 30 miles. burg From Magdeburg to Han ["Not yet opened, but over 20 milea. I certain to be opened \^\u a few months. From Hanover to Cologne 48 miles. From Cologne to Antwerp Cor Ostend) 40 miles. 130 miles. 150 miles. Of the line from Trieste to Antwerp, therefore, 130 (German) miles of railroad are complete, and 150 miles remain to be executed ; but of the con struction of these 150 miles within a brief space of time, there can scarcely be a doubt, now that the Austrian and Belgian Governments have taken the respective lines under their powerful protection. Whether these Governments are acting wisely, in burdening themselves with a guaranty which must have the eflTect of adding to the national debt of eilher couniry, time alone can solve. The following is the present slate of the line from Trieste, over Vienna and Berlin, to Hamburg : From Trieste to Gloggnitz - From Gloggnitz to Leiptiick - From Leipnick to Oppeln From Oppeln to Breslau From Breslau to Frankfort on the Oder From Krankfort to Berlin From Berlin to Hamburg Ready. 40 milep 10 " 10 " 60 miles. In con struction. 50 milea 20 " 34 " 36 " 140 miles. On the former of these lines, it will be seen, a much larger portion of the work has been com pleted, a larger amount of capital has consquently been invested, and a powerful rival interest is or ganized, which will do what it can lo deter the timid from investing their funds in a railroad from Berlin to Hamburg. Bohemia, Saxony, Hanover, the Prussian provinces ou the Rhine, and Belgi um, are interested, or believe themselves lo be in terested, in defeating the Hamburgers, and the consequence has been an active paper warfare, which has of late been extended even to England. Calculation^ are constantly published in the news papers, wilh a view to demonstrate the improba bility of a remunerating traffic, and a friendly un easiness is even expressed, lest some unfortunate dupes should be prevailed upon, in England to throw away their money on so hopeless an under taking. An instance of this occurred in our own paper, on the 8lh instant, when an adveitisoment of some length was inserted in the shafie of a letter, purporting to proceed from an Englishman at Ber lin, who was made lo give expression to sundry ap prehensions lest the purses of his confiding coun trymen should be laid under contribution. We have no objection to warnings of this sort. John Bijll has, in his time, been seduced lo invest a deal of his hard-earned money in the purchase of moonshine, and it will be better for him in future to be too cautious than loo confident; at the same time, well aware of Ihe quarter whence these warnings proceed, and of the motives that dictate them, we are not inclined to attach much import ance to them, or to feel any deep obligation lo their authors. There is no city on the continent in whose wel fare England is more interested than Hamburg. Our exports lo that city average annually from five to six millions, (nearly the whole being colton and woollen manufactures and hardware,) and ev ery additional facility of communication wilh the interior must have the effect of increasing so pro fitable a trade. The railroads terminating at Ant werp run, moreover, through no part of Germany but the Stales imbodied in the Customs Union ; whereas neariy half the line from Hamburg to Ber lin passes through Danish and Mecklenburg terri tory, where the duties on Brilish manufactures are comparatively trifling, and are likely to remain so, neither of these two countries having any manu facturing inleresls lo protect, and bolh of them be ing deeply interested in cultivating a commercial intercourse wilh England, for the disposal of their agricultural produce. The moment eilher line is complete to Trieste, that line must become the road from England to India, in preference to that over Paris and Marseilles ; but there are many reasons why the line from Hamburg, over Berlin, about 900 English miles in length, would be pre ferable lo that from Antwerp, over Dresden and Prague, which would be at least 1,260 English miles long. The people of Hamburg look to England for some assistance in carrying out their railroad, in the realization of which they think England almost as much interested as themselves. Individual cap italists, however, will be guided by the prospects of profit only ; and of all the continental railroads, we know of none that promises better. At the termini of the. line we have a population amount ing lo more than half a million of souls ; and al-- though no large city occurs on the way, yet at both extremes the railroad will come into commu nication with an intercourse of wide extension and first rate importance. The country, moreover, through which Ihe railroad will run is nearly a dead level, and it may be doubted whether there is any railroad of the same length, in any part of ihe world, in the construction of which fewer natural difficulties have presented themselves, than may be looked for between Hamburg and Berlin. All the railroads terminating at Berlin, and now in ac tivity, have turned out profitable undertakings, and.nf all the shares are now at a considerable premium. The companies interested in the steam naviga- 351 GER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GEX lion from Hamburg to Magdeburg are also active in their exertions to prevent the realization of the railroad from Hamburg to Berlin, though it may be doubted whether the river traffic, parlicularly wilh thei steamers, would nol continue with nearly the present activity, even\ if the railroad were in full operation. The travellers to Saxony, Bohe mia, and Central Germany, would still continue to journey up the Elbe to Magdeburg. The Leipzig-Dresden line has published its an nual report, and a very satisfactory report it is for the shareholders. The dividend for the last year is to be 6 per cent., and the estimates fur the com ing year promise a considerable increase in the re ceipts, accompanied by a considerable reduction of expenditure. The receipts of 1842 showed an increase of 50 per cent., as compared with those of 1841. Till recently, this railroad had been working v\'ith a single line of rails. The second line is now completed, and will allow a greatly in creased activity. Branch lines are spoken of from Leipzig to Chemnitz, and from Dresden to Chdm- nitz, as likely to be undertaken in the course of the present year. No German Government is exerting itself more zealously in the cause of railroads at present than that of Austria. The report of the Vienna-Raab Company for the last year appears to have been quite an agreeable surprise to the shareholders, who, if we understand aright the abstract that has appeared in a German paper, have received 5 per cent, interest on their capital, independently of a half per cent, which has been paid over to the re served fund. The works of the Government, how ever, will in a short time give increased value to this line. Tbe works for the extension of the line to Trieste are in active progress, and so, at the other extremity, are those for the,exlension of the Vienna-Olmutz railroad lo Prague. A treaty has been concluded wilh the Saxon Government for the railroad from Prague to Dresden ; so far, therefore, as. Austria is concerned, the railroad from ihe Adriatic lo the Norlh sea has been pro vided for. Even during the winter, from five lo eight thousand workmen have been constantly at work on the Bohemian part of the line, but on the return of spring it is intended to strain every nerve to accelerate the great undertaking. A new German railroid, that between Heidel berg and Carlsruhe, will shortly be opened as far as from Heidelberg to Langenbriicken, a distance of about 15 miles. Experimental trips have been already performed, bul we have nol yet seen any account of the railroad having been opened for the use of the public. In the kingdom of Wurtemberg, also, the Gov ernment has very splendid schemes, which will probably he realized, but nol without imposing a considerable additional debt on the couniry, in the shape of a guaranly fund to the capitalists who advance their money. There are to be private railroads and State railroads in Wilrtemburg ; the former are to be undertaken by companies, to whom Ihe Government guaranties an interest of 4 per cent, on the capital advanced, reserving to it self, however, the light of buying up the railroads on payment of the money expended on them. The Slale railroads are lo be constructed by ihe Governmeni, and a loan is to be raised to defray 352 the expenditure. Among the lines recommended by the committee of the Second Chamber is one to connect the Rhine and the Danube, from which several branches are intended to radiate. In looking at the immense works now in pro gress in Germany, it is impossible to forbe'ar from speculating upon the vast results that must in a few years be obtained. With a railroad 900 miles in length it will be quite practicable to travel from Hamburg to Trieste in 40 or 50 hours, and thus a saving of several days will be effected in the tran sit of the overland mail from India to England. The whole syslem of continental travelling, more over, must undergo a change, for it will be intoler ably absurd to make a man waste days at a rail road station on the formalities of his passport, when, in the space of time thus lost he might have travelled from the North sea to the .Adriatic. Will not even the national character be likely to under go a modification, when such rapidity of locomotion has become one of the accustomed occurrences of life in every part of the country ? Germany, SE. tp. of Adams co.. Pa., on the heads of the Monocacy and Conewago ereeks. Pop. 1820, 1,272. Village, Shade tp,, Somer set CO., Pa., on the head waters of Shade creek, 20 ms. NE. from Somerset. Gemersheim, town of Germany, in the palati nate of the Rhine, situaled near the Rhine, 5 ms. W. of Philipsburg. This is one of the cities of Germany appropriated as a barrier forlress, and $266,400 voted by the diet for the augmentation of ils works. Gerrardstown, village, Berkley co,, Va,, 18 ms. N. from Winchester. Gerry, tp., Chatauque co,, N. Y, Gerry, tp., Worcester co., .Mass. See Phit- lipston, Gers, department of France, in which are com. prehended the late provinces of Gascony and Ar magnac, Gertrudenburg, town, kingdom of the Nether lands, in Brabant, situated al the east extremity of the Biesboch lakes, which are formed by the .Maese, and make a good harbor. It is 10 ms. N. of Breda. Lon. 4 52 E., lat. 52 44 N. Gerumenhi, ancient town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, on a hill, near the river Guadiana,, 18 ms. below Badajoz. Gestrike, or Gesiricia, province of Sweden, bounded on the N. by Helsingia, on the E. by the gulf of Bothnia, on the S. by Upland, and on the W. by Dalecarlia. Gettysburg, village, borough, and seat of jus- lice in Adams co.. Pa., 28 ms. SW. of Yorktown, the capital of the co., and 1 15 westward of Phila delphia, between Rock and Marsh creeks, branches of Monocacy, on a fine elevated site, wilh a fertile and well-cultivated surrounding couniry. Gevaudan, territory jf Languedoc, in France, bounded on the N. by Auvergne, on the W. by Rouergue, on the S, by the Cevennes, and on the E. by Velay. It is a mouniainous and hilly coun try, and now forms the dep, of Lozere. Gever, or Gower. See Goar, St. Gex, town ofFr., in the dep. of Aine, and late prnvince>l»f Bresse, seated at the fool of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of Geneva, and Switzerland. It produces excellent cheese, GHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GIB and is 10 ms. NW. of Geneva. Lon. G 1 E., lat. 46 20 N. Geysers, hot springs in Iceland, flowing from the base of a mountain called the Laugerfell. The perpendicular elevation of the Laugerfell, accord ing to Sir John John Stanley, is only 310 feet, but remarkable as rising from a morass, nnd from being entirely isolated. The Geysers are not reg ular flowing fountains, but in form of wells. The water is ejected with great force by jets — as the French more expressively describe, by elancement. The basin or well of the Grand Geyser is 51 fee^ in diameter ; and, whatever may produce the pro jectile force, the power must be very great, as the volume from such an opening is thrown, at inter vals, upwards of 100 feet high. Similar to all un common and striking phenomena, the wonders of the Geysers have no doubt been overrated ; but as they are in reality, they form one of the most as tonishing features in physical nature. The term comes from words signifying raging, roaring, &c. Gezira, town of Diarbeck, in an island formed by the Tigris, 70 ms. NW. of Monsul. Lon. 40 50 E., lat. 36 36 N. Ghanah, or Ghinnah, town of the empire of Cashna, in Africa. Il is seated between a lake and the river Niger. It is 90 ms. NE, ofthe city of Cashna, and 208 S. of Agadez. Lon, 13 12 E., lat. 15 55 N. Ghants. See Gants. Ghauts, passages or gales, has in the Sanscrit exactly the same meaning as gaps, used in the U, S. The Delaware Water and Wind gaps, the Lehigh Water and Wind gaps, and all other sim ilar mountain passes, would be designated ghauts in Indostan. This term has, however, been trans ferred to two long chains of mountains in southern Indostan, known as the Western and Eastern Ghauts. The word ghaut, evidently the original of gate, is oneof those remarkable terms which prove the identity of origin to languages now very diverse ; and the term sund or sound, for water passages between two shores, and bund^ or bound, an embankment, are others not less curious. The Western Ghauts extend from Cape Como rin, lat. 8° N., to the Taptee river, N. lat. 21°, or through 13° of lat. ; the direction a liltle W. ofN. Length between 900 and 1,000 ms., «vith a probable elevation of from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above' the level of Ihe ocean. A narrow strip of aboul 70 ms. wide, between this chain and tfie Indian ocean, constitutes the Malabar coast. The Wesiern Ghauts is at no point broken by rivers, but from its eastern slopes flow the sources of the Cavery, the Kistna, and the Godavery, which, traversing Indostan and piercing the Eastern Ghauts, are lost in the Bay of Bengal, on the Cor. omandel coast. 'J he Easiern Ghauts, more rugged and broken than the western chain, commence at N. lat. 11°, separating Mysore from the Carnatic, and ranging NNE. about 800 ms., are terminated to wards the sources of the Nerbuddab. Where the Easiern Ghauts form the boundary between the Circars and the province of Berar, they are almost impassable, and only one pass, that of Salar Ghaut, admits horses or carriages. The general component rock is granite, rising in threatening walls to the clouds, in niked and sterile majesty 45* The native name of the Eastern Ghauts is Ella- cooda. Ghent, town of the kingdom of Holland. It is seated on four navigable rivers, the Scheldt, the Lys, the Leive, and the Moero, which run through the cily. The city is cut by many canals, which divide it into 26 isles, and over the canals are 300 bridges. It has also two navigable canals ; the one lo Sas van Ghent, the other to Bruges and Ostend, the last of which was deployed in 1798, by the British. It is 36 ms. NW. of Brussels. Lon, 3 49 E., lat. 51 3 N. Village, Galla tin CO., Ky., opposile Vevay, 65 ms. by water below Cincinnati. Ghergong, city of Asia, capital of the kingdom of Assam. It is sealed on the Degoo, near its conffux wilh the Burrampooter, 400 -ms. NE. of Calcutta. Lon. 93 15 E., lat. 25 55 N. , Gheriah, town of Hindoostan, on lhat part of. the W. side called the Pirate coast. It was lately the capital and principal port of Angria. It is 295 ms. S. by E. of Bombay. Lon. 73 8 E., lat. 17 ^0 N. Ghilan, province of Persia, on the SW. side of the Caspian sea, supposed to be the Hyrcania of the ancients. It is very agreeably situated, having the sea on one side, and high mountains on the other ; and there is no entering it, but through narrow passes which may be easily de fended. Resht is the capilal. Ghilan, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late province of French Hainault, seated on the Haina, 6 ms. W. of Mons. Lon. 3 53 E., lat. 50 28 N. Ghiustendil, ancient Jusliniana, and still more anciently Taurecium, sometimes written ahd pro nounced Kistendil, or Gioustendil, famous as having been the birthplace of the Emperor Jus tinian, is now a town of European Turkey, on a branch of the Esker river, ancient Strymon, and about 20 ms. above and SSW. of Sophia. It is remarkable for its warm and sulphurous baths. N. lat. 42 13, lon. 22 56 E. London. Ghizni, or Ghuzni, city of Asia, in Afghan istan, situated on the slope of the mountains be tween Cabul and Candahar, about 60 ms. SW. from the former, and 120 NE. by E. from the lat ter, and at N. lal. 33° lon. 68 30 E. The site is very elevated, and cold excessive in winter. It is now of little consequence, but was from A.D. to the seat of a powerful empire, usually called the Sarazen empire of Ghizni. Gholsonville, village, Brunswick co., Va,, 77 ms. SSW. from Richmond. Giaour. — See Caffir. Giaur Keni, village of Asiatic Turkey, at the mouth of the Hellespont, on the site of the an cient cily of Sigaeum, and is sometimes pro nounced and written Ycni-Cher. GiBELiKs, or Ghebeliugs, and Gcelps, or, as more usually called, guelfs and gibelins, terms for two factions which long distracted Germany and Italy. Sismondi gives the following historical account of their origin : " Henry V, Emperor of Germany, died childless in 1 125, and the Diet of the Empire, which was assembled at Mayence for the purpose of electing a successor, was divided between two rival houses, which had been long opposed lo, each olher, and whose disputes had 353 GIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GIR spread disorder over Germany and Italy, and whose names became titles of party. The four last emperors before Henry V issued from a house which ruled over Franconia, when, in 1024, Conrad II, the Salique, was elected emperor, and who became subsequently known sometimes by the term Salique, and at others by that of Gueibe- ling, or Waibling, from a castle in the diocess of Augsburg and mountains of Hertsfield, from which it is probable this house came, and from which its partisans became known as Gibelins." — See Guelfs. Gibraltar, town of Spain, in Andalusia, near a mounlain ofthe same name, formerly called Calpe, which with Abyla, on the opposile shore of Af rica, were called the pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the Moors,, built a fortress here, which , he called Gibel Tarick ; that is. Mount Tarick. Since that time, a town has been built at the foot of this rock, which is, strongly fortified. It was formerly thought to be impregnable; but, in 1704, it was taken by the confederate fleet commanded by Sir George Rooke, and has ever since con tinued in the hands ofthe English. The strait of Gibraltar is 24 ms. in length and 15 in breadth, and a strong current always runs through il from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. Gibraltar is 35 ms. N. from Ceuta and 45 SE. from Cadiz. Lon. 5 17 W., lat. 36 6 N. Gibson, village, Susquehannah co.. Pa. One of the western cos. of Tenn. — See Tren ton, Gibson, co., Tenn. Court-house and post office, Gibson co., Tenn., by post road 117 ms. from Murfreesborough. Tp., and post office, Clearfield Co., Pa. Gideonsville, village, Bedford CO., Tenn., 47 ms. soulhward from Murfreesborough. Gien, town of Fr., in the dep. of Loiret, and late province of Orleannois, seated on the Loire, 76 ms.- SE. of Paris. Lon. 2 43 E., lal. 47 34 N. Gienzor, town of Barbary, in Tripoli, 10 ms. from the lown of Tripoli. Gierace, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated on a moifntain, near the sea, 32 ms. NE. of Reggio. Lon. 16 40 E., lat. 38 13 N. , Giessen, town of Germany, in Ducal Hesse, situated on the Lahn river, about 35 ms. a liltle B. of N. from Frankfort-on-the-Maine, ond 50 ms. NE. by E. from Coblentz, on the Rhine, Giessen is the seat of a flourishing university. Giga, small island on the west coast of Scot land, between the isle of Skye and the peninsula of Cantyre, in Argyleshire, in which co. it is in cluded. The inhabitants annually export con siderable quantities of grain. Giglio, small island on the coast of Tuscany making part of the State ofSienna, and is 15 ms. W. of Porto Hercole. Lon. 11 16 E., lat. 48 1 N. Gilbertsville, village on Butternut branch of Unadilla river, 12 ms. SE.' by E. from Norwich, and by post road 100 ms. a liltle S. of W. from Albany. Gilboa, village on Schoharie river, in the south ern angle of Schoharie co., N. Y., and by post road 58 ms. SW. from Albany. Gilead, village, N. from the Androscoggin river, and in the western part of Oxford cO., Me,, 90 354 ms. NW. from Portland. The Ohio Gazatteer states, that a new town of this name "has been laid out on the SE. or right bank of Maumee river, 18 ms. above Perrysburg." Though not so stated', the element, as far as it goes, would place Gilead in Wood CO., O., and about midway between Perrysburg and Napoleon. Giles, court house and post office, Giles co., Va., by post road 272 ms. W. from Richmond*. Co., Va., hounded SW. by Tazewell, NW. by Cabell and Kenawha, NE. by Kenawha river," or Greenbriar and Monroe, and SE.' by Montgo mery ; length 75 ms., mean width 30, area 1,900 sq. ms.; surface extremely broken, soil generally sterile. Chief, lown, Parisburg. Pop. in 1820, 4,522, and in 1840, 5,307. Centrallat. 37 37 N., lon. W. C. 40 W. Co., W. Tenn., bound- ed by Alabama S., Lawrence W., Murray N., and Lincoln E.; length 30 ms., mean width 20, area 600 sq. ms. It .is chiefly situated in the valley of Richland branch of Elk river. Surface undulating, and soil fertile. Staple, cotton. Pop. in 1820, 13,558, and in 1840, 21,494. Central lat. 35 12 N., lon. W. C. 10° W. Gill, town, Franklin co., Mass., W. of Con necticut river. t Gillespiesville, town of Liberty tp., Ross co., 0., and eastward of Chillicothe. Gilmanion, lown, Straflford co., N. H., 18 ms. NE. from Concord. The village is, alternately wilh Rochester, the seat of justice for the co. Pop. in 1830, 3,527; and in 1840, 3,485. Gilmanton Iron Warks^ post ofiice, Strafford, CO., N. H., 27 ms. NE. from Concord. Gilmanton, Lower, village, Gilmanton tp., StraflTord co., N. H. Gilmanion, Upper Parish, post office, Strafford CO., N. H., 22 ms. NNE, from" Concord. - Gilolo, large island, with a town of the same name, in the Archipelago of the Moluccas. It does not produce any fine spices, though it lies near the Spice islands, but much rice; the inhabit ants are fierce and cruel. It is seated under the line, Lon. 130° E. Gilsum, tp., Cheshire co., N. H., 48 ms. SW, by W. (rom Concord. Pop. in 1820, 601. Gingen, free imperial town of Suabia, 16 ms, N. of 01m. Lon. 10 13 E., lat. 48 49 N. Gingee, large and populous town on the coast of Coromandel. It is strong both by art and naiure, being sealed on a mountain, whose top is divided into three points. It is 33 ms. W. of Pondicherry. Lon. 79 25 E., lat. 11 42 N. Giodda, or Giddah, seaport on the W. coast of Arabia, on the Red sea. — See Judda. Giovannazzo, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on a mountain, near the sea, . 10 ms. NW. of Bari. Lon. 16 50 E., lit. 41 26 N. Gierst, large town of Persia, in Kerman, whose trade consists of wheat and dates. Lon. 57 65 E., lat. 27 30 N. GiROKDE, SO called from the dep. of the same name, a political party in Fr., who gained a tragic fame in the French revolution. Gironde, dep. of Fr., which includes part ofthe late province of Guienne, and has Bordeaux for its capilal. It extbnds from the Bay of Biscay, up both banks of the Garonne river, having the Landes S., Lot and Garonne E., and Dordogne and GLA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GLE Charenle N, It is traversed by N. lat., 45°, and on its eastern border by the meridian of London. Gironna, ancient and strong town of Spain, in Catalonia, on a hill, on the side of tho river On- hal. Lon. 2 53 E ,, lat. 43° N. Giron, St., town of Fr,, in the dep. of Arriege, and late province of Cousreans, seated on the Sa- rat, 3 ms. S. of St. Lisier. Lon.' 116 E,, lat. 43 53 N. Girvan, village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at the mouth of a river of the same name, almost oppo sile the rock of AiNa. Here are some manufac tures, parlicularly in the tanning of leather and the making of shoes and boots. It is 16 ms. S. by W. of Ayr. Gisborough, town of Eng., in the Norlh Riding of Yorkshire. It is noted for being the first place where alum was made, as it was formerly for its abboy. It is 4 ms. from the mouth of the Tees, 22 NW. of Whitby, and 247 N. by W. of Lon don. Lon. 55' W., lat. 54 35 N. Gisborn, town of Eng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Lon. 2 23 W., lat. 53 55 N. Gisors, town of Fr., in the dep. of Eure, and late province of Normandy, seated on the Epl, 28 ms. SE. of Rouen. Lon. 1 43 E,, lat. 49 15 N. Givet, fortified town in the bishopric of Liege, divided in two by the river Maese, 21 ms. SW. of Namur. Lon. 4 34 E., lat. 50 13 N. Givira, town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on a lake of the same name, 8 ms. from .\nghi- erra. Giula, strong town of Upper Hungary, on the frontiers of Transylvania, on the Keresblan, 30 ms. SW. of Great Waradin. Lon. 30 40 E., lat. 46 40 N. Giuliana, town of Sicily, on a craggy rock, 12 ma. NNE. of Xacca, and 30 SSW. ofPalermo. Giustandel. See Ghiustendil. Glaciers, name given to some very extensive fields of ice among the Alps of Switzerland. These Glaciers may be divided inlo two sorts — the first occupying the deep valleys situated in the bosom ofthe Alps, and termed by the natives the Valley of Ice, but whioh Mr. Coxe distinguishes by the name of Lower Glaciers ; the second, which clothe the summits and sides of the mountains, he calls the Upper Glaciers. Gladden's Grove, post office, Feirfield district, S. C, 31 ms. N. from Columbia. Glady Creek Cross Roads, post office, Ran dolph CO., Va., 60 ms. SE. from Clarksburg, and by post road 233 ms, W. from W. C. Glamorganshire, co. of S. Wales, 48 ms. long and 36 broad, bounded on the N. by Carmarthen shire and Brecknockshire, on theE. by Monmouth shire, a-nd on the S. and W. by the Bristol chan nel. It lies in the diocese of Landaffj contains 10 hundreds, one city, 8 market lowns, and 118 par ishes, and sends two members to Parliament. Pop. 1801, 71,535; in 1811, 85,067; and in 1831, 101,737. Glandfordbridge, or Brigg, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 33 ms. N. of Lincoln, and 156 N. by W. of London. Lon. 23' W., lat. 53 35 North., Glarus, canton of Switzerland, bounded on the E. by the Grissons, on the S. by the same, the canion of Uri, and that of Schweitz, and on the N. by Iho river Linth. It is a mountainous coun try, and the chief trade is in cattle, cheese, and butler. Glanus, large town of Switzerland, capital of a canton of the same name, and seated on the river Linth, 32 ms. SE. of Zurich. The streets are large, and the houses kept in good repair. Lon. 9 1 E,, lat. 46 56 N. Glasgow, large and populous cily of Scotland, in Lanarkshire. From its extent, beauty, regu larity, and modern improvements, it is undoubtedly the second, if not the first, city in North Britain. Glasgow was originally one parish, but is now, for the benefit of the poor and ease of ministers, divi ded into eight, with as many churches, besides three chapels of ease. Tho population of Glasgow, with its suburbs and dependencies, amounted in 1811 to 108,000, now (1843) probably 120,000. It is seated on the N. side of the Clyde, over which are two stone bridges. The river is navi gable for vessels of 8 feet water as far as the bridge, but large vessels stop at Port Glasgow or Green- l)ck to unload. Il has also the advantage of two canals, beside tbe great canal that joins the Clyde to the Forth. Glasgow is 44 ms. W. of Edin burgh, and 60 SW. of Perth, Lon. 4 30 W., lat. 55 50 N. Village and seat of justice. Bar ren CO., Ky., about 91 ms. NE. from Nashville, in Tenn., and 136 SW. from Lexington. N. lat. 37 1, lon. W. C. 8 46 W. In 1840, pop. 505. Glasgow's Store, post officp, Granville co., N. C, 53 ms. N. from Raleigh. Glasborough, village, Gloucester co., N. J., 20 ms. nearly E. from Philadelphia. Glastonbury, town of Eng., in Somersetshire^ 6 me. SW. of Wells, and 139 W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 2 40 W., lat. 51 8 N. Town, Hartford co., Ct., on the E. side of Connecticut river, about 5 ms. SE. of the cily of Hartford. Pop. 1820, 3,114 Tp,, Bennington co., Vt,, 9 ms. NE. from Bennington. Glatz, CO. of Germany, seated between Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, and surrounded by moun tains, which render it very difficult of access. It is 38 ms. long, and 33 broad. It has mines of coal, copper, and iron, good quarries of marble and stone, and fine springs of mineral walers. Oa the lllh June, 1742, the county of Glalz and all Lower Silesia was ceded by Maria Theresa to the King of Prussia, which cessions were confirmed on December 25lh, 1744. Cily of Bohemia, and capital of the county of the same name. It is situated at Ihe foot of the mountains which divide lhat kingdom from Silesia, near the river Neisse. On the lop of the hill is an ancient castle ; and tbe Prussians have not only greatly augmented and improved il, but have built a' new citadel. It has been frequently besieged and taken. It is 48 ms. SSE. of Breslaw, and 83 ENE. of Prague. Lon. 16 50 E., lat. 50 25 N. , " Glencoe, Vale of, valley in Scotland, near the head of Loch Etive, in Argyleshire, Glen Connell, post office, Cambria co. , Pa. Glencroy, Vale of, wild and romantic tract, near the NE. extremity of Loch Loung, in Ar gyleshire. The two ranges of mountains which overhang this valley approach each other, and be tween these the traveller is immured. Their stu pendous height, and the roaring of numerous cat- 355 GLO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GNO aracls that pour over their broken surface, produce an effect awfully sublime, Gkrigary, co., U. C, bounded on the E. by the line that divides Upper from Lower Canada, on the S. by the river St. Lawrence, and on the W. by the township of Cornwall, running N. 24° W. urilil it intersects the Ottowa or Grand river, thence descending the said river until it meets the divisional line aforesaid. Glenluce, town in, Wigtonshire, seated on the river Luce, near ils entranci; into the bay of that name, 16 ms. W. by by S. of Wigton. Glenn's, post office, Gloucester co., Va. Glenn's Falls, Hudson river, at Glennville The river is here precipitated over a ledge of rocks in a cataract, descending 28 feet in about 3 perches- Village, on Hudson tiver, at Glenn's Falls, in the SE. angle of Warren co., N. Y., 3 ms. from Sandy Hill and 50 N. from Albany. Glenshee, Spital of, noted pass of the Grampian mountains, in Scotland, a little south of the point where the counties of Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet. Glennville, village, Schenectady co., N. Y., 27 ms. NW. from Albany. Globe, or Sphehe, a solid generated by the rev olution of eilher a circle or a semicircle round their respective axes. Glockner, one of the peaks of the mountains of Saltzburg. It rises on the confines of Saltzburg, Tyrol, and Carinthia, to the height of 13,760 feet. Lat. 47 4 N., lon. 12 51 E. Glogaw, town of Silesia, capital of a principali ty of the same name, and well fortified on the side of Poland. It is seated on the river Oder, 50 ms. NW. of Breslaw and 115 NE. of Prague. Lon. 16 13 E., lal. 51 40 N. Glomme, longest river of the province of Agher- huys, in Soulh Norway, which flows into tho North sea at Frederickstadt, after a comparalive course of about 250 ms. a litlle E. of S. — See Louken. It ftccives Ihe river Worme, which issues from Lake Mioss. It is not navigable in any part of its course from this lake to Frederickstadt, its stream being intercepted by such frequent cataracts and shoals as in some places to render it necessary to drag the trees, which are floated down, over the ground. .\t least 50,000 trees are annually floated by this river to Frederickstadt. Gloucester, city of Eng., in Gloucestershire, on the E. side of the Severn, where, by two streams, it makes the Isle of Alney. Here is a good stone bridge over the river Severn, wilh a quay, wharves, and custom-house, hut most of its business is en grossed by Bristol. It is 24 ms. NE. of Bristol and 106 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 16 W,, lat. 51 50 N. Co. of , Eng., 63 ms. in length and 47 in breadth, bounded on the W. by Here fordshire and Monmouthshire, on the N. by Wor cestershire, on the E. by Warwickshire and Ox fordshire, and on the S. by Wiltshire and Som ersetshire. It contains thirteen hundreds, one city, twenty seven market towns, and two hundred and eighteen parishes. Pop. in 1801, 350,809; 1811, 286,514; and in 1821, 335,843. Tp., U. C , in the co. of Dundas, is the seventh township in ascending the Oltowa river; it lies eastward also of and adjoining the river Radeau. Maritime and post town in Essex co., Mass., near Cape Atin, 356. 14 ms. NE. of Beverly, and about 18 ms. from Salem and Marblehead. Pop. in 1830, 6,384 ; in 1830, 7,510; and in 1840, 6,350. The village has one of the most extensive fishing ports in the United States. Thatcher's island, with two light houses, forms a part of the township. Town ship, Providence co., R. I., in the NW. corner of the State, having Mass. on the N. and Conn, on the W. Pop. in 1820, 2,504. Small village, Gloucester co., N. J., on the E. bank of the river Delaware, 4 miles below Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840, 2,837. Co., N. J., bounded by the At lantic ocean SE., Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem counties SW., Delaware river NW., and Burlington NE. ; length 40, breadth 20 ms., area 800 sq. ms. Surface level, and, though the soil is sandy, tolerably productive. Chief towns, Wood bury, Gloucester, and Camden. Pop. in 1820, 23,090; and in 1840, 25,438. Central lat. 39 40, lon. W. C. 2 10 E. Co., Va., bounded E. by Mobjack bay, SE. and SW. by York river, NW. by King and Queen, and NE.. by Middle sex and Matthews; length 20, mean width 16 ms,, area 330 sq. miles. Surface level, and soil of mid dling quality. Chief town, Gloucester. Pop. in 1820, 9,678; and in 1840, 10,715. Central lat. 37 24 N,, lon. W. C. 32' E. C. H. and post office, Gloucester co., Va., 80 ms. E. from Rich mond. Bay, U. C, is the eastern extremity of Lake Huron. Gloucester Fori, or Point au Pins, U. C , the first point on the N. shore in the narrows leading from Lake Superior towards tho falls of St. Mary. Gloucester Factory, establishment ofthe Hud son's Bay Company, on a branch of; the Albany river. Lon. VV. C. 10° W., lat. 51 30 N. Glover, tp., Orleans counly, Vl., 35 ms. NNE. from Monlpelier. Pop. 4,000. Gloydsborough, village, Hampshire co., Va. Glucksladi, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, on the Elbe, near ils moulh, 30 ms. NW. of Hamburg and 55 N.of Bremen. Lon. 9 15 E., lat 63 53 N. Glynn, co. of Georgia, bounded by the Atlantic ocean on the SE., Camden county or Little Si. Ilia river SW., Wayne NW., and Alatamaha river or Mcintosh co. IVE. ; lengih 20, width 20 ms., area 400 sq. miles. Surface level, and part marshy. Staples, cotton and sugar. Chief town, Brunswick. Pop. in 1820, 3,418; and in 1840, 5,302. Central lat. 31 18, lon. W. C. 4 43 W. Gnadenhutten, lown, Tuscarawas counly, Ohio, a Moravian settlement, planted with the pious view of propagating the Christian religion among the In dians, 50 ms. NE. from Zanesville, and 11 south erly of New Philadelphia. This place, often-cor rupted into the shorter name Connotten, is now a quiet village, on a high bank, on Ihe eastern side of Tuscarawas river, and is slill a town of the United Brethren. finesna, city of Russia, in Great Poland, of which il is the capital. It was the first town built in the kingdom, and formerly more eonsiderable than at present. It is 90 ms. N. by E. of Bre,s- law, and 135 W. of Warsaw. Lon. 17 40 E., lat. 53 38 N. GsosTiauEs, or Gnostics, from the Greek, and signifies "I know," but, by extension, was made to mean learned, enlightened, illuminated. GOE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GOL and endowed with supernatural knowledge. The Gnostics composed at first a single sect, but in process of time subdivided, and tbe term became generic, and was applied to several Christian sects, diflering from each other on minor subjects, but agreeing on general principles. Goa, considerable city of Hindeostan, with a har bor on the coast of Malabar, in the Deccan. It is the capital of the Portuguese settlements in In dia, and the seat of a viceroy. It stands in an is land 22 ms. in length and 6 in breadlh, and the city built on the N. side of it, having the conve- niency of a fine river, capable of receiving ships of tho greatest burden, where they lie within a mile of the lown. It is 292 miles S. by E. Bombay. Lon. 73 45 E,, lat. 15 28 N. Goar, Si., or Gower, town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, subject lo the landgrave of Hesse Cassel. It stands immediately under the stujiendous rock of Rheinfels. It has a considera ble commerce in wines and hides, and is 15 miles SE. of Coblentz. Goat Island, in the Stale of R. I,, near the en trance of the harbor of Newport. Island in Ni agara river, forming a part of Erie co., N. Y. ; il overhangs the falls, and divides the water of Niag ara river into two unequal portions. Goaue, Petit, or Hispaniola, town of St. Do mingo, in the Gonaive channel, 20 miles WSW. from Leogane. Lon, W. C. 4 25 E., lat. 18 25N. Gobcein, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 18 ms. SE. of Phillipsburg. Lon. 8 56 E,, lat. 40 6 N. Gobin, St. — See Fere. Goch, lown of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, seated on the Neers, 6 ms. S. of Cleves. Lon. 5 52 E., lal. 51 39 N. '' Gociano, town of Sardinio, capilal of a co. of the same name, wilh a castle, seated on the Thurse, 25 ms. E. of Algher. Godalming, town of Eng., in Surry, on the Wye, where il divides into several streams, 4 ms. «W. of GuildfoDd, and 54 of London. Lon. 34' W,, lal. 51 13 N. Godavery, or Gonga Godowry, river of the Deccan of Hindoostan, which has its source 90 ms. lo tho NE. of Bombay. After crossing t)ow- latabad and Golconda from W, to E,, it runs to the SE., and, receiving the Bain Gonga about 90 ms. above the sea, besides many smaller .rivers, separates into two principal channels at Rajamun- dry ; and these, subdividing again, form altogether several tide harbors for vessels of moderate burden, such as Ingeram, Coringa, Yalam, Bandermalan- ka, and Narsapour. Godmanchester, large village of Eng., in Hunt ingdonshire, parted from Huntingdon by the river Ouse. Godwin Sands, famous sandbanks of Eng , off" the coast of Kent, lying between the N. and S. Foreland ; and as they run parallel with the coast for three leagues together, at about two leagues and a hal^ distant from it, they give additional security to the Downs. Goes, or Ter Goes, strong town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Zealand, and capital of the island of South Beveland. It coiiimunicates with tlie Scheldt by a canal, and is 30 ms. B. of Mid- dle^^urg. Lon. 3 50 E,, Iat. 51 33 N. Godcfroi, fief of Buckingham co., L, C, on St. Lawrence river, between Roquetaillaide and Becancour, 3 ms. above Three Rivers. Godfrey's Ferry, postoffice, Marion dislrici, S. C. ; by post road 144 ms. E. from Columbia. Goff's Mitts, post office, Steuben co., N. Y,, 399 ms. SSW. from Albany. Goff's Corner, post office, Cumberland co,^ Me,, 34 ms. from Portland. Goffstown, town, Hillsborough co., N. H. The village is at Amoskeag falls, 15 ms. below Concord. Pop. 1830, 3,173. Gogra, br Soorjew, large river which rises in Lake Lankee Dhe, in Thibet, in tat. 33 17 N., and, forcing ils way Ihrough a'mountainous coun try, lakes a SE. direction, and unites wilh the Ganges above Chuprah, in the province of Bahar, after a comparalive course of 600 ms. Gohud, territory of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Agra, subject to a Rajah, who is tiib- utary lo the Poonah Mahratlas. Gwalior is the capilal. Go'iaz, one of the Capitanias of Brazil, chiefly between the rivers Araquaya and Tocantinas, bounded E, by Maranham, Bahia, and Minas Ge raes, S. by St. Paul's, W. by Matogrosso, and NW. and N. by Grand Para., Chiet town. Villa Boa. Golansville, village, Caroline co., Va., 92 ms. SSW. from W. C. Golconda, couniry of the Deccan of Hindoostan, between the lower parts of the courses 'of Kistna and Godavery rivers and the principal part of Dow latabad. It was formerly called Tellingana, or Tilling, and is subject to the Nizam of the Deccan. It is raost remarkable for ils diamond mines, the most considerable in the world. Here are also mines of salt, fine iron for sword blades, and cu rious calicoes and chintzes. Hydrabad or Bag- nagur is the capital. It is doubted by Malte Brun whether there ever were any diamond mines in Golconda. Celebrated fortress, in a couniry of the same name, 6 ms. WNW. of Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall of communication. Golconda, village and seat of justice. Pope co.. Ill,, on the Ohio river, 31 ms. above the moulh of Tennessee, aud 50 ms. below the mouth of Wabash river. , Goldengrove, post office, Greenville district, S. C. Goldberg, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Lig nilz, 35 ms. W. of Breslaw. Lon. 16 23 E.," lat. 51 3 N. Gold Coast, maritime couniry of Guinea, where the Europeans have several forts and settlemeiits. Il reaches from the Gold river, 12 ms. W. of As- sine, ond ends at the village of Ponni, 8 ms. E, of Acraw. Golden Island, barren island at the mouth of the river or gulf of Darien, where the Scots at tempted to make a settlement in 1698. Lon. 77 10 W,, lal. 9° N. Guldingen, town of Courland, with a castle, seated on the Wela, 60 ms. W. of Mittau. Lon. 33 21 E,, lat. 56 48 N. Goldsborough, bay of Me,, separating the SW. angle of Washington from the SE. angle of Han cock CO, Town, Hancock co,. Me,, on theE. side of Frenchman's bay, aboul 50 ms. from Cas- 357 GOO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GOR tine. Pop. 1820, 560. Lat. 44 22 N,, lon. W. C. 8 53 E. Goleita, island of Africa, at the entrance of the bay of Tunis. It is 39 ms. N. of Tunis. Lon. 10 30 E., lat. 37 10 N. Golnaw, town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Una, 18 ms. NE. of Stetin. Lon. 14 59 E., lat. 53 46 N. Gombroon, considerable seaport of Persia, in Farsistan, called by the natives Bandar Abassi. It is seated in a bay of the strait of Ormus, 130 ms. SSE. of Kerman. Lon. 56 30 E., lot. 27 28 N. ' Gomera, one of the Canary islands, between Ferro and Teneriffe. Il has a town of the some name, wilh an excellent harbor, where the Span ish ships often take in refreshments. Here is corn sufficient lo support the inhabitants, and one su gar work, with great plenty of wine and fruils. Lon. 17 3 W,, lat. 28 6 N. Gonaive, island, near that of Hispaniola, having St. Mark's channel NE. and Gonaive channel SW. It is about 35 ms. long and 10 wide, with a town and harbor of the same name. Gondar, metropolis of Abyssinsa, situated on a hill of considerable height, and containing about 10,000 families in time of peace. Il is 180 ms. SE. of Sennar. Lon. 37 33 E., lal. 13 34 N. Gondegama, or Gondlacomma, river of the pe ninsula of Hindoostan, which rises near Combam, forms the nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N., and falls into the bay of Bengal at Mootapilly. Gondrecourt, town of Fr. , in the dep, of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar, seated on the Orney, 30 ms. S. of St. Michael. Lon. 5 37 E,, lat. 48 ¦ .30 N. Gondreville, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Meur the, and late province of Lorraine, with a castle and 0 magnificent hospital. It stands on a hill, on the river Moselle, 8 ms. from Nanci. Lon. 6 9 E,, lat. 48 40 N. Gonesse, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, re markable for the goodness of ils bread, which is brought twice a week to Paris. Il is the birthplace of king Philip Augustus, and is seated on the Crould, 10 ms. NE., of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E., lat, 48 58 N. GoHFAios, GoNFALONiEH, from the Teutonic, gund, war. Gonfalonier therefore means literally "standard bearer." In Italy, they were papal,, , • ,. r n . , , officers placed inthe towns ofthe patrimony of and has several rivulets of excellent water, St. Peter, 'during the contests between the Empe- 77 50 W. , lat, 3 20 h. Ol. X oLci, u 6 __ _ , . . 1 Qorgontua, remarkable high rock on the N. shore of Lake Superior, lying at a small distance soil tolerably productive. Chief town, Hadens- ville. Pop. 1830, 10,007; in 1840, 9,760. Goochland, coutt-house and post office, Gooch land CO., Va., 30 ms. W. by N. from Richmond. Goodwoman's river, falls into the Missouri frotn the left, 190 ms, above the mouth ofthe latter. Good Hope. — See Cape of Good Hope. Goodwin Sands, — See Godwin Sands. ' Goodwinaville, village, Dinwiddie co., Va. Goompty, river of Hindoostan Proper, which rises in the Rohilla country, and flowing SE. by Lucknow and Jionpour, falls into the Ganges a litlle below Benares. Goosepond, post office, Oglethorpe co., Ga., 86 ms. NNE. from Milledgeville. Gooty, or Gutti, strong fortress in tbe penin sula of .Hindoostan, formerly the seat of govern ment of a Mahratta prince, and now subject to the Brilish. It is seated on tbe Pennar, 35 ms. S. by E. of Adoni. Lon. 77 35 E., lat. 15 15 N. Gorcum, lown of the kingdom of Holland, and in the province of Holland, which carries on a considerable trade in cheese and butter. Il is seated at the junction of the Linghe wilh the Waal, 13 ms. E. of Dort, and 33 8. of Amster dam. Lon. 4 51 E., lat. 51 51 N. Gordon's Ferry, post pffice, Hickman co., Tenn, Gordonsville, village. Orange co., Va., at the foot of the South mounlain, 45 ms. SW. by W. from Fredericksburg, Village, Smith co., Tenn., 6 ms. from Carthage, and 56 NNE. from Mur freesborough. Gore, tp., land of the Slale, Penobscot co. Me. Goree, small island of Africa, near Cape de Verd, subject Id the French. Il is barren, bill of great importance on account of ils good trade. Lon. 17 25 W., lat. 14 40 N. Capital of an island of the same name in Holland, 8 ms. SSW. of Briel. Lon. 4 20 E., lat. 51 44 N, Gores Island, barren and uninhabited island in the North Pacific ocean, so named by Captain Cook, who discovered it in 1778. Cape Upright, the SE. extremity, is in lon. 172 50 W., lat. 60 30 N. Gorgona, island of Italy, in the sea of Tuscany, 8 ms. in circumference, remarkable for the large quantity of anchovies taken near it. Lon. 10° E., lal. 43 23 N. Island in the South Pacific ocean, 13 ms. W. of the coast of Peru. It is high land, very woody, and sorae of the trees arc proper for masts. It is 10 ms. in circumference. rors and Popes. The office was in raaiiy instan ces of great power, and remains in existence in "some of the Italian republics— Lucca, for example. Gonga, town of Romania, seated near the sea of Marmora, 37 ms. NE. of Galipoli. Lon. 37 31 E,, lot. 40 53 N. . Gonjah, kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on the S. and Tombuctoo on the N., supposed by Major Rennel to be the Conche of M. D'Anville. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 ms. W. by S. of Cashna. Lon. 6 10 W., lat. 13 20 N. Goochland, co. of Va,, bounded by'Jaraes river or Powhatan and Cumberland cos. S. and SW,, Fluvanna NW., Louisa and Hanover NE., and Henrico SE. Length 28, mean width 12 ms. ; area 336 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and 358 and southerly of the point which forms Michipi- coten Bay ; to the southward and eastward the rock is hollow, with an opening into it. Gorham, village, Cumberland co.. Me. Pop. in 1820, 2,795. The village is 9 ms. NW. from Portland. Town, Onlario co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 3,991. The village is 10 ms. W. from Geneva. _ Goritz, capital of a co. of the same name,ln the duchy of Carniola, on the Lisonzo, 16 ms. NE. of Aquileia. Lon. 13 30«E., lat. 46 20 N. Gorlitz, strong town of Germany, in Upper Lusatia, on the river Neisse, 65 ms. E. of Dres den. Lon. 15 40 E,, lal. 51 10 N. GOT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GOT Gortin, postoffice, Carroll co., p. Gorze, town of Fr., in the dep. of Moselle, and late province of Lorraine. It had a rich ab bey previous to the revolution, and is seated on a hill, 8 ms. SW. of Metz. Gosfield, tp., Essex co., U. C on Loke Erie, W. from Mersea. Goahen, town, Cheshire co., N. H., 30 ras. W. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 687. Tp. of Addison co., Vl., 33 ms, SW. from Montpel lier. Town, Lichfield co., Conn., 7 ms. W, from Litchfield, and 38 NW. from the cily of Hartford. Pop. in 1820, 1,586, Town, Hampshire co., Mass., between Worlhington and Conway, about 90 ms. westward from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 632. Town, Orange co., N. Y., famous for excellent cheese, distant 60 ms. NW. from the city of N. Y., and 112 S. of Al bany. Pop. in 1820, 3,441. The co. courts are held alternately at the village of Goshen and at Newburg Village, Cape IViay, N. J., by post road, 104 ms. S. frora Trenton. Village, Loudoun CO., Va,, on the road from Washington to Winchester, 35 ms, from Washington. Village, Lincoln co,, Ga,, about 40 ms. above Augusta. Tp.^ Tuscarawas co. O., in which stands New Philadelphia, seat of justice for the CO. Pop. in 1820, 604, including New Phila delphia. Tp., Columbiana co., 0, Tp., Belmont CO., O. Pop. in 1820, 1,416. Tp., Champaign co,, O. Pop. in 1820, 911, Town, Clermont co., O., 18 ms. NW. from Williamsburg. Pop, in 1830, 755. Tp.' of St. Clair CO,, III. Pop, 2,000, Village, norlh ern part of Clermont co., 0., 13 rns. N. of Ba tavia, the CO. seat, and 23 ms. NE, by E. from Cincinnati. Goshen Hill, posl office, Sparlanburg, S. C. Goshen Mills, post office on Seneca creek, Montgomery co,, Md., by post road 33'ms. NW. from W. C. Goshen, West, tp. of Chester co., Penn,, about 5 ms. E. from Downingstown, on some of the creeks of Brandywine, and the heads of Chester creeks. Pop. in 1820, 1,309 ; including the bo rough of Westchester, and also including West Chester, in 1840, 3,195.— See Westchester. Chief town, Westchester. Goslar, ancient free and imperial city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Brunswick, seated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Cose. It is 28 ms. S. of Brunswick. Lon. 10 42 E., lal. 52° N. Goaport, fortified town of Eng., in Hampshire, on the W. side of the harbor of Portsmouth, over which is a ferry. It is 78 ms. SW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 3 W., lat. 50 49 E. Gostynen, or Gostavin, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, 36 ms. NE. of Rava. Lon. 20 40 E., lat. 51 54 N. Gotha, town of Upper Saxony, capital of a duchy of the same name, 18 ms. W. of Erfurt. Lon. 10 53 E,, lat. 51° N River of Sweden, which issues from Lake Wenner, and falls into the North sea at Gotheburg. The fine canal of Trolhattan opens the navigation of Lake Wen. ner by the Gotha, to Gotheburg. Gothard, St., one of the highest mountains of Switzerland, in the canton of 'Uri. It is 9,075 feet above the sea, and 33 ms. 8. of Allorf. Though not the highest, mountain, it is deemed the principal ^ummit of the Helvetian Alps ; for in its vicinity rise the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and Rhine, which flow hence in every direction. Gotheburg, or Gothenborg, city of Sweden, capilal of West Gothland, seated at the moulh of the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbor, the best situate for foreign trade of any in the king dom, as it lies on the Cattegat, It is 1 80 ms. SW. ofOrebro. Lon. 11 39 E., lat. 57 42 N. Gothic, or GoTHiauE, whatever relates to the Goths. Gothland, one of the five general divisions of Sweden ; bounded on the N. by Sweden Proper, E. and S. by tho Baltic, and 'W. by tho Sound, the German ocean, and Norway. This country is inhabited by o nation celebrated for their ex cursions and invasions of other countries, which had ils origin from Getffi, or Tartars of the Crimea. The Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when ihey were united lo Sweden. It includes nine provinces and Ihe isles of Gothland and (Eland. Gothland, island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 70 ms. from N. to S., and 25 in ils greatest breadth. From its form and situation it has obtained the name of the Eye of the Baltic, The soil is fer tile, and remarkable for an excellent breed of sheep. Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries of excellent stone, and very good lime stone. Wisby is the capital. \ Gothland, East, province of Sweden, in the di vision of Gothland,-between the Baltic on the E. and Lake Welter on the W., 80 ms. long and 70 broad. The soil is fertile, and produces abundance of all sorts of grain. It has fine orchards, pas tures, lakes, and rivers, forests of oak and birch, iron mines, and quarries of slone and marble. The chief town is Nordkoping. Gothland, West, province of Sweden, in the division of Gothland, between the lakes Wetter and Wenner, 30 ms. long, and from 25 to 70 broad. The soil and produce are similar to East Gothland. The chief town is Gotheburg. Gottesburg, town of Silesia, where great quan, titles of worsted stockings are knit, 1 6 ms. SW. of Schweidnilz. Goltingen, cily of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick. Here George II, of Great Britain, founded a university, which has acquired a very distinguished reputation, and it contains one of the most capital libraries in Europe. The univer sity of Goltingen is amongst the most respecta ble literary institutions that has ever been formed. Regular professorships are established on every subject which constitute education of the most en lightened of mankind. The number of students rarely falls short of 1,000, sent from every part of Europe. The library exceeds 200,000 volumes. There are also many other literary institulions, and a commandery of the Teutonic order. The woolen manufactures are the principal support of the inhabitants. It is seated on the Lein, 58 ma. S. of Hanover. Lon. 9 53 E., Iat. 51 32 N. Goltingen, province of Hanover, including the city of Goltingen and the principalities of Gruben hagen, Hohenstein, and Elbingeroda, with the bailiwicks of Plesse and Gleichen. 359 GRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRA Goito, gi'oup of islands forming a part of the great group of Japan, The Gottos lie between N. lat. 31° and 33°, and between the meridians 127° and,138 E. Ion.; they are but imperfectly known. Gottorp, town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, capital of the duchy of Holstein Gottorp, seated at the bottom of an arm of the sea called the Sley, 4 ms. WSW. of Sleswick. Lon. 9 36 E., lat. 54 36 N. Goltisberg, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Schweidnilz, remarkable for its silver mines. Gouda, or Turgow, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Holland, on the Issel, 8 ms. NE. nf Rotterdam. Lon. 4 41 E., lat. 52 3 N. Goudhurst, lown of Eng., in Kent, 12 ms. SW. of Maidstone, and 44 SE. of London. Lon. 30' E., lat. 51 8 N. Governolo, town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seal ed on the Minchib, 13 ms. SE. of Mantua. Lon. 10 56 E., lat. 45 4 N. Gouldsborough, bay and village, Haincock co.. Me. See Goldsborough. Goura, or Gura, town of Poland, in the palati nate of Massovia, belonging to the bishop of Pos- nania. Lon. 31 50 E., lal. 51 1 N. Gordon, town of France, in the department of Lot, and late province of Querci, 18 ras. NW. of Cahors. Lon. 1 34 E., lat. 45 43 N. Goupe, Riviere de, stream of Lower Canada, faUing inlo the N. side of St. Lawrence, 45 ms. below Quebec. Gouverneur, tp,, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on Oswegatchie river.j Village in Gouverneur tp., St. Lawrence CO,, N. Y., 30 ms. S. from Ogdens burg, and 50 NE. frora Sackett's Harbor. Goumay, town of France, now in the depart ment of Lower Seine, lately in the province of Normandy, remarkable for ils fine butter. It is sealed on the Epte, 53 ms, NW. of Paris. Lon. 36' W., lat. 49 32 N. Gourief, See Guriev, Gourock, town in Renfrewshire, on a bay of the Frith of Clyde, with a copper mine in ils neighbor hood, lately shul up. Goivdey's Store, post office. Union district, S. (J,, by postroad 95 ms. NW. from Columbia, Gowensville, village, Greenville district, S. C, 121 ms. NW. from Columbia. Gower, or peninsular extremity of Glamorgan shire, in Wales, to the W. of the bay of Swansey. It has very lofty limestone cliffs^ next the sea, whence large quantities of lime are exported lo the English counties across the Bristol channel. The coast abounds with oysters. The land is a fertile tract of arable and pasiure. Gower, or Gever, See Goar, St. Gowran, borough and lown of Ireland, in the CO. of Kilkenny. Lon. 7° E,, lal. 53 34 N. Gowrie, Carse of, a fertile tract of -country in Perthshire, Scotland, remarkable for the fine crops produced there. Gozzie, or Gozes, island of the Mediterranean, to the S. of the isle of Candia, 13 ms. from Fort Selino. Gozzo, fortified island of the Mediterranes^n, 5 ms. NW. of Malta, and belonging to the knights of that island. Gbaae, from the old German, means governor, judge, commander, &c, 360 Graaf Reynet, eastern district of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, extending from Stellen- booh. Grabow, town of Lower Saxony, in tho duchy of Mecklenburg, 18 ms. S. of Schwerin. Lon. 11 44 E., lat. 53 26 N. Graceham, village, Frederick co., Md. Graciosa, one of the Azores or Western islands. It contains about 300 inhabitants, and produces wheat, wine, butter, and cheese. Lon. 37 58 W., lat. 39 3 N. Rocky, barren, uninhabited island, one of the Canaries, to the N. of Lancero ta. It is 3 ms. long and 2 broad. Gradisia, town of Sclavonia, on the frontiers of Croatia, on the. Save, 30 ms., SW. of Posega. Lon. 18 39 E,, iat. 45 21 N. Gradiska, strong town of Germany, in the co. of Goritz, seated on the Lisonzo, 15 ms. SE. of Udina. Lon. 13 14 E., lat. 46 6 N. Grado, town of Ilaly, in a small island of the same name, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 50 ms, E. by N. of Venice. Lon. 13 10 E., lat. 45 46 N. Grafton, village of England, in Northampton shire, between Stony Stratford and Northampton. Co. ofN. H,, bounded by Connecticutriver, or Vermont, NW. and N., Coos NE., Stafford SE., and Hillsborough and Cheshire S.; length 55 ms,, mean width 28, area 1,540 sq. ms. Surface broken, hilly, and part mouniainous. Soil, where arable, productive in grain and pasturage. Chief town, Haverhill. Pop. 1830, 32,989; and in 1840, 43,311. N, lat. 44°, and lon. from W. C. 5 J E., intersect in this co. Tp , Grafton CO., N. H., 20 ms, SE. from Dartmouth college, and 29 NW. from Salisbury. Pop. 1,094. Town, Worcester co,, Mass., about 45 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. 1820, 1,154. Town, Windham co,, Vt., 22 ms. S from Windsor, Pop. 1820, 1,500. Town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 12 ms.»E. from Troy. Pop. 1820, 1,611. Village in the eastern part of Lorain co,, O., 12 ms. a litlle E. of N. from Elyria, and 12 ras. NW. from Medina, in Medina co. Graham's Bridge, posl office, Richmond co,, N'. C, 93 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Graham's Station, post office, Sutton tp., -Meigs, CO., Ohio. The post office is above Nyesville, and below Lelarl. Graham's Store, posl office, Albemarle co.. Va. ' Grainger, co,, Tenn., between Chinch and Hol ston rivers ; bounded by Jeff'erson SE., Knox SW., Claiborne NW., and Hawkins NE..; length 30 ms., mean width 13, area 360 sq. ins. ; surface hilly, and soil sterile, except afong the margin of the streams. Chief town, Rutledge. Pop, in 1820, 7,650, and in 1840, 10,572. Ctl. lat. 36 15 N., lon. W. C. 6 40 W. Grammont, town of Fr., in the department of Upper Vienne, and lale province of Limosin. It is 15 ms. NE. of Limoges. Lon. 1 30 E., 46 IN. Grampian Hills, chain of high mountains in Scotland, running from E. to W., nearly the whole breadth of the kingdom. They take their name from the Mons Grampius of Tacitus, whence Galgacus waited the approach of Agricola, and where the battle was fought so fatal lo the brave Caledonians, GRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRA Grampound, borough of Eng,, in Cornwall. It has o considerable manufaclure of gloves, and is seated on the Valles, 40 ms. SW- of Launces lon, and 244 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 49 W., lat. 50 23 N. Gran, town of Lower Hungary, on the Da nube, 87 ms. E. by S. of Vienna. Lon. 18 6 E., lat. 47 46 N. Granada, province (formerly a kingdora) of Spain, bounded on the N. and W. by Andalusia, on the E. by Murcia, and on the S. by the Med. iterranean sea. Itis 175 ins, in length, and 75 in breadth. Though a mountainous country lire soil is good. This province has the highest moun tain in Europe SW. from Mount Blanc, the Mu ley Hassan, rising to 11,350 feet. City of Spain, capital of the province of Granada, with an archbishop's see and a university. It is buill on four hills, and divided into four parts. In one part is the palace of the kings of Spain, and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings ; the Alhambra with so many rooms that it is like a labyrinth. In the third is the university ; the fourth has nothing con siderable ; but all the public buildings are magnifi cent. It is seated near the confluence of the Oro with Xenil, 125 ms. SW. of Murcia, and 225 S. of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W., Iat, 37 8 N. Island in the West Indies, the principal of the Grenadines, situated in lon. W. C. 5 40 E., and between 1 1 55 and 12 23 N. lat. It is the last of the Windward Carribbees, and 30 leagues NW of Tobago. The chief port, called Lewis, is on W. side, in the middle of o large bay, wilh a san dy bottom, and is very spacious. Town of N. America, in the province of Nicaragua, seated on the Lake Nicaragua. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, by means of the lake, which commu nicates with the Atlantic ocean. It is 54 ms. SE, of Leon. Lon. W. C. 8 46 W., lat. 12 5 N. Granada, New, extensive country in S. Amer ica, denominated by the Spaniards the new king dom of Granada, and contains the departments of Boyacca, Cundinamarca, Cauca, and Magdalena. Similar lo nearly evefy section of Spanish and Portu guese America, provincial limits for New Granada, except where formed by seacoasts, are not lo be found to any certainty. As a general term. New Granada designates the northwestern part of South America, and, if including the provinces named, must comprise above half a million of sq. ms. ; between latitudes 3° S. and 13° N., and lon. 3° W. lo 9° E. of W. C. New Granada was conquered by the Spaniards in 1536. It is so far elevated above the level of the sea that, though it passes the equator, the cli mate IS remarkably temperate. The fertility of its valleys is not inferior to that of the richest districts in America ; and its higher grounds yield gold and precious stones of various kinds. Its towns are populous and flourishing. • The capital is Santa Fe de Bogota. It may be safely slated that no other-country can exceed New Granada in the im mense variety of soil, surface, and scenery — of mountain and river diversity. Granby, tp. of Bedford and Richelieu cos., L, C, on the river a la Tortue, 45 ms. ESE. from Montreal. Tp., Essex Co., Vt. The village is on the head of Moose river, on the road from Guildhall to Brownington, 50 ms. NE, fromMont- 46* pelier. Town, Hampshire co., Mass., about 85 ms. W. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1,066. Town, Hartford co,, Ct., joining Mass., on the N., and bounded in the W. by the Poppotonuck moun tain. The village ia situaled about 20 ms. NW. from Hartford Town, Oswego co., N. Y., on Oswego river Village, Lexingion district of S. C, on the right bank of Congaroe river, about 2 ms. below Columbia. Granby is at the head of navigation. A bridge has been there erected over the Congaree. Post office narae of Hartford vil- lage, in the northweslern corner of Licking co., Ohio, 30 ms. NW. from Newark, and 30 NE. from Columbus. Grand, post office at Burlington, in Grand tp,, northweslern part of Marion co,, 18 ms., northwest from Marion, and 9 or 10 SSW. from Upper Sandusky. Grand Anse, or Jeremie, seaport of Hayti, or Hispaniola, on the SW. peninsula. Lon. 'W. C. 2 55 E., lat.,18 15 N. Grand Caillou, island on the coast of La., near the soulhern extremity of the cope, between the Atchafalaya and Lafourche rivers. Grand Cairo, — See Cairo, Grand Gosier, low and small island, a litlle W. of N. from the mouth of the Mississippi, lying between Breton island and the S. end of the Chan- deleurs. Lal. 29 31 N,, lon. W. C. 12 15 W. Grand Isle, NW. co. of Vt., formed by the peninsula of Alberg, and S. and N. Hero, with several smaller islands in Lake Champlain. Area about 90 sq, ms. Chief town. North Hero. Pop. in 1840, 3,883. Ctl. lot. 34 47 N., lon. W. C. 4 E Village, Grand Isle co., Vt., 77 ms. NW. from Monlpelier. Island in Niagara river, and in Erie co., N. Y., about 6 ms. long and 5 ms. wide where broadest, and contains about 11,- 000 acres. Surface rising by a gentle acclivity, and soil generally good. Grand Lick, village, Campbell co., Ky., 76 ms, NE. from Fronkfort, and 30 SSE. from Cin cinnati. Grand Manan, island of Washington co.. Me., opposile Passamaquoddy bay. Lon. W. C. 10 17 E,, lat 44 48 N. Grand Para, Capilania General of Brazil, and as to extent an empire itself, extending from E. to W. from the mouth of the river Turisana, lon. 31 40 E., to the river Javari, lon. W. C. 5° E., upwards of 1,800 miles, and with a mean width of 700 ms. ; area 1,260,000 sq. ms. Over these wide-spread regions, lying between lat. 4° N. and 13" S., the Amazon and ils numerous confluents, carry their vast volumes from the inte rior to the Atlantic ocean. The greatest part of Grand Para is yet in the hands of the native tribes, the European settlements beiqg few, far separated and confined in either pop. or extent. The capital of the capilania of the same name, is on the right bonk of' the Tocantinas. It is composed of two contiguous towns. Grand Para and Belem. Pop. 30,000. Lat. 1 30 S. Grand Coteau, post office, parish of St. Landry, Opelousas, La., 305 ms. NW. from N. Orleans. Grandpre, town of Fr., in the dep. of Arden nes, and late province of Champagne, seated on the Ayre, 32 ms. E. of Eheims. Lon. 4 55 E., lat. 49 21 N, Seigniory, St. Maurice co. L. 361 GRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRA C, on Lake St. Peter, 18 ms. W. from Three Rivers. It extends from the lake between the Seign iories of Riviere du Loujp and Grosbois, or Ma- chiche. Grandon. — See Fairport. Grande, river of western Africa, not yet well explored, but, as delineated by Arrowsmith, rises about 150 ms. eastward from Sierra Leone, N, lat. 8°. Flowing thense N W. 300 ms, parallel to the opposite coast of the Atlantic ocean, and also to the Gambia river, it turns W. 200 ms,, and enters the Atlantic at N. Iat, 11°, W. lon. 14°. Grand River, of Ohio, risep in Trumbull co., and, flowing about 10 ms. nearly N., enters Ashta bula CO,, and continuing ,N. about 30 ms,, turns nearly alright angles, and enters Geauga co., in which it foils into Lake Erie at Fairport, after an entire comparalive course of 50 ms. Grand river is said lo be a literal translation of Geauga, the In dian name. — See Painsv'ille and Fairport. Grand River, of Missouri, exireme sources in the southern part of Iowa, from which, in a SSE. direction, Ihe various branches unite, after draining the COS. of Davies, Caldwell, and Livingston, and separating tbe cos. of Carroll and Chariton from each other, falls into the Missouri river at Bruns wick. This stream drains a large part of the N W. section of Missouri. Another stream of the Stale of Missouri, the extreme northwestern branch of the Osage river. It rises in the Indian territory, between the Kansas and Neosho rivers, and, pur suing a course a little S. of E. about 150 ms., falls inlo the Osage in Benton co., near the village of Osage. N. lat. 38 10, lon. 16 25 W. W. C. Grand River, or Nipigon river, U. C, falls into Lake Superior from the N., a litlle E., oppo sile Keweena poinl. Grand Riiyer, or Rio Grande de St. Pedro. — See Rio Grande de St, Pedro, of Banda Oriental. Grand. — See Ottowa river. Grand Traverse, group of islands in Lake Mich igan, opposite to the moulh of Green bay. Grand View, NE. Ip., Washington co., Ohio, so called from an extensive view upon the Ohio river, 30 ms. above Marietta. Grandville, village, Monongalia co., Va., on Duncord's creek, 12 ms. NW. from Morgantown. Grand, Rio, fine river of Brazil, in Minaes Geraes, flows NE,, and falls into the Atlantic ocean in lat. 15 25 S., afler an entire comparalive course of 350 ms. Grange, La, cape of St, Domingo, on the N. side, NE. from the mouth of Y'aqui de St. Jago river. Lon. V/. C. 5 25 E,, lat. 19 54 N. Granger, co., E. Tennessee. — See Grainger. Granger, tp, on Lake Erie, and on the 'W. side of Rocky river, in Cuyahoga co., 0., 7 ms. W. from Cleveland. Populaiion uncertain, Tp., Medina co., O,, immediately E, from the tp. of Medina. The post office is about 7 ms, E. of Me dina, the CO. seat. Granic, or Granicus, small river , of Natolia, which has ils source in Mount Ida, near the ruins o! ancient Troy, and falls into the sea of Marmora, to the E. of Lampsaco. Il is now the Ousvola. Granitza, town of European Turkey, near the gulf of Corinth, between Livadia and Thebes. 'Xirant, co.„ Ky., bounded by Owen S., Gallatin W-, Boone N., and Pendleton E- ; length 20 ms., 363 mean width 13 ; area 360 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Pop. in 1830, 1,805; and in 1840, 4,193, Central lat, 38 40 N., lon, W, C. 7 40 W. Granson, lown of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwick of tbe same name, wilh a castle. Lon. 6 30 E., lat, 46 50 N. Grantham, borough of Eng., in Lincolnshire, on the Witham, 30 ms. S. by W. of Lincoln, and 110 N. by W. of London. Lon. 36' W., lat. 62 59 N. — ^Tp., Buckingham co., L. C, on the left bank of St. Francis river, 35 ms. 8. from Three Rivers. Tp. inlheco. of Lincoln, tf. C; lies W. of Newark, and fronting Lake Ontario, Grantley's, post office, Culpeper co., Va., 59 ms. SW. from W.' C. Granlslick, post office, Campbell co., Ky,, 78 ms, NNE. from Frankfort. Grantsville, village, Greene co., Ga., 52 ms. NNE, from Milledgeville. Granville, seaport of France, in the dep. of the Channel, and late province of Normandy, partly seated on a rock, and partly on a plain. Il is IS ras. S. by E, of Coulances, and 185 W. of Paris. Lon. 1 33 W., lat. 48 50 N. Tp., Annapolis CO,, Nova Scotia, near the mouth of Annapolis river. Seigniory, Cornwallis co , L. C, on the S. side of St. Lawrence, 80 ras, NE. from Quebec. Town, Hampden co., Mass., 14 ras. W. of Springfield. Pop. in 1840, 1,414. Town, Washington co., N. Y., on the line which divides this Stale from Vt., and 60 ms. NNE. from Al bany. Flourishing town, Licking co., O,, in the middle foik of Licking river, 33 ms. W. from Zanesville, 26 NE. from Lancaster, and 26 E. by N. from Columbus. Pop. in 1830, 1,472. Lon. 5 35 W., Iat. 40 5 N., Granville is amongst the most picturesque villages of 0., and stands, like New Lancaster, on the verge between the billy and alluvial sections of 0. The isolated hills, amidst which Granville is placed, though not precipitous, as are some of those more southwardly, are of the same character of form and isolation. In the vil lage there are two female schools one Episcopa lian, and the other Presbyterian, and both appa rently well conducted. It is 6 ms. above, and nearly due W. from Newark. Co., N. C, bounded N. by Va., E. by Warren and Franklin COS., S. by Wake, and W. by Orange and Pear son; length 30 ras., mean width 23 ; area 690 sq. ms. Surface hilly, though not very broken; soil generally productive. Chief lown, Oxford. Pop. in 1820, 18,216; and in 1840, 18,817.— See Ox- j-„,.J. Village, .Monongalia co., Va., 329 ms. NW. from W'. C. Granville and Lachenaye, seigniory, Cornwallis CO., L. C, on the S. side of St. Lawrence bay, 90 ms. below Quebec. Graase, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Var, lately in the province of Provence, sealed on an eminence, 15 ms. W. of Nice. Lon. 6 56 E., lat. 43 39 N. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the river Olhieu, at the foot of the mountains of Courbiere, 18 ms. SE. ol Carcassonne. River, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., rises in the SE. part of the CO., and curving to the W., N,f and NE., falls into St. Lawrence river between St. Regis and Long ®*"' rapids, after a comparative course of GRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE about 100 ms. This stream and the Oswegatchie are united by a natural canal, 15 ms. SE, from Ogdensburg. Gra,sse, Baye de, on the N. shore of Lake On tario, lies to the eastward of Point aux Cheveaux, Grassy Creek, post office, Pendleton co,, Ky., 38 ms. NW. from Frankfort, -Grasty's Store, post office, Pittsylvania co., Va., 177 ms. SW. from W. C, Grateley, village of Eng,, in Hampshire, on tho SE, side of Quarley Hill, on the road from Ando ver to Salisbury. Gratiot, a very pleasant village on the national road, and on the line between Muskingum and Licking COS., 42 ms. E, of Columbus, 13 W. of Zanesville, and 16 SE. of Newark. Gratis, village, Preble co., O.', by post rood 53 ms. SW. by W. from Columbus, and 9 ms. SE, of Eaton. The village in which this office is placed is named Winchester ; which see. Gralz, town of Gerraany, capital of Stiria, wilh a university. It is seated on the Muehr, 100 ins, SW. of Vienna. Lon, 15 30 E., lat. 47 4 N. Village, Dauphin co.. Pa, Graudentz, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Culm, on the Vistula, 30 ms. N. of Thorn, and UONW. of Warsaw. Lon. 18 52 E,, Iat. 53 36 N. Grave, strong town of the kingdom of Holland, in Brabant, sealed on tbe river Maese, 8 ms. S. of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 45 E., lat. 51 47 N, Grave Creek, village, Ohio co., Va., 12 ras. below Wheeling. This town derives ils name from a large creek, which rises near the SW. an gle of Pa., and, flowing W., falls into Ohio river. The town stands on on elevated alluvial bottom, remarkable for the number and magnitude of abo riginal antiquities. Gravel Hill, post office, Sussex co., N. J,; by post road 80 ms. N. from Trenton. Gravelines, strong seaport ofFr., in the dep. of the North, lately in French Flanders. It was ceded lo France by the treaty of the Pyrenees, and is seated on the Aa, 13 ms. E. of Calais. Lon. 3 13 E., lat. 50 .59 N. Gravel Point, on Lake Ontario, in Marysburg, lies between St. Peter's bay and Point Traverse, V, C. Gravenac, town of Suabia, capital of a co- of the same name, 33 ms. W. of Ulm. Lon, 9 38 E,, lat. 48 32 N. Graven Machren, town of Luxemburg, on the Moselle. Gravesande, town of Holland, 7 ms. W. of Deifl. Gravesend, town of Eng,, in Kent, on the banks of the Thames, and is a place of great re sort, being the common landing place for seamen and strangers in their passage to London. It is 33 ms. SE. of London. Lon. 0 27 E., lat. 51 25 N. Graves Island, in the SE. part of Lake Sim coe, U. C. Gravina, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, .3J,ms. SW. of Bari. Ghavitt, that mysterious, important, and (as far as human reason has been enabled to observe the actiqn of bodies on each other, though not in contact) lhat universal law by which every parti cle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle, direct as tho masses and inverse as the squares of distance. The cause of this appetency of matter remains undiscovered — dare we antici pate discoverable by man 1 Gravois, Pointe au, is the west point of the Little Detroit, on the north coast of Lake Supe rior. Gravois, Riviere au, in the Missassaga land, on the north shore of Lake Onlario, runs into that lake between Burlington bay and the river Credit, U. C. Graulhet, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Tarn, 12 ras. NW. of Caslres. Gray, town pf Fr., in the dep, of Upper Saone, and laie province of Franche Comte. It carries on a trade in iron, and is seated on the Saone, 35 ms. NE. of Dijon. Lon. 5 41 E., lat. 47 28 N. Village and tp., Cumberland co.. Me. Pop, in 1820, 1,479. Grayson, co., Va,, bounded SW. by N, C, NW. by Washington and Wythe, NE. by Mont gomery, and SE. by Pairick. Length 70 ms., mean widih 13 ; area about 900 sq. ms. Surface broken and mouniainous ; soil generally sterile, Chieflown, Greenville. Population inthe year 1820, 5,598; and in 1840,9,087. Central lat. 36 40, lon. W. C. 3 42 W. Co., Ky., be tween Green river and Rough creek, bounded S. by Warren, SW. by Butler, W." by Ohio co,, N. by Breckenridge, NE. by Hardin, and E. by Hart. Length 36 ms., mean width 16J ; area 600 sq. ms. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Litchfield. Pop. 1830, 4,055 ; in 1840, 4,461. N. lat. 37° and lon. W. C, 9° W. intersect in this co. Grayson, court house and post office, Grayson counly, Virginia. See Greenville, Grayson coun ty, Virginia. Gray's Thurrock, town of Eng., in Essex, on Ihe Thames, 34 ras. E. of London. Lon. 0 24 E,, lat. 51 26 N. Gray's Store and Bo,st Office, Randolph Co., N. C. ; by post road 90 ms. W. from Raleigh. Great Barrington, lown, Berkshire co., Mass., about 23 ms. W. of Springfield, on Iheriver Con necticut. Pop, 1820, 1,908. Great Bay, extensive sheet of water between Strafford and Rockingham cos,, N. H., 5 ms. above Portsmouth. It unites wilh Piscataqua river, and receives Oyster, Lamprey, and Exeter rivers. Great Bridge, post office, Norfolk co., Va, ; by posiroad 134 ms. SE. from Richmond. Great Britain, kingdom of Europe, comprising a group of islands lying in the Atlantic ocean, N. from France and NW. from Germany. The term Great Britain is commonly applied in particular to the principal island, containing England and Scotland ; hut as a general name it includes the entire group of islands. Great Britain proper and Ireland, wilh the small isles scattered around them. Great Britain, thus extended, lies between N. lat. 50° and 61', and between lon. from London 2° E. and 10 30 W, Though the substance of the following tables is in part scattered over this treatise, yet I have con cluded to insert them in a condensed form, under the general head, in order to place before the reader 363 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE a connected view of the population of this very important empire. , I'he following statement of the population of the several counties of Great Britain in the years 1801, 1811, and 1821, has been laid before the Imperial Parliament : ENGLAND. Counties, 1801. 1811, I82I. Bedford 63,393 70,213 , 83,716 Berks , 109,215 118,277 131,977 Buckingham - Cambridge 107,444 117,650 134,068 89,346 101,109 121,909 Chester 191,751 227.031 270,098 Cornwall 188,269 216,667 257,447 Cumberland 117,230 133.744 156,124 Derby 161,142 185,487 213,333 DevonDorset 343,001 383,308 439,040 116,319 124,693 144,499 Durham 160,361 177,625 207,673 Essex 226,437 252,473 289,424 Gloucester 250,809 286,514 336,843 Hereford 89,191 94,073 103,731 Hertford 97,557 111,654 129,714 Huntingdon 37,568 42,208 48,771 Kent 307,624 373,093" 426,016 Lancaster 672,781 828,309 1,052,859 131,081 150,419 174,571 Lincoln 208,557 237,891 283,058 Middlesex 818,129 953,276 ''Hf'ii Monmouth 45,582 62,127 o'^'^i Norfolk 273,371 291,999 344 368 JMonliampton - 131,757 141,353 163,433 157,101 172,161 198,965 Nottingham 140,350 162,000 186,873 Oxford 109,6-20 119,191 134,327 Kutland 16,356 16,380 18,487 Salop 167,539 194,293 206,266 Somerset 273,750 303,180 355,314 Southampton 219,656 245,US0 282,203 Stafford 239,153 295.153 341,624 Suffolk 210,431 234,211 270,542 Surrey 269,043 323,651 398,666 Sussex 159,311 190,1183 232,927 Warwick 208,100 228,735 274,392 "Westmoreland - 41,617 45,922 51,359 ¦Wilts 185,107 193,828 222,157 ¦Worcester 139,333 160,546 184,424 York, E, R. 139,433 167,353 190,709 York, N. R, 155,5(16 152,445 183,694 York, ¦W, R, 663,953 653,315 800,848 Totals 8,331,434 9,538,827 11,260,555 WALES. Counties, 1801, 1811. 1821. Anglesea • - , Brecon CardiganCarmarthenCarnarvon DenbighFlint (Jlam3iganMerionethMontgomery Pembroke Kadnor ^- 33,806 31,63342,956 67,31741,521 60,352 39.6227i;525 29,506 47,97856,28019,050 37,05437,735 60,26077,21749,336 64,24046,61886,06730,92451,931 60,615 20,900 45,063 43,61367,31190,23957,95876,51153,784 101,737 33,911 69,89974,00923,073 Totals 541,646 611,788 717,108 Table of the populaiion throughout the last cen- ' tury in England and Wales, In the years— 1700 ¦'..-- 5,475,000 1710 - - - 5,340,000 1720 - - 5,565,000 1730 . - - 5,796,000 364 In the years- 17401750 176017701780 1790 18011811 1821 6,064,000 6,467,000 6,736,000 7,438,000 7,953,0008,675,000 9,168,000 10,150,61611,978,875 Population of London, 1700 175018011811 1821 674,350676,2.50 900,000 1,050,000 1,374,600 SCOTLAND, Counties. AberdeenArgyllAyrBanffBerwickBute Caithness ClackmananDumbarton D'jmfriesEdinburgh Klgin FifeForfar Haddington Inverness Kincardine KinrossKircudbrightLanarkLinlithgow Nairn Orkney and Shetland PeeblesPenh Renfrew Ross and Cromarty Roxburgh SelkirkStirling Sutherland ¦Wigtown Totals ISOl, 123,082 71,85984,306 35,80730,62111,791 22,609 10,858 20,710 54,597 122,954 26,70593,74399,127 29,98674,292 26,34929,211 146,669 17,844 8,267 43,824 8,735 126,366 78,056 65,343 33,682 6,070 50,825 23,117 22,918 1,599,068 1811, 135,075 85,503 103,954 36,66830,77912,033 23,419 12,010 24,18962,960 148,607 28,108 101,272 107,264 31,164 78,336 27,439 7,245 33,683 191,732 19,451 8,251 46,153 9,935 135,093 72,59660,553 37,230 5,869 58,17423,62926,891 1,805,688 1621. 165,141 96,166 127,299 43,561 23,386 13,797 30,233 13,263 27,31770,878 19I,514\ 31,162 114,556113,430 35,127 90,157 29,118 7,762 38,986 234,387 22,685 9,006 63,124 10,046 139,050 112,175 68.82840,892 6,637 66,33123,840 33,240 2,092,014 England and Wales occupy the soulhern and much the larger portion of the island of Great Britain, and are situate between 50 and 55 50 N. lat., and 2° E. and 5 40 W. lon. They form an extensive triangular peninsula, bounded on three sides by the sea, and separaled at the northern an gle from Scotland by a line which extends from the northeastern corner of the Solway Frith to the moulh of the ri ver Tweed. England and Wales are divided into shires or counlies, most of which are subdivided inlo hun dreds, and these again into parishes, which are both ecclesiastical and civil divisions. Yorkshire is divided inlo three unequal parts, called Ridii^s, whioh are again subdivided into wapentakes. Cilm- berland, W estmoreland, Northumberland, and Dur ham, are divided into wards, Kent into lathes, and Sussex into rapes. GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE The following table contains the names ofthe counties of England and Wales and their dependencies; their area in square miles and imperial acres i iheir populaiion at the period of the last general census in 1831 ) the names of iheir chief, or, as they are called, county towns ,- and the number of their Parliameiitary Representatives ¦¦ TABLE OF COUNTIES. ^ Area in Area in acres. Area of arable Populai'''n by County towns. Name of county. sq, miles. pasture and the ctiujius meadow land. of 1831, Bedford 2 463 296,320 248,000 95,383 Bedford. Berks 3 752 481 ,'280 380,000 145,289 Heading. BuckinghamCambridge 3 738 472,320 440,000 146,529 Buckingham. ' Cambridgo, 3 857 546;4S0 500,000 143,955 Cheshire 4 1,052 673,280 594,000 834,410 Chester. Cornwall 4 1,330 851,200 560,000 302,440 Launceslon, Cumbefland 4 1,523 974,720 670,000 169,681 Carlisle, Derby 4 1,028 657,920 500,000 237,170 Derby, Devon 4 2,585 1,654,400 1,200,000 494,168 Exeter, Dorset 3 1,006 643.840 573,000 159,252 Dorchester. Durham 4 1,097 702,080 500,000 2S3,''27 Durham. Esse.^ 4 1,533 961,120 900,000 317,233 Chelmsford. Gloucester 4 1,258 605,120 750,000 386,904 Gloucester. Hampshire Hereford 4 1,489 953,1100 820,000 278,882 Winchester. 3 863 552,320 495,000' 110,976 Hereford. Hertford 3 630 403,200 310,000 143,341 Hertford, Huntingdon 2 372 238,080 220,000 63,149 Huntingdon, Kent 4 1,557 996,480 900,000 479,153 Maidstone. Lancashire 4 1,766 l,130,-240 860,000 1,336,854 Lancaster. Leicester 4 806 515,840 480,000 197,003 Leicester. Lincoln 4 2,611 1,671,040 1,465,000 317,244 Lincoln. Middlesex 2 282 180,480 155,000 1,358,541 London. Monmouth 2 496 317,440 270,000 98,130 Monmouth. Norfolk 4 2,024 1,295,360 1,180,000 390,054 Norwich, Northampton - 4 1,016 660,240 555,000 179,276 Nonhampton. Northumberland 4 1,871 1,197,440 900,000 222,912 Ainwick. Nottingham - 4 837 635,660 470,000 225,320 Nottingham. Oxford 3 756 483,840 403.000 151,726 Oxfird. Rutland 2 149 95,360 89,000 19,385 Oakham- Salop 4 1,343 859,520 790,000 222,603 Sllrewsbury. Somerset 4 1,645 1,032,800 900,000 403,908 Taunton, Stafford 4 1,184 757,760 560,820 410,485 Stafford, Suffolk 4 1,615 969,600 820,000 296,304 Ipswich. Surry 4 769 A 485,760 * 938,240 400,000 486,326 Guilford. Sussex 4 1,466 625,000 272,328 Lewes and Chichegter . Warwick 4 897 574,080 610,000 336,988 Warwick. Westmoreland 2 762 487,680 180,000 55,041 Appleby. Wiltshire 4 1,-367 674,680 500,000 239,181 Salisbury. Worcester 4 723 462,720 400,000 211, ,356 Worcester. Yorkshire 3,815,040 2,500,000 East Riding 2 1,280 - _ 168,646 Beverly. West Riding 2 2,611 976,416 Wakefield. North Riding - 2 2,070 - - 226,236 York, Isle of Wight - 1 136 87,040 80,000 35,431 Newport.Douglas. St, Heller, St. Pierre. Isle of Man - 250 160,000 41,000 Channel Islands - 130 83,200 62,710 Scilly Islands - _ 9 6,570 2,465 Newton. Berwick 9 5,570 8,920 Berwick-upon-Tweed . Wales, Anglesea 1 271 173,440 150,000 48,335 Beaumaris. ' Brecon 1 764 4ffi,561) 300,000 47,763 Brecknock, Cardigan 1 675 432,000 245,000 64,760 Cardigan, Carmarthen 2 974 623,360 34-2,000 100,655 Carmarthen, Carnarvon 1 544 348,160 160,000 65,733 Carnarvon. Denbigh 2 633 405,120 360,000 83,167 Denbigh, Flint 1 244 156,160 130,000 60,012 Flint, Glamorgan - 2 792 506,860 306,000 ¦ 126,612 Cardiff Merioneth 1 663 424,320 350,240 36,609 Dolgelly. Montgomeiy 1 839 536,960 240,000 66,485 Montgomery. . Pembroke 1 610 390,400 300,000 81,424 Pembroke. Radnor 1 425 272,640 235,000 24,651 New Radnor, 159 58,328 37,329,920 14,009,667* * Under tho head of statistics, in the Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Arts, it appears that the joint oonulation of England and Wales in 1841 was 15,906,829. ^ ' Note,— Hampshire (originally Southamptonshire) is now usually called Hants; Berkshire is called 'Berks- Bucking hamshire, Bucks; Hertfordshire, Herts; Nottinghamshire Notts; Shropshire, Salop; and ¦Wiltonshire, Wills' The Isle of Wight, formerly a part of Hampshire, was made an independent county in 1832. The Isle of Man, the Norman isles the Scilly isles, and Berwick-upon-Tweed, are dependencies of the Crown of England, not attached to any county. Ber wick, however, is representbd in the imperial Parliament, and subject to the laws and supreme courts of England • Man and the Norman isles have laws, legislatures, and judiciary establishments of their own. ' 365 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE The greatest lineal extent of England is about 367 miles between the Land's End, in Cornwall, ¦ and the northeastern coast of Norfolk; from the coast of Dorsetshire to Berwick-upon-Tweed, mea sured along the second meridian west, the length is 362 miles ; from the Land's End to the North Foreland the breadth is 330 miles ; from St, Da vid's Head to Lowestoft in Suffolk, about 300 miles; from Lancaster bay to Bridlington bay, in Yorkshire, the breadlh is contracted to 110 railes, and from the head of the Solway Frith to Tyne- mouth il is further dirainished to 64 miles. The superficial extent amounts lo about 57,960 square miles, or 37,094,400 imperial acres. Ireland will be found noticed under ils own proper head. Scotland. — Scotland occupies the northern por tion of Great Britain, and has numerous islands along its western and northern coasts. The longest line which can be drawn on the mainland is 280 ms. from the Mull of Galloway to Dunnet Head, on Penlland Frith, in Caithnesshire. The greatest length on a meridian line is 274 ras. from the Mull of Galloway lo Cape Ulralh, in Sutherlandshire, and almost exactly on 5 W. ofLondon. The breadth, from the excessive irregularity of the seacoasts, is very variable, bul, if we allow the ag gregate area to be 32,200 ms., the mean breadlh will be 115. Scotland is divided into thirty-three shires ; the respective extent of which, in sq. ms. and populalion, are shown by the subjoined table, as also the ancient and yet popular names of the districts from which the shires have been formed. Tabib of Shikes. Table of Shibes — Continued. AberdeenArgyleAyr Banff Berwick Bute CaithnpspClackmannan DumbartonDumfriesEniNBURGfl , ElginFifeForfar HaddingtonInverness Kincardine Kinross Kircudbright bba «„; 1,985 177,657 3,800 100,973 1,600 145,035 48,604 446 34,048 267 14,151 618 4fJ 230 1,800 34,52914,729 3.3,211 73,770 360 219,343 810 34,231 504840 128,839139,606 230 4,600 36,14594,797 317 83 882 31,431 9,072 40,390 Mar, Forniartin, Gar- rioch, Strath bogie, and Buchan. Amyle, Lorn, Cowall, Khapdale, and Can- tire. Carrick, Kyle, and Cunningham. Enzie, Boyne. Sirath, doveran, Strathisla- Balveny, Stralha- ven, wilh pans of Moray and Buchan. Merse, Lauderdale^ and Lammermuir. Bute, Arran, Gum- braes, and Inchmar- nock. Caithness. Leven ax, or Lennox. Eskdale^ Annandale, and Nithsdale. Mid-Lothian and Waedalo. Moray. Murray, or Murreff. Fife.Angus, including Strathmore, Glenis" la, Glenesk, &.c. EEist Lothian. Moray, Badenoch, Lochaber, Moy dart, Gleneig, &c. Meams.Galloway, Glenkens, &c. Lanark Linlithgow Nairn Orkney and Zetland Peebles Penh RenfrewRoss and Cromarty - RoxburghSelkirkStirling Sutherland Wigtown e a f is r 870 316,819 112 200 1,525 23,291 9,354 58,239 360 2,588 10,676 142,894 241 2,836 133,443 74,820 715 43,663 263469 6,633 . 72,621 1,764 26,516 461 36,258 32,164 2,365,114 Ancient districts. Clydesdale, or Stratli- clyde. West Lothian- Part of Moray, Orkney and Hialt. land, or Zetland, Tweeddale.Monleiih, Stratli- earn, Gourie, Stor mont, Strathardle, Glenshee, Athol, Breadalbane, Han- nock, Balqiiidder, and Glenorchy. Strathgryfe, Ardross. Blackisle, Kintail, Strathca- non , &c. Teviotdale and Lid- disdale. Ettrick Forrest- Stirling, Strathen- drick, &c. ^ Sutherland, Stratb- naver, Asynt, &c. West Gallo, It appears from a table under the head ol statis tics, in the Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Art, lhat the populalion of Scotland was, in 1801, 1,599,068; and in 1841, had risen to 2,620,610, or had increased to a fraction above a ratio of 1.63 — equal to 63 per cent, in 40 years. The following document has fallen into my hand, from time to time, and was registered ; and is now given without comment or guarantee of accuracy. In form it will show how much importance is given in Great Britain to statistics. General observations on ihe population of Great Britain. — It appears frora the second annual report of the registrar general of births, deaths, and mar riages in Eng., in 1840, lhat the populalion of England and Wales was, on the 1st of January, 1839, 15,666,800. The entire population of the Uniled Kingdom was then aboul 27,267,844. It is supposed now to araount lo 27,774,200, of whora 6,080,000 are fencible men, between the age of 20 and 60. The populalion of Ireland is .32 per cent, of the entire population, France contains about 34,370,000 inhabilanls. The report states that the numbers registered for England and Wales in the year ending June 30, 1839, were— births, 480,540; deaths, 331,007; marriages 121,083. The French returns are only published down to the end of 1837, so lhat we cannot compare the facts in the two countries. The number of Jews in England has never been ascertained ; it may be rated from the marriages (160) at 20,000; or rather more than double the number of quakers. Five thousand six hundred and twenty-eight men and 16,414 women were married under 21 years of age; or of 1,000, 46 men and 135 women. In 4,853 marriages, the ages were ascertained : more than half, namely, 2,536 men and 2,527 women, were between the ages of 20 and 25 ; at 25, and under 30, the men were 1,150, the women 366 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE 861 ; and 137 men and 65 women were above the age of 50. The ingenious lable of the chances of marriage, calculated from these facts by the Scots man, represented the prospects of ladies, now in, "the winter of their discontent," under a some what unfavorable light. But if there are few mar ried after the age of 35, there are fewer lo be mar ried — fewer in the state of celibacy. If, of 1,000 young women aged 18, 900 will be married, and 90 of 100 virgins at 40, the chances of marriage would be the sarae at. those respective ages. The registiar general's reraarks on the mortality of England and Wales are interesting, as the mor tality has never before been deduced from a direct observation of the number of deaths. " The assumption that the rale of increas'fe since 1831 has been the same as from 1821 lo 1831, the populalion of whom the deaths might have been registered, may be estimated lo have been nearly as follows, at the middle of each of the two first years of registration, under the present law : Years. January 1, 183% January 1, 1839 7,612,9677,72-3,924 7,828,7687,942,876 Total. 13,441,735 15,666,800 The deaths registered in the years of which the above mentioned periods are the middle terms, were — Years. Year ending June 30, 1338 Year ending June 30, 1839 Males. Females, Total, 170,965169,112 164,991 161,895 335,956 331,007 Without correction for omissions, this would show the mortality to have been as follows : Years. 1837-'38lc38-'39Mean of the 2 years Males. 1 in 445 1 in 43-7 1 in 45.1 Females, 1 in 47,6 1 in 49. 1 in 48,2 Mean, 1 in 46. I in 47 3 Assuming lhat the populalion may be estimated as above, and that It is unnecessary to allow a greater correction than 2 per cent, for oraission in the regi^tration.s of deaths, the mean moitality of Ihe two sexes for those Iwo years, will have been about 1 in 46." The mortality at different oges can only be cal culated when the ages ofthe living have been enU. merated at the next census. The report contains a very interesting return on the state of education. " Almost every marriage is duly registered, and every register of marriage is signed by the parlies married ; those who are unable of writing their names, and those who are unable, or who write very imperfectly, making their marks ; therefore, an enumeration of the instances in which the mark has been made, will show the proportion among those married who either cannot write at all, or write very imperfectly. • » * "It appears from the table that, in fifteen English counties, and in North and Soulh Wales, moie than 40 per cent, of the men were unable to write their names; and in nineteen English counties, in the West riding of Yorkshire and in W^les, more than half the women were similarly defioient; and it will appear from the subjoined obslract of mar.- riages lhat, in the whole uf England and Wales, out of 121,083 couples raarried, there were 40,587 men and 58,959 women who could not write. "It is to be observed, that the education of the men, in this respect, appears to be superior lo lhat of the women, the proportions per cent, of those who were deficient being, respectively, 53 and 40 for the whole kingdom, and a superiority being* maintained by the men throughout the country, "Il will be observed, that this return indicates a decided superiority with regard to education in the metropolis, as compared with the rest of Eng land and Wales, and next to the metropolis in the north of England ; and that the principal deficiency is in Lancashire, Bedfordshire, Monmouthshire, and Wales. But, as I have before observed, the comparative superiority or inferiority of paitieular portions of the kingdom, must not be hastily in ferred fiom Ihe returns of a single year." It is evident from the reports, thai a considerable number of interesting circuraslances are registered respecting every person in the country — the birth, raarriage, death, with the date, place, and connec tions of these iraportant events — important bolh as eleraenls of econoraical science, and as data to di rect and regulate the transmission of property. " The poor," it has been said, "have no monu raents," buf, under the provisions of the Registra- tion Act, their names are recorded with those of the highest rank, and may be preserved in the offi cial records of the country Ihrough immemorial ages, long after ambitious marbles and bronze statues have been dashed to pieces by the de stroyer — Time. Expense of the church in England Col- ton's recent work on Great Bdtain furnishes a number of curious particulars in regard to the state of rehgion and the income of the established church in England, some of which we deem it a matter of interest to noiice. Few persons in this couniry, we apprehend, hav^a correct knovi^ledge of the immense income of the dignitaries of the church* and a still smaller number are able to ap preciate the gross injustice under which a large portion of the people of England suffer, in conse quence of tbe abuses connected with the Enghsh religious syslem. Tbe church of England is a political institution ; the King is its head, and the bishops, who super vise the church, are nominated to their sees by him. By a report made in June, 1834, the an nual revenues of the church were stated to be £3,784,985 or ^18,167,928. This, however, ia an ex parte statement, and Mr. Colton believes that it is much too low. From some data which he was enabled to obtain, he inclines to the opin ion that the actual revenue is not short of £21 - 817,417, or gl04, 723,602. It was staled in 'a London paper, not long since, that the regular an nual income of the archbishop of York is £20,000, independent of fines which occasionally happen to be be equal to £100,000. The bishop of London's income is £60,000, and the see of Durham is sta- 367 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE ted to yield annually one-half that amount. Ac cording to the statements of the reformers, tbe principal sources of revenue to the church of Eng land are the following : Church tithe - - -£6,881,800 Income of the bishopricks - - 207,115 Estates of the deans and chapters 494,000 Glebes and parsonage houses 250,000 Perpetual curacies - - - 75,000 Benefices not parochial - - 32,450 Fees for buriaLs, marriages, christen ings, &c. - - . - 509,000 ^Oblations, ofierings, and compositions, for the four great festivals - - 80,000 College and school foundations - 682,150 Lectureships in towns and popular places . . 1 . '60,000 Chaplainships and offices in public in stitutions - - - 10,000 New churches and chapels - - 94,050 Total revenue of the established clergy 9,459,565 This sum, which, in federal money, is $45,- 405,912, is monopolized, says Mr. Colton, by 7,694 individuals, a large portion of whom are non-residents and sinecurists. If this amount were divided equally among them all, it would av erage to each 86, 182 ; but, according to the report ofthe royal commission of 1834, £424,796 of the whole sum is dispensed by the incumbents for the compensation of 5,282 curates, who supply their places, averaging for each curate £80, or $384 ; that is, the dignitaries who receive from the church an annual income of about $5,798, upon which they live in idleness and luxury, employ poor cu rates to do their preaching and praying for them, at a salary short of $400. Many curates, it is said, do not receive more than £50, and some get no more than £20. Such is the gross injustice of the pros- ent established church system of England. The official estimates of the expenses of the Government of England, setting aside the interest on the national debt, were, for 1835, £14,471,213, a little more than half in excess of the cost of the church. The whole expenses of the American Government do not amount to one-half the ex penses of the estabhshed church of England. Mr. Colton adds the annexed tabular statement, which possesses great interest. Comparative expense of the church of England, and of Christianity in all other countries uf ihe world. s^r =,2 Number of 5^5 §S§ Names of the nations. hearers. Hi i^« _ - • - 21 Crete, 156 ms. by 20 - - - 3,120 Total - - 3,908 Albania - MacedoniaThessalyInsular Greece Mor^a, or Pen Summary, nsular Greece Sq, ms, - 4,000 - 24,360 - 4,060 3,908 - 7,660 Total - 44,040 Thus we find that this grand theatre of early history does not equal in area Pennsylvania. Greece in all parts, even in the smallest islands, is mountainous, and one-fourth may be deducted from its arable a'-ea, leaving only about 33,000 sq ms. capable of sustaining a dense population, A very interesting subject of discussion would be a comparison between ancient and modern Greece ; but our knowledge of either, is too vague to enable us to draw satisfactory conclusions. From want of precision of ancient authors, we are at a loss to decide many important points in the history of this couniry, during its most pros perous periods. Statistical knowledge, so indis pensable to political science, was almost entirely neglected by the historians of Greece, and too much so by Rome, The population of ancient Stales must be determined by comparative esti mates. It is recently, and yet partially, that modern nations have adopted the simple means of enumeration to .discover and measure their res pective physical force. To enable us to approxi mate in some measure to a correct view of the population of ancient Greece, we have two mili tary estimates, made at different periods ; one by Herodotus, where he details the troops of Greece, at the battle of Plataja, Ante C, 479 ; and the second, when Philip II, king of Macedonia, was declared generalissimo of all the armies of Greece. In the 28th section of Calliope, Herodotus gives the following table of the military force of Greece in the second Persian invasion — Spartans, Lacedemonians, and Helolae - 79,500 Athenians - 8,000 Tegeate .... 1^500 Corinthians - 5,000 Polidieans .... 30O Arcadians .... 600 Sicyonians - . . 3,000 Epidaurians, I,eprealae, and Trozenians - 2,0^0 Mycenians and Tirinlhians - - 400 Phliasians, Hermiconians, Eretrians, and Styreans - . . . 1,900 Ohalcidians and Ampraciat» - - 1,300 Leucadians and Anaclorians - 800 Cephalenians and Eginetae - 700 Megarseans and Plaljeans - - 6,000 Auxiliaries from a number of places not named ... 21,200 Total - 129,800 This document, although '' does not enable us to fit the proportion between the military and other parts of the populalion, is, however, precious, as serving to determine the relative force of the States of southern Greece nearly five centuries before our era. Only 108,600 Greeks were actually em bodied against the Persians at Plalsea, as the north ern Greeks joined the invadws. If we allow 108,600 to have been tbe two-thirds of the mili tory populalion at that period, then about 145,000 would represent the entire disposable force. Twenty to one, il is probable, as it is in modern limes, was about the relative number of troops in the field, and the residue of the populalion. This would yield an aggregate of 2,896,000, as the mass of inhabilanls in Greece, 479 years be fore our era. If we assume 3,000,000 in round numbers, we find an aggregate of 70 to the sq. m. In Greece, as in every other couniry, in every age^ the increase and decrease of mankind depended more on moral, than physical causes. Great tem perance, simplicity of manners, and litlle use of animals, when superadded lo personal freedom, were all favorable to population in the ancient States of Greece ; but a powerful check was given to general prosperity by domestic slavery, which prevailed in every part, but particularly in Athens, and Lacedemon ; we have seen, nevertheless, lhat the former, on a territory of aboul 500 sq. ms., had at one period upwards of 300,000 inhabitants, or 600 to the sq, m. All Greece thus peopled would have contained a papulation of more than 26,000,000, but the events of the Peloponnesian and Theban wars, would warrant the conclusion that Greece never at any period contained as many as 3,000,000 of inhabitants. In Ante C, 337, the, assembled States of Greece, at Corinth, named Philip II, King of Ma cedonia, as generalissimo, and voted a force of 235,000 men. This army, when uniled to the troops of Macedonia, would have forraed a mass of about 300,000 men. Greece and Macedonia were now at the very acme of their conjoint power, and yet three years afterwards, with all this pomp of numbers, Alexander was unable lo qujl Europe with 50,000 raen, when he undertook the invasion of Persia. In fact the Grecian army, at the battle of Plalsea, was the most numerous ever assembled by that nation on any occasion whatever. When invaded by the Romans, their armies were general ly small, and when the former were commanded by skilful generals, the latter ceded and fell a prey to the invaders. Fifteen centuries after the Roman conquest, the Turks obtained similar success, wilh even less effective resistance. Since the lalp san guinary contest with their Mahometan masters, the humber and component material of tbe population of Greece have become problems of intense interest. Hobhouse gives to modern Attica 25,200 inhabi tants ; but this estimate is made upon Attica re stricted to within Mount Cithaeron, on about 350 sq. ms. The Greek revolted provinces are the Morea, Attica, Boeotia, (Livadia,) and a few of the islands. The whole of this extent may amount to 371 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE the one-third of all Greece and Macedonia, or to about 14,600 sq. ms. If Attica contains 25,200 inhabitants on 350 sq. ms., the aggregaie is 72 to the sq. m.; and, allowing such distributive popu lation to all Greece, the amount would be 3,178,- 000, a number far above what any evidence we possess would warrant. To many it will appear revolting to be told that there has not yet been, at any moment since their revolt, a population of one million opposed to the Turks; and yet, if such an estimate is erroiieous, I am afraid that the error is in excess. The moral materiel is again a far more import ant subject of inquiry than mere numbers. Com mencing in the N. with Albania, always less civil ized than the more soulhern Greeks, is now inhab ited by a race not much above the savage slate. " The countries composing Albania," says Hob house, " seem, in parts, to have been peopled by an almost uninterrupted succession of barbarians. Illyricum and Epirus are not ofteji mentioned by historians without a notice of the peculiar ferocity of their inhabitants. It was not until the reign of Tharytas, King of the Molossians and Thespro- tians, from whom Pyrrhus was fourth in descent, that the Greek language and manners were intro duced into the country ; which, as it was divided into several petty principalities and republics, could, after all, never have been more than par tially civilized. As to the Illyrians, Polybius calls them the enemies of all nations, and no more civ ilized than the Thracians or the Gelse ; and Livy accounts for the superior ferocity of one of the four Roman divisions of Macedonia by the inclemency of their climate, the infertility of their soil, and the vicinity of the barbarians." This picture of the country and its inhabitants is as faithful a repre sentation of both at the present epoch as for ages prior and subsequent to the Roman conquest of Greece. When that conquest was consuramated^ and Macedonia lay in the direct route from the capital of the empire to the more distant provinces of the east, a military road was opened, and called the Ignatian Way. This road led from ApoIIonia^ Dyrrachium, and Aulor, over the mounlains, through Lychnidas, Pylon, and Edessa, 250 ms. to Tbessalonica. Whilst this thoroughfare exist ed, some degree of mental improvement must have been superinduced; but the decline of Roman power and subsequent revolution closed to the still barbarous population of Epirus every avenue of in telligence, and as early as the reign of Julian II the decay of its cilies was noticed. In 396 Alaric first laid waste the country, and then settled in it with his Goths. The Vandals, as destroyers, had preceded the Goths, but a still more effective revo- lutioji was the consequence of the invasion of the Scythian Sclavi. This fierce and rude people crossed the Danube obout the middle of the si.t th century, supplanted the ancient, and introduced a new and still more barbarous population. In the process of a few succeeding centuries, these rude hordes were expanded and established in Epirus, Macedonia, continental Greece, and the Morea. As the empire of the Romano Greeks declined, the Sclavi formed a powerful kingdom between the Danube and Mount Hsemus, and in the W. em bracing Epirus. This kingdom was known hy the name of Bulgaria, ' The Bulgarians invaded Pan- 372 nonia, in the beginning of the sixth century, de feated the imperial army, and were bribed to retire, an expedient which was, in effect, a security for their return. After many attempts and changes of fortune on both sides, the Sclavi were firmly es tablished S. of the Danube, had given their new name to the Moesian provinces, Bulgaria, which now designates the country. As early as 655 the Bulgarians advanced towards Constantinople, and reached Varna, from where the impolitic ex pedient of tribute obtained their momentary re- treat, but they were now a nation of southern Europe, and a most formidable scourge to the Ro mano Greeks. In 810, the emperor Nisephorus in vaded Bulgaria, but was encompassed and destroyed with all his army. Three years afterwards the Bulga rians rushed into the empire and beseiged Constan tinople, Their extreme danger at length roused the Romano Greeks, who were still sufficiently pow erful, when in any manner well directed, to repress ,these hordes, and they were driven from the em pire. In time of peace their intercourse with the Greeks brought the Bulgarians gradually into the pale of Christianity, which, however, produced but lillle moral change in their sanguinary and barbar. ous manners. The wealth and weakness of the Romano Greeks incited constant hostility, and in 913 Simeon, King of Bulgaria, was before the walls x>f Constantinople. Through the greatest part ofthe lOllT century the Bulgarians maintained their ascendancy, but in 975 the Romaijo Greeks had the good fortune to be ruled by a hero, Basil II. This consummate general, though unable to prevent the Bulgarians from, in 994, taking Tbes salonica, and rushing in a destructive torrent into Boeotia, Attica, and Peloponnesus, yet, as this in vasion, by dispersing, weakened their force, in the face of their now formidable opponent, he in a few years so effectually crushed their power, by reiter ated defeats, that in 1017 they submitted to be come his subjects. These Sclavonic bands had been now established S. of the Danube upwards of 500 years, and th6ugh composed of various tribes and nations, they im perceptibly melted into one mass, or rather into two; the easiern section known as Bulgarians, and the W. as Albanians. They had been inde pendent Iribes long enough to change the name of the iprovinces they inhabited, and as early as the lllh century Roscia, Servia, Bosnia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and Albania, had commenced to supplant the ancient provincial names of this part of Eu rope, and, what was of greatly more consequence, to spread barbarism over the remotest corners of Greece. To complete its degradation, in 1204 the im perial capital fell into the hands uf a French and Venetian force, and a. French nobleman placed on the throne of Constantine. Centuries before its actual conquest, the Nortnans, Genoese, Vene tians, Calelans, &c., under the general name of Franks, had made the continent and islands of Greece a thoroughfare in their approaches towards, and retreat from, the Mahometan countries of Asia and Africa. So deeply influential were those ex peditions and consequent commercial intercourse, as to give a new language to the eastern part of the Mediterranean, and t^e lingua Franca became a lasting testimony how far the Latin nations bad liKJli IJHiUUUAl-rilUAij DICTIONARY GRE supplanted the Greeks, in the very cenire of Greece. In 1303 the Calelans, under the sec tional name of Amogavarcs, and admixed wilh rob bers and murderers from Italy, were fixed in the Romano Greek empire by Michel Poleologus. From the commencement of the 14lh to the middle of the 15th century, or for a period of 150 years, the Calelans or Amogavares completed the physi cal and mental ruin began by the Bulgarians, Avares, and Albanians. Finally, the Mahometan Turks, already in Europe since 1353, totally sub vened the empire by storming Constantinople. Forced by the Turks from Thrace, the Calelans sellled in continental Greece, and that fine region became once more partitioned inlo barbarous prin cipalities of small extent. For several centuries Greece, in respect lo civilizalion and political im portance, was in a worse condition than it was during the heroic ages, 2,500 years before. In the darkest period of the heroic ages, Greece had one langUBge ; but under the Christian age of des olation, her incompatable language was superseded by barbarous dialects, too rude to admit reduction to written rules. Of all the crowds from' the N., E., and W., which trampled the soil of ancient science, the Venetians and Genoese alone contrib uted to arrest the progress of ignorance and bar barism ; and even the Venetians and Genoese, be ing rivals in commerce, their mutual contests in creased disorders at the very heart of the Romano Greek empire. In fine, from the age of Constan tine to the late revolution, the real Greek and the Greek language were disappearing from the earlh, and had not the catastrophe been prevented by fa naticism on all sides, the Greeks, Turks, Alba nians, and all other nations inhabiting the Otto man empire, must have, in the lapse of five centu ries, melted into one common mass, and have adopted the language of their conquerors. The Romans had already produced such an effect ; but wilh the Romans jusiice, liberty, and law, followed the sword ; in Turkey all was mere brutal force. From every evidence I have been able to collect, Albania, the Morea, continental Greece, Thessaly, Macedonia and 'J'hrace, are now inhabited by a hostile mixture of the descendants of Greeks, Ro mans, Goths, Vandals, Sclavi, Spaniards, modern Italians, and Ottomans, with other races of less consequence. A difference of manners, customs, religion, and language, is met with in every petty district. The Scythian charactei-, according to Hobhouse, prevails in the mountainous regions as well as in the Morea, Attica, and Boeotia. It must be obvious, from what has been staled in this arti cle, that to talk of Greeks in Greece is little, if any, less absurd than to talk of Romans in Italy. A new national association may arise in Greece, but cannot be Greek. The real character of a sub jugated people is always infinitely better than their reputation ; therefore, what degrading acccounts we read of the mixed inhabitants of Greece ougbf to be received with liberal allowance for the disad vantages under which they labor. We must ex pect to find in the Morea and the islands more re mains of the ancient Greek manners and character than in continental Greece, as foreign aggression and alloy could reach the former with more diffi culty than the latter section of this still very inter esting country. This is the fact, as attested by Hobhouse, Poqueville, the Duke of Choiseuil Goufier, Chateaubriand, and indeed by almost cv- ery traveller. Much of the ancient personal ap pearance, dress, and manners, aro retained even in conlinenlal Greece, but the moral base ia overturned. Amongst ancieni nations, when books were made up in manuscripl, and of course trecessively dear, the great body of society must have remained igno- rant. It was individual rather than national intel ligence which gave pre-eminence to ancient Greece ; and, when foreign domination crushed the germ of genius, the arts, sciences, and national grandeur, disappeared. I will nol say, with Hobhouse, that Greece cannot, in any case, be independent, but must confess that I see but, little to hope in their favor. Wilh two great military empires on one side, and a greater commercial empire on the oth er, and bolh inimical to their actual emancipation, the Turks are left undisturbed to gain exjierience in the art of war, and must in the end succeed in resubjugating or exterminating that nation we call Greek. This sanguinary consummation may be averted by the Greeks becoming a dependent on Great Britain, or submitting to a Russian or Aus trian Vaivode. Though not very generally fertile, the soil of Greece is more productive than could be expected from a couniry so broken by mounlains. It is more celebrated for fruils than grain. The plains and valleys of Greece produce, however, in suffi'- cient abundance, wheat, barley, rice, maize, millet, and other cerealia. Ils fruits are abundant and delicious ; the principal species are figs, grapes, apples, &c. In many places extensive orchards of the white mulberry are cultivated to feed the silk worm. The modern name ofthe Peleponnesus, the Morea, is derived from Morus, the Latin name of the Mul berry tree. Honey is also amongst the most valuable pro ductions of Greece. That of Atlica has been, from time immemorial, celebrated for its peculiar excel lence, Cotton and tobacco, in modern times, have been introduced, and are now generally cultivated. In brief, Greece wants only freedom and release from the deteriorating and murdering despotism of Ihe Turks and national union to again resume her rank amongst the most respectable nations of the world. Considerable advance has been made dur ing the last 70 years, in rousing the Greeks lo a recollection of what were once their ancestors, and in anticipation of what they may themselves be, if restored to self government. Literature has made if we estimate the many impediments opposed to its advance, astonishing progress of late. Great attention is paid to the ancient and modern lan guages of Greece — the former distinguished by the title of Helenic, and the latter by that of Ro maic, and differing about as much as Latin and Italian. Increasing intelligence and reading of their own classic authors have led to a, result which was in evitable, a resistance against their ancient and fe rocious oppressors. That resistance is now in op eration, and lost must that heart be whi^ch is not with ils every feeling arrayed on the side of the Greeks; would to Heaven we could accompany our sympathies in this case with rational hope; but, alas ! dark is the prospect. 373 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICtlONARY. GRE Kingdom of Hellas, or Greece — This kingdom forms the southeastern extremity of Europe, and is nearly peninsular, being bounded on three sides by the Archipelago and the .Mediterranean sea. Its greatest lengih from N. to S, is about 172 miles, and the greatest breadth of ils continental portion about 150; comprising an area of about 14,000 square geographical miles. It comprises the ancient Peloponnesus, or Morea; the Turkish province of Livadia, and part of those of Carlilli and Lepan to, or Easiern and Western Hellas; Euboea, or Ne groponl ; the Cyclades, and a part of the Sporades. The kingdom is divided into 10 nomoa, or shires, which are subdivided into 46 eparchies. The fol lowing table contains the names of the nomas and their chief towns, of which, those to which the star is annexed are also the chief towns of the eparchies. Nomoa or Shires. Pop, in 1836, Argolis Achaia and Elis i - Messenia Arcadia LaconiaAcarnania and Etolia Lochris and Phocis ' - Attica and Baiotia- Eubosa Cyclades 89,340 86,879 GI,035 80,871 60,550 45,00043,74074,55241,525 105,134 Towns. Nauplia,* Argos,* Cor inth,* Hydra,* Castri,* Cranidi, roros,* Damala, Patras,* Vostitza,* Kala- vrita,* Pyigos,* Gastuni, Arcadia,* Phanari,* Mo don,* Navjirin, Coron, AndrouBsa,* Ma\Tomat- hi,* Colamata,* Tripolitza, Caritene,* Prastos,* Hagio, Petro, Leontari,* Misitra,* Monemrasia,* Veiilo,* Vrachori,* Dragomestre,* Missolooghi,* Lepanto,* Carpenitzo * Salona,* Galaxidi, Yei- tiin,*Petradjik, Lidariki,* Talanti ? Athens,* Ejina,* Megara,* Thebes,*Livadia,* Negropont,* Caristo, Sco, pelo, the Islands Skia- thos, Skyros, Heliodro- mia, Hermopolis.* Andros,* Sinos,* or Borgo,* the Islands Mijconi, Delos, Kythnos, Kid, or Zea, Senpho, Miloj-Kimoli, or Argentiere, Siphno, or Siphanto, Policandro, ,Si- kinos, Thira, or Santorin, los, or Nios, Araphne, or Nauphio,Amorgos, Naxos, Paros, Antiparos, Andros, Syra, Tinos. Greece, village, Monroe county, N. Y., W. from Genesee river, and 7 ms. NNW. from Rochester. Greggville, village, Loudon co., Va , 45 miles W. from W. C. Green, tp., Franklin co.. Pa., on bolh sides of the road from Shippensburg to Chambersburg. Tp,, Clark CO., O. Tp., Clinton county, O. Tp., Columbiana co., 0. Tp., Fayette county, 0. Tp. of Gallia county, O. Tp. in Harrison county, O. The postoffice by the name of Green is situaled 8 miles NE. of Cadiz. ^ Tp. of Richland co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 621. Tp. of Ross county, 0., on tlie E. side of Scioto river. Pop. in 1820, 1,531. Tp. of Scioto co, 0., on Ohio river. Pop. in 1820, 582. Village and township. Stark co,, 0. Pop. in 1820, 503. "374 Tp., Trumbull co., O., 18 ms, NE. from Warren. Tp., Wayne county, 0., 6 miles NE. from Wooster. Green Bank, S. from the island of Newfound land, about 150 miles long and 50 wide, lying in the form of an ellipsis. Lon. W. C. from 20 10 to 24 40 E., lat. 45 30 to 46 50 N. Green Bay, foi merly Bay Puan, large bay of lake Michigan, or more correctly the estuary of Fox river. Ils form is that of a triangle, e*tend- ing about 90 ms. from lake Michigan, gradually narrowing from 20 ms. lo the confined stream of Fox river. The mouth of Green bay is closed by a group of islands. — See Grand Traverae, Ves sels of 200 tons can navigate this bay, and enter some distatice into Fox river. Green Bay, seltlement. This region was colo nised by the French when in possession of Cana da, about 1700. The majority of the present set tlers are descendants of the original settlers. — See Brown co,, Michigan, Greenbriar, river of Va., which rises in Pen dleton CO., Va., and flowing SW. by S. through Pendleton, Bath, Nicholas, and Monroe cps., falls into the Great Kenhawa aftfer a comparative course of 100 ms Co. of Va., bounded by Nicholas E., Monroe SE., Kenhawa river or Giles SW., Kenhawa NW., and Randolph NE, ; lengih 50 ms., mean width 24, area 1,200 sq, ms. ; surface hilly and mountainous generally, wilh a soil mostly rocky or stony and barren. Chief town, Lewis burg. Pop in 1820, 7,040, and in 1840, 8,695. N. lat. 38°', and lon. from W. C. 3J° W.; inter sect in this CO, C, H. — See Lewisburg, Greenburg, village, Westchester co., N. Y., 20 ms. N. from tire cily of N. Y. Green Bush, village, Windsor co., Vt,, 68 ms. S. frora Monlpelier. Greenbush, town opposite .the city of Albany, and in Renssellaer co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,764. Green Castle, village, Franklin co,. Pa,, 11 ms. S. of Chambersburg, and 9 N. of Hagers town, Md. Pop. 1,300. Village Putnam CO., Inda., 46 ms. W. from Indianapolis. Greencastle, village, Fairfield co., Ohio, 10 ms. NW. from New Lancaster, and 11 SE. frora Co lumbus. Greene, town, Kennebec co., Maine, 24 ms. SW. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 1,890. Co., N. Y., bounded E. by Hudson river, S. by Ulster, W. by Delaware, NW. by Scoharie, and N. by Albany ; length 32 ms., mean width 20, area 640 sq. ms. The surface of this co. is in a peculiar manner diversified. Its central parts aro occupied by the highest elevations of Kaatsbergs, rising to near 4,000 feet, and are the highest peaks of the Appalachian or Alleghany range SW. from Hudson river. Around these Alpine summits are many valleys of first-rate land, highly pioductive in grain, fruils, and pasturage. It is indeed one of the most interesting counties in the U. S. for the richness and variety of its scenery and its mineral and vegetable productions. Chief town, Athens. Pop. in 1820, 22,996, and in 1840, 30,446. Cll. lat. 42 18 N., lon. W. C. 3° E. Village, Chenango co., N. Y., 12 ms. SW. from Nor wich. Pop. in 1820, 2,500. — [-SW. co. of Pa., bounded by Va. S. and W., by Washington, Pa., GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE N,, and by the Monongahela river E. ; length 32 ms., breadth 12, area 600 sq. ms. ;,surface gener ally hilly, with' a good soil on the streams and some part of the high lands. Chief town, Waynes boro'. Pop. in 1820, 15,554, and in 1840, 19,- 147. Ctl. lat. 39 50, lon. W. C. 3 15 W. Tp., Greene co,, Penn., on Whitely creek. Pop. 1820, 1,801.- — Tp. of Beaver co., Penn,, on the S, side of Ohio river. Pop. in 1820, 1,194, Co., N. C, bounded by Lenoir S., Wayne W., Edgecombe N., Pill NE , and Craven SE, ; lengih 20 ms,, mean width 14, area 280 sq. ms. ; surface moderately hilly, and soil tolerably pro ductive. Pop. in 1820, 4,533, and in 1840, 6,595. Cll. lat 35 30 N., long W. C. 45' W. Co. of Georgia, bounded by Oconee river SW., Clarke and Oglethorpe N.,WilkesE., and Hancock SE. ; length 28 ms., mean width 15, area 420 sq. ms. ; surface hilly and soil productive. Chiel lown, Greensborough. Pop. in 1820, 1,445, and in 1840, 11,690. Cll, lat. See Greensborough Co., Alabama, at the mouth of the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior river, bounded by the Tombigbee river, W., Pickens and Tuscaloosa N., Perry E,, and Dallas and Marengo S. ; lengih 35 ms., mean width 20, area 700 sq. ms, ; surface in general hilly. Soil upon the streams highly fertile, but in the immediate space sterile. Chief town, Erie, Pop. in 1820, 4,554, and in 1840, 24,024. Ctl. lat. 32 48 N., lon. W. C. 10 40 W. Co,, Miss,, bounded by Ala. E,, by Jackson co. S., Perry W., and Wayne N. ; lengih 36 ms., mean width 30, area 1,080 sq. ms. ; surface uneven, rather hilly. Soil, except in a few places along the streams, sterile and timbered — with fine staple cotton. Pop. in 1820, 1,445, and in 1840, 1,636. Ctl. lat. 31 15 N., lon. 11 32 W. from W. C. Co. E. Tennessee, bounded by N. Car. SE., Cocke CO. SW., Jefferson W., Hawkins N., and Washington E. ; length 32 ms., mean width 22, area about 700 sq, ms. ; surface greatly diversified by mountain, hill, and dale. The Nolichucky river winding through the central parts of the co., affords much good land. Chief town, Greenville. Pop. in 1820, 11,328, and in 1840, 16,076, Ctl. lat. 36° N., and lon. W. C. 6° W. ; inter sect in this, CO. Co. of Ky., bounded by Adair CO. SE., Barren SW., Hart W,, Hardin NW,, and Washington N. ; length 34 ms., mean width 12, area about 40tO sq. ms. ; surface generally rather level, and being drained by Green river and ils numerous branches, possesses a great proportion of good land. Chief town, Greensburg. Pop. in 1820, 11,943, and in 1840, 13,627. Cll. lat. see Greensburg, Greene co., Ky. Co. of Ohio, bounded by Montgomery W. and NW., Clarke N., Fayette E., Clinton SE., and Warren SW. greatest length from E. to W. 26 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 416 sq. ms. ; extending in lat. from 39 34 to 39 51, and in Ion. W. C. from 6 32 to 7 2 W. The slope of this co. is to the SW. ; and in that direction the northwestern part is traversed by Mad river. Little Miami river rising in Madison and Clarke, enters the north eastern and issues from the southwesternmost part of Greene. Cffisar's creek, branch of Litlle Miami, rises in and drains the southeastern angle. Ex cellent spring waler abounds in this co., the sur face of which is pleasantly diversified. It is amongst the best farming cos. of the Stale. Chief town, Xenia. Pop. in 1830, 14,801, and in 1840, 17,528. Green Creek, village in the southeastern part of Sandusky co , Ohio, 8 ms. SE. from Lower San dusky. Greenfield, town, Franklin co , Mass., on the W. bank of Connecticut river, 20 ms. above Northampton. Tho village is the seat of justice for theco., and is a prosperous commercial depot. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 1,361. Village, Hills borough CO., N. H,, 46 ms, SW. from Concord. Town, Saratoga co., N. Y., 10 ms. N. from Balston Spa. Pop. in 1820, 3,024. Northern tp., Bedford co,, Penn,, principally on the head walers of the Frankslown branch of Juniata. Pop. in 1820, 1,141, Village, Erieco., Penn. Village, Nelson CO., Va., by post road 114 ms. W. from Richmond Post office, Fairfield co., Ohio, 5 or 6 ms. NW. of New Lancaster Wesiern tp. of Gallia co-., Ohio. Village in the extreme NE. angle of Highland co., 0., 17 ras. NW, of Hillsborough, the co, seat, and 21 a litlle N. of W. frora ChilMcothe. Pop. 500. Greenford, or Greenvillage, village in Green tp., northern part of Columbiana co., Ohio, 20 ras. N. of New Lisbon. Green Hill, post office, unknown location, Co lumbiana CO., Ohio. Greenfield Hill, village, Fairfield co., Ct,, 6 ms. W. frora Bridgeport. Green Garden, post office, Sumner co, , Tenn., 55 ms. N. from Murfreesborough. Green Hill, village, Campbell co,, Ya. ; by postroad 120 ras. a lillle S. of W. from Richmond. Greenland, general name by which are denoted the most easterly parls of America, stretching to wards the north pole, and likewise some islands to the northward of the continent of Europe, lying in very high latitudes.' This couniry is divided into East and West Greenland. Greenland was for a long time considered as a part of the conti nent of West Greenland, but is now discovered to be an assemblage of islands lying between 76 46 and 80 30 of N. lat,, and between 9° and 20° of E. lon. It was discovered by Sir Hugh Willough by, in 1553, who called it Greenland, supposing it to be a part ofthe wesiern continent. In 1595, it was again visited by William Barentz ond John Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the original discoverers, and called the country Spitzbergen, or Sharp Mountains, from the many sharp pointed and rocky mounlains with which it abounds. The only quadrupeds of either East or West Greenland are deer, while bears, and foxes. To its frozen seas the English and olher nations repair annually, in the proper season, to fish for whales. See Spitzbergen. Greenland, hitherto considered as a part of the continent of America, has been determined, by the researches of Capiain Parry, to be separaled from lhat couniry by a sirait, or rather an iritricacy of straits and islands. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., on the'S. side of Great bay. Pop. 1820. 634. Greenlaw, county town of Berwickshire, Eng., on a river that joins the Tweed before it reaches Berwick. Itis 18 ms. W. by S. of that town. Lon. 2 10 W., Iat. 55 43 N, 375 GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRE Green Mountains, ridge extending from the Highlands, in N. Y., through Ct., Mass., and Vt., into L. C. In Berkshire co., Mass., a branch leaves the Green mountains, and, stretch ing S. through Ct., terminates at New Haven. The Green raountains vary in height from 300 to 4,000 feet, with some elevated though highly fer tile valleys. Vermont derives ils name from this range, the word meaning literally green mounlain. Green Point, in the bay of Quinte, is the noilh point in Sophiasburg, and lies opposite to John's island, U. C. Greenock, considerable seaport of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, which here expands into a basin, 4 ms. wide. It is 20 ms. W. of Glasgow. Lon. 4 29 W., lat. 55 54 N. Green River, post office, Columbia co,, N. Y,, 30 ms. SE. from Albany. River of Ky., rises in Lincoln co., and, flowing by a generally west ern course, through Casey, Adair, Green, Hart, Warren, Grayson, Butler, Ohio, Muhlenburg, Hopkins, Davis, and Henderson cos., falls into Ohio river, after a comparalive length of 230 ms. Considerable improvements have been made to fa cilitate navigation on this river. Green,sborough, town, Orleans co., Vt., on the head. of La Moelle river, 30 ms. NNE. from Monlpelier. Town, Caroline co., Md., on a branch of Choptank river, 8 ms. N. of Denton, and 10 ms. E. of Centreville. Village, Meck lenburg co., Va, about 70 ms. SW. from Rich mond. Village, Guilford co., N. C, 89 Ins. NW. from Raleigh. Village and seat of jus tice. Green co., Ga., 40 ras. N. from Milledge ville. - Lat. 33 34 N., lon. W. C. 0 28 W. Village, Green co., Ala , 45 ms. N W. from Cahaba. Greenaburgh, tp.. West Chester CO., N. Y., on Hudson river, 30 ms. above N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,064. Village and seat of justice, Westmoreland co., Pa., 31 ms. E. by S of Pitts burg, and 264 W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1820, 770, and in 1840, 800. Small village. Green eo.. Pa., on Whitely Creek, 18 ms. S. frora Brownsville. Village, Green co., Ky., on the north side of Green river, about 56 ms. SW. of Springfield. In 1840 pop. 585. Lat. 37 20 N., lon. W. C. 8 i&jar. Greenaburg, village. Green tp., northern part of Trumbull co., 0., 17 ms. N. of Warren, the co. seal, and 19 S. of Jefferson,- in Ashtabula co. Village, Decatur co.,Ia., 56 ms. SE. from Indian apolis. Greenated, village of Eng., in Essex, 1 m. W. of Chipping Ongar. Greentown, post office. Lake tp., northern part of Stark co., 0., 10 ms. N. of Canton, and 20 ms. SSW. of Ravenna. Greenaville, co.,Va., bounded, by N. C. S., Brunswick W., Dinwiddie/NW., Sussex NE., and Southampton E. Length 22, mean width 14 ms.; area about 300 sq. ms. Generally level, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Hicks- ford. Pop. 1820, 6,858 ; in 1840, 6,366. Greenup, NE. co. of Ky., bounded N. by Ohio, E. by Big Sandy river, S. by Lawrence, W. by Fleming, and NW. by Lewis. Length 43, mean width 14 ms. ; area about 590 sq. ms. These limits include what is now Greenup co. Since 376 1820, the southern part has been erected into Lawrence co., containing 720 sq. ms. Of course when the last census was taken the former co. ex tended over 1,310 sq. ms. Surface hilly, broken, and soil generally of indifferent quality. Chief town, Greenupsburg. Pop. 1820,4,311, and in 1840, 6,300. Greenupsburg, village and seat of justice, Greenup co., Ky,, on Ohio river, above the mouth of Little Sandy river, and 125 ms. NE. by E. from Lexington. Lat. 38 37 N., lon. W. C. 5 48 W. . Greenville, tp., York co., L. C, on the north side of Ottawa river, 50 ms. from Montreal, Oo. U, C, bounded on the E. by theco. of Dun das, on the S. by the river St. Lawrence, and on the W. by the tp. of Elizabethtown, running N. 24° W., until it intersects the Ottowa or Grand river ; thence it descends that river, until it meets the northwesternmost boundary of the co. of Dun das. The CO. of Greenville comprehends all ihe islands near to it, in the river St. Lawrence. It sen'ds one representative to the provincial parlia ment. Village, Providence co., R. I,, 9 ms. from Providence. Town, Green co., N. Y., on Catskill creek, 16 ms. above Catskill. -Village, Luzerne co.. Pa. Village, Sussex CO., N. J,, 79 ms. N. of Trenton. Tp., Somerset co,. Pa., on the head branches of Castleman's river, branch of Youghiogany river. Village, Augusta co,, Va., 10 ms. SSW. from Stanton, and 136 ms. NW. by W. from Richmond; Village and seat of justice, Pitt co., N. C, on the left branch of Tar river, 23 ms, above Washington. Lat. 35 35 N., lon. W. C. 0 25 W District, S. C, bounded by N. C. NW., Sportansburg E., Laurens SE., and Pendleton SW. Lengih 47, mean width 15 ms, ; area about 700 sq. ms. Sur face mountainous or hilly ; soil of the bottom lands fertile. Chief town, Greenville. Pop. in 1820, 14,530. Cent. lat. 34 48 N,, lon. W. C. 5 20 W. Town, Greenville district, S. C, on the W. side of the head of Reedy tiver, 100 ms. above Columbia. Village, Darlington dislrici, S. C, on Black river, 80 ms. NE. by E. from Colum bia. Town, Green CO., Tenn., 60 ms. E. from Knoxville. Town and seal of justice, Jefferson CO,, Miss., on Cole's creek, 2.1 ms. NE. from .\'atchez. Town, Muhlenburg co,, Ky.,fln tho W. side of Green river, 14 ms. SW. of Hartford. Village and co. seat, Darke co., O'., on the S. side of Greenville, fork of Miami river, 93 ms. W. of Columbus, 27 N. of Eaton, and 26 ms. a little N. of W. from Troy. N. lat. 40 6, lon. W. C. 7 36 W. Pop. 1830, 160 ; in 1840, 2,006. It was here that, on Aiigust 3, 1795, General Wayne effected the final treaty with the savages, which secured the peace and prosperity of the West. Grenville, Stark co., 0. See East Greenville. Greenville, village, Floyd co., Ia., 13 ms. N W. from Louisville in Ky.' Village, Bond co., 111., 22 ms. W. from Vandalia. Village, Butler CO., Ala., about 70 ms., SE. from Cahaba. College and post office. Green co., Tenn., near the right bank of Nolichucky river, 75 ms. a lit tle N. of E. from Knoxville. Court-house and post office, Greenville district, S. C, by post road 110 ms. NW. from Columbia. GRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GRI Greenville Creek, tributary of the SW. branch of Miami river, running E. past old Port Green ville. One mile above ils moulh and 17 below Greenville, it has a perpendicular fall of 15 feet. Greenwich, town of Eng,, in Kent. It is fa mous for a magnificent hospital for decayed sea men, and a royal observatory in a delightful park. The hospital is thought lo be the finest structure of the kind in the world ; the front to the Thames consists of two ranges of stone buildings. These buildings perfectly correspond wilh each other, and have their tops crowned with a stone balus trade. The observatory was built by Charles II, on the summit of a hill, called Flamslead Hill, from the great astronomer of that name, who was here the first astronomer royal. The English compute the longitude from the, meridian of this place. Greenwich is seated ou the Thames, 5 ms. E. of London. Town, Fairfield co.. Conn., on .Long Island Sound, about halfway be tween N. Y. and New Haven. Pop. ofthe tp., 1820, 3,790. Village, Hampshire co., Mass., 20 ms, from Northampton. Pop. in 1820, 778. Town, Washington co., N. Y. The village is on the Hudson at the mouth of Balterkill, 37 ms. above Albany. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 3,197. Village, Cumberland co,, N. J., on Cohansy creek, about 20 ms, SE. of Salem, and 10 SW. of Bridgetown. Pop. in 1820, 890. Tp., Gloucester CO., N. J. Pop. in 1820, 2,699. Tp., Berks co., Penn., on the E. side of Maiden creek, 8 nis. E. of Haraburg, and 18 NE. of Reading. Pop. in 1820, 1,337. Village, Charleston district, S. C. Village, Greenwich tp., in the southeastern part of Huron co., 0., 18 ms. a little E. of S. from Norwalk, the co. seat. Greenwich, East, village, Kent co., R. I. The village is the seat of justice for the co,, and seated on Nassanket bay, 14- ms. S. from Providence. It contains a respectable academy. Pop. in 1820, 1,519; and in 1840, 1,509. Greenwich, West, tp,, Kent co., R. I., on Pawtuxet river. Pop. in 1820, 1,927; in 1840, 1,415. Greenwich Village, a suburb of the northern part of the city of N. Y. Greenwood, tp., Oxford oo.. Me,, 5 ms. NW. from Paris. Pop. 1820, 509. Tp,, Mifflin CO., Penn., on the W. side of Susquehannah, and on the N. of Juniata ; being an angle formed by the two rivers. Pop. in 1820, 1,800, NE. tp.. Perry co., Penn., between the Susquehannah and Juniata Village, Columbia, co., Penn. Tp., Columbia oo., Penn., between Madison and Sugar Loaf, 12 ms. NNE. from Danville. Greersburg, village, Beaver co., Penn., 15 ms. N W. from Beaver. Gregory, Cape, of the U. S., on the Pacific ocean. Lat. 43 23 N. Gregstown, village, Somerset co., N. J., on Millstone river, 6 ms. NE. from Princeton. Grenada, New. — See Colombia and New Granada. Grenada, island in the V/. Indies, the last of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues NW. of Tobago. It is 20 ms. long and 13 broad, finely wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo, bentral lat. 12 10 N. Lon. W. C. 15 20 E. St. George is the 48* capital. Cily of Central America, in the pro vince of Nicaragua. The inhabitants carry on a great trade by means of the Lake Nicaragua, on which it is seated, 60 ms. SE. of Leon de Nicara gua. s^Lon. 86 36 W., lat. 12 6 N. Grenade, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Garonne, 17 ms. NW. of Toulouse. Grenadillas, or Grenadines, group of small is lands between Granada St. Vincent. Grenoble, city of Fr,, capital of the dep. of Isere. The leather and gloves lhat are made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass into that part called Perriere, a large street on the side of the river. It is 27 ms. S. of Chamberry. Lon. 5 44 E., lat. 45 12 N. Grenville, point of the U. S. on the Pacific ocean. Lat. 47 50 N. Grenvill's Canal, channel on the Pacific coast of S. America. Lat 56 30 N. Greysville, village, Huntingdon co., Penn. Griersburg, Beaver co.. Pa. — See Greersburg. Griffinhagan, town of Pomerania, in the duchy of Stetin, on the Oder, opposite Gartz. Lon. 14 42 E., lat. 53 25 N. Griffinsburg, village, Culpeper co., Va., 90 ms. SW. from W. C. and 100 a little W. of N. from Richmond. Griffin's Hollow, post office, Anson co. Griffin's Mills, Erie co., N. Y. Grimburgan, town of the kingdom of the Ne therlands in Brabant, 6 ms. N. of Brussels. Lon. 4 27 E., lat. 50 57N. Grimm, town in the electorate of Saxony, on the Muldaw, 10 ms. SE. of Leipsick. Lon. 12 35 E., lat. 51 15 N. Grimmen, town of Pomerania, 5 ms. S. of Stralsund. Lon. 13 27 E., lat. 54 12 N. Grimperg, town in the electorate of Treves, 17 ms. SE. of Treves. Lon. 0 59 E., lat. 49 35 N. Grimsby Great, seaport and borough of Eng. in Lincolnshire, 35 ms., NE. from Lincoln. Grimsby, tp., Lincoln co,, U. C., on Lake Ontario, W. from Niagara. Grindstone Ford, village, Claiborne co,. Miss., on Bayou Pierre. Grinstead East, borough of Eng. in Sussex, 20 ms. N. of Lewes and 29 S. of London. Lon. 0 3 E., lat. 51 12 N. Gripswald, strong town of Pomerania, for merly imperial, with a good harbor and a university. It is seated near the Baltic sea, 15 ms. SE. of Stralsund, and 55 NW. of Stetin. Lon. 13 44 E., lat. 54 4 N. Grisons, people inhabiting the Alps, and in alliance with Switzerland. They are divided into three parts called the Leagues, which form one republic ; namely, the Grey League ; the League of the House of God ; and that of the Ten Juris dictions, Throughout the three Leagues the Ro man law prevails, modified by the municipal customs. Though no material change has taken place in regard to the interior government of the Grisons, the territory now forms an independent Canton of the Swiss Confederation. — See art. Switzerland. The Grisons' country give rise to the extreme fountains of the Rhine and ^"n. Chief town, Coire, orChur. 377 GRU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GUA GrisseU's, post office, Columbiana co., O., by post road 176 ms. NE. from Columbus. GrisKold, tp., of N. London co.. Conn., on the Thames river, E. side, 8 ms. below Norwich. Pop. in 1820, 1,869. Grodno, pretty large city of Lithuania, and capital of the government of Grodno, in Russian Poland, and next to Wilna, the best in that duchy. It is situated on the river Niemen, partly on a plain, and partly on a mounlain. Grodno is 125 ms. NE. of Warsaw. Lon. 24 15 E., lat. 53 28 N. Grondines, seigniory, Hampshire co,, L. C, on the left side of the St. Lawrence river, 45 ms. above Quebec. Groll, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Guel derland, and in the co. of Zulland. It is seated on the Slinghe, 15 ms. SE. of Zutphen. Groningen, populous city of the kingdom of Hol land, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a university. It is seated on the rivers Hunes and Aa, at 10 ms, distance from the sea, wilh which it has a cortimunication by a canal. It is 85 ms. NE. of Amsterdam. Lon. 6 31 E., lat. 53 13 N. Province of the kingdom of Holland, bounded on theE. by East Friesland, on the W. by Friesland, on the N. by the German ocean, and on the S. by Overyssel. Il is divided inlo two parts, of which the town of Groningen and its district are one, and the Omerlands the other. Grosbois, or Yamachiche, seigniory, St. Mau rice CO., L. C, ou the N. side of Lake St. Peter's, 14 ms. W. from Three Rivers. Gros Isle, island of the State of Michigan, in Detroit river, near its discharge into Lake Erie. Grossa, island of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Ven ice, near the coast of the counly of Zara. It is 50 ms. in circumference, and belongs to the Venetians. Grosaetto, town of Tuscany, near the sea, 30 ms. SW. ofSienna. Lon. 11 1 E., lat. 42 40 N. Groton, village and tp,, Grafton county, N. H,, 15 miles NE, from Dartmouth College. Pop. in 1820, 688. Tp., Caledonia co., Vt., 18 miles E. from Monlpelier. Pop. 500 Town, Mid dlesex CO,, Mass., 35 ms. NW. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1,897. Town, New London county. Conn,, on the E. side of the river Thames, nearly opposite to New London. Pop. in 1820, 4,664. Town in the NE. angle of Tompkins co., N. Y., 15 ms. NE. from Ithaca. Tp,, Huron co., Ohio. Grotskaw, town of Silesia, capilal of a province of the sarae name, 30 miles NE. of Glatz. Lori. 17 25 E., lat, 50 37 N. Town of Servia, where the Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. Lon. 21 10 E., lat. 45 10 N. Grove Hill, village, Warren Co., N. C, 7.5 ms. NNE. from Raleigh. Groveland, village, Livingston co., N. Y., on Genesee river, 30 miles SW . from Canandaigua. Pop. in 1820, 1,273. Grove point, N. point, the discharge of Sassa fras river into Chesapeake bay, Cecil co., Md. Groyne, riyer of Spain, in Galicia, which enters the bay of Biscay at Corunna. Grubenhagen, town and castle of Lower Saxony, and the chief place of a principality of the same name, belonging to the house of Hanover. In the mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, copper, 378 and lead. It is 45 ms. S. of Hanover. Lon. 10 3E., lat. 51 31 N. Gruckfeldt, town of Carinthia, wilh a castle on the river Save. Lon. 15 45 E., lat. 46 7 N. Grunberg, town of Germany, in Upper Hesse. Here Charlemagne and the kings of the Merovin gian rare held their court. Town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau. It is surrounded wilh vineyards, and has a manufacture of cloth. Grunde, town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, and in the mountain of Hartz. Lon, 13 35 E,, Iat. 52 ION. Gruningen, town of Lower Saxony, in the prin cipality of Halberstadt, on the river Felke. Lon. 11 41 E., lat. 52 4 N. Town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a bailiwick of the sarae name. Lon. 8 43 E., lat. 47 14 N. Gruyirea, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg. It is famous for cheese, and is 15 miles SW. of Friburg. Lon. 6 43 E., lat. 46 35 N. Guacockingo, town of Mexico, 30 miles SE. of ¦ Mexico. Lon, 99 45 W., lat. 19 36 N. Giiadalaviar, ancient Durias, river of Spain, rises in the province of Arragon, and flowing S. by comparative course 80 miles, turns SE. about 100 miles, and falls inlo the Mediterranean below the city of Valencia. Guadalaxara, formerly an intendancy of New Spain, now the State of Jalisco, in the Mexican Republic. — See Jalisco, City of and capital of the State of Jalisco, in the Republic of Mexico, is situated on the left bank of the St. Jago or Santia go river, 350 miles NW. from the city of Mexico. Pop. in 182.5, 26,000. Lat. 21 1 N., lon. W. C. 25 59 W. Town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Henares, 30 ms. NE. from Madrid. Lon. 2 47 W., lat, 40 36 N. Guadaxara, province of Spain, bounded SW. by Toledo and SE. by Cuenca. It is drained by various branches of the Tagus. Gaudaloupe, handsome town of Spain, in Es tramadura, on a rivulet of the same name, 34 ms. E. by N. of Truxillo. Lon. 4 45 W., Iat. 39 12 N One of the leeward Caribbee islands in the West Indies, between lAntigua and Dominica, in lon. 62° W. and lat.^ 16 20 N. The island, which is of an irregular figure, may be about, 80 leagues in circumference, tt is divided into two parls by a small arm of the sea, which is not above two leagues, and 'from 15 to 40 fathpms broad. This canal, known by the name of Salt river, is naviga ble, but will only carry vessels of 50 tons burden. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the sea by rivulets, which fall from the moun tains. The French settled in this island in 1632, in whose possession it still remains. Bassetterre is the capital. River of the empire of Mexico, in Texas, falls into the gulf Mexico after a course of about 200 ms. Its mouth is 180 ms. W. from that of the Sabine. Guadalquiver, river of Spain, which rises in the S. part' of New Castile, flows through Andalusia, and falls into the bay of Cadiz at the town of San Lucar afler a comparative course of 350 ms. It is the fifth in size and the most navigable river of the Spanish peninsula. The basin of the Guadalquiver is also. the most fertile region in Spain. The cities of Audujar, Cordova, and Seville, are upon its banks. GUA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GUA Guadarama, town of Spain, in Old Caalile, re markable for ils great trade in cheese, ll 's seated on the Guadaram, 25 ms. NW. of Madrid. Lon. 3 48 W., lat. 41 45 N. Guadiana, river of Spain, which, having ils source in New Castile, crosses Estramadura into Portugal, and, separating Algarva from Andalusia, falls into the bay of Cadiz between Ayamonte and Castro Mariu, 85 ms. NW. of Cadiz, after an en- lire comparative course of 400 miles. Guadix, town of Spain, in Granada, with a bishop's see, 30 ms. E. of Granada. Lon. 2 47 W., lat. 37 4 N. Guilas, or Hui.las, province of Peru, N. from Caxatambo. Central lat. 9° S., nearly due S. frora W.C. Guaria, La, cily of Caraccas. It is the port of the city of Caraccas; is well fortified. The harbor is. good and much frequented; 7 ins N. from Ca raccas. Lon. W. C. 9 58 E,, lat. 10 48 N. Gualior, celebrated fortress of Hindoostan, in possession of the Mahratlas. — See Gwalior. Gualaga, river of Peru, heads with the Caxa marca, flows a lillle E. of N. between Caxamarca and Grand Para, and falls into the Tunguragua after a comparative course of 400 ms. from lat. 8 20 lo 4 50 S. Gualdo, town of Italy, in Ancona, 8 ms' NW. of Nocera, Lon. 12 43 E., lat. 43 6 N. Guam, chief of the Ladrone islands, in the N. Pacific ocean, 100 miles in circumference. It de pends upon the Spaniards, who have a garrison here, but the inhabitants are almost all nalives of the country, and reputed to be very skilful in building boats. It abounds with excellent fruit, and the air is wholesome ; notwithstanding which the natives are subject to a kind of leprosy. Lon. 145 15 E,, lat. 13 5 N. Guamanga, town of Peru, capilal of a province of the same name. It is remarkable for mines of gold, silver, loadstone, and quicksilver.. It is 200 miles SE. from Lima. Lon. W. C. 2 45 E., lat. 13 20 S. Guanhani, or Cai Island, one of the Bahama islands, tbe first land of America discovered by Columbus in 1492, and named by him St. Salva dor. Lon. W. C. 1 30 E., lat. 24 20 N. Guanapu, small river of the province of Grand . Para, falls into the estuary of the Araazon frora the south. Guanare, town of (Colombia, in Venezuela, near the borders of Varinas, on Guanare river. Lon. W. C. 7 50 E., Iat. 8 25 N. It is 200 ms. SW.from Caraccas and 60 NE. from Truxillo. Guanaxuaio, State of the Republic of Mexico, bounded by Jalisco W., by Xacatecas and San Louis Potosi N., by Quereiaro E., and by Mecho- acan S. ; length and breadth nearly equal, each about 80 miles; 6,255 sq. miles of area. Pop. in 1825, 813, 150, lying between 20 30 and 21 ION. This fine though small and elevated State is en tirely on the table land of Anahuac, and is the most populous region of Spanish America. The moun tain of Llanitos, in Guanaxuaio, rises to 9,235 feet above the level of the sea, and the whole Stale lies above, it is probable, 5,000 feet. Tho mine of Valenciana, near the cily of Guan axuaio, is the most productive ever yet discovered, exceeding those near Potosi. The products of the State are, however, considerable in objects of agri cultural and manufacturing industry. Guanaxuaio contains five cities — Guanaxuaio, Salamanca, Ce laya or Silao, Leon, and San Miguel ol Grand. Guanaxuaio, capilal of the preceding Stale, stands 170 miles NW. from the cily of Mexico. Lon. W. C. 23 50 W., lat, 21° N. This city was begun by the Spaniards in 1554; it was raised to the tank of Villa in 1719, and lo that of Ciudad in 1041. Population of the city and adjoining mines 90,000. The principal mines are Marsil, Sanla Anna, Santa Rosa, Valenciana, Rayas, and Mellado. The ground on which Guanaxuaio is built, is above the level of the sea 6,836 feet; Valenciana, at the mouth of the new pit, 7,586 feet ; and Rayas, al the mouth of the main gallery, 7,075 feet. Guancavelica, city of Peru, remarkable for its abundant mines of quicksilver, 140 ms. SE. from Lima. Lon. W. 0. 2 51 E,, lat. 12 56 N. Guanchaco, town of Peru, on the Pacific ocean. It is the port of Truxillo. Lon. W. C. 1 58 W,, lal. 8 5 S. Guanta, province of Peru, on tho branches of the Apurimac, lying N. frdm Guamanga. Ctl. lat. 13° S. Guardafui, cape of the extreme eastern angle of Africa. Lat. 1 1 46 N , lon. 51 15 E., 500 ms. E, from the straits of Babel-Mandeb. Guardarville, seigniory, Hampshire co. L. C, on the N. side of the St Lawrence, 5 ms. above Quebec. Guardia, or Guarda, town of Portugal, in Beira, 138 ms. E. of Lisbon. Lon. 6 37 W., lal. 40 22 N. Guardia- Alferez, town of Naples, in the Mo lise, 7 ms. NW. of Larino. Lon. 14 56 E., lat, 41 39 N. Guarico, cape of Cuba, on the NE. coast. Lon. W. C. 2 38 E,, lat. 20 30 N. Guarochiri, town of Peru. Lon. W. C. 42' E., lal. 11 55 S, - It stands 60 ms. NE. from Lima. Guasco, or Huasco, town and seaport of Chili. Lon. W. C. 52' E., lat. 28 29 S. Guarma, seaport of Peru, 120 ms. NW. from Lima. Lon. 77 49 W., lat. 10 10 S. Guastalla, town of Ilaly, in the Mantuan, near the river Po, 15 ms. N. of Reggio. Lon. 10 38 E,, lal 44 56 N. Guasto, or Yasto, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on Ihe gulf of Venice, 16 ms. SE. of Lanciano. Lon. 15 6 E., lat. 42 14 N. Guatemala, New, capital of Central America, and province of Guatemala, with a university. It is situated 25 ms. S. from the site of the former town of that name, which was destroyed June 7, 1773, by a dreadful earthquake, attended by an eruption from the neighboring volcano. New Gua temala is 650 ms. SE. from Mexico. Lon. W. C. 14 10 W., lat. 14 28 N. It is, According to Mr. Stephens, situaled on a table land 6, 000 feet above the sea. The climate is that of perpetual spring ; "and the general aspect," says that traveller, " reminded me of the best class of the Italian cities. Guatemala, now Central America, bounded by the Pacific ocean SW., Mexico NW., Yucatan, bay of Honduras, and Caribbean sea NE., and by Veragua, in Colombia, SE. ; length from NW. to 379 GUE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GUI SE. 1,000 ms. The settled parts are chiefly along the Pacific ocean, and average about 100 ms. in width. The whole of CBntral America is subdi vided into the provinces of Chiapa, Vera Paz, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The country is excessively' mountainous, and vol canoes are numerous, of which about 20 are ac tive. The soil is in general exuberantly fertile. Siaples, grain, wax, honey, cochineal, colton, wool, and particularly the finest indigo madein America. Pop. about 2,000,000.- NW. province of Cen tral America, lies along the Pacific ocean, extend ing from the intendancy of Oaxiica, in Mexico, to Ihe province of Nicaragua, and having Chiapa and Vera Paz NE. It is about 400 -ms. long and 50 mean width. Guaquil, province of Colombia, in New Grena da, lying along the Pacific ocean, on the Guaquil river, and N. side of the gulf of the same name. Pop. about 90,000. Staples, cacao, cotlon, to bacco, sail, wax, rice, and honey Bay or gulf, extending from Cape St. Helena to Ponta de Picos, upwards of 100 ms., and extending inland in form of a triangle, receiving at its head Guaquil river. The gulf is chequered by numerous islands, one of which, Puna, is of considerable size. Cily of Colombia, and capital of the province of the same name, on the W. side of the Guaquil river. It possesses an excellent port. Ship timber abounds in the vicinity, from which many vessels have been built. It is 150 ms. SSW. from Quito. Lon. W. C. 2 50 W., lat. 2 US. Guaquil River, rises in the province of Quito, flows S. 150 ms., and falls into the Guaquil bay below the city of the same name. It is an uncom monly large stream for its length. , Guara, town and seaport of Peru, province of Chancay. Lon. W. C. 1° W., lat, 11 6 S. Guasacualco, rivor of Mexico, is a short but im portant stream, falling into the gulf of Mexico at ils extreme southern extension. It rises in Oax aca, interlocking sources with those of Chimalapa. This is one of the channels of communication mentioned by Humboldt as suitable to unite the Atlantic and Pacific.oceans. From the mouths of these two rivers is a distance of about 120 ms. Guaviari, river of Colombia, in Cundinamarca, rises in the Andes, and flowing SE. by E. 500 ms., falls into the Orinoco. Lon. W. C. 9° E., lat. 4° N. Guaxaca, — See Oaxaca, Guayaquil. — See Guaquil, Guben, town of Germany, in Lower Lusatia, seated on the Neisse, 62 ms. NE. of Dresden. Lon. 14 39 E., lat. 51 58 N. Gubio, or Eugubia, town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see, 82 ms. N. of Rome. Lon. 12 38 E., lat 43 16 N. GuEi.FS, a powerful German house, which pos sessed l?rge domains in Bavaria and adjacent prov inces, and whose princes were known by the name or title Guelfs, or Welf, hence Guelfs, who rose in opposition to Conrad, the Salique, and became the Papal faction against the German empe rors, and against the Gibelins. — See Giblins, The name or title Guelf, from the best evi dence, came from Guelfo I, brother of Henry II., duke of Bavaria, who, being despoiled of part of his territories by the emperor Conrad, commenced 380 the faction of the Guelfs, who espoused the Papal cause against the emperors. Sismondi, fi'om an original German chronicle, states lhat these names commenced to be given as Ihe cries of war afler the battle of Winsberg, between Conrad III and Guelfo, December 21st, 1140. Guelderland, province of the kingdom of Hol land, on bolh banks of the Lower Rhine, bounded by Germany SE., duchy of Cleves and Brabant S., Utrecht W., Zuyder Zee NW., and Overyssel NE. The Rhine in this province branches into two streams, or rather three, if we include the Waal ; it is therefore subject to violent inunda tions, which frequently carry ruin and desolation before them . The 52° of N. lat. intersects it nearly in the middle. Chief towns, Nimeguen, Doesburg, and Zutphen. The king of Prussia holds a part of eastern Guelderland. Gueldres, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in the territory of ihe same name. It is 10 ms. NE. of Velno. Lon. 6° E., lat. 51 26 N. Guerande, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Loire, arid late province of Bretagne. It carries on a considerable trade in white salt, and is 3 ms. from the Atlantic, and 250 W. of Paris. Lon 2 20 W., lal. 47 10 N. Gueret, town of Fr., in the dep. of Creuse, and late province of Marche, seated on the Gartampe, 35 ms. NE. of Limoges, and 170 S. of Paris. Lon. 1 56 E., lat. 46 ION. Guernsey, island on the coast of Normandy, subject to Great Britain, but governed by its own laws. It is naturally strong, being surrounded by high rocks, and of a round form, 30 ms. in cir cumference. The nalives speak French, it having been a partof Normandy. Lon. 2 37 W., lat. 49 32 N. Co., Ohio, bounded on the N. by Tuscarawas, E. by Belmont, S. by Monroe and Morgan, and W. by Muskingum, and NW. by Co shocton COS. It is nearly 26 ms. sq., and con tains 676 sq. ms. Tho land is generally hilly, and of a moderately good quality ; although there are several tracts of excellent land along Well's creek, which stream and its branches compose the principal waters. The northward passes through the CO., from E. to W., dividing it inlo two not very unequal sections. Chief town, Cambridge. Pop. in 1820,9,292; in 1830. 18,036; in 1840, 27,748. Ctl. lat. 40 5 N., lon. W. C. 4 30 W. Gueta, town of Spain, in New Castile, 60 ms. E. of Madrid. Lon. 1 56 W., lat. 40 22 N. Guevetlam, city of Guatemala. — See Soconusco, Guiana, large country of S. America, is bound ed on the E. and N. by the Atlantic ocean ; on all other sides its limits are rather indefinite. The term is indeed used vulgariy for the country be tween Venezuela and Brazil. The Brilish, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese nations, all have settlements in Guiana. British Guiana reaches from the Essequibo to the Corantyn river. Dutch Guiana, from the Corantyn to the Maroui. French Guiana, from the Maroui to the .\ruary. Portuguese Guiana, from the Aruary to the Ama zon ; Spanish Guiana is now included in Vene zuela. The settlements of the civilized nations are confined to the coast, or lo the banks of some of the larger rivers, at a very limited distance in land. Dutch Guiana is more particularly known by the name of Surinam, and that appertaining to GUI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. GUJ France as Cayenne. The principal Brilish sellie ments are Essequibo and Demerara. The popu lation of the European colonies amounts to about 230,000; of which thoso of Spain have 30,000; Brilish 100,000, Dutch 80,000, French 20,000. The body of the inhabitants are negro slav.es ; the whites, in all the settlements, not being computed above 20,000. The seacoast of Guiana is one vast plain of unequalled fertilily. Staples — sugar, coffee, and cotton. Guienne, ancient province of Fr., now parcelled out into the deps. of Girondes, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron. Guiaquil, commercial city of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name. It stands partly on the side and partly at the foot of a hill, which descends gently towards the river Guiaquil, on which the town stands. Il is large and populous, and is 140 ms. N. by E. of Paita. Lon. 81 11 W., lat. 2 11 S,— See Guaquil, Guira, seaport of Terra Firma, on the coast of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 W., lat. 10 35 N. Guilderland, town, Albany co.,N. Y.,WNW. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 2,270. Guildhall, village and seat of justice, Essex CO., Vt.,'on Connecticut river opposite Lancaster. Pop. in 18*0, 600. Guilford, borough of Eng,, and capital of Sur ry, on the Wey. The Wey is navigable to the 'Thames, and much timber and corn are carried upon it. It is a well built-town, 23 ms. WSW. of Croydon, and 30 SW. of London. Lon. 0 29 W., lat. 51 15 N. Town, Penobscot co.. Me., 145 ms. NE. from Portland. Tp., Somerset Co., Me., 40 ms. NE. from Norridge wock. Pop in 1820, uncertain. Town, - Strafford co., N. XL, on Winnipiseogee river, 28 ms. N. from Concord. Town, Windham co., Vt., 50 ms. S. from Windsor. Pop. 2,000. Town, New Haven co.. Conn., 18 ms. E. by S. of New Haven, on Long Island sound. Pop. in 1820, 4,131, Village between Unadilla and Chenango rivers, Chenango co., N. Y., 10 ms. SSE. from Norwich. Tp., Franklin co., Penn., including the borough of Chambersburg. Pop. 1840, 2,421 Co;, N. C, bounded by Ran dolph S., Rowan and Stokes W., Rockingham N., and Orange E. Length 26 ms; width 25 ; area 650 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil productive. Chief town, Martinsville. Pop. in 1820, 14,511. Cen tral lat. 30 5 N., lon. W. C. 3 50 W. Court house and post office, Guilford co., N. C. 48 ms. NW. from Hillsborough, the scene of a hard fought battle between the Americans under Gene ral Greene, and the British under Lord Cornwallis, March 15, 1781. Tp., in the soulhern part of Medina CO., O. — Sec Seville. Guilford Village, village, Strafford co., N. H., 31 ms. a little E. ofN. from Concord. Guillaia, St., town of the kingdom of the Ne therlands, in Hainaull, sealed in marshy land, on Ihe river Haisne, 6 ms. W. of Mons. Loh. 3 5l3 E., lat. 50 27 N. Guillandiere, fief, Surry co., L. C, on the right bank of St. Lawrence, 16 ms. below Montreal. Guillhaume, Bonhomme seigniory, Hampshire CO., L. C, on Jaques Cartier river, and in the rear of Demaurc, or St. Augustin, 13 ms. NW. from Quebec, Guilleslrce, lown and castle in Iho Alps, once belonging lo Dauphiny, in France, 0 ms. NE- IromEmbrum. Lon. 6 36 E., lal. 44 41 N. Guimaraena, considerable lown of Portugal, in the province of Entra-Douero-Minho. The public buildings are magnificenl. It is 165 ms. NE. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 21 W., lal. 41 35 N. Guinea, largo region of Africa. — See Africa, p. 23, &c. Guinea,, New, ot Papua, island of the S. Pa cific ocean, to the N. of New Holland, from which it is separaled by Torres strail. Il is next in size lo New Holland. It has a length more than 1,200 ms., by a medial breadlh of perhaps .300; but the coasts of the eastern part are (ar from being completely investigated. The northern part is said to have been discovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from Mexico, to explore the Spice Islands. The coasts are generally lofty, and in the interior mountain rises above moun tain ; bul the whole appears covered with luxuri ance of wood and herbage. 'J'he cwcoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantain-liec, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants comraon lo the islands in the S. Pacific ocean, are found here in great perfection. This island is the chosen residence of the singular birds of Paradise, which- breed here during the wet monsoon, and in tbe dry migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller islands, particul arly Arroo. The inhabilanls make much the same appearance as the New Hollanders. New Guinea lies between the equator and 9 45 S. lat. , and in lon. between 130 30 and 148 E. from Lon don. This is one of the great habitable surfaces ofthe eailh, of which civihzed man does not even know but parlially the outline. Guincamp, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Norlh Coast, and late province of Bretagne, seated on the Trieu, 13 ms, S. of Treguier. Lon. 3 8 W., lat. 48 36 N. Guipuacoa, NE. division of the province of Biscay, bounded on the N. by the bay of lhat name, on the E. by Navarre, on the W. by Bis cay proper, and on the S. by Alava. Tolosa is the capilal. V Guise, small town of Fr., now in the dep. of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, 25 ms. E. of St. Quintin, and 95 NE. of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E., lat. 49 54 N. Guito, town of Italy, in the Mantuan, sealed on the river Mincio, between the lake of Mantua and lhat of Garda, 15 ms. NW. of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 E., lat. 45 16 N. Gujerat, often written Guzerat, though im properly, as the pronunciation ought to be Goodge- rat, peninsula of Hindoostan, having the gulf of Cutch lo Ihe N.; Ihe eastern part of the province of Gujerat to (Jie NE. ; the gulf of Camberry SE. and S.; and the Indian ocean on all other sides. The peninsula of Gujerat approaches towards a square- of about 150 ms. each side, or 22,500 sq. ms. in area. It is also remarkable lhat the brief rivers of this peninsula flow' as from a common cenire. For other particulars, see next article. Gujerat, extensive province or district of Hin doostan, including the peninsula of the same name, and a part of tbe adjacent couniry, but like must other sections of Hindoostan, has vague interior limits. It may be considered as generally extend - 381 GUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAB ing from N. lat. 21° to 24°, and as bounded N. by Adjemere; E. by Malwah and Kandeish ; SE. by Arungabad, and on the W. by parts of Sinde, Cutch, and the Indian ocean. Peninsular .Gujerat is indented with small bays, receiving rivers of no great length, bul the olher parls of the province are watered by some fine streams, as the Topty, Ner buddab, Mahy, Mehindry, and Sabermatty. The. soil and inhabitants of Gujerat are alikS various. The soil in parts exuberantly fertile, in others, ab solutely desert, with all the intermediate qualities. Among the castes of people, may be named Par- sees, Bhatis, Charons, Borahs, Brahmins, Ban yans, Etc. Gulf Mills, post office, Montgomery co., Penn. Gulf Stream. — See Earth. Gull Islands, two sraall islands at the easiern extremity of Long Island Sound, and between Plum and Fisher's islands. On Liltle Gull island there ,is a light-house. Garrifbinnen, government of E. or Polish Prus sia, E. fronj Koningsberg. Pop. 350,000.- Town of E. Prussia, and capital of thegovernment of Gumbinnen, 80 ms. E. from Koningsberg. Gum Springs, village. Orange co., Va., on the S, side of Rapid Ann river, 40 ms. above Freder icksburg. Gumurglnia, town of Romania, on the road fjom Salonica lo Constantinople, and 200 ms. W. from the latter. Gundava. — See Cutch Gundava. Gunpowder, river of Md,, which rises in York Guita, town of Hungary, seated on the E. sideof the Danube, opposite Ihe island of Schut, 29 ms. E. by S, of Presburg. Lon. 17 47 E., lat. 48 10 North. Guiskow, town of Pomerania, capital of a co. of the same name, on the Peene, 14 ms. W. of Wolgast. Len. 13 39 E., lat. 54° N. Guyandoi, Big, river of Va., rises in Giles and Tazewell cos., and, flowing NW. between the branches of Big Sandy and Great Kanawha, enters Cabell CO , turns N., and falls into Ohio river, af- tep an entire comparative course of 100 ms. Guyandoi, Little, creek of Va,, between Big Guyandot and Great Kenawha, forms part of the boundary between Cabell and Mason cos. Guyandot, creek, Lawrence co.,' Ohio, enters Ohio river nearly opposite to Big Guyandot,-^ Posl office on the Obio river, Cabell co., Va., by post road 375 ms. W. from Richmond, and 423 SW. by W. from W. C. Guyandoi Falla, posl ofiice, Cabell co,, Va., by post road 382 ras. W. from Richmond. Guzlehizar, ancient Magnesia, town of Asiatic Turkey, ou the Sarabat, ancient Hermus river, about 70 ms.NE. from Smyrna. Lon. 27 50 E,, lat. 37 45 N See Gujerat. Gwalior, ancient fortress of Hindooslan proper, in the province of Gohud, and on a branch of the Jumna. Il stands on a vast rock, about 4 ras. in lengih, but narrow, and of unequal breadth, and nearly flat on the lop. The sides 'are so steep as to appear almost perpendicular in every part, for CO., Pa., and, running in a SE. direction Ihrough | where it was not naturally so it has been scraped Baltimore co., falls inlo Chesapeake bay opposile 1 away, and the height, from the plain beloW is from Poole island. 200 to 300, feet. This place is considered as the Guntoor, oneof the northern Circars, in the i Gibraltar of the E.; but in 1780 Major Popham peninsula of Hindoostan. It is also called Mor- j took it, by an unexpected nocturnal escalade. It tinazagur and Condavir, and occupies the space is 80 ms. S. of Agra. Lon. 78 30 E., lal. 26 9. between Condapilly, the southraost of the four j North. English Circars, and the N. part of the Carnatic, Gwinnet, co. of Ga., bounded SW. by the extending along the seacoast of the bay of Bengal | country of the Lower Creeks, W. by the Chatta- more than 30 ms. The raarilime parls of this hoochee river, N. by the Chattoochee river, NE. circar are flat and open, but the interior parts con- 1 by Hall and Walton cos., and SE. by Newton tain some very strong fortresses and posts. It was and Henry. Length 35 ms., mean width 28, subject to the nizam of the Deccan, but has been \ area 980 sq. ms. Chief town, Lawrenceville. ceded to the English. 1 Pop, 1820, 4,589, and in 1840, 10,894. Central Guntzberg, town of Suabia, in the margravate ' iat. 33 45, lon. W, C. 7 45 W. or Burgaw, with a castle, seated on the Danube, j Gynedd, tp,r Montgomery co.. Pa., on the 16 m-, NE. of Ulm. Lon. 10 25 E,, lat. 48 35 heads of the Towamensing and Wissahiccon North. _ I Guntzenhausen, town of Franconia, 5 ms. from Weissemberg. It is seated on the Altmul, near a forest, and subject to the king of Prussia. Gwrk, town of Carinthia, on the river Gurk, 55 ms. E. of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 18 E., lat. 47 12 Norlh. Guriev,or Gurief, town and province of Russia, on the northern shore of the Caspian sea, and on one of the mouths of the Ural or Jaik river. N. Iat. 47°, lon. E. of London 51 10, and 200 ms. a lit tle N. of E. from Astrachan. Guslavus, tp., Trumbull co., Ohio. Tho post office is of the same name, and 20 ms. NNE. of Warren, the co. seat. Gustrow, city of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenberg Schwerin, and capital of the circle of Wenden. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here. It is 35 ms. NE. of Schwe rin. Lon. 12 13 E,, lat. 53 57 N. 382 creeks, 18 ms. NNW. from Philadelphia. 1850, 1,589. H. Pop. Haag, or Hag, town of Bavaria, sealed on <> hill, on the river Inn, 30 ms. E. of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E., lat. 48 18 N. Habersham, NE. eo. of Ga., bounded by N. C. N., S. C. NE., Franklin and Jackson SE., Hall S., and Rabun W. ; length 60 ms., mean width 20, area 1,200 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly, and part mountainous. Pop. 1820, 3,171, and in 1840, 7,961. Lat. 34 40 N. and lon. W. C. 7° W. intersect in this co. Habesh. " Travellers, both ancient and modern, agree in comprehending all the African coasts, frora Egypt to the straits of Babel Mandeb, under the general name of Trpglodytica, called also HAD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAE Abex, Habesh, or New Arabia. There is noth ing to prevent us from adopting lhat interesting di vision. We have found that neither Nubia nor Abyssinia have any fixed limits ; and an Arabian geographer of great weight, .\bulfeda, makes a formal distinction between tbe Nile valley, or Nu bia, and the maritime parts." The naiure of the soil and climate of Habesh has in all ages kept the inhabitants in a state of savage barbarism and wretchedness. The hollows of the rocks were, and still are, their ordinary dwellings. Trogla, from the Greek term for such dwellings, was de rived the lerm Troglodytes, "dwellers in cav erns." Such rude modes of shelter have been found in many olher countries, but the people along the wesiern side of the Arabian gulf are still, as in all former ages. Troglodytes. If we include in Habesh all the space from Egypt lo the straits of Babel Mandeb, it will exceed a length of 1,500 ms.; deplh inland uncertain. Habolichetto, village, Hancock co., Miss,, about 70 ms. NE, from New Orleans. Hacha, small river of Colombia, in Santa Martha Town of Colombia, in Sanla Martha, on the Caribbean sea, at the mouth of Hacha river. Lon. W. C. 4 8 E., lat. 11 31 N, Hacketatown, town, Warren co.,N. J,, 12 ms. E. from the river Delaware, and 22 W. from Mor ristown. Hackenaack, village and seat of justice, Bergen CO., N. J., and is distant from the city of New York about 15 ms. NW. Pop. 1840, 2,431. River, N. J,, which rises in Rockland co., N. Y., and, running a southern course through Bergen CO., falls into Newark bay, near mid distance from Paulus Hook to Newark. Hackney, populous village of Eng., to the NE. of London, the first lhat was accommodated wilh carriages for occasional passengers; from hence the hackney coaches of London derive their name, Hadamar, town of Germany, in Weleravia, near the EIss, 22 ms. NW. of Mentz. Lon. 8° E,, lat. 60 23 N. Haddam, town, Middlesex co., Ct., on Ihe W. side of Connecticut river, 17 ms. NE. from New Haven, and 8 below Middletown. Pop. 1840, 2,600. Haddington, borough of Scotland, in a co. of the same name, on the Tyne, 18 ms. E. of Ediiiburgh. Lon. 3 39 W., Iat. 55 58 N. Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, co. of Scot land, bounded on the N. and E. by Ihe Frith of Forth, S. by Berwickshire, and W. by Edinburgh shire. It is about 27 ms. long from E. to W., and about 17 from N. to S. Here are several con venient harbors, with the advantage of some fishing lowns. This co. may be reckoned as fruitful, rich, and pleasant as any in Scotland, or indeed as most in England. The chief towns are Dunbar, Had dington, and N. Berwick, and its principal river the Tyne, which receives several small streams. Pop. in 1801, 29,986; in 1811, 31,184; and in 1821,3.5,127. Haddonfield, village, Gloucester co., N. J., 8 ms. SE. from Philadelphia, and 6 E. from Glou cester. . Haddenville, village, Goochland co., Va., 35 ms. NW: by.W. from Richmond. Hadersleben, maritime town of Denmark, in Sleswick, 25 ms, E. of Ripen. Lon, 9 50 E., lal. 56 18 N. Hadge, or Hadgi, from the Arabic: a pilgrim who has visited the tomb of Mahomel at Medina, or more particularly the temple called Caaba, at Mecca. Emir Hadge is the title of the command er of a caravan of pilgrims. Hadley, corporate town of England, in Suf folk. Largo quantities of yarn are spun here for tho Norwich manufacture ; and it had a considera ble woolen manufacture, which is now decayed. It is seated on the Bret, 20 ms. SE, of Bury, and 64 NE. of London. Lon. 1 6 E., lat. 52 10 N. Village of Eng., in Essex, 5 ms. SW. of Rochford Town, Harapshire co., Mass., on the left bank of Connecticut river, opposile North- arapton and Hatfield. The town is situated along the river, and, besides many other fine buildings, contains Hopkins's academy, a respectable literary institution. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 1,461. Tp. and village, Saratoga co., N, Y,, 17 ms. N. from Ballston Spa. Hadramant, southweslern part of Arabia, on Ihe Indian ocean. Hddramaut, a large maritime country of south ern Arabia, bounded by the Indian ocean S., Ma- rah SE., Nedsged N., and Yemen and Mocha W. Central lat. 15° N., E. Ion. 50°. Haerlem, village and tp., SE. angle of Dela ware co., Ohio, 19 ms. SE. byE. of Delaware, the county seat, and 20 NNE. from Columbus. Hsemus Mountains, that vast chain which, con tinuing the Illyrian Alps, extends through Euro pean Turkey to the Black sea, separating the sources of the streams flowing N. into the Danube from those which are discharged SW. into lhe~ Adriatic, and S. into the Archipelago. Concerning the Hsemus chain, Poqueville ob serves "that Mount Orbelus (see Orbelus) seems to be Ihe kernel, the central point of the mount ains of Macedonia, and that Scardus or Prissen- di, Scornius or Desproto-Dag, Haemus or Balkan, are but ramifications from it. The giant, how ever, which spreads around his arms lo so great an extent, appears himself to be but an irradiation from the great Alpine chain. It is from these ele vated regions, known under the name of the Nor- ican Alps, that we must depart to follow the gen eral syslem of the mountains ; and in examining the summits ihrough this great extent of country, we shall trace their connexion with Orbelus. "This mountain is covered with perpetual snow. Its centre is granite ; as far as ils middle region, it is covered with vegetative soil. From its sides flow an infirule number of springs, which are the principals of the rivers that run inlo the Mediterranean. Besides Ihe leading chains I have mentioned, the inferior branches of Orbelus enclose the valleys of Thrace, through which flows the Hebrus ; they form the defiles of Macedonia, and surround the vast basin of Thessaly. Some slope by sleep descents towards the sea ; others slope gradually to the plains. Olympus, Ossa, the mountains of Attica, Parnassus, and Helicon, are all but secondary chains, or dependencies upon Orbelus. Pindus and the other mountains of Epi rus form a part of the syslem of Orbelus. Pindus will be found to communicate with the mountains of Dalmatia ; ils branches form the Sagovian 383 HAI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAL mountains, as well as Ihose of Tamaris and the Acroceraunians, while the_Liltle Pindus gives birth to the' granito-calcareous mounlains of Souli. The chain that coasts the Arothez ascends to the neigh boring chain above Ihe Achelous. The arid raoun tains of ..Etolia — Ihose that border the Gulf of Corinth, or that bristle Acarnania — are ramifica tions of Pindus." Haf, or estuary of the Oder, large bay of Den mark and Prussia, in Pomerania. It is closed to wards the Baltic by the islands of Usedom and Wollin. Haf, or Frische Haf, estuary of the Vistula and Pregel rivers. It is nearly enclosed towards the Baltic by a long, narrow, and sandy point, called Frische Nehrung. The Frische Haf extends from Elbing to Koningsburg, 70 ms,, with a mean breadth of 10 ms., and opens inlo the Baltic by a narrow strait, between Pillau and the NE. point of Ihe Frische Nehrung. Haf, or Curiche Haf, estuary of the Memel, in Polish, or E. Prussia. It is in form of a triangle, extending from Labiau to Memel, 70 ms., and formed by a long, narrow, and low sandy point extending from the province of Samland and called the Curiche Nehruilg. The opening from the Curiche Haf into the Baltic is at Memel. Hagan's Store„ post office, Preston cp., Va., by post road 152 ms. a Uttle N. of W. from W. C, and 262 NW. from Richmond. Hagerstown, flourishing inland village and seat of justice, Washington co., Md., in the fertile and well cultivated valley of the Conococheague, near the Antietam creek. It is a well built town, con taining about 600 houses, constructed of brick and stone. Pop. in 1840, 3,728. Distant 70 ms. NW. from Washington city, and 71 WNW. from Baltimore. Village, Monroe tp., northern part of Preble co., Ohio, 10 ms. N. of Eaton, the county seat, and 50 ms. a little S. of W. of Co lumbus. Hague, town of the Netherlands, in the king dom of Holland, which may compare wilh the handsomest cilies in Europe in the beauty of its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great trade. It is seated 2 ms., from the sea, and there is a paven;ent across the sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads to Scheveling, near Ihe sea shore. Itis 10 ms. NW. of Rotterdam, and 30 SW. of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 23 E., lat. 62 4 N. Town, Warren co., N.' Y., on the W, side of Lake George. Pop. in 1S20, 514— Tp., St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on St. Lawrence river. Pop. in 1820, 827. Village, West moreland CO., Va., by post road 80 ms. SE, from W. C. Haguenau, town of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, on the Motter, which divides it into two parts, 12 ms. N. of Strasburg, and 252 E. of Paris. Lon. 7 53 E., lat. 48 47 N. Hailbron, free imperial town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirlemberg, on the Neckar, over which is a stone bridge, 25 ms. NE. from Stut gard. Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 49 19 N. Haimburg, town of Lower Austria, on the Da nube, 10 ras. W. of Presburg, and 25 E. of Vi enna. Lon. 16 58 E., lat 48 12 N. Hain, lown of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. It 384 has a manufaclure of clolh, and is seated on Ihe Rhedar, 12 ms. NW. of Dresden. Hainan, considerable island of the Chinese sea, to the N. of the gulf of Cochin China, and to the S. of Ihe province of Quang-tong, from livhich it is 12 ms. distant. It is 400 ms. in circumference. The soil of the N. part is level ; but in the S. and E. are mountains, among which are valleys that produce two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is car ried to Canton to paint the porcelain. It produces the same fruits as China, besides sugar, tobacco, cotlon, and indigo. Hainault, province of Ihe kingdom of Bel gium, bounded on the N. by Brabant, on Ihe NW. by Flanders, on the W. by Artois, on the S. by Gambresis, Picardy and Champagne, and on the E. by Ihe territories of Liege and Namur. Hainburg, town of Austria, on the Danube, 35 ms. E. of Vienna. Lon. 17 18 E., lat. 48 14 N. Haiti, or Hayti. — See Domingo, St. Hallam, tp., York co., Penn., on Ibe S. side of the river Susquehannah, and on the SE. side of Codorus creek. Pop. in 1820, 2j062. Halkmd, province of Sweden, on the W. coast of Gothland. It is 60 ms. along the coast, but not 12 in breadth. Halmsladt is the capital. Hallaton, town of Eng., in Leicestershire, 12 ms. SE. of Leicester, and 90 ms. N. by E. of London. Lon. 59' E,, lat. 52 32 N. Halle, Iowa of Hainault. It is seated on the Senne, 8 ms. SSW. of Brussels. Lon. 4 20 E., Iat. 50 46 N. Considerable city of Upper Sax ony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, seated on Ihe Sal, 40 ms. E. of Magdeburg. It is famous for its university and salt works. Lon. 12 8 E., lat. 51 36 N Free imperial city of Suabia, famous for ils salt pits. Il is seated on the Kocher, among rocks and mountains, 37 ms. 'NE. of Stut gard. Lon. 9 52 E., lat. 49 20 N. Town of Germany, in Tyrol, 6 ms. NE. of Inspruck. Lon. 11 33 E., lat. 47 12 N. Hallein, town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, seated on the Saltza, among moun tains that abound in mines of salt, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is 7 ms. SE. of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 12 E., lat. 47 33 N. Hallowell, tp. of Prince Edward co., U. C, on Lake Ontario Village, Kennebec co. ,Me,, on the W. side of the river Kennebec, about 25 ms. above the junction ofthis river with the Andro scoggin, and at the head of tide water. It is now fthe seat of government for the Slate, and a very prosperous town; and in 1840 had a pop. of 4,654. Kennebec river is navigable Ihus far for vessels of 150 Ions burden. It contains, beside the necessary public buildings, a respeiitable acad emy. Lon. W. C. 7 5 E., lal. 44 16 N. Dis tant 44 ms. NE. from Portland. Hallowell Croaa Roads, post office, Kennebec CO., Me., near the village of Hallowell, and 53 ms. NE. from Portland. Hall's Cross Roads, post office, Harford co., Md., 30 ms. NB. from Baltimore. Hallsville, village, Montgomery co., N. Y., 73 ms. NW. from Albany. Village, Duplin co,, N. C, about 100 ms. SE. from Raleigh. — -Vil lage, Colerain tp,, NE. part of Ross co., Ohio, about 13 ms. northeastward of Chillicothe. HAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAL Halmatadt, strong seaport of Sweden, capilal of Halland situated on a bay of the North sea, 80 ms SSE. of Golheborg. Lon. 12 48 E., lat. 56 39 N. Halstead, town of Eng., in Essex, on the de clivity of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Coin, 16 ms. N. of Chelmsford, and 47 NE. of London. Lon. 45' E,, lat. 51 59 N. Halleren, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, sealed on the Lippe, 25 ms. SW. of Munster. Lon. 7 27 E,, lat. 51 40 N. Hallon, town of England, in Cheshire, near the Mersey, 13 miles NE, of Chester and 184 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 47 W., lat. 53 23 N. Halva, town of the kinffdom of Fez, seated on the Cebu, 8 miles S. of Fez. Lon. 5 5 W., lat. 33 32 N. Ham, strong town of Westphalia, capital of the CO. of Marck, sealed on the Lippe, 24 miles S. of Munster. Lon. 7 50 E., lot. 51 36 N. Town ofFr., in the dep. of Somrae, and lale province of Picardy, with a strpng castle. It is seated on the Somme, 48 miles N. of Paris. Lon. 3 6 E , lat. 49 45 N. Village of England, in Surry, 1 mile from Kingston. Near it is Ham Walks, celebrated by Thomson and olher poets. Tp., Bucking ham CO., L. C, on bolh sides of the N'E. branch of Nicolet river, 50 miles SSE. from Three Rivers. Ham, East, village of Eng., in Essex, adjoin ing to West Ham. In this parish is a spring, call ed Miller's Well, the excellent water of which has never been known to freeze or to vary in its height. Ham, West, village of Eng., in Essex, on the river Lea, 4 ms. E. by N. of London. Hamadan, or Amadan, city of Persian Irak, probably the ancient Ecbatana, on the eastern slope of Ihe Elwend, or Tag Aigha mountains, 340 ms. NE. by E. from Bagdad. Lon. 46° E., lat. 34 54 N. Hamah, large town of Syria, seated among hills on the Ass river, ancient Orontes. It is supposed to be the ancient Eraessa. The inhabitants have 8 trade for linen of their own manufacture. It is 78 miles SW. of Aleppo. Lon. 34 55 E., lat. 36 15 N. Hamamet, town of Barbary, on a gulf of the same name, 45 ras. S. of Tunis. Lon. 10 15 E., lat. 36 35 N. Hamar, town of Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, 60 ms. NE. of Christiana, Lon. 11 5 K,, lat, 60 33 N. Hameledin Hill, of Eng,, near Slurminster, in Dorsetshire. Halberstadt, town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same narae. It was formerly the capital ofthe bishopric of Halberstadt now sec ularized. It is subject to the king of Prussia, and is sealed on the Hothiem, 32 railes SfJ. of Bruns wick. Lon. 11 24 E., lat. 52 6 N. Haldenstein, free and independent barony of tho country of the Grisons. It consists of a semicir cular plain, between the Rhine and the fool of Mt. Calendar, about 5 ms. in length and scarcely 1 in breadth, Haldimand, co. of U. C, on Lake Ontario. Halen, lown of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the river Geet, 24 miles west of Mosstncht. Lon. 5 4 E., lat. 50 53 N. Halesford, village, Franklin co., Va., 150 miles SW. by W. from Richmond. 49* HalesOwen, town of Eng., in Shropshirej en closed by Worcestershire, 6 ms. E. of Stoui bridge. It is the birthplace of Shenstone, and near it is the celebrated seat of the Leasowes. Halesworlh, lown of Eng , in Suffolk. It has a trade in linen, yarn, nnd suilclotb, and about Ihe town is raised a great deal of hemp. It is seated on a neck of land between two branches of tho river Blylh, 28 ms. NE. of Ipswich and 101 of London, Lon. 1 40 E., lat. 52 25 N. Haleysburg, post office, Lunenburg county, Va., on, the left bank of Meherin river, 40 ms- 8, from Petersburg. Haleysburg, village, Lunenburg co,, Va. Half Moon, town, Cenire county. Pa,, on Bald Eagle river, 18 ras, NW. from Bellefonte. Pop- in 1820, 713 Village, Saratoga co., N. Y., on the Hudson, above Waterford. Pop. in 1840, 2,631. Halfway House, village, York counly, Va., 15 miles SE. rrom Williamsburg and 23 NW. from Norfolk. Halibut Island, island in the N. Pacific ocean, so named by Captain Cook on account of the num ber of fish of that name they caught there. It is 7 leagues in circumference, and, except the head, is very low and barren. Lon. 164 15 W,, lat. 54 48 N. Halifax, town of Eng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in a hilly country, near a branch of the Calder. It is a very large parish, containing twelve chapels of ease, and upwards of 12,000 inhabilanls, who are principally employed in tho woolen manufacture. Town and capilal of No va Scotia, begun to be built by the English planters in 1749. It is delightfully sealed in Chebucto har bor, which is large enough to shfelter a squadron of men of war through the winter. It is 789 ms. NE. from New York. Lon. W. C. 13 30 E., lat. 44 45 N. In Bradford's Boston Atlas, 1842, the pop. of Halifax, Nova Scotia, is stated at 15,000. Town of Buckingham co., L. C , on Ihe waters of Nicolet and Becancour rivers, 45 ms. SE. of Three Rivers. Town, Windham counly, Vt., situated between Guildford and Whitlingham, 25 miles E, from Bennington. Pop. about 3,000. Town, Plymouth co., Mass., 35 miles SE. frora Boston. Pop. in 1820, 749. Village, Dauphin co,, Pa., standing on the E. side of the river Susquehanna, 19 miles N. from Harrisburg. Co. of Virginia, Bounded S. by Norlh Carolina, W. by Pittsylva- nia, N. by Campbell or Roanoke river, NE by Charlotte or Roanoke river, and E. by Mecklen burg; length 30, mean widih 32 ms., area 960 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and soil productive. Chief town. Banister. Pop. in 1820, 19,060; and in 1840, 2.5,936. Central lat. 36 45 N., lon. W. 0. 1 45 W. G. H. and post office, Hali fax county, Va., by posl road 139 miles SW. from Richmond. County of N. C, bounded SE. by Marlin, SW. by Edgecomb and Nash, NW. by Warren, N. and NE. by Roanoke river or Nonh ampton, and E. by Roanoke river or Berlie; length 42, mean width 16 ms.,Wea 672 sq. ms. Chief town, Halifax. Pop. in 1820, 17,237; and in 1840, 19,865. Centrallat. 36 18 N., lon, W.C. C. 40' W. Town and seat of jusiice, Halifax county, NC, on the right bank of the Koanoke, 70 ms. by land above the mouth of Roanoke river. 385 HAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAM Vessels of 45 Ions can ascend to this place, and, when the intended canals and lock around Ihe falls are completed, a batleaux navigation will he open ed to the fine country on Ihe Roanoke and Dan rivers for upwards of 130 ms. above Halifax. Lon. W. C. 38', lat. 36 18 N. HalHz, town of Poland, capital of a territory of the same name in Red Russia, with a castle. It is seated on the Dniester, 46 miles S. of Lemburg. Lon. 25 19 E., lat. 49 20 N. I* Hall, CO. of Georgia, bounded by Chattahoochee river or Rabun co. NW., Habersham NE,, Jack son and Walton SE., and Gwinnett SW.; lengih 40, mean width 12 ms., area 480 sq. ms. Chief town, Gainesville. Pop. in 1820, 5,086; and in 1840, 7,875. Central lat. 34 10 N., lon. W. C. 7 20 W. Hambaugh's, postoffice, Shenandoah co., Va., 100 ms. W. from W. C. Hamburg, free and imperial city of Germany, in Lower Saxony, consisting of the old and the new lown, both nearly equal in size. Most ofthe houses are built afler the manner of Ihe Dutch, and richly furnished within. The principal streets of the old town have long and broad canals, which £lbe, and Alsters, and tbe latter, before it enters the are filled by the tide. It is seated on the rivers town by sluices, forms a fine basin. Here is a eel ebrated college, an arsenal, a bank, and a hand some exchange. The inhabitants were estimated till lately at 100,000. Hamburg, from its situation, has eminent advantages for foreign and domestic trade, particularly from its communication by the Elbe with some ofthe principal navigable rivers of Ger many ; and hence it is a place of great commercial importance. It is distinguished for its sugar re finery ; and it has manufactures of cotton stock ings, gold thread, ribands, and velvets. It is 55 ms. NE. of Bremen. Lon. 10 1 E., lat. 53 .33 N. Hamburg, territory of Germany, of which Ham burg is the capital. It consists of the cily proper and a circle in the vicinity, the town and bailiwick of Cuxhaven at the moulh of the Elbe, and some scattered villages in Holstein ; the whole amount. ing to about 133 sq. ms., and 130,000 inhabitants. Hamburg, since Ihe Congress of Vienna, has, in conjunction with Frankfort, Lubec, and Bremen, a vote in the Germanic diet. The character of this city is commercial, and, though possessing an ex tensive library and many literary institutions, the attention of the inhabitants to objects of science is much less marked than that of any other of the large cities of north Germany. Hamburg, town, Erie county, N. Y., on Lake Erie, about 15 miles SSE. from Buffalo. Pop, in 1840, 3,727. Village, Sussex co., N. J., on a branch of Walkill river, 50 ms. NE. from Easton, in Pa. Thriving village in Berks county. Pa,, immediately below the Schuylkill water gap, about 15 miles north from Reading, on the post road lo Northumberland. Hambden, village, Geauga co., 0 — See Hamp den, Geauga co., O. Hamden, village, Delaware co., N. Y., by posl road 104 ms. SW. frora Albany. Hamelburgh, town of Franconia, in the terri tory ofthe Abbey of Fulde, seated on the Saab, 28 ms. SE. of Fulde. Lon. 10 12 E., lat. 50 16 N. Hamelin, strong lown of Germany, in the duchy 386 of Calenberg, at the extremity of the duchy of Ber" wick, of which it is Ihe key. It is situated at the confluence ofthe Hamel and Weser, 2,3 ms. $W. of Hanover. Lon. 9 36 E., lat. 52 6 rf. Hamerstein, casile and village of Germany, be longing to the elector of Treves. The castle is seated on a lofty mounlain on the E. side of the Rhine, 2 ms. N. by W. of Andernach. Hamersville, village, near the wesiern border of Brown counly, 6 miles NW. of Georgetown, the county seal. Ha-mi, country situated to Ihe NW. frotn Chi na. The couniry of Ha-mi, though surrounded by deserts, is accounted one of Ihe most delightful in the world. The soil produces abundance of grain, fruits, leguminous plants, and pasture of every kind. The rice which grows here is particularly esteemed in China, and pomegranates, oranges, peaches, raisins, and prunes, have a most exquisite taste. It is a kingdom tributary to that couniry, and ils capilal is of the same name. Hami, or Chamil, is a region with much resem blance to the oases of Africa, and lies between N. lat. 40 and 45° and lon. 90 and 95° E. of Lon don. This country is about 1,500 ms. a lilllo N. of W. from Pekin. Hamilton, town of Scot., in Lanarkshire, seat ed in a very agreeable plain. Tho town is situaled on the Clyde, 10 miles SE. of Glasgow. Lon. 5 16 W., lat. 55 58 N Tp,, Northumberland CO., L. C, on Lakn Ontario. Tp., Caspe co., L. C. Town, Essex co,, Mass., 10 ms. NW. of Salem. Pop. in 1820, 802..^ Co. ofN. Y., bounded by Montgomery S., HerMmer SW. and W,, St. Lawrence and Franklin N,, and Essex, Warren, and Saratoga E. ; length 60, mean width 28 ms,, area 1,680 sq. miles. Surface extremely broken, and soil sterile in general. 'I'his county was formerly contained in the norlhern part of Montgomery, Pop. in 1820, 1,251 ; and in 1840, 1,907. Central lat. 43 40 N., lon. W. C. 3 42 E. Village, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on St. Lawrence river, on a fine declivity rising from the stream. Distant 20 ms. below Ogdensburg. Village, Madison co., X. Y., on a branch of Che nango river. The village is on the main road from Cherry Valley lo Auburn, 28 ms. SW. from Uti ca and 42 W. from Cherry Valley. Population in 1840, 3,738. Hamilton, village of Cattaraugus co , N. Y., on the right bank of Alleghany river, at and be low the moulh of Clean. It is laid out in seven streets running N. and S,, and five running E and W. The .Alleghany river is there about 80 yards wide, and at seasons of high water naviga ble for vessels of 8 or 10 tons burden. It is very favorably situated to become an extensive inland mart and thoroughfare between the Northeastern and Soulhwestern Slates. Distant from Pittsburg by land 170, by waler 260 ms. ; from Buffalo 65, and from navigable waler in Genesee river, near .'Angelica, 25 ms. Tp., Franklin co,. Pa., be tween Back creek and tbe main E. branch of Con ococheague, immediately opposile Chambersburg, Pop. 1820, 1,688 Village, on tbe W. bank of the Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia, in Block- ley tp. Tp., Northampton CO., Pa., W. ofthe Blue or Kittaninny ridge, on McMickle'sand Cherry creeks, 20 ms. N. from Easton. Pop. in 1820, HAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAM 1^320. Co. E. Tenn., bounded by Tennessee river E., S,, and SW., 'Marion W,, and Bledsoe and'RheaN. Lengih 28 ras, mean width 18; area 470 sq. ms. Surface hilly in general, and in part mountainous. Pop. 1820, 821 ; and in 1840, 8,176. Cent. lat. 35 15 N., lon. W. C. 8 18 W. Court-house and postoffice, Hamilton co., Tenn., 132 ms. SE. from Murfreesborough Village, Marlin co., N. C. ; by post road 120 ms. E. from Raleigh. The extreme soulhwestern CO. of 0., bounded by the Ohio river S., (separat ing it from Boone and Campbell, cos , of Ky.,) by Dearborne co., Ia., W., and by Butler co., O., N., Warren NE., and Clermont E. Length from E. to W. 30, and mean breadlh 16 ms. ; the area is 480 sq. ms. In extent this co. is in the smaller class of Ohio cos., but in populalion it exceeds all Others in the Stale. In 1820 the population was 31,764; in 1830, 52,317, includinE the city of Cincinnati ; in 1840, the aggregate of city and co. amounted to 80,145. In lal. it extends from 39 4 to 39 20 N., and in lon. W. C. from 7 12 to 7 43 W. It occupies the base, towards Ohio riv er, of the southwestern slope of Greene, Warren, Montgomery, and Butler cos , with more diversity of surface than either of the others. When viewed from Ohio river, the hills behind Cincin nati and Fulton have an imposing aspect ; but they are in fact only fragments of the buttress of the interior country. The two Miamis enter the Ohio, flowing from this county along deep vales. The land is almost invariably productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. It is greatly advantaged by the Miami canal, which enters or joins the Ohio in the city of Cincinnati. It is, in brief, an example to show what the whole Ohio valley may, and in all rational probability will, be at a not very dis tant day. Town and co. seat of Butler co., O., situated on the southern or left bank of the Great Miami river, at N. lal. 39 24, lon. W. C. 7 26 W. The site of this town is amongst the finest in 0. It is a plain ; but on the opposite side of the Miami the hills rise immediately from the river, at the opposite village of Rossville, giv ing a pleasing variety to the scenery. The Miami canal passes rather more than half a mile eastward of the town, but is united to it by a side-cut and basin. Pop. 1830, 1,079 ; and in 1840, 1,409, The two towns of Hamilton and Rossville are united by a wooden bridge, on stone piers, Tp., Warren co., 0. Pop. 1820, 1,069 Fertile tp. on the east side of Scioto river, in Franklin co., O. Pop. 1820, 943, of whom 17 are free blacks. Hamilton College. — See Cinton, in Oneida CO., N. Y. Hamilton, Albany co., N. Y. — See Guilder- Hamilton-har\, Ip., Adams co.. Pa., between Marsh creek and the west limit of the co., com mencing about 4 ms. W. from Gettysburg. Pop. 1820, 1,053. Hamiltonville, village, Huntingdon co.. Pa., on the left bank of Juniata river, 15 ms. by land below Huntingdon. Hammersmith, large village of Eng., in Mid dlesex, seated on Ihe Thames, 4 ms. W. ofLon don. Hamont, town of Germany, in Ihe bishopric of Liege, 17 ms. W. of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 31 E., lal. 41 17 N. Hampden, tp., Hancock co., Me. Pop, 1,000. Town, Penobscot co.. Me., 10 ms. SSW. from Bangor. Pop, 1820, 1,442. Co., Mass., bounded 8. by Ct,, W. by Berkshire, N. by Hampshire, and E. by Worcesler. Length 45 ms., mean widih 13; area 585 sq. ma. Surface very much variegated by hill, dale, and mounlain scenery. Soil fertile and well cultivated. Chief town, Springfield. Ptip. 1840, 37,366. Central lat. 48 7 N., lon. 4 30 E Village, Geauga CO., O,, 3J ms. E. of Cha'rdon, the co. seat, and 12 ms, SSE. of Painesville. Hampden Sydney College. — See Prince Ed ward CO., Va, Hampshire, Hantshire, or Hants, co. of Eng., bounded on the N. by Berks, on tbe E. by Surry. and Sussex, on the S. by the English channel, and on the W. by Dorselshire and Wilts, It ex tends, exclusive of the Isle of Wight, 4? ms. from N. to S., and 38 from E. to W. Pop. in 1801, 219,656; in 1811, 245,080; in 1821, 282,203. See Southampton. Hampshire, co., Mass., on both sides of Con necticut river, bounded by Hampden S., Berk shire W., Franklin N., and Worcesler E. Length 38 ms,, mean width 14; area 532 sq. ms. Sur face most highly diversified by hi)l, dale, and mountain. Soil generally productive, and well cultivated. Staples, grain, fruit, live stock, and salted provision. Chief lown, Northampton. Pop. 1820, 26,477; in 1840, 30,897. Central lat. 42 20 N., lon. W. C. 4 30 E. Co,, L. C, extends along the norlh side of St. Lawrence river, frora about 2 ms. above St. Anne's river to 5 ras. above Quebec. Co., Va., bounded by Hardy SW., tbe Potomac river or Alleghany co., Md., NE. and N., and Berkley and Frederick SE. Length 40 ms., mean width 20 ; area 800 sq. ms. Surface extremely mountainous, Ihough its river soil is highly productive. Chief town, Roinney. Pop. 1820, including Morgan, 10,889; in 1840, 12,295. Cent. lat. 39 18, Ion, W. C. 1 45 W. Hampstead, village of Eng., in Middlesex, 4 ms. NNW. of London, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It is seated on Ihe declivity of a hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that com mands a delightful prospect. Tp., Queen's co., New Brunswick, on right bank of St. John's river. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 36 ms. W. by S. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1820, 1,098 Tp., Rockland co., N. Y., 35 ms. NNW. from N.Y. Pop. in 1810, 2,072. The extensive iron works, called the Ramapoo works, are in this Ip. Village, King George co. , Va. 67 ms S. from W. C. Hampton, village of Eng., in Middlesex, on the N. side of the Thames, 14 ms. SW. of London. -Small maritime town, Rockingham co., N. fl,, about 6 ms. E. of Exeter, between Rye and Newtown. Pop. in 1820, 1,098. Town, Windham co., Ct., on the E. side of Bigalow's river, 5 ms. N. of Windham. Pop. in 1840, 3,382. Town, Washington co., N. Y., situa ted 70 ms. NNE, from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 963. Seaport and village, Elizabeth City co., Va., on Hampton road, aboul 20 ms. NW. of Cape Henry, and 10 ms, E. of York, on the York river. 387 HAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAN Hampton, of Minching Hampton, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, on the Coteswold Hills, 14 ms. S. of Gloucester, and 90 W. of London. Lon. 2 15 W.,Jat. 51 36 N. ¦ Hampton Falls, town, Rockingham co., N. H., 10 ms. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. in 1820,672. Hamptonville, town, Surry county. North Car olina, 164 milss, northwest by west from Ra leigh. Hanau, co. of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to ils own prince. It is 45 ms., in length, but Ihe breadlh is small, bounded on the E. by the co., of Rheinec and the territory of Fulde, on the W. by the cos. of Weis semburg and Solms, and on the N. and S. by the territories of Mentz and Frankfort. Strong town of Germany, capital of a co. of the same name. It is divided into two lowns, tbe Old and New, and is seated near the Maine, 18 ms. NE. of Darmstadt. Here is a university with several manufactories, and a very considerable traffic. Lon. 8 55 E,, lat. 49 56 N. Hancock, co. of Maine, bounded by the Atlantic ocean S., by Lincoln and Kennebec SW., by Pe nobscot NW. and N., and Washingtbn E. Its form is very irregular, including the numerous islands and peninsulas SE. from Ihe moulh of Pe nobscot river. This renders an estimate of its length difficult. From the Fox islands to Schoodic lake is upwards of 90 ms. The area may be esti mated, including the islands, 3,000 sq. ms. Chief town, Castine. Pop. in 1820, 31,290. Since Ihe above was written Waldo co. was formed from the southwestern part of Hancock. By the cen sus of 1840 Ihe pop. ofthe two counties stood thus: Hancock - 28,605 Waldo- 41,509 Total of what was Hancock 70, 1 1 4 Lat. 44 30 N., and lon. 8 45 E- from W. C, intersect in this city. Village, Hillsborough co., N. H., 13 ms, E, frora Keene. Pop. in 1840, 1,345. Town, Addison co,, Vt.,^Onis. SW. from Monlpelier. Town, Berkshire co,, Mass., between Richmond and Lanesborough, on the N. Y. line. Pop. in 1820, 1,165. Town, Dela ware CO., N. Y., 22 ms. SW. from Delhi. Pop. in 1820, 525. Village, Washington co., Md., on Ihe N. side of the river Potomac, 26 ms. W. of Hagerstown. Co. of Ga., bounded SE. by Washington, SW.by Baldwin, W. hy Pulnara, NW. by Green, and NE. by Warren; lengih 22 ms., mean width 20, area 440 sq. ms. ; surface rather waving Ihan billy ; soil fertile. Chieflown, Sparta. Pop. in 1820, 12,734, and in 1840, 9,659. Ctl. lat. 33 17, lon. W. C. 6 15 W. Co. of Ky,, bounded E, by Breckenridge, S. by Grayson and Ohio, W. by Davies, and N. by the Ohio river. Ctl. lat. 37 50, lon. 10° W. of W. C, I>op. in 1840, 2,581 Co. of Ohio, bounded W. by Putnam, N. by Wood, E, by Seneca and Crawford, and S. by Hardin, It is 24 ms. si area 576 sq. ms. ; surface level and soil fertile. It was formed out of the new purchase subsequent to the census of 1820. Tbe features ofthis co. are peculiar. The Blanchard's fork of Auglaize river rising in Seneca co., pursues a very nearly 388 western course over Hancock, leaving the largest section to the soulhward; yet the confluents of Ihis same river all flow in a northerly direction; and, again to the N. of Blanchard's f irk rise nu merous branches of Portage river, which also flow northwardly ; thus, though the main river in it has a westerly course, the slope of Ihe co, is to Ihe N. Chieflown, Finley. Extending in lat. from 40 47 to 41 8, and in lon, W. C. from 6 23 lo 6 50 W. It is a sq. of 24 ms. ; area 576 sq. ms. Pop. in 1840, 9,986. Co.of Mi,?s., bounded by Lake Borgne S., by Pearl river or La. W., by Ma rion and Perry N., and by Jackson NE. ; lengih 40 ms., mean width 26, area 900 sq. ms. ; surface level in the S., ond hilly in Ihe centre and northern parls. Soil, with partial exceptions on Ihe stream, sterile and clothed wilh pine. Chief town, Shields- boro. Pop. in 1820, 1,594. Cll. lat. 30 40 N., ' lon. W. C. 12 10 W. Hancock's Bridge, post office, Salem county. New Jersey, by post road 66 miles SW. from Trenton. Hancocksville, village. Union district. South Carolina, by post road 110 ms. NNW. from Co lumbia, Hanging Fork, post office, Lincoln eo,, Ky., between Danville and Stamford, 53 ras. SSE. from Frankfort, Hanging Rock, post office, Hampshire co. Va., by posl road 99 ms. WNW. from W. C. Village, Lawrence co,, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 18 ms. below the co. seat, Burlington, and 26 above Portsmouth. The vicinity of this place is remarkable for the abundance of iron, stone coal, and limestone. Hang-Tcheou- Fou, capilal of the province of Tche kiang, in China. It is 4 leagues in circum ference, exclusive of its suburbs, and contains more than a million of inhabitants. It is seated nn a small lake called Sl-hou ; has under ils juris diction 7 cilies of the second and third classes, and is 225 ms, SE. of Nanking. Lon, 120 20 E., lat. 30 21 N. Hankinsonville, village, Claiborne co.. Miss., about 40 ms. NE. frora Natchez. Hannibal, tp., Oswego co.. New York, SW. from the mouth of Onondaga river. Population in 1820, 935. HannibalsviUe, villaee in Hannibal Ip., Oswego county. New York, 182 miles NW. by W. from Albany. Hanover, Kingdom of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. It contains Calenberg, Got- tingen, Lunenburg, Hoya, Deipholtyt Hildesheim, Oznaburg, Verdun, Bremen the cily, Bremen the duchy, Bentheim, East Friesland, Lingcn, Rbeina, and Meppen. Area 14,600 sq. ms. Hanover is an arisiocralical monarchy, if such terms are admissible. The crown Js on the head of one of the sons of George III. The taxes are laid and municipal regulations made by and with consent of ihe Stales, consisting of the nobility, clergy, and deputies of towns. The country, with the exception of some spurs of the Hartz mountains, is a level and almost un- deviating plain, in some places extremely ieriile. Produce, iron, and copper, and lead from tbe Hartz ; grain, timber, live stock, &c. HAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HAP TAe following table shows the provincial divis ions, chief towns, population, op. in 1820, 577. High Rock, post office, Rockingham co., N. C, 69 ras. NW. frora Raleigh. Hightslown, village, Middlesex co., N. J., on a branch of Mill river, by post road 19 ms. NE. from Trenton, and 25 a little W. of S. from New Brunswick. Highworth, town of Eng,, in Wilts, on a hill 401 HIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HIN which stands in a rich plain, 36 ms. N. of Salis bury, and 77 W. of London. Lon. 1 40 W,, lal. 61 36 N. Hildburghauaen, Saxe, duchy of central Ger many, enclosed between Saxe-.Meinengen and Saxe-Cobourg. Pop. 30,000. Town of Fran conia and capilal of a duchy of the same name. It is seated on the river Werra, and is 22 ms. N. by W. of Cobourg. Lon. 11 5 E., lat. 50 53 N. Hildeaheim, free imperial city of Lower Saxo ny, in a bishopric ofthe same name. It is now capi tal of the province of the same name in the kingdom of Hanover. Il is sealed on the Irneste, 17 ms. SSE. of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 E., Iat. 52 10 N. Province of Hanover adjoining Goltingen. Pop. 130,000. Hillah, or Hellah, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabia, and pachalic of Bagdad, on the right bank of the Euphrates. Lon. 44 13 E., lat. 33 34 N.— See Asia, p. 83. Hilliardstown, village, Nash co., N. C, by post road 70 ms, NE. from Raleigh. Hillham, village, Overton co., Tenn., by post road 105 ms. NE. from Murfreesborough, Hillhouse, village, Leroy tp,, Geauga co., Ohio, 7 or 8 ms. NE, Chardon, the co. seat, and about like distance SE. of Painsville. Hillsborough, co., N. H., bounded by Mass. S., Cheshire W., Grafton N., Strafford NE,, and Rockingham E. ; length 46 ms., mean width 25, area 1,150 sq. ms. Pop. in 1840, 42,494. Ctl. lal. 43 6 N,, lon. W. C. 5 12 E. Surface rocky, hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil, however, on the streams, and in many other parls hilly, fertile, and productive in grain and pasturage, Chieflown, Hillsborough. The preceding area includes that of Merrimack co. recently formed frora part of Hillsboro'. — See Merrimack, ^Hillsboro', village, Washington co,. Pa., on the U. S. turnpike road, alraosl exactly mid-distance between Washington and Brownsville, 1 1 ms. from each. This village extends in a single street along the road, and contains about 80 inhabitants. According to Schriver's map, it is elevaUd 1,750 feet above tide water, 917 above the Monongahela at Brownsville, and 1,002 above Ihe Ohio at Wheeling. Lal. 40 6, lon. W. C. 3 2 W. Hillsborough, town, Hillsborough co., N. H., W. from Contacook river, and 20 ms. W. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 1,982. Tp., Somer set CO., N. J., 15 ms. W. frora Brunswick. Pop, in 1820, 2,885. Village, Carolineco. Md., on the £. side of Tuckahoe river, 26 ms. SSW. from Chester.- Village, Loudoun co,, Va,, 40 ms. NW. frora Washington. Village and seat of jusiice. Orange co., N. C, on Enos river, 45 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Lat. 36 2 N.. lon. W. C. 3 8 W. Village, Jasper co,, Ga., by post road 59 ms. NW. from Milledgeville. Village, Franklin co., Tenn., by posl road 60 ras. SSE. from Murfreesboro'. Villageand seatof justice. Highland co,, Ohio, on the rocky fork of Paint creek, 36 ms. W. by S, from Chillicothe, and 62 southwesterly from Columbus. Lat. 39 14 N., lon. W. C. 6 36 W. Pop. in 1800, 974. The situation of this town is high and healthy, and the adjacent country rolling ralher than hilly, and land productive. Village, Montgomery co.. Ill,, 25 ms, NW. from Unadilla. 402 Hillabridge, post office, Halifax co., N. C, by post road 116 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Hillsdale, town, Columbia co., N. Y., 18 ms. SE. of the city of Hudson. Pop. in 1820, 2,511. Hill's Store, post office, Randolph co., N. C, about 60 ms. W. from Raleigh. Hilton, village, Charles Co., Md. Consider able island on the coast of S. C, opposite Beau fort district. It is about 20 ms. in length, and 5 in breadth. Lon. 80 20 W., lat. 32 10 N. Hiltown, town, Bucks co:. Pa., between New Britain and Rockhill tps., 17 ms, SW. of Newton. Himmalaya, chain of mountains in Asia, which extends from Cabul along the N. of Hindooslan, and is the general boundary of Thibet, . through the whole extent from the Ganges lo Ihe river Testa. Himalah, Himaleh, from the Sanscrit Hem, snow, the original and present name of that stupendous chain of mountains which separates Hin doostan from Thibet. The Himalah chain branches from the Hindoo Coosh, in the NW. part of In dia, and in Afghanistan, and inclining SE. rises be tween the sources of the Ganges and those of the Brahmapootra, to the highest peaks yet measured on earth. By the active and scientific operations of Crawford,'Colebrook, Webb, and other British officers, the great elevation of this chain has been determined. The following table exhibits the ele vation of some of the principal peaks and ghauts, or passes : Feet, Niti Ghaut, or pass, (see Ghaut) - 16,814 Limit of perpetual snow on the side of Thibet - - 17,000 Limit of perpetual snow on the side of Hindoostan - - - 12,000 Dhawalagiri peak - 26,862 Jamootri peak - - 25,500 Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo - 24,768 Another peak seen from do. - 24,626 Another peak seen ftom do. - - 23,362 The singular circumstance [is, if it is real,] of the limit of perpetual snow in the Himalah chain, being higher on the soulhern than northern expo sure, is accounted for by tbe Malte Brun, from the high plaleau of Thibet, affording a reflective sur face much nearer tbe summit than does the more depressed plains of Nepaul and Hindooslan. Since writing the art. Asia, in which, at p. 89, 2d col, , head of Himalaya, the opinion is expressed, lhat the Caucasus and Hindoo Coosh are continuations of that system, I find lhat Humboldt gives the con tinuation to the Kuen Luen. From such author- ity-in this case there is no appeal ; the more as the analogies of structure support the statement of the consummate geographer. Hinchinbrook Island, one of the N. Hebrides, in theS, Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 33 E., lal. 17 25 S. Hinchinbrook, cape of America, on the Paci^c ocean, at the entrance of Prince William's Sound. Lon. W. C. 69° W., lal. 60 16 N. Island of America, in Prince William's Sound, on which the Russians have factory. Hinckley, town in Leicestershire, It has a large church wilh a lofty spire, and a considerable stocking manufactory. It is 12 ms. SW. of Lei cester, and 91 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 20 W., lat. 52 34 N. Hinckley, vil., Medina co., Q.—SeeHinkley, HIR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HOC Hindelopen, seaport of the United Provinces, in P'riesland, seated on the Zuyder Zee, 20 ms, SW. of Lewarden. Lon. 5 10 E., lat. 52 58 N, Hindmend River. — See Helmund Riocr. Hinesburg, town, Chittenden co. , Vl,, aboul 12 ras. SE. from Burlington. Hindoo Caosfi, mountains, — See art. Asia. This term is applied to the continuation of the Himo- laya system, or the Kuen Luen westward frora the Indus river, and separating the sources of tho In dus and Cabul rivers frora those of the Amoo-De- ria, or Gihon, and thence Ihrough Ihe Persic region under other local names. Hindoostan, or India, celebrated couniry of Asia which, in its most extensive signification, comprehends the tract situated between the Thibe lian and Tartarian mountains on the N., the In dian ocean ou the S., the Burrampooter and the bay of Bengal on the E., and the Indian ocean and Persia on the W. See art. Asia, head, Indostan. Kandahor and Cashmere are, though vaguely, considered as Hindoostanic regions. — See Cash mere, Kandahor, and Asia. Hindostan, village in Martin co., Ia., by post road 147 ms. from Indianapolis. Hinsdale, formerly Fort Dummer, lown in Cheshire co., N. H., 75 ras. SW. from Concord. Hinesburg, town in Chittenden co., Vt., by post road 38 ms. a liltle N. of W. from .'Uontpelier. Hinesville, village in Patrick co., Va,, 280 ras, SW. by W. from Richmond. Hingham, town of Eng., in Norfolk, 12 ms. SW. of Norwich, and 97 NE, ofLondon. Lon. I 4 E,, lat. 52 43 N, Town in Plymouth co., Mass., 19 ms. SE. of Boston. Pop. ofthe tp. in 1820, 3,867. Hinkley, village in Medina co,, Ohio, about 100 ras. N. from Columbus, and 12 NE. of Medina. Hinkson's, post office in Boone co.. Mo,, by post road 102 ms. W. from St. Charles. Hinsdale, village in Berkshire co., Mass. Pop. in 1820, 822. Village in Cattaraugus co., N. Y., on Clean creek, 10 ms. N. from Hamilton, on Alleghany river, and 26 SW. by W. from AngeUca. Hinsdale. — See Hindsdale. Hinzuan, Joanna, St., one and the principal of the Comora islands, in the Indian ocean. This island is a proper place of refreshment for the East India ships, whose crews, when ill of the scurvy, soon recover, by the use of limes, lemons, and oranges, and from the air of the land . The tovvn where the king resides is at the E. side of the is land ; and, though it is three-quarters of a mile in !ength, it does not contain above 200 houses. Their princij)al houses are built wilh stone, with a quadrangle in the middle, and are only one story high. .411 the olher houses, or ralher huts, are slightly composed of plastered reeds ; and yet the mosques are tolerable structures, very neat and clean inthe inside. Lon, 44 15 E,, lat. 12 30 S. — See article Africa, p. 30. Hio, lown of Sweden, in W. Gothland, seated on the Lake Wetter, 145 ms. SW. of Stock holm, and 25 E. of Falcoping. Lon. 14 0 E , lat. 57 53 N. • Hiram, village in Oxford co.. Me., 34 ms. SW, from Paris. Pop. in 1820, 700. 'V^illage in Portage co., Ohio, about 12 ms. NE. of Ravenna. Hirch Hom, town of Germany, in the palatinate 403 of the Rhine, with a castle. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Neckar, near Eberbach. Hirchfeld, town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, copital of a principality of the same narae, depending on the house of Hesse Cas sel. It is seated on the Fulde, 16 ras. NE. of tho lown of Fulde, and 33 SE, of Cassel, Lon. 9 50 E., lat. 50 56 N. Hirberg, town of Silesia, famous for ils mineral baths. It is Ihe most trading place in all Silesia, next to Breslaw, there being in the town and sub urbs considerable manufactures. It ,is seated on tbe Bosar, 44 ras, SW, of Breslaw. Hirsova, Hirsowa, or Kerschowa, town of Eu ropean Turkey, on the Danube, 45 ras, below 8i- lislria, and 64 above Ismail. Hispaniola, or Hayti. — See Domingo, St. Hissar, town of Hindooslan proper, and capilal ofthe sub-province of Hurriana. Lal. 38 56 N., lon. 76 0 E. History, from Greek, historia, knowledge, re search, &c. Recital of facts and events. History ranks amongst the highest and most useful of sci ences. It is, indeed, the reflector which enables us lo account for the present, and shows us what may be the future, by placing before us the past. Hitchin, large and populous town in Hertford shire, 15 ms, NNW. of Hertford, and34NW.of London. Lon. 0 10 W,, lat, 51 58 N. Hithe, or Hythe, borough of Eng., in Kent. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and had formerly five parishes, but by tho choking up of the ha;bor it is now reduced to one. It is 10 ms. W. of Do ver, and 68 SE. of London, Lon. 1 10 E.,lat. 51 8 N. Hiwassee river, a branch ot Tennessee, rises in Ihe NW. part of Ga,, and, flowing NW., enters Ten., and falls into Tennessee river,after separating .McMinn and Rhea cos. from the Cherokee lands. Hix's Ferry, post office in Lawrence co.. Ark, Hoai-ngan-fou, cily of China, in tho province of Kiang-nan, seated in a marsh, and enclosed by a triple wall. This place is very populous, and every thing in it announces a brisk and active trade, Hoang-Ho. — See Yellow river. Hoang-tcheou-fou, populous and commercial city of China, in the province of Houquang. Its dislrict contains one cily of the second and eight of the third class. Hoboken, ferry and post office on tbe W. bank of Hudson river, opposite the cily of New York, Bergen co., N. J. Hobart town, a village and settlement formed in 1804 by the British, on Van Dieman's island, of which it is now the capital. — See Van Dieman's island. Hochberg, marquisite of Suabia, in Brisgaw, be longing lo the prince of Baden Bourlach. Hochstet, town of Suabia, on the Danube, 22 ms. NE, of Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E., lat. 38 48 N. Hockerland, territory of Germany, and one of the circles of Prussia. Hockhocking, Great, river of Ohio, which emp ties into the river Ohio, 200 ms. below Pittsburg. It is one of the deepest and^best beatable streams of any in the couniry, in proportion lo its quan tity of water, but is narrow, not exceeding 50 yards in breadth. Near its source, 7 ms. northwestward ly frora Lancaster, is a very romantic cascade in HOH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HOL the stream, the waler falling over a stratum of rook of about 40 feet perpendicular height. A flouring mill, five stories high, is erected on this fall; and 24 or 25 ms. below this is another per pendicular fall of 7 feet. Excepting the interrup tion of the lower falls, and some mill dams latterly ei-ecled, this river is navigable about 70 miles. Among the branches of Hockhocking are Rush creek, Sunday, Monday, Margaret's, and Federal creeks. Hocking, interior co. of Ohio, bounded on the N. by Fairfield and Perry, E. by Athens, S. by Jackson, and W./by Ross cos. Itis 26 by 24 ms. in extent, and contains 433 sq. ms The land is generally hilly and broken. It however contains considerable fertile and valuable'Iand, parlicularly along the borders of Hockhocking river, which runs across the southeastern quarter of the co. from NW. lo SE. The head walers of Raccoon and Salt creeks are also in this co. Chief town, Logan. Pop, in 1820, 2,130; in 1840, 9,741. Central lat: 39 30, lon. W. C. 5 35 W. Central tp. of Fairfield co., Ohio, in which is situaled the town of Lancaster. Hoddeadon, town of England, in Herts, near the Lea, 3 ms, S. of Ware, and 17 N. by E. of London. Lon, 0 6 E,, Iat, 51 49 N. Hoei-tcheou, the most southern cily ofthe prov ince of Kiang-nan, in China, famous for ils teas, varnish, and engravings. It is one of the richest cities in the empire, and has six cilies of the third class dependent on it. Hoei-icheou-fou, commercial city of China, in th^ province of Quang-tong. Its jurisdiction con tains eleven cities of the second and third classes. Hoekelum. — See Heukelum. Hoeaht, town of Germany, "in the electorate of Mentz, sealed on the Maine, 3 ms. from Frankfort, Hogansburg, village in Frankhn co., N. Y., by post road 267 ms. NNW-. from Albany. Hogansburg, post office in Franklin co., N. y., by post road 231 ms. from Albany. Hogestown, village'in Cumberland co.. Pa. Hog island, below Peach island, is situated in the strait of Detroit, where it opens into Lake St. Clair ; the lower end of il is about 3 ms. from De troit. Island of Lake Charaplain, forming part of Franklin co. Hogg's Store, post office in Newberry dislrici, S. C, by post road 46 ms. NW. from Columbia, Hague, Gape la, the NW. point of Normandy, in France. Lon. 1 53 W. lat. 49 45 N- Hohenlinden, town of Bavaria, 22 ras. E. from Munich. Hohenlohe, or Holach, principality of Franco nia, W. of the margravate of Anspach, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and cattle. Since 1809, Ho henlohe forms part of the kingdom of V/irlemberg. The chief town is Obringen. Hohenmant, town of Bohemia, on Iho river Mela, 13 ms. E. of Chrudim. Hohenstein, ancieni castle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, which gives name lo a counly. It is situated on a mountain, at the fool of which is the village of Neusladt, 5 ms. NNE. of Nord- hausen. Hohentweil, forlress of Suabia, surrounded by the counly of Nellenburg, on a mounlain, 9 ms. ENE. of Shaff hausen. 404 HohenzoUern, the principality is enclosed be tween Baden and Wirlemberg, extending about 55 ms. m length, wilh a very irregular outline, be tween N. lat. 47 60 and 48 30. The soulhern part is traversed by the Danube and the northern by the Neckar. Territorial extent and population : HohenzoUern Sigmaringen HohenzoUern Heckingen Total >q. ms. 340 50 390 Inhabitants, 38,00015,000 63,000 HohenzoUern, town of Suabia, in the principality of the sarae name, the seat ofthe ancient counts of HohenzoUern. It i^ seated on a branch of the Neckar, 16 ras. S. by W. of Tifbingen. The principality is now divided into the two houses of Heckingen and Sigmaringen. Lon. 9 8 E,, lal, 48 28 N. Hohnatein, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Mulda, 11 ms. NE, of Zwickau. Hokesville, village in Lincoln co., N. C, by posl road 157 ms. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Ho-kien, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-lcheli, situate between two rivers, 85 ms. S. of Peking. Lon. 116 23 E., lat. 38 40 N. Hola, town of Iceland, at the mouth of a river, on Ihe N. coast. Lon, 19 20 W., lat. 66 40 N. Holbeach, town of England, in Lincolnshire, 12 ms, S. by E. of Boston, and 109 N. by E, of London, Holbeck, seaport of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, wilh a good harbor, frora which great quantities of corn are annually exported. It is 30 ms. W. of Copenhagen. Lon, 11 44 E., lat- 55 43 N. Holden, town in Worcester co., Mass., 6 ms, N. from Worcesler. Pop. in 1830, 1,402. Holderness, town in Grafton co,, N. H., on the Merrimack, 35 ms. above Concord. Pop. in 1820,1,160. Hole in tlie Wall, village in Talbot co., Md,, 6 ms, S. from Easton. Remarkable rock in Ibe West Indies, in the island of Abaco. Lon. W. C, 1 0 W., Iat. 26 50 N. Holland, province of the kingdom of the same name, bounded by Ihe German ocean W., Zea land S., Ihe Zuyder Zee and province of Utrecht E. In point of cleanliness, no country surpasses, and few come up to it, especially in North Holland. and that even in the villages. It has considerable hnen and woolen manufactures, and numerous docks for the building of ships. The established religion is Calvinism, but all religious sects are tol erated. Amsterdam is the capilal. Holland, a kingdom of Europe, deriving its title from the name of ils most considerable province, extending in lat. from 51 15 to 53 35 N., and in lon. from 3 25 lo 7 15 E. of London. Greatest length 180 ms. in a direction nearly NE. from the southwestern angle of Zealanil to the Dollart bay, or mouth of Ems river. Tho surface generally not simply level, but flat, and presenting a net work of bays, rivers, lakes, and canals, is indispu tably the most astonishing conquest ever achieved by human talent and labor over the asperities of nature. The following table contains its provin cial divisions, extent, and population: HOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. HOL Provinces. N, Holland S, Holland Zealand Utrecht Guelderland Overyssel Drenihe Groningen FrieslandN. Brabant Total Area in sq, ms. 928 1,166 588542 2,018 1,293 788778 1,151 1,653 10,905 419,424 486,520137,314 131,f:36315,053161,361 65,397 162,085 212,244 349,700 2,460,934 Principal cilies. Amsterdam Hague MiddleburgUt.-eclitArnheimZw„llB, Assen GroninfienLieuwardecBois-le-Duc Pop. 202,364 66,01. * 14,709 43,707 14,50915,640 2,184 30,260 20,938 20,490 111 the case of Holland, we have on 10,905 sq. ms, an aggregate which gives a distributive pop. of very near 226 to the single sq. m. Was such a country as Holland now discovered, and in a state of nature, il would be pronounced as scarce ly, if at all, habitable, and, in ils actual stale, gives the most conclusive of all proofs how much the condition of countries depends on the- application of human labor. Were the 309,000 sq. ms. com prised in the Spanish peninsula equally populated with Holland, the number on the former would be 47,234,000; and, were only 3,000,000 of the area of Ihe United Stales peopled equal lo Holland, 463,000,000 would be the living multitude. — See article Europe. The surface united, of Holland and Belgium, form one natural section, to which all Ihe rivers of any consequence are common. Advancing from SW. to NE., the Scheld, Meuse, Rhine, Yssel, Preest, and Vecht, all having their sources beyond the limits of those two small kingdoms, traverse their surfaces, and, wilh innumerable smaller streams and interlocking currents and canals, ren der both, but Holland more especially, a congeries of islands. Holland, New. — See New Holland, Oceanica, Australia, I 4,562 2,"" 4,226 5,1073,8656,296 S,747 7,721 1,078 2,647 590 4,8023,976 1,152 3,676 2,425 6,804 2,6793,5812,595 3,2049,1796,027 900 4,2391,7373,137i,r& 4,336 6,3666,435 969 4,2782,306 4,014 4,6813,6416,0745,500 7,262 Free col persons. 14 12 9 23 7 10 4 19 196 356 14 70 28 43 31 32 204 17 43 I 70 4732 15 Slaves, 419 Total. 2JJ64 5,942 1,226 10,042 8,1212,3647,819 6,480 14,695 6,5677,508 5,2826,720 19,327 12,171 - 1,963 8,843 3,6326,660 9,837- 9.464 li;218 13,349 1,993 8,9774,8758,321 9,855 7,535 12,459 11,264 15,128 IND GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. I\D Tabli — Continued. Free white Free col. Slaves, persons. persons. Counties, 1 w i Total, " S S ¦3 i la "rt s H S g g s. 7 7 ^_ £ Huntington 823 742 1,579 Jackson 4,424 4,347 96 94 8,961 Jasper 663 682 1 1 1,267 Jay 2,040 1,812 6 5 3,863 Jefferson 8,396 7,769 196 233 16,614 Jennings 4,60S 4,062 83 75 8,829 Johnson 4,796 4,5,36 13 7 9,352 Kosciusko 2,241 1,929 4,170 Knox 5,283 4,813 298 263 10,667 La Grange 1,960 1,701 3 3,664 Lake 828 638 1 1 1,468 Laporte 4,455 3,697 17 16 8,184 .Lawrence 5,982 5,694 53 33 11,782 Madison 4,620 4,248 3 3 8,874 Marshall 865 785 1 • - 1,651 Marion 8,243 7,6K 140 115 16,080 Martin 2,022 1,830 17 6 ,3,875 Miami 1,618 1,426 3 1 3,048 Monroe 6,215 4,915 5 8 - 10,143 iVIontgomery 7,411 6,933 56 38 14,438 Morgan 5,550 5,101 51 39 10,741 Noble 1,472 1,230 - 2,702 Orange 4,862 4,582 84 74 - 9.602 Owen 4,213 3,998 72 76 8;339 Park 6,88T 6,549 26 37 13,499 Perry 2,412 2,239 3 1 - 4,655 Pike 2,4651 2,284 10 10 4,769 Porter 1,172 983 6 2 2,162 Posey 5,125 4,517 22 19 . - 9,683 Pulaski 306 255 . 561 'Putnam 8,567 8,248 9 18 1 16,843 Randolph 5,186 4,996 276 228 10,684 Kipley 5,340 5,009 28 15 10,392 Rush 8,133 7,840 242 239 1 1 16,456 Scott 2,223 2,004 7 8 4,242 Shelby 6,152 5,833 13 7 12,005 Spencer 3,307 2,971 18 9 6,305 St, Joseph 3,397 3,019 5 4 6,425 Stark 80 69 149 Steuben 1,370 1,208 2,678 Sullivan 4,270 4,019 17 9 8,315 Switzerland 5,150 4,728 16 26 9,920 Tippecanoe 7,233 6,437 32 22 13,724 Union 4,120 3,836 32 29 - 8,017 Vanderburgh 3,255 2,881 58 56 -6,250 Vermilion 4,323 3,928 13 10 8,274 Vigo 6,104 5,547 226 199 12,076 Wabash 1,511 l,-335 4 6 2,756 Warwick 3,319 2,994 2 6 6,321 Warren 3,008 2,648 . - 5,656 Washington 7,786 7,290 92 101 15,269 Wells 967 ,842 3 10 1,822 White 948 882 2 1,832 Whitley 667 ,554 8 8 1,237 Wayne 11,667 11,097 328 298 23,290 Total Indiana 352773 325925 3731 3434 1 685866 strenm of Sussex co., Del,, heading with the Nan- likf. C, 59 ms. ENE. from Edenton Village in Williamsburg dislrict, S. C., on Cedar creek, 80 /ns. NINE, from Charleston. Indian 'Wheeling, creek of Belmont co,, Ohio, falls into the Ohio river opposite Wheeling, in Va. Indies, East. — See Oceanica. Indies, Weal. This misnomer of that elonga ted insular group between the two sections of America, was imposed hy Columbus on his discov ery of America, from supposing himself approach ing the continent of Asia. The name has been continued by the mere force of habit. In gratitude, and an act of jusiice due to the illustrious and in jured Columbus, these islands have received in the 'most respectable geographical works, the ap propriate name of " The Columbian Archipelago." The English mariners designate them as the Wind ward and Leeward islands, and the French by a term equally vague, as '¦ The Greater and Lesser Antilles. " It is probable, however, that the great American Archipelago will remain to be designa ted in the U. S. as West Indies. It is very diffi cult to change an established general term. Glancing our eye on a map of the whole Amer ica, with the West Indies, we at once perceive that the latler is a prolongation of the mountains of Cumana. La Margarita, the Grenadines, Bar bados, Martinico, Dominica, Guadaloupe, Grande Terre, Marie Galante, St. Christopher's, St. Eus- tatius, and tbe Virgin islands, extend from Cuina- na in a northerly direction, from lat. 11° to 18 30 N. These small islands, known as the Wind ward and Leeward islands, and fron;, the aboriginal pop. the Caribbean islands, separate the Atlantic ocean from the Caribbean sea. The straits inter. vening between them, are inlets of the tropic cur rent, or Gulf stream, from the Atlantic ocean, in its passage into Ihe Caribbean sea. Porto Rico,' St. Domingo, and Jamaica, stretch from 1 1 35 E. from W. C, to 1 40 W. of that meridian ; but Cuba and the Bahamas, opening like forceps, en close the southern point of Florida, leaving a deep and wide channel, through which the tropic flood escapes from the Mexican gulf into the nor lhern Atlaniic. The islands of the West Indies are almost uniformly mountainous in Ihe interior, with a sloping border more or less alluvial. Mad repore, or coral rocks, line many of their shores, exhibiting a strong analogy with the groups of Australasia and Polynesia. Lying in great part within, or very near the northern tropic, the cli mate of the W. indies varies but liltle in Ihe dif ferent islands, except from difference of level. The mean temperature of the sea coasts is about 78° of Fahrenheit. There are but two seasons in this archipelago ; these are Ihe wet and dry. These seasons have no very de6nite points of separation ; but in general Ihe dry season continues from the beginning of May to the end of September. The rainy season sets in wilh October, and continues to the latter part of April. The climate of the whole region is destructive to northern constitu tions, and happily lo armies in particular. The higher parts of St. Domingo, Jamaica, and Cuba, are exceptions ; but tracts above 1,400 feet are few, and confined in extent. In a treatise so brief as this, it cannot be expected that we can insert the various vegetable products of the West Indies ; we can only observe that the numerous islands, from the variety of soil and elevation are capable of sus taining an unexampled variety of trees, plants, and herbs. The most important vegetables cultivated by the inhabitants, are sugar cane, coffee, piraento, or allspice, cotlon, one species, but many varieties, ignames, potato, maize, and manioc. No 1. A statement of the population, produce, and imports and exports of the British West Indies, com piled from official documents : Islands, Whites Colored. Sugar. Coffee, Rum. Value of ex ports to Great Britain. Value of im ports from G, Britain. Tonnage employed. Free, Slaves, AntiguaBahamasBarbadosBerbice BermudaDemarara - Dominica - Grenada - Honduras Jamaica Montserrat- Nevis St. Kitts - St, Lucia - St. Tincent's TobagoTortola Trinidad 2,0004,200 15,000 550 3,900 3,000 850800250 37,000 330700 1,600 980 1,300 320 480 4,200 3,000 3,0005,100 1,150 740 6,4003,6002,8002,300 55,000 800 2,000 3,000 3,700 2,800 1,200 1,300 16,000 30,000 9,300 82,00021300 4,600 70,000 15,400 24,000 2,100 323,000 6,2006,600 19,200 13,600 23,600 12,600 5,400 24,000 Cwt, 169,000 322,000122,000 737,000 56,000 186,000 1,396,000 26,000 60,000 102,000 50,000 222,000 ¦ 121,000 16,000 241,000 Lbs, 32,500 1,585,0001,940,000 613,000 6,000 15,460,000 83,000 Gallons. 160,000 27^000 220,000 2,32(1000 63,000 330,000 3,506,000 41,000 160,000 257,000 12,000 160,000 500,000 62,000 £ wo.ooo 21,000 542,000371,000 4,000 1,627,000 160000 338,000 222,000 3,663,000 33,00080,000 203,000 149,000 395,000 165,000 26,000 365,000 £ 116,000 69,000 360,000 74,000 60,000 450,000 16,000 79,000 572,000 1,800,000 8,000 14,000 70,00032,000 82,00041,000 3,000 200,000 Tons, 9,800 1,400 17,200 7,800 600 55,000 3,000 12,400 11,200 86,000 1,300 2,000 6,200 ' 5,300 14,400 6,6001,300 22.200 Totals 77,460 113,890 692,700 3,816,600 19,769,500 7,808,000 8,063,000 4,035,000 263,700 These islands are divided into four principal groups : 1 . The Gbbatib .Autilles, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. t, The Cabibbee Islands, consisting of Tobago and all the islands between it and Potio Rico, subdivided into 1, the Leeward Islands, consisting of Dominica and all the island* to the N. of it; 423 IND GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. IND and, 2, the Windward lalanda, consisting of Martinique, with the islands which lie to*ithe B. of it, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz, Tortolo, Virgin Gorda, and their dependencies are also called the Virgin Islands. ¦3. The Bahas, or Lccatos, consisting of all the low islands N . of Cuba. 4. The Smaller Antilles, consisting ofthe islands along the coast of S. America, viz; Trinidad, Margarita, Tortuga, Salada, Orchilla, Buenos Aires, Curafoa, and Oruba. No. 3. STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE ISLANDS, Islands, Area in sq, ms. Cuba HaytiJamaica Porto Rico - Bahamas ¦ St, Thomas St, John - Santa Cruz Tortola Virgin Gorda Anguilla St, Martin - St. Bartholomew Saba Barbuda - St. Eustalia St, Christopher's Nevis AntiguaMonslerrat - Guadaloupe MariegalanteDominica MartiniciueSt. Lucia - St, Vincent Barbados Grenaua TobagoTrinidad Margarita Curacoa Total 54,000 30,000 6,4004,1405,500 4040 100 908030 90 60 10 90227020 93 78 675 25 90 290370225 131 166109104 1,700 354 600 White. Black. 105,792 311,051 36,000 162,311 4,657 550 180 2,223 477 1,500 365 5,000 1,612 700 1,980 930 8-10 881 1,301 14,969 801 28(V 4,2015,600 ¦1,200 393,436 161,527 13,916 4,5002,260 29,164 6,488 6,600 2,736 16,000 23,660 10,722 33,432 7,329 17,990 17,267 25,82187,953 27,322 14,621 41,083 6,500 7,300 Tolal, Belonging to 704,487 936,335311,962 323,838 18,573 5,050 2,430 31,387 6,9658,000 3,1006,100 8,000 1,6001,600 20,00025,272 11,42235,412 8,2,"i9 116,031 900 12,385 18,830 127,574 18,148 27,122 102,912 28,123 14,901 45,284 12,000 8,500 3,001,402 Spain,Indef^endent, Britain,Spain,Britain, Denmark,Denmark , Denmark, Britain.Britain. Britain.Holland, Sweden,Holland,Britain,Holland. Britain,Britain.Britain.Britain,France. France , France.Britain. Krance, Britain.Britain.Britain. Britain.Britain. Britain. Venezuela.HoUand. Summary of the West Indies. Belonging to Areainsq. Population. b'op. to sq. miles. mile. Spain Hayti 58,140 1,028,325 17 3U,000 935,335 31 Britain 15,176 685,785 45 France 1,160 256,890 221 Holland - 722 36,200 60 Venezuela 354 12,000 14 Denmark - 180 38,867 216 Sweden 60 8,000 133 Total 105,792 3,001,402 28 The lable No, 1 is inserted as historical and comparative data on the very important subject of the West Indies, and is from the Boston Daily Ad vertiser. No. 2, the data more recent and more general than that of No. 1, is taken from Black's Atlas. The Spanish pop. yet retain the most valuable portion of the West Indies, That nation holds Cuba and Porto Rico, wilh some neighboring islels. The British have procured the next most important portion. The second island of the West Indies, St. Do mingo, or more correctly Hayti, is in possession of the descendants of Africans, Ihough many Span iards and sorae French remain on the island, sub jects of the Haytien Governraent, Indigirka, large river of Russia, in northern Asia, rises in the Yablonoy mountains, about 170 ras. from the sea of Ochotsk, and flowing a little E. of N, by comparative courses 700 ms., falls inlo the Norlhern ocean 350 ms. E. from the moulh of the Lena. Indore, or Endore, modern cily of Hindoostan Proper, capilal of a territory in the province of Malwa, subject lo one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs, 30 ms. S. of Ougein. Lon 76 5 E., lat. 34 31 N. Indostan. — See Hindoostan, Asia, &c, Indrapore, Dutch settlement on the W. coast of Sumatra, in the E. Indies, 160 ms, NW. of Bencoolen. Indre, department of France, including the lale province of Berry. It has its name from a river which rises in this dep., and passing into that of Indie and Loire, falls into the Scire between Chi non and Saumur. Chaleauroux is the capital. Indre and Loire, department of France, which include the lale province of Touraine. Tours is the capital. 423 IND GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. INN Industry,.^own and tp,, Somerset co., Maine, 13 ms. W. from Norridgewock. Iktebim, title of a convention or decree, given in 1548 by the emperor of Germany, Charles V, the declared object of which was to pacify Germany on the subject of religion. The interim staled, and as far as imperial authority went, deterrained the Articles of Faith, which were to be adopted by Catholics and Protestants, until the religious controversies should be decided on by a general council. This interim had, as might have been, perhaps was, expected, but a limited effect in the accomplishraent of its ostensible object. It raust, however, have been favorably viewed by a large part of the Protestants, as it was defended by Melanc- thon ; and on the other side, offensive lo many of the Catholics, as it was written against by many of their eminent clergy, and amongst others by Robert Cenalis, bishop of Avranches. IsfacisiTioiT, written deeply on human history; an ecclesiastical tribunal established in several Ro man Catholic countries, nominally to maintain the purity of Roman Catholic doctrines, but really lo sustain political power and repress all free expres sion of human opinion. This repressive jurisdic tion dates its origin back to A. D. 1200 ; was adopt ed 1229 by the court of Toulouse, and confided to the Dominicans by Gregory IX., in 1233, Inno cent IV. confirmed its empire in 1251 overall Italy, except Naples. In 1448 its authority was com pletely paramount in Spain. Portugal adopted it in 1557, and 12 years before Pope Paul UL had formed the congregation of this tribunal, under the name of Horr Office, and Sextus V. confirraed that congregation in 1558. In countries where the inquistion remains in ex istence, ils power has become in great part nomi nal, as, like many other outrages against human reason, it has yielded to the power of that very reason it was instituted to trammel and repress, if not to destroy. The inquisition affords, we might say, the most conclusive of all evidence that the Reformation, so called, has not been confined to Protestants, bul that it has also pervaded the Ro man Catholic church, and influenced all Chris tianity. ¦ * Indus, great river of Hindoostan proper, called by the natives Sinde, or Siiideh; formed of aboul len principal strearas, which descend from the Per sian and Tartarian mountains. From the cily of Attock to Moultan, or to the conflux of the Che. naub,'it is commonly named the river of Altock, This immense river, as laid down on Black's Ed inburgh Atlas, (map of Indoostan,) has its extreme source N. of the Himalaya mounlains. N. lat. 31°, and lon. 81° E. ofLondon. Flowing thence by- comparative courses northwestwardly 500 ms., pierces tho Himalaya, curving gradually to SW. 200 railes to Attock, where il receives from tbe W. the river of Cabul. Below Attock, the course in a distance of 400 ms. is a liltle W. ofS. lo the influxiof tho Gurrah, (Sutledge,) or river of -the Punjaub, and thence 500 railes, wilh a large west ern curve, the general course from Altock is con tinued to the Arabian sea, giviiig to the Indus an entire general course of 1,600 railes. In the same Edinburgh map, the Sutledge has its remote source in the Lake Rhavan Rhad, to the northward ofthe Himalayas, and within a few ms, 424. of the sources of the Indus, and thence flawing nearly parallel lo the Indus 200 ms., turns to SW., pierces the Himalaya, and following the latter gen eral direction 500 miles lo its junction with the Chenaub, (Ascesines of Alexander's historians,) and about 100 further to ils influx into the Indus at Mittun. The various confluent rivers which form the Sutledge, Chenaub, or Gurrah, as called in the lower pait of ils course, are those draining the Punjaub, or country of Five Rivers, including thu Indus, Zelum, Chenaub, Ravee, and Sutledge. — • See articles Duab and Punjaub, It is certainly very unphilosophical, and produc tive of error, to estimate the rank of rivers by their mere length, the surfaces drained being the far more correct data. As respects the Indus, however, it may be doubted whether we are sufliciently acquainted with the higher part of its valley to determine ils rank by eilher means. As delineated on Black's raap of ^'Indostan, iv'ilh part of Cabul," the en tire basin, including the Punjaub, includes a sur face of 250,000 square miles. Mr, Henry Wheaton, in a letter dated Berlin, Deceraber 1, 1842, directed to Francis Markoe, jr,. Esq,, corresponding secretary of the National In stitute, and published in the^Natibnal Inteihgencer March 28, 1842, gives new and very important in formation as regards the Indus. Mr. Wheaton stales that, frora a recent survey made by order of the British Government, the Indus is now dis charged into the sea, in a great measure, if not en tirely, (0 two mouths; that, owing to the state of such of the channels as are navigable, no vessels drawing above 7 feet of water can now use thera. In latitude, the basin of the Indus extends from 23 30, or norihern tropic, to 38 30, and in lon. frorS 65° to 75° E. of London. This fine river drains norihwestern Hindooslan, Cabul, Little Thi bet, a large extent of Great Thibet, with part of Beloochistan. — See Chenaub, &c, ingatstone, town of Eng,, in EssSx, 23 miles NE. of London. Ingersoll's Store, NW. part of Tompkins co., N. Y., about 10 ms. from Ithaca. Inglesville, town, Monlgoraery county, Va,, 105 miles SW. from Lexington, and 235 NE. from Knoxville. Ingleshe'im, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for having been the resi dence of the emperors, seated on the river Salva, on an eminence, frora whence there is a charming prospect, 5 mites SW. of Mentz. Lon. 8 15 E,, lal. 49 48 .M. Ingleton, town of Eng., in the W. Riding of Yorkshire. Iwling, lown ofFr,, in the dep. of Moselle. Ingolstadt, handsome lown of Germany, and the strongest in Bavaria, wilh a famous university and a fine church. It is seated on tbe Danube, 5 miles NNE. of Neuburg, and 45 N, by VV. of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E., lat. 48 46 N. Ingria, province of the Russian empire, which now forras the governmeni of St, Petersburg, ll is 130 miles long, and 50 broad ; bounded on the N. by the river Neva and the gulf of Finland, on the E. and S. by the governraent of Novogorod, and on the W. by that of Livonia. Inharribania, kingdom of Africa.— See Africa, p. 28, col. Isl. INV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. lOA inman's Cross Roads, post ofiice, Wayne co,, N. Y., by post road 193 miles NW. from Albany. Inn, river of Germany, which has ils source in Ihe country of Ihe Grisons, at the foot of the mounlain Septimerberg. Il runs NE, ihrough Ty rol, by Inspruc, and, continuing its course NE. through Bavaria, passes by Kufstein, Vasseburg, Braunaw, and other towns, and falls inlo the Dan ube between Passau and Instadl. The general course of Ihe Inn is from SW. lo NE., and com parative length about 300 miles. The lower part of the Inn separates Bavaria from Austria, Innaconda, fortress of the Deccan of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor Circar, situated on a hill, 46 miles NW. of Ongole, and subject lo the Nizam of the Deccan. Innerkeithing. — See In rerkeith ing. Innicher, town of Germany, in the Tyrol, sit ualed on the Drave. Lon. 12 17 E,, lat. 46 48 N. Innisclochran, or the Sandy island, island in the river Shannon, where there was a monastery. Innisfail, one ofthe ancient names of Ireland. Innisfallen, island in the Lake of Killarney, in the county of Kerry, and province of Munsler. Inniahannon, town in the co. of Cork, and pro vince of Munster, situated on the river Bandon, 134 miles from Dublin, and 6 frora Kinsale. Inniahirkan, island between Cape Clear island and Baltimore bay, in the co. of Cork. Inniskilling, town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh, with a strong fort ; it being a pass of the greatest importance frora the N. to the S. of Ireland. It is seated in Ihe middle of Lough Earne, where that great lake is contracled for about 6 miles to the breadth of an ordinary river. It is 20 miles E. of Ballyshannon. Lon. 6 50 VV., lat. 54 25 N. Innthal, dislrict of Germany, in the Tyrol, wa tered by the river Inn. Inspruc is the capital. Innviertal, extensive district of the Austrian em pire, between the Danube, Inn, and Sabza. Inowsladislow, strong and considerable town of ' Poland, and capilal of Cujavia, with a fort and a palace, where the bishop of Cujavia resides. Il is 37 railes NE. of Gnesnia, and 70 W. of War saw. Lon. 18 50 E,, lat. 62 58 N. Inspruc, populous town of Gerraany, in the Ty rol, capital of the district of Innthal, with a strong .castle, formerly the residence of the archdukes of Austria. It is seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 27 miles NW. of Brixen, and 60 S. of Munich. Lon. 11 37 E., lal. 27 10 N. Instadt, — See Passau. Insierburg, city of Lithuania, in Prussia, where the inhabitants, who are in nuraber about 3,000, trade principally in beer and grain. Lon. 21 40 E., Iat. .54 40 N.^_ Interlachen, town of Switzerland, 32 railes SE. of Bern. Inverary, royal borough in Argyleshire, seated on the NW. side of Loch Eyne. It is 76 miles NW. of Edinburgh, and 45 of Glasgow. Lon. 5° W., lat. 56 16 N. Inverary, small borough in Aberdeenshire, situ ated on the beautiful and fertile banks of the Don, just above its confluence wilh the river called Urie- water. It is 15 miles N W. of Aberdeen. Inverbervie See Bervie. Inveresk, village in Edinburghshire, situated on 54* the,E. side of Ihe mouth ofthe river Esk, on the Frith of Forth, In 1783, Ihe subterraneous re mains of tl Roman hypocaust, or hot bath, were discovered here. Inverkeilhing, royal borough in Fifeshire, situ ated on the Frith of Forth. It has a beautiful bay, with a good harbor, and considerable trade in coal and olher articles, and is 18 me. NW. of Edin burgh. Lon. 3 25 W., lot, 57 0 N. Inverlochy, ancient castle in the neighborhood of Fort William, in Invernessshire. Inverness, royal borough of Scotland, capital of a counly of the same name, situated on the S. bank of the river Ness, and overlooking the Frith -of Murray. It has a safe and convenient harbor. To the W. of this town is the remarkable vitrified fort called Craig Phadrick ; the stones composing its walls appear lo have been partly melted by fire. In verness is 50 ms. NE. of Fort Williara, and 106 N. of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 10 W., lat. 67 34 N. Invernessshire, includes Ihe subdivisions of Ba denoch, Lochaber, Inverness-shire, Skie, and Har ris, wilh a small part of Ross-shire and Murray- .shire. It is bounded on the N, by Ross-shire ; on the E, by Nairnshire, Murrayshire, and Aberdeen shire ; on the S. by Perthshire and Argyleshire ; and on the W. by the Western sea. It is, exclu sive of the isles, about 80 ms. long from E. to W., and 60 broad from N. to S. It abounds wilh iron ore, and produces plenty of oak and fir ; it abounds with pastures, but little corn, and is reckoned one of the raost barren counlies in Scotland. Pop. in I80I, 74,292; in 1811, 78,336; and in 1821, 90,157. Inverness, tp. in Buckingham co,, L. C, on the waters of Becancour river, 50 ms. SSW. from Quebec. loannina, city of European Turkey, in Albania, on a lake, 40 ms, a lillle W. of N. from Arta, at N. lat. 39 26. Il is silualed about 30 ms. inland, and in a direction nearly due E. from the island of Corfu. " The very existence of such a city as loanni na," says .Mr. Hobhouse, "seems, until very late ly, lo be almost unknown, and yet I should sup pose il, after Salonica and Adrianople, [he should have added Constantinople, certainly,] to be the most considerable place in European Turkey. "This city stands upon the western banks of the lake, al about 2 ms, frora its norlhern extremi ty. In ils utraosl length it may be perhaps 2 ms. and a half, and in breadlh, though in many places much narrower, nearly a mile. Immediately near the lake, it stands on a flat, but rising and uneven ground. A triangular peninsula juts into the lake, and contains the residence of the Pasha. The houses are, many of thera, large and well built, but, frora their latticed sraall windows and large folding doors, have a glooray and Inhospitable ap pearance from without ; being furnished with open galleries, and connected wilh good gardens in the rear. Many that belong lo the higher classes have, however, a lively and pleasant appearance within. loannina is a place of much trade for a Turkish city ; exports oil, wool, corn, and tobacco, for the ports of the Adriatic and Naples ; and for inland circulation Ihrough Albania and Roumelia, spun cottons from Ihe plains of Tricala, stocks of guns, and pistols mounted in chased silver, bolh plain 425 low GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY low and gilt, and also embroidered velvets, stuflTs, and cloths, which are here better wrought than in any other part of Turkey in Europe. Pop. perhaps 40,000, of which one-tenth are Mahometans, the residue Christians, with a few Jews. This city occupies part of a raountain valley; Ihe lake is in sorae places bordered by plains, but to the E., NE., and N,, at a short distance, rise mountains of great mass and extent. The vale of loannina is aboul 25 ms. long, and from I to 4 wide, and terminat ed on the SE,, S,, SW,, and W., by a hilly, broken country. It is situated in a mountainous but fertile and romantic region, and has been re cently rendered, remarkable as being the scene of the power, wealth, tragic adventures, and flnal ca tastrophe of Ali Pacha. Since the death of this ferocious chief, the city has been restored lo Ihe Ot toman empire." Ionia, village in Onondago co., N. Y., NVV. from Salina, and by postroad 157 ms. NW. from Albany. Ionian, or Republic ofthe Seven Islands. This recently established norainal republic is coraposed of the islands along Ihe SW. coast of Greece, from 36° to 40° The seven principal islands, which give narae to the State, are, Corfu, ancient Cor cyra, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cyrigo, and Taxo. Entire area, about 1,500 sq. ms., and peopled by 200,000 inhabitants. Since the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, the Ionian re public has been abandoned to the British Govern ment. Iowa, river ofthe NW. Territory of the U. S., rises with the Des Moines river, and, flowing par allel, falls into the right side of the Mississippi at N. lat. 41°. Iowa, Territory of the Uniled States. There is some difficulty in giving a descriptive sketch of this Territory, so rapidly approaching its change lo that of an independent State ofthe Union, from our ignorance of the limits which may be assigned to it when erected inlo a Slate. We assume, however, as probable, the following boundaries : Ihe Slate of Missouri S., from the Missouri river to the mouth of Des Moines river, thence, up the Mississippi river to the mouth of St. Peter's river, and thence up the latteir streara to ils great bend, thence in a SSW. direction to the Missouri river, and down, the latter to the northwestern angle of the State of Missouri. ' Geographically, the preceding limits embrace a zone from 40 33 to 46° N., and in lon. from 13° to 19° W. of W. C; area about 70,000 sq, ms. The part organized into counties and included in the census, (see table No. 2,) lies westward from the Mississippi river and of Illinois and Wisconsin, extending nearly due N. from the Des Moines riv er lo a littte above Prairie du Chien, 190 ms. ; mean width 70, and area, 13,300 sq. ms. The whole space, however, included in the desig.nated boundaries in Ihis article extends from S. id N. 310 ras; mean breadth at least 200 ms., and area 62,000 sq. irfs. The southern part, and about the fourth of the surface sloping southwardly towards the Missouri river, but the residue declining SE. towards the Mississippi river, and in that direction drained by the rivers Skunk, Lower Iowa, Wabes- ipimicon. Great Maqoquelois, Penaqua or Turkey river. Upper Iowa, &c. 436 TABLE No. I. Population of Iowa, distribuiively and by classes, census, 1840. Whites,~Ages, Males. Females. Otoo 4,380 4,082 5 10 10 - 3,138 2,962 10 to 15 2,475 2,188 15 to 20 2,179 2,064 20 to 30 6,207 3,789 30 to 40 3,310 1,865 40 to 50 1,512 979 50 to 60 698 494 60 to 70 272 1^ 70 to 80 73 51 80 ta90 12 6 90 to 100 - U 0 100 and upwards 0 1 24,256 18,668 24,256 Total white; 1 42,9-24 Free colored per Slaves, . sons. Ages, Males. Fem's. Males, Fem's. OtolO 20 14 , 'l 10 to 24 31 39 3 5 24 to 36 22 8 1 3 36 to 55 14 16 1 1 65 to 100 6 2 0 100 and upwards 0 0 0 0 93 79 6 10 93 6 Totals Aggregate 172 16 43,112 TABLE No. 2. Population of Iowa Territory by counties, census of 1850. Counties, Free whites. free col. Slaves, s i 1 0. i i (S rt 1 Clayton 771 323 3 4 1,101 Clinton 472 339 3 7 821 Cedar 717 536 - . - 1,253 DubuqueDes Moines 1,742 1,245 30 26 6 10 3,059 3,052 2,519 3 3 - - 5.57? Delaware 106 62 168 Henry 2,016 1,740 13 3 3,772 Johnson 963 525 2 1 1,491 Jefferson 1,515 1,258 - 2,773 Jackson 802 599 5 5 1,411 Jones 289 182 - - 471 Linn 795 677 1 - 1,373 Lee 3,351 2,731 4 7 , 6.M3 Louisa 1,069 S41 8 9 ''SE Muscatine J,074T,217 843 15 10 ^'^l Scott 915 4 4 2,140 Van Buren 3,412 2,732 2 *''^5 Washington ¦ Total 893, 701 1,594 24,256 18,668' Ii" 79 6 lo" 43,112 White persons of the foregoing who are— D^af and dumb, under 14 years of age Do, from 14 to 25 Do, above 25 - IRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. IRE _u Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge - Private chaise Colored persons, free and slaves, who are — Deaf and dumb BlindIdiots and insane Whole number of persons employed in — Mining Agriculture Commerce ... Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivera Learned professions Pensioners for revolutionary and military services - Universities or colleges. Academies and grammar schools Do, students in Primary and cominonschools Do, scholars in Scholars at public charge. White persons over "20 years of age who cannot read or write ... 26 1 3 1 217 10,469 355 1,629 1378 366 21 2563 1,600 1,118 Ipsala, Cypsala, or Skipsilar, town of Euro pean Turkey, on the Maritlza, 20 ms. above its inouth, and 46 ms. below Adrianople. Ipsala, town of Turkey in Europe, on the La rissa, 20 ms. SW. of Trajanopoli, and 118 W. of Constantinople. Longitude 26 10 E., latitude 40 57 North. Ipsara, ancient Pcyra, small island of the Gre cian Archipelago, 12 ms. NW. from Scio. Pop. about 16,000. Ipswich, borough and seaport of Eng,, in Suf folk, noted as being the birlhplace of Cardinal Wolsey, and is seated on the Orwell, 26 ras. SE. of Bury St. Edmunds, and 69 NE. of London. Lon. 1 16 E., lat. 52 8 N. Seaport and town in Essex co., Mass., on the river Ipswich, 12 ms. S. of Newburyport, and 10 NW. of Beverly, in the lat. of 42 43 N., and lon. of 71 0 W. Pop. in 1820, 2,553. Ira, lown in Rutland co., Vl., about 20 ms. E. from Whitehall, and 96 SSW. frora Monl pelier. Town in Cayuga co., N. Y., N. frora Seneca river, and about 20 ms. a lillle E. of N. .. from Auburn. Irac, in Asia, divided inlo Irac Arabia and Irac Agemi. Irac Arabia, or Babylonian Irac, is wa- tered by the Euphrates and Tigris, and is almost all under the dominion of the Turks, and forms the Pachalic of Bagdad. Bagdad is the capital. Irac Agemi, or Persian Irac, province of Per sia, bounded on the W. by Irac Arabia and Kusis tan, on the N. by Aderbeistan and Ghilan, on the E. by Khuzistan, and on the S. by Farsistan. Is pahan is the capital. Irasburg, village and Ip. in Orieans co., Vt., 40 ms. NNE. from Monlpelier. Irbitskaia, town of Russia, in Peru, on the li bit river, 140 ms. NE. from Ekaterinenberg. liOn. 62 50 E., lat. 67 35 N. Ireby, town of Eng., in Cumberland; il is 10 ms. NE. of Cockermouth, and 299 NNW. of London. Longitude 3 18 W., latitude 54 50 N Iredell, co. ofN. C, bounded by Mecklenburg S,, Lincoln SW., Burke W., Wilkes NW., Sur ry N., and Rowan E. ; length 40, width 20 ms. ; area 800 sq, ms. Surface hilly, and in part moun tainous; soil fertile. Chief town, Stalesville. Pop. in 1820, 13,071. Lat 36° and lon. W. C. 4° W. intersect in the N. part of this county. Ire.kin, .Jerkin, or Yarlcan, rich and populouu lown of Tartary, the capital of Bocharia, wilh a castle. It is tho slapliftown of all Ihe trade car ried on between India and the N. part of Asia. The Kalmucks aro masters of it, and never disturb any one on account of his religion. It is 8 ms. N . ofCashgur. Lon. 73 25 E., lat. 41 40 N. Ireland, second raost important island of Eu rope, in latitude extends frora Cape Clear, in the CO. of Cork, 51 26 N,, lo Malin Head, in the cO. of Donegal, 55 22, and in lon. W. of London from the extreme eastern part of co. Down, 5 40, to the westernmost point of Ihe co.' of Kerry, 10 30. The lalter is also the westernmost land of Europe. The outlines of the island rudely" ap proach a rhomboid. Tho greatest length is in a NNE. direction frora Cape Clear lo Fair Head, only a few miles exceeding 300 ; the area so near as to .admit the adoption of 32,000 English sq. ms., which yields a mean breadth of 140 ms. On Black's atlas il is stated: "The island contains 29,499,550 imperial acres; whereof 14,603,415 acres are cullivated, or capable ot cultivation, the remainder being covered with mountains, bogs, and lakes. The sea which separates Ireland from Great Britain varies considerably in breadlh. Tbe shortest distance between lf\e two islands is from Fair Head, in Antrim, to the Mull of Cantrie, in Argyleshire, which is 12 ms. From Port Patrick, in Galloway, (Scotland,) lo the nearest point of Antrim, it is 22 ms. ; from Holy Head (island of Anglesey) to Houth Head it is 60 ms, ; and frora Carnsore Point, in Wexford, (southeast angle of Ireland,) to St. David's Head, in Wales, about 50 ras. The greatest width of the Irish sea is 130 ras." The ancieni and yet popular, though not offi cial, provincial division of Ireland was into Ulster on the N., Connaught W., Leinsler E., and Munster S. Before entering on the existing ad- rainistralive divisions, (the counties,) we may ob serve that the cliraate of Ireland is the superlative of that uniforraity of temperature so characterislic of Western Europe, but must premise that, iu speaking of this uniformity, we must be under stood to mean coraparative, as, though the seasons of Ireland, to apply parlicularly to those of that island, are mild and uniform when compared even with those of England, still the seasons of the for mer differ greatly, as regards temperature and moisture, with each other. But, with these dif ferences, Ireland is, beyond all comparison in the expanse of the earlh of equal polar approach, tbe most habitable. When preparing the article " Climate" for the Philadelphia edition of Brews ter's Encyclopfedia, I was at great pains to pro cure and collate tables of wind and temperature, and found from the document lhat the mean an nual temperature of England, or rather Great Britain, was 46.33, England alone 47.72, Ireland 48.90. Again, in addition to a higher mean, Ireland has very remarkably less violent extremes than either England or Scotland. The subjoined tab ular view of the counties of Ireland, with their re spective number of inhabitants, is from Black's j atlas, Edinburgh, 1841, though the data in re gard lo population was from 1831 : 427 IRE GEOGRAPHIOAL DICTIONARY. IRE In ¦ Ulster. Counties. Area in English sq. ms. Antrim Armagh CavanDonegal Down Fermanagh - Londonderry ¦ Monaghan ' Tyrone Total 1,1S6 513740 1,^ 955736810511 1,179 Popula tion. 8,450 2,286,622 270 Popula tion to 8^. m. 325,615 274 220,134 428 227,933 321 289,149 159 352,012 368 149,763 203 2-22,012 274 195,536 382 304,468 258 County towns. Carrickfergus.Armagh. Cavan. LiiTord. Downpatriclr. EnnisKillen. Derry. Monaghan.Omagn. In Connaught. Counties. Area in Englisli sq. nis. GalwayLeitrimMayo Roscommon Sligo Total 2,360 657 2:117 952 679 6,765 Popula tion. 414,684 141,124 366,238 249,613 171,766 1,343,514 Fopula. tion to sq. ra- 133 214 178 262252 County towns. Galway. Carrick.Castleblar.Roscommon. Sligo. In Leinsler. Counties. Area in sq. ms. Popula tion. Popula tion to sq. m. -County towns CarlowDublinKildare Kilkenny - King's Co. - LongfordLouthMeath Queen's Co. - Westmeath - Wexford Wicklow 344 388613803825412322 886 620 604882673 81,988 380,163 108,424 193,686144,225112,558107,481 176,8-26143,851136,872182,713121,557 233979 178 242 175 278 333200235 226207 180 Carlow.Dublin. Kildare. Kilkenny.TuUamore.Longford.Dundalk. Trim. Maryborough Mullingar. Wexford. Wicklow. 7,372 1,892,348 mean. 243 In Munster. / < llare CorkKerryLimerick Tipperary Waterford Area in sq. ms. 1,254 2,765 1,796 1,0341,583 736 Popula tion. 259,322810,732263,126 315,355 46-2,563 177,054 Popula tion to sq. m. 206293 146 299 292 Coimty towns. Ennis. Cork. Tralee.Limerick.Clonmel. 240 Waterford It may here be noticed that, were the one mil lion of square miles included by the already organ ized States and Territories of the United Slates half as densely peopled as Ireland, the aggregaie would he one hundred and twenty -two million five hundred thousand. From the foregoing tables, Ihe surface of Ireland, in our statute acres, would be found 30,335,460, of which Black's atlas slates 14,603,473 acres as arable and pasiure lands. From these elements it appears that the population exists by the cultiva tion and pasturage of less than two acres to an in dividual. In its general aspect, Ireland presents some very remarkable features. The eastern coast, from Cape Clear to Fair Head, though broken by nu merous small bays and inlets, affords excellent havens ; yet there are none of those wide and deep indentings so numerous on the western side. From the same south and north points of outlet, but along the Atlantic coast, besides numerous lesser inlets, Ireland is brojien into peninsular points by the bays of Dunmanus, Bantry, Ken- mare, Ballinskelligs, Dingle, Tralee, Shannon Moulh, Galway Bay, Clew Bay, Sligo Bay, Don egal Bay, Lough Swilley, and Lough Foyle. The counties of Cork, Kerry, Clare, Galway, Mayo, and Donegal, all extend long peninsular projections into the Atlantic ocean. Beaten, through all past ages and all seasons of the year, by incessant western winds, and washed by waves whose action, if unequal as to lime and season, never cease, the land yields its ever-claimed trib ute to the water. But, as compensation, if the western winds aid and act in concert wilh the ocean, Ihey also give to Ireland, as ali-eady ob served, the mildest of all climates so far advanced towards the polar extreme, and the most uniform of all climates of our planet as to temperature. The political situation of Ireland is so much matter of hypothesis, that we may well pause al the very first aspect ot the question. I pause, and leave lhat solution to lime, which time only can solve. Il is no risk, however, to say, in advance, that there is no olher continuous expanse of equal or nearly equal area of the earth which combines so much to superinduce national prosperity. The above element on its population datesr-as far back in time as 1831, and from the previous rate of in crease we may assume, had we not direct means of calculating, a further accretion ; bul the subjoined table will serve to show the probable existing pop ulation of the island : Prosressive population of Ireland from 1821 ® to 1843. Provinces. Area in sq. Ulster Connaught Linesler Munster Totals 8,450 6,7657,372 9,187 51,774 Populalion. 2,286,622 1,343,6141,892,3482,287,152 7,809,636 270 198 243247 Ulaler ConnaughtLeinsler IVIunster 2,001,968 2,286,622 1053,918 1,343,614 1 ,785,7(fi 1,892,348 2,005,363 2,'287,152 6,846,961 1.141.-27 1.06 1.14 Population in 1841, accord ing to tlie ra tio of period, 1821-'3I. 2,606,749 1,706,262 2,003,8882,607,753 7,809,636 1.13 I 8,926,652 215 1 Allowing a proportional increase for the last Iwo __l years, gives' very near 9,150,000 as the existing 428 IRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. IRA population of Ireland, which probably varies not essentially from the real amount. If we therefore adopt 9,150,000 as the aggregate population, and 32,000 sq. ms. as the nelt area, we have 286 as Ihe distributive number per sq. m. These relative numbers and proportions are nol offered as posi tive but approximative data ; ond, adopting them as not differing to any serious amount from the truth, some very interesting questions on the phi losophy of human sociely arises. Ireland has never been, as far as history has recorded facts on the subject, inhabited by a homogeneous people, eilher as to nation, poUcy, race, or language. For up wards of six hundred years, a part of all have sub mitted lo conquest; and for Ihe last three centu ries, two conflicting systems of religion have ag gravated all other causes of national dissension. Yet, with all these impediments, the people have increased beyond what could have been anticipated by the most profound statist. •When most per sons speak of national degradation, they mean, if they mean any thing, individual degradation, con founding personal character wilh the loss or want of nationality. The Spaniards, Portuguese, Ital ians, Greeks, and Poles, and, if possible, to a greater extent than any of the others, the Irish, have suffered by such calumny. The individuals of all these nations are no more obuoxious to such reflections than those are who have been their op pressors. If, in regard lo energy, the Irish de serve reproach, it is for excess. Bul, in fact, sweeping aspersions are nol history. All great ef fects must have adequate causes ; and effects, as far as the history of Ireland is concerned, so ap parently contradictory, are no exceptions. Again, national lamentations, however natural they may be, from those of the Prophet Jeremiah over Jeru salem and Judea to this hour, are mere exposi tions of facts, and never havs or ever can arrest the course of events. All poets are born such, and education and cir cumstances only enkindle combustible material, and few and far between have been those flaming lights ; yet fewer still have been real historians. There is no other phenomena in the range of hu man progress which demands such a combination of inlellectual power, and suitable social position to give lhat power scope of action, as history. There has never existed another example so rich in all that can admonish mankind as that afforded by Ireland. But where is the historian to perform the task of presenting this example in all ils as pects lo the world 1 Where is the person who, to the knowledge of general history, has impartiality to compare the effects of policy, language, and re ligion, and human passions influenced by all these, as well as by local position 1 And to all these vast advantages the man must possess independent fortune, to place him above what he must encoun ter or sink under who writes and publishes the history to deserve the title of Ireland. Ireland, tp., Buckingham co., L. C, on Pill lake, 50 ms S. from Quebec. Village, Hamp den CO., Mass., 98 ms. W. from Boston. Ireland, New. — Sec Britain, New, Irish Sea, that wide strait of the Atlantic ocean between Great Britain and Ireland. Irishtown — See Kilkenny. ' Irjab, town of the country of Cabul, seated near a wesiern branch of Ihe Indus, 1 1 0 mu. SSW. oi' Cabul. Lon. 68 35 E., lal. 33 20 N. Irkeu, or Irkien. — fSce Yarkan, Irkoutsk, cily of Asiatic Russia, on the Augara river. Tl is the capital of the vast government ofthe same name. Lon. 103 30 E., lal. 62 16 N- Irkutsk, largest and least populous governmeni of the Russian empire, comprising all the E. part of Siberia, from the Northern ocean lo the fron tiers of China, and from the boundaries of the Government of Tobolsk to the Eastern ocean. This large territory was gradually conquered and appropriated by the Russians in their desultory excursions from ToboUk. It is divided into four provinces of Irkutsk, Nerlshink, Yakutsk, and Okotsk, the extent a lillle if any under 2,000,000 sq. ms. Irois, Cape, wesiern extremity of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo. Iron-acton, village of Eng., in Gloucestershire, al the conflux of the Staure and Laden, which form the river Frome, 10 ms. NE. of Bristol. Much iron has formerly befen dug up, and many iron works and great heaps of cinders are to be seen here Irondequot, bay of Lake Onlario, Monroe co., N. Y. Irondequot, creek, Monroe co., N. Y., dis cbarges ils waters into the bay of the same name. The Grand Wesiern canal of N. Y. crosses this creek by very expensive and massive works. Iron Mountain, local term for that ridge of Ihe Appalachian chain which separates N. f^. from Tenn. Iroquois, Pointe aux, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on the river St. Lawrence, fi or 1 ms. above the Rapid plat. It is advantageously situaled for com manding the passage up and down tbe St. Law rence. Irawaddy, or Erawady, or Irrawady, or more correctly than either, it is probable, Iravaii, great river of Asia, yet imperfectly explored. On Ar rowsmith's Asia, a river is made to rise in Thibet, at N. lat. 27°, between the Sanpoo, and the Nou Kian of China, which, by the name of Kenpou, flows southward into Assay, and is there named KeenDuem; continuing southward over the Bir man empire, enters the gulf of Ava, as the Ira waddy, at N. lat. 16°. The whole northern shore ofthe gulf of Ava, or Martaban, is a delta, or outlet of rivers. The Irawaddy enters the western, and the Thaluan the easiern extremity of this gulf Cape Negrais was formerly supposed to limit the outlets of the Irawaddy to the west ward, but in 1825, during the Burmese war, British soldiers made their way by water from Prome lo Aracan, and entered the gulf or bay of Ben gal far N. of Cape Negrais. As delineated in Black's Atlas, map of Birinah, this river has ils most remote sources in the mounlains of Anoupectou-miou, southward of the great eastern bend of the Brah mapootra, JV. lal. 37 30, and by a geneial course southvuard of at least, 900 ms., falls into the gulf of Martaban, N. lal. 16° From the same au thority, the basin of this river, has a length of 800 ms., wilh a mean width of 200, and area of 160,000 sq. ms. Umarapoura, capital of Birmah, stands on this river, 450 or 500 ms. above its mouth. Like the Ganges, the Irawaddy has its 429 ISE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ISL efflux through a wide delta, on one of the streams of whieh stands the city of Rangoon. Irromango, considerajile island, and one of the New Hebrides, in the South sea. Lon. 169 20 E., Iat. 18 48S. Irronam, one of the Hebrides, in the South sea, near Tanna. Lon. 170 26 E., lat. 19 31 S. Irtysh, large river of Asia, in Siberia, which rises in the country of the Kalmucs, and, running from the S. to W., falls inlo the Oby. . The Irtysh rises upon the table land of Asia, first flows into, and again issues from the lake of Saisan Nor. After a course of about 250 ms. it passes Ihe Altaian mountains, and enters Asiatic Russia. Below its passage through the Altai, the Irtysh flows to the NW., by comparalive courses, about 1,000 ms., to Samarov, where it unites with the Oby. The Irtysh, augmented by many large tributaries, is in fact the main stream, though the united waters take the name of Oby. Irville, yillage in. the western part of Muskin gum co., 0., 12 ms. NW. from Zanesville. Irvine, or Irwin, river of Scotland, in Ayr shire, which, descending from the mountains on the E., passes by Derval, Newmills, Galston, and Riccarton, and falls into the Frith of Clyde, close by the lown of Irvine. Irvine, or Irwin, royal borough and seaport of Scotland, Ayrshire, seated at the mouth of a river of Ihe same name, on Ihe frith of Clyde, 15 ms. E. of the isle of Arran, and 60 W. by S. of Edinburgh. Its chief trade is the exporting of coal lo Ireland. Lon. 2 41 W., lat. 55 32 N. ] Irvine, river of Va., branch of Dan river.— See , Smith's river. Jtfltllb S /cue:/, Jrwell, river in Eng., in Lancashire, which rises above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and falls into the Mersey, below Flixton. > Irwin, CO., Ga., bounded by Fa. S., Early W., Doolen N., Telfair NE., and Appling E.; length 70 ms., breadth 48, area 3,360 sq. ms. The Ock- 1 lockonne, Suwanny, and Little St. Ilia rivers rise | inthe co.; the general surface is level. Pop. in j 1820, 411 ; and in 1840, 2,038. Central Iat. 31 10 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. Isabella, ancient lown of St. Domingo, founded by Columbus, about 90 ms. E by N. from Cape Frangois. Isabella, St., island ofthe Soulh sea, discovered by the SpanardS in 1568. It lies off the intend- 1 ancy of Guadalaxara. Lat. 21 50 N. Isbellsv'ille, village, Todd co., Ky., by post| road 218 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Ischia, island of Naples, ancient (Enaria, or Pilhecusa, 15 ms. in circuit, lying 3 ms. off the coast ofTcrradi Lavora. It is full of agreeable valleys, which produce excellent fruits; moun lains, on which grow vines of an exquisite kind, rivers, and fine gardens. lachia, cily of Naples, capilal of an island ot the same name. Lon. 14 3 E., lat. 40 41 N. Iselstein, town of the kingdom of Holland, Utrecht on the Issel, 4-ms. SW. of Utrecht. , Isenarts, or Eisenarla, town of Germany, in Slvria, famous for iron mir^es, 30 ms. N W . ot Grate. Lon. 15 4 E., lat. 47 25 N. Isenach, town of Germany, in the circuit ol 1 loner Saxony, from whence a Saxon prince takes the title of duke. Lon. 9 17 E., lat. 51° N. 430 Isenburg, large town of Germany, capital of a CO. ofthe same name in the electorate of Treves, with a castle, seated on a river, 8 ms.N. by E. of Coblentz. Lon. 7 34 E., lat. 50 32 N Principality of Germany, divided between the houses of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt. Isenghein, town of the kingdom of Ihe Nether- • lands, wilh Ihe lille of principality, seated on the river Mandera. Lon. 3 18 E., lal. 50 44 N. Iser, river of Germany, which rises on the con fines of Tyrol and Bavaria, and, passing by Munich and Landschut, falls inlo the Danube be tween Straubing and Passau. [ Isere, dep. of Fr., including part of the late ' pro. of Dauphiny. It is so named from a river which rises on the confines of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone above Valence. Grenoble is the capital. j laerthon., or Lohn, town of Germany in the cir cle of Westphalij, 32 ms. from Cologne, where j they manufacture ribands, &c. hernia, town of Naples, in Molise, wilh a I bishop's se6. It is scaled at Ihe foot of the Ap- penines, 13 ms. W. of Molise, and 46 N. of Na ples. Lon. 14 34 E., lat. 41 36 N. Isi^i, seaport of Fr., in Ihe dep. of Calvados, and late province of Normandy, noted for its salt works, cider, audits butter. It is 15 ms. W. by N. of Bayeux. Lon. 0 59 W., lal. 48 20 N. Ms. — See Thames, Iskenderoon. — See Scanderoon. Islamism, the proper name of the religion of Mohammed, and that used hy the votaries of that faith. The Mohammedans say al-islam, from the Arabic word salamez, and, as they thus apply il, means " an entire abandonment to God, of person, and all lhat appertains to per.son." Islands, Bay of, of New Zealand, at the N. ex tremity of the most northern ofthe two islands that go under that name. Island Creek, Ip., Jefferson co., 0. i Islands of Guy andotte, post office. In the list 1 of post oflacea published at Washington, 1825, this office is placed in Logan co., Va., whilst under Ihe head of counties there is no Logan co. named for Va. Islay, or Ila, island of Scotland, one of the Heb rides to the SW. of Jura. Its greatest length is 25 ms., its breadth 18. The principal village is Bowmore, which has a convenient harbor. The face of the country is hilly. Pop. about 12,000 ; area 154,000 acres. Isle aux Petite Bois, small island, Ala., be tween the Gulf of Mexico and Pascagoula sound. Isle aux Crudres, island and seigniory, North- 1 umberland co., L. C, in the St. Lawrence river. Isle aux Noix, island, L. C, in Sorrel river, about 1 1 ms. below ils efflux, from Lake Champlain. Isle-Adam, town of Fr., now in Ihe dep. of Seine and Oise, lately in the province of the Isle of France, wilh a castle, sealed on the Oise, 20 ms. N. by W. of Paris. Lon. 2 13 E., lal. 49 7 N. Isleborough, tp., Hancock co.. Me. Isle of Beeves, island of N. America, m the bay of Campeachy, 17 ms. long and 8 broad. It is fertile, and -abounds in cattle and fruits. Isle-Dieu, small island of France, 14 ms. from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the Eng lish in 1795, but soon afler evacuated. Lon. ^ \V5 W., lal. 46 55N. ISL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ISS Isle-de-France. — See France, Isle of. Isle Jesus, island and seigniory, Effingham CO., L. C. It is situated NE. from Ihe island of Montreal, with an intervening channel of St. Law rence river. Isle-Jourdain, town of Fr., now in Ihe dep. of Gers, and lately in the province of Armagnac. It is seated in an island of the river Save, 8 ms. N. of Lombez. Lon. 1 3 E., lat. 43 40 N. Isle of Orleans, island, county, and seigniory, L. C, in St. Lawrence river, commencing 4 miles below Quebec. Isle, Rousse, town of Corsica, on the seacoast, 35 miles SW. of Bastia. Isle and Vilaine, dep. of France, containing part of the lale pro. of Bretagne. Rennes is the capital. hleben. — See Eisleben. Isle of Wight, counly of Va., bounded by Nan semond SE., by Blackwater river or Southampton SW., Surry NW., and James river NE.; length 30 ms., mean width 1 5, area 450 sq. ms. Surface level, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Smithfield. Pop. in 1830, 10,139; and in 1840, 9,973. Central lat. 36 48 N., lon. 30' E.-^ C. H. and post office. Isle of Wight co., Va., 30 ms. W. from Norfolk, and 89 SE. from Rich mond. Lat. 36 50 N., Ion. W. C. 28' E. Isle Royal, long island of Loke Superior, 100 ms. in length, and 40 wide in some places. Isleworth, village of Eng., in Middlesex, seated on the Thames, 9 ms. W. of London. Isle Verte, seigniory, Cornwallis county, L. C, on, the SE. side of St. Lawrence, 104 miles below Quebec. Isleborough, tp., Hancock co.. Me., 1 mile W. from Castine. Isles of Shoals, seven small islands, about nine ms. SSE. from Portsmouth, N. H. They form a part ot Rockingham counly and Staten island ; the last forms the township of Gosport. Isle de St, John, seigniory, Devon co., L. C, on the SE. side of the St. Lawrence, 45 miles be low Quebec. Isle du Portage, seigniory, Cornwallis co., L. C, on the SE. side of St. Lawrence, 85 miles be low Quebec. Islington, village of Eng., in the counly of Mid dlesex, on the N. side of London, lo which it is almost contiguous ; appears lo be of Saxon origin, and in the Conqueror's time was written Isledon, or Isendon. Islip, town of Eng., in Oxfordshire, 4 miles N. of Oxford. Islip was given by Edward the Con fessor to Westminster Abbey, to which it still be longs. By the late inland navigation, it has a com munication wilh the river Thames, Humber, and a great many others ; and its navigation extends about 500 miles through different counties.-^ — Town on Long Island, in Suffolk county, N. Y., 50 miles E. from New York city. Ismail, strong town of Turkey in Europe, in Bes sarabia, on the N. side of the Danube, 140 miles S. by W. of Bender. Lon. 39 47 E., lat. 45 UN. Ismid, town of Turkey in Asia, capital of By- Ihinia, situated on the sea of Marmora. Lon. 29 47 E., lat. 40 37 N. It is the Nicomedia of the ancients. imperial town of Suabia, seated on the Isney, 14 miles NE. of Lindau, and 02 SW. of Augsburg. Lon. 10 3 E., lat. 47 43 N. Isnic, town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, It is the ancient Nice, faraous for the firsjl general council here in 335. Nothing remains of its an cient splendor but an aqueduct. Jews inhabit Ihe greater part of it ; and il is sealed in a couniry fer tile in corn and excellent wine, 75 ms. SE. of Con stantinople. Lon. 30 9 E., lat. 40 13 N. IsocBROsous, from Greek isos, equal, anichro- nos, time, and most usually applied to the vibra tions of a pendulum, supposed to be made in equal time. Synchronism comes from the same roots, and has in fact Ihe same meaning, but with the following difference of application : isocbronism is applied to the vibrations of the same, pendulum, whilst synchronism expresses the equaliiy of mo tion of two pendulums. Isola, seaport town of Italy, in Naples, in Cala bria Ulteriore, 18 ms. SE. of St. Severino. Lon. 17 26E., lat. 39 2 N. Isona, town of Spain, in Catalonia, sealed neir a mountain, at Ihe foot of a rivulet. Ispahan, celebrated city, capital of Persia, in the province of Irac-Agemi, and though} by some to be the finest city in the East, Il stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded on all sides by nfoun- tains al 8 miles distance, and on a small river call ed Sanderut, which supplies almost all the houses wilh waler. It is 30 miles in circumference, with well-built houses and flat roofs, on which they walk, eat, and lie, in summer, for the sake of the cool air. The inhabitants were computed at about 1,000,000; but this kingdom having been distract ed by civil wars, the principal towns are greatly depopulated. Ispahan has .3 large suburbs, called Juisa, Hasenbath, and Kebrabath. Though at a distance from the ses, it carries on a great trade, people of several nations resorting there for the sake of traffic. It is 265 miles NE. of Bussarah, and 1,400 SE. of Constantinople. Lon. 52 55 E., lat. 32 25 N. Issel, or Yssel, river of the kingdom of Holland, which branches off from the Rhine below Hues- sen, and running by Doesburg, Zutphen, Deven ter, and Campen, falls into the Zuyder Zee. Issel, or Yssel, Little, river of the kingdom of Holland, which waters Ysselstein, Monlfort, and Gouda, and falls into the Merwe above Rotterdam. Issel, or Yssel, Old, river which rises in the duchy of Cleves, and enters the Issel at Doesburg. lasequibo, flourishing settlement of the Dutch in Guiana, on a river ofthe same name, and contigu ous to that of Demarara. Issoire, ancient town of Fr., now in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and lately in the province of Au vergne. At Vernet, near this town, are found am ethysts, of color as beautiful as those of the East, but not so hard. Issoire is seated on the Couz, near the Allier, 13 miles S. of Clermont. Lon. 3 35 E., lal. 45 34 N. Issoudun, town of France, now in the dep. of Indre, and lately in the province of Berry, with a castle ; its trade is iu wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings, and is seated partly on an eminence and partly on a plain, 17 miles SW. of Bourges, and 135 S. of Paris. Lon. 3 6 E., lat. 46 57 N. Is-sur-Tille, town of France, now in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and lately in the province of Burgun- 431 ITA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ITA dy, seated on the Ignon, near Ihe Tille, 13 miles N. of Dijon. Isthmus, Greek, isthmos, neck of land between two seas, and uniting two olher bodies of land, such as Suez and Panama. Istria, kind of peninsula of Illyria, lying on the ' NE. part of the gjilf of Venice. It is bounded by Carniola on the NE., ahd on all olher sides by Ihe sea. The air is unwholesome, especially near the coast ; but Ihe soil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pasture ; there are also quarries of fine marble. Istria now forms a part of the Austrian kingdom of Illyria. Capo d'Istria is the capilal. Italy, one of the finest and most celebrated countries in Europe, bounded on the NNW. and NE. by France, Switzerland, the country of the Grisons, and Germany ; on Ihe E. by the gulf of Venice, and on the S. and W. by the Mediterra nean ; ils figure bearing some resemblance to that of a boot. Its length from Aosla, at the foot of the Alps, in Mount Blanc, Savoy, to Ihe ulmost verge of Calabria, in Naples, is about 600 railes ; but ils breadlh is very unequal, in some places near 400 miles, in others not above 35 or 30. The air of Ilaly is very different, according to the different situation of the countries it contains : in those ot\ the NE. side of the Appenines it is more temperate, but on the SVV. it is very warm. In Campagno di Roma and the Ferrarese it is said to be unwholesome, from the lands not being duly cultivated, nor the marshes drained; but in the other parts it is generally pure, dry, and healthy. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, Piave, Tagliamenlo, Var, Ombrone, Carig- liano, Vollurno, and an immense number of fine but minor streams on both sides of this country. There are several fine lakes, as Ihe Maggiore, Lu gano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano, and Ce lano. The soil in general is very fertile. It pro duces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe; excellent silk in abundancd'^ corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in some%.ther coun tries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, la- monds, raisins, sugar, figs, peaches, apricots, ap ples, pears, filberts, chestnuts, &c. Most of Ihese fruits were at first imported by the Romans from Asia, Asia Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural products of the soil. This country also yields good pasture, and abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are well stored wilh game; and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, sulphur, niarble of all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &c but also gold and silver, with a great variety of arpmatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal arti cles of exportation ; and great sums of money are expended by travellers iri the purchase of pictures, curiosities, relics, antiquities, &c. „ , ,. The established religion is the Roman Catholic ; but all sects live unmolested, provided no gross in sult is offered to their worship. Their language (a corruption of the Latin) is retoarkable for its smoothness, and is said to be spoken in its gieatesl purity at Florence. Further particulars of this coun try will be found under the names of its particular divisions. 432 Ilaly, as a natural section, is litlle less definitely bounded than if it was really an island, as, where not limited by the sea, a rim of mountains encloses it on the land side; but, except under the Romans, this country has been at all limes politically par celled into Slates, independent of each other, and always more or less mutually hostile^ No other country has ever been so much Ihe theatre of revo lution, but, as now constituted, we give from the Geography of Jjaurenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, a synopsis of its existing subdivisions. We here subjoin synoptical tables of the politi- cal divisions of Ilaly and Sicily. I. Sardinia, or northwestern Italy, the link, in deed, between France and Italy, except whilst under French power during the changes produced by the great European revolution, has been a king dom since 1713, and contains the following prov incial divisions : Division of Savoy, Provinces. Savoy proper Upper Savoy CarougeChablaisFaucigny Genevois Maurienne Tarentaise Total . Pop. 129,000 38,000 40,00048,000 7,3,000 77,000 64,00(1 42,000 501,000 Chief lowns. ChamberyL'HopitalSaint Julien ThononBonneville Annecy St, Jean de Mau rienne Montiers Pop, 12,000 1,5001,000 3,000 1,2005,500 2,500 2,,500 Division of Turin. Provinces, TurinBiella , IvreePignerolSuaa Total . Pop, 337,000 98,000 145,000114,000 70,000 764,000 Turin . Biella , Ivree , Pignerol Suaa Pop, 114,000 7,7007,000 4.000 2,000 Division of Coni. Coni Alba ' Mondovi Saluces Tolal Pop. 154,000106,000126,000136,000 522,000 Chief towns. Coni Alba MondoviSaluces Pop, 15,500 7,000 17.00010,0110 Division of Alexandria. Provinces.. Alexandria iEqui Asti Casale TortonaVoghera Total Pop. 97,000 83.000 115;000 110,000 51,000 91,000 547,000 Chief lowns. Alexandria .ffiqui Asti Casale TortonaVoghera Pop, 30,000 6,500 21,000- 16,000 8,000 10,000 ITA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ITA Division ef Novara. Pop. Chief lowns. Novara LumilinaOssola Pallanza Val-Sessia Verc^l Total 126,000111,000 33,00066,00034,000 111,000 481,000 Novara . 13,000 Vigegano 15,000 Domo d'Ossola , 1,600 Pallanza 1,500 Varallo 3,00C Verceil 16,000 Pop. Division of Nice. Nice OneiUe SanRemo Total Pop. 100,000 61,000 43,090 204,000 Chief towns. NiceOneiUeVintimiglia Pop. 15,000 4,0004,500 Division of Genoa. Genoa AlbengaBobbia Chiavari LevanteNoviSavona Pop. azs.ooo 65;00034,00099,000 69,00061,000 39,000 583,000 Chief towns. Genoa AlbengaBobbiaChiavari C Spezzia X Sarzane NoviSavona Pop, 80,000 4,0003,500 8,000 4,0003,000 8,000 10,000 the Var to that of the DranzB inlo the Lake of Ge neva, and the area being 17,500 sq. ms. ; the mean breadth will be 90 ms. In lal. between 43 40 and 46 30, Tlie cily of Turin at Iat. 45 4, and 7 41 E. London, is not far distant eilher way from the centre. The island of Sardinia, separaled from Corsica by the straits of Bonifacio, about 8 ms, wide, lies between latitudes 38 50 and 41 16 N., Ion. 9 0 E. of London, and N. lal. 40 0, intersect very near the cenire of Sardinia. The greatest length of this island is 170 ms,, by a Une declining slightly to NE. and SW. from due N. and S. Greatest breadth about 85 ms., but the mean is fully cli mated at 65 ms. ; area about 1 1,000 sq. ms. Political divisions of the island of Sardinia. Summary ofthe continental part of Sardinia. Division of Savoy Division of Turin Division of Coni Division of Alexandria Division of Novara Division of Nice Division of Genoa Total 501,000 inhabitanti 764,000 do. 532,000 do. 547,000 inhabitants. Cagliari BusachI iglesias Isili - Lanusei Nuovo - Sassari Alghero Caglieri Ozieri ¦ Total of the island of Sar dinia To which add for central Sardinia Total of the monarchy - Pop. 102,000 67,000 39,00047,00026,00061,00068,00028,00032,00040,000 490,000 3,602,000 4,092,000 CagliariBusachiIglesiajjIsili LanuseiNuovo Sassari Alghero Caglieri Ozieri Pop. 27,400 l,60n 4,6002,0001,400 3,400 19,400 7,000 3,4008,000 481,000 204,000 583,000 3,602,000 do.do.do.do. Sardinia, or that part of the monarchy on the continent which comprises the provinces specified in the preceding tables, is naturally divided into Ihe sections of Savoy and Var, westward of the Alps ; the higher valley of the Pb, and a strip along the Gulf of Genoa, declining rapidly from the Appennine mountains. Savoy is drained into the valley of the Rhone by confluents of the Isere, Sys- sel, Arve, and olher lesser streams, and, physical ly considered, belongs rather to France than Sardi. nia. The Var river, which separates Sardinia from France, rises in the maritime Alps, and drains the division of Nice, which is followed eastward by that of Genoa. The upper valley of the Po con tains the main body of the monarchy, with its cap ilal, Turin. This part of Sardinia is enclosed on three sides by mountains from which streams flow as radii from the circumference to the centre of a circle, and uniting from the Po, having a general eastern slope. The longest Hne which can be ex tended over continental Sardinia would be one nearly due N. and S., 190 ms. from the mouth of 55* For all northeastern Italy we may refer to tabu lar view of Austria, page 1 1 7, Nos. 8 and 9. We may, howev^, in order to preserve connexion, observe that Austrian Italy extends from Lake Maggiore on the W., 240 ms,, to the small river Isonzo on the E. Under the general name of Austrian Lombardy, or Lombardo-Venetian king dom, this fine and most diversified country falls, by a general southern slope, from various locally named sections of the Alps, and is drained, in a direction of their courses, southeastward by, beside many others of lesser note, the Ticin, Adda, Og lio, Mincio, Adige, Brenta, Piave, "Tagliamenlo, and Isonzo. About 100 ms, of the lower channel of the Po winds only a few ms. N. of lat. 45°, and the High Alps, which bound Lombardy on theN,, rise about 46 30 N. TABLE OF AUSTRIAN ITALY. Government of Milan. Delegations. Population, SondiroComo Milan - Pavia Lodi Bergamo Brescia Cremona Mantua - Chief city. 3,374 ' 7,679 124,647 21,351 14,882 29,469 32,91126,87623,340 Delegal'n. 83,451 335,000463,500 146,000 198,000315,000 324,000176,000 240,000 433 ITA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ITA Government of Venice. Delegations. Population. Chief cily. Delegat'n. VeronaRovigo Padua Vicenza . Belluno Trevisa . Venice . Udina . 60,000 7,000 47,000 30,000 8,000 15,000 110,000 18,000 278,000 135,000 290,000 298,000 123,000 233,000249,000 361,000 and 44 40 N., and lon. 11 40 and 13 14 E. of London. For political and administrative purposes, the Papal territories are divided into delegations, which, as in most olher parts of Italy, are named from their capitals, and are designated in the subjoined table : General population of Austrian Italy, by nations. Italians GermansJews GreeksArmenians Total - 4,163,700 66,500 5,600 700500 4,237,000 To the SE. of continental Sardinia, and S. of the river Po, exists Ihe principality of Monaco, duchies of Massa-Carara, Lucca, Parma, Modena, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Each of these States will be briefly noticed under their proper heads. Their general extent and relative position are here given in connexion with the contiguous States. " From the extreme southern angle of Tuscany, near Orbitello, lo the northern angle of Parma, on the Po, below Pavia, is, in a direction of NNW., 200 ms. The utmost breadlh is about 100 ms., from Piombino to the summit of th^.'Lppennines ; the mean breadth 65, and area 13,000 sq.ms. ; ex tending in lat. from 42 20 to 45 5. The lllh de gree of lon. E. of London traverses this region nearly centrically. Though each State will be found noticed under its proper head, weheie insert a tabular sjrnopsis of the whole. No. Delegations. Pop. ofthe cities. Pop, ofthe delegations. I 2 34 4 ^\7^ 8|^{ 1011 •4 13 BolognaFerrara Ravenna Forli Pesaro , , Urbino MaceratocCamerinoFermo Ascoli Spoleto Rieti Viterbo Civita-Vecchia Ancona Perugio Frozinone Ponte-CorvoBenevento ^Total Papal States 65,00024,000 24,000 16,00014,000 11,000 12,000 7,000 7,000 12,000 7,000 7,000 13,000 7,000 30,00030,000 6,0006,000 14,000 295,000 260,000 150,000 170,000 \ 200,000 1 230,000 1 160,000 1 180,000 \ 415,000160,000 190,000 X 170,000 20,000 2,690,000 States. Massa-CararaMonaco Lucca Parma Modena Tuscany Total Population. 29,000 6,500 143,000 440,000 350,000 1,275,000 See Rome and St. Marino, under their proper heads. The kingdom of Naples, as often called from its capital, and, for reasons far from obvious, kingdom of the Two Sicilies, comprises all the residue of the peninsula of Italy southward from the Papal Territories, as also the island of Sicily and ils small border islands, as also the group of Lipari and Ihc solitary Pantalaria. The following synopsis exhibits the provincial divisions of ihe kingdom of Naples Proper, or the Italian part of the monarchy : Province Naples, or Napoli. Chief towns. Population. Naples - - - 335,000 Castelmare - - - 15,000 Portici - - 5,000 Puteoli - - - 5,000 Sorrenta - - - 4,000 Torre del Annunciata - 5,000 Torre del Greco - 15,000 Province Terra di Lavora. 3,243,500 States of the Holy See, or Papal Territories. — This hierarchy has the Lower Po on the N., Adriatic or Gulf of Venice E., or rather NE., the kingdom of Naples bounds it on the SE., and on the NW. it joins Tuscany and Modena. From Tenacina, the extreme southern angle on the Mediterranean, to Ferrara, on the Po, the greatest lengih of the Papal States is about 260 ms., in a directioh NW. by N. The breadth is very unequal. From Civii Vecchio to Ancona it is about 150 ms. wide, but from the extreme eastern part of Tuscany to Rimini, Ihe breadlh bul little exceeds 20 ms. ; the mean breadth 60, and area 16,600 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 41 18 434 CapuaAceria .\rpinoAversa CasertaFondi Gaela - Nola - Province Principato Citra. Salerno Amalfi NoceraAvellino ArianoAtripalda Province Principato Ultra. 8,000 6,0009,000 13,000 4,000 5,000 15,000 9,000 11,000 3,0009,000 13,000 10,000 4,000 ITA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ITA Province Abruzzo Ultra. Chieflown, Populalion. Terraino - - - 9,000 Civitadi Penna - - . 8,000 Aquilla - - 13,000 Avezzano - - 3,000 Civita Ducal - - 2,000 Salmona 4,000 Vaslo - -- 4,000 Province Abruzzo Citra. ChietiLanciano Fogia Bovino Luzera Manfredonia , Santo Severo Campobasso - Colla - Morcona Sepino Trivento Province Capitanato. Province Sannio. Province Terra di Bari. Bari - Altamura Bailetta MolfettaMonopoli Trani - Terlizza Tarenta BrindisiGallipoliLecce Otranto Province Terra di Otranto. Province of Bassilicaio. 13,00012,000 21,000 4,0008,000 5,0004,000 8, 4,5,3,4, 15,15,17,11, 15 14, 000000 000 000000 18, 6,8, 14, 3. 000000000000 000000 000 000000000 000000 ,000 000 ,000,000 10,000 6,000 5,000 3,0006,000 Potenza LagonegroMateraMelfi - Province Calabria Citra. Cosenza Cassano Castro-Villari- Paola - Rossano Province Calabria Ultra. Reggio - - - 16,000 Gerace - 5,000 Sciglio - - 4,000 Cantazaro 11,000 Cotrona . - . 5,000 Montsleone - - - 15,000 Nicastro - - ,- 10,000 Pizzo- - 5,000 Santa-Severina ... 6,000 Squillace - - - . 2,000' Tropea - - - 4,000 The island of Sicily, separated from the ex treme southwestern part of Italy, or Calabria Ultra, by tho narrow straits of Messina, justifies, by its triangular outline, one of its ancient names — that of Trinacria. The form is a rude approach to a right-angled triangle. The right angle at Cape Pttssaro, its utmost soulhern point, N. lat. 36 40. Thence the base extending 160 ms, northwesterly to Cape Marsala, and the perpendicular 120 ms., a little E. of N. to Cape Rasaculmo, N. of Ihe Straits of Messina, N. lat. 38 20. These elements give to Sicily an area of 9,600 sq. Eng. ms. A chain of mountains, evidently a continuation of the Appennines, only interrupted by the Straits of Messina, passes over the northern side of Sicily. Ekna, however, a volcanic mass, appears ralher de tached from the main chain, though rising to near 1 1,000 feet, an elevation far above that of any oth er summit of the Appennines. Though forming a part of the monarchy, Sicily has a separate administrative regimen, and, for political purposes, is divided into 7 intendancies. Intendanciea. Palermo TrapaniGirgemiCallauisettaSaragossa Catania Total of Sicily To which add for Naplei Pop. 409,000 147,000 291,000 156,000 194,500 292,500 240,000 1,730,0006,690,000 7,420,000 Chief towns. Palermo Trapani GirgentiCaltanisetta Syracuse Catania Messina Pop. 168,000 24,00015,00017,000 15,000 45,00060,000 Names and population of the islands in the vi cinity of Sicily. Alicudi 260 Basiluzzo - 20 Felicudi - 880 Lampedusa - 150 Lipari group - . . 18,200 Panaria - 200 Pantalaria - - 5,000 Salina - 4,200 Stromboli - - 2,100 Ustica - 700 Summary of Italy and the islands of Sardinia, Sicily, Sfc. Countries. Sardinia, continental - Sardinia, island of Modena, Tuscany, &c. Papal Slates Austrian Ilaly Naples, Italian part - Sicily, &c. English sq. ms. 17,500 11,00013,000 16,60015,4003-2,50010,000 116,000 Pop, 3,602,000 490,000 2,243,5002,590,000 4,237,0005,690,0001,730,000 20,582,500 Pop, to EJng, sq, m. 212, nearly. 162, nearly, 274 175 173 I77i Any person who reads attentively the history of the first and second- Punic wars must be convinced, on comparing the eircumstances attending those wars with the results of Ihe preceding tables, that the territory of Italy and that of the adjacent is- 435 IX w GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JAG lands contained a more dense population 2,000 years past than at this time. If, however, the ter ritory of the Uniled States was peopled, equal in proportion to the existing population of Italy, the aggregate would exceed 354,000,000. It may startle many, but I will venture the anticipation, warranted as I consider myself by the past, that t\ie future, in one century more, will accomplish more than is here shadowed forth. Italy, SW. town of Yates county, N. York, 80 ins. S. from Canandaigua. Population in 1820, 728. Itamaria, island of Brazil, in Pernambuco, about 10 ms. long and 2 broad. lichen, river of Eng., in Hants, which, rising in the centre of the county, passes by Winchester, and enters the Bay of Southampton at the town of that name. Ithaca, now TAwfa', island of the Mediterranean sea, seated between Cephalonia and Santa Maura. Lon. 21 0 E., lat. 38 36 N. It now forms one of the Ionian islands, Village and seat of justice for Tompkins co., N. Y,, at the head of Ca^yuga lake, about 40 ms, above Cayuga bridge. Pop. of the ip. in 1840, 5,650. Distant by. post road — ms. a very little S. of W. from Albany, and 51 SSE. from Geneva. N. lat. 42 27, lon. 0 22 E. of W.C. Itzehoa, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, on the Stoer, 15 ms. NE. of Glucksladi, and 30 NW. of Hamburg. Lon, 9 30 E.,lat. 53 58 N. Iverdun. — See Yverdum. Ives, St., town of Eng., in Huntingdonshire, It is seated on the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge, 6 ms. NE. of Huntingdon, and 50 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 0 20 W,, lat. 52 20 N. Seaport and borough of Eng., in Cornwall. It is 8 ms. NE. ofPenzance, and377 W. by S. ofLon don. Lon. 5 30 W., lal. 50 18 N. Ivica, island of the Mediterranean, one of tbe Balearic or Pilhycusae group, 56 ms. SW. of Majorca. It is about 60 ms. in circumference, is mountainous, but fertile in corn, wine, and fruils, and is remarkable for the great quantily of salt made there. The capital, of the same name, has a good harbor. Lon. 1 25 E., lat. 38 52 N. Imra^Ao, village of Eng., in Buckinghamshire, 6 ms. SW. of Dunstable, and 32 N W. of London. Lon, 32 OW., lal. 51 .54 N. Ivrea, ancient lown of Piedmont, capilal of Ca- navez, on the Doria, between two hills, 20 ms. N. of Turin, and 32 E. by N. of Susa. Lon. 7 48 E., lal. 45 22 N. Ivry, town ofFr., in the dep. of Eure, and late province of Normandy. It is seated on the Eure, 10 ms. N, bv W. of Dreux. Lon. 1 28 E., lal. 48 54N. " Ivy Bridge, village of Eng,, in Devonshire, 1 1 ms. NE. of Plymouth, remarkable for ils rural and picturesque scenery ; the river Arme runs through the village. Ivy Mills, post office in Delaware co.. Pa. Ixworth, village of Eng., in Suffolk. It is 7 ms, NE. of Bury St. Edmunds, and 79 NNE. of Lon, don. Lon. 0 51 E., lal. 52 20 N Town of Cornwallis county, Lower Canada, 70 ms. below Quebec. 436 Jaar, river rising near Tongress, in the bishop ric of Leige, and, after a NE. course, falls into the Maese at Maestrichl. Jablunka, town of Silesia, in the territory of Teschen, 35 ms, SE. of Troppaw, Lon. 18 10 E., lat. 49 41 N. Jacca, ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, on a river of the same name, among the mountains of Jacca, in a very pleasant and fruitful plain, which are a part of the Pyrenees, 22 ms, N, of Huesca, Lon. 0 19 W., lat. 42 36 N. Jaci-d' Aguila, seaport town on the eastern coast of Sicily, 10 ms. N. by E. of Catania. Lon. 15 36 E., lat. 37 27 N. Jackson, or Hitchcock, tp. in Hancock co.. Me., 25 ms. NW. from Castine. Jackson, tp. in Lebanon co.. Pa., On bolh sides of Tulpehocken creek, 6 ms. E. from Lebanon, and on the dividing line between Lebanon and Berks cos. Town in Washington co.,N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,004. Village in Louisa co., Va. Co. of Ga., bounded by Clark SE., Wal ton SW., Hall and Habersham NW., and Frank lin and Madison NE. Lengih 25, mean 'width 20 ms. ; area 500 sq. ms. Chief town, Jeff'erson. Pop. in 1820, 8,355; in 1840, 8,523. Central lat. 34 5 N., lon. W. C. 6 55 W. Co. of W. Ten., bounded S. by White, W. by Smith, N. by Monroe co,, in Ky., and E. by Overton. Lengih 28 ms., mean width 18; area 500 sq. ms. Cum berland river crosses this county in an oblique di rection from NE. to SW. The surface is rather waving than hilly. Chief town, Williamsburg. Popr in 1820, 7,593; and in 1840, 12,873. Cen tral lat, 36 25, lon. W. C. 9 33 W. Co. of Ohio, around the Scioto salt works, erected into a counly in 1816, and bounded by Lawrence S., Scioto SW,,- Pike W., Ross NW., Hocking N., .Athens NE., and Gallia SE. Lengih 30, width 20 ms. ; area '490 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly and broken. Mineral productions, slone coal and salt, or perhaps more correctly salt waler. Chief town, Jackson. Pop, in 1820, 3,746; and in 1840, 9,744. Central lat. 39 6 N., Ion. W. C- 32 36 W. Village and seat of justice for Jack- - son CO,, Ohio, 28 ms, SE. from Chillicothe, and 73 in the same direction from Columbus. Tp. in Jackson co. , Ohio. Tp. in the soulhern part of FrankUn co., Ohio. Tp. in Wayne co., Ohio. Tp. in Pickaway co., Ohio. NE. tp. of Pike CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 853. Tp. in Knox co., Ohio. Tp. in Champaign CO., Ohio, Tp. in the southern limits of Mon roe CO., Ohio. Tp. in Stark co., Ohio. Tp. in Perry co,, Ohio, Tp. in the wesiern bor ders of Montgomery Co., and adjoining the co, of Preble, Ohio.— — Tp. in Preble- co., Ohio. The northwesternmost tp. of Muskingum Co., Ohio. Co, of la., on White river, bounded SE. by Scott, S. by Washington, W. by Lawrence, NW. by Monroe, N. by Delaware, and E. by Jennings COS.; lengih 30 ms., mean width 19 ; area 570 sq. ms. Chief town, Brownstown. Pop. in 1820, 4,010; and in 1840, 8,961. Cenlrai lat. 38 55 N,, lon. W. C. 9 0 W. Village in Jack son CO., Ia., 84 ms. soulhward from Indianapolis. — —Co. of 111., bounded by the Mississippi river J AC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JAG SW., by Randolph NW. and N., Franklin E-, and Ifnion co. S. ; length 30 ms,, mean midth24; area 720 sq. ms. Chieflown, Brownsville. Pop. in 1830, 1,542 ; and in 1840, 3,566. Central lat. 37 47 N., lon. W, C. 12 22 W. Village and seat of jusiice for Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., 12 ms. NW. from Cape Girardeau, and about 10 in a direct line from the Mississippi river. Lal. 37 26, lon. W. C, 13 30 W. Villageand seatof jus tice for Madison co., Ten., on the S. branch of Forked Deer river. N. lal. 35 58, lon, W. C. 1 1 50 W,, and 198 ms. by post road a little S. of W. from Murfreesborough, Village on the left bank of Tombigbee river, Clarke co,, Al.a, 13 ms. below and SE. of St. Stephen's. NE. co. of Ala,, N, of Tennessee river, bounded by Tennessee river SE,, by Decatur co. SW,, and by Frankhn and Marion cos. N. It is nearly in form of a triangle, 30 ms. by a direct line along Tennessee river, an equal distance on Decatur co., and an equal dis tance along the S. boundary of Tennessee ; area 375 sq. ms. Soil on the streams and intervals fer tile. Staples, cotlon and grain. Pop. in 1820, 8,751; and in 1840, 15,715. Central lat. 34 50 N., lon. W. C, 9 25 W. Co. of Miss., bound ed by Mobile co., Ala., E., by the Gulf of Mexico S., Hancock SW., and by Perry and Greene cos., in Miss.,N. Lengih 42 ms., mean width 30; area 1,350 sq. ms. Surface flat in the S. and hilly in the middle and northern parts. Soil generally slerile, and covered with pine timber. Some good land, however, lies along the Pascagoula and > its branches, which intersect this county, flowing from the NW., N.,and NE. Pop. in 1830, 1,683; and in 1840, 1,965. Village on Pearl river, near its source, in Hinds co,. Miss,, about 100 ms. NE. from Natchez. N. lat. 32 18, lon. W. C. 12 57 W. Village in the parish of Felici ana, La., by posl road 163 ms. I^W. from New Orleans. C. H. and post office in Jackson co., Ohio, 28 ms, NE. from Chillicothe. Village in Canaan tp., Wayne co., Ohio, 12 ms. N. of Woos- sler, the county seat. Jacksonborough, village in Colleton district, S, C, on the right bank of Edisto river, 34 ms. W. from Charleston. Village in Scriven co., Ga., on the point between Briar creek and Beaverdam creek', about 70 ms. NW. from Savannah. Village and seat of justice for Campbell co., in E Ten., 50 ms. NNW. from Knoxville. Lat, 36 81 N.,lon. W. C. 7 12 W. Jacksonburg, village in Wayne tp., Butler co., Ohio, 8 ms, N. from Hamilton, Jackson's river, rises in the S. angle of Pendle ton CO. , Va,, and, flowing SSW, , enters Bath co. , through which it meanders, by comparalive cours es, about 50 ms., and, turning abruptly to NE,, joins Cowpasture river, and, together, forms James river. Jacksonville, village in Tompkins co., N. Y., W. from Ithaca, and by post road 209 ms. W. from Albany. Village in Lehigh CO., Pa., 74 ras. NE. by E. from Harrisbui-g. Village in Wood CO., Va., by post road 459 NW. by W, from Rich mond. Village and seat of justice for Telfair CO,, Ga., near the left bank of Oakmulgee river, 94 ms. a little E. ofS. from Milledgeville. Lat. 31 52 N., lon. W. C. 6 12 W Village in Duvall CO., E. Flo., on the left bank of St. John's river. 45 ms. NNW. from St. Augustine Settle ment or town in Violet tp,, Fairfield co., Ohio, 18 ms, from Lancaster, on the road from that town lo Delaware. Tp. in Adams co,, Ohio, 20 ms, E, from West Union. Jacobsburg, town in Belmont co., Ohio, 21 ms. from Wheeling. Jacobite, partisan of the royal house of Stuart afler its expulsion from the English throne in 1688, from Jacobus, James II. The term was and is ap plied to the adherents of the expelled family, and opposers of the revolution which placed William III. and Mary II. on the throne. It is often used us synonymous wilh tory ; which see. Jacobstown, village in Burlington co,, N. J,, 16 ms. S. from Trenton. Jacques Cartier, river in L. C, rises in Ihe in termediate space between the river St. Anne and Jeanne, and, flowing SW., falls into IheNE. side of St. Lawrence river, in the SE. angle of the ta- rony of Portneuf Seigniory, Hampshire co., L. C, extending from the N. bank of St, Law rence river, between the seigniory of D'Auteuil and the barony of Portneuf, crossing the rivers Jacques Cartier, Savonnis, and St. Anne. Jaen, town of Spain, in Andalusia. It is seat ed in a country producing excellent fruils and very fine silk, at the foot of a mountain, 15 ms. SW. ofBueza. Lon. 3 22 W., lat. 37 38 N. Prov ince of Spain, in the E. part of Andalusia, bound ed W. by Cordova, S. by Granada, E. by Murcia and Granada, and N. by La Mancha. Area 4,730 sq. ms. Pop. about 210,000. Jaen is the capi tal. Staples, wine, oil, silk, and corn. City of Colombia, in the province of Jaen, about 300 ms. S. from Quito. Lon, W. C. 1 30 W., lat. 5 25 S. Jean de Bracamoros, province of Colombia, in Quito, ^bounded N. by Loja and Quixos, E. by Ma- inas, and S. and W. by Peru. Pop. 13,000. — See Colombia, Jaffa, town of Palestine, formerly called Joppa, and entirely fallen from its ancient grandeur. It is 50 ms. NW. of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 0 E., lat. 32 16 N. Jafnapalam, seaport of Ceylon, whence are ex ported great quantities of tobacco and some ele phants, which are accounted the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch took it from the Portu guese in 1658, and it was taken by the English in 1795. It stands at the N. end of the island, 100 ms. N. of Candy. Lon. 80 10 E., lal. 9 45 N. Jaffrey, village in Cheshire co., N. H., lying near the boundary line between this State and Mass., about 70 ms. SW. of Portsmouth, and 25 eastward of Connecticut river. Pop. in 1820, 1,339. Great Monadnock mountain is in this tp. Jagarnaui, town of Hindoostan, in the province of Orissa. Here is a famous pagoda, one of the first objects of Hindoo veneration, and an excellent seamark. It stands on the Bay of Bengal, 48 ms. S. of Cattack.' Lon. 86 6 E., lat. 19 50 N; Jagerndorf, town and castle of Silesia, capital of a province of the same name, and seated on the Oppa, 13 ms. NW. of Trappau. Lon. 17 44 E.. Iat. 50 0 N. Jaghire, district of Hindooslan, in the Carnalic, subject to the English East India Company. It extends 101 ms. along the coast, from Alemparve on the S., to Lake Pullicate on the N., and is 47 437 JAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JAM ms. inland in the widest pari. Madras is the chief place. Jago, St., largest and most fertile of the Cape Verd Islands, 10 ms. long and 5 broad. It abounds with high barren mountains, and the air, in the rainy season, is unwholesome to -strangers. The animals are beeves, horses, asses, mules, deer, goals, hogs, civet cats, and monkeys. Here are fowls and birds of almost all sorts ; and maize, plantains, bananas, pompions, oranges, lemons, tamarinds, pine apples, cocoa nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and sugar canes. It has also some cedar trees and plenty of cotlon. Ribeira Grande is Ihe capilal, but the governor resides at Porto Praya. Capital of Chili, with a good harbor and a royal audience. Beside the cathedral, there are three parish .churches and eight monasteries. The inhabitants, about 40,000, are native Americans and Spaniards. Here are several canals, and a dike, by means of whi«h they water their gardens and cool Ihe streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on the river Mapo- cho. Lon. 71 45 W., lat. 34 10 S. Jago-de-Cuba, St., formerly capital of the island of Cuba. Lon. W. C. 1 28 E., Iat. 20 15 N. Jalisco, State of the Republic of Mexico, for merly the Intendancy of Guadalaxara, bounded W. by the Pacific ocean, N. by the States of Sonora y Sinaloa and Durango, NE. by Xacatexas, E. by Guanaxuata, and SE. and S. by .Mechoacan. Length from N. to S. 320 ms., and breadth E. and W. 250, with an area of 74,280 sq. ms. Pop. in 1825, 944,867. Lying between N. lat. 19° and 24°. The Slate of Jalisco is crossed from SE. to NW. by the Rio de Santiago, a considerable stream, which communicates with Lake Chapala, and will, no doubt, in the advance of population, 'wealth, and civilization, become an important channel of inland commerce from Salamanca and Zelaya to San Bias. All the easiern part of this State is the table land and western declivity of the Cordilleras of Anahu ac. The maritime regions, especially those which stretch towards the great Bay of Bayona, are cov ered with forests, and abound in excellent wood for ship building. But in this latler country the air is excessively heated and unhealthy. The high interior and eastern part is temperate and salubri ous. The diiference in elevation from the Pacific coast lo the confines of Guanaxuaio and Vallado lid exceeds 6,000 feet. The volcano of Colima rises in an isolated ridge to upwards of 10,000 feet. It is only, however, occasionally covered lyilh snow. Colima is ihe most western active volcano known in America. Lon. W. C. 26 0 W., lat. 18 5 N. The staples of this Stale are, maize, wheat, cot ton, cochineal, and the precious metals. In 1802, the value of ils agricultural produce amounted to $2,599,000, and lhat of its manufactures lo $3,302,300. The State contains 2 cities, 6 large and 322 small villages. The principal mines are those of Bolanos, Asienles de Ibara, Hostiotipaquillo, Copala, and Guichichilla. — See Guadalaxara. Jamaica, island of the W. Indies, discovered by Columbus in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. of St. Domingo, nearly the same distance S. of Cuba, and is of an oval figure, 170 ms. long and 60 broad, containing 4,080,000 acres. A ridge of hills runs 438 lengthwise from E. to W., whence numerous riv ers take their rise on bolh sides, and though none of them are navigable, even for barges, yet the su gars are carried upon many of Ihem in canoes from thfe remote plantations to Ihe sea side. — See Indies^ West. Jamaica, town, Windham county, 'Vt., 35 ms. SW. from Windsor. Pop. about 1,000.^ Vil lage, Queen's co., Long Island, N. Y., 13 miles E. from New York. Pop. in 1840, 3,781. The village contains an academy and 3 or 4 places of public worship. Jamana, capilal of a principality in Arabia Felix, sealed on the river Asian, 150 ms. W. of Eleatif Jamba, city of the hither India, and the capilal of a province ofthe same name. Lon. 81 55 E,, lat. 31 21 N. Jamboli, territory of Turkey in Europe, lying on the Archipelago. Jambi, or Jambis, seaport and small kingdom on the E. coast of the island of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and export pepper hence, with the best sort of canes. It is 160 miles N. of Bencoolen. Lon. 102 35 E,, lat. 59' N. James bay, the southern extension of the sea of Hudson, or Hudson's bay. It. abounds with is lands of various extent, and reaches as far south as Iat. 52° N., receiving a number of rivers, some of which are of great lengih and magnitude ; the principal are Albany, Moose, Hurricane, and East Maine. James, island on the coast of South Carolina, between Stono river and Charleston harbor. James pity, county of Virginia, between York and James river, and bounded by Warwick SE., James river and Chickahominy river SW., New Kent NW., and York river and York co. NE. ; length 23 miles, mean width about 8, area 184 sq. miles. Surface rather waving than hilly. Soil gen erally sterile. Chief town, Williamsburg. Pop. in 1820, 3,161; and in 1840, 3,779. Central lat. 37 15 N., Ion. W. C. 15' E. James Island, island of Africa, 30 miles up Ihe river Gambia, and 3 miles from ils nearest shore. Here the English have a fort and a factory. Lon. 16° W., lal. 13 15 N. James river, river of Virginia, is formed from two branches, Jackson's river and Cow-pasture river, both rising in Bath and Pendleton counties, and uniting in the northern angle of Botetourt co. It Ihence flows, by comparative courses, SSE. 35 miles to Paltonsburg, where it turns to ENE. 20 miles, to the foot of the Blue Ridge, in Rockbridge CO., and receiving from the N. a large accession of water, by the Great Calf-pasture river, turns to to SE., and pierces the mountain at Iat. 37 35 and lon. W. C. 2 30 W. From its passage through the Blue Ridge, this noble stream, with many par tial windings, but a general comparative course of a lillle S. of E. 370 miles, unites with the Chesa peake bay between Old Point Comfort and 'Lynn- haven bay. Its moulh, between Hampton and the mouths of Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers, is known by the name of Hampton Roads. The lide flows up James river to the first falls at Richmond. Ships ot the line of the largest class can enter its mouth. Vessels of 40 guns can be navigated to Jamestown, and those of 250 tons to Warwick; smaller vessels of 125 or 130 Ions as- JAM GEOGRAPHICAL piCJlONARY. JAN cend to Rockells, about one mile below Richmond. A canal cut round the falls, or rapids, opens a boat navigation 230 miles still higher. Craig's creek is formed by two branches, John's creek and Craig's creek proper, both rising in Giles county, in Virginia, at N. lat. 37 30 and 3 30 W. from W. C. Both branches flow NE. into Bo tetourt county, in which they unite, and fall inlo James river about 15 miles below the junction of Jackson and Cow-pasture rivers, after a compara tive course of 40 miles. Sinking creek rises between Pond and Wolker's mountains, and between John's and Craig's creeks; in Giles counly, flows SW. 25 ms., and falls into Great Kenawha at N, lat. 37 17, and W. lon. 3 42 from W. C. James river at the raouth of Craig's creeli - . . , To the mouth of John's creek, following the bends of the water course Highest spring tributary to Craig's creek - - ' - To the lowest point on the dividing ridge - - - _ To the nearest stream, tributary to Sinking creek To the mouth of Sinking creek Following James river up to the mouth of Jackson's river, ank thence to tlie mouth of Bishop's creek, dividing Bath from Botetourt counly, the point of junction between Jackson's river and Dunlap's creek was found to be Thence to the lowest point on the di viding ridge To the mouth of Howard's creek into Greenbriar river, near Lewisijurg, in Greenbriar county From the mouth of Sinking creek to that of Greenbriar river is 55 miles, and from the mouth of Howard's creek to that of Greenbriar 60 miles, EI ovation of mouth of GreenlDriar - To Bowyer's ferry - - . Kenawha at the foot of the Great falls Ohio river at the mouth of Kenawha , 48 300 266 116 98 51 130 240 Above tide- feet. 925 270 2,3982,551 2,509 1,585 1,238 2,478 1,640 1,333 930589481 The reader, from a comparison of the relative elevations of any given route hitherto rendered nav igable by canals, can easily determine the proba bility of effecting such an object by either of the above routes through the Appalachian ridges. Jamestown, town, Chautauque co,, N. Y., on Ihe outlet of Chautauque lake. Pop. in 1820, un certain. Ancient town in James City co,, Va,, planted as early as 1607, and made the seat of colo nial seat of government ; it is situaled on the N. bank of James river in lat, 37 9 N,, and lon, 74 10 W., at the distance of 8 miles S. from Wil liamsburg, and 32 SE. from Richmond. Il is now in Ruins Borough of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, sealed on the Shannon, 5 mihs S. by E. of Carrick, and 73 NW. of Dublin. Lon. 8 29 W., Iat. 53 51 N Village, Guilford co., N. C, by post/oad 147 ms. NW. from Raleigh Village, St. Louis co,. Mo., by post road 18 ms. of St. Charles. Village, Green co., Ohio, by post road 58 miles SW. by W. from Columbus Tp., Newport co., R. I., embracing and commen surate with Connanicut island. Beavertail light house is at the S. end of this island Village, Prince Edward co., Va. Town of Barbadoes, on the W. side of the island. Jamesville, village, Manlius township, Ononda go CO., N. Y., 4 ms. E. from Onondago Hollow. Village, Sumpter district, S. C, 59 ms. east ward from Columbia. Jasper, county of Georgia, bounded by Newton NW., Morgan NE., Putnam E., Jones S., and Ockmulgee N., separating il from Butts W. ; length from N. to S. 28 miles, mean breadth 16, and area 420 sq. miles. Central lat. 33 20, lon. 0 44 W. W. C. Chief town, Monticello. Pop. in 1840, 11,111. Village and seat of jusiice, Maridn co., Tenn,, on Soquachee river, 80 miles SE. from Murfreesborough. Lat. 35 17 N., lon, W, C. 8 28 W. Jamtland, province of Sweden, bordering on Norway, nearly of a circular form, about 70 miles in length, and 60 in breadlh, annexed to the crown of Sweden by the treaty of Roschild, in 1658. It is in general mountainous. The east ern part is a champaign country, watered with sev eral lakes and rivers, which abound wilh fish. The country produces excellent oats, and abounds in good turnips. It contains alum quarries, sand stone, slate, the lapis ollarius, fine rock crystals, lead ore, two new built copper works, and a place where salt-petre is refined. The inhabitants sub sist by agriculture, grazing, hunting, and fishing. They also cany on a considerable trade with tho Norwegians. Janeiro, province of Brazil, bounded by Ihe At lantic ocean E., SE., and S., St. Paul's SW., and Minas Geraes NW. ; length 380 ms., mean vvidth 100, area 380,000 sq. miles. The tropical latitude and exposure lo Ihe Atlantic ocean renders this fine province capable of producing most of the ve getable staples of the highest value. Sugar is its chief production. Janeiro is ils capilal city. Janeiro, Rio de, city of Brazil, and capital of the province of the same name, stands at the head of a large basin or bay, surrounded by lofty moun lains. The opening of the harbor to the ocean is about one mile wide, and is defended by Fort Santa Cruz, built upon an immense mass of granitic rocks. The city rises like the steps or seats in an amphitheatre, and the houses built of stone along straight and well-paved streets, produces a fine ef fect from the water. It is the mart of an immense and increasing inland trade. Pop. above 100,000. Lon. W. C. 35° E., lat. 23 56 S. J.1NIS3ABT, from the Turkish, and, Kterally means new troops. This arm of Turkish power was formed in 1372, hy Sultan Amurath II,, and was for more than two centuries a most formidable infantry, but gradually degeneiated inlo a turbu lent and disorderly corps, and were in 1826 finally suppressed by the Sultan. Jasissart, species of Turkish troops. Janissary, Cape of, ancient Sigeum promon tory, the point on the Asiatic side of the mouth of the Hellespont. The village of Giaur-Keni occu pies. It IS supposed, the site of the ancieni Sigeum, Giaur-Keni is sometimes called Yeni-Cher. Janna, province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N. by Macedonia, on the S. by Livadia, on the W. by Albania, and on the E. ,by Archipel- ago. It is the Thessaly of the ancients. Capital, Larissa, Town of Turkey in Europe, in a pro- 439 JAQ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JAY vince of the same nam^. It is 63 ms. W. of La rissa. Lon. 21 36 E., lon. 39 48 N. Janikale, Jenikaleh, or Jenikale, town, sea port, and forlress of Russia, in Taurida, and in the straits of Taman. It commands and gives name to the passage strait from the Euxine, or Black sea, inlo Ihe sea of Asoph. Lon. 36 35 E., lat. 45 21 N. Janowitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaushim, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Imperialists in 1645, when the latter were de feated. It is 48 ms SE . of Prague. Lon. 15 38 E., lat. 49 45 N. Jao-icheou-fou, city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, sealed on the river Po, which, at a small distance, enters the Lake Po-yang. Japan Islands, of Asia, between 30° and 40° N. lat, and between 130° and 144° E. Ion., the largest of which is called Japan, and sometimes Niphon, and gives its name to all the rest, being 600 ms. in length, and from 100 to 150 in breadlh. Its capital is Jeddo. For Japan, see article Asia, pp. 98, 99, and 100. Japan has been, within this century, visited by several Europeans, who have pubUshed their observations. The Russians, Kruzenslern and Galownin, and an Englishman, Dr. Ainslie, axe the most conspicuous; but it is probable that neither have added much to what Ksempfer had published long before. Dr. Ainslie, and indeed most European authors who have spoken of Ihe Japanese, represent this people as approaching rather to the European than to the Asiatic stand ard of character. Nothing, says the doctor, so much ofl'ends a Japanese as to be compared lo a Chinese. The doctor might have found, in the feelings of his own countrymen towards the French, a very remarkable parallel to Japanese national antipathy. Dr. Ainslie also compliments the Japanese on their propensity to foreign intercourse. This is a most precious sample of description of a foreign people, and ought lo afford us a standard of value to estimate similar documents. The Japanese, wilh a most prudent aind praiseworthy caution, have persevered in exactly a contrary course of politics to that of encouraging Euro pean intercourse. There is, really, every reason to believe that China and Japan might be opened to the commerce of Europe, with no more re striction than is imposed by European nations amongst themselves, if the Asiatic nations could be assured of the honesty or humanity of Euro peans. As long as that insatiable thirst of con quest, and the more absurd and equally insatiable rage of religious proselytism, mark the conduct ol Europeans, so long must their introduction into either China or Japan depend on force, and force alone. The example of India is too deeply en graven to be neglected. Japara, seaport on Ihe N. coast of the island of Java, with a good harbor. It was Ihe capilal of a considerable kingdom, till the Dutch made themselves masters of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a considerable trade. It is 353 ms.E.byS. of Batavia. Lon. 1 10 45 E., lat. 6 20S. Jaquemel, town of St. Domingo, on a bay of ils name, on the S. coast, 33 ms. SS'VV. of Port au Prince. — See Jacquemel. Jaques, river of the U. S., falls inlo Missouri, from theN., about lat. 43 N. 440 Jargeau, town of Fr., in the dep. of Loiret, near the Loire, 10 ms. ESE. of Orleans. Jarisburg, town of Norway, capital of a dis trict abounding in mines, in the diocess of Ag gerhuys, 5 ms. N. of Tonsberg. Jarnac, town of Fr.,'in the dep. of Charenle, on the Charenle, 30 ms. W. of Angoulesme. Jaromitz, town of Bohemia, seatedon the Elbe, 9 ms. N. of Konigingratz. Jaron, town of Persia, in Farsistan, celebrated for abundance of palm trees, and their excellent fruit. It is 95 ms. S. by E. of Shiras. Lon. 53 10 E., lat. 28 15 N. Jaroslau, town of Poland, in Red Russia, wilh a strong citadel. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia, and sealed on the Seine, 55 ms. W. of Lemberg. Lon. 22 43 E., Iat. 50 4 N. Jdroslaul, government of Russia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow. It is 160 ms, in lengih, and from 30 to 110 in breadlh. The capital is of the same name, and a large com mercial place, wilh numerous manufactures, seated on the 'Volga, 145 ms. NNE. of Moscow. Lon. 39 50 E., Iat. 57 35 N. Jasenitz, town of hither Pomerania, seated on the Oder, 8 ms, N, of Stettin. Jasper, co., Ga., bounded by Jones S., Henty and Newton W,, Walton N., Morgan NE., and Putnam E. Lengih 25, mean width 18, and area 450. This co. lies along the E. side of Ihe Oakmulgee river, and was justly named in honor of sergeant Jasper, who replaced the U. S. flag on the parapet of fort Moultrie, at Charleston, when shot off by a British cannon in Ihe attack made by Sir Peter Parker. Pop. in 1820, 13,614, and in 1840, 11,111. Lat. 33 22 N., lon. W.C. 7° W. Jasque, town of Persia, in the province of Mecran, which gives name lo a cape in the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 57 4 E., lat. 25 40 N. Jassey, city of European Turkey, capital of Moldavia, on the Pruth, 170 ms. NNE. of Bu charest. Lon. 27 30 E,, lat. 47 8 N. Java, island of Ihe E. Indies, lying lo Ihe S. of Borneo, and separated at its W. end from Sumatra, by the strail of Sunda. It is sometimes called Great Java, lo distinguish il from Bali, by some named Litlle Java, and is 420 ms. in length, and of various breadth, extending from 105°, to 1 18° E. Ion., and 6° lo 8° S. lat. Alter sundry revolutions, Batavia, and parls adjacent to Java, have returned to the possession of the Dutch. Java has always been considered in a high de gree unhealthy, but this observation applies cor rectly only lo the seacoasts. The interior is in many places high, airy, lemperale, and healthful. The fruits, grains, and other vegetables, of nearly all climates, are found on this island, but their culture depencft upon suitable elevation. Java head, W. end of Java, towards Ihe straits of Sunda. Java Sea, lies beftveen Java and Borneo. Jay, town, Oxford co.. Me., 20 ms. NE. from Paris. Pop. in 1820, 1,614. Tp , Orleans CO., Vt., about 50 ms. N. from Monlpelier. Village, Essex co., N. Y., on Saranac river, 40 ms. SW. from Plattsburg. Jayme, San, town of Colombia Varinas, on the Aspuri river, 300 ms. SW. from Caraccas. Lon. W. C. 9° E., lat. 7 50 N. JEF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JEF Jay Point, village, Oxford co.. Me. Jean Si,, town of Fr., now in the dep., of Moselle, formerly in the province of Lorraine. Il is seated on the Sare, 13 ms. W. of Deux-Ponls. Lon. 7 12 E., lat. 49 ION. Jean-d' Angely , town of Fr., jiow in the dep. of Lower Charenle, lately in the province Sain tonge. It is famous for ils brandy, and is seated on the Boulonnc, 15 ms. NE. of Saintes, and 32 SE. of Rochelle. Lon. 0 20 W., lat. 45 59 N. Jean de-Laune, St,, town of Fr,, now in the dep. of Cote d'Or, lately in the province of Bur gundy. Itis seated on the Saone, 15 ms SE. of Dijon, and 155 SE. of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E., lal. 47 8 N. Jean-de Luz, St., town ofFr., now in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, lately in the province of Basques. It is the last next Spain, wilh a bar bor, and owes its opulence to the cod and whale fishery. It is sealed on a small river, near the Bay of Biscay, 10 ms. NE. of Fontarabia, and 12 SW. of Bavonne. Lon. 1 40° E., lat. 43 23 N. Jean-de-Maurienne, town of Italy, in Savoy, capilal of a co. of the same name, wilh a bishop's see. Il is seated in a valley, on the river Arc, 15 ms. S. by W. of .Monlier, and 35 NE. of Grenoble, Lon. 6 20 E., lat. 45 17 N. Jean-Pied-de-Pori, St., lown of Fr., now in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, lale province of Lower Nav.irre. It is sealed on the river Nive, at the entrance of those passages or dl;files, in the Pyrenees, which in this country are called Ports, and defended by a citadel upon an eminence. It is 20 ms. SE. of Bayonne, and 30 NE. of Pam- peluna. Lon. 1 33 E., lat. 43 12 N. Jean Rdbel, lown of St. Domingo, on the sea coast, 12 ms. NE. from St. Nicholas le Mole. Lon. W. C. 3 53 E., lat. 19 55 N. Jebbel Auras. — See Jibbel Auras, , Jed, river of Scotland, in Roxburgshire, which joins the Teviot, a liltle below Jedburgh. Jedburgh, borough of Scotland, in Roxburgh shire, on the Jed, near ils confluence with the Teviot. It is 36 ms. SE. of Edinburgh. Jedburgh is the principal lown of Roxburgshire, and is stated under the head of Jedburgh, in Brewster's Encyclopedia, to be the oldest parish in Scotland, and the seat of a monastery, built by David I, in 1,138. It is still a very flourishing place, in part, no doubt, owing to its favorable position near the great route from London to Edinburgh. It is the seat of very valuable and extensive manufac tures. Pop. 5,000. Lon. 3 25 W., lat. 55 35 N. Jeddo, capital of all Japan, a cily silualed on the NE. coast of the island of Niphon. Pop. 1,000,000. Lon. 140° E., lat. 36 30 N. Jeddo, town of Arabia. — See Judda. Jefferson, co., N. Y., bounded by Lake On tario W., St. Lawrence river NW., St. Law rence CO. NE., Lewis cO. SE. and Oswego S. Lengih 47 ms., mean width 25, area about 1,170 sq. ms. Surface broken in the interior, but level towards Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence river. The substratum generally a shell limestone, which in many places, particularly near Black river, and around Sackett's Harbor, approaches near the sur- 56* face. Soil much diversified, bul generally well calculated for the production of grain and pasturage. Chief lown, Sacket's ]Iarbor. Pop. in 1820, 32,952; and in 1840, 60,984. Central lat, 44 30 N., lon. W. C. 3° E. Jefferson, co., Penn., bounded by Armstrong and Venango VV., Warren N., McKean NE., Clearfield SE,, and Indiana S.; length 46 ms., mean width 36, and area 1,300 sq. ms. This co. is watered by Sandy-leek creek, Toby's creek, and other branches of Alleghany river. 'The surface is hilly and broken, and soil generally rocky, or much broken. Some highly fertile soil skirls the streams, but is mostly of a middling quality. Pop. in 1820, 561 and in 1840, 7,253. Central lat. 41 15 N., lon. W. C. 2° W. Jefferson, co., Va., bounded by the Potomac river NE., by the Blue Ridge, or Loudoun co., SE., Frederick SW., and Berkeley W. and NW.; lengih 20 ms., mean width 15, area 300 sq. ms. This CO., limited on the NW. by the Opequan river, on Ihe NE. by the Potomac, and traversed towards the Blue Ridge by the Shenandoah, and lying in the Great Limestone valley, is one of the most productive grain and fruit counties of Va. Its surface is pleasantly variegated by hill and dale, and well watered. Pop. in 1820, 13,087; and in 1840,14,082, Lat, 39 28 N., lon. 1 5 W. Jefferson, co,, Geo., bounded by Emanuel S., Washington W,, Warren NW., Columbia N,, Richmond NE,, and Burke E.; length 33 ms., mean width 20, area 660 sq. ms. It is traversed by the main stream, and drained by several branches of Ogechee river.. Surface undulating, and soil sandy. Chief lown, Louisville. Pop. in 1820, 7,058; and in 1840, 7,254. Central lat. 33 5 N., lon. W. C. 5 42 W. Jefferson, Co., Alabama, bounded S. by Tusca loosa, SW. by Pickens, NW. by Marion, N. by Blount, NE. by St. Clair, and SE, by Shelby ; lengih 46 ms., mean width 30, area 1,380 sq. ms. It is traversed by the main stream of the Tusca loosa. Chieflown, Ely ton. Pop. in 1840, 7,131. Central Iat. 33 38 N., lon. W. C. 10 22 W. Jefferson, co. of Miss., on the Mississippi river, bounded by that stream NW., by Claiborne N,, uncertain on the E., by Franklin S., and Adams ' SW. ; lengih 30, breadlh 18 ms., area 540 sq. ms. Besides the Mississippi river, this co. is wa tered principally by Fairchild's and Cole's creeks in the centre, and by the sources of Homochitto river and Bayou Pierre towards its eastern extremity. It is bounded along the Mississippi by a selvage of low and perfectly level land. This flat is fol lowed at a distance of from I lo 4 or 5 ms. by what is known as the Mississippi bluffs. With the bluffs commences a surface generally moderately hilly, and covered by a very dense forest, which continues to the ulmost eastern limits of the co. The soil of the Mississippi below the bluffs, a deep and highly fertile loam, but mostly subject to an nual inundation ; the soil of the bluffs, and gener ally on the waters of Cole's and FairchiWs creeks, is highly productive, but gradually deteriorates to wards the branches of Homochitto and Bayou Pierre, and terminates in open pine woods, with a sterile soil. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Green ville. Pop. 1820, 6,822. Central lat. 31 45 N., lon. W. C, 14° West. 441 JEF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JEK Jefferson, co. of E. Tenn, bounded by Sevjer SW., Holston river NW., Granger co. N., Haw kins NE., Greene E., and Cocke SE. Length 30, mean width 12 ms., area 360 sq. ms. This CO. is traversed by Nolachucky, and bounded by Holston river, and contains much good soil. Chief town, Dandridge. Pop. in 1820, 8,953; and in 1840, 12,076. Centrallat. 36 5 N,, lon. W. C. 6 35 W. Jefferson, co., Ky., bounded by Ohio river W. and NW., Henry NE., Shelby E,, and Bullitt S. ; length 28 ms., mean width 18|, and area about 520 sq. ms. This co. is remarkable, from lying opposile lo the Ohio rapids. The surface is waving, though not hilly. Soil highly productive. Chief town I^ouisville. Pop. 1820, 20,768 ; and in 1840, 36,346. Cenlrai lat. 38 30 N., lon. W. C, 820 W. Jefferson, eastern co., Ohio, bounded N. by Columbiana co., E. by the Ohio river, S. by Bel mont, and W. by Harrison. It is 27 ms. long from N. to S., and 30 broad from the Ohio river west wardly, and contains about 500 sq. ms. The prin cipal waters are Yellow creek, Cress creek, and Short creek, besides Ohio river. The soil is generally very fertile, and the climate healthy. Chieflown, Steubenville. Pop. 1820, 18,531 ; and in 1840, 25,030. Central lat. 40 25 N., lon. W. C. 3 48 West. Jefferson, co., Ia', bounded by Ohio river SE,, Clarke SW., Scott W., Jennings NW,, Ripley N., and Switzerland NE, ; lengih 25 ms., mean width 15, area about 360 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town, Madison. Pop, 1820, 8,038 ; and in 1840, 16,014. Central lal. 38 43 N., lon. W. C. 8 28 W. Jefferson, co.. III., bounded by Franklin S., Randolph SW., Washington W,, ^ond NW., Crawford N., Wayne E., and White SE. ; lengih 35 ms., breadlh 34, and area 970 sq. ms. Sur face rather level. Pop. 1830, 691 ; and in 1840, 5,763. Cenlrai Iat. 38 22 N., lon. W. C. 11 50 West. Jefferson, co.. Mo., bounded by the Mississippi river E., St. Genevieve and Washington cos. S Franklin W. and NW., and Merrimac river, or St. Louis CO., N. ; length 30 ms., width 25, area about 650 sq. ms. Surface considerably broken, and soil, except partially, rather slerile. Chief town Herculaneum. Pop. 1820, 1835; and in 1840, 4,396. Central Iat. 38 20 N., Ion. W. C. 13 10 W. Jefferson, village, Camden co., Geo., on the right bank of the Great St. Ilia, 50 ms. SW. from Darien, and 25 NW. from St. Mary's. /fi^crsore, town, Lincoln co.,Me., Pop. in 1820, 1,577. Town, Coos co.. New Hampshire. Town, Scoharie co., N. Y., on the most ele vated ground between Ihe Susquehannah and Mohawk rivers, 50 ms. SW. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 1,573. Tp., Morris co. N. J. Pop. in 1830, 1,231. Town, Green co.. Pa., on Monongahela river, above and along Ten-mile creek, 32 ms., SE. from Washington. Village, Powhatan co., Va., 32 ms. westerly from Rich mond. Village,. Ashe CO., N. C, by postroad 238 ms. a Utile S. of W. from Raleigh, and 30 ms. SE. from Abingdon in Va. Jefferaon, village and seat of justice, Jackson 442 Pop. 876.. CO., Ga., on one of the head branches of Oconee river, 80 ms. N. from .Milledgeville, and 30 NW. from Athens. Lat. 34 8 N., Ion. W. C. 6 52 W. Jefferaon, town and seat of jusiice, Ashtabula CO., Ohio. It contains a brick court-house of 40 by 50 feet area, and a school house. It is situated on Mills creek, 'about 10 ms. from the shore of Lake Erie, 35 m.s. N. from Warren. The village is at lat. 41 45 N. Pop. of the tp. 1830, 150 ; and in 1840, 710. Jefferson, tp., Guernsey co. Ohio. Tp. in the northern border of Muskingum co., Ohio, on the right sideof Muskingum river. Pop. 1820, 829 Eastern tp., Franklin co., Ohio Pop. 1830, 559. SE. tp., Ross co,, Ohio, on Scioto river. Pop. 1820, 1,407. Jefferson, eastern tp., Madison co., Ohio, on Liltle Darby creek, Tp,, Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 1,169. NW. tp., Fayelleco., O., 1820, 892. Norlhern tp , Sciolo co., 0. Tp., Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, 916. NW. tp., Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1820, One ofthe cenlrai tps., Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 1830, 1,339. Town, Pike co., Mp., on the left bank of Missouri river, about 20 ms. above the mouth of Osage river. Village, Rutherford co., Tenn. Jefferson, or Jefferson on Pickaway Plains, town, Pickaway co,, Ohio, in Pickaway Plains, on Scioto river, 38 ms. below Columbus, 3T)elow Circleville, and 16 above Chillicothe. Jefferson river, NW. branch of Missouri, joins Madison river at lat. 45° N. , lon. W. C, 30 45 W.; and forms the Missouri. A short distance below their junction, Gallatin's river enters the united stream from the SE. Jefferson City, village. Cole co.. Mo., on Ihe right bank of Missouri river, 15 ms. above the mouth of Osage river. Lat. 38 33 N., lon. W. C. 14 40 W. This place was chosen as the seat of Government of the State of Mo. By the census of 1840, it contained 1,174 inhabitants, Inthe post office list, 1843, it is stated to be 936 ms. from W. C. Jeffersonton, village, Culpeper co, Va., on the S. side of Hodgeman's river, 50 ms. SW. by W. from Washington. Jeffersonton, Ashe co., N. C — See Jefferson, Ashe CO., N. C. Jeffersontown, town, Jefferson co,, Ky., on a branch of Salt river, 15 ms. SE. by E. from Lou isville. Jeffersenville, town, (JIarke co., Ia., at the heads of the rapids, and nearly opposile Louisville, Ky. As at Louisville, pilots reside here who skilfully convey boats Ihrough the rapids. When necessary, carts or wagons can be also procured lo transport goods by land. A good road extends from Jetfersonvillo to New Albany. Pop, 600. Jeffries' Store, post office, Nottaway co., Va., by post road 73 ms. SW. from Richmond. Jehud, or Joad, mountainous district in the NW. part of Hindoostan proper, extending from Attock eastward to Bemfcer. It is inhabited by mountaineers, called Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares. ( Jekil Irmak, ancient Iris, river of Asia Minor, falling into the Bl-ack sea atSamsoun. Jekyl, small island of Ga., S. of Ihe Island of St. Simon's. JER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JER Jemappe, post oflice, Caroline co., Va., 70 ms. SSW. from W. C, and 77 NNE. from Rich mond. Jemterland, province of Sweden, bounded on the N. by .'Vngermania, on tho E. hy Medelpodia, on the S. by Helsingia, and on the W. by Nor way. It is full of mountains. Jena, strong town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin gia, with a university. It is seated on the Sala, 10 ms, SE. of Weimar, and 25 SE. of Erfurt. Lon. li4E.,Ial512 N. Jenda, great lake of Russia, in P'inlaud. It dis charges its walers into the Gulf of Finland. Jenikaleh. — See Janicale. Jeniaei river — Sec Yeniaei river, Jfm'ijo, ancieni Pe//a, town of European Turkey, in Macedonia. Il is often written and pronounced Jenidsehe Vardar, It stands on a lake 12 ms. from the head of the Gulf of Salonica, about 24 ms. WNW. from Ihe citv of Salonica. Lon. 22 .30 E., lat, 40 48 N. Jenitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the principal ity of Anhault Dessau, situated on the Muldau, 3 ms. NE. of Dessau. Jenkinlon, town, Montgomery co.. Pa., 10 ms. N. of Philadelphia, on the post road to Bethlehem. Jenner, tp. of Somerset co,, Pa,, on the Que- raahoning creek, on the road from Bedford to Greensburg. Pop. in 1820, 1,129. Jennerville, village of Somerset co.. Pa., on the road from Bedford to Greensburg, 8 ms. W. from Sloystown. Jennersville, village, Chester co,. Pa. '' Jennings, co. of la,, bounded by Jefferson NE,, Scott and Jackson SW., Delaware NW., and Ripley E. Length 24, breadlh 18 ms,, area 300 sq. ms. Surface undulating. Soil productive. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Pop. in 1820, 3,000. Lat. 39° N., Ion. W. C, 8 30 W. Jenning's Ord'inary, post office, Nottaway co., Va.,69 ms. SW. from Richmond. Jeno, town of Upper Hungary, 30 ms. S. of Great Waradin, and 48 NE. of Segedin. Lon. 21 5E., lat. 46 40 N. Jeremie, lown and cape on the N. side of the southern peninsula of the island of St. Domingo. The town is situate on an eminence, in fertile soil, particularly excellent for the culture of coffee, 5 ms, W, of St. Do.mingo. Lon. W. C. 3 5 E., lat. 18 42 N. Jericho, town of Syria, in Palestine, once a fa mous city. It is now called Herubi by Ihe Arabs, and contains only a few wretched huts, where some beggarly Arabs reside. It is 5 ms. W. of ihe river Jordan, and 20 E. by N. of Jerusalem. Town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 ms. NNE, of Magdeburg Town, Chittenden co., Vt., on Onion river, 12 ms. S. from Burlington, Town, Oyster bay tp.. Queen's co., N. Y., 30 ms. E. from the cily of N. Y. Jericho, — See Bainbridge, Chenango co., N, York. Jermah, town of the kingdom of Fezzan, distin guished by the numerous herds of sheep and goals that feed around it, and by many majestic ruins, that exhibit to the inhabitants«of its clay-built col lages, vestiges of greatness to which they are perfect ly indifferent. It is 60 ms. SE. of Mourzook. Jermournsi, lown of A. T., in Natolia, 12 ms. SSE. from Smyrna. This name is written Gia- moubash in the map published lo illustrate the travels of the Duke of Choiseuil. — See Giama- bush. Jeijmestown, trifling Indian settlement so called, in Wayne co., Ohio, adjoining its wesiern limit, on the road from Wooster to Mansfield. Jeromesvilte, village on Jerome's creek, 1 mile from the above described settlement, and 15 W. from Wooster. Jersey, island in the English channel, 18 ms. from the coast of Normandy, in France, and 84 S. of Portland, in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the English, but is still governed by the ancient Norman laws. It is 30 ms. in circumference, and difficult of access, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for ils defence. Tbe number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000, of whom 3,000 bear arms. Jersey, village, Steuben co., N. Y.,,by post road 240 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Jersey City, or Paulus Hook, village, Hudson CO., N. J., on Hudson river, opposite N. Y. Jersey, New, one of the U. S. of America. — See New Jersey, Jersey Shore, village Lycoming co,. Pa., 12 ms. above Williamsport, on the W. branch of Susque hannah river. i Jerseytoivn, village, Columbia co.. Pa., on Susquehannah river, above Sunbury. Jersey, tp. in the wesiern borders of Licking CO., Ohio. Jerusalem, ancient and famous town of Asia, formerly capital of Judea, after David had conquered the Jebusites. It was taken by Nebuchadnezzar in the reign of Zedekiah, and the Jews were led captives lo Babylon. It was afterwards taken by the Romans, and ruined, together with the temple, 70 years after the birth of Christ, after sustaining one of the most remarkable sieges in history. The emperor Adrian built a new city near its ruins. It was taken by the Persians in 614, and by the Sar acens in 636. In 1099 it was retaken by the Cru saders, who founded a new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under nine kings. Saladin, King of Egypt and Syria, got possession of it in 1187. The Turks, who drove away the Saracens in 1217, have kept possession of it ever since, and call it El Kods, that is, the Holy City. It is now inhab ited by Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Christians. It stands on a high rock, with sleep ascents on every side except to the N. It is almost surrounded with valleys, encompassed wilh mountains, so that it seems to stand in the middle of an amphitheatre. It is about 3 ms. in circumference, and includes Mount Calvary, whieh was formerly Without the walls. Tbe Christian pilgrims flock here from va rious parts, and the inhabitants accommodate thern with lodging and provisions, vvhich is their chief business ; and a bashaw, with a guard of janissa ries, always resides here to protect them from the insults of the Arabs. Jerusalem was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in Fehruay, 1799. It is 112 ms. SW. from Damascus, and 45 from the Mediterranean sea. Lon. 35 36 E., Iat. 31 50 N. Jerusalem, village, Ontario co., N. Y,, on Ihe V/. side of Seneca lake, and 38 ms! NE. of Bath. This was the seat of Jemima Wilkinson, the foun- 44 3 JIB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JOA dress of a religious sect. Pop. 1830, 1,610 Village on Long Island, N. Y., in Queen's co., 30 ms. ESE. from N. Y. Village, Southamp. lon CO., Va., on the N. side ofthe river Nottaway, 63 ms. SW. of Norfolk, Jesi, town of Italy, in Ancona, on a mountain, near the river Jesi, 17 ms. SW. of Ancona, and 112 NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 16 E., lat. 43 30 North. Jeso,, group of islands on the E. coast of Asia, lying between those of Japan and the Kuriles. The southernmost, called Matmai, Ues N. of Nai- phon. It is governed by a tributary prince, de pendent on the empire of Japan, and fortified on the side toward the continent. Il is full of woods, arid the inhabitants, who live by fishing and hunt ing, are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when compared lothe Japanese. The two islands to the NE. of Matmai, Cunachir and Zellany, and like wise the three slill further lo the NE., called the Three Sisters, are perfectly independent. The Japanese give the name of Jeso lo the whole chain of islands between Japan and Kamschatka. — See Kuriles, Jessamine, co., Ky., bounded SE., S,, and SW., by Kentucky river, NW. by Woodford, and NE. by Fayette; lengih 14 ms., breadth 12, area 170 sq. ms. The surface of this co. may be considered level, and soil generally first rate quali ty. Nicholasville, ils chief town, stands nearly in the centre, about 85 ms. almosl due S. from Cin cinnati. Pop. 1830, 9,297. Cenlrai lat. 37 50 N., lon. W. C. 7 18 W. Jesselmere, town of Asia, in Hindoostan, in the dominions of the Great .Mogul. Lon. 73 40 E., lat. 26 40 N. Jessup, village, in the easiern part of Huron CO., Ohio. Jever, town of Germany, Westphalia, and capi tal of Jeveiland, wilh a citadel. It is 17 ms. NE. of Aurick, and 30 NE. of Embden. Lon. 7 41 E., lal. 53 33 N. Jeverland, territory of Germany, in Westphalia, belonging to the house of Anhalt Zerbst. Jewitt's City, village. Conn., New London CO., 6 ms. NB. from Norwich. Jeypour, — See Joodpoor, Jeypoor is the eastern and best part of Adjemere, or Rajepootana, lying almost entirely in tbe valley of the Jumna, and sloping ea.slwards. Being tra versed almost centrically by N. lal. 27°, the cli male admits an immense range of vegetable pro ductions and of minerals; it affords salt, alum, copper, blue vitriol, and verdigris. In 1818, like most other parts of Rajepootana, Jeypoor became dependent on the British. Jeypoor, capilal of the provipce of the same name, is situated about 150 ms. a very little S. of W. from Agra, and about a like distance SW. of Delhi. Il is a cily of comparative modern foundation ; the streets are straight and spacious and well built. Near this city there is an astronomical observatory, well provided with instruments. The ciladel stands on a rock. Jezdkast, — See Yezdighast. Jibbel Auress, mountainous, well watered, and fertile district of Africa, in the province of Con stantia, regency of Algiers. Jibbel Auras be comes very interesting, as containing a remnant 144 descended from Ihe Vandals. In Arrowsmilh's map of Africa, the Gebel Auras are laid down at N. lal. 35° E., lon, 6 30 E., about 200 ms. SE. from Algiers. This is the Aurasias Mons of Nu midia, and the quarter where Gelimer, king ofthe Vandals, fled after his defeat by Belisarius. "Mr. Bruce describes a very savage and inde pendent tribe, called Neardie, (perhaps the same whom Abbe Poiret terms Nades, and of whom he gives a similar description,) residing near Jeb'oel Aurez, and dwelling in huts of mud and straw. They occupy a very rugged and inaccessible tract of country ; and the great hazard of altacking, them was expressed by one of Iheir Marabots by the strong figure of 'eating fire.' They have a fair complexion, red hair, and blue eyes. They have the figure of a Greek cross marked with anti mony on their foreheails, and affirm that their an cestors were Christians. They seemed to rejoice more in that relation Ihan in any connexion wilh the .Vloors, and Mr. Bruce conceived them to be a remnant of the Vandals." — Brewster's Encyclopx- dia, art. Barbary, Gibel, or Jibel, signifies mountain, and in all names of places in which found has relation to mounlains. — See Gibraltar. Jibbel Iskel, ancient Mount Cerna, a mountain of Tunis, aboul 15 ms. SW. from Bizerla. Jidda, Judda, or Diedda, seaport of Arahia Felix, on the Red sea, in the Sheriffate of Mecca. A very considerable trade is carried on here, this cily being a mart between Egypt and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those from India are not suffered to ad vance to Suez. The English are particularly fa vored in the trade of this place, as they pay only 8 per cent, dues of custom, while all others, even the subjects of the sultan, pay 10, and they are suffered to discharge this in goods, while all oth ers ,must produce money. Jidda has no fresh water, and is situated in a barren, sandy district, 34 ms. SW, of Mecca, of which il is the port. Lon. 39 22 E,, lat. 21 29 N. Jigitonhonha, river of Brazil, in Minas Geraes. It is celebrated for the diamonds found in its bed. Jihon, or Gihon, ancieni Oxus, river of Asia, rising in the same mountains wilh the Indus and Sihon, or Jaxartes. Ils SE. sources interlock also wilh those of the Hindmend, ancient Elymander, flowing into the sea of Durrah. The course of the Jihon is generally to theNW. ; comparalive course aboul 900 ms. This noble stream had probably a former communication wilh the Caspian, which, if ever so, is now impeded by sand. Before the destructive influence of the Tartars, the country on Ihe Jihon wa* flourishing and well cullivated. The regions il drains are amongst the finest of central .\sia. Joachim, village, Jefferson, co.. Mo. Joachimathal, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saalz, noted for its mines and a manufaclure t>f lace, 15 ms. N. by E. of Elbogen. Town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 31 ms. NNE. of Berlin. Joanna, — See Hinzuan, Joannes, one of the islands in the moulh or del ta of the Amazon ; it is about 150 ms. long, and 100 ms. broad, and is extremely fertile. Joannina, — See loannina, Joanpour, cily of Hindooslan proper, capital of JOB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JON a circar of the same name in Benares. Il is sealed on the Goomly, and not far from the confluence of . that river with tho Ganges; the fort of Joonpour is a building of considerable extent, on a high bank commanding the bridge over th^ Goomly. It is now chiefly in ruins, although formerly it com manded the country from the Ganges lo Lucknow. The stone bridge over the Goomly consists of 16 pointed arches, and on the top of it are many litlle shops on both sides. Il was built in 1567, upon such sound principles as to have withstood, for such a lengih of time, the force of the stream, which, ill the time ofthe rains, is very great. The inundations have been known to rise frequently over the bridge, insomuch that, in 17'''4, a brigade of the British army passed over it in boals. Joan- pour is 49 ms. NW. of Benares. Lon. 84 7 E,, lat. 25 45 N. Jobstown, village, Burlington co.. N. J., 17 ms. from Trenton. Jocatra, kingdom of the island of Java, con taining the city of Batavia. Jockgrim, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, situate on an eminence near the Rhine, 9 ms. SE. of Landau. Johangeorgensladt, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its mines and a considerable manufacture of lace, 18 ms. SSE of Zwickau. Johannesburg, town of East Prussia, wilh a citadel, seated on the Pych, near the Lake Spird- ing95 ms. SE. of Koningsberg. Lon. 22 39 E,, lat. 53 16 N. Johnquera, very ancient lown of Spain in Cala lonia, seated at the foot of the Pyrenees, 20 ms. S, of Perpignan. Johnsburg, village, 'Warren co., N. Y., on a branch of Hudson's river, about 40 ras. NW. from Glenn's Fall^, and bv post road 81 ms. NNW. from Albany. John, tp., Franklin co,. Mo. John's Island, one of those islands on the coast of S. C, formed by the inlets or diverging currents ofthe rivers. John's island is formed by Stono river, and north Edisto inlet. Tbe western part is called VVadinalau. Slaple, cotton. Johnson, post town, Franklin co,, Vt,, on Lamoille river, 30 rns. NE. from Burhngton. Co., N. C, bounded by Sampson S., Cumber land SW., Wake NVV., Na=h NE., and Wayne E. and SE. ; length 32, mean width 20 ms. ; area 640 sq. ins. Surface undulating. It is in tersected by Neuse river from NW. to SE. Chieflown, Smifhfield. Pop. in 1820, 9,607; and in 1840, 10,600. For cenlrai lat., see Smith- field, Johnson co,, N. C, Co,, III., bounded by the Ohio river S., by Alexander and Union W., Franklin N., and Pope E,; leng-th 30, breadlh 18 ms.; area 486 sq. me. Surface hilly towards the Ohio river, but becoming more level in the interior. Soil fertile. Chief lown, Wil- kinsonville. Pop. in 1820, 843; and in 1840, 3,626. Central Iat. 37 30 N., lon. W. C. 11 48 W. Johnsonburg, village, Warren co., N. J,, 30 ms. NE. frora Easton, in Penn., and 74 N. from Trenton. Johnson's Creek, posl office, Niagara Co., N. Y. Johnson's Milk, post oflSce, Dallas co., Ala., 9 ms. from Cahaba, Johnson's Springs, post oflice, Goochland co,, Va,, 25 ms. NW. by W. from Richmond. Johnston, tp.. Providence co., R, I , 5 ms, N. from Providence, Tp., 'I'rumbuH en., Ohio. Johnston, Fort, N. C, on the right bank of Cape Fear river, at its moulh. Johnston's Straits, between Ihe continent of N. America and the island ol Quadra and Vancouver, it unites Queen Charlolte's sound lo the gulf of Guinea. Lon. W, C. 46° W. lat. 50 35 N. Johnstown, inthe tp., of Edwardsburg, U. C, is situated upon the river St. Lawrence, above the uppermost rapids in ascending to Lake On tario, and is a mile square. From this lown, ves sels may be navig.ited with safety to Queenslo hill of Illinois, N. from Des Planes river, near the mouth of the Kankakie. Lat. 42 6 N. Jumella, town of Spain, in the province of Mur cia, 33 ms. SVV. of Murcia. of which rise in Bedford co. After having joined near Huntingdon, in Huntingdon co., the united stream runs for the most part in an eastern direc tion till it meets the Susquehannah 10 ms. above Harrisburg. This river affords a channel through which the produce of the adjacent country is con veyed lo market, either at Harrisburg, Middle- town, Columbia, Baltimore, &c. Junius, town, Seneca co., N. Y,, at the lower end of Seneca lake. Pop, in 1820, 5,113. Junksilon, seaport of Asia, the principal town of an island on the SW. coast of Malacca. The town is situated on the N. part of the island, and, as a harbor, capable of receiving ships of a mod erate size. The island is fertile, 63 ms. long and from 10 to 20 broad. Lon. 98 30 E., lat. 8 40 N. The island of Junkseilon is one of the most abundant tin districts of Asia. The mining oper ations chiefly performed by Chinese. Pop. of the island aboul 12,000. Juntas, river of Colombia, Quito, and in the province of Jaen de Braeaniores, rises in the An des, and flowing E., receives as its name imports numerous branches, changes its name lo San tiago, and falls into the Lauricocha at lat. 4 30 S., lon. W. C. 30'E. Jura, one of the Wesiern isles of Scotland, NE. of Islay, supposed to be 34 ms. long and 10 broad. It is composed principally of vast moun tains quite naked, and without a possibility of cul tivation ; three of them, called the Paps of Jura, are most remarkable ; they are of a conic form and stupendous height. The rest of the island is flat, and generally covered wilh heath. Department of France, including part of the late province of Franche Comte. It contains raines of iron of a superior quality : mines of copper and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jasper, and alabas ter. It lakes its name from Mount Jura. Jura, Mount, chain of mountains, which be gins in the canion of Zurich, in Switzerland, ex- lends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure, and the principality of Neufchatel, branches out toward the Pays de Vaud, separates that couniry from France, and coniinues beyond the frontiers of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In various 447 KAB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KAL parts of Ihe Pays de Vaud this chain forms many elevated valleys ; of these the most delightful is the valley of the lake of Joux, upon the top of that part called Mount Joux, it is beautifully che- (Juered with wood, arable, and pasture land ; and is watered by two picturesqhe lakes, the largest of which is called the lake ol Joux, and the other lake Brenet. This little Vale is very populous, containing 3,000 inhabitants, some employed in making watches, but the greater part in polishing crystals, granites, and marcasiles. These parls are much infested with bears and wolves. The descent from this delightful vale, through a variety of hill, valley, wood, and lawn, affords a very ex tensive prospect of a great part of the Pays de Vaud, tjie lake of Geneva, wilh its mountains, and the lake of Neufchatel. — See Vosges. ^Jurullo, very remarkable volcano of Mexico, in the State of Mechoacan. Lon. W. C. 24 10 W., lat. 1 9 9 N. It was formed by an irruption in one night, between September 28lh and 29lh, 1759. The irruption was preceded by shocks of an earthquake from Ihe month of July. The con ical summit rises to 524 feet ; and it is asserted that the mountain and adjacent plain yet emit smoke, afler an interval of 84 years. JuRT, from jurare, sworn. That species of commission which was probably continued from the woods of Germany, and remains a justly cher ished institution by the Saxon nations. In crimi nal cases, it consists of two separate bodies — grand jury, or jury of accusation ; and petit jury, or jury of trial. Jutland, peninsula, the principal part Of Den mark, ISO ms. in length and 50 in breadth, bound ed on the SE. by the duchy of Holstein, and on the other sides by the German ocean and the Bal tic. The air is very cold, but wholesome. The soil is fertile in corn and pastures, and feeds a great number of horses and beeves, which are sent to Germany, Holland, &c. It was anciently called Cimbrica Chersonesus, and is supposed to be the country whence the Saxons came that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, called N. and S. Julland ; the lalter being the duchy of Sleswich, and lies between N. Jutland and Hol stein. "The Eyder river has been the boundary between Julland and Germany since the age of Charlemagne, or upwards of 1,000 years. Jutrilla, island. — See art. Navigator's islands, Jyepour, cily of Hindoostan proper, capilal of a territory of the same name, and subject to one of the Rajpoot princes, now a place of great wealth and consequence, being the staple for goods that are brought from every quarter of India. It is 136 miles W. by S. of Agra. Lon. 76 9 E,, lat. 26 56 N. — See Jeypour. Jykyl, island.— See Jekyl. K. rN-ames that sometimes begin with K, and are "ot "> be foind under lhat letter, may be sought for under the let, ter C] Kabarda, territory of Russia in Europe, be tween the Terek river and the Caucasus moun tains As laid down on Black's map, Kabarda is bounded S. by the Caucasian mounlains, W. by 448 Circassia, N. by Ihe province of Caucasus, and E. by Daghestan ; but we may observe lhat the limits of those provinces between the Euxine and Caspian seas are merely nominal. Lon. 45° E. ofLondon, and lat. 43° intersect in Kabarda. Kadhema, seaport of Arabia, in the province of Bahrin. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the pearl fishery. It is sealed on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 170 ms. N. by W. of Lachsa. Lon. 47 36 E., lat. 28 40 N. Kaffiingcn, town and monastery of Germany, in Hesse, near Cassel. Lon. 9 30 E., lat, 51 15 N. Kaffraria, or Caffraria, — See Africa, pp. 26, 27, and 28. Kahua, — See Hua, Kairvan, city of Africa, in Tunis, capilal of a government of the same name. It is the second city in the kingdom for trade and population, and is 20 ms. W. of Susa. Lon. 10 25 E., lat. 35 40 N. This is the same with Cairoan; which see. Kaia, village of Saxony, near Lutzen, remarka ble for a battle between the French and the Rus sian and Prussian armies, .May 2d, 1813. Kaisarich, cily of Asia Minor, ancient Cesarca, and capilal of Cappadocia. Lon. 35 18 E., lal. 38 41 N. Kalaar, lown of Persia, in Chilan, with a con siderable manufaclure of silk. Lon. 58 45 E., lal. 36 23 N. Kaket, lown of the country of Georgia, in Ihe province of its name, which comprehends a part of the ancient Iberia, It is situate near Mount Cau casus, and 45 miels NNE, of Teflis, 120 NW. of Derbend. Kalau, lown of I,usalia, which has a great trade in wool, 11 ms. SE. ofLuckau. Kalhat, town of .'Vrabia, in the province of Oman, on a river of the same name, at its entrance inlo the gulf of Ormus, 80 ms. SE. of Muscat. Kalis, town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, near the frontiers of Poland, 37 miles E. of Star- gard. Kalisoh, city of Poland, capilal of a palatinate of the same name. It is seated on the river Pros- na, surrounded by morasses and walls, 40 miles S. of Gnesen. Lon. 18 5 W., lat. S2° N. Kalkas, tribe of Monguls subject to China. They are called Kalkas, or " Black Mongols," to distinguish thera from the '-'Shana Mongols," or Yellow Mongols. The Kalkas reside N. from the Great Mongolian desert. Kallingburg, seaport of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, sealed on an inlel ofthe Great Belt, wilh the best harbor, next to Copenhagen, on the island. It is 55 ms. W. by N. of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 11 E., lat. 55 47N. Kalmucs, nation of Mongols occupying an im- inense space of central Asia. This nomadic nation is nominally tributary in part to Russia and in part lo China, bul, in fact, independent of either. The Kalmucs are subdivided into Sifans, Torgotes, Derbetes, and Songares. No doubt, very different . nations are by European writers included under this general name ; bul the Kalmucs are a branch of the great yellow race of central and eastern Asia, and differ as much from the real 'J'artar of the Caucasian family as a Moor does from a negro. 'Ihough absurdly called 'J'arlars by English wri ters, the Kalmuc language is pure Mongolian, and KAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KAP in words and structure totally different froi.i lhat of the Tartars. They oil live in tents, and remove from place to place in quest of p'lsturage for their numerous cattle, consisting of horses, camels, cows, and sheepf In person they are of a low stature, and bow-legged, occasioned by their being so con tinually on horseback, or sitting with their legs be low them. Their faces are broad and flat, with a flat nose, and liltle black eyes, distant from each other, lik« the Chinese. They are of an olive color, and their faces full of wrinkles, with very little beard. Kal-mh-ki is pure Sonscrit, and means "black- faced." — Kees, article Pahavati. Kalmunz, town of Germany, in the circle of Ba varia. It is 12 ms, from Ratisbon, and situaled at the confluence ofthe Vilz and Nad. Kalnick, strong town of Poland, in the palati nate of Bracklaw. Lon. 29 18 E., lat. 48 57 N. Kaluga, now a government of the Russian em pire, but it was formerly a province in the govern ment of Moscow. Its principal lown, of the same name, is .leated on the Occa. Kamakura, island of Japan, aboul 3 ms, in cir cumference, lying on Iho S. coast ot Niphon. It is here they confine their great men when they have committed any fault ; and the coast is so sleep that they are forced to be lifted up by cranes. Kamalschinzes is tbe name of a people in Tar tary. In tbe year 1629 they were made tributary to Russia, and then led a rambling life. At pres ent their habitations aro in the neighborhood of Kanek and Abakansk, two oslrogs, situated one on the Yenisei, and the olher on Ihe Kan. Even at the time that they submitted lo Russia, they were racks. It is sealed on the N. side of Ihe river Kamt schatka, 20 ms. from its moulh, Lon. 161 50 E,, lat. 56 30 N. Kamtschatkoi, Verchni, town of Siberia, in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 ma. SW. of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. Kan. — See Khan. Kandahor, province of Afghanistan, It is a high but level country, W. from the mountains of Hin doostan. City and capital of tho province ofthe same narae, is situaled on the great road from Hin doostan to Persia, and is extensive, commercial, and flourishing. — See Candahor. Kandegheri, lown of Hindooslan, in the Car nalic. In 1599 it was the capital of a kingdom called Narsinga, the residence of a Hindoo king, whose dominions extend over Tanjore and Mandu- ra; and in 1640, a descendant of that prince, who reigned here, permitted the English to form a set tlement at Madras. It is 70 ms. N W, of Madras, Lon. 97 24 E,, lat, 13 46 N. Kandy, city of Ceylon, in the interior ofthe is land, 1,400 feel above the level of the sea. Kanem, town of Africa, in the empire of Bor nou, and in a province of the same name, where are bred multitudes of cattle and horses. It is seat ed on the Gazel, 150 ms. NNW. of Bornou, Kaniow, strong town of Poland, in Ihe palati nate of Kiow, seated near Ihe Dnieper, 63 ms, .'tj. by E, of Kiow, and 100 NE, of Braclaw, Kanisca, strong tovvn of Lower Hungary, capi lal of Ihe countv of Salawar, sealed on the Diave, 100 ms. S. by E. of Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E,, lat. 46 55 N. Kankakie river, great SE. source ofthe Illin(ii.s, only a scanty people, or rather the reraains of some rises with the headwaters of St. Joseph's of Mich- ancient nation Kambala, Mount, ridge of mounlains in Thibet, between Lake Palte and the Burrampooter. From the lop of this ridge may be seen, to the norlh, a range of slill higher raountains, covered with snow. The foot of Mount Kambala is 31 ms. S, of Lassa. Kaminieck, pronounced Kamineitz, very strong town of Poland, capital of Podolia. When the Russians seized part of the Polish territories in 1793, this fortress held out a long lime, but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle is sealed on a craggy rock, 85 miles W, of Bracklaw, and 100 SE. of Lemburgh. Lon. 26 30 E,, lat. 48 58 N. Kamtschatka, peninsula of Asia, formed by a chain of stony and barren mountain.s, which run toward the SSW. from that part of the continent inhabited by the Koraiks. It is bounded by the Eastern ocean, the golf of Penschinskoi, and by the sea of Ogholzk ; in all probability the Kourili, a range of isles which, in many directions, extend as far as Japan, are parts of the same natural ridge wilh Kamtschatka. It is situated between about 51° and 62° N, lat. The soil is stony, full of cold springs, destitute of ony great space of fertile ground, and so cold, even in the summer, that the earth is very unfit for culture, and, of itself, does not produce a sufficiency for the cattle. The -Kamlschadales are for the most part of a low stat ure, wilh broad shoulders, large heads, long flat faces, flat noses, -small eyes, thin lips, and short legs. Kamtschatkoi., Niznei, lown of Siberia, capital of Kamtschatka, wilh a citadel, arsenal, and bar- 57'* igan, flows W., and, uniting wilh the Desplanes, form Illinois. The country drained by the Kan kakie is generally level, and raost of it prairie. Kansas, one of the great southwestern branches of Missouri river. Il has interlocking sources with those of Arkansas and Platte rivers, and rises in tho intermediate plain.s, as far W. as lon. W. C. 27 degrees west. Flowing nearly east, the various branches gradually converge, and, after a compara tive course of 400 ms., unite, and, forming a noble stream of nearly half a mile wide, continues ISO ras. further, and joins ihe Missouri at lal. 39 5 N. The junction of Ihose two streams determines the extreme wesiern limit of the Stale of Missouri. The valley of the Kansas spreads between those of the La Platle and .Arkansas, apd, stretching ils greatest length very nearly E. and W. 500 miles, though in no part much, if any, above 100 wide; the mean width about 80, and area 40,000 sq. mi. Kan-tcheou, cily of China, ol the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, on the Kau-kiang, 840 ms. S. of Peking. Lon. 115 2 E., lal. 25 52 N. Kao-tcheou, city of China, of tho first rank, in tho province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found a kind of marble that represents (naturally) rivers, mounlains, landscapes, and trees; it is cut inlo leaves, and made inlo tables, &c. Kao-lcheou stands on a navigable river, 36 miles from the sea, and 1,130 SSW. of Peking. Lon. 145 36 E., lat. 40° N. Kaposwar, fort of Lower Hungary, on the river Kapos, which washes its walls. It is 55 ms. W. of Tolna. Lon, 18 13 E., lal'. 46 31 N, 449 KAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEM Kara-Amid, Turkish name of Diarbekir, ancient Amida.— See Asia, p. 84 ; also, Diarbekir. Karahissar.—See Aphiom. Karadje Bouroun, Turkish name of the most southern point of the Crimea. Karasu, ancient Pangseus, mounlains of Euro pean Turkey, between Thrace and Macedonia. Karasubazar, lown ofthe Crimea,^ noted'for its noble antique bath and an ancient manufacture of leather from Ihe skins of Tauric goals. It is situ ate on the Karasu, iri a delightful valley, 34 miles W. from Caffa. Karek, or Garak, island in the NE. part of the gulf of Persia, 5 miles long, and 2 broad, where ships bound for Bassoi a generally call for pilots Lon. 50 36 E,', lat. 39 15 N. Karlesburg, or Belgrade, lown of the Austrian empire, in Traiisjflvania: }l cd'ntiiins about 6,000 i nhabitants. Lon, 33 34 E., lat. 46 4 N,',.33 ms. NW. from Hermandstadl. Karlstadt, lown and district of Austrian Illyria. Karlsladt, the capital, stands on a branch of the Save, about 100 miles SE. from Trieste. Pro vince of Sweden, nearly commensurate with the aiicient province of Warmeland. Karleby, 'Gamta, seaport of Sweden, in East Bothnia, wilh a trade in hemp, salt, and ship building, seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karleby, 90 miles N. by E. of Christinestadt. Lon. 22 20 E., lat. 63 56 N. Karleby, Ny, town of Sweden, in East Bothnja, on the river Lappajock, 6 ms. from the sea, and SO S. of Gamia Karleby. Karlescruhe, city of Germany, in the eiifcle ' of Suabia, in the Margravate of Baden Darlach, wilh a tnagnificent palace. 'J'he city is built on a regular plan, and the houses are all as unifoifih as the streets. It is 12 ms. N. by E, of Baden. Kars, cily and province of Asiatic Turkey. — See Asia, p. 83. / Kasan, couniry of the Russian enip'ire, lying on both sides of the Volga, which now forms the three Russian governments of Kasan, Simberik, and Penza, Cily of Russia, capital of a gov ernment of the same name. It has several sub urbs, one of thera inhabited by Tartars. At one erfd of the city is a manufaclure of cloth for the array. Il is also the seat of a university, founded in 1803, occupying a central position between En rope and Asia ; it is a raart of extensive trade. It is seated on the rivulet Kasanka, where it enters the Volga, 420 miles N. of Moscow. Lon, 49 8 E,, lal, 55 44 N. Kashgar. — See Cashgur. Kaskaskia, river of Illinois, rising in the E. part of the Stale, near Ihe W. boundary of In diana, and, flowing SW. by comparative courses about 250 railes, upwards of 150 of which follow ing the windings of its course, it is navigable for boats. It falls inlo the Mississippi about 100 ms. above the mouth 'of Ohio.— — Town and seat of justice, Randolph co,. III,, on the right bank of Kaskaskia river, 12 ms, above its mouth, Itis buill upon a plain, in a prairie. Kata Vraona. — See Vraona, Kataba, town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a cit ade.l, situate in a fertile couniry, near a river which runs into 'the sea at Aden, '75 miles N. of Aden Lon, 44 32 E., lat. 13 64 N. 450 Kaliflown of Arabia, in the province of Bah rin. It is built of rock salt, and stands on the gulf of Persia, 95 ras. N. of Lachsa. Lon. 48 38 E., lat. 27 40 N, ^ i Kat-Chekif,— ^Sec HATi-CuEHirF. Kauffbeiiren, free imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia^ in the territory of Kenip- leri. It is seated on the Wardech, 18 ms. NE. of Kemplen, and 30 S. by W. of Augsburg. Lon. 10 43 E., lat. 47 58 N. Kavenaugh, village, Wilson co., Tenn. Kaurzim, town of Bohemia, near Prague. Kaye's Island, island in Ihe N. Pacific ocean, discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Its NE. poinl is a naked rock, considerably elevated above the land within it. Lon. 131-48 W., lat. 59 51 N. Kayersberg, lown of Fr., now in the dep. of Uppe.r Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 9 ms; NW. of Colmar, and 25 NW, of Basil. Lon. 7 23 E., lat. 48 10 N. Kayserslautern, lown of Germany, in the pa- latinaite ofthe Rhine, on the Lauter, 22 ms. SW. of Worms, and 38 S. by W. of Mentz. Lon, 7 51 E,, lat, 49 20 N. Kqyserstuhl, town of Switzerland, in the co. of Baden, with a bridge over the Rhine aHd a castle. It belongs lothe bishop of C6nstanoe, ini is 8 ms. SE. of Zur^ach. Lon. 6 24 E., lal. 47 8 N, Kayserverd, ,6r Keisewerl, lown of Germany, in Ihe circle of Westphalia, in iHe duchy of Berg, seated on- the Rhine, 8 ms. N. of Dusseldorp, and 22 'NW. ofCbldgne. Lon. 6 45 E., lat. 51 14 N. I Keene, tp:, Cheshire co., N, H., 14 ms! SE, of Walpole, and 95 W, of Portsmo'iilh. Pop, in 1820, 1,645, — r— Town and seat of justice, Che shire CO,, N. H., 14 ms. SE, of Walpole, and 95 W. of Portsmouth. In the neighborhood of Keene many extensive manufacturing estabhshments have been formed. Il is a line 'thriving village, on Ash- ulot river. Pop. in lte26, 1,895; and in 1840, 3,610.- — Town, Essex CO., N. Y. Pop, 1820, 605, Village, Coshocloncly, O. ; by post road 97 ms. NE. from Columbus. Keene's Mills, post office, Adams co.. Pa., 36 ms. SW. from Harrisburg. Keenville, village of Northampton co.. Pa., on the road from Easton lo the Lehigh Waler Gap, 3 ms. from Cherry ville. Keesesville, village, Essex co,, N. Y., 157 ms. N. from Albany. Kehl, strong and important fortress of Germany, in Suabia, sealed on tho Rhine, over which is a bridg-e at Strasburg. Lon. 7 53 E,, lat. 48 34 N. Kelloggsville, village, Cayuga co,, N. Y., be tween the beads of Owosco and Skeneatelas lakes, 30 ms. NNE. from Ithaca,— — ^Villagp, Ashtabula CO., O. ; by post road 284 ms. NE. from Colum bus. Kellyvale, post office, Orleans co., Vt., NE. hy posl road 110 m.s. frora Monlpelier. Kelso, populous town of Scotland, in Rox'.iuigh- shire, 20 ms. SW. of Berwick, and 338 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 2 18 W,, lal. 55 36 N. Kelvin, small river of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, over whibh the great canal is conveyed by an aqueduct bridge. Kempen, town of Germany, in the electorate of KEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEN Cologne, seated on the Niers, 30 ms. NW. of Cologne. Lon. 6 30 E,, lat. 51 18 N. Kempsville, village and seat of jusliee, Princesls Ann CO., Va., on the east branch nf Elizabeth riv er, 10 ms. SE, by E, from Norfolk, l.at, 36 45 N,, lon, W. C, 1 1 E. Villaije, Princess Ann, Maryland. Kempten, free imperial town of Suabia, in Ibe lerriiory of the abbot of Kempten, who is a prince of the empire. The inhabitants are Protestants, It is seated on the Iller, 45 ms. S, by W.of, Augs burg, Lon. 10 21 E., lat. 47 49 N. Ken, river of Eng., in Westmoreland, which has a catar'dct near its moulh that obstructs the navigation ; so that Millhorp, situated below Ihis cataract, is the only port of Westmoreland. River of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire, that flows lo New Galloway, below which it expands into a lake, 4 ms. long and 1 broad. The stream that issues from this lake falls inlo the river Dee, and their united waters meet the Irish sea at Kirk cudbright, Kendal, corporate town of Eng., in Westmore land, 46 ms. S. of Carlisle, and 262 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 53 W., lat. 54 15 N. Kendall, Perry tp.. Stark co., O., 7 ms. W. from Cantop, and near the eastern side of Tusca rawas river. It contains 106 inhabilanls, and an extensive factory for the fabrication of woolen cloths. In this place and ils vicinity are kept sev ers! very extensive flocks of sheep, of from 100 to 1,000 in each. Kenawha, Great, river of Va. It rises in Ash co,, N. C, inlerlockingsources with those of the Yad kin and Watauga, branches ofthe Tennessee. This higher part of Kenawha is called New river, enters Virginio, and, being enlarged by a nuraber of trib utary streams, runs nearly due N, through Gray son, Wythe, and Montgomery cos. ; it thence turns loNW,, and joins the Greenbriar; thence it coniinues nearly NW,, till it falls inlo the Ohio at Point Pleasant. Its whole course is about 400 ms, , and its width at the Ohio about 500 yards, Kenawha, Little, river of Va,, rises in Lewis CO., and, flowing NW. ihrough Lewis and Wood cos,, falls inlo the Ohio at Parkersburg, 12 ms. below Marietta. Kenawha, co. of Va., bounded SE. bJ-Fayetle, SVV. by Logan, W. by Cabell, NW. by Mason and Wood, and NE. by Lewis, Braxton, and Nicholas. Length from S. to N. 70 ms., mean breadth 22; area 1,540 sq. ms. ; general slope westward. Il is intersected by Kenawha and Elk rivers, and drained by Iheir numerous branches. The surface is extremely broken, and part moun tainous. Soil generally rocky and sterile, though presenting some remarkable exceptions. Chief town, Charleston. Pop. 1820, 7,000; butsince that epoch Fayette co. was formed from it. Pop. 1840, 13,567. Central lat. 38 28 N., lon. W. C. 4 30 W. Kenilworth, town of Eng., in Warwickshire, 5 ms. N. of Warwick, and 95 NW. ofLondon. Kenmare, town of Ireland, 12 ms. SSW. from Killarny. Kennebec, river, which rises in Ihe norlhern part of Me., and falls into the Atlantic ocean be tween the bays of Casco and Penobscot, The Kennebec river is formed by the union of the Ken nebec proper wilh Ibe Androscoggin, and diains a basin of 150 ms. in lengih, wilh a meon width of 80 ms., embracing an area of about 13,000 sq. rns. I'he lide flows up the Kennebec to Augus ta, 45 ms., nnd in the Androscoggin lo near Dur ham, Though interrupted by falls and shoals, both branches aflord very considerable extent of inland navigation, Teconicli falls occur in the Kennebec at Waterville, aboub30 ms, above Au gusta, but the stream is navigated lo a considerable distance higher thon that obstruction. Timber is the principal staple brought down either branch of the Kennebec, Co. of Me,, bounded by Lin coln SE, and S,, Oxford W., Somerset N., Pe nobscot NE,, and Hancock E, Lengih 47 ms,, mean width 22; area 1,000 sq. ras. Surface hil ly, but generally arable, and soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Hallowell and Augusta, Pop. 1820, 42,623; in 1840, 55,823. Cent, lat, 44 25 N., lon. W. C, 7 30 E. Kennebunk, river of York co,, .Me. Town and port of entry, on the Atlantic ocean, at the moulh of Kennebunk river, 25 ms. SW. from Portland. The port is good, and tonnage exceed ing 10,000 Ions, Pop. 1820, 3,145; the town andpor«in 1840, 5,100. Village, York co , Me,, 35 ms. SW. from Portland. Kennedy's, village, Brunswick co, , Va,, 75 ms. SSW. from Richmond. Kennedysville, post office, Steuben co. , N, Y. Kennet, tp., Chester co.. Pa., about 30 ms. SW, frora Philadelphia, on the waters of Clay creek. Pop. 1840, 1,221. River of Eng., which rises arhong the chalky hills in Wilts, and flows to Newbury, in Berks, where it becoraeg navigable ; it is then augmented by the Lamborn, and runs to Reading, below which it mingles wilh the Thames. Kennet Square, village, Chester co.. Pa,, about 30 ms. SW. from Philadelphia. Kenoque, fort of the kingdom of the Nether lands, 6 ms. from Dixraude, Kensington, village of Eng,, in Middlesex, 2 ms. W. from London. The extensive gardens, of late years, have become a very fashionable walk. Tp., Rockingham co,, N. H,, 14 ms, SW. from Portsmouth. — -Vill., Chautauque co,, N. Y. Kensington, — See City of Philadelphia, Kent, one of the cos. of Eng., situated at the SE. corner of the island, and from thence enjoy ing many advanlages. As lo the climate of this counly, it varies according to the situation of pla ces. There is no region more happily or more beautifully diversified in regard to soil, so lhat ev ery kind thereof is, some where or olher, lo be met with in its boumls ; and in no shire ore any of those soils more fertile than they are in this. 'J'he Weald yields a variety of fine timber, parlicularly of chestnut ; the middle part has very rich arable land, annually bearing every species of grain in immense plenty, and these excellent in their seve ral sorts. There are also many beautiful orchards, which produce a variety of fine fruits, and more especially apples and cherries, which were intro duced hero from Flanders. The many rich com modities produced in this co. is the reason why most of our writers have represented it as in a manner void of manufactures, which, however, as appears upon a strict and impartial examination, 451 KEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONAR'Y. KEN 's very far from being the case. Of iron works, *here were anciently many ; and there are still ^ome-where kettles, bombs, bullets, cannon, and ^uch like, are made. The principal rivers, besides 'he Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rolher. Maidstone is Ihe co. town. Pop. 1801. 307,624; in 1811, 373,995; and in 1831,436,016. Kent, CO. of L. C, commencing opposite Mon treal, and extending down the St. Lawrence about , 1 1 ms,, and SE to the boundary of Bedford co. Co. of U. .C, comprehends all the country (not being the territory of the Indians) not already included in the several counties herein described, extending northward to the boundary line of Hud son's bay, including all the territory lo the west ward and soulhward of the said line, to the ut raosl extent of the countiy commonly known by the name of Canada. Co, of R. I., bounded by Ct. W., Providence CO. N., Narraganset bay E., and M'ashington S. Lengih 23 ms., mean widih 9 ; area 207 sq, ms. Surface waving, ralher than hilly. Soil productive in fruils, grain, and pas turage. Chief town, Warwick. Pop. in 1820, 10,228; and in 1840, 13,100. Centrallat. 41 42 N,, lon. W. C. 5 26 E. Town in Litchfield CO., Cl,, on Housatonick river, aboul 45 ms. W, from Hartford, Pop. in 1820, 1,956. Village in the norlhern part of Putnam co,, N. Y., 15 ms. a liltle S. of E. fiom Newburg, and 15 NE. from West Point. IVliddle co. of Del., bounded by Delaware bay E., Sussex co., Del,, S,, Md. W., and Newcastle co. N. Lengih 32 ms., mean width 20; area 640 sq. ms. Surface generally level, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Dover. Pop. in 1820, 20,793 ; and in 1840, 19,900. Cenlrai lat. 39 5 N., lon. W. C. 1 25 E. — —Co, of Md,, bounded E. by Del., SE. by, Chester river or Queen Ann co,, W. and NW. by Chesapeake bay, and N, by Sassafras river or Ce cil CO, Length 27 ms., mean width 8 ; area 216 sq. ms. Surface generally level or moderately hilly. Soil of middling quality. Chief town, Chester. Pop. in 1820, 12,453; and in 1840, 10,842, Central lal. 39 16 E,, lon. W. C. 1° E, Island in Chesapeake bay, belonging to Queen Ann co., Md, It contains nearly 30,000 acres. Aientaiffe, Mount, ridge of mountains in the S. partof Thibet, bordering on Hindoostan proper. On the W. side ef this ridg:e are the two heads of the Ganges, and from its E. side issues the Bu rampooter. Kentsinguen, town of Suabia, in the Brisgaw, on the river Elz, Lon, 7 57 E., lat, 48 18 N. Kentucky, one of the central Slates of the U, S., bounded % Va E., Ten. S,, and the Ohio river W,, NW, andN. Thence due W. along Ihe N. boundary of Ten , lo the left bank of Mississippi river, and extreme SW. angle of Ky. - Thence up the Mississippi river to the raouth of Ohio Up Ohio, along III,, to the mouth of Wabash and SW. angle of la. Thence up Ohio river, opposite la., to the moulh of the Great Miami, and SW. an gle of Ohio Thence up Ohio river, along Ohio to Ihe mouth of Great Sandy 84 42 130 336 173 IVIiles, Kentucky has a boundary on Va., commenc ing at the moulh of Great Sandy river, and following that stream to ils source in Cumberland mountains - - - Thence along Cumberland mountains to the SW. angle of Va., on the N. boundary of Ten. - - ' - Thence by a hne a lillle N. of W,, along the N. boundary of Ten., to Tennessee river - - Up Tennessee river 452 60 no 338 12 Having an entire outline of 1,207 Area 37,680 sq, ms, or 34,115,200 acres. The greatest lengih of Kentucky is from the SW. angle of the Stale, on Mississippi river, lo the head of Great Sandy river, 380 ms. ; mean width 99 ms. Exireme soulh, N. lat, 36 30; extreme north, at the Great Miami bend, 39 5. It is obvious, by a simple inspection of its great features, that Kentucky must present considerable diverssity of soil and climale. On ils SE. border, it is limited by Cumberland mounlain, from which most of its strearas take their source. Unlike the opposile slope of the Ohio valley, no table land, in the Irue meaning of the term, exists on lhat on which Kentucky is placed. In poinl of soil, the Stale is divisible into three portions : the mountainous, hilly, and level. The mouniainous section of Ky. is of small and unim portant extent, being limited lo the region towards the sources of Cumberland, Kentucky, Licking, and Great Sandy rivers. If all the SE. angle of the State is taken as mountainous, it will not amount lo one- fourth the area of Ihe whole. Bul, though the mountains are nol very elevated, this part of the State is very broken, and generally sterile soil. The second, or hilly section, follows the moun tainous, and is rauch more extensive. The'hilly natural subdivision spreads over, in fact, much the greater part of the State, reaching from the Ohio river, between Great Sandy and Licking rivers and tbe border of Tennessee, nearly as low down as Ohio, below ths mouth of Salt river. From analogy it might be expected that on the left as well as the right slope of Ohio valley table land would be found. This is not, however, the fact ; so far otherwise is the face of the hilly part of Kentucky, that in no part of the Uniled States is the earth so broken by abrupt steeps, nor where the watercourses have cut channels so deep in pro portion to quantily of water and lengih of course. In their natural state, before Ihe settlement of the whites, these vales were overgrown with a thick forest, under which grew brakes of the reed cane, and rendered Ihis part of Kentucky the most im penetrable to the footsteps of man of any part of the North American forest yet attempted. On the level bottoms of Louisiana, the large cane brakes are extremely difficult to pass, but it is on uneven ground that this gigantic grass renders human ef-; fort to penetrate its recesses to the last degree pain ful and slow. The cane brakes, however, hke the wild anipials they once sheltered, disappeared before civihzed man. In Kentucky this fact has been realized in a very striking manner. The buf falo, deer, bear, elk, and the arundo gigantea, have KEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEN in great part vanished, and in their places farms, orchards, meadows, towns, and villages, have arisen. I have more than once remarked the curious cir cumstance, that in the Ohio valley most of the hills were fertile to their summits This characteristic is very striking in that part of Kentucky we have un der review ; it is so peculiarly so that the hills are, in many places, more fertile than the bottoms. The prevailing timber of the hills is chestnut, hick ory, poplar, (Uriodendron lulipifera,) sugar maple, elm, and hackberry. In the bottoms the timber is nearly similar, Ihough larger. As the rivers advance in theii- progress toward their common recipient, they pursue, Ihrough tho mountainous and hilly tracts we have noticed, nearly a W, course, bul are all less or more inflect ed to the norlhward, al a considerable distance be fore their final discharge into the Ohio. The uni formity of their curves must have arisen from some feature in the surface of the original plain, into whose surface their channels are worn. The riv ers of the right slope of the basin are remarkable for all having courses not deviating much from N. and S, Those of the left, in the lower or inferior part of their courses, flow nearly N. The'rivers of Kentucky are more characterized than are even those of Ohio and Indiana by the deep ness of the vales or ravines they have formed out of the secondary strata over whose surface they flow. The substrata of Kentucky is limestone in the far greater part, inlo which the rivers have worn pre cipitous channels. Below the great bend of its rivers the physiog nomy of the country changes from sharp, high, steep hills, narrow, deep, and gloomy valleys, to a comparative rolling or even level country. Though on a smaller scale than the expansive tracts of fertile soil on Ihe opposing slope, this part of Kentucky is amongst the most desirable in the United States. It is the only part of Kentucky which assumes any of the attributes of a table land. The soil is extremely fertile, but in many places so very shallow as scarce to admit the growth of large trees, lis base is, one immense floor of secondary or floetz limestone. This region may be said to occupy the central parts of tho State, from the wa ters of Green river to those of Licking, inclusive, and contains Ihe best peopled part of the Slate. A want of spring water is felt in many parts of this range — a comraon deficiency of all places where carbonate of lime prevails, to the exclusion of other rocks. Water is perhaps in equal quantity, but unequally distributed. Springs of immense volume occur, and are followed by wide spaces where none are found. Advancing SW. through Kentucky, the central table land we have under review gradually becomes more level and less fertile. 'J'he natural limber trees on the NE. part are Uriodendron, elm, black walnut, honey locust, buckeye, papaw, cotton wood, and wild cherry. This forest growth pre vails on the middle walers of Licking and Kentuc ky, the heads of Salt and Green rivers. It is fol lowed towards Tennessee by the "Barrens," an area wooded by oak, chesnut, elm, &c. The bar rens are interspersed by olher species of soil, by broken, and what is called the oak knob districts. In fact, the lalter term rauch more appropriately marks the character of this section of Kentucky than does barrens. The hills are here round, gen tly sloping, and deviate in a striking manner from the common ridge form of a hilly couniry. The substratum continues lo be, as lo the NE., flat imbedded limestone. Approaching towards the Ohio river, tbe true su perstructure of the basin again appears, as we have seen on the opposing slope. The rivers having found Iheir way from Ihe mounlains over Ihe hilly and central table land, their channels become deeper. From Great Sandy to its mouth, the as pect of Ihe two opposing banks of the Ohio river are alike, and all the observations made in any general view or particular survey of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, applies wilh equal correctness to Ken tucky. A very hilly, broken border, of about 25 or 30 ms. wide, following the inflections of Ohio river, skirts the State from Great Sandy lo the mouth of Cumberland river. This border is the buttress of the Kentucky slope, fractured, if such a term can be admitted, by the abrasion of the wa lers flowing from Ihe interior. Though nol ob structed by falls, or even' reraarkable rapids, Ihe streams of Kentucky flow with great velocity, oc casioned by the considerable inclination of their plane of descent. The space between the moun tains and Ohio river has a small declivity, but the great depth of tlie bed of the lalter river has given so much pitch to tbe waler lhat every stream has formed for itself a channel, whose declivity corres ponds to the comparative depression between their sources and recipient. The apex ofthe hills with in 3 or 4 ms, from the Ohio river is little, if any, below that of those far in the interior. The hum ble elevation of the interior hills is in relation lo their base ; if taken above Ohio river, their-height would nearly correspond to those near that stream. We may therefore, on leaving Ohio river, con ceive ourselves rising rapidly to a level with the general surface. We find Ihe waters flowing in enormous chasms, lined by limestone walls of from 100 to 300 or 400 feet deep. These chasms be come less profound as we advance towards the mountain sources. Near the Ohio we meet with innumerable gushing springs of water, which, as we ascend the central lable land, become more rare. We again find these fountains increase as we pro ceed on our way to the mounlain border. Over all the wide extent of Kentucky, the only really level surface of note is the bolloifis of Ohio. Those bottoms are, in every place where they oc cur, perfectly similar in structure, and generally uniform in their texture. But the bottoms on the Ohio, in much the greater part, fall backwards to ward the hills, at the base of which small ponds and marshes are frequent. But few instances of a regular acclivity from Ihe water edge exist oh the Ohio. In this instance this river differs essen tially from most streams on the Atlantic slope, and particularly from the St. Lawrence. These ponds, along the base of Ihe Ohio hills, superinduce bil ious complaints in autumn. They are, however, easily drained, and the beneficial consequences of such melioration on the face of naiure are felt at Louisville and other places, where such works have been executed. As Ihe bottom lands of Ohio constitute so re markable a feature in the topography of the Uniled Stales, and as ICentucky embraces the largest share 453 KEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEN of Ihis species of soil, I have reserved lo the pre sent lo introduce its particular description. The natural position of Ohio river, and the prdtess of its formation, has been amply discussed. It has beeii shown thai that stream, and all ils confluents, owe their existence to the wearing away of a prim itive plain. It has been also noticed that Ihis pro cess must have been gradual and of very long con tinuance. The vale of Ohio, at the city of Pittsburg, is 460 feel deep, and this deplh diminishes in propor tion lo an advance towards .the lower termination ofthe vale, and at the junction of Ohio and Mis sissippi rivers the water is but litlle depressed be low the level of the adjacent bottoms. Evidence of the periodical recession of the waler is every where seen in Ihe bottoms. In most pla ces there are Iwo, and in some places three, stages of bottoms, elevated above each other 15, 20, or 25 feet. The first, or lowest .stage, is yet subject to immersion at the period of very high floods; the second and third have long ceased to be liable lo inundation. Newport and Covington, the former above and the latter below the mouth of Licking tiver, oppo site Cincinnati, are on first bottoms. Louisville, at the rapids of Ohio, stands og a first bottom more than usually elevated, but falling in the rear into low ponds. In general the towns along the margin of Ohio, except at Ihe mouth of rivers, are on second bot toms. Below Louisville, the hills are so much de clined in elevation as to render that place a point of separation between tbe bold and rich scenery above and the more humble and less variegated landscapes below that place. It is also a point where the bottoms commence a change from the stair-form we have described, lo the flat and monot onous aspect of the shores of the Mississippi. From the apex ofthe hills on one side, to those on the other, the distance js about 5! ms. ; three-fourths of which is occupied by the river. and slopes of the hills, leaving about half a mile, or 880 yards, for the breadth of the bottoms. The length of Ohio is 848, or, in round numbers, 850 ms., which, at half'a mile wide, would yield 425 sq. ms. of bot tom land. This amounts to only 528,300 acres, much less than is commonly believed,- though I am well convinced falls little if any short of the real quantity. As to fertility, no description can much exceed reality ; this range is no doubt amongst the most productive in the northern temperate zone. Its natural indigenous forest trees indicate a soil of the very highest strength of production. The most prominent species are oaks, elms, ash, and hickory, of every variety ; black and white walnut, Urioden dron, sugar-maple, linen, cotton-wood, and syca more, with an underwood of papaw, dogwood, and spice. Every vegetable which the climate will ad mit can be produced in abundance. We may dis miss the subject at present by observing that, in point of climate, the Ohio itself ranges through three degrees and forty minutes of latitude. The mouth of Big Beaver being in N. lal. 40 40, and the mouth of Ohio N . lat. 37°- Of this climactic expanse, Kentucky embraces two degrees and eight minutes of latitude. ' , ^ , , , , . We have now surveyed Kentucky, and have found the features of nature exhibited on its surface 454 to be in accordance wilh those of other parts of the basin in which it is situaled. We have found a much more varied physiognomy than that couniry is commonly allowed to possess. It is a region, indeed, which well deserves Ihe attention of the philosopher and statesman ; ir is interesting lo Ihe former from its peculiar structure and productions, and to the latter from its commanding position. The principal productions of Kentucky are wheat flour, Indian coin, salted provisions, live stock, tobacco, hemp, and salt. Manufactures of various kinds have risen to considerable extent, parlicularly coarse cloths and cordage. The com. mcrcial outlet of Kentucky is the Mississippi river_ The subjoined tables, from the census of 1840, exhibit the population of Kentucky, ¦Wliites.— Ages. , Males, Females, Oto5 59,290 ,15,419 5 to 10 46,242 44,022 1010 15 , ,39,190 37,298 15 to 20 32,611 33,-207 20 to 30 - 53,265 47,970 30 to 40 - . 32,-206 28,608 40 to 60 19,958 18,050 50 to 60 11,809 10,907 60 to 70 6,639 6,029 70 to 80 3,092 2,525 80 to 90 860 7,3.-. 90 to 100 - 130 137 100 and upwards 31 23 305,323 284,930 305,3-23 Total whites - 590,253 Free colored. Slaves, Ages, Males, fern's. Males, Fem's, 0 to 10 1,048 936 3-2,531 32,713 10to24 780 800 31,627 30,818 24 to 36 534 536 15,095 15,058 36 to 55 754 680 9,054 9,645 ,55 to 100 629 593 2,657 2,998 lOOandtipwards 10 11 40 22 3,761 3,,5563,761 91,004 91,254 91,004 Total 7,317 182,258 summary, hi ¦Whites - ' 590,253 Free colored ¦ . J-J'^ Slaves 132,-268 Total yra-S'^a ¦White persons ofthe foregoins who are- Deaf and dumb, uader 14 years of age 120 Do. from 14 to 25 - 1'28 Do. above 25 - 152 Do. total deaf and dumb 400 Do. blind - M Do, insane and idiots at- Public charge - *" Private charge -i™ Tolal whiles insane, &c, 795 Colored persons, free and slaves, who are— ' Deaf and dumb - - 77 Do. blind - "' Do. insane and idiots al— Private charge »*; Public charge • KEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEN Toirfl of persons employed in- Mining - - 331 AsricuTuire - 107.7^!R Commerce - • ;),'11H Manufactures and trades 'Z'j/llV Navigation on the ocean 41 Do. canals, lakes, and rivera 968 Learned professions - - - 2,487 Peusioners, for revolutionary and military services - 8dG Universities or colleges . . , lo Students in do. • 1,419 Academies and grammar schools - 116 Students in do. - 4,906 Primary aad common Schools - 952 Scholars iu do. - 21,641 Scholars at public chargfl - - - 429 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write - - 40,018 Population of Kentucky^ by counties, front, the census of 184(^. Counties. AdairAllenAnderson BarrenBath Boon BourbonBrackenButlerBreathittBreckenridge- Bolliu Caldwell CallawayCamphell CarrollCaseyChristian C'arier Clark CUyCliij^onCumberland ¦ Davieas EstillEdmonston Fayeite FlemingFli.ydFranklin Gallatin GarrardGrant Graves GrayS' m Groen GreenupHancock Hardin HarliinHarrisonHart HendpraonHenry HickmanHopkins JeffersonJessamineKentonKno-xLaurel Lawrence LewisLincolnLivini^siunLogan Madis>)nMarion MasonMcCracken - MeadeMercerMonroe Monlgompry - Free white persons. 3,4703,229 2,237 6,69^3,921 4,150 4,1363,191 1,7161,063 3.8:82,.5664,1814,5742,6861,680 2,1934,895 1,373 3,46:: 2,027 1,8592,2613,3032,582 1,3345,533 5,6633,154 3,430 1,794 3,6312,003 3,3762,1365,2412,8501,074 7,049 1,467 4,6053,0833,279 3,3y3,817 14,604 2,964 3,73i 2,562 1,538 2,432 2,942 3,3403,8794,3r 5,56i4,214 5,8102,143 2,3536,660 2,918 3,282 3,299 3,146 2,135 6,-155 3,7873,6743,7092,8921,663 l,0J3 3,4112,43U 3,9104,-2962,2351.532 2478 4,596 1,338 3,293 1,9-371,805 2,31-1 ¦3,a24 2,378 i,24r 5,3525,4952,9492,907 1,567 3,479 1,835 3,-2tJ82,1265,022 2,62'J 965 6,780 1,461 4,3902,895 2,902 3,6673,4913,600 12,333 2,816 3,2952,460 1,426 2,-2.30 2,931 3,2423,4594,167 5,-292 4,0965,3281,9212,0136,«ll 2,893 3,127 Free col persons. Slaves. r75 ''-456 .)0B 2,011 955 1,090 3,181 410 251 51 819680 1,112 428 137 369260 3,002 93 1,836 302 87 754 976 302 179 5,693 961 86 1,379 -297 1,660 176 364 10 1,862 3S62j8 l,-244 29 1,773 505 1,691 1,179 787 825 4,161 1,816 354 251 4637 190 1,725 821 2,3-12 2,6961,-292 2,119 304684 2,753 340 1,322 ' 830479 551 2,054 996 1)093 3,1-14 ¦109 264 Tuul, 8(466 7,329 5,452 17,28:i. 9,763 10,034 14,478 ¦7,05,5 3,898 2,1958,9446,334 10,365 9,794 5,214 3,966 4,939 15,587 2,005 1 0,802 4,6073,863 6,' 190 8,3315,535 2 914 2-2; 194 13,268 6,3U2 9,420 4,0U3 1.0,480. 4,192 7,465 4,461 ¦14,212 6,2972,581 16,357 3,015 12,472 7,0319,.548 10,015 8,9689,171 36;346 9,3967,8165,722 3,0794,7306,306 10,187 9,0-25 13,615 -,--- 16,355 1,320 11,032 -2,191) 15,719 ¦¦"'¦ 4,7455,780 872 640 1,039 4831 362271 2,995 93 2,016 -201 101 731984 256 L„ 5,0171,031 98 1,470 307 1,623 172 453 97 1,968 388¦271 1,-j:38 50 1,611 504 1,6281,170 828 898 4,43-,! '1,656 397285 63 40 216 1,725 767 2,484 2,71S 35072, Tablb — Ciintinued, Frnn whiU Free col. Slaves, pers ons. persons. Countira. , Total, a _aj p ^ ,a - (Si h fa 1 t, ¦ Morgan 2,361 |2,I78 0 26 .fi * 4,603 Muhlenburg - 3,030 2,/23 6 r an 6,964 NelS'on -i 4,49il 4,379 f.3 6,-^ 2,3I( ¦2,833 '646 1.3,637 Nicholas 3,671 3,639 85 97 607 8,745 Ohio 2,954 2,793 14 f ;«i 442 6,,592 Oldham 2,571 2,287 85 60 1,167 1,211 7,380 Owen 3,6'79 3,236 2;-i 13 599 682 8,232 Pendleton 2,177 1,836 4 1 191 246 4,456 Perry 1,548 1,375 15 K 6(1 HI- 3,089 Hike l,-7,56 1,713 6 7 48 37 3567 Pulaski 4,4:18 4,145 8 10 474 9,620 Rockcastle 1„58-1 1,439 3 6 175 202 3,409 Russell 1,959 1,869 4 _ 188 216 4238 Scott 4,340 3,880 64 55 2,737 2,602 13,668 Shelby 5,857 5,399 86 71 3,2-25 3,130 17,768 Simpson 2,oH0 2,424 21 19 739 764 6,537 Spencer I^dd 2,129 2,^22l 11 9 975 936 6,561 3,107 2,963 26 16 1,9-27 1,952 9991 1'rigg 2,899 2,71.-, 29 21 1,(111 1,041 7;7ffi Trimble 1,944 1 ,843 9 ll ,316 ,3,57 4,480 Union 2,573 2,336 24 12 866 862 6,673 Wjirren , - .5,700 5,378 85 76 2,126 2,081 15,446 Washington - 4,006 3,894 19 19 1,277 1,381 10,596 W^yne ' ! - 3,481 3,273 10 5 303 ;«7 7399 Whitley 2,284 2,B1 12 7 59 87 4673 Woodfofd . - 2,981' 2,835 V 79 3,056 2,696 11,740 Total 305323 ¦2M930 3761 3556 91,004 91,254 779828 2,533 18,720 357 6,526 1,413 9,332 The interests of education haveii-ei'eived consid erable atlenlion in this State ; the Transylvania is a comparatively recent, but a really respectable in stitution. According lo a report of the professors in this seminary, dated February lllh, 1822, the school of medicine presents "all the means requi site for a complete course of medical education, conducted in the usual academical form, " The library of the institution is select and valu able, containing, in various languages, the standard and most esteemed works in medicine, both ancient and modern, wilh no inconsiderable number of the same rank in the several collateral branches of science; the chemical apparatus is, in 'many re spects, not inferior to any in the U. S. ; and the anatomical museum, already rich in matter of in struction, will be rendered much more so by .-iddi- tions which il will receive from Europe in the course of the summer. The lecture rooms are also spacious, comfortable, and commodious. "Courses of lectures are delivered on all the branches of medicine taught in the oldest schools of our country, " The price of su-bsistence is unusually moderate, and accommodations excellent; tho situation "ex ceedingly healthy ; and in inteihgence, morality, and refinement, the society not surpassed by that of any olher town in the U. S. "The lectures will commence annually, on the first Monday in November, and terrtiinate early in the monlh of March.' ' ' ' ' ' ' "To be entitled to present himself a caiididate foi- the degree of Doctor of Medicine, a pupil rliust be twenty-one years of age, and have attended two full courses of lectures — one of them, al least, in lhi.'= institution. "But any physician who shall have practised his profession wilh reputation for the term of four years 455 KER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KEW may become a candidate, after attending one full course of lectures in this school." The building appropriated to the use of the Transylvania University was burned on tho night of .May 9th, 1829. .\bout half the books and all the philosophical apparatus were saved Insurance $10,000. 'J'he charier of a second university, to be located al Danville, was granted by the Legislature in 1819, Kentucky, river, rises in Floyd co,, in the spurs of Cumberland mounlain, interlocking with the sources of Licking and Big Sandy, and opposile to those of Tennessee. The general course of Ken tucky river is NW., and by comparalive courses 200 ms., through or bordering on Floyd, Perry, Estill, Clarke, Madison, Foyetle, Jessamine, Gar rard, Mercer, Woodford, Franklin, Shelby, Owen, Henry, and Gallatin cos. It enters Ohio at Point William, and in times of flood is navigable by the windings ofthe stream aboul 150 ms, ,KeraXea, village of Greece, in Aitica, SE. from Athens aboul 15 ms. It is inhabited by Alban ians, and contains about 250 houses, situaled near, though not on the Saronic gulf, and at the foot of a range of mountains called Parne. From a hill behind Keralea Mr. Hobhouse obtained a "com manding prospect, including the soulhern extrem ity of the Negropont, Macronosi, or Long island, near the eastern coast, as far as Sunium, and sev eral islands lo the S. of that promontory. The two ranges of Hymethus were distinctly seen." Mr. Hobhouse, upon what authority he does not state, gives the name of Keralea to the spurs of Cithaeron N. from Eleusis. Kerbela, ancient Vologesia, town of Irak Ara bia, on the W. bank of the Euphrates, about 50 ms. SW. from Bagdad. Kerbela is also the Mo- shed Hosein, " Tomb of Hosein," the grandson of Mohammed, who was there killed in battle; hence, by the Sheah branch of Islamism, regatjied sacred. It is situated on or near the great desert, and a few ins. SW. of the Euphrates. — See Meshed Ali, Me shed Hosein, and Meshed, Kercolang, island in the Indian ocean, between 80 and 100 ms. in circumference. Lon. 126 31 E., lat, 4 28 N. Keresoun, ancient Cerasus, town of Asiatic Tur key, on the Black sea, 70 ms. WSW. from Tre bisond. Kergulen's Land, island in the Southern ocean, visiled~by Capiain Cook in 1779. Lon. 69 37 E., lat. 49 3 S. Kirkesiah, ancient Circessium, town of ancient Mesopotamia and modern Asiatic Turkey, situated on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, at and below the moulh of Ihe river Khaboor, ancient Chaboras, about 300 ms. NE.- by E. of Damascus, and very nearly an equal distance SB. by E. of Scanderoon. This place was remarkable, as being the ulmost bounds of the Roman empire on the eastern side of the Euphrates, Ihough on the western side the Romaii eagles hovered many ages 100 ms. still lower alAnatho. The immense extent of Soman power may be in part estimated from the fact lhat, by any road, it was nearly 1,000 ms. from Analho to Conslanlinople. Kerman, province of Persia, ancient Carama nia, lying oil the Gulf of Persia. The inhabitants drive a great trade in their wool Town of 456 Persia, capital of a province of the same name, called also Caramania. It is 120 ms. NNW. of Gambroon. Lon. 55 15 E,, lat. 29 20 N. Kernesville, village, Northampton co,. Pa , 15 ms. NW. by. W. from Easton. Kerpen, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers, 14 ms. SE, of Juliers. Lon. 6 36 E., lat. 50° N. Kerry, J, Territory of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, belonging to the house of Austria. Kircheim, town of Germany, in the circle of Sua bia, 25 ms, from Ulm. Kircheim Poland, lown of Germany, in the cir cle of Upper Rhine. Lon. 7 49 E,, lat, 49 39 N, Kirguis, — See Asia, p. 86. Kirin, one of Ihe threa departments of Mandshu ria, bounded on the N, by the river Saghalien, on Ihe E, by the sea, and on the S. by Corea, and on the W. by Leatong, It contains only two or three ill-built cilies, surrounded by mud walls. The val uable plant ginseng grows here. Capilal of the province of the samename in Mandshuiia, situated on the river Songari, which is here called Kirin; is the residence of a Manlchew general, who is in vested with the authority of a viceroy. Kirkiaes, Tartar, or Tater, nation of central Asia, They are divided inlo three hordes or clans : the Liltle, Middle, and Great Horde. This widely- extended people inhabit the Asiatic«teppes or prai ries. According to Mr. Tooke, ihey derive their 4C3 name from Kirghis-Kaisaki, and are a branch of the Kozaks. In their manners they are pastoral, and extend from the Volga far to the E. of the Aral sea. — See Asia, p. 86. Kirkcaldy, seaport of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the Frith of Forth, wilh a dock yard for sraall ves sels and a cotton manufacture. It is a pretty pop ulous, large, well-built town, 10 miles N. of Edin burgh. Lon, 3 8 W,, lat. 56 8 N. Kirkcudbright, seaport of Scolland, in Kirkcud brightshire, at the mouth of the river Dee, which forms its harbor. It is a small inconsiderable place, admirably situated for the fishery and other branches of commerce. It is 60 miles W. of Carlisle, and 83 SW. of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 8 W., lat. 55° N. Kirkcudbrightshire, co. or stewarlry of Scot,, which once formed, with Wigtonshire, the ancient province of Galloway. It is bounded on the NE. by Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire, on the S. by Sol way Frith, and the Irish sea, and on the W. by Wigtonsnire and Ayrshire. Its extent from N. to S. is 30 ms., and from E. to W. 45 ms. Pop, in 1801, 29,211; in 1811, 33,683; and in 1821, 38,966. Kirkless, village of Eng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the vicinity of which is the monu ment of the famous Robin Hood ; and on the ad jacent moor are likewise two hills called Robin Hood's Bulls. Kirkoswald, town of Eng., in Cumberland, on a hill near the river Eden, 9 miles N. by E. of Penriih, and 292 NW. of London, Lon. 2 48 W., lat. 54 48 N. Kirk's Mills, village, Lancastei co,. Pa. Kirkpalrick, tp, of Scotland, in Dumbarton shire, lying E. of Dumbarton, said to be tbe birth place of the tutelary saint of Ireland. The ves tiges of the Roman wall; called Graham's dike, built by Antoninus, extend from tbe Frith of Clyde at this place to the Frith of Forth. Kirksey's Cross Roads, postoffice, Edgefield dis trict, S. C., 65 ms. westerly from Raleigh, Kirkville, village, Onondago co., N. Y, Kirksville, yAlage, Mecklenberg co., N. C, 151 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Kirkwall, borough of Scotland, capital of Main land, the principal of the Orkney islands.* It i.i built on an inlet of tbe sea on tbe east side of the island, and has a tolerable harbor, with a fortifica tion, on which some guns are mounted for its de fence. The mo.st striking object is the stately ca thedral of St. Magnus. It is 30 ms. NE, of Thur so, in Caithness-shire. Lon. 2 57 W,, lat. 58 54 N. Kirkwood, tp,, Belmont county, Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,404, Kirton, town of Eng,, in Lincolnshire, 20 miles N. of Lincoln, and 151 N. by W. of London. Lon. 28' W., lat. 53 33 N. Kiskiminitas, a very considerable accessory stream of the Alleghany river, Penn,, rises in the mountain valley between the Alleghany and Chest nut Ridge chains, and, flowing NW., breaks through Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Hill, and, after a comparative course of 75 ms., unites with the Alleghany near midway between the mouth of Mahoning and Pittsburg. Kiskiminitas, village, Westmoreland co., Penn, Kismish, island of Asia, at the entrance of the KIZ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KNO gulf of Persia, about 50 miles in length, and 5 in breadth, with a remarkable pearl fishery. It is fer tile, populous, and 13 ms. S. of Gambroon, Kishtac, island on the Pacific coast of America, 100 miles long, and about 30 mean width. Lon. W. C. 75° W., central lat. 57 30 N. Kisti, Asiatic nation, which extends from the highest ridge of Caucasus along the Sundsha rivu lets; they are bounded to the W. by tho Little Cabarda, to the E. by the Tartars and Lesguis, and to the S. by the Lesguis and Georgians. Kite's Mills, post office, Rockingham co,, Va,, by post road 149 ms, NW. from Richmond. Kistna, river of Hindoostan, which falls inlo the bay of Bengal, S. of Masulipalam. It is up wards of 650 ms. in length, rising near the Mola- bar coast, Kistnagheri, town and strong fortress of Hin doostan, in Mysore, 6C ms. from Arcot. Kittanning, village and seat of justice, Arm strong CO., Pa., on the E. side of Alleghany river, 40 ms. NE, of Pittsburg. Lat. 40 30 N. Tp., Armstrong co, , Pa., including the preceding lown. Pop. in 1820, 976, exclusive ofthe village. Kittaninny Mountains,t!nis range passes through Sussex CO., N. J., crosses Delaware river at the Delaware Water Gap, passes through Northamp ton CO., Pa., and, continuing SW., crosses Sus quehannah river 5 miles above Harrisburg ; sepa rates Perry from Cumberland, and Franklin from Huntingdon and Bedford counties, and merges into Md. W. from Conecocheague creek, crosses Po tomac river between Back creek and Shenendoah river. It is finally merged amongst the olher mountain ridges of Virginia. Kittatinny valley is the valley between the Kit tatinny range and Blue Ridge. In Pa., this valley varies from 8 to 15 ms, wide, and is uniformly composed of a limestone base towards the Blue Ridge, and of clay slale on the side of Kittatinny mountain. The line of separation between those two rock formations crosses Delaware river about 20 ms. above Easton ; the Lehigh at the slates about 5 ms. above Allentown ; the Schuylkill above the mouth of Maiden creek ; Ihe Susquehannah in the borough of Harrisburg ; and tbe Potomac near the mouth of the Conecocheague. In Va., the line of division nearly corresponds wilh Opequan creek, between Jefferson and Berkley cos. It is a common but very erroneous opinion that the whole of this valley is based on limestone ; that rock is, however, confined to the SE. side. Kittery, town in York co,, Me., al the mouth of Piscalaway river, opposite Portsmouth. Kiun-tcheou-fou, capital of the island of Hai nan, stands on a promontory, and ships often an chor at the bottom of ils walls. Its district con tains three cilies of the second and ten of the third class. Kiutaiah, ancient Cotyssum. Lon. 29 52 E,, Iat. 39 25 N. It is situaled on the W. side of the Sakaria, ancient Sangarius river, 150 ms. SSE. from Constantinople. Pop. about 50,000. Kizil Ermack, ancient Halya, largest river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount Tauris, within 70 ms. from ihe Mediterranean sea. Its general course nearly N. about r400 ms., to where it falls into the Black sea, near the ancient Naustathmus prom ontory. Kislar, or Kialiar, considerable town of Asiatic Russia, on the Terek, near its entrance into the Caspian sea. Lat. 43 61 N. Klattaw, town of Bohemia, 46 ms. SW. of Prague. Lon. 14 6 E., lat. 50 30 N. Klelenberg, town of Switzerlond, seated on the river Aar, 3 ms. from Waldschut, The bishop of Constance exercises the spiritual jurisdiction, but , the sovereignty belongs lo the canlons. Lon. 8 12 E., lat. 47 35 N. Klingieatown, village in Schuylkill co,. Pa. Klundert, strong forlress of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Holland, near the arm of the sea called Hollands Diep. It is 9 ms. SE. of Wil- liamstadt. Knapdale, mouniainous district of Scotland, in Argyleshire, adjoining to .Argyle proper, and con nected on the S. by a narrow neck of land to the peninsula of Cantyre. Knaresborough, town of Eng , in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. It is delightfully seated on the river Nid, famous for ils medicinal springs, on a rugged rock, Knaresborough is 18 ms. W, by N, of York, and 211 N. by W. of London, Lon. 1 26 W,, lat. 64 5 N, Knight originally signified a boy attendant, and subsequently applied to a youth admitted to bear arms, and, finally, a litle of distinction con ferred by various ceremonies, all, or most of them, however, having relation lo the military profession. Knighton, coinraercial town of Wales, in Rad norshire, on the Tend, over which there is a bridge, and is 14 ms. W. of Hereford, and 135 NW. of London. Lon. 2 46 W., lat. .52 13 N. Knightsbridge, Eng,, first village from London on the Great Western road. Here is an infirmary for the sick -and wounded, called St, George's Hos pital, and a considerable manufacture of painted floor cloths. Knittelfeldt, town of Germany, in the duchy of Styria. It is a small place, 78 ms. from Vienna, seated on the river Muchr. Lon. 14 57 E., lat. 47 29 N. Knotsford, town of Eng,, in Cheshire, There ate two towns of this name pretty near together, called the Higher and Lower. It is 7 ms. NE. of Norwich, and 173 NNW. of London. Lon, 2 28 W,, lat, 53 20 N. Knowlton, tp. in Sussex co., N. J., on Dela ware river, below the mouth of Pauling's Kill, and about 5 ms. below the Delaware Water Gap, Knox, tp. in Hancock co,. Me,, 28 ms. NW. from Castine. Pop. in 1820, 560. Villsge in Albany co., N. Y., 21 ms, W. from Albany Co. of Ohio, bounded by Richland N., Coshoc ton E., Licking S., Delaware W,, and Marion NW, ; length 30, breadth 20 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. It is watered by Owl and Mohiccon creeks. Surface rather level than hilly. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Pop. in 1820, 8,326 ; and in 1840, 5,732. For central Iat. see Mount Vernon Co, of Ky,, bounded SB. by Harlan, SW. by Whitely, NW. by Rockcastle, and NE. by Clay ; length 43, mean width 191 ms. ; area 840 sq. ms. This county is watered by Cumberland river and several of its branches. The 37lh degree of N. lat, intersects it nearly in the centre. "The surface is very hilly in general, and towards the SE. moun tainous. Chief town, Barbourville, is about 125 463 KOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KOL ms. SSE. from Frankfort. Pop. in 1820, 3,661 ; and in 1840, 29,579. Central lat. 37 0 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. Co. of E. Ten., bounded by Sevier SE., Blount S., Roane W., Anderson NW., and Grainger and JeflTerson NE. ; length 30, mean width 15 ms. ; area 450 sq. ms. Holston and Clinch rivers unite at Knoxville, near the centre of this county, and, with the united stream below their junction^ aiford much excellent land. Chieflown, Knoxville. Pop. in 1820, 13,034 ; and in 1840, 15,485. N. lat. 36°, and lon. W. C. 7° W. inter sect in this county. Tp. in Columbiana co., O. NE. tp. of Jefferson co., Ohio. — —Co. of la,, between White and Wabash rivers, bounded by Kaskaskia, or Pike and Gibson cos. S., Wa bash river W., Sullivan N., and Daviess E. ; length 36, mean width 11 ms. ; area about 410 sq. ms. Surface level towards the Wabash, but becoming hilly in the interior. Soil generally fer tile. Chief town, Vincennes. Pop. in 1820, 6,437. For central lat., see Vincennes. Knoxville, town and seat of justice for Knox CO., Ten., on the right bank of Holston river, 22 ms. above its junction with Tennessee, about 200 ms. E. from Nashville. Lat. 35 50 N. Pop. upwards of 2,000. It is the seal of an academy. A very liberal donation was made by the General Government in favor of the formation of a college at this place. Village in Jefl'erson co., Ohio, 12 ms. NW. from Steubenville, — ¦_ — Village in Craw ford CO., Ga. Koang-fin-fou, city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, surrounded by high mounlains. Its dis trict contains 7 cities ofthe third class. Kobi, called by the Chinese Chamo, a vast de sert of Chinese Tartary, 100 leagues from E. to W,, and almost as much from N. to S, Kodiack, extensive group of islands on the Pa cific coast of North America, between lat. 56 45 and 58 28 N., lon. W. C. from 74 15 to 76 48 W. Koei-tcheou, one of the smallest provinces in China, bounded on the S. by Quang-si, on the E. by Hou-quang, on the N. by Se-tchuen, and on the W. by Yun-nan. The whole couniry is al most a desert, and covered with almost inaccessi ble mounlains ; it may be justly called the Siberia of China. This province produces the best horses in China. Beside Koei-yang, the capital, it con tains 9 cities of the first, and 38 of the second and third classes. Koei-tcheou-fou, city of great trade, in the prov ince of Se-tchuen. Ils dislrict contains 1 city of the second class, and 9 of the third. Koei-Yang, capilal of the province of Koei- tcheou, in China, said to have been formerly the residence of the ancient kings. Kokenhausen, strong town of Lithuania, sub ject to Russia. It is seated on the river Dwina, and is 42 ms. E. of Riga. Lon. 26 3 E., lat. 56 40 N, Kola, town of the Russian Government of Arch angel, capilal of Russian Lapland, wilh a good harbor on the river Kola, near a bay of the same name, on the Frozen ocean. Lon, 32 26 E,, lat. 68 34 N. Kollomenska, lown of Russia, pleasantly situ ated on an eminence near Moscow. Lon, 38 16 E., lat. 55 40 N. Kolokyihia, ancient Gythium, 25 ms. S, from Misitra. Lon. 22 34 p,, lat, 36 47 N, 464 Kolokyihia, or Cololokyihia, ancient Gulf of Laconia, a large bay of Greece, in the Morea, en closed between two peninsulas, one on the W. terminated by Cape Metapan, that on the E. by Cape St. Angelo. Kolokythia is, except that of Gihraltar, the most soulhern bay of continental Europe, extending as far S. as N. lat. 36 23. Kolyma, or Rovyma, large river of Asiatic Rus sia, rising N. from the sea of Ochotsk, and, flow ing nearly parallel to the Indigherka, falls into the Frozen ocean. Lat. 71 25 N., lon. 153 24 E. Kolyvan, government of the Russian empire, comprehending a part of western Siberia, and for merly included in the Government of Tobolsk. Its capital, ofthe same name, is seated on the Oby. This country has very productive silver mines, which have been called the Potosi of Russia. They lie between the Oby and Irtysh, near the moun tains which form the frontiers of Siberia, and sepa rate that country from Chinese Tartary. Kongal, town of Norway, belonging to Sweden, seated on the river Gotelba. Lon. 11 6 E., lat. 58 30 N. Kongsberg, town of soulhern Norway, celebrat ed for its silver mines. It lies on both sides of the river Lowe, and contains, including the miners, 6,000 inhabitants. Kongsberg is 45 ms. SW. of Christiana. Lon. 9 60 E., lat. 69 40 N. Kongswinger, forlress of Norway, on the fron tiers of Sweden. It is seated near the river Glomme, at the foot of a steep rock. Kong-tchang-fou, cily of China, in the province of Chen-si. It is surrounc d by high mountains, where a tomb is seen whicl. .he Chinese pretend to be that of Fohi. Its district contains 3 cities of the second, and 7 ofthe third <;lass. It is 700 ms. SW. of Peking. Koningsberg, town of Franconia, belonging to the house of Saxe-Weimar, three ms. NE. of Schweinfurt. Lon. 10 44 E., lat. 52 5 N. Town of Upper Sa,xony, in the marquisale of Brandenburg, 47 ms. S. of Stettin. Lon. 14 40 E., lat. 53 50 N. Capital of Polish or Dacal Prussia, with a university a^d a magnificent pal ace, in which is a hall 274 feet long, and 59 broad, without pillars to support it, and a hand some library. The town house, the exchange, and the cathedral, are fine structures. The tower of the castle is very high, and has 284 steps to the top, whence there is an extensive prospect. Here are 18 churches, of which 14 belong to the Lutherans, 3 lo the Calvinists, and 1 to the Ro man Catholics. The town is 5 ms. in circumfer ence, and, including the garrison of 7,000 men, contains 60,000 inhabitants. It stands on the Pregel, which here falls into the Frische Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. No ships drawing more than 7 feet water can pass the bar, and come up to the town ; so that the large vessels anchor at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic, which is the port of Koningsberg ; and the merchandise is sent in smaller vessels to this place. The trade of Ko ningsburg is very considerable. It is 62 ms. NE. of Elbing, and 135 N. of Warsaw. Lon. 20 55 E., lat. 54 42 N. ' Koningagratz, town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, 35 ms. SW. of Glatz, and 116 N. by W. of Vienna. Lon. 16 8 E., lat. 50 6 N. Koningahofen, strong town of Franconia, with KOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. KUB Lon. KoKASf, Arabic, name, by pre emiub, tures. Similar to ran, il is pronoui. a bishop's see, 25 ms. NNW. of Bamberg, 10 46 E., lat. 50 24 N. Koningstein, lown of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the territory of Misnia, with an impregnable fort. It is a place of confinement for State prisoners, and is sealed on the Elbe, 10 ms. SE, of Pyrna, and 10 SW. of Dresden. Lon. 13 43 E., lat. 51 2 N. Town of Germany, in the circle ofthe Lower Rhine, which is strongly forti fied. Lon. 8 25 W., lat. 50 5 N. Koningslutler, lown of Germany, seated in the territory of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 117 E,, lat. .53 25 N. Konitz, town of Poland, in Wesiern Prussia, 10 ras. NW. of Culm, and 50 SW. of Danlzic. Lon, 18 16 E,, Iat 53 36 N. Koords. — See Asia, p. %2. Koochan, or Cochoon, frontier town and fortress of Persia, in Khorasan, standing near midway be tween Mern and Astrabad, and about 200 ras. from each, and 450 ms. NE. by E. from Teheran. Kopys, fortified town of Lithuania, seated on the Dneiper, 18 ms. N, of Mohilet. Lon. 31 2 E., lat. 54 32 N. Kordofan. — See Africa, p, 9, 2d col. Koriacs, people of Tartary, subject to Russia, who inhabit the northern coast of the Gulf Pens chinskoi, and the most northern part of Kamtschat ka, to the river Anadir, Their couniry extends westward from the river Olomon, (which runs in to the Kolyma,) as far as the Indian ocean. Their neighbors are the Kamlschadales, the Tongusians, the Lamouts, and the Tschouklsches. fto read," adopted as the of the Mahometan scrip- ler Asiatic names ending in •d "Korawn." Al Koran means "The Korai.." Korsaw, or Kosoa, town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, wilh a fort, 45 ms. W. by S. of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 10 E., lat. 55 29 N. Kortright, town, Delaware co,, N. Y., 10 ms. E. from Delhi. Pop. 1820, 2,548, Kosol, or Kosta, fortified town of Silesia, near the river Oder, 17 ms, N. of Ratisbon. Lon. 17 54 E., Iat. 50 26 N. Korsum, or Korsun, town of Russia, in the Ukraine, seated on the river Ross. Lon. 31 23 E., lat. 49 3 N. Kostroma, government of the Russian empire, formerly included in that of .Moscow. It is divi ded into the provinces of Kuslroma and Unsha. The capital of the former, Kostoma, seated at the mouth of the Volga ; the j;apital of the second is Makarief, situated on the Unsha. KouBO, civil emperor of Japan, who possesses and exercises the whole sovereign power, though the Dairij or Hierarch, is surroundedl by the em blems, but deprived since A. D. 1585 of all au thority, even that nominally appertaining to his own empty station. Kouei-te-fou, city of China, in the province of Honan, seated between two large rivers. The in habitants treat strangers with uncommon hospi tality. Koum-Kale, village of A. T., in Anatolia, sit uated on Cape Janissary, a little within the Hel lespont. This place has ils name from a castle built by the Turks, and is inhabited chiefly by 59* Turkish families attached to tho garrison. It is a clean neat village, containing about COO inhabi tants. N. lal, 40 1 E., lon. 36 12. The reedy marsh forming the mouth of tho Mendere river spreads above Koum-Kale. The Mendere enters the Hellespont about one mile above the village. Koutaih.—See art. Aaia, p. 83, 2d col. Kowno, town of Lilhuanio, seated on tho Wil na and Niemon, 40 ma. W. of Wilna. Lon. 24 13 E., Iat. 54 56 N. Kraanenberg, town of the duchy of Clevch, seated on the declivity of a hill between Nimegu en and Cleves. Krainburg, town of Bavaria, sealed on the Inn, 35 ms. E. of Munich. Town of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola, sealed on the Save, 18 ras. NW. of Laubach. Krainowitz, town of Upper Silesia, between Ralibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17 49 E,, lat. 60 7 N. Krainslaw, town of Poland, in the province of Red Russia, and palatinate of Chelm, 120 ms. SE. of Warsaw. Lon, 33° E., lat. 51 15 N. Krapitz, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Op- pelim. Lon. 18 10 E,, lat. 50 59 N. Krasnoiarsk, or Krasnoyarsk, town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tomsk, on the Aba kan, a branch of the Yenisey river. Here, ac cording to M. Chappe D'Auteroche, quicksilver frequently congeals by the frost in winter. Lon. 109° E., Iat, 62 30 N. Kreiderville, village, Northampton co.. Pa,, 10 ms. W. from Bethlehem. Kregojeratz, lat 43 44, lon. 20 54 E, of Lon don, town of European Turkey, in Servia, about 80 ms. nearly due S. of Belgrade. It stands on a branch of the Morava river. Krekith, corporate town of Wales, in Carnar vonshire. It is sealed on the Irish sea, near Tra- elh-Amawar Bay, 13 ms. S. by E. of Carnarvon, and 237 NW. of London. Lon. 4 18 W., lat. 53 57 N. Krempen, strong town of Denmark, in Hol stein, with a castle. It is 5 ms. N. of Gluck sladi, and 30 NW. of Hamburg. Lon. 9 15 E., lat. 53 68 N. Kremes, town of Austria, seated on the Dan ube, 35 ms. W. of Vienna. Lon. 15 40 E., lat. 48 18 N. Kreuzenach, town of the Lower Rhine, on the Nahe, 30 ms. SW. of Mentz. Krumlaw, town of Germany, in Moravia, 50 ms. SW. of Olmulz. Lon. 16 49 E., lal. 48 46 N. Krutzow, town of Lithuania, 30 ms. SW. of Mozcillaw. Lon. 33 4 E,, lat, 54 8 N. Krylow, strong town of Poland, in the palati- nate of Kiof, seated on the Dneiper, 140 ms. SE. of Kiof. Lon. 33 50 E., lat. 48 50 N. Kubesha, large strong town of Lesghistan, near the western shore of the Caspian sea, situated on a hill between high mountains. Its inhabitants call themselves Franki, (Franks, a name common in the E. to call Europeans,) and relate that their ancestors were brought hither by some accident, the particulars of which are now forgotten. The common conjecture is, that they were mariners cast away upon the coast ; but they who pretend to be better versed in their history tell the story 465 KUT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAC this way : The Greeks and Genoese, say they, car ried on, during several centuries, a considerable trade, not only on the Black sea, but likewise on the Caspian, and were certainly acquainted with the mines conlained in these mountains, from which they drew, by their trade with the inhabi tants, great quantities of silver, copper, and other metals. In order lo work these upon the spot, they sent hither a number of workmen to establish manufactures and instruct the inhabitants. The Kooveshes, or Kubeshes, seem to be the most re spectable people found between Persia and Russia. They are the merchants and brokers between these countries. In the year 1725, their magistrates, as well as the Usmeri, acknowledged the sovereignty of Russia, but without paying any tribute. Lon. 47 59 E., Iat. 42 30 N. Kudach, strong fort of Poland, in the Ukraine, seated on the river Dneiper. Lon. 35 45 E., lat. 47 68 N. Kvfstein, strong town of Germany, in tbe Ty rol. It is seated on the Inn, 46 ms. S. by E. of Munich. Lon. 12 6 E., lat. 47 26 N. Kumaoon, district of Indostan, between the Al cananda and Kalee rivers. It is traversed by N lat. 30°, and lon. from London 80° E, The peak of Rhamnee, one of those of Himalaya, in Kuma oon, rises to 22,200lfeet, 800 ms. NW. of Calcutta, Kunachir. — See Jeao. Kur, ancient Cyrus, river of Persia, which ri ses in Mount Caucasus, and, passing by Tefflis, falls into the Caspian sea. It is formed by two large branches, the Aras and Kur proper. The Aras and Kur are each about 400 ms, in compar. ative length, and unite 70 or 80 ms. from their influx into the Caspian. The Kur is completely a mountain stream, with a basin of 350 by 300 ms., and area 70,000 sq. ms., between N. lal. 37 and 43°. Kurab, town of Asia, in Persia, 3 ms. from the Caspian sea. Lon. 50 15 E., lat. 37 36 N Kurchee, town of Asia, in Bokhara, about 100 ms. SE. from the capilal. It is a straggling town a mile long, and has 10,000 inhabitants, situated on a fertile oasis, abounding in grain and fruit. Il is, next to Bokhara, the largest town in the king dom. Kurgan, river of Asia, which rises in the prov ince of Korasan, and falls inlo the Caspian sea. Kurds. — See Asia, p. 81 and 83. Kuriles, chain of islands, extending from lat. 45 to 51° N., running from the southern promon tory of Kamtschatka to Japan, in a SW. direction. The inhabitants of the neighborhood of Lopatka, •who were themselves called Kuriles, gave these islands the same name, as soon as they became acquainted wilh them. Spanbug says they are 33 in number, exclusive of the very small ones. Kursk, government of the Russian empire, for merly part of that of Bielgorod. Its capilal, of the same name, is seated on the Tukor, which falls inlo the Seine or Sem. Kusma Damianski, town of the Russian em pire, in Tartary, 32 ms. NE. of Vasigolorod from the river Volga. Lon. 51 30 E., lat. 56 2 N. Kusiatan, province of Persia, bounded on the N. and E. by Irac-Agemi, on the S. by Farsistan, and on the W. by Itac-Arabia. Sasler is the capilal. Kutchuk Minder.— See Meinder. 466 Kutienburg, town of Bohemia, seated near a mountain, remarkable for its silver mines, 35 ms. SB. of Prague. Lon. 15 37 E., lat. 49 56 N. Kuttore, country of Asia, which contains a great number of towns and villages, and is exceedingly populous. Its principal towns are Tonkul and Jqurkul ; those being the residence of its rulers. It abounds in fruits, such as grapes, apples, plums, &c. It likewise yields rice, wheal, and other grain. Kuynder, fortress of the kingdom of the Nether lands, 23 ms. S. of Lewarden. Lon. 6 24 E., lat. 52 50 N, Kylburg, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on theKyll, 16 ms. NW. of Treves, Lon. 6 37 E., lat. 50 1 N. Kyneton, town of Eng., in Herefordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth. It is 15 ms. NW. of Hereford, and 149 WNW. of London. Lon. 2 60 W., lat. 52 12 N. Village of Eng., in Somersetshire, NE. of Somerton. It is naturally paved, for half a mile, with one smooth rock, which looks like ice. L. Laa, Laab, or Lahab, town of Austria, seated on the Teya, 27 ms. NW. of Vienna. Lon. 16 9 E., lat. 48 48 N. Labadia, strong town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, subject to the Venetians, It is seated on the Adige, 20 ms. NW. of Ferrara. Lon. 11 54 B., lat, 45 39 N. Labor's, post office, Pikeij^., Pa. Labia, town of Turkey in^urope, in Servia, 62 ms. SW. of Nissa. | Labiau, town of WesternlPrussia, at the mouth ofthe Deime, near the CurischhalT, with a strong castle, 30 ms. NE. of Koningsberg. Lon. 21 40 E., lat. 64 57 N. Labourd, late territory of Fr., part of that of Basques. It abounds in fruils, and the inhabitants are said to be the first that went to fish for whales. It is now included in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Laeihinth, from Gr., laburinthoa, place buill wilh innumerable rooms, alleys, and doors, with much winding, and when in, very difficult of issue. Lacau Sable. — See Lake Sable. Laccadivea, an archipelago of small islands, lying SW. of the Malabar coast. Lac Dea Deux Montagnea, seigniory, York co., L. C, on the left bank of Ottowa river, 26 ms. W. from Montreal. Lachawahanock mountain is a continuation of the Shawnese range of Wyoming mounlains. This, near the Susquehannah river, is very high and steep, but becomes lower as it extends northeast wardly. It terminates in Susquehannah co,, where it is called the Moose Mountain, and a part of it Mount Ararat. Valley, extends from the mouth of Lachawahanock creek, up the same, about 30 ms. The soil is of second quality, the land un even, forraing no level plain of any considerable extent. This, next lo Wyoming valley, is the most populous in Luzerne co. Lachenaye, seigniory, Leinsler co., L. C, on the St. John channel, 13 ms. N. from Montreal. Lachevrofere, seigniory, Hampshire co., L. C, LAF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAI on the left bank of St, Lawrence river, 38 ms. W. from Quebec. Lachine, village of Montreal island, 7 ms. above tho city of Montreol, L. C. From the interposi tion of the rapids of St. Louis, Lachine is the up per port of Montreal. .\ navigable canal, how ever, now unites the two ports above and below that city. Lackawaxen, river of Pa., a branch of Delaware, in Pike co. Tp., Pike co,. Pa., on the waters of Delaware river and Lackawaxen creek, 60 ms. N. from Easton, Lac Metasiediach, seigniory, Cornwallis county. Lower Canada. Lac Metis, seigniory, Cornwallis co,, L. C. Laconia, now Maina, or Mistra, the southeast ern part of the Morea, in Greece. The Mainotes, or present inhabitants, are a barbarous, rude, and sanguinary race, though brave, hardy, and inde pendent. They are a Sclavonic colony, and not the descendants of the ancieni Lacedemonians, ac cording to Chateaubriand. — See Maina. Laconia, village, Harrison co., Ia., 120 ms. S. from Indianapolis. Lacdbthal, appertaining to a lake. This term has been recently much used in geological works. La Dantre, seigniory, Warwick co., L. C, on the left bank of St. Lawrence river, a short dis tance above the moulh of Richelieu river. Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe. It lies be tween the Gulf of Finland and Lake Onega, re ceiving, by the river Svir, the discharge of the Onega, and is itself discharged, by the river Neva, into the Gulf of Finland. At the town of Kos- cholm. Lake Ladoga receives the united waters of the intricate rivers and lakes of Carelia ; and at Nova Ladoga, near its southern extremity, enters the Volkof, a fine river flowing from Kinen. The Ladoga is united to the waters of the Volga by a canal, between the sources of the Mista, falling inlo Lake Ilmen and the Tver, entering the Volga at Mologda. Ladoga, New, town of Russia, on Lake Ladoga, at the raouth of the Volkof river, 56 ms. E. from St. Petersburg. Ladogna, or Lacedogna, town of Naples, in Capilanata, with a bishop's see, 60 ms. E. of Na ples. Lon. 15 46 E,, lat. 41 1 N. Ladrone, or Marianne, islands of the N. Pacific ocean. They are 1 1 in number, exclusive of the small islels and rocks, and lie in about 140° E. Ion., and between 11 and 28° N. lat. They were discovered by Magellan, in 1521. Beside the other fruils natural to the soil and climate, here is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names of the principal islands are Saypan, Tinian, Guam, and Rota. Lady Washington, post office, Montgomery CO., Pa.. La Fargeville, village, JeflTerson co.. N. Y., by post road 174 ms. NW. from Albany. Lafayette, Madison co., 0., village formerly called Lawrenceville, on the national road, 21^ ms. westward of Columbus, and 5 ms. NE. of Lon don, the CO. seat. Parish, La. Pop. in 1840, W841. Vermillion is the capital. Lafayette, cos. — See the general census summa ries in the articles on the respective States, where cos. of this name occur. Lafourche, river of Lo,, one of tho mouths o the Mississippi river. It leaves the main stream a and above Donaldsonville, by a mouth of about 80 yards. Though receiving no tributary waters by ils banks, in all its length the Lafourche gradually increases in width and depth, and, flawing SE. by S, about 90 ms., falls inlo the Gulf of Mexico be tween the island of Timballiet and the Saut or Jump passage. Vessels drawing 9 feet water can enter this river, and ascend to the settlements 40 ms. inland. Lafourche Interior, parish of Iiouisiana, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico S., Atchafalaya bay and St. Mary's parish W., parish of Assumption NW., St. Charles and St. Bernard NE., and Orleans E. Length 60 ms., breadth 60 ; area about 3,000 sq. ms. Surface a uniform level. Soil only arable near the watercourses, as the other parts are liable to submersion annually. Staples, cotton and sugar. Pop. in 1820, 3,755; in 1840, 7,303. Central lal. 29 30 N., lon. W. C. 13 40 W. Lafourche, town of. — See Donaldsonville. Lagny, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, with a famous Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Marne, 15 ms. E. of Paris. Lon. 2 46 E,, Iat. 48 50 N. Lagoon, one of the new discovered islands in the S. Sea, inhabited by a race of Indians of a copper color. This island was discovered by Captain Cook. Lon. 139 28 W., lat. 18 47 S. Lagos, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with a castle. Here fleets bound to the Straits usually take in fresh water. It is 120 ms. SE. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 33 W., lat 37 2 N. Laguna, capital of Teneriffe, principal of the Canary islands. It is elevated about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and situated on a ro mantic hill or mountain near the sea ; is one of the most attractive places perhaps in the world. Lon. 16 20 W., Iat. 28 28 N. Lahn, river of Germany, 'which rises in Hesse Cassel, and falls into the Rhine above Coblentz. Lahoom, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Holland, seated near the Baltic, 50 ms. N. of Co penhagen. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 56 31 N. Lahore, province of Hindoostan Proper, bound ed on the W. by Candahar, on the N. by Cash mere, on the E. by Sirinagur and Delhi, and on the S. by Moultan. It is often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. It is very extensive, and remarkably fertile, affording, in addition to all the necessaries of life, wine, sugar, and cotton wool. In the tract between the Indus and ithe Chelum are salt mines, wonderfully productive, and afibrding fragments of rock salt hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. — See Panjab, Lahore, city, capilal of a province of the same name, in Hindoostan Proper. It is a place of high antiquity, and was one of the most considerable cities in the Mogul dominions. Lahore is now the capilal of the Seiks, whose name was hardly known till the rapid decline of the Mogul empire, in the present century. Here they have manufactures of cotton cloths and stufls of all kinds, and of very curious carpets. It is 210 ms. S. of Cashmere, and 290 NW. of Delhi. Lon, 73 45 E., lat. 31 15 N. Laino, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, 467 LAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAN near a river of the same name. Lon. 16 11 E lat. 40 4 N. Lairdsmlle, village, Oneida co., N. Y., 108 ms. NW. by W. from Albany, and 12 ms. from Utica, Lai'fcheou-fou, city of China, in the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient harbor on the Yel low sea, containing two cities of the first, and five of the thiid class. Lake, town in the N. part of Stark co., Ohio. SW. Ip,, Wayne co,, Ohio Tp., Logan CO., Ohio Tp. aud town. Stark co., Ohio, about 130 ms. NE. from Columbus. Lake Landing, post office, Hyde co,,, N. C., by post road 213 ms. a liltle S. of E. from Ra leigh. Lake Maskinonge, seigniory, St. Maurice, co., L. C, on St. Lawrence, above Maskinonge liver. Lake of the Woods, lake between Lake Superi or and Lake Winnipic, discharging by Winnipic river into the lake of the same name. Lake Pleasant, tp., Hamilton co., N. Y. Laia, Turkish, signifying tutor. It is a title of honor, bestowed by the sultan on his vizier and other high officers. Laland, small island of Denmark, in the Baltic, lying S. of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is fertile in corn, with which it supplies Copenhagen. Naxkow is the capital. Lama, priests of Thibet, whose Pontif Dalai Lama resides at Lassa. •• Lambale, town of France, in the department of the N. coast, and late province of Bretagne. It is the chief town of the late duchy of Penthievre. Lambale has a good trade in cattle, linens, and parchment, and is 37 ms. N W. of Rennes. Lon. 2 31 W., lat.48 27 N. Lambertaville, village on the Delaware river, opposite New Hope, Penn., 16 ms. NW. from Trenton. Lambese, town of France, in tho department of the mouths of the Rhone and the province of Pro vence, 9 ms. N. of Aix. Lon. 5 31 E., lal. 43 40 N. Lambeth, village of Eng., in Surry, on the Thames, opposite Westminster. By the vast in crease of buildings, Lambeth is now joined lo the metropolis, in a direction lo each of the three bridges. Here is a manufacture of artificial stone, which answers every purpose of slone carving, and extends not only to statues from the finest models, but to every kind of architectural ornaments. Lamborn, town of Eng., in Berks, on a river of the same name, which falls into the Kennet below Newbury. It is 7 ms. N. by W. of Hungerford, and 68 W. of London. Lon. 1 26 W., lat. 51 SON. Lambro Vouni, mountain of Greece, in Attica. Sea Trelo Vouni, Lambro Vouni extends from Trelo Vouni, in broken ridges, to Cape Coloni, ancient Sunium. Lamego, town of Portugal, in Beira, with a bishop's see and a strong citadel, containing two ohorcbes, a hospital, and four convents. It is 50 ms. SE. of Bragrf, and 150 N. of Lisbon. Lon. 7 30 W., lat. 41 13 N. Lamntermuir, mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the co. of Berwick from that of Had dington for above 20 ms. These mountains are, in general, very black and barren, affording but 468 ^scanty pasture for the sheep that feed on them. Spoutra Hill is the most elevated of this ridge. Lamo, island of Africa, on the coast of Melinda, between the island of Pate and Cape Formosa. Lamoille, river of Vt., which rises in Caledonia CO., and runs in various meanders nearly a W. course through the country, till it falls into Lake Charaplain near Milton, and opposite the S. point of South Hero. Lampedosa, desert island on the coast of Tunis, 13 ms. in circumference. It is 50 ms. from Tunis and 1 13 from Malta, and has a good harbor, where ships waler. Lon. 11° E., lat. 36 10 N. Lampeter, tp. and post office, Lancaster co,. Pa., on Mill creek, 5 ms. E; from Lancaster. Lamprey, river and post office, Rockingham CO., N. H. Jjamprey river falls into Great bay. The post office is 37 ms. SE. from Concord. Lampsaco, ancient town of Natolia. It Is the ancient Lampsacus, and, according to Hobhouse, although containing only 200 houses, it would still be a present worthy of a king. Its vicinity is one fine vineyard, enclosed by hedges of pomegran ate trees. It is situaled on the Asiatic shore, about 8 ms. S. from Gallipoli, in Europe. Lon. 27 20 E., lat. 40 12 N. Lamspringe, town of Lower Saxony, situated at the source of a river called Laine. Lanark, borough of Scolland, and the co. town of Lanarkshire. Since the introduction of the cotton manufacture many new houses have been built. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Clyde, 33 ms. SE. of Glasgow, and 30 SW. of of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 43 W^ lat. 55 42 N. Lanarkshire, co. of Scotland, 48 ms. long and 38 broad, bounded on the N. by Dunbartonshire,^ E. by the COS. of Sterling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and Peebles, S. by Dumfriesshire, and W. by the shires of Ayr and Renfrew. It is divided into 41 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in 1801 was 146,689; in 1811, 191,753; and in 1821, 234,387. It sends one member to Parliament. The river Clyde runs through the whole extent of the CO., dividing it into two nearly equal parts — the southern part a raountainous district, generally called Clydesdale. It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. Lancashire, co, of Eng., bounded on the N. by Cumberland and Westmoreland, E. by Yorkshire, S. by Cheshire, and Wr by the Irish sea. It is 74 ms. from N. to S,, (including a detached hundred on the NW., called Furness, which is separated from the rest by a creek at the head of Morecambe bay,) and its greatest breadth is 44 ms. It con tains 1,150,000 acres, is divided into 6 hundreds and 63 parishes, has 27 market lowns, and sends 14 members to Parliament. The number of in habilanls in 1801 was 672,781; in 1811, 828,- 309 ; and in 1831, 1,053,859. It is a country palatine, undei the litle of the duchy of Lancaster, the only duchy of England (that of Cornwall ex cepted) which is not merely titular. Lancashire is little adapted for a corn country, but is singu larly fitted for the growth of potatoes. Among its products is a species of coal, called cannel, far ex ceeding all other, not only in making a clear fire, but for being capable of being manufactured inlo candlesticks, cups, standishes, snuff boxes, &c. As a commercial and manufacturing co., it is au- LAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAN- perior to any other in the kingdom. Its principal manufactures are linen, silk, and cotton goods, fustians and counterpanes, shalloons, baize, serges, tapes, hats, canvass, sacking, pins, iron goods, plate glass, &c. Of the commerce of the co., it moy suffice to observe, that Liverpool is the second port in the kingdom. The principal rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern, Wyre, Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and Ken; and it has two considerable lakes, Winandermere and Conistonmere. It has also numerous canals, and the honor of exhibiting the first regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by the duke of Bridge waler in 1758. Lancaster, borough of Eng., and the capilal of Lancashire, on the Loyne, or Lune, whioh forms a port for vessels of moderate burden, and over it are two stone bridges, .\long the river side is a fine quay, also yards for ship building, and a ca nal, frora Kendal, winds around the E. part of the town, which is carried over the river by an aque duct of 5 arches, each of 70 feet span. It is 68 ms. S. of Carlisle, and 335 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 56 W.j iat. 64 3 N. Lancaster, tp. in the co. of Glengary, U. C, on the river St. Lawrence, and the lowest in the pro vinces adjoining to L. C. Town and seatof jusiice, Coos CO., N. H., on Connecticut river, opposite Guildhall, in Vermont, 40 ras. above Dartmouth college, and 1 17 N. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 844. Lat. 44 28 N., Ion. 5 28 E, Town in Worcester co.. Mass,, 35 ms. NW. of Boston, and 17 NE. of Worcester. Pop, 1810, 1,094; in 1820, 1,862. Lancaster, co. of Pa., bounded by Cecil co., Md., S., by the Susquehannah river SW., Dau phin and Lebanon cos. NW., Berks NE., and Chester E. Length 33 ms., width 28, area 928. Lancaster is a very diversified co. in respect both to soil and surface. Several ranges of hills approach ing tbe elevation, and rugged aspect of mountains, intersect it from SW. to NE. The creeks flow ing generally SW. meander through the whole ex tent, and, particularly the Conestoga, have margins of excellent soil. The staple productions are grain, flour, fruit, whiskey, peach and apple bran dy, &c. Chief town, Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 68,336; and in 1840, 84,203. Cenlrai lat, —See Lancaster city. Lancaster, city of Pa., on the great road from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, 62 ms. from the for mer, and 36 from the latler. Lon. W. C. 0 40 E., lat. 40 3 N. It is laid out in streets intersect ing each other at right angles. The site is wav ing about a mile W. from Conestoga creek. The Pa. railroad passes through this city ; distant 1 1 1 ms. from W. C., 37 from Harrisburg, and 61 W. of Philadelphia. The adjacent country is very pleas ant and well cultivated. This city contains a co. court house, jail, a number of places of public worship, ami schools. The bulk ofthe inhabitants are eilher Germans or the descendants of that peo ple. The trade, commerce, and manufactures of Lancaster, are flourishing. Pop. in 1810, 5,405 ; in 1820, 6,633 ; and in 1840, 8,417. Lancaster, co., Va,, bounded by Chesapeake bay SE., by the Rappahannock river S. and SW., Richmond NW., and Northumberiand NE. Length 23 ms,, width 10, area about 230 sq. ms. At the court house is a postoffice. Pop. 1820, 5,517; and in 1840, 4,628. Central lat. 37 41 N,, lon. W. C. 32' E, District of S. C, bounded by N. C. N., Wateree tiver W., Ker shaw SE., and Chesterfield E. Length 23 ms.,- width 20, area 460 sq. nis. Chieflown, Lancas ter Court House. Pop. 1820, 8,716; and in 1840, 9,907. Cenlrai lat.— See Lancaster Court House. Court house and post office, Lancasler district, S. C, 66 ms. NNE. from Columbia. Lat. 34 40 N,, lon. W. C. 3 43 W. Lancaster, flourishing village and seal of justice for Fairfield co., Ohio. It is handsomely situated near the centre of the co., in Hocking tp., near the source of Hockhocking river, on the road lead ing from Zanesville to Chillicothe. It is situated 38 ms. SE. from Columbus, 36 SW. from Zanes ville, and 34 NE. from Chillicothe. Lon. W. C. 5 35 W., lat. 39 46 N. Pop. 1840, 3,272. Lancaster, town, Garrard co., Ky., near Dick's river, about 30 ras. S. frora Lexington. Village, Smith CO., Tenn., 38 ms. NNE. from Murfrees borough. Lancaster's Sound. — See Sir James Lancaster's Sound. Lancerota, one of the Canary Isles. It is very high, apd may be discovered at a great distance. The goats and sheep are pretty plenty, and the valleys produce a little wheat and corn. It is about 15 ms. long and 10 broad. Lon, 13 26 W., Iat. 29 14 N. Lanciano, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Cite riore, wilh an archbishop's see. It is seated on the Fellrino, 87 ms. NE. of Naples. Lon. 14 50 E., lat. 43 18 N. Landaff, small place of Wales, in Glamorgan shire, bul honored with the appellation of a city, on account of its being an episcopal see. It is seated on an ascent on the river Taafe, near Car diff; but the cathedral, a large stately building, stands on low ground. It is 30 ms. N W. of Bris tol, and 166 W. of London. Lon, 3 10 W., lat. 51 34 N. Tp., Grafton co., N. H., on the E. side of Connecticut river, between Bath and Hav erhill. Pop. 700. Lqndaw, strong town of Germany, in the pa latinate of the Rhine. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded to the French in 1648. It is seated on the Queich, 9 ms. S. of Newstadt, and 270 E. of Paris. Lon. 8 12 E,, lat. 49 12 N. Landen, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, on the Becke, 17 ms. NW. of Hoy, and 18 NE. of Namur. Lon, 5 5 E., lat. 62 41 N.— See Neerwinden. Landernau, lown of France, in the department of Finisterre, and late province of Bretagne, seated on the Elhoro, 16 ms. NE. of Brest. Lon. 4 20 W., lat. 48 28 N. Lande, Fr., raeans a large extent of barrens, producing only heath, bramble, briars, stunted timber, &c,, from which comes the name at the head of tho next article. Landes, dep. ofFr., including the late territory of Marsan, on the bay of Biscay! It is a barren, sandy country, covered with fern, pines, and the ' holm tree, of the bark of which corks are made. Monte-de-Marsan is the capital of this department, and Dox the episcopal see. Lakdgbaye, from the German land and graaf, 469 LAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAN a judge. Originally the landgraves were judges, named by the emperors to administer justice in the interior, whilst the margraves, or more cor rectly markgravea, exercised similar functions on the frontiers. Insensibly, the landgraves became hereditary, and finally sovereign princes ; the title is now more particularly applied to the landgraves of Hesse. Landgrave, tp., Bennington co., Vl., about 36 ms, NE. from Bennington. Landguard, or Pointe aux Pina, N. side of Lake Erie, is in Iat. about 42 7 15 N., Ion. W C. 3 20 W ; variation 2 48 westerly. This point is about 20 ms. E. of the S. Foreland, and bears the only pine timber on this coast. Eandisburg, village. Perry co.. Pa., on a small branch of Shareman's creek, 30 ms. NW. from Harrisburg, and 18 NNW. from Carlisle. Land offices of the Uniled States, arranged in alphabetical order : Augusta, Perry co., Mississippi. Batesville, Independence co., Arkansas. Cahaba, Dallas co., Alabaraa. Chicago, Cook co., Illinois. Chilicothe, Ross co,, Ohio. Clinton,Columbus, Lowndes co,, Mississippi. Crawfordsville. Montgomery, co., Indiana. Danville, Vermilion co., Illinois. Demopolis, Marengo co., Alabama. Detroit, Wayne co., Michigan. Dixon, Lee co., Illinois. Dubuque, Dubuque CO., Iowa. Edwardsville, Madison CO., Illinois. Fairfield, Jefferson co,, Iowa. Fayette, Howard CO., Missouri. Fayetteville, Washington co., Arkansas. Fort Wayne, Allen CO., Indiana. Genessee, Genessee co., Michigan. Green Bay, Brown co., Wisconsin. Greensburg, Louisiana. Granada, Yalabusha en,, Mississippi. Helena, Philips co., Arkansas. Huntsville, Madison CO., Alabama. Indianapolis, Marion co., Indiana. Jackson, Cape Girardeau co., Missouri. Jackson, Hinds co., Mississippi. Jeffersonville, Clark co., Indiana. Johnson, Marion co., Arkanks. Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Kaskaskia, Randolph co., Illinois. Lebanon, De Kalb co., Alabama. Little Rock, Pulaski co., Arkansas. Milwaukee, Milwaukee co., Wisconsin. Mineral Point, Iowa co., Wisconsin. Montgomery, Montgomery co., Alabama. Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Newmansville, Alachua co., Florida. New Orleans, Louisiana, Opelousas, St. Landre, Louisiana. Ouachita, Ouachita, Louisiana. • Palestine, Crawford co., Illinois. Palmyra, Marion co., Missouri. Plattsburg, Clinton co., Missouri. Quincy, Adams co., Illinois. Saint Augustine, St. John's co., Florida. St. Louis, St. Louis co., Missouri. St. Stephens, Washington co., Alabama. Shawneelown, Gallatin Co., Illinois. 470 Sparta, Conecuh co., Alabama. Springfield, Sangamon co., Illinois. Springfield, Green co., Missouri. • Tallahasseee, Leon eo., Florida. Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa co., Alabama. Upper Sandusky, Crawford co., Ohio. Vandalia, Fayette co., Illinois. Vincennes, Knox co., Indiana. Washington, Adams co., Mississippi. Washington, Macomb co., Michigan. Winemac, Pulaski co., Indiana. Landrecy, town of Fr. , in the dep. of the N., on the Sambre, 30 ms. SB, from Douay. Landaberg, town of Upper Saxony, in the marche of Brandenburg, seated on the Warta, 32 ms. NE. of Frankfort on the Oder. Lon. 15 10 E., lat. 52 60 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, near the river Leech, 23 ms. S. of Augsburg. Landschut, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Schweidnilz. It is seated on the Zelder, which falls into the Bauber, and is 12 ms. W. of Schweidnilz. Town of Lower Bavaria, wilh a strong castle on an adjacent hill. It is seated on the Iser, 35 ms. NE. of Munich. Since 1800 this town has been the seat of the university of Louis Maximillian, formerly the university of In golstadt. Lon. 12 10 E., lat. 48 30 N. Town of Moravia, seated on the Morava, on the con fines of Hungary and Austria. Landscroon, fort of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seated on an eminence, 3 ms. N. of Basil. Lon. 7 32 E., lat. 47 36 N.' Landscroon, or Landscrona, seaport of Swe den, in the province of Gothland, and territory of Schonen, seated on the Baltic, within the sound, 22 ms. N. of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 52 E., lat. 55 52 N. Land's End, the most westerly point of Great Britain, and a vast aggregate of moorstone. Lon. 5 40 W., Iat. 50 6 N. Landsford, village, Chester district, S. C, by post road 92 ms. N. from Columbia. Landwehr, from two German words, meaning land and war ; literally, land-guard, or militia. The term is particularly applied to the militia of Austria and Prussia. Lanesborough, town, Berkshire co., Mass. It is situated in the NW. part of the State, joining to New York. Laneaburg, town of Ireland, in the co. of Long ford, and province of Leinsler, situaled on the banks of the Shannon, 62 ms. from Dublin. Lon. 8 6 W., lat. 63 40 N. Lanesville, village, Susquehannah co., Pa. Langdon, town, Cheshire co., N. H., on Con necticut river, 40 ms. W. from Concord. Langeac, small town of France, in the dep. of Cantal, and late province of Auvergne, sealed near the Allier, among the mountains, 36 ms. S. of Clermont. Lon. 3 35 E., lal. 45 5 N. Langeaia, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, seated on the Loire, 12 ms. W. of Tours. Lon, 31' E,, lat. 47 26 N. Langeland, island of Denmark, in the strait called the Great Belt. It is 33 ms. long, but scarcely 6 ms. in breadth. It produces plenty of LAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAP corn. The principal town is Rutcoping. Lon, 11° E., lat. 55 4 N. Lanjan, or Laching, the capital of the king dom of Laos, in the further India, 371 ms. N. of Siam. Lon. 101 51 E., lat. 21 10 N, Langon, town of France, in the department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. Il is noted for excellent wine, and seated on the Ga ronne, 15 ms. N. of Bazas. Lon. 10' W., lat. 44 38 N. Langport, town of Eng., in Somersetshire. It is seated on a hill, by the river Parrel, which is navigable for barges to Bridgewater. It is 10 ms. SE. of Bridgewaler, and 128° W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 3° W., lat. 51° N. Langres, ancient town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Marne, and lale province of Champagne, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mounlain, near the sources of the Marne, and its cutlery wares are in high esteem, Thiji town is thought to stand the highest of any in France ; and the prospect from the towers of the principal church is beautiful beyond conception. It is 35 ms. NE, ef Dijon, and 100 S. by E. of Rheims. Lon. 5 24 E., lat. 47 52 N. Langstone, village of Eng , in Hampshire, fa raous for its harbor, which is capacious enough to contain the whole navy of Eng. ; but on account of a bar there is no entrance for large ships at low water. Languedoc, late province of France, bounded Laon, town ofFr,, in the department of Aisne, and late province of Soissonnois, with a castle, and lately a bishop's see. It principal trade consists in corn and wine. It is advantageously seated on a mountain, 77 ms. NE. of Paris. Lon. 3 43 E., lat. 49 34 N. Laos, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. by China, on the E. by Tonquin and Cochin China, on the S, by Cambodia, and on the W. by Bur mah. This country is full of forests, and abounds in rice, fruits, and fish. Lanciones is the capital. — See Shyam and Siam. La Petite Nation, York co., L, C, on the Ol towa rivor, about 70>ms. W. from Montreal. Lapland, or the extreme northern part of Eu rope. It is divided into Russian and Swedish Lapland. Russian Lapland extends E. from Tornea and Tana river to the White sea, under the name of the circle of Kola. Swedish Lapland embraces the residue, includ ing the extreme Norlh Cape.of Europe, and is sub divided into Tornea-Lapmark, Lulea-Lapmark, Pi- thea-Lapmark, Umea-Lapmark, Jamptland-Lap- raark, Assele-Lapmark, and Finmark. The whole of Lapland streiches over 150,000 sq. ms,, of which Sweden possesses about 80,000, wilh 33,000 inhabitants, and Russia 70,000 sq. miles and 37,000 inhabitants. Lapland may be termed a huge congeries of frightful rocks and stu pendous mountains, interspersed, however, with on the N. by Querci, Rouergue, Auvergne, and many pleasant valleys, watered by an infinite num- Lyonnois, on the E. hy Dauphiny and Provence, on the W. by Gascony, and on the S. by the Mediterranean and Rousillon. The clergy and in habitants were more rich, numerous, and more bigoted than in any other place in France. It now forms the departments of .\ude, Gard, Upper Garonne, and Herault. Lanier, Tp., Preble co,, Ohio. Lanion, town of France, in the department of the North Coast, and late province of Brelagne. Its trade consists in wine and hemp ; and it has some mineral waters. The inhabitants of Lanion, Guingamp, and the environs, speak the Welsh language, which was probably brought here by the Britons who took refuge in these parts in the fifth century. Lanion is 16 ms. W. of Treguier. Lannoy town of France, in the department of the Norlh, and late province of French Flanders, 6 ms, SE. of Lisle. La Noraye, seigniory, Warnick counly. Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence river, 40 miles below Montreal. Lanadown Township, in the co. of Leeds, U. C, is the lllh tp. in ascending the river St. Lawrence. Lansingburg, town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., situated on the E. side of Hudson river, near its junction with the Mohawk river, about 4 ms. above Troy, and 9 above Albany. A fine bridge over Hudson river unites Lansingburg and Water ford. Sloops of small draugjit ascend thus high. Pop. in 1830, 3,035; and^in 1840, 3,330. Lanaing, tp., Tompkins co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 3,631. Lanzo, town of Piedmont, on the river Sture, 12 ms. NW. of Turin. Lon. 7. 28 E., lat. 45 9N. ber of rivulets that run into the rivers and lakes, which discharge themselves into the gulf of Both nia. The names of the principal lakes in Lapland are the Great Uma, the Great Windel, the Orea- van, the Stor-avan, the Great Lula, the lakes of Karlom, Kali, Torno, Enara, and Limi. Some of these extend 60 leagues in length, and contain a great number of islands; Storavan is said lo con tain 365 ; and Enora contains an archipelago of islands so large that no Laplander has lived long enough to visit each particular island. The natives believe this couniry to he the terrestrial paradise ; and, indeed, nothing could he more enchanting than such vast prospects of mountains, hills, for ests, lakes, rivers, &c., if the country was in a moderate climale ; though even here, in summer, the roses are seen blowing wild on the banks of lakes and rivers, wilh all the beautiful glow of color which appears in those cultivated in our gardens. But all the intervals between the mountains are not engrossed by these agreeable prospects ; great part of the flat country is covered with brown dusky forests of fir and pine trees, and these are often skirted by wide extended morasses, the stag nating waters of which in summer produce myri ads of mischievous insects, that are more intolei^ able than even the cold of winter. The cold in this country is very intense during the winter, freezing even brandy and the watery part of spirit of wine, if the latler is not highly rectified ; all the lakes and rivers are frozen to a prodigious thick ness, and the whole face of the country covered with snow. The heat of summer is almost as in tolerable as the cold of winter. At the northern extremity of the country the son never sets for three months in summer, and in winter there is an uninterrupted night of the same duration ; but this 471 LAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAU is qualified in such a manner by a constant revolu tion of dawn and twilight, by a serene sky, moon light, and aurora borealis, reflected from the white surface of the earth covered with snow, that the in habitants are enabled to hunt, fish, and proceed with their ordinary occupations. The country abounds wilh excellent springs ; and is remarkable for some surprising cataracts, in which the water rumbles over frightful precipices, and dashes among rocks with amazing impetuosity and noise. Its soil is generally so chilled and barren that it produces litlle or no grain or fruit trees of any kind. This sterilily, however, is not so much owing to the soil, which is in mony places of a rich mould, as to want of industry and the rigor of the climate. It ought to be remarked, that Lapland derives much of its harsh character from being compared to the more southern and temperate parts of Eu rope. In itself, il ¦ is incomparably the warmest part of the earlh so far advanced towards the pole. Even extreme northern Lapland as high as 72° bears large limber trees — a fact existing no where else on earth within the northern polar circle. In stature, appearance, and manners, the Lap landers are evidently a branch of the family so ex tensive within and contiguous to the arctic re gions. The Samoieds, Laplanders, Greenlanders, and Esquimaux, are the great divisions of this race. Lar, town ot,Persia, in the province of Laris- ton, with a castle. It carries on a great trade in silk, oranges, lemons, and tamarinds. Lon. 53 46 E., lat. 37 30 N. Laracha, ancient and strong town in the king dom of Fez, seated al the mouth of a tiver of the same name, with a good harbor. Lon. 6 69 W., lat. 36 40 N. Laredo, seaport of Spain, on the bay of Biscay, wilh a large safe harbor. It is 30 ms. W. of Bil boa. Lon. 3 53 W., lat, 43 33 N. Largentiere, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Ardeche, and late province of Dauphiny. Largo, town of Scotland, co. of Fife, 0 ms. S. of Cupar, situated on a large bay of the same name. Largs, village on the W. coast of Scot., memo rable for the defeat of the Norwegians in their last invasion of this country wilh a fleet of 160 sail and an army of 20,000 men, under the command of Haquin, king of Norway. Larino, town of Naples, in the Molise, 60 miles NE. of Naples. Lon. 15° E.; lat. 41 48 N. Larissa, ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Janna. It carries on a large trade, and is pleasantly seated on the river Peneus, 50 ms. S. of Salonichi, and 121 N.by W. of Athens. Lon. 23 47 E,, lat. 39 48 N. Laristan, province of Persia, which lies N. of the gulf of Persia. It formerly belonged to the Guebres. Lar is the capital. Larkanu, town of Hindoostan in Sinde, situ ated to the westward of that river, and on an out let ofthe Indus, aboul 60 miles NW. of Sehwun. The great road westward into Beloochistan branches from Larkanu, and crosses the mounlains to Kelat, by the pass of Belan. Larrybundar, seaport of Hindoostan proper, at the moulh of a branch of the Indus, called Larry bundar, with a harbor capable of receiving ships of 200 tons burden. Lon. 67 37 E,, lat. 24 44 N. Larta, — See Arta, 472 Larvigen, or Laurvigen, seaport town of Nor way, capital of a district of the same name. Its iron works are among the most valuable in Norway. La Salle, seigniory, Huntingdon co,, L. C, 15 ms, S. from Montreal. i Las Chiapas, formerly a province, now a Slale of Mexico. It is an interior country, bounded by Guatemala SW., Tabasco NW. and N., Yucatan E., and Vera Paz SE. As laid down on Tanner's map, Las Chiapas is a triangle, each side about 175 miles; area 13,000 eq. ms. On the same map the populalion is staled al 93,750. The rivers Suma sinta and Tabasco rise in and traverse Chiapa, the interior of which is very imperfectly known ; bounded by mountains on the SW., and, decHn- ing towards the gulf of Mexico, this country, ex tending from lat. 15° to 17 30 N,, must have a considerable variety of climate and vegetable pro duction. No mines of consequence have been dis covered. Chief city, Chiapa Real. Lassa, or Lahassa, cily, the capilal of Great Thibet. It is nol large, bul the houses are of stone, spacious ahd lofty. Seven miles on the E. side of the cily is the mountain of Palula, on the summit of which is the palace of the great Lama, the high priest and sovereign of Thibet. Lassa is 850 ms. N. byE, of Calcutta. Lon. 91 40 E., lat. 30 34 N, Laaselsville, post office, Montgomery county, N. Y., 10 ms. W. from Johnstown. Latacunga, town of Peru. Lon. W. C, 1 16 W., lat, 55' S. Latakia, formerly Laudicea, an ancient and (Considerable town of Syria, wilh a harbor. Il is become the most flourishing place on the coast, and carries on a considerable trade ; it is 75 miles SW. of .\Ieppo, and 345 N. of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 30 E,, lat,, 35 40 N. Latessarie, fief, Hampshire co,, L. C, on St, Lawrence river, 40 ms. above Quebec. Latimore, NE. tp., Adams counly. Pa., on the waters of Bermudian creek, IS miles NNE. from Gettysburg. Lation, village of Eng., in Essex, between Ep ping and Harlow. Laval, considerable town of Fr., in the dep, of Maine. The inhabitants are computed at 24,000. Linen of all kinds and quahties is manufactured here; and the neighboring quarries produce green marble, or black, veined wilh white. Il is seated on the Maine, 15 miles S. of the town of that name, and 40 W. of Mans. Lon. 42° W,, lat. 48 7 Norlh. Lavamund, or Lavant Minde, town of Carin thia, in .\ustria. It is sealed at the conflux of the Drave and Lavamund, 40 miles E. of Clagenfurt, Lon. 15 18 E., lal. 46 44 N. Lavaur, town of Fr., now in the dep. of Tarn, and late province of Languedoc, on the Agout, 20 ms. NE. of Toulouse, l^on. 1 52 E., lat. 43 40 N. Laubach, strong town, capital of Carniola, on a river of the same name, in which are the largest crawfish in Europe, 33 miles S. of Clagenfurt, and 165 S. by W. of Vienna. Lon. 14 25 E,, lat. 46 24 N. Lauchingen, town of Suabia, situated on the confines of the Black Forest. Lauda, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Wurtzburg, and 18 ms. SW. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 45 E., lat. 49 28 N. LAU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LAU Lauder, borough of Scot., in Berwickshire, wilh a castle, 23 ms. S. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3-5 W., lat. 55 36 N. Lauderdale, sm^iU district of Eng., in the co. of Merse, through which a river of the same name runs. Lauderdale, county of Ala., bounded by Ten- nesee river S. and SW., Tennessee N., and Liiqe- stone E. ; length 54 miles, mean width 12, area about 700 sq. ms. Surface hilly ; soil productive. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Florence. Pop. in 1820, 4,963; and in 1840, 14,485. Central lal. 34 50N., lon. W. C. 11° W. Lavelh, ancient town of Naples, in Basilicata, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E. by N. of Naples. Lon. 15 55 B., lat. 41 5 N. Levelt, or Lafelt, village in the bishopric of Liege, near Maestrichl. Lavenham, town of Eng., in Suffolk. It has considerable manufactures in serges, shalloons, stuffs, and fine yarn. It is seated on a branch of the Bret, 12 ms. S. by E. of St. Edmund's Bury, and 61 NE. ofLondon. Lon, 51' E., lat. 52 39 N. Lauffen, town of Germany, in the duchy of Wirlemburg, seated on the Neckar, 10 miles S. of Hailborn. . Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 49 3 N. Small town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basle, sealed near the river Birs. Lauffen, village of Switzerland in tha canion of Zurich, 3 ms. S. by W. of Schauffhousen. Here is a celebrated cataract of the Rhine ; the river precipitates itself in accumulated masses for 50 or 60 feet perpendicular, raging and foam ing wilh wonderful violence. Lauffenburg, strong town of Germany, in tho circle of Suabia, and one of the four Forest towns, wilh a ruined castle. It belongs lo the House of Austria, and is seated on a. rock on the Rhine, which divides it into two parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the beauty of the scenery. It is 17 ms. E. of Basil. Lon. 8 2 E. lat, 47 35 N. Laugerfell, mountain of Iceland, containing that extraordinary natural jet d'eau called the Grand Geyser. The Laugerfell is entirely sur rounded bya morass, which extends for a consid erable way in every direction, except towards the N., where it is not separated by an interval of more than half a mile from higher mountains. Tho N. side is perpendicular, barren, and craggy; the opposite one rises with a tolerably gradual ascent; and from this, near its base, we saw a num ber of columns of steam, mounting to various heights. The lower part of the hill was formed into a number of mounds, composed of. what ap peared to be clay, or coarse bolus, of various sizes : some of them were yellowish white, but generally of the color of red brick. Interspersed with them, here and there, were large pieces of rock, which had rolled or been washed down by the rains from the higher part of the mountain. On these mounds at irregular distances, and on all sides of me, were the apertures of boiling springs, from some of which were issuing spouts of water, from one to four feet in height; while in others the water rose no higher than the touof the basin, or gently flowed over the margint'^MS'oker's Tour in Iceland. — See article Geyser. _^ ' LaughUnton, village, Westidoreland co., Penn,, 60* on the road from Bedford to Greensburg, 23 ma. E. from the latter. Laughton, village of Eng,, in Yorkshire, on a high hill, noted for its church, whose tower onand in 1831, 174,571. Leigh, seaport of Eng,, in Essex, on a creek al the mouth of the Thames. It has a good road for shipping, and is 18 ras. SSE. of Chelmsford, and 40 E. of London. Lon. 42' E., lat 61 31 N. Townof Eng., in Lancashire, 7 ms. NNE. of Warrington, and 191 NW. ofLondon. Leighton, village, Lawrence co., Ala., by post road 260 ms. NNW. from Cahaba. Leighton-Buzzard, town of Eng., in Bedford shire, on a branch of the Ouse, 18 ms. S. of Bed ford, and 41 NW. of London. Lon. 35' W., lat 51 66 N. Leinengen, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 7 ms. S W. of Worms. Lon. 8 22 E., lal. 49 30 N. Leina, river of Germany, which, flowing through Brunswick Lunenburgh, falls into the Aller. Leinster, easiern province of Ireland, bounded by Ulster on the N,, St, George's or the Irish channel on the E. and S., and by the provinces of Connaught and Munsler on the W. The capital city of this province, and of the kingdom, is Dub lin. It contains 12 cos, viz: Cariow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's co., Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen's co., Westmeath, Wexford, and Wicklow. It is the raost level and best cultivated province in the kingdora; containing 2,642,258 Irish plantation acres, 858 parishes, 99 baronies, and 63 boroughs ; it is about 124 ms, long, and 74 broad, and extends from 51 45 to 55 46 N. lat See article Ireland, Leiphaim, town of Suabia, in the territory of Ulm. Its vicinity produces good hops, and il stands on the S. bank of the Danube, 10 ms. NE. of Ulm. Leipnic, walled town of Moravia, near the river Beczwa, U ms. ESE. of Olmutz. Leipsic, city of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a famous university, and a strong citadel, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a, considerable trade, and has 3 great fairs every year, which last a fort night each. Its principal manufactures are silk, 478 gold and silver stuffs, linen and cotton printing, leather, and paper. The number of inhabitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the houses, in general, are lofty buildings. There are 6 handsome colleges belonging to the university, beside the private col- and the exchange is a fine structure. It is seated in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 60 ms. WNW. of Dresden. Lon. 12 20 E,, lat 51 19 N. Leiria, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an emi nence. It is 80 ms. NNE. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 34 W., lat 39 48 N. Leisznic, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with manufactures of cloth, lace, stockings, &c. It is seated on the Mulda, 24 ms. ESE, of Leipsic, and 32 NW. of Dresden. Leitenberg, town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin gia, with a castle on a mountain. It is sealed on theSorbilz, 11 ms. SSE. ofSaalfeld. Leith, seaport of Scot, on the Frith of Forth, 3 ms. NNE. of Edinburgh, of which it is the port It is situate at the mouth of the river Leith, which forras the harbor, and divides the town into N. and S. Leith, which communicate by a draw bridge. The harbor is secured by o noble stone pier at the moulh of a liltle river, called the Water of Leith ; and is accommodated with an elegant drawbridge and a good quay. The commerce of Leith is very considerable; and the vessels employed in the London trade are, in general, of a large size, but theJargest ships are those employed in the Green land whale fishery. To Germany, Holland, and the Baltic, are exported lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stuffs, and a variety of other goods ; as also to the olher countries of Europe, the West Indies, and America, Ships of great size are built at this port; and here are several extensive ropewalks. There are also flourishing manufactures of bottle glass, window glass, and crystal ; a great carpet manufactory, a soap work, and some iron forges. There are three churches in Leith, and an ancient hospital for disabled seamen. Lon. 3 7 W., lat. 56° N. Leitrim, co. of Ireland, in the province of Con naught, bounded on the N. by Donegal bay, on the NE. by Fermanagh, on the E. by Cavan ; by Longford on the SE., Roscommon on the SW., and Sligo on the W. It is 42 ms. long, and 17 broad ; is a fertile country, and, though mountain ous, produces great herds of black cattle, but con tains few places of note. It contains 21 parishes; Co. town of Leitrim, in Ireland ; pleasantly situated on the river Shannon, 80 ms. from Dub lin, and appears to have been formerly a place of some note. Lon, 8 30 W., lal. 53 67 N. Leixlip, lown of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, seated on the Liffey, 8 ms. W. of Dublin. Leman, real name of the fine lake on which the city of Geneva stands. It is commonly though erroneously called, from the cily. Lake of Geneva, Lemay's Cross Roads, post office, Granville co., N. C, 26 ms. N. from Raleigh. Lempster, town, Cheshire co., N. H., 38 ms. W. from Concord. Lemburg, Austrian Poland, or Leopold, large commercial city of Poland, capital of the palatinate of Red Russia, and now of tho Austrian kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an LEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LEO eminence without the city. The square, churches, and public buildings, are magnificent. It has a Roman Catholic archbishop and an Armenian and a Greek bishop. It is seated on the Pellu, 90 ms. NW. of Kominieck, and a 160 E. of Cracow. Lon. 24 26E., lat 49 51 N. Lembro, island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Romania, 22 ms. in circumference, with a town of the same name, and a harbor. Lon. 26° E., lat 40 26 N. Lemgow, town of Westphalia, in the co. of Lippe, 17 ms. N. of Paderborn. Lon. 9° E., lat. 52 5 N. Lemington, village and tp., Essex co., Vt, on Connecticut river, 65 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Lemnos, one of the principal islands of the Archipelago, now called Stalimene. Il lies at the entrance of the Dardanelles, and has a town of the same name, which is capital of the island. It is about 26 ms. in length, and 15 in breadlh, and belongs to the Turks. The soil is pretty fertile, especially in corn and wine, and is faraous for an earth called Terra Sigiliata, formerly in greater esteem among physicians than at present. It con tains. about 75 villages, whose inhabitants are al most all Greeks, and are very industrious. Lem nos or Stalimene is but a small town, standing on the declivity of a hill, on the top of which there is a castle, near the sea. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 20 ms. SE. of Mount Athos, whose shadow covers it a little before sunset, and 55 NW. of Metelin. Lon. 25 28 E.. Iat 40 3 N. Lemon, one of the norlheastern tps. of Butler CO., O. Lempta, ancient Leptis Parva, or Liltle Lepis, town and seaport of Africa, 60 ms. S. from Tunis. Lena, large river of Siberia, which, flowing in a northerly direction, receives 10 other rivers, and falls into the Frozen ocean by several mouths The Lena rises by two great branches, one E. and the olher W. from the Baikal sea. These branch es unite at N. lat 59°, and, afler flowing ENE. upwards of 1,000 ms., receives the Aldan from the S., and abruptly turns to a northern course, which it maintains 800 ms., to ils influx into the Arctic ocean. The Lena is, after the Jenisey and Oby, the largest and longest river of Northern Asia. Ils basin lies between Iat 52 and 73° N. Lencieia, strong town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a fort, on a rock. The nobility of the province hold their diet here. It stands in a morass, on the river Blura, 37 ms. SB. of Gnesna, and 110 N. by W. of Cracow. Lon. 18 30 E., lat. 62 10 N. Lenham, lown of Eng., in Kent, seated on an eminence, 10 ms. E. of Maidstone, and 47 ESE. ofLondon. Lon. 0 45 E., lat. 51 18 N. Lennep, town of Germany, in tbe circle of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg. Lon, 6 56 E., lat 51 11 N. Lenoir, co. N. C, bounded by Jones SB., Dublin SW., Wayne W., Greene N., and Cra ven NE. Length 20, width 16 ms. ; area 320 eq. ms. Surface level ; soil tolerably productive. Chief town, Kingston ; stands on the N. bank of Neuse river, above 50 ms. by water above New. hern. Pop. in 1820, 6,800; and in 1840, 7,605, Cent lat. 35 IS, lon. W. C. 0 40 W. Lenoir's, post office, Roane co., Tenn., E. from Murfreesborough. Lenox, co., U. C, is bounded on the E. by tho CO. of Addington, on the S. and W.by the bay of Quinte, to the eastermmost boundary of the Mo hawk Village ; thence, by a line running along the westernmost boundary of the tp. of Richmond, to the depth of 12 ms., and thence running N. until it meets the NW. boundary ofthe co. -of Adding ton. Town and seat of justice, Berkshire co., Mass., half way between Pittsfield and Stock- bridge, and about 20 ms. E. of Hudson river. Besides the ordinary co. buildings and places of public worship, this town contains an academy and foundry for casting hollow iron ware. Pop. in 1840, 1,315. Lat 42 21 N,, lon. W. C. 3 53 E,— — Town of Madison co,, N. Y., on Onei da lake and Erie canal, about 28 ras. W. from Utica. Lenox Castle, town, Rockingham co,, N. C, 16 ms. E. from Germantown, and 10 SW. from Danville. Lenoxville, town and seaporl of Carteret, co,, N. C, to the N. from Beaufort, and on a small creek or bay communicating with Core sound, 3 ms. W. from Beaufort. Lens, town of Fr,, in the dep. ofthe Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois, whose fortifi cations are demolished. It is 8 ms. NE. of Ar ras, and 95 of Paris. Lentini, or Leontini, ancient town of Sicily, in the valley of Nolo. It was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1693, and is seated on a river of the same name, 17 ms. SW. of Catania, and 20 NW. of Syracuse. Lon. 14 15 E., lat 50 28 N. Lenlzen, town of Germany, in the circle of Up per Saxony. It is 74 ms. from Berlin. Lenzburg, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, sealed on a small river, 8 ms. W. from Baden. Lenzo, small river of Italy, which rises in the Appennines, and falls into ihe Po. Leogane, town and fori of the W. Indies, with a good harbor, on the W. side of St Domingo. Lon. 72 37 W., lat 18 38 N. Leominster, borough of Eng., in Herefordshire. It is famous for its fine wool, and is seated on the Lug, 25 ras. W. by N. of Worcester, and 137 WNW. of London. Lon. 2 35 W., lat 53 20 N. Town, Worcester CO., Mass., 25 ms. NW. of Concord, and 43 from Boston, nearly in the same direction. Pop. in 1820, 1,800. Leo, St., small but strong town of Ilaly, in the the duchy of Urbino, on a mounlain, near the riv er Merrechia, 8 ms. SW. of San Marino, and 15 N W. of Urbino. Lon. 12 25 E,, lat 43 55 N. Leon, fertile province of Spain, formerly a king dom, bounded on the N. by the Asturias, on the W. by Galicia and Portugal, on the S. by Estra madura, and on the B. by Old Castile. It is 125 ms. in length and 100 in breadth, and is divided into almost two eqiial parts by the river Douero. Small island belonging to Spain. It is sepa raled from the continent by a strait about 10 ms. long. The town of Cadiz is built at its NVV. ex tremity . Leon, ancient Legia, city of Spain, capital of the province of that name, built by the Romans in the time of Galba. It is an episcopal see, and has 479 LER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LES the finest cathedral in all Spain, It was formerly richer and more populous than at present, and -boasts the honor of being the capital of the first Christian kingdom in Spain. It is seated between two sources of the river Esra, 50 ms. SE. of Ov iedo, and 165 N. by W. of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 W.. lat 43 45 N. Leon, New. — See New Leon, Leon de Nicaragua, town of Central America, in Nicaragua, the residence of the Governor. It ia sealed at the foot of a mountain, which is a vol cano, at^lhe NW. extremity of the Lake Nicara gua, 30 ms. from the Pacific ocean, and 104 N W. of Niagura. Lon. 88 10 W., lat 12 25 N. Leonard le Noblet, St., ancient town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Vienne, and late territory of Limosin, with a considerable manufacture of pa per, and another of cloth for clothing the army. It is seated on the Vienne, 12 ms. NB. of Limoges, and 195 S. of Paris. Lon. 1 32 E.,, lat 45 54 N. Leonardatown, village in St. Mary's co., Md., situaled on the N. side of Poloinac river, 33 ms. SE. of Port Tobacco, and 68 S. by E. of Wash ington. Leonardaville, village, Madison oo., N. Y., 95 ras. NW. by W. from Albany. Leonhart, town of Germany, in the circle of Austria and duchy of Carinthia, 43 ms. E. of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 23 E., lat. 43 57 N. Leontini. — See Lentini. Leopold See Lemburg. Leopoldatadt, small but very strong town of Up per Hungary, built by the Emperor Leopold in 1 665, seated on the Waag, 36 ms. NW. of Neu- hausel, and 62 B. of Vienna. Lon. 18 6 E., lat. 48 35 N. Lepage, seigniory, Cornwallis co., L C. Lepanto, strong and vety considerable town of Turkey, in Europe, and in Livadia. It is built on the top of a mountain, in form of a sugar loaf, and is divided into four towns, surrounded by as many walls, and commanded by a castle on the top of the mountain. The produce of the adjacent coun try is wine, oil, corn, rice, Turkey leather, and tobacco. It is sealed on the Gulf of Lepanto, 113 ms. NW. of Athens, and 350 SW. of Constanti nople. Lon. 22 13 E., lat 38 34 N. Lepanto, Gulf of, ancient sea of Alcyon, or Crissa, a deep bay of Greece, between Roumelia and the Morea, extending inland 80 ms., inclining a little S. of E. The entrance is not more than half a mile. The opposing capes, now called from their castles the Dardanelles of Lepanto, were known to the ancients as Rhion, on the side of Peloponnesus and Anti ; Rhion on that of jEtolia. The naval battle of Lepanto was fought outside of the gulf, between Patras and the islands of Curso- lari, upwards of 20 ms. W. from the town of Le panto. Lepers, Isle of, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific ocean. Lon. 168° E., lat. 15 23 S. L'Epinay, seigniory, Devon co., L. C, on the S. side of St. Lawrence tiver, 30 ms. E. from Quebec. Leray, tp-, Jefferson co., N. Y., on Indian riv er, 20 ms; NE. from Sackett's Harbor. Pop. in 18*20, 2,944. „- -,r ¦ Leraysville, village, Jefferson co,, N. Y., in Leray. 480 Lend, or Leiria, strong town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a castle. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, and was formerly the residence ofthe kings of Portugal, and is 30 ms. S. of Co- imbra, and 60 N. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 46 W., lat, 39 37 N. Lerici, seaport of Ilaly, on the £. coast of the Gulf of Specia, in the territory of Genoa. Lon. 9 55 B., lat 44 5 N. Lerida, ancient and strong town of Spain, in Catalonia, on a hill, on the river Segra, 15 ms. SW. of Balaguer, and 200 NW. of Madrid. Lon. 0 45 E., lat. 41 44 N. Lcrins, the name of two ialands inthe Mediter ranean, on the coast of France, 5 ms. from An tibes. That nearest the coast, called St .Margaret, was guarded by invalids. Slate prisoners having formerly been sent here. The other is called St. Honorat Lerma, town of Spain, in Old Castile, sealed on the .A.rianza, with the title of a duchy. Lon. 3 25 W., lat 42 16 N. Lernica, town of Cyprus, formerly a large city, as appears from its ruins, silualed on the S. coast of the island, where there is a good road, and a small fort for ils defence. Lero, or Leros, anciently Leira, an island of fhe Archipelago, on the coast of Natolia. Lon. 27 0 B., lat. 37 0 N. Leroy, village in Genesee co., N. Y. , 1 0 ms. E. from Batavia, Lerwick, chief town of the Shetland islands, sit uated on the east side of Mainland, the principal island. It is the rendezvous of the fishing busses from Britain, Holland, Denmark, and other parts. Lon. 1 30 W., lat 60 20 N. Les Eboulemens, seigniory, Northumberland co,, L. C, about 60 ras. below Quebec. Leacar, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, and late province of Gascony, on a hill, 3 ras. NW. of Pau, and 42 SE. of Bayonne. Lon. 0 7 W., lat 43 17 N. Lesghistan, part of ancient Albania, now a province of Russia, in the mountjiins, W. from the Caspian sea. It lies between Daghislan and Geo. Lat 42 30 N. Lessini, group, of which one is Lesina, ancient Pharia, one of the ancient group of Absyrtides. — See Absyrtides. Leakeard, borough of Eng^ in Cornwall, and one of the coinage towns for tin. Il has a consider able manufacture of yarn, which is chiefly dispos ed of at Exeter. It is 31 ms. ENE. of Truro, and 221 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 36 W., lat. 50 27 N. Lespare, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Sironde, and late province of Guienne,in the environs of which are found transparent pebbles, resembling the false diamonds of Alenqon, ond known by the name of cailloux de medoc, medoc stones. It is 30 ms. NW. ofBourdeaux. Lessard, seigniory, Cornwallis co., L. C, on the S. side of the St. Lawrence. Seigniory, Devon co., L. C, 45 ms. below Quebec. Lessines, town of the Kingdom of the Nether lands, in Hainault, on the Dender, famous for ils linen manufaclure. It is 6 miles NE. of Ath, and 38 SW. of Brussels. Lon. 3 46 W., lat 51 40 N. LEV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LEW Lestoff, or Leostoff, lown of Eng., in Suft'olk ; the coast is very dangerous to strangers. It is 7 ms. S. of Yarmouth, and 116 NE. of London, Lon. 1 45 E,, Iat 52 37 N. Lesiwithiel, borough of Eng., in Cornwall. Il is seated in a vale, on the Fowey, not far from its fall into Fowey haven. Formerly ships came as far as the town, but the channel is now slopped up. Here is a woolen manufacture, and it is one of the tin coinage towns. Lestwithiel is 19 ms, WNW. of Plymouth, and 230 W. by S, ofLondon. Lon. 4 48 W., lat 50 27 N. Letart, tp. in Meigs co. , Ohio. Lettere, a commercial town of Italy, in Ihe king dom of Naples, in Principato Citeriore. Il is seat ed al the back of a mountain, 12 ras, NW, of Sa lerno, and 20 SE, of Naples. Letterkenny, tp. in Franklin co.. Pa. It is situ aled about 5 ras. NW. of Chambersburg, and 3 S. of Strasburg. Levana, village on the northern bank of the Ohio river, in Brown co,, Ohio. It lies 2 ms. below Ripley, immediately above the moulh of Straight creek. Levant. This word properly signifies the east, or rising sun, but is generally used, when speak ing of trade, for Turkey in .Isia, comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the island of Candia, and the adjacent parls. The Levant .sea raeans the E. part ofthe Mediterranean sea. The word comes from the Latin, through the Itahan ; Latin, levare, to rise, and has been applied by the Italians to those countries relative lo Ilaly towards the rising sun. Levant, lown in Penobscot co.. Me., 10 ms. NW. from Bangor. Levantine valley, valley of Switzerland, on the confinea of Ilaly, lying betweea Mount St. Goth ard and Lake Maggiore ; now a part of the canton ofTessin. Leucate, town ofFr., in the dep. of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, seated near a lake of the same name, 18 ras. S. of Narbonne. Lon. 3 9 E,, lat 43 0 N. ' Leuchtenberg, town of Germany, in the upper palatinate of Bavaria, seated on a mountain, near the river Esreimpt, 50 ms NW. of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 26 E., Iat,-49 40N. Leiie, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Brabant, seated on the river Gheet, 10 ms, E. of Louvain. Lon. 0 5 E., lat 60 56 N. Levana, village in Brown co., Ohio, 103 ms. SSW. from Columbus. Leven, Loch, beautiful lake in Kinross-shire, Scol land, 12 ms. in circumference, and somewhat of a circular form. Leven, river of Scolland, in Dumbartonshire, which issues ftom Loch Lomond, and, after a me andering course through a delightful vale, enters the estuary of the Clyde below Dumbarton. Levenworth, village in Crawford co., Ia., on the right bank of Ohio river, 68 ms, below Louisville. In Cumming's Western Navigator, this place is spelled Leavenworth ,- which see. Leverett, town in Franklin co., Mass., 10 ms. SE. from Greenfield. Leverings, village in Philadelphia co.. Pa., 8 ms. NW. from Philadelphia, on the road to Nor ristown. 61^- Levi, lale du Fort, in tho river St. Lawrence, in front ofthe tp. of Edwardsburgh, U. C. ; it lies about 5 ms. below Ogdensburg. Levi, Point, SE. side of St Lawrence, 2;, ms. E. from Quebec. Leugne, village of Fr,, in the dep. of Upper Saone, and late province of Franche Comti, lying to tho E. of Vesoul. Leuk, town of Switzerland, in the Upper Val lais, seated on an eminence, near the Rhone. Lon. 7 39 E., lat 46 12 N.^ Levroux, lown ofFr., in the dep. of Indre, and late province of Betry, 35 ins. SW. of Bourges. Lon. 1 40 E., lat 47 0 N. Leuae, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, Hainault, seated on the Dender, 14 ms. NW. of Mons. Lon. 3 45 E.. lat. 50 25 N. Leutkirk, free imperial town of Germany, in Suabia, seated on a rivulet lhat falls into the Iller, 42 ms, NE. of Lindau.* Lon. 10 12 E., lal. 47 53 N. Leulmerifz, town of Bohemia, capital of a cir cle of the same name, sealed on the Elbe, 30 ms. NW. of Prague, and 40 SE. of Dresden. Lon. 14 30 E., Iat 50 31 N. Leutmuhl, lown of Germany, in Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, 22 ras. E. of Chrudium, and 73 from Prague. Leutsch, town of Gerraany, in the duchy of Car - niola. Lewarden, populous and strong town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 27 ms. W. of Gron ingen, and 65 N. by B. of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 32 E., lat, 53 11 N. Lewenstein, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, capital of a county of the same name, with a fortress, 10 ms. E, of Hailborn. Lon. 9 38 E., lat 49 18 N. Lewentz, town of Upper Hungary, in the coun ty of Gran, and on a river of the same name. It is 10 ms. N. of Gran. Lon. 18 31 E., lat. 48 21 N. Lewes, borough of Eng., in Sussex, 30 ms. E. of Chichester, and 49 S. of London. Lon. 0 5 B,, lat 60 .56 N. Lewis, one of the largest of the Hebrides, or Western islands of Scotland, extending about 60 ms. in length, from N. to S,, and from 13 to 14 in breadlh, and parted by the sea into two divi sions, called Lewis and Harries, the former lying to the westward ofthe other. Area 461,000 acres, lying between lat. 57 54 and 58 28 N. The air is temperately cold, moist, and healthy ; great part of the low ground is flooded with lakes ; the rest is arable in many places, and has been counted fruit ful in oats, barley, rye, flax, and hemp. Town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on a morass, 10 ms. from Louvain. Lon. 4 10 E., lat. 50 50 N. Town in Essex co., Vt, 60 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Co. in N. Y., bounded by Onei da S., Oswego SW., Jefferson NW., St Law rence NE,, and Herkimer E. Length 50 ms., mean width 30 ; area 1,500 sq. ms. Surface hilly, soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief lown, Martinsburg. Popi in 1830, 9,327; and in 1840, 17,830. Cenlrai lat 44 10 N., lon. W. C. 3 30 E. Town in Essex co., N. Y., 6 ms. N. from Elizabethtown. Co. in Va., bounded by Nicholas S., Kenawha SW., Wood NW., 4SI LEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LEX Harrison N., and Randolph E. Length 45 ms., mean width 32 ; area about 1,400 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil generally rather barren. Chief town, Westtown. Pop. in 1820, 4,247; and in 1840, 8,151. Centrallat 38 50 N.,lon. W. C. 3 40W. Town situated on the Ohio river, in Brown CO. Co. of Ky., on Ohio river, bounded by Fleming SW., Mason W., Ohio river N., and Greene E. and NE. Length 28 ms., mean width 14 ; area 380 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil pro ductive. Chieflown, Clarksburg. Pop. in 1820, 3,973; in 1840, 6,306. Central lat 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 6 10 W. C. H. and post office in J^ewis CO., Ky., 103 ms. NB. by B. from Frankfort Lewis bay, harbor of Yarmouth, Barnstable co., Mass., on the S. shore of Cape Cod. Lewisberry, village in York co.. Pa. Lewisburg, capital of the island of Cape Bre ton. It was ceded to the English by the peace of 1763. The fortifications are now demolished. Lon. 61 30 W., lat, 46 50N. Village in Pre ble CO., Ohio, 81 ms. SW. by W. from Colum bus. Village in Union co.. Pa., on the right bank of Susquehannah river, 7 ms. above North umberland. Town and seal of jusiice for Green brier CO., Va,, 60 ms. W. from Lexington, Rock bridge CO. Lat 37 46 N., Ion. W. C. 3 18 W. Town in Muhlenburg co., Ky., on Green river, 40 ms. SE. from Russelville. Lewisham, village of Eng., in Kent, on the liver Ravensbourn, 5 ms. SE. ofLondon, wilh ¦fen elegant church. ..Lewis river, river of the Columbia valley, in the great Western territory of the U. S. It is the main middle fork of Columbia; rises about 30° W. from W. C, lat 40° N,, and, flowing NW. by ils various windings 900 ms,, joins Clark's river, and forms the Columbia. Lewis's Store, posl office in Spoltsylvania co., Virginia, by posl road 90 miles SSE. from Rich mond. Lewialon, town in Lincoln co.. Me,, on the E. sideof Androscoggin, 13 ms. above its junction with the Kennebec. Pop. in 1820, 1,312. Village in Niagara co., N. Y,, on Niagara river, opposite to Queenstown, in U. C. Lewiston stands at the head of ship navigation frora Lake Erie. A steamboat plies regularly from that place to Sackett's Harbor. Above Lewiston to naviga ble water, above the falls of Niagara, is about 8 ms. Pop. in 1820, 869 ; and in 1840, 2,533. Vil lage in Montgomery co,. Mo,, 50 ras. westerly from St Louis. Lewialown, village and seat of jusiice for Sussex CO., Del., on Lewis creek, about 3 ms. from the light-house at Cape Henlopen. It is inhabited principally by pilots, and supports a small coasting trade. Il lies in the lat of 38 25 N,, and lon, of 76 10 W„ about 113 ms, S. of Philadelphia. Village and seat of justice for Mifflin co., Pa., on the N. side of Juniata river, 55 ms. N W. of Har risburg, and 162 of Philadelphia. Pop in 1840, 1,006. Lat 40 37 N., lon. W. C. 0 34 W. ' Lewisville, village in Brunswick co., Va., about 70 ms. S. from Richmond. Village in Chester district, S. C, 72 ms. N. from Columbia. Village in Blount co.. Ten,, by post road 176 ms. E, from Mnifreesborough. Lexington, town in Middlesex county, Mass., 482 11 ms. NW. from Boston. In this town, April 19th, 1775, the first blood was shed in that Revo lution which produced the United States. Pop. in 1820, 1,200. Town in Green co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,798. Village in Erieco., Pa. Town and capital of Rockbridge co., Va., about 150 ms. W. of Richmond. It stands about half a mile S. of the N. branch of James river ; it has about 130 houses, many of them handsomely built of brick, a court-house, jail, and Presbyte rian and Methodist houses of w^irship. The pop. is 766, and the town is improving. There is a public arsenal of the State, in which a number of arms is deposited, say 20,000 stand. This town is also noted for its seminaries of learning. Wash ington College was endowed by the illustrious man whose name it bears, wilh 100 shares of the James River Company stock, which produce an annual income of §2,400. It has a considerable library, and philosophical apparatus. The faculty are — a president, two professors, and a tutor. Andrew Smith's academy, for the education of young ladies, has a large and handsorae edifice, and teachers in all the branches of education commonly taught in such schools. Village in Rowan co., N. C, on a branch ofthe Yadkin, 136 ms. W. from Raleigh. District of S. C, bounded SB., S., andSW. by Orangeburg, W. by Edgefield, NW, by New berry, and NE. by Fairfield and Richland, or by Broad and Congaree rivers. Length 38 ms,, mean width 27; area about 1,000 sq, ms. Chieflown, Pop. in 1830, 8,083; and in 1840, Central lat. 33 60 N., lon. W. C. 4 —Town and seat ofj uslice for Oglethorpe on Ogechee river, 76 ms, NW. from Au gusta. Il is the seat of an academy. Village in Richland co,, Ohio, 62 ms. NNE, frora Colum bus, Tp. in ibe northeastern corner of Stnrk CO., Ohio, in wHpi is a village of the same name. Village in Scott co., Ia., 95 ms, a litlle B. of S. from Indianapolis. Post office in Boone co.. Mo, , 1 63 ms. W. from Si . Louis. Town and seat of jusiice for Fayette co., Ky., on Town fork, a branch of Elkhorn river, 25 ms. ESE, from Frank fort, and about 90 S, from Cincinnati. Lat. 38 6. It contains, besides the ordinary county buildings and places of public worship, « university, acade my for the education of young females, a public library, and a masonic hall. The progressive pop ulalion and improvement of this town has been ex tremely rapid. Thirty five years ago, it contained about 60 ordinary houses. It is now a splendid lown , abounding wilh elegant buildings, and inhabited by a cultivated and polished people. The manu facturing establishments are on a large scale, and numerous, consisting of nail factories, those for copper and tin, for cotton and woolen goods, grist mills, steam paper mills, rope walks, taniieries, breweries, and distilleries. Pop. in 1840, 6,997. Transylvania university is located in this town, and is now a flourishing institution. In 1818 it received its present form, and in 1820 the number of students amounted to 235. — See Kentucky, Village and seat of justice for Henderson Co., Ten., on Beech river, a sraall branch entering Tennessee river from the W., 140 ms. SSW. from Nashville. Lat 36 38, lon. W. C. 11 IS W. C. H. and post office in Lexington dis trict, S. C, '12 ms. from Columbia. Granby. 12,141.low.— CO,, Ga., LIB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Lie. Lexington Heights, post office in Green co., N. Y., 50 ms. from Albany. Lexington Hill, post office in Lillard co,. Mo., 173 ms. W. from St. Louis, Leyden, city of South Holland, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine, which here almost ex pires in a number of small channels. It is sur rounded by a brick wall, wilh 8 gates. A univer sity was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colle ges., medicinal garden, anatomical theatre, astro nomical observatory, and valuable library. The principal church is a superb structure, and the old castle, town-house, custom-house, and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here are excellent mon- ufactures of cloth, serge, and cambric; and the vi cinity produces the best Dutch butter and cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has 146 bridges, the greatest part built of freestone. The inhabitants are estimated at 50,000. In 1807, the university was almost destroyed by the catastrophe of a ves sel loaded with gunpowder blowing up. Leyden is 4 ms. E. from the German ocean, and 20 SW. from Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E,, lat 52 8 N. Town in Lewis county. New York, on Black river, 33 miles north frofli Utica. Populalion in 1820, 1,203. Liakura, ancient raountains of Parnassus. Li- akura is only a corruption of Lycor^a, ancient narae ofthe snowy summits above Delphi. Parnassus is not so much a single mountain, as a vast range of hills, which was once the western boundary of Phocis, and the line of separation of the Locri Ozolae, and the Locri Opuntii and Epic nemidii, and is now the limit between the districts of Salona and Livadia. The two tops have a sort of poetical existence, but the summit of the crags separated by the chasm of Caslalia must have been those dedicated to Apollo and the Muses, and to Bacchus, as the mounlain itself is not notorious for this singularity. To go from Castri to the summits of Liakura, there is a rocky path, begin ning a litlle to the E. ofthe ruined stadium. For -the first two or three railes, the ascent leads up a watercourse ; there is then a plain to the right, in the direction of the Castalian precipices. These, and some other flat spots, according to Benjamin of Tudela, were cultivated about A. D. 1170, by tending from the Mediterranean sea as far as Ara bia. — See Asia, p. 81. Libau, seaport of Courland, on the Baltic, wilh a harbor. It is 35 miles N. of Memel. Lon. 21 40 E,, lat 56 31 N. Liberty, tp,, Sullivan co., N. Y., on Delaware river, SW, tp. of Adams co.. Pa., on the wa ters of Middle and Marsh creeks, commencing 4 ms. SW. frora Gettysburg. Pop. in 1820, 1,037. Village, Tioga co,. Pa., 123 ms. a little W. of N. from Harrisburg. — Village and seat of jus tice, Bedford county, Va., on one of the higher branches of Otter river, 35 miles SE. from Fincas tle. Lat 37 16 N., lon. 2 26 W. County of Ga., bounded hythe Atlantic ocean SB., Mclnlosh S., Alatamaha river SW., Tatnall NW., and Bryan NE. ; length 60 miles, mean width 10, area 500 sq. ms. Chief town, Riceborough. Pop. in 1820, 6,695; and in 1840, 7,241. Central lat. 38 48 N., lon. W. C. 4 36 W. Tp., Trum bull CO., Ohio. Tp. in the S. part of Delaware CO., O. Tp. in the northern limits of Fairfield CO., 0. Central tp. of Highland counly, 0., in which is situated the town of Hillsborough. Tp. in the northern limits of Clinton co., O. ¦ Large tp. in the SE. quarter of Butler co., 0., in which is situated the town of Princeton. Vil lage, Jefferson tp., Montgomery co,, O., 9 miles westerly from Dayton. Village, Union co., Ia., 85 ms. SE. by B. from Indianapolis. Villsge, Casey co,, Ky, , on Green river, 68 miles S. from Frankfort. Village, Smith co., Tenn., about 30 miles S. frora Carthage, and 50 miles B. from Nashville. Post office and seat of justice, Amite CO., Miss,, 45 ms, SE. from Natchez. Lat 31 21 N., lon. W. C, 13 42 W. Liberty Comer, village, Somerset county, N, J,, 33 miles E, from Easton, Pa,, ond 36 W. from Newark. Liberty East, village, Marion co., Tenn., 103 miles SE. frora Murfreesborough. Liberty Hall, village, Pittsylvania co,, Vs., 131 miles SW. from Richmond. Pendleton district, S. C, 107 ms. NW. frora Columbia. Village, Morgatl CO., Ga., about 40 ms. NNW. from Mil ledgeville. Liberty Hill, village, Kershaw district, S. C, some Jews, who gave the name of Jerusalem to a j 26 ms. NNW. from Camden, and 40 NNE. from village on the mountain. The path continues to I Columbia. Village, Greene county,' Ala., about ascend a hill covered with pines, then passes over 50 ms. SSW. front Tuscaloosa. a plain 4 or 5 ms. in compass, to the foot of a I Libertytown, village, Frederick county, Md., craggy peak, where there is a strong bubbling! 10 ms. NE. from Fredericktown. spring called Drosonigo, flowing inlo a lake a I Libourne, small well-built town of Fr., in the quarter of a mile to the SE. Higher than this no ' dep. of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. It traveller has ventured to go. The peak is covered with perpetual snow ; and Wheeler, who went to the spots mentioned, thought the extreme sum mits, called formerly Licorea, were as high as Mount Cenis. If viewed on a map of ihat part of Europe, and which extends sufficiently to the N. to embrace the great chain of Haemus, Parnassus, or ^iakura, appears simply as a continuation of Pindus, or Metzovo. From Liakura flows to the NE. the branches of the Boeotian Cephissus, and to the SW. the petty streams flowing into the Gulf of Lepanto. Liam-po. — See Ning-po, Libanus, Lebanon, the name of mountains of Turkey in Asia, between Syria and Palestine, ex- is one of the staples of commerce of Bordeaux, and is seated on the Dordogne, 20 miles NE. of Bor deaux, and 205 S. bv W. of Paris. Lon. 12' W., lat. 44 58 N. Libebum-Veto, "I forbid all further delibera tion," The most deadly of the many causes which led to the final dissolution of Poland. It was Schimsky, a deputy from Lithuania, who, in the reign of John Casimir, introduced this germ of discord, by which any one member was empower- edfto suspend the whole deliberations of the Polish legislature. Lich, or Lichia, town of Germany, in the land gravate of Hesse, and co. of Solms, 18 ms. N. of Frankfort. Lon. 8 24 Ei., lat. 60 15 N. 483 Lie GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIE Lichfield, city of Eng., in Staffordshire, in a fine champaign country, 14 miles SE. of Stafford, and 119 NW. of London. Lon. 1 44 W., lat 52 54 N.— See Litchfield, Lichstall, handsome town of Germany, in the bishopric of Basle. Lichtallen, or Lieatal, town of Switzerland, in the CO. of Basil. It is seated on the Ergetz, 8 ms. SE. of BasiL Lon. 7 39 E., lat, 47 29 N. Lichienau, town of Germany, in tbe circle of Westphalia, 9 miles from Paderborn. Lon. 8 23 E., lat 51 52 N. Town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel. It is 24 ms. from Naumburg. Lon. 9 28 E., lat 51 1 N.— Fortress of Franconia, seated on the Revel. It is subject to the city of Nurem burg, and is 17 miles ftom that city. Lon. 1 1 12 E,, lat 49 10 N. Lichtenburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, the vicinity of which abounds with quarries of marble, and mines of iron and olher metals. Lon. 11 41 B., lat 50 16 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of Franconio, in the margravate of Cullemboch, 20 miles NE. of Cul lembach, Lon. 12 2 E., Iat 50 25 N. Lichtenberg, castle ofFr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, sealed on a rock, near the Vosges mountains, and lookedjupon as impregnable. It is 12 ms. NNW. of Hoguenau. Lon. 7 45 E,, lat 48 .55 N. Lichtenfels, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia and bishopric of Bamberg, seated on the Maine, 15 ms. NE. of Bamberg. Lon. 11 10 E., Iat 60 20 N. Lichtensteig, handsome lown of Switzerland, the capilal of the co, of Tockenburg, It is seated on the Thur, 31 ms. E. of Zurich. Lon. 9 8 B., lat 47 15 N. Lichtensirin, principality of Germany, between the Tyrol, Voralberg, and Switzerland. Lick, central tp., Jackson co., Ohio, so called from the salt lick within ils limits. Licking, interior county of Ohio, bounded on the N. by Knox, E. by Muskingum, S. by Perry and Fairfield, and on the W. by Franklin and Dela ware counties. It is 30 ms. long from E. to W., and 24 broad from N. to S., containing 700 sq. miles. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Soil highly fertile. It is drained by Licking creek, affording an extensive variety of sites where on to use the advantage of water power. It abounds also with iron ore, which is already manufactured into hollow ware and bar iron. Chief town, New ark. Central lat. 40 10 N. lon. W. C. 5 30 W. Licking, river of Ky., rising on Floyd, Pike, and Montgomery counties, and, flowing NW. be tween or through^Bath, Fleming, Nicholas, Harri son, Bracken, Pendleton, and Campbell counlies, falls into the Ohio between Newport and Coving ton, opposite the city of Cincinnati. Licking, tp., Muskingum co., 0., 10 ms. NW. ftom Zanesville. Small river of Ohio, draining Licking county, and, flowing ESE., falls into the Muskingum opposite Zanesville. Tp., Licking county, Ohio. ticking. Creek, post office, in the SE. angle of Bedford co.. Pa., 25 miles SE. from Bedford, and 10 ms. N. from. Hancockstown. Lickvillf, village, Greenville district, S. C, 116 ms. NW. from Columbia. 484. Licola, lake in the kingdom of Naples, the an cient Lucrine Lake, fotmerly famous for plenty of excellent fish; but, in 1538, an explosion of a vol cano changed one part of it inlo a mountain of ashes, and the other into a morass. l/iconia, village, Harrison co., Indiana. Lida, town of England, in Kent, one of the Cinque ports. It is 26 ms. from Canterbury, and 74 from London. Lon. 58' E., lat 50 58 N. Lidd, town of Lithuania proper, in the palati nate of Wilna, situated on the Delta, 56 miles S. of Wilna. Lon, 25 34 E., lat 53 50 N. Liddel, river of England, in Roxburghshire, abounding in fish. Il is the only one in that co. that flows southward, and falls into Solway Frith, near the mouth ofthe Esk. Liddiadale, district of Scotland, in Roxburgh shire, comprehending the whole southern angle of that county. It admits of litlle cultivation, and is chiefly employed in pasiure. lAdford, village of Eng,, in Devonshire, on the river Lid, 7 ms. N. of Tavistock. Liefkenatock, forlress of Dutch Flanders, 8 ms. from Antwerp. Lon. 4 10 E., lat 51 30 N. Liege, formerly a bishopric of Westphalia, but now a province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, bonnded on the N, by Brabant and Guelderland, on the E. by the duchies of Limburg and Juliers, on the S. by Luxemburg and the Ardennes, and on the W. by Brabant and the country of Namur. It is fruitful in corn and fruits, and contains mines of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of marble. Area 2,900 sq. ms. Pop. 240,000. lAege, large, ancient, and strong city, capital of the territory of its name. Here the river Meuse is divided into three branches, and, after passing through the cily, under several bridges, unites again. Liege is 4 miles in circumference, and has 16 gates; it has also 10 large Suburbs. It is 60 miles WSW. of Cologne. Lon. 5 36 E., lat. 50 38 N. Populalion 50,000. Lien-tchou, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang-tong. Its territories border on the kingdom of Tonquin, from which it is sep arated by mountains. It is sealed on the Lien- kiang, which forms a convenient harbor for barks, 325 ras. WSW. of Canton. Lon. 108 40 B., lat. 21 40 N. Lieu-kieu, or Leookeoo, the general name of 36 islands lying between Formosa and Japan. They forra a kingdom, the inhabitants of which are civ ilized, and of a mild, gay, offable, and temperate disposition. Each island has a particular name; the principal one, called Lieu-kieu, is 126 miles long, and 28 broad ; but the others ate inconsider able. The chief products are sulphur, copper, tin, with shells and mother of pearl. The king is trib utary to China. Kint-ching, the capital, in the SE. part of Lieu-kieu, is in lon. 127 30 E., lat 26 2 N. Liere, town of the Netheriands, in Brabant, which has a great trade in cattle, seated at the junction of the Great and Little Nelhe, 10 ms. SE. of Antwerp. Lieaina, island of Dalmatia, in the Gulf of Ve nice, about 68 ms. long and 12 broad, and abounds in corn, olives, saffron, and wine. Seaport of Dalmatia, capital of an island of the same name, with a harbor capable of containing vessels of all sorts, Lon. 16 23 E., lat. 43 30 N. LIG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIG Liease, town of France, in the department of Aisne. It is 6 ms. E. of Laon. Liffey, river of Ireland, which rises in the co. of Wicklow, runs W. thence into Kildare, where it has a cataract near Leixslip, and then, turning NE., passes through the co. of Dublin, and by the city of that name, below which it enters the Irish sea. Lifford, borough of Ireland, in the co. of Done gal, situate on the Foyle, 22 ms. NE. of Donegal. Light-houses on the coast of the United iStalA. We insert the following tabular statement, as we may regard their positions as accurately deter mined : A list of latitudes aud longitudes of light houses on the coast of the United States, as de termined from the preliminary calculations of the coast survey m Longitude coun S ted from N.Y. Si Na,mes of States Latitude city hall. ii and places. 'st 3.t S — 'Sip I'a In lime In deg. P d. m.- s. h, m, s. d, m, & d. m. s. N. Y. city hall ¦ 40 42 40.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 74 00 56.7 RHODE ISLAND. Point Judith 412135 010 06,1 2 31 31 E. 7129 25 WatehhiU 41 18 09 0 03 35.6 2 08 54 " 71 62 03 Block island 41 13 24 0 09 43.6 2 23 53 ([ 71 35 04 CONNECTICUT. Stonington 4119 34 0 08 24.3 2 06 05 a 71 54 52 Mystic 4118S4 0 08 04.2 2 0103 " 71 59 64 New London 4118 55 0 07 40.1 155 01 " 72 05 56 Saybrook 41 16 13 0 06 40.0 1 39 50 " 72 20 69 Faulkner's island 4112 38 0 06 24.7 12110 (1 72 39 46 New Haven 4114 52 0 04 -24.6 106 09 (( 72 54 47 Stratford 41 09 02 0 03 36.7 0 6411 u 73 06 46 Do, Beacon - 4109 42 0 03 36.6 0 54 09 « 73 06 47 Sheffield 4102 60 0 02 20.8 0 35 13 « 73 25 43 Black Rock 41 03 27 0 03 09.7 0 47 25 (( 73 13 21 Captain island - 40 58 52 0 0131.8 OSS 57 (( 73 37 59 NEW YORK, Throg's Point 40 4815 0 00 51.7 012 55 (( 73 43 01 ~ Sands 40 51 52 0 01 06,4 016 36 « 73 44 21 Eaton Neck 41) 57 09 0 02 26,6 0 36 38 u 73 2418 Oklfield 40 58 33 0 03 33.0 0 63 15 (t 73 07 41 Plumb island 41 10 21 0 07 10.5 147 42 tc 72 13 14 Gull Island 41 12 18 0 07 36,0 154 01) It 72 06 57 Montauk 410410 0 08 36,0 208 68 (( 71 61 68 Fire island 40 37 46 0 03 09,3 0 4719 (( 7313 33 Prince's Bay 40 30 22 0 00 49 8 012 27 w. 7413 24 Narrows 40 35 57 0 0011.5 0 02 53 (( 74 03 50 Sag Harbor.* Robin's Reef 40 39 21 0 0014.3 003 34 " 74 04 30 NEW JERSEY, Sandy Hook 40 27 37 0 00 01.0 0 0015 E. 74 00 42, Neversink 40 23 40 0 00 04.9 0 0114 [( 73 59 42 BarnegatCape May 39 45 54 0 0024,0 0 05 59 W. 74 06 56 38 55 45 0 03 50.4 0 57 36 « 74 68 33 Egg Island 39-10 28 0 04 3-2.0 1 07 59 tc 76 08 56 Cohansey 39 2015 0 05 25.0 1 21 15 " 75 22 12 DELAWARE. Christiana 39 43 12 0 06 03.5 130 53 u 75 31 50 Reedy island 39 29 57 0 06 15.1 133 47 Ii 7-5 34 44 Bombay Hook - 39 2143 0 06 01.1 13017 f< 75 31 13 Mahons 39 10 13 0 05 34.7 123 41 « 75 24 38 Mispillion 38 56 34 0 05 13.8 118 27 " 7519 24 Cape Henlopen - 38 46 35 0 0418.7 I 04 41 a 75 05 37 Do. Beacon 38 47 21 0 0419.1 104 47 u r5 05 44 Do. Breakwater 38 47 50 004 24,4 106 06 " r5 07 03 MARYLAND. Havre de Grace - 39 32 30 0 08 19.7 2 04 46 " '•6 05 42 ? Built since the survey ofthe harbor was made. The foregoing determinations aro_deduced, for the latitudes, from observations made at various sta tions of the coast survey ; and the longitudes, from Ihe three solar eclipses of 1834, '36, and '38, ob served at different stations of the survey, all be ing reduced to the city hall of New York, by the results of the main triangulalion, to make that point the starting point of the longitudes; and thence the positions of the light-houses are again deduced, by the results of the proper ulterior oper ations of the survey ; all which are referred to Greenwich by the difl'erence of longitude, deter mined, as stated, for the city hall of New York. The foregoing exhibits a nuraber of determina tions of light-houses by their geographic fttitudes, and their longitudes referred to New York city, and to the observatory of Greenwich, England ; ar; ftora the latter longitudes are generally calculated by English navigators. The addition of 2° 20' 24", difference of longi tude between Greenwich and Paris, would reduce the longitudes to the raeridian of Paris ; and the subtraction of 17° 39' 36" would refer them to the meridian of tbe island of Ferro, accepted for the common maps as dividing raeridian between the two plani-globes. These results are, as staled in the superscription to the list, obtained from the preliminary calcula tions, taken to the nearest second in the arc, (so called,) omitting decimals, which may answer all the purposes of navigation, at the same time that in the language of the sciences, it is indicating the stale of the data and the limits of their corrections, if any, by the fully finished operations of the sur vey. F. R. HASSLER. Washinoton Citt, May 9, 1843. Ligne, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Hainault, on the Dender, 12 ms. N W. of Mons. Lignerolles, town of France, in the department of Allier, 4 ms. S. of Montluzon. Lignieres, town of France, in the department of Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 ms. SSW. of Bourges. Lignitz, fortified town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name. Here is a spacious academy, founded by Joseph I for the instruction of young gentlemen. Lignitz has a considerable trade in clolh and madder, and stands at the con flux of the Kalzbach and Schwartzwasser, 32 ms. S. of Glogau. Lon. 16 16 E., lat. 61 11 N '- Government of Prussian Silesia, enclosed by those of Breslaw, Schweimitz, Jawer, Glogaw, and Wolaw. Ligny, town of the Netheriands, seated on the Orney, 8 ms. SE. of Bar leDuc. Ligonia, village, Somerset co.. Me., 81 ms. N. from Portland Post office in the NE. angle of Westmoreland co.. Pa. Ligonton, village, Amelia co., Va. Ligor, seaport of the peninsula of Malacca, cap ital of' a small territory of the same name, with a magazine belonging to the Dutch East India Com pany. It is seated on theE. coast. Lon. 100 5 E lat. 7 40 N. Ligueil, town of France in the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, seated on a brook, in a very fertile country, 23 ms. SSE of Tours. Lon. 52' E,, lat 47 3 N. 4S5 LIM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIM Lillera, town of France, in the department of 'the Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois, whose fortifications are demolished. It is seated on theNavez, 17 ms. NW. of Arras. Lon. 2 35 E., Iat ."iO 3 N. Lillo, fort of Dutch Brabant, on the E. side of the Scheldt, 7 ms. N. of Antwerp. Lon. 4 18 E., lat. 50 30 N. Lilly Point, village. King William co., Va., 36 ms. NE. from Richmond. Lima, village, Beaver tp., norihwestern part of Columbiana co., Ohio, 15 ms. NE. of New Lis bon. County seat, Allen co., Ohio, situaled on Ottowa jiver, a branch of Auglaize river, 100 ms. NW. of Columbus, 12 ms. N. of Wapaugh- konnetta, and 65 ms. SSW. of Perrysburg, on Maumee river. N. lat 40 40, lon, 7 7 W. W. City. Lima, city of and capital of Peru. It is a cor ruption of the Indian word rimac. The Spanish name imposed by the founder is Ciudad de los Reyes, or city of the kings. Il was founded by Francis Pizarro, in 1535, aboul 6 ms, from the the Pacific ocean and the port of Calla^. The streets are laid out in straight lines. The^ houses are constructed of wood on account of the frequent earthquakes, and are generally low from a similar cause, and the heat of the climate. The centre square and the surrounding buildings are very magnificent. Pop. about 50,000, of whom about 20,000 are whites, the residue mixed races, In dians, negroes, &c. Independent of the emolument derived from be ing the capital of the province, Lima derives in calculable advantages as a mart of trade. It is indeed the emporium of one of the richest sections of South America. Its exports are gold and sil ver ; imports, silk, cloths of several kinds, lace, linen, iron ware, &c. Lon. only 8' W. from Washington ; lat. 12 2 S. Lon. W. from Cadiz 70 50. Notwithstanding the frequent earthquakes which destroyed the city in the years 1586, 1630, 1655, 1687, and 1764, Lima occupies an area of 10 ms, circumference, including the suburb of San Lazars. The pop. amounts to 52,627 inhabitants — com posed of 292 clergy, 991 religious monks and friars, 572 nuns, 84 beatas, 17,215 Spaniards and white Creoles, 3,912 Indians, 8,960 negroes, and the remainder, intermediate classes, mixtures of the others. Lima, the intendancy of, comprehends 74 doc- trineas, (curacies,) 3 cities, 5 towns, and 173 tps. Pop. 149,112 souls. It is divided into 8 districts. Clergy ReligieusesNunsBeatas Spanish and Spanish Creoles Indians Mestizoes Mulatloes Slaves Total 432 1,100 572 84 22,37063,180 13,747 17,864 29,763 149,112 Lima, province of Peru, extending 300 ms- along the Pacific ocean, and inland to the Andes 486 about 70 ms. ; bounded by the Pacific ocean SW., N. by Truxillo, NE. by Guancavelica, and SE. by Arequipo. Town, Livingston co., N. Y., 16 ms. W. from Canandaigua. Pop. 1820, 1,963. Limale, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Brabant, seated on the river Dyle, 13 ms. SE. of Brussels. Lon. 4 30 E., lat. 50 45 N. Limasol, town of the island of Cyprus, situated on the SE. side, 25 ms. SW. of Famagousta, It is the ancient Amathul. Limavady, town of Ireland. — See Newtown Limavady, Limbourg, or Limpurg, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Lahn, 10 ms. E. of Nassau, and 20 N. of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E., lat 50 24 N. Limburg, province of the Netherlands, bounded on the N. by the duchy of Juliers, on the E. by the duchy and the territory of A ix-la-Chapelle, and on the S. and W. by the bishopric of Liege,, from which it is separated by the Maese. It is 42 ms. long and 30 broad, and contains some of the best iron mines in the Netherlands, and the soil is good for corn. — See Luxemburg. , Limburg. — Here is a manufacture of woolen cloths, and it is famous for excellent cheese. It is seated on a mountain, almost inaccessible, near the river Verse, 15 ms. SE. of Liege. Lon. 6 5 E,, lat 50 38 N. Lime, town of England, in Dorsetshire. — See Lyme Regis. Lime, or Limen, village of Eng., in Kent, 3 ms. W- of Hithe. It was formerly a port, till choked up by the sands. Lime Creek, Monroe co., Ala. Limerick, co. of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 48 ras. long and 23 broad ; bounded on the N. by Shannon, on the W. by Kerry, on the S. by Cork, and on the E. by Tipperary. It con tains 130 parishes, and sent 8 members to Parlia ment before the Irish union. It is a fertile country and well inhabited, though the W. parls are moun tainous, Town, York co.. Me., about 12 ms. W. of the river Saco. Pop. in 1820, 1,377, Village, Jefferson co., N. Y. Tp., Montgom ery CO., Pa., on the NE. side of Schuylkill, 5 ms. E. from Pottsgrove, and 25 W. from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 1,577. Limerick, or Louth Meath, city of Ireland, in the CO. of Limerick, and the metropolis of the province of Munsler. Within a century, it was reckoned the second city in the kingdom ; at present, the linen, woolen, and paper manufactures are carried on here to a great extent ; and the ex port of provisions is very considerable. Population 50,000. It is 40 ms. S. of Galway, and 94 SW. of Dublin. Lon. 8 34 W., lat 52 42 N. Lime Rock, post office, Providence co., R. I., 6 ms. from Providence. Limestone, co. of Ala., bounded by Tennessee river SW., Lauderdale co. W., Giles eo., in Ten nessee, N., and Madison, in Ala., E. ; lengih 30, width 24 ms. ; area 560 sq. ms. Elk river passes obliquely through the NW. angle of this co., and, beside being washed by Tennessee river along its SW. border, it is drained by Limestone, Muddy, Round Island, and several other fine creeks. The Surface is waving rather than hilly, and much of LINl GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIN the soil is excellent. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Cotton Port Pop. in 1820, 9,871 ; and in 1840, 14,374. Central lat 34 60 N., lon. 10 25 W. Limingion, town, York co.. Me,, on the W. side of Saco river, 4 ms. W. of Standish, and 22 W. of Portland. Populalion in 1810, 1,774; in 1820, 2,122. Limmat, river of Switzerland, which is formed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth ; the former issuing from the NW. extremity of the Lake of Wallensladt, and the latter flowing from the S. The Limmat, continuing ils course NW., flows through the Lake of Zurich, and falls into the Aar, below Baden. Limoges, ancient and considerable lown ofFr., capilal of the dep. of Upper Vienne, and late ter ritory of Limosin, on the Vienna, 50 ms. NE. of Periguex, and 110 E. of Bourdeaux, Lon. 1 20 E., lat 45 50 N. Limosin, lale province of Fr., bounded on the N. by Marche, and the E. by Auvergne, on the S. by Querci, and on the W. by Perigord and An- guomoLs. It is covered wilh forests of chestnut trees, and contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron ; but the principal trade consists in cattle and horses. It now forms the dep. of Upper Vienne. Limoux, populous and commercial town of Fr., in the dep. of Aude, and late province of Langue doc. It has a manufaclure of cloth, and its envi. rons produce excellent white wine. It is seated on the Aude, 37 ms. W. by S. of Narbonne, and 50 SE. of Toulouse. Lon. 2 16 E , lat 43 4 N. Limburg. — See Limbourg, Linares, town of Mexico, in New Leon, be tween Bravo and St. Fernando rivers. Lon, W. C. 22 20 W., lat 25 50 N. Linche, or Linke, strong town of Fr. , in the dep. of the North, and late province of French Flanders, seated on a rivor, 15 ms. SW. of Dun kirk. Lon. 2 20 E., lat 51° N. Lincoln, capital of Lincolnshire, on the side of a steep hill, on the Witham, which here divides into 'three streams. The chief trade is in coal, brought by the Trent and Fossdike, and oats and wool, which are sent by the Witham, and there is also a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 ms, NE, of Nottingham, and 133 N, ofLondon, Lon. 2.5' W., lat 53 15 N. Lincolnshire, co. of Eng , 77 ms. long and 45 broad ; bounded on the N, by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkshire, E, by the German ocean, SE, by the Wash and Norfolk, S, by Cambridge shire and Northamptonshire, SW, by Rutlandshire, and W. by the cos. of Jjeicesler and Nottingham. It contains 1,783,680 acres; is divided into 30 hundreds and 630 parishes; has 1 cily and 31 market towns, and sends 12 members lo Parlia ment The principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Wilhaip, Welland, and Ancholm. This CO. is divided inlo three districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey. Pop. in 1801, 208,557; in 1811, 237,891; and in 1821, 283,058, Lincoln County, U. C, is a very fine and pop ulous settlement, consisting of 20 tps., containing about 6,000 souls, and furnishes five battalions ol militia. It occupies the peninsula between Lake Erie, Niagara river. Lake Ontario, and the river Ouse. Lincoln, tp , Sunbury co., New Brunswick, on the W. side of St John's river. Co., Me., on both sides of the Kennebec, bounded by the Atlan tic ocean S., Kennebec bay and Androscoggin river SW., Kennebec co, NW., Hancock NE., and Penobscot bay E. Length 45, mean widih 25 ras, ; area, exclusive of water, about 800 sq. ms. The surface is extremely indented by bays and rivers. The whole southern and southeastern part is composed of an intricacy of islands and long peninsulas, extending between the rivers and bays towards the ocean. The northwestern and norlh ern sections rise into a finely diversified couniry. Soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief town, Wiscasset Pop. in 1820, 53,189 ; and in 1840, 63,517. Central lat, 44° N,, lon. W. C. 7 35 E. NW. tp., Hancock co,. Me., 27 ms. NW. from Castine. Tp., Grafton co., N. H„ between the sources of the Merrimac and Aramo- noosuck rivers, 60 ms. above Concord. Tp., Addison co., Vt, 21 ras. SW. from Monlpelier. Tp,, .Middlesex co., Mass. Pop, 1820, 706. Lincoln, co., N. C, bounded by S, C, S., Rutherford W., Burke NW,, Iredell or Catawba river NE., and Catawba river or Mecklenburg E, ; length 48, mean width 25 ms. ; area 1,200 sq. ms. It is washed, on its northern, northeastern, and eastern borders by Catawba, and drained by Little Catawba and seveial branches of Broad river. Sur face moderately hilly, and soil on tho blteams ex cellent. Chief staple, cotton. Chief town, Lin- colnlon. Pop. in 1820, 18,147; and in 1840, 25,160. For cenlrai lat, see Lincolnton. Co., Ga,, on Savannah river, bounded by Columbia SE., Wilkes SW., and Savannah river NE. ; lengih 22, mean width 10 ros, ; area 220 sq, ras. Central lat 33 50, lon. 5 33 W. C, Chieflown, Lincolnton. Po|i, in 1820, 6,458 ; and in 1840, 5,895. Co,, Ky,, bounded by Pulaski SE., Casey SW. and W., Mercer N W., Garrard NE,, and Rockcastle E. ; lengih 27, mean width 17 ms. ; area 450 sq, ms. It occupies the dividing ground between Green and Dick's rivers; is hilly and broken. Chief towns, Stanford and Crab Orchard, Pop, in 1820, 9,979 ; and in 1840, 10,187. Cen tral lat 37 35 N., lon. W. C, 7 20 W Co., W. Tennessee, bounded by Madison co,, in Ala.,- S,, by Giles co,, in Tennessee, W., Bedford N,, and Franklin E. ; length 26, breadth 23 ras, ; area 580 sq, ms. This co. is divided into nearly two equal parts hy Elk river. Surface diversified, and soil productive. Slaple, cotlon. Chief lown, Fay etleville. Pop. in 1820, 14,761; and in 1840, 21,493.' Cenlrai lat 35 13 N,, lon. Washington City 9 28 W, Lincoln, village, Mercer co,, Ky,, on Dick's river. Co,, Mo., bounded by Mississippi river E,, Cuivre river SE., Montgomery co. SW. and W., and by Pike NW. and N. Length 24 ms., breadlh 22 ; area 528 sq ms. This co, is drained by Cuivre river. Chief town, Alexandria. Cent lat 39°, lon. W. C. 13 32 W. Pop. in 1840, 7,449. Lincolnton, town and seat of justice, Lincoln CO., N. C, on Liltle Catawba, 150 ms. SW. by W. frora Raleigh, and 31 ms. NW. frora Char lotte. Lat 35 27 N., lon. W. C. 4 14 W. Town and seat of justice, Lincoln co., Ga., 40 ms, NW, from Augusta. Lat 33 49 N,, lon, W. C. 5 45 W. •187 LIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIS Lincolnmlle, or Duck Trap, town, Hancock CO-, Me., on the W. sideof Penobscot bay, 16 ms. W. from Castine. Lindau, city of Suabia. Il is a trading place, seated on an island of the lake of Constance, join ed to the main land by a long bridge, 22 ms. ESE. of Conslance, and 75 SW. of Augsburg. Lon. 9 41 E., lat 47 32 N. Lindau, town and castle of Upper Saxony, in the principality of .Anhalt Zerbst, 5 ras. N. of Zerbst. Lindau, or Lendow, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, 5 ras. NE. of Ruppin. Linden, village, Marengo co., Ala. Lindeness, — See ISaze, Lindenfela, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 14 ras. NNE. of Manheim. Lindisfarne, — See Holy Island, Lindley's Store, posl ofiice. Orange co., N. C. ; by postroad 59 ras. NW- from Raleigh. Lindsay's Store, post office, Albemarle co., Va , 80 ms. NW. from Richmond. Lindsey's Mills, post office, Trigg co,, Ky. ; by posl road 231 ms. SW. from Frankfort Lindsleystown, village, Steuben co., N. Y. Line Creek, post office, Montgomery co., Ala., SE. about 60 ms. from Cahaba. Lingen, lown of Westphalia, in the principal ity of Munsler, capital of a co. of its name. It is seated on the Ems, 48 ms. NNW. of Munster. Lon. 7 25 E., lat .52 32 N. • Linkeang, cily of China, in the province of Kiangsi, on the Yuho, 410 ms. N. by E. of Can ton. Lon, 115° E., lat 27 58 N. Linkoping, town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, on the river Sleng, near the Lake Roxen, 26 ms. W. of Nordkoping. Link Leair, post ollice, Chenango co., N. Y,, 132 ms. W. from Albany. Linlithgow, borough of Scotland, capital of Linlithgowshire. The chief manufacture is leather and shoes ; the woolen and bleaching business i^ also carried on. Linlithgow is 17 ms. W. of Ed inburgh. I-on. 3 33 W., lat 56° N. Linlithgow, or West Lothian, co. of Scolland, 20 ms, long and 12 broad, bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth, SE. by Edinburghshire, SW. by Lanarkshire, and NW. by SiiHingshire. The surface isTinely diversified wilh hill and dale, and the chief rivers are the Avon and Amend. It is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron limestone, and lead. Pop, 1801, 17,844 ; in 1811, 19,451 ; and in 1821, 22,685. Linnhe Loch, arm of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which separates the cos. of Argyle and Inverness. ¦ , , i_ r Linnich, town of Germany, in the duchy ot Juliers, sealed on the river Roer, 5 ras. NNW. of Juliers. Linosa, island in the Mediterranean, on the roast of Tunis, near the Lampedosa, and 12 ms. in circumference. Lon. 12 31 E., lat 36 50 N. L'm-icheou-fou, city of China, in the province of Kiangnan, I' has nothing to distinguish it but the excellence of the fruit with which it abounds, Lintz, town of Germany, capital of Upper Aus tria Here is a hall, in which the Stales assem ble a bridge over the Danube, and several manu factures. It is seated at the confluence of the 488 Danube and Traen, 42 ms. E.of Passau, and 100 W. of Vienna. Lon. 14 3 E,, lat 48 16 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Cologne, sealed on the Rhine, 15 ms. W. of Coblentz, and 18 S. of Co logne. Lon. 7 10 E., lat 50 37 N. Linton, town of Eng., in Cambridgeshire, 12 ms. SE. of Cambridge, and 46 N. by E. ofLon don. Lon, 0 22 E., lat 52 8 N. Lipari, tbe largest, most fertile, and populous of the Lipari islands, about 15 ms. in circumfer ence. It was celebrated among the ancients ; and, by the description of Aristotle, it appears to have been considered by the sailors in his time, what Strombolo is in ours, as a light-house, as its fires were never extinguished. It abounds with the currant grape ; cdtton also grows here ; and great quantities of pomice are gathered. .\ncient town, capilal of the island of Lipari. This town has a garrison, and stands on the S, side of the island. Lon. 15 30 E,, lat 38 35 N. Lipari Islands, group of islands lying in the Mediterranean, to the N. of Sicily, 12 in number, and nearly as follows in the order of their size, namely : Lipari, Strombolo, Volcano, Salina, Fe licudi, Alicudi, Panari, Volcanello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Datlolo, and Tlla Navi. They are subject lo the King of N.aples, and bring in a good revenue, Lippa, town of Hungary, in the bannat of Temeswar, on a mountain 22 ms. NE. of Temes- war, and 75 of Belgrade. Lon. 22 45 E,, lat 45 51 N. Lippe, river of Westphalia, which washes Pad erborn, Lipstadt and Ham, and falls into the Rhine above Wesel. Lipstadt, considerable town of Westphalia, capilal of the co. of Lippe. It was once free and imperial, afterwards subject to ils own counts, and now to the King of Prussia. It carries on a good trade in preparing limber for building vessels on the Rhine, with which it has a communication by the river Lippe. It is sealed on a morass, 17 ms. WSW. of Paderborn, and 30 SE. of Munster. Lon. 8 30 E,, lat 51 42 N, Liquet, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Straits of Calais, and lale province of Artois, 12 ms. W, of St, Omer. Lon. 2° E., lat. 50 43 N. Liqueo, or Likeo Islands. — See Lieou-Kieou. Lis, river of the Netherlands, which has ils sourcain Artois, and, running NE. inlo Flanders, passes by .'iaire, St. Venant, Arraentiers, Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and then falls into the Scheldt, at Ghent, Lisbon, considerable city, the capital of Portu gal, with a university, a tribunal of the inquisition. It was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, November 1, 1755. The harbor will contain 10,000 sail of ships, which ride in the greatest safety ; and the city, being viewed frora the south ern shore of the river, afl'ords a beautiful prospect, as the buildings gradually rise above each other. It contained before the earthquake, at most, 150,- 000 inhabitants ; and it is seated on the Tajo, 10 ms. from its moulh, 178 W. by N. of Seville, and 255 S. by W. of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 W., lat 3g 42 N. Town, Lincoln co., Me., on the Androscoggin, 23 ms. W. from Wiscasset. Pop. 1820, 2,240. Post office, Grafton co., N. H. ; by post road about 80 ms. NW. from Concord. LIT GEOGRAPHICAL' DICTIONARY. LIT Town, New London co., Ct, 7 ms. N. from Norwich. Town, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 3 ms. below Ogdensburg. Pop. in 1820, 930, Village, Lincoln co. , Ga. , on the right bank of the Savannoh river, below the moulh of Broad river. Lisburn, borough of Ireland, in the co. of An trim. It has a large manufacture of linen clolh, and is sealed on the Laggan, 8 ms, SW. of Bel. fast Lon. 6° W,, Iat 54 41 N. Village in western part of Cumberland co., Po. |ii|l Lisca, one of the Lipari islands, 3 ms. from Li pari. It is a desert spot Lisier, St., town ofFr., in the dep. of Arriege, and lale province of Couserans, on the Satat, 50 ms, SB, of Auch, and 390 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E., lat 42 56 N. Lisieux, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. It has a good trade, parlicularly in linen clolh, and is seated at the confluence of the Touque and Orbec, 12 ms, from tbe sea, and 40 SW. of Rouen. Lon. 0 20 E,, lat 49 11 N. Lisle, large, handsome, and strong town of Fr.. in the dep. ofthe North, and late province of French Flanders, of which il was the capital. Il is esteemed one of the richest and most commercial towns in France, and the inhabitants are computed to amount to 65,000. It is called Lisle (that is L'Isle, the island) because it was formerly sur- rounded by marshes. The principal trade is in camlets. It is seated on the river Deule, 14 ms. W. of Tournay, 32 SW. of Ghent, 37 NW. of Mon.s and 130 N. nf Paris. Lon. 3 9 E,, lat. 50 38 N Town, Broome co., N. Y., situated on the Tioughneoga river, near ils junction wilh Chenango, and about 14 ms. NE. of Union. Pup. 1820, 3,083. Village and post office. Lisle tp., Broome co., N. Y. This is a separate post office from that of Lisle, though in the same tp. Lismore, one of the wesiern islands of Scotland, at the raouth of Loch Linhe, a capacious lake in Argyleshire. It is a fertile island, 7 ras. long and Ii broad. Lisonzo, river of Italy, which rises in Carin thia, and falls inlo the Gulf of Venice, at the har bor of tbe same name. Lissa, island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. It produces excellent wine, and is 70 ms. W. of Ragusa. Lon. 17° E., lat 43 52 N.' Town of Poland, in the palatinate of Pos- nia, of which it is the capital, 50 ms. W. oJ Ka- lisch. Lon. 16 50 E., Iat 52° N. Lissa, village of Silesia, 16 miles from Breslaw. It is seated on the Weisnitz, and remarkable for a great victory gained by the Prussians over the Aus trians in 1757. Litchfield, NW. county of Connecticut, bound ed by N. Y. W., Mass. N., Hartford county E., New Haven SE., and Fairfield SW. ; lengih 38 ms., mean width 22 ms,, area 836 sq. ms. Sur face very hilly or mountainous. The Housatonic passes through and the Naugatuck and Fanning- ton rise in Litchfield. Though broken, it contains much excellent soil, productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Chief town, Litchfield. Pop. in 1820,41,266 ; and in 1840, 40,448. Central lat 41 45 N., lon. W. C. 3 45 E. Litchfield, village and capilal of Litchfield co., 62* Conn., 24 miles W. of Hartford, and 44 NW. of New Haven. Pop. in 1810, 4,630; in 1820, 4,610. Lat 41 44 N., lon. W. C. 4 50 E. The tp. is elevated, ond in part mouniainous, though well cultivated. Litchfield Great pond, a very cu rious sheet of water, one of the sources of the Shepang river, afl'ords fine mill seats al ils outlet There are in Litchfield 6 fulling mills, 5 or 6 tan neries, 18 or 20 saw mills, 4 forges, 1 slitting mill, 1 or 2 nail factories, and 14 or 15 places of public worship. This town contains also Morris's acad emy, a flourishing and very respectable institution. In Litchfield village is a seminary for the educa tion of young ladies, which has long and continues I9 hold a distinguished rank amongst similar insti tulions in the Uniled States. The Litchfield Law school was established in 1784, by the honorable Tapping Reeve, and has become one of the most systematic law schools in the United States. Litchfield, village and tp., Hillsborough county, N. H., 26 ms. S, from Concord. Tp., Herki mer CO., N. Y., 10 miles S. from Utica. Pop. in 1820, 1,730. Village, Bradford co., Penn., by post road 193 miles N. from Harrisburg. Vil lage, Grayson co., Ky., 70 ms. SSW. from Lou isville. lown, Lincoln counly, Me. Population in 1820, 2,120. Lithuania, former name of an extensive country of Europe, bounded on the S. by Volhinia and part of Red Russia, on the W. by upper Poland, Polacia, Ducal Prussia, and Samogilia, on the N. by Livonia, and on the E. by Russia. It is about 300 ms. in length and 250 in breadth, and is wa tered by several large rivers, the principal of which are the Dnieper, the Lewina, the Niemen, the Pripecz, and the Bogg. Il is a flat country like Poland, and the lands are vety proper for tillage. The soil is not only fertile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool. This, perhaps, is the only couniry in Europe where Jews cultivate the ground. The peasants are in a stale of the raost abject vassalage. In 1772 the Empress Catharine compelled the Poles to cede to her all that part of Lithuania bordering upon Rus sia, and including at least one-third of the country. This she erected into the two governments of Po- losk and Mohilef In 1793, in conjunction with the king of Prussia, she effected another partition of Poland, in consequence of which she extend ed her dominions over the whole nf Lithuania. It forms at present the Russian governments of Wil na, Grodno, and Minsk. The name of this coun try is in Polish Lilwania, and pronounced Lit- vania. Litiz, village and Moravian settlement,, Lancas ter CO., Pa., about 7 ms. N. from the cily of Lan caster. This village was founded in 1757, and, though small, has the appearance of quietness and neatness, characteristic of the sect by which it ig inhabited. Little Beaver Bridge, post office, Columbiana CO., 0., 55 ras. NW. from Pittsburg. Little Britain, post office. Orange co., N, Y. Tp., Lancaster co.. Pa. It is situated on the W. side of Octorara creek, in the SE. corner of the county. Little Compton, lown, Newport co,, R. I. It is a maritime district, and famous for its dairies. Little Creek, hundred of Kent county, Del. It 489 LIT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LIV is on the N. side of Jones's river, about 6 ms. from Dover. Little Cape Capon, creek, Hampshire co., Va. Little Creek, tp., Sussex co., Del. Liiile Darby, considerable wesiern branch of Big Darby, rising in the northweslern quarter of Madison co., Ohio, and running- southeaslward ly into the wesiern side of Big Darby, opposite GeorgesVille. Along the borders and westward of this stream are extensive bodies of open prairie land, much of whieh is fertile and valuable. Little Egg Harbor, tp. of Buriington counly, New Jersey. Soil generally sandy, though well cultivated near the coast 'The sandy land in the interior is covered with pine and oak timber. Prin cipal town, Tuckerlon. Pop. in 1820, 1,102. Little Egg Harbor, or Mullican's river, rises in Atlantic, Burlington, and Gloucester counties, N. J., by a number of creeks which unite 1 1 or 12 ms. from the sea, and, separating the counties of Atlantic and Burlington, falls into Liltle Egg Har bor inlel 2^ ms. SE. from Tuckerlon. Il is naviga ble for shallops as high as Basto furnace. Little Egg Harbor, bay or inlet, a sheet of salt water separated from the ocean by Tucker's is land and Long beach. It communicates with the ocean by the Old and New inlet of Little Egg Harbor, Liiile Egg Harbor, new inlet, lies 7^ miles due S, from Tuckerlon, admits vessels of from 15 to 18 feet draught, many of which during the late war entered and discharged valuable cargoes. The old inlel, to the N. from Tucker's island, is now but liltle used, except for very light vessels. tjiitle Falls, flourishing village on the Mohawk river, at what is called the Little Falls in that stream, 8 ms. below- Herkimer. Little Hockhocking, an inconsiderable stream in the S. part of Washington co., Ohio, running inlo the Ohio river 5 miles below the moulh of Great Hockhocking. Village, Washington co., Ohio, 116 ms. SE. from Columbus. Little Indian Creek, small stream of Clermont CO., 0., putting into the Ohio river 2 railes below Big Indian creek. Little Miami, river rising in the southwestern corner of Madison counly, Ohio, and, after run ning SW. about 70 miles, across Clark, Green, Warren, and Hamilton counties, joins the Ohio 7 miles above Cincinnaii. It is one of the best mill ,Streams in the State; 30 or 40 raills, araong which 2 or 3 are paper mills, are already erected upon it. The principal streams running into it are East branch, Shawnee, Obannon, Turtle, Todd's fork, Cffisar's, and Massie's creeks, on the easiern side, and Sugar and Beaver creeks on the W, For navi gation it is of little consequence, but for mills is preferable to the Great .Miami. Litlle Missouri, the name of two rivers of the United States, one a branch of Missouri joining that stream from the SW., 90 miles above the Mandan villages; and the other a branch of Wash ilau, in Arkansas, rises wilh the Liltle river of the N., flows E., and falls into the Washita frora the W. Little Plymouth, village. King and Queen co , Va., by postroad 60 ras. NE. from Richmond. Link Red River, post office. Ark from Liltle Rock. 490 100 miles Little Rest, post office, Washington co., R. 1,, by post road a little W. of S. from Providence. Little River, Is the name of several small streams in the United States. Lillle Red river, a branch of White river, in Arkansas. Little river, one of the constituents of Pedee, rises in North Carolina, and, in part of its course, separates North Carolina from South Carolina. Litlle river, branch of Sa vannah river, which it joins 30 miles above Au gusta. Litlle river, in Georgia, falls into Oconee 12 ms. above Milledgeville. Litlle river. Christian county, Ky., which falls into Cumberland. Ijitlle river of Indiana, joining Wabash river above Vin cennes.. Little North river, a branch of Red river, rises in Arkansas, and falls inlo Red river a short distance above the N W. limit of Louisiana ; and Litlle river S., another branch of Red river, rises in Texas, and, flowing E., falls into Red river in the NW. angle of Louisiana. Litlle River, post office, Horry district, S. C , by post road 92 miles E. from Columbia. Vrl- e and post office, Lincoln co , Me., 29 ms. NE. from Portland. Litlle Rock, village and seat of justice for Pu laski CO., and seal of government, Arkansas. This new capilal is situated on the right bank of Ar kansas river, about 120 ms. by land above the mouth of that stream, 400 miles SSW. from St Louis, and 300 NNW. from Natchez. Lat. 34 17, lon. W. C. 15 55W. Little Sandy Salt Works, village, Greenup co., Ky,, 132 ms. E. from Frankfort Littleton, town, Grafton co., N. H., situaled on the E. side of the Connecticut river, 45 ms. NE. of Haverhill, and about 40 NW. of Conway. Village and tp. of Middlesex co,,'Mass., 28 miles WNW. from Boston. Pop, in 1840, 1,728. Village, Sussex co., Va., 70 ms. SSE. ftom Rich mond. Village, Warren co., N. C, 67 miles SE. from Raleigh. Village and post office, in the northern part of Grafton co., N. H., 91 railes a litrie W, ofN. from Concord. Litlle Valley, town, Cattaraugus co., N. Y,, 25 ms. NW. from Hamilton, on Alleghany river, and 50 nis. S. from Buffalo. Little York, village, Montgomery co., Ohio, 77 railes SW. by W. from Columbus, Village, Hardin co., Ky., 91 ms. SW. from Frankfort Litlorate, now part of the Austrian kingdora of Illyria, formerly a dislrict of D.almatia, containing the towns of Trieste, Fiurae, Buccari, and 'Por to Re. Litvania See Lithuania. Livadia, province of Turkey in Europe, bound ed on the N. by Janna, E. by the Archipelago, S. by the Morea, and W. by the Mediterranean. It includes ancient Greece, properly so called, and its capital is Athens. Livadia, lown of European Turkey, in the pro vince of ils name ; it has a trade in wool, corn, and rice, and, according to most gazetteers, is seated near the Gulf of Lepanto, 68 ras. NW. of Athens. Lon 23 20 E., lat 38 42 N. Livodia is the an cient Lebadea, the Midea of Homer, and is not situated on the Gulf of Lepanto, but at least 1 .J ms in the interior, and with Mount Libethrus in tervening. Livadia is buUt on the sleep declivity of a hill, and contains 1,500 houses, inhabited cliief- ly by Greeks, but contains about 100 Turkish fami- LIV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LLA lies. Livadia, as a province, is nearly commensu rate with Greece proper, or tho Achaia of the Ro mans, except the Morea. Livadostro, bay of ancient Alcyonium Mare, the exireme eastern angle of the Gulf of Lepanto. Livaudiere, seigniory, Hartford Co., L. C, 12 ms. SE. from Quebec. Livenza, river of Italy, in the territory of Ve nice, which runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and enters the Gulf of Venice between the mouth of Piava and the town of Caorlo. Livermore, town, Oxford co,. Me., 18 ms. NE. from Paris. Pop. in 1820, 2.134. Liverpool, borough and seoport of Eng., in Lan cashire. It had but one church, which was a chapel of ease lo Walton (a village 3 ras. off) till tho year 1 699, when an act passed to raake the town a distinct parish, nnd erect a new church; since which time it has been gradually advancing in pop. and trade. The number of inhabitants in 1773 was 34,407; in 1790, it was 55,732; in 1801, 77,653; and in 1811, no less than 94,376. Its rise and increase was owing to the salt works, but more parlicularly to American commerce ; and il is now become, wilh respect lo population and com merce, the second pott in the kingdom. It is seat ed on the river Mersey, and has a harbor, formed with great labor and expense, there being 8 wet docks, secured by large flood gate?, bound by keys, a mile and a half in lengih, where 1,000 vessels, or 200,000 tons ol shipping, raay lie in the great est safety. The trade of Liverpool is general, hut the principal branch is the African and West In dian trade. The American, Baltic, and Portugal commerce, is also very great, as well as that of Ireland ; many ships are sent to the Greenland whale fishery ; the coasting trade employs a great number of vessels, and many good ships are buill here. By the late inland navigation, Liverpool has communication with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Humber, Severn, and Thames. Its principal manufactures are fine porcelain, earthen ware, walches, and stockings, some glass, iron, salt, and copperas works, many roperies, and up wards of 50 breweries. The exchange is a hand some modern edifice of stone, with piazzas for the mHrchanis, and over il is tbe town hall. There is also a handsome exchange, a custom house, an as. sembly room, an elegant theatre, a library, and a bo. rough jiil on Mr. Howard's plan. Beside the pa rochial churches, there are ten or more other churches for the established religion ; also Roman Cathohc chapels and dissenting meeting-houses. To enumerate the asylums fur the wretched and unfortunate of every description and denomination, would far exceed our bounds. Liverpool is 48 ras, S. of Lancaster, and 202 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 3° W., lat 53 22 N. Liverpobl, tp.. Queen's co.. Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy Village, Salina tp., Onondago CO., N. Y., 3 ras. from Salina Village in the NE. part of Perry co.. Pa,, on the right bank of Susquehannah river, about 30 ms. above Harris burg. Village, York co.. Pa., 6 ms. N. from the borough of York Village, Medina co., 0., by postroad 170 ms. NE from from Columbus. Livingston, tp,, Columbia co,, N. Y., contain ing 1,651 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1,938. It is situaled 40 ms. S. of Albany, on the river Hudson Co., N. Y., on bolh sides Geneseo river, bounded S. by Sleuben and Alleghany, W. by Geneseo, N. by Monroe, and E. by Onlario. Length 30 ms,, width 20, area 600 sq. ms. In respect lo soil and surface, this is a very diversi fied couniry. It is generally hilly and fertile, but exceptions to both these features exist ; extensive flats skirt Genesee river, and part of the upland is slerile. This co. was formed from part of Ontario and Genesee. Lat 42 50 N., lon. W. C. 1 13 E. Pop. 1840, 35,140. Village, Essex co., N. J , 54 ms. NE. from Trenton. Co., Ky.. bounded by Tennessee river SW. , by Ohio river W. and NW., by Trade Waler river, or Union CO., NE , and Caldwell co. SE. Length 47 ms,, mean width 15, area about 720 sq. ms. Curaber land river passes through and enters Ohio river in this CO. The surface is generally level, and much of the soil highly fertile. ' Chief town, Sa lem. Pop. 1820, 5,824, and in 1840, 9,02.5. Central lat 37 18 N., lon. W. C. 1 1 10 W. Livingstonville, village, Schoharie co., N. Y., 22 ms. westerly from Albany. Livonia, province of the Russian empire, which, with that of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claim ed and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and for more than two centuries has been a perpet ual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirmed lo the Russians by the peace of NysladI, in 1721. Il now forms the government of Riga, or Livonia, of which Riga is the capital. It is bounded on theN. by the government of Esthonia, on the E. by lhat of Pskof, on the S. by that of Polotsk and part of Poland, and on the W. by the Gulf of Livonia. Il is 250 ms, from N. lo S,, and 150 from E, to W. The land is so fertile in corn that it is called the granary of the North. Area 21,000 sq. ms. Pop. 600,000. Livonia, village and tp., Livingston co., N. Y,, between Genesee and Hemlock lake, 20 ms. SW. from Canandaigua. Pop. 1820, 2,427 Village, Washington co., Ia., 97 ms. S. from In dianapolis. Lizard, the most soulhern promonlory of Eng., whence ships usually lake their departure when bound to the westward. Lon. 5 10 W,, lal, 49 57 N. Llanarth, town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, 17 ms. E.-by N. Of Cardigan, and 212 W. by N. of London. Lon. 4 20 W., lat 52 13 N. Llanbeder, town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, on the river Tyvy, over which is a bridge into Car marthenshire, 24 ms. E. of Cardigan, and 197 W. by N. of London. Lon. 4 8 W., lat. 52 9 Norlh- Llandilovawr, town of Wales, in Carmarthen shire, on the river Towy. Lon. 3 58 W., lal. 51 55 N. Llanelly, lown of Wales, in Carmarthenshire. It trades rauch in coal, and is sealed on a creek of the Bristol channel. Lon. 4 10 W., lat 51 43 North. .Llangadoc, town of Wales, in Carmarthen shire, 185 ms. W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 48 W., lat 51 54 N. Llangollen, lown of Wales, in Denbighshire, 184 ms. from London. Llangunner, village of Wales, in Carmarlhen- 491 LAC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOD shire. Sir Richard Steele had a private seat here, and here he died in 1 729. Llanroost, town of Wales, in Denbighshire, on the Conway, 15 ms. S. of Denbigh, and 222 N W. OfLondon. Lon. 3 58 W. lal. 53 6 N. Llantrisseni, town of Wales, in Glamorgan shire, in S, Wales, 10 ms. NW-. of Landaff, and 166 W. of London. Lon. 3 22 W., lat 51 28 North. Llanwilling, town of Wales, in Montgomery shire, near the river' Cane, 15 ms. N. by W. of Montgomery, and 179 NW. of London. Lon. 3 8 W., lat 52 40 N. Llanydlos, town of Wales, in Montgcmieryshire, 18 ms. SW. of Montgomery, and '57 WNW. of London. Lon. 3 28 W., lat 52 19 N. Llanymddovery, town of Wales, in Carmar thenshire, near the Towy, 26 ms. ENE. of Car marthen, and 181 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 42 W., lat 51 56 N. Llaugharn, town of Wales, in Carmarthen shire, in S. Wales, at the mouth of the Towy, 7 ms, SW. of Carmarthen, and 233 W. by N. of London. Lon. 4 28 W., lat 51 48 N. Llobregat, two rivers of Spain, in Catalonia, the least considerable of which falls into ihe bay of Ro sas, bul the largest rises in the Pyrennean moun tains with the Noguera, and enters Ihe Mediter ranean 15 ms. SW. from Barcelona. Lloyd's, post office, Essex CO., Va., 68 ms; NE. from Richmond. Lloydsville, village, Otsego co,, N. Y., 90 ms. "W. from Albany. Lo, St., town of France, in the department of the Channel, and late province of Normandy, wilh a good citadel. It has considerable manufactures of cloths, stuffs, iron, and gold lace. It is seated on tbe Vire, 12 ras. E. of Coutances, and 125 W. by N. of Paris. Lon. 53' W., lat 49 6 N. Loanda, small island of Africa, on the coast of Angola. Il is 12 ms. in lengih, and three-quar ters of a mile in breadth. It has a town of the same name, which is the capital ofthe kingdom of Angola, in Soulh Guinea, with a very good har bor. It belongs to the Portuguese. Lon. 12 25 E., lat 8 45 S. Loango, considerable kingdom of Africa. — See Africa, pp. 25, 26.' Loans or Lavora, town of Genoa, near the sea coast Lon. 7 58 E., lal. 44 9 N. ¦ Lobaw, town of Polish Prussia, with a castle, where the bishop of Culm resides. It is 25 ms. E. of Culm. Lon. 19 E., lat 53 25 N. ' Loboa, town of Spain, in the province of Es tramadura, seated on tbe Guadiana, 22 ms. E. of Badajoz. Lon. 6 22 W., lat 38 32 N. Lobos, islands of Peru, near the coast. Lat. 6 25 S. Locarno, town of Switzeriand, capilal of a dis trict of the same name, which is one of the fotir transalpine bailiwicks. It contains 1,500 inhabi- tant-i. Locarno was once situated on the lake, and had a port capable of receiving large barks ; at present it stands at the distance of a quarter .pf a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the torrent Maggia. It is 46 ms. N. of Novara, and 55 N. by W. of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E., lat 46 10 N. Lacamo, Lake of,— See Maggiore 492 Lochaber, bleak, barren mountains, and rug ged district, in the SW. part of Inverness-shire. Lochem, town of Dutch Guelderland, in the CO. of Zutphen, on tbe Borrel, 10 ms. E. of Zut phen. Lon. 6 13 E., lat 52 12 N. Locher Moss, morass in Dumfriesshire, Scot land, 10 ms. in length and three in breadth. Here vast oak trees, and also canoes and anchors, have been frequently dug up. Loches, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, on the river Indre, 15 ms. S. of Amboise, and 20 W. of Tours. Lon. 51° E., Iat 47 10 N. Lochmaben, royal borough of Scotland, in Dum friesshire. Lon.'s 19 W., lat. 55 19 N. Loch Ranza, post office, Montgomery co., Ala., 36 ms. easterly from Cahaba. Lochrida, or Ocrida, town of Turkey in Eu rope, in Albania. It is a pretty large place, and well fortified ; and is 62 ras, SE. of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E,, lat 41 40 N. Lochia, town of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on the Gulf of Bothnia, 90 ras. S. of Tornea. Lon. 24 16 E., lat 64 20 N. Lochwinnock, town of Renfrewshire, Scolland, on a lake of Ihe sarae name, called also Castle Senaple Loch, near 3 ms. in length. Lochy Loch, lake of Scolland, in the SW. part of Inverness-shire, 10 ms. in length, and from one to two in breadlh. From the NW. the walers of Loch Arkek descend into this lake. Out of it runs the river Lochy, which falls iato Loch Eil al Fort William. Locke, lown, Cayuga co., N. Y,, 23 ms. SSE. from Auburn. Pop. in 1820, 1,559. Lockport, very thriving village of Niagara co., N. Y., on the western or Erie canal, 220 ms. by Ihe canal W. from Utica, and by Ihe canal 34 NNE. from Buffalo. Lat 43 II N., lon. W. C. 1 43 W. Il is at this vdlage that the first series of locks, from Lake Erie, occur in the canal, and brings the water from the Erie level lo that of Rochester, by double locks of 12 feet each. Lockport, in 1823 had a pop. of 500, it now (1826) exceeds, itis probable 1,000, and in 1840, 9,125. The village js on the high ground above the locks. Lockwood, village, Sussex Co., N. J., 78 ms. N. from Trenton. Locust Grove, post office. Orange co., Va., by postroad, 86 ms NW. from Richmond. Loddon, lown of Eng., in Noifolk, 8 ms, SE. of Norfolk, and 113 NE. of London. Lon, 1 18 E., lat 62 36 N. Lodesan, district of Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It lies along the river Adda, and is very fertile and populous. Lodi is the capital. Lodeve, town of Fr., in the dep. of Herault, and lale province of Languedoc. Its manufac tures of cloth render it very rich, but it is seated in a dry barren country, at the foot of the Ceven nes, 27 ms. NW. of Monlpelier. Lon. 3 30 E., lat 42 37 N. Lodi, strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of the Lodesan. -It is sealed in a pleasant country, on ihe Adda, 15 ms. NW. of Placentia, and 20 SE. of Milan. Lon. 7 26 E. lat. 45 15 N. Lodimont, village, Abbeville district. South LOI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LON Carolina, by post road, 134 ms. W. from Colum bus. Lodomeria, — See Galicia. Lodrone, town of haly, in the bishopric of Trent, seated on the small Lake Idro, at the place where it receives the river Chiese, 31 ms. SW. of Trent Lon. 10 46 E,, lat 46 N. Loflus Heights, vety elevated Bluffs in Adams CO., Miss., on the E. bank of the river Mississippi, 45 ms. below the town of Natchez. Logan, CO, of Va., bounded NW. by Cabell, Kenawha N., Fayeite NE., Mercer E , 'razewell, SE. and S., and Lawrence co,, Ky., W. Pop. 1840, 4,309. N. lat 3S°, and lon. 5 W. W, C. intersect in the NW. part of this co. slope N W., and drained by the branches of Big Sandy and Great Gtiyandolte rivers. Logan CO., Ky,, bounded by Tenn., Todd CO., Ky. W,, Muhlenburg NW., Butler N., and Simp son NE. Lengih 30 ms,, mean width 21, area 630 sq. ms. It occupies the high ground be tween Cumberland and Green rivers. It is drained by Red river, branch of Cumberland, and by Big- Banner and Muddy rivers, branches of Green river. The surface is waving rather than hilly, soil ex cellent Chief town, Russelville. Pop. in 1820, 14,423; and in 1840, 13,61,5. For central lat see Russelville, Logan, CO., Ohio, bounded N. by Hardin, E. by Union, S. by Champaigne, SW. by Miami, W, by Shelby, and NW. by Allen. Lengih 26 ms., breadth 21, area 500 sq. ms. Miahil river, Boques, Mill, and Darby creeks, and Mad river, all rise in this co. The land is, howevec, tolera bly level and fertile. Chieflown, Bellefoniaine. Pop. in 1820, 3,181, and in 1840, 14,015, Central lat 40 22 N,, lon. W. C. 6 50 W. Logan, village and seat of jusiice for Hocking CO., Ohio, on the N. bank of Hocking river, 18 ms. SE. from Lancaster. Lat 39 36 N., lon. W. C. 5 26 W. Log-house landing, post office, Beaufort co., N. C, 170 ras, S. of E. frora Raleigh. Logowogorod, town nf Poland, in Lower Vol hinia, seated on the V/. bank of the Dnieper. Lon. 31 7 E., lat 50 46 N. Logronno, town of Spain, in Old Castile, in a country abounding with excellent fruits and good wines, and all the necessaries of life. It is seated on the Ebro, 115 ms. N. by E. of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 W., bit 42 29 "N. Loire, the principal river of Fr., which rises in the mountains of the Cevennes, in Languedoc. It begins to be navigable at Roanne, is joined to the Seine by the canals of Briare and Orleans, and falls into the Bay of Biscay below Paimbceuf The basin of the Loire lies in the central and finest part of France. This river has a compara tive course of about 450 ms., but, like raost olher rivers of southern and western Europe, has but little tide navigation. Dep. of Fr., contiguous to the deps. of Rhone and Isere. Chief town, Montbrison. Loire and Cher, dep. ofFr., including the lale province of Blasois. It takes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher, the first of which falls into the Sarte above Angers ; and the last empties itself into the Loire, 5 ms. above the confluence of the latler wtth the Indre. Blois is the capital. laire. Lower, dep. of Fr., containing part of the lale ptovince of Bretagne. It has its name from the river Loire, which forms its S. boundary, and then falls inlo the Bay of Biscay. Nanles is the capilal. Loire, Upper, dep. of Fr., lale the province of Velay. It lakes ils name from the river Loire, which rises near its S. boundary. Puy is the capilal. Ijoiret, dep. of Fr., late the province of Or leannois, It takes its name from a small river that falls into the Loire. Orleans is the capital. LoMBAKns, from longobardi, long beards, one of the Germanic nations who parlitirmed the Ro man empire, and in A. D., 568, fixed themselves in Italy, and from whom comes Lombardy as a name for norlhern Ilaly. The name or epithet of Lombards, was long applied to the Gibelines, and extended to Italian merchants and usurers who spread themselves over norlhern and central Europe. Lombardo, Vetielian kingdom, name imposed on Austrian Ilaly by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Lombardy, name formerly given to part of Italy, and which comprehended almost uU the ancient Cisalpine-Gaul. It hes towards tbe N., and was divided into the Uppet and Lower. Up per Lombardy was the wesiern part, and compre hended Piedmont with ils dependencies, and the duchies of Montserral and Milan. Lower Lom bardy, which was the easlerQ part, comprehended Parma, Modena, Mantua, Ferrara, the Bolognese, the territories of the Church, the Paduan, Vi- cenlin, the Veronese, Ihe Bressan, the Cremase, and the Bergame-^e. See arts. Austria and Italy, L'imbardy, village, Amelia co., Va., 50 ms. SW. from Richmond. Village, Columbia co., Ga., 64 ms. NE. by E. from Milledgeville. Lombardy Grove, post oflice, Mecklenberg, co,, Va., 110 ms, SW. from Richmond. L'imbez, town of Fr. in the dep. of Gers, and late province of Gascony, lately a bishop's see. It is sealed on the Save, 27 ms. SW. of Toulouse. Lon. 1° E,, lat 43 39 N. Lnmond, Ben, raountain of Scolland, in the N. of Stirlingshire, about 3,200 feet above the level of the lake at ils bottom. From this lofiy moun tain are seen Loch Lomond, the Clyde, the Forth, Edinburgh, the eastern coast as far as the Cheviot Hills, the isles of Bute and Arran, the rock of .4ilsa, Ireland, the mounlain of Plynliinmon, in Wales, the Skiddaw in Cumberland, and the hills far beyond it. Lomond, Loeh, beautiful lake in Dumbartonshire. Lon, or Lune, beautiful and romantic river which rises in Westmoreland, and flowing by Kir by Lonsdale in that co., falls into the Irish sea, be low Lancasler. Ils banks are beautiful. London, metropolis of Great Britain, one ofthe largest and most opulent cities of the world, men tioned by Tacitus as a considerable commercial place in the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metropolis, it consists of the city, properly so called, the city of Westminster, which was once a mile from Lon don, and the borough of Soulhwark, beside the suburbs in Middlesex and Surry, within what are call ed the bills of mortality. London and Westminster 493- LON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LON are situated in Middlesex, on the N. side ofthe river Tha.mes. Soulhwark is situated on the opposite bank, in Surry. The extent of the whole, from Limehouse and Deptford, to Milbank and Vaux- hall, is above 7 ms. ; bul the greatest breadth does nol exceed 3. In theformereditionsof my Dictionary, attempts were made to describe London, but in this present edition no such attempts were made on any large city, not even those of the United Slates. Any thing deserving the name of a description of such cities as London, Paris, St Petersburg, New York, &c,; would demand a volume as large as this treatise. This city now contains a populalion little, if any, short of two millions. There is no rational doubt but that in this cily more wealth and other means of human power are concentrated than was ever the case with any other, not excepting Rome. The tide ascends the Thames to the city, the great est distance inland of any tide of Europe, yielding commercial facilities to the many other causes which have produced this giant city. Lat 51 31 North, London, New. — See New London. London, district of U. C, along Lake Erie Town of T.I. C, on the Thames, about 100 ms. NE. by E. from Detroit and 150 SW. by W. ftom York, The surrounding country is extreme ly well adapted to agriculture. Lat. 42 55 N. Town and seat of justice for Madison co,, Ohio, 25 ras. W. by S. from ('olumbus. Pop. in 1820, 200, but rapidly increasing. Lat 39 51 N., lon. W. C. 6 30 W. London Bridge, village in Princess .\nne co., Va., 140 ms. SE. ftom Richmond. London Britain, tp. in Chester co.. Pa., adja cent to tbe NE. angle of Cecil co., Md. London Harbor, a bay ofthe island of St John, on its notlh side. Lon. W. C. 13 52 E., lat 46 26 N. Londonderry, co. of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 ms. long and 30 broad, bounded on the W. by Donegal, on the N. by the ocean, on the S. and SW. by Tyrone, and on the E. by An trim. It is a fruitful champaign country. The linen manufaclure flourishes through every part of it Londonderry, handsome town of Ireland, capi tal of a county of the same nam.e. It is a modern place, built by a company of London adventurers, in the reign of James I. The principal commerce of Londonerry is with America and the West In dies. Il contains 18,000 inhabitants, and is seat ed on the river Foyle, over which a wooden bridge 1,068 feet in length, and of singular and excellent construction, was erected in 1791. Londonderry is 4 ms. S. ofLough Foyle, and 194 NW. of Dub lin. Lon. 7 5 W., lat 55 4 N. Londonderry, tp. of Halifax co.. Nova Scolia, on Colequid river, 30 ms. above the Bay of Minas. Town in Rockingham co., N. H., 35 ms. SW of Portsmouth, and 37 NW. of Newbury port, Mass. Il is peopled mostly by emigrants from Ireland, as the name implies. Town in Windham CO., Vt, 27 ms. S VV. from Windsor. Tp. irughesler co.. Pa,, on the E. side of Octorara creek, between Oxford and Nottingham. Tp. in Dauphin co,, Pa,, between Conewa- 494 go and Swatara creeks, about 15 ms. from Harris burg. Pop. in 1810, 2,411; in 1820, 1,100. SW. tp. of Lebanon co.. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 1,629. This and the preceding formed one tp. in Dauphin co. previous to the formation of Leba non CO. SW. tp. of Bedford CO., Pa., on Wills creek, between Wills and Liltle Alleghany moun tains. Tp. in Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 902. London Grove, town in Chester co.. Pa,, be tween New Garden and Oxford, about 40 ms. SW. from Philadelphia, London Town, village of Anne Arundel co,, Md,, on the right bank of South river, 5 ms. SW. from Annapolis. Longacoming, village in Gloucester co,, N. J , 16 ms. SE. from Philadelphia. Long bay, lhat part of the Atlantic coast of the U, S. between the mouths of the Pedee and (3ape Fear rivers. Long Beach, on the coast of Monmouth co., N. J., is a tow, sandy island, extending from Barnegat inlet lo Liltle Egg Harbor. Longanico, town ofthe Morea, anciently called Olympia, famous for being the place where the Olympic games were celebrated, and for the tem ple of Jupiter Olympus, about a mile distant It is now a small place, seated on the Alpheus, 10 ras. from ils moulh, and 50 S. of Lepanto. Lon. 22 0 E., Iat 37 30 N. Longavi, one of the Chilian peaks of the An des, supposed lo be 20,000 feet above the level of the ocean. Long Bottom, post office in Athens co, , Ohio, by post road 135 ras, SE. from Columbus. Long Creek, post office in Caldwell co., Ky. Longford, co. of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 25 ms. long and 16 broad, bounded on the E. and S. hy Wast Meath, on the NW. by Leitrim, on the NE. by Cavan, and on the W. by the Shannon, which parts it from Roscommon. It is a rich and pleasant country, contains 24 pa rishes, and sends 10 members to Parliament Borough of Ireland, capilal of a county ofthe same narae, 70 ms. WNW. of Dublin. Lon. 7 40 W., lat. 53 48 N. Lang Island, an island of N. Y,, separated from Ct. by Long Island sound, and divided inlo 3 counties, King's, Queen's, and Suflblk. It ex- lends ftom the Narrows E, 140 ms., but is not more than 10 broad on a medium. The produce of the middle and western parts of the island is carried to New York. This island, in 1810, con tained 48,752 inhabilanls ; in 1820, 56,978; and in 1840, 110,406 — very nearly doubling in 20 years. A ridge ot hills extends along the N. side of Long island, wilh a declivity towards the sound. South ofthe hills, the descent is raore gradual, and terminates in a flat border, sinking imperceptibly in approaching the Atlantic ocean. See lite re spective counties, for a more particular description ofthis island. A name given lo sundry unim portant islands in difl'eYent parts of the world. One near the W. coast of Biliton ; one on the SE. coast of Madura; one in Queen Charlotte's sound, on the coast of New Zealand, off the coast of New Guinea, in lat 1° S. ; one on the African coast, in the Indian ocean, lat 10 25 S. ; one in Penob- LON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOR scot bay, coast of Maine. For the lalter, see Isle borough, Long Island sound, kind of inland sea, 25 ras. broad and 140 long, extending the whole length of Long island, and dividing it from Ct It com municates with the Atlantic at both ends of the island. Longitude as a geographical term, expresses the distance on the earth's surface of any two or more places E. and W. of each other, without ref erence to their difference of latitude. Longitude is^reckoned from given meridians, and it is lo be re gretted that the great civilized and scientific na tions had not agreed on a comraon meridian. Astronomical longitude means an arc of the ecliptic, comprised between the equinox or first point of Aries, and the place on the ecliptic to which the star or planet responds. Lon. is to the ecliptic what right ascension is in regard to the equator. Planelary Ion. is of two kinds; heliocentric, the ' point on the ecliptic responding to the place of the planet seen frora the sun ; and geocentric, as seen from tho earlh. Long Meadow, town in Hampden co., Mass., on the left side of Connecticut river, 6 ms. below Springfield. Longmire's Store, post office in Edgefield dis-' trict S. C, 75 ms. SW. by W. from Columbia. Post office in Conecuh co., Ala., 112 ms. S, from Cahaba. Long point, or North Foreland, is a long, nar row peninsula of Walsinghain tp,, U. C, stretch ing in a direction nearly E., and lies nearly oppo site the town of Erie, in Pa. Long Prairie, village of Ark., 175 ms. from Little Rock. Long Reach, a remarkable long and straight por tion ofthe Ohio river, stretching 17 ms. along the NE. borders of Washington co., Ohio. Long Saut, Isle au, in the river St. Lawrence, and in front ofthe tp. of Osnabruck, contains from 1,000 lo 1,500 acres; the soil is good. It lies off the NG. angle of St Lawrence co., N. Y. Long's Mill, post office in Orange co., N. C, 74 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Long Swamp, town in Berks co.. Pa,, on the waters of Liltle Lehigh creek, 18 ms.NE. from Reading. Longtown, town of Eng,, in Cumberland, on the Esk, 12 ms, N. of Carlisle, and 307 NW. ofLon don. Village in Rowan co., N. C.,by postroad 150 ms. W. Irom Raleigh. Longueville, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, 23 ms. N. of Rouen. Longuion, town ofFr., in the dep. of Moselle. Here is a considerable iron forge and cannon foun dry. It is 10 ms. SW. of Longwy, and 36 NW. of Metz. Longueil Township, in the county of Glengary, is the second in ascending the Ottowa river, U. C. i/on^«'/, seigniory, Kent co., L. C, extend ing from St Lawrence to Richelieu river, and com mencing immediately opposile Montreal. Languid Barony, that part of the seigniory on the Sorel. Longwy, town of Fr., in the dep. of Moselle, on an eminence, on the river Chiers, 36 ras. NW. of Metz, and 160 ENE. of Paris. Lon. 5 44 E„ lat. 49 32 N. Lonicera, villoge, Baldwin co,, Ga,, 11 ms. from Milledgeville. Lons le Saunier, town of Fr,, capital of the dep. of .lura. It derives ils narae from the salt springs in its vicinity, and is sealed on the Sol- van, 30 ras. SSW. of Dole. ],on. 5 30 E., lat. 46 37 N. Loo, town of Holland, in Guelderland, 18 ms. N. of Arnheira. Loochoo Islands, called recently by Mr. .Mac- leod Lewchew, and by some others Liqueo, Liei- keou. — See Lieikeou. Great Loochoo is about 50 by 12 or 15 ms. The cliraate is represented as raost delicious, and the manners of the people as highly civilized. The coasts ore dangerous coral banks. Looe, East and Wesi, two decayed boroughs of Eng., in Cornwall, separated by a creek, over which is a narrow slone bridge. They are 16 ms. W. of Plymouth, and 231 W. by S. of London. Lookout, cape, one of those remarkable prom ontories of N. C. It is the SW. point of Ocra coke bar, and the SW. outlet of Core sound. Lon. W. C. 0 23 E., lat. 34 22 N. Cape, name of several capes of America : one soulh coast of Hud son's bay, lon. W. C. 7° W., lat 56° N. ; one in Hudson's bay, lon. W. C. 12° W., Iat 55 30 N. ; one on the Atlantic coast of South America, lat 48 24 S. ; and one on the Pacific ocean of Norlh America, 45 32 N. Mounlain, one of the Appalachian ridges, in the NW. part of Ga., terminating near the Suck, in Tennessee river. Loop, village, Giles co., Va., 275 ms. W. from Richmond. Looz, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 17 ms. W. by S. of Ma estrichl. Lopatka, cape, the S. extremity of the penin sula of Kamtschatka, — See Kuriles. Lora, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the river Guadalquiver, 28 ms. NE. of Seville. Lon. 5 4 W., lat 37 46 N. Town of Upper Saxony, in the co. of Hohenstein, 30 ras. N. of Saxe-Go-- Iha. Lon. 10 55 E,, lat 51 30 N. Loramie, tp. of Shelby co., O. Lorain, co. of O., bounded' N. by Lake Erie, W. by Huron, S. by Richland and Wayne, and E. by Medina and Cuyahoga. Length 30 ms., mean width 23, and area 690 sq. ms. Vermihon and Black rivers rise within this co., and, flowing over it in a northerly direction, fall inlo Lake Erie. Pop. 18f0, 18,467. L(rre, town of Spain, in Granada, 15 ms. N, of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W., Iat 36 30 N, Loredo, town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, seated on the Adige, 20 ms. E. of Rovigo. Lo- vurgana, Sar Vincenle de. Lorentz, store and post office, Lewis co., Va., 348 ms. NW. from Richmond. Loreilo, fortified town of Italy, in the raarqui sate of Ancona. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa, or Holy House, in which it is pretended the Virgin Mary lived at Nazareth. It is sealed on a mounlain, 3 ms. from the Gulf of Venice, 12 SE. of Ancona, and 112 NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 38 E., lat 43 27 N. Village, Essex co., Va. ; by post road 77 ms. NE. from Richmond. Lorgues, town ofFr., in the dep. of Var, sealed on the Argens, 16 ms, W. of Frejus. 495 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU L'Orient, fine seaport of Fr., in Morbihan, on Port Louis. The harbor is deep, sufficient for ships of the first class. Pop. about 18,000; 340 ms. W. by S. from Paris. Lon. 3 21 W. from London, lat 47 45 N. Larrach, town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, 6 ms. NE. of Basel, and 30 S. of Friburg. Lorrain, late province ofFr., 100 ms. long and 75 broad, bounded on the N. by Luxemburg and Treves, E. by Alsace and Deux Fonts, S. by Franche Comte, and W. by Champagne and Bar. It abounds in ull sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape seed. There are fine meadows and large forests, with mines of iron, silver, and cop per, and salt pits. The principal rivers are the Maese, Moselle, Seille, Meutte, and Sare. This province now Ibrms the deps. of Meurte, Moselle, and Vosges. Lorraine, town, Jefferson co., N. Y,, 20 ms. SSE. from Sackett's Harbor. Pop. 1820, 1,112. Lossiemouth, town of Scolland, in Murrayshire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, 5 ms. NE. of Elgin, of which it is the port The harbor will receive vessels of 80 tons, and hence rauch corn is exported. Lost River, post office. Hardy co., Va. ; by posl road 215 ras. NNW. from Richmond. Lot, river of Fr., which rises in the dep. of Lo zere, passes by Mende, Cahors, and Agen, and enters the Garonne. It begins to be navigable at Cahors. Dep. of Fr., including the late prov ince of Quercy. It takes its narae from the river I,ot Cahors is the capital. Lot and Garonne, dep. ofFr., including part of the late province of Guienne. It is so called from two rivers. .4gen is the capital. L'ltbiniere, seigniory, Buckingham co., L. C, on the S. side of St. Lawrence, 40 ms. above Quebec. Lothian, district of Scotland, now divided into East, Middle, and West Lothian, or Haddington shire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgqpishire. Lotzin, town of Prussia, with a castle, silualed on a canal, which joins the .Angersberg and Le- vanrin lakes, 78 ms. SE. of Konigsberg. Louans, small town of Fr., in the dep. of Sa one and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, situated in a kind of island between the rivers Se- illes, Safle, and Solnan, 18 ms. SE. of Chalons. Louche, town of Fr. Loudeac, town of Fr., in the^ep. of Cotes du Nord, with an iron forge and "manufactute of thread, 20 ms. S. of St Brieux. Loudon, town, Rockingham co., N. H., on the E. side of Merrimack river, 45 ras. NW. of Ports mouth. Village, Ftanklin co.. Pa., 63 ms, SW. from Harrisburg. Co., Va., bounded SE. by Fairfax, SW. by Prince William and Fauquier, NW. by Frederick and Jefferson, and NE. by the Potomac river. It is about 20 ms. square, wilh an area of 400 sq. ms. Surface delightfully variegated by hill, dale, and mountain. Soil excellent Staples, grain and flour. Chief town, Leesburg. Pop. 1820, 22,702 ; and in 1840, 20,431. Cent lat 39 5, lon. W. C. 0 30 W. Loudon village, post office, Merrimack co., N. H., 7 ms. from Concord. „ Loudcnville, town in the southeastern quarter of Richland co,, 0., 66 ms. NE. from Columbus 496 Loudun, town of Fr., in the dep. of Vienne, 30 ms. NW. of Poictiers, and 155 SW. of Paris. Loughborough, town of Eng., in Leicestershire. The chief manufactures are wool combing and hosiery ; and it has a trade in coal, &c., by means of a canal from the Trent. It is sealed near the Soar, 18 ms. N. of Leicester, and 109 NNW. of London. Tp. in the co. of Fronlenac, U. C, lies in the rear and to the N. of Kingston. Louisa, town of Finland, wilh a fortress, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland. The houses are all of wood, two stories high, and painted red. Co. of Va., bounded by Hanover SE., Goochland and Fluvanna SW., Albemarle NW., and Orange and Spoltsylvania N. Length 28 ms,, mean width 20 ; area 560 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly. Soil generally fertile. Chief staples, flour and tobacco. Pop. in 1820, 13,746; and in 1840, 1.5,433. Cent lat 38° N., lon. W. C. 1° W. Village, LawiencB co., Ky. ; by post road 182 ms, E. from Frankfort Court-house and post office, Louisa co,, Va,, 63 ms. NW. from Richmond. Lal. 38° N,, lon, W, C. 1 1 W. Louisburgh, capital of the island of Cape Bre ton. It was taken by the English in 1758, and reded to them in 1763, since which the fortifica tions have been destroyed. It has an excellent harbor, near four leagues in circumference. Lon. 59 48 W., lat 45 54 N. Louisburg, town and seal of jusiice, Franklin CO., N. C, on the E, bank of Tor river, 23 ms. NE. of Raleigh, the capital of the Stale. Louis de Ramsey, seigniory, Richelieu co., L. C, on the SE. side of St. Lawrence, near the head of Lake St. Peter's, 6 ms. E. ftom the mouth of Richelieu river. Lat 36 4, lon. W. C. 1 18 W. Louis, Fort, strongly fortified island in the Rhine, 12 ms. E. from Haguenau. Louisiade, group of islands in Australasia, or Oceanica, lying &E. from New Guinea, in B. lat. 10°, lon. E. 150°- This archipelago is very im perfectly known. They have been rather seen than explored. The natives ^re black, and head covered with wool. The Malay language is hero unknown. Louisiana, village and seat of justice. Pike co.. Mo., 96 ms. N. from SI, Louis. It is situated on the Mississippi, at the moulh of Salt river. Lat 39 28 N., loa- W. C. 13 38 W. Louisiana, Slate of the United States, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico S. and SE., Mississippi NE., Arkansas N., or rather NW., and by Texas W. Louisiana has an interior limit on the Gulf Miles, of Mexico, from the mouth of Sabine to that of Pearl river - - - Up Peari river to N. lat 31° - Thence along N. lat 31° to the right bank of the Mississippi - - ¦ Thence up lhat river to N. lat. 33° Thence due W., along N. lat 33°, to ihe N W. angle of the State Thence due S,, along 1° of lat, from the 33d lo the 32d degree of N. lat. Thence down the Sabine to its mouth, or to the S W. angle of the State - 400 60 105 820 163 190 Having an entire outline of - - I>2'^3 Area about 48,230 sq. ms., = 30,860,800 acres. LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU The longest line which can be drawn in Louis iana is from the moulh of Mississippi to the NW angle of the Slate, 380 ms. Its width is very dif ticult to estimate; 120 ms, is, however, not far from an accurate mean. Extreme S. at N. lat. 28 58; extreme N. at N. lat. 33°, The Stale of Louisiana contains, perhaps, as great diversity and extremes of soil as any country of the globe of equal extent. It is no misrepre sentation to say that, in this State, every kind of land exists, from the most slerile to tho most pro ductive. The very singular features of Louisiana, and its importance in our topography, will warrant a raore widely extended range of descriptive reraark than I have judged necessary with olher sections raore uniform in their interior, and more analogous in their exterior features to the contiguous countries. The soil of Louisiana admits of five very distinct varieties: river alluvion, pine forest, prairie, river inundated land, and sea marshes. Of these, the most extensive is pine forest but the raost valua ble, alluvion. In Louisiana, the sea sand allu vion is so limited in extent as not to merit a dis tinctive classification. Commencing from the S,, the first natural divi sion which presents itself is the sea marsh. This tract is coramensurale wilh the entire extent of the Slale, reaching from Pearl to Sabine river. It is almost destitute of timber. Its width inland varies from 20 to 30 ms., extending highest into the interior between the streams. All the rivers which communicate with the Mississippi, in a less er or greater degree, protruding a narrow slip of arable land along their shores, far beyond the inte rior limit of the sea marsh; none, however, ex tending this elevated border to the Gulf of .Mexico, The Atchafalaya has bul very little arable land on its shores, Ils left bank is above ordinary in undation 4 or 5 ms. from ils efflux, the right bank liable to annual submersion frora the Mississippi, After flowing 5 ras,, with the exception of a few spots of very limited extent the shores ofthis river are rendered uninhabitable as far down as the mouth of the Teche. The arable shores of the latler river are continued about 5 ms. down the former, below their junction ; the sea marsh then commences, and all further habitable land ceases. Three or four ms. below the mouth of Teche, on the opposile bank, the Atchafalaya receives Bayou Boeuf This bayou is the drain of the space be tween the Fourche and Atchafalaya rivers, and has a narrow border of high land along its banks, over which the overflow of the Mississippi very sel dom reaches ; consequently, all the waler which is brought down by the Atchafalaya is here confined to its own volume. This circumstance, though fact, is contrary to common opinion in the country itself All the space between tbe Lower Teche and Lafourche is usually considered subject lo an nual inundation. It is so in fact, with the excep tion of the range we have noticed. A chain of lakes lies between the Atchafalaya and Lafourche, through which, by a ferry, is formed the route of communication betweeii the settlements on the Mississippi and Lafourche and those in Lower At tacapas. The sunken flooded character of the shores of these lakes lead to the error we have cor rected. In reality, Bayou Bceuf and ils confluents 63* separate in that quarter the inundated tract from the sea marsh. In the angle between the bay of Atchafalaya and Lafourche river, a number of minor streams head near Bayou Boeuf, and flow S. into the Gulf of Mexico. These small creeks have all arable bank& towards their sources, which gradually depress in to the sea marsh. The Lafourche has arable banks about 90 ms, frora ils efflux from the Mississippi, below which distance the sea marsh encroaehes and prevents settlement. Between the high banks of Lafourche and those of the Mississippi river, with the exception of a few small spots, the inlermediate space is occupied by the sea marsh. The Mississippi proper differs in ordinary phe nomena, in no essential respect, except magnitude, from the Lafourche. The banks of bolh are the highest ground near their beds. The former car ries its arable border, wilh varied width, to the lower end of Plaquemine bend, 3 ms. below Fort St Philip, where the naked unwooded sea raarsh reaches the river bank. Northeast of the Mississippi, the sea marsh bor ders the river to Plaquemine bend, where the ara ble selvage commences, which, wilh a breadth of not more than 700 or 800 yards, intervenes be tween the river and marsh, lo Terre aux Boeufs, 15 ms. below New Orleans. Terre aux Bosufs extends an arable border for about 15 rns,, where the sea marsh reaches both its banks and terminates seltlement. Above Terre aux Boeufs the arable border is wider than below that stream, but is confined to the Mississippi banks as far up that stream as the higher parish of St John Baptiste, opposite lake Maurepas. In the distance frora Terre aux Bosufs lo St. John Baptiste the marsh is only interrupted in one place. Ten ms. above New Orieans an an cient outlet of the Mississippi pursues a NE. di rection, and, singular as it may seem, actually crosses Bayou St. John in the suburb of that name, and continues its original direction by the name of Bayou Gentilly, and falls into the pass of Chef Menleur. Its entire lengih, about 20 ms. On a small scale this outlet, in its natural state, had an elevated arable wooded border in all its course. With this very partial exemption the marsh reaches within a mean of half a mile from the Mississippi bank. The whole S. and SW. borders of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas form one undivided marsh. This marsh, towards New river, imper ceptibly changes to rivet inundated land. The general interior boundary of the sea marsh, from what we have seen, proceeding from W. to E,. extends from the head of the Sabine, Cal- cassieu, and Mei-mentau lakes ; from the lalter to the western bend of Vermilion, (the right shore of the latter river extending a narrow arable border about 20 ms. lower down,) a range of low hills or high ranges along the left side of the Vermilion, but sinks into the sea marsh 10 ms. above the southern extension of the cullivated opposing margin. Leaving the Vermilion river, the marsh winds around the inflections of the bays of Vermilion, Cole Blanche, and Atchafalaya, leaving those bays to the SW. and the Teche river to the SE., ad- 497 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU vancing in many places to within one or two ms. of the latter. At the junction of Teche and A Ich- afalaya rivers, we have shown the sea marsh to be bounded inland by Bayou Bceuf, and its constitu ent branches, between the Alchalafaya and La fourche rivers. Between the lalter and Mississippi more than nine-tenths of the entire space is marsh. The same observation is applicable to all that part of the island of Orleans below the parish of St John Baptiste. It wojild be an interesting operation to deter mine the extent of the irreclaimable sea raarsh. The solution of this problem is impracticable, howewr, to any great exactitude without extraor dinary and unnecessary expense of time and labor. The following estimate will serve for every requi site purpose : Between the Sabine and Lafourche rivers, is a distance of 180 ms. In this space the sea marsh and bays will averge at least 30 ms. in width, pro ducing an area of 5,400 sq. ms., 3,456,000 acres, or near one-ninth part ofthe superfices of the Stale. Northeast of the Lafourche, the sea marsh ex tends over at least 3,000 sq. ms., or 1,920,000 acres, which, added to 3,456,000, yields 5,376,000 acres, or nearly one-sixth part of all Louisiana. The distinction between sea marsh and the con tiguous soils, arises solely from relative height. There is no part of the maritime shores of the United States which rise so gradually from the sur face of the sea as do those of Louisiana. This acclivity is in fact so gentle that the common sur face of the country at Opelousas court-house, 70 ms. inland, is not more than 20 feet above the lev el of the Gulf of Mexico. The very near ad vance of such a country to the curve of a real sphere will be conceived, when it is considered that 70 ms. contain 369,600 feet ; or that, in round -numbers, 400,000 feet has only gained an eleva tion of 20 feet ; that is 1 of elevation for 20,000 iri distance. It is the natural consequence of so gradual an ascent lo render the gradations of soil alraosl imperceptible. Therefore the positive line which separates the sea marsh from the prairies or river inundation cannot be drawn. The tides in the Gulf of Mexico do nol exceed 3 feet, and yet they arc perceptible in all the watercourses of Louisiana, Mississippi excepted, as high as N. lat 30 20. From this arises tbe singular phenomenon that the tides in Plaque mine ami Iberville, approach to within 10 ms. of contact, though upwards of 200 ms,, above the head of tide waler in Mississippi. The prairie soil partakes of the quality of the adjacent lands. On the waters of Sabine, Cal cassieu, and Mermenlau, the prairies have generally a thin sterile soil, whilst on the Vermilion, Teche, and Courtableau, the prairies are almost uniformly fertile. Wherever thfe waters of Red or Missis sippi have flowed, the soil is productive; and that bolh these strearas have contributed to forra the deposite which lines the Teche, Vermilion, and Courtableau, is evident from the texture and al ternation of the strata. The evidences of the prevalence of these waters in places far remote from their present influence are seen in digging wells, where the pale blue sediment of the Missis sippi is found in contact wilh the red ochreous earth hrought'down by Red river. 498 We have already alluded to the probability, that, at a forraer period, the Mississippi and Red rivers did not unite. The soundness of this hypothesis, is rendered obvious by the general physiognomy of the country al present But to an eye which has viewed with careful attention the region be tween lower Red river, the prairies of Opelousas, and the Atchafalaya river, it must be demonstra ble that the former river once entered the lalter through the channel of the present Courtableau, and that a long narrow peninsula extended from the highlands N. of Red river towards the ancient junction. I have traversed this tract in all its ex tent, and formed the theory we are now reviewing from actual survey. The range of hills which now terminates at Red river, no doubt, was once united to the opposing high ground of Avoyelles. The interme diate space is not at this time more than 2 ms. wide. The elevation of the platform of Avoyelles is about 20 or 25 feet above the circumjacent low lands; its length 15 or 16 ras. There exists a small wooded hill, of similar height and structure, about 5 ms, S. of Lake Pearl. The hill and prairie of Bayou Rouge is the last remaining frag ment of the ridge which anciently I suppose con tributed to turn Red river southeaslwardly. What is at present Lake Pearl, and the Bayou le Mourir, and De Glaize, were once an outlet of Red river, according to the induction we have assumed. At high water, the overflow of Red river yet passes by that channel. I have myself passed frora Red river to Opelousas ihrough an outlet 15 ms. below Alexandria, into Bayou le Mourir, and thence up lhat stream inlo Bayou Bceuf, and down that stream to its junction with the Crocodile, or lothe head of Courtableau river. When Red river flowed in its ancient channel, the channel E. of the Avoyelles was then occu pied by the Ouachitta and Catahoula rivers; con sequently, the junction of Red and Ouachitia did not then exist The latter, it is probable, united with the Mississippi as at present, and the higher parts of Atchafalaya was a counter channel be tween Red and Mississippi rivers. Whatever may have been, however, the natural revolutions of those streams, the surplus water of Mississippi must, from the superior elevation of that river at time of high water, have found its way to the Gulf of Mexico, as at present. The rivet Teche is also one of the ancient out lets of Red river. The Teche is a small, but a singular and very interesting stream. Its sources are in the Opelousas prairies, near the exireme N. extension. Draining the prairies, the UpperTeche, by the name of Bayou Grand Louis, reaches within 3 ms. of the court-house of that parish, where it forms the pott of the higher part of Ope lousas. Three-fourths of a mile below the port, or, as it is there designated, Carron's landing, the channel divides inlo two branches, one passing N. inlo Courtableau river by the name of Bayou Car ron, and the olher continuing SE. forms the river Teche. When the Mississippi is low, most of the water of Bayou Grand Louis flows inlo Courta bleau, and by lhat stream inlo the Atchafalaya ; on the contrary, when the Mississippi is even at moderate flood, part of the stream of Courtableau flows through the Carron, and is turned into the Teche. So that the waler of Bayou Grand Louis, LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU and in part that ofBoeufand Crocodile, contribute to form the rivers Courtableau and Teche, alternately following the stage ofthe Mississippi tide of flood. Below its efflux from Bayou Carron, the Teche flows 20 ms., following ils windings, receives Bay ou Fusillierfrom Opelousas, and enters Attacapas. Below this point the Teche receives no raore tribu tary waler; like the Mississippi, its banks are the highest adjacent ground ; its course in Attacapas is about 115 ms,, and, though not augmented by any confluent stream, ils volume increases in width from 20 lo 200 yards. The tide rises at all times to New Iberia, N. lal. 30 2, apd at dry seasons it is perceptible at the mouth of Bayou Fusillier. The comparative length of Teche, in Attacapas, is only 75 ms. Ils banks are the most perfectly uni forra of any watercourse I ever exarained. I have been along its entire channel from Bayou Carron to the mouth, and could never perceive a single in stance of an abrupt bend, though so very remark able for extensive curves, even comparatively more so than the Mississippi. It may be also noticed, amongst the peculiarities of the Teche river, that all its widely sweeping bends are turned towards the Mississippi, or rather Atchafalaya, Bul the circumstance which is most worthy of attention in the natural history of the Teche is the structure of its bed. Commencing with the junc tion of Bayou Carron and Courtableau river, and following the latler to the head of Teche, and down the latter to its mouth, the immensity ofthe chan nel, when compared with the volume of water which enters and flows through it, is every where striking. From the apex of the banks to the sur face of the highest water is at all places very con siderable, and the distance between the opposing high banks four or five times greater than the most expansive breadth of the water. It is neverthe less obvious, on inspection, that, at some former period, tbe whole channel was filled to overflowing. If ihe waters of Red river were again turned into their ancient course, the Teche would also again resume its former magnitude. It is strikingly ob vious, from actual examination, that the entire wa ters of Courtableau could be turned, with a very trifling expense, down the Teche. And it could be also shown lhat nature has afforded equal facility lo permit art to turn the latter into Veimilion. I have been thus particular in describing the riv ers of this section of Louisiana, in order to en able the reader to coraprebend more clearly the causes of the varieties of soil and facility of naviga tion so strikingly existing between the prairies and olluvial river lands, on the streams which hove yet, or which once had, communication with the Red, Mississippi, and Atchafalaya rivers, and those wa tercourses which have not ever had connexion with those controlling waters. We now proceed to examine the prairies of Lou isiana in detail ; but, before enumerating the pra iries, we ought to review the rivers which drain or pass over their surface. The Teche we have already examined. The next river W. of the Teche is the Vermilion. We have mentioned Bayou Fusillier as a branch of the Teche ; it is, however, an outlet of the Vermilion, or perhaps, more correctly, an interlocking channel between the two rivers. The Vermilion rises at Opelousas court-house, and, by the name of Bayou Bourb^e, flows S. 10 ms,, divides inlo two branch es, lhat lo the righl, continuing S., forms Vermil ion ; that to the left turns E. into Teche, and is the stream we have noticed as Bayou Fusillier. The Vermilion hos a comparalive course of 70 ms., receiving several small, but no considerable branch es, and falls into the Bay of Vermilion. The woods are scanty on this stream in all its course ; both its source and discharge are totally void of timber. Its banks are generally fertile, and, un like thoise of Teche, are high, bold, broken, and diversified, above the termination of the timber and commencement of sea marsh. The Mermenlau is a rauch more considerable stream than either the Teche or Vermilion, and may not unaptly be viewed as the river of the pra iries. It is formed by a number of branches, the principal of which are the Queue Tortue, Lacas- sine, Plaquemine-Brule, Bayou Cane, and the Nezpique. The entire length of the Mermenlau is aboul 100 ms,, bul the wide space over which its branches extend gives it a volume of more mag nitude than its length would indicate. The tide rises in Mermenlau, in a low slate of ils waters, above the junction of its principal branches. Be low the mouth of Queue Tortue, the Mermentau expands into a long, narrow lake ; timber ceases, the sea marsh commences. The river again con tracts inlo a confined channel, and again opens into a lake of 20 ms. long and 10 ms. wide, connected with the gulf by two channels. On the higher branches of Mermentau, the first secondary rock in Opelousas is found ; il is a sandstone, loosely compacted. - I have already remarked that the soil of the pra iries, beyond the influence of the interlocking wa lers of Mississippi, becomes of very inferior quali ty. The correctness of this observation is seen on every branch of the Mermenlau. A list of the prevalent timber on the Teche and Vermilion, con trasted wilh that on the Mermentau, vvill amply develop the respective quality of the soil. On tbe two forraer streams are found, in abun dance, hackberry, sycamore, willow, laurel, magno lia, the black oak, upland while oak, honey locust, mulberry, black walnut, hickory, (several species,) Uriodendron lulipifera, sweet gum, cotlon wood, dogwood, wild cherry, linden, ash, red flowering maple, sassafras, (two species,) laurier almond, elm, (two species,) &c. On the latter soil, sweet gum, linden, block walnut, honey locusi, and black oak, quercus lincloria, become rare; the Uriodendron lulipifera entirely ceases. The prevalent timber trees are — water oak, Spanish oak, black jack, up land shellbark hickory, and pine. On the forraer space, the underwood is spice, Spanish mulberry, papaw, (morus scabra,) red elder, large reed cane, and a large muscadine grape vine ; on the latter, whortleberry, (two species — vaccinium stamineum, and vaccinium arboreum,) &c. The trees and shrubs common to bolh, are dogwood, jiersimon, holly, (ilexopaca,) iron wood, horn bean, chincopin, lau rier almond, and blackberry briar. Some reed cane is found on the waters of Mermenlau, but of hum ble growth, and of very limited extent The live oak is common to both sections, but on the Teche this tree is found as high as Bayon Fu sillier, whilst on the VermiUon and Mermehtau it peases 10 or 12 ms. further S. 499 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU The prairies of Louisiana have been overrated in extent, even including the sea marsh which we have noticed. Their irregular form renders an ac curate estimate of their extent difficult. On a former occasion, I carefully calculated the prop er prairie land in the State* to omount to 3,000 sq. ms., equal to 1,920,000 acres. I am confi dent that 2,000,000 of acres is a more than suffi cient estimate of all the prairie ground in the State ; which, if added to the extent allowed forsea marsh, 5,376,000 acres, yields 7,376,000 as the naturally unwooded surface in the State of Louisiana. This is, indeed, a fearful expanse, amounting lo almosl one-fourth part of the whole area ; and of this su perficies, not more than one million and a half of acres can be reduced to culture wilhout enormous expense. We now proceed to examine river inundated al- luvion, another species of soil, which, though of ten confounded with sea marsh, under the term swamp, differs in most respects from either raarsh or swamp. The alluvial banks of the Louisiana rivers are all, in their natural slate, more or less subject to inundation ; therefore, as used in this place, some explanation is necessary, to show the distinction between grounds casually submerged and those which are so annually, and between those which admit being reclaimed and those which are irreme diably liable to be laid under water. The distinction between the reclaimable and ir reclaimable alluvion does not consist merely in more or less exemption or exposure to water ; the respective soils are different in texture and compo sition. The reclaimable alluvion is an inclined plane, sloping in all cases from the rivers by a very gentle descent ; the irreclaimable alluvion is gen erally a dead level, extending indefinitely into the spaces between the strearas. The arable river border is usually composed of a fine, loose, rich soil ; the interior plains are composed of a vety hatd, stiff, and less fertile soil than the river bor- bers ; what is vulgarly and very erroneously desig nated Mississippi swamp, becomes in raost places, when laid dry, almost as solid as a stone. Except the sea marsh I have surveyed, very little swamp, in the true intent of the term, exists in Louisiana. The natural vegetables found on the two varie ties of alluvion are strikingly different. The trees ordinarily found most prevalent on the reclaimable river borders are — laurel magnolia, black oak, white oak, red elm, mucilaginous elm, sycamore, honey locust, sweet gum, ash, blackberry, poplar, black walnut, white oak, (two varieties,) white bitter nut hickory, (two species, ) cotton wood tree, linden, red maple, box elijer, iron wood, hotn beam, red bud, wild cherry, sassafras, and laurier almond. The com mon undergrowth is the large reed cane, spice wood, many different kinds of grape vine and smi- lar, and a species of corn us called swamp dog wood, yet never found in swampy places, and very seldom on overflowed land. Another very common, and yet very erroneous opinion, is current respecting the large reed cane of the Mississippi basin. This noble vegetable is supposed to flourish on the annually inundated soil. So far from this being the habitude of that grass, but few vegetables will more certainly or more rapidly perish, if its roots are laid under wa- 500 ter; it is, perhaps, of all grasses, the one which would continue to vegetate longest wilhout rain. In all my range of observation I never once witnessed cane of any size or quantity worthy noiice on the annually flooded lands. I have also uniformly ob served that, when the ground covered by a cane brake became exposed to submersion, the cane per ished from the casualty. In the rear of the river border, an'd after the cane has ceased, its place is usually supplied by what is designated in the country, by the Enghsh name, palmetto, in French, latania, a species of the chiEmerops of botanists. The palmetto is a true dwarf palm, and will re sist the effects of water continuing over its roots for some time ; but when the depth ofthe overflow exceeds 18 inches, or 2 feet, I have, in all cases, observed the disappearance of the palmetto. The soil in which the palmetto predominates is fertile, but of harsher texture than that commonly found covered wilh cane. Much of the sugar lands of Louisiana have been, in their natural state, cover ed' by an undergrowth of latania. It is very re markable that, though in contact, and growing on grounds in many respects analagous, yet cane and palmetto very seldom admix to any considerable extent, and in most cases their line of contact is as distinct as if drawn by art The poke (phytolacca decandra) is also a vege table which obtains the full development of its growth on the alluvial river border soil of Louisi ana, and is vety seldom found on either low inun dated ground or in pine woods. The two trees of Louisiana found on the great est variety of soil is the sweet gum and persimon. I have seen those two species of trees on the low est and highest parts of the couniry, admixed wilh every olher kind of timber natural to the respective sections. The live oak (quercus virens, or quercus sem- pervirens) may be considered also as a tree which grows only on border alluvion, and never on annu ally inundated land. I did not include the live oak in the general list, from the confined extent on which this tree is found. In the basin of Mobile the live oak reaches to N. lat. 31° nearly. West of Mobile bay, il is only found on the sea coast and a few miles inland. This range is continued nearly to the Mississippi ; here the live oak line is inflected to the S,, and is not found. on the Mississippi banks above N. lal. 30 10. It grows on the margin of Atchafalaya, where any spot of high alluvion suits its habitudes. On Teche, it reaches to N. lal. 30 23. This is the highest point of lat. attained by that tree W. of the Mississippi. On tbe Mermentau, under the sheller of the Placquemine woods, il reaches N. lal. 30 20, On Lacasine, a few trees only are found ; beyohd the latter bayou westward, on the waters of Sabine and Calcassieu, the five oakdoe^ not exist. I could never perceive a single stem of this tree on any branch of either of the two lalter rivers, though in a situation to have detected so remarkable an object in the vegetable kingdom. When I made ray voyage down the Sabine and along the Mexican gulf, I mistook an opening five ms. W. of Calcassieu for that river, and when I reached its real mouth I mistook it for the Mermen tau. At that tirae I had never been down the latter LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU stream below its upper lake, and had been inform ed that tbe live oak continued long after the disap pearance of every other tree ; and had also receiv ed information that the live oak grew on the small ridges running parallel to the coast ; but finding myself in a river without timber of any kind, 30 ras. inland, I distrusted the truth of report, until I found my mistake by arriving at the settlements on Calcassieu lake. Subsequently I ascertained the correctness of the statement respecting the live oak of Mermenlau. The causes which have operated to limit this valuable tree, and to so much inflect ils line of ter mination, are to be sought for in the comparatively severe winters of Louisiano. The trees which prevail upon the inundated grounds are swamp overcap while oak, red oak, willow oak, Spanish oak, large chestnut-leaved oak, tupeloo, cypress, swamp hickory, bastard paccan, single-seeded honey locusi, ash, (two species,) and willow, (three species.) Three or four nondescript dworf trees form the oidinary underwood, admixed with vines of various genera and speciet. Many other trees are naturally produced on both species of soil ; I have enumerated the principal, and those which more particularly serve to desig nate the texture of the land and vegetable associa tion. Before quitting this part of our subject, I may observe that the timber trees of the river allu vion are in general the same genera and species found on the bluff lands, noticed in my survey of the Slate of Mississippi. Il is a subject of real philosophical attention to behold the same vegeta ble families associating together on two places in many respects so different. To this statement the cotton wood may, from its rarity on the bluff land, be considered almost an exception. No person can examine the limber trees of Lou isiana and Mississippi without astonishment at their enorraous trunks. Dr. Barlram, in his Trav els in Florida, speaks in rapture of the majestic stems of the laurel magnolia. Where I have seen that tree, ils column is humble, eilher in respect to elevation or girth, when compared to that of the quercus lincloria, Uriodendron lulipifera, cupressus disticha, plantanus occidenlalis, or populus angu- lata. Indeed, every tree on the alluvion is far above the ordinary development of its species ; not one I have mentioned, bul the largest individuals I have seen, were on the soil in "question. The gi gantic mass of the black oak, poplar, sycamores, cypress, and -cotton wood trees of Louisiana, are beyond the limits of easy credibility. To determine tbe quantity of inundated land in Louisiana is attended wilh much difficulty, from the intricate involutions of the other species of soil. An allowance of one-half as much surface for in undated, as we have given to sea marsh and prairie, will not produce a result far removed from correctness. The amount estimated for those soils was 7,376,000 acres, one-half of which is 3,688,000 ; the entire surface of sea marsh prairie, and liver inundated land, will consequently amount to the appaUing extent of 11,064,000 acres, or within a trifle of 17,300 sq. ms,, or nearly three times the surface of New Jersey. It ought not to be understood that all this wide extent is equally useless to the purposes of human life. The irreclaimable sea marsh is, indeed, worse than useless — it is pernicious ; but the prai rie, as pasture grounds, and the wooded inundated land, as a resource lor timber, permits a greater area of arable ground to be brought into culture. It is, however, a fact, that immense spaces of the superfices of Louisiana must remain uncultivated wastes, until the increase of population and conse quent dearness of land will superinduce recurrence to operations of melioratioH far beyond either the means or the necessity of the present age. We now proceed to examine the largest natural division of the soil of Louisiana — the pine forests. It ought not to be understood that, under the gen eral terra pine forests is meant places where that tree prevails, lo the exclusion of all others ; what is intended is, places where the greatest mass of the timber is pine. The pine lands of Louisiana are divided into four grand sections : the first and most extensive, between Sabine river. Red river, and the prairies of Opelousas. This section er^braces more than one-half of the parishes of Opelousas, Rapides, and Natchitoches, and extends to the NW. extremity of the State ; the second section lies between Red and Ouachitta rivers, and sweeps over more than Seven- eighths of the whole surface of that part of Louisi ana included between those two streams. A third pine tract streiches E. of Ouachitta, and near the boundary between Louisiana and Arkansas reaches within 8 or 10 railes of the banks of the Missis sippi, and extends S. to near the junction of the rivers Bceuf and Ouachitta. The four parishes of Louisiana, E. ofthe Mississippi, W. of Pearl, and N. of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas, and Amite river, contain upwards of 3,000,000 of acres, out of which at least 2,500,000 acres are covered with pine. With every due allowance, therefore, the pine lands of the State, taken to gether, exceed 16,000,000 acres; which, added to 11,064,000 acres, estimated for sea raarsh, wet prairie, and pine woods, gives a grand total of 27,064,000, leaving only 3,804,000 for the sur face of the arable river alluvion of the State. This liniited surface does not include all the productive farraing land ; sorae of the intervals between the alluvial bottoms and pine woods have good second rate soil. About 4.5 miles in length from Bayou Iberville to N. lat. 31°, and 20 miles wide E. from tbe Mississippi, and a part of the prairie lands of Opelousas, are very productive ; but we will soon perceive that five millions and a half are an ample allowance for all the soil of this Stale capable of advantageous cultivation. This statement will no doubt appear incredible, when compared with the common received opinion on that subject, but the following mathematically determined facts put the question at rest. The river lines in the State, measuring bolh banks where necessary, are, upon MUes. The Mississippi - - - 946 Pearl river, one side - - 60 Bogue Chitto, both banks - - 60 Chifuncte, both banks - - - 50 Tangipao, Tickfoha, Amite, and Comite, united - - . soo Lafourche - - 180 Teche - . - 200 VermiUon - - - - 150 Mermentau and its branches - 250 501 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU Calcassieu " - 300 Sabine, one bank - - 15" Red river, and bayous Bceuf and Robert 640 Black Bodcau, Dacheet, and Saline rivers 400 Ouachitia and its confluents - 600 instance before us, the mechanical arrangement o' human location is connected with one of the most interesting subjects of inquiry that can occupy philosophical research ; that is, the number of hu man beings which can be enabled to subsist on any given space. It may be assumed, a priori, that a dense or even moderately compact population can never exist upon any region where the asperities of nature, or moral causes, prevent the production of the greatest part of their aliment on or near their place of residence. If the truth of these proposi tions are acknowledged, the induction follows, that nature has opposed the concentration of as great numbers of people upon a given space of our South ern as upon an equal area of Northern territory. Many other natural causes might be adduced in aid of this assumption, but it would be needless to col lect contingent causes to account for an effect whose production was so demonstratively and om nipotently established upon the durable, it might almost he said unchanging, laws of matter. It m ly be enumerated as one of the peculiarities ofthe soil ofthe Southern and Southweslern States, to have but little mean between the best and the worst; the latter exceeding in extent even more than does the former in quality. The principal staples of Louisiana are cotton, sugar and rice. Colton is general, but sugar and rice confined, particularly the former, to the lower or southern parts of the Slate. The quantity of sugar made in Louisiana is rapidly increasing. In 1810, it was about 10,000,000 pounds; in 1814, 15,000,000 pounds; and in 1817, upwards of 20,000,000. In Darby's Louisiana,the relative sugar, rice, and cotton lands are estimated at 250,000 for sugar, 250,000 for rice,' and 2,500,000 for cotlon. The civil and political subdivisions of Louisiana are inlo parishes. Counties do exist in the Stale, but are confined in their uses to a few judicial pur poses, and are unknown in the ordinary raunicipal regulations of the country. Amounting in all to - 4,086 This estimate embraces every stream of any con sequence in the State, and includes many without any alluvial banks worthy of notice iu a geographi cal point of view ; and yet, if the width of half a mile is given to the whole aggregate, the result is 2,043 sq. ms., or 1,307,520 acres. If to this is added as much more for woodland, the result wUl be 8,615,040 acres ; and this again doubled, for all other grounds capable of productive cultivation, the whole will only amountto 5,230,080 acres. Of this surface, about on6-fifth will admit the production of sugar; the residue remaining for all other objects of agriculture suitable to the climate, such as cotton, indigo, tobacco, and the cereal gramina. Of the latter, however, rice and maize are the only species which will flourish on strong alluvial soil, and the former is restricted by a cli mate not much more severe than will arrest the ad vance of sugar cane. One pre-eminent advantage of rice arises from the circumstance of its growth on soils too moist for the beneficial cultivation of almost any otheri vegetable useful to man. Conse quently, in the S. of China, along the large rivers of the hither and nether India, of an extensive sur face in both Americas, rice has become an impor tant aliment, and must continue to occupy a great part ofthe labor of mankind; this grain has added at least one-twentieth to the habitable earth, and permitted the increase of the human species in that ratio. Its beneficent results ore no where more ample than on the delta of the Mississippi. I have been more particular in the survey of the delta than would be requisite wilh a country less peculiar in its features, or whose relative import ance in our Confederacy was less apparent. It must be evident that, in all countries where the only arable land of consequence is river alluvion, settlements raust be formed in lines corresponding to the curves of the streams. With the exception of the Mississippi bluff region, noticed in my re view of that State, most of the settlements in the pine, sea sand, and sea marsh districts of the U. S., conform to this natural arrangement; of course, habitation becomes dense along the river margins, diminishes receding from their banks, and in a great number of instances leaves wide uninhabited intervals. These effects are, however, more appa rent and influential in Louisiana than in any other part of the Southern or Southwestern States. The settlements in Attacapas, Opelousas, Avoy elles, on Red, Ouachitta, Boeuf, Black, and Mis sissippi, are uniformly in lines upon the streams, or stretching along the wooded margin of the prai ries. That part of Louisiana formed from the Mis sissippi bluff lands is the only spot in the Stale where human habitation assumes the scattered rel ative position to which they conform in the Northern Eastern, and some of the Western States. It has been shown that Arkansas and Missouri are in these respects in a great degree similar to Louisiana The mere position of settlement would in itself In Louisiana, more than in any other section of be a matter beneath statistical review, but, in the I the U. S., population is extended in lines along 502 Parishes. Inhabitants 1820, Sq, ms. To sq, m. Natchitoches 7,486 10,600 1 Ouachitta 2,609 4,000 i nearly. Catahoula 2,2S7 2,000 I Concordia 2,626 2,100 H Rapides 6,065 2'^S l^ Avoyelles St, Landre, or Opelousas - 2,243 700 3 10,085 7,600 n iJ:SJ^;^r='}A«-p-- 12,063 5,100 2J nearly. Point Coupee *'?l^ 600 8 West Baton Rouge 2,335 860 2j Iberville 4,414 350 15 Ascension ^ 3,728 350 10 Assumption 3,576 500 7 laterior of Lafourche 3,755 2,500 Ii St, James 5,686 170 33 St, John 3,854 150 25 St, Charles 3,862 300 13 nearly. St, Bernard 2,635 400 6i City of New Orleans 27,176 Orleans 14,175 1,300 11 nearly. Plaquemine ^'^ 1,500 ,y East Baton Rouge 5,-220 500 10 New Feliciana 12,732 1,060 12 St, Helena 3,026 1,300 2 St, Tammany 1,723 1,000 I Washington Total 2,517 1,000 2 153,407 48,220 3 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU the watercourses. From the above table, it is seen that the twelve parishes along the Mississippi river, below the efflux of Atchafalaya, include upwards of 93,000 inhabitants, leaving only a small fraction more than 60,000 for the residue of the State, The line of settlement along Mississippi, below Atcha falaya, is about 200 ms. in length, and at the ut most, even embracing woodland, not averoging, below bayou Iberville, raore than 3 ms. in width. Above Iberville, on the E. side of the river, settle ments widen. The two parishes of New Feliciana and E. Baton Rouge are between lat. 31° and bayou IberviUe, and extend over 1,500 sq. ms. If we allow for land actually employed in the pur poses of agriculture, including tillage and vrood- land, 600 sq. ms. below Iberville, and 1,000 along and contiguous to tbe Mississippi, above IberviUe and below Atchafalaya, the aggregate will rather exceed than fall below reality. And, if we then assume double that extent for all the actually em ployed agricultural land of the State, we have 3,200 sq. ms. inhabited by 153,407 persons, equal to 48 to the sq. m. ; and leaving an uncuUivated extent of 45, 120 sq. ms. By the census of 1820, the popuRtion of Lou isiana were found composed of 73,867 whites, 60,064 slaves, and 10,476 free colored persons. Of these, foreigners not naturalized 3,062 Engaged in agriculture 50,045 Engaged in manufactures 5,797 Engaged in commerce - 6,168 The subjoined tables exhibit the population of Louisiana, by ihe census of 1 840. Whites,— Ages, 0to55 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 5010 60 60 to 70 - 70 to SO 80 to 90 90 to lUO - lUO and ur-warda fulal whuefl Males, Females, 13,835 10,736 7,8487,218 20,795 16,304 7,940 3,309 1,206 410 1U2 26 18 ),747 13,718 10,395 7,760 7,947 13,602 7,907 4,099 1,967 891323 84 19 I 68,710 89,747 158,457 OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 lUO and upwarda Free colored. Males, Fem's, 4,013 3,207 2,014 1,581 683 26 11,526 4,1633,679 2,9712,164 986 13 13,976 11,526 23,502 Slaves, Males. Fern 22,703 25,57224,717 12,699 2,769 69 86,529 23,13824,804 22,373 9,441 2,114 33 81,92386,529 168,462 Whiles Free colored Slaves Total White persona of the foregoing who are- Deal and dumb, under 14 years oi age 14 Do. from 14 lo 'J,3 • 17 Do, above 25 . 11 Do, tolal deaf and dumb 42 Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge - 6 Private charge 19 Total whites insane, Sec. 55 Colored persona, free and alavefl, who are- Deaf and dumb - 17 Do, blind - 36 Do, insane and idiots - 45 Total of persona employed m— Agriculture - 79,289 Commerce - - 8,549 Manufactures and trades 7.665 Navigation on the ocean 1|323 Do, canals, lakea, and rivera 662 Learned profeasions - - - 1,018 Pensioners, for revolutionary and military services - 12 Universities or Colleges - - - 12 Students iu do • 989 Academies and grammar schools 52 Students in do, - 1,995 Primary and common schools * 179 Scholars in do. - 3,573 Scholars at public charge - - - 1,190 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write - '- - - 4,861 Populaiion of Louisiana, by parishes, fr^om the census of 1840. Parishes, E, LOUISIANA. Orleans Plaquemine - St, Bernard - Si, Charles . St. John Baptist St. James AscensionAssumption - Lafourche fnte ¦ rior Terrebonne - IbervilleW.Baton Rouge E. Baton Rouge Waahington - Madison Carroll St, Tammany Concordia Point Coupee - West Feliciana JeffersonEast Feliciana St, Helena Livingston Tolal W. LOUISIANA. AvoyellesCaddoCatahoulaCalcassieu CaldwellClaiborne LafayetteNatchitoches - OuachittaRapidesSt. Landry Sl^ Martin - St, Mary's - Union Total Free white persons. 34,903 833620 473 1,108 1,433 1,-209 2,1492,072 1,1401,353 765 2,1 992 755664 1,315 879 1,171 1,178 3,123 2,231 1,046 849 64,359 1,680 1,4181,608 711733 2,1192,37U3,9631,2401,821 3,8-28 1,955 1,268 674 24,616 518415401 1,033 1,329 1,046 1,954 1,914 936 1,170 606 1,655 864465482 1,038 '501 916886 1,7431,758 899 684 47,818 1,386 998 1,327 638 621 1,727 2,1043,079 948 1,422 3,351 1,5941,098 5991 Free col. persons. 8438 179 33 55 98 27 63 26 10788 143 3249 934880 24 41 184173 107 14 207 48 301 15 1 19 2S,3SS 20,8921635 3017 10 112 3 19 79 355 7 190 460 243 143 9,7951,965 1,297 2,-2642,0023,23r2,519 1,6991,736 1,'2263,099 1,695 2,099 391 2,002 1,544 1,121 4,1552,8694,2722,8813,953 773 364 58,858 1,7941,479 1,004 222 318 1188i;633 3,418 1,254 5,3643,7102,5293,471 267 1,670 27,67125,514 13,653 1,420 840 1,458 1,4422,4742,034 1,3891,5101,074 2,788 1,452 2,107 400 1,9211,538 819 3,1 2,5614,4832,105 3,918 800375 56,409 1,6781,358 994 260331 1,107 1,580 3,2331,1845,147 3,4192,112 2,815 296 Tolal. 102,193 5,0603,237 4,7006,776 8,548 6,9517,1417,3034,4108,4954,633 8,1382,6495,142 4,2374,5989,4147,898 10,910 10,47011,893 3,525 2,315 249,641 6,6185,282 4,955 6,0572,0176,1857,841 14,360 4,640 14,132 15,233 8,674 . 8,960 1,838 10-2,770 503 LOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LOU Louisiana was admitted into the Union, as an independent State, at the session of Congress of 181 1-'12, and changed its name from that of Ter ritory of Orleans to what it now bears. The ma jority of the white inhabitants are the descendants of the early French colonists ; the next raost nu merous class is Anglo-Americans, and the resi due made up of various nations. Contrary lo common belief, there are very few Spaniards in lhat State. During 34 years that it was held by Spain, it was occupied by the officers of that nation, but never became an object of colonization with the Spanish people. The varieties in the shades of human society are, perhaps, in no civilized country more marked. Between New Orleans and Sabine river every va riety can be seen, from the hunter slate to that of the highest refinement of the mercantile and aris- tocralical. In New Orleans and its vicinity the merchants and planters vie with the most luxurious countries in Europe in their agriculture and man ner of living. As the traveller advances west ward, this glare gradually vanishes, and in Attaca pas, Opelousas, Rapides, Ouachitta, and Natchi toches, the features of society bespeak substantial indepandence. Still further westward, and much intermingled with the latter settlements, the true pastoral state is seen in its simplest forms. Many of those shepherds are truly wealthy. Beef cattle forms in fact one of the principal interior staples of the SW. part of Louisiana. This description of Louisiana, written upwards of 30 years past, and when residing in Louisiana, remains substantially correct. Louisville, town and seat of justice, Jefferson CO., Ky., stands on the left bank of the Ohio river, below the mouth of Bear Grass creek, and at the head of the Rapids. In 1810 it contained only 1,357 inhabitants, by the census of 1830, 10, 196 ; and 21,210 by the census of 1840. This fine and flourishing city is situaled at N. lal. 38 11, lon. 8 42 W. of W. C. A canal, to pass the rapids of Ohio, extends in front of this city, from Bear Grass creek to Shippingport, below the rapids. With its rapid yet steady growth, tbe foundations of commerce and manufactures have here been solidly placed. Town, St. Lawrence co., N, Y., on the right bank of St. Lawrence river, 30 ms. below Ogdensburg. Pop. in 1820, 831. Town and seat of justice, Jefferson co., Ga., on the Ogechee, 50 ras. SW. from Augusta, and about 50 SB, by E, from MilledgevUle. Lat. 33 1 N.,lon. W, C. 5 41 W. Lewistown, village, Talbot co., Md., 10 ms. NE. from Easton. Laui-tcheou-fou, city of China, in the province of Quang-tong, separated by a narrow strait from the isle of Hainan, where pearls are said to have been formeriy fished up. It is 343 ms. SW of Canton. Louilz, lown of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, 55 ms, E. of Gnesna. Lon. 19° E,, lat, 52 26 N. Louken, river of Sweden, in the province of Aggerhuys, rise." in the Dofrine mounlains, to the southward of the sources of the Glommen, and, flowing aboul 150 ms. a lillle E, of S., falls into the bay of Christiana at that cily. The triangu lar region drained by the Glommen, Louken, and 504 other lesser rivers, and included in the province of Aggerhuys, extend in Iat. ftom 58^° to 62° N,, covered N. and W. by the Dofrines, and open to the S. lo the Katgat and Skagerrac gulfs, is re garded as the warmest part of the earth in so high latitude. Lou-nghan-fou, city of China, in the province of Chansi, agreeably situated near the source of the river Tso-lsang-ho. It is 375 ms. SW. Of Peking. Loung-Loch, great arm of the sea, in Argyle shire, Scotland, which communicates on the S. with the Frith of Clyde, Lourdes, town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and late province of Bi gorre, 15 ms. S. of Tarbes. Lon. 5' W,, lal, 43 8 N. Louth, CO. of Ireland, in the province of Lein ster, 29 ms. long and 1 3 broad, bounded on the N. by Armagh and Carlinford bay, on the E. by the Irish sea, on the W. by Monaghanj and E. by Mealh, from which it is parted by the Boyne. It is a small but fruitful co., and proper to feed cat- tie, contains 50 parishes, and sends ten members to Parliament, Drogheda is the capital, Town of Ireland, in a co, of the same name, 19 ms. N. by W. of Drogheda. Louth, corporate lown of Eng,, in Lincolnshire. It is a large well-built town, the market well fre quented ; here is a free school, founded by Edward VI. It has a new navigation, by means of its brook, the Lud, lo the German ocean at Tetney creek. Il is 28 ms. NE. of Lincoln, and 148 N. of London. Longitude 0 10 R,, latitude 63 25 North. Louth Township, in the co. of Lincoln, U. C, lies in the W. of Grantham, and fronts Lake Ontario. Loutre, Pass a la, one of the outlets of the Mis sissippi river. It is small, and is the most northern. Loutre, island and post office, Montgomery co.. Mo., 68 ms. W. from St. Louis. Lat. 38 42 N. loh, W. C. 14° W. Loutre island is in the Mississippi river, opposile Gasconade co., and be low the mouth of Gasconade river. Village, Montgomery co,. Mo. Louvain, large and pleasant city of the king dom of the Netherlands, Brabant, wilh a cele brated university. Its walls are nearly 7 ms, in circumference, but within them are many gardens and vineyards. The public buildings are magni ficent, and the university consists of a great number of colleges ; they formerly made here large quantities of cloth, but this trade is greatly decayed, and it is now chiefly remarkable for good beer, wilh which it serves the neighbouring towns. It is sealed on the Dyle, 14 ms. E. by N. from Brussels, and 40 NE. of Mons. Lon. 4 31 E., lat. 50 53 N, Louvenstein, forlress of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Holland, seated al the confluence of the rivers Waal and Maese, on the W. end of an island called Bomrael Waert. It is 16 ms. E. of Dort, Lon. 5 13 E., lat. 50 40 N. Louviers, handsome town of France, in the dep. of Eure, and late province of Normandy, wilh a manufaclure of cloth, seated on the Eure, 10 ms. N. of Evreux, and 55 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 13 E., lat. 49° N. LOX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LUB Louvo, town of tbe kingdom of Siam, 50 ms. N. of tbe city of Siam. Lon. 100 50 E., lat. IS 8 N. Lovell, village, Oxford CO., Me., 62 ms. NW. from Portland. Lovington, village. Nelson co., Va., 110 ms, W, from Richmond. Lowdore, fine cataract of Eng., in Cumberiand, on the E. side of the lake of Derwentwater, in the vale of Keswick. Lowell, flourishing manufacturing town of Mid dlesex CO., Mass., at and above the confluence of Merrimack and Concord rivers. The second fac tory was erected here in 1822, and prospered so rapidly that it contained, by the census of 1830, 6,474 inhabitants; and by that of 1840, 20,796. Lowell is connected with Boston by 25 ras. of railroad, which, with the ordinary rapidity of rao- lion on this species of road, brings the two places virtually in the vicinity of each olher. The falls of Merrimack river, opposite to which this manu facturing phenomenon has risen, aflord unlimited power, which has been reduced lo subjeclion, and alTords one of the most striking proofs perhaps ever given to what rapid extent human genius can avail itself of the facilities prepared by naiure. Lowhill, ip., Lehigh co., Penn., on Jordan creek, 12 ms. NW. from Allentown. Pop. in 1820, 703. Lower Addison, village, Sleuben co., N. Y., about 20 ms. S. from Bath. Lower Bartlett, village, Coos CO., N. H., 76 ms. N. from Concord. Lower Blue Lick, posl office, Nicholas co., Ky., 69 ms. NE. by E. from Frankfort. the province Quito, 200 ms. ENE. of Poita. Lon. W. C. 0 10 W. lat. 4 50 S. Loyalsock, rivet of Lycoming co., Penn., rises on the southern borders of Bradford, and westward of Luzerne co., heading with the Towanda and Mahoopeny rivers, and, flowing SW. between Muncy and Lycoming creeks, faUs inlo the W. Branch of Susquehannh, 4 ras. below Williaras- port. Loyalsock, town, Lycoming co., Penn., ex tending from tho W. branch of Susquehannah, between Lycoming creek and Loyalsock river, and including Ihe borough of Williamsport. Loylz, lown of Pomerania, in the co. of Gutz- kow, seated on the Pene, 10 ms. above the city of Gulzkow. Lozere, department of France, including the lale province of Gevaudan. It is a mountainous, barren country, and receives ils name from one of its principal mountains. Mende is the capital. Luban, town ofthe Russian government of Li. vonia, 70 ras. E. of Riga. Lon. 26 36 E., lat. 56 55 N, Lubensken Sea, or the Lake of Luban, lake of Livonia, toward the confines of Courland and Li thuania. The river Rosilta falls into this lake. Lubben, town of Germany, in Lower Lusatia, capital of a district of the same name, with a hand some castle. It belongs to tbe duke of Morsen- burg, and is seated on the Spree, 60 us. SE. of BerUn. Lon. 14 25 E., lal. 52° N. Lubec, city of Germany, in Holstein, or rather enclosed within that duchy, situated on the Trave river, about 14 ras. above its mouth into the Bal tic, and about 45 ms. NE. from Hamburg. This Lower Chanceford, post office, York co, , Penn. j city, once the capital of the Hanseaiic League, is i/otoer Gi'/man^n, village, StraflTord CO , N. H., ' still one of the imperial free cities. Ils territory 24 ms. NNE, from Concord. '¦ extends along the Trave about 30 ms. ; area 114 Lowfr Marlborough, village, Calvert co., Md., ' sq. English ms. Entire pop. 41,000, of whom on the E. side of Patuxent river, 30 ms. SSW. of 22,000 reside in the city, and 1,000 in the port or Annapolis, and 24 NW. of St. Leonard's. j village of Travemunde, at the mouth ofthe Trave. Lower Saucon, extreme southern tp. of North- ' Though sunk, indeed, from ils ancient splendor ampton co., Penn,, on Saucon creek, 4 ras. S. and power, Lubec is still respectable as a manufac- from Bethlehem. luring and commercial cily. The adjacent coun- Lower Sandusky, post office, Sandusky ro., try is in most part a dead level, though the ground Ohio, on Sandusky river, 102 ms. N. from Co- on which Lubec stands is something elevated. lumbus. Lat. 53 51 N., lon. 10 48 E. London. It is pro- Lower Smithfield, village, Northampton co., bable that there is no other European city which Penn., about 15 ms. NNE. from Easton. unites ancient or middle age features and those of Lower Three Runs, post office, Barnwell dis- the present limes so completely as Lubec. Ham- trict, S. C. Lowicz, populous town of Poland, in the pala- burg has been more modernized. Lubec, island in the Indian ocean, near the is- tinate of Rava, wilh a strong fortress, seated on land of Madura. Lon. 112 22 E,, lat. 5 50 S. the Bzuta, 21 ms. S. of Plocksko, and 30 N. of Lubeck, town, Washington co.. Me., between Rava. Lon. 19 29 E. lal. 52 24 N. the Atlantic ocean and Cobscook bay, contiguous Low-Layion, village of Eng., in Essex, which, to Eastport. The viUage was commenced in 1815, with that of Laytonstone, forms one parish. It is and, with an excellent harbor, a custom-house, and 6 ms. NE. of London. I numerous other commercial advantages, is rapidly Lowry's Mills, vUlage, Chesterfield dislrict, S. 'increasing. Pop. 1820, 1,430; and in in 1840, C, 123 ms. NE. from Columbia, Lowthersville, village, Lpwis co., Va., 365 ms. NW. ftom Richmond. Lowville, fine village of Lewis co., N. Y,, on a small creek, near the W. side of Black river, 67 ms. N. from Utica. Loxa, considerable town of Spain, in the king dom of Granada, seated in a fertile country, on the river Xenil, 18 ms. W. of Granada. Lon. 3 52 W.,'lat. 37 15 N. Town of Peru, in 64* 2,307. Luben, town of Germany, in Silesia, capilal of • a circle of the same name, in the principality of Lignilz, 22 ms. NW. of Breslaw. Lon. 16 28 E., lat. 51 20 N. Lublin, city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a ciladel, a bishop's see, an academy, and a Jewish synagogue. It is seated on the Weiprz, 75 ms. SE. of Warsaw. Lon. 22 45 E., lat. 51 14 N. 505 LUC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LUC Lubow, lown of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, 50 ms. SE. of Cracow. Lon. 20 36 E,, lat. 49 36 N. Luc, town of France, in the department of Var, and late province of Provence, 25 ms. NE. of Toulon. Lon. 6 25 E., lat. 43 28 N. Town of France, in the department of Isere and lale pto vince of Dauphiny, sealed on the river Drome, 32 ms. S. of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 E., Iat. 44 40 N. Lucanas, town and district of Guancavelica, in Peru, remarkable for its silver mines, Eon. W. C. 3° E., lat. 15° S. Lucar de Barameda, Si,, seaport of Spain, in Andalusia. It has a very large fine harbor, well defended, and is seated at the mouth of the Gua dalquiver, 44 ms. S. by W. of Seville, and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W., lat. 36 58 N. Lucar de Guadiana, St., strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small harbor on the river Gu adiana, 39 ms. NE. of Faro. Lon. 8 16 W., lat. 37 18 N. Lucar la Mayor, St., town of Spain, in Anda lusia, seated on the GuSdiana, 10 ms. NW. of SevUle. , Lon. 5 33 W., lat. 37 36 N. Lucayas, — See Bahamas, Lucca, town of Italy, capital of a duchy of the the sarae name. It is aboDt 3 ms. in circumfer ence, and surrounded with a wall and other mod ern fortifications. It is an archbishop's see, and the churches are very handsome. They have also an academy, a university, and an academy of arts and sciences. The inhabitants have a considera ble manufactory of silk and gold and silver stuffs. It is seated in the middle of a fruitful plain, sur rounded wilh pleasant hills, near the river Serchio, over which there are two bridges. It is 10 ins, NE. of Pisa, 37 W. of Florence, and 155 N. by W. of Rome. Lon. 10 35 E., lat, 45 50 N. Lucca, formerly a republic of Ilaly, lying on the Tuscan sea, aboul 20 ms. in lengih, and 10 in breadth. The soil does not produce much corn, but there is plenty of wine, oil, silk, wool, and chestnuts ; their oil in particular is in high esteera, and the common people usually eat chestnuts in stead of bread. The usual revenues amount to about £30,000 per annum. Luce, great bay of Scolland, in Wigtonshire, lying to the E. of Mull of Galloway. iMcera, ancient town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in Capilanata, wilh a bishop's see, 30 ras. SW. of Manfredonia, and 65 NE. of Naples. Lon. 15 34E., lat. 41 28 N. Lucern, one of the cantons of Switzerland, and the most considerable, except Zurich and Berne. It is 30 ms. in lengih, and 20 in breadlh, bounded on the E. by the canlons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides by the canton of Berne. The inhabitants of this canton are reck oned about 100,000, and are Roman Catholics. The government was formerly arisiocralical, con. sisting of a Senate of 36, and a council of 64, in which some plebeian burghers were admitted' every election ; but the Helvetic confederacy, as well as the constitution of the several cantons, is now" dis solved, the French having cruelly and unjustly en slaved this brave and virtuous people. Lucern, capital of the canton of Lucern, in Switzeriand. It is divided into two by a branch 506 of the Reuss, which falls into the lake, on tbe N W. end of which the town is seated, and commands an extensive prospect. It scarcely contains 3,000 inhabitants, has no manufactures of consequence, and litUe commerce. The pope has always a nun cio resident here. In the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone, and an extraordinary size ; the cenire pipe is 40 feet in length, near 3 in breadth, and weighs 1,100 pounds. The bridges which skirt the town, round the edge of the lake, are the fash ionable walk of the place, and reraarkable for their length. They aro decorated wilh coarse paintings, representing the histories of the Old Testament, the battles of the Swiss, and the Dance of Death. Lucern is 30 ms. SW. of Zurich, and 35 E. of Bern. Lon. 8 0 E., lal. 47 5 N — See art. Swit zerland. Lucern, Lake of. — See Waldstsetter Sea. Lucerna, town of Italy, in Piedmont, 15 ms. SW. of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E., lat. 44 52 N. Luchen, town of Spain, in the kingdom of Val encia, 30 ms. S. of the city of lhat name. Lon. 10' E., lat. 38 53 N. Lucia, St., one of the windward Caribbee is lands, in the W. Indies, 22 ms. in lengih, and 21 in breadth. It consists of plains well watered with rivulets, and hills furnished with timber, and has several good bays and commodious harbors. There are two high mountains, by which this island may be known at a considerable distance. It is 21 ms. S. of Martinico. Lon. 60 45 W., lat. 23 25 Jf. Lucia, Si,, one of the Cape de Verd islands, about 450 ms. W* of the continent of Africa. Lon. 24 32 W., Iat. 16 45 N. Lucignano, town of Italy, iu the duchy of Tusca ny, 10 ms. S. of Sienna. Lon. 11 11 E., Iat. 43° N. ' Lucknow, ancient city of Hindoostan proper, capital of Oude. It is an extensive place, but raeanly built ; the houses are chiefly mud walls covered with thatch, and many consist entirely of raats and bamboos, and are thatched with leaves of the cocoanut, palm tree, and sometimes with straw. The palace of the Nabob is sealed on a high bank near the Goomly, and commands an extensive view bolh of that river and the couniry on the eastern side. Those of the British residents stand in the vicinity. Lucknow is 650 ms. NW. of Calcutta. Lon. 81 25 E., lat. 26 35 N. Lucko, considerable town of Poland, capital of Volhinia, with a citadel and a bishop's see, ^seated on the Ster, 75 ms. NE. of Lemburg, and 175 SE, of Warsaw. Lon. 25 30 E., lat. 51 13 N. Luco, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, sealed on the Lake Celano. Lucon, or Luzon, town of France, in the de partment of Vendee and late province of Poitou, and lately an episcopal see, seated in an unwhole- sorae raorass, 17 ms. N. of Rochelle, and 50 S. of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W., lat, 46 27 N. Luconia, Luzon, or Manilla, the chief of the Philippine islands, in the N. Pacific ocean, lying between Iat. 12 30 and 19° N., and between lon gitudes 120° and 124 30 E. London. The out line and form very irregular. Northwards of the cily of ManiUa it eixtends 300 ms.,,with a mean breadlh of 100, area 30,000 sq. ms'. From Ma nilla southwards it extends about 300 ms., in a di- LUG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LUN rection neorly SE. ; outline very irregular, and mean breadth not exceeding 30 ms., or area 9,000 sq. ms. Entire surface of Luzon, about 40,000 sq. ms. It is separated from Saraar by tho straits of Bernardino. It is not so hot as may be expect ed, because it is well watered by large lakes and rivers and the periodical rains which inundate all the plains. There are several volcanoes in the mountains, which occasion earthquakes, and a va riety of hot baths. The produce of this island is wax, cotlon, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoanuls, rice, gold, horses, buffaloes, and game. Philip II, of Spain, formed a scheme of planting a colony in the Philippine islands, which had been neglected since the discovery of them by Magellan, in 1521. Manilla, in this island, was the station chosen for the capital of the new establishments. Hence an active commercial intercourse began wilh the Chi nese, a considerable number of whom settled in the PhiUppine islands, under the Spanish protec tion. These supplied the colony so amply wilh all the valuable productions and manufactures of Asia as enabled it to open a trade with America, by a direct course of navigation. This trade, at first, was carried on with Callao, on the coast of Peru, but it lyas afterwards removed lo Aeapulco, on the coast of New Spain. From this port an nually sail one or two ships, which are permitted to carry out silver lo the amount of 500,000 crowns, in return for which, they bring back from Manilla spices, druijs, China and Japan wares, calicoes, chintz, muslins, silks, &c. The inhabit ants are a mixture of several nations, besides Span iards, and they all produce a mixed breed, distinct frora any ofthe rest — See Manilla, Lucos, ancient Lixus, river of Morocco, falls in to tbe Atlantic ocean al Larache. Ludamar, region of central Africa, bounded on the S. by Kaarta and Bambara, and N. by the great desert. Benown is the capital. — See Africa, p. 24. Ludersburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lawenburg, seat ed on the Elbe, 5 miles above the town of Law enburg, Ludgerahall, borough of Eng,, in Wiltshire, 15 ms. N. of Salisbury, and 72 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 45 W., lat. 51 17 N. Ludlow, borough of Eng., in Shropshire, on the Tame, 29 ms. S. of Shrewsbury, and 138 iMW. of London. Lon. 2 42 W., 52 23 N. Town in Hampden co., Mass., on a branch of Chickapee river, 12 ms. NE, from Springfield. Town in Windsor CO., Vt., 16 ms. W. from Windsor. Ludlowville, town in Tompkins co., N, Y,, on the E. side of Cayuga lake, at the mouth of Sal mon creek, 8 ms. below Ithaca. Lugano, town of Switzerland, capital of a baiU- wick of the same name, in the canion of Tessin. — See articles Tessin and Switzerland, It is pretty populous, containing 8,000 inhabitants. It is 17 ms. NW. of Como. Lon. 8 48 E., lat. 45 54 N. Lugano, lake of Switzerland, on the Italian side of the Alps, 25 ms. in length, and from 2 to 4 in breadth. It lies between, and yet its surface is above 190 feet higher than the lakes Maggiore and Como ; it is discharged by the little river Tresa into the former. i/tig-o, ancient city of Spain, in Galicia. There are springs in this cily boiling hot, Il is seated on the Minho, 32 milea SE. of Mondonnedo, and 60 SW. of Oviedo. Lon, 8 52 W,, lat. 42 46 N. Luke, St,, parish of S. C, situated in Beaufort district. Lula, town of Swedish Lapland, sealed at the mouth of the river Dula, on the W. side of the Gulf of Bothnia, 42 ms. SW. of Tornea. Lon. 21 OE., lal. 64 SON. Lula Lapmark, province of Swedish Lapland, bounded on the N. by Tornea, on the E. l-y the Bothnia gulf, on the S. by Pithia, and on the W. by Norway. Lumella, vUlage in Italy, which gives name to the Lun^ellin, a small district lying on the river Po, belonging lo the Duke of Savoy. Lon. 8 42 E., lal. 45 5 N. Lumberland, tp. of Sullivan co,, N. Y., on Delaware river. Lumberton, village of Robeson co., N. C, on the E. side of Drowning creek, 25 ms. S. of Fay etteville, in Cumberland co. Village in Bur lington CO., N. J., 1 m. SE. of Mount Holly. Lumpkin, co. of Ga. This county has been recently forraed out of that part of what was the territory of the Creek Indians, now called " the Gold Region ;" it lies westward of Chestalee river, which separates it from Habersham, and occupies that elevated country giving source to the Coosa, Chattahoochn, and Hiwassee, branch of Tenness.ee river. N. lat. 34 30 and lon. W. C. 7 0 W. intersect in the easiern partof " the Gold Region," at about 150 ms. by the road NNW. of Milledge ville. Chief town, Auraria. Pop. in 1840, 5,671. LujfAH, from Latin, Luna, the Moon. — See art. Astronomy, Lund, lown of Sweden, in Gothland, and cap ilal of Sconen, wilh an archbishopric and a uni versity. It is an inconsiderable place, containing little more than 800 houses, and carries on but lit tle trade. Charles XI. founded a university here, which is its chief support. The cathedral is an an cient irregular building. It is 20 miles SE. of Landscrona, and 225 SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 13 26 E., lat. 55 33 N. Lunden, town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, sealed near the Eyder, 36 ms. NNW. of Glucksladi. Lon. 9 20 E., lat. 54 26 N. Luy.dy, island in the mouth of the Bristol chan nel, near the middle, between Devonshire and Pembrokeshire. Lon. 4 13 W., Iat. 51 25 N. Lundy's Lane, scene of a battle between the ar my of the Uniled States and that of Great Britain, on the 25th of July, 1814. This is commonly called the battle of Bridgewater. Lune: — See Loyne, Lunel, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Gard, near the river Ridourle. It has excellent muscadine wine, and is 16 ms. E. of MontpeUer. Lunon, town of Westphalia, in the co. of Marck, situated al the conflux of the Zezisk with the Lippe, 20 ras. S, by W. of Munster. Lunenburg, duchy of Lower Saxony, and in the kingdora of Hanover, which, including Zell, is separaled from Holstein and Lauenburg on the N. by the Elbe. It is about 100 ms, in lengih and 70 in breadth. It is watered by the rivers Aller, Elbe, and Ilmenau, and ,part of it is full of heaths and 507 LUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LUZ forests, but near the rivers pretly fertile. Lunen burg is the capital. Lunenburg, large fortified town of Germany, capital of the duchy of its name. The chief public edifices are — the places for public worship, the du cal palace, three hospitals, ^he town-house, the salt magazine, the anatomical theatre, and the academy The salt springs near this place produce great quantities of salt, which bring in a large revenue to the sovereign, and form the chief employment of the inhabitants. It is situaled on the Ilmenau, 31 ms, SE. of Hamburg, and 60 N. of Brunswick. Lunenburg, co. of Nova Scotia, on Mahone bay. ^Tp. in Lunenburg CO., Nova Scotia. Vil lage and tp. in Essex co., Vt., on Connecticut river, nearly opposite Lancaster, in N. H NE. tp. and village in Worcesler co.. Mass,, on a branch of Nashua river, 45 ms. NW. from Bos ton. Pop. in 1820, 1,209. Lunenburg, co. of Va., between Nottaway and Meherin rivers, bounded by Brunswick SE., Meck lenburg SW., Charlotte W., Prince Edward NW., and Nottaway NE. ; length 22 his., mean width 10 ; area 220 sq. ms. Surface pleasantly diversified, and soil productive. Staples, cotlon and tobacco. Chief town, Lewistown, Pop. in 1820, 10,662; and in 1840, 11,055. Centrallat. 36 62 N., lon. W. C. 1 7 W. C. H. and posl office, Lunenburg CO., Va. Luneville, town of Fr., in the dep. of Meurte, Its castle, where the Dukes of Lorraine formerly kept their court, as did afierward King Stanis laus, is now converted into barracks. The churdh of the late regular canons is very handsome ; and here Stanislaus founded a military school, a large library, and a fine hospital. Luneville is seated in a plain, between the rivers Vezouze and Meurte, 14 ms. ESE. of Nancy, and 62 W. of Strasburg. Lon. 6 30 E., lal. 48 36 N. Lungro, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, chiefly inhabited by Greeks, 35 ms. NNW. of Cosenza. Lupow, town of further Pomerania, on a river ofthe same name, 15 ms. E. af Stolpe. Luray, vUlage in Shenandoah co., Va., 131 ms. SW. by W- from W. C. Lure, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Saone, near the Ougnon, 30 ms. NE. of Besan9on. Lurgan, town of Ireland, in the co. of Armagh, with an extensive Unen raanufaclure, 14 me, NE. of Armagh, and 67 N. of Dublin. Lusatia, marquisale of Germany, 90 ms. long and 60 broad, bounded on the N. by Brandenburg, E. by SUesia, S. by Boheraia, and W. by Misnia and Saxony proper. It is divided into upper and lower. Upper Lusatia abounds more in mountains and hills than the lovver, in which are many boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the Inost fruitful. The breeding of cattle is very considerable, and there is plenty of game ; but the products of the country do not'Supply the necessities of the inhabitants. "This want is compensated by ils numerous manufac tures, particularly those of cloths and linens. Baut zen and Luckau are the capitals. Lusignan, lown of Fr,, in the dep, of Vienne, seated on the Vonne, 15 ms. SSW. of Poitiers. Luso, river of Ilaly, which rises in the duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Roinagno, and enters Ve nice 10 ms. W. of Rimini. 508 Lutange, town of Fr., in the dep, of Moselle, 8 ms. SE. of Thionville, and 11 NNE. of Metz. Luton, town of Eng., in Bedfordshire. It is situated on the river Lea, 18 ms. S. of Bedford, and 31 0 N. by W. from London. Lutienberg, town of Germany, in Styria, seated on the Slanlz, 42 ms. E.by N. of Marchburg. Lutter, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, 10 ms. NW. of Goslar. Luiterberg, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, 20 ms. S. of Goslar. Lutterworth, lown of Eng,, in Leicestershire. Lutterworth has an extensive colton manufacture, and many hands are employed in the stocking trade. It is seated on the river Swift, 14 ms. S. of J,eicester, and 88 NW. ofLondon. Lutzelstein, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, with a strong castle, seated on a mountain, 30 ms. NW. of Strasburg. Lutzen, lown of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia. It is sealed on the Elsler, 7 ms. WSW. of Leipsic. itia'emiurg-, province of the Netherlands, bound ed on the E. by Treves, S. by Lorrain, W. by Champaigne and Liege, and N. by Liege and Lim burg. It lies in the forest of Ardennes, and in some places is covered with mounlains and woods, bul, in general, is fertile in corn and wine, and has a great number of iron mines. The principal riv ers are the MoseUe, Sour, Quite, and Semoy. Rather more than one-third of bolh the provin ces of Limburg and Luxembourg, with their two chief towns, Maestrichl and Luxemburg, were con firmed to Holland on the final arrangements be tween the latter and Belgium. The cily of Lux emburg is one of the federal fortresses of the Ger manic Confederation, though the civil possession of the town and district has been assigned to the King of Holland, as Grand Duke of Luxemburg. Luxemburg, strong cily of the Netheriands, capital of the province of its name. Il is divided by the Alsitz into the upper and lower towns, the former almost surrounded by rocks, but the'lower seated in a plain. It is 22 ms. WSW. of Treves. Lon. 6 12, lat. 49 37 N. Luxeuit, town of France, in the dep. of Saone. Near it are some mineral waters and warm baths; also an abbey, founded by St. Columban, an Irish man. It is sealed at Ihe fool of the Vosges, 14 ms. NE. of Vesoul. Luxara, strong lown of Ilaly, in the Mantuan, near the conflux of the Crostolo wilh the Po. It is 18 ms. SSW. of Mantua. Luya and Chilayos, province of Peru, E. from the Tunguragua river, and nearly due S. from W. C.,lat.5° S. Luzerne, counly, Pennsylvania, bounded SE. by Pike and Northampton, S. by Schuylkill, SW. by Columbia, W._ by Lycoming, N W. by Brad ford, N. by Susquehannah, and E, by Wayne; length 45, breadth 40 miles, area 1,784 sq. miles. Liizerne county is in many respects a very inter esting I'egion, and merits a very particular notice in an elementary work. Its soil and surface are perhaps more varied than any other county of Pennsylvania. The soU of the valleys is in sorae parts composed of the rich est alluvion, but varies from that species to barren rock. The mounlains are rugged and barren, and in general seem incapable of culture. The Siis- LUZ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LYC quehannah river enters the county at its NW. an gle, and flows to the SE. by comparalive courses 35 miles, to the mouih of Lackawiinnock river ; hero it turns nearly at right angles, and flows SW. 35 miles by comparative courses lo u Utile below Nescopeck, where it enters Columbia. The following specific description was compiled from the manuscript noles of Isaac A. Chapman, Esq.: The country is very mountainous, and Ihe moun tains consist principally of ridges running parallel to each other ; and, like the other mounlains of Pennsylvania, extending nearly parallel lo the sea coast, in nearly a SW. and NE. direction. In the intervals between the mountain ridges are the fer tile valleys, on which are placed the body of the popula'ion of the county. The principal moun tains of Luzerne are the following : Wyoming irtountains on each side of Susquehannah river, nnd forming tho valley of Wyoming. The local names of those two ridges are Bullock mountain SE., and Shawaney mountain NW. The over- height of Bullock mountain 1,000, and that of Shawaney 850 feet aUove the Susquehannah river. From the summit of one raountain to that of the other opposile Wilkesbarre by the toad 6J, but by an air Une 5^ railes. At the foot of each moun tain are the small bills; consequently, the broken ground occupies raore space than the real bases of the mountain. At WUkesbarre, the level plain on the W. side extends about IJ mile from the river, but on the E. side only about a half mile. Upon' the latter the town of Wilkesbarie is situaled. The Nescopeck mountain, on the N. side of the Nescopeck creek, is a range nearly of similar height with those of Wyoming, and parallel to them. The Nescopeck forms a regular unbroken ridge, nearly destitute of timber on its summit, and reaches from the Susquehannah nearly to the Lehigh. Hell Kitchen mountain commences at the head of Nescopeck valley, and extends NE. to wards the Lehigh. It is a high, rocky, and barren ridge, naked of timber on its summit, where only I small shrubbery finds support. From the NW. slope of this mountain flows Hell Kitchen creek, a small branch of Nescopeck. Sugar-loaf mounlain is an isolated pyramidal peak, rising from Nescopeck valley. Mahoopeny mountain is a mere spur of Bowman's mountains, — See Bowman's mountains and Lackawannock mountain. The Wyoming, Lackawannock, and Buck moun tains, all produce mineral coal of the anthracite species. It forms an important article of com merce from Luzerne county. The valleys of Luzerne are the following : Val ley of Wyoming, aboul 20 ms. long and 5 wide, lying on both sides of the Susquehannah river, which enters it at its NE. extremity, ihrough the precipitous gap in the Shawaneg range. The river traverses the vallej« in a serpentine course, and leaves it by a gap called Nantikoke falls. In this vaUey stand the towns of Wilkesbarre and Kingston, opposite to each other. This is the most populous valley in the county ; the soil is exuber antly fertUe. Nescopeck valley lies on both sides of Nescopeck creek, and between Nescopeck aud Buck moun tains. It is about 20 miles long and 5 wide, and docs not extend to the river. In point of soil, it stands next to Lackawannock valley ; bul the soil of Nescopeck is somewhat superior. — See Lacka wannock valley. Tunkhannock valley is very irtegular and crook ed, about a mile wide, lessening in some places to half a mile, and about 35 miles long, and reaches from the Susquehannah river into Susquehannah counly. In proportion to its width, it is well cul tivated and populous. Mahoopeny valley lies along Mahoopeny creek. It is narrow, irregular, and thinly peopled. Ils lengih about 20 miles from the river. Its opening lo the river is in Braintrim township, in the NW. part of the county. All the streams of Luzerne arc rapid, and supply, in an indefinite number of places, excellent sites for water works. About one-fiflielh part of the whole county is already cleared and cultivated, and not raore than one-third will admit of agriculture. For pastoral purposes, the proportion lo the whole will be larger. The mountain timber of Luzerne is various spe cies of oak, thinly admixed with yellow, pitch, and while pine, of a small growth. On the hills timber be comes larger and more numerous in specie!!, the oak and pine being mixed with hickory, wild cherry, beach, birch, and hemlock. In the norlhern parts of the county, 4 or 5 ms. from the Susquehannah, sugar maple is very abundant, and mixed with an immense quantity of beech and hemlock ; the lat ter peculiarly abounding on the low lands. In the southern part of the county the low grounds ot valleys generally produce yellow pine, white pine, oak, and hickory, and occasionally buttonwood. Black walnut is common to the dry rich soil of the whole county. The only minerals yet found in any considerable quanlity in Luzerne are iron and coak Two forges for the manufacture of iron have been erected, one in Lackawannock, the other in Nanticoke valley. Staples of Luzerne — grain, flour, whiskey, lumber and coal. Chief lowns, Wilkesbarre, Kingston, and Stoddarlsville. Pop. in 18i0, 20,027 ; and in 1840, 44,006. Luzerne, tp., Warren co., N. Y., on Hudson river, 10 miles W. from Sandy HUl. Pop. in 1820, 1,430 Tp., Fayette county. Pa,, in the great bend of the Monongahela, opposile Ten-mile creek, 12 miles NW. from Union. Pop. in 1820, 1,610. Luzzaro, strong town of Italy, on the confines of the duchies of Mantua and Gaustalla, near the confluence of the Crostola wilh the Po. It is 10 miles S, of Mantua. Lon. 10 50 E., lal. 45° N. Luzzi, Iowa of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near the river Crate, 3 ms. S. of Bisignano. Lyb'ian Desert. — This imraense sandy region of Africa is the eastern extension of the Sahara. Though but iraperfeclly explored, that part of in- Icrior -\frica between the mounlains of Fezzan and the Niger is, however, known not to be so abso lutely sterile as even the desert of Barca. Rivers do flow southwardly from the Lybian sands, which must be confluents of the Niger. The Lybian des ert is, nevertheless, only a shade less rude than the great wesiern Sahara; barrenness and barbarism reign from the Nile lo the Atlantic. — See Africa, p. 15, and sequel. Lycham, town of England, in Norfolk, It is 509 LYM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. LYN 24 miles W. by N. of Norwich, and 92 NNE. of London. Lycoming, co,. Pa,, on the W. branch of the Susquehannah, bounded SE. by Columbia, S. by Northumberland, Union, and Cenire, W. by Clear field and McKean, N. by Potter, Tioga, and Brad ford, and E. by Luzerne; lengih 92, width 25 miles, area 2,290 sq. miles. In many respects, a strong resemblance exists between Lycoming and Luzerne counties, ihough the former is less moun tainous than tho latter. Lycoming is traversed from W. to E. by the W. branch of Susquehan nah, and drained by numerous large creeks or small rivers, flowing principally from the N. and NE,, such as the Sinnamahoning, Kettle creek. Pine creek, Loyalsock, and Money creeks. Soil, timber, productions, and staples, nearly the same as those noticed under the head of Luzerne, Chief town, WiUiamsport. Population in 1820, 13,517. This description includes what is now divided be tween Lycoming and CUnton; the latter~(a new county) comprises western Lycoming. In 1840, the population of the two counties stood thus : Lycoming - - 22,649 CUnton - - - 8,323 Total - 30,972 Lycoming, tp., Lycoming co , Pa , extending frora the W. branch up Lycoming creek, and com mencing at Newry, 2 ms. above Williamsport Lycoming, small river of Lycoming co.. Pa., rising in the southern border of Bradford, leading with the Towanda, and, flowing SVV., falls inlo the W. branch 2 ms. above Williamsport. Lydd, populous town of England, in Kent. It is a member of the Cinque port of Romney, and sealed in Romney Marsh, 26 miles S. of Canter bury, and 71 SE, of London. Lon. 1 4 E,, lat. 50 58 N. Lydsing, village of England, in Kent, near Gravesend. In this village 600 young Normans, who came over wilh Alfred and Edward, the sons of Ethelred, after the death of Canute, to take pos session of their father's throne, were massacred by Godwin, Earl of Kent. Lyesse, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Norlh, and late province of Hainault, 15 ms. E. of Land recy. Lon. 4 10 E., lat. 50 6 N. Lyman, tp., York co., Maine, 27 ras. N. frora York. Lyme, lown, Grafton counly, N. H,, on the E. side of Connecticut river, between Hanover and Oxford, about 8 miles N. of Dartmouth College, Town, New London co,. Conn., on the E. bank of Conneciicut river, and on Long Island sound, 18 mUes SW. of New London, in the lat, of 41 25 N,, and lon. 72 40 E. Tp., Jeffer son CO , N. Y., on Lake Onlario. Town in the western borders of Huron co,, Ohio, about 100 ms. a little E. ofN. from Columbus. Lyme Regis, borough and seaport of Eng., in Dorsetshite. It is seated on the declivity of a craggy hill, on the river Lyme, which runs through il, at the head of a lillle inlet, and from which it takes its name ; ami ils harbor is forraed by a noble pier, called the Cobb. It is 28 ins. E. by S. of Exeter, and 143 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3° W., lat. 53 40 N. 510 Lymford, lake of Denmark, in Jutland, between the provinces of Ripen and Wihorg on the S., and Aalborg on the N., extending in a westerly direc tion from the Cattegat, towards the German ocean, and reaching so near the lalter as to almost insulate Aalborg. This sheet of water is about 70 ms. long, but full of islands, and of very unequal breadth. It extends nearly along lat. 67° N. Lymingion, borough and seaport of Eng-., in Hants. It is seated about a mile from the channel called the Needles, and the harbor will admit ves. sels of considerable burden. It is seated on a high hill, 12 ms. SSW. of Southampton, and 90 SW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 42 W., lal. 50 45 N. Lynchburg, town, Campbell co., Va., silualed on the S. side of James river, 118 ms. W. of Richmond, and 128 W. byN. of Petersburg. Lon. W. C. 2 16 W., lat. 37 18 ,N. This town has advanced with great rapidity within the last twenty years. It was incorporated in 1805. It is an em porium for the trade of an extensive, fertile, and well-cultivated interior. James river being navi gable for balteaux from here to Richmond, the to bacco, wheat, flour, hemp, whiskey, and beef, are embarked and sent- down by water. Pop. by the census of 1840, 6,395. A marble manufactoty has been also established — a circumstance very illus trative of wealth and taste, Village, Oldham , Ky., 54 ms. NW. by W. from Frankfort. Village, Lincoln co., Tenn., 50 ms. SSW. from Murfreesborough. Lynch'a Creek, so called, river which rises in N. C, a few ms, W. of Sneadsborough, and, flowing S., enters S. C. between Lancaster and Chesterfield districts,, and, assuming a SE. course, flows through S. C, and falls into the Great Pedee. The entire length of Lynch's creek, by compara live courses, exceeds 100 ms. Lynch Lake, Williamsburg dislrici, S. C. . Lyndeborough, town, Hillsborough co., N. H., 10 ms. NW. from Amherst. Pop. 1820, 1,168. Lyndhurat, village of Eng., in Hants, in the New Forest. Here is a seat which belongs to the Duke of Gloucester, as lord warden of the New Forest. Il is 7 ms. N. of Lymingion. Lyndon, town, Caledonia co., Vt., 33 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Pop. 1,100. Lynesville, village, Granville co., N. C, 60 ras. N. from Raleigh. Lynn, town, Essex co., Mass., famous for the manufaclure of women's shoes, 10 ms. NE. of Boston, and 5 SW. of Salem, in the lat. of 42 28 N., and lon. of 70 52 W. Wesiern tp. of Le high CO., Pa. It joins Berks and Schuylkill cos., and is situaled between West Penns and Weissen- berg tps. Lynn Canal, or Strait, NW. coast of Norlh America, winds in a northerly direction from the norlhern extremity of Chatham strait,"'of which it is in reahty a continuance. Lon, W. C. 57 43 W., lal. of ils en trance 58 12 N. Lynn Creek, postoffice, Giles co., Tenn., shout 70 ms. S. from Murfreesborough. Lynnfield, tp., Essex co., Mass., 10 ms. W. from Salem, and 1 1 N. from Boston. Lynnhaven Bay, a curve of the Chesapeake, at ils soulhern extremity, between Hampton Roads and Cape Henry. Lynn Regis, or King's lAnn, borough and sea- MAC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAC port of Eng., in Norfolk, 42 ms. WNW. of Nor wich, and 106 N. by E. of London. Lon. 24' E., lat. 52 48 N. Lynn River, in the co. of Norfolk, U. C, rises in the tp. of Windham, and, running frora ihence southerly Ihrough the tp. of Woodhouse, empties itself inlo Lake Erie, where it has about three feet water on the bar. Ills a good harbor for batleaux. Lynnsv'ille, village, in the wesiern port of Le high CO., Pa., by post road 80 ms. NE. by E. from Harrisburg. Lyonnois, late province ofFr., which, wilh that of Forez, forms the dep. of Rhone and Loire. Lyons, second city of Fr. for beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is the capilal of the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and is sealed at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone. It was founded about the year 42 B. C, by the Romans, who made it the cenire of the commerce of the Gauls. Aboul the year 145 il was totally destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt by the munificence of Nero. Many an tiquities are still observed, that evince ils Roman origin. Lyons is the see of an archbishop, and, before ils recent calamities, contained 150,000 in habitants, upwards of 30,000 of whom were em ployed in various manufactures, particularly of rich stuffs of the most exquisite workmanship, in silk, gold, silver, &c. The quays were adorned with magnificent structures. The Hotel de Ville vied wilh that of Amsterdam ; and the theatre was not surpassed by any in Fr. The other principal pub lic buildings were, the Hotel de Dieu, the Hospital of Charity, the Exchange, the Custom-house, the Palace of Jusiice, the Arsenal, a public library, and two colleges. The bridge, which unites the city wilh the suburbs de la Guilloliere, is 1,560 feet long ; and there are three other principal su burbs, six gates, and several fine churches. No city of France'suffered so much from the revolu tion as Lyons ; ils populalion was reduced to less than 80,000. It is again rapidly increasing, and contains, as may be seen in the tabular view of France, p. 329, 150,814 inhabilanls. This cily is 15 ms. N. of Vienne, and 220 SE. of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E., Iat. 45 46 N. Town and seat of jus tice, Wayne co., N. Y., 16 ms. N. from Geneva, 20 NE. from Canandaigua, and by the canal 117 ms. W. from Utica; lat. 43 5 N. -and lon. W. C. 0°, beingalmost exactly on the meridian of that city. Lyons is elegantly situated on the Grand Western canal ofN, Y., and rapidly improving. Pop. in 1820 of the tp., 3,972. Lyon's Creek, in the co. of Lincoln, U. C, dis charges itself into Chippewa river, in the tp. of Willoughby, not for abbve the mouth of that river. Lyons, Gulf of, that curve of the Mediterranean sea between Catalonia and the Gulf of Genoa. Lysander, town, Onondago co., N. Y., at the confluence of the Onondago or Oswego and Seneca rivers, 20 ms. NW. from Onondago. M. Maatea, one of the Society isles, in the South sea. — See Society Isles. Mabra, town of the kingdom of Algiers, seated on the Gulf of Bona, W. of the' town of Bona. Mac Arlhurstown, village in the soulhwestern part of Athens CO. , 0,,andinElk tp-, 25 ms. SW. from Athens, and 30 ms, neorly due E. of Chilli cothe. Mac Allister's Cross Roads, post office, Mont gomery CO., Tenn., 99 ms. NW. from Murfrees borough. Macao, town of China, in the province of Can ton, on an island at the entrance of the bay of Can ton. It is defended by three forts. The Portu guese have been in possession of the harbor since 1640. They pay a tribute for the liberty of choosing their own magistrates, exercising their re ligion, and Uving according to their own laws ; and here, accordingly, is a Portuguese governor, as well as a Chinese mondarin, to take core of the lown and tho neighboring country. The British and some olher European nations have factories in this place. Lon. 113 46 E., lot. 22 12 N. il&c Callan's Cross Roads, post office, Harrison CO., Ia., no ms. S. from IndianapoUs. Macarsca, seaport of Dalmalia, wilh a pretty good harbor, seated on the Gulf of Venice, 25 ms. SE. of Spalatro. Lon. 18 7 E., lal. 43 49 N. Macas. — See Majas. Macassar, kingdom of Celebes, whence that island is called Macassar. — See Celebes. Macassar, large town of the island of Celebes, capilal of a kingdom of the same name. The bouses are all of wood, supported by thick posts, and the roofs covered by very large leaves; they have ladders to ascend into them, which they draw up as soon as they have entered. It is seated near the mouth of a large river, which runs through the kingdom from N. to S. Lon. 117 28 E., lat. 5° S. Macassar, Straits of, between Borneo and Celebes. Mac Cowley's, posl office, Wayne co., UL, by post road 131 ms. SE. irom Vandalia. Mac Clellansville, vUlage, Caindenco., Ga., 214 ms. SSE. from MilledgevUle. Macclesfield, corporate lown of Eng., in Che shire. Il is seated at the edge of a forest of the same narae, near the river Bolin. It has manu factories of mohair, twist, hat bands, buttons, and thread, and mills for the winding of silk. It is 36 ms. E. of Chester, and 171 NW. of London. Lon. 2 17 W., lot. .53 15 N. Mac Connellsburg, or Mac Connellstown, village of Bedford co.. Pa., 19 ms. W. from Chambers burg. Mac Connellsville, village, Oneida CO., N. Y. Village and seat of justice for Morgan co,, Ohio, is silualed on the left bank of the Muskin gum river, 30 ras. NW. from Marietta, and 25 SSE. from Zanesville. Lat. 39 43 N., lon. W. C. 4 50 W. Pop. of tp. in 1840, 1,518. Mac Culhh's, postoffice, Jefferson co,, Ohio, 16 ms. from Steubenville. Mac Cutchensville, vUIage, Pickaway co., Ohio, 30 ms. SSE. from Columbus. Mac Danielsville, village, Spartanburg district, S. C, 103 ras. NW. of Columbia. Mac Donnell's, post office, Muskingum co., O., 72 ms. E. from Columbus. Macdonough, tp., Chenango co., N. Y. Macedonia, province of Turkey, in Europe, bounded on the N. by Servia and Bulgaria, on the E. by Romania and the Archipelago, on Ihe S, by Livadia, and on the W. by that couniry 511 MAC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAC and Albania. Salonichi, ancient Thessalonia, is the capital. Macedon, SW. tp. and vUlage, Wayne co., N. Y. The tp. Ues along both sides of the western ca nal, 12 W. from Lyons. Mac Entire's, postoffice, Franklin co., Ga,, 96 ms. NNE. from MilledgeviUe. Maeerata, handsome, populous town of Italy, in the raarquisate of Ancona, near the mountain Chiento, 12 ms. SW. of Lorelto. Lon. 13 27 E.,lat. 43 20 N. Mac Farland's, post office, Lunenburg co., Va., about 60 ras. SW. from Richmond. Mac Gdhey's, post oif\ce, Rockingham county, Virginia, by post road 139 miles NW. from Rich mond. Mac Grewsburg, village, Adams co,. Pa., 32 ms. SE. from Harrisburg. Machecou, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Loire, and late province of Brelagne, seated on the Tenn, 20 ms. SW. of Nantes, Lon. 1 11 W., lat. 47 2 N. Macherry, town of Hindoostan proper, situated in the province of .Mewat, about 72 ms. distant from Delhi. Machian, one of the Molucca islands, 20 ms, in circumference, and the most fertile of them all. It produces the best cloves, and the Dutch have here 3 inaccessible forts. Lon. 126 55 E. Machias, maritime tp. and village, Washington CO., Maine, on the W. side of Machias river. Lal. 44 44 N., and lon. 67 34 W. The principal village, post office, and seat of justice for the co., is at the falls in Machias river. On the E. branch there is, however, another fine village with a posl office. The principal export from this place is lumber. Pop. in 1810, 1,570; thai ofthe tp. and port in 1840, 2,185. Machicaco, promontory of Spain, in the Bay of Biscay. Lon. 3° W., lat. 43 37 N. Machynleth, town of Wales, in Montgomery shire, on the Douay, over which is a stone bridge leading into Merionethshire. It is 57 ras. W. of Montgomery, and 198 NW.^of London. Lon. 3 45, lat. 52 24 N. Macintosh, co., Ga,, bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE,, Alatamaha river, or Glynn, and AVayne SW., and Liberty NW, and NE, ; length 40, mean width 14 ms,, area 560 sq. ras. ; sur face level, and soil in part sandy. Chief town, Darien. Staples, sugar and cotlon. Pop. in 1820, .5,129; and in 1840, 5,360. Ctl. lat. 3134 N., lon. W. C. 4 40 W, Macintosh, C. H.^and post office, Macintosh CO., Ga. Mac Kean, co.. Pa,, bounded by Clearfield S,, Jefferson SW., Warren W., Cattaraugus and Alleghany cos. N., York N , Potter E., aud Ly coming SE. ; length 42, width 35 ras,, area 1,442 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and soil generally of raid dling quality. Chief town, Smilhport. Pop. in 1820, 728; and in 1840, 2,975. Cll. lat. 41 45, lon. W. C. 1 35 W. Mac Keansburg, post office, Schuylkill co.. Pa,, 4 ms. NE. from Orwiesburg. Mac Keesport, village, Alleghany co.. Pa., on the right banks of Youghiogheny and Mononga hela rivers, at their junction, 11 ms. SE. from Pittsburg. 512 Mackenzie's River, or Unjigah River, or Peace River, an imraense stream of N. America, rising n the Chippewan raountains, lon, W. C. 40 W., and lat. 52i° N. '1 his is the Elk river, whieh flows NE. to lat. 58°, enters the .Athapescow lake, by which it receives from the NE. a very large accession of water. A short distance below the Athapescow discharge, the proper Peace enters from the SW. The united streams continue NNW. to about lat. 61 30, where the whole mass is lost in Great Slave lake, a body of water ex tending nearly E. and W. upwards of 300 ras. At the extreme NW. part ofthe lake Mackenzie's river is discharged, which, assuming a course a litlle W. of NW., enters the Arctic ocean at lat. 69° N., and 56° W. from Washington. The en tire course of this great river passes through 17^° of lat., and with its difference of lon. and wind ings, exceeds 2,000 ms. in length. Mackey's ville, village, Burke co., N. C. Mac Leomsborough, village, Hamilton co.. 111., 60 ms. NE, from Vandalia. Mac Leom's Mills, post office, Rutherford co., Tenn., 14 ms. from Murfreesborough. Mac Minn, co., Tenn., bounded SE. by Mon roe, SW. by Hiwassee river, NW. by Rhea, and NE. by Roane and Blount. It is drained by the various branches of Hiwassee river. ; length 30, mean width 20 ms., area 600 sq. ms. ; surface hilly, and soil varied. Chief town, Cal houn., ' Pop. in 1820, 1,623; and in 1840, 12,719. Ctl. lat. 35 25 N., lon. W. C. 7 34 W. Mac Minnville, town and seat of justice, Warren CO., Tenn., 70 ms. SE. frora Nashville. Lat. 35 43 N., lon. W. C. 8 42 W. Mac Nairy, co., 'I'enn., position uncertain. Macomb, co., Michigan, bounded E. by St. Clair river and lake, S. by Wayne co,, SW. by Oakland co., NW. by Lapeer, and NE. by St. Clair ; surface moderately hilly, and soil excellent. Pop. in 1820, 869 ; and in 1840, 9,716- Mac Neil's Store, and post office, Moore co., N. C, by post road 90 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Macon, wesiern co., N. C, bounded by the ter ritory of the Cherokee Indians W. and NW., Haywood CO., N. C, NE. and E,, Pickens dis trict, S. C, and Rabun co., Ga., S. ; length frora E. to W. 48 ms., mean breadth 18, area 864 sq. ras. Lat. 35 to 35 26, lon. W. C. 5 48 to 6 36 W. It is vety nearly commensurate with the higher part of the valley of Tennessee proper, and slopes to NNW. Chief town, Franklin. Pop. in 1830, 5,833. When Mr. H. S. Tanner published the first impressions of his raap of the U. S., the two west ern COS. of N. C, Haywood and Macon, were deUneated and colored so as to include the whole section of the Slate westward of Buncombe, c(). Subsequent documenls enabled Mr. T. to rectify his map ; from which it now appears that the ex treme western part of the Slate is slill in posses sion of the Creek Indians to the extent of 750 sq. ms. Haywood, Macon, and the adjacent Creek CO., is an elevated region ; the mean height must, without estimating that of the mounlain chains, exceed 1,500 feet above the Atlantic lide. If, therefore, allowance is made for relative elevation, the winter temperature of Macon will be found as low as that on the Atlantic shore on N. Iat. 39.° MAD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAD VUlage and seal of jusUce, Bibb co,. Go., situated on the righl or west bank of Oakmulgee river, on the site of old Fort Hawkins. N. lat. 32 51, lon. W. C. 6 37 W., and 30 ms. SW. ftom Milledgeville. Macon, town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Bur gundy. It is remarkable for its good wine, and is seated on the declivity of a hill, near the Saone, 35 ms. N. of Lyons, and 188 SE. of Paris. MaconsvUle, lown, Northampton co.. North Carolina. Macran, or Mekran, extends along the Indian ocean, from Cape Jask, at the entrance of the Persian gulf, to the mouth of the Arobo river, which separates it from Sinde, in a direction neorly E. and W. about 600 ms., along N. lot. 26 nearly. The position and extent corresponds in great part wilh the ancient Gedrosia, but may be placed in the li.st of countries with which we are very imperfectly acquainted. — See Mecran. Macres, river of Africa, which runs across the kingdom of Tripoli, and falls into the Mediterra nean, a lillle to the E. of Lebeda. Macquarrie, river of New Holland, in New S. Wales, rises in and flows westerly from the Blue mountains, and is lost in inland marshes at S. lat. 30 11. Mac Reynold's Store, and p'ost office, Campbell CO., Va., 132 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Macri, ancient town of Samos, in the Archi pel ago. Macronissi, ancient Helen, small island of Greece, S. from Attica. This liltle island lies about 5 ms. E, from Cape Colonni, and is an ob long of 8 by 1 mile. MACtTLS. Dark spots on the face of the sun are so called. This class of phenomena are not permanent as are those seen on the Moon. The solar spots are changeable, and must arise from revolutions in the envelope of that luminary. They have been seen, though rarely, by the naked eye — such was the case in 1816. Macungy, tp., Lehigh co.. Pa,, on the Litlle Lehigh river, between Upper Milford and Weis semburg, 5 ms. BW. from Allentown. Mac Veytown, village, Mifflin co., Pa,, 68 ra?. NW. by W. from Harrisburg. Mac Ville, Washington co,, Ky. — See Max- ville, Washington co., Ky. Mac Williamstown, village, Chester co,. Pa., 35 ms. from Philadelphia, Maczua, small island on the Red sea, near the coast of Abex, Madagascar, large island of Africa. — See Af rica, p. 30. Madalena, river See Magdalena. Madawaska, river, seltlement, and village of Maine, norlhward of St. John's river. The river Madawaska rises in the highland or raountains, within 15 ms. of the St, Lawrence, and opposile to the mouth of Saguenay river, and including several lakes, of which the largest is the Temis- couata, falls into St. John's_river after a compara tive course of SSE. 50 ms. The settlement of Madawaska, included in the co. of Aroostook, contained in 1840, 1,876 inhabitants. The vil lage of Aroostook, as laid down on Bradford's Boston Atlas, is situated on the point between the 65* N, lat, 47 18, lon. 11 ms. St. John's and Green rivers. W. C. 8 53 E. Madberry, tp., Stafford co,, N. H. NW. from Portsmouth. Madensborough, tp. of Buckingham co., L. C, 12 ms, SE, from Three Rivers. Madeira, island in the Atlantic ocean, 120 ms. in circumference, and 240 N. by E. of Teneriffe ; the centre in lat. 32 48 N. The scorching heat of summer and tho icy chill of winter are here equally un)tnowii. Spring and autumn reign con tinually, and produce flowers and fruits throughout the year. Mony brooks and small rivulets descend from the mountains in deep chasms or glens, which separate the various parts ofthe island. The wateris conducted by wiers and channels in the vineyards, where each proprietor has the use of it for a cer tain time; some being allowed to keep a constant supply of il, some to use it thrice, others twice, and others only once a week. As the heat of the climate renders the supply of water to the vine yards absolutely necessary, it is not without great expense that a new vineyard can be planted ; for the maintenance of which, the owners must purchase water, at a higher price, from those who are con stantly supplied, and are thus enabled to spare some of il. The cedar tree is found in great abundance, and extremely beautiful ; raost of the ceilings and furniture at Madeira ate mode of that wood, which yields a very fragrant smell. The dragon tree is a native ofthis island. The hedgesore mostly form ed of the myrtle, rose, jessamine, and honeysuc kle; while the larkspur, fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c,, spring up spontaneously in the meadovfs. There are very few reptUes lo be seen in the island ; the lizard is the most common. Canary birds and goldfinches are found in the mountains ; of the for mer, nu mbers are sent every year to Englana. This island is well watered and populous. Funchal is the capital, Madera, river of South America, one ofthe great southern confluents of the Araazon, rises as far S. as lat. 20° S,, inlerlockingsources with the Pilco mayo and Ucayale, flowing Ihence nearly due N, lo S, lat, 10°; it thence turns to NE,, and enters the Amazon at lat. 3° S. The Modera is one of the largest secondary rivers of the globe. — See art. ,dmeri.ca, p. 52. Madia, or Maggia, tovvn, river, valley, and bail iwick of Switzeriand, in Upper Vallais. The val ley is long and narrow, between high mountains, watered throughout its whole length by the river, and it is the fourth transalpine bailiwick. The town is 10 ms, NW. of Locarno. Madison, lown in Somerset co.. Me., on the Kennebeck river, 10 ms. above Norridgewock. Pop. in 1820, 881. Co. of N. York, bounded by Onondaga W., Oneida lake NW., Oneida co. NE., Olsego SE., and Chenango S. Length 28 ms,, mean width 20; area 560 sq. ms. It occu pies the dividing ground between the waters flow ing into the Chenango and Unadilla branches of Susquehannah; the Chilinengo, Oneida, and Ca- naserago creeks entering Oneida lake, and some creeks flowing into the Mohawk. The surface is generally hilly, but the soil highly fertile, and pro- ductive in grain, pasturage, ' and fruils. Chief towns, Hamilton, Madison, and Cazenovia. Pop. in 1820, 32,208 ; and in 1840, 40,008. Central 513 MAD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAD lat. 43 0 N., lon. W. C. 1 22 E. Tp. in Madison co., N. Y,, on the heads of Chenango river and Oriskany creek, 22 ms. SW. from Utica. Tp. in Columbia co.. Pa., between Green wood and Derry, 5 ms. N. from Danville Co. of Va., bounded SE., S., and SW., by Otange co., or the Rapid Ann river, NW. by the Blue ridge, or Shenandoah co,, and NE. and E. by Culpeper, It is about 28 ms. squate, and has an area of 784 sq. ms. It is drained entirely by various creeks of the Rapid Ann ; the surface is moderately hilly, and soil of middling quaUty. Staples, flour and tobacco. Chief town, Madison. Pop. in 1820, 8,490; and in 1840, 8,107. Cenlrai lot. 38 20 N., lon. W. C. 1 10 W. VUlage in Madison CO,, Va,, on Robertson's river, branch of Rapid Ann, 45 ms. W. from Fredericksburg. Vil lage in Amherst co., Va., on the left bank of James river, opposile Lynchburg. Co. of Ga., on Broad river, bounded S. by Oglethorpe, SW. by Clark, W. by Jackson, NW. and N. by Frank lin, and NE. by Elbert. Lengih 30 ras.., mean widih 10; area 300 sq. ms. Surface hUly, but soil productive. Chief town, Danielsville. Pop, in 184Q, 5,045. Town and seat of justice for Morgan CO., Ga., 50 ms. NNW. from Milledge ville. Lat. 38 38N , lon. W. C. 6 43 W. Co, of Ala., bounded N. by Ten,, E, by Decatur, S, by Tennessee river, and W. by Limestone co,, Ala. Lengih 30 ms,, mean width 20 ; area 600 sq. ms. Surface diversified by hill and dale, and soil highly fertile. Slaple, cotton. Chief town, HuntsvUle. Pop. in 1820, 17,481 ; and in 1840, 25,706. Central lat. 34 50 N;, lon. W. C. 9 48 W. Co. of Ten,, bounded by Henderson co. on the E., and drained by the S. and middle forks of Forked Deer river. Cll. lat. 35 37N., lon. W. C. II 50 W. Pop. in 1810, 16,530. Co. ofKy,, bounded by Clay, SE,, Rockcastle S,, Garrard W., Kentucky river, or Jessamine NW., Kentucky river, or Fayette and Clark N., and EsUll E. Lengih 38 ms., mean width 15 ; area 570 sq. ms. Chieflown, Richmond. Pop. in 1820, 15,954 ; and in 1840, 16,3.5,5. Centrallat. 37 43 N., lon, W.C 7 12 W. Co. of Ohio, bounded on the N. by Union, E. by FrankUn, S. by Fayette, and W. by Clark and Champaign counties. It is about 28 miles long from N. to S., by 19 broad from E. to W., and contains 400 sq. ms. This county contains extensive bodies of fine land, well adapted to agri culture and grazing. One of the staples of the county is neat cattle, which are sent to Detroit, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, and other place-. Chief town, Loudon. Pop. in 18iJ0, 4,799 ; and in 1840, 9,025. Central lat. 39 55 N., lon. W. C. 6 26 W. Tp. in Columbiana co., Ohio. Tp. in Muskingum co., Ohio, E. from Muskin gum river, and containing the vUlage of Hoy- market. Tp. in the NE. part of Highland co. VUlage and NE. tp. of Geauga co., Ohio, Grand river traverses through this tp,. Tp, in Richland co., Ohio, in which is situated the village of Mansfield. Pop. in 1820; 552. Tp. in Licking CO., 0. SE. tp. of FrankUn co., 0. NE. tp. of Pickaway co., O, Tp. in Guernsey CO., Ohio. Tp. in Jackson co., Ohio. NE. tp. of Scioto CO., 0, Tp. in Fairfield co,, 0. SE. tp. of Clark co., Ohio. — — Tp. in Fay ette CO., Ohio. Tp. in Montgomery co., Ohio, 514 W. from Miami river, and adjoining to the co. of Preble. Village in Hamilton co., Ohio, 123 ms, SW.from Columbus. Tp. in Bullerco., 0. NE. tp. in Perry co, O. Town and seat, of justice for Jefferson co., Ia , on the Ohio river, 75 ms. above LouisvUle, and 75 below Cincinnaii. Pop. about 1,500. It has already one printing office, a bank, and three or four places of public worship. Lat. 38 44 N., lon. W. C. 8 16 W. Co. of la., bounded by Hamilton, Marion, Shelby, Rush, and Henry.—' — C.H. and village in Madison CO., Ia., 15 ms.E. from Indianapolis. Co. of III., on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, opposile the raouth of Missouri. Extent in sq. ms. uncertain. It is bounded S. by St. Clair and Washington, and E. by Bond, Surface in most part level ; soil fertile. Chief town, Edwardsville, Pop. in 1820, 13,550; and in 1840, 14,433. Cenlrai lot. 38 50 N,, lon. W, C. 12 50 W. Co. of Mo,, forms a square of 30 ms. each way ; area 900 sq. ms. ; mostly drained by the higher branches of Si. Francis river. Central lot. 37 25 N., lon. 14 20 W. of W. C. Chieflown, Frederickton. Pop. in 1840, 2,775. Madison, East, town in Somerset co,. Me,, by posl rood 114 N. from Portland. Madison's river, branch of Missouri, rises in the Chippewan mountains, between the Yellow Slone and Jefferson's river; and, flowing NE., joins Jef ferson's and Gallotin's rivers, and forms the Mis souri. Madisonville, village and seat of jusiice, Hop kins CO,, Ky., on the dividing ground between the waters of Green and Tradewater rivers, 54 ms. SE. from Shawneelown, and 67 a little N. from Clarksville, in Tennessee. Lat. 37 20 N., lon. W. C. 10 22 W. Village and seaport of the pa rish of St. Tammony, La., on Chifuncte river, 28 ms, neorly due N,, and on the opposile side of Lake Pontchartrain, from New Orieans. Madras, ot Fort St. George, fort and town of the peninsula nf Hindooslan, on the coast of Coro mandel, It is the principal settlement ofthe Eng lish East India Company on the E. side of the pe ninsula, and is a fortress of very great extent, in cluding within it a regular well-built cily. Il is close on ihe raargin-, of the Bay of Bengal, from which it has a rich and beautiful appearance ; the bouses being covered with a stucco called chunam, which in itself is nearly as compact as the finest marble, and, as it bears as high a polish, is equally splendid. They consist of long colonnades, wilh open porticos, and flat roofs ; and the cily contains many handsome and spacious streets. But tho inner apartments of the houses are not much deco rated, presenting to the eye only while walls ; which, however, from the marble -like appeorance of the stucco, give a freshness grateful in so hot a couniry. Ceilings ore very uncommon in the rooms. Indeed, il is impossible to find any whioh will resist the ravages of that destructive insect, the while ant. There is a second city, called the Black Town, nearly 4 ms. in circuit, separated from Madras by the breadth of a proper esplanade only. Madras, in common wilh all the European selliements on this coast, has no port for shipping, the coast forming nearly a straight line ; and it is incommoded also with a high and dangerous surf. Madras was taken hy the French in 1746, but re- MAE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAG stored by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is 100 ms. N. by E. of Pondicherry, 1,030 SW. by W of Calcutta, and 758 SE. of Bombay. Lbii, 80 25 E., lat. 13 5 N. Madre de Dios, island in the Pacific ocean, near the coast of Patagonia, 180 ms, in circumference Lon, 42° W,, lat. 51° S. It is the Resolution of English sailors and geogrophers. Madre de Popa, lown of New Granada, on tho Madelena, 50 ras. E. of Carthagena. Madrid, capital of Spain, in New Castile. Tho houses are all built with brick, and the streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper distances with handsome fountains. There are above 100 towers or steeples, in different places, which contribute gteaUy to the embellishment of the city. It is seated in a large plain, surrounded by high mountains. Madrid is sealed on the river Manzanares, which, though small, is adorned wilh two magnificent bridges. It is 265 miles NE. of Lisbon, 790 S, by W, ofLondon, and 625 SSW. of Paris. Lon. 3 20 W., lat. 40 25 N. It is the most elevated capital in Europe, stonding on ground 1,977.84 feet above the level of the At lantic ocean ; consequently, the air in winter is keen and piercing. The atmosphere is, however, generally pure and serene. Pop. about 200,000. The learned institutions of Madrid are numerous and highly respectable. Il is 850 miles W. by S. from Rome, but upwards of 1,000 by land. Madrid, tp, and village, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on St. Lawrence river, at Point Iroquois, 2 miles above HamUton, and 12 below Ogdensburg. Pop. in 1820, 1,930. Madrigal, town of Spain, in Old Castle, seated io a plain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 miles from Medina-del-Carapo. Lon. 4 19 W., lat. 41 25 N. Town of Soulh America, in the province of Popayan, Lon, 75 45 W., lat. 50' N. Madrisio, small town of Italy, in the Stale of Venice, 32 ms. from Venice. Mad River, name of a tp. in Clark co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 734. Mad River, large eastern branch of the Great Miami, rising in the northern parts of Logan co,, Ohio, across which, and Clark, and the northwest wardly corner of Green county, it runs in a south westwardly direction, above 50 ms,, inlo the easiern part of Montgomery co., and falls into the Miami above the town of Dayton. Madrogam, large town of Africa, capital of Mo nomotapa, with a spacious royal palace. The up per part of the house is in the shape of a bell. Lon. 31 40 E., Iat. 18° S. Madura, large town and capital of an island of the same name, in the Indian sea. Lon. 12 49 E,, lot, 9 50 N Town of the Carnatic, capi tal of a province of the same name, on the coast of Coromandel, 130 miles N. by E. of Cape Co morin, and 303 SW. of Madras. Lon. 78 12 E., lat. 9 55 N. Maeler, lake of Sweden, 80 miles long and 20 broad, between the provinces of Westmania and Sudermania. Maelstrom, very extraordinary and dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Norway, in 68° N. Iat., in the province of Nordland, and district of Lofo- den, near the island of Moskoe, whence itis also named Moskoestrom. The mountains of Helseg-' gen, in Lofoden, lie a league fiom the island of Moskoe, and between these Iwo runs this large and dreadful stream, the depth of which is from 36 to 40 fathoms. When it is flood, the stream runs up the country between Lofoden and Moskoe with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the sea is scarcely equalled by the loudest cataract. The whirlpool is of such an extent and deplh, lhat if a ship comes within its attraction it is inevitably absorbed and beat to pieces against the rocks below ; and when the water relaxes, the fragments come up ogoin. The inlervols of tran quillity are only at the turn of the ebb and flood, and calm weather; they last but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and ils fury heightened by a storm, vessels have been reached by it at the distance of 5 miles. Maema, town of Germany, in Tyrol, 23 milea WSW. of Trent. Maeseyk, lown of the Netherlands, in the terri tory of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 ms. SSW. of Ruremonde.Maeslandsluys, town of S. Holland, near tbe mouth ofthe Meuse, 10 ms. W. of Rotterdam. Maes river, — See Meuse, Maestrichl, cily of the kingdom of Holland, and capital of the province of Limburg, about 4 ras. in circumference, seated on the Meuse, opposite Wyck, with which it communicates by a slone bridge. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 18,000. — See article Luxemburg, The fortifica tion and situation of Maestrichl are such that it is deemed one of the strongest places in Europe. It is 14 ms. NNE. of Liege, and 58 E. of Brussels. Lon, 5 48 E., Iat. 50 49 N. Mafra, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a college, founded in 1772. The town is seated near the sea, 18 ms. NNW. of Lisbon. Magadi, or Maghery, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated in a hilly country, abounding in timber trees, stone, and iron, 24 ms. W. of Ban galore. Magadoxo. — See arUcle Africa, p. 29. Magdalena, river of South America, formed by two large branches rising in the province of Po payan, and near the city of Popayan. Magdalena proper has its source in a small raountain lake about 70 ras. SE. from Popayan, at N. lat. 1 45, and about 45' of lon. E. from W. C. The Can ea, or Wesiern branch, rises at the city of Po payan. The two branches, inclining a little to the E. of N., flow nearly parallel down two mountain vaUeys, to N. lat. 9 30, or upwards of 600 miles. Below their junction the united stream, inclining a little to the W. of N,, is finally lost in the Ca ribbean sea at N. laritude 11°, after a comparative course of nearly 1,000 miles. A branch of the Andes extends from Popayan, between the two branches of this river, which only terminates a few miles above their junction. Neither branch re ceives any large tributaries, being augmented by mere mountain torrents. ' - lil^ The city of Popayan stands upwsffds of 5,900 feet above the level of the ocean ; therefore, the Magdalena has a fall from its source to the point of discharge of more than 6,000tfeet. When com pared wilh length of course, the Magdalena is a very unnavigable stream. Though discharged into 515 MAG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAH the Atlantic, the extreme SW. sources of the Can ea branch of Magdalena rise within 70 ms. of the Pacific ocean, at the bay of Choco. Magdeburg, duchy of Germany, in Lower Sax ony, bounded on the N. and E. by Brandenburg, 8. by Anhalt and Halberstadt, and W. by Bruns wick, It is divided into four circles — Holz, Saal, Jerich, and Ziesar. The country is in general level, and the parts which are not marshy and overgrown with wood are very fertile. The salt springs are of such richness that they are able to supply all Germany wilh salt. This duchy belongs to the king of Prussia. Magdeburg, fortified cily of Prussia, copital of the duchy of the same name. It has a handsome palace, a citadel wilh a fine arsenal, and a mag nificent cathedral, which contains the superb mau soleum of Otho the Great. This city is happily situated for trade, having an easy'comraunication with Hamburg by the Elbe ; therefore, they carry on manufactures of cotlon, linen, &c,, to a great extent, bul their principal merchandise is silk and woolen. It is the strongest place belonging to his Prussian majesty, where his principal magazinei and foundries ore established. It is 40 ms. W. of Brandenburg, and 125 SE. of Hamburg. Lon. 11 45 E., lat. 52 11 N. Magellan, strait of South America, between the continent and island of Terra del Fuego, discov ered in 1520, by Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, since which lime it has been sailed through by several navigators ; but, the passage being dangerous and troublesome, they now sail to the Pacific ocean round Cape Horn. The Spaniards call the country to the norlh of this strait Tierra Magallanica. Recent and more ac curate information tends lo show that ihe difficul ties and dangers of the sttails of Magellan have been gteotly exaggerated. Mageville, township, Sunbury counly. New Brunswick, on the right side of Saint John's liver. Mage,ia, — See Madia, Maggiore, or Locarno, lake of Italy, partly in the duchy of Milan, and partly in the country of the Grisons, being about 35 ms. in length and 6 in breadth. Magindanao, Iat. 7 6 N,, lon, 124 30 E., town and capitol of the island of the same name, situated on a deep bay, SW. side of the island. The island severally written Mindanao, Maginda, and Magindanao, is the southern, and, next to Luzon, the most extensive, ofthe Philippine group, lying' between lat. 5J and 10° N., lon. 125 E. of London, traverses it about 200 ms. The form of this' island is very irregular. Extreme length and breadlh nearly equal, and about 300 ms. ; area 37,500 sq. ms. Magliano, small but populous town of Ilaly, in the territory of the Pope, and district of Sobino, aeated on a mountain near the river Tiber, 30 ms, SW. of Spolettq, and 30 N. of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E., lat.^42 25 N. Magnavacca, town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, witK a fort, seated al the mouth of the lake of Co machio, in the Guff of Venice, 18 ms. N. of Ra venna. Lon. 12 ^E., lat. 44 52 N. Mqffmia,-^See Manimhia. Mflgmsiia town of Asia Minor, ancient Mag- 516 nesia. It is still a large, fine, and populous city. Lon. 27 18 E„ lat. 38 44 N. Magny, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Ouse, and lale province of the Isle of France, 32 ms. NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E., lat. 49 10 N. Magra, river of Italy, which rises in the Appen nines, in the valley of Magra, washes Pont-Rem- oli and Sorzana, below which it falls into the Med- iterraneon. Valley in the duchy of Tuscany, 27 ms. in length and 15 in breadth. Magruder'a, post office. Prince George's co,, Md,, 15 ms, from W. C, and 22 frora Annap olis. Maguelone, lake of Fr., in the dep. of Herault, near a town of the same name, which is seated on the coast of tbe Mediterranean, into which Ihe lake enters by s canal, the beginning of the fa raous capital of Languedoc. Magtahok, proper nome of the Hungarians, though Hungary contains olher nations, such as Germans, Slovocks, (Sclavonians,) Rousniocs, or Red Russians, &c. The Magyars are supposed to be of Turkish origin. United with some Sclavoni ans, (Slovacks,) they entered Hungary about A. D. 884, where they have since remained, and now form one of the many notions of civilized and Christion Europe. "Their respective languages ptoVe a comraon origin lo the Magyars and Fins. In the ten centuries of war, migration, and confu sion which followed the fall of the Roman empire. there arose a mixture of notions, defying all cleat view of the various fortunes of any one people. Maha, great; hence Muha-Rajah, Great Ra jah. This lille was rendered of some notoriety, OS being recently applied to the sovereign of La hore and Moultan, who was styled " The Maha- Rajah Runjeet- Singh." Mahadia. — See Elmadia. Mahalen, lown of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton, and sal ammoniac, and the inhabitants have ovens to hatch chickens. Lon. 30 31 E., lot. 31 30 N. Mahanoy, river of Pa., rises in the northern part of SchuylkUl co., in the tp. of Rush, ond, flowing WSW. about 50 ms., falls into the Sus quehannah, 11 ms. below Sunbury. About one- half its course towards ils moulh is in Northum berland CO, Mahanoy Mountaina are one ridge between Mahanoy ond Catawissa rivers, and another be tween Mahanoy river and Shomokin creeks. Mahanoy, Little, tp,, Northumberland co,. Pa,, between Line and Mahanoy mountains. Pop. in 1820, 447, ,, Mahanoy, Lower, tp,, Northumberland co.. Pa,, along the Susquehannah, between Mahanoy and Mahantango rivers. Pop. in 1820, 1,214. Mahanoy, Upper, tp., Northumberiand co,. Pa., enclosed by the Scire movntain, the NW. limit of Schuylkill CO., Mohontango creek, and the tp. of Lower Mahanoy. Pop. 1820, 1,639. Mahantango Creek, stream of Pa., rises in the NW. angle of Schuylkill co., and flows WSW., and falls into the Susquehannah, 35 ms. above Harrisburg. For about 12 ms. above its moulh, it separates Dauphin and Northumberland cos. Mahantango, Lower, tp. in the NW. angle of Schuylkill co,. Pa,, on Long Pine creek, or main branch of Mahantango. Pop. 1820, 937. MAH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAI angle of Pop, in Mahantango, Upper, tp. in the NW SchuylkiU co., on Litlle Mahantango. 1820, 803. Mahanuddy, or Mahanady, river of Hindoos tan, which lakes its rise in the NW. part of Be rar. It falls by several mouths into the bay of Bengal, at Cattack. These mouths form an as semblage of low woody islands. At the mouth of the principal channel, near False Point, is a forti fied island, nomed Cojung or Codjung. The ba sin of the Mahanuddy is between lhat of the Gou ges and Godavery. The sources of the Soone, a branch of the Ganges, and those of the Nerbud dab, Godavery, and Saone, between N. lot. 20° and the northern tropic. Mahoning, river of Po., rises by one large branch in the western part of Jefferson, and by another in the western part of Indiana. These brunches interlock with the exireme western sources of tbe Susquehannah, and, flowing west ward, unite at Nicholsburg, in the NW. ongle of Indiana; and the uniled stream, continuing a lit. tie N. of W. about 20 ms., falls into the Allegha ny river, 20 ras. above Kittaning. The entire lengih of the Mahoning is about 50 ms. Mahoning, northern tp. of Indiana co., Penn. Pop. in 1820, 1,106. NW. tp. of Mercer co., Penn., traversed by the Shenongo and Mahoning creeks. Pop. in 1820, 1,647. Large creek or small river rising in Columbiana, Stork, Por tage, ond Trumbull cos., Ohio, enters Penn. at the SE. angle of the latter, and joins the Shenango, to form Big Beaver, in Beaver co., Penn. ,Tp. of Columbia co., Penn,, on the right side of Susquehannh river, including the village of Dan ville. Pop. in 1820, 1,478. Mahratta, name of one politicol division of the people of Indostan. In the ancient Hindoo geog raphy, the term Maharashtra was given to a divis ion of the Deccan, and from which has come Mahratta. Khandesh, Baglana, and port of Be rar, were included in original Mahratta, extending northwest as far as Gujerat and the Nerbuddab, where the Grassias and Bheels commence. But, though their general name is thus derived, what has been known as Mahrallos in modern times is an aggregation of Mahometans, Hindoos, Raje poots, Pindarees, and other barbarous tribes. From the reignof Aurungzebe until 1761, the Mohratta power increased, but in that year they suffered a most sanguinary defeat, at Panipul, by the Afghans, under their king, Ahmed Schah Ab- dallah. Under Ihe title of Peshwa, the nominal sovereign of the Mahratlas had long established his residence at Poena, in Berar, but they were always a divided and Ul-governed mass. The raost raili- tary of the chiefs has always been the real sove reign for the time being. In 1802, the Peshwa was defeated aud dethroned by Holcar, sought and obtained British protection, and was reinstated in Poona by General Wellesley, since duke of Wel lington. ^ Henceforth, to 1815, the Peshwa was alternately a dependent or open enemy lo the British, and held his place, but in that year was finally dethroned, and sent into exile at Pithoor, in Allahabad. The greater part of his territories were taken under direct British rule. The Mahratta power is, however, vety far from being extinct in Indostan, They have sull a nom inal representative at Poona, and, under the Gui cowar, the Mahrallos yet rule over much of Guje" rot and Adjemeie, and the Rajohpoots prevail in large sections of Malwa and southeaslern Gujerat. The Brilish regord the Mahratlas ond Seiks as counterpoising powers to eoch other, and hove lit tle difficulty in fomenting the disputes between two bodies so mutually inimicol. Mahratlas, two large and powerful States of In dia, which derive their name from Mahral, an an cient province of the Deccan, They aro called the Poonah, or western Mahrottos ; and the Berar or eoslern. Collectively, they occupy oil the S, part of Hindoostan proper, with a large proportion ofthe Deccan. Malwa, Orissa, Condeish, and Visia pour, the principal parls of Berar, Guzerat, and Agimere. and a small part of Dowlatabad, Agra, and ^llohobad, are comprised within their empire, which extends from sea to sea, across the widest part of the peninsula, and from the confines of Agra norlhward lo the river Kishna southward, farming a tract of 1,000 ms. long and 700 broad. The western State, the capital of which is Poonah, is divided among a number of chiefs or princes, whose obedience to the paiswah, or head, like that of the German princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at any time ; and in some in stances on opposition of inleresls begets wors, noi only between the members of the empire themselves, but olso between the merabets ond the heod. Nagpour is the capitol of the eoslern Mahratlas. Their armies are principolly com posed of light horse. Maiden Creek, large branch of Schuylkill river, rising in the NW. ongle of Lehigh co., flows nearly S. through Lehigh and Reading, and falls into Schuylkill 6 ms, above Reading. Tp. of Berks, co,, Penn., along the SchuylkUl, on both sides of Maiden creek. Maidenhead, corporate town of Eng., in Berk- shite. It coiries on a pretty considetoble trade in malt, meal, and limber. It is on the Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 ras. E. by N. of Read ing, and 26 W. by N. of London. Lon. 0 40 W., lat. 51 32 N. Tp, of Hunterdon co,, N. J. It is situated on the post road, about 6 ras. NE. of Trenton. Maidstone, borough of Eng,, and the co. town of Kent. It is seotcd on the Medwoy, a branch of which runs through the town, over which there is a bridge, and enjoys a brisk trade in exporting the commodities of the co., parlicularly its hops, of which there are numerous planlations around it. Here are likewise paper raills, and a monu- facture of linen thread. It is 20 ms. W. of Can - terbury, and 35 ESE. of London. Lon. 0 38 E., Iat. 31 16 N. Maidstone 'township, Essex co., U. C, lies between Sandwich and Rochester, upon Lake Erie. Maidstone, tp., Essex co,, Vl., 53 ms. N. from MontpeUer. Maina, district of the Morea, ancient Pelopon nesus, which answers in part to the ancieni^ La conia. It is mountainous and barren, and inhab ited by a poor, bold, and hardy race, who have never entirely submitted to the Turkish yoke. Maina, though sometimes so stated by authors, is not commensurate with ancient Laconia, but is 517 MAI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAI restricted to that mouotainous and barren point of land, extending into the Mediterranean, between the Gulfs of Coron and Kolokythia. What may be the numbers of the brigands who inhabit this rude tract is unknown, but their territory does not exceed 30 ms. in length, with 10 ms. in width, or about 300 sq. ms. Maina is, except the point of Gibraltar, the most southern promontory of Europe. — See Mainotes, Maine, river of Germany, which rises in the circle of Franconia, runs by Bamburg, Wurtz burg, Aschaffenburg, Hanau, and Frankfort, and falls into the Rhine at Meiitz. Maine, Upper and Lower, two circles of Ba varia ; the former including the principalities of Upper Bamberg, Bareuth, wilh the norlhern part of the Upper Palatinate. Lower Maine contains the grand duchy of Wurlzeburg, principality of Fulda, with part of the dutchies qf Hesse and Fulda. The two circles were in great part an nexations made by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, and extend over 6,700 sq. ms. ,and peopled by 860,000 inhabitants. Maine, or Mayenne, dep, of Fr., which in cludes the late province of the same name. It takes its name from the river Maine, which, soon after its juuction with the Sarte, falls into the Loire. Laval is the capital. Maine, northeastern State of the U. S., bound ed by the Atlantic ocean SE., N. H. SW., L. C. NW. and N., and New Brunswick E. ^ Ms. Maine has an external limit on the Atlantic ocean of - - 200 On Passamaquoddy bay and St. Croix river 100 A frontier curved limit on New Brunswick and Lower Canada . - - 400 A limit in comraon with New Hampshire of 150 Having an entire outline of - 850 Its area 35,000 sq, ms., or 22,400,000 acres. Extreme south, N. lat. 43 4; extreme north, N, lal. 48°. - The greatest lengih of Maine is by a line drawn from its SW. to NE. angle, 350 ms. Greatest width, neatly on lat. 45° N., 200mUes. Extending through 5° of lat., very serious dif ference of climale is experienced al the two ex tremities of Maine. The inhabited Atlantic bor der has a comparatively mild climate. The sur face ofthe State, though not mountainous, may be viewed as rough ond hilly. The soil, how ever, is generally well adopted to the purposes of agriculture, though varying very much in quality. The Atlantic border is indented and chequered more by peninsulas and islands than any olher part of the coast of the U. S. This highly di versified zone is followed by another more elevated ; the falls of the rivers marking the lino of separa tion. The inhabited part of the Slate extends about 100 ms. inland, and is followed by a region abounding wilh lakes, and but imperfectly known. Beside many of lesser note, Maine is drained by the three fine rivers, Androscoggin, Kennebec, and Penobscot. The two former, are, however in strictness, only one river. See the articles Kennebec and Penobscot. The sea border of this State, ia in a peculiar manner remarkable for the number and excellence of its harbors ; and the ex- 518 cessive rise and ebb of the tides tends to break Ihe ice, and preserve the harbors of this and all other parts ofthe coast of the U. S , from Cape Cod more open in winter than could be expected in ordinary cases, from relative lat. The principal productions of Maine are grain. such as wheat, rye, oats, maize and bariey. meadow grasses, and flax. The immense interior forests supply large quantities of lumber. T^ie latler may indeed be viewed as the primary slaple of the Stale. Ils principal ports are Portland, Hallowell, Penobscot, Bangor, and Eastport. Politically Maine was subdivided into the cos. of— Pop. in 1820. Cumberiand - ¦ 49,339 Hancock - - 31.071 Kennebec - - 42,632 Lincoln 52,953 Oxford - - 27,185 Penobscot - 13,931 Somerset - - 21,698 Washington 12,740 York 46,284 Total 297,839 Of these— Foreigners not naturalized - - 1,680 Engaged in Agriculture - - 55,031 Engaged in Manufactures - - 7,643 Engoged in Commerce 4,297 Population of Maine by ages, 1840. Whiles.— Ages. Males, Females, 0to5 40,532 38,185 5 to 10 35,671 34,458 10 to 15 - 31,691 30,044 15 to 20 27,740 27,940 20 to 30 - 42,266 42,165 30 to 40 29,864 29,046 40 to 50 19,948, 20,024 50 to 60 12,651 12,304 60 to 70 7,408 7,703 70 to 80 4,152 4,122 80to90 - 1,041 1,274 90tol00. 'l20 174 mo and upwards. 5 10 252,989 247,449 Total whites 252,989 500,438 Free colored persons,— Ages, Males, Females. OtolO ¦ 149 147 10 to 24 231 195 24 to 36 135 128 36 to 55 137 109 65 to 100 ¦ 67 51 100 and upwards 1 2 720 633 m Tolal free colored ''^ Totol whites ¦ 500,438 Aggregate 601,793 White persons ofthe foregoing, who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age - 47 Do, froml4to25 - ¦ - • ,S Do. above 26 - 102 Do, total deaf and dumb 222 Do, blind IBU MAI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAJ White persons of the forpgoing, who are— Insane and idiots at— Public charge - 207 Private charge 330 Do. total iusane and idiotal 537 Colored jperaona in the foregoing, who are- Deaf and dumb - • 13 Blind - • 10 Idiots and insane at— Private charge 56 Public charge - - - - 38 Whole number uf persons employed in- Mining - - 36 Agriculture 153,357 Commerce - - 2.935 Manufactures and trades 21,974 Navigation ou the ocean 10,115 Do. canals, lakea, and rivers 544 Learned professions - • - ,1,905 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 1,429 Universities and colleges - 4 Do. students in - 366 Academies and grammar schools Do. students in ¦ 8,477 Primary and common schools 3,385 Do. scholars in - 164,477 Scholars at public charge - - - 60,212 White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read and write J - - . - 3,241 Population of Maine y by comities, from the cen sus of 1840. Free whitr' per Free col. Slaves, sons. persona. Counties. t, i n^ Total, S a S S "(3 a s Eu g S ^ York 26,137 27,835 33 29 54,034 Cumberland - 33,144 34,973 266 275 - - 68,658 Oxford 19,400 18,944 5 2 - - 38 3,31 32,019 31,263 130 IO,n - - 63,517 Kennebec 27,924 27,700 III 8S - - 55,823 Penobscot 23,749 21,626 76 54 - - 45,705 Waldo 21 ,.335 20,122 29 W - - 41,509 Hancock 14,628 13,953 12 12 - 28,605 Washington - 14,559 13,708 31 29 - 28,327 Somers'^t 17,383 16,501 lb 7 - - 33.912 Piscataquis 6,850 6,287 1 - - 13,138 Frailklin 10,568 10,215 9 9 - 20,801 Aroostook 5,288 252,989 4,122 247,449 1 7-20 2 ho - 9,413 Total Maine - 501,793 Progressive populalion of Maine: 1810 - ¦ - 228,705 1820 - - - 297,839 1830 - - - - 399,437 1840 - - - - 501,793 Showing an increase^xceeding, by a small frac tion, 220 per cent, in 30 years. This State has, like other sections of New Eng land, paid early and steady attention to the in terests of education. Amongst its principal liter ary institutions, may be enumerated, Bowdoin college in Brunswick, The Maine Charity School at Bangor, and the Literary and Theological school or institution at Waterville. Maine was admitted a Stale of the U. S., March 3, 1820. Maine and Loire, department of France, which includes the late province of Anjou. It has its name from two rivers of the same name. Angers is the capital. Maneville, lown of France, in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy. Lon. 1 26 E., lat. 49 2 N. Mainland, the principal of the Shetland isles, 00 ms. long from N. to S., but its breadth seldom exceeds six. The face of the couniry exhibits a prospect of black, craggy mountains, and marshy plains, interspersed wilh some verdant spots, which appear smooth and fertile. Neither tree nor shrub is to be seen, except the juniper and the heath. The inhabilanls are a stout, well made, comely people, the lower sort of a swarthy complexion. Tbe gentry are allowed, by all who have conversed with them, lo be most of them polite, shrewd, sen sible, lively, active, and intelligent persons j they manufacture a strong coarse clolh for their own use, as also linen. They make likewise, of their own wool, very fine stockings. They export some herrings and olher fish, with a considerable quan- ity of butter and train oil, otter and seal skins, and no inconsiderable quanlity of the fine stockings just mentioned. Their chief trade is to Leith, London, Hamburg, Spain, and to the Straits. Kirkwall is the capital. Mainotea, a people of Greece, in the Morea, in habiting the dislrict of Maina. As early as tho reign of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, during the latter part of the eighth century, tbe Eleuthero Laconians had acquired the name of Mainotes. From what nation or nations has sprung this race of savages is uncertain and unimportant, as Cape Tenserus, now Metapan, the most southern ex tremity of the Morea, has been, from remote anti quity, inhabited by savages, who have been pirates and murderers of all those so unfortunate as to fall inlo their power. The well known character of these ruffians has gained for them, from "the Greeks of the Morea, the title of Cacavounies, "villains of the mountains." The existence of a band of cutthroats on the European side of the Mediterra nean, even under the Turkish Government, may well excite wonder. The Mainotes, before the lale revolution in Greece, were considered some times as independent, and al other times as sub jected to the Pacha of Tripohzza. — See Maina. Maintenon, town of France, in the ilepartment of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, seated on the Eure, between two mounlains. It is 5 ms. N. by E. of Charlres. Lon. 1 36 E., lal. 48 31 N. Maire, Le, strait of S. Americ^, between Sta ten island and Terra del Fuego, in lat. 55° S. Through this sirait ships sometimes sail, in their I passage to Cape Horn. Maissy, town of France, in the department of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. Lon. 1 2 W., Iat. 49 24N. Maixant, St., ancient town of France, in the department of the two Sevres, and late province of Poitou. It carries on a trade in corn, stockings, and woolen stuffs, and is seated on Ihe Sevre, 26 ms. SW. of Poitiers. Lon. 7' W., lat. 46 24 N. Majas, pronounced and written, but improperly, Macas, a district of the province of Majas, and Quijos, in Peru, now part of Colombia. It lies E. from the Andes, on the sources of the Napo, nearly on the meridian of Washington, and from the equator to lat. 2 30 S. Majorca, island of Spain, 60 ras. long and 45 broad, situate in the Mediterranean sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The whole coast is lined wilh strong towers. The NW. part is mountain ous, the rest produces good corn, olive trees, fine honey, and delicate wine. It has no rivers, Ihough 519 MAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAL there are a great many fine fountains and wells. The inhabitants are robust and lively, and make good sailors. Majorca, strong city, capital ofthe the island of the same name. The public squares, the cathe dral, and the royal palace, are magnificent. It contains 4^000 houses, built afler the antique man ner, a university, more ancient than celebrated, and 22 churches, besides the cathedral. The har bor is extremely good. It is seated on the SW. side of the island. Lon. 2 30 E., lal. 39 35 N. Makefield, village, Bucks co.. Pa. Makefield, Lower, tp., Bucks co.. Pa,, on the Delaware, commencing opposile Trenton, in N. J, Makefield, Upper, tp. of Bucks co.. Pa., along the Delaware, above Lower Makefield. Macarev, town of Russia, in the government of Niznei Novogorod, situate on the Volga, 24 ms ENE. of Niznei Novogorod. Makarief, or Makaren, town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma. It is the capital of the province of Unza, and situate on the river Unza, 80 ms. E. of Kostroma. Lon. 44 14 E.,.Iat. 58 50 N. Maker, village of England, in Cornwall, 7 ms. SE. of St. Germains, on an eminence, forming the W. point of the Hamoaze, at Plymouth. The steeple of the church, called Maker Tower, is a noted sea mark. Lon. 4 10 W., lat. 50 21 N. Mdkoonda, town of Hindoostan, in the couniry of Allahabad, 66 ms. S. of Allahabad, and 110 NNE. of tturrah. Lon. 84 37 E., lat. 24 33 N Mackran See Mecran, Malabar, western coast of the peninsula of Hin doostan, lying between 9° and 14° N. Iat. It is divided among several petty princes and States. The customs and manners of the inhabitants are very different, as well as the productions. The people are generally of a dark, olive complexion, wilh long black hair, and good features. In some places they are distinguished into tribes or castes, all of which are brought up to the same employ ments as their parents. These are the Gentoos, of whora see an account, under the article Hin doostan, Malacca, or Malaya, peninsula of Asia, contain ing several petty kingdoms, bounded on the N. by Siam, E. by the ocean, and SW, by tbe strait of Malacca, which separates it from Sumatra. It is 560 ms. in tength, and 160 in breadth. It pro duces few commodities for trade, except tin and elephant teeth, but there are a great many excel lent fruils and roots, pepper, and other spices, with some precious gums and woods. The pine apples are the best in the world, and the cocoanuls have shells that will hold an English quart. The inhabitants are fond of navigation, war, plunder, emigration, adventures, and gallantry. They talk incessantly of their honor and bravery, and speak the softest language of Asia, yet they are deemed the most treacherous, ferocious people on the face of the globe. Their religion is a mixture of Ma hometanism, ¦ , r 1 ¦ 1 Malacca, seaport, and the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the peninsula of Malaya, seated on the strait of its name, 480 ms. SB. of Acheen. Lon. 102 5 E., lat. 2 12 N. Maladetta, most elevated peak of the Pyrenean 'the Mount Blanc of the Pyrenees," and named particularly Nethon, rises at N. lal. 42 36, and Ion. 40' E. of London, about 55 ms. a litlle E. of N. from Balbastro, 100 NE. from Saragossa, and 20 ms) NE. by E. of Venasque. From a notice in ihe National Intelligence^, April 5, 1843, the Ne thon, hitherto regarded as inaccessible, has been ascended lo ils summit, on the 18th of July, 1843, by a Russian officer, M. de Tchilacheff, and found by him, from barometrical admeasurement, to be elevated 3,371 French metres, equal to 11,057 Eng. feet, to within a small fraction. From the masses of Maladetta flow northwards the higher sources of the Garonne, and southwards those of the Segra, a confluent of the Ebro. Malafia, — See Asia, p. 83. Malaga, seaport and episcopal town of Spain, in Granada, with two castles and a good harbor. Ils commerce is principally in raisins and excellent wines; and it has a manufacture of cards. The inhabitants are about 40,000, Il is seated on the Mediterranean, surrounded by hills, 70 ms. WSW, of Granada, Lon. 4 10 W., lat. 36 35 N, Village, Gloucester co,, ;^, J., 30 ms. S. from Philadelphia. Village, Monroe co., Ohio, by post road 147 ms. SE. by E. from Columbus, Malatia, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Aladulia, seated on tbe W. side of the Euphrates, 90 ms, WNW. of Diarbekar. Lon. 37 50 E., lat. 37 30 N. Malawully, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, wilh a large mud fort, separated into two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit garden of great extent, planted by the late sullans. It is 27 ms, E, of Seringapatam. Malchin, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, sealed on the river Peene, where it forms the Lake Camrow, 22 miles ESE. nf Gustrow. Malcho, town of Lower Saxony, in the ducby of Mecklenburg, between the Lakes Calpin and Plau, 23 ms. ESE. of Gustrow. Maldeghina, lown of France, in the dep, of Lys, 10 ms, E. of Bruges. Maiden, borough of Eng., in Essex, seated on an eminence, on the river Blackwater. Vessels nf a moderate burden come up to the town, but large ships are obliged to unload at a distance below, in Blackwater bay. This lown carries on a consider able trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals, and wine. Il is 10 ms. E. of Chelmsford, and 37 NE. ofLondon. Village of Eng,, in Surry, 2 ms. SE. of Kingston, wilh snme gunpowder mills, on a stream that flows from Ewel to Kingston. Tp, in the co. of Essex, U. C, situated at the mouth of Detroit river, on tbe E, side of the strait, having Colchester to the E, and Huron to the N,, and includes the village of Amherstsburg Town, Middlesex co,. Mass,, situaled between Medford and Lynn, 5 ms, NE, from Boston. It is united to Charlestown by Mystic bridge. Maldives, a cluster of small islands in the Indian ocean, lying SW. of Cape Comorin. The north ernmost, called Head of the Isles, or Kelly, is in lon. 73 4 E., lat. 7 5 N. ; and Maldiva, in which the king resides, is in lon. 75 35 E., lat. 4 15 N. They are innumerable ; but all low and sandy, and most of them uninhabited. They are divided into 13 anlolons, or provinces, each having its separate syslem of mountains. 530 The crest, often called | governor, who rules with great oppression. MAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAL Malesherbes, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Loire. Lon. 26° E., Iat, 48 20 N. Malestroit, town ofFr., in the dep. of Morbihan, and late province of Bretagne, sealed on the Oust, 37 ms. E.-of Port I'Orient. Lon. 2 23 W., lat. 47 45 N, ' Maligne, Grand Pointe, U. C, on the river St. Lawrence, is opposite to the Grand Island of St, Regis. • Maligne, la Petit Ponte, U. C, on the N. shore of the river St. Lawrence, not far above the lower end of Grand Isle St. Regis. Malio, Cape of, or St. Angelo, cape of the Morea, at the S. entrance of the Gulf of Napoli, 15 ms. E. of Malvasia. Malicollo, one of the largest of the New He brides, in the Pacific ocean, lying in 16 15 S. lat., and 167 45 E. lon. It extends 20 leagues from N, to S. Ils inland mounlains are very high, and clad with forests. Mallicola, as written in English geographical works, or, as written by Mr. D'Urville, Vanicora. It was on this island that the French discovery ships, under the lamented La Perouse, were wrecked in 1788 or 1879. In 1791, the French Government sent out an expedition, under Entre- casteau, in search of La Perouse, which, after lo,sing ils admiral, was abortive. Tho real place of the fatal accident was discovered by a Capiain Dillon, who raade il known to Europe. This dis covery led the French Government to again, in 1827, send out M, Dumonl D'Urville, in the cor vette (sloop-of war) the Astrolabe, who, on the 14tb February, 1828, reached and verified the place of the shipwreck, and erected a monument with the following inscription : " .\ la Memoire de La Pe rouse et de ses compagnons I'Aslrolabe, 14 Mars, 1828," Mailing West, town of Eng,, in Kent, 6 ms, W. of Maidstone, and 30 E. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 33' E., Iat, 51 20 N, Malloysville, village, Wilkes co,, Ga,, by posl road 82 'ms, NE. from Milledgeville. Mallow, small town of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, and province of Munsler, seated on the Blackwater, 17 ms. N. of Cork, Lon. 8 32 W., Iat, 52 10 N. Malmedy, town of the kingdom of the Nether- lantls, in the bishopric of Liege, nn the Recht, 9 ms. S, of Limburg, and 40 N, of Luxemburg, Lon. 6 2 E., lal. 50 18 N. Malmistra, town of Asia, in Natolia, sealed at the moulh of a river of the same nanie, which di vides it inlo the Old ajid New town. It is 30 ms. SE, ofTerasso. Longitude 36 15 E., latitude 36 50 North, Malmoe; seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, seated on the sound, with a large harbor and strong citadel. Itis 15 ms. SE. of Copen hagen. Lon. 13 7 E., Iat. 53 38 N. Malmsbury, borough of Eng., in Wiltshire It is pleasantly seated on a hill, on the river Avon, which almost surrounds it, over which it has six bridges. Il drives a trade in the woolen manufac ture. Il is 26 ms. E. by N. of Bristol, and 95 W. ofLondon. Lon. 2° W., lat. 51 34 N, Maloi-Jaraslowitz, lown of Russia, in Kaluga, 100 ms. SW, from Moscow. Malone, village, Franklin co,, N. Y., 25 ms. 66* NE. from St. Regis, and 50 NW. by W. from Plattsburg. Malo, St,, seaport of France. — See St, Malo. Malaria, small island of Ilaly, on tho coast of Tuscany, 10 ms. W. of Leghorn. Lon. 10 4 E., lat. 43 43 N, Malpartido, town of Spain, in Estramadura, 14 ms, S, of Placentia, Lon, 5 30 W., lat. 39 36 N, Malpaa, town of Eng,, in Cheshire. It is sealed on a high eminence, near tbe river Dee, 15 ms. SE, of Chester, and 166 NW. of London. Lon. 2 45 W., lal. 53 2 N. Malplaquet, village of the kingdom of Belgium, in Hainault, 7 ms. from Mons. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, between .\frica and Sicily, 20 ms. long, and 12 broad. It was formerly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belongs to Europe. It was anciently lillle else than a barren rock; but such quantities of soil • have been brought from Africa, that it is now be come a fertile island. They sow, however, but little corn, because they can purchase it cheap in Sicily ; bul they cultivate large quantities of lemon, colton trees, and vines, which produce excellent wine. The number of inhabitants is said to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles V. gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. By the treaty of Paris, in 1814, this island has been guarantied to Great Britain. Valette is the capilal. It is about 60 ms. S. jof Sicily, and 200 E. el Tunis, in Africa. To., Kennebec co.. Me,, 8 ms. E. from Au gusta. " Pop, in 1820, 1,054. Tp., Saratoga CO., N, Y, ; the principal village 7 ins. W. from Saratoga, and 5 ms. SE. from Ballston Spa. Pop. in 1820, 1,518. Mallon, borough of Eng., in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Derwent, over which is a stone bridge, and is composed of two towns, the New and the Old, containing three churches. It is a populous place, 20 ms. NE. of York, and 216 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 40' W,, Iat. 54 9 N. Malvasia, small island of Turkey in Europe, on the E. coast ofthe Morea, remarkable for its ex cellent wines lhat are called malmsey, being brought hence. The capilal is Napoli-di-Malvasia. Malvern, Great, village of Eng,, in Worcester shire, 8 ms. W. by S. of Worcesler. It had once an abbey, and here are two noted chalybeate springs recommended as excellent in scrofulous complaints. Malvern, Little, village of Eng., in Worcester shire, seated in a cavity of Malvern Hills, 3 ms. from Great Malvern. Malvern Chase, an extensive chase of Eng., in Worcestershire, containing 7,356 acres in that CO., 619 in Hertfordshire, and 103 in Gloucestershire. Malvern Hills, in the SW. of Worcestershire, Eng., dividing this part ofthe co, from Hereford shire. They rise one above another for about 7 ms,, and run from N. to S. ; the highest point is 1,?13 feet above the surface of the Severn, and they appear to be of limestone and quartz. Malung, a town of Sweden, in the province of Dalecarlia. Lon. 15 20 E., lal. 60 30 N. Malwa, province of Hindoostan proper, bounded on the W. by GuZerat, on the N. by Agimere, on the E. by Allahabad and Orissti, and on the S, by 521 MAN ' GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAN Candeish, It is one of the most extensive, eleva ted, and highly diversified tracts in Hindoostan, and is divided among the chiefs of the Poonah Mahratlas. Ougein and Indore are the principal towns. Mamars, an ancieni town of Fr., in the dep. of Sarte, and late province of Maine, sealed on the Dive. Mamokaling, town, Sullivan co., N. Y., con taining the village of Bloomingburg, 23 ms. W. from Newburg. Pop. in 1820, 2,702. Mamaroneck, town, Westchester co., N. Y., on Long Island sound, 23 ms. NE. from N. Y. Mameluc, Arabic from Al-mamluch, poaaessed by another, or paid slave, and applied to a military order originally slaves from Circassia and olher countries around the Black sea, formed into a body by the Sulians of Egypt, over which in process of time they became sovereigns. Early in the 16th century, they with Egypt fell under the, power of Turkey. They were finally suppressed by Me- hemet Ali Pacha of Egypt. Man, island in the Irish sea, 30 ms. long and 13 broad. Il contains 17 parishes; and the chief towns are Castletown, Douglas, Peel, and Ramsay. The air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is sofficient to maintain the inhabitants, who aro a mixture of Enghsh, Scots, and Irish. They have a bishop, called the bishop of Sodor and Man ; hut he has no seat in the British Parliament. The commodities of this island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some manufactures of coarse hats> cotton good--, and linen cloth, are carried on in different parts ; but its principal trade arises from the her ring fishery. It is 12 ms. S. of Scot., 30 N. of Anglesey, in Wales, 35 W. of Cumberland, and 40 E. of Ireland. Manachia, town of Natolia proper, anciently called Magnesia. It was formerly the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and is sealed in a fertile country, at the foot of a mountain, on the river Sarabat, 22 ms. N. of Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 E., lat. 38 45 N. Manahawkin, village in the southern angle of Jrtonmouth co., N. J., about 55 ms. SE. by E. from Philadelphia. Manallan, tp., Fayette co.. Pa., between the tps. of Redstone and Union, and between Redstone and Dunlap's creeks. Pop. in 1820, 1,376. Manaar, small island on the NW. side of the island of Ceylon, and forming a part of that chain of islands and shoals which is sometimes called Adam's Bridge, extending from Ceylon to the Car natic coast, and separating the Gulf of Manaar from Palk sirait. Manaar, Gulf of, is bounded W. by the Car natic coast, N. by Adam's Bridge, E. by Ceylon, and on the S. opens into the Indian ocean. If we limit the Manaar Gulf to the latitude of Cape Co morin, it would be aboul 150 ms. wide between that cape and the coast of Ceylon, with a nearly equal depth towards Adam's Bridge, though nar. rowing in that direction ; area of the whole sheet of water about 12,000 sq. ms. Only vessels ol very shallow draught can pass Adam's Bridge. Manor, island of the N . W. Indies, on the E . coast of the island of Ceylon. The English took it from the Dutch in 1795. Lon. 80 45 E., lat. 9° N. 522 Manasquam, villoge, Monmouth co., N. J., on a small river of the same name, about 50 ms. NE. by E. from Philadelphia, and 10 ms. SE. from Monmouth or Freehold. Manassy-gap, Loudon co., Va. Manatou, or Manatoulin Islands, ore a number of islands toward the northern shore of Lake Hu ron, stretching from the vicinity of Cabot's Head, northwesterly across the lake to Lake George, be low the falls of St. Mary. Manbed, small town of Persia, 160 ms. from Ispahan. Manbone, cily of Africa, and capital of the kingdom of Siam, scaled at the mouth of the channel of Mosambique. Lon. 32 19 E., lat. 20 55 N. Mancester, village of Eng., in Warwickshire, near Atherstone and the river Anker. Mancha, territory of Spajn, in New Castile, between the river Guadiana and Andalusia. It is a mountainous country, and it was here that Cer vantes made Don Quixote perform his chief ex ploits. Manchac, — See Ibermlle, Manclie, or Channel, dep. of Fr., including part of the great province of Normandy. Il is mostly surrounded by the English channel, and Coutances is the capilal. Manchester, large and populous town of Eng., LancSshire, between the rivers Irk and Irwell, and .is a place of great antiquity. It has been lon^noted for various branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manufactures ; and is now principally conspicuous as the cenire of the cotton trade, which has been much improved by the inven tion of dyeing ond printing. The labors of a very populous neighborhood are collected at Manches ter, whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great variety' of cotton and mixed goods, of which they export vast quantities, parlicularly to the West Indies and the coast of Guinea. The manufactures of tapes and other small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are also carried on at Manchester, from which various sources of wealth it has obtained greater opulence than almost any of the trading towns in Eng. Its chief ornaments are the college, the ex change, the collegiate church, another large church, and a spacious market place. By the Irwell, over wfiich is an ancient and lofty stone bridge, it has a communication wilh the Mersey, and all the late various extensions of inland navigation, particu larly the duke of Bridgewaler's canal, which is 7 ms. from il. It is 67 ms. WSW. of York, and 182 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 80 W., lat. 53 30 N. Tp., Nova Scotia, 30 ms. NW. from. Cape Canso. Town Bennington co., Vt,, 22 ms. N. of Bennington, and 44 NE. of Troy in N. Yotk. Town, Essex co , Mass., a few ms. NE, of Beverly. Town, Niagara co., N. Y., al the cataract of Niagara, A bridge now con nects this place with Goat island Village, Oneida CO,, N.Y,, 8 ms. SW. by W. from Utica, — — Town, Ontario co., N. Y., 10 ms. N. from Canandaigua, on the road lothe Sulphur Springs, and on Canandaigua outlet, Village, Balti more CO., Md., on the road from Baltimore to Carlisle, 33 ms. from the former and 42 from the latter. Town, Chesterfield co., Va., on tbe S. MAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAN side of James river, opposile Richmond, and 33 ms. NW. of Williamsburg. Village, Sumter district, S. C, on Wateree river, about 5 ms. above the mouth of Congaree Village and seat of justice. Clay co., Ky., about 120 ms. SE. from Frankfort. Lat. 37 13 N., lon. 6 34 W. Village, pleasantly silualed on the bonk of the Ohio, in Adams co,, Ohio, about 25 houses, 100 ms. S, by W. from Columbus, and 73 in the same direction from Chilicothe, Tp,, Morgan CO,, Ohio, Village, Dearborn co., Inda., 94 ms. SE, from Indianapolis. Village, St. Louis CO , Mo., 17 ms, from St, Louis. Manchester, East, tp,, Yorkco., Pa., between Codones and Conewago creeks and Susquehan nah river, Manchester, West, tp, , York co, , Pa , between Codorus and Conewago creeks, and immediately W. from the borough of York. Manchester Village, village on the Oriskany creek, where crossed by the great western road, Oneida co., N. Y,, 9 ms. a Uttle S. of W. from Utica, Manciet, town of France, in the dep. of Gers, and late province of Gascony. Lon. 5' W,, lat. 43 38 N. Mandal, seaport town of Christiansand, in Nor way. Lon'. 7 42 E., Iat, 58 2 N. Mabdan, nation of Indians residing on both bides of Missouri river, at N. Iat. 47°, and lon. W. C. 22 30 W. These geographical elements yield an intermediate distance of 1,284 statute ms., by a direction inflecting 63° from the meridian. Mandarin, generally supposed a Chinese, but really a Portuguese term, from mandare, to com mand. The Chinese title answering to mandarin is KonoN, public man, pronounced quan, ¦ Manderscheil, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, and eleciorate of Treves, capital of a CO. of the same name. It is 24 ms. N. of Treves. Lon. 6 50 E,, lat. 50 10 N. Manding, kingdom of Africa, situated N. from the Kong mountains, and occupying the table land from which flow to the SW. the Sene gal, and lo the NE. the Niger. It is from this country that a numerous nation of Africans have received their appellation of Mandingos. The centre of Manding is about N. lat. 12°, W. lon. 6 30, and 500 ms. NE. hy E, from Sierra Leone. The Mandingos are found scattered along the coast of the Atlantic ocean, particularly be tween the Senegal and Gambia rivers. Mandria, small desert island, in the Archipel ago, between Samos and Langos. It gives name to the sea near it. Mandshuria, — See Mantahuria, Manebach, small village of Suabia, pleasantly seated near the lake of Constance. Manfredonia, town of Naples, in Capilanata, wilh a casile, a good harbor, and an archbishop's see. It was burnt by the Turks in 1620 ; and is seated on a gulf of the same name, 50 ms. N. of Cirenza, aiid 100 NE. of Naples. Lon. 16 12 E., lat. 41 35 N. Mangalore, seaport of Canara, on the coast of Malabar, with an excellent road for ships to anchor in while the rainy season lasts. It is inhabited by Gentoos and Mahometans. It is the most trading place in tbe kingdom, and the Portuguese have a factory here for rice, and a large church, frequented by black converts. The adjoining fields bear two crops of corn in a year, and the higher grounds produce pe.pper, betel nuts, sandal wood, iron, and steel. It is seated on a rising ground, 100 ms. N. by W. of of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 24 E., lal. 13 8 N. • Mangea, island in the S. Pacific ocean, about 5 leagues in circumference. Lon. 158 16 W., lat, 28 27 S, Manguahlak, town of Turcomania, on the E. coast of the Caspian sea. Its commerce is con siderable, the neighboring Tartors bringing hither the productions of their own country, and even of Bokharia; such as cotlon, yarn, stuffs, furs, skins, and rhubarb. It is 37 ms. SW. of Astracan. Lon. 48 29 E., lat. 44 45 N. Manhartzberg, the norlhern part of Lower Aus tria, separated from the southern by the river Danube, and bounded on the W. by Upper Aus- tra, on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, and on the E. by Hungary. Manheim, strong and beautiful city of Germa ny, in tbe Grand Duchy of Baden. It is a very regularly built handsome city, containing about 22,000 inhabitants, the streets being all straight, intersecting each other at tight tingles. The for tifications are good, and the town is almost ^sur rounded by the Neckar and the Rhine. It is 166 ms, below Spire, and 10 W. of Heidleberg. Lon. 8 31 E., lat, 49 26 N.— See art. Baden, p. 120. Town, Herkimer co., N. Y,, on tbe E. side of Mohawk river, above the mouth of East Can ada creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,777. Tp., York CO., Pa. It is situated in the SW. corner of the CO., ailjoining Md. The chief town is Hanover. Town, Lancasler co.. Pa., on the W. side of Conestoga creek, between Moravia and Litlle Con estoga creeks, immediately N. from the city of Lancaster. Tp., Schuylkill co,. Pa., along bolh sides of the SW. branch of Schuylkill, im mediately S. from Onwicksburg. Manica, inland kingdom of Africa. It has on the N. Monomatapa, on the E. Sofola, and on the S. and W. unknown regions. This country is litlle known to Europeans, but it is said to abound wilh mines of gold, and to have a great number of elephants, Manichean, or Manickee, from the name Manes, its founder, a sect which rose in Persia, and which, however named, maintained the tbe doctrine of a good and evil principle, many ages more ancieni than the period of the life of Manes. The good and evil of the Manicheans were no more than the Ahriman and, Oromazes of Zoroaster. The Priscillianists, so called from Pris- cillian, bishop of Avila, in Spain, it is supposed adopted the doctrines of the Manichees. Manickdurg, small town of Hindoostan, in the province of Berar of the Deccan. Manickpour, town of Hindooslan proper, 68 ms. distant li'om Lucknow. Lon. 81 45 E., Iat, 37 26 N. Manicougan, river of L. C, rises in the recesses of Labrador, flows into, and again out of, Mani cougan lake, and assuming a course of SSW., en ters St. Lawrence river nearly opposite the paps of Matane, 200 ms. below Quebec. Ils entire com parative coul'se exceeds 300 ms. 523 MAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAN Maniel, mountain of St. Domingo, 20 ms. in circumference, and so high and ciaggy that it is almost inaccessible. Manilla. — See Luconia. • Manilla, large and populous city, capilal of Luconia and the other Phillippine islands. Most of the public structures are built of wood, on ac count of the frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in 1617, a mountain was levelled. In 1625, a third part of the cily was overthrown by another, when 3,000 persons perished in the ruins ; and the next year there was another less violent. This city is sealed on the SE, side of the island, where a large river falls into the sea and forms a noble bay 30 leagues in compass, to which the Spaniards have given the name of Bahi, because the river runs out of the great Lake Bahi, which lies at the distance of six leagues behind it. On the S. it is washed by the sea, and on the N. and E. by the river ; being also strongly foriified wilh walls, bastions, forte, and batteries. Manilla contains about 30,000 souls, who are a very modey race. Lon. 120 53 E., lat. 14 36 N. Manlius, town, Onondaga co., N. Y., be tween the Salt lake and Lake Oneida, 42 ms. W. of Whilestown, on Mohawk' river. Manlius Centre, or Manlius Square, a very prosperous village, on the great western road, in Onondaga co., N. Y., 34 ms. NE. by E. from Auburn. Manlius Cenire, though in the same tp., is a separate posl office from lhat of Manlius village. Mannahawkin, town, Stafford tp., Monmouth CO., N. J., upon the Atlantic coast, containing about 30 dwelling-houses and a Baptist an^ Meth odist meeting-house. It lies 8 ras. from Tucker- ton. This is the same place already noticed un der the name of Manahawkin. Manningtree, town of Eng., in Essex, on the river Stour, which is here called Manning tree waler. It is 11 ms. W. of Harwich, and 60 ENE. of London. Lon. 1 12 E,, lat. 62° N, Mannsville, village, Jeflerson co,, N. Y,, 148 ms, NW. from Albany. Manor, tp., Lancaster co., Penn., on the NE. side of Susquehannah river, about 10 ras. from the borough of Lancasler, and occupies the penin sula between the Susquehannah river and Cones togo creek, above the latter. Manosque, populous town of Fr., in the dep. of the Lower Alps, and lale province of Provence, wilh a castle. It bad lately a commandery of the order of Malta, and is seated on the Durance, 10 ms. S. of Foroalquier, and 350 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 5 55 E., lat. 43'5lN. Manresa, town of Spain, in Calalonia, sealed at the confluence of the Cardonera and Lobbregat, 15 ms. SE. of Cardona, and 20 NW. of Barce lona. Lon. 1 56 E.,- lal. 41 36 N. Mans, town of Fr., capital of the dep. of Maine. It is sealed on a high hill, on the Sarte, near its confluence with the Hnisne, 20 ms. S. of Alencon, and 75 W. by N. of Orleans. Lon. 0 14 E., lat. 41 58 N. Mansaroar, lake of Thibet, from which (ac- ' cording to Major Rennel) issues the southernmost head of tbe Ganges. Il is 115 ras. in circumfer ence, and lies in about 79° E. Ion., and 34° N. lat. Mansfield, town of Germany, in the circle of 524 Upper Saxony, capital 'of a counly of the same name, 35 ms. SW. of Magdeburg. Lon. 12 5 E., lal 51 41 N. Town of Eng., in Notting hamshire. It has a great trade, and is famous for corn and malt, and participates in the stocking manufacture. Il is a pretty large place, and is seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, 12 ms. N. of Nottingham, and 140 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 9 W., lat. 53 10 N. Town, Bristol CO., Mass., 30 ms. SSW. from Boston. Town, Windham, co.. Conn., between Wtl- larhantic and Mount Hope rivers, about 18 ms. E. ofthe city of Hartford. Pop. in 1810, 2,570, in 1820, 2,993. Village, Tioga co,, N. Y. Tp., Burlington co., N. J. It is 8 ms, NE. of Burlington, Town, Warren co,, N, J., on the Musconecunk river, 10 ms, SE. from Oxford, Town and seat of justice for Richmond cp., O,, containing about 30 houses and 300 inhabi tants. It stands 73 ms, NE. from Colurnbus. N. lat. 40 47 W., Ion. 5 33 N. Village, Amelia CO., Va, , 20 ms. by land above Petersburg. Mansfield Centre, village, Windham co.. Conn., 35 ms. NE. from Hartford, Mansilla, town of Spain, in Leon, 15 ms. SW. of the cily of Leon. Lon. 4 55 W., lat. 42 30 N. Mansker's Creek, and post oflSce, Davidson co., Tennessee. Mantaca. — See Mataca. Mantshuria, vast region in Asia, having China proper S,, Mongolia W,, the Russian Asiatic ter ritories NW. and N , and the sea of Japan, and the channel of Tartary, or La Perouse straits, E. See Asia, p, 93, &c. Mantes, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and lale province of the Isle of Fr. It is famous for its wines, and is seated on the Seine, and over it is a bridge, the great arch of which, al though elliptic, is 120 feet wide. It is 31 ms. NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 51 E., lat. 49 1 N. Matitinsea, — See Tripolizza, Mantua, or Mantuan, duchy of Ilaly, lying along the river Po., which divides it into two parls. It is bounded on the N. by the Veronese, on the S. by the duchies of Reggio, Modena, and Mirandola, on the E. by the Ferrarese, and on the W. by the Cremonese. It is 150 ms. long and 27 broad, and fruitful in corn, pastures, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. The Mantuan com prehends the duchies of Mantua and Sabioneta ; the principalities of Castiglione, Solforina, and Bosolo ; likewise, the co. of Novellara. The principal rivers of this country are the Po, tho Oglio, and the Minchio. Mantua, capilal of a duchy of the same name, in Italy, with a university, seated on an island in the middle of a lake. It has above 16,000 inhabi tants. It was greatly noted for its silk and silk manu factures, which are now much decayed. The air in the summet is very unwholesome ; and the lake is formed by the inundations of the Mincio. Virgil- was born at a village near this city. It is 35 ms. NE. of Parma, 22 SW. of Verona, and 220 N. by W. of Rome. Lon. 10 50 E., lat. 45 10 N. Mantua, village on the Schuylkill, opposite the Philadelphia upper bridge, and in Blockley tp. It is strictly a suburb of Philadelphia ; its situation is peculiarly eligible for a summer residence to the MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR wealthy inhabitants of the cily. The site swells gradually from tho Schuylkill, and gives a rich variety to the various buildings and gardens by which it is decorated. Mantua, flourishing town, situated in the north ern borders of Porlage co., Ohio, and through the souiheaslerii quarter of which runs the Cuya hoga river. Besides several common schools, here is a tolerably respectable grammar school. It contains about 93 families and 541 inhabitants. Manungen, town of Franconia, capilal of a small dislrict belonging to the House of Saxe-Go- tha. It is 8 ms. N, of Henneburg. Lon. 10 39 E., lat. 50 46 N. Manzanillo, cape, is the salient point of the peninsula, between the bays of Porto Bello and Mandingo, in the province of Panama, of the Republic of Colombia. Lat. 9 13 N,, lon, W. C. 2 20 W. Maple's Store, and post office, Bibb co., Ala. Maracaibo, considerable town of S. America, capital ofthe province of Maracaibo, in Colombia. It carries on a brisk trade in skins and chocolate, which is the best in America ; and it has very fine tobacco. It is sealed W". of the lake of the same name. Lon. W. C. 5 40 E., lat. 10° N. Maracaibo, province of S. America, in Colom bia ; it lies around the Gulf of Maracaibo, and contains 48,700 inhabitants, sends two representa. lives, and, in conjunction with Coro, Truscilla, and Merida, elects 4 Senators to the Colombian Leg- slalure. Maracaibo, inland sea of Colombia, opens from the Caribbean sea, between Sword point and Cape Roman, and, extending S. about 100 ms. inthe forni of an ellipse, narrows lo a sirait opposite lo tbe city of Maracaibo, and again widens to an extensive sheet of waler of 100 ms. long, and 70 or 80 wide. The gulf reaches from lot. 8 30 to 12 "N., and is the most extensive indenting ofthe coast of South America, except the rivers. Maragal, town of Persia, 42 ms. from Tauris. Lon. 47 52 E., lat. 37 36 N.— Marach, See Asia, p. 83, Maranda, fief of Buckingham co,, L. C, on the right side of St. Lawrence, 20 ms. above Quebec, and opposite Pointe aux Trembles. Maranham, captain generalship of Brazil, bounded NE..by the Atlantic ocean, E. and SE. by Seera, or' the river Parnaiba, SW. by Goias, and W. by Para. It lies between lat. 1° and 9° S., and is watered by the various branches of the Parnaiba, Pinare, and other streams. Cotton, rice, ond sugar, are ils primary staples. A fine and fertile island, from the name of which that of the captain generalship is derived, lies at the mouth of the Pinare, and is of an oval form, 30 ms. in lengih. -Town of Maranham, on the island of the same name, with a good harbor. Lon. W. C. 32 56E. Marano, town of Ilaly, in Friuli, in a marsh which renders it diflficult of access, and at the bot tom of the Gulf of Venice, 27 ms. S, by E. of Udina. Lon. 13 5 E., lat. 42 52 N. Marans, rich town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle, and late province of Angoumois, seated among salt marshes, near the river Sevre. It car ries on>a great trade in corn, and is 12 ms. NE. of Rochelle. Lon. 0 56 W,, lat. 46 20 N. tMarasch, populous town of Natolia, encompass ed by the mountains of Taurus nnd Antilaurus ond the river Euphrates. Lon. 38 26 E , lat, 38 15 N. Marathon, village of Greece, in Atlicu, and by the rood 20 ms. NE. from Athens, remarkable for a bailie fought between the Athenians and Pla- Iffions and the Persians, on ihe 17lh of August 494 years ante Christ, in which the Persians were ut terly defeated. Town and seat of justice for Lawrence co., Ala., on the left bonk of Tennessee river, 35 m;'. W. from Huntsville. Lat. 34 45 N., lon. W. C. 10 23 W. Marawina, river of Guiana, which separates Surinam from the French colony of Cayenne, A curious pebble, known by the name of the Mara wina diamond, is found here, which, when polish ed, is often set in rings, &c. It runs inlo the At lantic in lon. 53 48 W., lat. 5 58 N. Marbach, town of Germany, in the circle of Sua bia, in the duchy of Wirlemberg, sealed on the Neckar. It was burnt by the French in 1693. It is 12 ms. S. of Hailborn, end 13 N. of Stutgard. Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 48 59 N. Marbella, town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated at the moulh of the Rio Verde, 24 ms. SW. of Malaga. Lon. 5 55 W., lat. 36 29 N. Marblehead, considerable seaport and town of Essex CO., Mass., 4 ms. SE. of Salem, and 19 NE. of Boston, in the lot. of 42 35 N., and Inn. 69 50 E. The lown contained 5,900 inhabitants in 1810; in 1820, 5,630; and in 4 840, 5,575. Marbleiown, town in Ulster co,, N. Y, It is situated on the S. side of Esopus creek, about 70 ms. SSW. of Albany. Marburyville, village in Feliciana, La., 8 ma. E. from St. Francisville, and 83 NW. from New Orleans. , Marca, small island in the Gulf of Venice, 5 ms. from Ragusa, on which it depends. It had formerly a bishop's see ; but the town is now in ruins. Marcellin, Si,, town of Fr., in the dep. of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny. It is 5 ms. from St. Antoine, and 253 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 5 32 E., lat. 45 14 N. Marcellino, small river of Sicily, in the Val- di-Noto, which falls into the sea 2 miles from Au gusta. Mareello, small town of Ilaly, in Naples, in the province of Bari. Marcellus, town in Onondaga co., N. Y., 4 ms. NE. from Skeneatelas lake. Marche, late province of Fr., bounded on theN. by Berry, E. by Auvergne, W. by Angoumois, and S. by Limosin. It is 55 ms. in length and 25 in breadlh, and is pretty fertile in corn and wine. It now forms the dep. of Creuse. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Vosges, situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20 ms. S. of Neufchateau, and 40 S. by W. of Toul. Mareheek, town of Austria, on the March, on the frontiers of Hungary, 23 miles E. by N. of Vienna. Mqrchiennes, town of the kingdom of the Neth erlands, in the territory of Liege, seated on the Sambre, 4 ms. W. of Charleroy. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, 7 ms. ENE. of Douay. 525 MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR Marcianniai, town of Naples, in Terra di La vora, 13 ms. NNE. of Naples. , Marcighy, town (jf Fr., in the, dep. of Saone and Loire, near the river Loire, 32 ms. W. of Ma con, and 43 S. by W. of Autun. Marekolsheim, town of Fr., in the dep. of Low er Rhine, 25 ms. S. of Strasburg. Marco, St,, seaport of E. Florida, on a river of the same name, al ils entrance into Apalache bay, 180 ms. WNW. ofSt. Augustine.' Lon. 84 38 W., lat. 30 18 N. ^Town of Naples, in Calabria Ci teriore, seated on the Senito,, 22 miles N. of Co senza. Marcou, St,, two small islands in th^ English channel, near the coast of France, 7 ms. SE. of Cape la Hogue. Marcus Hook,, village in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the N W. side of the river Dela ware, below Chester, and 20 ms. below Philadel phia. Mardike, village of Fr., in the dep. of Nord, seated on a canal, lo which it gives its name, 4 ms. W. by S. of Dunkirk. Mardiaville, county town of Talladega co., Ala., and seat of a United States land office, situ ated in the western part of the counly. N. Iat. 33 25, lon. 9 22 W. of W. C. Mareb, town of Arabia, capital of a district, in the province of Yemen. It is 100 ms. SE. of Sa naa. Lon. 47 30 E., lat. 15 44 N. Makechal, Marshal, from the Ger., mar, horse and, schalk, servant — minister, prefect, com mander of horse, &c. ; hence the various applica tions of the term marshal, from one of tbe highest military dignities in European armies to U. Slates marshals. Maree, Loch, lake of Scolland, ih Ross-shire, 18 ms, long, and, in some parts, 4 broad. It con tains many small islands, and abounds with sal mon, char, and trout. Mabemma, ancient Pontine marshes ; literally, " sea coast," ftom mar, the sea, and from the sarae root as marshes. The term is applied in modern Italy to the seacoast, and is not exclu sively applied to marshes, though the idea of sur face overflown by the sea is usually connected with it. Very great attention has been given by the Tuscan Government, and with rauch success, to drain and render habitable and healthy the former deadly maremraes on Ihe coast of that government. — See Pontine Marshes. Marengo, village of Ilaly, in the Milanese, 3 ms. SE. of Alexandria. Village in Seneca co., N. Y. Co. of Ala., bounded W. by Tombigbee and Black Warrior rivers, N. by Tuscaloosa co., E. and SE. by Dallas, and S. by Clarke. Lengih 60 ms., mean width 20, and area 1,200 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil, except near the streams, bar ren, apd covered generally with pine timber, Sta. pie, cotton. Chief lown, Eagleville. Pop. in 1820,3,933; in 1840, 17,264. Central lat. 32 16 N., lon. W. C. 10 38 W. Marennes, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle, remarkable for the green-finned oysters found near the coast, and the salt it sends lo other places. It Is 32 ms. NW. of Saintes, and 270 SW. of Paris. Maretimo, island in the Mediterranean, on the W. coast of Sicily, 12 ras. in circumference. It 526 has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and produces much honey. Lon. 12 35 E., lat. 38 5 N. Margaretia, township of Huron counly, Ohio. Margaret s Islands, in the North Pacific ocean, were discoverad by Captain James Magee, in the ' ship Margaret, of Boston, in his voyage from Kamst- ; chatka, in 1780. Lon. 141 12 E., lal. 24 40 N. I Margarelsville, or Boonsborough, village in j Washington co., Md., 11 ms. SE. frora Hagers- Itowh. — See Boonsborough, Margarita, island near the coast of Colombia, [40 ms. long and 15 broad, discovered by Colum bus in 1498. Tho continual verdure renders it ! pleasant, but it has no fresh water. It was taken [in 1626 by the Dutch, who demolished the castle; since which lime, il has be^n in a manner aban- Idoned by the Spaniards. Lon. 64 10 W., lot. II 10 N.. Margate, lown of Eng., in Kent, in the isle of Thanet. It stands on the side of a hill, has a stone pier, and is a member of the port of Dover. It has a great resort of company for sea bathing, and the buildings for their accoraraodation are numerous and handsome. Great quantities of corn are ex ported hence, and there ore regular passage boats to and from London. It is 17 ms, ENE. of Can terbury, and 71 E. by S. of London. Lon. 1 22 E., lat 51 24 N. Margozza, town of Italy, in the Milanese, near a small lake of ils name, 40 ms. NW. of Milan. Mahbhate, from the German, marck, a milita ry frontier or border, and graaf, judge, or raore literally, a military governor of a frontier prov ince. From the same root there is little doubt comes marquis. The Morcomanni, so. frequently mentioned in Roman history, were so called, as men ofthe border, — See Landgrave, Maria, St., island in,the Indian ocean, near the E, side of Madagascar. ' Itis 45 ms. long and 7 brood, well watered, and surrounded by rocks. It produces rice, sugar cane, legumes, pine apples, tobacco, &c., and on the coasts are found while coral and ambergris. The inhabitants call it Ibra him. Lon. 50 20 E., lat. 17 0 S. The most southern island of the Azores, which produces plen ty of wheat; and has about 5,000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 25 9 W., lat. 36 57 N. Considerable town of Spain, in .\ndalusia, on tlie Guadalela, at the moulh of which is a tower and a battery, 18 ms. N. of Ca diz. Lon. 6 6 W., lat. 36 39 N. Town of Terra Firma proper. It is seated it the bottom of the Gulf pf St. Michael, at the mouth of a naviga ble river ofthe same name. Lon. 78 12 W., lat. 7 43 N. Mariagalanie, one of the Leeward Caribbee is lands, in the West Indies, subject to the French, extending 16 ras. frora N. to S,, and 4 from E. to W. It is full of hills, and along the E. shore are lofty parpendicular rocks, that shelter vast num bers of tropical birds. Il has several large caverns, with many little streams and ponds of fresh water. It is covered with trees, and particularly abounds wilh tobacco and the wild cinnamon tree. It is 30 ms. N. of Dominica, and 40 E. of Guadaloupe. Lon. 61 11 W,, lat. 15 52 N. Maria's River, branch, of Missouri, which rises in the Rocky mountains at, fon. W. C. ^° W., and near lat. 50° N. Its general course is SE. MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR into the Missouri, which it joins about 60 miles below the Great falls. Mariaville, tp., Hancock co.. Me., 40 ms. NE. from Castine. Pop. in 1820, uncertain. Marieaux-Mines, town of iFr,, in the dep. of the Vosges, and late province of Lorraine, divided into two by the river Leber. It is famous for ils silver mines, and is 25 ms. NW. of New Brisach, Lon. 7 24E., lat.48 16 N. Marie, Cape Dame, W. point of St. Domingo. Marienburg, town of Germany, in Upper Sax ony, in Misnia, remorkoble for its rich silver mines. It is seated among the mountains, on the confines of Bohemia, 28 ms. SSW. of Dresden. Lon. 13 35 E., lat. 50 49 N. Town of Poland, in west ern Prussia, capital of a palatinate of the same name. Il is seated on the Noget, a branch of the Vistula, 30 miles SW. of Elbing, and 30 SE. of Dantzic. Lon. 19 15 E,, Iat. 54 9 N. Town of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late French Hainault, 10 miles SW. of Charlemont. Lon. 4 28 E., lal. 50 2 N. Marienstadt, town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, seated on the Lake Wenner, 35 ms. SE. of Carl stadt, and 162 SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 14 25 E., lat. 58 28 N. Marienwerder, town of wesiern Prussia, in Po merania, on the Vistula, 20 ms, SSW, of Marien burg. Lon. 19 5 E., lal. 53 49 N. Marietta, village, Onondaga county, N. Y, Borough and village, Lancaster co,. Pa,, on the left bank of the Susquehannah river, above the mouth of Little Chiques creek, 13 miles W. from the city of Lancasler. Pop. in 1820, 1,546 ; and in 1840, 1,428 in the borough.-^ — Village and seat of justice, Washington county, Ohio, occupy ing the peninsula between and above the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, at their junction. The site of Marietta, Ohio, is peculiarly fine ; the junction of the two rivers, the extensive bottoms, winding shores, and swelling" hills in every direction, with the two villages. Marietta itself, and Har- mar in the" centre, all offiird a picture seldom found surpassed in beauty. The extensive remains of ancient works here add greatly lo the attrac tions of the place. It is distant 315 miles NW. by W. from Washington, and 109 SE, from Colum bus, Lon. W. C. 4 23 W,, lal. 39 25 N. Pop. in 1840, 1,814. Marignano, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, It is seated on the Lamhro, 10 miles S. of Milan, Marino, Si,, strong lown of Ilaly, capilal of a small repubhc, surrounded by the duchy nf Urbi no, under the protection of the Pope, wilh three castles. It chooses its own magistrates and officers, and is seated on a mountain, 10 miles SW. of Ri mini, and 14 NW, of Urbino, Lon, 12 33 E,, lat. 43 54 N. Town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, with a casile, 10 ms. E. of Rome. Lon, 12 46 "E., lat. 51 34 N. Marion, district of Soulh Carolina, bounded NE. by North Carolina, E. by Little Peedee or Horry district, SW. by Great Pedee and Lynch's creek, and NW. by Dariinglon and Marlborough ;denglh 40, mean width 28 rns,, area 1,120 sq, ms. Sur face ralher level than hilly. Soil sandy, though in many places highly productive. Chief lown, Spring- ville. Pop. in 1820, 10,201; and in 1840,13,932. Central lal. 34 10 N., lon, W, C, 2 28 W. Marion, lown, Twiggs co., Ga., 35 miles SW. from Milledgeville. Village, Marion co., Ohio, on the road from Columbus lo Perryvillc, 48 miles NW. from Columbus, Village, Colo co,. Mo., 144 ms. W, from St. Louis. C. H. and post office, Marion district, S. C, 124 ms, a liltle N, of E, from Columbia. Marion, co,, Alabama, bounded W, by Monroe CO., in Mississippi, and the Chickasaw lands, N. by Franklin co,, in -Alabama, NE. by Lawrence, and E. by Blount and Jefferson ; length 50, mean width 30 ms., orea 1,500 sq. ms. It is chiefly drained by the Butlaholchce, branch of Tombigbee. Sim ilar to most sections of the United Stales soulh of Tennessee and east from the Mississippi, the pro ductive soil of this county ia confined to the banks of streams. Lot. 34° N., and lon. W. C. 11° W. intersect in this counly. Pop. in 1840, 5,847. Marion, counly, Mississippi, bounded by Han cock CO., in Mississippi, SE., Washington parish, in Louisiana, S., Pike W., Lawrence N,, and Perry E, ; lengih 36, mean width 24 miles, orea 864 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly. .Soil barren, ex cept near the streams ; the prevailing timber, pine. Slaple, cotton. Chief town. New Columbia. Pop. in 1820, 3,116; and in 1840, 3,830. Centrallat. 31 12, lon, W. C. 12 35 W. Marion, co,, Tennessee, bounded S, by Alaba ma and Georgia, W, and NW, by Franklin, N. by Bledsoe, and E. by Hamilton and the Cherokee lands i lengih 32, mean width 18 miles, area 756 sq, miles. Surface hilly, and in part mountainous. This county is drained by Sequatchie river, and occupies the valley between two ridges of the Cumberland mounlains. Tennessee river traverses ils SE. angle. Chief lown, Jasper. Pop. in 1820, 3,888; and in 1840, 6,070. Cenlrai lal. 35 13 N,, lon, W. C, 6 34 W. Marion, coUnty, Ohio, bounded on the N. by Crawford, E. by Richland, S. by Delaware and Union countie.«, and on the W, by Hardin county. Il is 33 miles long from E. lo W,, and 18 broad from N, to S,, containing about 630 square miles. This counly comprises the height of land between the Sandusky and Scioto rivers. Much of it is open plain, or table land, composing the southern most of what are called the Sandusky plains. Much of it is, however, heavily timbered, and of a very rich and fertile quality of soil. It is well watered liy the Scioto, Lillle Sciolo, and Whetstone rivers, besides numerous smaller streams, Marion county was constituted in January, 1820, In the census of 1820, this county was included in Delaware. Pop. in 1840, 14,T'65. Marion, co. of Ky., having Green co. S. and Washington N. Lat. 37 35 N., and lon. SOW. of Washington City intersect in this county. Seat of justice, Lebanon. Population in 1840, 11,032. Mark, St., seaport in the W. side of St. Do mingo, 45 ms. NNW. of Port-au-Prince. Lnn, 72 40 W., lat, 19 20 N. ^larkham, tp, in the East Riding of the counly of York, Upper Canada, fronts Youngstreel, and lies to the norlhward of York and Scarborough. Here are good mills, and a thriving settlement of Germans. Markle's Mills, post office, Vigo co., Indiana, by post road 87 ms. SW. by W. from Indianapolis. 527 M.A-R GEOGRAPHICAL DICHONARY. MAR Marksborough, village, Sussex, co., N. J., 70 ms. N. from Trenton. Marksville, village, Avoyelles parish, Louisiana, by post road 340 miles from New Orleans, though in a direct line not quite 140, and can be actually passed in less than 160. Marlborough, Fort, English factory on the W. coast ofthe island of Sumatra, 3 miles E. of Ben coolen, and 300 NW. of Batavia. Lon. 102 9 E., lal. 3 49 N. Marlborough, borough of Eng., in Wilts, on a chalky soil, on the Kisnnet, 43 miles E. of Bristol, und 74 W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 26 W., Iat. 51 28 N. Tp. in the co. of Greenville, U. C, Ues to the northward of Oxford, and is watered by the Rideau. Tp., Middlesex co , U. C. Town, Cheshire co., N. H., 11 ms. E. from Connecticut river, and 36 E. from Bennington, in Vermont. Town, Windham Co., Vl., 9 ms, SW. from Brattleborough. Tp,, Middlesex co., Mass., 28 miles W. of Boston. Town, Ulster co., N. Y., on the W. side of Hudson river, 90 ms. S, of Albany. Marlborough, lown and SE. tp. of Hartford CO., Cl., 17 ms. SE. from Hartford, Pop. 1820, 839. Tp,, Montgomery co.. Pa., on the SW. limit of Bucks, and in the forks of the Perkiomen, between Upper Salford and Hanover, 35 ms NW. from Philadelphia. Village at the NW. angle of Calveit CO., Md,, on tho Patuxent, 45 ms. S, from Baltimore. District, S. C, bounded N, and NE. by N. C, SE. by Marion district, and SW, by the Great Pedee, or D irlington and Chesterfield districts. Length 30, mean width 15 ms. ; area 450 sq. ms. It is washed along its en tire SW. border by the Great Pedee, and drained by the various confluents of that river. Staples, colton and tobacco. The soil sandy, bul in raany places very productive, Chieflown, Bennelsville. Pop, 1820, 6,425; and in 1840, 8,408. Cent. lat, 34 35, lon, W, C, 2 41 W. Tp, in the northern borders of Delaware co,, 0,, which is situated in the village of Nortan. Court-house and village, Marlborough district, S C, 94 ms. NE, from Columbia. Marlborough, East, tp,, Chester co,, Pa,, on the head of Red Clay creek, and enclosed by tbe tps, of Ncvvlin, Peunsbury, Newgarden, 30 ms, BW. by W. from Philadelphia, and 8 SSW. from Downingstown. Marlborough, Wesi, tp., Chester co,. Pa , W, from-Eost Marlborough, and 10 rns. SW. frora Downingstown. Marlborough, Upper, village and seat of justice. Prince George's CO,, Md,, on the western branch of Patuxent, 12 ms, SE, byE. from Washington, and 15 ms, a liltle W, of N. from Lower Marl borough. Marlnw, borough of Eng,, in Buckinghamshire, on the Thames, over which is a bridge into Berk shire Il has a manufacture of bonelace, and is 17 ms. S, of Ailesliury, and 31 W, of London, Un. 45' W,, lal. 51 35 N, Village on Ash- melpt river, near the cenire of Cheshire co., N. Hampshire, 46 miles a litlle S, of W, from Con cord, MarU, villogii of Fr., between Versailles and St. Germain. Here was a royal palace, noted for its fine gardens and waler works, there being a 528 curious machine on the Seine which not only sup plied them wilh water, but also those of Versailles. Itis 10 ms. NW. of Paris. Marmande, town ofFr., in the dep. of Lot and Garonne, and late province of Guienne. It car ries on a great trade in corn, wine, and brandy, and is scaled on the Garonne, 40 ms, SE. of Bor deaux, and 320 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 15' E., lat. 44 20 N. ¦ Marmora, sea between Europe and Asia, whioh communicates wilh the Archipelago by the strait of Gallipoli on the SW., and whh the Black sea, by the strait of Constantinople, on the NE. It has two castles — one on the Asian and one on the European side. It is 120 ms, in length and 50 in breadlh, and was anciently called the Propontis. As the ancient name of the strait between the Archipelago and the Marmora sea is more used in common conversation in the Uniled Slates than either Dardanelles or Gallipoli, the modern names, I have thought it necessary to be more particular wilh this article. There is some ditficully in fix ing the limits which the ancients gave to the Hel lespont, from the usual vagueness attending their descriptive writing. It is probable, in reality, that neither towards the Archipelago nor Mamora did ancient authors consider any particular point os ' where the strait and sea united. If we turn our eye to a map of that part of Asia and Europe, however, it is easy to fix the general boundaries of the strait in question. A line drawn from Cape Janissary, the side of .4sia, to the nearest point of the Chersonesus of Thrace, seems the natural boun dary towards the iEgean, and where the tranquil surface of tbe Marmora is changed lo a current raust decide the commenceraent of the Hellespont, on the side of Gallipoli. Strabo seems to h'ave viewed the Hellespont as a sea, and nol as a strail, Wilh the limits I have stated, the Hellespont is frora Cape Janissary to the opening of the Mar raora, above Gallipoli, 36 ms. The current is not equal, but, as might be supposed, most violent at the most contracled points. The mean width, perhaps, falls short of two ms., and at the Darda nelles and Gallipoli less than one. . At these narrows the current is rapid, parlicularly in the spring season, when the large confluents of the Black sea are overflowed. The winds, occording lo Hobhouse, blow great part of the year down the strail. This author, like mony others, establish ed, I cannot but think, a general theory on the phenomena which occurred during his own visit. The Salset frigale, in which Mr. Hobhouse passed Iho Hellespont, was wind-bound at Cape Janissa ry from the 14ih to the 30lh of April, The ther mometer stooJ, according to his own account, be tween 60 and 70° during the stay of the frigate in the mouth of the Hellespont. With this heat in creased, as il is in summer, to between 80 and 100°, the land must become more healed Ibanthc woter, and of course an aerial current superinduced from the Mediterranean, towards the ploins of Russia. If I was to form an opinion from geo graphical position, I should say lhat during winter and spring the wind must be down, but, on the contrary, during summer and autumn, up the Hel lespont ; and that the prevalent current must be down, Ihough in not so great a proportion as two to une. The depth of the waler between the MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR iEgean and Marmora adraits the passage of the largest ships of the line. 'The scenery of its shores, from the description given by Hobhouse, must bear a considerable re semblance to many places on St. Lawrence. Gen erally rising by acclivities more or less abrupt, the prospects are variegated and fine, Frora some places on the European side, and in clear weather, the summits of Ida ore visible ; but the climate of that country, from the prevalence of NE. winds, is not remarkable for serenity. Marmora, four islands in the Marmora sea, the principal of which was the ancient Proconnesus ; lie towards the outlet of Marmora inlo the Helles pont, and to the NW., off the ancient Cyzicus, now Artoki Celebrated cascade of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletio, 3 ms. from Terni. Marne, town of Persia, in ihe province of Cor- azin. Dep. of Fr,, including part of the late province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river which rises near Langres, and, flowing Nw., joins the Seine a little above Paris. Rheims is the archiepiscopal see, but Chalons is the cap ital. Marne, Upper, dep, of Fr., including part of the late province of Champagne. Chaumont is the capital. Marnhull, village of Eng., in Dorsetshire, on the Stour. The church is an ancient lofty build ing, the tower of which fell down in 17llo, in the time of divine service, but was handsomely rebuilt, Maro, town of Ilaly, on the coast of Genoa, in a valley of the same name, 8 ras, N W. of Oneig- lia, and 48 WSW. of Genoa. Lon. 7 41 E., lat. 44 55 N. Marogna, town of Romania, near the Mediter ranean, 150 ms. SW. of Constantinople. Lon. 25 41 E.,lat. 40 59 N. Maho SITES.— See As'ia, p. 81, 2d col. Marotier, tgwn of Fr,, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, aod late province of Alsace, with a late Benedicrine abbey, 18 ms, NW. of Strasburg, Lon. 7 33 E,, lot. 48 38 N, Marples, Ip,, Delaware co.. Pa., between Dar by and Crura creeks, 14 ms. W. from Philadel phia. Pop. 1820, 700. Marpurg, strong town of Germany, in the land gravate of Ilesse Cassel, with a university, a pal ace, a handsome square, and a magnificent lown house. It is sealed on the river Lahn, 15 ms. S. of Waldeck, and 47 SW. of Cassel. Lon. 9° E,, Iat. 50 35 N. Marquesas, group of islands in the S. Pacific ocean, of which the most considerable are St. Christiana and St. Pedro. Captain Cook, in his second voyoge, lay sorae time at the first of these, which is situaled in lon. 139 9 W., and lat. 9 55 S. Mr, Foster says he never saw a single de formed or even ill-proportioned man among the natives ; all were strong, tall, well-limbed, and ac tive in the highest degree. The inhabitants of the Marquesas, Society, and Friendly islands, Easter island, and New Zealand, seem to have all the same origin — their language, manners, customs, &c., bearing a great affinity in many respects. This group is the northeaslernraost. of the numer ous other groups of islands spreading on both sides of the equator from southeastern Asia, through 120° of lon. Nukahiva, the main island of the 67* Marquesas, lies nearly W. frora Truxillo, in 8. America; distance about 60° of lon. The French Government has recently sent a colony, which has taken formal possession of the Marquesas in the name of the French nation. — See Nukahiva, Marr's Bluff, post office, Marion district, S. C, 118 ms. NE. from Columbia. Marsal, tovvn of Fr., in Meurthe, 17 ras. NE, from Nancy. Marsala, town of Sicily, in the Val di Mozzara, at the W. part of the island, on the promontory of Lilybseurn, 45 ms. SW. from Palermo. Marsch. — See Moratu, Marsden, village of Eng., in West Yorkshire, near the source of the Colne, 7 ms, SW, of Hud dersfield. Here are some extensive cotton mill^, and the Huddersfield canal passes this place. Marseilles, flourishing seaport of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone. The in habitants are computed at 90,000, It was so cel- ebrnled in the time of the Romans, thot Cicero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny called it the Mistress of Education, It is situated on the Mediterranean, at the upper end of a gulf in which are many small islands, and is partly on the decliv ity of a hill, and partly in a plain. It is divided into the old town and the new. The first appears like an amphitheatre to the vessels which enter the port; but the bouses are mean, and the streets dirty, narrow, and steep. In this part is the prin cipal church, built by the Goths on the ruins of the temple of Diana. The new lown is, in every re=pecl, a perfect contrast to the city, wilh which il has a communication by one of the finest streets imaginable. The other streets and squares, as well as the public -buildings in general, are very elegant. With respect to commerce, Marseilles has been eminent since the days of antiquity, and is now sometimes called Europe in miniature, on account of the variety of dresses and languages. The port is a basin of an oval form, 3,480 feet long, 960 broad at its widest part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of water. In the environs of Marseilles are near 5,000 little country boxes of the citizens, called Boslides. In 1640 the plague raged with great violence in Marseilles, and wilh slill greater in 1720, when it carried off 50,000 of the inhabit ants. The lale Lord Gadenstone mentions that Marseilles was a lillle republic within itself, that the citizens elected their own magistrates, and that the expense of a law suit never exceeded two pence half penny, which s^m was lodged by each party with the clerks ofthe court, at the commencefflent of every process, afler which no further expense was incurred. Marseilles is 15 ms. S. of ."Vix, 13 N W. of Toulon, and 362 S. by E. of Paris. Lon, 5 27 E., lat. 43 18 N. Marseilles, village, Halifax co., Va., 151 ms. SW. from Richmond. Marshall's Mills, Huntingdon co,. Pa. Marshallsville, village, Mecklenburg co., Va., 65 ms. SW. of Petersburg Village, eastern part Baughman tp., Wayne co., Ohio, 14 ms. NE. from Wooster, and 19 ms. SSW. from Akron. ilfarsAa&ora, village, Chester CO., Pa., about 30 ms. SW. by W. from Philadelphia. Marshfield, town of En^., in Gloucestershire, on Coteswold hilis, 11 ms. E. of Bristol, and 103 529 MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR W. of London. — ; — Tovvn, Washington co., Vt., 12 ms. E. frora Monlpelier. Town, Plyraoutji CO., Mass., near Marshfield Poinl, 36 ras. SE. of Boston. Murshpee, tp., Barnstable co., Mass., on fhe seacoast, 17 ms, SW. frora Barnstable. Marscio Nuovo, town of Naples, in Principato Cheriore, 21 ms, NNE. of Policastro. Marscio Vecchio, town of Naples, in Basilicata, near the river Acre, 23 ms. NE. of Policastro. Marsilly, town of France, in the department of Marne, 10 ms. S. of Suzanne. Marstrand, rocky island of Sweden, in the Cat tegat, lying NW. of the raouth of the Gotha. Il is 2 ras. in circumference, and, on account of its strength, is called tho Gibraltar of Sweden. The town stands on the E. side, and the horbor is se cure and commodious, but of difficult entrance. The inhabitants subsist chiefly by the herring fish- cry, by the number of ships which in bad weather take refuge in tho harbor, and by a contraband trade. It is 23 ms. NW. of Golheborg. Lon. 1 1 30 E,, lat. 57 59 N, Marta, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St, Peter, seated on a river of the same name, where it issues from the Lake Bolfena, 10 ms, E, of Costro. Martaban, city of Pegu, capital of a province of the some name, fertile in rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. It was a rich trading place before the King' of Birmah conquered the country, who caus ed a number of vessels to be sunk at the mouth of the harbor, so that it is now only to be entered by smoll vessels. The chief trade is in earthen ware and fish. It is sealed on the Bay of Bengal, gt the moulh ofthe Thaluan, 120 ms. SE. of Pegu, Lon. 97 56 E., lat. 16 30 N. Martago, town of Spain, in Leon, 10 rns. SSE. of Ciudad Rodrigo, Martapura. — See Metapura, Martel, town of France, in the department of Lot, seated near the Dordogne, 18 ms. E. of Sarlat. Marthalen, considerable town of .Switzerland, in that part of the co. of Kyburg subject to Zurich. It is sealed near the Rhine, 6 ms. S, of Shaff- hausen, Martha, St,, for names thus written. — See St, Martha. Marthasville, village, Montgomery co.. Mo,, 66 ms. W. frora St. Louis. Martic, tp., Lancaster co,. Pa,, on the NE, side of Susquehannah, and the SE. side of Piqua creek. Marticville, village in the tp. of Marlic, Lancas ter CO., Po. Martigues, seaport of France, in the department of the Mouths of tbe Rhone, and late province of Provence, near a lake, 12 ms. long, and 5 broad, which is navigable throughout, and whence they get very fine fish and excellent salt, Marrigues is 20 ras. NW. of Marseilles. Lon. 5 2 E,, lat, 43 19 N. Martin, Cape, promonlory of Valencia, in Spain, which separates the Gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Lon. 0 36 E., lat. 38 54 N. Martin, co., N. C, bounded by Beaufort SE., PittSW., Edgecombe W., Halifax NW., Roan oke river, ot Bertie, N., and Washington E, 430 Length 35 ms,, mean width about 14, area 490 sq. ms. Surface level, and soil either marshy or sandy. Its chief town, Williamston, is on the Roanoke, 25 ms. N. frora Washington. Staple, cotton. Pop. 1820, 6,320; and in 1840, 7,637. Central lat, 35 50 N., Ion. W. C. 15' W. Martin, co., Io., bounded by Owen and Davies S,, Sullivon and Vigo W., Wabosh and Delaware NW., and Monroe and Lawrence E. Length 47 ms., width 24, area 920 sq. ms. The main W. branch of White river traverses thisco. from NW, lo SE, entering at the NE., ond leaving it at the SW; angle. The 39lh degree of N. lat. passes Ihrough the soulhern extremity. The surface is hilly, contiguous to the streams, bul level in the interior. Much good soil. Pop. 1820, 1,032; and in 1840, 3,875. Central lat. 38 38 N., lon. W. C. 940 W, Martinico, one of the windward Caribbee is lands, in the W. Indies, 40 ms. in lengih, and 100 in circumference. There are many high mountains, covered with trees, as well as several rivers and fertile valleys, but they will not bear ei ther wheot or vines ; however, the former is not much wanted, for the narives prefer cassava to wheat bread. It produces sugarj cotlon, ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and other tropical fruits, and is extremely populous ; some of the oncien t inhabitants slill remain. Il has several safe and commodious harbors, well for tified. Fort St. Pierre, the principal place, is in Ion, 61 20 W., lat. 14 14 N. Martinsborough, now Jonesville, village, Surry ,, N. C, on the right bank of Tar river, 20 ms. above W^ashinglon — See Jonesville, Martinsburg, village and seat of jusiice, Lewis ., N, Y., near the W. side of Black river, 50 ms. a lillle W, ofN. from Utica. Lal. 43 44 N,, lon, W. C. 1 33 E ^Village, in the norlhern part of Bedford co,. Pa,, 27 ras. NNE. from Bed ford. Town and seat of jusiice in Berkley Co., Va,, 19 ms, SW, frora Hagerstown, Md., and about 18 NW. of Harper's Ferry, on the Poto mac. Lal- 39 27 N., lon. W. C. 1° W. Village, Knox co., Ohio, by postroad 54 ms. NE, from Columbus, and about 15 SE. of Mount Ver non, the county seat. In this village there are 2 high schools, one for males and the other for fe males. Morgan county, la. — See Martinsville, Morgan co., Ia. Village, Hopkins co,, Ky. Martin's Creek, village, Northampton co.. Pa., 10 ms. N. from Easton. Martin's Mills, ond post office, Greene tp,, easiern port of Richland co,, Ohio, 13 ms, SE. by E. of Mansfield. Martinsville, town, Henry co., Va., on Irvine river; 65 ms. S. from Fincastle, and abouH50 ms. SW. by W. from Petersburg. Village and seat of justice, Guilford co., N. C, on Buffalo creek, branch of Haw river. It stands 45 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Lot. 36 1 N., lon. 2 50 W. Villoge, soulhern port of Chnton co,, Ohio, 8J ms, southward of Wilmington, the county seat, and 13 ms, NW. of Hillsborough, in Highland CO. Village and seat of jusiice, Morgan co., Ia., on the right bank of White river, 32 ms. SSE, from Indianapolis. Lot. 39 28 N., lon. W. C. 9 21 W. Martinsville, — See St, Martinsville, La. MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAR Martorano, town in Naples, in Calabria, Cite riore, 8 ms. from the sea, and 15 S, of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E., lat. 39 6 N. Martorel, town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated at the confluence of the Noya and Lobragal, 18 ms. NW. of Barcelona. Lon. 1 66 E., lat, 41 30 N. Marios, town of Spain, in Audalusia, with a forlress seated on a rock, 8 ras. S. of Anduxar. Marvejols, commercial town of France, in the department of Lozere, and lale provivco of Gevau dan, sealed in a valley on the river Colonge, 10 ms, NW, of Mende, and 300 S. of Paris. Lon. 3 23 E., lat. 44 36 N. Marville, town of France, in the department of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar, seated on the Os heim, 3 ms. N, of Jametz. Mary anna Forge, Somerset co.. Pa., al the junction of the Quenemohoning and Shade creeks, 20 ms. NNE. from the borough of Somerset. Maryborough, borough of Ireland, capital of Queen's co., 17 ms. S, of Philipstown. Lon, 7° W,,lat. 53 2 N. Maryland, villago, Otsego co,, N, Y., by post road 67 ms. W. from Albany. Maryland, one of the Slates of the U. S , having the Atlantic ocean, Chesapeake bay, and part of Va,, SE., other parts of Va. S., SW,, and W,, Pa. N., and Del. E. Miles. Maryland has on exterior ocean limit from the SE. angle of Del. to the SE. angle of Maryland - - - 35 The southern limit of the Eastern Shore, between the Atlantic ocean and Chesa peake or Pokomoke boy - 15 Along Pokomoke bay frora Redcliff's point to Watkin's point - - 20 Across Cbesopeake bay frora Watkin's point to Cape Lookout, tbe N. side of the entrance of Potomac river - 20 Up Potomac river to Washington City 120 Up the residue of the Potomac river to its extreme source - - 200 Thence due N. to the southern boundary of Pa. - - - 36 Thence E. along the southern boundary of Pa. - - - 200 Thence nearly S. along the western limit of Del. ... 88 Thence E. to the Atlantic ocean and place of beginning - - 36 Having an entire outline of - 770 Area, exclusive of water, about 11,000 sq. ms., 7,040,000 acres; mean lengih 150, and mean breadlh about 75 ms. Between lat. 38° and 30 43 North. Maryland is the most irregular in ils form of any State of the U. S., and contains the least surface when compared with its outhne. It is, also, in point of surface, soil, ond climate, very much di versified. All those parls of Maryland lying E. frora Chesapeake bay, and W. of lhat streom, to the head of tide waler, raay be considered as allu vial in their formalibn, and comparatively level and sandy. Above tide water the surface rises, though not very rapidly, into hills, which reach the foot of the mountains. The soil of this middle zone is the best in the State. The niounlainnus region includes the residue, and presents the coramon features of the Appalachian syslem. Maryland is the first Stale of the U, S, SW. of the Delaware river which embraces the three great zones of soil : that of alluvion, hilly, and mountainous. In the annexed table the cos. are distinguished which occupy each zone, respect ively. 'Phe alluvial soil is generally level and sandy, but, where due attention has been paid to agricul ture, produces good crops of grain, tobacco, and even cotton towards the S. The middle or hilly section, and some of the mountain volleys, ore amongst the best parls ofthe U, S. for the produc tion of groin, grass, and orchard fruit, tobacco, flax, and hemp. The flour and tobacco of sorae places on the higher walers of the Potomac are justly estimated for their excellence. Commercially, Maryland is naturally connected wilh some of the best cuUivaled, most populous, and wealthy cos. of Pa. ; good roads extend from Boltimore to W. C, Fredericktown, and Hagers town. Thot to the latler extends up the Potomac to Cumberland, and from thence lo Brownsville, Pa. Part of this road has been constructed by the U. S., and is toll free. The distance from Balti more- to Brownsville, by Frederick, Hagerstown, Hancock, and Cumberland, is 212 ms , being the shortest line of connexion between the Atlantic ports and the navigable waters of the Ohio. Other roads intersect the Stale of Maryland, and connect it wilh the neighboring Slates, particular ly Pennsylvania, and facilitate intercommunication with Baltimore. The trade of the Susquehannah is, however, that which enters raost at Baltimore, and has contributed greatly to the rapid increase of thot city. — See Baltimore. The Legislature and people of Maryland seem recently to have awaken ed to a full sense of tho immense advanlages natu rally flowing down with the stream of tbe Susque hannoh, and also to those to be derived frora open ing a water communication between Cbesopeake and Delaware bays. It hos been supposed that the produce already (October, 1822) brought down in the current year frora the Susquehannah exceeds in value ?1, 000,000, and must annually increase. It is only necessary to examine the position of Bal timore, on a general mop of the United Slates, lo perceive its admirable situation as a commercial mart. Maryland produces in itself iron ore and mineral coal, wilh inexhaustible masses of limestone and other building stone. Furnaces and forges have been long established in this State. Flour and to bacco are its most abundant and valuable staples. Its manufactures are numerous and increasing. In the value of its shipping, il ranks as the third Slate of the U. States. In 1815 the tonnage exceeded 156,000. For the inleresls of education in Md., see Baltimore. In respect lo pursuit or employment, the pop. of Maryland in 1820 were thus classed : Engaged in agriculture - . 79,135 Engaged in manufiictures . - 18,640 Engaged in comraerce - ¦ 4,771 - There were in the State 3,776 unnaturalized foreigners. Pop. to the sq. m., 37. 531 MAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. .-¦•it MAR Politically, Maryland is thus subdivided : While persoris ofthe foregoing who are deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age - - 43 Do, 14 to 25 58 Do, above 25 77 Counties, Soil, Pop, 1820, Pop, 1840, Alleghany Aline Arondel . BMtimorecity . Baltimore co. Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick HarfordKent Montgomery .- Prince George's Queen Anne • St. Mary's SomersetTalbot "Wasliington - Worcester MountainousHills & alluvion - Do.Do, Alluvion . Do, Do,Do. Do.' Do. Hilly &m'tai nous Hills & alluvion - AlluvionHills & alluvion ¦ Alluvion Do, Do.Do,Do. Mountainous Alluvion 8,654 27,165 62,7387 33,463 5 8,073 10,041 16,048 16;50017,763 40,459 15,924 11,453 16,400 20,216 14,95212,97419,579 14,389 23,075 17,421 15,69029,532 ' 134,379 9,229 7,806 17,241 17,232 16,023 18,843 36,403 17,12010,84214,669 19,539 12,633 13,22419,608 12,090 28,850 18,377 Total do, deaf and dumb 178 Do, blind - 16B Do, insane and idiots at public charge 133 Do, at pri vat e charge ¦ 254 Do. total - - 397 Colored persons deaf and dumb .. 66 Do. blind - ¦ 91 Do. insane and idiots - - 141 Total number of persons employed in mining 313 Agriculture - - • -69,861 Commerce - 3,249 Manufactures and trades - -21,Bffl Navigation on the ocean 721 Do, canals, lakes, and rivers 1,519 Learned professions - - 1,647 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 94 Universities or colleges - 12 Do, students in - - 813 Academies and grammar schools 127 Do, students in - - 4,178 Primary and comraon schools 567 Do, scholars in - ^ ¦ 16,962 Scholars at public charge - - - 6,565 Total number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read and write - - -11,605 407,350 470.019 Population of Maryland in 1840. , Males, Females. whites.— Ages. Population of Maryland, by counties, from Ihe 0lo5 5 to 10 26,921 20,573 18.354 16,218 30,02320.732 12,626 7,258 3,899 1,533 417 6416 25,68019,978 17,56018,3-19 31,1121 19,343 12,477 7,8394 376 1,801 534 95 8 census o/ 1 840. 10 to 15 lSto20 20to30 Counties, Whites, Free col. Slaves, 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70to8080 to 90 90 to 100 100 and upwattds 1"a 8127 12668 14415 7533 60908 6154 43973860 3043 1866 2968 7297 6844 2880 2694 30963175565463555871 a f^ 6536 l'.'05b14560 7688 54423 6-87 43693963 3027 17193054733:j64852736 264U 29682957 5S3I52746894 113 772 1443 450 8963 1257 646 685 699 722401 2313 1318 1275 8bl 117013081240 1'j25 15i6 1 10280S 1542 448 12490 1179 667 496 694762418 2570 12331216 a59 1170 12331406 2062 1547 i 1 374 1288 2361 59b 3473 1354 2791641429^62104461,55179 708 1517 397 19072088 2863221b1889 1 _l_ 438 1268 2084 6.6 4122 1289 25785-22 2833 2116643674640 644 1218 355 I7K) I.-72 2514 Oil 1660 TotSl. Alleghany Washington - FrederickCarrollBaltimore Harford Montgomery • Prince George - St, Mary's CalvertCharles Anne Arundel - CecilKentCarolineTalbotQueen Anne - Somerset Dorchester Worcester Total Maryland 15590 28850 15='.636159;081 159,081 36405 17241 134379 Total 317,717 1712015456 Free colored.— Ages. Males, Females. 1953913224 9229 0 to 10 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 - 65 to 100 - 100 and upwards 9,4607,727 4,772 4,670 2,494 50 9,1348,6266,686 5,42:j2,902 76 16023 29532 1723210842 7806 120901263319508 1884318377 29,173 32,847 32,847 Total Slaves, male 62,020 45,959 43,536 158804 1594D0 29187 32891 46068 43669 470019 Slaves, female Populorion in 1820: whiles, 360,222; free blacks, 39,730; slaves, 107,398. Maryport, town in Cumberland, with a good harbor. In 1760 it was only a poor fishing town, but it has now upwards of 3,000 inhobitonts, who 151,515 Slaves.— Ages. Males. Females, 0 to 10 : .10 to 24 2110 S6 36105655 to 100 100 and upwards 14,996 15,440 7,725 5,2182,.'i22 58 14,551 14,383 7,,537 4,7322,297 36 employ many vessels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, in the cool or coasting trade. Here are two ship yards and a cotton manufactory, and close by is tbe Roman station, Virosidum, where several al tars and statues have been dug up. Maryport is situate at the moulh of the Ellen, in the Irish sea, 27 ms. SW. of Carlisle, and 297 NNW. of Lon don. Lnn, 3 23 W., lat. 54 35 N. 45,959 43,53645,969 89,495 Marysburg Township, in the co. of Prince Ed ward, U. C, is situated at the easiern end of the peninsula which forms the Bay of Quinle, and lies open to Lake Ontario on the S. , Maryville, village and seat of justice GhMlotle vfhites, deaf aod ¦Whites, blind - Whites, idiots an dumb i insane • 469,239 178165 367 532 MAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAS CO., Va., on Ward's fork ot Little Roanoke, 35 ms. SE. 'from Lynchburg, and 60 SSW. from Richmond. Lot. 36 57 N., lon. W. C. 1 42 W. Marysville, village, Campbell co., Va., by post road 160 ms. SSW. from Richmond. Small town and seat of justice for Union co., Ohio, on Mill creek, 15 ms. SW. frora Delaware, and 27 NW. from Columbus, Lat. 40 13 N., lon. W. C. 6 36 W. Village, Harrison co., Ky., on the main NE. fork of Licking river, about 45 ms. by land above Newport, opposite Cincinnati, and 35 NNE. from Lexington. Lot, 38 83 N., lon. W. C. 6 58 W. Village and seat of justice, Blount CO., E. Tenn,, 12 ras. a litlle W. of S. from Knoxville. Lot. 35 46 N., lon. W. C. 7 4 West. Marza Siroco, gulf on the SE. side of the isle of Malta. The Turks landed here in 1565, when they went to besiege Valetta. It is now defended by three forts, two at the entronce of the gulf, and one at the point of land that advances into the middle of it. Marzilla, town of Spain, in the province of Na- vkrre, near the river Arragon, 30 ms. 8. of Pam plona. Mascarenhas Islands, — See Africa, p. 30, col umn 2d. Mas d'Angenois, town of France, in the de partment of Lot and Garonne, on the river Ga ronne, 24 ms, N W. of Agen, and 50 SE. of Bour deaux. Mas cT Asil, town of France, in the department of Arriege, on the rivulet Rise, 8 ras. SW, of Paraiers. Maaafuero, island in the Pacific ocean, 80 ms. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun tainouS, but lowest to the N., and at a distonce appeirs like one bill or rock. It is of a triangular form, about 25 ms. in circumference, and uninbab ited, except by numerous seals and goats. There is also plenty of wood, but difficult lo lie got off, as the heavy surf allows of no good landing place. Lon. 81 40 W., lat, 33 40 S. Masbate, one of the Philippine islands, almost in the centre of them. It is 80 ms. in circumfer ence, and the natives are tributary lo the Spaniards Lon. 122 25 E,, Iat. 11 36 N. Masbrough, village of Eng., in W. Yorkshire, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rother ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all sorts of hammered and cast iron goods are liiade from the most trifling article to a large cannon, of which great quanriries are exported. Mascara, the western province of the kingdom of Algiers, 370 ms. long and 130 broad. It is dry barren, and mountainous, except on the N, side, where there are plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The S. parls are inhabited by indepen dent wandering tribes, particularly the Angad tribe Capital of the province'of the same name, in the kingdom of Algiers, with a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In 1732 it was an incon siderable place ; but is now the only one in thi kingdom, which, under the domination of the Turks, perceptibly increases in prosperity and ex tent. It is nol BO large as Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a great number of good houses fend newly erected mosques. ' It stands in the centre of a fertile and populous district, 45 ms- ESE. of Oron, and 190 SW. of Algiers. Lon, 40' E,, lat. 35 54 N. Muscat, seaport of Arabia Felix, and the chief town in the province of Omaun, and capital of the dominions of a Mahoraetan sovereign, to whom it gives the ritle of " Imaum of Mascat, or Muscat," with a good harbor. It has a castle on a rock, and is very strong bolh by nature and art, though tho buildings are mean. It was taken, in 1 508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a century and d half. The cathedral, built by the Portuguese, is now the king's palace. There is no vegetation to be seen on the seacoast near il, ond only a few date trees in a valley at the back of the town, though the inhobitonts have all things in plenty. The bazars or market places are covered With the leaves of dale trees, laid on beams which reoch from the house tops on one side to those on the other. The products of the country are horses, dates, fine brim stone, coffee, and ruinoss, a root that dies red. This city Stands on the Gulf of Omaun, about 150 ms. NW. from Cape Rasalgad, and 250 SSE. from the straits of Musseldom. Lat. 33 40, lon. 58 35 E, — See articles Africa, p. 28, and Muscat, under its own head. Mascoomy, river of N. H., which rises between Dorchester and Lyme, flows Into and carries the water of Mascoomy Pond inlo Connecticut river, 5 ms. below Hanover. Mask D'Aail, town ofFr., in the dep. of Ar riege, and lale co, of Foix, with a late rich Bene dictine obbey. It is sealed on the rivulet Rise, 8 ms. SW. of Pamiers, Mask, loke of Ireland, partly in Galway and partly in Mayo, about 12 ms. in length and from 1 to 4 wide, and having no visible outlet. It lies N. from Loke Corril. Maskelyne'a Isles, group of small but beautiful islands, in the S. Pacific ocean, lying off the SE. point of Malicollo, one ofthe New Hebrides. Maskinonge, river of L. C, flows from a pond of the some name, on the line between Warwick and St. Mauiice cos., L. C, flows SE,, and falls into the head of Lake St. Peter's. SW. seign iory of St. Maurice county. Lower Conada, on Lake St. Peter's, on both sides of Maskinonge river. Mason, tp., Hillsborough co., N. H., 36 ms. S. from Concord. Co., Va., bounded by Ohio river W. and NW., by Wood NE., Kenowha SE. and Cabell SW. ; lengih 40, mean width 20 inS. ; area 800 sq. ms. This co. is washed in its entire lengih by Ohio, and traversed by Great Kenawha river. Surface very broken ond hilly, though much of the soil near the streams is excellent. Considerable quantities of salt are made on Kena wha river, frora saltwater procured by deep digging. Staples of this co,, grain and flour. Chieflown, Mount' Pleasant. Pop. in 1820, 4,868; and in 1840, 66,777. Lat. 39° N. and Ion. W. C, 5° W. intersect in this co. — ;-^Co., Ky., bounded by the Ohio river NE., Lewis E., and Fleming SE- and S., Nicholas SW., and Bracken W. ; length 18, mean width 14 ras. ; area 250 sq. ms. Sur face hilly, though very considerable tracts of ex cellent soil skirt the streams, parlicularly the Ohio. Staples, groin, flour, whiskey, &c. Chief towns, Washington, and the seat of jusiice, Marysville. Pop, in 1820, 13,588; and in 1840, 15,719, 533 MAS GEOGRAPHICAL' DICTIONARY. MAS Central lat. 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 6 36 W.— of raountains, the valleys of Massachuletts possess Village, Pike co.. Mo Mason, or Magon, river of Louisiana, issues from Grand Lake, immediately N. of the N. boun dary of Louisiana, and, flowing a little S. of W. through the annually overflown alluvion of the Mississippi, in a direct line 80 ms , but by the windings of the stream more than 150 ms,, joins the Tensaw about 30 ms. above the junction ofthe lalter viiith Ouachita. Mason Hall, village. Orange co., N. C., by post road 52 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Masonville, town, Delaware co., N. Y., adja cent to the SE. angle of Chenango CO., 26 ms. W. from Delhi. Pop. in 1820, 719. Massa, populous town of Italy, in Tuscany, capital of a small territory of the same narae. Il is seated on a plain, 3 ms. frora the sea, and 55 W. by N. of Florence. Lon. 10° E., lal. 44' N. ToWn of Naples, in Terra-di-Lavora, wilh a bishop's see, seated near the sea, 30 ms. S. of Naples. Lon. 14 18 E., lat. 40 31 N. Town of Italy, in the Siennese, on a raountain near the sea, 35 ms. SW. ofSienna. Lon. 10 48 E., lat. 42 40 N. Massa, or Mazzi, town of the Veronese, in Italy, situated on the N. side of the Po, 40 ras. E. of Mantua. Lon. 11 50 E., lat. 45 30 N. Maaaachuaetta, State ofthe Uniled States, having the Atlantic ocean E. and SE., Rhode Island and Conneciicut S., New York W., and Vermont and Hew Hampshire N. Massachusetts has an exterior boundary on the Atlantic ocean of - Along Rhode Island - . - Along Connecticut ... Along New York ... Along Vermont and New Hampshire Miles. 300 70 85 50 135 540 Area, 7,250 square miles, or 4,640,000 acres. Length 190, breadlh 94 ms. Lying between lat. 41 31 and 42 52 N. Massachusetts, in point of soil, is divisible into three distinct zones ; mountainous in the west, hilly in the cenlrai, and low and sandy in the eastern, or ralher southeastern sections. The Stole is trav ersed by three ranges of mountains ; one along its western border, separoting the basins of the Housa tonick from the creeks flowing into the Hudson ; a second separating the basins of the Housatonick and Conneciicut; and a third between the Con necticut basin and the streams discharging E. and SE. into the Atlantic ocean. The last range is not, it is true, a compact ridge, but is nevertheless entitled to the distinction of a raountain, and pro duces, on the geographical features ofthe Stale, all the effect arising from mountain scenery. East and SE. of this lalter ridge, the soil of Massachusetts is comparatively of an inferior qual ity, and, receding from the mountains towards the sen, imperceplibly sinks frora hills to plains, flat, sandy, and sterile. This level and sandy character is, however, in a great degree confined to the SE. cos. In Norfolk, Middlesex, and Essex cos., the hills approach the ocean, and the tide, from the rapid acclivity of the country, ascends but a very short distance inland. Beyond the eastern range 534 a fine, deep, strong, and, in many places, an exu berantly fertile soil. The cos. of Berkshire, Frank lin, Hampden, and Hampshire, are amongst the most diversified and best cultivated tracts in the U. S., producing grain, pasturage, and orchard fruits, in abundance. Of mineral productions, iron and marble are the only substances of great value fonnd plentifully in this State. Iron is found in Plymouth, and in several other parts of the State ; marble is quarried and wrought to considerable extent near Stock- bridge. The fine granite of Chelmsford and Teignmouth is brought to Boston by the Middlesex canal. In a coramercial point of view, IVfassachusetts is well situated. Ils coast is indented by a number of fine bays, of which the harbors of Boston, Sa lem, and Plymouth, are the principal. Connecti cut river traverses the State, and Merrimac enters the oceon in its NE. single. From the latler stream to Boston harbor, a fine navigable canal conveys the lumber, slone, and olher products of its shores, to a profitable market. The obstructions in Connecticut river have been so far removed, or remedied by short canals, as to open that stream to boat navigation above the northern limit of Mas sachusetts. From the epoch of the first settlement of the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, from which was formed the present Massachusetts, its inhabitants have been disUnguished for their steady attention to the interests of education. Harvard University, at Corabridge holds the first rank in the literary institutions of the U. S. The theological seminary in Andover, Williams College in Wil liamstown, and Phillips Academy in Andover, are all highly respectable institutions. Academies have been established throughout the State, in all the principal towns, and common schools are univer sal. According to .Mr. Morse, there were, in 1817, 401 religious congregations; of these, 366 were Congregarionolists, 91 were Baptists, 32 were Friends, 14 were Episcopalians, and 8 Presbyte rians. The manufactures of Massachusetts are exten sive and valuable. As eariy as 1810, their value omounted to near $22,000,000. With the politi cal changes since lhat epoch, the manufactures of Massachusetts, like those of other Slates ofthe U. S., have fluctuated, but slill remain flourishing and respectable. Boston, in respect to tonnage, is the first port and Massachusetts the first Slale in the Confederacy. With Maine, in 1815, the joint ton nage amounted to upwards of 452,000 tons. The citrzens in the seoport towns of this Slate are very generally engaged in the fisheries. The slaple exports are lumber, whale oil, vari ous raanufactures, salted provisions, and ardent spirits. In 1820, the domestic produce exported amounted to $3,861,435. Total population in 1820 - 521,726 Ofthis mass were — Foreigners not naturalized 3,426 Persons engaged in agriculture - - 63,460 Persons engaged in manufactures - 33,404 Persons engaged in commerce - - 13,301 The amount in the year 1820 was subdivided inlo — MAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAS Free whites. Under 10 years old 10 and under 16 Between 16 and 18 18 and under 26 26 and under 45 45 aild upwards TotalTotal of blacks Males. 70,993 38.673 10,922 49,30664,414 38,668 252,154 3,308 Females. 69,260 38,30352,805 67,721 46,171 264,266 3,560 Population of Masaachusetts, by counties, from ihe census o/1840. Free white Free col. Slaves. persons. persons. Counties. S^ si IF Total. S nl S cd IS ei ti h' Cd a S (S s s ^ 4,362 4,071 423 156 . 9,012 1,923 2,013 13 7 3,938 Barnstable 15,9IJ5 16,206 218 21-9 3i,54S Bristol • 28,898 30,036 626 604 60,164 Plymouth 23,182 23,838 Ibl 192 - 47.373 Norfolk - 25,991 26,989 63 97 53,140 Berk,=!hire 20,464 20,0.13 bo4 624 - 41,745 Franklin 14,203 14,321 52 36 28,812 Hampshire 15,326 l5,3/t 106 93 30,897 Worcester 46,699 48,041 261 312 95,313 Middlesex 50,121 55,997 283 208 106611 Essex - 46,217 48,26i 233 274 94,987 Hampden 18,348 18,706 132 1611 37,306 Suffolk - 49,038 44,297 1407 KIdl 95,773 Total 360679 368351 4634 4015 737699 Progressive population of Massachusetts, by coun ties, exclusive of Maine, Counties. Pop. 1820, Pop, 1830, Pop, 1840, 24,029 28,514 32,548 35,727 37,835 41,745 Bristol - 39,998 49,592 60,164 Dukes - 3,293 3517 3,96? Essex - 74,580 82,859 94,987 29,289 29,501 28,812 Hampden 28,073 31,639 37,366 Hampshire 26,487 30,234 30,897 Middlesex 61,677 77,961 106,611 Nantucket 7,286 7,202 9,012 Norfolk 36,462 41,972 53,140 Flyoiouth 38,112 43,044 47,373 Suffolk 43,925 62,163 95,773 Woicester 73,605 84,355 95,313 Total 522,645 610,403 737,099 Population of Maaaachuaetta, by the census of 1840. Whiles.— Ages, 0 lo 5 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 - 30 to 40 - 40 to 50 - SO to 60 - 60 to 70 70 to 80 - SO to 90 - 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total whites - Males, 47,313 40,296 37,971 37,069 76,285 52,28330,101 19,270 11,432 6,4731,914 195 17 360,679 Females. 45,31340,11536,83240,360 74,25049,32433,109 22,684 14,645 8,387 2,955 375 2 368,351 360,679 729,030 Free colored.— Ages. 0 to 10 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 100 and upwards TotalSlaveAggregate Male Females. 908 1,119 1,414 871 306 6 899 1,057 868771417 2 4,654 4,014 4,664 8,668 1 737,699 WhitesFree colored Slave Total - 729,030 8,608 1 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 56 Do. from 14,to 25 - - ¦ 63 Do. above 26 154 Do. lotal deaf and dumb 273 Do, blind . . 308 Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge 471 Private charge 600 Do, total insane, &c, 1,071 Colored persons who are — Deaf and dumb 17 Do, blind 22 Do, insane and idiots at — Private charge 27 Do, public charge ... 173 AU persona of tlie foregoing who are employed in— Mining - . - - 499 Agriculture 87,837 Commerce - 8,003 Manufactures and trades - 85,176 Navigation on the ocean - 27,153 Do. canals, lakes, and rivera 372 Learned professions - - - 3,804 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 2,462 Universities or colleges - . - 4 Do. students in .... 709 Academies and grammar schools - . 251 Do. students in - - 16,746 Primary aud common schools - - 3,362 Do, scholars in .... 160,257 Numberof scholars at public charge * - 158,351 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read and write - . 4,443 In In summary, the population of Massachusetts was: 17901800 1810 18201830 1840 378,787 - 422,846 - 473,040 522,545 - 610,408 737,699 Ratio of increase in 60 years, from 1790 to 1840, inclusive, 1.947, within a small fraction; or, for every thousand at the beginning of the period of 50 years, the Slate contained 1,947 at its termination. Massachusetts Bay is that part of the Atlantic ocean east from Mass., between Cape Cod, Cope Ann, and the coast. Massacre Isle, island of Alabama, to the W. from Dauphin island. Masserne Mountains, from Mount Cerne, This chain has but recently been introduced to public notice, though a very distinct system, and, though unequal in mass or elevation to the Alleghanies or 535 MAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MAT Appalachian, is very little, if any, less extensive as to range. The Masserne rises first into regular mounlain ridges in Missouri, aboul 70 mile? SW. from St. Louis, and, preserving a SW. direction through Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, is lost to wards the Rio Grand del Norte. It is pierced by the Arkansas, Red, Brassos a Dios, and Colorado rivers. Its geological structure has never been sci entifically examined, and the result published. There is a very remarkable parallelism between the Appalachian and Masserne systems, and the very singular curvoture produced on its rivers by the former is also produced by the latter. The Mas- sernes are called the Ozark mountains by Hall, as it probably was not known to this author that Ozark is the vulgarism for Arkansas, used by hunt ers, trappers, &c. Masssfra, strong town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo, with a bishop's see, seated at the foot ofthe Appennines, 16 ms. NW. of Tarento. Lon. 17 20 E., lat. 40 50 N. Massena, village of St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on the river St. Lawrence. Pop. in 1820, 944. Masserano, town of Italy, in Piedmont, capital of a small principality of the same name, held by its prince as a fief of the church. It is sealed on a mountain, 40 ms, NE, ofTurin. Lon. 8 14 E., lat. /45 38 N. • Mastico, or Cape Maslico, a cape on the S . side of Scio, one of the islands of the Archipelago. Masuah, lown of Abyssinia, on an island on the coast of the Red sea. The houses in general are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns of Arabia ; and a few are of stone, some of them two stories high. Lon. 39 36 E., lat, 15 35 N. Masulipatam, seaport of Hindooston, seated near the mouth of the Kirtna, on the coast of Co romandel. It is 200 ms. N. of Madras. Lon. 81 12 E., lat. 16 8 N. Mataca, Mantaca, comraodious bay on the N. coast of the island of Cuba, 35 ms. E. of Ha vana. Lon, 89 16 W., lot. 23 12 N. Matagorda, forlress of Spain, sealed near the entrance of the harbor of Cadiz. Matalona, town of Italy, in Naples, and in Terra di Lavotl*, 8 ras. NW. of Capua, and 19 VV. by S. of Benevento. Lon. 14 14 E., lat. 41 13 N. Mataman, couniry of Africa, bounded on the N. by Benguela, on the E. by parts unknown, on the i^. by the country of the Hottentots, and on the VV. by the Atlantic ocean. There is no town in it, and the inhabitants live in miserable huts, it being a desert country, litlle visited by the Eu ropeans. Matamushett, village, Hyde co., N. C. Matau, or Mactan, one of the Philippine islands, where Magellan was killed in 1531. Mataouaschie Rivtr, U. C, runs inlo the Ot towa rjver above the river du Rideau. Matapan Cape, the most southern promonlory of the Morea, ancient Tenaerium, between the gulf of Coron and that of Colokythia. Lon. 23 40 E., lat. 36 35 N. Mataatoo Harbor, — See art. Navigator's Islands, Matarm, large town of Asia, formerly the cap ital of an empiie of that name, in the island of Java. It is strong by situation, and seated in a fertile and populous country, surrounded by moun tains. Lon. Ill 55 E,, lat. 7 15 S. 536 Mataro, town of Spain, in Catalonia, remarka ble for its glass works, seated on the Mediterra nean, 15 ms. NE. of Barcelona. Lon. 2 23 E., lal. 41 36 N. Matchedash, bay in the eastern part of Lake Huron, into which the river Severn emplies and forms a communication with Lake Simcoe, U. 0. Matcowitz, strong town of Upper Hungary, in the CO. of Scepus, seated on a mountain, 185 ms. NE. of Aresburg. Matelica, town of Italy, in the marquisale of Ancona, 15 ms. S. of Jesi. Mateowan, the Indian name of Fishkill creek, in Dutchess co., N. Y. It is an excellent mill stream, and near its moulh the Messrs. Schencks have erected, and for many years have kept in op eralion, a fine cotton factory, to which they have given the name of Mateowan. Matera, considerable lown of Italy, in Naples, and in the Terra d'Otranlo, on the Canapro, 35 ms. NW. of Tarento, Lon. 16 54 E., lat. 40 59 N, Mathematics, from f!aeGr,,Mathema, science, derivative of mathamo, to learn ; science par ex cellence, science of extension, Matilda Township, in the co. of Dundas, U. C, is the sixth tp. in ascending the river St. Law rence. It is opposite the Gallop islands, between Ogdensburg and Hamilton. Matildaville, village, Fairfox co., Vo,, at the mouth of DiflScuIt creek, 17 ms. above W. C. Matlock, village of Eng., in Derbyshire, situa ted on the Derwent, 4 ms. N. of Wirksworth. Matmia, — See Jeso, Matogrosso. — See Malta Grosso. Mattapony, river of Va,, rises in Spoltsylvania, crosses Caroline, ihence separates King William from King and Queen, and joins the Pamunky at Delaware and forms York river. Matheo, St., town of Spain, in Arragon, 10 ms, 'from the Mediterranean and 55 N. of Valencia. Lon. 36 W., lal. 40 12 N. Matthew, St., island of Africa, 430 ms. S. by W. of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea. It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now de serted. Lon. 6 10 W., lat. 1 34 S. Small island in the Indian oceon. Lon, 123 51 E., lat. 5 33 S. Matthews, co., Va., commencing 8 ms. S, from the moulh of the Potomac. It occupies an ellip- ricol peninsula, between Piankalank and North rivers, having Gloucester co. to the W. ; area about 80 sq. ms. There is a post office at the court house. Pop. in 1820, 6,920; and in 1840,7,442. Cll. lat. 37 37 N-, lon. W. C. 45' E C, H. and post office, Matthews Co., Va,, by post road 108 ms. E. from Richmond. Malio Grosso, captain generalship of Brazil, bounded by the territories of the United Provinces of La Plata S. and SW., Peru W., Amazonia or Para N , the river Araguay or province of Goias E,, and the river Parana or province of St Paul's SE. It is an immense central province, occupy ing the country drained by the sources of Parana, Paraguay, Madeira, Xingua, and Araguay, ex tending from lot. 8 30 lo 24° S. or upwards of 1,100 ms., and E. and W. from the Araguay to Madeira river, nearly 1,000 ms. Mattapoisetts, village, Plymouth co., Mass., 20 MAU GEOGU.\PIUCAL DICTIONARY. MAX ms. SSW. from Plymouth, and 66 a lillle E. of S. from Boston. Malt' iaon's posl offu-e, Olsego CO., N. Y., 74 ms, 8\V. by W. from Albany. Matt'ituck, posl office, Suffolk co., N. Y,, on Poconic bay, 8 ms. SW. from Southold, and 86 E, from New York. Mattox Bridge, post oflice in the upper part of Westmoreland co., Va,, 60 ms. by post road S. from W. C. Matumay, se;iport in the island of Jeso, capital of a province of the same name, tributary to Japan, Lon, 138 55 E,, lat, 42° N. Matura, seaporl of Ceylon, wilh a small fort. Tho country round is exceeding wild, and abounds in elephants, which are hiTe principally caught for exportation. Il is situate on a river, nearly at the southernmost poinl of the isIanil, 25 ms ESE. of Galle. Lon. 80 28 E,, lot 5 53 N. Town of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra, 32 ms. NE. of A,!;ra, and 70 SSE of Delhi. Maubal, town and couniry of Candahar, 70 ms. NNE. of Candahar. Maubeuge, fortified town o| Fr., in the depart ment of the Nord. In 1793 the .\uslrians formed tbe blockade of this place, but were soon driven from their position. It is sealed on the Sambre, 15 ms. S. of .Mons, ond 32 ESE. of Valenci ennes. Mauchchunk, villago, Northamption co,, Po, , on Iho right bank nf the Lehigh, 30 ms. by land above Bethlehem. It is the landing for the coal procured on a mounlain of the same name. The inounloin extends frum the village C5W,, ond rises about 1,000 feet oliove Ihe Lehigh. See North ampton county, Pennsylvania, Populalion in 1810, 2,193. Maugervitle, town of New Brunswick, in Sun bury CO,, on St. John's river. Mauldah, lown of Hindoostan, in Bengal, situ ate on a river that communicates with the Ganges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are in its neighborhood, and is a place of trade, parlicularly in silk, 170 ms. N. of Calcutta. Lon. 88 16 E., lot. 35 3 N. Mauleon, town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, 20 ms. WNW. of Pan — ¦ — Town of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, 28 ms. SE. of Tarbes, Town of France, iathe departmentof Vendee, with an an cient castle on a rock. Il is sealed near the river Oinl, 52 ms. NE. of Rochelle, and 52 NW. of Poitiers. Maumee, river, rises in Indiana, fiows NE. inlo the NW. angle of Ohio, through tvhich it contin ues NE., and falls into the exireme SW. exlen- '"sion of Lake Erie. About 18 ms. above ils mouth it is impeded by shoals, occasioned by a series of ledges of rock, which cross the river for a distance of 18 ms, Il is 0 fine navigable stream above and below these shoals. Its principal branches, which all unite above the shoals, are St. Mary's, St. Jo seph's and Great and Litlle Auglaize. Village and seat of justice for Wood co., Ohio, on the left bank of Maumee river, above its lower falls, and neariy opposite Foit Meigs. Lal. 41 33 N., Ion. W. U. 6 44 W. Maumee bay is an oval sheet of waler, 5 ms, Jong and about 3 wide, and al the moulh of the 6S* .Vtaumeo rivor. It is uniled to Lake Erie hy two chaimols, formed by a small island in the form of a croHccnt. The western channel has a deplh of about seven feet. Maura, St., island of the M'edilerraneiri, about 50 ms. in circuit, which forms part of the republic of Seven Islands. Il lies near the coast of Albania, 15 ms. N, of the island of Cephalo nia. Lon. 20 46 E,, lat 38 40 N. Maurepas, lake of La. It is formed by a dila- lalioii of the Amite river, and communicates with Lake Ponlcharlr:iin by a strait 7 ms. in length, called the pass of Manchac. It is of on oval fig. ure, 12 ins. by 7. It receives from the S. Ihe .\cadian creek, from ihe W. New river and Amite river, and from the N. the Tickoshah. lis deplh about 12 feet, but the pass of .Manchac admils of vc^jsels of six feet draught only. Mauriac, lown of France, in the deportment of Cantal, famous for excellent horses, seated near Ihe D.jrdogne, 29 ms. E. of Tulle, and 38 WNW. of St. Flour. Maurice, St., river, L. C, which enters the St. Lawrence from the N,, at the town of Three Rivers. Town of Switzerland, in the Valais. Il guards the entronce inlo the Lower Valais from Bern, and is situate on tho Rhone, between two high mountains, 16 ms. NW. of Marligny. Co , L. C, on both side.? of St. Maurice river, and extends along tho NE. shore of St, Lawrence river from 3 ms, above St. Anne river to 6 ms, ob.ive the Majkinonge, or about 53 ms. Its cap ilal is the town of Three Rivers, the third in size in Canada. Maurice, river, N. J., rising in Glou ester and Salem, and fallin;; inlo Delaware 'bay in Cumber land CO. It is navigable 18 or 20 ms. for vessels of 100 tons Village, Cumberiand co., N. J., on Maurice river, about 13 ms. SE. from Bridge town, and 3 NW. from Port Elizabeth. Tp,, Cumberland co., N. J,, on Maurice river. Mauritius. — See France, Isle of, Maurna, one of the Society isl.iiids, in the Pa cific ocean, 14 ms. W. of Bolabola. Lon. 152 2 W., lot. 16 25 S. Mautern, town of Austria, on the S. side ofthe Danube, opposile Stein, with which it is connect ed by a long wooden bridge. It is 1 1 ms N. by W. of St. Pollen. Maury, co. of W. Ten , bounded by Giles S., Hickman W., Duck river, or Williamson N,, Bedford E. Lengih 35 ms., mean width 30; area 700 sq. ms. Surface hilly; soil excellent, Sla ple, colton. Chieflown, Columbia, 40 ms. SSW. from Nashville. Pop. in 1830, 32,141; and in 1840, 38,186. Cenlrai lat, 35 30 N., lon. W.C. 10 0 W. Mavra-Matex, near Mount Volcano, small town of Greece, in the Morea, standing on the site of the ancient Me-ssene. Maxfield, village in Penobscot co.. Me,, 141 ms, NE. from Portland. Maxwell's Store, post office in Mecklenburg co., N. C, by post road 178 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Mawes, St., borough of Eng,, in Cornwall, on the E. side of Falmouth haven, 13 ms. SSW. of .Grampound, and 362 W. by S. ofLondon. Maxaiauny, tp. in Berks co.. Pa., on ihe bor der of Lehigh co,, and on the Sacony, branch of 537 MAY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEA Maiden creek, 20 ms. NNE. from Reading. Pop. in 1820, 1,847. May, Cape, — See Cape May, Maxen, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 10 ms. S. of Dresden. Maximin, St,, town of France, in the depart ment of Var, seated on the Argens, 21 ms. N. of Toulon May, small island of Scotland, at the moulh of the Frith of Forth, with a light-house, 6 ms. SE. of Anstrulher, which is the nearest part of the coast. May, Cape, cape of the U. S., in N. J,, on the N. side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lon. 75 4 W., lat. 39 0 N. Mayamba, or Majamba, lown of the kingdom of Loango, capilal of a district of the same nome. The chief trade is in logwood. It stands at the raouth of the Banna, 110 ms. NW. of Loango. Lon. 9 50 E., lat, 3 20 S. Maybole, town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, wilh a manufacture of blankets, seated on an eminence, surrounded by hills, 8 ms. S. of Ayr. Mayrn, town of Germany, in tbe territory of Treves, with a castle and a collegiate church ; seat ed on the Nettle, 20 ras. W. of Coblentz. Mayence, — See Mentz, Mayenne, dep. ofFr., including part of the lale province of Maine. Il tokes its name from a river, which flows S., by the cities of Mayenne and La val, to lhat of Angers, where il receives the Sorle, and soon after joins the Loire. Laval is the capi- speak the Portuguese language, and many of them go naked. Lon. 23 0 W., lat. 15 10 N. Mayo, village in Rockingham co,, N. C, 97 ms. NVV. from Raleigh. May's Landing, village in Gloucester co., N. J., on theS. sideof Great Egg Harbor river, 40 ms. SE. from Philadelphia. Mayslick, village in Mason co., Ky,, on a branch of the N. fork of Licking river, 9 ms. S. from Washington. Maysville, formerly colled Limestone, village and seat of jusiice for Mason co., Ky., 63 railes NE. from Lexingion, and 74 SW. from (Jhillico- the. Il contains the ordinary county buildings, 1 printing office, glass factory, and several mercan tile stores. Lat. 38 44 N,, lon. W. 0. 6 32 W. Pop. in 1840, 2,741. Maytown, Lancasler co.. Pa. Mayville, village and seat of justice for Chau tauque CO , N. Y., at the head of Choutauque lake, 8 miles from Portland, on Lake Erie, and 60 SW. from Buffalo. Lot. 42 16 N., lon. W. C. 2 25 W. Mazagan, strong town of Africa, in the king dom of Morocco, seated near the Atlantic, 8 nis. W. of Azamor, and 120 N. of Morocco. Lon. 8 15 W., lat. 33 12 N. Mazanderan, province of Persia, on the Caspian sea, bounded by Ghilan NW., Irac Adjerai S., and Khorasan SE. and E. It is a narrow border, between the Caspian sea and Elbouz raountains, of about 60 ms. mean width, and 250 in length. tal. City ofFr., in the dep. ofthe same name, from the Ozen river to the bay of .'Vstersbad. Ex- with a castle on a rock. Il is seated on the river posed to the prevsiling NW. wind from the Cas- Mayenne, 44 ms. WNW. of Mons. Lon. 0 43 W., lat. 48 18 N. Mayenne and Loire, dep. of Fr., which includes tbe lote province of Anjou. It has ils name from two rivers. Angers is the capilal. Mayfield, town in Montgomery co., N. Y., 18 ms, NE. fr.im Johnstown, Eastern tp., Cuya hoga CO., Ohio Village in Hickman co., Ky., 275 ras. SW. by W, from Horlford. Maykiang river. — See Mecon, Mayhew, new village, or missionary station in the Choctaw country, Ala,, on a western branch of Tombigbee, about 60 ms. SSW. from Cotton- ginport. Maynesborough, tp. in Coos co., N. H,, 16 ms. E. from Lancaster. Maynooih, town of Ireland, in the co. of Kil dare. Here is a royal college for sludenls intend ed for the Romish church, and a college for lay students ofthe same persuasion. Il is 12 ms. W , of Dublin, ¦ Mayo, CO. of Ireland, in the province of Con naught, 62 ras. long and 53 brood, bounded on the E, by Roscommon, on the S. by Galway, on the W. and N. by the Atlantic, and on the NE. by Sligo. It is a fertile country, and abounds in cat tle, deer, hawks, and honey. It contains 75 par ishes, and sends 4 members to Parliament. The principal lown, of the same name, is much decay ed. Lon. 9 39 W,, lot. 53 40 N. Mayo, or the Isle of May, one of the Cape de Veid Islands, in the Atlanuc ocean, 300 ms. from Cape de Verd, in Africa, about 17 ms. in circum ference. The soil in general is very barren, and water scarce. The inhabitants are negroes, who 538 pian, Mazanderan is generally an unhealthy coun try ; but lying low, and tempered by sea air, it is on ils latitude a remarkably warm region, admit ting the successful cultivation of sugor cane. Its cenlrai lat. about 36 10 N. Chief towns, Ashraff and Balfroosh. Il is the country of the ancient Taburi, and on coins the modern Persians slill give it the name of Taburistan. — Burnes, Mazara, town of Sicily, capital of a fertile val ley of the same name, wilh o good horbor, 35 ms. SW. of Trapani. Lon. 13 30 E,, lat. 37 53 N- Meaco, city of the island of Niphon, in Japan, of which it was formerly the capilal. It is the great magazine of all the manufactures in Japan, and the principal place of trade. The inhobil- anls are said lo be 600,000. Lon. 134 35 E., lal. 35 30 N. Media, town of Hungary, in the bannat of Te meswar, sealed on the N. side ofthe Danube, 15 ms. E. of Belgrade. It was dismantled by the Turks in 1738. Lon. 13 0 E., lat. 45 0 N. Mead, tp in Crawford co.. Pa., contiguous lo Meadville Pop, in 1820, 1,311.^ Tp. in Bel» mont CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Pop. in 1820, 1,073, ' Meade, co., ofKy. Mead's Creek, post office in Steuben co., N.Y. Meadow Dale, postofficein Greenbrier co,,'Va., 357 ras. a lillle N. of W. from Richmond. Meadsville, village, borough, and seat of justice for Crawford co,. Pa,, situated on the E. side of French creek, 25 ms. NW. from Franklin It contains, beside counly buildings, an arsenal, printing office, a college, and about 150 dwelling- houses. Alleghany college, in this town, is a very MEC GEOGR.VPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEC prosperous institution, and, under the active agen cy of the Rev, Timothy Alden, its president, has one of the best libraries of any literary institution in the interior of the U, S. By grants from the Stale of Pennsylvania, and olher sources, the col lege funds are ample. Pop, in 1820, 649 ; and in 1840, 1,319. Meadville, village in Holi fax co,, Va,, 153 ms, SW. from Richmond Villogein Franklin co.. Miss,, 70 ms. SW. from Jackson, and 30 SSE. from Natchez. Meansville, village in Brodford co,. Pa,— See Towanda. Meao, small island, one of the Moluccas, in the Indian ocean, wilh a good harbor. Lon. 127 5 E., lot. 1 12 N. Mearns. — See Kincardineshire, Measontown, (query, ought not this to be Bea- sontown?) village in Koyetleco., Po. Meath, or East Meaih, co. of Ireland, in tbe province of Leinster, 36 ms. long and 35 broad, bounded on the N. by Cavan and Louth, on the E. hy the Irish sea and Dublin, on the S. by lhat county and Kildare, and on the W. by West Meath, It contains 139 parishes, and sends 14 members to Parliament, Trim is the copital. Meath, West, co. of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, bounded on the N. by Cavan, on the NE, and E, by Meolh, on the S, by King's Co., on the W. by Roscomnion, from which it is sepa rated by tho Shannon, and on the NW. by Long ford. It is one of the most populous and fertile counlies in Ireland, contains 62 parishes, and sends 10 members to Pariiament. Mullenger is the coun ly town. Meaux, ancient and lately an episcopal town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, and late prov ince of the Isle of France, with a bishop's see, seat ed on ihe Marne, which divides it into two parls. It is 10 ms. NW. of Colomiers, and 35 NE. of Paris. Lon 3 58 E., lot. 48 58 N. j Mecan, large river of Thibet, ft rises in lhat country, and, flowing SE. Ihrough Laos and Cam- bodi 1, falls by two mouths inlo ihe Eastern ocean, and forms an i.-^land below the cily of Cambodia, which here gives name to the eastern branch. — See Cambodia, Mecon, and May Kiang, Mecca, ancient and very famous town of Asia, in Arabia the Happy, seated on a barren spot, in a valley, surrounded with little hills, about a day's journey from the Red sea. It is commonly, though erroneously, supposed that Mecca became an ob ject of religious veneration to the Arabians, from being the birlhplace and seat of Mahomet's mis sion. It was considered a holy city by that peo ple many, ages before the birth of .Vlahornel. Two miles from the town is the hill where they say Abraham went to offer up his son Isaac. Mecca is governed by a sheref, who is a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased by the donolions of Mahometan sovereigns. It is 34 ms, ENE. of Jidda, the seaport of Mecca, and 330 S. by E. of Medina. Ils present population about 18,000 or 30,000. Lon. 40 55 E,, lat. 31 40 N. Mechanic, village, Dutchess co., N. Y., 15i miles NE. by E. from Poughkeepsie. In this vil lage is a Friends boarding-school capable of ac commodating 100 students. Mechanicsburg, villoge, Cumberland co , Pa-, on the southern or lower road from Carlisle to Har risburg, 8 ms, from the latter, Villago, Cham paign county, Ohio, in Goshen tp, , head of Lilllo Darby, Distance, 11 ms, E. from Urbanna, and 32 NW. from Columbus, It is a voluoble situa tion for water wurks, Village, Liberty tp., on the SE. quorler of Butler counly, Ohio, and on the road from Hamilton to Cincinnati. Mcchanicstown, village, Frederick co., Md., 16 m--. N. from Fredericktown. Mechanics Hill, village, Moore co., N. C, 69 ms SVV. from fialeigh. Mechanicsville, village, Montgomery co., .Md., on the road from Washington city to Unity, 20 miles N. from Washington city, 30 NNW. from Baltimore, 35 SW. from Fredericktown, and 8 NE. from RocUville, The situation ofthis village is high and healthy. The site elevated about 500 feet above the level of lide water in the Ailantic ocean. Lat. 39 10 N., lon. W. C. 0 1 W. Mechanicsville, village, Dariinglon dislrict, S. Carolina. Name of the posl office at Adams ville, Muskingum co., Ohio. Village, Saratoga CO., New York. Meched. — See Meshid, Mechoacan, ancient province, now a Stale, of the Republic of Mexico. Whilst the Sponish pow er existed in Mexico, Mechoacan was known as the intendancy of Valladolid. It is situated on the west ern declivity of .'Vnahuac, intersected with hills and charming valleys, which exhibit to the eye of the traveller, a very uncommon oppearonce under the torrid zone — extensive and well-watered mead ows. Valladolid enjoys generally a mild and lem perale climate, exceedingly conducive to ihe health of the inhabilanls. It is only when we descend the table land of .\ric, and approach the coast, that we find a climale in which the new colonists, and frequently even the old inhobitants, are subject lo the .scourge of intermittent and putrid fevers. The general level, independent of particular mountain summits, differs in relative elevation from the low shores of the Pacific to the fine plain between the hills of Aguasorco, and the villages of Teipa and Petallan, 6,306 feet above the surface of ihe ocean. In this fine country the fruits and grain of the temperate is followed and frequently intermixed with the plants of the torrid zone. Cotlon and in digo are ils most valuable vegetable staples. Valladolid contains two cilies of considerable magnitude — Valladolid, the capilal, and Pascuaro. Tzinlzontzan bears the name of a city, bul is in reality a poor Indian village. It contains a part of the volcanic regions of Mexico. — See luorilo. Within ils limits are the raines of Zitiquarn, An- gangueo, TIapuxahua, the Real del Oro, and In- guaron. Mechoacan is from NE. lo SW. about 350 ms., wilh a mean width of 100, area 25,000 sq. miles. It lies between lal. 18° and 20 40 N., and is in a peculiar raanner devoid of rivers or harbors. It is hounded by tbe Pacific ocean W., Jalisco, or Gua dalaxara NW., Guanaxuaio N., Quereiaro and Mexico E., and Mexico S. and SW. Mechoacan, capital of the Slale of the same name, is elevoled 6,396 feet above the level of the ocean, al lat. 19 42 N. Snow has been known to fall in ils streets. The aqueduct which supplies this city with potable water cost upwards of .339 MEC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MED 900,000 dollars — See Mechoacan and Valladolid de Mechoacan, McConnellsville, villoge and seat of justice for Morgan co., Ohio.— See MacConnellsville, Mechlin, called by the French Malines, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, on the Dyle. It is a place of very extensivo manufactures, pro ducing fine lace, linen, silk, and woolen stuffs ; also, leather and hats; 13 ms. S. by E. from Ant werp, and 13 NE. from Brussels. Meckenheim, town of Germany, in the territory of Cologne, situate on the Erfft, 8 miles SW. of Bone. Mecklenburg, duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N. by the Baltic, E. by Pomeronia, S. by Brandenburg, and W. by Holstein and Lunenburg. It extends 135 ms. in lengih, and 90 where broadest, and abounds in corn, postures, and game. The country was for many centuries under the government of one prince, but on the death ofthe sdvereign, in 1592, it was divided between his two sons ; the eldest re taining the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which is considerably the largest share; and the young er obtained the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Schwerin is the capital of the former, and New Strelitz of the lotter. Grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin corn- prises an area of 4,730 sq. English miles, wilh on aggregate populalion of 431,000, and contains the towns of — Population, Schwerin - - 12,000 Parchim - 4,000 Ludwigslust 4,000 Butzow - - - 3,000 Gustrow - - - 8,000 Boizenbourg - 3,000 Wlsmar - 9,000 Rostock - 17,000 Grand duchy of MecklenburgSlrelilz comprises an area of 760 sq, English ms,, with an aggregate population of 77,000, and contains the towns of — Population, New Strelitz - - 5,000 New Branburg - - 5,000 Friedland - 4,000 Slargard - - - 8,000 Mecklenburg, counly, Virginia, bounded by N, Carolina S,, by Halifax W,, Charlotte NW,, Lu nenburg NE., and Brunswick E. ; length 33 ms., mean width 20, area aboul 600 sq. railes. This county is traversed from NW. to SE. by the Ro anoke. Tho surface is undulating, rather than hilly. The soil productive. Staples — cotton and tobacco. The chief town, Boydlown, is about 60 ms. SW. from Petersburg. Pop. in 1820, 19,786; and in 1840, 30,724. Central lat. 36 40 N,, lon, W. C. 1 low. Mecklenburg, counly. North Carolina, bounded by Soulh Carolina S, and SW., by Catawba river or Lincoln co., N. C, NW., Iredell N., Cabar ras NE,, and Anson SE. ; length 45 ms,, mean width 18, area about 800 sq. ras. Surface rather rolling than hilly. Soil near the strearas excel lent, but in the intervals slerile It is drained by innumerable creeks, flowing SW. into Catawba river. Staples — grain, cotton, and tobacco. Chief 540 lown, Charlotte, 130 miles SW. by W. from Ra leigh, Population in 1820, 16,895; and in 1840, 18,373, Cenlrai lal, 35 15 N., Inn, W. C. 3 42 W. Meckley. — See Cassay, Mecon, river, which rises in IheNE, partof Thi bet, and flows SSE. through the province of Yu nan, in China, and the kingdoms of Laos and Cam bodia, into the China sea. At the city of Cambodia it divides into two branches, which run nearly parallel to each olher for above 300 miles, lo the sea, the eastern of which is colled Cambodia, and the wesiern Oubequeme, This is the same stream known as Maykiang, On the map of Birmah, in Black's Atlas, this river is marked as rising in easiern Thibet, N, lat 34°, wilh sources inter locking wilh those of the Blue river, and repre sented as flowing thence by a general course ralher W. of SSE 3,000 miles, to N, lat. 10°. Near its source it is named Lat-hou, or Tchalchou, about N. lal. 30° the Hew-Lung-Kiang, and at the moulh of May-Kiang, or river of Cambodia. Macran, Mekran, or Beloochistan, bounded on the N. by Segestan and Candahar, E. by Hin doostan, S. by the Indian ocean, and W. by Ker man. — See Asia, p. 84, and article Beloochistan, Mecrinos, lown of Portugal, in Tralos Monies, 15 railes NNE. of Torre de Moncove, and 24 SE. of Mirandela. Medai, metallum, metal, any piece of gold, sil ver, or brass, with two faces, struck to preserve the memory of a person or event. Any piece of mo ney is really a medal, though not so usually re- arded. Medea, town of Algiers, in the province of Ti- tri, sealed in a couniry abounding in corn, fruit, and sheep, 35 ms. SW. of Algiers. Medea, or Mahdia, town of Tunis, formerly a place of importance, seated on o peninsula on the gulf of Cabeo, 100 ras. S. by E, of Tunis. Medebach, town of the duchy of Westphalia, 9 ras, W, of Corbach. Medelin, small town of Spain, in Estramadura, seated in a fertile country, on the river Guadiana, 22 ms, E. of Merida. Lon. 5 38 W., lat. 34 41 N. Medelpadia, maritime province of Sweden, in Norland, and on the gult of Bothnia. It is raoun-^ tainous and woody, wilh fruitful valleys and line pastures. Sundswoll is the capilal. Media, now the province of Ghilan, in Persia, once the seat of a powerful empire. Medemblick, town of the kingdom of the Neth erlands, in Holland, sealed on the Zuyder Zee, with a good harbor. It is 9 miles N. of Hoorn, and 22 NE. of Amsterdam. Lon. 3° E., lat. 62 47 N. Medfield, village, Norfolk co,. Mass,, 18 miles SW. frora Boston. Medford, village, Middlesex co,, Mass., on the Mystic river, 5 miles NW. of Boston Village, Burlington co., N. J., by postroad 46 miles SE. from Trenton. Medina, town of Arabia Deserla, celebrated for being the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small, poor place, but welled round, and has o large mosque, but nothing like the temple at Mecca In one corner is a place 14 paces squore, with great windows and brass gates, and in the middle the tomb of Mahomet. It is seated on a plain, abound^ MED GEOGRAPHIC.\L DICTIONARY. MED ing in palm trees, 200 miles NW. from Mecca. Lon. 39 33 E,, lat. 24 20 N. Medina, county, Ohio, lying in the northern part of the Slate, bounded on the N. by Cuyaho ga, E. by Portage, S, by Woyne, and W. by Hu ron counties. It is 38 miles long from E. lo W,, by 20 brood from N. to S., containing 760 sq. ms. County seot, Medina. The headwaters of Black and Rocky rivers are the principal streams Pop. in 1820, 3,083; and in 1840, 18,353. Lot. 41 10 N. and lon. W. C. 5° W. intersect in this co. Medina, C, H,and posl office, Medina co., Ohio, 180 miles NNE. from Columbus. Town and seal of justice for Medina co., Ohio, on the sources of Rocky river, 36 miles SW. from Cleveland. Lal. 41 9 N,, lon. W. C. 5 6 W. Medina- Cell, ancient Arcobriga, town of Spain, in Old Castile, copital of a duchy of the same nome, sealed near the Xalon^, 10 ms. SE. of Siguenza, and 75 S W. of Saragossa. Lon, 3 34 W,, lot, 41 43 N. Medina de las Torres, ancient but small town of Spoin, in Eslrarnaduro, with an old castle, seat ed ot the foot of a mountain near Badojoz. Medina del Compo, ancient Melhymno Cum Ircstris, rich and commercial town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon. It-has great privileges, and is seated in a couniry abounding wilh corn and wine, 37 ms. SE. fromZamoro, and 75 NW. of Mad rid. Lnn. 4 34 W,, lot. 41 30 N, Medina del Rio Secco, ancient town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, sealed on a fertile plain, 35 ms, NW. of Valladolid, and 50 SE. of Leon. Lon. 4 33 E., Iat. 42 6 N. Medina Sidonia, ancieni lown of Spain, in An dalusia, wilh a castle, 36 ms. NNW. of Gibral tar, and 30 NE. of Cadiz. Lon. 5 36 E., lat. 36 40 N. Mediterranean, sea between .\sia, Africo, ond Europe, extending from the straits of Gibraltar to the coasts of Syria ond Palestine, aliove 3,400 ms , but of unequal breadth. It communicates with the Atlantic oceon by ihe straits of Gibraltar, and with the Marmora by the strait of Gallipoli, There is no tide in this sea, and a constant current sets in from the Atlantic through the straits of Gibraltar. It contains many islands, several of Ihem large, os Mojorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, ond Cyprus. The eastern port of it, bordering upon Asia, is sometimes called the Levant sea. Lon. 6° W. to 37° E., lat. 31° to 44° N. The Mediterranean is the lower valley of that immense basin which penetrates the easiern conti nent from W. 10 E. Under the articles Black Sea, Danube, Dnieper, &c., I have already discussed those parts ofthis region which are connected with the Black sea. If taken in ils utmost exlint, the Mediterranean basin extends from the sources of the Nile, aboul N. lat. 8°, to those ofthe Dnieper, N. lat. 55°, or through 43° of lal., equal lo 3,988 English ms. Lat. 38° N. is about the mean par allel of the Mediterranean sea itself, though its ex tremes reach from lot. 31° lo 46° N. This great inlond sea is not alone a separating waler between Europe and Africa, bul also between two strongly contrasted land tracts, as respects their fitness for human residence. The European side is as re markable for Ihe number of rivers, deep gulfs, and feitility of soil, as is the coast of -Ifrica for its dull uniformity of outline, general wont of rivers, and aridity of soil. The Nile pour< its far-drawn vol ume into the SE, angle, and a narrow strip of ara ble surface streiches along the African coast, oppo sile the wesiern extremity of tho Mediterranean ; bul except the delta of the Nile and the confined tract of Barbary, Ihe far greater part of northern Africa is desert sands and rocks. The African, or, more correcily, the Arabian dcserl, is ogain protruded northwards between ihe Mediterranean and Euphrates, Thus from Tripoli lo Cilicia, with very partiol exceptions, the Mediterranean is skirted with a wide waste of sand and rocks, ex tending 1,400 ms. WiihA-iia Minor, these harsh feotures disappear; and from Cilicia to the Atlan tic ocean expand around ihe Euxine, Marmora, JEgeim, Adriatic, and the we.ilern Mediterranean, one of the finest regions of the earlh. The Mediterranean is naturolly divided into two unequal sections by the projecting coasts of Africa and Italy and the intervening island of Sicily. The western gulf lies in forra of a triangle ; base 1,200. ms, from the straits of Gibraltar to Calabria, and alritude 600 from the African to the French coast, with an area of 300,000 sq, ms. The east ern Meililerraneon extends from the coast of Tunis and Tripoli to that of Syria 1,500 ms., and includ- ing the Archipelago and Gulf of Venice will av. erage 500 in wiillh, ond comprise an area of 750,- 000 sq. ms. The whole surface of this sea will therefore exceed a million of sq. ms. The effect of the Mediterranean on the climate of Europe I have slightly noticed in the art. Earth, The straits of Gibrollar have a constant current selling eastward into the .Mediterranean. Bvopo- raUon on the recipient and the greatly superior area of the Atlantic satisfactorily accounts for this current. Though there is, it is probable, a small lide of attraction in the Mediterranean, it is ren dered imperceptible by the constant flucluating and unequol wind tides. In sallness there is not much difference between the water in the Ailaniic oceon and Medilerronean. The surface of the latler has either lowered iu the lost 2,500 years, or the an cient harbors and coasts have been raised by allu vion, 'i'he admission of one of these revolutions is necessary to reconcile to truth the general facts of history. Medniki, town of Poland, in the province of Samogilia, with a bishop's see, scaled on the War- witz, 40 ins. E. of Memel. Lon. 22 49 E., Iat. 55 42 N, Medua, town in the kingdom of .\lgiers, seoted in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and flocks of sheep. Il is 175 ms. SW. of Algiers. Lon. 13' E., lat, 34 45 N. Medway, river of Eng., which rises in Ash- down Forest, in Sussex; entering Kent, it passes by Tunbridge and Maidstone. It is navigable lo Rochester, below which it divides itself inlo two branches : the wesiern one enters the Thames be tween the isles of Groin and Shepey, and is de fended by the fort at Sheerness ; in this branch ot Chotham is a station for the royal navy. The eastern branch, called the E. Swale, runs to .Mil. ton and I'eversham, ' below which it falls into the German ocean. Medway, town, Norfolk co.. Mass, about 25 ms. SW. of Boston, and about the same distance 541 MEH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEI NE. of Providence, Rhode Island Popularion in 1830, 1,533. Medwi, town of Sweden, in the province of E. Gothland, called the Swedish Spa, on account of its walers, which are vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging houses form one street of uniform wood en buildings, painted red. The walks ond rides are delightful, paiticularly on the banks of the Wet ter. It is 3 ms. from Wadslena. Medziboz, lown of Poland in the palatinate of Volhinia, seated on the river Bog, 30 ras. S. of Constantinow. Megalopolis — See Sinano, village of Greece, in the Morea. Megara, ancient lown of Greece, formerly very large, but now inconsiderable. Here are some fine remains of antiquity, 30 ms. W. of Athens Lon. 23 30 E., lat. 38 6 N. Megara yet contains a thousand houses, though nearly half ate deserted and in ruins. It is silualed on two narrow ridges, of a low eminence. The surrounding ploin is per haps 20 ms. in circumference, being limited on the S. by the line of coast extending W. frem the ancient port of Megara, Nisea, now Dodeca [Ec- cl'esias, lo the N. by a long chain of circling moun lains, now the Long mounlains, Macriplayi, branching off northwestward from the hills nf Ke- seta, towards the western oxtremily of Cithferon and the bay of Livadostro, and on the SW. by a very high range of hills, resting on the extremities of the Norlhern mountains, formerly the Gerania, and now Dervini Vouni, or the Mountain of the Guard. Megaris, province of ancient Greece, bounded by BoeoUa N., Attica E,, the Saronic gulf S,, and Corinthia W. The much celebrated Geranian mountains, separating the Megaris from Carinthia, are the true line of separation between Ihe .Morea and continental Greece. This dislrict, and in deed all Megaris", is now generally called Dervini Chorio, of which Megaris and Koundouri ore the principal |ilaces. The Derviniotes, ihough gener ally Albanians, speak the Romaic or modern Greek language, and amount lo perhaps 50,000. Megen, lown of Dutch Brabant, sealed on the Maese, 15 ras. SW. of Nimegucn. Lon. 5 26 E., lat. 51 49 N. Megentheim, town of Wirlemburg, in Franco nia, 19 ms. S. by W. from Wurtzburg. It ap pertains to, and is the residence of, the grand m^- ter of the Teutonic knights. Megeavar, town of Transylvanio, copital of a CO. of the same name, remarkable for its good wines. Il is seated on the river Kolel, Lon, 25 20 E., lal. 46 50 N. Megiere, town of Transylvania, subject to Aus tria, 28 ms. N. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 34 41 E., lat. 46 S3 N. Meheren, river, Va. , ries in Lunenburg and Mecklenburg cos,, and, flowing SE. through Brunswick and Greensville, enters Hertford co., N. C , and 7 ms. below the line contributes to form the Chowon by its junction with Nollaway. Mehran, principal of the channels into which (he river Indus divides ilself, near Totta, in Hin doostan proper. Mehun Sur Yevre, ancieni town of France, in the department of Cher and Iato province of Berry. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Yevre, 542 10 ms. NW. of Bourges, and 105 S. of Paris. Lon. 2 17 E., lat. 47 19 N. Mehun Sur Loire, town of France, in the de partment of Loiret, and late province of Orleannois, seated on the Loire, 10 ms. SW. of Orleons. Lon. 1 48 E,, lat. 47 50 N. Meiga, CO., Ohio, bounded E. and SE. by Ohio river, S. by Gallia and Athens, and N. by .'\thens. Lengih 20 ms,, breadth very unequal, from 12 lo 22, area 400 sq, ms. Surface broken, though «ome of the soil, parlicularly near the streams, is excellent Pop. 1830, 4,480; ond in 1840, 11,- 453. Central lat. 39 11 N,, Ion. W., C. 5 W. SE. ip,, Muskingum co., Ohio Tp,, Adams CO,, Ohio. Meigsville, town, Morgan co., Ohio, 70 ms. SE. by E. from Columbus. Village, Randolph CO., Va., by post road 317 ms. NW. from Rich mond. Village, Jockson co., Tenn , by post rood 84 ms, NE. by E, from Noshville. Meillcrie, villoge of the duchy of Chablais. It is sealed on the S. side of the Lake of Geneva, in the recess of a small bay, al the foot of impend ing mountains of Savoy. This place is an in teresting scene in the Eloisa of Rosseou. Meinam, "the Mother of Wafers," great river of Asia, in Siam. This stream which is discharged by numerous moullis into the head of the Gulf of Siam, hos a rather extensive delta, similar lo the Ganges, Nile, and Mississippi, wilh regular annual inundations, beginning in Sept., which abate in December, and early the ensuing year the river has retired to its lowest level. These phenomena prove 0 remote ond mountainous origin, but the real source of the Meinam is yet imdetermined with accuracy. " When we advert lo the regular inundaiions, similor to those of the Nile and Ganges, which are rivers of long course, and other circumstances, we raay infer that the Meinam is of a raore distant and higher origin, than the mountains of Yunan, in the W. ot Chino; and lhat tbe Thibe lian Alps furnish ils source, in lhat of Nou Kian of file Lamas, Keampper says that the inhabitants on its banks suppose it to rise in the some raoun tains with the Gouges, and that it branches through Cambodia and Pegu — an account somewhot con firmed by the discovery of the river of Anan, which connects tbe Meinam, with the rivers of Cambodia." — Rees' C ylelopcedia, art. Meinam. Meinau, island in the boy of ihe Bodmer sea, or middle Lake of Conslance, one mile in circum ference. It belongs to the Kights of the Teutonic order, and produces excellent wine, which forms the chief revenue of the commander. It is 5 ms. N, of Constance. Meinder, ancient Meander, river of Asia Minor, having its sources in the Phrygian mountains. Ils numerous branches unite near Laodiceo, and form a stream of considerable magnitude, which, after a comparative western course of 300 ms., falls inlo the Archipelago, 20 ms. SE. from the island of Samos. The Meinder is the largest river in the Western part of Asia .Minor. Meinder, Little, or Kulchuck Meinder, is the ancient Caisler, and lolls into the Gulf of Scala Nova between Samos and the peninsula of Chis- mi, near the ruins of Ephesus. Historic reminis cence gives lustre lo this litlle stream, of not more than 50 ms, comparative course. MEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEM Meissen, or Misnia, margravate of Germany, in Soxony, bounded on the N. by the duchy of Saxony, on the E. by Lusatia, on the S. by Bo hemia, and on the W. by Thuringia. It is 100 ms. in length, ond 80 in breadlh ; and is a very fine couniry, producing corn, wine, metals, and all things that contribute to tho pleasure of life. The capitol of Dresden. Meissen, considerable town in the electorate of Saxony proper, and in the margravate of .Meis sen, with a castle, and a faraous manufacture of porceloin. It is seated on the Elbe, 10 ras, NNW. of Dresden, and 37 ESE. of Leipsick. Lon. 13 33 E,, lot, 51 45 N, Mejerda, ancient Bagrada, river of northern .\frica, in the province ot Tunis. It is the ancient Bagroda, and derived by Hodgson Bugurda, a Mouse, Mouse river, Melaena, now Kara Bouroun, cope of Asiolic Turkey, in Anatolia. Tbe whole of that projecl ing part of tbe continent of Asia which has been distinguished by the name of tbe peninsula of Erythrae is coraposed of two ranges of giganlic hills, the first of which, running NW. to the pro inontory of Melaeno, is the mounlain oncienily Mimos ; and the second, stretching westward from the continent, thot formerly called Corycus. The whole of the mountainous tract is interspersed with thick forests, abounding wilh every descrip tion of game, and also with wild boors. The isthmus between the two ancient towns of Ceos wilhout and Clazomen within the gulf of Smyrna, is comparatively low, fertile, ond well cultivated. This is tbe same peninsula now called Chisme, See Chisme and Myconresus. Melazzo, ancient lown of Natolia, on a liay of Ihe Archipeiogo, 60 ms, S. of Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 E., lot. 37 28 N. Melbourne, tp,, Buckingham co,, L. C, be tween Brompton and Durham, 50 lus, SE. from Three Rivers. Melck, small foriified tovvn of Germany, in ihe circle of Lower Austria. Here is o celebrated Benedictine abbey, sealed on a bill, 47 ms. W. of Vienna. Lon. 15 20 E , lot. 48 11 N. Meloimb Regis, town of Eng., in Dorsetshire, uniled to Weymouth as a port, as a corporarion, and as a market town, bul is a distinct borough. It is seated on the N. side of an arm of tbe sea, and joined to Weymouth by a limber bridge, which has a drawbridge in the middle, to admit the passage of ships into the western part of the harbor. Melcomb has good streets and yards for merchandise, and is 137 ms. WSW. of London. See Weymouth, Meldela, town of Ilaly, in Romagna, 8 ms. SW. of Ravenna. Meldert, town of the Netherlands, in BrabanI, 10 ms. SE. of Lorraine. Meldorf, town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, sealed near the mouth of the Myla, 32 ms. NNW. of Glucksladi. Meldrum, town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 17 ms. NNW. of Aberdeen. Melfi, town of Naples, in Basilicata, with a cattle on a rock, 20 ms. NNW. of Acerenza. Melgaza, town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, with a strong castle, seated on the .Minho, 37 ms, N. by E, of Braga, Melida, island of Dalmatia, in the Gulf of Venice, ond in the republic of Roguso. It is 30 ms. in length, and aboumls in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish. It has a Benedictine abbey, six villages, and several horbors. ilclilla, town of the kingdom of Fez on the coast of the Mediterranean. Il wos token in 1496 by the Sponiaids, who built a ciladel; but it was restored to the Moors. It is 115 ms, NE, of Fez. Lon. 2 57 W,, lot, 34 58 N. Melinda, kingdom of Africa, on tho coast of Zanguebar. It produces gold, slaves, elephants' lenh, ostriches' feathers, wax, aloes, senna, and olher drugs ; also plenly of rice, sugar, cocoa nuts, and other tropical fruits. Melinda, capilal of a kingdom of the same name on the E, of Zanguebar, ond on the estuary of tho Quilimancy river. It has a good harbor defended by a fort ; but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the great number of shoals and rocks under water. The inhabitants are Chris tians and Negroes, which last have their own king and religion, and the nurnber of both is said lo amount to above 300,000. It is 470 ms. SW. of Mogadoxa. Longitude 41 48 E , latitude 2 15 South Melipilla, town of Chili, in a jurisdiction of the same name, 200 ms. N. of Conception. Lon. 71 39 W., lat. 33 28 S. Meliia. — See Malta. Melitello, town of Sicily, in Val di Nolo, 8 ms. W, of Leonili. Melitopol, town of Russia, in ihe province of Tauris, situate on a lake, 12 ms, from the sea of ."^sopb, and 108 S. of Cotharineslaf Lon. 83 10 E,, lal. 46 22 N. Melksham, town of Eng., in Wiltshire, wilh « manufaclure of broadcloth.s, 11 ms. E. of Bath, and 96 W. of London. Melk, town of Westphalia, in the princiiialily of Osnaburg, 15 ms. E. by S, of Osnaburg. Meller. — SeeMixler. Mellingen, lown of Switzerland, in the bailiwick of Baden, which, before their lale subjugation depended on the cantons of Zuric, and Bern. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Reuss, 5 ms, S, by W. of Baden. Mellville, tp, Cumberland co., N. J. Pup. 1820, 1,010. Melton Mowbray, town of Eng,, in Leicester shire, 18 ms, NE, from Leicester, and on the smoll river Wreok, a branch of the Trent, and at the wesiern termination of the Oakhom canal. Meltonsville, villoge, Anson co,, N, C, 132 ms, SW, from Raleigh. .Memel, strong town of Eastern Prussia, with a castle. It has the finest harbor in the Baltic, and an extensive commerce. It is seated on ihe N, extremity of the Curische Haf, an inlet of the Baltic, 70 ms. in length, which is here joined to the sea by a narrow strait. On the NE. side of ihe entrance into Ihe harbor is a light-house, erected in 1796. It is 76 ms. NNE. of Konings berg, and 140 NE. of Dantzic. Lon. 21 40 E, lat., 55 46 N. Memmingen, strong lown of Suabia, near which the emigrants under the Prince of Conde were in August, 1795, defeated by the French republicans. It i,s sealed in a fertile plain, 24 ms. 543 MEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEN SE. of Ulm, and 35 SW. of Augsburg. Lon. 10 16 E., lat. 48 3 N. Memphremagog, lake of N. America, situated parily in the Sute of Vermont ond partly in Canada. Il communicates with the river St. Lawrence by the river St. Francis. Memphis, village, Shelby co., Tenn., on the Mississippi river. It is situaled on the site of Old Fort Pickering, and al the mouth of Loosahalchie river. Mena, a mine or fountain of pessaphalle, or mineral pitch, lying to the NE. of the Lake of Maracaibo, — Brewster's Encyclopxdia, art. Ca raccas, p. 231. Menan, large river in the kingdom of Siam, which runs Ihrough it from N. to S., passes by the city of Siam, and falls into tbe Gulf of Siam below Bancock. There ore several singular fishes in il, besides crocodiles, which ore common in these ports, Menancabo, town in the island of Sumatra, Il is the capital of a small kingdom of the same name, and sealed on the S. coast, opposite the isle of Nassau, 250 ms. from the strait of Sunda. Menat, town of Vr,, in Auvergne, and in the late diocess of Clermont. Mende, town of Fr., capitol of tlie dep of Lezere, and late province of Gervasidon. It is very populous ; has manufactures of serges and other woolen stuffs; and is sealed on the Lot, 35 ms. SW of Puy, and 210 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E,, lat. 44 31 N, Mendere, small river, of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, supposed to be the Scamander of Ho mer. It rises about 25 ms. S. by E. from the mouth of the llellesponi, and flows from the highest peaks of Ida. From the geography of the Iliad, the eastern branch of Ibis stream ought to be the least, bul is found far the most considera- b'e. They unite, however, and are lost in the marshes of the Hellespont, near Koum Kale. JSIendham, lown, Morris co., N. J., 7 ms. W*. from Morristown. Pop. in 1820, 1,326. Mendip Hills, mouniainous tract of Eng,, in the NE. of Somersetshire, famous for ils coal, calamine, and lead ; the latter said to be of u harder quality than that of olher counlies. Cop per, manganese, bole, and red ochre, are also fiund in these hills. On their summits are large swa'mpy flats, dangerous to cro.ss. Mendleshani, small lown of Eng , in Suffolk, 18 ins, B. of Bury St. Edmunds, and 82 NE. of London. Lon. 1 12 E,, lat. 52 24 N. Mundoc'mo Cape, cape of N. America, on the Pacific coast. Lon. W. C. 48° W., lat, 40 N, Msndon, town, Worcester co,, Ma>s,, 37 ms. S. W, of Boston, and 12 N. of Providence, R. I, Pop in 1810, 1,819; m 1820, 2,254, Tp., Monroe co,, N, Y,, 12 m-i. S. from Rochester. Pop. in 1820, 2,012. Mendoza, cily ol Cordova, in the Uniled Prov inces of Lo Plata, at the foot ofthe Andes, on one of the sources of the Colorado, about 120 ms. SSE. from Santiago in Chdi. Lon, W. C. 9 0 E , lat. 3;i 50 S. Mendrah, province of the kingdom of Fez7,aii, with a town of the same name, 00 ms. S. of Mour zook. Although much ofthe land in this province is a continued level of hard and barren soil, the 544 quantily of trona, a species of fossil alkali that floats on the surfoce or settles on the bonks of its numer ous smoking lakes, has given ila higher import ance than that ofthe mpst feitile districts. Menehould, St,, ancient and considerable town of Fr., in the dep. of Marne, and late pri^vince of Champagne. St. Menehould is 20 ras. NE. of Chalons, and UO E. of Paris. Lon. 4 .59 E,, III, 2 0 N. Men'ia, — See Munia, Meain, strongly foriified town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Flanders, sealed on the Lis. It is 8 ras. SE. of Ypres, and 10 N. of Lisle, Lon. 3 9 E,, lat, 50 48 N. Menomonie, river of Michigan, entering Green bay 50 ms. NNE. from Fort Brown. It is navi- gable for scllooners to a considerable distance. Its entire coraparative course, about 120 ms. Mentor, town in Geauga co., Ohio, on Lake Erie, W. from Grand river, and opposile Painsville. Mentz, late archbishopric and electorate of Ger many, in Ihe circle of Lower Rhine, bounded on the N. by Htsse and Welteravia, E. by Franconia, S. by the palatinate of the Rhine, ond W. by the electorole of Treves. Il produces much corn, floe garden fruils, and abundance of excellent wines. In 1798, this archliiihoprij and electorate, then the first Stale of the empire, wos moved to Ratisbon, ond all other bishoprics were secularized. Mentz, or Mayence, cily of Germany, formerly capital of the late electorate of Mentz, but now one of the four fortified cilies of ihe German Confedera tion. Il is commonly con^-idered, though errone ously, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, because enclos ed on the land side by lhat duchy. It is well for tified, and deemed lo be a barrier forlress. The palace called Martinsburg, is a considerable build ing, partly ancierit and parily modern ; and oppo site the mouth of the Maine is a castle colled Fa- vorila, wilh its fine gardens and waler works. The university, founded in 1477, has lately received considerable improvements. Ofthe hospitals, thot of St. Roch is worthy of notice for its printing of fice and manufactures of stuffs and stockings. The cily is built in an irregular manner, and plentifully provided wilh churches. In the cathedral, which is a gloomy fabric, is what they call a treasury, contoining a number of clumsy jewels, some relics, and a rich wardrobe of ^aoerdoral vestments. Mentz IS one ofthe lowns which claim the invention of printing. The cily of Mentz is now a fortress belonging to tho Germanic, confederation. It is sealed on the Rhine, just below the influx of the Maine, and on the opposite side is the town of Cassel, connected wilh it by a bridge of bouts. It is 22 ms. WSW. of Frankfort on the Maine, and 70 E. by N. of Treves. Lon. 8 10 E , lal. 49 ,58 N, Mentz, tp. in Cayuga co., N. Y., on the great western canal. The village in Mentz is called Montezuma, 12 ras. NW. from Auburn. Meauf, town of Egypt, situated in a well-culti vated couniry, near that branch of the Nile which flows to Rosetta, 40 ins. NNW. of Cairo, Menzala, lown of Egypt, situate neor a lake of the same name, 60 ras. long, separaled from the Mediterranean by a narrow slip of land. It is 20 ms. SSE. of Uamielta, and 73 NNE, of Cairo. Lon. 32 2 E., lat, 31 3 N. MER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MER Mequinenza, town of Spain, in Arragon, at the confiux of thri Segra wilh the Ebro, 58 ms, ESE, of Saragossa, and 180 ENE, of Madrid, Mequinez, city of the kingdom of Fez, and a capital of the empire of Morocco. It is sealed in a delightful plain, having a serene and clear air, for which reason the emperor resides in this place in preference to Fez. Mequinez is 58 ms. W, of Feiz. Lon. 5 46 W,, lal. 33 40 N. Mer, town ofFr., inthe dep, of Loire and Cher, 11 ms. NNW. of Blois. Meran, handsome trading town of Germany, in the Tyrol, capilal of Erschland, sealed on the Adige, 12 ms. W. of Salisbury, and 100 W. by S. of Longon. Lon, 2 25 W., lot. 51 6 N. Mercer, village in Somerset co.. Me., by post road 94 ms. NNE. from Portland. Mercer, co. ofN. J., bounded NW. by Hunter- 'don and Somerset, N. by Middlesex, SE. by Mon mouth, S. by Burlington, and SW. by Delaware river, separating it from Bucks co.. Pa. Length 17 ms., general breadth 12, and orea about 200 sq. ms. Chief towns, Trenton and Princeton. Central lat. 40 18 N., Ion. 2 10 E. of W, C. Pop. in 1840, 21,503. This new county contains the totvns or town ships of — Nottingham 5,109. West Windsor- - 1,536 Eost Windsor - 1,989 Princeton - - 3,055 Lawrence . 1,556 Hopewell - 3,205 Ewing - 1,017 Trenton 4,035 Totol 21,502 Mercer, co. of Pa , bounded by Trumbull co., Ohio, W., Crawford co.. Pa., N., Venango E., Butler SE., and Beaver S. Length 33 miles, breadth 36 ; area 830 sq, ms. This county is drained by the Shenango and Neshanoc, bronches of Big Beaver. Surface moderately hilly, and soil productive in grain, meadow grass, and orchord fruits. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, &c. Chief town, Mercer, 57 ms. a little W. of N. from Pitts burg. Pop. in 1830, 11,681 ; and in 1840, 33,873. Central lat. 41 15 N., lon. W. C, 3 15 W. Mercer, village, borough, and seat of jusiice for Mercer CO., Pa., on the W. side of Neshanoc creek, 57 ms. a little W. of N, from Pittsburg. Pop. in 1830, 506. Lat. 41 13 N., lon. W. C. 3 13 W. Mercer, NW. tp. of Butler co.. Pa,, on the waters of Slippery Rock creek. Pop. in 1830, 641. Mercer, co. of Ky., bounded by Lincoln SE., Cosey S., Washington W., Franklin N., Ken tucky river, or Woodford and Jessamine, NE., and Garrard, or Dick's river, E. Lengih 36 ms., mean width 14 ; area 350 sq. ms. Chief town, Har rodsburg. Pop. in 1830, 15,587 ; and in 1840, 18,720. Central lat. 37 47 N., Ion. W. C. 7 33 W. Mercer, co. of Ohio, bounded W, by la., N. by Vanwert, E. by Allen and Shelby, and S. by Darke, Length 25 ms., breadth 24 ; area 560 sq. ms. The surface ofthis county is generally level, and in part marshy. An extensive inundated tract J 69* in ils centre gives source lo the Wabash and Mi ' ami rivers. The soil, where sufficiently dry fof agrioultural purposes, is excellent. Pop, in 1840i 8,377. Central lat. 40 34 N., lon. W. C. 7 32 West, Mercersburg, village in Franklin co,, Pa., on the W, branch of Conococheague, 16 mf, SW. from Chambersburg. Merdin, town of Turkey, in Diarbeck. The couniry about it produces cotton. It is 45 ms. SE. from Diarbekar. Lon. 39 59 E., lat. 36 50 N. Merecz, town of Poland, in Lithuania, seated at the confluence of the Berezino and Merecz, 30 ms, N. of Grodno. Lon. 24 10 E., lat. 50 0 N. Meredith, tp. in Straflford co,, N. H. Il is about 72 ms. NW. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1820, 2,416. Village in Delaware co., N, Y., 8 ms. N. from Delhi. Pop. in 1820, 1,375. Meredith Village, village in Strafford co., N. H., 35 ms, N. frora Concord, Mergui, seoport town of the Birman empire, on Tannaserim river, 6 ms. above its raouth. Lon. 98,23 E., lat. 12 12 N. Mergui Islands, a group lying off the western coast of Malacca ; they extend from N, to S. about 140 ms. along the Malay coast, wilfca strait in tervening of from 12 to 20 ms. wide. Merida, town of Spain, in Estramadura, said to have been built by the Romans before the birth of Christ. Here ore fine remains of antiquity, par ticularly a triumphal arch. It is seated in an ex- j tensive and fertile ploin, 45 ras. S. by E. of Al- , cantora, Lon, 6 4 W., lat. 38 42 N. I Merida, formerly an inlendency of Mexico, em- I bracing the peninsula of Yucatan. By the recent j political arrangeraanls, the original name is restor ed, and Yucaton is now one of the States of the ' Mexican republic. -^See Yucatan, City of [ Mexico, in Yucaton, of which State it is the capi- 1 tal, about 70 ms. NE, from Campeachy. Pop. ! 10,000. Lat. 20 45 N., lon. W. C. 11 15 W. ' Meriden, village in Cheshire co., N. H., 45 ms from Concord. Village in New Haven co,, Ct,, 17 ms. N. from New Haven. ' MEBiniAif, from Latin, meridies, for raedi dies, medius dies, middle of the day. Great circle of the sphere supposed to pass through the zenith and nadir, and, extending to the heavens, forms a cif- ' cle having the centre of earth for ils cenire, and I radii infinitely extended, and, of course, dividing ' the earth into two hemispheres. — See Longitude, I Meridiansville, village in Madison co., Ala., 8 '¦ ms. N. from Huntsville, and 75 a liltle W. of S. from Murfreesborough, Ten. I Meridien, village in Madison co., Mo. Merion, Lower, tp. in Montgomery co. Pa., the I lowest of the two tps, of that county, SW. from I the Schuylkill. Its E. angle is 5 ms. above Phi ladelphia. Merion, Upper, tp. in Montgomery co.. Pa., above the preceding: Merionethshire, co. of N. Wales, bounded on the N. by Caernarvonshire and Denbighshire, on the E. by the co. of Montgomery, on the S. by Car diganshire, and on the W. by the Irish sea. It is 36 ms. long and 34 broad. The principol riv ers are the Dee and Dovy, and it has a great moun tain, the Cader Idris, one of the highest in Wales. The air is sharp, but the country feeds great herds 545 MER GEOGRAPHICATL DICTIONARY. MER of cattle. Merionethshire contains 6 hundreds, 4 market towns, 37 parishes, and sends 1 member to Parliament. Harlech is the capital. Pop. in 1801, -89,506; in 1811, 30,924; and in 1821,33,911. Meritz, Merttch, or Merrich, an important for tress and cily of ihe deccan of Hindooslan, ssiluat- ed near the N. bank of the river Kistna, 70 ms. SW. of Visiapour. Meriwether, co. of Go. Merk, river of the Netherlands, which, running N. by Breda, afterwards turns W., and falls into the Maese opposite the island of Overflockee, in Holland. Mermentau riter, rises in the prairies of Ope- lousos, interlocking wilh the sources ofthe Calca sieu and Teche. The Mermentau is formed by the Nezpique, "Cane, Plaquemine Brule, and Queue Tortue. This stream may indeed be strictly called the river of Opelousas, as it drains the ceniral parls of lhat dislrici ; and all ihe inlermediate ground between the' watercourses, except a very narrow strip of wood on their immediate banks, is prairie. The whole country watered hy this river is flat, and totally without slone ; not even a pebble is lo be seen. The timber in the woods is oak, hicko- ry, ash, s^eet gum ; in the swamps, cypress, and many other kinds of trees ; pine is also found in more or less quantity on all the confluents of Mer mentau, but towards the NW. sources of the N(z- pigue this tree is found in great abundance ; oak is, however, the principal timber. Below the junc tion of the Plaquemine Brule, Cane, and Nez pique, live ook begins to appear, and towards ihe seacuast is found in consideroble quantily, growing upon low ridges, which run parallel to, and oppear to have been, at some past lime, isles in the gulf. The lide ri.-es in the Mermenlau above the junc tion of Nezpique, Cane, and Plaquemine Brule ; however, when tbe waters of the Sabine, Calcasieu, and Mermentau, ore swelled by roin, and the NW,, N., or NE. winds prevail, no lide passes their re spective outlets. The soil on Mermenlau is gene rally Sterile, though superior in fertlity lo ihal on tbe Colcasieu and Sabine. Mermentau lake is in every respect similar to those of the Sabine and Calcasieu, except in point of extent, being considerably less exiensive thon either of the two lalter. Mermentau lake is less destitute of limber along ils border than the olher lakes westword, though the greatest part of the extent in its vicinity is a grassy morass. The outlet from the lake to the sea is about One- fourth of a- mile wide, very winding, and in many pans dilated into small lakes. A bar at the mouih pre vents the entrance of vessels drawing more than four feet waler. Merom, town and seat of jusiice, Sullivan co., Ia. — See Miriam, Mero, strong town of Asia, in the peninsula be yond the Ganges, ond in the kingdom of Pegu, 140 ms. SW. of the town of Pegu. Lon. 98 36 E., lat. 16° N. Merou, town of Persia, in Korasan, seated in fertile country, which produces salt, 112 ms. SW. of Bockhara. Lon. 64 35 E., lat. 37 40 N. Merrimack, river of the U. S., which rises in Grafton CO., N, H., and, after running in a SE. direction through the State, enters Mass., near Dunstable. It then makes a sudden turn to the 546 NE., and empties into the Atlantic ocean at New- buryport. Ils course is very crooked, and the navigation interrupted by frequent falls and cata racts. The Merrimack basin is about 130 ms. in lengih, wilh a mean width of 36, and embraces an areaof 4,350 sq. ms. The navigation of this stream hos been more improved by art than any other stream of the U. S. Newburyport stands im the S, side of the bay, at ils moulh ; vessels of 100 lons ascend to Haverhill, 12 ms. to the head of lide waler. From Haverhill to Concord the nav igation of the Merrimack is ortificially improved. The .Middlesex canal was cut from Boston harbor lo ihe banks of the Merrimack, at the falls above Chelmsford. I'he great feeder cf this canal is Concord river, flowing N. out of Mass., and pre- cipilated from the-lable land of Middlesex into the volley ofthe Merrimack, below Chelmsford. The csnol commences above Patucket falls. It is car ried over and on the level of Concord river 1 1 ms,, and thence down the sloping intervening ground to Boston harbor. The whole length of this fine canal is 29J ms., on entire fall of 1,007 feet, by 13 locks. The canal is 24 feet wide, wilh a depth of four feet. 1 he locks are 90 feel hy 13 feel, and of excellent mosonry. Another fall has been cut around Patucket foils, in order to connect the nav igable waler above, and the Miildlesex canal with the lide waler below. The Paiucket canal does not reach lide woter, bul below the foils the stream, ihough rapid, is navigable, and in 45 ms. falls 36 feel, and reaches the lide at Haverhill. Above the outlet of the Middlesex conal ore three olher short cuts, at several places. The Bow canol occurs first below Cuncoid ; is followed 6 ms. still lower down by Hookset^ canal ; Amoskeog canal was made 8 ms. below Hookset; and in 9 ms, below tbe latter six short cuts have been made round os many rapids or falls. Cromwell's falls have also been passed by a canal 14 ms. below Amoskeag; and 15 ms. still lower is the Wicase canal, the last above that of Middlesex. — See Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Merrimack, co. ofN. H., formed recently from the tps. adjacent to and including the Slale capi tal. Concord. For central lal., see Concord, T|i. of Hillsborough CO., N. H. River of .Mo,, rises in Fronklin co,, flows NE. ihrough Frank lin, and, separating Jefferson from St, Louis, foils inlo the Mississippi, 5 ms, bebiw the town of St. Louis. River of Mo. — Sec Maramec. Merritslown, village, Fayeite co.. Pa., on Dun lap's creek, 5 ms. S. from Brownsville. Merrittsville, village, Greenville dislrict, S. C, 120 ms. NW. from Columbus. Merryhill, post oHice, Berlie co., N. C, abgut 120 ms. NNE. from Raleigh. Merrymeeting. Bay, junction of the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers, in Maine. Mersburg, town of the circle of Saxony, in Misnia. It has a Lutheran bishopric, and is seat ed on the Sala, 10 ms. S. of Halle, and 56 NW. of Dresden. I-on. 12 6 E., lat. 51 38 N. It now gives name to a government of Prussia. Mersea, town of Essex co., U. C, on Lake Erie. Mersey, river of Eng., which rises in the north extremity of the peak in Derbyshire, passes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver at Frods- MET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEW ham, where il forms a broad estuary below Liver pool, and enters the Irish sea. This river not only affords salmon, but is visited by annual shoals of smelt.', here called sparlings, of a remorknble size and flavor. It is connected by the Staffoudshire conal with the Trent, and in course with the Irish sea and the German ocean. Mersey Island, island of Eng., in Essex, be tween the raouth of the Coin and the entrance of Blackwater boy. It has two parishes colled Eost and West Mersey. Merspurg, town of Germany, in the circle of Suobia, and bi.4bopric of Constance, sealed on the N, side of the lake of Constance. It is the bish op's usual place of residence, and is 1 1 ins, from the town oflhotname. Lon, 9 26 E,, lat, 47 45 N, Mertota, strong town of Portugal, in Alenlejo, seated near the Gaudiana, 60 ms. S. of Evora, and 100 SE. of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W,, lot. 37 SON. Merion, village of Eng., near Oxford, situated near two military ways. There were entrench ments in the neighboring woods, supposed to have been thrown up by King Elhelred, or the Danes, whom he defeated in 871, Village of Eng., in Surry, seared on the Wondel, 7 ms, SW, of Lon don. Nothing remains of its once famous abbey but the oast window of a chapel; and the walls that surrounded the ]>remises, which ore buill of flint, are nearly enure, and include about 60 acres. Upon the site of this abbey are two calico manu factures and a copper mill; and about 1,000 per sons aro now employed on a spot once the abode of monastic indolence. Merlon is 7 ms. SW. of London. Merve, the N. branch of the river Maese, on which the city of Rotterdam, in Holland, is sealed. Merville, town ofFr,, in the dep. of the North, and late province of French Flanders, seated on the Lis, 10 ms. SE, of Cossel. Lon, 3 43 E,, lall 50 57 N. Mervee, or Moorghab, river rising in the Hindoo Koosh mountains, between BaIkh arid Caubool, and, flowing thence northwordly by comparative courses about three hundred ms., is lost in a lake, and does not, as appears represented on some maps, unite wilh the Jihon. By a mistake of the opposite kind, it is made on some other maps the some with Tedjen, and carried inlo the Caspian. The Tedjend, according to Mr. Burnes, is a mere torrent, and is lost in the sands. " This is not. says that author, " ihe Herat river, nor is it the Ochus, for no such great river as appears in our maps has exislence"-^m this region, he ought to have added, — See Meru, Meshed Ali, one ofthe sacred places ofthe Mo hammedan sect of Ali, silualed on the borders of the Great Desert, about 100 ms. a liltle W. of S. of Bagdad, and 40 a little E. of S, of Mesed Ho sein. Here Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, was slain in battle. MSsHin, a prefix to many naraes of places in Western Asia, and means literally " The Tomb," METEOft, from metebroa, Greelt, high, elevated, or, literally, a body which seems to raise ilself in to the air, from which come meteorology and its correlatives. Method, from Greek, mete, by, and hodos, way or road, and raeans the manner to arrive at an end by the most suiiable route. Though a com-, mon word, it is also a most comprehensive scien tific term, and used to distinguish tho two great processes of reason — analysis, advancing frora simple elements lo reach unknown truth, and sy7i- thesis, demonstrating a known Irulh. In the va rious sciences, method expresses the different clas- ,siflcalions adopted by tho higher classes of authors. Metbe, French measure of length, founded on measurements made of the meridian, and from sup posing this new standard lobe the one ten millionth of the distonce from the equator to Ihe poles of the earth. The metre being 3.280Sl67 English feet, i( multiplied hy 10,000,000, gives the quad rant of the earlh along ils meridians 32,809, 167 English feel, equal lo 6213,8 ms. — See the article Earth, Metkopolis, from Greek, meter, mother, and polis, a cily — mother city. Originally, this term meant a cily from which colonies issued. It wna afterwards adopted by the Romans for the princi pal city of a province. When the Christian Re ligion became dominant, and the ecclesioslicol gov ernment was regulated by the civil, the higher episcopal seals, being fixed in the metropolitan cities, took title accordingly, and were henceforth called metropolitan churches. Meuse, or Maese, river of Europe, having its remote sources in the Vosges niounlains, and in the Fr. deps. of Upper Marne and Vosges, inter locking with those ofthe rivers Marne and Moselle, and, flowing Ihence a little W. of N. 150 ras., over the Fr. deps. of Upper Marne, Meuse, and Ardennes, enters Belgium at or neor Chorlemont, in the district of .Vamur, and continuing its north ern course to the town of Namur, where it receives the Sombre from the west. In this upper course of obout 200 ms., the .Meuse passes Comraercy, Verdun, and Meziers, in France. Below ils juBc- linn with Ihe Sambre, Ihe Meuse turns to NE. 30 ms,, passes Liege, and thence inclining to NNE. passes Maestrichl, Slephenswerd, and Venlo, to Loltum, in the province of Limbourg, and reaches lo within 20 ms. nf the Rhine. Below Lotiom, the two rivers preserve a mean di-^tance from each olher of about 15 ms., and gradually curve to the NNW., and finally W,, in a distance of 60 ms,, to Hensden, on the Meuse and Vic, by Daerstede, on the Rhine, Below the latter, the name of the Rhine is lost in that of Leek, which inclining to- words the Maese, bolh streams are lost in a maze of channels; but one, entering the German ocean between Briel and Rotterdam, is. regarded their common mouth, under tbe name of Meuse. The entire length of this river is obout 400 English ms. It is navigable before leaving France, and affords commercial facilities to a very dense popu lation. The Meuse basin lies between N. lat; 48 and 52°. Meuse, dep. ef Fr., including the late duchy of Bar. It takes ils name from the river Meuse, or Maese, whioh, in a NNW. course, traverses the dep. in ils greatest lengih. Bar-le-Duo is the capital. Mewari, consideroble town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a royal polace, where the king sometimes resides. It is seated on a hill, at the foot of which are vast fields of wheat and rice, with fine orchards, full of excellent plums. 547 MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX Mewat, hilly and woody tract of Hindoostan proper, lying on the SW. of Delhi, ond on tho W. of Agra, confining the low country, along the west bank of the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow slip, and extending westward about 130 miles in length. From north to soulh it is 90 miles. Mexico, republic of, an immense region of N, America. The country out of which this republic has been formed is peculiar as respects the features of its geography. It extends from lat. 15 50 to 42° N., the intermediate space embracing every variety of soil, from the most recent alluvion to mounlain valleys, or rather ploins, of near 8,000 feet above the contiguous oceans. These elevated plains are again broken and decorated by colossal summits, rising from 12,000 to upwards of 17,000 feet. In one of those aerial valleys stands the city of Mexico, 7,400 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. Frora this difference of elevation, and from embracing such an exiensive ronge within and without the tropics, Mexico may be considered as possessing every climate nf the earlh, and ca pable of producing every vegetable necessary to the wants or the luxuries of human life. Its metallic wealth is no less abundant than ils vegetables. From ils bowels are extracted many of the most useful and all the precious metals. Mexico is perhaps better calculated than any other part of the earth to forra a political commu nity capable of producing within its own limits all lhat the necessities, the arts, or elegancies of soci ety, can demand. As a vieeroyalty of Spain, Mexico wos subdi vided into the following inlendoncies: cede that their respective rates of increase canno' be very widely different. In the raiddle of 1803, the populalion of the U. S. did not materially differ from 6,000,000; now, August, 1822, it amouiVs, it is probable, to very nearly 1 1,000,000, but with a small excess above that number. There fore, if we compare the two masses together, by a simple statement ofthe rules of proporrion, Mexico ought now to possess upwards of 10,700,000 in habitants; and, making every allowance for the ravages of war, it is evident that, if the basis of the calculation given by Humboldt is admitted, Mexico raust now contain at least eight and a half millions of inhabitants. TABLE No. 2. Spanish provincia] subdivisions. TABLE No, . Intendancies, Sti, ms. Pop, , 466,000 To sq, m. Merida or Yucaian 46,000 10 Vera Cruz 32,000 156,000 5 Oaxaca 34,000 533,000 13 3 4 Puebla 2l,ono 813,000 3d 3-4 Mexico 45,400 1,512,000 33 1-3 Valladolid 36,400 376,000 M Guadalaxara 74,000 i63O,O0O g 12 Guanaxuaio 6,900 517,000 71 Zacaiecas 18,000 163,000 8 1-2 San Louis Potosi 263,000 335,000 1 1-3 Durango Sonora 130,000 160,000 1 2 10 147,000 ' 1-22,000 8-10 New Mexico 44,000 40,000 9-10 Old Ualifornia . - 56,000 10,000 17.10C New California 16,000 16,000' 1 Total an^ount - 960,000 5,841,000 6 Mexico j Puebla GuanaxuaioValladolidGuadalaxara Zacaiecas OaxacaYucaianTabascoChiapa Vera Cruz San Louis Potosi ¦ Interior of Llie E. Interior of llie N.< Interior of the W. Old California New California - Total amount Recent divisions into States and territories. MexicoQueretaro Puebla delos An geles. GuanaxuaioMechoacan Jalisco ZacaiecasOaxaca Yucaian TabascoChiapaVera Cruz San Louis Potosi Coahuila /Texas Taumalipas New Leon Durango Chihuahua New Mexico ler. Sonoray; Cinaloa California, Lower territory. California, Upper lerritf^ry. Area in sq. me. 30,482 13,482 18,441 > 348,559 > 269,077 2.54,705 57,021 376,344 1,670,835 Pop 1,503,900 754,992 1,212,495 6,23- 813,150 24,166 663,874 72,389 944,867 17,580 230,298 32,697 801,076 79,534 695,732 14,676 78,056 18,750 93,750 27,660 156,740 19,017 174,957 188,636 13,419 25,400 8,902,994 The above table was constructed frOra the data afforded by Humboldt, in his Political Essay on New Spain, Black's Translation, vol. ii, rejecting fractions. There is some confusion and contradic tion in the statements of this author, which di minish their authority ; bul we may suppose thai, in the aggregaie, he was nearly correct. Hum boldt's estimate is for 1803, or 23 years past. If the ratio of increase given by this author is adopted, Mexico raust now contain 8,481,000 inhabitants. If we compare the two countries of the U. S. and Mexico, and allow for the former the advantage of better political institutions, and to the latter supe rior mildness of climate, we may reasonably con- 548 It may be observed, that in this lable (No. 2) are includedlhe three small territories of Colima, in Jalisco; Tlascala, in Puebla; and New Mexico, or rather Sanla Fe, of New Mexico, Table No. 1 expresses the area actually peopled, but No. 2 cm- braces the entire superficies of the Mexican repub lic. No. 2 is taken in great part from Tanner's I map, and exhibits, if correct, how nearly accurate (were the estiraates appended to No. 1, as respects the progressive population of this country. Tho following document is inserted, as we may regard it as the most recent and authentic in re spect to what the Government of Mexico regards as the provincial divisions of lhat couniry. The Diario del Gobierno of the 10th contains a manifesto of the provisional Supreme Executive (Santa Anna) to the nation, accompanied by a decree for the election of delegates to the new Congress which is lo convene in the cily of Mexico on the 1st of June next. The ratio of representa tion is one delegate for every 70,000 souls, agree ably to the census prepared by the National Insti tute of Geography and Statistics, as follows : Departments, Population, Mexico .... 1,389,520 Jalisco . 679,111 Puebla - - . 661,902 MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX Departments, YucatanGuanaxuaio OajacaMichoacan . San Louis Potosi ZacaiecasVera Cruz - DurangoChihuahua Sinaloa ChiapasSonoraQueretaroNuevo Leon Tamaulipas CoahuilaAguascaliente TabascoNuevo Mexico CahforniasTexas Population. 580,948 513,606 500,278497,906 321,840 273,575 254,380 162,618 147,600 147,000141,206124,000 120,560101,108 100,068 75,34069,693 63,580 57,026 33,43927,800 7,044,140 About one-half the extent and population of Mexico is within the great river system ofthe Gulf of Mexico. It is in vain to attempt any specifica lion of the Mexican population, as our data is too vague lo admit decisive estimates. One circum stance is too striking, however, to be omitted. Mexico has no slaves worth noiice in a general sta tistical survey ; lhat class of its population not amounting, al the utmost, to more than 10,000; or as 1 to 584 of the entire body of the people. The civilized Indians form more than two-fifths of the whole, and are the laboring, productive, and efficient, though not tbe ruling people. Few civilized regions of the earth are less knovra than Mexico. The following account of the man ufactures of Mexico is an extract frora an English work, and deserves very serious attention. The tvBo first of the Mexican manufactures are those of cotlon and wool, which are established upon a very large scale in the cilies ot Quereiaro, Pueblo, and St. Michael, in the immediate neigh borhood of Mexico, The couniry ilself furnishes the cotton and wool in great abundance, it being a mistake of English writers that no part of America can afford the ordinary and staple wool of manufac tures. This wool is as easily raised in Mexico as in Lancashire or Lanarkshire. We are now trans lating from a French author who visited Quereiaro, the Manchester of Mexico, sixteen years ago. "1 visited Queretaro," he adds, "with the greatest in terest, that I might inform myself of the extent of the wooKand cotton manufactures, and I am there fore enabled to say that, except the principal towns in France and England, Quereiaro is a manufac turing town of the first rate and magnitude. The estahlishmenls at this period (1803) wore divided into factories and workshops, in the latler of which the workmen worked at horae at the cost of their raasters. There were cotton factories as large as any colton factories in France, and more than 300 workshops. They had worked up that year about two millions worth (in dollars) of woolen cloths, bay, druggets, serges, and cotton stuffs." The next fabric is that of leather, chiefly in tan ning, which is carried to great perfection. It is unnecessary to add that the vast plains afford hides in abundance, and that the bark is equally plenti ful. The Mexicans thus produce all the leather for their own consumption, and under general com merce might export rauch. ' The linen and silk factories have not as yet at. lained lo any extent, but frora no other reason than because Spain, whilst they were dependent npon her, discouraged all linen fabrics, and clandestinely destroyed a most flourishing silk growth. Will it be credited by tbe people in England, that about forty years ago silk was nearly as plentiful in Mexico as in Asia and Italy ; 'but that the Mexi cans, on rising one raorning, found all tho raulberry trees in the empire cut down, and of course the silk universally destroyed 1 It seems that the Cadiz merchants, finding their coramerce afl'ecled, had procured this secret order of the viceroy, who had contrived to execute it with the same secrecy. The history of the world does nol furnish a more alro. cious example ofthe true spirit of monopoly. Tho manufactory next in order is that of tobacco, which is made into cigars, and in part supplies all Europe. This produce is very great, amounting lo nearly $10,000,000 annually. An article ofthe first importance, when we consider the quantity consumed in England, and for the supply of which we now depend upon the Americans. The next manufaclure is that of gunpowder, which is equally as considerable as that of tobacco, and which, by the way, proves the nugatory na ture of the recent proclamations in Europe, against supplying the Independents with stores of war. Gunpowder is as plentiful in Mexico as in England ; and all Ameiica may hereafter be supplied from that quarier. Soap and soda are the manufactijres next in or der, bolh as to quantity and value ; soda being par licularly abundant, and so cheaply raised and worked as to become an article of vast future ex port. This soda very far exceeds in quality any lhat can be procured from any olher quarter, and tbe French chemists and dyers most sanguinely an ticipate that Europe may hereafter draw nearly ths whole of her soda from S. America, as she imports her potash from the U. S, Oil, tallow, spermaceli, honey, and wax, abound likewise in every inten dancy, and raust greatly add lo the future value of this immense empire to the general commerce of Europe. "In no part of the world," says the French author from whom we are translating, "is there such a variety and abundance of every thing necessary to every want of man as in this kingdom of Mexico ; in no couniry is every thing raised so cheaply." Besides the raanufactures above enumerated, every lown almosl through this vast empire has its own manufacture, and parlicularly the large towns in the immediate vicinity of the capilal. We have before had occasion to say that the couniry is in shape like a hat — the high main and table land of .Mexico being the crown, agd the narrow line of the coast being the rim. In the middle of this crown, or table land, is the city of Mexico, half way, or 300 ms. from Vera Cruz, the Atlantic port, and the sarae distance from Aeapulco, the chief port of the Mexican empire on the Pacific ocean. The country, as we have before said, is divided into fifteen intendancies, each of which has a sub- 549 MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX ordinate governor and a bishop's see and cathedral of its own. In all these great cilies are seated some manufacture peculiar to the places ; some of them are celebrated for their pottery, some for their hats, some for their works in jewelry. Indeed, in this latter work tho Mexicans sn particularly excel as to rival any manufactory in Europe, not even ex cepting the estahlishmenls in Switzerland and the workmen of the Palais Royale. In these interesting particulars the reader, we doubt not, will be strongly imprsssed with the same conclusion with ourselves ; namely, how infinitely various and important is the produce, and must be the future exports, of Spanish America, in com parison with those of the U. Slates ; and thence, by a necessary consequence, what a formidable ri val the former will be to the latler. And let it nol escape our attention, that in the rivalry Great Bri tain must be the gainer, as her magazine and mar ket are propoitionably extended. See the different States, under their respective heads. From its position, Mexico has a natural connex ion with Asia, Europe, and with every part of North and South America. Il is ralher deficient in both oceans in good harbors, and, firom the ele vation of the interior couniry, it can never derive much benefit frora the few rivers which flow from its mounlain valleys. The interior and transport does nol%xceed 120 miles; but the nature of the intermediate country is too little known to admit the formation of any rational conclusion upon tho praclicabihty of an artificial connexion of the sour ces of these rivers. The Alvarado follows the Guassacualeo, and, like the Sumasinta, is poured into a spacious bay, the recipient of many streams precipitated from the high tahle land of Oaxaca. The Alvarado inter locks with the sources of the Chicumetepec, and both roll down steeps forming an entire descent of upwards of 7,000 feet. We are now arrived upon the extensive mountain plains of Anahuac, and, though within the tropics, in a very temperate cli mate, 'J'he elevations are, however, such as to preclude not only much notural, but extensive im provements of the artificial navigation by water into the interior. In summer the rivers are nearly exhausted by evaporation, and in winter swelled lo torrenis. The main spine ofthe chain of Ana huac, also approaching so much nearer to the gulf of Mexico than to the Pacific ocean, renders the rivers in this region much more abridged in Iheir lengih, which enter ihe former, than those falling inlo the latter recipient. The Rio Blanco, the northwestern branch ofthe Alvarado, rises at the base of the enormous vol canic summit of Orizaba, the Citlaltepetl of the Aztecas. It is, I believe, from the Rio Blanco commerce is carried on with mules of burden, that the immense quantities of pumice stone, scat- Goods lo the value of upwards of 818,000,000 are tered along the shores of the Mexican gulf, have thus annually transported from the Atlantic coast over the interior table land, whilst tbe flour, hides, and metals, descend from the central table land to Vera Cruz. Humboldt has shown, that through tbe cily of Mexico, if a canal was otherwise practicable, it would demand from 330 to 340 locks to unite the two oceans, and concludes rationally that land carriage is alone practicable, for useful commercial purposes, between lhat great city and the opposite oceans. The following condensed view of the rivers of the Mexican empire flowing into the Mexican gulf will close this article. The following are the principal rivers of Mexico, which are discharged inlo the gulf of Mexico. No streara of any consequence exists on the western coast of Yucatan ; and it is only when reaching the influence of the mounlainsnf Guateraala and Mexico that rivers of rauch magnitude are found flowing from the interior country. The Sumasinta is discharged into the bay or gulf Terminos, which is, indeed, rather an estuary of a numher of rivers, than a mere bay. The St, Pedro falls into the bay of Campeachy to Ihe W. ofthe Sumasinta, Both of these streams riisacualco is a short but very important stream, falling inlo the gulf of Mexico at ils ex treme southern extension. This stream rises in Oaxaca, interlocking with the source of the Chim alapa, within 50 direct miles frora its raouth. This is one of the channels of communication mention ed by Humboldt as suitable to unite the waters of the two American oceans. The entire distance from the gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean, by the val leys of the two rivers Chimalapa and Guassacualeo, 550 floated. I have seen this substance in great abun dance upon the coasts of Louisiana and Texas. From the Alvarado to the bay of Tampico, in a distance of 300 miles, not one 'deep indenting of the coast, except Tamiagua, exists. The cily of Vera Cruz intervenes, but lhat entrepot of Mexican commerce and rendezvous of the Spanish navy is built upon a low sandy beach,' without eilher a harbor or fresh water. The coast, indeed, entirely round the gulf of Mexico, with very partial ex ceptions, is low, sandy, or marshy, anc^ in most places very unhealthy in summer and autumn. The moulh of the Tampico bay is at N. lal. 22 20 W,, lon. W. C. 21 15, The Tampico receives the uniled woters of the Rio Altamira from the in tendancy uf San Louis Potosi and the Tula, or Moctezuema, from the valley of Tenochiitlan, in which the city of Mexico is situaled. The Tula, as il is called in the higher part of its course on the Moctezuema, is in many respects one of the raost remarkable streams of ihe earth. The valley of Tenochiitlan, from which it flows, connot be beticr represented than by a saucer turned bottom up wards; the rim representing tho spines of the mountains, out of the intervening valley of which it flows. This valley, known by ils Aztec name of Tenochiitlan, comprises about 1,700 square miles, of which one-tenth part is covered by lakes. In its natural state, only one narrow brook, between very high and precipitous hanks, issued from this extraordinary valley, and carried ils waters into Ihe Tula. There are, beside some smaller, five principal lakes — Zumpango, San Cbristobal, Chalco, Xo- chirailco, and Tezcuco. They do not lie upon a level ; Zumpango is nearly 30 English feel above that of Tezcuco, and Xochimiico forms a mean be tween the two former. MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX The higher lakes are composed of fresh waler, but the lowest, lhat of Tezi uco, is salt. Their proportions and extent, ns given hy Humboldt, by whom they were surveyed, are Xochimiico and Chalco, 50 sq. ras., the lake of Tezcuco 80 sq. ms , San Cbristobal 28, and Zumpango 10 sq. ras. These lakes are supplied hy a few small rivers and innumerable torrenis poured down from the adjacent mountain slopes. The Tezcuco receives the rivers of PapoUilla, Tezcuco, Teolihuacan, and Tepeyacac, (Guadaloupe;) and the Zumpan go is supplied by the sireams of ibe Pachuca and Gualitlan ; the lallei is the largest river of ihe Mex ican valley. It may be noted as a curious fact that the two cilies of the great river system of the Atlantic, in North America, which occupy the extremes of eleva tion — New Orleans and Mexico — are both sub ject to partial inundation, and bnth stand indelited to artificial defence for preservatiim against the en croachments of waler. Mexico stands 7,468 feet above New Orleans, and is, nevertheless, of the two cilies, most liable to submersion. In ordinary seasons the quantity of rain which falls at Mexico, according lo Humlinldt, is nearly 5 feet in perpendicular deplh. This enormous mass of fluid falls aUo in a short period of lime, and liefoie any other outlet existed, except the in adequate channel of the brook (aroyu) Tcquis- quiac, the lower part of ihis elevated basin was liable lo complete submersion. The Aztec annals have noticed many instances of those destructive inundaiions, and some remains still are shown of very extensive works erected during the existence of the Aztec monarchy, to obviate their effects. One of the Aztec kings, Ahuilzoil, lost bis life in attempling to escape from a flood of water he had himself conlribuied to augment by some injudicious erabankmenls thrown up lo prevent such a caiastrophe. Beside many of lesser magnitude, tbe S[ianish historians mention 5 ruinous floods, which inter vened in a little more than a century after the con quest nf Mexico by Cortes. The first in 1583, under the vieeroyalty nf Don Louis de Velasco the elder; the second in l.'i80, during the vieeroyalty of Don .Martin Enrequez de Alamanza; the third in 1604, under the viceroy Monlesclaros; the fourth in 1607, under the viceroy Don Louis Ve lasco the second ; and, tifthly, in 1629, whilst the Marquis de Ceralvo was viceroy. The peculiar structure of the valley, and such alarming accidenls aroused the attention of the Spaniards, and, as early as 1580, galleries or canals of evacuation were suggested, in order to carry the surplus floods throngh the gorges of the moun tains near Nochislongo into the Tula; bul no ac tual operation nf that kind was effected until 1607, when the viceroy, ihe Marqnis Salinas, employed an able engineer, Enrico Martinez, supposed to be a Dutchman, to make, in cnnjnnclion wilh some olher mathemalicians, an exact survey of the val ley. This survey led to the commencement of the truly stupendous hydraulic work, the Desugaff- (drain) of Huehuetoca. Like all great national undertakings, the ad vance of tlie Uesague was slow and interrupted. It was commenced on the 28lh of November, 1607, by the hand of the viceroy, in the presence of the Audiencia. It was in the first instance only a deep gallery, upwards of 4 ms. injenglh, nearly 14 feet in deplh, and 11^ feet wido. The water first entered il on iho 17th of September, 1608, in less than 10 months from the original undertaking. Could we abstract our minds from the melancholy fact that this stupendous execulinn was effected by the forced labor of the Indians, we must ad mire a work which, even now in the raost popu- lous nations, could not be considered other than extraordinary. Our adrajration is enhanced also by the additional labor performed in the same tiiijo to carry the waters from the norlhern opening of the Desague lo the Rio Tula. A dike, upwards nf 5 ms. in length, was cut to eflect the laiter ob ject, and led tbe superabundant walers of the val ley of Tenochtilhin towards the Gulf of Mexico. A regular and detailed history of this singular work IS given by Humboldt, in his description of the Intendancy ot Mexico, and forms one of the raost ini'tructive parls of his Poll ileal Essay on New Spain, From this account we find lhat the Desague, though still unfinished, has eventuated in an enormous open cut (tajo aoierln) through the mountains. "Tbe Desague," says Humboldt, "in ils actual slale, is undoubtedly one of ihe raost gigantic hydraulic operations ever executed by man (I'rom 262 lo 328 feel wide, and from 161 to 196 feet deep.) We look upon it wiih a species of admiration, particularly when we consider the na ture of the ground, and ihe enormous lengih, breadlh, and deplh of the aperture. If this cut was filled waler 10 metres, (32.8 E'nglish leel,) the largest vessels of war could pass through the range of mounlains which bound the plain of Mexico lo the NE." From ils commenceraent within the valley toils discharge, (salto,) the Desague is 67,535 feet (12.8 ras.) in length, and in one poinl 196 feel ileep, wilh a mean width at the top of about 320 foil. The head of the Desague, in the chan nel of the Rio Gualitlan, is 1U| varas, or 29J^ feet above, and below the Salto del Rio, or discharge, it is 107i varas, or 295 feet below the level of the lake of Tezcuco, having, an entire fall of 324| feet. The expense, at various periods, nearly §6,000,000. Those who wish information more in detiil than is in my power to give in this place upon the mpngraphy of this remarkalile region, will lis well to read the third book of the Political Essay. The reading of this valuable document will explain the cause of the unnavigable nature of ihe Mexican rivers. The Aliamira, or. norlhern branch of the river of Tampico, rises on the arid elevated plains of Zacaiecas and of San Louis Potosi more than 2° of lat. N. of ihe valley of Tenoclilillan. Near the sources of the lalter river commences the N, Ameri can deseri. — See Coahuilay Texas Xacatecas, .\t the bar of Taraigua, 50 or 60 ras. SE. from the raouth of the Tampico river, commences a range of long sandjr islands, which extend parallel to the continent as far as the mouth of the Trini ty. The general range of the coast from tho Guasacualco to the Tampico, distant from each olher upwards of 400 ms., is from SE. to N W. ; hut at ihe latter place turns to nearly N., and maintained that direction through nearly 7° of Iat., or between 400 and 500 ms. 551 MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DIC'f'IONARY. MEX Having the parched surface of Zacatecas in the rear, the space of 250 ras. frora the Tarapico to Rio Grande, affords no rivers of any particular consequence. St. Ander and San Fernando are two raountain streams, which rise in Zacatecas and New Biscay, and flowing eastward carry compara tively litlle waler into the Gulf of I'^exico. The different structure of the two countries may be con ceived frora the fact that those two rivers have as ereat a length of course as have raost of those of the Atlantic slope of the U. S., and yet the forraer hardly can be said to have mouths. At N. lat. 25 55, W. lon. W. C. 20 30, the Rio Grande del Norte falls into the Gulf of Mexico. This is the first great river flowing from the Mex ican interior provinces into the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande, according to raost of our raaps of that part of America, rises at N. lat. 41 30, lon. 34° W. from W. C. ; ils mouth, as deter mined by Huraboldt, is at N. lat. 25 55, W. lon. of Paris 99 51 ; it flows through more than 15° of lat. and 13 30 of lon., having a coraparative course of upwards of 1,400 ras., with a general course of nearly SE. The extent of surface drained by this river, or the quantily of water it yields at ils raouth, bears very inadequate proportion lo its great lengih, which, on a comparalive scale, would be only ex ceeded in N. America by the Missouri and Lower Mississippi, united by the St, Lawrence, Saskas- hawin, and Unjiga; it exceeds the length of both the Colorado and Columbia, though it is probable that either of the two latter streams carries to its respective recipient more than ten times the mass of water discharged by tne Kio Grande. From ils sburce, N. lat. 41 30, to the mouth of its first considerable branch, the Rio Conchos, from New Biscay, N. lat. 30 20, orabove 10° of lat., it flows in a "very narrow valley, not averaging '100 ras. wide. Below the moulh of the Conchos the river gradually turns to the E, and NE. ; here the basin is the widest, being from NE. to SW. above 400 ras. Within this sweep the largest tributary of the Rio Grande, the Rio Puerco, enters from the N., and some distance below its junction, the main etream again resumes ils SE. course, which it pur sues lo ils final discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande drains an area of about 150,000 sq, ms. As we are now approaching the U, S,, and as the phenomena of the climate of the regions wa tered by the Rio Grande, are necessary elements lo determine many problems in the meteorological analysis of the seasons of the former, I here beg leave to quote the observations of Humboldt upon this river and the country it drains. "It is sufficienlly remarkable," says that author, "lo see that, after the lapse of two centuries of colonization, the province of N. Mexico does not yet join the intendancy of New Biscay. The two provinces are separated by a deseri. This desert extends from the Passo del Norte towards the lown of Albuquerque, N. lal. 35 40. Before 1680, in which year there was a general revolt among the Indians of New Mexico, this extent of uncultiva ted and uninhabited country was rauch less con siderable Ihan it is now. Tliere were then three villages, San Pascual, Seraillette, and Socorro, which were situated between the raarsh of Mu- 553 erto and the town of Santa Fe. Bishop Tamaron perceived their ruins in 1760, and he found apri cots growing wild in the fields — an indication o'f the former cultivation of the country. "The desert of the Muerto is a plain 30 leagues (near 90 ras.) in length, destitute of water. The whole of this couniry is, in general, of an alarming degree of aridity, for the raountains de los Mansos, silualed to the E. ofthe road frora Durango to Santa Fe, do not give rise to a single brook. Notwith standing the raildness of the cliraate and the pro gress of industry, a great part of this couniry, as well as Old California, and several districts of New Biscay, and of the intendancy of Guadalaxara, will never admit of any considerable population, "New Mexico, though under the same latitude with Syria and Central Persia, has a remarkably cold climate. It freezes there in the raiddle of May. Near Santa Fe, and a little further N., under the parallel of the Morea, the Rio del Norte is some times covered, for a succession of several years, with ice thick enough to admit the passage of horses and carriages. We are ignorant of the ele vation of the soil of the province of New Mexico ; bul I do not believe that, under the 37° of lat,, the bed of the river is raore than 700 or 800 me tres (2,296 or 2,624 feet) of elevation above the elevation of the ocean. The mounlains which bound the valley ofthe Rio del Norte, and even those at the foot of which the village of Taos is situaled, lose their snow towards ihe beginning of June. ' The great river of the North rises in the Si- erra Verd, which is the point of separation be tween the sireams which flow into the Gulf of Mexico and those which flow into the South sea. It has its peiiodical rises like the Orinoco, the Mis sissippi, and a great number of rivers of both con tinents. The waters of the Rio del Norte begin to swell inthe month of April; they are at their height in the beginning of May, and they fall to wards the end of June. The inhabitants can only ford the river on horses of an extranrdinary size during the drought of summer, when the ' strength of the current is greatly diminished. "The water of the Rio del Norte, hke that of the Orinoco and a" the great rivers of South Amer ica, is extremely muddy. In New Biscay they consider a small river called Rio Puerco, the mouth of which lies S. from the town of Albuquerque, near Valentia, as the cause of this phenomenon ; but M. Tamaron observed that its walers were muddy far above Santa Fe and the town of Taos. The inhabitants of the Passo del Norte have pre served the recollection of a very extraordinary event which took place in 1752. The whole bed of the river became dry all of a sudden for more than So leagues above and 30 below the Passo ; and the water o^ the river precipitated ilself inlo a newly formed chasm, and only made its reappear ance near the Presidio de San Eleazario. This loss ofthe Rio del Norte remained for a considerable time. The fine plains which surround the Passo, and which are intersected wilh small canals of irrigation, remained without water, and the inhabitants dug wells in the sand, wilh which the bed of the river was filled. At lengih, after the lapse of several weeks, the waler resumed its ahcienl course, no doubt because the chasm and subterraneous con ductors were filled up. MEX GEOGR,\PHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX The Rio Grande del Norte ia the true American Nile, and, except flowing in an opposile direc tion, the two rivers have very strong traits of re semblance. In the angle belween the Rio Grande and Red river, rises a series of streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. The first of these, from the Rio Grande, is the Rio Neuces or Walnut river, rising in the plains of Texos at N, lat. 31°, W. lon. W. C, 23 30, flowing parallel to the Rio Grande 250 ms., it falls inlo the Laguna Madre N, Iat. 27 20 W., Ion. W, C. 21,° draining about 15,000 sq, ras. The shore of the Gulf of Mexico, NE. from the Rio Grande, is as remarkable for the abun dance as is that S, frora lhat stream for the scarcity of its rivers. The Neuces is followed by tbe united streams of tho St. Marco and Guadaloupe. It is probable frora the phenomena of the rivers of these regions that the substrata are calcareous. The circumstance, quoted from Humboldt, of the sinking of the waters of the Rio Grnnde, almost superinduces the supposition of a calcareous base. The St. Marks (San Marco) rises in the mountains of St. Saba, and is remarkable for the number of excessively large fountains — another almost uner ring mark of a calcareous formation. It raay seera incredible, but it is nevertheless true, that few parts of this continent are more imperfectly known than the angle between Rio Grande and Red river, W, and NW. from the Sabi.ie. The names of the rivers, as they follow in succession, were com- raunicated to rae by a number of persons who had travelled the country, and parlicularly by Mr. Da venport, who resided many years at Nacogdoches, and by a French gentleman of the name of La- forest, who also resided a considerable lime in Texas. Neither the shores nor interior have ever been surveyed, or even visited, by any scientific traveller. The sources and courses of the river are very imperfectly known ; their mere relative naraes were all I could procure beyond the extent of my own sphere of observation, which was lim ited by the waters of the Sabine, which I inter sected at N. lat. 32°, and surveyed from Ihence to its mouth. — See art. Texas, It is well known, however, that the rivers from the Rio Grande to Missouri, inclusive, have gained, from the configuration ofthe inlermediate country, a very singular corresponding curve. These curves give to a map of the rivers of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, a regularity which appears artificial. Itis from such a structure that the Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico presents so singular an aspect. Wilh a comparalive length of 700 ms., the basin of lhat river does not exceed 60 ms. in mean wilh. The basins of raost rivers make more or less ap proach lo the form of an ellipse, and the difference between the greatest breadth seldom amounts to so great a disproportion as three to one ; in the case of the Colorado, the difference is double the ordi nary scale, of comparison. That river rises at N. Iat. 34« W., Ion. W. C. 28°, and, flowing southeast by east 500 ras., turns 160 to the southeast, and about a similar distance to the S., falls into the Gulf of Mexico at N. lat. 29°, W. Ion. W. C. 19 40. This streara has its regular spring and summer inunda- tions similar to the Rio Grande, and about the 70* same period. The parched and open naiure of the country from which they bolh flow causes an excessive depression in the latler end of summer ' and in autumn. Indeed, the overwhelming rains that sometimes deluge, and Ihe long droughts which occasionally parch the interior of Texas, and which extend their effects ihtoLa,, Ark., and Mo., ' are amongst the most singular phenomena of physical geography. Whilst I was in La., there intervened near 3 years, I believe, 1800, 1801, and 1802, without rain at St. Antonio de Behar, and over an immense extent of the interior regions. During the 2 first years of that series, the Mis- sisippi did not overflow its banks. I The basin of the Brassos a Dios follows that of the Colorado, and partakes of a similar struc- ! lure. The sources of the lalter are, however, in I the raountains of San Saba, upwards of 300 ms. E. of those of the former. The Brassos rises at N. lat. 33° W., lon, W, C. 23°, and, flowing nearly parallel to the Colorado, falls into the Gulf of Mexico after a comparalive course of 400 ras., wilh olso a very narrow basin of less than 50 ms, mean width. The Tiinily is the last river of Texas beyond the Sabine. These two strearas rise in the sarao plain S, of Red river, at about N, lat. 33 30, and both flow nearly parallel to each other, with a general course to the S,, curving lo the eastward by a semi-elliptical' sweep ; each having a com parative course of about 300 ms. We may turn and cast a cursory retrospective glance upon the rivers of Texas. I may observe that by the name of Texas is designated all the country belween Louisiana and New Mexico, and belween the boundary of the U. S. and the Rio Grande and Gulf of Mexico. Though the coast of Texas is amply indented with bays, raany of which are of extent and depth to admit vessels of any draught, the rivers are extremely shallow, and, except during floods,, unnavigable. No large falls, or even cataracts, are known lo exist. The very slight tides in the Gulf of Mexico, give Htlle aid to the commercial facilities inthe confluent rivers. Similar to the Atlantic coast SW. from New York, lhat of the Gulf of Mexico is every where low, and either sandy or raarshy. This gives a peculiar character to the rivers of both, which distinguish them from such as flow from a rocky or bold shore. Bars of sand or toud interrupt the navigation, more or less, of all the rivers of the world, but in a high degree those whose egress to their recipients is raade through shores having but little declination above the water level. Mexico, State of the Republic of Mexico, bounded by the Pacific ocean SW., by Mechoa can NW. and W., by Queretaro N., and by Puebla de los Angelos E ; length 230 ms., mean width 130, and area about 30,480 sq. ms. It ex tends from Iat. 16 34 to 30 15 N. The stale of Quereiaro has been recently formed out of the northern part of the late intendancy of Mexico. — See Queretaro, Moro than two-thirds of the former intendancy of Mexico are mouniainous, in which there are immense plains elevated from 6,560 to 7,550 feel above the level of the ocean. From Chalco, Quereiaro, are almost uninterrupted plains of 150 553 MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX ra^. ii) length, and from 25 to 30 wide ; on the low Pacific border the elimate is sultry and unhealthy. Near the gigantic summits of Popocatapell, and Iz taccihuatl, the highest peak of the State of Mexico, the Nevado de Toluca is 15.156 feet above the level of the ocean. The particular valley of Mexico or Tenochiitlan, surrounded by the moun tains of Anahuac, is one of the raost singular features of our globe. Its form is oval; lengih about 65 ms„ and breadth 38 ; area about 1,700 sq. ras. , of which one tenth is covered by water. Its circumference, 200 ms. The surrounding Cordillera, or porphyriiical rim nas a mean height of 9,840 feet. In this extraordinary vale or basin are 5 lakes, rear one of which the cily of Mexico is situated. See articles Tl/mco, Republic of Que retaro, and city of Mexico, From the outside of the basin the water flows in every direction towards the Atlantic and Pa cific oceans, but from the basin ilself, only one outlet exists, carrying the waler into the Tula or Moctezuema river. And, what is peculiarly re markable, this outlet is in a great degree artificial. For the rivers of this State, and for those of the Mexican empire in general, which enter the Gulf of Mexico, see Mexico, The sources of the Rio Grande de Santiago rise on the western slopes of the raountains of Anahuac, and cannot be considered a streara of Mexico. The river of Xacalutla rises near Cuernavaca, and drains the southwest part of the State. It is a region which, though exposed to excessive annual rains, the rivers are few in nuraber and coraparatively sraall. In a region of such difference of level and such excessive difference of moisture, the seasons must also offer almost every change of temperature. The high plains of Anahuac are as remarkable for Ihe purity of the air as are those of the Pacific coast for their insalubrity. The two climates are clearly distinguished by the inhabitants. The cilies of the elevated table land are called ciudades de tierra fria, or cities of the cold region, whilst those near the coast are designated ciudades de tierra caliente, or cilies of the hot region. Its most important mines are. La Veta Biscaino de Real del Monte, Zimopan, and Tehulilolepec. The cities of the Stale of Mexico are Mexico, I Tezcuoo, Cuyoaican, Tacubaya, Tucuba, Cuer navaca, Chilpanzinco, Tasco, Aeapulco, Zacatula, Lerma, Toluca, Pachuca, &c. Mexico, rity of, capilal of the intendancy of the same name, and of the whole republic, is situated at lat. 19 36 N., lon. W. C. 22 5 W., on or near the W. shore of the Lake Tezcuco, and in the central part of the valley of Tenochiitlan, and also nearly raid-distance between Vera Cruz apd Aeapulco. The site of Mexico is elevated 7,470 feet above the ocean level. The narae of this city, and of the country, is a subject of sorae doubtful speculation. There is good reason to be lieve the narae, however, to be derived from Mezi- tli, or Huitzilopochtli, the Mexican god of war. The valley was called Tenochiitlan, from Te- nochques, a national appellative of the Aztecs. It was founded, according to the Aztec histo rians, in 1321, precisely two centuries before thp Spanish conquest. The ancient city was divided into four quarters, Teopan or Xochimiico, 554 Atzacualco, Moyolla, and GVeepopan ; and the old limits are pre.served in St. Paul, St. Sebastian, St. John, and St. Mary. The present sireets have for the most part the same direction with the old ones, running from N. to S. and from E. lo W. Bul what gives the new city a peculiar and distinctive character is, that it is situated entirely on the continent, between the extremities of the two Lakes of Tezcuco and Xochimiico, and that it only receives by navigable canals the fresh waler of the Xochimiico. The ancient cily was placed on an alluvial plain, or rather morass, which has been by the mere operations of nature in five cen turies raised to a considerable elevation, and the shores of the lakes reslricled. The surface of Lake Tezcuco is 7,468 feet above the level of the ocean, and ils walers are salt. Lake Xochimiico is higher, and composed of fresh waler. Before and for raore than a century after the Spanish con quest, no city of the world was so subject to des tructive inundations as Mexico. This casually has been dirainished in ils effects and occurrence by evaporation, arising from the destruction ofthe adjacent forests, and more efficaciously by the great drain Desague. See Republic of Mexico. Mexico is undoubtedly oneof the finest cilies ever built by Europeans in either hemisphere," says Humboldt, with the exception of Petersburg, Berlin, Phila delphia, and some quarters Of Westminster. There does nor exist a city of the same extent which can be compared to the capilal of New Spain for the uniform level of the ground on which it stands, for the regularity and breadth of the streets, and the extent of the public places. The architecture is generally of a very pure style, and there are even edifices of very beautiful structure. The exterior of the houses is not loaded wilh ornaments. Two sorts of hewn stone, (the porous amygdoloid,) call ed tetzoutli, and, especially a porphyry of vitreous feldspar, wilhout quartz, give to the Mexican buildings an air of solidity, and sometimes even magnificence. There are none of those wooden balconies and galleries to be seen, which so much disfigure all other cities built by Europeans in both Indies. The balustrades and gates are all of Bis cay iron, ornamented with bronze, and the houses, instead of roofs, have terraces, like those in Italy and other southern countries." The edifice destined to the school of mines, for which the richest individuals of the country fur nished a sum of more than 3,000,000 of francs, ($554,112,) would adorn the principal places of Paris or London. Two great palaces or hotels have been constructed by Mexican artists, pupils of the ocademy of fine arts of the capital. One of Ihese palaces in the Quarier della Traspana exhib its in the interior of the court a very beautiful oval peristyle of coupled columns. The traveller justly admires a vast circumference paved wilh porphyry flags, and enclosed wilh an iron railing richly or namented wilh bronze, containing an equestrian statue of King Charles IV, placed on a pedestal of Mexican marble, in the midst of the plazo mayor of Mexico, opposite the cathedral and the vice roy's palace. It is much less, however, from the grandeur and beauty of the monuments than from the breadth and straightness of the streets, and much less from its edifices than from its uniform regularity, and from its extent and position, that the MEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MEX city of Mexico attracts the admiration of Europe ans. " Frora a singular coincidence of circum stances," says Humboldt, " I have seen succes sively, within a very short space of time, Lima, Mexico, Philadelphia, Washington, Paris, Rome, Naples, and the largest cities of Germany. By comparing tosether impressions which follow in rapid succession, we are enabled to rectify any opinion which we may have too easily Adopted. Notwithstanding such unavoidable comparisons, of which several, one would think, must have proved disadvantageous for the capilal of Mexico, it has left in me a recollection of grondeur which I prin cipally attribute to the majestic character of ils sit uation and to the surrounding scenery. " In fact, nothing can present a more rich and varied appearance than the valley, when, in a fine summer morning, the sky without a cloud, and of that deep azure which is peculiar to the dry and rae- fied air of high mountains, we transport ourselves to the top of one of the towers of the cathedral of Mex ico, or ascend the hill of Chapoltepec. A beautiful vegetalion surrounds this hill. Old cypress trunks of more than from 49 to 52 feet in circumference raise their naked heads above those of the schinus, which resemble in their appearance the weeping willows of the E. From the centre of this soli tude the summit of the porphyriiical rock of Cha poltepec, the eye sweeps over a vast plain of care fully cultivated fields, which extend to the very (bot of the colossal mountains covered with eternal snow. The city appears as if washed ly the wa ters of the Lake Tezcuco, whose basin, surround ed with villages and hamlets, brings to mind the most beautiful lakes of the raountains of Switzer land. Large avenues of eiras and poplars lead in every direction to Ihe capital ; and two aqueducts, consliucled over arches of very great elevation, cross the plain, and exhibit an appearance equally agreeable and interesting. The magnificenl con vent of Nuestca Signora de Gaudaloupe appears joined to the mountains of Tepeyacac, araong ra vines which shelter a few dates and young Yucca trees. Towards the S. the whole tract between St. Angel, Tacabaya, and San Augustine de las Cuevas, appears an immense garden of orange, peach, apple, cherry, and other European fruit trees. This beautiful vegetation forms a singular contrast wilh the wild appearance of the naked mountains which enclose the valley, among which the famous volcanoes of La Puebla, Popocatepetl, and Iztaccihuatl, are the most dislinguished. The first of these forms an enormous cone, of which the crater, continually inflamed and throwing up smoke and ashes, opens in the midst of eternal snow. The police of Mexico is good, the streets are wide, clean, and well lighted. The cily is sup plied with fresh water from two sources : one on Chapoltepec hill, and the other near the raountain which separates the valley of Tenochiitlan from that of Lerma and Toluca. To convey this^ wa ter, two great aqueducts have been constructed. The water of Chepoltepec enters the city at the Salto del Ague by an aqueduct of 10,826 feet, and that of Santa Fe is brought along Alameda, and terminates near Jja Traspana, at the bridge de la Marescala, by an aqueduct of 33,464 feet, or up wards of 63 ms. The latter stream is most pure. What is very remarkable, Ihe ancient cily was supplied in the same manner, and by aqueducts not less massive or lengthy than those erected by the Spaniards, In its actual stale, Mexico is no doubt consider ably the most extensive and best populated cily of either America. Ils existing populalion is, how ever, diflicult to fix virith any precision, but must, from all concurrent testimony, exceed 180,000. Mezico, Gulf of, inland sea of N. America, having the Mexican provinces SE,, SW,, and NW., the U. S. N. and NE., and Cuba E. Il extends from lal. 18° to 31 20 N., and frora lon. W. C. 4° to 21° W. From the mouth of the Al varado to lhat of the Appalachicola, in a NE. and SW. direction upwards of 1,000 ms., ils mean width from SE. to NW. about 600 ms,, superfi cial area exceeding 600,000 sq, ms. The Gulf of Mexico is connected with the Caribbean sea by the channel of Cuba, and with the Atlantic ocean by the Florida stream. The current generated by the trade winds, and by Ihe rotation of the earth on its axis, is carried inlo the Mexican gulf by the' Cuba channel, and discharged by the Florida stream, the gulf being an immense reservoir. Mexico, town, Oxford co,. Me Town, Os wego CO,, N, Y., on Mexico bay of Lake Ontario, 15 ms, E. from Oswego. Town, Mifflin co.. Pa , on the left side of the W. branch of Susque hannah, 12 ms. above Millerslown, and 15 below Lewistown. Meyenburg, lown of Upper Saxony, in the marche of Pregnitz, 60 ms. NNW. of Berlin, Meyenfeldt, town in the couniry of the Grisons, seated on the Rhine, in a pleasant country, fertile in excellent wine, 15 ms, NE. of Coire. Lon. 9 36 E., lal. 47 2 N. Mezieres, town of France, in the department of Ardennes, and lale province of Champagne, with a ciladel, seated on the Meuse, 12 ms. NW. of Sedan, and 127 NE. of Paris, Lon, 4 48 E,, lat, 49 46 N. Mezen, river of European Russia, rising be tween the Vyezegda and the Petchora, and flow ing parallel lo the Dwina into the White sea. Mezin, lown of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, and lale province of Guienne, seated in a country that abounds in wheat, with vines, from which they principally raake brandy, and wilh the cork tree, which they sell both in its natural stale and in corks. Il is 9 ms. NW. ot Condom. Mezurado. — See Montserrado. Mezzovo. — See Pindus. Mia, or Mijah, large town of Japan, seated on the S. coast of the isle of Niphon, with a fortified palace. Lon. 135 40 E,, Iat. .35 50 N. Miami, river of Ohio, rising in Hardin co., in terlocking with the head waters of the Scioto, ft runs in a SW. direction above 100 ms., across the western borders of Logan, and through Shelby, Miami, Montgomery, Butler, and Hamilton cos., into the Ohio river, exactly in the SW. corner of the State, by a mouth 200 yards wide. Bordering upon this river are some of the finest arable lands in the State ; but its navigation is not easy, on account of the rapidity of the current; it is, ,hoW- ever, navigated to a ^imiled extent, 75 ms., and 555 MIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIC some of its walers approach so near those of the Auglaize, a southern branch of the Maumee, that a communication is effected between them by a portage of 5 ras. Its raouth is in N. lat. 39 4, and W. Ion, W. C. 70 50. Miami ofthe lake, — See Maumee. Miami, co,, Ohio, bounded on the N. by Shel by, E. by the cos. of Champaign and Clark, S. by Montgomery, and W. by Dark co. It is 21 ms. in extent from N. to S., by 30 from E. to W., and contains about 410 sq, ras. Troy, the county seat, and Piqua, are the principal towns. The principal waters are the Miami river, which runs across it from N. to S., the Southwest branch, and Spring, Honey, and Lost creeks. Soil fertile. Siaples, grain and flour. Pop. 1840, 19,688. Central lat. 40 5 N., lon. W. C. 7 10 W, Miami, tp,, Hamilton co., Ohio. Village, Hamilton co., Ohio, 15 ms. above the mouth of Great Miami river, and 16 W. from Cincinnati. Tp., Champaign co., Ohio.-^ Tp,, Green CO., 0. NW.tp., Clermont CO., 0. West ern tp., Logan CO., Ohio. Tp., Cooper co., Missouri. Miamisberg, village, Montgomery co,, Ohio, situated on the E. side of Miami river, about 8 ms. below and SSW. of Dayton. In 1 840 Miami tp. conlained a pop, of 3,259. Miami University, Oxford tp,, Butler counly. Ohio. Michaels, town and seal of justice for Madison CO., Mo., on Liltle Black river, 80 ms. S VV. from Cape Girardeau. Michaels, St. For words under this head, see St. Michaels. " Michael de Ibarra, St., town of Peru, in the province of Quilo, 60 ms. NE. of Quilo, Michael, Gulf of Si,, that part of the Pacific ocean which lies to the E, of Panama, It was first discovered by the Spaniards, after their march across the isthmus of Darien. Michaelsville, village in Hartford co,, Md. Michelonia, country of Prussia, which is part of the circle of Culm, and separaled from the other part by the river Dribents. It lakes its name from the castle of Michelow. Michigan, large lake of Norlh America, whose NE. extremity communicates wilh the NW. end of L'ake Huron by the strait of Michilimackinac, It is situated wholly within the limits of the U. S . It is about 840 ras. in length, including the straits of Michilimackinac. Ils width varies from 20 to 70 ras. The area covered by this lake amounts to about 15,000 sq. ms. Green bay is connected with it to the NW., and Lake Huron NE. It is navigable for vessels drawing 13 feet water through the slraite of Michilimackinac, and with in the body of the lake for those of the largest Michigan State. This expanse is composed of two parls, naturally divided or sSjiarated, The first is forraed by the peninsula between the Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan ; the second, from the immense former NW. Territory, between the river Mississippi, N. lat. 49°, the river Rain, the Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and the northern lim its of the State of Illinois, on N. lat. 43 30. The second part is merely annexed -to the first for temporary purposes of civil government. 556 Miles, The peninsula of Michigan is bounded on Lake Michigan - 260 On Lake Huron - - - 250 River St. Clair, Lake St, Clair, Detroit river, and Lake Erie, lo the N. bounda ry of Ohio - - 136 Along the N, boundary of the Ohio to the E, boundary of Indiana 80 Thence due N. along E. boundary of In diana to the NE. angle of that Slate - 10 Thence due W. along the N, boundary of Indiana to Lake Michigan - UO Having an outline of - 846 Area 34,000 sq, ms. = 21,760,000 acres. Extreme south, N. Iat. 41 35. Extreme north, N. lat. 45 20. Its greatest lengih is from N. to S., 260 ms,, ils mean breadth 130 ms. That part of the State of Michigan northwest ward of the lake of the same name is bounded NE. by Grand bay, Lake Michigan, and the straits of Michilimackinac, S. by Menomonie river, SW. and VV. by Montreal river, N. by Loke Superior, and NE. by the straits of St. Mary. Greatest length in an E, and W. direction 330 ms,, from the straits of St. Mary to the Montreal river ; the mean width 80 ms , and area 26,400 sq. ms. I SUMMAnx. Peninsular Michigan NW. Michigan 34,000 sq. ms. - 36,400 " Total 60,400 sq. mi. Population of Michigan, by ages, 1840, Whiles,— Ages. Males. Oto 5 5 in 10 10 to 15 15 10 20 20 to 30 30 lo 40 40 to 50 60 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 - 90 10 100 ¦ 100 and upwards Total whiles Free colored persons,— Ages, OlolO 10 10 24 2410 36 36 to 55 65 10 100 ¦ 100 and upwards Tolal free colored 19,484 16,051 12,839 10,88723,75916,025 8,2764,442 1,903 623 88 12 3 113,395 Females, 18,401 15,089 11,798 10,81918,706 11,864 6,1093,394 1,441 451 SO11 98,165 113,395 211,560 Males. 93 103119 6216 Females, 80 98 7646 13 1 314398 MIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIC Total wljiteg Do free colored Tolal Wliite persons- of llie foregoing who are- Deaf aod dumb, uuder 14 years of age Do. from 14 to 25 Do, above 25 - Do. lotal deaf and dumb Do. blind Free colored persona in Uie furegoiiu; who ;tre— Deaf and dumb - - ^ - BlindIdiots and insane at— Private charge Public charge - All persona in the foregoing employed in- MiningAgritulture Commerce Manufactures and tradea Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Fensiouers for revolutionary or military services Universities or colleges Do. stuJenis in - - - Academies and grammar schools Do. students iu Primary and common schools Do. scholars in Scholars at public charge White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read and write - - . 40 56,521 728 6.890 ¦21 166904 90 158 12 485 975 29,701 99ti 2,173 Population of Michigan, by counties^ from, the census of 1840- Free white per Free col Slaves, ' sons. persons Counties, 1 i » Total, i l5 t "ffl t "ra S s "a c a S b 1 £ i fa Allegan ^ 963 bl9 1,783 Barry 601 477 - - 1,078 Berriau 2,679 2,293 23 16 5,011 Brand! a,0J2 2,683' 5 5,715 Calhoun 5,593 4,981 14 9 10,599 5,710 Caas a,040 ¦2,662 4 4 Chippewa a57 172 3 il 534 Clinton 835 759 - - 1,614 2,3794,268 7,240 2,498 1,923 Eaton 1,273 I,lli6 - - Genesee 2,296 1,963 4 5 Hillsdale 3,876 3,.M8 11 5 Inghiiiu ^'?^'. 1,133 1 lunia 1,07J 843 1 - Jaclison 7,032 6,072 16 10 13,130 7,380 2,587 Kalamazoo 3,973 3,394 8 b Kent ''??^ 1,202 2 _ Lapeer 2,219 2,000 8 a 4,265 Lenawee 9,,532 8,324 24 u 17,889 Livingston 3,991 3,435 2 2 7,430 Michilimacki nac 661 361 1 - 923 Macomb 5,191 4,502 10 13 9,716 Monroe 5,188 4,679 28 27 9,922 Oakland 12,467 11,123 32 24 23,646 Ottowa 162 46 - _ 203 Oceana 318 176 1 1 496 Saginaw 494 3Dd - 892 Shianastaee 1,141 961 1 _ 2,103 St, Clair 2,560 2,030 5 11 4,606 St, Joseph 3,804 3,260 3 1 7,068 Van Buren 1,038 871 1 _ 1,910 Washtenaw . 12,-120 11,081 41 29 23,571 Wayne l2,o94 11,004 143 393 132314 — 24,173 Total 113,39,5 "98^163 212,267 The State of Michigan extends from the southern side of the peninsular part, N, lat. 41 35, to Kewee-' na point, N. lat. 47 35, or ihrough 6° of lat. In cluding the breadth of Lake Michigan, the length of this Slate is about 500 mu., from the city of De troit lo the mouth of Montreal river. Of thisiramen^e region iiuich remuinii unknown, and of those parts which have been explored our information is generally imperfect. The peninsu lar section, though much more correctly delineat ed on our maps than Ihe more remote and more in accessible parts of the NW., remains dtlll extremely defective in its represCntulion, It may secin strange, but it is nevertheless ,i fact, that I was myself ihe lirst to publish the names and positions of several of the most important rivers in tho very environs of the cily of Detroit. Ill general description, litlle will suffice on the whole of this region. It is less variegated than any section ol the United Stales of equal extent. The surface is in a great measure flat, or gently rolling or waving. The peninsula contains some prairie, but is in much the greaty: part covered with a dense forest. On the trans-peninsular di vision the prairies are more expansive, and the for ests, where they do occur, composed of more hum ble and less numerous specific material. The soil of the central antl soulhern part of the peninsula is, perhaps, in proportion to extent, equal, if not superior, to any equal continuous area in the Unit ed States, the Slale of Illinois excepted In point of climale, it must be obvious that very sensible extremes must be felt in a country stretch ing over 6^° of lal. ; but these extreAies are very lillle affected in Michigan by inequality of surface. On some maps, mountains are drawn near the sources of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, wheie no such elevations exist. The country is there hilly, but by no means mountainous, and towards either the lakes or Mississippi river becomes com paratively level. It is needless, however, lo am plify on objects of remote importance, and concern ing which our information is at once vague and of doubtful' authority; we will, therefore, confine our observations respecting Michigan more parlic ularly to the part contained in the peninsula. 1 may merely observe, that this point of land is generally level in its interior, wilh a sloping border towards the circumscribing lakes und river. Ils superstructure is in every respect analogous to the norlheVn parls of Ohio and Indiana. A prolonga tion of the table land menlioned in my general view of those Stales passes through Michigan, and reaches to the straits of Michilimackinac. This plain ^is no doubt underlaid wilh the same sec ondary base, reaching from Ohio river; and a sim ilar superstratum is found in Michigan, which spreads over the schist of Ohio, Indiana, and Illi nois. Almost all the rivers of Michigan are precipitated over ledges of eilher limestone or sandstone rock, a few miles before j oining their respective recipients. Above these falls, the country gradually becomes flat and tnarshy ; below it is dry, sloping, and very productive. In one respect, the features of Michi- igan very essentially differ from those of Ohio and Indiana. In the two latter sections, the mouths of the confluents of Ohio river, surrounded by hills, whose true character I have drawn ; whilst in the former the approach to the discharge of ils sireams is made down a very gradual and but litlle broken plain. In one instance, the original inclined plain was gradually cut into ravines by the Ohio and 557 MIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIC other streams. In the second instance, the origi nal plain was sim|>ly refracted by the formation of a sloping border, whctse inclination was greater than the interior and remaining fragment of the primitive level. It has been seen that Lake Michigan was only elevated above the Atlantic tides about 600 feet. From any data yet procured, no part of the penin sula can be elevated above that lake 300 feet, or 800 feet above the ocean. The straits of St. Mary,' uniting Lake Huron with Lake Superior, has but little current, except at the rapid of St. Mary, a distance of two or three miles. Fifty feet is as much as can be allowed for all the depression from Lake Superior to Lake Hu ron; giving to the former an elevation above the Atlantic tides of 650 feetl It will at once be seen, from the elements given, that a Canadian sea is a species of valley, reaching far inlo the interior of the continent, wilh an ele vation, at its utmost extremity, not so great by 150 feet as the ground on which stands the city of Pittsburg. I mention these facts in this place, as they pre sent in a striking manner the peculiar structure of the widely-extended connexion between the two great basins of Mississippi and St, Lawrence, and in order to introduce some brief observations on a phenomencyi which has excited considerable sur prise and observation. It has been found, that in receding from the central parts of New York, and even Pennsylvania, that though advancing into a higher latitude, when proceeding to the margins of Lakes Erie and Onlario, that the seasons became more mild. The quantum of the change, as in all similar cases, has been, no doubt, very much ex aggerated ; but that such an effect is actually percept ible admits of no serious doubt. The cause remains to be explained. We have already repeatedly ad verted lo the elevated region which protrudes from New York and Pennsylvania inlo Ohio, and which gradually depresses, advancing SW., until it final ly subsides into a level table land, in the NW. part of Ohio and NE. part of Indiana. In the region skirting the southeastern side of Lake Erie, we have found the summit level of the ridge in ques tion about 1,200 feet in height, whilst lhat of Lake Erie was not half so much. Pittsburg is upwards of 200 feet above Detroit, and about on a level with the table land of Michi gan. It ought not, therefore, to excite surprise, that places elevated from 500 lo 800 feet above others should be more exposed to the action of frost. The peach tree flourishes on the S. shore of On tario, whilst it languishes a degree of latitude more southwardly, for the very reasons I have assigned. In 1818 (in September)! travelled from Buffalo to Albany, and found indications of approaching winter, in proportion to my recession from the level shores of Erie, and entrance on the hilly and broken tracts contained in Seneca, Cayuga, Onon daga, Cortland, .Madison, Chenango, Otsego, Schoharie, and Green counties. In my previous route from Buffalo to Detroit, the contrary aspect was very visible, though at a less advanced season. The time of harvest is more than a week earlier at Detroit than at Buffalo, though the difference of latitude is only about 30', In the central and ele- 558 vated parts of New York, due E. from Detroit, the seasons differ in length near a monlh — not, as has been supposed, from relative E. and W. position, but from relative height and proximity to water. It may not be irrelevant to observe that causes remote and doubtful ought never to be resofted to, when those near and obvious will satisfactorily ac count for the phenomena under examination. The effects of the trade wiuds have been, by Volney and some others, stated to exist far beyond their possible actual sphere of influence. It demands but a very limited knowledge of the physical and chemical propertiei9 of air, to enable the mind lo conceive that, every thing else equal, the cold mass of atmospheric air in the higher parls of the Mississippi basin was more liable, from ils superior weight, to extend its effects towards the lower parts of the basin, Ihan for the heated and buoyant mass al that lovver part to not only resist, bul aclually force a heavier body lo recede lo the higher and superior section. The progressive population of this fine and nat urally favored country has been, from various causes, extremely slow, bul is now, since the completion ofthe N. Y. canal, rapidly increasing. It is within tbe range of reasonable anticipation, that the completion of the N. Y. western canal will produce a flood of emigration to Michigan and to the N W. part of the State of Ohio. It is hardly within the powers of imagination to conceive a place better adapted for inland commerce than is fhe city of Detroit, nor a finer counrry for all the purposes of agriculture suitable to its climate than is the peninsula of Michigan. This paragraph was written in 1818, and retained in order to com pare the anticipation with the results since pro duced. Progressive population of Michigan, 1810 1820 1830 1834 1837 4,702 186 6-10 31 4-10 31 17-100 21 13 11 100 1840 - • 212,267 From these data we find that, in 30 years, fur every 100 at the beginning of the period, there were 4,457 at ils termination. Detroit stands at lat. 42 25 N., and lon, W, C. 5 50 W. The site is a gently sloping bank, rising 30 or 40 feet into the centre of the city, and thence spieading into an extensive plain in its rear. The town is yet small, but has an active and prosperous aspect. It contained in 1820, 1,422 inhabitants; and in 1840, 9,102. Michilimackinac, straits and island of, between Lakes Michigan and Huron, The straits extend about 40 ms. in lengih, but with very unequal breadlh. A gentle current sets through it from Michigan into Huron, which, at the narrows near the island, where the sirait is restricted to about 4 ms. width, is most sensibly felt. The island is MID GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MID aboul 7 ms. in circumference. — See Michilimacki- naw CO. Michilimackinac, co., State of Michigan, em bracing the foregoing island and adjacent shores. The principal settlement is on the island, which contains a court-house, jail, and about 100 houses. The island rises to some considerable height in many places, one of which hills is elevated 300 feet above ihe leVel of the lake The name of this island is said to be derived from Michi Mackinaw, or Great Turtle, from its form. The town is, du ring summer, a place of very considerable resort, being a complete thoroughfare belween the lower and higher parts of the Canadian sea. It has a regular custom house, and ia a port of entry. Michilimackinac, village and seat of justice, Michilimackinac co., Mich., is situated on Mich- ilimackihac island. Michipicoten, river of U. C, falls into a bay of the same name, in the NE. part of Lake Supe rior. From the head of this river short portages lead to the navigable waters of Severn and Moose rivers, of James bay. Middleborough, tp., Plymouth co,, Mass., sit ualed at the head of Buzzard's bay, in the lat. of 41 48, and lon. of 70 40 W., at the distance of 16 ms. NE. of New Bedford, and 40 S. of Boston, Great quantities of nails are made here. Smith iron made from ore found in the tp. Pop. 1820, 4,687. ifMiddleborough Four Corners, post office, Ply mouth CO., Mass., 45 ms. SSE. from Boston. Middlebrook, village, Augusta co,, Va., 10 ms. SW. from Staunton. Post office, Montgomery CO,, Md., on Seneca creek, 35 ms. NW. from w. c. Middleburg, strong city of Holland, capital of the island of Walcheren and of all Zealand. The squares, streets, and public buildings, are magnifi cent, particularly the town house, (formerly a cel ebrated abbey,) which is decorated with the stat ues of the ancient counts and countesses of Hoi lanil. The inhabitants are computed at 30,000. The harbor is commodious, and has a communi cation with Flushing by a canal which will bear the largest vessels. It is 30 ms. NNW. of Ghent, and 73 SW. of Amsterdam. Lon. 3 37 E., lat. 51 29 N. Town of the kingdom of the Neth erlands, in Flanders, 5 ms. SE. of Sluys. Town, Schoharie co., N. Y., 10 ms. S. from Schoharie. Post office. Union co.. Pa., 61 ms. NNW. from Harrisburg. Village, Frederick CO., Md,, 30 ms. NE. from Frederick. Tp., Cuyahoga co., 0. Village, Loudon co,, Va,, on Goose creek, 13 ms. SSW. from Leesburg, and 45 NW. by W. from Alexandria. Village, Nelson co,, Ky,— — Town, New Haven co , Ct., on a branch ot Naugatuck river, 22 ms. NW. from New Haven. Middlebury, town and seat of justice, Ad dison CO,, Vt,, 33 ms. NNW. from Rutland, and 35 SSE. from Burhngton. It stands on the right bank of Otter creek, near the falls, 13 ms. above Vergennes. It is a very manufacturing town, the operations of which are facilitated by the water power afforded by the falls of Otter. There are two cotton factories, one for nails, a number of grist and saw mills, and a machine for sawing marble, a fine quarry of which exists in the village. It is cut extensively into the various objects to which that fine stone is commonly applied. Be side tho common county buildings, this town con tains an academy, two printing offices, and a number of places of public worship. 'I'his account of Middlebury wos written for a former edition of this treatise, and no doubt falls short of the actual advance of the place. Middlebury college has been incorporated since 1800, and, though en tirely supported by private bounty, has extensive ond elegant buildings. It has a president, 5 pro fessors, 2 tutors, a respectable library of 1,200 vol umes, and a philosophical apparatus. Students about 100. Pop. of the village in 1800, 2,138; in 1820, about 2,500; and in 1840, 3,182. Middleburg, Middlesex co,, N, J See Mill stone. Middlebury, lown, Genesee co,, N, Y., be lween Allen's and Tonewanto creeks, 12 ms. S, from Batavia. Village, Portage co., O., 187 ms, NE. from Columbus. Middlebury Village, village on the eastern boundary of Genesee co., N. Y,, and on Allen's creek, 15 ms. SSE. from Balavia. This post of fice is different from that of Middlebury, in the same tp. Middlefield, lown, Hampshire co,. Mass., 25 ms. W. from Northampton. Pop. 1820, 755, Town, Olsego co., N, Y., between Cherry Valley and Otsego Lake. Pop. 1830, 2,579. Village, in Balavia tp., SE. part of Geauga co., 0., about IS ms. SE. of Chardon, the co. seat, and 30 ms. NE. of Ravenna. Middle Granville, town, Hampshire co, , Mass,, 130 ms. W. from Boston. Middle Haddam, town, Middlesex co., Cl., on the left side of Connecticut river. 10 ms. SE. from Middletown. Middleham, town of Eng,, in N. Yorkshire, on the Eure, 11 ms. S. by W. of Richmond, and 355 NNW. ofLondon. Middle Island, village, Suffolk co.. Long In land, N. Y., about 60 ms. E. from the city of New York, , Middleport, village, Niagara co, , N . Y. Middlesex, co. of Eng., 33 ms. long and 17 broad, bounded on the N. by Hertfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Surry and Kent, arid W. hy Buck inghamshire. It contains 179,300 acres ; is di vided into 6 hundreds and 98 parishes, beside those in London and Westminster; and has those two cities and six market towns. Besides the Thames, Lea, and Coin, which are its boundaries lo the SE. and W., Middlesex is watered by several small streams, one of which, called the New river, is artificially brought from near Hertford, for the purpose of supplying London with water. Pop. 1801, 818,139; in 1811, 953,276; and in 1821, 1,144,531. Middlesex, town, Washington co., Vt., 6 ms. N. from Monlpelier. Middlesex, co., Mass., bounded N. by Hillsbo rough CO., in N. H., NE. by Essex co., in Mass., SE. by Suffolk, Norfolk, and Boston harbor, and SW. and W. by Worcester; length 40, mean width 20 ms., area 800 sq, ms. Surface delight fully variegated. Soil, though varied and ralher sterile generally, yields, nevertheless, grain, pas turage, and orchard iruits, in considerable abun- 559 MID GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MID dance. The body of the county is drained by Concord river ; the Nashua passes over its NW. and Charles river over its SE. "angle. Chief towns, Cambridge and Charlestown. Pop. 1830, 61,476; and in 1840, 106,611. Central lat. 42 28 N,, lon. W. C. 5 45 W. Middlesex canal. — See Merrimack river. Middlesex, co., Ct,, bounded by Long Island sound SE,, by .New Haven SW., Hartford NW. and N,, and New London E, ; length 28 ms., mean width 12, area 336 sq, ms. Surface gener ally hilly ; soil, like the surface, varied, bul gener ally productive in grain, pasturage, and orchard fruit. Connetiticul river intersecis it, and sepa rates it into two unequal sections, leaving aboul two-thirds SW. from Connecticut river. Chief town, Middletown. Pop, 1820, 23,408; and in 1840, 34,879. Central lat. 41 28 Nt, lon. W. C. 4 20 E.' Middlesex, town, Onlario co., N. Y., on the E. side of Canandaigua lake, and W. from Flint creek, 17 ms. SW. from Geneva. Pop. 1820, 2,718, Middlesex:, co., N. J,, bounded E. by Staten Island kills and Raritan bay, SE. by Monmouth, CO., SW. by Huntingdon and Burlington, W. by Somerset, and N. by Essex ; lengih 32 ms., mean width 11, area 332 sq. ms. The southweslern part of this co., near Delaware river, is drained by Assampink creek, all the residue is watered by the Raritan and its confluents. Surface is generally uneven rather than hilly. Soil varied, but gen erally productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Chief town, New Brunswick. Pop. in 1820, 21,470, and in 1840,31,893. The apparent dim inution of pop. of Middlesex was produced by the formation of .Mercer co,, inlo which latler the soulhwestern part of the former was incorporated. Cenlrai lat. 40 25 N,, Ion. W. C. 2 34 E. Middlesex, co., Va., bounded SE. by Chesa peake bay, SW. by* Piankalank river, or Glouces ter and King and Queen cos , NW. by Essex, and NE. by Rappahannock river; length 35 ms., mean width C, area 210 sq. ms. Soil sandy and barren. Chief town, Urbana. Pop. in 1820, 4,057, and in 1840, 4,392. Central lal. 37 35 N., lon. W. C, 30' E. Middle Lister, small island in Lake Erie, lying NW. from the Bass islands. It is one of the three called the Middle, East, and West Lister, though bearing from each olher NE. and SW. Middleton, townof Eng., in Lancashire; il has the colton trade in all its branches, a large twist man ufacture, and considerable bleaching works. It stands on the Rochdale canal, 6 ras, N. by E. of Man chester, and 139 NNW. of London. Town, Strafford co,, N. H., 28 ms. NE. from Concord. . Town, Rutland co,, Vt., 36 ms. W. from Windsor. Tp., Essex co., Mass., 9 ms. NW, from Salem. Town, Delaware co., N. Y,, on Popachton, branch of Delaware river. Pop. 1820, 1,949. Tp., Columbia co., O. Middleton, North, tp., Cumberland co., Pa., in cluding one-half of the borough of Carlisle, and extending on both sides of Connedogwinet from Carlisle to ihe Blue mountain. Middleton, South, tp:, Cumberland co.. Pa,, including one-half of the borough of Carlisle, and extending to the South mounlain. 560 Middletown., tp-, Rutland co., Vt., on Poiilt- ney river, 52 ms. N. from Bennington, and IS ms. SW. from Rutland 1 p,, R. I., betweeii Newport and Portsmouth City, port of entry, and seat of justice, Middlesex co,, Ct. ,on the right bank of Ct, river, 31 ms. by water above its mouth, 15 by land below Hartfordj and 25 NE. from New Haven. Beside the ordinary co. build ings and places of publie worship, it contains an almshouse, 2 printing offices, and 8 insurance companies. Some very important and flourishing manufactories exist in this city and vicinity. Pop. 1810, including the tp., 5,382; in 1820, exclu sive ofthe tp., 2,618 ; the tp., 3,861 ; and togeth er, 6,681 ; and in 1840, 3,511 Village, Or ange CO., N. Y Village, Saratoga co., N. Y,, 3 ms. NW. from Waterford, and 14 N. from .M- bany, Town, Monmouth co,, N. J., on a small creek near Raritan bay, 20 ms. SE. by E. from New Brunswick. The tp. contains an acad emy, and includes Sandy Hook, Middletown point, and the Neversink hills. Pop. 1820, 4,369 ; and in 1840, 6,083. Tp,, Delaware co.. Pa,, be tween Ridley and Chester creeks, 15 ms, SW, by W, from Philadelphia, Pop. 1820, 994. Tp., Bucks CO., Pa. Pop. 1820, 1,891 Village, Dauphin co,, Pa., on the point above the junction of Swatara creek with the Susquehannah river, 9 ms. below Harrisburg, and 37 NW. from Lancas ter. It is an ancient village, chiefly inhabited by Germans. Pop. 1820, 567; and in 1840, 75fi. Village, Fayette co,. Pa., 10 ms. E. from Broivnsville, and 6 N. from Uniontown Vil lage, Washington co,, Po., on a branch of Cross creek, 12 ms., NW. from Washington. This beautiful lillle borough is situated on the high ridge belween the valleys of Cross and Buffalo creeks. Village, Newcastle county, Del., on -Apoquinimink creek, 21 ms, SSW. from Wil mington. Town, Frederick co,, Md., 9 ms. NW. liy W. from Frederick. Village, Dor chester CO., Md., between Blackwater and Fears- quaking creeks, 9 ms. SW. from Cambridge. Village, Frederick co., Va,, on Cedar creek, 14 ms. SW. from Winchester. Sullivan co., Tenn. Village, Jefferson co., Ky., 11ms. a little N. of E. from Louisville. Tp. of consid erable importance, Butler co., Ohio, oh the E. side ofthe Miami river, 6 ms. below Franklin, and 14 above Hamilton. 'Middlttown, town, Delaware co., N. Y. — See Middleton. Middletown Point, village, Monmouth co., N. J., 14 ms. NW. from Shrewsbury. Middletown Upper Houses, posl office, Middle sex county, Connecticut, immediately adjoining Middletown. Middleville, village, Herkimer co., N. Y,, by post road 90 ms, NW. by W. from .Albany. Middleway, village, Jefferson co., Va., by post road 85 ms. NW. from W. C. Middlewich, town of Eng., in Cheshire, on the Croke, atid noted for-its salt pits and making fine salt. It is 24 ms. E. of Chester, and 167 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 2 30 W., lat. 53 13 N. Midhurst,'town of Eng., in Sussex, on a small river which almost surrounds it, 1 1 ms. N. by E. of Chichester, and 50 W. by S. of London, Lon. 45' W., lat. 51° N. MIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIL Midway, Liherty co., Ga,, a settlement foriurd by emigrants from Dorchester, Mass. Miechau, or Miezava, handsome lown of Po land, in Cujavia, seated on the Vistula river, 10 ms. S. by E, of Thorn. Lon. 18 46 E., lal. 52 28 N. Mifflin, CO., Pa., bounded S. and SE. by Ju niata CO., Huntingdon W. and SW,, Centre N,, and Union E, Length from SW. lo NE. 40 ms , mean breadlh 10, and area 400 sq. ms. N, lat. 40 22 to 40 52, W. lon. 22' to 55' W. C. This co. oc cupies a part of Juniata valley, nnd on the W. and SW. is bounded by that river, and is in the western section traversed by the Pa. canal. The surface is much broken by mountain chains, but contains good soil in the valleys Chieflown, Lewistown, Since the census of 1830 was taken, Juniata co. was formed from the soulhern part of Mifflin. Joint pop. 21,960; pop. Mifflin 1840, 13,092. Mifflin, tp., Alleghany co., Pa,, W. from Monongahela river, and E. ofthe tp. of St. Clair, 7 ms. SE. from Pittsburg, Tp,, Cumberland CO,, Pa,, between tbe Conedogwinet and Blue mounlains, 14 ms. W. from Carlisle Tp,, Lycoming co.. Pa., on the N. side of the W. branch of Susquehannah, below tho moulh of Pine creek, and 14 ms. above Williamsport. Tp., Dauphin co., Pa., on Wiconisco creek, 25 ms. N. from Harri.burg. Tp., Richland co,, Ohio. Tp , Franklin co.. Pa. The westernmost tp. of Pike CO., Ohio. * Mifflinburg, town. Union co.. Pa,, 5 ms. NW. from New Berlin. Village in the eastern p irt of Columbia co.. Pa., on the left bank of Susque hannah river, 17 ms. above Danville and 34 below Wilkesbarre. Mifflinlown, village, Mifflin co, , Pa,, on tho left bank of the Juniata river, 44 ms, above Har risburg, Milan, city of Italy, capital of tbe duchy of the sHme name, and the see of an archbishop. It was the ancieni capital of Lombardy, and also of the late kingdom of Italy, Napoleon Bonaparte being here crowned king of Ilaly on May 26, 1 805. The cily is 10 ms. in circumference; but the gar den grounds are so extensive that it does not con tain above 140,000 inhabitants. It stands in a delightful plain, between the rivers Adda and Tesin, which communicate with the city by means of two canals. The citadel, called Caslello di Porta Zo- bia, is a place of great strength. Here are 22 gates, a university, several colleges, many fine palaces, 230 churches, of which 96 are parochial, 90 convents, 100 religious fraternities, and a great number of hospitals. The cathedral is in the cen tre of the city, and, next to St. Peter's, at Rome, is the most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is built of while marble, supported by 50 columns, and adorned within and without by a prodigious number of marble statues. The college of St. Ambrose has a library which, beside a prodigious number of manuscripts, contains 60,000 printed books ; and its superb gallery is adorned wilh rich paintings. Milan has considerable commerce in grain, especially rice, wilh cattle and cheese ; and has manufactures of silk and velvet stuffs, stock ings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, gold and silver lace, and embroideries, woolen and linen elolhs, glass, porcelain, and curious works in steel, crvslal, agate, I 71* hyacinths, and other gems. It has been many times taken in the wars that hove desolated Italy. It is now the seal of an Austrian Viceroy, and cap ital of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom or Aus trian Italy. It is 165 ms. NW, of Florence. Lon. 9 12 E., lat. 46 38 N, Village in the NE. part of Dutchess co., N. Y. Village, Huron CO,, Ohio, 123 ms, N. from Columbus, M'llan, or the Milanese, late duchy and consid erable country of Italy, included in the lale Italian republic. It was bounded on Ihe N. by Switzer land ond the country of the Grisons, on the E. by ihe republic of Venice and the duchies of Parma and Mantua, on the S. by the duchy of Parma ond the territory of Genoa, and on the W. by Piedmont and Montferrat, being 150 ms, in lengih and 78 in breadth. The soil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives; and there are also plenty of catile. The rivers are the Secchia, Tesin, Adda, and Oglio. There are likewise sev eral lakes, the three principal of which are Mag giore, Como, and Lugano. It is a peculiarly fer tile and productive region, and cultivated wilh the utmo.st skill and care. Il is now a part of the em pire of Austria ; which see. Milazzo, or Melazzo, seaport of Sicily, in Val. di Demona. It is divided into the upper and lower lown. The upper is very strong, and the lower has a fine square, with a superb fourrlain. Il stands on a rock on the W. side of a bay of the sarae name, 13 ms. W. of Messina, Lon. 15 34 E,, lat, 38 12 N. Milborn-pori, borough of Eng., in Somerset shire. It has manufactures of woolen cloth, linen, and hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of tbe Pair- ret, 3 ms. E. by N. of Sherborn, and 114 W. by S. of London. Milburn, village, Somerset co., Maine, 93 ms. NNE. from Portland. Mildenhall, lown of Eng,, in Suffolk, 13 ms. NW. of Bury, and 70 NNE, of London. Milesburg, or Milesborough, village', Cenire co.. Pa., on Baid Eagle creek, 2 ms. N. from Belle- font, through the mountain gap. Mileto, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 5 ms. from Nicolera. Milford, town, Hillsborough co., N. H., 27 ms. S. from Concord. Town, Worcesler co., Mass., 18 ms. SE. from Worcester. Village, New Haven co., Cl., on Ijong Island sound, 9 ms. SW. from New Haven. The village stands on an excellent harbor for vessels of 300 tons, and the amount of shipping. owned there amounts to about 1,500 tons, chiefly engaged in the coasting trade. A fine quarry of marble exists within this tp. Pop. in 1830, 3,785; and in 1840, 2,455. Town, Otsego co., N. Y., on Olsego creek, 10 ms. below or S. from Cooperstown. Town, Hunterdon CO., N. J., 34ms. NW. from Trenton. Village and seat of justice in Upper Smith- field tp.. Pike CO,, Pa,, on the Delaware, 55 ms, above Easton. Lal. 41 18 N., lon. W. C. 2 13 E. NW. tp. of Bucks CO., Penn. Tp , Mifflin CO., Pa,, on the Juniata, opposite Mifflin lown, and on Tuscarora and Licking creeks. Tp , Somerset co., Pa,, on Castleman's river and Laurel Hill creek, 5 ms SW. from Somerset Town, Kent CO., Delaware, on the left bank of Mispillion cieek, 19 ms. S. by E. from Dover. 561 MIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIL Village, Greenville dislrict, S. C, 95 ms. NNW. from Columbus Tp,, Ashtabula co., Ohio, adjoining the tp. of Jefferson on the SE. ^Sraall village near tbe southwestern corner of Union co. , in Union tp, , Ohio, on the western bank of Darby creek. Tp., Bullerco., Ohio. Village, Hamilton co., Ohio. Village, Mi ami tp,, Clermont co., Ohio, on the E. bank of Little Miami river, 12 ms. from its moulh, and 15 northwesterly from Williamsburg. Milford, Upper, SE. tp, of Lehigh co., Pa. Milford Haven, deep inlet ot the Irish sea, on the coast of Pembrokeshire, generally allowed to to be the safest and raost capacious harbor in Great Britain. It branches off' into 10 deep and safe creeks, 5 bays, and 1 3 roads, in which it is said 1,000 ships may ride in perfect security, and at a sufficient distance from one another. At the entrance on the W. poinl, called St. Ann's, is an old light-house and a block-house. Here the earl of Richmond, afterward Henry VII, landed on his enterprise against Richard III. A packet boat sails from hence every day, except "Tuesday, for Waterford in Ireland. Milford Centre, village, Worcester co., Mass., 24 ms. SW. from Boston. Milfordville, town Otsego co,, N. Y., 40 ms W. from Albany. Millhaud, town of France, in the department of .\veiron, seated on the Tarn, 50 ras. N W. of Monlpelier and 142 S. of Paris. Lon. SUE,, lat. 44 3 N. Millboro', village, Washington co,. Pa. Millborough,' village, Bath co , Va , 172 ms. NW. by W. from Richmond. Village, Sussex CO., Va., about 30 ms. SE. from Petersburg. Millburg, town, Worcester co., Mass., 6 ms, S. from Worcester, on Blackstone river. It is one of the most eligible manufacturing establish ments in the co., and manufactories have been es tablished for paper, nails, black lead, woolen cloth, leather, fire'arms, mill saws, scythes, &c. Mill Creek, hundred, New Castle, co., Del. Mill Creek, village, Berkley co., Va., 93 ms. NW. from W. C. Large and valuable mill stream rising in the northern part of Logan co., Ohio, and running from thence in an E. by S. di rection inlo the W. side of Scioto river, 6 ms. be low Fulton's creek, Delaware co. Large mill stream, Butler and Hamilton cos., Ohio, running S. by W. into the Ohio river, immediately below Cincinnati. Tp,, Hamilton co., Ohio, imme diately N. from Cincinnati. Tp,,on a creek of the same name, in the easiern part of Union co,, Ohio. Much of the soil is rich and fertile. Milledgeville, town, Baldwin co., Georgia, Il is the seat of justice for the co. and capital of the State, on the light bank of Oconee river, about 300 ms. above Darien, and 312 above the moulh of the Alatamaha, and on very uneven broken ground. Lon. W. C. 6 12 W., lat, 33 5 N. It contains the co. and Stale buildings, a State peni tentiary, 2 or 3 printing offices, 2 or 3 places of public worship. Boats of 25 or 30 lons are navi gated from this town to Darien. Pop. in 1840, 3,000. Mille Isles, seigniory, York and Effingham cos., L. C, on the N. of St. John's channel, 20 ms. NW. from Montreal. 562 Miller, co., Arkansas. Situation and extent un certain. — See Addenda, art. Arkansaw. Millersburg, village,- Holmes co., Ohio, 103 ms. from Columbus. Village, Ripley co , la., 72 ms. SE. from Indianapolis. Village, Bour bon CO., Ky., on Hinkston's river, 10 ms. NB. from Paris and 56 E. from Frankfort. Millers Creek, post office, Estil county. Ken- lucky, 75 ms. SE. from Frankfort and 10 E. from Irvine. Miller's Inn, posl office, Nelson co., Ky., 59 ms, SW. from Frankfort. Miller's Place, post office, Suffolk county, N. Y., on Long Island, 70 miles E. frora the cily of New York, Miller's Tavern, post office, Prince Edward Co., Va., 46 ms. SW. from Richmond. Miller's River, branch of Conneciicut river, rises in Worcester co,, flows W., and enters Connecti cut in Franklin co,, Mass. Millerslown, village, Lebanon co.. Pa,, 5 miles W. from Lebanon, Village, Perry co., Pa., on the left bank of the Juniata river, 29 ms. above Harrisburg. Millersville, village, Lehigh co,, Pa. Millesimo, town of the Sardinian States, 30 ms. W. from Genoa, Mille Vachcs, seigniory, Norlhumberland co,, L. C, 130 ms. below Quebec. Millfarm, post office, Caroline co , Va., 30 ms. N. from Richmond. * Mill Grove, post office, Mecklenburg co., Va., by post road 134 miles SW. from Richmond, Post office, Sumter dislrici, S. C, 51 miles from Columbia. Mill Hall, post office, Cenire, co., Pa., by post road 132 ms. from Harrisburg. Millheim, post office. Centre co.. Pa,, 13 miles E. from Bellefonte. Millinglon, village, Morris co., N. J., 53 miles NNE. from Trenton. Millport, post office, Erie co., N. Y. Post office, Perry CO., Ia., by post road 160 ms. SSW. from Indianapolis. Millsay, village, Bullock co., Ga., 70 ms, SE. from Milledgeville. Millsborough, village, Sussex co., Del., on In dian river, 10 ms, SE. from Georgetown. Millsfield, tp,, Coos co.. New Hampshire, about midway between Connecticut river and Umbagog lake, 130 miles N. from Concord. Millstone, river, N. J., SE. branch of the Rari tan, rises in Monmouth, flows NW. across Mid dlesex, and enters Raritan river in Somerset co. This etream is peculiarly remarkable, as being the only one in the United Slates which rises on the sea sand alluvial formation and flows from il over the primitive, in an inverted order. Millstone, or Middleburg, village, Somerset co.. New Jersey, on Millstone river, 14 miles NNE. from Princeton, and 10 W. from New Brunswick. Milthorp, town of England, in Westmoreland, on the Betha, near the mouth of the Ken. As the navigation of the Ken is obstructed by a cataract near its moulh, Millhorp is the only port in the co. ; and hence the fine Westmoreland slates and other commodities are exported. It is 8 ms. S, of Ken dal, and 255 NNW. of London. Millville, village, Cumberland counly, N. J-, MIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIL on Maurice river, 12 miles E. from Bridgetown Village, Genesee counly, N. Y. Villoge, King George's co., Va., by post road 90 miles S from Washington city. Village, Butler county, Ohio, 25 ms. NW. from Cincinnaii, and 7 a liltle N. of W. from Hamilton. Millwood, village on Shenandoah river, Frederick county, Va., 11 i-.s. SE. from Winchester, and 61 NW. by W. from Washington cily. M'llo, ancient Melos, island of the Archipelago, 50 ms. in circumference, wilh one of the best and largest harbors in the Mediterranean. Il produces excellent fruils and delicate wine, abounds in very good cattle, especially in goals; and has mines of iron and sulphur. It is 60 miles N. of Candia Lon. 26 6 E., lat. 36 41 N. Milo, village, Penobscot co,. Me., 145 ms. NE from Portland. Miltenberg, town of Franconia, in the electorate of Mentz, seated on the Maine, 20 ms. SE. of As chaffenburg. Lon. 9 19 E., lat. 49 46 N. Milton Abbey, town of Eng., in Dorsetshire, 14 miles NE, of Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 33 W., lat. 50 50 N. * Milton, town of England, .in Kent, on the E branch of the Medway, and noted for excellent oysters. It is 14 miles NE. of Maidstone, and 42 E. of London. Lon. 52' E,, lat. 51 22 N. Town of Eng,, in Kent, incorporated with Graves end, from which it is one mile distant. Town of Richelieu county, L. C, in the great bend of the riviere a la Tortue, 35 ms. E. from Montreal. Town, Strafford county, N. H., on the Piscataqua, 27 ms. above Portsmouth. Town, Chittenden county, Vl., on Lake Champlain, at the mouth of Lamoille river, 12 miles N. from Burlington. Town, Norfolk co., Mass., opposite Dorchester, or Neponset river, 7 miles S. from Boston. Ves sels of 150 tons ascend thus far. Il contains sev eral manufactories and an academy. Large vil lage, Litchfield co.. Conn., 5 miles W. of Litch field, In this village there is an elegant Gothic church, belonging to the Episcopalians, built afler the draught of Trinity church, in New York Tp., Saratoga CO., N. Y., containing the village and springs of Ballston Spa. Village on Hud son river, in the SE, part of Ulster co,, N. Y., 11 miles above Newburg. Village, Morris co., N. J,, 68 miles N. from Trenton. Town, North- umbeiland county, Pa., on the left bank ofthe W. branch^of the Susquehannah river, 12 miles above Norlhumberland. Village, Albemarle co., Va., on the Rivanna river, 5 ms. below Charlottesville. Village, Rockingham co,, N. C. Village, Laurens district, S. C, 65 miles NW. Irom Co lumbia, Village, Trumbull co., Ohio, by post road 192 ms. NE. from Columbus. I'ownship, Wayne county, Ohio, 12 ms. NE. from Woosler. Tp., Richland county, Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 544. Town, Miami cciunty, Ohio, 8 ms. SW. from Troy, and by post road 106 NW. by W. from Columbus. Tp,, Jackson co,, Ohio. Village, Wayne co., Ia. Village, Gallatin co., Ky., 52 miles northwardly of Frankfort. Vil lage, Rutherford co,, Tenn., 10 miles from Mur freesborough. Village, Lincoln co., Tenn., 56 ms. S. from Murfreesborough. Milton, or King's Ferry, over Cayuga lake, Cayuga co,, N: Y,, 20 miles NNW. from Ithaca. Milton, or Broadkill, village, Sussex co., Dela ware, on Broadkill creek, 16 ms. SE. by E. from Milford. Milton's Bluff. — See Marathon, Alabama. Mina, village, Choutauque co., N. Y., by post rood 374 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Minas Bay is a smoll gulf extending from the head of the boy of Fundy eastward inlo the penin sula of Novo Scotia. Minas Geraes, capiain generalship of Brazil, bounded by the Allontic ocean E., Rio Janeiro SE., St. Paul's SW., Goias W., and Bahia, or St, Salvador, N. ; length 600, breadth 300 miles. It is drained by the Parona, St. Francisco, and Doce rivers, and traversed from N, to S. by a chain of mountoins. It produces gold, diamonds, and other minerals, with an immense variety of the most precious vegetables. Between lat. 14 30 and 22 30 S. Pop, 360,000. Minasville, village, Montgomery co., N. Y., 35 ms. N W. from Albany. Minch, great sound, or channel, on the W. coast of Scolland. It is bounded on the W. by the is lands of Lewis and Harris, N. and S. by Uist, and Bara on the W., and on the E. by the Isle of Skye. -Mincio, river of Italy, flowing from the lake of Garda, by Mantua, inlo the Po, 8 miles below that fortress. Mindanao, the largest of the Philippine islands, next lo Luconia. Itis 180 miles long and 120 broad, and is governed by a sultan, who is abso lute. It is a mountainous country, lull of hills and valleys ; and the mould is generally deep, black, and fruitful. The principal lown, of the same name, is pretly large, and is situated on the eastern coost. Mindelheim, lown of Bavaria, with a castle on a mounlain. It is the capilal of a lordship betivefin the rivers Iller and Lech, and is 23 miles SW. of Augsburg. Minden, fortified town of Prussia, in Westphalia, capital of a principality of the same name. Its con venienl situation for trade ond navigation, its brew eries, sugar-houses, and wax manufacture, are great vantages to the inhabilanls. It is sealed on the Weser, 43 miles E. of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 56 E., lal. 52 19 N. Minden, wesiern tp. and village, Montgomery county, N. Y., on the right bank of the Mohawk. Tp., Monroe co., N. Y,, in the NE. part of the county. — See Mendow, Mindoro Sea, a sheet of water, having the is land of Borneo SW., Magindanao E., Palawan W., and the Philippines NE. and N. ; in extent, about 400 ms. from NE. to SW., with a breadth between Magindanao and Palawan of about 350 ms. Lat. from 5° to 13° N., lon. 117° to 123° E. London. Mindoro, one of the Philippine islands, 50 ms. in circumference, separaled from Luconia by a narrow channel. It is full of mounlains, which abound in palm trees and all sorts of fr^iits. The inhabilanls are Pagans, .and pay tribute to the Spaniards. Minehead, borough and seaport of England, in Somersetshire. Il is a good harbor on the Bristol channel for ships of large burden, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and herrings. It is 31 miles 563 MIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIR N. of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 3 34 W., lal. 51 12 N. Minerva, tp., Es-ex co., N. Y., near the centre ofthe county. Village, Mason county, Ky,, 77 ms. NE. by E. from Frankfort. Mine Shibboleth, village and lead mine, Wash ington CO., Mo., about 55 ms. SSW. from St. Louis, Mine Shibboleth, according to School craft, is one of the most productive lead mines of Mo. The ore of this mine averages 63J lbs--, of metal. Mingan, group of islands along the northern shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mingrelia, province of .\sia, which makes part of Ga. ; bounded on the W. by the Black sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by a part of Ga., and N. by Cir cassia. It is governed by a prince, who was trib utary to the sovereign of Imeritia, but in 1783 he put himself under the protection of Russia, The face of this country, its products, and the customs and manners of the inhabitants, are similar to those of Ga. Minho, river of Spain, which has its source in Galicia, near Castro del Rey, and, passing by Lu go, Ortense, and Tey, it then divides Galicia from Portugal, and falls inlo the Atlantic ocean at Ca minha. Mmiatb, St., episcopal town of Tuscany, seated on the Arno, 20 ms. SW. of Florence. Lon. 10 45 E,, lat. 43 40 N. Minisink, town. Orange co., N. Y. It is situ ated on the NE. side of the river Delaware, and joining to N. J. Pop. in 1810, 4,005; in 1820, 5,053. Minerbino, small town of Naples, in Ilaly, in Terra di Bari, 26 ms. N. of Cirenza. Lon. 16 19 E., Iat. 41 8 N, MiSNESAEHGEns, the most ancient school of German poets ; name from an old German word, minne, (love. ) The verses of these poets' are in the old Swabian dialect of the high German, which, under the line of Hohenstaufen, of Swa- bia, from A. D. 1 127 to 1266, was the court lan guage. The most ancient now known (Minnesa- enger) was Henry, of Valdeck, about 1170. The fine old German epic poem Niebelungen Lied comes from this school. Minorca, one of the Balearic group, an island of the Mediterranean, lying 50 ms. to the NE. of Majorca. It is 30 ms. in length and 13 in breadlh, and is a mountainous country, with some fruilful valleys, where there are excellent mules. Cilta- della is the capital ; but greater consequence is at tached to the town of Mahon on account of its ex cellent harbor, which is defended by Fort St. Philip, one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, and on the fate of which the whole island de pends, Lon. 3 48 E., lat. 39 50 N. Minori, lown of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, on the Gulf of Salerno, between the town of that name and Amolsi. Minot, town, Cumberland co.. Me., 35 ms, from Portlnnd. Pop. 1824, 2,524. Minsingen, town of Swabia, in the duchy of Wurtemburg, with a handsome castle. Lon. 9 35 E., lat. 48 32 N. Minaki, town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with two citadels, one of which is scaled in a morass. The country is pretty fer- 564 tile, and has forests containing vast numbers of bees, whose honey makes part of its riches. Min- ski is 65 ms. N. of Sluczk, and 100 SE. of Wilna. Lon. 26 48 E,, lat. 54 11 N. Minsk, government of European Russia, be tween the Dwina and Volhynia. Area 37,000 sq. ms.; with a pop. of 957,000 Miolans, fortress of France, in the department of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, seated on a craggy rock, in the valley of Barcelo netta. Lon. 6 20 E., lat. 45 35 N. Mioss, lake of Norway, in the province of Hed- emarke, 80 ms, in circumference. It is divided by a large peninsula, and is from 12 to IS ms. broad. It contains one island, about 10 ms. in circumference, fertile in corn, pastures, and wood, and sprinkled with several farm houses. Miquelon, small desert island, SW. of Cape May, in Newfoundland, ceded to the French by the peace of 1763, for drying and curing their fish. It was taken by the English in 1793. Lon. W. C. 20 50 E,, lat. 46 42N. Miramichi, bay and river of the E. coast of New Brunswick, 60 ms. S. from Chaleur bay. The river rises about 120 ms. inland, interlocking wilh the sources of the Shicalahoch branch of St, John's river. Miranda de Douero, fortified town of Portugal, capilal of the province of Tra los Monies, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a rock, near the con fluence of the Douero and Fresna, 208 ms. N. by E.of Lisbon. Lon. 6° W., lat. 41 40 N. Miranda de Ebro, town ot Spain, in Old Cas- Jlile, with a strong castle, sealed in a country that produces excellent wine, on the river Ebro, over which is is a handsome bridge. Il is 34 ms. S. of Bilboa, and 160 N. of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 W., lat. 42 49 N. Mirande, town of France, in the department of Gers, and late province of Gascony, sealed on a mounlain near the river Baise. Its principal arti cles of commerce are wool, down, and geese fea thers. It is 15 ms. SW. of Auch, and 340 SW. of Paris. Lon. 26' E., lat, 43 30 N. Mirandola, town of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name. It is a well foriified place, sub ject to the house of Austria, and 20 ms. NE. of Modena. Lon, 11 19 E., lal. 44 52 N. Mirebeau, town of France, in the department of Vienne. Its asses have long been famous for their beauty and strength. Il is 16 ms. N. of Poitiers, and 175 SW. of Paris. Mirecourt, town of France, in the department of Vosges, famous for its violins and fine laces. It is seated on the river Modon, 27 ms. S. of Nan ci, and 30 SE. of Toul. Lon. 6 4 E., lat 48 15 North. Miremont, town of France, in the department of Dordogne. . Near it is a remarkable cavern, called Cluseau. It is seated near the river Vizere, 15 ms E. of Bergerac. Mirepoix, town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrennees. It was lately an episcopal lown, and is seated on the Cers, 15 ms. N. of Foix. MiBZA, Arabic, a chief or very prominent per son. In the early Mahomedan history, the Kha lifs took the tille of Emir al Mumenin, or Chief of Chiefs. Emir, or Mirza, mean essentially the MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS same thing — a prince or distinguished person in command. Webster derives emir from the Ara bic, but its root spreads far beyond the Arabic ; niir is as often a prefix as a suffix, and parlicular ly in the Sclavonic dialects ; hence Vladimir and similar names. From the same original root evi- denlly comes miracle, mirror, mirth, the original sense being some thing or person standing forth prominent, or some event out of the ordinary course — a bursting forth, &c, — See Hadge, or Hadgi. Miseno, cape of Italy, in the Terre di Lnvori, between Puzzoli and Cuina, On it are the ruins of the ancient Misenum. Miserden, villago of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 6 ms. NW. of Cirencester, famous for a park, in a valley of which is a mount of a circular form, now overgrown wilh trees. This was the site of on ancient castle, built in the reign of King John ; and part of the moat which encompassed the build ing is still to be seen. Misitra, town of Greece, in the Morea. It is seated on the Vasilipotamo, ancient Eurotas, 2 ms. from the ruins of Sparta, 28 ms. SE. from Tripol- lizza, 100 ms. SW. of Athens, and 99 N. by E. of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30 E., lal. 37 6 N. Missassaga, river of U. C, runs into Lake Huron between Le Serpent and Thessalon rivers, on the N. shore. Missassaga Point, U. C, in the tp. of New ark, lies on the W. side of the entrance of the river Niagara, and opposite the fortress of Niagara. Missassaga Island, U. C, lies opposite the mouth of the Trent, and about the same distance from the portage at the head of the bay of Quinte. Missassagaigon. — See Rum River. Missiscoui, or Mississki, river rising in Canada, enters Vermont in Franklin co., whence it flows nearly in a western course to Michiscou or Missis coui bay, a branch of Lake Champlain. Mississippi River. From the magnitude and importance of this great stream, the following com prehensive view is taken, not alone of its conflu ents properly so called, but also those in the vicin ity of ils delta which enter the Gulf of Mexico in the U. S. The most southwestern stream of the U. S. is that of the Sabine. This river has ils source in the province of Texas, N. lat. 32 30. It flows in a general course nearly S.,but curves to the east ward about mid-distance between ils source and moulh. At N. lat. 30° it expands inlo a large lake of 30 ms. in length, and from 5 lo 8 wide, which, at its lower extremity, again contracts into a river, and discharges into the Gulf of Mexico al N. lal. 29 28, W. Ion from W. C. 15 45. The Sabine affords no navigation of conse quence, having only 3 feet water on the bar at its moulh ; the Sabine lake is also shallow, not hav ing more than 4 or 5. The Calcasieu is the next stream E. of the Sa bine. The former rises in the angle between the latler and Red river, flows nearly S. about 120 ms., and foils into the Gulf of Mexico 30 ras. E. ofthe raouth of the Sabine. The Caicasieu, similar to the Sabine, expands inlo a lake, and again con tracts into a river channel before its final discharge. The former is also similar to the latler in ils navi gation, being impeded by a bar and by the shal lowness of its large lake. Tho inouth of the Cal casieu river is ol N. lat. 29 20. Following the coast of the Gulf of Mexico 12 ms. E. from the discharge of the Calcasieu, is found the entrance of the Mermenlau. This latter stream is formed by a number of branches, having their sources in the prairies of Opelousas, The general course of the Mermenlau is from NE. to SW., about 100 ms. Il is remarkable as possessing sim ilor features to the Calcasieu and Sabine rivers, und similar also in a defective navigation, arising from a bar at the entronce, and by the shallowness of its large lake, neither affording more than 3 or 4 feet water. An interval of near 60 ms. stretches E. of the moulh of the Mermentau to that of the Vermilion, a fine but small stream, rising in Opelousas, but flowing through Attacapas inlo the Gulf of Mexico, after an entire course of about 80 ms. The lands along the Vermilion river are of the first quaUly, producing cotton, and towards the moulh some plantations of sugar cane have been successfully at tempted ; but vessels drawing more than 5 feet water cannot enter. The Vermilion enters the Gulf of Mexico at N. lat. 29 45. The uniled streams of Atchafalaya, Teche, and Courtableau, form a river of much greater import ance and magnitude than any other in the U. S. W. of the Mississippi. The Atchafalaya is the upper mouth of the Mis sissippi, and leaves the latter al N. lat. 31°. and W. lon. from W. C. 14 47, by a stream 110 yards wide; its course is a litlle E. of S., and by its windings 48 ms., where it receives the Courtableau from the NW. Below the Courtableau the Atcha falaya flows 80 ms., and is again augmented by the Teche, also from the NW. After receiving the Teche, the Atchafalaya flows 20 ms., where it is lost in a large bay, known by the same name. The Atchafalaya bay is about 23 ms. long and 13 wide. It is enclosed on the SW. by two long narrow points of land. Point Chevreuil and Point au Fer. Between those two points extends a bar, over which there is 9 feet water, and wilhin the bay and river sufficient deplh to permit the passage of any vessel to the moulh of the Teche whioh can pass the bar. The moulh of Atchafalaya is at N. lal. 29 21, W. lon. from W. C. 14 22. The Teche rises in Opelousa^, and, flowing 30 ms., enters Attacapas, where it receives a creek from the W., and assumes the form of a river. Afler entering Attacapas, the Teche continues, by a very winding course of 80 ms., a little E. of S., to New Iberia, N. lat. 30 2. The town of New Iberia stands upon the right bank of the Te che, at the head of schooner or sloop navigation. Vessels, however, drawing 5 feet water, can as cend lo this place at all seasons. The 'Teche, be low New Iberia, gradually widens from about 30 lo 100 yards, and deepens from 5 to 30 or 40 feet. Ils stream now turns ESE., and continues 90 ms.. where it mingle^ils waters wilh the .\tchafalaya. The Teche i^small but very singular and im portant stream. In all ils length, of about 130 ms., it drains one of the most fertile tracts in the U. S, On its upper waters cotlon, and towards its moulh sugar and molasses, are the staples pro duced for market. New Iberia is a port of entry, and vessels are 565 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS frequently cleared out from that place, but the general, commercial communication is with the city of New Orleans, through the Atchafalaya, Pla quemine, and Mississippi, or hy the Lakes Palour- de and Verel, and the Lafourche and Mississippi rivers. The Plaquemine is an outlet of the Mississippi, 117 ms. above New Orleans. It is only during the seasons of flood that water is discharged into the Plaquemine, which, after a very circuitous course of 15 ms , joins the Atchafalaya. Through the Plaquemine is, however, transported most of the merchandise for the supply of the very flour ishing settlements of Attacapas and Opelousas, and by this route is also sent to market the valua ble staples of those places. Boats from 15 or 20 lo 50 or 60 tons ascend from New Orleans, and, entering the Plaquemine, pass into the Atchafalaya. Those destined lo the lower parts of Attacapas descend the latter river, and enter by the moulh of Teche. Those bound to the central part of Attacapas ascend the Atcha falaya about 20 ms., and thence, by an outlet and Lake Chetimaches, "proceed to ihe Fause Point landing. Here is a portage of 10 or 12 ms., to St. Martinsville, the chief town of Attacapas, Another outlet and a chain of small lakes and bay ous (creeks) enable vessels to be conveyed to the upper part of Attacapas and the lower part of Op elousas. Vessels destined for the higher and cen tral parts of Opelousas ascend the Atchafalaya to the mouth of Courtableau, and thence up the lat ter river to Lemell's landing, 6 ms., or into bayou Carron, within 4 ms. from St. liOndry, seat of justice and chief town of Opelousas. The Courtableau is a fine liltle river, formed by tbe united streams of Crocodile and Bceuf. The two lalter creeks unite at N. lat. 30 34. The general course of the Courtableau is SE., about 30 ms. in length. It affords, during high waler, part of a very eligible channel of communication between the settlements of Opelousas arid tbe lower part of Rapides wilh the banks of the Mis sissippi. The navigation of the Atchafalaya is entirely obstructed by rafts of timber, above the mouth of the Courtableau. These extraordinary masses of trees commence 26 ms. below the efflux of the Atchafalaya frora the Mississippi, and extend by intervals to within 5 ms. of its junction with the Courtableau. Advancing along the Gulf of Mexico, eastward from the inouth of Atchafalaya, the Lafourche is the first inlet of consequence, in a commercial point of view. In the intermediate distance of 60 ms., several small creeks enter the gulf, but, from their very abridged lengih, of course, are unim portant. The Lafourche (the Fork, as ils name imports) is an outlet of the Mississippi, and the second from the righl in descending from the Atchafalaya, the Plaquemine being the first. The outlet of the Lafourche is at N. lat. 30 6, •. lon. from W. C. 14 1. After leaving the Mississippi, the gen eral course of the Lafourche is SE. by S. 90 ins. It enters the Gulf of Mexico al N. lal. 28 57, W. lon, from W. C. 13 30. The Lafourche is one of the most important in lets of Louisiana, having 9 feet water on its bar, 566 and admitting vessels drawing 4 or 5 feet to with in 30 ms. of ils efflux. An arable border of ex tremely productive soil skirts both banks of the Lafourche for 60 or 70 ms, from the Mississippi. Cotton and sugar are the principal staples. Most of the produce and merchandise of the settlements along its banks are transported by the Mississippi to and from New Orleans. Belween the mouth of the Lafourche and that of the Mississippi, several inlets admit a boat nav- gation to New Orleans. The principal of theie bays is that of Barataria, hy which, and a number of lakes and interlocking streams, a direct commu nication exists from the Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi at New Orleans. The Mississippi ilself has three main and three lesser passes or outlets, the most frequented of which is that of the SE., upon the bar of which there are 12 feet water al low tides. Next to that ofthe SE., that of the SW. is the best entrance. The latter has indeed as great a depth of water as the former. Upon the soulh pass there are 8 feel water. These three are the chief outlets of this great stream. The West, North, and Pass d la Loutre, have from 5 to 8 feet waler on their re spective bars, Belween New Orleans and Mobile bay a very nleresling inland navigation exists, through Lake Pontchartiain, the Rigolets, Lake Borgne, Passau Christian, and Pass au Heron, This channel is formed by a chain of islands, the low marshy ex panse NE. of the Mississippi river, and the main shore of La. and Miss. Vessels above five feet draught cannot make this passage, as, over either the shoals of the Pass au Christian or Heron, lhat is the ordinary depth. The interior channel is continued to the NW. of New Orleons, by Lake Pontchartrain, Pass au Manchac, Lake Maurepas, Amite river, and Bayou Iberville, to the Mississippi river, 125 ms. by wa ter above that cily. Schooners drawing 5 feet waler go up as far as Galvezlon, al the conflu ence of Bayou IberviUe and .\niile river. From the efflux of the Iberville to the Pass of Heron is about 200 ms., 80 of which are to the NW., and 120 lo the NE. by E, of New Orleans, Into this extensive channel are discharged, exclusive of the Amite and Mobile rivers, the Tickfoha, into Lake Maurepas; the Tangipao and Chifuncte, into Lake Pontchartrain ; Pearl river, into the Rigo lets ; and the Pascagoula, opposite Horn island. .Each of these minor streams afford less or more fa cilities to navigation, but do nol admit vessels of more than 5 feet draught but a very short distance from tbe sea. Schooners are most commonly used in the commerce of these inlets and shallow rivers. A sleamboat plies, however, between New Or leans and Mobile and Blakely. Mobile bay is a fine sheet of waler, of 30 ms. in lengih, with a mean width of 1 1 ms. Dauphin island ond Mobile point land-lock Mobile bay. The main entrance, with 18 feet of waler, lies be tween the island and point. Pass au Heron, wilh 5 feel, lies between Dauphin island and the main shore of Alabama. A bar, with only 10 feet of waler, crosses Mobile bay, about 5 ms. below the town of Mobile. Above Mobile town, the bay gtadually ceases, and is succeeded by a low sunken tract of 30 ma. MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MI: in lengih, and from 3 lo 5 ms. wide, Through this occasionally inundated tract, beside many mi nor streams, meander the Mobile and Tensau riv ers — the former being the continuation of the Tom bigbee, and the latler of the Alabama river. Ves sels drawing 5 feet water are taken as high in the Tombigbee as Fort St. Stephens, and in the Ala bama to Fort Claiborne. At each of those two latler places shoals impede the further navigation of the rivers, respectively, wilh vessels propelled by sails, though boats ascend and descend, in the Tombigbee, lo Cotton Gin port, and in the Ala- bam-a to its head, at the junction of Coosa and Tallapoosa. East of Mobile, Pensacola is the first harbor of any consequence. The Perdido intervenes, but, having but little water, and terminating in a bar ren uninteresting country, merits no particular no tice. Pensacola, to ils depth of water, is one of tbe finest havens of the world. Ils entrance is at N. lal. 30 23, W. lon. from W. C. 10 20. The entrance between Rose island and Carancas point is over a bar having 22 feet water, upon a fine sandy bottom. The bay is about 30 nre, in length, wilh a mean width of about 3 ms. The anchor age is in every part a soft mud or sand. No rocky banks or dangerous shoals environ this noble sheet of water. The bay, above the town of Pensacola, is divided into two arms : one, stretching N., re ceives the Escambia, and the other, to the NE,, the Yellow Water river. The basin of the Appalachicola ia remarkable as forming the connecting Unk between the walers which flow into the Gulf of Mexico from those which enter the Atlantic ocean. The .Appalachico la is formed by two sireams, the Chatahooche and Flint rivers. The former rises in the Appalachian mountains, at N. lat. 35°, interlocking with the sourcesof Tennessee, Oakmulgee, Oconee, and Sa vannah rivers, and, flowing SW. by S., through 2° of lal., turns thence nearly due S. to N. lat. 30 45, where it receives the Flinl, The latter, an inferior stream lo the former, has its sources in the angle between the Oakmulgee and Chatahooche rivers, at N. Iat. 33 40, and, flowing SW. by S 200 ms., unites wilh the Chatahooche, and forms the Appalachicola. This latler fine river flows a little W. of S, to N. lal. 29 50, having an entire course of about 70 ms. ; its mouth is into St, George's sound. The basin of the Appalachicola affords an inland navigable expanse of 400 ms. in length, wilh a mean width of 150, and having an area of aboul 20,000 sq. ms. Though interrupted by some falls and many shoals, the rivers of Chatahooche and Flint are navigable almost to their sources, and schooners of considerable size ascend the Appala chicola to ils head. Colton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber, are the common siaples of this basin. In all the immense distance from Pensacola to the Bay of Espiritu Santo, except the mouth of the .\ppalachicola, there is no inlet of any commercial consequence in a general view. The fine bay of Espiritu Santo is situated upon the W. coast of the peninsula of East Florida, at N. lat. 27 40, W. lon. from W. C. 6 20. There is about 3 feet more waler on the bar of Espiritu Santo than upon that of Pensacola, but the coun- 1 try round the lalter remains so imperfectly known that ils commeicial value cannot be estimated wilh any certainty at present. Having followed in regular order the minor sireams flowing inlo the Gulf of Mexico, we now turn lo a review of the basin of the Mississippi This great stream, forming a river of the first order, deserves particular noiice in an elementary work. Under the general term Mississippi, we include not only that river properly so called, bul every secondary or confluent body of water which enters into or contributes to augment the mass of the main recipient. Following this plan, the basin of the Mississippi may be naturally divided into four grand sections : first, advancing from E. lo W., the valley of Ohio and ils tributary walers; that of Mississippi and ils branches; that of Missouri and its branches ; and that of the lower Mississippi, below the moulh of ' Missouri. Of these sections in order. Ohio valley. — This very important region em braces aboul 200,000 sq. ms. of area, equal to 128,000,000 of U. S. acres. Its greiitesl length is from the NE. sources ofthe Alleghany river lo the head of Bear creek, a branch of Tennessee river, 750 ms. Its greatest breadth, from the sour ces of the French Broad to those of the Wabash river, 500 ms. In point of climate, il extends from N, lat. 34 0 to 42 30, or through 7^° of lat. af fording a very considerable difference of seasons and temperature. It has been long the opinion of the author ofthis article, an opinion formed from the fruits of many years' observation, lhat the Ohio basin once form ed an immense inclined plane, and lhat the beds of all the rivers have been formed by abrasion of water. This theory is supported by Mr. A. Bourne, author of a large and valuable map of the State of Ohio. The following is a quotation from a manu script letter from that gentleman on the subject : "The hills are generally found near the rivers or large' creeks, and parallel to them on each side, having belween them the alluvial valley, ihrough which the stream meanders, usually near Ihe mid dle, but sometimes washes the foot of either hill alternately. Perhaps the best idea of the topogra phy of this State may be obtained by conceiving the Stale lo be one vast elevated plain, near the cenire of which the sireams rise, and in their course wearing down a bed or valley, wh|(!e depth is in proportion to their size, or the density of the earlh over which they flow. So that our hills, wilh some few exceptions, are nothing raore or less than chffs or banks, made by the action of the streams ; and although these cliffs or banks, on the rivers and larger creeks approach the size of mountains, yet their tops are generally level, being the remains of Ihe ancient plain. In the easiern part ofthe Slate some few hills are found, in sharp ridges, similar to those in the Easiern Stales. The base of the hills is generally composed of limestone, freestone, or sandstone, slate, and gravel, admixed mineral coal, ochre, &c," — Bourne. The author of this article surveyed, in 1815, Pittsburg and ils environs, and found the rocks there, as in every olher part of the Ohio valley, perfectly parallel to the horizon — of course, speak ing technically, floetz formation. The circum stance most conclusive of the fact that the hills 567 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS and valleys of this region were formed by ibrasion, is the uniformity of elevation and similar material of corresponding strata on tbe opposing banks of the streams — phenomena every where visible, where the nature of the country will admit accurate ob servation. The coal strata near Pittsburg are in every place found about 340 feet above low-water level in the rivers of ihat vicinity. Embracing the whole Ohio valley in one per spective, it is found divided into two very unequal portions by that river ; leaving 120,000 sq, ms. to the SE., and 80,000 on the NW. The Ohio, forming a common recipient for the waler of the minor streams of bolh slopes, flows in a very deep ravine, S. 64° W., 478 geographical, or 548 ms., in a direct line from Pittsburg to the junction of this river with the Mississippi, The entire lengih of the Ohio, by ils meanders, is, by actual admeas urement, 948 ms. The peculiar features of this river, and its im mediate banks, have led to most of the gross mis representations respecting the valley in general. The low-water surface of the Monongahela, at Brownsville, has been found lo amountto 850 feet above high tide in the Chesapeake bay. Estimat ing the fall in the Monongahela to be 20 feel from the borough of Brownsville to the cily of Pittsburg, would produce 830 feet as the elevation of Ihe lat ler place above the Atlantic ocean. The apex of | the hills in the vicinity of Pittsburg are within a j small fraction of 460 feet above the low-water level of the Monongahela, Alleghany, and Ohio rivers. By these elements we have 460 added to 830, or 1,290 feet as the exireme elevation of the hills near Pittsburg above the Atlantic tides. We may therefore, if the correctness of our previous theory is admitted, suppose that the latter elevation was that of this part of the original plain from which the valley has been formed. This elevation evi dently declined towards the now moulh of the Ohio, leaving a descent for the waters. The actual elevation of the present surface of the country adjacent to the great central junction ofthe Mississippi wilh its confluents is nol deter mined wilh the same precision with that of Pitts burg; but, from the lengih of the Mississippi be low the mouth of Ohio, a near approximalion may be obtained. From the mouth of Ohio lo lhat of Ihe Mississippi, the distance is within a small frac tion of ll,O0Vnis., which, al 3^ in hes to ihe mile, yields 3,850 inches, 320,8 feet, as the entire depression of the .Mississippi river from the moulh of the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico. The fall in the Ohio river exceeds that of the Mississippi, and has been estimated al aboul five inches to the mile; consequently, if we multiply 948 ms,, the entire length of Ohio, by 5, we have 4,740 inches, or 395 feet, as the amount of descent in that stream; and, adding 395 to 320.8 feel, we find 715,8 feel as the declivity of the walers from the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegha ny rivers, at the city of Pittsburg, to the Gulf of Mexico, A very remarkable difference is perceptible be. tween the different elevations of Pittsburg above the Chesapeake bay and Gulf of Mexico, the excess of elevation in favor of the latter sheet of water. This apparent phenomenon is expli cable on the siiiiplesl laws of hydroslali'S. The 568 Gulf Streara flows from the Gulf of Mexico towards that part of the Atlantic ocean adjacent to the Ches apeake hay, demonstratingthat a difference of level must exist between the extremes, sufficiently great to admit a current of considerable velocity. That velocity has never been very accurately determin ed ; but, if we allow only Ij inch per mile, would yield in 900 ms. lli feet. That the actual fall from Florida channel to the mouth of Chesapeake bay considerably exceeds 100 feel, there can be no rational doubt, when the necessary geographical phenomena are duly examined. We piay, from the data given, consider the val ley of the Ohio composed of an inclined plane, chequered by the deep channels of the rivers, hills, and extensive flats, the whole resting upon a base of secondary formation. In many parts of this interesting region, as in the State of Kentuc ky, the beds of the rivers are vast chasms, rather than valleys, in the true acceptation of the lalter term. The two opposing slopes exhibit some very curious contrasts. Though considerably most ex tensive, the southeaslern slope has few extensive remains of the ancient plain ; the northweslern slope, on the contrary, contains immense remains of the former plain. The rivers which enter the main recipient from the former, rising in or near the northwestern ridge of the Appalachian moun lains, are precipitous from their sources, flowing, as already observed, in very deep channels, whilst those streams which enter from the northwestern slope rise out of a level, continuous plain, in many places morass, as in part ofthe Slates of Ohio and Indiana. The latter rivers are sluggish towards their sources, gaining velocity in their advance to wards the Ohio river. The secondary rivers of the southeastern slope are the Monongahela, Liltle Kenawha, Great Ken awha, Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Green, Cum berland, and Tennessee. Those flowing from the northwestern slopes are the Alleghany, Beaver, Muskingum, Hockhocking, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash. Of these streams, the Alleghany rises in Pennsylvania, flows into N.York, and, winding from NW. toW. and SW., again enters Pennsyl vania, forming the northwestern, or rather northern constituent of the Ohio. No branch of the Alle ghany flows from tbe high table land ; the region il waters is in some parts mountainous, and every where hilly ; the sources of the Alleghany flow, however, from the highest point of the valley of Ohio. Advancing westward from the region wa tered by the Alleghany, the sources of the Beaver exhibit the commencement of the great central plain which separates the two great basins of the Mis sissippi and St. Lawrence. This plain stretches westward, and, widening in extent ihrough the Stales of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, reaches the Mississippi river. In ils natural state, the valley of Ohio was, in the greatest part of its extent, covered by a dense forest, but the central plain presented a very remarkable exception. As far E, as the sources of the Muskingum, commenced open savannahs, covered wilh grass, and devoid of tim ber. Similar to the plain ilself, thoso savannahs expanded to the westward, and on the walers of Illinois river opened into iinmense natural mead- iows, generally known under the denomination of 1 prairies. MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MfS We have dweJt with more minuteness on this central ploin than we would otherwise have done, from a conviction that it affords phenomena highly illustrative of the peculiar structure of that part of North America. It has been shown in this article that the surface of Ohio, at the cily of PiltsburR, was 830 feet above tho nearest lide water of the Atlantic ocean, and 715.8 feet above the surface of the gulf of Mexico. Lake Erie hos been found by actuol admeasurement 565 feet above the lide wa ter of the Hudson at Albany ; consequently, the Ohio at Pittsburg is 265 feet above the surface of Lake Erie ; the intermediate distonce, in a direct line, 105 ms. Therefore, if a channel was opened from the Ohio river al Pittsburg to Lake Erie, as deep as tho bottom of the river, and sloping to wards the lake by gradual descent lo its surface, the waters of Alleghany and Monongahela would, in place of flowing down Ohio, rush into Lake Erie wilh the enormous velocity arising from a fall of 265 feet in 105- miles; or upwards of 2^ feet per mile. When these mathematically established facts are contrasted wilh the circumstance, that the extreme northweslern waters of Alleghany, those of Lake Chautauque, rise within three miles of Lake Erie, the singular but real construction of the country becomes apparent. Nothing but actual measurement could render credible that Pittsburg, situated at the confluence of two streams, each of which, following their meanders, have flown above 200 miles, and one of which, (Alleghany,) having part of its sources so near the very margin of Lake Erie, and yet, that the city of Pittsburg should be elevated two hundred and sixty-five feet above the surface of the lake. Bul by far the most remarkable feature of the Ohio valley is, that its real slope does not corres pond lo the courses of ils rivers. It is a fact not well known, that loaded boats at high waler can pass from Lake Michigan into Illinois river, and vice versa. We have seen lhat Lake Erie was 565 feet above the level of the Atlantic tides. The el evation of Lake Michigan above Lake Erie can not, from the shortness and gentle currents of De troit river, St Clair river, and straits of Michili mackinac, exceed 35 feet. We may therefore assume 600 feet as the level of Lake Michigan, This would correspond very nearly with lhat of the Ohio river, between the mouths of Miami and Kentucky rivers. Illinois river, we will see, pre sents much more the aspect of a canal than that of a river, whilst the central table land we have re viewed is so elevated as to produce watercourses whose descent is rapid, antl those flowing inlo Lake Erie are all precipitated over falls before reach ing their recipient. During the continuance of spring flood, loaded boats of large tonnage may be navigated from the rapids of Ohio by that river, the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, and through the Canadian sea, to the cataract of Niagara, wilhout meeting a single rapid, whilst the direct line be tween the extremes of this navigation would pass over an elevated ridge. When due attention is paid to the real phenomena of the connected basins of Mississippi and St. Lawrence, the true causes of the apparent anomalies we have noticed are devel oped. It is at once rendered apparent, that the true slope of the Ohio valley is nearly at right an gles to the range of the Appalachian mountains, 72* and that ils lowest line of depression is the chan nels of the Illinois and Mississippi rivors. Soil, climale, and productions. — The soil of thia interesting section of the earlh is by no means so uniform as is generally supposed, though, taken as a whole, it iniiy bo considoied fertile. The allu vial bottoms of the streams, great and small, aro generally a deep loam, exuberantly productive. This rich vegetable earlh in many places reaches Ihe apex ofthe highest hills. Those hills present, however, great variety *of soil; always clothed wilh limber, though often precipitous, rocky, and sterile. The extreme southeastern part, from the sources of Alleghany to the most southern part of the valley in the State of Alabama, presents a raountainous, or very broken, hjlly, tract of couniry, upwards of 700 miles in lengih, wilh a mean width of about 100, The soil is on this region extremely varied; and OS it contains at ils extremities nearly the greatest contrast of latitude of the valley of which il forms a part, the vegetable productions, natural and artificial, are here also raost varied. There are few limber trees known on this continent be tween N. latitude 34° and 42°, but which are here found. The most prominent and valuable of which are ten or twelve species of oak, hemlock, pine, the Uriodendron lulipifera ; five or six species of hick ory ond walnut, three species of maple, one of which (the accer saccharinum) is amongst the most singular and valuable trees known on Ihis globe ; three or four species of ash, with an im mense variety of useful trees and shrubs not enu merated. The flora is also highly varied and ele gant. Medical plants abound. Spring water is abundant and excellent. Of naturalized plants, trees, and shrubs, the number and variety preclude a complete specifica tion. Extending through eight degrees of latitude, and presenting a considerable difference of level, tbe climates admit the cultivation of plants whose powers of resisting the inclemencies, or of profiling by the changes of seasons, are very different. The cereal gramina — wheat, rye, oats, barley, and In dian corn, or maize — are every where cullivated. Meadow grasses flourish best in an advance lo the norlh. In the southern part, even where exten sive settlements have been raade, meadows are rare, but towards the northward form a large part of rural economy. This observation, though in a raore limited extent, may be applied to orchards, and even gardens. Where the crops become very valuable, horticulture is every where neglected, og are orchards, except in the vicinity of cities or large lowns. In the region before us, below N. lat. 36 30, cotton commences to be cultivated as a valua ble crop. Some culture of this vegetable extends N. of the assumed limit, but rather for domestic use than as an article of commerce. The quan tity and quality of this vegetable is enhanced, eoil and exposure being equal in a very near ratio with advance to the soulh. As we will have more oc casion to dilate on this vegetable in the sequel of this article, it would be irrelevant lo touch further on the subject in this place. 'The orchard trees generally cullivated in the re gion before us are the apple, pear, peach, plum, nectarine, &c. The mineral treasures of this region compose a large share of its most valuable productions. Iron, 569 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS salt, and raineral coal, are the most valuable and abundant. Iron ore is found in almost every sec tion of this extensive line. The immense masses of raineral coal are very extensive ; those near Pittsburg are only the most abundant and best known. It is amongst the most remarkable fea tures in the natural history of the United Slates, that, from Onondaga, in the Slale of New York, to the SW. angle of Virginia, the earlh appears in every place, at a certain depth, to afford water sal urated with muriate of soda, (common salt.) This indispensable mineral is found where, if wanting, it could not be obtained without very great ex pense. Salt is now madj at Onondaga, in New York; Conemaugh, in Pennsylvania; and on the Kenawha and olher places in Virginia — all in the same range. The Ohio river bounds the tract we have review ed as far southward as the moulh of the Great Sandy. Here the former turns almost at right an gles, and, pursuiijg a course something N. of W, to the mouth of the Great Miami, again inflects about SW. by W. to ils junction wilh the Missis sippi. This wide curve, in conjunction with a part of the Mississippi, bounds the geat limestone expanse of Kentucky and W. Tennessee. This lalter region, though adjoining the former, pre sents features essentially different. The base of the Kentucky section appears to be in great part floetz, or secondary limestone; the face of the earlh becomes more monotonous; the rivers flow in many places in chasms, walled on bolh banks by precipices of limestone. Fresh waler, in many places, scarce. Minerals rare, if limestone is ex cepted. In point of climale and vegetable produc tion, no very material difference appears between the contiguous parts of the two sections under re view, except that which arises from soil. In re- sped to extent and fertility, the soil of Kentucky and W, Tennessee is generally productive, and in a variety of places highly fertile. Vegetables, either indigenous or exotic, are very nearly similar on bolh sections on the same line of laliude, and of equal exposure and elevation. From a lower sur face, cotton and olher lender vegetables are colli vated further norlh, near the Ohio, than towards the northweslern ridges of the Appalachian moun tains. The climate of both will be more amply noticed in the sequel of this article. Respecting the northwestern section ofthe Ohio valley, a few observations will suffice, afler what has preceded respecting that of the SE., and on the review of the whole valley in general. Simi lar latitudes present in great part similar climate, phenomena, and vegetable products. From the peculiar structure of the norihwestern section al ready delineated, il must be evident that mineral products arc rare; and such is the fact. Iron ore is found, though not abundantly, in the NW. part of Pennsylvania and NE. part of Ohio. Min eral coal abounds along the Ohio, and on some olher streams, as far down the valley as Cincin nati, and might, it is probable, be obtained in olher places, if ihe earlh were perforated lo sufficient depth. Indications of muriate of soda, and some trifling fragments of sulphate of lime (gypsum) have been discovered, but neither to any consider able extent. In the far greater part, however, of this section of the Ohio valley, few or no indica- 570 tions of minerals appear. The flatness and pecu liar structure of two-thirds of the Slates of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, preclude the exposure of mineral bodies, if such existed. It has been by the action of water in wearing deep channels in the earth's surface, lhat mineral bodies have, in most cases, been exposed to human view and use. In poinl of soil, climate, and vegetable produc tion, the soulhwestern section of the Ohio valley has been too highly colored, though favorable in many respects to human residence. The range of country wilhin 100 ms. of the Ohio river being broken inlo hill and dale, good wholesome waler is abundant, but receding to the cenlrai table land, is in many places wanting. In most essential cir cumstances, as respects natural phenomena and human economy, strong analogies exist belween the contiguous parts of the two great sections of Ohio valley, whilst their extremes present a total contrast. It would be mere repetition to dilate further, after what has been given on this subject; the foregoing observation was made in order to draw the reader's attention to features so strongly traced and illus trative of the subject on which wo are treating. It has been too generally prevalent, with authors as well as travellers, to represent the Ohio valley as a monotonous surface, uniform in aspect, cli mate, and fertility ; whilst, in all these respects, " perhaps no equal region of the earth presents, in all these points, more marked or more abrupt con trasts, if some very mountainous tracts are ex cepted. Valley of the Mississippi Proper. — Before en tering upon the physical survey of the particular valley of the Mississippi above its junction with Missouri, it is necessory lo take a view of the en- lire streara which now designates the whole basin. In our defective stale of information, il is im practicable to determine which is the most remote branch of the Mississippi, nor ¦ is il, perhaps, an object of much consequence. The latitude and longitude of ils source are also undefined. Au thorities on thai subject differ so much that no great confidence is due to any. It is probable that, like olher rivers, no real certainty of the main source or latitude is attainable wilhout extraordi nary pains and skill. We may, however, assume N. lal. 48°, and W. lon. W. C. 18°, as the source of that great river. Its general course is about SW. 300 ras. to the raouth of the Corbeau, which comes in from the right. Below the Cor beau the Mississippi assumes a southeastern course of Soo ms. to St. .Anthony's falls, al the foot of which it receives the Si. Peter's, a large tribulaiy stream from the NW. Below the mouth of St. Peter's, the Mississippi coniinues SE. 80 ms,, and in that distance receives from the left Ihe St. Croix, Chippeway, and Black rivers. Between the two former occurs Lake Pepin, a mere dilatation of the river. Afler receiving Black river, the Mississippi curves more to the S,, and 80 ms. below the for mer receives from the left a large branch of the Wisconsin, ihenceagain turning to SE. 100 ms,, is joined by Rock river, a stream of considerable size, flowing frora NE, lo SW., and rising near Lake Michigan. Below Rock river the Mississippi turns lo a lillle W. of S. 100 ms. to its junction wilh the Lemoine river, a very considerable tribu tary stream from the N W. One hundred and MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS twenty miles in a southeastern couise, below the Lemoine, the Illinois unites with the Mississippi, and 15 ms. lower the lalter and Missouri form their junction, tho entire lengih of tho Missis sippi, above the mouth ofthe Missouri is, by com paralive estimote, 995 ms. The country drained by this river is generally rather level than hilly— much of its surface prairie. Except towards its source, no lakes of any considerable consequence aro found on any of its confluents. Its waters are lolerobly lim pid, and ils current gentle. Though from from occi- dentol circumstances the Mississippi has gained the pre-eminence in giving name lo the general recip ient, it is, nevertheless, a mere hronch, and by no means the principal oneof Missouri. Below their junction Ihe united stream flows 198 ms, SE,, where it receives an immense accession of water through the channel of Ohio, below which the congregated mass turns a litlle W, of S,, and flows in that direction 316 ms,, receives the White river, and 14 ms. lower the Arkansas, both from the right. The Yazoo entefs from the left, 187 ms. below the moulh of Arkansas, and 211 ms. below the mouth of Yazoo the Mississippi re ceives its last tributary stream of consequence, the lied river, from the right. Two ms. below Red river the Atchafalaya flows out lo the S. From the moulh of Arkansas to the efflux of Atchafalaya the general course of the Mississippi is nearly from N. to S. Below the former ihe lalter assumes a southeast course, which it pursues 347 ms. to its final exit into the Gulf of Mexico. The entire length of the Mississippi, below the mouth of Missouri, is 1,273 miles by the windings of the stream. If one-third is added lo ils comparative length above Missouri, for its particular meanders, the result will give 1,327 ras., which, added to 1,273, yields 2,600 ms. as the entire length ofthe Mississippi, following tbe bends. Like all rivers of great lenglb, the Mississippi is exempt from sudden overflowings, but subject to an annual rise and fall. The periods of these floods are tolerably regular, but the quanlity and elevation of the water differ continually, and often to many feet in two succeeding seasons. The river commences ils swell generally in March or the be ginning of April. The increase of water, at first rapid, gradually becomes mure slow, until the sup ply beginning to exhaust, the volume commences its fall or decrease, which, at Natchez, is in a long series of years, from the 15th to the 20th of June, and at New Orleans in the first week in July- There is, however, in most years, a lesser and ear lier flood, which varies in time much more than lhat of the spring and summer. In October, No vember, or December, this le-ser flood intervenes ; generally in the last days of December and first of January. This lesser flood seldom rises so high as to overflow the banks ; and it has been observed lhat when the earlier flood is more than commonly high, the later flood is in proportion lower than common. The efflux of Plaquemine is the com mon scale in the della of the excess and period of both floods. The velocity of the current of ihe Mississippi has been greatly mistaken. Taking the motion of its swells, the only safe criterion, it is found that, below Ohio, the entire mass does not move as much as one mile per hour. The line of upper current moves more rapidly thun the mnsa, hut even the former does not move by any raeans wilh the rapidity usually supposed. The deplh of water in the Mississippi varies of course wilh tho increase and decrease of ils floods ; but this diflerenco of elevation is more perceptible above than in the delta. At Natchez it is from 30 to 40 feet, at Lafourche about 23 feet, ond at New Orleans aboul 9 feel. There is usually obout 12 feet water on the bars of the Northeast and South west Passes, in the Soulh and West Passes, 9 feet, and in those of the North and Pass i la Loutre 8 feel. Above the Passes the river deepens to upwards of 100 feet. AlNew Orleans it is up wards of 130; ond at the Lafourche 153 feet a t high waler. There is no place below the mouth of the Ohio where the channel is ever less than 12 feet in deplh. Valley of the Mississippi Proper above the moulh of the Missouri. — In point of area the val ley of the Mississippi Proper is not so extensive as that of Ohio, the former only extending over a surface of 180,000 sq. ms. Its greatest length is from the sources of the Mississippi river lo the junction of that stream wilh the Missouri, 650 ms. ; and ils greatest breadlh, from tbe sources of the Wisconsin to those of Lemoine river, 350 ms. Before proceeding further, however, with the descriptive geographical detail, it may not be con sidered irrelevant to review one of those great nat ural features of North America, without attention to which, no correct conception of its peculiar topo graphy can be obtained. This feature is the great natural meadows known by the name of prairie. In a stale of nature, with but very partial excep tions, a dense forest covered all those ports of the continent of Norlh America contoined in the At lantic slope; the lower part of the basin of St. Lawrence, below the head of Lake Erie, and two- thirds of that basin to its extreme northwestern point ; N. of tbe St. Lawrence basin to the 55th degree of N. lat. ; four-fifths of the valley of Ohio ; the residue of the continent E. of the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico ; and W. of that stream from 50 lo 100 ms. This enormous forest, one of the largest on the globe, remains yet 19 parts in 20, the efforts of man having jnade but partial inroads on eilher ils mass or extent. This great forest is bounded on its wesiern limit by another region of much greater area, but with a very different character. The second may be strict ly called the grassy section of the continent of N. America, which, from all that is correctly known, stretches from the forest region indefinitely west ward, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the furthest .Arctic limits of the continent. The two regions are nol divided by a determinate limit. In passing from one to the olher, the features respectively are so blended that the change is inmost places imper ceptible, though in some instances extremely ab rupt. In general the prairie region is less hilly, moun tainous, or rocky, than that of the forest, but ex ceptions in bolh cases are frequent. Plains of great extent exist in the latter, and mountains of no trifling elevation and mass chequer the former section. We are now to approach the suivey of regions in which prairie forms no small part of the enlire surface, and will, in the sequel, reach oth- 571 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS ers, where those seas of grass extend over almosl the whole superfices. The extreme northern source of the Mississippi, strange as it may appear, continues unknown. The nature of the conntry, indeed, renders preci sion on this point difficult, without extreme expense of labor and time. We have assumed N. lat, 48° as the source of this great river; its junction with Missouii being at N. lal. 38 50, it flows conse quently Ihrough 9° of lal, wilhin a trifling faction. 'The length of the Mississippi above the mouih of the Missouri is still less accurately known than the position of its source, every authority differing from each other on the former subject. '1 hat nearly all estimates of ils length are overrated, there are many weighty reasons to believe. Cora- pared wilh the Ohio, on most maps, no essential difference appears when the Alleghany is added to the latter. The actual length of tbe Ohio, by its meanders, we have shown to be 948 ms., that of the Allegiany is about 250; the two distances uniled aniiunt to 1,198, say 1,200 ms. For a long period the Ohio itself was estimated at 1,188 ; more corriict information corrected the error.' On all maps, and from every information we have seen, the sinuosities of the Ohio are at least as great as those of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri; we raay therefore, wilhout much risk of material error, give 1,337 ms. as the maxi mum length of the Upper Mississippi, The confluent rivers of the Mississippi, advanc ing from its source along ils right bank, are Leech Lake river, {Vermilion, Pine river. Riviere de Cor beau, Elk, Sac, and Crow rivers; these enter above the falls of St, Anthony ; below that point are St. Peter's, Upper Iowa, Turkey, Little Ma- quauquetois. Galena, Great Maquauquetois, Low er Iowa, Lemoine, and a few other streams of lit tle note between the moulh of Lemoine and lhat of Missouri. From the left the Mississippi re ceives, advancing from ils source, Thurnbury riv- er,IRound Lake river. Turtle, Porlage river, Chev reuil, Prairie, Trout, Sandy Lake river, St. Fran cis and Rum rivers. These sireams enter above the falls of St. Anthony. Below lhat point are St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Prairie, Le Crosse, Wisconsin, Sissinawa, Riviere au Fevre, Rock, Henderson's, and the Illinois. These streams are given, in most port, from the authoiity of Mr. Schoolcraft, and are also more minutely detailed, from the circumstances that the valley of the Mis sissippi proper is yel imperfectly known, of great importance in the geography of the U. S., and that the source of intelligence is recent and respectable, Mr. Schoolcraft estimates the elevation of the sources of the Mississippi at 1,330 feet above tbe Atlantic. From comparison wilh our calculations respecting the descent of the Ohio, a very remark able coincidence appears, though founded upon to tally independent data. The valley of the Mississippi, though contiguous to that of Ohio, exhibits an aspect essentially dif ferent. The sources of the lalter we have found issuing from an elevated, mouniainous, hilly, and broken country ; those of the former, on the con trary, flow from an immense marshy plain, in great part devoid of timber. The humble elevalion of the region from which the sources of the Missis sippi are drawrt accounts for the adjacent country 572 remaining in its primitive slate, and fully corrobo rates the correctness of the theory assumed respect ing the valley of Ohio. One of the first observations which strikes the mind, on a survey of this extensive trad, is its general monotony. No chains of mountains of note, or even lofty hills, rise to vary the perspec tive. Sorae elevations there are towards the sources of the largest confluents, and a few solita ry hills, dignified, for want ol contrast, by ihe tille of mountains. The Mississippi is traversed by several falls, such as those of Pecagama, about midway belween Sandy and Winnipec lakes, at N. lat, 47 30, the Little falls, at N,' lat. 45°, the Big falls, below the moulh of the Sac river and those of St. Anthony, at N. lat, 44°, immediately above the moulh of St. Peter's river. The view of extensive prairies, when first seen, has an awful and imposing effect upon the mind ; bul lhat im pression is soon lost, and a dreary void obtrudes in its place. Many parts of the Mississippi banks are high, broken, and precipitous ; but, taken as a whole, this great valley presents few objects upon which those can dwell with interest who pass from the rich, ever-varying scenery of Ohio, particular ly lhat of ils banks and souiheastern slope. Had the head walers of the Mississippi descend ed from a monntainous, or even a very high lable land, similar lo that from which flows the Ohio, wilh a slope of sufficient inclination, the general face of the couniry drained by the former river would have now assumed an aspect similar lo lhat from which flow the head walers of ihe latler. Bul in reality, though on a much larger scale, the Mississippi resembles those of the N W. slope of the Ohio valley, in the circumstance of flowing from a flat table land, and in gaining ascent and depth of channel in their progress towards their re spective recipients. It is a feature peculiar, per haps, to the Mississippi, that the couniry adjacent lo its source, and that near ils final discharge, are in so great a degree similar in their general physi ognomy. A difference of lat. of 19° precludes much resemblance in vegetable or stationary ani mal production. Bul according to .Mr. School craft, who visited ils sources in the monlh of July, the migratory water fowl found there at that lime of the year are very nearly specifically the same found at its mouth in the months of December, January, February, and March. "It is also de serving of remark," says lhat writer, " that its sources lie in a region of almost ccmtinual winter, while it enters the ocean under the lat. of perpetual verdure." Climate, soil, and production. — Extending through 9° of lat., the change of climate in the valley of the Mississippi proper is greater than found in any olher valley in the basin ol which it forms a part, except the more northern parls of that of Missouri. So defective is our information respecting the larger tributaries which enter the Mississippi above Missouri, that little more need be added respecting the Mississippi valley in general. Suffice to say, that in point of soil, vegetable and mineral productions, lead excepted, this valley is in eveiy respect inferior to thai of Ohio. The ordinary limber in similar latitudes is nearly the same in both valleys, but towards the sources of Ihe Missis sippi, pine, spruce, cedar, maple, and white birch, MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS are the prevalent timber trees. In fact, the far greater part of the upper, and much of the lower part of the valley, is composed of prairie, low swamp, or lakes. Much good alluvial land, par ticularly on the Illinois, borders the streams, but in no moderate proportion to what is found in the val ley of Ohio. In the lower part of the Mississippi valley the exotic vegetables cullivated are, in most part, the snme found in our middle Stales generally. The climale i>eing rather more severe in a given latitude in the Mississippi basin than on the SE. sideof the Appnlochian mountains, some small difference ol" vegetable location may exist, but not to any very great omount. Towards the sources of the Mississippi, the wild rice (zizania aquatic a) abounds in the swamp and abmg the low margins of the rivers ond lokes, and constitutes no small pan ofthe food ofthe na tives. Perhaps, in an advanced slale of society, this species of cerealia, which can be cullivated in places unsuitable lo any olher vegetable, may be come the resource of civilized man, and, under skilful culture, attain a development similar to what has taken place with other grains, such as wheat, rye, oais, barley, ai'd maize. In fine, in the valley of the Mississippi we find every object denoting our approach to ihe wide-spreading waste on which we are now to enter. Vajley of Missouri, above its junction with the Mississippi. — The Mississippi, having been first discovered, has by prescription given name lo the whole basin ; but the Missouri, above their junc tion, is a stream which has drained a country of more than 2J times the extent of the valley of the former. The error is now without remedy : there fore, though of so much greater magnitude, it must, in a geographicol poinl of view, be consid ered as a tributary stream to the Mississippi. Missouri river rises in the Chippewan, or, ai they are absurdly called. Rocky mountains. What is by pre-eminence called Missouri is not the main streom, if our maps are even tolerably correct. The Yellow Stone river is longer than its rival above their junction, and receives larger and longer Irib -utary streams Assuming, however, JeS'erson's river as the extreme source of Missouri, the lalter will rise al N. lat. 44 20 W,, lon, from W. C. 35°. The general course for about 120 ms. is NE,, receiving in that distance several tributary sireams. It thence turns N. 120 ms., and about N. lat. 46 20 is augmented by Dearborne's river from the NW. It thence curves to the NE. 80 ms., to the entrance of Maria's river from the NVV. Below its junction wilh the Maria's river, the Missouri pur sues an eastern course 150 ms., and thence a northeastern course of 150 ms., to the moulh of Yellow Stone river. Estimating the distance from its source by eilher branch along the streams, the Missouri has flowed, at ils junction with the Yel low Stone river, more than 1,000 ms., and has drained above 150,000 sq. ms. of surface, mostly prairie. Ils volume is here, perhaps, as wide and deep as at ils junction with the Mississippi. After receiving the Yellow Slone, the Missouri curves first NE., and thence SE. 200 ms., to the Man dan villages, al N. lal. 47 25. Belween the mouth of ¥"ellow Slone river and the Mandan vil lages, the volume of Missouri has gained its ex treme N, bend at N. lat. 48 20, and has, bcsideg many lesser tributaries, received the Lillle Missouri from the right, flowing from SW. loNE. Nearly opposite lo the moulh of the lalter, the Moose riv er, branch of Assiniboin, rises within less than one mile from the bank of the Missouri. At the Man dan villages, the Missouri turns directly S., and flows in lhat course through 4 20 of lat., or near 300 ms. In this distance it has received a few un important tributaries from the left, and from the right the large streams of Cannon Ball, Wetarhoo, Sawarcatna, Chayenne, Teton, and White rivers. Below the mouth of the lalter, the Missouri turns to the SE,, E,, and S,, 300 ms., lo ils junction wilh the La Platte, an immense body of waler flowing from the W., and heading with the Ark ansas, Lewis's, and Yellow Stone rivers. In the lalter course, the Missouri has also received from the left the Jacques and Great and Little Sioux rivers. Below its junction wilh the Platte, the Missouri flows 300 ms. SE,, lo the mouth of the Kansas river, o large tributary flowing frora the W., and heading belween the Arkansas ond Platte rivers. The Missouri has now gained nearly the 39° of N. lat., and, turning to a little S. of E,, 250 ms, , joins ils vast volume to lhat ofthe Mis sissippi, after an enlire comparalive course of about 1,870 miles, and parlicular course of 3,000 ms. Between the mouths of the Kansas and Mississippi rivers, ihe Osage, a large branch, enters Missouri from the SW. The Osage is a considerable stream, rising in the angle between the Kansas, White, and Arkansas rivers. Our geographical knowledge of the various branches of Missouri is slill more limited than that respecting the Mississippi. Of the main stream, as high as the Mandan villages, our notices are tolerably ample. Lewis and Clarke, Stoddard, Brackenridge, Bradbury, and others, have en larged the public stock of information on this inter esting topic ; but, with all lhat has yel been pub lished, 0 feeble light has been thrown upon those immense regions. The greatest length of the basin of Missouri ia from the moulh of lhat stream lo the head of Ma ria's river, 1,200 ms. ; ils greatest breadth from the sources of the Platte to a few ms. SE. of the Man dan villages, 700 ms. The outline is loo vaguely known to admit precision as to the area of this vast extent; il must, however, equal, if not exceeil, 500,000 sq. ms,, equal to 320,000,000 U, Stales acres. General features. — Engrasping the whole val ley of Missouri in one view, two remarkable fea tures must command pre-eminence — the turbid muddy appearance of the water, and the very great difference in length and volume of the confluent streams from the right bank, when compared with those from the left bank of the main recipient. Whilst from the right the Missouri receives such vast branches as the Yellow Stone, Chayenne, Quicouree, Platte, Kansas, and Osage, from the left all the branches are of minor importance. This characteristic continues to distinguish the valley ofthe lower Mississippi below the mouth of Ohio, where, to the great volumes of the White, Arkan sas, and Red rivers, are opposed the very inferior streams ofthe Yazoo, Big Black, and Homochitto. It would appear that the Mississippi basin is di- 573 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS vided into two immense inclined planes, falling from the two ojiposing chains of mountains, that of the Chippewan and the Appalachian, and that the two planes are in a very near ratio to the re spective magnitude and elevalion of the chains from which they decline. The line of contact be tween those planes is formed by the Illinois, and thence by the Mississippi, below the mouth of the former ; and if we extend our views beyond the Mississippi basin. Lake Michigan is evidently the continuation of this line of depression lo the N., whilst to the SE. the rivers entering the Gulf of Mexico, as far as the Appalachicola, inclusive, be long to the Appalachian plane; and to the SW., all streams flowing into the Gulf of .Mexico, as far as the Rio Grande del Norte, or even to the Sum asinta, appertain lo the plane of Chippewan. But to return lo our particular subject — that of the Missouri valley. It would be useless to give a list of the smaller rivers ofthis tract, the names of which are hardly known. A general outline is all that ought to be attempted. The Missouri valley is bounded on the W. by the enormous chain of the Chippewan or Rooky mountains, from which flow the sources of the Missouri and most of its largest branches. The exact elevalion of the Chip pewan, or indeed any of its peaks within the do main of the U. S., have never been determined, and the result made public. The general table land upon which those ridges rest must, from the great lengih of the Missouri, exceed 3,000 feet. Per haps about 5,000 feet would be a safe estimate for the general elevalion of the whole chain, parlicular peaks excepted'. The Chippewan partakes, with the adjacent country, the character of nakedness, timber being rare and of stunted growth. Like the Appalachian and most other American mountains, the Chippe wan is formed in collateral ridges, with deep in tervening valleys. The rivers rise in these val leys, and pierce the ridges in their course. The sources of Missouri extend along the chain through near 8° of lal., or upwards of 500 ms. In this re gion ihe main stream and most of ils tributaries flow lo NE, The sources of Big Horn, a branch of the Yellow Stone river, rise at N. lat. 41 30, whilst Maria's river has its most northern source above N. lot, 48 30. Some of the northern con fluents of Missouri probably lie as far asN. lat. 50°. Missouri leaves the Chippewan by falling over continued ledges of rocks, in a distance of 18 ms., after which this overwhelming mass of water is augmented every few ms. by large tributary wa ters, without falls or even shoals lo ils mouth. The channel is deep, and bounded by enormous precipices of rock. The immediate margin of the streams only excepted, this almost interminable expanse is prairie, devoid of limber, and, except the deserts of Arabia, no part of the earlh presents an equal surface less inviting lo civilized man than the far greater part of the valley of Missouri. Ils asperities heeome raore apparent as information re specting its real features expands. The general character of this exiensive valley may be comple ted in few words : thai, with some very partial ex ceptions, it is a wide and arid waste in summer, and over which, in winter, the piercing winds of the N. sweep without impediment, and on which a dense civilized populalion can never exist. 574 Climate, soil, and productions. — In so wide an extent a very great diversity of climate raust ne cessarily exist. From the considerable elevation of some parts, norlhern position of others, and tho open exposure of nearly the whole extent, the winters are extremely severe. The whole of the valley, a small part of the southeastern extremity excepted, has an aspect and climate wilh a striking resemblance to the steppes of central Asia, and, like ihose steppes, must forever be thinly peopled. Wilh the exception o£ the alluvial banks of the streams, the soil is, as far as correct information has been obtained, dry and sterile, which, added to the want of timber, and in many places of great extent water, settlement of an agricultural people is rendered nol only difficult but impossible. The State of Missouri, embracing about 63,000 sq. ms., it is probable, if the advanlages of climale are superadded lo soil, possesses one-four(h part of the productive surface of this entire valley. Ofthe indigenous vegetables ofthe Missouri valr ley little can be said. Mr. Bradbury was the only naturalist of sufficient skijl lo investigate the sub ject of its botony who ever reached the interior of the valley as far as the Mandan villages, and his opportunities of observation were so limited as to preclude extensive research. It is probable lhat the mineral treasures of this exten-sive valley may, in some measure, compensate for ils many olher disadvantages. Of the quanlity of iron ore and mineral coal laid open to the day along the banks of Missouri, .Mr. Bradbury ex presses himself in raptures. So small a part has been examined, and lhat so hastily, even by Mr. Bradbury himself, that no conclusive , deductions can be made on any branch of the natural history of the valley of Missouri at present. Valley of the Miasiaaippi below ihe mouth of the Miaaouri.—We now approach what may be strictly designated as the tropical region of the U. S,, though the entire surface of the section under review is not included under that Government. The common recipient, the Mississippi, has been noticed under the head of that river in general ; wo may therefore observe, that the section under re view extends in its greatest lengih from the moulh of the Mississippi to the sources of the Arkansas, 1,400 ms. ; the greatest width ofthe valley is from the junction ofthe Mississippi and Missouri to the mouih of the Atchafalaya, 600 ms. The area of no section of the Mississippi basin can be deter mined with more difficulty than that under review. The sources and length of the two most considera ble confluents remain uncertain lo a very serious extent. In this article we have assumed 330,000 sq. ms., equal lo 211,200,000 acres. In respect to climate, the lower valley of the Mississippi extends from N. Iat. 29°, that of the mouth of the Mississippi, lo N, lat. 42°, the sources of the Arkansas river, or through 13° of lat., with a difference of elevation from the level of the Gulf of Mexico, to at least 5,0'00 feet. These extremes, hen due allowance is made for the difference of elevation, amount to 38° of lat. The principal confluents of this valley, which enter the moin recipient from the light, are, com mencing below the moulh of Missouri^-Merrimack, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red rivers; those from the left are, commencing below the MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS mouth of Ohio—Kaskampa, Redfoot, Obian, Chick asaw, Forked Deer, Yazoo, Big Black, Homochit to, and Buffalo rivers. Features. — The lower valley of the Mississippi is tho most diversified section of the U. S. Every variety of landscape, every trait of natural physiog nomy, and an exhaustless source of raslollic ond vegetable production, is here found. This expanse is limited on the E. by a dense forest, and on the W. by the lofty but naked spines of the Chippe wan mountains. Afler receding about 100 ms. frora the bonks of the Mississippi to the W,, ond in mony places a less distance, prairies commence, which, gradually encroaching on the forests, finally spread one wide woste of grass, as on the higher branches of the generol basin. The open plains of Arkansas and Red rivers are merely a continuation of those of the valley of Missouri, and with similar features, Those immeasurable plains of grass seem destined to be, in all future, as they have been in all former ages, the empire of ruminant animals, such as the buffalo, deer, wild goal, or antelope, and wild sheep. Following this apparent law of nature, if those prairies should ever become the residence of civilized inhabitants, those inhabitants must be herdsmen, and not cultivators of the earlh. As far as settlements have been made on one side of this grassy desert by the Spanish .Americans, and on the other by the people of the U. S,, in west ern Louisiana and elsewhere, effects have followed natural causes, and the traveller finds a rude hab itation on the banks of a brook or river, with a small field or two, in which a little maize and sweet potatoes are cullivated ; and from Ihence the eye ranges over a shoreless sea of grass, on which cat tle and horses are seen grazing in all directions. This is not the fiction of a sportive imagination — it is a reality which tbe eye that directs the pen that records the fact hath seen innumerable times. And it is here noted as illustrative of how much mon is influenced in his modes of existence, his manners, and political condition, by the soil, climate, and other natural phenomena around him ; and lo the operations of which, as he cannot control, he must submit. And such is the flexibility of human na ture, that what was necessity becomes, by habit, pleasure, and the mounted herdsmen of New Mex ico, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, would not change condition with any other people on earlh. Free as the plains on which they rove are wide, these horsemen know no luxury beyond their herds, sigh for no distinction bul lhat of managing their steeds with raost adroitness. Such is the germ of a people which, in the shori lapse of two centuries, will inhabit a surface more than equal to two-thirds of all Europe. The mind cannot detach ilself from this truly interesting sub ject wilhout reflecting, that to the physical siinili- tude between the deserts of Arabia and the steppes of central Asia, wilh the interminable plains of in terior North America, a strong moral resemblance does, and ever must continue to exist between the respective inhabitants of those distant regions. 'To the many other features in common between the prairies of Red and .'Arkansas rivers and the steppes of central Asia, is the prevalence of mu riate of soda, (common salt,) which, as has been observed, renders the water of those rivers brackish. When we turn our eye lo the enlire surface of the valley under review, we find it divided into two very unequal portions. Tho grand recipient, the Mississippi, is seen roUing almost ol one exlrcini- ty ; a narrow strip of land, with rivers of very sm:dl comparalive magnitude, skirt its left bank. This confined border, of aboul 500 ms. in lengih, by a mean width of 50 ms., amounting lo 35,000 sq. ms., is opposed by an extent of 305,000 sq. ms., watered by the great volumes of While, Arkansas, and Red rivers. Consequently, the valley is di vided into two sections, the proportions of which exceed 16 lo 1. Next to the Mississippi ilself, the .^rkansas river would appear the most prominent object on this al most interminable landscape. When the Missouri is assumed as the principal otreatn, the Arkansas, in point of length, ranks as its second confluent, being longer than eilher the Platle, Mississippi proper, or Ohio, which follow in order. The sour ces of the Arkansas remain unknown, to any pre cision, but are generally supposed lo extend to N. lat. 42°, and W. lon. from W. C. 34° ; the posi tion of ils raouth has long been sufficiently well known ; it enters the Missouri al N. lal, 33 56, and W. lon. from W. C. 14 10. This stream, therefore, winds ihrough upwards of 8° of lat, and 20° of lon. Its lengih, by comparative course, is about 1,400 ms, ; but, by ils meanders, must ex ceed 2,000 ms. The geography of the Arkansas has now become an object of the first importonce, as its channel forms, from the lOOlh degree of lon. W. of Lon don, to its source, if those sources are S. ofN. lat. 42°, part of the Umii between the T.'. S. and the Spanish dominions in America. From the discoveries recently made by Captain Long, the magnitude of the Arkansas has been hitherto underrated. A large body of water, for merly made to enter Red river, is now found to, flow into the Arkansas by the Canadian fork. 'I'ho .Arkansas is more impeded by falls and cataracis than any river of the great inclined plane we have noticed. Issuing from an elevated and mountain ous region, the bed of this stream is unnavigable wilh large boats, except about 600 ms. above its moulh. From Ihence it fiows in a deep and rapid channel, of aboul 600 yards wide, to ils junc tion with the Mississippi. The particular tributa ry streams of the Arkansas remain, in great part, i.mperfeclly known. This river now gives name to a State of tho U. S, Next in magnitude of volume and length of course to Arkonsasj is Red river. Like its lival, Red river flows from that spine of mountains which, ranging I'rom Mexico norlhward, assumes local ap pellations in different places : in Me.\ico this chain retains the native Aztec name of Anahuac ; near the sources of Red and Arkansas rivers'it is known as the niounlains of New Mexico ; and further N, as the Rocky mounlains, or the Chippewan. Red river enters tho Mississippi al N. lal. 31 1, and W. lon, from W. C. 14 40. Great uncertainty reigns over the sources of Red river; but if the information given by Captain Long be correct, and il is entitled to great credit, these waters which originate from N. lat, 32° to 35°, and W. lon. from W. C. from 25° to 28°, which in all our maps are represented as flov^'ing 575 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS into the Gulf of Mexico hy the Colorado and olher streams, on the contrary, are the sources of Red river. By comparative courses, this stream is about 1,000 ms. in length; but, following it by its meanders, is probably 1,500 ms. Bolh the Arkansas and Red'rivers have their reg ular periodical inundations, similar to the Missis sippi, and enter their recipient at tbe season of flood, respectively, with an immense body of water, which in no small degree contributes to supply that enormous mass of fluid which annually rolls over Louisiana inlo the gulf of Mexico. Arising from the saline and ochreous earths through which they flow, the. walers of these two great rivers are in a considerable degree brackish; that of Red river so much so, that at Natchitoches, and from thence to its entrance into the Mississippi, it can not be used eilher for drinking or for culinary pur poses. The next confluent of the Mississippi in point of magnitude, which enters the from right bank below the mouth of the Ohio, is White river. This lat ter river, though of greatly inferior length or vol ume lo the two former, is of great importance, from the extent of excellent land it drains. While river rises in the angle between Arkansas and Osage rivers, and has its source mingled with those of bolh; the latler, also, wilh those of the Merrimack and St. Francis. White river, after a compara tive course of about 400 miles, falls into the Mis sissippi a few miles above the mouth of the Ar kansas. . St. Francis and Merrimack would neither de serve particular noiice amid the description of riv ers such as we have been surveying, except as flow ing from one of the most interesting metallic re gions of this globe. St. Francis rises in the counties of Washington and St. Genevieve, in the Slale of Missouri, and, flowing S. by comparalive course 250 miles, enters the Mississippi about 100 miles by water above the White river. . The Merrimack rises in the highlands between the sources of the St. Francis and those of the Gasconade, a branch of Missouri, flows E.by com parative course 100 miles, enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis. It is unnecessary here to notice the soil, cUmate, or productions of the lower Mississippi valley, as these subjects will come more appropriately under the respective heads of the Stales of Mississippi and Missouri. A reference is also made to the article of Mississippi State, as respects the confluents of the Mississippi tiver from ils left bank below the mouth of Ohio, SUMMAIIX. Valley of the Ohio Valley of the Mississippi proper Valley of the Missouri - Valley of the lower Mississippi Sq, miles, 200,000 180,000 500,000330,000 Total area of the Mississippi basin 1,310,000 We may here remark, that, including the basin of Columbia, the trans-Mississippian territory of the United States amounts to 1,144,843 sq. ms. equal to 732,699,520 United Slates acres, ^T„ ..lr>.« the survey of the Mississippi basin, it To close the survey ot 576 only remains to examine the general laws by which the annual floods of the Mississippi are regulated and determined. In order lo elucidate this subject, it is necessary to combine under one view the en tire surface of the basin. This investigation em braces one of the most important questions in phys ical geography ; it is to examine one of the most stupendous operations of naiure, performed on a scale commensurate wilh the magnitude of the effect. In our review of the valley of the Ohio, 320,8 feet was given as the elevalion of the waters at the junction of Ohio and Mississippi rivers; From want of correct data as to the real length or general fall of its waters, no satisfactory calculation can be made as to the absolute elevation of the sources of Missouri. We have assumed in this article 3,000 feet as the probable height above the respective oceans of the sources of that stream. In an analysis similar lo lhat on which we are engaged, relative elevation is one of the elements most necessary to a correct result. We may reraark in this place, with sincere regret, that during all the time in which our citizens have visited the sources of Missouri, the elevation of not one peak or pass has been determined and published. We have, however, some facts which enable us, by analogy, to approach an accurate estimate of the height of the sources of the Missouri. From the extreme cold, and from the late continuance of snow at N. lal. 45 or 40°, we cannot suppose the base of the Chippewan mountains lo be in that region less than 2,800 or 3,000 feet. At, the first glance, when is known the great lengih of the stream, from its discharge into the gulf of Mexico to its re motest sources, so moderate an elevation of the lat ler may appear loo limited ; but 3,000 feet would demand very nearly a foot per raile — an enormous descent, much more than double that ordinarily found in rivers. In the foregoing estimate, the ab solute height of peaks, or even ridges, is not taken into account. It has often excited astonishment in those who knew the extent, without duly attending to the structure of the Mississippi basin, that the entire delta is nol annually submerged. We now proceed to investigate the causes of Ihe long continuance, and, in common years, the mod erate elevation of the Mississippi floods. Recur rence to a good map will render intelligible what is to follow, and obvious that the peculiar struc ture and relative position of the respective valleys which compose this great basin are the true causes which prolong the duration and mitigate the height of the annual inundation. In conducting this review, we may consider the basin subdivided into the four valleys already no- liced — that of Ohio, Mississippi proper, Missouri, and lower Mississippi. The relative extent of each has been determined, and the principal streams no ticed. If we were to turn an attentive eye to a map of those four sections, and, unaided by a sin gle fact drawn from actual observation, it would follow from theory, from ils more soulhern posi tion, and from ils lengih extending E. and W. thatthe valley of the lower Mississippi must first discharge its walers, the Ohio valley would follow, upper Mississippi would succeed to Ohio, and, last ly, would issue the discharge of Missouri, or largest subdivision of the basin ; such are, indeed, the facts. MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS It would also be evident, from inspeclion, that of every volley taken separately, naiure opposes in surmountable obstacles lo a simultaneous discharge. Red and Arkansas rivers flow nearly parallel through 14 degrees of longitude, arid yel, in every year tho discharge of the former precedes that of the latter nearly a monlh. Red river is the true North American Nile, ihough on a smaller scale. That title has been bestowed on the .Mississippi with unporalleled absurdity, eitcept in the single circumstance of each protruding a delta at their re spective mouths, no two rivers could possibly pre sent more contrasted features thon does the Mis sissippi and Nile. In fact, except in one circum stance, very litlle resemblance exists even between Ihe Nile and Red river ; the Nile, in common years, has only one flood. Red river has often two; bul the floods of the Nile are discharged by regu lar rise, and as regular depression, which is emi nently the case wilh Red river — a circumstance which in a very striking manner distinguishes bolh from the Mississippi river, which rises and falls by pulsation, if such a terra is admissible. Near the NW. angle of Louisiana, a chain of lakes 'commences on both shores of Red river, which continue to skirt lhat stream upwards of 100 miles. The writer of this article examined these lakes, and found them to be eviilently formed in the ancient channels and adjacent low grounds of con siderable watercourses, the discharge of whicli into Red river has been gradually impeded by natural embankment, formed by the sediment brought down by lhat river. These lakes, as they now exist, are from four or five to thirty miles in length, and from one quarter to three miles wide, and are filled and emptied alternately, as the floods of Red river rise and fall ; they are, in fact, real reservoirs, which in the rise of Red river receive great part of ils surplus water, and as the river depresses, dis charge that surplus slowly, tending very grently to mitigate the rapid emission of the Red river flood on the della. As far as the writer is informed, this feature is peculiar lo Red river, and distinguishes that stream from every other. Red river, like the Mississippi, has a flood autumn; but what maybe denominiited the an nual inundation of that river reaches the delta in February, and coniinues Ihrough .March and April. The efflux of Arkansas uniformly succeeds that of Red river, but, from its greater length of course, extent it drains, and also from the more northerly and mouniainous country from which its remote sources are drawn, the volume of the former vei-y greatly exceeds that of the latter ; though, from different causes, both rivers are alike in yield ing their waters by slow and regular discharge. The great mass of the flood of Arkansas reaches the delta in March and April, and is therefore si multaneous with the latter part of that of Red river. White river, in strictness, forms part of the Ark ansaw tide, and flows out with the first flux of the latter stream. We may here observe, that all the rivers of the Mississippi basin above N. lat. 37° are liable to be annually frozen. The Mississippi, at St. Louis, is three years in five passable on the ice with loaded carriages by the first week in January. The Ohio, in an equal latitude, is not so soon frozen, though the cold is equally intense on the lalter, as on 73* the former river. The causes which produce this opporent anomaly are obvious. The wolcrs of the Mississippi flowing from high lolilude nre cooled almost to the poinl of congelation when they ar rive at the junction cf the Mississippi ond Mis souri, whilst those of Ohio, in the latitude of St. Louis, flowing neorly from E. to W., demand a longer exposure lo frost to become frozen, Tho gradual melting ofthe ice and snow above iho loli lude assumed, (thot of 37°,) is another very con- ti'oUing cause of ihe slow emission of the general flood. The Ohio valley, from ils compact form, greater comparalive desceni, and from the medium chmale in which it is situated, emits its waters wilh more irregularity than any stream in the Mississippi basin. The Ohio tide of flood occurs from No vember until March, inclusive, Ihough perhaps, four years in five, this river yields the principal dis charge in the latter month. The floods of this valley are more sudden in their rise, and impetuous in their discharge, than that of ony olher section of the Mississippi basin. The main tide of Ohio reaches the delta in May, The various streams are, however, so relatively placed, os to render a simultaneous discharge impossible. The effect, therefore, of this river, in producing an augmen tation of the floods which inundate the delta, is much lessened in its operation. The Mississippi proper is slill more disadvanta- geously situated to admit a rapid emission of ils waters than the Ohio. Flowing nearly in a N. and S. direclion, and through so great a range as 9° of latitude, the more southern confluents must be very much exhausted before those towards the source are relieved from fetters of ice. The great body of the Mississippi lide is, however, coeval wilh that of Ohio. It is the accumulation of the waters of the three valleys we have surveyed, and those ofthe Kansas and Osage branches of the Missouri, which produce what is known as the annual Mississippi inunda tion. 'I'his flood, nine years in ten, reaches the highest point of its elevation at Natchez, between the 10th and 20th of June. Few instances occur, in a long succession of years, in which the waters at that cily have nol commenced their depression by the first week of July. And yet the heaviest mass afforded by the largest natural section has not yet reached the delta. ¦ Powerful as are the causes which combine to prolong the discharge of the enormous body of waters contained in the three sections of the Mis sissippi basin we have examined, none contain such controlling impediments lo an aggregated ond sudden emission as does' the Missouri valley above the Platte inclusive. The Yellow Slone and Missouri spread their sources ihrough 7° of latitude, and; assuming a general course of NE,, unite iheir waters above N. lat. 48°, turn lo the E. and SE., and finally as sume, at the Mandan villages, a soulhern course, after having flown Ihrough 1 1° of lon. The Platle pursues a general course from W, to E. above N. lat. 40°, and flows through 14° of lon. Il must be obvious, from what has been shown in this article, or by inspeclion of a good map, that the higher branches of Missouri must remain frozen long after Ihose raore soulhward have commenced their rise, 577 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS and nearly as lale as the period of high tide on the della. The mean motion of the entire mass of water, in any of the confluents of the .Mississippi, does not much, if any, exceed one mile per hour; therefore, belween three and four months are ne cessary for the passage of water from the extreme sources of the Missouri to the delta of the Missis sippi; consequently, though those waters com mence their rise in ,May, they do not frequently reach the delta until late in July, or early in Au gust ; of course, at a period when the main spring and summer inundation is very greatly abated, and the waler retired within the banks of the Missis sippi river. Though the period of flood is well known to the inhabitants of the delta, and in common years can be calculated within a few days, such is the ine quality of the seasons over the whole basin, lhat no length of experience gives the probable elevation or quanlity. In 1800, and in 1801, the waters of the Mississippi, at Natchez, did not attain the height of the banks. The delta commences at the mouth of Red riyer, or more correctly at the efflux of the Atchafalaya At this place is a gorge, through which the over whelming mass of surplus waler is confined to within 3 ms. ; but, by the channel of the Atcha- falaya, a very large quantity flows out to the right from the main stream, never again to return. One hundred and twenty miles lower flows from the left the Manchac or Iberville. Those two streams, the Atchafalaya and Iberville, bound the della, and below their efflux, respectively, no waler which flows from the Mississippi ever returns; nor are there any bodies of arable land, except upon the immediate banks of the water courses ; all beyond is either liable to annual overflow or morass. We have now included as much of general ob servation upon the Mississippi basin as is compati ble with the necessary brevity of this treatise, and will therefore conclude our review" of that subject wilh a few reflections upon the delta. It is evident, from either actual view or inspec tion on a map, that all the space I have designated as within the delta, must have been formed by allu vial deposite ; but from that physical fact many conclusions have been drawn, unsupported by the laws of nature, or by the geographical physiognomy of the country. It is a common belief that the Mississippi fre quently changes its bed, and that it flows upon a comparative ridge. Neither of those opinions are correct ; the bed of the Mississippi, like that of all rivers, is the deepest valley of the country through which it flows. As high up as the efflux of La Fourche, it is 130 feet deep at low water, and 75 or 80 at Natchez. At New Orleans, the depth exceeds 100 feet. The deepest lakes, in the whole adjftcent country, do nol exceed 18 or 20 feet, and the very small depression of their surface below that of the Mississippi, shown by the tides, will leave the bottom ofthe river upwarda of 100 feet below lhat of any olher watercourse or lake in the della. When the Mississippi is reduced lo its lowest point of depression, water ceases to flow into the Atchafalaya, Iberville, and Plaqueraine ; and instances have occurred when the same circum stances took place with the Fourche ; and yet, as I before remarked, at the very lowest point of its 578 depression the Mississippi water, even as high as La Fourche, is 120 feet deep ; therefore, to desert its channel, that great river must quit a bed of up wards of 3,600 feet wide, and 130 feet in depth below the lowest of its outlets, and about 140 feet below the general level of the della. Il remains for me to show the causes of the or dinary misconception that the Mississippi does de sert its channel. A glance of the eye, upon a good map, will exhibit the sweeping bends of that great river. In an alluvial soil the current, where it strikes against one side of the river, wears away a portion of the bank, and deposites it upon the ap posite shore. This enlarged section shows the nai- lure of those currents, which ore thrown by the points into the bends, or more correctly from the convex to the concave side of the stream. The consequence is, that the decrement of the banks is from the bends, and the increment to the points, or rather a litlle below. If by a large curve of the river two bends approach each other, the interve ning isthmus or neck may bo worn through by the current, and the river thrown inlo the new channel. This was the case in three places, since Louisiano was settled by the French ; at the raouth of the Yazoo, at lhat of the Homochitto, and at Point Coupee. The latler name is derived from the cir cumstance. The former bed of the river, now lakes, has in every other respect, except current, a perfect resemblance to the curves of the Mississippi. Besides those lakes, thus formed within the reach of history, several others exist near the Mississippi to attest the still more ancient revolutions of that stream. Such are Lake Concordia, opposite Nat chez, Loke St. John, a few ms. above ; Lake St. Joseph, opposite the mouth of Big Black river; Lake Provitlence, opposile Stack Island ; and Grand Lake immediately above tbe N. line of Louisiana, upon N. lal. 33°. — See Red River. Of these eight lakes, all are on the right side, except one at the raouth of the Yazoo, and one at that of the Homochitto, and all have, as I before observed, the most exact resemblance to sections of the Mississippi. Receding from that stream beyond the limits of these, the olher lakes, •iiWthin or above the delta, assume a totally different appearance, and have the irregular form of similar bodies of water in other places. Those near the present bed of the Misis- sippi are monuraents attesting the antiquity of that bed. Combining, therefore, the depth of the main river with the general features of the delta, and other alluvial tracts above, the conclusion is inevi table that this great river flows in a channel, from which, with the exceptions stated, its waters can not find another outlet to their general recipient, more easily than any other given rivet, the Hud son, Delaware, or Susquehannah, for instance. -^^e must close thesie already lengthened obser vations on the della of the Mississippi, by a few general remarks upon that stream. I have already expressed my opinion, that the velocity of the water of that river and of its con fluents are overrated. I have formed that conclu sion from actual observation, but it may be sup ported by collateral facts. If any vessel is put m motion, say a steamboat, in stagnant waler, and ils rate of going ascertained, that rate must, as a mat ter of course, exactly counterbalance a current of MIS GEOGRA'TM-HCAL DICTIONARY. MIS equal rapidity. Therefore, if a steamboat coul" move 6 ms. per hour in still waler, it would mov^ 1 mile per hour in a current having a velocity pf 5 ms, per hour. It is very commonly and very con fidently asserted, that the Mississippi moves 4 or 5 ms per hour during the time of high water, and yet steamboats are known lo be propelled against its current 3 or 4 ms. per hour. If those two mo. tions are added together, we have 9, 10, or 12 ms. per houi in slill waler for these vessels. I have been much in steamboats in the most favorable sit uations, and when aided by wind, lide, and steam, 10 ms. was the greatest distance I ever knew per formed in one hour by any of these vessels. Six is, I believe, in cilm weather, and stagnant water, very nearly their mean rale of motion. If this latler supposition is correct, and steam boats are propelled up the Mississippi at Ihe rale of 4 ms. per hour, it will leave 2 ms. per hour for the mean motion of the upper current or surface of the Mississippi river, coinciding very nearly with what I have before slated. These 2 ms. per hour raust, however, be considered as the velocity of the upper part of the volume of waler, and is, I have no doubt, more than double that of the en lire mass. Mississippi, State of the U. S., having the Mississippi and Peail rivers on Ihe W,, the 35lh degree of N, lat, or the Slate of Tenn. N., the State of Ala. on the E., and the Gulf of Mexico and N, lal. 31°, or La,, on the S. The outlines ofthis State are : From the moulh of Pearl river, along the Gulf of Mexico, lo the SW. angle of Ala. Along the western boundary of Ala,, to the NW. angle of lhat Stale, on the south ern boundary of Tenn. Thence W., along the southern boundary of Tenn., to the SW. angle of that State, on the left bank of the Mississippi river - Thence down lhat stream to N. lat 31° Thence due E,, along N, lat, 31° and the Slate of La., to the right bank of Pearl river - - - Thence down Pearl river to the place of be ginning Miles. 80 320 90 530 105 60 Having an entire outline of - 1,185 .-Vrea 45,760 sq. ms,, equal lo 29,286,400 acres. Exireme S., N. lat. 30 8; extreme N,, N, lot. 35". Length from S. to N. 338 ms. ; mean width about 135 ras. The remarkable resemblance in form and geo graphical position belween the States of Ala. and Miss, is obvious on a first glance of their connect ed maps. Iir addition to every other point of si militude, both have a prolongation towards the Gulf of Mexico, below N. lot. 31°, of nearly equal area and extent on that gulf. Of the rivers of the Stole of Miss., that stream from which the name of the State is derived claims the first rank. The Mississippi washes the State from N. lat. 31 to 35°, a distance, following the stream, of 530 ms. The features of the Mississippi have been so amply noticed under the preceding head, that no further notice respecting it is necessary in this ploce. Next In magnitude and importance amongst tho rivers of this Slate is the Pearl, This stream ri ses in the Stale, aboul N. lal. 33°, and, flowing in a generol course neorly S., flows inlo the Rigo lets between Lokcs Borgne and Pontchartrain, at N. lat. 30 10, after an entire comparative course of about 200 ms. From N. lal, 31° to ils mouth, the Pearl forms part of the boundary belween the States of Lo, and Miss. The Pascagoula rises in the Slale of Miss., about N. lot. 32 40, flows in a southern course to N. lot. 30 20, ond falls inlo the Gulf of Mexico after a comparative-course of about 150 ms. The main branch of Pascogoulo is known by the name of Chickasawhay, as far down as 5 ms. S. of N. lat. 31°, where it forms a junction with the NW. branch, the Leaf river, and from Ihence lo the final discharge takes the name of Pascagoula. Some streams, but of small note, enter the bay of St. Louis belween the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers. The sources ofthe Amite, Tickfoha, Tangipao, and Bogue Chile rivers, are in the Slale of Miss. Flowing into the Mississippi are the Buffalo, Homochitto, Big Black, and Yazoo rivers. Of these latler streams, in poinl of magnitude, the first rank is due lo Ihe lalter. This river has ils source near the southern boundary of Tenn., in terlocking wilh the head walers of Tombigbee. The Yazoo enters the Mississippi at N, lat. 32 30, after a comparative course of about 200 ms. Big Black liver rises about N. lal. 33°, belween the sources of the Pearl and the Yazoo, flows SW. 150 ms., and falls inlp tbe Mississippi al the Grand Gulf, N. lat. 32 5. Between the Big Black and Homochitto, the Mississippi river receives the waler of Bayou Pierre, Cole's creek, and St. Catherine creek. These creeks are comparatively small, but import ant from their position and the excellence of the land they diain. The city of Natchez, though so near the bank of the Mississippi, is situated on a branch of St. Catherine creek, which has ils dis charge 15 ms. below. The Homochitto river rises about 50 ms, NE. from Natchez, flows SW. about 100 ms., and en ters the Mississippi at N. lal. 31 12. The Buffalo is ralher a creek than a river, not having a course of raore than 25 or 30 ras. This stream rises in Amite, and flows W. through Wilkinson co., and falls into the Mississippi two ras. above Loflus Heights. The Tennessee river forms a part ofthe bound ary of the Slate of Miss., from the mouth of Bear creek to the 'Tenn. line, at N. lat. 35°, about 20 ras,. and ought consequently to be classed as one of Ihe rivers of the Slate. We have already observed lhat the sources of the Tombigbee were in the Slate of Mississippi. The sources of Tombigbee rise near the Tennessee line, flow to the SE., and enter the State of Ala. at about N. lat. 33 30. The State of Miss, has a very confined and in commodious seacoast, of 80 ras. in extent. In this distance the Pascagoula is the only inlet by which vessels of the smallest size can enter, and in that only schooners of small draught, at high waler, 579 MIS- GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS can Teach the jiinclion of Chickisawhay and Loaf rivers. The Pearl admits no navigation worth mention ; and the bay of St. Louis is a mere in dentation of the coast, of no practical use in a com mercial point of view. The Mississippi river is tho groat harbor and outlet of the Stale. The State of Mississippi is naturolly divided in to four grand divisions of soil — Ihe islands in Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico, Pine Forest, Mis sissippi and other river alluvion, and tho Missis sippi bluffs. Advancing from S. to N., first occurs a chain of low sandy islands, lying about 6 or 7 ms. from the main shore. Their names are, ranging. from W. lo E , the group.. of the Malheureux (unfortu nate) islands, Mary Anne, Cat, Ship, Dog, Horn, and Petite Bois islands. The opposing shore, once a part of W. Flori da, is a level pine forest to the water edge, consti tuting the second and by far the most extensive superficies of soil in the State. Receding from tho shores of the gulf inland, the face of the couniry imperceplibly swells into hills ; and though no part of the Slate rises inlo elevations lhat can be designated mountains, much of ils suiface is ex tremely broken. Next in extent to the pine f.-rest land is the range called the Mississippi bluffs, and, lastly, the more confined but greatly raost valuable land — where found above annual overflow, river allu vion. Of these three lalter divisions of soil in order. As we have already observed, the pine forests reach the walers of the Gulf of Mexico, and, we may add, extend, in the intervals between the streams, to the northern extremity of the State. This species of soil, deriving its tille from the principal limber il produces, in most places gradu ally mingles wilh the river alluvion or Mississippi bluffs, and produces an intermediate soil partaking of the qualities of both, and on which oak, ash, hickory, dogwood, sweet gum, and other trees, intermingle with the pine. This mixed soil and timber is known in the couniry by the name of interval land, and is often found very productive. The pine lands have hitherto been considered ex tremely sterile. How far future modes of culture or artificial means may tend lo meliorate this spe cies of soil remains an undecided problem. In the norlhern parts of the Stale of Miss., to wards Tenn., the pine woods are frequently inter rupted by a species of prairie, or rather barrens, on which grow shrub oak and olher ,dwarf bushes, but tbe soil continues lo exhibit the unproductive character of that ofthe pine woods. Il would nol be hazarding inuc^h lo estimate the extent of these barren Iracls at two thirds of the enlire area of the Slate. In all the length of the Slate of Miss., from N. lat. 3 1 to 35°, a range of bluffs extends. These bluffs reach and are washed hy the Mississippi in a few' places only. Immediately above N. lal. 31° rises the highest of these bluffs, known by tho name of Loftus heights, which skirl the river 4 or 5 ms. A very large curve of the Mississippi to the W. leaves an extensive overflown tract along the right hank as high as Ellis's cliffs, where, by an eastern curve of ihe river, the bluffs are 580 again washed by tbe slicam, which is also the case ill the city of Natchez. .Miove the lalter place, the bluffs and river do not again come in contact, below tho Grand Gulf at the moulh of the Big Black river. The bluffs again roach the stream at Walnut Hills, below the moulh of the Yazoo, and at the Chickasaw bluffs, immediately al the NW. angle of the Slale. The-e bluffs are Ihe mere extension of the ^com paratively elevated surface of the State of Missis- sip[)i over the low grounds of the river of the same name. When the waters are low, it is found lhat the bluffs are underlaid by a crude concrete of sand and pebbles, held in mass by an oxide of iron, the whole, no doubt, resting on a secondary base. The elevation of the bluffs vary, but aboul 100 feel mean height would nol be a serious departure from fact. They are cut inlo hills by tbe abrasion of waler of the numerous streams which flow from the pine woods in the interior. ¦What renders these bluffs and hills objects of peculiar interest is the quality of the soil, which is, in almost all places, good, and in ramy exuberant ly fertile. Receding from the bluffs, the pine for ests imperceptibly encroach, and in some places, at a more or less distance from the river, say in a di rect line from 15 lo 20 ms., closes the productive border. The foregoing limit is taken in general; many of ihe waler courses have fertile tracts on their nks, further into the interior of the Slale, but the latter description of land belongs more parlicu larly to river alluvion than to the soil of the bluffs or hills. The soil of the bluffs and hills is a rich loam, resting on clay ; and digging wells has disclosed the fact lhat the general substratum to the clay is loose sand. The whole of this fine border of soil, in a slate of nature, is covered wilh a dense forest, with au underwood of reed cane, the arundo gigantea, many species of vitis, smilax, and other climbers, aqd an infinite variety of more humble vegeta bles, A mere list of the most prevalent timber trees will serve to demonstrate the fertility ofthis tract; these are black oak, white oak, Sjianish o,ik, black jack oak, willow oak, wild cherry, sweet gum, pop lar,' large laurel, beech, fagus pumila, (here a tree oflen 40 feet in height, and 8 or ten inches in di ameter,) black locusi, mullierry, persimon, honey locust, black gum, cotlon wood, linden, mucilagi nous elm, sassafras, sycamore, ash, black walnut, bitternut hickory, nutmeg hickory, and red flower ing maple. Of the more humble trees and shrubs, and other vegetables, the following are most indicative of fer tility of soil : papaw, dogwood, spicewood, Span ish mulberry, buckeye, poke, blackberry, musca dine, and reed cane. Il would swell this article to too great a lengih to give a mere list of the most interestirig vegetable productions of the fine tract under revievv ; the foregoing are inserted as illustrative of ils natural fertility . When compared wilh the enlire area of the Slale, the productive tract before us is confined in extent; bul when we turn our atlenlion lo the ex- MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY MIS otic vegplables which arc or can be produced with in ils limits, the intrinsic value of the land is ren dered opporent, , Indigo, tobacco, ond colton, have in turn been cullivatetl os staples, and produced in great abun dance; the latter has for more than 25 years past superseded the two former, and will, in oil humon probability, continue the great stople of this partof the U. S.- Much speculation has been made upon the quan tily of colton which is or can be produced per acre upon the bluff' lands. The writer of this article, from some personal experience, will undertake to assume 250 pounds of clean cotton as about an av erage crop. To cotton, indigo, and tobicco, may be added, OS the exotic f lanls cullivated in the State of Mis sissippi, Indian corn, (zea maize,) oats, and, where the inhabitants choose, wheat may be pro duced, but the culture of that grain is seldom atlempled. Most garden plants grow luxuriantly, though good gardens are rare. That species of po tato, the tuberous rooted solanum, commonly call ed Irish potato, is cultivated, but does not succeed so well, either as to quantity or quality, as ihe same vegetable does further norlhward. The sweet po tato (convolvus batatas of Muhlenberg) is produced in the utmost abundance. Of cultivated fruils, the principal are the apple, peach, and fig; the latter, below N. lat. 32°, seems to flourish ,is if natural lo the climate. The plum, nectarine, apiicot, &c., are cullivated, but not extensively. Like all the Southern Stales ofthe U. S,, mea dows cannot be correctly said to exist in tbe Stale of Mississippi, Though the winters are in general mild, the sea sons are extremely variable. Frequently frosts occur of sufficient severity lo destroy cotlon, indi go, tobacco, and olher lender plants, as early as the first week of October, whilst perhaps in the next season the flowers of the same vegetables will be found blooming in December, and even in Janua ry, as was the case in the year eighteen hundred and five. No winter, however, passes without frost, and very few without snow, at Natchez. In Decem ber, 1800, the thermometer of Fahrenheit fell tn 12° 5 ms. S. of Natchez, and often, since that pe riod, the cold has been nearly, if not altogether, as intense. This casual severity prevents, to the uk most southern extremity of the Slale, Ihe cultiva tion nf eilher sugar cane or the orange tree, vege tables which are, in fact, confined in the delta of the Mississippi to a latitude S. of most parts of the Stiite of Mississippi. The bluff lands are followed by the river alluvi on, which, though less in quantity, is still raore productive, where above annual or casual overflow. From the bluffs confining, and of consequence causing the accumulation of the surplus water of the Mississippi in the spring and summer, there exists less arable soil on the left bank of the Mis sissippi river, in~lhe Slale of lhat name, than on the right baiik in Arkansas Territory and in Lou isiana. Some very wealthy settlements on the left bank do, however, exist, with a soil possessing the usual- fertility of the Mississippi banks. 'The arable border varies from half a mile to 300 yards. and is every where terminated in the roar by over flown grounds, submerged annually from I to 10 or 13 feci. The natural growth of the river arable border i':, in general, sweet gum, different species uf ook, ash, and hickory, hackberry, sycamore, &c., with an nndorgrowlh of reed cane, and below N. lat. 31 30, the palmetto. In the overflown swamps, the principol timber is cypress, tupelo, difi'erent species of oak and hickory, maple sweet gum, and ash. On all other waler courses in the Stale, moreor less alluvion occurs; bul in all ploces is confined in extent, ami on the sireams in the inte rior, oflen merges into the interval land or pine forests. Taken together, the bluff lands and river allu vion amount to about 5,560 sq, uis., equal to 3,558,400 acres. The blufl' lands extend from N. lat. 31° to 35°, with more or less width, os the riv ers intervene. Confined as the two foregoing tracts of land 4re, when compared to the area of the Slale, of which they fotm a pari, they nevertheless form, in the ag gregate, the most extensive continuous tract ot producti™ soil in the United States S, of N. lat. 35, and when its fertilily and local advanlages are taken into view, it is hazarding no violence to truth lo estimate this region as one of the most valuable in the U. S. The couniry near Natchez was settled by the French in 1718, and Fort Rosalie built on tho bluff, wilhin tbe now incorporated limits of that city. The first French colony was massacred by the savages, iij 1729, and the country remained uninhabited by the whites many years afterwards. In 1763, Natchez, then considered a part of West Florida, was ceded by Spain to Great Brit ain, who ret-iined possession until 1781, when that place and all West Florida was conquered by the Spaniards under Governor Bernardo Galvez, and, by the treaty of Paris, West Florida was confirm ed lo Spain. .\s the limits of the Brilish and French colonies, and afterward those betweeii tho British ond Spanish colonies, had never been fix ed, the Spanish authorities held Natchez and the adjacent counly as an appendage of Florida until 1798, when the cily and country were evacuated by the officers and troops of Spain, and the U. S. commissioners toojifull possession. In 1799 the line of demarcation was completed, and the boundary fixed, which now separates the States of Louisiana and Mississippi belween the Mississippi and Pearl rivers. April 7th, 1798, an act of Congress was passed authorizing the President of the U. S. lo appoint commissioners to adjust the limits of the territory W. ofthe Chattahoochee river. May 10th, an act was passed for the organiza tion of a governmeni, and the lerriiory named " the Mississippi Territory." June 9th, 1808, an act passed admitting a dele gate from the Mississippi Territory in Congress. June 17th, the assent of Georgia demanded, for the formation of two Slates out of the Mississippi 'Territory. This demand was subsequently acce ded lo by Georgia. January 21st, 1815, a petition from the Legis lature of ihe Mississippi Territory laid before Con gress, praying admission inlo the Union on the 581 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. - e MIS same footing with the original States. A commit tee of Congress reported on this petition favorably, December, 1810. A law was passed in consequence, March 1st, 1817, authorizing the call of a convention, which was called, and met July, 1817, accepted the terms proposed by Congress, framed a constitution, Au gust 15lh, which was accepted by Congress in De cember following i and the State of Mississippi as sumed her station as a member of the United States. Since the period of admission, no event of consequence, in a general view, has taken place in this Slate. The appropriated and inhabited part of Missis. sippi, al the epoch of taking tbe census of 1820, was subdivided into the following counties; and which, as they may serve to show progressive ad vance, we insert the data : Counlies. [nhabitants. Sq, ms. To sq, m. Adains 12,073 480 26 Amite 6,833 960 7 Claiborne 5,963 380 12 Copiah Covington ?'S? 730 3 Franklin 3,821 720 0 Greene 1,445 1,080 Ii Hancock 1,594 900 H Hinds Jackson 1,6S2 1,250 1 Jefferson 6,822 660 12 Lawrence 4,916 600 8 Marion 3,116 830 3J ?•?* 600 a 2,03?" 900 2 Pike 4,438 SOO 5i yimpson Warren 2,693 360 Snearly, "Wilkinson 9,?18 609 10 "Wayne 3,323 950 3.1 Yazoo Total 75,448 12,720 5 By the census of 1820, the population of Missis sippi was found composed of 43,176 whiles, 32,814 slaves, and 458 colored persons, and classed thus : Engaged in agriculture - - 22,033 Engaged in manufactures - - 650 Engaged in commerce - - 294 Mississippi was admitted into the Union as a Slate, December, 1817. Population of Mississippi by the census of 1840. SOUTHEBN niSTllIC'r, Whites,— Ages, Oto 5 OtolO 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 SO to 60 60 to 70 • 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total wliites Males, 9,9707,1556,038 4,6-11 11,376 6,6723,3321,882 813 250 76 5-2,162 9,0976,7906,7454,8067,7014,1352,377 1,270 610 217 43 16 4 42,81052,162 94,972 Ages, OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 63 55 to 100 100 aud upwards Tolal Free colored. Males, 158118 8485 63 Fem's, 127104100 97 47 5 512 Sla-vea Malea, 20,85720,539 15,909 7,3721,819 27 66,523 SUMMARY, Whiles Free colored Slaves Total White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do, from 14 to 25 Do, above 25 - Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind ... Do, iusane and idiots at— Public charge - Private charge Total whites insane, &c. Colored persons, free and slave?, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge Private charge Tolal of persons employed in— Minin"AgricullureCommerceManufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do, canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Pensioners, for revolutionary and military services - Universities or Colleges Students in do Academies and grammar schools Students ia do. Primary and common schools Scholars in do. Scholars at public charge Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannol read or wrlle - - - - NOnrHEKM DISTBICT. Wliites, — Ages, Oto 5 5 to 10 10 to 13 13 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 30 50 to 60 60U170 7010 80 eO to 90 90 to 100 100 and upw,'ird3 Total 9,672 7,009 6,417 4,(KI 8,708 3,3232,669 1,407 587 216 31 92 45,094 Femi 583 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS Free colored. Slaves, Free colored. Slaves, Ages. Ages, Males, Fem's, Males, Fem'a, Males, Fem's, Moles, Fern's, 0 to 10 70 54 10,879 10,875 0 to 10 228 181 31,736 31,972 10 to 24 50 47 11,0-25 10,767 10 to 24 168 11 81,564 32,358 24 to 36 41 a3 6,099 6,029 24 to 36 125 22,008 21,670 36 to 55 29 25 2,748 2,371 36 to 35 114 1-22 10,120 9,019 55 to 100 - 13 12 718 620 53 to 100 - 76 59 2,537 2,162 100 and upwards 0 0 11 11 100 and upwards 4 5 38 27 203 171 31,480 30,864 715 631 93,003 97,208 k 203 31,480 Toul 713 98,003 Total 374 62,344 1,366 193,211 SUMMARY, SUMMARV, Whites . 179,074 Free colored 1,366 Whites 84,102 Slaves 195,211 Free colored 374 Slaves Total 62,344 Touil 373,631 146,820 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age - 25 Do, 14 to 25 - 16 Do, above 25 21 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age ¦ 11 Do, from 14 to 25 - - 6 Total do. deaf and dumb 04 Do, above 25 12 Do, blind 43 Do, total deaf and dumb 29 Do, insane and idiots at — Do. blind 16 Public charge - 14 Do- insane and idiots at— Do, private charge . 102 Public charge . 5 Do, tiital .... lis Private charge 41 Colored persons, free and slaves, who ^re- Deaf and dumb - • 23 — Do, total insane, &c, 46 Do, blind - 69 Colored persons, free and slaves, who are- Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge - 16 Deaf and dumb - - 9 Private charge - - 6G Do, blind 19 Do, insane and idiots al— Total number of persons employed in- Mining ... 14 Asriculture 139,724 Private charge - 20 Do. public charge . - - 5 Commerce . - 1,303 Manufactures and trades 4,151 All persons ofthe foregoing who are employed In- Mining ... 4 Agriculture • 51,756 Navigation on the ocean ,32 Do, canals, lakes, and rivers 100 Commerce - 330 Manufactures and trades 1,454 Learned professions - - - 1,506 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 63 Navigation on the ocean 0 Universities or colleges • 7 Do. canals, lakes, and rivers - 33 Do, students in - 451 Learned professions - - . 609 Academies aod grammar schools 71 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 3G Do, students in - 2,533 UoiverBitiea or colleges - . 3 Do, students in - 147 Primary aod common schools 382 Do, scholars in - 8,236 Academies and grammar schools . 31 Scholars at public charge - - - 107 Do, students in - - 1,032 Total number of white persons, over 20 years of age, Primary aud common schoofs - '1 86 who cannol read and write - - 8,360 Do. scholars in - - 4,109 Number ofscholars at public charge • - 0 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who Populaiion of Misaiasippi, by counties, from ihe cannot read or write .... 2,926 census of 1840. Free white Free col. Slaves, WHOLE STATE. Counlies, persons. persons. ta A to Total. Whites,— Ages, Males, Females, i •3 d "(3 t -3 1 1 S 1 0 to 5 19,542 14,164 18,235 13,328 5 to 10 10 to 13 11,475 10,919 N, MISSISSIPPI, 13 to 20 8,662 8,911 Alula 1,583 1,372 136 130 538 344 4,303 20 to 30 20,084 14,464 Bolivar 2-27 157 1 - 521 450 1,356 30 to 40 ¦ 11,995 7,847 Carroll 2,813 2,323 I - 2,689 2,635 10,481 40 to 50 6,1101 4,284 Chickasaw - 1,159 989 I - 403 403 2,953 50 lo 60 - - 3,289 2,230 Choctaw 2,347 2,096 3 - 766 798 6,010 60 to 70 - - 1,430 1,075 Coahoma 476 290 ~ - 273 251 1,290 70 to 80 466 381 De Soto 2,161 1814 4 2 1,303 1,518 7,002 80 to 90 130 96 Itawamba 2,407 2,245 3 . 342 378 5,373 90 to 100 - 14 22 Lafayeue 2,018 1,658 7 6 1,412 1,430 6,531 100 and upwards 4 6 Lowndes 3,134 2,596 5 7 4,381 4,387 f^'^i? 97,256 81,81897,236 Marshall 4,937 4,321 5 3 4,164 4,096 17,526 Monroe 2,673 2,473 12 9 2,073 ^•E 9,250 NoxubeeOktibbeha - 2,043 1,126 1,774 938 I 3,170 1,068 2,987 1,1-29 9,975 4,276 Total whites - - 179,074 9' 6 1 Panola 1,246 991 4 1 1,,3II 1,104 4,657 5S'i MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS Tab j.^— ^Continued, Free white Free col. Slaves. persons. persons Counties. i i ,/, Total, 13 1 s s '3 S s fe % ID ^ £ N. MHSI~SrPPI. Pontotoc 1,328 1,367 2 1 737 806 4,491 Tallahatchie - 772 620 2 - 842 749 2,985 Tippah 3,770 3,539 1 _ 1,043 1,091 9,444 Tiahamingo - 3,079 2,773 1 - 389 439 6,681 Tunica 331 233 2 2 128 123 821 Winston 1,598 1,463 - - 811 778 4,650 Yalobusha 3,666 2,974 4 3 2,863 2,738 12,248 Total 45,094 39,003 203 171 31,480 30,864 146820 S. MISSISSIPPI. Adams 2,909 2,001 141 142 7,131 7,110 19,434 Amite 2,000 1,741 •20 9 2,927 2,814 9,611 Claiborne 1,839 1,393 56 37 4,938 4,815 13,078 Copiah. 2,698 2,463 6 1 1,844 1,942 8,954 Clarke 1,109 967 1 - 448 461 2,986 Covington 981 880 1 - 408 447 2,717 Franklin 1,137 926 6 7 1,319 1,380 4,775 Greene 653 354 - - 195 234 '1,636 Hinds 3,892 2,386 21 21 6,317 5,958 19,098 Hancock 1,218 989 41 33 556 500 3,367 Holmes 2.170 1,682 18 16 2,839 2,727 9,452 JasperJackson 1,483 1,218 - 2 631 624 3,968 809 650 38 41 214 210 1,965 Jefferson 1,326 1,063 38 47 4,606 4,570 11,650 Jones 573 521 - - 85 79 1,253 Kemper 2,500 2,112 6 6 1,532 1,508 7,663 Leake 863 751 6 - 254 288 2,162 Lauderdale - 2,136 1,S56 9 4 609 744 6,358 Lawrence 1,916 1,732 - 1,159 1,113 5,920 Madison 2,269 1,717 6 5 5,801 5,732 15,530 Marion 1,133 933 - 862 847 3,830 Neshoba 895 798 _ - 330 394 2,437 Newton 1,016 964 1 - 263 283 2,5-27 Pike 1,964 1,792 9 12 1,160 1,214 6,131 Perry ' 742 683 3 7 218 •236 1,889 Rankin 1,509 1,268 3 - 899 962 4,631 Scolt 632 5,57 2 - 2-26 237 1,633 Simpson 1,30-1 1,169 - - 4-K 474 3,330 Smith 802 740 202 217 1,961 Wayne 588 5,53 - - 508 471 2,120 Washington - 421 233 1 5 3,466 3,161 7,287 Warren 3,063 2,160 60 54 6,17(1 5,3-23 15,820 Wilkinson - 1,743 1,526 12 18 3,341 6,553 14,193 Yazoo , 1,834 1,2® 15 512 10 480 3,613 3,726 10,480 Total 52,162 42,810 66,523 66,344 228331 habitants refused, and mixed their blood and bones wilh the ruins of their native ci^y. Missolonghi, or Mezalonghi, a town of Greece, in the Morea, aboul 1 J leagues from the Gulf of Ghiarenza, ancient Cyllene, 12 ms. SE. from Gas- touni, ancient Elis, and 40 ms. nearly SSE. from Missolonghi, in Roumelia; lat. 38 2 N,, lon, 21 50 E, Missolonghi of the Morea contains about 300 houses, scattered along the slope of a moun tain, wilh a well cullivated vicinity. The names of these towns are taken from the Italian, and^ug^t to be written Mezzolonghi, and pronounced Mettzo- longce ; the g hard. Missouri River. — See article Mississippi River; section, valley of Missoilri, abo*e its junction wilh the Mississippi. Missoilri, State, one of the U. -S , bounded S. by the State of .\rkansas, SE. by Mississippi river, separating it from Tennessee and Kentucky, E. and NE. by the Mississippi river, separating it from Illinois, N. by Iowa, and W. by the pnap- proprialed territory of the U. S. Miles. Beginning on the right bank of the Missis sippi river, al the mouth of Lemoine river, thence down the former stream to N. lat, 36° - - Due W., on N. lal. 36°, to St. Francis river - - . - U[J St, Francis river. lo N. lat. 36 30 Due W., in common with the State of Ar kansas, to a point where a meridian line from the junction of Missouri and Kan sas rivers will intersect at N. lal. 36 30 Due N. along said meridian to the moulh of Kansas river Thence up Missouri river to a point where that stream is intersected by a line drawn dtie W. from the Old Sac Village on Le moine river Thence due E. to the Sac Village on Le- moine river. Thence down Lemoine river to point of beginning 500 3555 250 ISO 150 215 25 ( Missolonghi, or more correctly Mezzalonga, is or was a town of Greece, in the Turkish province of Xeromenes, ancient Etolia. This city, not unaptly called the Venice of Greece, is situaled on the SE. side of the salt marsh or shallow which extends between 2 and 3 ms. into the land below Natolico, and slill 6 ms. beyond Missolonghi, inlo the Gulf ol Lepanto. Missolonghi is distant about 20 ms. from and nearly opposite Patras in the Morea, and about an equal distance NE. from Ihe islands of Carzolari, Lat. 38 36 N,, lon. 21 34 E. Though a port of much consequence, the bay or shallow harbor of Missolonghi admits vessels of only 3 feet draught. The entrance is defended, or Tather obstructed, by a small fort called Bosillida, 5 ms. distant from the lown. The rows- of stakes, placed by the fishermen along the outer line of the shallows, towards deep waler, give the appearance of a double coast to Missolonghi and its environs, when seen from the Gulf of Lepanto. Afler a siege of 4 months, this devoted place was blown up by its desperate inhabitants on the 23d of .'\pril, 1826. The inhabitants preferred death to Turkish mercy. The Turks offered terms, which the in- 5S4 Aggregate outline - - - 1,390 Area within an inconsiderable fraction of 65,- 000 sq. ms. — 41,600,000 statute acres. Lying in lat. belween 36° and 40 33, and lon. 12 5 and 18 30 W. from W. C. Length from S, lo N, very near 300 ms,, and mean breadth 220 ms. Missouri in poinl of extent is the third Slale of the United Stales, and only falls below Virginia and Georgia. Though part of this Slate is hilly, and some of the hills approach in elevation the dignity of moun tains, yet, strictly speaking, no mounlains, either in detached grounds or chains, exist within the limits of the Slate, For every object of human affairs, rivers are the most important features of an inland couniry ; and few regions of the earth of equal extent can compare with Missouri in the magnitude, number, and navigable facilities of its rivers. Of these, the first in order is the Mississippi and Missouri, bolh of which have been so amply no ticed in our description of the Mississippi basin, that no further account of them is necessary in this nl-ace. AUS 0 1'XXJ RAl'lIIC AL UICTION.A K V, MIS The Lemoine river, Ihough for a few miles forming part of tho boundary, can scarcely be called a i-iver of Missouri. Tbe Osage, rising in the Territory of Arkansas, and flowing NE. into tho Missouri, is the most important confluent of that river in the Stale of Missouri. The Osage has ils mouth near the centre of the Slale, where the future seat of government is intended to bo placed. The Osage is a large navigable stream in bII its lengih in the State, and waters some, excel lent and much good land. Besides the foregoing large streams, the Mis souri receives from the right, below the mouth of the Kansas, Blue Water, Gasconade, and some smaller streams ; and from the left, Grande, Char- laton, Good-Woman's, Great Manitou, Otter, and Charette rivers. The Merrimack enters the Mis sissippi 18 ms. below St. Louis, but has been no ticed, as have been While and St. Francis rivers, which closes the lisl of the streams of the Slate of .Missouri. The position of .Missouri is in a high degree fa vorable to'commerce, population, and wealth. Ex tending 4J° of lat,, ils temperature must vary considerably if uninfluenced by any other cause than mere geographic extent. This is not, however, the case, as vi-ill soon -appear.. In conducting this general survey, I have en deavored, in a particular manner, to delineate those features which infltjence the meteorological phe nomena and the temperature of tbe seasons, and also to point out the great outlines of soil. In respect to .Missouri, it will be necessary to deviate from the ."Strict observance of the plan pursued in describing the Stale of Mississippi. Instead, therefore, of dividing the former State into its natural sections, in relation to soil, we will take each of its river districis by ilself We have seen that the river Mis^issiYpi washes Missouri on ils ME. and'^SE. frontier, 550 ms. following the meanders, though, by comparative course, tbe distance along the Mississippi would not exceed 350 ms. Though the mere banks of the .Mississippi preserve-a nearly uniform character in all their extent along the front of Missouri, yet, fromd ifference ofjclimato, the vegetable productions are, verydifferent at the two exlremes. So much has already been said on the features and quality iif the alluvial margins of the Mississippi, that il is needless to amplify on the subje(;t. Ascending the Mississippi from its moulh, no eminence is to be found on ils Wesiern bank in * distance of upwards of 1,000 ms. Twenty-eight ms. above the junction of Mississippi and Ohio, oc- cui's the first rocky bluff on (he righl bank. It is composed of an enormous projecting precipice of limestone, whose real height above the water has never been very satisfactorily determined. This ledge is, no doubt, a continuation of the great limestone formation of the Ohio valley. In Mis souri it is a part of the ridge of hills which contin ues from this point westward, through the State, ¦and ranges between the waters of Arkansas and those of Osage and Kansas rivers; perhaps to the Chippewan mountains. This ridge divides Missouri into two very distinct climates. In the souiheastern part of the Slale, along the .Missis sippi river, the cotlon plant is cultivated, though only for family Os'e ; as an object of commerce it 74* offers no great advantage; but above the ridge in question lhat plant ceases, and a'legion commences iavorvible lo the production of the cereal gramina. Near the Mississippi, below the limestone ridge, the banks are in every respect similar to what they have been describetl in Louisiana. The rear lands, as far as the St. Francis, are analogous lo grounds similarly placed in all the distance from the lime stone range to the sea marsh. The St. Francis rises partly in the hills of the linteslone ridge, and in part from the drain of the Mississippi. The northeastern branch of that stream appears lo have been formed from an an cient outlet of the Mississippi, and to have con tained a volume of waler much larger than passes by its channel at present. The ordinary distance belween the two rivers is about 50 ms., flowing nearly parallel from N. lal 37° lo N. lat. 43 30, where the St. Francis, by a gradual curve towards the lower part of its course, joins the Mississippi. The northweslern branch rises near N. lat. 38°, in a very hilly, broken, rocky, and barren tract of couniry. There are some good lands, but in no quanlity coramensurale wilh the extent drained by this river, whose whole lengih, by comparative course, is 250 ms,, one-half in Missouri and the'' other in Arkansas. Extensive settlements have been made on tbe sources of the St. Francis and it,s tributaries. < Black river, the N. fork of White liver, rises in the southwestern part of Missouri by a num ber of branches, of which Strawberry river. Spring river, and Current's river, are the principal. The souices of Black river are in the ridge of hills, or rather mountains, which have been already no ticed. The base of couniry drained by Black river is calcareous, consequently the soil is very pro ductive. The climate, as to temperature, is in no respect essentially different from ihatof St. Francis. The former, from superior elevalion and more ex emption from stagnant water,is no doubt much more salubrious than the latter. Like all calcareous re gions, lhat of Black river affords some very large fountains of waler, from one of which Spring river takes its name. The surface watered by Black river is about 8,000 sq, ms. The .Merrimack rises near the centre of the Slale ; has its source in the dividing ridge, though its codVse is nearly E. along its northern slope. Tbe lengih of the Merrimack i? not above 120 ms,, comparative course. Its sources are in a sterile pine forest, and most of ils banks partake the char acter ofthe soil from which it flows. It is an un important stream, in either a geographical or agri cultural point of view, though in respect to mine ral wealth, one of the most remarkable in the Unit ed States. The mine tract, according to Mr. Schoolcraft, (the best authority on the subject,) extends in length from the head waters ofthe St. Francis, in a NW. direclion, to the Merrimack, a distance of 70 ms,, and from the Mississippi, in a SW. direc tion, 10 the Fourche a Courlois, a distance of about 45 ms,, and covering an area of ,3, 150 sq. ms. The same author remarks, that it is not in every sec tion of il that lead is to he traced, and he de scribes the mineral character of the .-oil, rocks, and olher fossil bodies of this tract, as subject to so much variety as lo render indications of orftdiffi- 5S.5 »wr MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS cult to reduce to any safe result. The aspect of the country is slerile, hilly, and, in many places, precipitous. Many highland barrens, level but ste rile, chequer the main district. The soil, in gen eral, is a reddish colored, hard, stiff clay, admixed wilh much siliceous gravel. Nodules of iron ore and pyrites are frequent. The mineral hills are covered in most places by a stunted growth of oaks, principally the post oak,. the quercus oblusi- loba of Michaux. A line of pine separates the sources of St, Francis from those of Merrimack, and passes through the mine tract in a direction from NW. to SB. Though in general the soil of this tract is productive, the hanks of some of its streams are very favorable exceptions. This fact is elucidated by the forest trees found on this alluvial soil ; which are — sycamore, elm, cotton wood, wal nut, maple, buckeye, hackberry, ash, papaw, spice wood, and other trees and shrubbery, indicative of fertile land. Mr. Schoolcraft mentions the fact, of which, from the accompanying remarks, he seems not to have understood the cause. He observes, that, around many of the mines, the earlh thrown out arid raised from great deplh, produce trees and shrubs which are nol peculiar to tbe surface, and instances the cotlon wood, or poplar, and beech grapes, the vitis riparia, I presume. He states that he frequently saw those vegetables growing near old diggings, where the earth had been raised 30 or 40 feet, and where, previous to those diggings, no such trees or vines existed, tt is well known to botanists that the seeds of many, pel haps most plants, if buried at great depths in the earth, will retain their vegetable organization for countless ages. The indestructibility of the seeds of plants is, indeed, one of the most curious subjects of phi losophical reflection and research. Mr. School craft , ascribes the cause of the phenomenon to that opprobrium of science, equivocal generation — a supposition at variance wilh all the laws of analo gy, as applied lo organized beings. The fact proves, unequivocally, that the country has under went great changes in ils external crust, since the vegetables cited deposited their seeds in the soil, now covered by extraneous and very different bodies Here, as in every other place, where silica forms a large part of the soil, the sjiring water is clear, cool, and, of course, wholesome; and being ex empt from the causes that produce disease— stag nant water and decaying vegetables — tbe mine coun try is possessed of an atmosphere of the ulmost sa lubrity. The Osage rises about N. lat. 37°, W. lon. from W. C. 21°, and flows E. a litlle N., having a comparative'course of 400 ms,, one-third of which is in Missouri. This river rises in the great vvest- ern prairies, and, like every stream of that region, exhibits some very productive and a large proportion of sterile land. Its meanders are in the lower part of its course very winding, consequently it contains much alluvial soil in proporlipn to ils length, esti mated comparatively. The banks of the Missouri and Mississippi are uniformly in a high degree productive, and con tain, perhaps, one-third of all the valuable arable land' of the Stale. The right shore of the Missis sippi is, frora Tewapaty bottom to the mouth of the Missouri, in most place.', an enormous liine- 586. stone wall. This distance is about 179 ms. This limestone is merely the buttress of the underlaying strata of the , interior country. The Mississippi flows in a deep channel, whose sides are elevated near 200 feet above ils highest surface. Those precipitous banks are continued in the Missouri, The rich alluvial bottoms are at the base of this limestone precipice, and no doubt derive much of their fertility fronl the calcareous debris that the abrasion of the waters, in past ages, has worn away and deposited below. About one.third part of Missouri lies N. of Mis souri river and W. of Mississippi river. This, in point of soil, is much the best part of the Slale. It is more uniformly fertile, though less diversified in surface, than the section S. of Mifisouri and SW,' of the Mississippi river. The norlhern section is also piuch chequered by small rivets, which gen erally flow S. into Missouri, and, though mostly forest land, some extensive and very productive prairies occur. Soulh of Missouri, there exists no medium between the best and worst lands, and, similar lo all those parls of the Uniled States below tbe Missouri and W. of the Mississippi, the good soil extends in lines mostly upon the alkivial banks of rivers, or along the margin of prairies, and, consequently, can never admit a dense and scatter ed population. This is not so much the case with the northern section ; the farms will assume in that quarter something of the promiscuous extension over the face of the country which is character- isli,--. of settlements in the Northern and Eastern States. Ta)ien as a whole, Missouri-, like raost new coun tries in the United States, has been, as a body of arable land, greatly overrated. As a commercial position, if due allowance is made for ils inteinal situation, the value of this section of our country has never yel been duly appreciated. The truly astonishing assemblage of rivers, which seem to have sought a common cenire of union, woUld in dicate St. Louis, or some olher place in its vicini ty, as the future entrepot between the widely ex tended and far distant portions of our empire. If the pursuils of mankincl, and their, 'individual means of subsistence, were exclusively agricultural, Mis souri could never, in proportion to territorial ex tent, possess a population equally dense with New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois; but in the complex admixture of employment, and the illimitable transmission of the products of hu man labor, arising from the improvement of mod ern manners and ^"*) populalion does nol depend for its entire subsistence upon the quality of the soil inliabited by any portion of mankind. Com merce and the plastic arts demand, perhaps, as many bands as agriculture. There is, indeed, no employment of human labor where so great's sur plus is produced as lhat of agriculture ; and none in which the industry of a few will so effectually supply the wants of many. It is for this reason that the density of populalion must, parlicularly in such places as Missouri, depend as much, if not more, upon commercial, mining, and manufactur ing pursuils, as upon the operations or resources of agriculture. In addition lo the apparently in exhaustible stores of lead ore, some of the most abundant iron mines in the world exist on the Mis souri river, and in .the interior of the Stale. In MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS Washington county, Belvue settlement, in addition to the lead, says Mr. Schoolcraft, " in the richness of the ore and extent of the beds or mines, is no whore paralleled. The most noted plane is the iion mountain, where the ore is piled in such enor mous masses as to constitute the enlire southern extremity of a lofty ridge, which is elevated 500 or 600 feet above the plain." Water-power to work this mass abounds in all directions. It is, how ever, only one of a number of mines of this really most precious of all metallic bodies, which lie scat tered over the sources of St. Francis and Merri mack rivers. In the same vicinity, and in fact over the entire lead tract, ores of zinc abound; a, very interesting fact in the mineralogy of Missouri. Zinc is, when is can be cheaply procured, one of the most useful metals, answering nearly all the purposes, without the destructive qualities of copper. Zinc has been hitherto considered a scarce ore, and, should it be found in large bodies in the Mississippi basin, will add a very important article to the resources of lhat fine region. Tbe most singular circumstance in the miner- alogical history, of the interior of N, .'Vmericais the abundance and extent of the stores of muriate of soda— common salt. AmongsMhe revolutions ef fected in tbe last forty years on the condition of society, there is none more salutary to private con venience than the change in the price of salt in the interior ot this continent. I remember when the supply for W. Pennsylvania and W. Virginia was procured by transportation from thj Atlantic slope. At a periAd when money was at least 100 per cent. al?ovo its present value, salt cost in those places five dollars per bushel, at aminimum price. It is now manufactured in a great variety of pla ces, where the face of the earth gave few indica tions of its existence. There is good reason lo believe that at certain depths the vvhole basin of the Mississippi is satu rated with salt water — a fact which, combined with the abundant existence of limpid fresh water at the surface, is highly consolatory. Where muriate of soda prevails lo such excess, as in some parts of the Spanish internal provinces, the earth becomes uninhabitable, cold, and sterile. This is also the case -with part of central Asia. In Europe, salt is procured generally from the sea, or found in substance in mines, as at Gaudaloupe, in Spain, and, more particularly, Wielitzka, near Cracow, in Austrian Poland. In North America, this mineral has nbt been found in solid imbedded masses, though no reasonable doubt can be enter tained but that the bowels of the earth must con tain prodigious bodies of that fossil in its cryslalized state, in places where it is so very extensively held in solution by water. It may be safely expected that in some future day muriate of soda will be quarried in the .Mississippi, basin, as in Spain and Poland. Coal has been menlioned amongst the mineral products of Missouri, but I am unacquainted with any extensive body of that fossil yet brought into use in that State. Mr. Bradbury speaks with En thusiasm of the enormous strata of both coals and iron which lines many parls of the banks of Mis souri ; but the- coal spoken of by this author is generally above the limits of Missouri. Many olher mineral substances, of less value, have been discovered in Missouri; but so much of the area of the Stale remains unsettled, that ils mineral and vegetable wealth have only commenced iheir development. From what is known, much may be expected. Few sections of tho earlh, of equal superficies and of so recent civilized coloni zation, have exhibiled so rich a variety of mineral resources as soulhern Missouri.' This Staid is in a peculiar degree remarkable, as forming the connecting link between the forest and meadow or prairie sections of North America. That enormous forest, which may be remarked as covering the entire Atlantic slope, nine-tenths of St. Lawrence basin, all the basins of Appalachicola and Mobile, and the delta of the Mississippi, and most parts of the left side of ils basin, reactiesJnto Missouri, and covers nearly all ils southern and southeastern sections This great body of woods is indented in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, by a protrusion of the prairies, which expand, advan cing SW,, and range through Missouri, S. of Missouri river. On the west border of that Slate, on the Osage, and near the junction of the .Mis souri and Kansas rivers, the prairies usurp much the greater share of the surface of the whole coun try. Lines of woodland follow the streams, leav ing the inlermediate spaces open plains. Those lines of timbered ground gratlually become more altei'iuated westward, until nearly one unbroken waste spreads over hundred of miles. The periinsula belween Missouri and Mississippi riversis not so naked of timber as are the sources of the Arkan sas, Kansas, and Platte rivers ; yet immense prai ries occur in the former region also. Over an ex tent much more Ihan equal to the inhabited parts of the, United States and Canada, the winds of the N., W., and SW., breathe over Missouri, with out much impediment from mountains, hills. Or forest. It will be seen in the sequel that from this exposure arises the peculiarly variable and cold cli mate which prevails near the junction of the Mis sissippi and Ohio rivers. If due attention is paid to the physiognomy ofthe adjacent regions, it will at once be seen that the surfatie of Missouri is in a peculiar manner liable to extraneous influence. To the SW., for upwards of 1,200 ms,, expands an open desert. To Ihe W., as known, the exten sion of the same desert leaves the earth a void. To the NW., a two-fold cause superinduces a flux of cold air over Missouri— the openness of tho imraense region in that direction, and the constant volumes of cold, and often frozen waler, brought down by the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. It is from these combined causes that such excessive changes are felt, and inequalities of seasons ex perienced, to extremes scarcely known in any other spot on this planet. It is from this complicated climale that in N, lat. 38 30 the rivers are frozen four years in five before the end of Qecember. Another phenomenon has been observed in Mis souri, which in a strikipg manner distinguishes ils seasons from those of Louisiana of the Atlantic slope i that is, the much less moisture in the at- rnosphere of the former. Though frosts are 'so rigorous at St. Louis as to render the Mississippi passable on the ice before the beginning of Janua ry, in ordinary seasons, yet deep snow or drench ing rains are uncommon. The air is commonly 587 MIS GEOGRAPHICAL- DICTIONARY. AHS dry, cold, and elastic. In reality, the position of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, are singularly worthy of philosophic attention. A dense forest covers all the alluvial bottoms of tbe Mississippi, and those of ils confluents. On the east side of that vast recipient, we have seen this forest only terminated by the Atlantic ocean. On the W., it is followed by the prairies or desert we have no ticed. Moisture is as remarkably abundant in the forest tracts as it is wanting in the prairies, 'i'he natural consequence of ..the position of places, on the confluence of two regions whose meteorological /•onstitulions are so essentially different, is an ex posure lo the extremes of both, following the cur rent of air. This is, in an extraordinary degree, the case wilh Louisiana, where two successive seasons mSy differ so much, as one to present an almost constant deluge of rain, and the olher scarcely affording a -single shower. Ascending the Mississippi, the quantily of rain becomes less in a given time, al least as far N„ as 42°. A remark may be m^de in this place, that what may be designated the rainy and dry seasons are not confined to the tropics. Rain and snow are mere relative terms : therefore, in the U. S. the rainy and dry seasons are nearly as regular in their succession and periods as similar seasons are with in the tropics. The difference is ralher in the quantity than in the limes of rain and fair wealher. To this theory Louisiana is tbe most remarRable exception ; and, when viewed in connexion wilh the adjacent and distant regions, the causes of the dberration^ ofthe seasons of that Stale arc at once to be conceived and clearly understood. It ought, however, to be recollected that we are now ma king a natural and not a political survey : there fore, in specifying Louisiana, the delta, of the Mis sissippi and contiguous places are meant. It is when making such expansive surveys, and eluci dating the phenomena of nature on so large a scale, that the full value of maps can be fully appreciated. Without maps, no enlarged views ofthe laws of meteorology could ever be formed by any exertion of the human intellects; and itis from neglect of such comprehensive combinations, that SI many ciude nations on particular climates pass current. The climale of Missouri is consequently liable lo griat extremes of heat and cold. The winters of St. Louis are severe — the Mississippi, in ordi nary seasons, being frozen before the end of De cember. The ilirmitable plains to the SW. and W. of the Slate leave an open vent to the winds, and superinduce umuch greater severity of cold in a given lat. than on the Atlantic coast. The seasons of Missouii partake of the unsteady character of the climate of the Mississippi basin, and indeed of the continent of Norlh America in general. No two seasons in succession have much resemblance to each other. The occurrence of first frost in autumn, the last in spring, or the quantity and times of rain and snow in winter,, are equally uncertain. In one respect, the climale of Missouri differs essentially from that on the Atlantic slope, in sim ilar latitudes ; as we before observed, less moist ure falls on the former than on the latter, either as lain or snow. This circumstance has misled many as to the real nature of the climale of Mis-, ' 588 souri, and has given to il a character of mildness, the reverse of the fact. The productions of Missouri have been noticed, both vegetable and metallic. We may merely add lhat the vegetables usually cultivated' are those found ill the middle Slates generally. In metallid and olher fossil substances, Missouri is perhaps the richest region in the United Stales, The following, catalogue, given .by Mr. School craft, yields a result which strongly illustrates the mineral wealth of that State, where most of the substances are found : Metallic substances. — Native iron, red oxyd of iron, iron sand, native magnet, argillaceous oxyd of iron, micaceous oxyd of iron, iron pyrites, brown heinalite, sulphuret of zinc, sulphate of zinc, sulphuret of lead, granular sulphuret of lead, earthy oxyd of lead, carbonate of lead, sulphuret of antimony, black oxyd of manganese, native copper, sulphate of copper. Saline substances, — Nitrate of potash, muriate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, native alum, Infiammable and miscellaneous substances. — Sulphur, stone coal; pumice, madrepore, gra phite. Earthy substances. — Chalk, flint, home stone, rock, crystal, novaculile, common quartz, Citrine, radiated quartz, red ferruginous quartz, granular quartz, tabular quartz, hoary quartz, steatite, mica, chalcedony, reddle, yellow earlh, opaHzed wood, agaric mineral, plastic white clay, fuller's earlh, stalactite, stalagmite, pudding stone, opal, jasper, agatized wood, cornelian, sulphate of lime, feld spar, calcareous spar, bassanite, buhrstone, onyx agate, greenstone porphyry, schorl, ochre, shale. To the above may be adiled carbonate of lime, in form of limestone and marble. The lead mines of Missouri are principally in the CO. of Washington, but there are also diggings in St. Genevieve,. Madison, and Jefferson cos. The ore is that species called galena by miner alogists ; the sulphuret of lead in chemislry. The ore yields about 80 per cent, pure lead. The mass seems inexhaustible, but very irregularly disposed, the veins having no stratification, but branch Ihrough the oilier substances in every direction, and of an indefinite thickness. Taken as a whole, the lead district of the State of Missouri is the richest in the production of lhat metal of any ever discovered. The lead mines of the Slate of Missouri de serve some historical notice, fro.-n thejr immensity and national importance. The West Company was formed by letters patent under the regency of the duke of Orleans, during the minority of the king vof France, Louis XV, dated the 23d of August, 1717, and enregislered the 6th of September following. Under this company came out to Louisiana, in 1719, Philip Francis Renault, son of Philip Re nault, a noted iron founder at Consobre, near Maubeuge, in France. In 1720 Renault and one of his associates, a M, Lamotte, discovered the respective mines which bear their names. Renault worked the mines extensively, but was in the end obliged to abandon the undertaking, from some fiscal arrangements in France, and re turned to his native country in 1742.' From that MIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS period until 1797, or during the long period of 55 a constitution, and adopt such name as they should years, no attempts of any consequence were made to smelt lead in these neglecteil mines. In 1797, a Moses Austin, Esq., from Wythe CO., Va., madeajourney to the lead mines in Lou isiana, and obtained a patent from the Spanish authorities fur one league square, in consideration of erecting a reverberatory furnace. This work was commenced in 1798. Mr. Austin sunk the first regular shaft for raising the ore. In 1799 this gentleman erected a shot tower, and made shit of approved quality. The latler work was erected under the superintendance of Elias Bates. Since the foregoing period the lead mines have continued to attract public attention, and have been extensively worked. When Mr, Scboolcraft'visited this tract in 1818 he enumer ated 45 diggings. What is now the Stale of Missouri formed a part of Louisiana, and has underwent the polilical revolutions of that country, and was amongst the first parts that the French discovered. In 1674 two missionaries, by tho names of Jolliet and Marquette, entered the .Mississippi by the route of Wisconsin, descended the former stream to the Arkansas, and returned to Canada by the Illinois. Tbe country was visited by M, de la Salle in 1683. S)me settlements were made soon afler in the re speclive regions now comprised in the State of Illi nois and Territory of .Arkansas, but none in any part now within the State of Missouri. In 1762, all Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain, and possession taken in 1769, Upiper Louisiana, now the State of Missouri, began lo be peopled about 1760, The attempt of settlement al the mines by Renault, and its failure we have seen. In 1762 the present town of St. Louis was commenced, since which period settle ments have gradually, but during the existence of the Spanish Government slowly advanced. In 1803 this country, wilh all Louisiana, was ceded to the United Slates; and early in 1804 was taken pos session of by Major Amus Stoddard. Louisiana was divided inlo two territories, lhat of Orleans below N. lat. 31, and Louisiana con taining the residue of that country. New Orleans continued the capital of Orleans and St. Louis of Louisiana. In 1810 the then Territory of Louisiana con tained 20,485 inhabitants, of which 3,011 were slaves. In 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the Slale of Louisiana, Louisiana Territory was changed )o the Territory of Missouri ; and on the 4th of January, 1813, Mr. Edward Hemstead took his seat in Congress as delegate. April 3d, 1818, the bill for tbe admission of Missouri 'into the Union, as a Slate, received a second reading, and was committed. On the bill being brought up for a third reading, its passage was opposed, unless under condition of prohifiiting the introduction of negro slaves. This opposition defeated the bill in the session of 18 18-' 19, and in the session of 1819-'20, both of which, parlicularly the latter, was in a great part consumed in debates on the subject. In the former session, March 6th, 1820, an act was passed permitting the people of Missouri to elect a convention, which was empowered to frame choose; and under such constitution, when ap proved by Congress, such a State lo become one of the Uniled Slates, wilh all the rights and immuni ties appertaining to the original 8tates. The convention of Missouri met at St. Louis, , 1820, and formed a constitution, which was presented to Congress for approval at tbe openingof the session of 1820''-21. A clause in the canstitution, excluding from the State free ne groes and people of color, gave rise to a long and violent debate in bolh Houses, which eventuated in a resolution of Congress, dated March 3d, 1821, in the following terms ; Resolved by the Senate and House of Repre sentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That Missouri shall be ad mitted into this Union on an equal footing wilh the original Slates, in all respects whatever, upon the fundamental condition that the fourth clause of the twenty-six section of the third article of the constitution submiltedi on the part of said State lo Congress, shall never be construed to authoriz#the passage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in conformity thereto, by which any citizen of either of the States in this Union shall be exclu ded from the enjoyment of any of the privileges and immunities lo which such citizen is entitled un der the constitution of the- United Slates : Provi ded, That the Legislature of the said Slate, by a solemn public act, shall declare the assent of the said Stale to the said fundamental condition, and shall transmit to the President of the Uniled Stales, on or before the fourth Monday in November next, an authentic copy of the said act ; upon the receipt whereof, the President, by proclamation, shall an nounce the fact i whereupon, and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the ad- - mission of the said Stale into this Union shall be considered as complete." The Legislature of Missouri, on the 26th of June, 1821, passed an act of accession to the con- dilionsjcontained in the foregoing resolution of Congress, and transmitted the act to the President of the Uniled States, who, on the lOlh day of Au gust, 1821, issued his proclamation pursuant to the tenor of the resolution of Congress and the acces sion of the Legislature of Missouri to ils provisions, and Missouri became a Slale ofthe United Stales. It may not be uninteresting to trace the line which, by the act of admission of Missouri, bounds the slaveholding from the non-slaveholding Slates and Territories that have been, or may be, formed beyond the Mississippi. Beginning on the righl bank of that rtream, at the moulh of Ohio, and following the boundaries ofthe Slate of Missouri, up the Mississippi and Lemoine rivera, and thence to the SW. angle of Missouri, on theN. boundary of the Arkansas Territory at N. Iat. 36 30, and thence due W. to the frontier line between the Uniled States and Spain. The extent and relative populalion of Missouri can be only vaguely calculated, as the outlines and respective area of the cos. remain unascertained to any approach to accuracy. The following table will exhibit, however, the general extent, it is presumed, sufficiently correct for ordinary purposes. Civil and political subdivisions of Missouri, with the result of the census of 1820 annexed ; 589 MIS' GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MIS and which, as has been done in most of the other States, we retain as data to serve in the history of the progressive pr>pulation of the United Slates. Counties. Boone \ - Cape Girardeau ' - 5,968 Chariton Clay Cole Cooper 6,959 Franklin 2,379 Jefferson 1,835 Gasconade Howard 13,426 Madison 2,047 iVIontgomeryNew Madrid 4,076 2,296 Lillard Lincoln - 1,662 Perry Pike 3,747 Ralls Eay St, Charles - 3,970 St %ancia - Saline ScoU St, Genevieve ~ 4,962 St, Louis - 10,049 Washington 2,769 "Wayne 1,443 Tolal fnhabilanls. 66,586 Sq, ms. 1,200 17,000 1,170 650 ll,4fiP 4,949 1,800 1,800 2,100 6,000 1,050 600 2,960 101730 62,870 To aq, m. 2 3 1 1-2 410 1 3-4 1 1-3 3-434 10 nearly. 5 nearly, 16 34 1 nearly, 1-10 1 12 The lines of settlement in Missouri run chiefly along or near the water courses, >and if the one- tenth part of the entire area is assumed for the sur face aclually under culture, I am led to believe will be an ample estimate. This would yield 6,287, or, in round numbers, 6,300 square miles 'and with a population little exceeding 10 to the square mile. By the census of 1820, the people of Missouri were found to be composed of 55,988 whiles, 376 free colored persons, and 10,222 slaves, and class ed thus: Foreigners nol naturalized - 496 Engaged in aggricullure - 13,559 Engaged in manufactures 1,870 Engaged in commerce - 487 In the number employed in manufactures, it is probable are included about 1,100 persons employ ed iii the lead mines. Pop u lation of Missouri by ages, 1840. Whites, — Ages. Oto 6 StolO 10 to 16 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 '^ 70 to 80 80to90 - 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Touil whiles - Males. 34,59726,05421,222 16,784 33,772 20,568 11,384 5,620 2,439 814 183 28 6 173,470 32,60024,321 19,67916,952 26,330 14,689 8,5804,2592,019 634131 21 3 Ages, OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 ' 55toI0O- 100 aud upwards I Totals Aggregate Free col, persons. Males, Fem's 193195 266 '164 74 1 152 159 691 883 1,574 Slaves, Males, Females, 10,87310,718 4,2692,329 336 17 28,742 10,479 10,926 4,8572,568 644 4 28,742 68,240 383702 Tolal whites Do free colored Do, slaves Total 383,702 "White persons ofthe foregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 48 Do. from 14 to 25 - 32 Do. above 25 - 46 y Do, total deaf and dumb 136 Do, blind - - « ^ 82- Insane and idiots at — Public charge - ^ 42 Private charge - - - - 160 Colored persons, free and slaves, i n the foregoing who-are — ' Deaf and dumb ... 27 Blind ¦ 42 Idiots and insane al— Private charge 50 Public charge ... 18 All persons inthe foregoing employed in- Mining - - - 742 Agriculture - - 92,408 Commerce ¦ - - 2,322 Manufactures and trades - 11,100 Navigation on the ocean 39 Do. canals, lakes, and rivers 1,885 "Learned professions - - - 1,469 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 122. Universities or colleges - / 6 Do. students in - 496 Academies a'nd grammar schools ' 47 Do, students !;> - - 1,926 Priipary and common schools 642 Do, scholars in - 16,788 Scholars at public charge - - - 5i6 White persons over 20 years of age who cannol read or write - - - . - 19,457 Population of Missouri by counties, from ihe cen sus of ISiO, I Counties. 160,418 173,470 323,888 Audrain BarryBenionBoone BuchananCaldwellCallaway Cape Girardeau CarrollCharitonClark Clay ClintonCole ¦ , CooperCrawford Davies "Whites, 919 2,4242,0925,604 3,178 770 4,490 4,125 1,1641,993 1,305 3,382 1,331 ,4,311 4,431 1,7661,393 833 2,0941,852 5,026 2 826627 4,1113,896 1,001l,rt61,118 2,991 1.1993,7623,881 1,611V- 17 126142 1,606 112 23 1,613 664162484213 590 1,066 91 66 Total, 116633 207 937 103 106143119 1,502 116 38 1,629 11,766 661 1,949 4,796 4,206 f3,661 6,237 1,458 2,4-234,746 a,846 8,2822,7249,-^6 10,484 1,091 93, 0,9DL 78' a,736 590 MIT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOB TABLU — Continued, FranklinGasconadeGreen Howard Jackson W hites. Free col Johnson Lafayette Lewis LincolnLinn Livingston Macon Madison ¦ Marion Miller MonroeMorgan Montgomery JSTew Madrid Newton Perry Pettis Platte Pike Polk PulaskiRalls Randolph Kay Ripley Rives St. Charles St, Frangois St. Genevieve - St, Louis Stoddard SiielbyScottJSalineTan- y Van Buren Warren Washington - "VVayneTotal Missouri 3,443 2,666 2,490 4,99d 3,307 2,078 2,0362,5862,629 3,036 1,123 2,1603,075 1,462 3,907 1,135 4,116 2,055 1.798 ¦J,01l2,(11 ¦i,658l l,'33b! 4,-245 4,26i i. ' 3,37b2,336 -3,047 2,996 14412,1763,378 1,407 1,381 18,081111 l,605l 1,3572,755' 1,9231 1,713, 2,3;ul 1,876' 1-1,314' 1,596 3,004 2,321 2,203 4, — 2;93b i,r- 1,855 2,2132,337 2,817 977 1,922 2,733 l,3ai 3,332 1,03 3,69: 1,^36;1,7261,737 1,599 1 2,310; 1,1413,aul ?,SS9'3,791 1| 2,960. ¦2,114]2,713 1,"336 I.'.IIO 2,90S 1,287 1,1?9 ,4-25! 1,47b1,-J3 2,-373 1,707 1,49-i,1178 1,679 2,9J4 l,47cl Slaves, Tolal 173170 150418 691 528 1683ai 1,845 686 188 249 9: 504772 81 Uo113 149 1,114 60 794242416 40b 73 376261 403 1,1 'J5 ¦2113 89 612 682 4-J6 35 321796 277 -291 2,298 37 245 449 80. 22 106 342 499 146 526 181 347 7,515 28,742 676 136 3117 1,013 561800 62 1112 '29: 1,228 51 8S3270411 396 96 4112288 453 l,-:77 2;59 101 697 755408 42 315 '799 224257 2,318 34 213 479813 IS 108354 4-24 1 29,498 4,471 6,8156,040 7,4492,245 4,325 6,034 3,396 9,6232,-282 9,505 4,4074,3714,564 3,7905,7602,930 8,913 10,646 8,449 6,5-295,670 7,198 6,553 2,856 4,7-267,911 3,2113,148 35,979 3,1533,0565,974 6,238 3,-2644,693 4,-253 ^,213 3,4U3 Miste., a volcanic summit or peak of Peru, in the province of Arequipo. In 1796, according to Mr, Gurson's narrative, this peak was ascended to ils summit by Thadeus Hacnck, a Bohemian nalural- ist, who, by a trigonometrical operation on Ihe plains of Arequipo, determined its perpendicular height above the ocean level to be 20,328 feel. — N. A. ll., vol. — , No. 44, p. 266. Mistra, or Misitra, village of Greece, in the Morea, supposed, ihough erroneously, lo he on Ihe^ site of Sparta. According to Chateaubriand and Poqueville, Mislria is situated I j ms, from the ru ins of Sparta, and on the W. side of the Eurotas, (now Vasilipotamosriver or brook.) Mistra con tains a pop. of 15,000 — one-third Mahometans, the residue Greeks and Jews. M'llcham, village of Eng., in Surry, seated on the Wandle, on which are some snufi' mills and 2 calico prinliug manufactories. It is 8 ms. SW. of London. Mittau, strong town of Poland, the ca|iital of Courland, remarkable for iss large ducal palace. It is seated on the B»lderau,45 ms. E. of Goldingen, and 270 IS'NE. of Warsaw. Lon, 23 50 E., lat. 66 40iN. Mobile, river of the U. S., in Iho Slate of Ala,, is formed by the uniled streams of Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The extreme NW. sources of Tombigbee are in the Stale of Miss,, near the S. line of Tenn., from whence the different hranchoM flowSE, into Ala,, where, uniting, they form the Tombigbee, which Hows nearly due S. to its junc tion with the Alabama, at N. lul. 31,5. Tho Tombigbee receives, besides many lesser confli;- j'^glenls, the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior, a large 3!373 stream from the NE. The entire lengih of the 'I'e?^ Tombigbee is about 300 ms, by comparative course. 4'296 The Alabama is formed by the uniled sireams of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, which both ri-^e in Ga., and, flowing to Ihe SW., unite at N. lal. 32 23, and from thence to the junction with Tombigbee assumes the name of Alabama, The entire lengih of the .Alabama, from the sources Of tho Coosa lo Ihe head of Mobile river. Is, by coittparalive course, about 400 ms, A con.siderable branch from the N,, called the Cahawba, enters the Alabama about 100 ms,, by the windings ofthe strenm, belovv the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. Cahaba, the seal of government for the Stale of Ala,, is sit ualed at the mouth of the Cahawba river. The river Mobile is about 40 ms. in length, from the head of Mobile bay to the junction ot Tombigbee and -Alabama rivers. Wilhin a very short distance of its hcail, the Mobile divides inlo two br-anchcs : Ihatof Mobile proper lo the W,, and Tensaw lo the E. These never again unite, but flow separately inlo Mobile bay, with several inlets from one lo the olher. The islands enclosed between the main branches and the inlets are, in general, liable to inundation. The Mobile river admits vessels of 12 feetdraught in all ils length ; the Tombigbee, those of 5 feet to Fort Sloddarl ; and Mobile, those of aboul 6 feet to Fori Claiiiorne, Mobile Bay opens below the mouth of the Mo bile and Tensaw rivers, and gradually widens from 4 to 10 or 12 ms-, and, extending 30 ms, nearly S., again contracts to about 5 ms., having'Dauphiii island in nearly the middle of its entrance into the G^ulf of Mexico. The main channel, betweeii Uauphin island and the Point of Mobile, has a depth of 18 feel. The channel between the main shore and Dauphin island, known by the name of the Pass au Heron, has only 6 feet, A bar oT 13 feet water crosses Mobile bay 3 nis, below the town of that name. Mobile Point is a long, low, sandy, and narrow peninsula, which bounds Mobile bay on the S., extending from the bay of Bon Secours, the south eastern extremity of the former, towards Dauphin island, which it approaches lo within 3 ms. Directions for coming into Mobile buy. Mobile, and Blakeley. — In running in for the land or the Bay of .Mobile, should you make it lo the west ward ofthe bar, the land wi|l appear broken, as it consists of small islands, which occasion several small openings ; if lo the eastward, the land is uni form as far as Pensacola^E., and covered with tim ber, the beach generally sandy, atid quite percepti ble fn clear weather 8 or 10 ms. distant. Dauphin island, on the viestern poinl of the bay, appears high and bluft; Mobile paint low and sandy, wilh a single tiee on dhe extiemity, in the form of an umbrella, and thinly woot'ed for 5 ms. from the 591 383702 MOC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOH point. There are houses on the point and Dau phin island; before you shoalen into 7 fathoms waler, bring Mobile point to bear N. i W., and the E. end of Dauphin island to bear NNW i W,, and steer in NNW. j^this course will run you over the bar, on which you will have from 1 6 to 20 feet water in good tides; afler passing a small sand i-'land on your larboard, you are over the bar, and out of danger, wilh a shoal each side of you, then haul up for the point of Mobile, giving it a berth of 300 or 400 yards, then steer up the bay as tracked on the chart. It is necessary to calculate for the bay currents, as when the tide is flowing you will drift to the westward, and when ebb lo the eastward, until you gel near Dog river bar, which extends across the bay; when in 11 feet water, and 2J ms. from the western shore, 7 ms. from Mobile, and 15 from Blakeley, come to for a pi lot. In beating across the bay, you can stretch within 2^ ms. of the shore wilh safety, except oppo site Big Point Clear ; and in Bonsecour's bay, keep Big and Litlle Poinl Clear in range, one N. and the other S. It is also observed, that there is a middle ground shoal of 10 feet water lying to the starboard of the tracji in running up the hay, and opposite Big Poinl Clear and Fowl river, wliich is not shown on the chart. Mobile Town is situated on the W. or right shore of .Mobile bay, near the mouth of Mobile riv er, upon a bank elevated 18 or 20 feet above the surface of the water in the bay. It is a place oi considerable trade, though the entrance to the harbor is inconvenient for vessels drawing more than 8 feet water. A long, narrow, and low island, lies before the Idwn, and extends about 5 ms. above, round which large vesssels are obliged to pass, in order to reach the harbor, in which any ves sel can enter in safety which can pass the bar, 3 ms. below the island. Mobile is situated at N. lat, 30 44, and W. lon. from W. C. 10 55, and from Greenwich 87 55. Pop,, as stated in the census tables for 1840, 12,672. Mobile, CO., Ala,, bounded by the Gulf of Mex ico S., .Mississippi W., Baldwin and Monroe cos., in Ala,, N., and West Florida E. Lengih 58 ms,, mean width 45 ; area 2,600 sq. ms. It occu pies lhat part of Alabama S, from the 31° N. lal,, and between the State of Mississippi and territory of West Florida. Surface generally level, or mod erately hilly. Soil, wilh but very partial excep tions, barren, and covered with pine timber. Chief towns. Mobile and Blakeley. Pop. 1820, 2,672 ; and in 1840, 18,741. Central lat. 30 42 N,, lon. W, C. 11° W. Miicaupour, town of the country of Napaul, capital uf a dislrict of the same name. It is situate on the E. side of the Napaul, 48 ms. SSE. of Cat mandu, and 130 N. of Patna. Lon. 85 37 E., lat, 27 35 N. Mocha, small island off the coast of Chili. Lat, 38 30 S,, lon. W. C. 3 10 E, Mocha, or Moka, town of Arabia, in Yemen, sealed on a small hay of the Red Sea, near the strait of Babelmandeb On each of the points of land, which enclose the road, is a fort; but they are wretched structures. The town is of a circular form, surrounded by a wall, in which are six gales. It carries on a great trade, especially in coffee; and the inhabilanls are estimated at 18,000, without 592 including the .leivs, who inhabit the Suburbs. The English, from Hindoostan, at present engross al most exclusively the trade of this place. It stands in a barren plain, 140 ms. SSW, of Sane, and 630 SSE. of Mecca. Lon. 44 25 E., latitude 13 10 North. Mocksville, village. Rowan co., N. C, by post road 1,90 ms, W. from Raleigh. Modbury, town of Eng., in Devonshire, with a manufaclure of plush ; seated belween two hills, 36 ms, SSW. of Exeter, and 208 WSW. ofLondon. Modena, or Modenese, a duchy of Italy, 65 ms. long and 35 broad, bounded on the W. by Parma, N. by Mantua, E. by the Ferrarese, Bolognese, and Tuscany, and S. by the republic of Lucca. It includes the duchies of Mirandola and Reggio, Tho soil is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits of diflferent kinds. It also feeds a great number of cattle. Modena, foriified cily of Ilaly, capital of the Mo denese, wilh a magnificent college. The ducal paUce is richly furnished, and contains fine paint ings. The inhabitants are estimated al 30,000. ll is sealed belween the rivers Secchia and Panaro, 34 ms. S. hy E. of Mantua, and 60 NNW. of Florence. Lon. 11 12 E., I4t. 44 34 N. Modesttown, village, Accomack co.,,Va. Modica, town of Sicily, in Val di Nolo, on the river Accellaro, 10 ms. W. of Nolo. ' Modon, strong town of European Turkey, in the Morea, with a safe harbor. It is seated on a pro montory-projecting into Ihe sea of Sapienza, 15 ms. W. of Coron. Lon. 21 31 E., lat. 36 63 N. Moers. — See Meurs. Moeskirch, town of Suabia, in the piinoipalily of Furslenburg, 18 ms. N. of Conslance. Moffat, town of Scot., in Dumfriesshire, near the river Annan, encompassed on all sides, except the S., by hills of diflerent heights. Its delightful situation and ils mineral springs attract much com pany. It is 20 ms. N. by E. of Dumfries. Moffat Hills, the highest mountains of the S. of Scot,, on Ihe N. border of Durnlriesshire. Hartfel, the most elevated, is 2,300 feet above the level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of sheep, and from them descend, in different direclions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources are but litlle distant from each olher. Moffitt's Mill, post office, Randol[ih eo.„ N. C, 85 ms. W. from Raleigh. Post oflice, Pendle ton district, S. C,, 172 ms. NW. from Columbus. Moffitt's Store, post office, Columbia co,, N. Y. Mogador, town of the kingdom of .Morocco, wilh a harbor for vessels of a middling size. -Il is sur rounded by walls, with batteries, and al high tides is almost encompossed by the sea. 'I'he streets are all in straight lines, and contain a great number of handsome houses. The port is formed by a chan nel belween tbe mainland and an island above a mile in length. It is 180 ms. WNW. of Morocco. Lon. 9 .35 W,, lat, 31 28 N Mohacs, town in Lower Hungary, in the co. of Buraniwar, at the conflux of the Corasse with tlip Danube, 23 ms. N. by E. of Esseck. ^ Mogrebbins, or Mogrebi, "people of the west,'' terms by which the Ai^abs and Moors of western Africa are known in Mahometan Asia. MoHAniMEDANisM, 30 termed from the personal name of its founder. -^See article Islamism, He- OIBA, MOSIEM, MUSSULMAS", &C. MOH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOL Mohawk, river of N. Y., the great western branch of the Hudson. The extreme northweslern source of the Mohawk is in Lewis co. It ihence enters Oneida co,, flows S. 20 ms. to Rome, where it turns to SE. about 28 ms, by comparalive courses, to its first norlhern confluent, West Can ada. Here it assumes nearly an eoslern course of 5 ms., to its passage through Ihe Katshergs, at the Litlle falls. It is precipitated at ihis place over a ledge of rocks. — See article New York, section Grand Wesiern canal. Below the Litlle Falls, the Mohawk flows, by comparative courses, 70 ms. SE. by E, to its junction with the Hudson at Wa terford. Two ms. above Waterford it is again precipitated over the Cahoes rocks by a single pitch of 70 feel. The Mohawk, besides West Canada, receives from the N. East Canada, Chucktananda, and some others of lesser note ; and from the S. Oriskany creek, and Schoharie river. Its enlire comparalive course, 123 ms. Il passes the villages or lowns of Rome, Utica, Herkimer, Little Falls, Oppenheim, Palatine, Canajoharie, Caughnawago, Amsterdam, and Schenectady. Ils banks gener ally rise by an .acclivity of more or less inclination, but in some places, as at Schenectady, Herkimer, Utica, and Rome, meanders through extensive al luvial flats. The soil in most places, particularly lhat ofthe flats, highly fertile and well cullivated. The great Western canal has been formed along its right shore from opposile Waterford to Rome. Village on the Grand river, or Ouse, U. C, is the principal village of the Six Nations, This is the residence of their principal chief. Captain Joseph Brant. The village is beautifully situated, has a neat church with a steeple, a school house, and a council house; and not far Irom it is a grist and saw mill. Mohawk Bay, in Fredericksburgh, U. C, bay of Quinte, lies opposite to the Mohawk settlement, and close to the mouth of the river Appannee. Mohawk Settlement, bay of Quinte, U. C, is W. of Richmond, and comprehended between the river Shannon and Bowen's creek. Mohegan, village of TJ. C, on the right bank of the Thames, 5 ms. below Norwich. Here reside the remnant of the Mohegans. Mohiccon, large creek of Ohio, rises in Wayne and Richland cos., flows S. about 50 ms., and joins White Woman's river in Coshocton, near the E. border of Knox co« Tp,, Wayne co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 632. Mohila, one of the Comora islands, between the N. end of Madagascar and the continent of Africa. It has a good road for ships. Lon. 43 50 E., lat, 12 25S. ' Mohilef, or Mogilev, government of the Russian empire, comprising a part of Lithuania, dismem bered from Poland in 1772. Town of Lithu ania, capital of a Russian government of Ihe same name. It has a considerable trade, and is situaled on the Dnieper, 340 ms. ENE. of Warsaw, and 364 ms. S. of Petersburg. Lon. 30 14 E., lat. 53 52 N. Mohrin, town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, 18 ms. NNW. of Custrin. Mohrungen, town of Prussia, in the province of Oberland, situate on a lake of the same name, which almost surrounds it; It is 56 ms. SSW. of Konigsberg, and 56 SE. of Dantzic. 75* Moilah, town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on the coast of the Red sea, 130 ms. S, of Acaba, and 180 NW. of Medina. Lon. 33 50 E., lal. 27 30 Norlh. ifoine river, or Lemoine, — See boundaries of the State of Missouri. Moira river, runs inlo the bay of Quinle, U. C, near the S W. angle of the tp. of Thurlow. Moira, tp., Franklin co,, N. Y. Mojaisk, town of Russia, 63 miles W. from Moscow. Moirans, town of Fr., in the dep. of Isere, on the river Isere, 25 ms. SE. of Vienne. ' Moissac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lot, with a trade in corn and flour, seated on the Tarn, near its conflux with the Garonne, 13 ms. NW, of Montauban. Mola di Bari, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the Gulf of Venice, 17 ms. E. of Bari. Mola di Gaeta, town of Naples, in Terra di La vora, seated near the sea, 3 ms. NE. of Gaeta. Mold, town of Wales, in Flintshire. ' The as sizes are held here. It is 5 ms, S, of Flint, and 201 NW. ofLondon. Moldau, river of Europe, in Bohemia; it rises in the Winterberg hills, near Ravensburg, within less than 20 ms. from the Danube, at the moulh of the Inn, flowing nearly N. about 100 ms.,it unites with the Beraun from the SW. at lat. 50° N. Aboul 5 ms. below the mouth of the Beraun it passes the cily of Prague, and joins the Elbe above Melnick, 20 ms. below Prague. Tbe Moldau drains more than half of all Bohemia, — SeeMuldau, Moldau, or Sereth, river, rises in the Carpathian mountains, in the Austrian province of Bukowine, and flowing SE. falls inlo the Danube, above the moulh of the Pruth. The Moldau gives name to Moldavia. Moldavia, province of Turkey in Europe, 270 ms. long, and from 30 to 1 20 broad ; bounded on the N, by Poland, from which it is also divided on the NE. by the Dniester, B. by New Russia and Bessarabia, SE, by Bulgaria, from which last it is parted by tbe Danube, SW. by Wallachia, and W. by Transylvania. The other principal rivers are the Pruth and Sereth. The W. part is moun tainous, and there are some uncultivated deserts ; but it abounds in good pastures, which feed a great nuraber of horses, oxen, and sheep ; it also produces com, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, wilh plenty of game and fowls. The sovereign, who is styled hospodar, is tributary lo the grand seignior. The inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church. Jassy is the principal town. Mole, river of England, in Surry, which rises on the borders of Sussex, flows N, to Docking, and, passing beneath Box Hill, is said to disappear in ils vicinity and to rise again near Leatherhead ; hence it is supposed to derive its name; but the fact is, lhat a tract of soft ground, two miles in lengih, called the Swallows, in very dry seasons absorbs the waste water in caverns on the sides of the banks, but not so as to prevent a constant stream from flowing in an open channel above ground. 'J'he Mole, proceeding from Leatherhead to Cobham, enters the Thames opposite Hampton Court. Mole, port of St. Domingo. — See Nicholas, St. Molfetta, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seat- 593 MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON ed on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles W. by N. from Bari. MoUerea, town of France, in the department of Lot, 11 miles N. of Montauban, and 16 S. of Ca. hors, Molina, strong town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the river Gallo, in a territory abounding in pastures, 35 ms. SE. of Siguenza, and 88 ENE. of Madrid. Longitude 1 53 W., latitude 40 50 North. Moliae, territory of Naples, lying between Terra- di-Lavora, Abruzzo Citeriore, Capilanata, and Principato .Ulteriore. It is in the form of a tri angle, whose sides are 49 miles in length, and is a mouniainous couniry, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and silk., MoliiC, town of Naples, capital of a territory of the same name, but not populous. It is 30 miles N. of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E., lat. 41 36 N. MoLWJi, lille of supreme judges in the Turkish empire. Those of Mecca and Medina have the highest rank. Like all other Turkish officers, the mtdlahs are removable at the will of the Sultan. The term has, no doubt, the same origin with the Tartar mullah; which sec. Molsheim, town of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province nf Alsace, seated on the Brusch. It is 10 ms. W. by S. of Strasburg, and 228 E. of Paris. Longitude 7 25 E., latitude 48 32 N. Moluccas, or Spice Ialands, cluster of islands in the Indian ocean, lying E, of Celebes. The prin cipal are Ternat, Amboyna, Tydore, Machian, Motyr, and Bachian, the largest of which is hardly 30 miles in circumference. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, except goats ; but they have oranges, lemons, and other fruits, and are most re markable for spices, especially cloves. They have large snakes, whidh are not venomous, and very dangerous land crocodiles. The natives are idol atrous, but there are many Mahometans, 'fhey were discovered in 1511 by the Portuguese, who formed some settlements, but the Dutch drove them away. — See Banda, Molwiiz, town of Silesia, in the province of Grotska, remarkable for a battle which the Prus sians gained over the Austrians in 1741. It is 40 miles S. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 14 E., lat. 50 23 N. Mombaza, town of Africa, with a citadel, seal ed in an island of the same name, on the eastern coast opposite to Zanguebar, 75 ms. SSW. of Me linda, and subject to Portugal. Lon. 48° E., lat. 44° N. Mombaza, couniry of Africa, subject to the Por tuguese ; hence they export slaves, gold, ivory, rice, flesh, and other provisions, wilh which they supply the settlements in Brazil. The king of Me linda, being a Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese governor, look the castle of Mombazo by assault, turned Mahometan, and murdered all the Christians, in 1631 ; but, in 1729, the Portu guese became masters of this territory again. Mompox, t,own of Colombia, in Neyv Granada, on the left bank of the Magdalena, about 20 miles above the mouth of the Canca. Mona and Moneta, small group of islands be tween Hispaniola and Porto Rico. Mona, island of Denmark, on the Baltic, seated 594 on the SW. of the Isle of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Lon. 12 30 E., lat. 55 20 N. Monacks, village, Montgomery co,, Alabama, 95 miles by post road E, from Cahaba. Monaco, small but handsome and strong town of Italy, capital of a territory of the same name, with a castle, a citadel, and a good harbor. It is naturally very strong, being seated on a craggy rock that projects into the sea, Monadnock, lofiy peak of Coos county, N. H., rising to the elevation of 3,254 feet above the level of the ocean. Monaghan, counly of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 miles in length and 22 in breadth, bounded on the N. by Tyrone, on the E. by Ar magh, on the SE. by Louth, and on the 'W, by Fermanagh. It is full of woods and bogs, and a third part of it '\6 taken up by Lough Earne. It contains 24 parishes. Monaghan, borough in Ireland, and capital of the counly of the same name, 40 ms. SW. of Bel fast, anrI 60 NNW. of Dublin.- Tp., Yorkco., Penn., on the S. side of Yellow Breeches creek, joining Cumberland co. Pop. in 1820, 1,158. Mon ABcH, from moiws, sole, and arcos, ruler. This generic term, in strictness, means an absolute sov ereign, but, in a more general sense, applies to any ruler who is alone at the head of a government, however restricted may be his prerogative. It is not, as is usually supposed, applicable to a life oflice only ; the intent of the title applies to the office, and not lo ils periodical extent. The emperors ot Russia, Austria, and China ; the kings of Great Britain, France, &c. ; the popes and sovereign dukes of Ilaly and Germany, and President of the Uniled Slates of Norlh America, &c., are all moTi- archa, however varied and different may be their prerogatives or manner and means of elevation. Webster, in the first sentence of his definition of monarchy, observes that it is " a state of govern ment in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a single person." Monaster, ancient lown of Africa, in the king dom of Tunis, pleasantly seated near the sea, 70 ms. SE. of Tunis. Lon. 11 6 E., lat. 35 60 N. Monastery, house dedicated to religious retire ment, and in which unmarried persons, of either sex, live in community, and includes abby, priory, nunnery, convent, &c. Moncalvo, sraall but strong town of Italy, in Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 ms. SW. of Casal. Lon. 7 19 E,, lat. 45 10 N. Moncaon, or Monzon, very strongly fortified lown of Portugal, in Entre-Douero-e-lflinho, 8 ms. SE. of Tuy, and 26 N. of Braga. Lon. 8 28 W., lat. 42 8 N. Monchabou, city of Asia, in the kingdom of Burman, which, in 1755, was the residence ofthe king before the court removed to Ava, the present capilal, from which it is distant 39 ms. Moncha bou was the birlhplace of Alompra, the founder of tbe Burman empire. Il is situated at lat. 24° N. and lon. 96 56 E. Moncon, or Monzon, strongly fortified town of Spain, in Arragon, seated at the confluence of the Sofa and Oinca, 6 miles S. of Balbastro, and' 50 NE. of Saragossa. Lon. 28' E., lat. 42 2 N. Moncon'our, town of France, in the dep. of Isle MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON and Vilaine, and late province of Bretagne, 30 nis SW. of Malo. Lon. 2 36 E., lat. 48 15 N. Moncton, town, Addison co., Vt., 26 ms. S. by E. of Burlington, on Lake Champlain, and 13 N. of Vergennes, with 1,500 inhabitants. Mondego, river of Portugal, which has its source near Guarda, and, crossing the province of Beira, passes by Coimbra, ond falls into the .Atlantic ocean near a cape of the same name. Mondidier, small town of France, in the dep. of Somme, and late province of Picardy, where there was formerly a palace. It is sealed on a mountain, 24 ms. SE. of Amiens, and 57 N. of Paris. Lon. 2 34 W,, lat 49 39 N. Mondonnedo, town of Spain, in Galicia, in a fer tile couniry, on a small river, 60 ms. NE. of Com postella. Lon. 7 10 W., lal. 43 30 N, Mondoubleau, town ofFr., in the dep. of Loire and Cher, and late province of Blasois. It has a castle, and is 13 ms. N. of Vendome. Mondovi, town of Piedmont, with a citadel, a university and a bishop's see. It was taken by the French in April, 1766. Il is the largest and most populous town of Piedmont, and is sealed on a mounlain near the river Elero, 8 miles NW. of Ceva, and 35 SE. ofTurin. Lon. 8 6 E., lat. 44 38 N. Monforte, town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, 30 ms. N. by E. of Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 W,, lat. 39 32 N. Town of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo, 20 miles soulh of Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 W., lat. 38 47 N. Mongalz, Mungatz, Munkaish, &c., town and fortress of Upper Hungary, on the northern sources of the Teiss, and opposite the higher sources of the Bug, about 100 English ms. SW. from Lemburg, in Poland, and 300 a little N. of E. from Presburg. N. lat. 48 50, lon. 2'3° E. of London. Monghir, town of Hindooslan, in Bahar, wilh a fort, seated on the right bank of the Ganges, 80 miles E. by S, of Patna, and 230 NNW. of Cal cutta. Lon. 86 36 E., lat. 25 24 N, Mongolia, so called from the most numerous people who hive in all historical ages resided on it, and the names of Mogn s, Monguls, Mongols, Ac. Ill ils tvidest extent it is, though not very definite in outline, c nnmensuiale with the great table land of central .Asia. Greatest length from the sources of the Indus to those of the Amur rather above 2,00 ) miles, greatest breadlk from the sources of ths Indus and Urahmapomra, nearly at right an gles to the greatest length, 1, 100 ms. The breiidlh lessens advancing to the NE., but is in no pirt under 500 miles, the mean breadth 800 miles, and area 1,500,000 sq, miles. From this imncnse ex- , tent, having N. lat. 40° nearly centrical and equal ling the one-fifteenth part of the land area of the earlh no waler flows. Rivers ri-^e around its vast borders, carrying their volumes in different direc tions into the Northern or Frozen ocean. Pacific and Indian oceans and Aral sea, — Sea article Asia, pp, 87 and 88. Monguls, Country of the, or Western Chinese Tartary, is bounded on the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary, S. by the great wall of China and Le.i-tong, and W. by Independent Tartary. The Mongul Tartars have neither towns, villages, nor houses ; they wander in hordes, and live under tents, whioh they remove from one place to an other, according aa the temperoture ofthe different seasons, or the wants of their flocks require ; they pass the summer on tho banks of rivers, and Iho winter at the fool of some mounlain or hill which shelters them from the piercing north wind. Tho Monguls aro nominally subject lo China, bql, in reality, are a free nomadic race. They have been very improperly, by European writers, confounded with the Mandshurs and Tartars, from both of whom they differ essentially in language and man ners, — See Mandshuria, Monheim, town of Bavaria, in the principaUly of .N'euburg 8 miles N. of Donawert. Monikendam, seaport ofN. Holland, which has manufactures of soap and silk. It is seated on a gut or frith of the Zuyder Zee, 8 miles N. of Am- sierdam. Lon. 4 38 E., lat. 52 28 N. Monistrol, town of France, in the dep. of Upper Loire, 14 ms. SW. of St. Etienne. MouK, from Greek, alone, originally, no doubt, applied to persons who not only retired from worldly concerns, but also from all social converse wilh others, such as anchorets or hermits, but gradually applied to cenobites or monks, who live unmarried, hut in community. Monk's Corner, village in Charleston dislrict, S. C, on Cooper's river, 30 ms. above Charleston. Monkton, tp., Annapolis co,. Nova Scolia. ¦ Tp., Westmoreland co,. New Brunswick, Village and tp,, Addison co., Vt., 23 ms. S. of Burlington. Pop. 1,250. Monmouthshire, co. of Eng., 24 ms, long and 20 broad, bounded on the N. by Herefordshire, E. by Gloucestershire, SE. by the mouth of the Sev ern, and W. and SW. by the counlies of Breck nock and Glamorgan. Il contains 340,000 acres is divided into 6 hundreds and 127 parishes ; has 7 market towns, and sends 3 members to Parlia- ent. Beside the Wye, which parts il from Glou- cester,«-,hire, the Minnow, which separates it from Herefordshire, and the Rhyney, or Rumney, which divides it from Glamorganshire, this county has, almosl peculiar to itself, the river Usk, which di vides it' inlo two unequal proportions, ['up in 1801, 45,582; in 1811, 62,137, aud in 1821, 71,835. Monmouth, borough of Eng., capilal of Mon mouthshire, al the moulh of the Minnow, which here joins the Wye. Over the former is a very aiicieni bridge and gateway, once a barrier against the Welsh. It is 18 ms S, of Hereford, and 120 W. by N. fr.im London. Lon. 2 46 W., lat. 51 49 N Town in Kennebec co., iVIe,, 17 ms. W. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, l,59d. , Mnimouth, co. of iV. J., bounded on the E. hy ihe Atlantic ocean, SW. by Burlington, NW, by Middlesex, and N. by Raritan bay ; length 60 ms., mean width about 18, and, exclusive of water, ibout 1,000 sq. ms, in surface. Its form triangu lar, and in one part, from Wreck Pond to Allen town, it is 30 ms. wide. Surface in the wesiern and norlhern part unduliting, but towards the ocean level. Soil of middling quality, thiugh in places extremely productive. A very lemarkable marl zone crosses this county in a direction from N.\G, toSSW. Chieflown, Freehold. Pop. in 1820, 25,038; and in 1840, 32,909. Central lat, 40 5N., lon. W. C. 2 4'2E. Mmmouth, — See Freehold. 595 MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON Monocacy, small but fine river of Pa. and Md- It rises in Adams co. of the former Stale, and en ters the Potomac in Frederick co,, of the latter. It drains near one-half of .4dams, and almost the en tire surface of Frederick co. ; comparalive lengih about 50 ms. Monomotapa, kingdom of the E. coast of Afri ca, bounded on the N. by Monomugi, on the E. by the Mosambique, on the S. by Sofala and Ma nica, and un the W. by unknown regions. It is watered by several rivers, of which Zambera is the chief. It lies belween 23° and 33° E. Ion., and 14° and 19° S. lat. Monomugi, kingdom of Africa, lying near the equator.'between Abyssinia on the N., Zanguebar on the E., Monomotapa on the S., and Congo on the W. This couniry is very liltle known to the Europeans. Monongahela, river of the U. S., rises in Ran dolph CO., Va., interlocking with the sources of the Great Kenawha, at N. lat. 38 30. Its course is nearly S. 80 ms., to where it receives the W. branch, from Lewis and Harrison cos. Below their junction, the uniied stream flows SE. 30 ms. to the S. boundary of Pa., which it passes, and 2 ms. lower, receives from the SE. Cheat river, liltle, if any, inferior in column or length to the Monon gahela itself. Cheat river rises in Randolph Co., and flows through that and Monongahela cos., en ters Pa , and uniies with tho main stream, as be fore noticed. The sources of ihe Monongahela and Cheat are in the western spurs of the Appalachian mounlains. Below the mouth of Cheat, the Mo nongahela flows nearly S. 50 ms., to its junction with the Youghiogheny. The latter rises in the Appalachian mounlains, in Alleghany co., Md;, interlocking wilh the sources of the N. branch of the Potomac, flows N. into Pa., passing through Fayette, Westmoreland, and, entering Alleghany CO., unites with the Monongahela at McKeesport, afler a comparalive (COurse of about 100 ms. ; 12 ms. below its junction wilh Youghiogheny, the Monongahela unites wilh the Alleghany, and forms the Ohio, at the city of Pittsburg. The entire length of the .Monongahela river, by comparative courses, is about 170 ms., but, following the me anders of the streams, eilher along the main or Cheat branch, the length exceeds 200 ms. The country drained by the Monongahela is in some parts mountainous, and in all hilly. For down stream navigation, the Monongahela, at high water, is passable wilh large boats as high as the mouth of the- W. branch, and by lighter vessels much higher. Cheat river is navigable inlo Randolph CO., about 50 ms,, by comparalive course, above its mouth, and the Youghiogheny to the Ohiopyle falls, in Fayette co., 60 ms. above its junction wilh the Monongahela. Extensivo im provements have been made on the navigable fa cilities of the Monongahela. Light steamboats as cend as far as Brownsville. The various branches of the Monongahela which derive their sources from the western chains of the Appalachian system, similar to the Potomac, claim a more than ordinary share of attention, as pre senting the connecting links of a proposed line of canal improvement. Cheat river flows from the northwestern slope of Alleghany mountain, and, draining the eastern part of Randolph co., passes 596 Chestin.i ridge, enters Preston co., and, there a navigable stream, continues N. to within 5 ms. from the S. boundary of Pa., turning to the W., through Laurel hill, and thence NW., crosses the S. line of Pa., and unites with Monongahela. Monongahela, cily, borough town of Washing ton CO., Pa,, is situated on the left bank of Mo nongahela river, below the mouth of Pigeon cieek. It is the same place formerly called Parkison's Ford, 18 ras. very nearly due E. of "Washington, the counly seat, and very nearly a like distance a liltle E. of S. from Pittsburg. Pop. 800. Monongalia, or Monongahela, county of Va., bounded N. by Pa., E. hy Preston co,, Va., S, by Sandy creek, or Randolph co., SW. by Mononga hela river, or Harrison, and W. by Tyler ; length 33 ms., mean width 20; area 660 sq. ms. Sur face generally extremely hilly, and in part moun tainous. The river alluvion, and some of the soil of the hills highly fertile. The Monongahela and Cheat unite in the lower part of the county, and both streams traverse it obliquely. Chief town, Morgantown. Pop. in 1820, 11,060; and in 1840, 17,368. Central lat. 39 30 N., lon. W. C. 3 O-West. Monono, island. — See art. Navigator's lalanda. Monopoli, lown of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on the coast of the Gulf of Venice, 28 ms. ESE. of Bari. Monpazier, a town of Fr., in tha dep. of Dor dogne, 18 ms. SW. of Sarlat. Monquegna, or Monqueqaa, town of Peru, in the bishopric of Arequipa, and capilal of a territo ry of its name, adorned with large vineyards. Its whole commerce is in wine and brandy, which are greatly valued. It is 100 ms. SE. of Arequipa. Lon. 71 40 E., lat. 17 34 S. , Monroe, co. of N. Y., bounded by Lake Onta rio N., Ontario co. E., Livingston S., and Gen esee W. Length 32 ms., mean width 17; area 540 sq. ms. Washed by Lake Ontario on its norlhern side, crossed nearly in the middle by Gen esee river, and at right angles to lhat stream by the Grand canal, and drained by a number of large creeks, this county occupies a very eligible posi tion. The surface is generally hilly, with a good soil. Some alluvial flats extend along Lake On tario and Genesee river. It was, in the census of 1820, included in Genesee and Ontario cos. Chief town, Rochester. Pap. in 1840, 64,902. Monroe, co. of P* bounded by Northampton SE., S.,andSW., by Lehigh river separating it from Luzerne N., Wayne co. N., and Pike NE. Its form a trapezium, 40 ms. from E. to W. greatest lengih, area being 576 sq. ms,, the mean breadlh would be about 14| ms. Itis mountainous, and drained by the higher branches of the Lehigh, N. lal. 41°, and lon. li° E. of W. C, intersect in this county. Chieflown, Stroudsburg. Pop. in 1840, 9,879. Monroe, co. of Va,, bounded SE. by Botetourt and Giles, SW. by Kenawha river, or Giles, NW. by Greenbrier, N. by Nicholas, and NE. by Bath and Botetourt. Lengih 35 ms., mean width 13 ; area about 450 sq. ms. Surface mouniainous or very hilly. The body of the counly lying between Greenbriar ami Kenawha river, some very good al luvial soil skirts ihe sireams, though generally rockv and sterile. Chief town. Uniontown. Pop. MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON iif 1820, 6,620; and in 1840, 8,422. Central lat. 37 32 N., lon. W. C. 3 25 W. Monroe, co. of Ga , bounded by Pike W., Butts N., -Ockmulgee river separating it from Jasper and Jones NE., Bibb SE., and Crawford SW.;, length S. to N. 20 ms. ; mean width 15 ; and area 300 sq. ras. N. lat. 33°, and long. 7° W. of W. C, intersect in the eastern part of this county. Chief town, Forsyth, which is situated about 45 ms. a little S. of W. of Milledgeville. Pop. in 1840, 16,275. Monroe, southwestern co. of Flo., extending along the Gulf of Mexico from the Coloosahalchie river to Cape Sable, about 110 ms. The inland boundaries too vaguo to admit definite description. Pop. in 1840, 688. ' Monroe, co. of Ala., bounded by Clarke W., Wilcox N., Butler NE,, Connecuh SE., anJ S. uncertain. Length 48 ms., mean width 28 ; area 1,340 sq. ms. Surface, except near the streams, sterile and covered generally wilh pine timber. The Alabama, however, meandering through from NE. to SW., gives a considerable superficies of very rich alluvion. Staple, cotton. Chieflown, Claiborne. Pop. in 1820, 8,838 ; and in 1840, 10,680. Central lal. .31 30 N., lon. W. C. 10 20 W. Monroe, co. of Miss,, bounded E. by the Slate of Ala., W. by Tombigbee river, and NW. by the road from Natchez to Nashville. Length 50 ms., mean with 8 ; area 450 sq. ms. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Cotton Gin Port. Pop. in 1820, 2,721; and in 1840, 9,250. Central lat. 34 10 N., lpn. W. C. 11 20 W. Monroe, co. of E. Ten., bounded by N. Car. E., the Cherokee lands S-, McMinn W., and Tennes see ri^ver, or Blount and Sevier, N. Lengih 43 ms., mean width 25; area 1,050 sq. ms. Surface rough, hilly, broken, and in part mouniainous. It is bounded on one side by the Tennessee, and drain ed by the Tellico river. Pop. in 1820, 2,539; and in 1840, 12,056. Central lat. 35 32, lon. W. C. 7 15 W. Monroe, co. ofKy,, bounded by Ten. S., Allen CO., Ky., W., Barren N., Adair NE., and Cum berland E. It occupies the dividing ground be tween Cumberland and Big Barren rivers. Length 38 ms., breadth 25; area 700 sq. ms. Its chief town, Tompkinsville, is 120 ms, S. from Louis ville. Pop. in 1820, 4,956 ; and in 1840, 6,526. Central lal. 36 46 N., lon. W. C. 8 22 W. I Monroe, co. of Ohio, bounded E. by Ohio river, S. by Washington, W. by Morgan, NW. by Guernsey, and N. by Belmont. Length 38 ms., breadlh 18 ; area 516 sq. ms. It is almost entire ly very hilly and broken, though the soil is gen erally productive. Chief town, Woodsfield. Pop. in 1820, 4,641 ; and in 1840, 18,521. Cenlrai lat. 39 48, lon. W. C. 4 5 W. Monroe, SE. co. of Mich,, bounded by Lake Erie E., Ohio S,, the unsettled Indian country W., and Wayne co. N. Length, breadth, and area, uncertain. Surface generally level, and soil pro ductive. It is traversed from the NE,. to SE. by the rivers Raisin, Huron of Erie, and some lesser sireams. Chief town, Monroe. Pop. in 1820, 1,831 ; and in 1840, 9,922. Centrallat, 42° N., lon. W. C. 7° W. Monroe, co. of la., bounded by Lawrence S., Martin W., Delaware NE., and Jackson B. Length 24 ms,, breodlh 18, and area 324 sq. ms. Chief town, Bloomington. Pop. in 1840, 10,143. Monfoe, co of Mo., bounded by Marion NE., Ralls E., Audrain SE., Boone SW. and Randolph W. Lengih from N. lo S, 30 liis., breadth 27, and area 810 sq. ms. N. lat. 39 25, lon. W. C. 1 5° W. intersect near ils centre. It is entirely com prised in the valley of Salt river, and, sloping east ward, is drained by numerous branches of that stream. Paris, the seat of justice, is situated on Crooked river, a confluent of Salt river, 120 ms. NW. of St. Louis. Pop. in 1840, 9,505. Monroe, co. of Ark., bounded by Philips E., Arkansas co. S,, jefl'erson W,, PulaskiNW., and St. Francisco N. Lat. 34 0 to 34 45 N. Cenlrai lon. W. C. 14 25 W. Though tbe adjacent coun ties, as laid down by Tanner, are here given, the outlines of this county are loo vague lo admit an approximate statement of the area. The slope is to SSE., and in that direction traversed by the main volume of While river. Much of the surface lia- able to annual submersion. The central part is in a direct line about 50 ms. NNW. from the mouth of While river. Pop. in 1830, 461; and in 1840, 936. Monroe, tp., Hancock co., Me. Pop. in 1880, 732. Village, Fairfield" co., Ct., by post road 54 ms. SE. from Hartford Village, Monroe CO., Mich., by postroad 34 ms. SW. from Detroit. r, Village, Sussex co., N. J., 84 ms. N. from Trenton. Village in Bradford co.. Pa., by post road 190 ms. N. from Harrisburg. Post office, Bucks CO., Pa. Village, Warren co., N. C, 70 ms. SE. from Raleigh. Village, Walton co., Ga., 66 ms. NNW. from Milledgeville. Lat. 33 46 N.. Ion. W. C. 7 6 W. Tp. in the eastern borders of Ashtabula co,, Ohio. Il is 7 ms. long from N. to S. by 5 broad from E. to W. The NE. tp. in Muskingum co,, Ohio, through which passes the road leading from Zanesville to Coshoc ton. Tp,, Guernsey co., Ohio, adjoining the N, line of the county. Tp., Richland co., Ohio. Village, Highland co., Ohio. Tp., Lick ing co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 691. Town in the eastern borders of Buller Co., Ohio, 12 ms. NE. from Hamilton, Western tp. in Pickaway CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 653. Town in Clark CO., Ohio, about 10 ms. N. from Fairfield, in Green co. Tp., Preble co,, Ohio. Tp., Miami co., Ohio, W. ofthe river Miami. Pop. in in 1820, 839. Village and seat of jusiice for Overton co.. Ten., on a small branch of Obies river, 100 ms. NE. by E. from Nashville, fcat. 36 25 N., Ion. W. C. 8 11 W. Village and seat of justice for Monl-oe co., Mich., on the right bank of the river Raisin, 40 ms. SW. from De troit. Lat, 42 2 N., 6 18 W. Ion. W. C. Monroe, or Southfield, village. Orange co., N. Y., 19 ms. S. from Newburg. In this township are some very extensive iron works. Pop. in 1820, 2,969. ^ Monroeiown, village, Pittsylvania co., Va., 168 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Monroeville, village, Huron co., Ohio, 120 ms. N, from Columbus. Monroe Works, post office. Orange co., N. Y. Mons, ancieni, iarge, and strong city of the king dom of Belgium, with a considerable manufactur- 597 MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MQN of woolen stuffs, and a good trade. It stands partly on a hill and partly on a plain, at the confluence of the Haisne and Trouille, by which the country round it may be overflowed at pleasure. It is 17 ms. NE. of Tournay, 37 W. of Namur, and 143 N. of Paris. Lon. 4 3 E., lat. 50 27 N. Monaanto, strongly foriified fronlier town of Spain, in Estramadura. Lon. 5 50 W,, lal. 39 40 N. Monsaraz, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seat ed on the Gaudiana, 25 ms. SW. of Elvas. Lon. 7 32 W., lat. 38 26 N. Monson, town, Somerset co., Me., 150 ms. NE.. from Portland. Tp., Hamden CO., Mass. Pop. in 1810, 1,674; in 1820, 2,126. Monsierberg, or Munsterberg, town of Germa ny, in Silesia, in a province of the same name, 20 ms. NE. of Glalz, and 27 S. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 16 E., lat. .50 37 N. Monstier. — See Moutier, Montabour, small fortified town ot Germany, in the electorate of Treves, belween Coblentz and Limburg. Lon. 7 50 E,, lat. 50 30 N. tMontacniae, considerable town of Natolia, on the sea of Marmora. It carries on a great trade, especially in fruits, and is seated on a bay of the sarae name, 70 ms. SSE. of Constantinople. Lon. 29 10 E., lal. 40 0 Nf Montague Islaod, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific ocean, near Sandwich island. Lon. 168 31 E., lat. 17 26 S. Montaigu, town of Fr., in the dep. of Vendee, and lale province of Poitou, 24 ms. W. of Mau- • leon. Lun. 1 30 W., lat. 47 0 N. Montague Township, partly in iheco. of Gren ville and partly in Leeds, U. C., lies to the norlh ward of Wolford, and is washed by the river Ra deau. Montague, town, Franklin co., Mass., on the lelt bank of Connecticutriver, opposite Greenfield. It is 18 ms. above Northampton. Pop. in 1820, 1,074. Village, Sussex co,, N. }., 93 ms. N. from Trenton. Village, Essex co., Va. ; by postroad 72 ms. NE. from Richmond. Island on the Pacific coast of North America, al the en trance of Prince William's sound. Lon. 60° N., lon. W. C, 77° W. Montalban, strong lown of Spain, in Arragon, with a citadel, sealed on the Rio Martin, 44 ms. S. of Sarragossa, and 82 N. by W.. of Valencia. Lon. 30' W., lat. 41 9 N. Montalcino, small town of Tuscany, in the Si ennese, on a mountain, 17 ms. SSE. of Sienna, and 45 SE. of Florence. Lon. 11 .30 E., lal. 43 7 N. Montalto, town of Italy, in the marquisale of Ancona, on the river Monacio, 10 ms. N. of As coli, and 45 S. of .Ancona. Lon. 13 30 E., lat. 42 54 N. Monlabras, frontier town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, about 31 ms. distant from Lisbon. Lon. 6 24 W., lat. 39 30 N. Mont a Peine fief, Hertford, co. of L. C, on St. Lawrence, 8 ms. below Quebec. Montar^il, small town of Poiitugal,in the prov ince of Estramadura. Lon, 8 11 W., lat. 39 • 30 N. Montargis, considerable town of Fr., in the dep. of lioirel, and late province of Orleannois, 598 famous for its excellent mustard and cutlery. It is seated on the river Loire, from which it has a navigable canal to the Seine, near a fine forest, 15 ms. S. of Nemours, and 62 S. by E. of Paris. Montarville, seigniory, Kent co., L. C, be tween Boucherville and Chambly, 12 ms. E. from Montreal. Montauban, considerable commercial town of Fr., in the dep, of Lot, lately the episcopal see of the provinrre of Querci. The inhabitants amount to 20,000, and have manufactures of silk stock ings and stuffs, serges, shalloons, &c. It is sealed on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 ms. N. of Toulouse and 30 S. of Cahora. Montauk Point, east end of Long island, in Southampton. The light-house is at lon. W. C. 5 6 E., lal. 41 4N. Montabazon, town ofFr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, agreea bly sealed at the foot of a hill, on which is an an cient castle, 135 ms. SW. of Paris. Lon. 45' E., lat. 47 1 N. Montbelliard, a town of France, formerly capital of a principality of the German empire of the same name, between the dep. of the Doubs and that of the Upper Rhine. It is seated on the foot of a rock, on which is a citadel. It was ta ken in 1674 by the French, who demolished the fortifications ; but it was restored to the prince. It is seated near the Alaine and Daubs, 33 ms. W. of Basle, and 45 NE. of Besaneon. Lon. 6 50 E., lat. 47 31 N. Mont Bhnc, the highest mounlain of the Alps, in Savoy, being 15,662 feet above the level of the sea. It is called Mont Blanc from its uncommonly white appearance. The summit was deemed inac cessible till 1786, when Dr. Paccard ascended il. Montblanc, town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 ms. N. of Tarragona. Lon. 1 5 E., lal. 41 10 N. Montbrison, town ofFr., in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forez, seated on tbe Velizo, 40 ms. W. of Vienne, and 250 N. by E. of Paris. Lon. 2 27 E., lat, 43 32 N. Montcallier, town of Italy, in Piedmont, sub ject to the kins of Sardinia, and sealed on tlie Po, 5 ms. SE. ofTurin. Lon. 7 48^., Ul. 45 2 N. Monldauphin, lown of Ft,, in the dep. of Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, seated on a craggy mountain, almost surrounded by the Durance, 8 ms. NIS. of Embrun. Lon. 6 45 E., lal. 44 40 N. Mont-de- Marson, town of Fr., and capilal of the dep. of Landes, and lale province of Gascony. It is seated on the Midouse, 30 ms. NE. of Dax. Lon. 30' W., lat. ,43 55 N. Monte- Cassino, mountain of Naples, on the top of which is a celebrated Benedictine abbey. Lon. 13 44 E., lat. 41 39 N. Monlecch'io, considerable town of Italy, in the duchy of Reggio, 8 ms. NW. uf Reggio. Lon. 15 .54 E., lat, 42 8 N, Monte Christo, town, bay, and cape, on the N. side of St. Domingo. The cape i< a high hill, in Ihe form of a tent, called by the Fiench Cape la Grange. Lon. 71 50 W., lat. 19 .54 N. Monte Falco, town of Iialy, in the duchy of Spoletio, near the river Clitunno, 13 ms. W. of Spoletio. Monte Falcone, town of Italy, in Friuli, with a MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON castle near the river Pouzano, 18 ms. WNW. of Trieste. Monte Fiascone, town of Ilaly, in the patrimonj^ of St. Peter, near the Lake Ilolsena, 12 miles NNW, of Viterbo. Monte Fossoli, town of Tuscany, in thfe Pisa- no, 18 ms. E. by N. of Leghorn. Montelimar, town of Fr.. in Drome, at the junction of the Jabron and Roubion, on the E, side of#he Rhone, 100 ms. S from Lyons, Monte Leone, town of Naples, in Calabria Ul teriore, 13 ms. NNE. of Nicolera, Town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, 9 ms. N. of Ben evento. Monte Morano, town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, near the river Calore, 18 ms. S. of Ben evento. Monte- Mor-o Velho, town of Portugal, in Bei ra, with a very large castle. It is seated in a very fertile country, and is 83 ras. N. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 9 W., lat. 40 5 N. Monlenegio, mountainous district of European Turkey, iu Albania. Monterey, — See St, Carlos de Monterey, Monte Pelosa, episcopal town of Naples, in Basilicata, sealed on a mounlain, near the river Basiento, 14 ms. E. of Cirenza. Lon. 16 18 E,, lat. 40 47 N. Monte Pulsiano, episcopal town of Tuscany, sealed on a mountain, near the river Chiana, in a country noted for excellent wine, 50 ms. S. by E. of Florence. Lon. 11 49 E., lat. 43 10 N, Montesa, very strong town of Spai^, in Valen cia. It is the seat of an order of knighthood of the' same name, and 5 ms. NW. of Xativa. Lon. 10' W., lat. 39' N. Monte Sancio, formerly called Mount Athos, a ipountain of Turkey, in Europe, on the Gulf of Contessa. It is called Monte Sancio, or the Holy Mount', because there are 22 monasteries thereon, in which are 4,000 monks, who never suffer a woman to come near them. Ills 17 ms. S. of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 E,, lal. 40 27 N. Monie Velino, mountain of Italy, supposed to be the most lofty part of the Appennines, and 8,400 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. It is 46 ms. NE. of Rome. Monte Verde, a lown of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, 10 ms NE. of Conza. Montevideo, town of Soulh America, near and E. of the moulh of Platte river. Il is a defective open seaport, claimed by the Portuguese and by the Uniled Provinces of La Plata. The former have been in possession since 1817. Ils supposed populalion 20,000. Loh. W. C. 20 45 E., lat. 34 65 N. Montezuma, town, Cayuga county, N. Y,, on the Erie canal, 12 miles W. from Auburn. It is a flourishing village. Mont- Ferrand, — See Clermont. Montferrat, duchy of Ilaly, bounded on the E. by the Milanese and Genoa, on the N. and W. by Piedmont, and on the S. by the territory of Genoa, from which it is separated hy the Appen nines. It contains 200 towns and castles, is very ferlile and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and silk, and subject lo the king of Sardinia. Casal is the capital. Monlfort, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 16 miles W. of Versailles. Lon. 3 50 E,, lat. 48 46 N Town of France, in the dep. of I^le and Vilane, and late province of Brelagne. It is sealed on the river Men, and is 12 miles W. of Rennes. Lon. 1 58 W., lal, 48 8 N. Strong town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Utrecht, with an ancieni castle. It is seated on the Yssel, 7 ms, S. by E. of Utrecht. Lon. 5° E., lal. 52 4 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of iJuabia, capital of a county of the same name, subject to the house of .Austria. It is 16 miles S. of Lindau and the Lake of Conslance. Lon. 9 54 E., lal. 47 22 N. Montgomery, tp., Orange co., N. Y. 12 miles, W. from Newberry. At the village there is an academy. Pop. in 1820, 5,541. Tp., Somerset CO , N. J. Pop. in 1820, 2,405. Tp., Frank lin CO., Pa., on the S. boundary of the county be tween Warren and Antrim. Township, near Ihe eastern border of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 704. Cl. tp., Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820 1,631 Village, Frankhn co., Ohio, 14 ms. NE frum Cincinnaii. Village and seat of justice, Montgomery county, Ala., on Alabama river, 70 ins. by land from Cahaba. Lat. 32 20 N, Borough of Wales, capital of Montgomery shire. It had a tower and a castle, which were demolished in the civil wars. It stands on the side of a hill, 24 ms. SW. of Shrewsbury, and 168 NW. of London. Lon. 3 5 W., lat. 52 26 N. Town and tp., Franklin co., Vt. 40 nis. NE. from Burlington. Tp., Hampden co,, Mass., 12 ms. NW. from Springfield. Pop. in 1820, 604, Montgomery, county, New York, bounded by Scheneclady SE., Schoharie S,, Otsego SW., Herkimer W,, Hamilton N., and Saratoga E.; length and breadlh would average about 30 miles each, area 900 square miles. This is a very richly diversified counly. The Mohawk meanders Ihrough it, dividing it inlo two unequal sections, leaving about one-third part S. from the liver. East Ca nada creek enters the Mohawk from the JV., and, for a distance of nearly 15 ms., forms the boundary belween Montgomery and Herkimer counties. The Schoharie river enters at the SE. angle, and, flow ing nearly N., falls into the Mohawk, opposile Tripes Hill. The NE. angle of this county is watered by the Sacondago branch of the Hudson. Except the alluvial plains near the Mohawk, this counly is generally hilly, but rising in most in stances, particularly S. from the Mohawk, by a not very abrupt acclivity ; the slopes are arable to the sijmmils. The soil partakes of the variety of ihe surface, presenting every transition from the highly fertile banks of the Mohawk, Schoharie, and other streams, to eminences rocky, and of course slerile. Staples — grain, flour, live slock, &c. Chief lown, Johnstown. Pop. 1820, 37,569. Since 1820, the northern part of this counly, to the amount of 750 sq. miles, was erected inlo the counly of Fulton. Their respective population in 1840 stood thus: Montgomerjr, 35,818; Fulton, 18,049; and, joint ly, 53,867. Central lat. 43° N., lon. W. C. 2 36 E. Montgomery, county, Pennsylvania, bounded by Philadelphia and Delaware counties SE., Ches ter SW., Berks NW., Lehigh N., and Bucks NE. ; length 30 miles, wilh 15, area 450 sq. ms. The surface of this county is delightfully variegated 699 MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MON by hill and dale. It is washed by the Schuylkill from its extreme western angle to the boundary of Upper Merion tp., and is drained by Perkiomen and Wissahicon creeks, flowing into the Schuylkill, and by the Pennipack and "Tocony creeks entering Delaware. The W. and Lexingion branches of the Neshaminy also rise in Montgomery and Hat field townships, in' this county. The soil is gen erally productive in grain, fruits, and meadow grasses, and also in garden vegetables. Staples — grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, garden productions, beef, pork, mutton, and various other arlicles. Il is peculiarly remarkable for the production of fine marble. — See 'Wliite Marsh, Chieflown, Norris town. Population in 1820,35,793; and in 1840, 47,241. Central lal. 40 15, lon. W. C. 1 40 E. Mont gomery, tp.anA town Montgomery co.. Pa., on the NE. boundary, of the co. and on the dividing ground belween the sources of the Perkiomen, Wissahicon, and Neshaminy creeks. The village (called Montgomery Square, in this township) is 20 ms. nearly N. from Philadelphia. Montgomery, counly, Maryland, bounded by Potomac river, or by Fairfax and Loudon counlies, Va., SW., Frederick co., Md., NW., Patuxent river, or Anne Arundel NE., and Prince George and the District of Columbia SE. ; lengih 28 ms., mean width 18, area 500 sq. miles. Surface hilly and soil various. The county occupies a part of the valley between the first and second Appala chian ridge, and contains some excellent tracts of land, but in general the soil of this county is thin, and rather sterile. Staples — grain, flour, and to bacco. Chief lown, Rockville. Population in 1820, 16,400; in 1830, 19,876, but in 1840, 15,446. Central lat. 39 15 N., lon. W. C. 1.5' W. Montgomery, county, Virginia, bounded by the Blue Ridge, or Franklin and Pairick SE., Gray son and Wythe SW., Walker's mountain, or Giles CO. NW., and Botetourt NE. ; length 42 miles, mean width 22i, area 950 sq, ms. It is traversetl in its we,5tern angle by the Great Kenawha, and drained about two-thirds by that stream and its confluents. The dividing ridge between the Ken awha, James, and Roanoke rivers, traverses this county, Craig's creek and Catawba creek, branches of the former, and Staunton river, a branch of ihe latter, rise in the NE. of Montgomery. The sur face is in part mountiiinous, and every where hilly and broken. The proportion of good soil bul small, when compared to the general area. Chief town, Christiiinsburg. Pop. in 1830, 8,733. Since 1830, the southern part of this county, between the Iron mountain's and Blue Ridge, was erected into, a county by the name of Floyd, containing 420 sq. railes. "The respective population of the two coun ties, by the census of 1840, stood thus : Floyd, 4,453, and Montgomery 7,405 ; jointly, 11,858. Cenlrai lal. 37° N., lon. W. C. 3 12 W. Montgomery, counly, Norlh Carolina, bounded by Richmond and .\nson S., Cabarrass W., Row an and Randolph N,, and Moore E. ; length 42 miles, mean width 18, area 756. sq. miles. The Yadkin winds across this county from N. lo S., which is drained by that stream and its confluents. Surface rather uneven than hilly. Soil near the streams fertile, but merging inlo pine barrens in the intervals. Staples — cotton, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, Tindalsville, Pop. in 1 820, 600 8,693; and in 1840, 10,780. Cenlrai lat. 35 20 N., lon. W. 0. 3° W. It Montgomery, county, Georgia, bounded by Oak mulgee river S., by Liltle Oconee river, or Telfair' CO., SW., Laurens W. and NW., and Emanuel, or Great Ohoope river, NE.; length 40 ms., mean width 24, area 960 sq. miles. The Oconee and Oakmulgee form the Alatamaha at the S. ex tremity of this county. Surface generally level and soil sterile- Chief town, Vernon. Pop. in 18^, 1,869 ; and in 1840, 9,616. Central lat. 32 20 N., lon. W. C. 5 50 W. Montgomery, co,, Alabama, bounded by Pike SE., Butler S., Wilcox and Dallas W., Alabama river, or Autauga N W. and N., and the Muscogee, or Creek lands, NE,; length 50 miles, mean width 30, area 1,500 sq. miles, ^urface generally hilly, and, except near the streams, soil sterile. The junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and, of course, the head of Alabaraa river, is near the northern border of this county, which leaves the Coosa at Wetumpka falls, 5 ms. above its moulh. Slaple, cotlon. Chief lown, Montgomery. Pop. in 1820, 6,604. Central lal. 32 10 N., lon. W. C. 9 10W. Montgomery, county, Tennessee, bounded by Christian and Todd counties, in Ky., N., by Rob ertson CO., in Tenn., SE., Dickson S., and Stew art SW.; length 40 miles, mean width 17^, area 700 sq. ras. Tennessee river traverses the south ern part of this co., and at Clarksville receives from the NE, Red river. The soil is nol gener ally very productive, Ihough in part highly so. Surface uneven rather than hilly. Staples — cot ton, grain, flour, &c. Chief town, Clarksville. Population in 1820, 12,219; and in 1840, 16,297. Central lat, 36 30 N,, lon. W. C. 10 13 W. Montgomery, county, Kentucky, bounded SE. and S. by Estil, W. by Clark, NW. by Bourbon, NE. by Bath, and E. by Pike; lengih 38 milea, mean width 12, area 420 sq. miles. Itis drained by the sources of the S. fork of Licking, those of the Red river branch of Kentucky river, and by some creeks of the main fork of Licking. Surface ralher uneven than hilly ; soil productive. Chief town. Mount Sterling. Pop. in 1820, 9,587; and in 1840, 9,332. N. lal. 38°, and lon. W. C. 6 30 W. intersect in this county. Montgomery, county, Ohio, bounded by War ren and Butler S., Preble V/., Miami N., Clarke NE,, and Green E.; lengih 24 ms., width 23, area 480 sq, miles. Surface waving, generally, but in part level. Soil very productive. The main and W. forks of Miami river and Mad river all unite in this county. Below their junction the main stream turns SSW., and enters the NE. corner of Buller county near the village of Franklin. Chief lown, Dayton. Pop. in 1830, 15,999; and in 1840, 31,938. Cenlrai lat. 39 45 N., lon. W. C. 7 18 W. Montgomery, co. of Indiana, bounded by Put nam S,, Parke SW., Fountain W., Tippecanoe N., Boone E., and Hendricks SE.; length 24 ms., breadth 21 ms., and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and lon, W. C. 9 50 intersect in this county. Il is drained southwesterly by various branches of Su gar creek. Pop. in 1840, 14,438. The chief town, Crawfordsville, is situaled at N. lal. 40 3, lon. W. C. 9 40 W. MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONAKY. MON Montgomery, county, Illinois, bounded by Bond Ain, and lale province of Bresse, sealed in a fer- and Madison S., Macaunin W,, Sangnmou N., | tile country, on the Soraiue, 13 ms, NE. of Ly- nnd Shelhy and Fayette E.; length 36, and breadth 24 nis., area 864 sq. ms. Lat. 39 15 and lon. 12 30 W. of W. C. intersect in this co. Chief town, Hillsborough. Though rather level, this co. is a table land, from which flow towards the S. branches of the Kaskaskias, W., those of Macaupin, and N., those of Sangamon. Pop. in 1840, 4,490. Montgomery, co., Missouri, bounded by Mis souri river S., Howard co. W., Cuivoro river, or Lincoln N., and St. Charles E.; lengih 50 miles, mean width 35, area 1,850 sq. ms. Surface hilly, in general, ihough with some exceptions. Soil varied. Pop, in 1820, 3,074; and in 1840, 4,371. Central lat. 38 50 N., lon. W. C. 13 55 W. Montgomery's Ferry, post oflice, Cumberland county, Penn. Montgomeryshire, county of Wales, 36 miles long, and 34 broad, bounded on the N. by Merion ethshire and Donbigbshire, NE. and E. by Shrop shire, S. by Radnorshire, SW. by Cardiganshire, and W. by Merionethshire. It contains 500,000 acres, is divided into 9 hundreds and 47 parishes, and has 5 market towns. The number of inhab itants in 1811, was 51,931, and it sends two mem bers to Parliament. Though barren and moun tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of fertile vale and pidin than several of the Welsh counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and wool, the hilly tracts being almost entirely sheep walks; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are ons, and 205 SE. of Paris. Lon. 5 8 E., lal. 45 49 N. Montluzon, or Montlucon, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Allier, nnd lale province of Bourbonnois, seated on the river Cher. 150 ms, S. of Paris. Lon. 3 45 E., lat 46 22 N. Montmedi, small but strong town of France, iu the dep, of Mouse, ond lale duchy of Bar, seated on the river Cher, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It is 170 ms. NE. of Paris. Lon, 5 23 E., lat. 49 32 N. Montmelian, formerly strong town of Savoy, but ihe French, in 1705, demolished the fortifica tions. It is 8 ms. SE. of Chamberry, and 27 NE- of Grenoble. Lon. 6 15 E., lat. 46 30 N. Montmorenci, town of France, remarkable for the tombs of the ancient dukes of Montmorenci. It is seated on a hill, near a large valley, famous for ils cherries, and is 7 ms. from St. Dennis, and 10 from Paris. Montmorenci, Falls of. This fine cataract is in a small river of the same name, which falls inlo the left side of St. Lawrence, 9 ms. below tho cily of Quebec. The perpendicular pitch is 246 feet, and being in full view from the St, Lawrence, afl'ords one of the most magnificent scenes in N. America. Montmorillin, town of Fr., in the dep. of Vi enne, and late province of Poitou. Itis seatedon the river Gartempe, over which it has a handsome driven from distant parls to feed on them during 'l^ridge 34 ms. SE. of Poitiers. the summer. This county also affords mineral MontpeUer, cily of the department of Herault, treasures, particularly lead; and it abounds in slate "nd late province of Languedoc. It is one ofthe and lime, but there is no coal. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Vyrnevv, and Tannat. Pop. in 1801, 47,978; in 1811, 51,931; and in 1821, 59,889. Monlgomerysville, village, Gibson co., Indiana. Monticello, lown, Sullivan co., N. Y., 4 miles VV. from Neversink river, and about 40 a litlle N. of W. from Newburg. Seat of the venerable Thomas Jefferson, .'Mbemarle counly, Va., 2 miles S. from Charlottesville. Lon. W. C. 1 48 W., Iat. 38 8 N. Town, Fairfield dislrict, S. ,C., 35 ms. N. from Columbia. Village and seat of jusiice, Jasper co., Ga., 32 miles N W. from Mil ledgeville. Lat. 33 19 N., lon. W. C. 6 54 W. Village and seat of justice, Lawrence county. Miss., on Pearl river, 90 miles E. from Natchez. Lat. 31 32 N„ lon. W. C. 12 65 W Town and seat of justice, Wayne co,, Ky., 100 ms. S. from Frankfort, and about 4 ms. SE. from Cum berland river. Lat. 36 50 N., lon. W. C. 7 40 W. Village, Lawrence CO., Arkansas. Moniiel, formerly au episcopal town of Spain, in New Castile, IS ms. from .Metarza. Montilla, lown of rfpain, in the province of Cor- dovo, 51 ms. N. of Granada, Montivilliers, town ofFr,, in the dep. of Lower Seine, and lale provinc-e of Normandy, 95 miles N W. of Paris. Lon. 20' W., lat. 49 35 N. Montlouis, town of Fr., iu the dep. of the East ern Pyrennees, and late province of Rousillon, wilh a strong ciladel at the foot of a rock, built by Lewis XIV. It is 430 ms. S. of Paris. Lon. 2 5E., lat 43 30 N. Montluet, town of Francs, in the department of 76* largest and most beauliful cities in France, and has a citadel, a bishop's see, a university, and a bo tanic garden, the first established in Europe. The number of inhabitants is computed 30,000; is chiefly famous for ils drugs and cordials, perfumed walers, hair powder, and verdigris. This city con tains 200 apothecaries, the air is extremely heallhy, and many invalids resort hither from all parts to recover their health. Monlpelier is sealed on a. bill, 5 ms. from tbe Mediterranean, near tho Lez, a small navigable river, and on the rivulet Merdan- son, which is conveyed inlo different parts of the city by subterraneous canals. It is 27 ms, SW. of Nismes, 47 NE. of Narbonne, and 380 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E., lat 43 37 N". Village and seat of government for the State, in Washington co,, Vt., on the NE. side of Onion river, 34 ms SE. of Burlington, on Lake Chain- plain, and 12 ms. N. of Williamson, in Orange CO. Pop. 2,500. Lat. 44 16, Ion. W. C. 4 28 E. Seat of the Hon. James Madison, late President of the United Slates, in Orange CO., Va., 20 ms. NE. from Monticello Village, Hano ver CO-, Va., 24 ms, from Richmond. Village, Richmond Co., N. C, 105 ms. SW. from Ra leigh. * Montpensier, town of France, in the depart ment of Puy de Dome, and lale province of Au vergne, sealed on a hill, 210 ms. SE. of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E,, lat, 46 4 N, Mont Pulriano. — See Monte Pulciano. Montreal, town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a rivulet, 5 ms. W. of Palermo, and 60 NE. of Mazara. Town of Germany, in the territory of 601 MON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, MON Treves, seated on the Elz, 30 ms. W. by N. of < Monfreuil Bellay, town of France, in the dep. Coblentz. Town of Spain, in the province of of Mayenne and Loire, sealed on the Touet, 10 Arragon, on the Xiloca, 25 ms. NNW. of Ter ms. SSW. of Saumur. ruel, and 40 S. by E, of Calatajud. Lon. 1 3 j Montrichard, town of Fr., in the dep, of Loire W., lat. 40 53 N Island in St. Lawrence and Cher, with a castle, seated near the Cher, 12 river, al the confluence of that stream and the Ot- ms. SE. of Amboise. towa. Il forras a co. ofthe same name, 32 ms. | Moniroae, borough and seaport of Scotland, in long, but very irregular in width. The soil is very Angusshire, near the estuary of Soulh Esk. The productive, and the surface pleasantly disversified buildings are neat ; and tbe most remarkable are by hill and dale. City, L. C, on the eastern the town-house, the church, an elegant episcopal side of the i.-land of the same name. Montreal is chapel, an hospital for lunatics, and its parish a place of considerable extent and great commer- , church is the largest in Scotland, except the parish cial importance. The houses are generally built church of Glasgow. A great number of trading in a modern style, in brick or stone, roofed with vessels belong to this lown, and a considerable sheet tin, iron, or copper, and many finished with trade is carried on to the Baltic, Hamburg, Rica, taste and elegance, 'fhe public buildings are nu- Archangel, &c. The salmon fisheries on the N. merous. The Seminary of St. Sulpice dates its and S. Esk, form a valuable branch of commerce. origin to the era of the French government over The inhabitants of Montrose are said to be about Canada, and is a flourishing institution. The 10,000, and it is 48 ms. NE. of Edinburgh. Lon. Hotel Dieu, a charitable institution, founded by j 2 32 W., lat. 56 40 N. Town and seal of jus- the French in 1644 for the purpose of relieving tiee, Susquehanna co., Pa., on the high ground' indigent sick, is still supported and conducted by a from which flow the Wyallussing and Tunkhan- superior and 36 nuns. The convent of Notre noc inlo the Susquehanna SW., and also numer- Dame, also a French establishment, conducted by 1 ous creeks to the northward into the same stream a superior and 60 sisters, for the instruction of fe- \ near the S. line of N. Y. This is neat village, on males in all the useful and ornamental parts of an elevaled site, commandingafine viewof thead- their education. The convent of the Grey Sisters jacent country. Lat. 41 48 N., lon. W. C. 1 4 is a general hospital for the reception of invalids E. Village, Cumberland co., N. C. and aged poor. I Monlrouis, town of St. Domingo, at the head This city is the grand depot for Ihe trade of Can- ; of the Bight of Leogane, 5 leagues E. from St. ada, and receives the inland freights from the St. ! Mark. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. Ils harbor is safe, ' Mon, St, Michael, strong lown of France, in wilh from 18 lo 26 feet of waler. The rapid of the dep. ofthe Channel, and late province of St. Mary, 2 ms. below, is a very serious impedi- ' Normandy, built on a rock in the sea, which is as- ment to the entrance of vessels, demanding a strong cended at low water. Itis 10 ms SW. of Av- wind to stem it. Rapids again occur about 4 ms. ranches, and 180 W. of Paris. Lon. 1 30 W., above the harbor, which entirely prevents any wa- lat. 48 37 N. t«tr communication between the city and La Chine. ! Montaujeon, town of Fr., in the department of See La Chine, \ Upher Marne, and late province of Champaigne, Montreal is 120 ms, above Quebec, and 220 N. 145 ms. SE. of Paris. Lon. 5 16 E., lat. 47 by W. from Boston. Pop. upwards of 20,000. 36 N. Lon. W. C. 3 25 E., lat. 45 31 N. River of MontserradOj-^^e of Africa, on the Atlantic the NW. territory of the U. S., which falls into Ocean, and on the Grain coast, N. lat. 6 30, W. theSW. part of Lake Superior, and aboul 60 ms. lon. from London 10 20. A river flowing, as is W. from the Ontanagon. It interlocks sources supposed, from the Kong mountains, enters the with the Chippewa and Wisconsin. I Aljanlic ocean immediately N. from Montserrado. Montreal River, a southern confluent of Lake This river, usually written Mesurado, is projected Superior, rises interlocking sources wilh those of on Arrowsmith's map of Africa, flowing from NE. the Menominees and Wolf rivers, branches of to SW. 350 ms. Another small stream, about 70 Fox river and Green bay, and wilh those of Chip- | ms. in length, the St. Paul's, is laid down on the pewa and St. CrOix branches of Mississippi river. ] same map, and nearly parallel to the Mesurado, at The country from which those various rivers de- about 5 ms. distance. The St. Paul's enters the rive their sources is flat, and chequered with lakes, j same bay lo the N. from the efflux of the MbsUt Short portages intervene between the navigable rado, channels. The general course of Montreal river is lo the NW. ; comparative length about 100 ms ; moulh inlo Lake Superior, 20 ms. E. of Chegoi megon bay - Montreal Isle, in the E. end of Lake Superior, is small, and situaled between the mouths of the rivers Montreal and Charron, and near the shore. Montreal, River de, U. C, empties itself into B. end of Lake Superior, a litlle to the north ward of the copper mines, and S. of the river Charron. Montreuil, strong lown of France, in the de partment of Pas de Calais, sealed on a hill, near the mouth of the C.inche, 36 ms. S. of Calais, and 43 WNW. of Arras. 603 According to the annual report of the American Colonization Sociely, made to the annual meeting at Washington, Monday, January 9th, 1826, the slip of ground between Mesurado and St. Paul's rivers, has been purchased by the society, and is represented by the sociely to be elevated 20 feet above the river, [ Which river 1 most probably both were meant.] Monslerrat, mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a famous monastery and chapel, dedi cated lo the Virgin, resorted to by numbers of pilgrims. It is inhabiled by monks of several na tions, who entertain all ihat come out of devotion or curiosity for 3 days gratis. This mounlain is said to be 10 ms. in circumference and 5 biizh : MOO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOQ and the country around it is seen 150 ms. It is 25 ms. NW. of Barcelona. Monslerrat, one of the leeward Caribbee islands, in the W. Indies, discovered iu 1493 by Colum bus, and so named by him from ils resemblance to the mountain mentioned in the preceding article. It is about 9 ms. in length and breadth, and sup posed to contain 50,000 acres, and the hills are covered with cedar and olher trees. It carries on a great trade to England and Ireland in rum, &,c. ; belongs to the English, and is 30 ms. SW. of An tigua. Lon. 62 34 W., lat. 16 54 N. Montville, town, Lincoln co., .Me., 30 ms. NE. from Wiscasset. Town, New London co,, Ct, It is situaled about 9 ms. N W. of New London. Monza, town of Italy, in the Milanese, sealed on the Lambro, 8 ms. NE. of Milan. Lon. 9 10 E., lat. 45 33N. Monze, Cape, N, lat. 24 56, E. Iat. 66 46, is considered as the separating point belween Indos tan and Makran. From Cape Monze to the Gulf of Cutch the shores of the Indian ocean are called the coast of Sinde, and W. of the cape, to the mountains of Kerman, Makran, ThebayofCor- achie lies between Cape Monze and the delta of ihe Indus, has a depth sufficient for vessels of from 300 to 400 tons ; the tide rises 13 feet. Monzigen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 13 ms. W. of Creautznach, and 43 East of Treves. Longitude 7 14 East, latitude 49 50 N. Mooers, town, Clinton co., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 567. Mookden. — See Moukden, Mooltan, city of Indostan, now, and since 1818, subject to the Seiks, is situated on the easiern or left side of the Chenaub river, N. lal. 30 15, lon. 71 40 E., about 350 ms. below Lahore, and 400 NW. by W. from Delhi. According to Burnes, this cily is upwards of three ms. in circumference, and surrounded by a dilapidated wall. Pop. about 60,000, composed of one-third Hindoos, and the residue Mahometans. The Seiks only maintain a small garrison of 500 men. The inhabitants are mostly weavers and dyers of cloth. The silk man ufacture of Mooltan is called " kaia," and may be had of all colors, and are extensively exported to Khorasan and India. The inundations of the Chenaub and its canals and rain render the vicinity of Mooltan a marsh — the swell of one year coming down before that of the previous season having dried up. Old canals exist, which, if repaired, would permit a direct navigation of about 80 ms, inlo the Indus, which, as far as concerns the commerce with countries to the northwestward of Mooltan, would save a dis tance of upwards of 300 ms. The climate of Mooltan differs from that of the countries lower down the Indus ; showers of rain are common at all seasons, but from the loose na ture of the soil, the dust is intolerable. The date palm abounds in the vicinity of the city, which is otherwise highly cultivated. With the exception, however, of a strip of about two ms. wide along the streams, a sterile desert of sand hills extend between the Chenaub and Indus. The Persian wheel, for the purposes of irrigation, is much in use, and near the Indus wells are common, but on the Chenaub, only found near canals which branch from it.— Burnes, 'Lat 29 51 N., lon. 70 40 E. London. Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending between Abyssinia and Monomotapa. They are higher than those of Atlas. Moon, tp., Alleghany co., Pa., on the county line, and left bank of Ohio, 10 ins. below Pitts burg. Moore, tp., Nonhampton co.. Pa., on the head branches of Hockendogne and Monocacy creeks, commencing 8 ms. NW. from Easton, and 3 ms. NW. from Nazareth. Pop. 1830, 1,645 Co., N. C. bounded by Cumberland SE,, Richmond SW., Montgomery W., Randolph NW., and Chatham N. Lengih 38 ms., width 38, and area about 530 sq. ms. Its form triangular, extending from the Haw river about half way to the Yadkin. Surface hilly, and soil generally thin and slerile, though much good land skirts the streams. Sta ples, cotton, grain, flour, &c. Chief town, Al- fordslown. Pop. 1820, 7,128; and in 1840, 7,988. Central lat. 36 20 N., lon W. C. 2 22 West. Mooresborough, village, Rutherford co., N. C, by post road 326 ms. Southwest by West, from Raleigh. Mooresburg, village, Columbia co., Pa. Moore's Salt Works, post ofiice, Jefferson co., Ohio. 1 Mooresiown, village, Burlington co., N. Jersey, about' midway between Philadelphia and Mount Holly, 9 ms. from each. Mooresville, village. Limestone co., Ala., about 130 ms. N. from Tuscaloosa. Moorsfield. — See Moorstown. Moorfield, village, Nicholas co., Ky., about 45 ms. NE. by E. from Frankfort. Town, Harri son CO,, Ohio, 12 ms. SW. from Cadiz. Tp., Clark CO., Ohio, Pop. 1820, 783. Moorfields, town and seat of justice. Hardy co., Va. , on the right bank of the 8. branch of Poto mac, 53 ms. SW. by W. from Winchester. Lat. 39°, lon. W. C. 1 56 W. Moorings Cross Roads, post office, Pitt co. , N. C, by post road 107 ms, SE. by E. from Raleigh, Moorstown See Mooresiown. Moorsbury, village of Hawkins co., Tenn., 70 ms. NE. from Knoxville. Moorshedabad, city of Hindoostan proper, the capital of Bengal before the establishment of the English power. It is seated on the western arm ofthe Ganges, 120 ms. N. of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E., lat. 24 15 N. Moor'a Prairie, post oflice, Jefferson co.. III., southwards from Vandalia. Moorzook — See Murzook. Mooaehead Lake, Somerset co,. Me., the main source of Kennebec river, 35 ms. long, and from 3 to 15 wide. Mooaehilloch mountain, Grafton co., N. H., 10 ms. E. frow Haverhill, and very near the 44th of N. lat. By admeasurement made by Captain Par tridge it is 4,636 feet above the ocean level. Mootapilley, town in the peninsula of Hindoos tan, in the Guntoor Circar, at the mouth of the Gondegama. Lon. 80 10 E., lat 15 46 N. Moquehua, town and small province of Peru, at the foot of the Andes. Lon. W. C. 6° E., lat. 17 13S. 603 MOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOR Mora, town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 ms, SE, of Toledo. Lon. 3 4 W., lat. 39 36 N. Morant, Point, the most easterly promontory of Jamaica. Lon. 75 56 W., lat. 17 56N. Moral, commercial town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, belonging to the cantons of Bern and Friburg, 10 ms. 'W. of Bern, and 10 ms. NE. of Friburg. Lon. 6 63 E., lal 46 53 N. Lake of Switzerland, in a baihwic of the same name. It is 6 ras. long and 2 broad, lying parallel with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it empties itself hy the river Broye. Morataletz, town of Spain, in New Castile, 32 ms. E. of Ciudad Real, Lon. 3 4 W,, lat. 40 32 North, Moratalia, town of Spain, in Murcia, 34 ms. SSW. of Chinchilla. Lon. 1 50 E., lat. 38 31 North. Morava, or Moraw, river of Gerraany, which has its source on the confines of Bohemia and Si lesia. It crosses Moravia, where it waters Olmutz and Hradisch, and, receiving the Teya from the confines of Lower Hungary and Upper Austria, separates those two countries as far as the Danube, into which it falls. Morave, river of Turkey in Europe, which rises in Bulgaria, and, running through Servia, by Nis sa, falls inlo the Danube at Semendriah. Moravia, raarquisate annexed lo Bohemia, by which it is bounded on the W., by lhat kingdom and Silesia on the N., by Silesia and Hungary on the E,, and by Austria on the W. It lakes its name from the river Morava, which runs through it; and hence the sect of Christians called Mora vians take their name, their doctrines having been fir-it taught here. Olmutz was the capital, but now Brinn claims that honor. Moravia is a province of tho Austrian empire, including Moravia proper and Austrian Silesia, which has been annexed to it. Moravia proper contains 8,860 sq. ms., and 1,334,000 inhabitants, and Austrian Silesia 1,840 sq. ms., and 347,000 inhabitants. The six circles of Brun, Ulmulz, Hradisch, Prerau, Znaym, and Iglau, form Mora via proper, while Austrian Sdesia is divided inlo the circles of Techen and Troppau. The follow ing is the population ofthe principal lowns: Brun - 26,000 Olmulz - - - 11,000 Iglau ----- 11,000 Troppau - - 10,000 Sternberg - - 8,000 Nicolsberg - - 7,600 Techen - 5,400 Znaym - 5,200 Creinsier - - - 3,200 Fulneck - - - 3,100 Prerau - - . 2,900 Hradisch - . . 1,700 Moravia is intersected by several ranges of moun tains, between which are many fertile valleys ; and in the N. and S. there are well cultivated plains of considerable extent. The principal river is the March, or Morava, which is navigable, and, afler receiving the Theya, runs S., and falls into the Danube above Presburg, This province is not re markable for ils vegetahle productions. Corn and flax are raised, but not in great quantities. Hogs and geese are exported in great numbers. G-' 604 and silver mines were formerly wrought to some considerable extent, but at present the most pro ductive minerals of Moravia are those of iron and lead. Coal exists in large bodies, but has not been excavated in proportion. Moravia presents manufacturing establishments on an extensive scale ; woolen, cotton, nnd linen goods, are made to great amount. About 40,000 pieces of woolen goods are annually produced in the neighborhood oflglau. The numberof persons in all Moravia, employed in the woolen manufactory, is 16,000 weavers and 24,000 spinners. Thread is made at Rolhwasser, and dying is extensively carried on at Biun. "The cotton works at Lalto- wilz give employment to 1,000 individuals. Lea ther, paper, potash, and glass, are also manufac tured in this province. Imports are wool, silk, flax, cotton, oil, and grain. Moravian Village, U. C, on tho river Thames, is in the 4lh tp. from its mouth ; it is a regular built village, of one street, wilh inditferent wooden huts, and a small chapel, inhabited by Indians converted to the Moravian faith, and their pastors. After some hesitation, I have concluded to retain the following, which was communicated by a judi- dicious correspondent. "I crossed the Thames al the Moravian town, 75 ms. from Detroit, and spent the night there wilh two Moravian missionaries from Bethlehem and Nazareth. 1 think they are governed by very different motives from those which influence mercenary preachers. They tell me they have more hopes of christianizing than of civilizing the Indians. One of these men teaches the males, the other the females. There are about 160 of both sexes and all ages at this place. They express no desire lo exchange the native habits of savages for those of civilized life, nor do Ihey inspire a hope, in any place where I travel, lhat the labors for their civilization and reformation will avail any thing but to accelerate their destruction." August 22, 1822. Morbach, or Murbach, town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 42 ms. SE. of Stras burg. Lon. 8 25 E., lat. 48° N. Morbegno, town of the couniry of the Grisons, in the Valteline, where the governor and the re gency reside. It is the handsomest and most com mercial town in the Valteline, and seated on the Adda, 12 ms. SE, of Chiavenna, and 20 NE. of Lecco. Lon, 9 31 E., lat, 46 10 N. Morbihan, dep. ofFr,, including part of the lale province of Bretagne. Vannes is the capital of this dep., which takes its name frum a small bay belween that lown and the island of Belleisle. lis entrance is natrow, but it expands within, and con tains about 30 Htlle islands. Morcone, town of Naples, in the Molise, 19 ms. SSE. of Molise. Lon. 14 64 E., lat. 41 24 N. Morea, ancient Peloponnesus, a large peninsula of southern Europe. In ancieni times this coun try was subdivided into Laconia SE., Messenia SW., Elis W., Achaia NW., Sicyonia and Co rinthia NE., Argolis E., and Arcadia in the cen tre. No part of Europe presents a more richly variegated aspect. One scene of river or mountain grandeur succeeds another, under a serene and be nignant sky. Though mountainous, its valleys MOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOR But this beautiful country has been for a long period lilasted by the dtspotism of the Turkish Govern ment. Peloponnesus, or Monea, is, from the Promonto ry of Malea, the souiheastern extremity of Laco nia, to Rhiura, in the NW, part of Achaia, about 140 ms. in length. Between the Chelonilcs (now Cape Torncse) and Schyllaeum (now Skilleo) the breadth is 120 ms. The whole peninsula is so very much indented with deep bays as nol to average, it is probable, above a mean width of 60 ms. ; area aboul 7,660 sq. ms., including Ihe small surround ing islands. The modern populalion, as enume rated by Poqueville, amounts to 400,000 Greeks, and 20,000 Turks, Jews, and Albanians. Chiet towns, Patras, Corinth, Napoli di Romania, Co ron, and Trippulizza. The Morea lies between lat. 36 22 and 38 18-N. The names of the Morea did nol, as is generally believed, come from tho Italian name of the raul berry tree, but from tho Sclavonic, and signifies a country near or bordered by the sea. — Talnieyer. Moreau, town, Saratoga co., N. Y,, on Hud son river, in tho great bend opposile Glen's falls, 20 miles NNE. from Ballston Spa. Pop. in 1820, 1,549. Morelmd, village, Tioga co,, N. Y., by post road 239 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. NE. tp., Montgomery co., Pa,, between Berks co, ond Pennipack creek, 13 ms. NNE. from Philadel phia. Pup. in 1820, 1,890. NE. tp,, Phila delphiaco.. Pa., 13 ms. NNE. from Philadelphia. SE. tp., Lycoming co., Pa. Pop. in 1820, 1,276. Morella, town of Spain, in A'alencia, among high mounlains, 80 ms. N. of Valencia. Moresby, harbor of Eng% a lillle N. of While- haven, in Cumberland, in and about which many remains cf antiquity have been dug up, such as altars and stones, with Inscriptions on ihem, and several caverns have been found, called Piet's Holes. Moreaville, village, Delaware co., N. Y., by post road 74 ms. SW. from Albany. Morei, ancient town of Fr., in the department of Seine and Marne, with a castle, seated on the Loire, 35 ms, SE. of Paris. Lon. 2 62 E., lat 48 26 N. Moreion, village, Washington county, Vt., on Onion river, 7 ms. W. from Monlpelier. Moretta, town of Piedmont, situated on a small river, which runs inlo the Po, 16 ms. S. ofTurin Lon. 7 44 E,, lat, 44 48 N. Morgan, co, of Va., bounded by Berkeley SE., Hampshire S W., and on all other sides by the Po tomac river, or Md. Lengih 30, mean width 15 ms. ; area 450 sq. ms. The extent of this county was by misiake included in Hampshire co. — See Hampshire co., Va. Surface very broken, part mouniainous, and all hilly. The only good soil on the streams. Staples, grain and flour. Chief town, Frankfurt.- Pop. in 1840, 4,253. - Morgan, co. of Ga., bounded by Putnam SE., Jasper SW., Walton NW., and the Oconee river,- or Clark and Greene, NE. Lengih 22, mean width 20 ms. ; area 440 sq. ms. Ils soulhern limit oo Oconee river is about 30 ms. above Milledge ville. Chieflown, Madison. Pop.in 1820, 13,520; and in 1840, 9,121. Morgan, co. of Ten., bounded NW. by Fen- dress, Campbell NE.. Anderson E., Roane SE., BIcdsoo S., and White W. Lengih 45, mean breadlh 32 ms., and area 990 sq. ms. N. lal. 35 56 lo 36 35, lon. W. C. 7 14 to 8 0 W. It oc cupies a part of the table land between the valleys of Cumberland and Tenncs.seo rivors. The north ern section slopes to the northward, and In that di rection discbarges the higher sources of the South fork of Cuniberl ind- river. The opposile inclina tion falls to the SE,, and is drained by Iho various bronches of Emery's river, a tributary of Tennes see river. 'I'he surface of Morgan co.. Ten., is elevated ond broken. Chief lown, Montgomery. Pop. in 1830, 2,582; and in 1840, 2,660, Morgan, co. of Ohio, bounded N. by Muskin gum and Guernsey, E. by Monroe, and S. by Washington and Athens, Length 32, breadth 18 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. Surface veiy broken and hilly in general, though much ofthe soil excellent. Staples, grain and flour. Chieflown, McConnels- ville. Pop. in 1820, 5,297: and in 1840, 20,853. Morgan, co. of Alabama, bounded by Marshal E., Blount and Walker S., Lawrence ,W., and Tennessee river N. Lengih 32, mean breadlh 26 ras,, and aiea 832 sq, ms. N. lat, 34 26, and lon. 10 0 W. of W. C. intersect near the cenire. Chief town, Somerville. Pop. in 1840, 9841. Morgan, tp,, Greene co., Pa., between the main stream of Ten Mile creek, Ruff's creek, and the boundary between Greene and Washington cos., 8 ras. NE. from Waynesborough. Pop in 1820, 1,622. Town, Morgan co., Ohio, including McConnelsvillc, the county seat. SW. tp., Butler CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,540. Tp., Knox CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 1,087. Tp., Gallia co., Ohio. Village, Ash'abulaco., Ohio., by postroad 262 ms. NE, from Columbus. Morganfield, town and seat of justice for Union, CO., Ky., 12 ms. SE. from the mouth of Wabash, and 15 SW. from Henderson, on Ohio. Lat, 37 41 N.. lon. W. C. 10 48 W. Morgan's Settlement, post office, Wayne co., Ohio, 93 ms. NE, from Columbus, Morgan's Store, Montgomery co,, N. C, by post road 113 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Morgansville, village, Nollaway co. Va., 18 raa. SW. by W. from Petersburg. Morgantown, village, Berks co.. Pa., 7 ms. from Reading. Village and seat of justice for Monongalia co., Va., on the right bank of Monon gahela river, 20 ms. SSW, from Uniontown, and 30 by land above Brownsville, Pa. This village is seated on a high bottom of Monongahela river, and contains about 100 dwelling-houses. Lat. 39 33 N., lon. W. C. 3 60 W. Village and seat of justice for Burke co,, N. C , on the right bank of Calawba river, 30 ms. NW. from Lincolnton, Lat. 36 40 N., lon. W. C. 4 43 W Village, Blount CO., Tenn,, on Tennessee river, 30 ms. SW. from Knoxville, Village, Buller co., Ky., on the left bank of Greene river, 30 ms, NNE. from Russelville. Village, Clinton co,, Ohio. Morgarten, mounlain of Switzerland, between the canlons of Schweitz and Zug. Morges, commercial town of Switzerland, in the- canton of Vaud, and capital of a bailiwick, stated in a beautiful bay of the Lake of Geneva. By its canal, merchandise is transported from Geneva ta 605 MOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOR other parts. This canal, by the channels pf the Morges and Orbe rivers, unites the Lakes of Ge neva and Neuf-Chatel, and opens a commercial route through Switzerland from the basin of the Rhone to that of the Rhine. It is 5 ms. WSW. of Lausanne. Lon. 6 42 E., lat. 46 37 N. Morhange, town of Fr., in the dep. of Moselle, and late province of Lorraine, 300 ms. E. of Paris. Lon. 6 42 E., lat. 48 61 N. Moriah, village, Essex CO., N. Y., on the head of Scroon river, 60 ms. SSW. from Plattsburg, and 103 N, from Albany. Moriches, village, Brookhaven tp., Suffolk co., N. y., on the S. side of Long island, 10 ms. W. from West Hampton, and 72 E. from the city of New York. Morriaon'a Tan Yard, post office, Mecklen burg CO., N. C, by post road 170 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Moriss's Cove, post office, Bedford co , N. C. Morriss's Store, and post office, Richmond co.. North Carolina, by post road 114 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Morlachia, niountainous country in Hungarian Dalmatia, fhe inhabitants of which are called Mor- lacks, or Morlacchi. They inhabit the pleasant valleys of Koter, along the rivers Kerha, Celina, Narenta, and among the inland mountains of Dal matia. "They are said by some to be of Wallachian extraction, but others think their origin involved in the darkness of barbarous ages. The Morlacchi are so different from tho inhabilanls of the sea coasts in dialect, dress, disposition, and customs, that they seem clearly to be of a different original. Moriaix, considerable seaporl of Fr,, in the dep of Finisterre, and late province of Brelagne, with a castle, and a tide harbor. The church of Notre- Dame is a singular structure, and the hospital very handsome. The inhabitants carry on a consider able trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seat ed on a river of the same name, 30 ms. NE. of Brest. Lon. 3 46 W., lot. 48 33 N. Morocco, empire of .Africa. — See Africa, pp. 17 and 18. Morocco, the city and capital of the kingdom of Morocco, sealed in a beauliful valley, or ralher plain between the Atlas mountains and the Atlantic ocean, distant about 100 ms. from the latler. Mo rocco is 90 ms. E. of Mogador, and 400 S. of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 46 W., lat 31 13 N. Moron, town nf Spain, in Andalusia, seated in a pleasant, fertile plain. In its neighborhood is a mine of precious stones. Il is 30 ms. SE. of Se ville. Lon. 5 10 W., lat. 37 10 N. Morotoi, one of the Sandwich isles, 7 ms. WNW. of Mowee. Yams are its principal pro duce, but it has little wood. The coast on the S. and W. sides forms several bays, which are tolerably sheltered from the trade winds. Lon. 117 14 W,, lat 31 ION. Morpeth, borough of Eng., in Norlhumberland. It is an ill buill, straggling place, sealed on the N. bank of the Wentsbeck, and on the opposile side is the church and a castle in ruins. It sends two members to Parliament, has a free schoul founded by Edward VI, and is 16 ms. N. of Newcastle, and 287 N. by W. of London, Lon. 1 28 W., lat. 55 15 N. Morrichea, vUlage, Brookhaven, Suffolk co., N. 606 I Y., on the S. side of Long Island, 73 ms. E. from N. Y — See Moriches. Morris, co., N. J., bounded by Essex SE,, Somersets., Hunterdon SW,, Sussex and War ren NW,, and Passaic N. Length 26, mean width 19 ms., area about 500 sq, ms. The sur face of this CO. is very pleasantly variegated by hill and dale. It is drained by Rockaway and other confluents of Passaic river, and also by some streams flowing S. into Raritan river. The NW. part is mountainous, but the features of naiure be come less rugged advancing to the eastward. The Pompton and Rockaway rivers unite and form the Passaic, on the eastern border of this co., 6 ms. above the celebrated falls of Passaic, at the village of Patterson. Soil productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Chieflown, Morristown. Pop. 1820, 31,368; and in 1840, 25,844. Central Iat. 40 53 N., lon. W. C. 2 28 E. Morris, tp,, Huntingdon co,, Pa,, on the left side of Frankstown branch, 12 ms. W. from Hunt ingdon. Tp., Greene co.. Pa., on Bales and Brown's forks of Ten Mile creek, belween the S. boundary of Washington co. and Morgan and Greene tps., in Wayne co., 6 ras. NW. from Waynesburg. Tp,, Washington co,, Pa., ly ing N. from the preceding. Pop. 1820, 1,713. Morris Flats, Madison co., N. Y., between Madison and Cazenova. Morrison, the northwesternmost tp. of Jackson CO., Ohio. Morristown, town, Orleans co., Vt,, 20 ms. N. from Monlpelier. Town, St. Lawrence co.. New Yoork, nearly opposite to Brockville, in Upper Canada. Village and seat of justice, Morris county, N. J., 19 ms. NW. from New ark. Beside the common .co. buildings, it con tains an academy and two churches. Pop. 1820, 3,524. Lat. 40 47, lon. W. C. 3 30 E. Pleasant village, Belmont CO., Ohio, on the great road leading from Wheeling, in Va., to Zanesville, 10 ms. W. from St. Clairsville, and 120 easterly from Columbus. Morriaville, village, Madison co., N. Y., be tween Madison ond Cazenova. Town, Bucks CO., Pa., opposite Trenton Village, Greene CO., Pa. Village, Fauquier co,, Va. Morsona, town of Naples, in the Molise, 14 ms. NE. of Molise. Mortagne, town of France, in the department of Orne, famous for its serges and tanneries. It is 19 ms. ESE. of Seez, and 70 WSW. of Paris. Town of France, in the department of Nord, seated at ihe conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt, 8 ms. SE. of Tournay. Town of Fr., in the department of Lower Charenle, seated on the Gironde, 34 ms, SSW. of Saintes Town of France, in the department of Vendee, 36 ms. N. of Fonienay le Comple. Mortain, town of France, in the department of Manche, on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by croggy rocks, 30 ms. E. of Avranches. Mortara, town of Italy, in the Milanese, and in the district of Lumello, 22 ms. SW. of Milan. Mortay, island, the most northern ofthe Moluc- cos, subject lo the Sultan of Ternate. It is 80 ms. in circumference, and thinly inhabited, but full of sago trees, which are cut by the people of Gilolo. Lon. 128° E,, lat, 3° N, MOS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOS Mortlich, village of Scolland, in Banfl'shire, 6 ms. SW. of Keith. 3Iorven, village, Anson co., N. C, by post road 132 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Moniedo, town of Spain, in Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with tho ruins of a Roman amphitheatre, &c. It is seated on a river of the same name, 15 ms. N. of Valencia. Mosa, town of .\rabia, in Yemen, 25 ms. N. by E. of Mocha. Mosambique, strait or channel of the Indian ocean, between the E, coast of Africa and the is land of Madagascar, It is narrowest in the mid die, where it is 240 ms. over. City of Africa, on the Mozambique channel, S. lat. 15 10, lon. 42J E., London. Cape St. Andrew, of Mada gascar, is a little S. of E. 350 miles from Mozam bique — See Africa, p. 28. Mosbach, town of Germany, in the palatinate of tho Rhine, with an elegant castle, seated on the Neckar, 36 ms. ENE. of Heidleberg. Lon. 9 31 E., lat. 49 28 N. Mosburg, town of Germany, in Carinthia, 6 ms NW. of Clagenfurt. Town of Bavaria, seated at the conflux of the Amber with the Iser, 9 ms. W. of Landshut. Moscovy, — See Russia, Moscow, forraerly a duchy, but now a govern ment of Russia, bounded on the N, by the govern ment of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir, S. by the governments of Kalugo and Resan, and W. by those of Tver and Smolensko. It is a fruitful country, and produces abundance of excellent as paragus. Moscow, city of Russia, capital of the govern ment of Moscow, and formerly of the whole em pire. Previous to the entry of the French, it was the largest city in Europe, the circumference wilh in the rampart lhat enclosed the suburbs, being 20 ras., but its population did not corresponil with its extent. It contained wilhin the ramparts 300,000 souls, and was the most populous city in the em pire, notwithstanding the residence of the court was at Petersburg. The general divisions of Moscow are ihe same as previous to the conflagration in 1813. They were, 1. The Kremlin, which was in the central and highest part of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone and brick, 2 ras. in circumference. This division contained the ancient palace of Czars, where Peter the Great was born, also the cathe dral with seven towers, besides other churches, the palriarchial palace, and the arsenal. 3, The Kbit aigorod, which was much larger than the Kremlin ; it contained the university, the printing house, and many other public buildings, wilh all the trades men's shops. The houses were mostly stuccoed or while washed, and was the only street in Mos cow in which the houses stood close to each other, 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town, which ran round the two preceding divisions; took its name from a while wall, by which it was formerly surround ed. 4. Semlainogorod, which environed all the olher three quarters, and was so denominated from a circular rampart of earth by which it was encom passed. The last two divisions exhibited a gro tesque group of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Slohoda, or suburbs, which formed a vast exterior circle round all the parts already described, were invested by a low rampart and dilch. These sub urbs contained, besides buildings of all kinds, or chards, gardens, cornfields, much open pasture, and some small lakes, which gave rise lo the Neg- lina. The Moskwa, from which the city takes its name, flows ihrough it in a winding channel, but, excepting in spring, is only navigable for rafts. It receives the Yausa in the Semlainogorod and the Neglina, in the western extremity ofthe Kremlin; the beds of bolh these rivulets are nearly dry in summer. Moscow is an entrepot of Ihe inland commerce of Russia, parlicularly that river which communicates with the Volga, and also by a canal to the Don, which river communicates with the sea of Asoph. This city is 425 ins. SE. of Pe tersburg. Lon. 37 33 E., lal. 55 46 N. Moscow, tp., Somerset co.. Me., 28 ms. N.. from Norridgewock. Town, Livingston co, , N, Y., near the W. side of Genessee river, 30 ms. above Rochester. Small village containing about 100 inhabilanls, in the southern limit of Clermont CO., Ohio. It is silualed on the N. bonk of the Ohio river, 22 ms. southerly from Williamsburg, and 120 southwesterly from Columbus. Moselle, department of France, including part of the late province of Lorraine. It takes its name from a river which rises in the Vosges, waters Epi nal and Toul, receives the Meurte below Nancy, and, passing by Metz, Thionville, and Troves, epters the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the capital. Moaenia, town of Persia, in the province of Chusistan, 23 ms. SW. of Suster. Moskoe — See Malestroom. MosauE, from the Arab medsched, Turkish meschit, Italian moscheta, Spanish mezquita, English and French mosque, and means a temple or place of worship. This lerm comes evidently from the Arab meschid, a grave, and which we may find in many Mahometan proper names, as Meschid AU, Meschid Madre Sulieman, &c. There is no other fact in history more remarkable than the fact of erecting temples on burial grounds, every where and at all times prevalent. Moaquito Shore, country of New Spain, on the Atlantic ocean, containing the easiern part of the provinces of Honduras and Nicaragua. In magni tude it exceeds Portugal ; it is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes, abounds in fish, game, and provisions of all sorts, furnishes every necessa ry for raising cattle and slock, and clothed with woods producing timber for every purpose at land or sea. The soil is superior lo that of the West India islands, the climate is more salubrious, and the destructive ravages of hurricanes and earth quakes have never been known here. The Mos quito Indians are so situate between morasses and inaccessible mounlains, and a coast full of rocks and shoals, that no attempts against them by the Spaniards, whom Ihey mortally hale, could ever succeed, Moaa, seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, at the moulh of a river of its name, on the E. side of Christiana bay. Here are many saw mills and a larg-e iron foundry. It is 28 ms. S. of Christiana. Lon. 10 48 E., lat. 58 38 N. Mosey Creek, postoffice, Jefferson co., Tenn,, by post road 190 ms. E. from Murfreesborough. Mosoul, — See Mousol and Asia, p. 84. 607 MOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOU Mostagan, oncient and strong town of the king dom of Algiers, wilh a castle and a good harbor, 50 ms. NE. of Oran. Lon. 30' E., lat. 36 20 N. Moatar, considerable town of Turkish Dalmatia, with a Greek archbishop's see. It belongs to the Turks ; 20 ras. NE. of Narenta. Lon. 18 37 E., lot. 43 48 N. Mosul, — See Mausul, Motala, town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo, wilh a bishop's see, 15 ms. NW. of TaronW). Lon. 17 14 E., lat. 40 46 N. Motes, Anglo-Saxon, public assemblies for le gislative or municipal purposes, as Wittenagemote, Polkmote, and Burgemote. Molherkill, hundred, Kent co., Dela. It is watered by Molherkill creek. The chief town, Fredericks. Pop. 1810, 7,415 ; in 1820, 7,558. Mottle Isle, island of Vt., Grand Isle co. It is lo theNW. from Grand Isle, and is 8 ms. long and 2 wide. Motyr, island of Asia, one of the Moluccas, of great value to the Dutch on account of its spices. Lon. 128 20 E,, lal. 10' S. Motril, seaporl town of Spain, in Granada, with a good harbor, seated on the Mediterranean, 37 ms SE. of Granada. Lon. 3 38 W., lat. 36 32 N. Mouab, seaport town of Arabia Felix, capital of Yemen, sealed in a ferlile country, 80 ms, S. of Sanaa. Lon. 46 36 E., lat. 16 30 N. Moudon, one of the most ancient lowns of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly of all that part of the country which belonged to the duke of Savoy. It was formerly called Minodu- mum. It is 12 ms. N. by E. of Lausanne. Lon, 6 58 E., lat. 46 41 N. Mougden, or Chenyan, capital of the country ofthe Mantchew. Il is built on an eminence, and walled in by walls 3 leagues in circumference. It is 440 ms, NE. of Peking, Lon. 122 45 E., lat. 41 55 N. Moulins, episcopal town of Fr,, in the dep. of Allier, and lato province of Bourbonnois. It has a bridge over the Allier, on which it is seated, and takes ils name from the great number of mills (moulins) lhat were formerly iu its neighborhood, and contains above 16,000 inhabilanls. Its man ufacture of Cutlery is in great esteem. It is 30 ms. S. of Nevers. Lon. 3 25 E., lat. 46 34 N. Moulins-Engilbert, town of Fr., in the dep. of Nievre, and late province of Nivernois. It is seated at the bottom of the mountains of Morvan, and is 5 ras. SW. of Chateau-Chinon. Moultan, province of Hindooslan proper, bounded on the N. by Lahore, on the E. by Delhi and Agimere, on the S. by Guzerat, and on the W. by Persia and Candahar. Ils products are cotlon, sugar, opium, galle, brimstone, &c. It was subject to the seiks ; but its capilal, Moul- san, has been garrisoned by the king of Candahar, ever since 1779. CJne of the most ancient cities of Hindoostan proper, capital of a province of the same name. It is of small extent for a capital, but strongly fortified, and has a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. The trade of Moultan has been greatly lessened, on account of tbe river having been choked up. Here is a particular sect of Hindoos, called Catry — a tribe of warriors suppo- 608 sed to he the Calberi or Cathei, with whom Alex ander warred on the banks ofthe Malli. Moultan is seated on one of the branches of the Indus, 310 ms. SW. of Lahore, and 310 SE. of Candahar. Lon. 70 40 E., Iat. 39 51 N.-^See Mooltan. Moultan, South, corporate lown of Eng., in Devonshire. In tho reign of Edward I,, N. and S. Moiilton had the privilege of sending members lo Parliament, and was a royal demesne. It is governed by a mayor, and has a manufacture of serges, shalloons, and felt. It is seated on the Moul, 12 ms. SE. of Barnstable, and 177 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 3 55 W., lat. 51 5 N. Moullon, village, Lawrence co,, Ala. Moiiltonborough, lown, Stafford co., N. H., N. from Lake Winnipissiogee. Pop. 1820, 1,279. Mountains, — I'he following presents a tahular view of ihe.height of the most remarkable mount ains of the earth: AMERICA. Feet, 1 Nevada de Sorata 23,230 Andes Peru &, Bolivia. a Nevada d'lllimani, 1st peak 24,450 3 Do, 2il peak ai,-,:0O 4 Chinitwrazo 21,440 5 Antisana 19,150 6 Cotopaxi 18,890 7 Arequipa, volcano - 18,373 8 Descabecada 18,UO0 9 Popocateptl 17,716 Mexican cham. lo Iliniza 17,376 Andes, Bolivia, 11 Citlalpetl, or peak of Orizaba 17,371 Mexican chain. 12 Tunguragua - Novado de Merida - 16,379 Andes, Bolivia, 13 16,420 Colombia. 14 Cerro de Potosi 16,000 Andes, Bolivia, 13 Picliincha 15,940 16 Nevado de Mexico - 15,700 Mexican chain. 17 ColTre de Perote 13,514 IS Big Horn, or Long's peak 13,430 Kocky Mountains. ID Mount Si, Elias 12,670 20 James's Peak 11,500 21 Sierra de Cohre 9,000 Cuba, 2-2 Serrania Crande 9,000 Haiti. 23 Mount Fairweaiher - 8,97U 24 Duida, volcano Blue IMountains 8,467 Colombia, -25 7,486 Jamaica, 26 Mount "Washington . 6,650 While MU,, N, H. 27 Guadjrrania - 6,400 Colombia, ^ 23 White Mountain,-! - 6,-a4 New Hampshire, 29 Blaaserk 6,01 lO East Greenland, 30 Werner Mountains - 6,000 31 Morne Garou - 6,110 St, Vincent, 'W. I, 33 Souffriere 5,1)41 Guadaloupe, W. I. 33 Moose Hillock 4,636 New Hampshire, U, S, ¦ii JoruUo, volcano 4,267 Mexico. 30 Pelee 4,260 Marlininue, "W. I, United Slates. 36 Camel's Rump 4,188 37 Saddle Mountain 4,000 38 Kaaiskiil 3,454 New York, 39 Killington peak 3,430 Vermont, 4n Grand Monadnock - 3,234 New Hampshire, United Stales, 41 Appalachian peak - 2,700 42 Cape Horn 1,870 Tierra del Fuego, ASIA AN D OCEANIA. 1 Dhawalagiri 26,862 Himalaya, o Jewahir 23,749 3 Jamauir i -25,300 4 Dhaibun 24,740 5 Hindoo Khn 20,800 Afghanistan. 6 MownaKha 18,400 Owhyhee, or Hawaii, 7 ElblSrz 17,796 Caucasus, 8 Asri dagh, or Ararat - KlioutallevBkoi, vol. 17,-366 Armenia, 9 16,512 Kamtschatka, 10 Mowna-Koa - 16,020 Owhyhee, or Hawaii. 11 Kazbeo 13.345 Caucasus, 12 Demavend 15,000 Elburz, Persia, 13 Ophir 13,842 Sumatra, 14 Arjish-daeji, Argseus - Gunong, Dempu, vol, - 13,100 Asia Minor. 15 12,165 Sumatra. 16 Egmont KSriaiskaia, volcano • 11,433 New Zealand, J 11,215 Kamtschatka. MOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.: MOU ASU AND OCEANIA-Conlinued. EUROPE — Conlinned, 18 Bielukha 11,0(10 Altai, Siberia, 20 Mont Perdu 11,283 Pyrenees. 19 Peak 10,895 Otaheite, 21 Maladetta 11,037 20 Ilalitskoi 10,733 Altai, 22 Great St. Bernard 11,006 Alps, 21 Krionotskala, volcano 10,625 Kamtschatka, 23 Simplon ii;oao 22 Shivelutsh, volcano - 10,591 24 Monte GibBllo,(,ajtna) 10,963 Sicily, 23 Pai-mesan 10,030 Banca. 25 Aipuille Noire 10,505 Alps, 21 Lebanon 9,520 Syria.Kamtschatka. 26 Pic Blanc 10,203 Pyrenees, 25 Awatska, voUano 8,760 27 Buet 10,112 Alps, 26 Dodabetta 8,760 Neil^^lierries, India. 28 Gross KogI 9,700 27 Daiieshken Kamen • 8,6011'! Ourals, 29 Little St, Bernard - 9,594 28 Pedro-talla-galla 8,280 Ceylon, ,-» Canigou 9,290 Pyrenees. 29 Melin 8,200 Quantnng, China, 31 Lomnitz 8,640 Carpathians. 30 Kirrigal Pula ¦ 7,810 Ceylon, 32 Orbelus 8,500 GieecG, 31 Touapolla 7,720 33 Guadari-ama 8,600 Sierra de Guadarrama, 32 Peak of lesso 7,680 Island of lesso. 34 Velino 8,397 Naples, 33 Sinai 7,300 Arabia PelriBa. a-, Pic d'Arbizon 8,344 Pyrenees. 34 Adam's Peak - 7,420 Ceylon, 36 Parnassus 8,000 Greece, 35 Olympua 6,500 Asia Minor. 37 faygetus Pindiia 7,21)0 Morea. 36- Keuigo 6,500 Western Ghauts, 38 7,000 Albania, 37 Sea view Hill - 6,500 New Soulh Wales. 39 Mont d'Or 6,707 Puy de Dome, 33 Qnelpaen 6,400 Quelpaei-t island. 40 Agion Oi-os, (Athos) - 6,700 Greece, 39 Subramani 5,560 Western Ghauts, India, 41 Olympus 6,500 40 Jebel Akral , or Cassius 5'?Ji^ Syria, 42 Brenner 6,463 Tyrolese Alps, Auvergne, France, 41 Aboo 5,100 Aravulli, India, 43 Puy de Cantal 6,3.35 42 Ida 4,960 Asia Minor. 44 Puy de Sansi 6,.300 43 Curean Mountains - 4,480 Corea. 43 Oraefa Yokul 6,240 Iceland, 44 Baskirian Ourals 4,400 Siberia. 46 Areskuten 6,180 Jempiland, Sweden. 43 Benlomond 4,200 Van Dieman's Land, 47 Rigi 6,030 Schweiz. 46 Plain uf Ispahan 4,140 Irak, Persia, 48 Malhao 6,000 Estramadura, 47 Mount Wellington - 3,793 Van Dieman's Land, 49 Sulilelma 5,910 Norway. 48 Forest Hill - 3,776 New South Wales, 50 Dole 6,412 Mont Jura. 49 Mount York - 3,292 61 St, Angelo 5,260 Lipari islands. 50 Mount Kxmoulh I'S^ 32 Rossberg 5,1,34 Alps, El King's Table-land - ¥E. 63 Gross Rader 4,972 Silesia, .52 Sugar Loaf - , 2,527 34 Scheekopf 4,950 Riesengebirge, Silesia. Dovrefeldt, Norway, 53 Chaisgour 2,400 Vindhya Mis., India, 33 Dovrefeldt 4,875 54 Mount St. Paul's 2,400 Van Dieman's Land. 36 Puy de Domo Oonscnkojj 4,750 Puy de Dome, France. 55 Carmel 2,160 Syria, 57 3,980 Fichtelgebirge, Bohe'a. 56 Tabor 1,930 58 Vesuvio 3,978 Naples. 39 60 ErzgebirgeBrocken 3,7813,691) Bohemia. 1 FRICA. Hartzwald, Germany. 6162 Montserral St, OreslR 3,300 2,271 Catalonia, States uf the Church, It. 1 Mountains of Geesh - 15,000 Gojam, Abyssinia. 63 Gibraltar 1,439 Andalusia, 2 Mountains of Amid ¦ 13,000 64 Valdai Hills 1,200 Novgorod, Russia. 3 Cameroons 13,000 Biafra. 63 Monlmartre 400 Dep, of La Seine, Fr, 4 Peak LamalmonMillsinClarence Peak 12,23611,400 11,200 10,635 Teneriffe,Samen Mis,, Abyssinia, Morocco, Fernando Po. 5 6 ;BRITISH ISLANDS. 7 Beaufort, Cape of Good 1 Greenwich observat'y 214 Kent. 8 Nifeuveldt 10,000 Hope, 2 HolyheadCarraton 709 Anglesea. 9 Compassberg • 10,1100 Gaffreynet, do. 3 1,208 Cornwall, 10 Volcano 7,884 Fogo, C, Verd islands. 4 Penmaen Maur 1,540 Caernarvon, 11 Tarania 7,S00 Tigri, Abyssinia, 5 Axedge 1,751 Derby, 12 Volcano 7,680 Isle de Bourbon, 6 Pendlehill 1,803 Lancashire, 13 TrigoPealc 7,400 Canaries, 7 Brown Clee 1,805 Shropshire. 14 6,900 Pico. Azores. 8 Holmemoss 1,839 Derby. 15 Peak 6,400 Tristan d'Acunha. 9 High Pike 2,101 Cumberland. 16 Khamies 5,300 Cape of Good Hope. 10 Camiell 2,243 Yorkshire, 17 Kuivo 3,162 Madeira, 11 Whernside 2,334 Beaufort, Cape of Good 12 Hedgehope 2,347 Northumberland, 18 19 Komberir Table Mountain 5,0003,382 Hope, Capo of Good Hope, 1314 Tngleborough Plinlimmon 2,361 2,463 Yorkshire. Cardiganshire. 20 Devil's Peak - 3,313 13 Cradle Mountain 2,545 Brecknockshire. 21 Green Mounlain 2,868 Ascension island. 16 Coniston Fell 21577 Westmoreland. 22 Diana's Peak - 2,692 St, Helena, 17 Caermarthen Varf 2,596 Caermarthan^hire, Northumberlaad, 23 Lion's Head ' 2,166 Cape of Good Hope, 18 Cheviot 2,658 24 Cape of Good Hope - ''SS 19 Grassmere Fell 2,765 Cumberland. 23 Pvramid of Cheops ¦ 720 Egypt- 20 Arrenig Crossfell Bowfell Cadir Idris Arran Fowddy 2,809 Merionethshire, 212223 24 2,9012,9112,914 2,969 Cumberland, EUROPE, Merionethshire. 1 Mont Blanc 15,781 Alps, -25 Helvelyn 3,055 Cumberland, 2 IVInnt Rn^n 15 385 26 Skiddaw 3,022 34 Ortler Spitze L'Alle Blanche 15,430 14,775 Alps, •2728 Carnedd, Dafydd .Carnedd, Llewellyn - 3,4-273,467 Caernarvon, 5 Louceira 14,451 29 Snowdon ?'Fi g Loupilon *- Finster.aar.horn 14,14414,116 14,040 13,83313,7-20 30 Cairneorum 4,050 Invernessshire. 7 31 Ben Macdui 4,418 Aberdeenshire. g i ...B.i,. oa. ......1 Furca K Ben Nevis 4,338 Invernessshire. 9 01 an 33 Ben Lawers i - 3,94J Perthshire. ' 0 Jungfrau-horn Glockner 34 Bein More 3,903 Sutherlandshire. 1 13,713 35 Ben More ,3,818 Perthshire. 2J Schreck-horn Orteles 13,397 12,83912,800 36 37 Ben Gloe Ben Wyvis 3,724 3,720 Ross shire. 4 Breit horn 38 Ben Ledi 3,631 Perthshire. 3 Nager-horn Honen-Wartshohe 12,-217 39 Schehallien 3,613 6 11,676 40 Bein Deirg l'5iS 7 Mulahacen 11,673 Sierra Nevada, Spain. 41 Ben Ferkinich 3,482 8 Mont Cenis 11,46011,398 Alps. 42 Mount Battock 3,450 Kincardineshire. 9 Pico de Veleta Sierra Nevada, Spain. 43 Macgillicuddy's Reeks 3,410 Kerry, Ireland- 77*' 609 MOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOU BRITISH ISLANDS -Continued. Scairsoch Ben Cruachan Ben Gurdy Ben Aan Ben Voirlich Ben Lomond Sleibh Dorin Ben Venue Black Larg The Cobbler DoUarburnBroad Law Croagh Patrick Harifell Lowther Hill Morne Hills Paps of Jura Tinlock Croaghan Penlland Hills Campsie Hills Eildon Hills Anhur Seat Salisbury Craig Edinburgh Castle GoatfellSnaefell Dunnose Ailsa Craig Bass Rock 3,400 3,390 3,364 3,301 3,2703,1913,1503,0002,8902,8632,840 2,8002,6662,635 2,5222,5002,470 2,3061,8501,7001,5001,300 822 560434 2,945 2,004 810 1,139 Isle of Arran, Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, Frith of Clyde, Frith of Forth, The following notices of some colossal isolated peaks of the peninsula of Kamtschatka, seen from Avatscha or Awatsha bay, were made and remit ted to Europe by the olBcers of the Siniavin, a Russian ship, on a voyage of discovery in 1828: Feet, Viluschinjkaja 6,342 Karazkaja - -11,468 Avatschankaja, (the burning,) an active volcano. Kaselskaja. Kluschesskaja, or Kamschatskaja - 16,542 The latter visible at the great distance of 160 sea miles. Mountains. — Those great ribs of the earth ad mit, though with some vagueness, arrangement in systems, chains, and isolated peaks — the latter comparatively rare, and in some cases, where ap parently separate, are probably only so about the earth's surface. As a general fact, the mountains of America range with deflection from the merid ians, whilst those of the opposing continent de flect from the latitudes. In bolh cases there are, however, exceptions, of which the Ghauts of In dia, and Urals separating Europe in part from Asia, are examples. The Spanish language has, as regards mount ains, a decided advantage over any of the olher languages of Europe. Sierha, from the Spanish, for a saw, is applied to a system rising in pointed peaks. Nevada, Spanish, signifies a mountain crowned with perpetual snow j Cokdilleka, stretched as rope. In each case the names are adjectives, and describe as well as designate the particular mountain under consideration. The American mountains are mostly cordillera. To give an example of the difference between a system and chain of mountains, we may bring forward the Appalachian, of the U. S., and the Alps, of Europe. The Appalachian comprise the chains of Blue Ridge, Cumberland, Alleghany, Chestnut, Laurel, Kittatinny, &c. The Alps comprise, with others, tbe chains of Cotlian, be tween Italy and France, Pennine, between Italy 610 and Switzerland, Lepontine, Brenner, Julian, Ca- mic, &c. Examples, illustrative of the same dis tinctive principles, could be drawn, and with fea tures on a very much more enlarged scale, from the mountains of South America and Asia. An interesting problem on the distance which a mountain can be seen on the surface of the earth will be found stated in this volume, note to col. 1, p. 11.5. We may here add, that when the dis tance is known and not the height, the lalter can be deduced by division — both independent of re fraction, which varies to a great extent from the changes of atmospheric density. Mountain Creek, post office, Lincoln co., N. C, 175 ras. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Mountain laland, village, Scolt co., Ky. Mountain Shoals, village, Laurens district, S. C, 80 ms. NW. from Columbia. Mount Airy, village, Surry co., N. C. ; by postroad 172 ms. NW. by W. from Raleigh. Village, Bledsoe co., Tenn., 90 ms. easterly from Murfreesborough. Mount Bethel, village, Somerset co., N. J. Mount Bethel, Lower, tp., Northampton co.. Pa., between Delaware river, Plainfield tp., the Blue mountain, and Upper Mount Bethel, 8 ms. N. from Easton. Pop. 1820, 2,442. Mount Bethel, Upper, tp,, Northampton co.. Pa., above the preceding. Pop. 1820, 2,182. Mount Carmel, town, Edward's co.. III.,, on the right bank of the Wabash, opposite the mouth of the White river. Mount Clemens, village and seat of justice, Macomb co. Mich., on the left bank of Huron of Lake St. Clair, 4 ms. above its mouth, and NNE. from Detroit. . Mount Clio, village, Sumpler dislrict S. C., 52 ms. E. from Columbia. Mount Desert, island, Hancock co. , Me., con stituting a tp. about 40 ms, B. from Castine. Mount Edgecumbe, prodigious peak, on the W. side of the entrance of Cook's strait, in New Zealand, Its height is supposed lo be very little inferior lo that of the Peak of Teneriffe. Mount Elon, village, Darlington district S. C, 77 ms. NE. from Columbia. Mount JElna Furnace, and post office, Butler CO., Penn. Mount Gilead, post office, Loudon co., Va., 43 ms. NW. fromW. C. Mount Henry, village, Montgomery co., Tenn., 67 ms. NW. from Murfreesborough. Mount Holly, town, Rutland co., Vt., 20 ms. W. from Windsor. Village, capital of Burling ton CO., N. J., situated on the N. side of Anco cus creek, about 18 ms. a litlle N. of E. from Philadelphia. Mount Hope, villiige. Orange co., N. Y, Village, Shenandoah co., Va. Mount Hope Bay, the NE. extension of Nar raganselt bay. It communicates with the E. and W. channels of Rhode Island setting up from the norlhern extremity of the island, between Bristol and Newport counties into Bristol co,, Mass., on the borders of which it receives Taunton river. Mount Hope Hill, R. I., W. shore of Mount Hope bay, on the point SE. from the village of Bristol. It is remarkable as being the residence of the celebrated Indian king Philip. MOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MOU Mount Horeb, village. Nelson co., Va., about 100 ms. NW. by W. froih Richmond. Mount Horeb, village, Jasper co., Ga., 24 ms. NW. from Milledgeville. Mount Jackson, village, Beaver co., Penn. Mount Joy, town, Lancaster co., Penn,, bounded by Liltle Chiques creek E., the SE. limit of Dauphin co., or Conewago creek NW., and Donegal Ip, S. Mount Joy, tp. Adams co,, Penn,, 5 ms. SE. from Gettysburg, on tbe N. boundary of Md., and between Willalaways and Rock creeks. Pop, in 1820, 935. Mount Laurel, village, Halifax co., Va,, 125 ms. SW. from Richmond. Mount Morris, town, Livingston co., N, Y., between the tp, of Sparta and Genessee river, about 35 ms. SW. from Canandaigua. Mount Morris, post ofiice, Green co., Penn. Mount Moume, Iredell co., N. C, 144 ms. W. from Raleigh. Mount Murray, seigniory, Norlhumberland co., L. C, on the left side of St. Lawrence, 75 ms. below Quebec. Mount Pilot, Sumner co., Tenn. Mount Pisgah, postoffice, Iredell co., N. C, 150 ms. W. from Raleigh Post office, Wilcox CO., Ala., 43 ms. from Cahaba. Mount Pleasant, town and tp., West Chester CO., N. Y,, on Hudson river, 33 ms. above the city of N. Y. It is the seat of an academy, and contains the village of Siugsing. Village, Lan casler CO., Penn,, 6 ms. W. from Lancaster. Town, Westmoreland co., Penn. The village is on Jacob's creek, 16 ms. S. from Greensburg. — Town, Wayne co., Penn., on the headwaters of Lackawaxen creek, commencing 5 ms. NW. from Bethany. Pop. in 1820, 874. Village .Md., on the line between Queen Ann and Caroline cos., and wilhin I mile of the W. boundary of Del., about 12 ms. W. from Dover. Village, Shen andoah CO. Va. 113 ms. westerly from W. C. Village, Spotlsylvania co., Va.; by posiroad 86 ms. N. from Richmond Village, Halifax co,, Va,, by posiroad 167 ms. SW. from Richmond. Village, Rockingham co., N. C, by postroad 136 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Village, Fair field co.,S. C, 44 ms. N. from Columbia. — Village, Baldwin co., Ga., 10 ms. from Milledge ville, Mount Pleasant, village in the S, part of Jeffer son co., Ohio, 21 ms. SW. from Steubenville. Containing 120 dwelling houses, 1,468 inhabi- anls, a printing office, a bank, several stores, a school and market houses of brick, and a brick meeting house, 92 by 62 feet area, two stories high, belonging to the Friends, beside two others, likewise of brick, for Seceders and Melhodists, and within six ms. around are 11 flouring mills, 12 saw mills, a paper mill with two vats, and a woolen cloth factory, beside two common fulling mills. The site of this village is elevated and pleasant, wilh a well cullivated vicinity. Pop. in , 1840, 1,676 in the tp. including the village. Village, Marlin co., Ia., by post road 144ms. SSW. from Indianapolis. Village, Maury co., Tenn., SO ms. SW. from Murfreesborough. Post office, Wilkinson CO., Miss., 123 ms. SW.from Jackson. Post office, E. Baton Rouge parish, La., 106 ms. NW. from New Orleans. Mills and postoffice. Union CO., Penn., 46 ms, N. from Harrisburg. Mount Prospect, village, Edgecomb co., N. C, 73 ms. easterly from Raleigh. Mount Republic, post office, Wayne co., Penn. Mountsbay, bay of Eng., on the S. coast of Cornwall, between the Lands End, and the Lizard Point. It is so named from the lofty mountains of Mount St. Michael, which rise within it. Among the rocks, on this part of 'he coast, breeds the Cornish chough, or red legged crow, noted for stealing and carrying away whatever il finds. In. Mountsbay is a considerable pilchard fishery. Mount Solus, post office. Hinds co.. Miss., 70 ms southwardly from Jackson. Mountsorrel, lown in Eng., in Leicestershire, so named from a high mount or rock, of a sorrel- coloured stone, extremely haid. Of rough stones, hewn out of ihis rock, the town is built. It is sealed on the Stour, 53 ms. SSE. of Derby, and 105 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 9 W. lal. 52 45 N. Mount Sterling, village, Switzerland co., Ia., 103 ms. SE. from Indianapolis Village, Montgomery co., Ky,, 35 ms. E. from Lexington. Mount Upton, Village on Unadilli riverj op posite the moulh of Butternut creek, Chenango co.,N. Y., 10 ms. SE. from Norwich. Mount Vernon, town, Kennebec co,. Me., 14 ms. NW. of Augusta, or Kennebec river. Pop. in 1820, 1,293. Tp., Hillsborough co.,N. H., 92 ms. S. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 729, Village, Chester co., Penn. Mount Vernon, seat of the late General Wash ington, and his favorite retreat from the fatigues of public employment; pleasantly situated on the W. bank of the Potomac river, 15 ms. below the city of Washington, and 9 ms., below Alex andria. Village and seat of justice, Mont gomery CO., Ga., N. lat. 32 13, lon. W. C. 5 48 W. Mount Vernon, lown and seat of justice for Knox CO., 0,, on the N. bank of Owl creek, !?0 ms., from its mouth. This "town contains abbut 80 dwelhng houses, 403 inhabitants, a printing office, a brick court house and jail, eight stores, a merchant mill, and a saw mill, and within 6 ms. there are 9 grist and saw mills, 3 carding ma chines, one of which is for cotlon." Distance 40 ms. W. from Coshocton, 54 NW. from Zanes ville, and 44 NE. from Columbus. N. lat. 40 24 W. lon. 5 32. Pop. in 1840, village and tp., 2,362. Village and seat of justice, Rockcastle, CO., Ky., 75 ms. SE. from Frankfort. Lat. 37 24 N. lon, W. C, 7 10 W. Village, Bullit CO., Ky., 25 ms. SSE. from Louisville Vil lage on the right bank of the Ohio river, Posey CO., Ia,, 5 ms. above the mouth of Wabash river. Village, Jefferson co.. Ill,, by post road 69 ms. S. from Vandalia. Mountville, village, Loudon co., Va., 40 ms. NW. from W. C. _ Mount Washington, the highest of the peaks of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Its elevation above the ocean 6,634 feet, as ascertained by Captain Partridge. Tp., Berkshire co., Mass., 25 ms. SSE. from Lenox. Mount Zion, village. Union co., Kv., by post 611 MOW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MUD road 236 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort. Village, Hancock co., Ga,, 26 ras, NE. from Milledgeville Village, Monroe co.. Mo., 176 ms. from St. Charles. Moura, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, at the confluence of the rivers Ardita and Gaudiana, 87 ms. SE. of Lisbon. Lon, 5 59 W. lat. 38° N. Mourzook, the capital of Fezzan, in Africa, situated on a small river, and supplied wilh rtaler from a multitude of springs and wells. Being formerly built of stone, it still retains the appella tion of a Christian town ; and the medley which it presents lo the eye, of the va.-t ruins of ancient buildings, and the humble collages of earlh and sand that form the dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. It is surrounded by a high wall, which not only affords the means of defence, but enables the Gov ernment to collect, at its three gates, a tax on all goods, (provisions excepted) that are brought for the supply of ils people. A caravan sels out an nually from Mesurata to this place; and hence the Fezzanners themselves despatch, eveiy year, a cara van to Cashna and another to Bornou. Mourzook is 262 ms, S. of Mesurala, 650 NW. of Bornou, and 710 N. by E. of Cashna. Lat. 27 20 N., lon. 15 5 E. Mossy, river of Hindoostan, which, crossing the country of Golconda, runs into the Kistna on the confines of the circar of Palnaud. Moustiers, town of Fr,, in the dep. of the Low er Alps, and late province of Provence. It is noted for a manufaclure of fine porcelain, and for a once famous pilgrimage, called Our Lady of Beauvezer, seated between two very lofty and craggy moun tains. Moustiers is 5 ms. NE. of Riez, and 47 WNW. of Nice. Mouth of Black River, post office, Cuyahoga CO., Ohio, 10 ms. W. from Cleveland, and 146 ms. NNE. from Columbus. Mouth of Blain, postoffice, Lawrence co,, Ky., 177 ms. E. from Frankfort. Moulh of Tellico, post office on Tennessee riv ¦ er, where the road crossed between Athens and Maryville, 30 ms. SW. from Knoxville. Moutier, or Monstier, lown of Savoy, capital of Torenlesia, with an archiepiscopal palace. It is seated on the Isere, 62 ms. NW. of Turin. Lon. 6 23 E., lat, 45 30 N. Mouson, ancient town of Fr., in the dep, of the Ardennes, and late province of Champagne, with a late rich Benedictine abbey. It is s-ealed on the Meuse, 8 ms, SE. of Sedan, and UO NE. of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E., lal. 49 33 N. Mousul, city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pachalic of Bagdad, on the right bank of the Tigris, oppo site the village of Nunia, supposed lo be the site of the ancient Ninevah. Mousul is a mart of ex tensive trade, inhabited by about 35,000 persons, composed of Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Curds, and Arabs. Lat. 36 21 N. Mowee, one ofthe Sandwich islands, discovered by Captain Cook, is 162 ms. in circumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular' peninsulas, of whichnhe eastern is double the size of the wes tern. The mountains in both rise to a very great height, and may be seen at more than the distance of 30 leagues. The N. shores afford no sound ings, but the couniry ptesents an appearance of 61? verdure and fertility. Near the W. point of the mailer peninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy beach, shaded . wilh cocoa nut trees. The coun try behind has a most romantic appearance, tbe hills rising in a great variety of peaked forms ; and iheir steep sides, and the deep chasms belween them, are covered with trees. Tbe inhabitants are computed at 65,000. Lon. 175 56 W., lat. 20 53 N. Moxahala, or Jonathan's Creek, rising in the northern part of Perry co., Ohio, flows E. across Muskingum co,, into Muskingum river, which it enters 3 ms. below Zanesville. Maxos, the northern province of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, bounded by the Por tuguese territories NE., Peru N. and NW., La Paz W., Cochabamba S., and Chiquitos SB., ly ing between lat. 12° and 18° S., and between lon. 9° and 16° E. from W. C. Il is drained by the Gaupare, Branco, Mamore, and olher sireams, confluents of the Madeira. Moyamensing, tp., Philadelphia co.. Pa., on the Delaware, belween Soulhwark and the mouth of the Schuylkill, having Passyunk W. Pop. in 1810, 2,887; in 1820,3,963. Moyenvic, town of France, in the department of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, remark able for its salt pits. It is 3 ms. from Vic, and 10 SSE. of Nancy. Mozabies, a white Mohammedan people ot norlhern Africa of whom Hodgson thus speaks: ¦'The Mozabiles are a remarkably while people, ind profess the Mohammedan religion. They nhahit an Oasis or Egzer ofthe Sah-ara about 300 ms. southward of Algiers." Their country is on the southern side or slope of the .\tlas mountains. N. lal. 31°. Mozambique,— See Africa, p. 28. . , , Mozcislow, strong town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the same name, on the Sofz, 22 ms. S. of Smolensko. Lon 32 32 E., lal. 54 28 N. .... Msta, river of European Russia, rising in Ihe governmeni of Tver, and flowing NW. into lake Ilmen, nearly opposite Novogorod. It forms a part of the great inland communication belween the waters of the Baltic sea and those of the Volga river. It is united lo the Tver, at Nischnei-Vo- lokshok by a canal whieh has been formed through the valleys of. the Valday hills. Mucheln, town of Upper Saxony, ra Thurin gia, 6 ms. N, of Freyburg, and 8 SW. of Mers burg. This town was burned in 1621 by the im perialists, under the command of Count Tilly. Lon. 11 39 E., lat. 51 15 N. Muchelncy, village of Eng., in Somersetshire, 2 ms. S. bv B. of Langport. Mucidan, town of Fr., in the dep. of Dordogne, and late province of Perigord, seated on the river Isle, 18 ms. SW. of Periguex. Mud Camp, post ofiice, Cumberland co., Ky., 150 ms. S. from Frankfort. Mud Creek, a. stream of Ontario co., N. Y., joining the outlet of Ontario Lake, near Lyons. The Erie canal follows -the valley of this creek about 16 ms.- Post ofiice, Steuben co., N. Y., 10 ms. E. from Bath. Muddy River, stream of Illinois, rising in Ran- Holnh. Wasllinfflnn. .lefferson. anil Franklin i-os MUL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MUL The various branches flow SE., and, uniting in Jackson, enter the Mississippi on the limit be tween the latler nnd Union co. It is navigable for boats 30 or 40 ms, Small river of Ky,, rising in Logan and Todd, and, flowing N. between Butler and Muhlenburg cos., falls into the S. side of Green river. Mueher, river of Germany, which rises in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, crosses Styria, passing by Judenburgh, Luben, Muehr, and Gratz, and foils into the Drave, near Kanisea, in Hungary. Muehr, or Mueraw, considerable town of Ger many, in the duchy of Styria, on the river Muehr, 25 ms. NW. of Gralz, and 40 SW. of Neusladt. Lon, 15 4 E., lat. 47 16 N. Muezzin, — See Muzzin. Mufti, or Moufti, or Mupiiti, Arabic, from Aftu, to instruct in the truth by responses and judgments. It is the title of the Mahometan high priest amongst the Turks, and who resides in Con stantinople. This priest is the sovereign interpre ter of the Koran, and his decisions final on all but the sultan, by whom they' are generally, though not always, respected and obeyed. Muggia, or Muglia, lown of Italy, in Vene tian Istria, with a castle, sealed on a gulf of the same name, 5 ms. SE. of Trieste. Lon. 14 2 E., lat. 45 52 N. Muhlburg, town of Upper Saxony, in the mar gravate of Miessen. It is situated on the Elbe, has a castle, and is 19 ms. NW, of Meissen, and 32 NW. of Dresden. Lon 13 9 E,, lal. 51 25 N. Muhl-Rreis, or Viertel, Quarter oj' Muhl, that part of Lower Austria between the Danube and Bohemia. Muhlenburg, co. of Ky., bounded by Muddy river or Butler co. SE., Todd S,, Christian SW., Pond river or Hopkins W., Deer creek, or Hen derson NW., and Green river or Daviess N. Lengih 40 ms., mean width 17, area about 540 sq. ms. Chief town, Greenville. Pop. in 1820, 4,079 ; and in 1840, 6,964 Lat. 37 16 N., Ion. W.C. 10° W. Muhlrose, town of Upper Saxony, in the mid dle marche of Brandenburg. It is conveniently situated 9 ms. SW. of Frankfort on the Oder, on ¦A canal, which forms navigable communication from Hamburg to Breslaw. Muirkirk, town of Scotland, in Ayreshire, seated on the river Ayr, and noted for a consider able iron work. Mulberry Creek, post office, Autauga co., Ala,, 27 ms. E. from Cahaba. Mulberry Grove, post office. Smith co,, Tenn,, 57 ms. NE. from Murfreesborough. Mulberry River. — See Black Warrior, Muldaw, river of Bohemia, which rises on the confines of Moravia, and running by Budweis and Prague, falls into the Elbe at Melnick. Though the Elbe has received the preference, as taking the name of the general stream, Muldaw is considera bly the principal branch, being much longer, and receiving more and larger tributaries than does the Elbe above their junction. Muldorf, town of Germany, in the archbisho pric of Sallzburg, and 40 ms. E. of Munich. Lon. 12 25 E., lat. 48 10 N. Mulder's Hill, post office, Greene co., Ky., 96 ms. SSW. from Frankfort. Mulhausen, imperial and Hanseatic town of Germany, in Thuringia, under tho protection of the elector of Saxony. .It is sealed in a ferlile cimnlry, on the Unalrutht, 15 ms. NE. of Eise nach, and 45 E. by S, of Cassel. Lon. 10 49 E., lal, 51 13 N, Considerable town of France, in Alsace, formerly the capilal of a republic in alli ance wilh the Swiss, and entitled to all the privi leges of the Helvetic confederacy. The walls of the town enclose a circumference of not more than 2 ms., and ils whole territory is confined within a precinct of 8 ms. The town contains 6,000 inhabitants, who are protestants; and there are 2,000 subjects in its adjacent villages. Il owes ils present flourishing stale to its manulactures, which lire chiefly of printed linens and cottons. It is well built, adorned with handsome structure.', and sealed in a pleasant fertile country, on an island formed by the river III. It is 15 ms. NW. of Basle, and 20 E. of Befort. Lon. 7 24 E., lat. 47 48 N. Mulheim, town of Germany, in Ihe electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 3 ms. from Co logne. Here the few protestants in Cologne are obliged to go to perform divine worship. MnnAS, or Mollahs, Tartar priesls. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, an island of considerable size, being 25 ms. in lengih, and in some places of equal breadth. There are many good natural harbors ; but there is only one vil lage, called Tobermorey, where a fishing station has been lately established by the British society. The soil is, for the most part,' rocky and barren; it is in some places, however, fertile in corn and grass, but has no wood ; the hills abound with springs, and are covered with cattle ; these, wilh the fishery, and a considerable quanlity ef kelp, are the only articles of commerce. Mull of Cantyre, — See Cantyre, Mull of Galloway, rocky promontory, the most southerly point of Scotland, in the county of Wigton. Mulleras, town of Qermany, in the middle marche of Brandenburgh, sealed on. a canal cut be tween the Spree and Oder, 40 ms. SE. of Berlin. Lon. 14 31 E., lat. .52 14 N. Mull'icohill, village, Gloncester co., N. J., on Raccoon creek, 17 ms. SSW. from Philadelphia. Mullicuss, or Little Egg Harbor, river ofN. J., rising in Burlington and Gloucester cos., and flowing SE., falls into Lillle Egg Harbor, 3 ms. S, from Tuckerlon. It is navigable for sloops of considerable burthen as far as the moulh of Wading river. For a distance of 20 ms , in a direct route, it forms the line between Burlington and Glou cester cos. Mullingar, co. town of West Meath, in Ireland. Il holds a great wool marl, is a place of good trade, md formerly sent two members to the Irish parlia ment. It is seated on the Foyle, 38 ms. W. of Dublin. Lon. 7 50 W,, lat. 53 30 N. Mullrnse, canal of, in German Prussia. It con nects the Elbe and Oder, and extends from New- bruck, on the Spree, to the lake or reservoir of Briesson, near the Oder. It is about 14 ms. in lengih, wilh 10 locks. Multnomah, river of the U. S,, in the basin of Columbia; of which lalter river the Multnomah is the great SW. branch. It joins the main stream 613 MUN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MUR 100 ms. from the Pacific ocean, but is above its mouth too little known to admit specific description- Mulvia, large river of Africa, which has ils source in Mount Atlas, and dividing the empire of Morocco from the kingdom of Algiers, falls into the Mediterranean sea, to the W. of Marsalquiver. MoMMr. — Arab, mumia, from mum, wax. Term meaning dead bodies reduced to a dry slate in order to be preserved from putrefaction. This art dates, or rather cannot be dated, as it was practised before the earliest records were formed. Muncy creek, stream of Pa., in the southeastern part of Lycoming co., flows, by comparalive courses, 25 ms. SW., and falls into the W. branch of Susquehannah, about one mile NW. frora Pennsborough. Town, Lycoming co.. Pa,, on the W. branch of Susquehannah, on both sides of Muncy creek, including Pennsborough. Pop. in 1830, 1,255. Munda, ancient town of Spain, in Granada, 30 ms. WNW. from Malaga. Here the sons of Pompey were utterly defeated by Julius Csesar. Munden, town of Hanover, at the junction of the Tulda and Werra rivers, and where these streams form the Weser. It is situated 9 ms. NE. from Cassel, and 15 WSW. from Goltingen. Munderkingen, town of the kingdom of Wir- temherg, in Suabia, 20 ms. WSW. from Ulen. Mutidu, town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, of which it was formerly the capital. It was then 22 ms in circuit, and conlained many monuments of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofty mountain, 46 ms. S. of Ougein, and UO NNW. of Burhan pour. Lon. 75 47 E., lat. 22 50 N. Munfordville, village and seat of jusiice, Hart CO., Ky., on the right bank of Greene river, oppo site Woodsnnville, 75 ms. S. from Louisville. Lat. 37 19 N., 8 44 W. Munglore, town of Candahar, in the co. of Cabul, 125 ms. W. of Cashmere, and 135 E. of Cabul. Lon. 71 15 E., lal. 34 15 N. Mungulhaut, lown of Hindoostan, in Bengal, with a manufacture of coarse colton cloths, situate on the Durlah, 20 ms. NNE. of Rungpour. Munich, foriified city, capital of Bavaria, and one of the finest lowns in Germany, It contains near 60,000 inhabitants. The houses are high, and the streets spacious, with canals in many of them. The palace of the king is a stupendous structure, magnificently adorned. The cabinet of cutiosities, the museum, the library, and the ar senal, merit attention. The cathedral contains the tomb of one of the emperors, in black marble, adorned with statues of bronze. Among the nu merous convents, the college formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and the convent of tbe Theatines, are most worthy of notice. The large market place, in which is the town house, is very beautiful. Here are manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen cloth, and lapestry. Near the city are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Schlesheim. It is seated on the Iser, 33 ms. ESE. of Augsburg, and 62 S. liy W. of Ratisbon. Lon. 1 1 30 E., lat. 48 10 N. MwnlMta.—See Montgatz. Munneratadt, town of Franconia, in the pritici' pality of Wurtzburg, situate on the Lauer, 13 ms. N. ol Schweinfurt. Munnypour, capital of the country of *bp p.-jo. 614 say. It is 210 ms. NNW. of Uramerapoora, and 410 E, by N. of Calcutta. Lon. 94 40 E., kt. 34 30 N. Munaingen, town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirlemberg, with a castle, 20 ms. W. uf Ulm. Munster, province of Ireland, 135 ms. long, and 120 broad ; bounded on the N. by Connaught, E. by Leinster, and S. and W. by the .Atlantic. It contains the cos. of Clare, Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal place is Cork. Government of Prussia, in Ihe'NW. part of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. The chief rivers are the Ems, Lippe, Vecht, and Ber- kel. The country is level, with some agreeable heights, hut no mountains; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heights that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. It for merly, and yel, wilh some changes, is subdivided nio the circles of Munsler, Tecklenburg, Wahren- dorf, Beckum, Ludinghausen, Kocsfeldt, Reckling hausen, Borken, Ahaus, ahd Steinfurt. — See tabu lar view of Prussi'tt. Considerable city, capital of the government of the same name. It is envi roned with double ditches and ramparts, and had also a strong citadel, which was demolished in 1765, and replaced by a magnificent palace. The famous treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, was concluded here in 1648, which ended the religious wars of 30 years continuance. It is sealed on the Aa, 50 ms. ENE. of Wesel, and 52 WNW. of Paderborn. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 51 55 N. Pop. 18,000. Town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, 12 ms. NNW. of Lucerne. Townof Switzerland, in the canion of Grisons, 15 ms. N. of Bornio. Town of Fr., in (he dep. of Upper Rhine, 9 ms. WSW. of Colmar. -Village, Cam bria CO., Pa,, 5 ms. E. from Ebensburgh. Munaler Eyffel, town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 16 ms, SSW. of Cologne Munster Meinfeld, lown of Germany, in the late electorate of Treves, 12 ms. SW. of Coblenlz. Munsterberg, town of Silesia, capital of a prin cipality of the same name, rich in grain, flax, hemp, and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 ms. NVV. of Neisse. Lon. 17 3 E., lat. 50 31 N. Munzenberg, town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with an ancient castle, 8 ms. S. of Giessen. Murano, lown of Austrian Italy, on an island near Venice. Here the famous Venetian mirrors are made. It stands 3 ms. N. from that city. Murat, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Carlal, on the Alaignon, 12 ms. NW. from St. Flour. Murcia, province, formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by New Castile, on the E. by Valencia, on the W. by Andalusia and Granada, and on the S. by the Mediterranean. It is 62 ms. long, and 58 broad ; and the principal river is Se gura. The soil is dry, and it produces little corn or wine ; but there are plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar. Il has also a great deal of silk. The air of this province is very healthful, and the prin cipal town is of the same name, Populous cily of Spain, capital of a province of the same name, with a bishop's see. It has a superb cathedral, the stairs of whose steeple are so contrived, that a man may ride up lo the top, either on horseback, or in a coach. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated MUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MUS on the Segura, 27 ms. N. of Carthagena, and 212 SE. of .Madrid. Lon, 36' W., lat. 38 2 N. Mur de Barrez, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aveiron, 32 ms. N. by E. from Rhodez. Muret, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Ga ronne, and late province of Gascony, sealed on the Garonne, 10 ms. S. of Toulouse. Lon. 1 18 E., Iat. 43 26 N. Murfreesborough, lown, Hertford co., N. C, on the right bank of Mehenen river, aboul 75 ms. SE. from Petersburg, and an equal distance NW. from Norfolk, in Va Town and seat of justice for Rutherford co., and until recently seat of Gov ernment of Tennessee, between the E. and W. fork of Stone's river, 32 ms. SE. from Nashville. Lat. 35 52 N. The adjacent country is fertile, and productive in grain, cotton, and tobacco. Pop. about 1,000. Muro, episcopal town of Naples, in Basilicata, sealed at the foot of the Appennines, 12 ms. SE. of Conza. Lon. 15 45 E,, lat. 40 46 N. Murphrey's Settlement, post office, St. Fran- 9ois CO., Mo., 70 ms. S, from St. Charles, and 60 SSW. from St. Louis. Murray, NE. tp. and village, Genessee co., N. Y., 25 ms. NE, from Batavia. Murray Frith, considerable inlet of the sea, on the E. coast of Scot., between Tarbetness, in Ross- shire, on the N., and Borough Head, in Murray shire, on the S. Murrayshire, or Elginshire, Scotland, is sub divided into Murray and Strathspey, and is bound ed on the E. and SE. by the river Spey, which divides it from Banffshire, on the S. by Aberdeen shire and Inverness-shire, on the W. by Inver ness-shire and Nairnshire, and on the N. by Nairnshire and the Frith of Murray, being 30 ms. from E. to W., and nearly the same from N. to S. Its air is salutary,jind the winters milder than any olher part in the N. of the kingdom. The S. side is mountainous, but abounds with pasture, as the low country does wilh corn. Here are several woods of firs and oaks. The soil is generally fruit ful, and produces the fruits ripe soon. Its principal rivers are the Spey, the Lossie, Nairn, and Find horn, all of which produce vast quantities of sal mon. The chief towns are Elgin and Forres. Pop. in 1801, 36,705; in 1811, 28,108; and in 1821, 31,162. Murray's Mill, post office, Dearborn co., Ia., 107 ms. SE. from Indianapolis. Murraysville, village, Westmoreland co., Pa, Village, Buncombe co., N. C, by post road 280 ms. W. from Raleigh. Murrhart, town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirlemburg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the river Mur, 8 ms. S. of Hallo. Lon. 9 51 E., lat. 49 14 N. Musa, populous town of Arabia, in the province" of Yemen. It is fortified and surrounded with walls, 18 ms. E. of Mocha. Muscat, iia fleet and trade. — If any of our rea ders were told that the Sultan of Muscat had a navy about as large as ours, they might be very in credulous till they looked al facts. But neverthe less, the Sultan has a powerful navy. We gather from a "Digest of existing Commercial Regula tions of Foreign Countries, wilh which the Uniled Slates have intercourse," (a most valuable work by the way, printed by order of Congress,) the fol lowing statement of the naval force of the Sultan of Muscat : Names. Rates, Where built. Station, Liverpool 74 Bombay Zanzibar, Shah Allum 56 Bombay Do Caroline 411 Prince of Wales , 36 Demaun Do Henningshaw 36 Cochin Calcutta, Piedmontese 32 Muscat Muscat, Mossapa 24 Cochin Do Rahmani 22 Bombay Do Falke IH Demaun Soliman Shah IH Muscat Curler-, Ijrig 12 Bombay Do Psyche, brig 12 Cochin Do Sage, yacht 6 Malabar Coast Zanzibar. Vestal 6 Muscat Muscat, Elphinsione 6 Bombay Bombay. Also 50 baghelaa, carrying from 8 to 18 guns; and 10 bal'its, carrying from 4 lo 6 guns. The liaghela is a one-masted vessel of from 200 to 300 tons. The balit is also a one-masted vessel of 100 to 200 tons. Part of these vessels are used to con voy vessels lo the Persian Gulf, and some are in .Africa, &c. Thus il is seen that the Sultan of Muscat is a powerful prince. He possesses a more efficient naval force than all the native princes combined, from the Cape of Good Hope to Japan. His pos sessions in Africa stretch from Delagado to Cape Guardafui, or from N, lat. 13° to S. lat. 10°; and from Cape Aden, in Arabia, to Ras el Haud ; and from Ras el Haud they extend along the northern coast of Arabia, or the coast of Aman, lo the en trance to the Persian Gulf; and he claims also the seacoast and islands within the Persian Gulf, in cluding the Bahrein islands and the Pearl fishery contiguous to them, with the northern coast of the gulf as low down as Scindy. The vessels of the Sultan trade not only wilh his own ports in Africa, and the valuable islands of Monpeca, Zanzibar, Pemba, and Socotra, but also to Guzzerat, Sural, Demaun, Bombay, Bav of Bengal, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, the Mauritius, the Comoro islands, .Madagascar, and the Portuguese Possessions, bringing Indian, African, and Euro pean arlicles. About 3,000 vessels are thus en gaged in this trade, of which a very large propor tion are small craft to be sure. The naval force of the Sultan gives him entire control over all the ports of East Africa, the Red Sea, the coast of Abyssinia, and the Persian Gulf. This force con sists, it seems, of between 70 and 80 sail of vessels, carrying from 74 guns lo 4. The officers of this force practice lunar observations, and have excel lent chronometers. Since our treaty with the Sultan in 1835, our vessels are beginning to push an advantageous trade there, though they encounter formidable com petitors in the British, who enjoy great advanlages from their Indian possessions. The exports are gum copal, aloes, gum arable, ivory, tortoise shell, hides, beeswax, cocoa, rice, ghee, dates, raisins, and a great variety of drugs. — N, Y, Expreaa, From the defects of our general geographical works, we might be led to regard the commercial empire, of which Muscat or Muskat is the capital, as a recently formed State. In 1508 this cily was 615 MUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. MUT taken by the Portuguese, who found it then an an cient entrepot. In the decline of Portuguese power, it fell again into the power of the nalives. The city is almost exactly under the northern tropic, about 100 ms. N. W. from Cape Ras el Haud, and 200 SSE. from the straits of Ormus. Muscat is an admirable commercial position. The importance of this imperfectly known, though really great commercial empire, deserves some more of detail than we' intended when we first selected the above extract. Cape Ras el Haud, or more correctly Ras al Gat, as the word Ras signifies a cape, is the extreme eastern point ol Africa, and projects toward-s, and lies almost directly west of Guzzerat, in Indostan. The city of Muscat is silualed inside of Ras al Gat, towards the norlh ofthe Persian Gulf. Bahrein islands is a group near the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf, N. lat. 28°, and in which has been for many ages a very productive pearl fishery. Aden is an ancient city and seaport of Arabia, on its extreme southern coast, about 150 ms. east ward of the straits of Babelmandeb. Cape Delgado, (sharp poinl) a promonlory of eastern Africa, S. lal. 10°. Comorro, or Comoro islands, spread across the northern opening of the Mozambique channel, be tween Cape Delgado and the great island Mada gascar. Following the general inflections ofthe coasis of Africa and Arabia, from the Comoro islands and Cape Delgado,. to the islands of Bahrein, exceeds 4,000 ms. If to this immense line we add 600 ms. of ihe coast of Asia, frora the Gulf of Ormus to the mouth of the Indus, will give 4,600 ms. of seacoast to the Sultan of Muscat. Let it not be misunderstood that these coasis are barren deserts, for in raost parts the reverse is the reality, .\rabia, in particular, has been compared to a mantle of serge, wilh a fringe of gold. A figure applicable to great part ofthe coasis of Africa, and also of that part of southern Asia between the Persian Gulf and India. This lalter region, is in different languages, known as Mekran, or Beloo chistan. ; Muscogee, county, Georgia. Mushad, — See Meshed. Musidan, town of France, in Upper Perigord, which sustained a famous siege in 1579. Lon. 20' E,, lat. 45 5 N. State of Ohio. This stream is forraed by two branches, Whilewoman's and Tuscarawas rivers. The former rises by a number of sources in Rich land, Knox, and Wayne counlies, interlocking with the head wate/s of Sciota and Sandusky, en ter ng Ohio and Vermillion and Black rivers, flow ing into Lake Erie, passing through Coshocton CO., join the Tuscarawas river at the town of Co shocton. The enlire comparative lengih of White- woman's river, from its inouth to the exireme source of Armstrong's creek, in Richland county, is about 70 railes, draining one of the most fertile tracts ot land in the Uniled States. The Tuscarawas river has its sources in Harri son, Columbiana, Stark, Portage, Medina, and Wayne counties, interlocking with those of Rocky river and Cuyahoga, flowing into Lake Erie and G16 Great Beaver, entering Ohio. The Tuscarawas river is 90 ms. in lengih from the town of Coshoc ton to its extreme source in Medina county. Below the junction of Whilewoman's and Tus caiawas rivers, the united waters take the name of Muskingum, which flow S. 8 miles through Co shocton, receives from the E. Hill's creek, on the border of Muskingum co., and, continuing S. a litlle W. 23 railes to Zanesville, receives Licking creek from the W. After being precipilaled over a fall of about 7 feet at Zanesville, the Muskingum turns SE. by S., and, flowing 60 ms., enters tho Ohio liver at Marietta. Belween Zanesville and its efflux into Ohio, the Muskingum river passes Ihrough Muskingum, Morgan, and Washington counties. This river is navigable with large bat leaux to the falls below Zanesville, for boals of considerable size to Coshocton, and for small craft nearly lo the source of the Tuscarawas. The country drained by the sources of the Musk ingum is generally level, but becomes more billy approaching the Ohio river. In point of climate, this river flows from N. lat. 41 7 to N. lat. 39 28. The area it driuns nearly circular, about 7,850 sq. miles. The Muskingum channel has been made naviga ble for steamboats from ils mouth to Dresden, in the norlhern part of Muskingum co., near which place its improvements join the Great Cential ca nal of Ohio. Muskingum, county, Ohio, bounded on the N. by Coshocton, E. by Guernsey, S. by Morgan, and W. by Perry and Licking counties. It is 28 by 27 miles in extent, and contains about 660 sq. miles. Its principal waters are the Muskingum and Licking rivers. Salt, Jonathan's or Moxahala, and Wakatoraika creeks. In numerous places ad jacent to and in the bed and valley of the Musk ingum river are extensive aiid almost inexhaustible beds of slone coal, which the people in the vicinity of Zanesville use as fuel. Surface ofthe co. general ly hilly and soil sterile. Pop. in 1820, 17,824 ; and in 1840, 38,749. Lat. 40° N, and lon. W. C. 5° W. intersect very near the cenire of this county. Musselburg, seaport in Edinburghshire, on the Frith of Forth, at the moulh of the river Esk. It is 0 miles E. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 W., lat. 56° N. Muatagam, seaport of the kingdom of -41giers, with a castle, 140 ras. W. from the city of Algiers. Lon. 3' W., lat. 36 30 N. Muskingum, river of the United Slates, in the Musacra, seaport of Spain, in Granada, with a strong casile, seated on a mountain, 27 miles NE. of Aimeria, and 62 SW. of Carthagena. Lon. l 36 W., lat. 37 11 N. Masuela, town of Spain, in the province of An dalusia, sealed on the banks of the Guadalquiver, 50 ms. N. of Granada. Muswell Hill, village of England, in Middlesex, 5 railes N. of London. It takes its name from a famous well on the hill which belonged to the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerken- wall. This well still belongs to the parish of Clerk- enwall. McTHCL, Berber terra, derived from ameuthul, like a hare, or Hare river. Mutschen, lown of Germany, in the circle ol Upper Saxony, and territory of Leipsic, in the vl- cinitv of which they find a species of crystal called MYS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAC Mutschen diamonds. It is 20 ms. ENE. of Leip sic. Lon. 12 50 E., lat. 51 40 N. Muyden, town of Holland, seated on the Vecht, on the 8. coast of the Zuyder Zee, 7 miles E. of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 1 E., lat. 52 22 N. Mdzzin, in Mohammedan countries officers, or clerks of the mosques, whose duty is to sound the ezam, or suraraons lo prayer al the five pre scribed canonical hours, viz : dawn, or morning, noon, four P. M,, sunset, and nightfall. Mycene, forraerly the capital of a kingdom in the Peloponnesus, now Morea, which is now re duced to a small village, in which the ruins of the former city remain, as described by Pausanius. Mycone, ancient Myconiis, island of the Archi pelago, 30 miles in circumference. The harbor is very open, and deep enough for the largest ships, where they may ride secure frora the north wind. The soil is dry, and the raountains are of great height. Water is very scarce in summer, but in the town is a large well, the only one in the island. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtle-doves, rabbits, and wheat-ears ; also excellent grapes and figs. Almost all the inhabitants are Greeks, who have 50 churches in all, but many are chapels, and sorae monasteries. Lon. 25 51 E., lat. 37 28 N. Myerstown, village, Lebanon co.. Pa., on the road from Harrisburg to Lebanon, 31 ms. E. from tbe former. Myonessus, or Clazomenian Promontory, an cient names of the long peninsula of Asia Minor, stretching NW. between Smyrna and the island of Chios. It is terminated towards Mylelene, the oncient Lesbos, by the ancient promontory of Ma- laena, the Kara-boiiroun of the Turks. — See Chisme. Myaol, island, the most eastern of the Moluccas, uf a triangular form, with a bold shore. The vil lages are built in the water upon posts ; and there are forests visited by tbe birds of paradise, which are caught in great numbers. Lon. 130 3 E., lat. 2° S. Mysore, country in the peninsula of Hindoostan, lying between the W. and E. ridges of the Ghauts. It extends from 11 30 to 15° N. lat., and in theN. part frora 74 55 to 78 35 W. Ion., but diminishes thence as it approaches the 8. till it ends in a point. The N. side- is extremely irregular and in dented, and the middle part branches out above a degree beyond that to the E. The country is in general dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren ; but there are several rivers and mountain torrents, which, by artificial means, serve to water rice grounds, gardens, &c. In the forests are many ele phants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buffaloes, and goals, are numerous, and in the NE. part many sheep are bred, but horses and asses are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pepper, cocoa and betel- nut, sugarcane, butter, and oil. The dominions of the rajah of Mysore are now divided into three g-reat districts, Patana to the S., Nagara to the NW., and Chattakal to the NE., so called from the three places where the chief officers are situate. The Patana district is by far the largest, and of it self a rauch greater-extent of territory than ever be fore was subject to the Mysore family. Mysore, fortified city of Hindooslan, capital of the country of the same name. Il was ruined by the late two sultans; but since the English restored the 78* ancient family in 1799, and made it the rajah's seat of governmeni ; a palace has been built, and its renovation will follow of course. Mysore is 10 miles S. of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 50 E., lat. ^2 15 N. Mystic, small river, or rather creek of Massa chusetts, falling into Boston harbor. It is navi gated with sloops to Medford, 4 milea. Village, New London co., Ct., 8 miles NE. by E. from New London. Mytilene, or Metelin, ancient Lesbos, island on the W. coast of ."Vsia Minor, between the gulfs of Smyrna and Adraraytium. It is 36 railes long, and from 2 to 13 broad. It is one ofthe most pro ductive islands in the Turkish empire. Population about 50,000. Between lat. 38 35 and 39 30 N. Mytilene, city, — See Castro, in the Addenda. Myzenak, town of European Russia, in Orel, on the Oko, 33 ras. below Orel. N. Naaa, borough of Ireland, in the county of Kil dare, where the assizes are held alternately with Athy, It was formerly the residence of the kings of Leinsler. It is 17 miles SW. of Dublin, and 26 NW. of Leinster. Lon. 6 42 W., lat. 53 13 N. Nab, river of Germany, which issues from Mount Fichtelberg, in the principality of Bayreuth, flows S. through the palatinate of Bavaria, and enters the Danube a litlle above Ratisbon. Nabal, town of the kingdom of Tunis, celebrat ed for its potteries. Near it are several remains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 ms. SSE. of Tunis. Lon. 10 19 E., lat. 53 13 N. Nabburg, town of the palatinate of Bavaria, ou the river Nab, 10 ms. ESE. of Amberg. Nabijos, a nation of Indians, said to reside be tween Santa Fe, of New Mexico, and the Pacific ocean. An account of this people appeared in the National Intelligencer of September 14, 1824, ex tracted frora the Missouri Intelligencer. From data there given, the Nabijos are far advanced above the savage state ; have relinquished the wandering for the sedentary state of society ; have ceased to be hunters, and have becorae farmers and manufac turers, evincing rauch skill in both pursuits. To give the true sound of this narae in English ortho graphy, it should be written Nabihoa, as the Spanish J has the power of the English h. If such a people does actually exist, they deserve to be bet ter known. Nabloua, town of Asiatic Turkey, capilal of a country which was the ancient kingdom of Sama ria. It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tribute to the pacha of Damascus. The soil of the . country is fertile, and produces a great deal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. The inhabit ants are such jealous Mahometans that they will not ;ufi'er any Christians to remain araong them. Nablous is 24 ras. N. of Jerusalem, and 90 SSW. of Damascas. Lon. 35 24 £., lat. 32 20 N. Naco, tov^n of North America, in the province of Honduras. Lon. W. C. 10 40 W., lat. 16 0 North. Nacogdochea, village of Texas, about 120 ms. W. from Natchitoches, inLouisiwa. It is an in- 617 NAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAN considerable place. Lon. W. C. 17 17 W., lal. 31 27 N. Nadecgsda. — See Kurilus. Nadie, point of the heavens or universe direct ly under our feet, and directly opposile lo the zenith or point directly over our heads. Naefela, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Glaris. Naerden, strong town of Holland, at the head of the canals of the province, on the Zuyder Zee, 14 ms. E. of Amsterdam, and 15 N. of Utrecht. Lon. 5 9 E., lat. 52 20 N. Nagera, lown of Spain, in Old Castile, with a fart, 3 ms. NW. of Calahorra, and 138 N, of Madrid. Lon. 3 10 W., lat. 43 14 N. , Nagold, town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirl emberg, with a strong castle, 10 ms. W. of Tu bingen, ' Nagore, town of Hindooslan proper, in the coun try of Agimere, 40 ms. NW. of Agimere. Lon. 74 10 E., lat, 27 8 N. Nagpour, city of the deccan of Hindoostan, cap ital of that part of Beiar which is subject to a chief of Ihe easiern Mahrallas. It is a cily of modern date, but though extensive and populous, is mean ly buill, and, excepting a sraall citadel, is open and defenceless. It is 560 ms. W. by S. of Cal cutta. Lon. 79 46 E., lat, 31 8 N. Nagubanja, town of Hungary, celebrated for its gold and silver mine works, which are of great produce. It is a metal town, and one of the royal free tftwns, and is 30 ms. NE. cf Tamar. Lon. 32 54 E,, lat, 48 10. Nagub, or in different inflexiotis, Nagar, Na gore, Nuggur, &c. , signifies "town," and termi nates many Easl Indian names. Nahant, peninsula of Mass,, in the SW. part of Essex CO,, united to the main shore by Lynn beach. It is a delicious and much frequented summer re treat from the neighboring cities and towns, 14 ms, NE. from Boston. Nahe, river of ihe palatinate of the Rhine, which, running by Birkenfeld, Oberslein, Kreuzenach, and Bingen, falls into the Rhine. Nairn, borough and seaport of Scotland, the county town of Nairnshire, and seated at the en trance ofthe Frith of Murray, 10 ms, E. of Inver ness, and 104 N. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 51 W., lat. 35 33 N, Nairnahire, small co. of Scolland, bounded on the N. by Murray Frilh, on the E. and S. by .Mur rayshire, and on the W. by Inverness-shire. lis greatest lengih is not above 12 ms., nor its breadth above 10. It is fruitful, and its corn soon ripens ; has several woods of firs, and several lakes and mountains, yet is well peopled. The chief town is Nairn. Pop. in 1801, 8,257i; in 1811, 8,251 ; in 1821, 9,006. Naksivan, city of Armenia, capital of a prov ince of the same narae. It is sealed between the towns of Erivan and Taurus. Lon. 45 30 E., lat. 38 40N. Namari, mountains of Sicily, in the Valdi-De- mona, between Messina, Taormina, and Melazzo. Namfio, island of tbe Archipelago, the ancieni Anaphe, a litlle to the E. of ihat of Santorini, It is 16 ms. in circumference, but has no harbor, nor springs sufficient to water the fields. The inhab itants are all Greeks, and their trade is in onions, 618 wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apol lo are yet ta be seen, and consist chiefly of marble columns. Lon. 26 10 E., lat. 36 15 N. Namptwich, town of Eng., Cheshire. It is well built, and has a large church, in the form of a cross, with the tower in the middle. Here are salt springs, on the banks of a fresh waler stream, from which are made great quantities of white salt, in which article and cheese Ibis town carries on a con siderable trade. The principal dairies of Che.shire are in ils neighborhood. It is sealed on the Wea ver, 36 ms. SE, of Chester, and 162 NW. ofLon don. Lon. 2 25 W., lat. 53 6 N. Namur, co. of the kingdom of Belgium, divided by the river Sambre and Maese into three equal parts, bounded on the N. by Brabant, on the £. and S. by the bishopric of Liege, and on the W. by Hainaull. This province is pretty fertile ; has several forests, marble quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal. Namur, city of Belgium, capital of the county of Namur, between two mountains, at the conflu ence ofthe Maese and Sambre, 24 ms. WSW. of Liege, and 33 SE. of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E., lat. 50 29 N. Nanaguagus, small river in the SW. part of Washington co.. Me. Village on the preceding river, by posl road 179 ms. KE. from Portland. Nanceville, village, Harrison co., Ia., 103 ms. S. from Indianapolis. Nancy, city ofFr., capital of the department of Meurte. It is divided by a canal into the old and new town. The first, though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains the palace of the ancient dukes of Lorraine ; and their tombs are in a rich saloon, which adjoins the church of the late Cordeliers. I'he new town, whose streets are per fectly straight, was already one of the finest in Eu rope before the magnificenl works with which Stan islaus I., titular King of Poland and Duke of Lor raine, enriched it. The cathedral is a superb struc ture. Nancy is sealed in a delightful plain, near the river Meurte, 92 ms. NW. ot Basle, and 175 E. of Paris. Lon. 6 10 E., lat. 48 42 N. Nander, town of Hindooslan, in the province of Dowlatabad, 132 ras. NNW. of Hydrabad. Nandidroog, strong fortress of Hindooslan, in Mysore, 25 ms. N. by E. of Bangalore, and 64- E«E of Sera. Nangasaki, city of Japan, in the island of Zimo, with a good harbor, and the only one in the em pire in which foreign ships are permitted to anchor. The inhabitants carry on a great trade wilh the Chinese and Dutch. The latler are never suffered to curae inlo the city, unless when their ships ar rive, and then they deliver up their guns and sails, as pledges of their good behavior. Lon. 128 46 E., lat. 32 32 N. According to Kruzenslern who visited Nangasaki in 1804, that city stands at tha bottom of a deep bay, W. side of the island of Xi mo. " The entrance of the harbor of Nangasaki is in N. lal. 33 44, and E. Ion 129 45, in the mid dle of the bay of Kiusiu, which is formed by Cape Nomo to the S., and Cape Sewrote to the N." Mangira river. — See Yungar. Nangis, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, 12 railes W. of Provins, and 14 E. of Melun. Nanjemoy, town and port of entry on Nanjemoy NAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAN creek, Charles co., Md., 45 ms. S. from Wash ington City. Nan-kang, cily of China, of the first class, in th6 province of Kiang-si, seated on the Lake Po- yang, 637 ms, S. of Peking. Lon. 113 58 E lat. 29 33 N. banking, city of China, capital of the province of Kiangan It is the largest in China, being 17 ms. distant from ihe great river Yangtse-Chiang, from which canals are cut so large lhat vessels may enter the lown. It was forraerly the imperial oily, whence it was called Nanking, which signifies soulh ern court ; but since the grand tribunals have been removed to Peking, it is called Kiang-nan in all public nets. The place is greatly fiUen from ils ancieni splendor; for il bad a magnificent palace, which is quite destroyed, as well as many ancient monuments; and a third part of the city ilself is desolate. The sireets are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and on each side are shops neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean, except a few temples, the city gates, -and a tower of por celain 300 feet high. They have several manufac tures in silk and wool. The number of inhabit ants is said lobe 1,000,000, wilhout comprehending the garrison of 40,000 men. Here the physicians have their principal academy. The inhabitants were formerly estimated at ¦ 2,000,000, the cily being above 30 ms. in circumference. It is situat ed on the Kiam, 500 ms. SSE. from Peking. Lon. 119 25 E., lat. 33 46 N. Nan-ngan, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. It stands among plan tations of sugar cane, near the source of the ICan- Kiang, and the foot of the mounlain Mclin, 300 ms. NE. of Canton, and 900 SSW. of Peking. Lon. 113 38 E., lat. 24 48 N. Nan-ngan-fou, beautiful and populous city of China, in the mo. t southern partof the province of Kiang-si ; it is a beautiful, populous, and com mercial city, and much frequented. It contains in its district 4 cities of the third class. It is 200 ms. N. hy E. of Canton. Nansemond, co., Va., bounded by Norfolk E., Gates CO,, N. C, S., Blackwater river, or South ampton SW., Isle of Wight NW , and Hampton Roads NE. Length 33 ms., mean width 20, area 660 sq. ms. Surface generally level, and in part marshy. Drummond's pond, One of the feeders of the Dismal Swamp canal, is in the SE. angle of this CO. Staples, cotton and tobacco. Chief town, Suffolk. Pop. 1820, 10,494; and in 1840, 10.795. Central lat. 36 45 N., lon. W. C. 30' E. River of Va., rising in the central part of Nansemond co., flowing NNE, about 25 ms., opens by a wide bay into James river and Hamp ton Roads. It is navigable to Suffolk for vessels of 100 tons. Naniasket road, the southern entrance inlo Bos ton harbor. It affords good anchorage in frora 5 to 7 fathoms waler. ' Nan-tchang-fou, cily of China, capilal of the province of Kiang-si, It is the residence of a vice roy, and comprehends 8 cities in its dislrict. Nantes, ancient, rich, and very considerable town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, and late province of Bretagne. The bridges over the Loire, in which are some islands, are almost a league in length. The suburbs are so large that they exceed the city. The inhabitants are com puted at 60,000. Since the peace in 1783, Nan tes has had a considerable share in the commerce with the U, S, Large vessels can come no higher than Port Lunnai, where Ihey are unloaded into smaller vessels, which go up to Nantes, being a distance of 12 ms. In 1796 the theatre here took fire, during a time of performance, and several persons lost their lives. Nanles is 58 ms. S, by E. of Rennes, and 217SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 45 W,, lat. 47 13 N. Nanticoke, creek of Broome co., N. Y., rises between Chenango and Owego rivere, and falls in to the Susquehannah about midway between Owe go and Chenango point Post office on the pre ceding creek, 10 ms. NE. by E. from Owego. River of Md., on Ihe easiern side of Chesa peake bay. It rises in Del., and runs nearly in a SW. course through Dorchester co., (Md,,) and enters the Chesapeake on the S. side of Philips's poinl. Hundred, Sussex cu,, Del., watered by the Nanticoke river, from which it derives ils name, and on the W. and S, it joins Md. Nantmill, East, one of the norlhern tps. of Chester co.. Pa,, on the head waters of French creek, 35 ms. N W. from Philadelphia. Nantmill, West, tp., Chester co.. Pa., adjoin ing the preceding, and the SE. angle of Berks, and the NE. angle of Lancaster co., on the head waters ofthe E. branch of Brandywine. Nantua, town of France, in the department of Ain, and lale province of Bresse, situated at the extremily of a great lake of the same name, 18 ms. SE. of Bourg. Here Charles the Bold was in terred. Nantucket, island of .N. America, in Mass., the inhabitants of which have a considerable whale fishery on the coast, and even in Greenland. It lies to the S. of^Cape Cod, and is a low, sandy, barren island ; the inhabitants depend almosl entire ly on the sea for their subsistence. It contains about 50 sq. ms., and forms a county with some small islands. The eraployment of capital marks the pursuits of the people; $600,000 are employ ed in upwards of 30 spermaceti works. It con tains also two banks and two insurance companies. Pop. 1830, 7,266; and in 1840, 9,112. Lat. 41 15 N,, and lon. W. 0. 7° intersect on the island of Nantucket. Nantucket, village and capital of the island of Nantucket, situated on a basin, the N. side of the island, in the lat. of 41 18 N., and lon. of 70 10 W., at the distance of 120 ms. SE. of Boston. It is a port of entry. It has one fine harbor, com pletely safe from all winds, being so well land locked. It has only, however, at low water 7J feet water on its bar. Nantwich, town of Eng., in Cheshire; here are salt springs, from which are made great quantities of white salt, also a manufacture of cotton and shoes. The principal dairies of Cheshire are about this town, and it has a considerable trade in cheese. It is seated on the Weaver, and by the Chester ca nal, which here forms a broad basin, 26 ms. SE. of Chester, and 164 NW. ofLondon. Nan Yang, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small river, and surrounded by mounlains, 100 ras. S. of Ho-nan. 619 NAP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAR Nan-yong, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of QUantong, seated on the Pei-kiang, near ils source, 170 ms. NNE. of Canton. Napaul, country of Asia, bounded on the S. by Bahar, W. by Oude and Rohilcund, NW. by Sir inagur, NE. by the mountains «f Himmalaya, which separate it from Thibet, and E. by Bootan. It is tributary to Thibet, and Catmandu is tbe capital. , Naples, kingdom, comprehending the S. part of Italy, bounded on the NW. by the ecclesiastical States, NE. by the Gulf of Venice, and everywhere else by the Mediterranean. The principal raoun tains are the Appennines, which traverse this coun try from N. to S., branching out to the two ex tremities, and the celebrated volcano Mount Vesu vius. The rivere are numerous, but inconsidera ble ; the chief are the Garigliano and Volturno. One of the greatest inconveniences to which the kingdom is exposed is earthquakes. The estab lished religion is the Roman Catholic, and the clergy and convents, under the old government, possessed two-thirds of the whole kingdora ; but Protestants and Jews are allowed to settle here. The inhabitants of this country have at all times borne but an indifferent character among other na tions ; gluttony is here a predominant vice, while instances of ebriety are comparatively rare. Naples, ancieni, large, rich, and trading cily of Ilaly, capilal of the kingdom of the sarae name, with a university. It is situated at the bottom of a bay, and is built in the form of a vast amphithe atre,. sloping from the hills to the sea. Naples is admirably suited for comraerce, and has all the ne cessaries and luxuries of life in great profusion, and yet trade is in but a languishing condition. The chief articles manufaclured here are silk stockings, soap, snuff boxes of tortoise shell, or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius, tables and ornamental furni • lure of marble. The harbor, which is spacious, is protected by a mole. The bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, being almost of a circular figure, about 30 ms. in diameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the island of Caprea, and three parls of it sheltered by the circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was taken by the French in January, 1790, but retaken by the British fleet under Lord Nelson, in June following. In 1806 it was again taken possession of by the French, under Massena, and soon afler Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned king of Naples. In 1803 the city suffered much damage by an earthquake. Naples is 110 ms. SE. of Rome, 104 NE, ofPal ermo, 217 SE. of Florence, and 300 S. by E. of Venice. Lon. 14 20 E., lat. 14 55 N. For Na pies, see art. Italy, pp. 434, 435. . Statistics of Naples, — The journals of the Two Sicilies published the following census of the pop ulation of Naples for 1835, drawn up in conse quence of an order of the police ministers. The population of Naples, on the 1st of January, 1835, amounted to 335,386 inhabitants; on the 1st Jan uary, 1836, it was 357,283, of whom 166,727 were males, and 190,556 females; the increase was accordingly 1,897 individuals. In 1835 there were in Naples 14 centenaries, 2 men and 12 women, 3 of whom were 105 years old ; 31 indi viduals had committed suicide in the course of that year. The population was divided as follows : 630 6,843 civil and 1,151 military officers, 2,306 be longing to public instruction, 3,096 lawyers, 1,430 physicians and surgeons, 1,033 merchants, 1,277 artists, and 105,355 mechanics and laborers, &c. Naples, Ip. and village, Ontario co, N. Y., 18 ms. S. firom Canandaigua. Pop. in 1820, 1,038. Naptoose, or Napolose See Nablous, Napo, river of S. Araerica, rising in Quito, and flowing SE. falls into the Amazon. Lon. W. C. 4 50 E , lat 3 45 8. Napoleon, village, Ripley co,, la., 89 ms. SE. from Indianapolis. Napoli di Malvasia, seaport of European Tur key, and capital of the island of Malvasia. It has a fine harbor, defended by a good citadel and a long wooden bridge, which joins it to the main land. It gives name to that excellent wine called Malmsey, and was the ancient Epidaurus, famed for the temple of ^sculapius. It is seated on a rock, at the entrance of the Bay of Napoli di Ro mania, 38 ras. SE. of Misitra. Lon. 33 58 E,, lat, 36 53 N. Napoli di Malvasia stands on the site of Epidaurus Limera, a town of Laconia. The other city of Epidaurus, much more generally known, belonged to Argolis, and stood on the Sa ronic gidf, opposite the island of Egina, in N. lat. 37 38. Epidaurus Limera stood on the eastern shore of the SE, peninsula of Laconia, N. lal. 36 43. Napoli di Romania, seaport of European Tur key, in the Morea, on a peninsula, at the head of a bay of the same name. It is inhabited by 60,000 Greeks, besides people of different nations, and has a large harbor, with a narrow entrance, defend ed by a citadel. This town was taken by the Turks in 1715. It is 30 ms. SSW. of Corinth. Lon. 33 44 E., lat. 37 44 N. Nara, town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a magnificent castle, 25 ms, NW. of Meacow. Narasinghapura, town of Hindoostan, in My sore, wilh two considerable teraples. It is well buill, and stands in a fertile couniry, on the Ca very, immediately below the influx of the Kapini, 20 ms. ESE. of Mysore. Narberlh, lown of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, on a hill, 12 ms. NE. of Pembroke, and 242 W. by N. ofLondon. Narbonne, city of France, in the dep. of Aude. In the time of the Romans, it was the capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbonensis ; and here the emperor Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Roman inscriptions, in different parts of the city, are still visible ; and the canal frora ihe river Aude, ihrough the city, to the Mediterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is faraous for ils honey, and the cathedral is reraarkable for its noble choir. It is 5 ms. from the Mediterranean, and 80 ESE. of Toulouse. Lon, 3° E,, lat. 43 11 N. Narborough, island of S. America, on the coast of Chili, so called because Sir John Narborough refreshed his men here, when sent to the South sea in the reign of Charles II. Lon. 74 35 W,, lat. 45° N. Nareondam, barren rock rising abruptly out of the Indian ocean, uninhabited, and seemingly des titute of vegetation. It is about 20 leagues E. of tbe Andamans. Nardo, episcopal town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo. fn this liltle lown there are 8,000 in- NAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAS habitants; it is 20 ms. NW. of Otranto. Lon. 18 16 E., lat. 40 18 N. Narenta, town of Turkey, in Dalmatia, with a bishop's see, seated on a gulf of the same name, 46 me. NE. of Ragusa. Lon. 18 27 E,, lat. 43 35 N. Namalla, town of the Deccan, in the province of Berar, 72 ms. E. of Burnampour. Lon. 77 34 E., lat. 21 25 N. Narni, ancient episcopal lown of Italy, in Sa- bina. Here are the ruins of a marble bridge, built by Augustus, one of whose arches was 150 feel high ahd 200 broad; as also of an aqueduct that brought water from a spring at the distance of 15 ms. It contains a great many noble families, and is sealed on the Nera, 20 ms. SW. of Spoletio, and 40 NE. of Rome. Narova, river of the Russian empire, which is sues from the Lake Peipus, and watering Narva, flows into the Gulf of Finland, 8 ms. below that town. It is noted for two picturesque water-falls, pompously described by travellers, but far inferior to that of the Rhine, at Schaffhausen. The breadlh of the river is about 200 feet, and the perpendicular height of the falls scarcely exceeds 20 feet. Narraganselt, beautiful bay of the U. 8., in R, I. It opens between Poinl Judith on tbe W., and Seaconet to the E., and extending from 8. to N. 30 ms., to the city of Providence, where it termi nates, and receives Pawtucket and some smaller rivers. It varies in width from 1 to 15 ms. ; and is chequered by R. I,, Prudence, and Connanicut, One of its minor bays, Mount Hope, receives Taunton river from Massachusetts. The shores are bold, without being very elevated, and the ad jacent country picturesque and well peopled. It was the opinion, in 1817, of the U. 8. Navy com missioners, that this bay afforded the most eligible site for a naval depot NE. from the Chesapeake. Narraguagus, bay of Washington co.. Me., re ceiving a small river of the sarae name, from the NW. part of the co. Town, Washington co.. Me , on the Narraguagus, 37 ras. W. from Ma chias. Narrows, The, strait that separates Long Island from Staten Island, and unites the Atlantic with the Bay of N, Y, Narsingapatan, a town of the peninsula of Hin doostan, in the territory of Bisnagur. It was the residence formerly of a king, and is sitnated 400 ms. SE. of Bombay. Lon. 76 10 E., lal. 15 30 N. Narva, a strong lown of the Russion empire, in Ingria, or the governmeni of Pelersburgh. The houses are built of brick, stuccoed while ; and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Russian lown. In the suburbs, called Ivangorod, or John's town, the colossal remains of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan Vassilievitch the Great, im pend in a picturesque manner over the steep banks of the Narova. Near Narva is the spot celebrated for the victory which Charles XII, in the 19th year of his age, gained over the Russian army in 1700. The town was taken by the czar about five years after, who traversed the streets on horseback wilh his drawn sword in his hand, restrained his troops from pillage, and placed guards at the doors of the principal houses, and before the churches. The principal exports from Narva are hemp, flax, tim ber, and corn ; the imports, salt, tobacco, wine, sailed herrings, spices, tea, sugar, and other gio- cery wares. It is situaled on the Narova, 8 ms. from its mouth, and 100 W. of Pelersburgh, Lon. 27 52 E., lat. 69 18 N. Narwah, or Narwha, a town of Hindooston Proper, in the province of Agra, sealed a litlle above the confluence of the Sinde with the Jumna. It is 127 miles S. of Agra. Lon. 79 17 E,, lat. 25 40 N. Naseby, village of Eng., in Northamptonshire, 12 ms. N. of Northampton. Nash, CO. of N. C, bounded by Edgecomb E. and SE., Wayne 8., Johnson SW., Franklin NW,, and Halifax NE. Length 30, mean width 18 ms. ; area 540 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and soil near the streams productive. Sta ples, cotton and tobacco. Tar river flows through nearly the middle of the co. The court house, at which there is a post office, is about 40 ms. NE. byE, from Raleigh. Pop. 8,185; and in 1840, 9,047. Lat. 36° N., and lon. W. C. 1° W. in tersect in this CO. Nashuan, one of th« Elizabeth islands, Mass., near the mouth of Buzzard's bay. ^Nashua, river, rises in Worcester co., Mass., flows NE. across the NW. angle of .Middlesex; enters N. H. and falls into the Merrimack, in Hillsborough co. ^ Nashville, village and seat of justice, Nash co,, N. C, 50 ras. NE. by E. frora Raleigh. Lat, 35 54 N., lon. W. C. 1 2 W. Village and seat of justice, Davidson co., Tenn., and now seat of the State government, on the left bank of Tennes see river, 200 ms. W. from Knoxville, 430 NE. frora Natchez, and 480 NNE, from New Orleans, by General Jackson's road. Lon. W. C. 9 40 W,, lat. 36 4 N. It is the central point of a very fer lile, well cullivated, and populous country. Cum berland river is navigable, except at very low water, for steamboats to this town ; one or more of these vessels ply belween there and New Orleans. It contains, beside the ordinary county buildings, two printing offices, two banks, an academy for young ladies, and several manufactories. Population obout 4,000. In 1840 the white population of Nashville stood Whites,— Ages, Males, Females, 0 to 5 - 364 347 3 to 10 • 234 291 10 to 15 241 243 15 lo 20 247 266 -20 to 30 - - 644 435 30 to 40 . 317 249 40 to 50 167 134 30 to 60 65 56 60 to 70 -27 33 70 to 80 9 12 80 to 90 . - ] 3 90 to 100 - - 1 0 100 and upwards 0 I 2,337 2,070 Tolal whites - 2,337 - 4,407 Aggregate population, 6,929. Nassau, Grand duchy of. State of Germany, bounded W. by the Rhine, separating it from Rhenish Prussia, N. by Rhenish Prussia, E. by Hesse Darmstadt and Wetzlar, and S. by the Rhine and Mayn, separating it from Frankfort on the Mayn, and western Hesse Darmstadt. Very 621 NAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAT unlike most other German States, Nassau is toler ably compact ; length 60, mean breadlh 30, and area 1,800 sq. ras., English; and, with an aggre gate ptipulation of 340,000, has ^ distributive pop- pulation of 190 to tho sq. m., Eng. Nassau, in latitude, lies between 50° and 50 50 N. Slope westward, and traversed nearly centrically by the river Lahn. The reigning family claims the origin of their greatness inlo the 10th century; in 1180 they became counts, and now divided into two branches, one sovereign of Holland, and the other of Nassau ilself, maintains dignity amongst the monarchs of Europe. The government is repre sentative, composed of two houses, and the country flourishing in its active industry applied to agricul ture, mining, manufactures, and commerce. Reli gion protected, and free to all sects. The chifef towns are — Wisbaderi - 7,000 Nassau - 2,000 Dillenburg - - 3,500 Wielburg - - '2,000 Limburg - - - 3,000 Nassau, town of Germany, in the duchy of the same name, on the river Lahn, 12 ms, SE. of Co blenlz, Lon. 7 42 E., lal. 50 18 N. River of Florida, rising between St. John's and St. Mary's rivers, and flowing parallel to each, falls into the Atlantic ocean between Talbol and Amelia islands, after a coraparative course of about 70 ms. Lal. 30 44 N,, lon. 81 42 W. NE. co. of Florida, bounded by St. Mary's river, separating it from Camden co., Ga., N. and W. by Columbia co., Florida, SW., Duval S., and the Atlantic ocean E. Greatest lengih 38 ms,, mean width 15, and area 525 sq. ms. N. lat. 30 30, and 5° lon. W. W. C, intersect in this co. Pop. 1840, 1,892. Chieflown, Nassau. Capital of the island of New Providence. Lon. W. C. 50' W-, lat. 24 55 N. Town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 15 ms. SE. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 2,873. Naia, or Santiago de los Cabrellos, cily of N. Araerica, in Veragua. Lon. W. C. 3 17' W., lat. 8 22 N. Natal Coasij or Caffraria Proper. — See Africa, p. 28. col. Isl. Natchez, principal town in the Stale of Missis sippi, and the seat of justice for Adams co., lies upon the left bank of the Mississippi river, at lat. 31 33 N., and lon. W. C. 14 30 W. The site is a beautiful and commanding bluff, rising from 100 to 300 feet above the Mississippi river; and, by its peculiar location, is protected from the noisome ex halations of the adjacent low grounds. The edge of the bluff rises into a long narrow ridge, which renders the Mississippi river invisible from the sireets of the town. It contains 280 dwelling houses, four places of public worship, one for Ro man Catholics, one for Presbyterians, one for Melhodists, and one for Bapdsts ; six large ware- bouses, an eldgant court house and jail, 25 dry good stores, two steam saw mills, and a steam aqueduct ; a State bank, with a capital of $900,000, having offices in Woodville and Port Gibson. This is tbe only banking institution 'yi the Slate; and by its charier the faith of the State is pledged not to grant any olher banking charter until 1840. The sessions of the supreme court, and of the district court in the U. S. are held at present at this place. 622 During about nine months of the year, from Octo ber to the ensuing June, Natchez is a very lively scene of commercial activity. Immense quantities of produce from the regions on Ohio, Mississippi, &c, , find here a ready and profltable market. The cotton shipped from this port in ordinary seasons, exceeds 35j000 hales. The entire colton shipped from the whole State in 1820-'3I, was estimated at 80,000 bales; and that for 1821-'3, supposed will at least be equal lo that of the preceding year. The bills of mortality reported under the su perintendence of the hoard of health, justify the opinion that Natchez is healthy for resident?. In sultry summers, the greatest number of deaths are amongst persons engaged on the navigation of the Mississippi river. The following exhibits the actual and progres sive pop. of this city : , 1810 - 1,511 1830 - - - 2,184 1830 - - 3,789 1840 - . - . 3,500 Natchez is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and cily council, with the ordinary co, justices of the peace, who have, in ordinary civil and criminal jurisdiction, concurrent power wilh the aldermen. It is 322- ms. by water, and 156 by land above New Orleans, 1,613 below Pittsburg, 846 below St. Louis, and 670 below the moulh of the Ohio. ISatchitoches, NW. parish of La., bounded by Texas SW. and W., Stale pf Arkansas N., Washilau parish E,, Rapides SE,,' and Oupelou- sas S. Length 140 ms., mean width 76, area 10,500 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly, particu larly between Red and Sabine rivers. Except near the margin of Red river, the soil is generally sterile, and covered wilh pine timber. Sorae olher, though comparatively small tracts of productive soil, skirl the streams. An extensive body of low ground, subject to annual submersion, extends along Red river, and runs through this parish ob liquely. The greatest part of ihe former inhabi tants were settled on the alluvial banks of Red river. Besides Red and Sabine, the rivers of Natchitoches are Bodcau, Dacheet, Black river, and Saline. Chief staples, cotton, lumber, and peltry. This description of Natchitoches was written when that parish included all the north western part of the State. 'J'he space was subse quently divided, and the northern part formed into the parish of Claiborne. The settlements are now extended over the whole surface, and the progres sive pop. is shown as follows : In 1 830, tbe whole surface then included in Natchitoches parish had on it 7,486 inhabitants; in 1840, what re mained Natchitoches had 14,350 ; Claiborne, 6,185, and jointly, 2I/,535. Chief town, Natchi toches. Pop.in 1830, 7,486, and in 1840, 14,380. Central lal. 32° N., lon, W. C. 16 15 W. Natchitoches, town and seat of justice,' for the parish of Natchitoches, La., on the right bank of Red river, at lat. 31 10 N., lon. W. C. 16 10 W. The houses are chiefly contained in one street, running parallel to the river. Pop. about 600. It is 356 ms. NW. from New Orleans by land, through Attacapas and Opelousas, and 407 by water. Natick, town, Middlesex co., Mass., 18 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1830, 849. NAU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NAV Natividad, seaport of Mexico, in the province of Guadalajara, on a bay of the Pacific ocean, 100 ms, W. of Guadalajara. Lon. W. C. 27° W., lat. 20 42 N. Natolia, country formerly a part of Asia Minor. It is the most western part of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the N. by the Black sea, E. by Cara mania, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora. The soil soil is generally terlile, producing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco, colton, and silk. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from W. to E., and watered by a great number of rivers. Kiutaia is the capital. Pop. about 5, (TOO, 000, composed of Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and other nations. Nattam, town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the country of Madura, 18 ms. N. of Madura, and 45 SSW. of Trichinopoly. Nattore, town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 47 ms. E.NE of Moorshedabad. Natura, group of islands in the southern part of the Chinese sea. The island called Great Na- turna, lies about 180 ms. NNW. from Point Api of Borneo, and 350 ms. NE. by E. of Singapore. N. lat. 3 50, lon. 108 30 E. London. Natural Bridge, village, Rockbridge co,, Va,, 13 ras, SSW. from Lexington, and 176 W. from Richmond. Navan, town of Ireland, in the co,, of Meath, seated at the conflux of the Blackwater wilh the Boyne, 25 ms. NW. of Dublin. Navarin, seaport of European Turkey, on the W. coast of the Morea, with a lirge harbor, de fended by two forts. In 1770, it was taken hy the Russians. Il is seated on a hill, 10 ms. N. by E of Modon, and 17 WNW. of Coron. -Lon. 21 34 E., lat. 37 2 N. Navarre, kingdom of Europe, lying between France and Spain, and divided into the Upper and Lower. The Upper belongs to Spain, and is 75 ms. long, and 60 broad. Though a moun tainous couniry, abounding in game and iron mines, some valleys produce good corn and ex cellent wine. Il is divided into five districis, whose chief towns are Pamplona, Eslella, Tudela, Olita, and St. Guesca. Lower Navarre belongs to France, and is now the dep. of Lower Py renees. It is separated from Spanish Navarre by the Pyrenees, and is a mouniainous barren coun try, 20 ms. long, and 12 broad. From this country the king of France takes the litle of king Navarre. See Palais, St. Navarre, New, province of New Mexico, bounded on the N. by a country unknown, E. by New Mexico Proper, and New Biscay, S. by Culiacan, and W. by the Gulf of California. This country was discovered by the Spaniards in 1552. The nalives are robust and warhke, and were wiih difficulty brought to submission ; they make use of bows with poisoned arrows, clubs of red wood, and bucklers. The chief Spanish town is Cin^iloa, Navarreins, town of Fr. in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees, sealed on the Gave d'Oleron, 36 ms. SE. of Bayonne. Nauen, town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark, 18 ras. W-\W. of Berlin. Naumberg, town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, situate on the Eider, 11 ms. WSW. of Cassel. Town of Germany in the electorate of Mentz, 14 ms, WSW. of Cassel, ond 36 8W. of Goltin-, gin. It is seated on the Eder. Town of Up per Saxony, capital ofthe duchy of Saxe Naum burg, seatedon the Sala, 37 ms. NE, ofErforl, and 60 W. of Dresden. Lon. 13 30 E., lal. 51, 13 N. Navesink, See Navesink-hills, Navigator's Islands, a cluster of ten islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Bougainville, and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are called by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna, Oyalava, Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero Opoun; the most southerly and easterly of these islands lies in lon, 169 7 W., lat, 14 7 S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be numbered among the largest and most beauliful islands of the S. Pacific ocean. They combine the advanta ges of a soil fruitful wilhout culture, and a climale that renders clothing unnecessary. The inhabi tants are a strong and lusty race, scarcely a man to be seen among them less than six feet high, and the women are in proportion. See Maouna. The following document, in regard to the Navi gator's islands, was afforded in a letter frora Lieu tenant Charles Wilkes, dated Nov. 9, 1839 : Harbor of .\pia, island of Upoln, directed lo the Seeretary of the United iStates Navy. The ele ment has been in some degree transposed, but literally copied. The reader will remark the total discrepancy of names, between those of the ori ginal article and those given by Lieutenant Wilkes. The island of Savii contains The island of Upoln The island of Jutnilla The island of Monono Tbe island of Apolima The island of Tana The island of Orasurga The island of Ofoo Tolal sq. ms, - Sq, ms, 3,700 - 560 240 97 - 100 24 10 3,641 Among the harbors of Jutnilla, that of Pago Pago is the safest. Of those of Upoln, that of Apia is tbe raost cenlrai and best of that island ; it is situated on the N. side, in lat. 13 49 8,, lon. 171 41 W. London. Of those found on the is land of Lavi, Mataatoo is the best ; it is situated in lat. 13 28 8., lon. 172 20 W. of London. The harbors are formed by openings or breaks in the reefs which surround ihe islands, and although not of great extent, are commodious and safe, wilh the prevailing winds. 'J'he coasts may be approached with safety, as the reefs are visible, and the soundings regular. The mean tempera ture about 76 deg. The 8. side of all the islands are cooler and more subject to rain and winds than the north, aiid do not aflord so many harbors and shelters. Vessels visiting these is lands can obtain complete supplies of hogs and vegetables. Water is abundant in all the harbors and easily obtained, particularly at Apia. These islands may be visited with safely, at all seasons of the year. Prom November to March they are most subject to bad wealher, when variable winds 623 NAX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEB prevail. The islands of Upoln is the most cent ral, and being connected with Monono, where the principal chief resides, has the ascendency over the whole group. The group extends from lat. 13 49 to 14 18 8., and ftom lon. 169 13 to 172 46 W. London. The inhabitants reside on or near the seacoast, although at Upoln there are several large villages in ,the interior. The population as given by Lieut. Wilkes is 56,000, of which he says " about two-thirds are said to be of the missionary or Christian party, and about 10,000 who read or write. Cannibalism is supposed never to have existed at this group." While transcribing as much of Lieut. Wilkes' notes as were suitable to the Dictionary, the No. of the Foreign Missionary Chronicle for July, 1840, came to hand, containing an article headed " Navigator's Islands," and the epigraph " Tri umphs ofthe Gospel of Peace"^t\ie eleraent afford ed by the Rev. T. Heath. The subjoined geographi cal information I may add to the preceding : Aana is one of the three large districts into which the island of Upoln is divided. It forms the westward end of that fine island ; the central division of which is called Tumassaga, and the eastward Atna. About 4 miles to the westward of Aana is the sraall but influential island of Mo nono, and close to that Apolima its olo or fortress. Farther to the westward, about 12 ms., lies Sa- vaii or Salafai, the largest of the Saraour or Na vigator's group. In regard to cannibalism, Mr. Heath observes, "The reader will perhaps not be surprised on being informed that cannibalism was another ac companiment of their wars." Mr. Heath learned from repeated conversations with old and respec table chiefs, though they spoke on the subject with reluctance, that to a certain extent it did exist. The chiefs said " they learned it from Torga, that they never liked it, but that they had someliraes in war, or in seasons of great scarcity, satisfied their revenge, or their hunger, with human flesh ; and it was no secret, that a powerful and luxurious chijf has sometimes done so in times of peace and plenty." During the recent war, several human victims, parlicularly boys, were baked and eaten like hogs. Such is, however, 1838, the behavior and apparent character of the people, that a casual visitant would scarcely believe that eight years ago they had thus acted. Naxkow, town of Denmark, in the Isle of La land, with a harbor commodious for trade and a plentiful fishery. It is 60 railes SW. of Copenha gen. Lon. 11 31 E., lat. 54 52 N. Naxoa, or Naxia, considerable island of the Ar chipelago, 25 ras in lengih, and 88 in circurafer- ence. It abounds with orange, olive, lemon, ce dar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mulberry trees, and, though it has no harbor, carries on a consid erable trade in barley, wine, oil, cheese, figs, cot ton, silk, flax, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It is inhabited both by Greeks and Latins, has four archiepiscopal sees, and a great many villages; but the whole island does not contain above 8,000 in habilanls. The highest mountain is Zia, which signifies the mountain of Jupiter. This island was anciently famous for a sort of marble called ophi- tus, ftom its being spotted like the skin of a ser- 634 pent, with green and white spots. On the moun tains near the coasts of the Mediterranean is found the best emery, whence the neighboring promon tory is by the Italians called Cape Smeriglio. On the 8. side of tbe island is a town defended by a castle. About a gunshot from hence, is a fine marble tower on a rock, in the middle of a heap of stately luins of marble and granite, probably the ruins of Bacchus's temple. Lon. 26 10 E., lat. 36 41 N. Naxos, or Naxia, capital of the Isle of Naxos. The greatest part of the inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 25 59 E., lat. 37 8 N. Nazareth, town of Palestine, faraous for being the residence ot Jesus Christ, in the early part of his life. It is now nothing but » village, where the raonks of St. Francis have a convent. Lon. 35 20 E., 33 30 N. Nazareth, village in Northampton county, Pa,, belonging to the Unitas Fratrum, or society of Mo ravians. It is situated 10 railes N. of Bethlehem, 8 W. by N. of Easton, on the river Delaware, and 53 N. of Philadelphia. In 1800, it contained 311 inhabitants, distinguished for their industry and regularity of manners. Nazareth, Lower, tp., Northampton co.. Pa., on the Monocacy creek, 7 ms. NW. from Easton. Nazareth, Upper, tp., Northampton co.. Pa., on the Bushkill and Monocacy creeks, 8 ms. NW. from Easton. Naze, or Cape Lindenas, the most southern pro montory of Norway. Lon. 720 E., lat. 57 30 N. Neagh, Lough, lake of Ireland, situated in the counties of Armagh, Down, Antrim, London derry, and Tyrone. It is the largest in Europe; those of Ladoga and Onega, in Russia, and that of Geneva, in Switzerland, excepted, being 30 milea long, and 15 broad. Neath, corporate town of England, in Glamor ganshire. It is situated on the Neath, over which is a bridge, where sraall vessels come to load coal. On the olher side of the river are the ruins of a fine monastery, and in the neighborhood are iron forges and sraelting works for copper and coal mines. It is governed by a portreeve, who is sworn in by the deputy constable of the castle of Neath, and sealed near the Bristol channel, 33 miles NW. of Landaff, and 300 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 45 W., lat. 51 43 N. Neath, river of Wales, in Glamorganshire, which falls into the Bristol channel below the town of Neath. Neb, river of the Isle of Man, which runs into the Irish sea al Peel Castle. Nebio, or Nebbio, ruined city on the W. side of the island of Corsica. Nebra, town in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia. It is 12 ms. NW. of Naumburg. Lon. 11 26 E., lat. 51 13 N. Nebulx, in astronomy, permanent cloudy or dusky spots in the heavens, the objects of unsatisfied wonder until revealed to us by aid ofthe telescope, as imraense clusters of stars, most of them at such im measurable distances frora tbe solar systera as to appear from the earth as dira undefinable spots. The galaxy, or milky-woy, is one of these nebu- Ite, and our sun supposed, or rather conclusively shown, to be one of its stars. It appears from the catalogues recently made by Sir John F. Herschel, NEG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEG that more than, 2,500 of these nebulie are now known to exist. One fact may enable us to ap preciate the unfatliomable remoteness 'of these bo dies, or rather aggregations, that, in every annual revolution of the earlh, we advance lo and recede from many wilhout even, through the best teles copes, I heir appearance being changed by our change of place the whole diameter, of the earth's orbit, or nno hundred and ninety million of miles. Recently, Sir John Herschel has examined the southern heavens, and added immensely to the catalogue of nebulte. Sublime and elevated as is the science of astronomy in all its parts, in no other does it disclose more phenomena to exercise the faculties of man and excite his highest admiration Ihan on the nebulffi. Neckar, river of Germany, which rises in the Black Forest, crosses the kingdom of Wirlemburg and the palatinate of ihe Rhine, and falls into the Rhine at Manheim. Neclears-Gemund, town of Germany, in the pal atinate of the Rhine, seated on the Neckar. Lon. 9 55 E., lat, 49 20 N. Neckars Ulm, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, seated on the Neckar. It belongs to the grand master of the Teutonic order. Lon. 9 5 E., lal. 49 22 N. Nedroma, city of .Algiers, remarkable for ils magnificent ruins. Lon, 38' W,, lat. 35 40 N. Needham, town of England, in Suffolk, on the Orwell, and has some trade in Suffolk-blues and cloths; and women are employed in spinning and weaving bone lace. It is 10 miles NW. of Ips wich, and 73 NE. ofLondon. Lon. 1 23 E., lat. 52 15 N. Needham, tp,, Norfolk co., Massachusetts, .It is situated between Newton and Natick, 13 miles SW. of Boston. Needles, two rocks of England, in. Hampshire, I N, of the Isle of Wight, so called from their sharp) good ports, extremities. and 39 5 in the Andes, Lon, W. C. 3° E., lat. 2° N. It flows SE. by E. by comparative courses 1,000 ms., and falls into the .Amazon at lon. W. C. 17° E,, lat. 3° S. By one of its branches, the Cassi quiari, it has a communication with the Orinoco. River of South America, rising in tho Andes of Chili, Lon, W.C. 7° E,, and lat. 33° S. It flows SE., and falls into the Atlantic ocean after a comparalive course of 500 miles. Negro's Island, one of the Philippine islands, belween Pannay and Zebu. Negroland, or Nigritia, country of Africa, through which the river Niger is supposed lo run. It has the great desert of Zahara on the north, and streiches far to the soulh, but the inland parts are very litlle known. The Europeans have many set tlements on the coast, whore they bar^r Europeari goods for slaves, gold dust, and elephant's Heelh. Negroponie, Island of, is ancient Euboea, ex tends along the ancieni Aitica, Bceotia, and the country ofthe Opuntian Locriano, about 100 Eng hsh ms , with a mean width of not above 10 ms. Its area perhaps 1,000 sq, ms. The surface very much diversified ; in some places long alluvial flats, and in others rising into high mounlains. Thisis considerably the largest and most important island in the Archipelago. When under the Athenians, it was regarded as the granary of that republic, and, in ev ery succeeding age, ils possession has been regard ed as a great national advantage. When Ihe mar itime power of A'^enice supplanted that of the Ro mano-Greek empire, Negroponle, with Candia and several other islands, fell under the power of the former. Mahomet the II wrested it from the Ve netians, who yet retain the vain memorial of for mer greatness, the standard of the kingdom of Negroponle. This island must ever remain highly valuable from the fertility of its soil aud from its commanding position. It is, however deficient in Negroponle lies between N. lat. 38, Neeheeheow, or Nihaur. — See table, p. 115, 3d column. One nf the Sandwich islands, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Tbe E. coast is high and rises ab ruptly from the sea, the rest of it consists of low ground, except a round bluff head on the SE. point, Il produces plenty of yams, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. Neerwinden, village of the kingdom of the Neth erlands, a little N. by W. of Landen. — See Landen. Nefta, town in the kingdom of Tunis, 250 ms. S, by W. of Tunis. Lon. 9 35 E., lat. 33° N. Negapaiam, city of the peninstila of Hindoos- fan, on the coast of Coromandel. Negapaiam is 183 miles S. of Madras. Lon. 79 56 E., lal. 10 46 N. Negambo, seaporl on the W. coast of the Isle of Ceylon. Lon. 83 46 E., lat. 7 30 N. Negrais, seaport and cape on the east side of the bay of Bengal, 240 miles WSW. of Pegu. Lon. 94 4 E,, lat. 15 50 N. Negril Point, most westerly promontory of the island of Jamaica. Negro, Cape, promontory of Africa, on the W. coast of Angola, being the most southerly country to which the Europeans usually resort to purchase slaves. Lon. 10 40 B., lat. 15 54 N. Negro, Rio, large river of South America, rises 79* Negroponle, Straits of, is more particularly con fined to what was in former limes the narrowest part of tho sheet of water, separating the island of Euboea from the continent of Greece. This would intend the narrow channel opposite the village of Negroponle ; but in this article il is my wish to notice the entire strait from the gulf of Zeiloun SE. into the Archipelago. The entire distance from the extreme NW. angle of the island of Ne groponle, to a line drawn from the port of Prasiie, modern Raphti, to Cape Rosso, ancient Petalia, is within a trifle of 100 English ms. Wilhin these limits the strait is of very unequal width. From Raphti lo Cape Rosso is about 15 ms. ; from this line the strait narrows lo Negroponle, where it is less than a half a mile. Beyond Negroponle the water abruptly widens, and, varying from 5 to 10 ms, in breadth, finally terminates in the Gulf of Zeitoun. Tbe shallowness of the water renders the Negroponle of little use as a channel of navi gation, though used as such by the small vessels belonging to the inhabitants of ihe coasis. Though not augmented by the water of the Atlantic ocean, nor perhaps much infl jenced by the ordinary causes of ocean tides, the Straits of Bonifacio, between Corsica and Sardinia, the Straits of Messina, be tween Sicilv and Italv, and more particularly the 625 NEI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEM Negroponle, exhibit phenomena which prove » constant variation of surface in the Mediterranean. Long before the days of Aristotle, and down to this time, the ebbing and flowing of the Euripus have arrested attention. From the observations of Wheeler, Hobhouse, and others, and <"rom the natural position and features of its shores, wc may very safely consider the very unequal and irregu lar fluxes of the Negroponle as occasioned princi pally by wind. Negropont, strong cily, capital of the island of the same name, 30 ms. NE. frora Athens, and 360 SW. frora Constantinople. Lat, 38 30 N,, lon. 24 E. Nekroponte arises from an Italian corruption of three Greek words, and^ means "the sea of Euripus. ' , This travaller made a very rapid visit to the town and straits, and viewed the latler from the wooden bridge which unites the continent of Li vadia 10 the island of Negroponle, ancient Euboea, and has given a confused and unsatisfactory ac count of what he saw during bis brief stay. In one place he observes, " What I saw of Euripus was, that the stream flows with violence, lilie a mill race, under the bridges, ; and that a strong eddy is observahle on that side from which it is about to run, about a hundred yards above the bridges ; the current, however, not being at all ap parent at a greater distance either N. or S., yet the ebbing and flowing are said to be visible at 10 or IS leagues distance at each side of the strait, by marks shown of the rising and falling of the water in several small bays ' on both coasts. The depth of the stream is very inconsiderable; not much raore than four feet. Negroponle stands on a broad flat peninsula, which, projecting into the baya on the main-land, makes the winding of the strail, in some places, look like inland lakes ; in others, like rivers, as the breadth enlarges or di minishes. The Boeqlian side is high and rocky, where the fort of Carababa has been buill, to com mand the bridge and village. Negroponle contains about 800 mean, low built houses, inhabiled by Turks. The mounlains to the NW. rise to the region of perpetual snow. The land to the N. and- E. of the town is open but well cullivated, that to the S. covered wilh fine groves of olive trees, and interspersed with orange and lemon gardens. The place ia considered extremely unhealthy, and du ring the summer the heals are almost insupportable." Nevahand, or Nohawand, ancient lown of Per sia, in Irac Agemi, faraous for a battle fought near it, between the calif Omar and Yez Degerd, king of Persia, in A. D. 638, when the latter was de feated and lost his kingdom. It is 170 ms. NW. of Ispahan. Lon. 47 10 E,, lat. 32 30 N. iVeWe»JOU, town of Germany, in Ihe electorate of Mentz, situated on the Jaxt. It is 33 ms. ESE. of Heidelberg. Neidenberg, lown of Prussia, with a castle, on a mountain, 75 ms. E. of Culm. Neilslon, village of Scolland, in Renfrewshire, to the S. of Paisley, It is noted for a cotton man ufactory. Lon, 4 20 W., lat. 55 23 N. Ntisse, lown of Silesia, surrounded by thick walls and deep ditches. The inhabitants carry on a considerable, trade in linens and wine. It is 636 seated on a river of the sarae name, 27 ms. NE. of Glatz, and 35 SE. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E., lat. 50 31 N. Neiva, province of Colombia, in New Granada, with a town of the same name. The province lies on both sides of tbe Magdalena. Neiva, the cily, is about raidway between ¦ Popayan and Sanla Fe de Bogota. Nellenburg, town of Suabia, capital of a land gravate of the same name, 20 ms. N. of Con stance, and 20 NE. of Shaffnausen. Lon. 9 8 E., lat. 47 59 N. Nelson, English settlement in N, America, on the W. side of Hudson bay, at the raouth of Ihe river Nelson, 250 ms. SB. of Churchill fort. It belongs lo the Hudson Bay Company, who carry on a great trade in beaver and other skins. Lon, 92 35 W., lat. 57 7 N, Tp., Buckingham co., L. C, 35 ms. SW. from Quebec. r-Tp,, York CO,, U. C, on LakeOntario ^Town, Cheshire CO., N. H., 33 ms. SW. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 907. Town, Madison co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,329. Co., Va., bounded by James river or Buckingham SB., Araherst SW., the Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge and Augusta NW., and Al bemarle NE. Lengih 23 ras,, mean width 15, area 345 sq. ms. Besides being washed by James river, it is drained by Rock Fish and Tye rivers. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Warminster, the chief town, is about 60 ms. a little N. of W. from Richmond. Pop. in 1820, 10,137; and in 1840, 13,387. Lat. 37 44 N., Ion. W. C. 1 47 W. Co., Ky„ bounded E. and SE. by Washington, §¦ and SW, by the Rolling fork of Salt river or Hardin, N W. by Bullitt, and N. by Salt river and Shelby. Length 30 ms , mean width 17, area 510 sq. ms. In extends from the Rolling lo the Main fork, and is traversed by the Beech fork of Salt river. Chief town, Bairdstown. Soil productive. Pop. in 1820, 16,273, Lat. 37 48 N,, lon. W. C. 8 31 W. Village and NE. tp., Portage co,, Ohio. Nelson's Ferry, post office, 50 ms. N. from Charleston, S. C. Nelson's Fort, a Brilish factory, at the moulh of Nelson's river. Lon. W. C, 15 42 W., lat. 57 12 N. Nelson's River, large river of N. America, in Cabotia or British America. According to all our maps, it is very difficult to determine either the length or real source of cither the Nelson or Sev ern rivers ; bolh are made to be outlets of Lake Winnipic, and consequently the Assiniboin and Saskatchiwaine are the common sources of both the former streams. Taken as a whole these united walers form the third largest river syslem of N. America, draining an area of upwards of 1,000 by 400 ms., or 400,000 sq. ms. Nelsonville, village, AthenS.co., Ohio, on Hock hocking river, 14 ms. W. from Athens. Nehema, name of two small rivers of the U. S,, falling into the Missouri belween the Platte and Kansas rivers. Nemsea, village' of the Morea, famous for the NeniiEan games anciently celebrated here, Nemours, lown of Fr., in the dep. ot Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, between two hills, Il is seated on the Loing, 10 NER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NER ms. S. of Fontainbkau, and 15 SE, of Paris. Lon. 2 37 E„ lat. 4? 16 N. Nen, the principol river of Northamptonshire, which rises in the W. part of the co. It is made navigable at Northampton, leaves the co., at Po- tersborough, and, crossing the Isle of Ely, forras part of the W. boundary of Norfolk, and falls into the Lincolnshire Wash. It likewise ciimmu- nicates by several channels wilh the Great Ouse. River, U. C, empties ilself inlo Lake Onta rio, in the tp. of Pickering ; it runs for a consid erable distance in the couniry through Pickering, Markham, &c., crossing the Yongeslreet, and ap parently rising in the vicinity of one of the branches of Holland's river, with which it will probably, at some future period, be connected by a canal. This river abounds wilh fish ; at its embouche are good intervals for meadow ground ; and it is the back communication from the Ger man settlement in Markham to Lake Onlario, Neocastro, fort of Turkey, in Europe, in Roma nia, where the Turks always keep a good garrison. It is seated in the middle ofthe strait of Constan tinople, 13 ms, from that city, Lon. 29 4 E., lat. 41 10 N. Neot's, St,, town of Eng., in Huntingdonshire. It is a well built town, wilh a trade in coal. It is seated on the Ouse, over which is a fine slone bridge, 20 ms. WSW. of Cambridge, and 56 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 0 30 W,, lat, 5i 7N. Neophtte, from the Greek neophulos, literally new born, and applied lo pagans or others who re jected their own religion, and, embracing the Christian, were baptized, and were regarded as spi ritually newborn. Nepanose, Lycoming co,, Pa. — Se« Nippenose, Nepaul, long, narrow kingdom of northern Hin doostan, bounded on iheN. by the Himalaya raoun tains, S. by Bahar Oude and Delhi, and E. by Bootan. Capital, see Napanl, Nepean Island, island of the S. Pacific ocean, opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast of Norfolk island, consisting entirely of one mass of sand, held together by the surrounding cliffs, which are a border of hard rocks. The surface was covered with a kind of coar-se grass, and upwards of 300 fine pines were growing on il. Nepean, tp. in the eastern district, is the eighth tp. in ascending ihe Ottawa river, and the first tp. on the W. side of the river Rideau, U. C. Nepissingu, — See Nipissing lake, Neponset, creek of Boston harbor, navigable 4 ms. to Milton, for vessels of 150 tons, Village on both sides of Neponset river, 6 ms. S. from Boston. Nepi, ancient town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see, seated on the Trig- lia, 20 ms. N. of Rome. Lon. 11 34 E., lat. 42 14 N. Nerac, town ofFr., in the dep. of Lot and Gar- lonne, and late province of Guienne. It is situ ated on the river Baise, which is navigable here, and is divided by that river into great and litlle Ne rac. In the 16th century, the greatest part of its inhabitants embraced the reformed religion, but were obliged to surrender lo Louis XIII. in 1621. Nerac is 30 ms. SW. of Agen, and 380 8. by W. of Paris. Lon. 0 13 E.,lat. 443 N. Nerbudda, river of India, which issues from the southern confines of the province of Allahabad, forms the boundary between Hindooslan proper and the deccan, and falla into the Gulf of Cambay, be low Baroach, The higher constituent streams of the Nerbuddab interlock wilh those of the same branch of the Ganges and with those of the Maha nuddy, but pursuing a western course along or about the mean lat. of 23°, the former flows through a deep vale belween the Santpoora and Vindhya mountains, and, as already staled, enters the boy of Cambay, after a comparative course of 600 ms. Nericia, a subdivision of Sweden proper, bound ed on tbe N. by Westmania, on the E. by Suder mania, on the S. by East Gothland, ond oil the W, by West Gothland. Orebo is the capital, and the most considerable place in it. Nero, island of the East Indies, the second of the Barda islands, where the Dutch have a fort called Fort Nassau, Here are large serpents, but not venomous, and the mountains are covered with trees, in which are birds of a very singular kind. Lon. 129 45 E., lat. 4 40 N. Nerchinsk, one of the four provinces of the Rus sian Government of Irkulzk. Ils capital, of Ihe same name, is sealed on the Nertcha, which falls into the Sehilka. Nescopech, river, Luzerne co.. Pa., which rises in the southern part of the counly, and flows nearly W. into the Susquehannah, opposite the town of Berwick. ' Mescapeck mountain, on the N. side of Nesco peck (-reek, is a range nearly of the same height with those of Wyoming, and parallel to them. It forms a regular and almost unbroken ridge, nearly destitute of timber on its summit; it extends from the Susquehannah nearly to the Lehigh. Nescopeck, tp,, Luzerne co.. Pa , on the left bank of Susquehannah river, above and below Nes copeck creek. Pop.in 1820, 1,034. Village, Luzerne co., Pa , on the left bank of Susquehan nah river, above the mouth of Nescopeck creek, and opposite Berwick. Neshaminy, river, Bucks co,. Pa., rising with the Tohican and Perkiomen, ond, flowing SB., falls into the Delaware in the SE. angle of the co., 4 ms. below Bristol. Neshanock, large creek rising in the central part of Mercer co.. Pa, and, flowing SW., fallsinto Big Beaver below the village of New Castle, on the border of Beaver co. Tp., Mercer co,, Pa., above the raouth of Neshanock creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,828. Nesle, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Somme, and late province of Picardy. It is sealed on the Lin- gon, 8 ras. NE. of Royes, and 66 N. by E. of Paris. Lon. 2 59 E., lat, 49 51 N. Ness, Loch, beauliful lake of Scolland, in Inver ness-shire, 22 ras. in length, and, for the mofet piart, 1 in breadth, though sometimes 3. It is shel tered on the NW. by the high mountains of Ur- queharl and Mealfouivoney, and edged with cop pices of birch and oak, Nestorian Christiana, — See Koordistan, Nershinsk, town of Siberia, eapilal of a province ofthe same name, but sometimes called Daouria, in the governraent of Irkutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields ex cellent pasture tor cattle ; and there are some con siderable lead and silver mines. It is seated at the 627 NET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NET conflux ofthe Nercha with the Shilka, 440 ras. E. pf Urkulsk. Lon. 1 17 34 E., lat. 51 52 N. Neichez, river of Texas, rises at- lat. 32 0 N,, and Ion. W. C. 17 30 W. It is formed by sev eral branches, the principal of which are the Aye- ish, Attoyeaque, Attascocito, Cariso, Nana, and ABgeline. - It flows a little E of 8., and falls into Sabine lake, after a comparative course of about 170 ms. The country diained by the Neichez, though generally slerile, is yet sufierior tnthat wa tered by the Sabine. This river is often called, though erroneously, Rio Nieves, or Snow river, Ils name is derived from a tribe of Indians. Netherlands, or Low Countries, couniry of Eu rope, anciently called Gallia Belgica, 260 ms. in" length, and from 100 to 200 in breadlh, bounded on the W. and N. by the German ocean, E. by ¦ Germany, and S. by France. In the 9th century, the sons of Emperor Lewis the Pious, having di vided the domains of their father, who possessed Germany, France, and Italy, a new kingdom was formed, comprehending Gerraany and France and apart of the Netherlands. It was called Lothario, but did not long subsist, for it was soon divided into two ; and that seated near the Mediterranean was called the kingdora of Burgundy, while the olher, to the N,, bad the name of Austrasia. Nei ther did this last continue long, it being divided into 17 provinces, under different names, exclusive of the territories of Liege and Upper Guelderland ; but they still depended on the empire of Germany, and were called Lower Germany. In process of time, the house of Burgundy purchased many of them, and was about to form them, wilh Burgun dy, into a kingdom, but Charles the Bold, the last duke ofBurgundy,beingkilled by the Swiss in 1477, his part of the Netherlands devolved on Mary, his only child, by whose marriage with the eraperor Maximilian the Netherlands were an acquisition to the house of Austria. Emperor Charles V., King of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the sovereignty ofthe Netherlands, and, soon after, the Spanish crown, in favor of his son Philip. The tyranny of this cruel bigot, Philip II,, who endeavored to intro duce the inquisition into the Lower Countries, with the barbarities exercised by the Duke of Alva, exasperated the people to such a degree that they threw off the Spanish yoke, and, under the conduct of William I., Prince of Orange, formed the fa mous league of Utrecht, in 1579, which proved the foundation of the republic of the seven Uniled Provinces, .\fler a long war, (wilh the interval of a truce of twelve years,) Philip lY, expressly acknowledged the independence of these provinces, by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. 'fhe other 10 provinces, namely: Brabant, Antwerp, Ma lines, Namur, Limburg, Luxemberg, Hainault, Flanders, Artois, and Cambresis, remained under the dominion of Spain, but with very favorable stipulations with respect to their ancient liberties. On the accession of a branch ofthe house of Bour bon to the Spanish monarchy, it was stipulated, in 1714, that (he Spanish Netherlands should return to the German branch of the house of Austria ; but some considerable parls were obtaiAed, by conquest or cession, by the French and Dutch. 'Fhe Dutch had part of Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders ; the French had 'Artois and Cambresis, wilh part of 638 Hainault, Flanders, and Luxemburg ; Austria held the rest ; and the provinces of Antwerp and Ma lines were included under the name of Austrian Bra bant. In 1788, Emperor Joseph II. having pro jected many innovations, and, enforcing them with violence, a universal spirit ot revolt broke out ; an array of 40,000 raen rose, as if by raagic, to sup port the renunciation of all allegiance, which sev eral of the provinces openly made ; a congress was formed from the different States, in whom the su preme Government was vested, and, by the end of 1789, the Austrians were expelled. The new Government, however, was not of long duration ; for Leopold II. (the successor of Joseph) was en abled, partly by conciliatory measures, and partly by the mediation^of Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, to recover the entire possession of his au thority, the mediating courts having guaranteed the restoration of the ancient Belgic constitution. In 1792, the French overran the Austrian Nether lands ; they were driven out of the country in 1793; but they returned in 1794, and subdued every part of it, and in 1795 decreed it, with the territories of Leige and Upper Guelderland, an integral part of the French republic. To this couniry they restor ed the name of Belgium, and divided it into 9 de partments; but in 1814, agreeably to the treaty of Paris, they evacuated all that part which formerly belonged to Austria and Holland. The Nether lands, or Belgium, is 170 ras. long and 90 broad, bounded on the N. by Holland, E. by Gerraany, SW. by France, and NW. by the German ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Meuse, Dyle, Sambre, and Lis, and there are many fine naviga ble canals. The air is temperate, and the soil ex- Ireraely fertile, but the mouths of the rivers and harbors are frozen in winter. Brussels is the chief lown. — See Holland, or Dutch Netherlands, Netherlands, recent kingdom of Europe, formed in 1814, and containing 17 provinces, or 18, if the grand duchy uf Luxemburg ,is included. It lies between lat. 49 30 and 53 34 N., and between lon. 2 30 and 7° E. from London. Il is bounded NW. by the German ocean, SW. by France, and E. by Germany. Area 24,400 sq. ms., inhabited by an aggregate population of 5,270,000, or 215 to the sq. m. Its provinces were : Holland - 750,000 E. Flanders . 600,000 W. Flanders 530,000 Hainault 431,000 S. Brabant - - 366,000 Liege - - 355,000 Limburg - - - 293,000 N. Brabant - - 252,000 Antwerp - 250,000 Guelderland - - 244,000 Luxemburg - - - 226,000 Friesland - 177,000 Naraur - 157,000 Overysel - - - 148,000 Groningen 136,000 Zealand - - 112,000 Utrecht - - - 108,000 Drenthe - - - 47,000 5,270,000 NEU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEV I hove inserted the preceding as explanatory of the actual condition of the Netherlands, and may refer the reader to the articles Holland and Bel- f'um. It moy be observed that the people of the otovion and Dutch provinces, and those now in cluded in Belgium, different in language, religion, and manners, were never cordially uniled under any one sovereignly. Netschkau, town of Upper Saxony, in Voigt- land, situated on the Golsch, 12 miles SW. of Zwickau. Nethon, peak of — See Maladetta, Netluno, town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near the ruins of the ancient Antium, at the raouth ofthe Lorocino, 24 ms, S. by E. of Rome. Neva, river of Russia, which issues from the Lake Ladoga, and flows to Petersburg, where it divides into several branches, and enters the Gulf of Finland at Cronstadt. It is formed by the drain of the vast low country NE. from St. Petersburg, and conveys to the Gulf of Finland the waters of Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and many others. It is only colled the Neva between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland, aud is a mere strait of about 30 ras. in length. Nevada, Sierrs de, chain of mountains in the S. of Spain. Wherever the adjective Nevada is annexed to Spanish mountains, it signifies that they are covered wilh perpetual snow. The Sierra de Nevada, of Granada, rises in one peok, th Muley Hassen, to 11,250 feet, and in another, the Veleta, to 10,985 feet above the ocean level. The Muley Hassen is the highest mountain in Europe, W. from Mount Blanc. Neuburg, fortified lown of Bavaria, capital of the principality of tbe some name. It stands on a hill, on the Danube, and has two gates, but the fortifications are chiefly gone to decay.. The castle is a large building, and contains a hall of extraor dinary size, erabellished wilh portraits. It is 32 ms. NNE of Augsburg, and 60 SW. of Araberg, Lon, 11 13 E., lat. 48 43 N. Town of Ba varia, seated on the Schwarza, 17 ras. ESE. of Amberg. Town of Suabia, in Brisgau, seated near the Rhine, 12 ms. 8. of Brisach. ^Town of Suabia, in the kingdora of Wirlemberg, sealed on the Entz, 25 ms. W. of Stutgard, Nauchateau, lown of Fr,, in the dep, of Vos ges, seated in a soil fertile in corn and good wine, on the river Meuse, 25 ms. SW. of Nancy. Neuchatel, territory of Switzerland, which, with that of Vallengin, forras one principality, between the Lake of Neuchatel and the borders of France, extending 36 ms. from N. to 8., and 18 in its greatest breadth. By the death of the duchess of Nemours, In 1707, the sovereignty of Neuchatel and Vallengin was claimed by Frederick I., of Prussia, as heir to the prince of Orange, and his right was acknowledged by the States of the couniry. Neuchatel, town of Switzerland, capital of a principality of the same name. It contains nol more than 3,000 souls, and is situated partly on the plain between the Lake of Neuchatel and the Jura, partly on the declivity of that mountain. The chief article of exportation is wine, which is much esteeraed, and produced from the vineyards in its vicinity ; and there are here raanufactures of printed linens and cottons. Among- the many public works which have been lately executed here are Ihe and new lown house a superb copse- way leading towards the valley of St. Imier. Nen- chatel is governed by a great and little council. The first is composed of 40 persons; the second consists of 24 merabers, comprehending the mayor, who is president. It is 25 ras. NE. of Lausanne, and 25 W. of Bern. Lon. 7°^,, lot. 47 5 N.— See article Switzerland. Neuchatel, or Yverdun, lake of Switzerland, which takes ils name from a town of the same name, stretches about 20 ms in lengih from the town of Yverdun to that of Neuchatel, in a direc tion from SW. to NE., at which extremily it has a communication with the Lake of Bienne by a narrow oullel, and is 17 ms. long and 0 broad. Nevern, village of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, near a river of the same name, one mile NE. of Newport. There are several monuments of an tiquity in this parish, and araong the rest a single slone, of a square form, 13 feet high and 3 broad, wilh a circular top, charged wilh a cross, and all the sides ate neatly carved with knot work of va rious patterns. , Nevers, considerable episcopal town of Fr,, in the dep. of Nievre, and lale province of Nivernois, sealed on the Loire, over which it has a handsome bridge. The town is built in the form of an am philheatre, containing many elegant buildings, among which is the ancient palace in which John Cassimer, king of Poland, expired in 1672. It is 145 ms. SE, of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E,, lat 46 59 N. Neufchatel, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, noted for excellent cheese, commodiously sealed on the river Arques, 20 ms. SE. of Dieppe, and 75 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 30 E., lat. 49 46 N. Neufchateau, lown of Austrian Luxemberg, 37 ms. WNW. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 30 E,, lot. 49 53 N. Coramercial town of Fr., in the dep. of the Vosges, and late province of Lorraine. It is sealed in a soil fertile in corn, wine, and all the necessaries of life, on the rieer Mouzon, 35 ms. SW. of Nancy, and 150 E. by 8. of Paiis. Lon 5 47 E., lat. 48 34 N. Neuhaus, strong town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, wfth a castle. Lon. 15 30 E , lat. 48 9 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony and duchy of Bremen. It was once a place of great trade, and had a commodious harbor at the mouth of the Osle ; but a sand bank accu mulating in it at the issue of the Osle into the Elbe, its trade was almost annihilated, and it is now of rauch less consequence than formerly. It is 19 ras. NNW. of Slade. Lon. 8 37 E, lat 53 62 N, Ncuhausel, strong town of Upper Hungary, seated in a marshy plain, on the river Neytrachl,' 15 ms. NW. of Comora, and 40 SE. of Presburg'- Lon. 18 10 E., lat. 48 1 N. Nevin, or Newiri, town of Wales, in Carnar vonshire. It is seated on the Irish sea, 20 ms. S. by W. of Carnarvon, and 249 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 4 25 W., lat, 5? 52 N. Nevillsville, village, Clermont Co., Ohio, con taining about 200 inhabitants, 30 ms. above Cin cinnati. ¦ Nevis, one of the leeward Caribbee islands, in 629 NEU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW the W. Indies, divided from the E. end of Sf Christopher's by a narrow channel. It has bu' one mountain, which is in the middle, very high> and covered with large, trees up to the top. Here are springs of fresh water and a hot bath, much of the same naiure as those of Bath, in Eng. It is a small island, but .very fruilful, and subject to the English. Charleston i- the capital. Neumark, towii of Transylvania, on the river Merisch, 56 ras. N, of Clausenburg. Lon. 33 35 E., lat. 47 1& N. Town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, 30 ras. NNW. of Ratisbon. Lon. 13 25 E,, lat. 49 18 N. Neus, river of N. C, which enters Pamlico sound, below Newburn, where it is a mile and a half btoad. It rises in Person co., interlocking sources with Don river branch of Roanoke, and, flowing 100 ms. SSE. through Granville, Orange, Wake and Johnson, enters Wayne co. Here it turns SE. by E. 80 ms. through Wayne, Lenoir and Craven cos., opens by a wide estuary in Pam lico sound. The tides ascend 10 or 13 ms. above Newbern, and for boals this river is navigable to Raleigh. Neusaltz, lown of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, 13 ms. NW. of Glogau. Neusidle, town of Hungary, 24 ms. SW. of Presburg, situated on a lake of the sarae narae. Lake of Hungary, 25 ras. long and 6 broad. Itis 16 ms. SSW. of Presburg, almost surrounded by fens, and has in ils vicinity the castle of Ester- hazy, which is said to rival the palace of Versailles in pomp. Neusol, town of Upper Hungary. In the ad jacent raountains are the greatest copper raines in Hungary. It is seated on the Gran, 22 ms. N. by E. of Schemnitz. Neusladt, town of Austria. It has the staple right over all goods coming from Italy, and stands on the frontiers of Hungary, 38 ras. S. by W. of Vienna. Lon. 16 18 E., lat. 47 50 N. Town of Franconia, capital of the lower part of the prin cipality of Bayreuth, with a castle. The library belonging to the church contains raany curiosities. It stands on the river Aisch, 33 ms. ESE. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 43 E., lat. 49 38 N, . Town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtz burg, seated on the Salle, 16 ms.'N. byE. of Schweinfurt. Town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirlemberg, seated on the Kocher, 13 ms. NNE. of Hailbron. Town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, capital of a circle of the same name. It has a castle, two churches, and a mine office, and on a mountain near il is another castle, called Arnshaug. It is seated on the Orla, 46 ras. SSW. of Leipsic. Lon. 11 49 E,, lat. 50 45 N Town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark. Here are extensive breweries and manufactories of cloth and cutlery. It stands on the Finow canal, 31 ms. NE. of Berlin. Townof Brandenburg, in the mark of Pregnitz, celebrated for its manufac ture of plate glass, seated on the Dosse, 8 ms. ENE. of Havelberg. Town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, with a castle and a epa- cious harbor on the Baltic, 20 ms, N. by E. of Lubec. Lon. 10 57 E., lat. 54 10 N. Town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, 17 ms. S. of Schwerin. Town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick Lu- 630 nenburgi wiih a castle, seated on the Leino, 15 ms. NNW. of Hanover. Town of Bavarioi al the conflux of the Abensl wilh the Danube, 16 ms. E. by N. of Ingolstadt. Town of Bava ria, with a castle, on the river Nab, 27 ms. NNE. of Amberg. Town of Moravia, in the circle of Olrautz, 10 ms. NW. of Olmulz. Town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppeln, 14 ms. SE. of Neisse. ^Town of Bohemia, in the circle of Piisen, 35 ms. W. by 8. of Piisen. Town of Bohemia, 13 ms. NE. of Konigingratz. Town of Westphalia, in the co. of .Mark, 50 ms. ESE, of Dusseldorf, Townof Germany, in the palalinale ofthe Rhine, sealed on the Spirebach, 14 ms. W, of Spire. Neustadiel, town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, 14 ms. W. of Glogau, and 17 E. by N. of Sagan. Neuville, town of France, in the department of Loiret, 11 ms, NNE. of Orleans. Father Mont- faucon has proved by ancient charters lhat this town, and not Poissey, as commonly supposed, was the birth place of St, Louis, otherwise called Louis IX. Neuwied, flourishing commercial city of Ger many, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capital of the principality of Weld, It contains belween 6 and 7,000 inhabitants, Neuwied is 10 ms. NNW. of Coblentz. Lon. 7 25 E., lat, 50 32 N. New Albany, village, Bradford co. Penn. Handsomely situaled lown and seat of jusiice for Floyd CO., Ia. Il is situated on the right bank of Ohio river, 4 ms, below Louisville, and 2 below Ship pingport, Ky. It contains about 200 houses, 1, 000 inhabitants, a steam saw and grist mill, and a ship yard. Lat. 38 18 N., lon. W. C. 8 45 W. " New Alexandria, village, Westraoreland co,. Pa., on Loyalbonna river, 11 ras. NE. from Greensburg.-^ — Smalltown of Columbiana CO., 0. New Amsterdam, lown and capital of Berbice, in S. Araerica, on Berbice river, near its mouth. New Antrim, town. Orange co., N. Y,, situ ated on the post and stage road from N. Y. to Al bany, 34 ms. N. by W. of the forraer, and 33 SE. of Goshen. , Newark upon 2>e7i<, borough of Eng., in Not tinghamshire. It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, and once had a handsome cas tle, now in ruins. Newark has a good trade, is governed by a mayor, and sends 2 members lo Parliament. It is 17 ms. NE. of Nottingham, aud 134 N, by W. of London. Lon. 45' W., lat. 53 6 N. Newark, U. C., is situated on the W. side, at the entrance of Niagara river, opposite the fortress at Niagara, on Lake Ontario, This town was laid out in the year 1794. It now contains about 150 persons, 2 "churches, a jail, and academy. The first provincial Parliament met at this place, and the public officers of Governraent have been held pro tempore here. Village, Tioga co., N. Y. Village, Ontario co,, N. Y. Villoge and seat of justice, Essex co., N. J., situated on the W. side of Passaic river. It has a college insti tuted in 1793, and carries on the manufaclure of shoes in an extensive raanner. Newark stands on a plain. The streets are wide, and laid gener ally in straight lines; the houses are many of them spacious and elegant. It contains two banks NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW and exiensive tanneries, nnd olher manufacturing establishments. Very fine stone quarries exist in the vicinity; it is distant 9 ras. W. from N. Y., and 6 NNE. from Elizabethtown. Pop. 1810, 5,984; in 1820, 6,507; and in 1830, 10,953. In 1840 the pop. of this cily stood thus : West ward • - 4,604 Soulh ward . 4,756 Ea»t ward . 4,286 North ward ' 3,644 Total 17,290 or an increase of o froction above 264 per cent, in 20 years. Newark, lown, New Castle co., Del., 14 ms, SW. from Wilmington. Village, Worcesler CO., Md, Village, Louisa co., Va., 25 ms. NW. from Richmond. Town and seal of jus tice, Licking cu., Ohio. It is situated near tbe confluence of the three principal branches of Lick ing river, 36 ms. W. by N, frora Zanesville, 26 N, by E. from Lancaster, and 33 E. by N. from Columbus. The site of the town is a plain, ihough not a dead flat; the environs pleasant, which, with the neatness of the town, render the whole scene in a high degree cheerful lo tbe eye. Il contains, with several churches, stores, &c,, the usual coun ty buildings. Pop, 1840, 3,705. Lat. 40 4 N., lon. 5 26 W. Newark bay, sheet of water extending from Sta ten Island sound to the mouth of Passaic and Hackensack rivers, in a direction of NNE. 2 ms. wide, and 6 ms. long. New Ashford, tp., Berkshire co,, Mass., 25 ins. N, from Lenox. New Athens, town in the soulhern part of Har rison CO., 0., 6 ms, S. from Cadiz, It is seated on both sides of the tp. line, dividing Cadiz from Short creek, lying, therefore, partly in both of those two tps., 6 ms. S. of Cadiz, and 21 NW. from Wheel ing, It is the seat of Franklin college. In 1840, pop, of the tp. 1,439. New Athens, or Tiogalown, town, Bradford CO,, Penn. It is situated near the confluence of the Tioga river and the E. branch of the Sus quehannah, a situation very convenient to inter cept the trade of both rivers. New Baltimore, village and tp., Green co., N, Y.. on the Hudson, 18 ras. below Albany. Pop. I 820, 2,036, Nevj Baltimore, village, Fauquier co., Va,, 45 ms. from W. C. New Barbadoes, tp., Bergen co,. N. J. Pop. in 1820, 2,&92. New Bedford, village and seaport of Mass., in Bristol county, on a Small arm of Buzzard's bay. The harbor is rendered secure by Scouticut point, Charles Neck, and a small island. The inhabit ants are mostly employed in the fishing trade, and export fish, whale oil, spermaceli, and candles. This town contains a bank, an insurance office, and several places of public worship. In 1820, the united towns of New Bedford and Fairhaven con lained a populalion of 6,680; having iucreased 1,029 in the preceding ten years. Distant 61 ras. S. of Boston. Lat. 41 38 N., lon. W. C. 6 9 E. New Bedford, village, Mahoning tp., Mercer CO., Pa,, 15 ras. SW. from Mercer. New Berlin, village and tp,, Chenango co,, N. y. Pop. in 1820, 3,366 ; and in 184U, 2,086, Villageand seat of justice. Union co., Pa., on Penn's creek, 11 ms, W. from Sunbury. Lat. 40 53 N., or very near the meridian of W. C, Newbern, village, Montgomery en,, Va, Newbern, capilal of Craven co,, N. C, situated on the S, bank of the river Neuse, at ils junction with the Trent, in the lat. of 35 20 N,, and lon. of 77 5 W., 35 miles S. of Washington, on Pam lico river, and 81 8. by W, of Edenton, on Albe marle sound. This lown is a port of entry, the most populous in the Stole, ond was the scat of government before the Revolution, The quan, lily of lumber, Indian corn, tar, pitch, and turpen tine, exported annually from this town is very con siderable. Pop. in 1840, 3,690. Newbernville, village, Oneida county, N, Y., 25 ms. from Utica, Neuierry, dislrict of Soulh Carolina, bounded by Le.\ington SB., Saluda river, or Edgefield 8 W,, Laurens NW,, Ennoi-ee river, or Union N,, and Brood river, or Fairfield NE. ; lengih 2.5, mc.in width 20 ms , area 500 sq. miles. Surface rather waving than hilly. Soil productive. Principal sta ple, colton. Chief town, Newberry, Population in 1820, 16,104; and in 1840, 18,359. Tor cen tral lot. see next article. Newberry, lown and seat of jusiice, Newberry dislrict, S. C, 40 pis, NW. from Columbia. Lat 43 15N., Ion. W, C. 4 33 W, Village, Chris tian CO ,Ky. Village, Burlingtim county, N, J. Village, Lycoming co., Pa., on the west bank of Lycoming river, opposile Williamsport. Newbiggin, fishing town of Eng., in Northum berland, 7 miles E. of Morpeth, It is situaled on the N. side of the bay of Newbiggin. New Bloomfield, village, Perry co,. Pa,, 35 ms, SW, from Harrisburg, New Hoston, town, Hillsborough county, N. H. Pop. in 1810, 1,619; and in 1820, 1,686. It is situated on a branch of the Merrimack river, 50 ms. westward frora Portsmouth. Village, Berk shire CO., Mass,, 119 railes westerly from Boston. Village, Madison co,, N. Y., 30 miles from Utica. Village, Clark co,. Bethel tp,, Ohio, on the western side of Mad river, 4 miles SW, from Springfield. New Bourbon, village, St, Genevieve co,, Mo, Il stands 3 ms. below St. Genevieve. New Bowling Green, post office, Washington CO., Mo., 99 ms. SSW. from St. Louis. Newborn, village, Jasper co., Ga., by post road 63 ms, NW. from Milledgeville. New Braintree, town, Worcester co., Mass., 18 ms. WNW. frora Worcester. Pop. in 1830, 888. New Britain, tp., Bucks co.. Pa., on Nesham iny creek, between Hilltown and Doyleslown. Pop in 1810, 1,474; and in 1820, 1,082. New Brownsville, Wayne co., 0., on Jerome's fork. New Brunswick, lown and city, Middlesex co. N. J., on the S. bank of the river Raritan, 30 ms' NE. of Trenton, and 36 SW. of the city of New York. This city, beside the ordinary county build ings, has five places of public worship for Presby terians, Episcopalians, Melhodists, Baptists, and Dutch Reformed, each one. Queen's College was forraed by the Dutch Re formed church, and intended for the education of 631 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW their [clergy. ' It was incorporated in 1770, and since 1810, has been in some respects connected with a theological school founded in the same city. The site of New Brunswick rises gradually from the bank of Raritan river. The adjacent country is pleasantly diversified and well cultivated. The tide rises some liltle distance above the town, and steamboats, when not prevented by ice, ply" regu larly between lhat place and New York. Population in 1810 — Whiles - ' - - 5,673 Free colored - , 206 Slaves 433 Total Population in 1820- W bites Free colored Slaves Total 6,312 5,954 360450 - 6,764 And in 1840 8,663 Newburg, town and tp,, Orange county, N. Y. It is situated on the W, side of Hudson river, 5 ms. N. of West Poinl, and 95 S. of Albany. This is one of the most pleasantly situated towns on the Hudson. The bank rises by a rolher bold acclivity, giving a fine view of the river, opposite shore, and adjacent mountains. .\ny vessel that can pass the bar ot Sandy Hook, can reach Newburg. Its trade is active and increasing. Pop, in 1810, 4,627; in 1820, 5,812. Newburg, corporate town of England, in the Isle of Anglesey, on the river Brant, 15 miles SW. of Beaumaris, and 257 NW. of London. Lon. 4 27 W., lat, 53 10 N. Village, Penobscot counly, Moine, 118 miles NE. from Portlond. Town, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, immediately 8. from Cleve land. Pop. in 1830, 756. Newburn, petty village of Eng,, in Northum berland, on the W. side of Newcaslle, inhobiled by colliers.^ Newbury, corporate lown of England, in Berk shire. Ils poor are chiefly employed in spinning. Newbury is coramodiously seated on the river Ken net, 26 miles 8. of Oxford, and 56 W. of London. Lon. 1 12 W., lot. 51 25 N. Town, the cap itol of Orange co., Vt., on the W. side of Con necticut river, 40 miles N. of Dartmouth College, and 5 ms. NW, of Haverhill, N H. Pop. 1,362. Lat. 44 4 N., lon. W. C. 4 58 E. I'p. of Es sex county. Moss,, opposite Salisbury. Pop, in 1820, 3,671. Tp., York Co., Pa, The tp. is on the point between Susquehannah river and Conewago creek, and the village 5 ms. NW. from York Haven. Pop. in 1820, 1,794. Town, Geauga co,, Ohin, NW, tp, of Miami county, Ohio Pop, in 1830, 542. Newburyport, considerable port of entry and vil lage, Essex CO., Mass., situated at the mouth of the river Merrimack, in lot, 42 47 N,, lon. 70 47 W., 40 railes N. from Boston, ond 22 SW. from Portsmouth, N. H. The site of Newburyport is a gentle acclivity, giving a pleasing aspect to the place, which is heightened by the regularity of the buildings and streets. It contains two banks, two insurance office-, and 6 or 7 places of public wor- 632 ship. In point of foreign commerce, it is the third in the State. In 1815 its shipping amounted to near 25,000 tons, Newburyport, chieflown of Berrien co., Mich,, silualed at the moulh of St. Joseph's river. It stands on the shore of Lake Michigan, and on the right or north side of the river opposite the old vil lage of Saranac. N. lat. 42 .5, lon, W. C. 9 30 W. A liltle S. of W., about 200 miles from De troit. New Canaan, town, Fairfield co,, Ct,, about 30 ms. WSW. from New Haven. Pop. in 1810, 1,600; in 1820, 1,B83. It contains an academy. New Canton, village, Buckingham ro., Va., on the right bank of James river, 55 miles by land above Richmond. Village,' Hawkins counly, Tenn., by post road 357 ms.' NE. by E. from Mur freesborough. New Carlisle, tovvn and capital of Gaspe county, L. C, on Chaleur boy. Newcastle, town of Wales, in Carmarthenshire, on the Tyvy, 17 ms. N W. of Carmarthen, and 319 WNW. of London, Lon, 4 30 W., lat, 52 4 N, Town, Lincoln co., Maine, 45 miles NE, of Portland, and 12 of Wiscosset, in nearly the same direclion. Pop. in 1820, 1,243. Tp., West Chester co., N. Y,, about 40 miles NNE. from New York. Population in 1810, 1,291; in 1820, 1,368. Village, on the soulhern border of Mer cer counly, Pa., on the point above the junction of Shenango and Neshanoc creeks, 16 ms. SSW. from Mercer. Village and capital of Newcastle CO., Del., situated on the W. bank of the Dela ware river, 6 ras. S. of Wilmington, and 34 SW. of Philadelphia Pop, of the hundred in 1810, 2,438 ; in 1820, 2,671 ; and in lS40, 2,737. It lies in lat. 39 40 N., lon, 75 18 W. of London, and from W. C. 1 27 E Village, Hanover co., Va., on the right bank of Pamunky river, 24 ms. NE. from Richmond Village, Botetourt co,, Va., by post road 210 miles W. from Richmond. Town and seat of justice, Henry co., Ky, It contains the ordinary county buildings ; 25 miles NW, from Frankfort. Pop. in 1840, 538. Lat, 38 35 N., lon. W. C, 8 25 W Prince Ed ward county, U. C. This tp. is silualed on the Prcsqu'isle de Quinte, extending into Like On tario from the easterly part of the tp. of Cramahe, is a situation well suited for commerce and protec tion, and sheltered from all winds. Newcastle, counly of Del., bounded by Delaware river E,, Kent co,, Del. S., Kent and Cecil cos., Md , SW., Chester co., Po., NW., and Delaware CO,, Pa , NE. ; length 36 miles, mean width 12, area 432 sq. ms. The surface of this co, is gen erally decorated wilh hill and dale, though the N. section is more broken than that of the S. The projected canal to unite the Delaware and Ches apeake bays is to pass across this co. The line of_ separation between the primitive and the sea sand alluvial formations enters the NE. anglff of New- caslb, near Delawore river, and, ranging SW., merges into Md. between Glosgow and French- town. Brandywine river and Red ond Whiteclay creeks rise in Chester Pa,, co. and, fiowing near ly S., fall over tbe primitive ledge into Christiana. Tjie latter rises also in Pennsylvania, and, cross ing the NE. angle of Maryland, flows nearly S , between Elk river and Whiteclay creek, falls also NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW over the ledge, and thence turns to NB. along i:s outer verge lo Wilmington. This range of falls renders the water facility found in Newcastle co,, for the propulsion of machinery, equal to any olher of equal extent in the Uniled Stales. This natu ral odvontage has been extensively improved on ihe Brandywine in parlicular. The principal sta ple of Newcastle is fiour. Chief lown, Wilming ton.— See Brandywine. Pop. in 1820, 27,899; and in 1840, .¦i3,i20, Cenlrai lot, 39 34 N,, lon, W, C. 1 25 E. Newcastle under-Line, borough of England, in Staffordshire. It has a manufacture of hats. It is 0 large place, wilh broad paved streets, and is famous for more stoneware being made near il than at any olher place in England. It is on a rivulet, 15 ms. from Strafford, and 149 NNW, ofLondon. Lon. 2 2 W,, lat. 53 12 N. Newcastle, or Newcastle-upon-Tyne, large bo rough and seaport of England, in Northumberland, s'tuoted between the Picts Wall and the Tyne. The river is so deep that ships of 600 tons burden may copie up lo the lown in ballast ; but the col liers wait at Shields for their lading, which is brought down the river in lighters, from the great collieries which have for centuries past supplied London and most of the southern parts of the kingdom with coal. This is the stople trade of, and has been the source of great wealth to, New caslle. The coals carried thence, onnually, are computed lo amount lo 1,187,000 lons; it also manufoctures steel, iron, glass, woolen clolh, earth enware, while leod, milled lead,&c., lo a great ex tent ; and here is a round tower lor the manufac ture of patent shot It exports large quantities of lead, sail, salmon, butter, tallow, and is so very faraous for ils grindstones that scarce a vessel goes from thence without some of them. Newcastle was made a borough by William I., and the first charter for digging coal was granted by Henrv III. in 1239. It is 34 miles S. of Almwick, 94 N. of York, and 271 N, by W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 37 W,, lat. 55 3 N. Newcaslle, or Great Island, island and town of Uuckingham co., N. H,, two miles E. from Ports mouth, at the moulh of Piscataqua river. Pop. in 1810, 592; and in 1820, 932. New Charleston, lown, Penobscot co,, Maine, 32 ms. NW. from Bangor. New Cheater, town, Grafton co., N. H,, on Merrimack. New Come, village, Preble oo., Ohio, 103 ms, SW, by W, from Columbus. Newcomeralown, settlement in the SW, quar ter of Tuscarawas CO., Ohio, 18 ms. SW. by W. from New Philadelphia, and 4 E. from Co shocton. New Concord, village, Columbia co., N. Y., 48 ms. from Albany. Newdigate, village of England, in Surry, with a medicinal spring of the same naiure as that of Epsom. New Durham, tp., Strafford co., N. H,, 40 ms. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. in 1810, 888; ih 1820, 1,168. New Egypt, village, Monmouth co., N. J., 35 ms. NE. by E. from Philodelpbio. New England, name given at an early perod to all the couniry lhat lies between Canada and SO* Nevv York, and which at present comprises New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con necticut, Vermont, and Maine. lYewenham, Cape, rocky point of considerable height, on the W. coast of N. America. It was discovered by Captoln Cook in 1778. Lon. 162 ¦ii W., lot. 58 42 N. Newenf, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, near a- branch of the Severn, 114 ms. WNW. of London, Lon. 2 20 W,, lot, 51 56 N. New Fairfield, tp., Fairfield co., Ct. Pop. in 1810, 772 ; in 1820, 788. It is situaled heiween Brookfield and the Slate of N. Y. New Fane, tp. and post town, Windham co., Vt. Pop. in 1810, 1,275; in 1820, 1,400. Itissit- uated on the E. side of West river, 8 ms NW. from Fulham. New Feliciana, parish. La,, bounded N. by Mississippi, E. by Amite river, or parish of St. Helena, S. by East Baton Rouge, and SW. by the Mississippi river. Area 650 sq. ras., or 672,- 000 acres. This parish was, subsequent to the census of 1820, divided into East Fehciana and West Feliciana ; which see. Newficld, town, York co., Moine, 40 ms. NW. from York. Pop. in 1810, 815-; in 1820, 1,147. Village, Tompkinsco., N. Y., by postroad 210 ms. 'W. from Albany, and 9 from Ithica. New Forest, forest of Eng., in Hampshire, sit uated in that part of the co. which is bounded on the E. by Soulhomplon Water' and S. by the English channel. Newfoundland, island on the E. coa-t of N. America, belween 47° and 52° N. lot. It was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496 ; and, after many disputes wilh the French, it was ceded to the English in 1713. Ils form is triangular; the N. point is separated from Labrador by the strait of Belleisle, and from this apex il is 350 ras, in lengih to the base, which is 300 in breadth. It is a mountainous, woody couniry, and very cold, be ing covered with snow five months in the year. It seems to have no inhabitants of ils own, but in the summer time is visited by the Esquimaux In dians. Il hos several bays and harbors i and there are about 500 Enghsh families who continue here all Ihe year, besides the garrison of St. John, Pla centia, and other forts. In the fishing season, which begins in May and ends in September, it is much resorted lo on account of the great fishing banks lo the SE. ofthe island ; for here they cure the cod, which is carried not only to England, bul to the Mediterranean, and W. Indies, and elsewhere. In winter the chief employment uf Ihe inhabitants is to cut wood ; and the smallest kind, used for fuel, is drawn by their large dogs, trained up and harnessed for that purpose. There is great plenty of gome, fish, and fowl, but very litlle corn, fruil, or sattle. St. John is the principal settlement. Newfound Mills, post office, Hanover co., Va. New Garden, town, Chester co , Pa., 12 ms. W. by N. of Wilmington, Del,, and 125 from the cily of Washington. Village, Robinson co,, N. C. Tp., Columbiana co., O Village, Wayne co,, la., 78 ms. E. from Indianapolis. New Geneva, village, Fayette co., Pa., on the right bank of Monongahela river, below the mouth of George's creek, 20 ms. by land above Browns ville. 633 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Nevb Geor'gia, group of Islands in the Frozen ocean, discovered in 1819 by Capiain Parry. Lon. W. C. from 20° to 40° W., lat. from 74° to 76° N. — See Polar Regions. New Germantown, village, Hunterdon co., N. J., 35 ms. N. from Trenton. New Gilliard, village, Moore co., N. C, 63 ms. SW. frora Raleigh. New Glasgow, town, Amherst co., Va., situ ated 20 ms. N. of Lynchburg, and 115 ms. W. of Richmond, containing about 30 dwelling houses, principally of wood, and about 300 inhabitants. In this place there is an academy, consisting of two departments, male and female. New Gloucester, town, Curaberland co., Maine, 30 ms. N. by W. of Portland. New Goahenhopper, village, Montgomery co., Penn., in the forks of the Perkiomen, 45 ms. NW. from Philadelphia, and 15 ms. S. from Al lentown. New Granada, forraerly a captain generalship of Spain, in 8. Araerica, nqw an integral part of the republic of Colorabia. It is bounded N. by ths Carribbean sea, NE. by the former captain generalship of Caraccas, SE. by Brasil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Racific oceon, extending from 12° N. to 6° of S. lat, . and from 1 0° E. to 2° W. lon. from Washington. The features of nature are on a scale commensurate wilh the expansive area of this couniry. It contains the highest moun tains yet measured on the western continent, and the alluvial plains near the raouth of the Magda lena. The Andes of Peru, gradually separating inlo different ridges, traverse New Granada frota SSW to NNE. A litlle to the N. of the Equator, three very distinct raountain chains extend, one follow ing the Pacific coast reaches and is continued in the Isthmus of Darien ; the second, or raiddle range, runs nearly N. and S., separating the basins of Magdalena and Atrato, merges into the Carribean sea ; the third, or eastern chain, ranges NNE. towards the head of the Gulf of Maricaibo, and separates the confiuents of the Magdalena and Orinoco. At about 8° N. lot. the latler chain again divides, one branch turns N. and merges into the Carribean sea at Cape Vela, the olher gradually curves to the E. and constitutes the mountains of Caroccas. The riVers of New Granada are numerous and iraportant. Those fiowing into the Pacific ocean are generally short, and, from the great inclination. of their planes of descent, rapid in their course. See Guiaquil, in the Addenda. A communica tion between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has been proposed through the St. Juan of the Pacific and Atrato, flowing into the Carribean sea. — See ' Atrato. Belween the great northern ridges of the Andes, which we have noticed, rises and flows the Mogdalena. This is truly the river of New Gran ada, having its source at 2°, and entering the Car ribean sea at 11° N. lat. Il is formed by two great branches, the Magdalena proper and the Cauca. It is rendered in a great degree unnavigable from the rapid descent of its plane. East from the Andes, in all the lengih of New Granada, in Cundinamarca, and Quilo, spreads on immense plane, across which meanders the innu- meiable branches of the Amazon and Orinoco. 634 The principal confluents of the former in New Granada are, the Tungaragua, Napo, Ica, Japura, and Negro. Those of the Orinoco, are the "ifnir- rita, Ua, Vichada, Mela, and Apure, These rivers, Ihough mere branches of the two mighty rivers, Amizon and Orinoco, flow by comparative course frora 300 to 700 ms., and are generally navigable. The country over which they flow is, however, yet a wilderness or extensive waste, inhabited only by savages. The cHmate of New Granada partakes of all the diversity of its surface. The elevated toble land of the valleys of the Andes hos been celebroted for salubrity, whilst the inhabitants of the low alluvial coasts have been found subject to the ordinary malignant diseases incident to such situations in tropical climates. New Granada has been justly celebrated for its vegetable and mineral wealth. In a country of such variety of elevation within the tropics, the range of vegetable life must embrace nearly all the most valuable fruits and plants useful to man. Gold, silver, plotina, iron, and emeralds, are enumeroted amongst its minerol productions. In the animal kingdom, the condor, the largest carnivorous bird yet known, is in a great degree peculiar to this country. Population, according to the recent estimates, 1,875,700.— See Colombia. New Grantham, tp., Cheshire co., N. H., 36 ms. NW. from Concord. New Guinea, or Papua, large and imperfectly known island, lying to the N. from New Holland, from which it is seporated by Torres's straits. Al though our knowledge of this island, even of its shores, is imperfect, enough, however, has been done to determine ils general extent, which, as laid down on Black's Atlas, extends from 131° to 148° lon. E. from London, in a direction of from NW. by W. or SB. by S., 1,300 English miles; where widest, itexceeds 300 ras,, but if we allow the mean width to be 150, the area will be 190,000 sq. ms. The northwestern part neorly touches the equator, but the mean latitude is about 5° 8. It appears to be inhabiled by Malays and two or three more races of Negroes. New Hagerstown, sraall town in Tuscarawas CO., Ohio. New Hampshire, one of the Stales of the Unit ed States, bounded by the Atlantc ocean SB,, by Massachusetts S,, by Vermont W., Lower Cana da N , and Maine E. Miles, It touches, and is washed by the Atlantic ocean - - - It thence has a boundary of Maine of The boundary between New Hampshire and Lower Canada remains uncertain, but is about - - - Down Connecticut river, in common with Vermont Along norlh boundary of Massachusetts 20 150 SO 170 80 Having an entire outline of 470 Lengih from SW. to NE. 160 ms. ; breadth 90 ras. ; area 8,030 sq. ms., or 5,139,200 acres. Extending from lat. 42 41 to 45 1 1 N. This Slale diflers more in the relative elevalion NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW of its parls than any section of the Uniled Stales, and, of consequence, ils climate and seasons hove a corresponding excess in their extremes. The Atlantic border is a sandy beach, followed by hills which increase rather rapidly in elevation. The country rises, indeed, by so rapid an acclivity that the tides do not rise in the rivers more than from 12 to 15 ms. inland. The hilly region is quickly followed by the raountainous. Belween the Con necticut and Merrimack rivers, and near the SW. angle of this State, Grand Monadnoc rises amongst inferior summits to 3,254 feet above the ocean level. Further N., Sunapee is followed by Moosehillock, the latter attaining an elevalion of 4,036 feel. Be tween the sources of Connecticut, Androscoggin, and Merrimack, rise, however, the highest moun tain summits yet measured in the United Slates. Some of the peaks of the White mountains rise above 6,000 feet above the Atlantic oceon. Tok en as a whole, the natural features of New Hamp shire ore bold, prominent, and, in many places, sublime. If we turn our view to the rugged aspect of its scenery, we would be led to expect much less fertility of soil ; but, in fact, few sections of the United 8tates, of equal extent, have more produc tive land than is included in New Hampshire. The most important vegetable productions are grass, wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, &c. The manufacturing estabhshments of N. Hamp shire are numerous and increasing. More than 30 cotton and woolen manufactures are in operalion in that Stole, and many of them on a very enlarged scale. Staples, iron, lumber, pot and pearl ashes, fish, beef, live stock, pork, and flax seed. For civil and political purposes. New Hamp shire, in 1820, was subdivided into the following counties, to which have been since added Belknap, Carroll, and Merrimack, formed out of parts of Coos, Strafford, &c. : Counties. Coos GraftonCheshire Hillsborough Rockingham - Merrimack. Strafford Sq, ms. 1,6801,5401,200 1,1501,000 Pop, 1820. 5,549 33,989 45,37653,88455,346 1,460 51,156 8,030 344,155 Population in 1810. Free while moles Do. do. females . - - Total whites All other persons, except Indians, not taxed - - - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Do. do. females - All other persons, except Indians, not taxed - - . . Total whites 105,782 107,608 313,390 970 214,360 119,210 124,026 139 Free persons of color, males - 372 Do. do, females 414 Total population in 1830 - 244,161 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized 134 Engaged in agriculture - 63,384 Do. in monufaclures - 8,699 Da. in commerce - 1,068 Populalion to the sq. ms..30. Population of New Hampshire by ages, 1840. Whites,— Ases, Olo 5 - 5 to 1(1 10 to 15 13 to 20 20to30 - 30 to 40 - 40 to 30 - 50 to 60 - 60 to 70 - 70 to 80 SO to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards - Total whites • Free colored persona,— Ages, OtolO 10lo24 , 2410 36 . 36 to 55 , 33 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total free colored Slaves Aggregate Males. 18,43317,300 16,92913,653 22,170 16,78112,113 8,6906,483 3,447 1,084 103 2 139,004 67 68 4248 33 Femrles. 17,95916,693 15,68915,437 24,679 18,-26914,183 9,8246,702 4,000 1,388 1 181 8 145,032139,004 284,036 Females, 50 6654 61 56 2 289248 537 2 539 Total whites Uo. free colored ^Do, slaves Total 284,036 537 2 284,575 243,375 "White persons ofthe foregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. from 14 to 25 Do. above 25 Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind Insane and. idiots at— Public charge - - - - 180 Private charge - - - , - 306 Colored persons, free and slaves, in the foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb - . , . '. 9 Blind - - - 3 Idiots and insane at— Private charge Public charge - . . - . All persons in the foregoing employed in— ' Mining Agriculture - . _ . Commerce . . . - Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivers Learned profesaions - - - Pensioners for revolutionary or military services - Universities or colleges Academies and grammar schools 635 43 4!97 'iiii 163 1113 77,949 1,379 17,826 462 198 1,6401,408 2 NEW GEOGR.APHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Do. students in - • 5,799 Primary and common school^ 3,127 Do. scholars in - 83,655" Scholare at public charge - - - 7,115 White persons oyer 20 years of age who cannol read or write -' ... 942 Population of New hampshire by counties, from the census o/1840. Whites. Free col. Slaves, Counties. S? ^ n Total, S "3 m Si 13 's § ¦s S S [X, 79 120 s b, Eockingham - Strafford 23,098 22,474 45,771 -i9,4,'i4 31,641 III 22 . 61,1-27 Merrimack 17,691- 18,449 60 4h 36,263 Hillsborough - 20,035 22;343 44 51 I ¦12,494 Cheshire 13,116 13,273 2,-, In 26,429 Sullivan 10,133 10,174 16 15 20,340 Grafton 21,446 20,834 12 19 . 42,311 Coos 3,002 4,814 2 1 9,849 Total - 139004 143032 248 289 1 284574 ' Progressive population of New Hampshire. 1800 - . 183,858 1800 214,460 1830 - 244,161 1830 269,533 1840 - 284,575 Population to the sq. m. in 1840, 35 very nearly. New Hampton, tp,, Strafford co., N. H.", on the Merrimack, 30 ms. above Concord. Pop. in 1810, 1,293; in 1820, 1,500. Town, Hunter don CO., N. j., 21 ms. N. by W. of Flemington, and 40 NW. of New Brunswick. New Hanover. — See Hanover, New, tp., Mont gomery CO,, Pa. New Hanover, co. of N. C, bounded by the At lantic ocean SE., Cape Fear river, or Brunswick, SW., Bladen W., Sampson NW., Duplin N„ and Oi'slon E. ; lengih 50 ms., mean width 25 ; 1,350 sq. ms. Surface mostly flat, and part raarshy. Beside Cape Fear river, which washes the SW. border of the counly. New Hanover is drained by Black river and the NE. fork of Cape Fear river. Staples, cotlon and tobacco. Chief town, Wilmington. Pop. in 1820, 10,866; and in 1840, 13„312. Central lat. 34 30 N., lon. W, C. 1 0 w. New Hartford, town and tp., Litchfield co , Ct., 22 ms. W. by N. of the cily of Hartford, and 12 ms. NE. of Litchfield, the shire town. Pop. in 1810, 1,510; in 1820, 1,685. Village, One ida CO., N. Y., 4 ms. "W. from Utica. New Haven, town of Eng., in Sussex, near the moulh of the Ouse, with a small harbor. The entrance of the river is defended by a battery, and the haven is generally made the station of a sloop of war, to intercept the smuggling trade. It is 7 ms. S. by E of Lewes, and 67 of London. Town, Addison co., Vt., on Otter creek. New Haven, co. of Ct., bounded by Long Is land sound S., Housatonic river, or, Fairfield, SW., Litchfield NW., Horlford N., and Middle sex INE. ; length 27 ras., raean width 23; area about 600 sq. ras. This is one of the raost plea santly diversified counties in tbe United Stales, ll s traver»ed from SSW. to NNE. by a chain of 636 mounlains of no considerable elevation, which rises in the vicinity of New Haven city, and is inlcr- tected by Connecticutriver at Middletown, in Mid dlesex CO. Beside the Housatonick, New Haven is drained by the Naugatuck and Quinipiack riv ers. Wilh the exception of some tracts of small extent near the sound, the surface is hilly or un. dulating. The soil productive in grain, fruils, and pasturage. Staples, grain, flour, sailed provisions, live stock, and many other minor articles sent lo the New York market. Chief town, New Haven. Pop. in 1820, 39,616 ; and in 1840, 48,582. Cen tral lat. 41 25 N., lon. "W. C. 4 0 E. New Haven, city, seaport, and seat of justice, New Haven co., Cl,, situated on the E. side of a bay, formed by the moulh of the Quninipiack river, and about 4 ms. N. fyom Long Island sound. The old town was laid out in a large square, sub divided into nine lesser squares, each 858 feet each side, separated by 50 feet streets. In the centre are two large squares ; SE. of which stands Yale College. The general aspect of New Haven is pe culiarly pleasing. The site is very nearly a plain, and the streets extending al right angles, wilh the general neatness of the buildings, and intermixture of trees, aflfords a picture which every traveller raust view wilh interest. Of all the public edifices of this cily, Yale College decidedly claims the first noiice. It was founded in 1701. Its oflScers are a president, nine professors, and five tutors. Il is under the government of a board of trustees, com posed ofthe Governor of the State, the lieutenant governor, and six senior assistants, together with the president and ten clerical fellows. The means of education, in every respect, are probably as am ple as in any other literary institution of the U. S. The commercial connexions of this city are nu merous and important, parlicularly in the coasting trade. The harbor is good, Ihough only admitting vessels of 10 or 12 feel draft. Before the erection of a long wharf of nearly a mile, which streiches so far directly across the bay, the harbor was grad ually filling up. The amount of shipping owned in the town is about 12,500 tons. Tp., New Haven co., Cl,, and containing New Haven city. Pop, in 1820, 8,326. Town, Oswego co., N. Y,, on Mexico bay of Lake Ontario. Pop. in 1820, 898. Town in the soulhern borders of Huron co., O. Villoge, Hamilton co., 0., 129 ms. SW. from Columbus, Village, Gallatin co., III., 74 ms. SSE, frbm Vandalia. New Holland. - See Holland, New. New Holland, village, Lancaster co,, Pa., 13 ms. NE, from Lancaster. New Hope, town, Solebury tp , Bucks co,. Pa,, on tbe right bank of Delaware river, opposite Lam- bertsville, in N. J., 16 ms. above Trenton. At this place a very fine bridge has been constructed over the Delaware.- Town, Wayne co., N. C, Village, Sparlansburgh dislrict, S. C, Vil lage, Hancock co., Ga., 20 ras. from MilledgeviHe. New Iberia, village, Louisiana, parish of St. Martin's, on the righl bank of Teche, 48 ms. above ils mouth ; consisting of one street along thq river, or rather road, containing about 40 houses aod 200 inhabitante. The bank is here something higher than either above or below j schooners drawing 4 or 5 feel water come up lo New Iberia at all sea sons. Lal. 30° N,, lon. W. C. 14 56 W. NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Newington, town, Rockingham co,, N. H., on the E. side of Great bay, 5 ms. NW. from Ports mouth. New Inlet, coast of N. J. — See Little Egg harbor. New Inlet, one of the mouths of Cape Fear river, NI C. New Ipswich, lown, Hillsborough co., N. H., 52 ms. N. from Boston, and containing an acad emy and a number of mills. Pop. 1820, 1,278. New Jersey, one of the States of the U. S,, bounded byN. Y. NE,, by Hudson river, Staten Island sound, Karitan bay, and the Atlantic ocean E., Atlantic ocean SE,, Delaware bay SW., and Delaware river or Pennsylvania W. New Jersey has an exterior limit of the At lantic ocean from Cape May to Sandy Hook, of - An interior boundary opposile N. Y., along Rariian bay, Staten Island sound, Now York bay, and Hudson river In common with New York, belween Hud son and Delaware rivers Thence down Delaware river and bay to Cape May ... Miles, 130 60 45 220 Total 445 Extreme length, by a line almost due N. from Cape May to the northern angle of the Delaware, 160 ms,, with a mean width of about 43 ms. Be tween Iat. 38 58 and 41 21 N. Area 6,851 sq. ms,, and 4,384,640 acres. The natural geography of New Jersey presents three very marked subdivisions: 1st, sea sand al luvion ; 2dly, the hilly or middle section ; and 3dly, the mouniainous or northern section. The sea sand alluvian embraces near one-half the Slale. A line drawn from the raoiith of Shrewsbury river lo Bordentown, will nearly sepa rate the hilly from the sea sand region. Between this natural limit and the Sussex mounlains, the Slate is delightfully variegated by hill and dale, and well watered. Some of the NW. parts of Hunterdon, Morris, and Bergen cos. are broken iijto mounlain ridges, but the real raountain section of New Jersey is comprised in Sussex co. It must be understood that, in this Slate, as in Pennsyl vania, the intervening distance between the respec tive mountains is generally an arable valley. By reference to the annexed lable of the coun ties, it will be seen that nearly one-half of the State is occupied by the sea sand alluvion. This latter region declines gradually from the hilL-i, and before reaching the .\tlantic ocean, spreads into an almost unbroken plain. The soil is nearly divisible by similar limits with the great subdivisions we have noticed. On the sea sand alluvion it is generally thin and sandy, and in many places marshy. Above the sea sand alluvion, where not mountainous, the soil is generally arable and productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Compared with its latitude, extending 2° and 23', no State of the U. S. possesses such wide ex tremes of climate. The level sandy plains of its southern extension approximate to the climale of S. Virginia, whilst the seasons in Sussex co. pre sent a severity approaching those of Vt. and N. H. Tho slruclure of the State renders the cause' of those meteorological phono.nena obvious. The staples of New Jersey are grain, flour, live stock, salted provisions, iron ; and near New York and Philadelphia an indefinite' variety of articles lo supply the markets of ihose cities. Iron ore is plentifully found and extensively wrought, particularly in Morris co. Iron in bars, and hollow ware are produced in great quantities, and of excellent quality. Leather and boots, shoes, and saddles, may be considered as forming a large share of the manu factured staples of this State. Newark is emphati cally a city remarkable for the quanlity and excel lence of its shoes. The es-timaled value of exports in 1810, was upwards of $7,000,000. No fair view, however, can be given of eilher the expoils or imports of this Stole, as its two great marts are Philadelphia and .New York. The amount of shipping is about 35,000 lons. Surveys and levels have been taken wiih so much accuracy, as to ascertain the practicability of executing a navigable canal over New Jersey, and a company has long since been incorporated for that purpose. The points intended to be uniled are Trenton, on the Delaware, and New Bruns wick, on the, Raiilan. The route was traced by following the Assampink to near ils source, and thence by a short cut into Stoney brook, a branch of Millstone river, and down the latter and Raritan to tide water. The very erroneous principle adopt ed of following the natural channels, has tended to discredit the operations of the New Jersey Canal Company. The distance from Brunswick lo Trenton is about 26 ms., ond the highest intermediate summit level 50 feet, between the Assampink and Stoney brook. It is supposed, however, lhat a summit level but little exceeding 40 feel can be obtained by cutting between the confluence of Assampink and Shippelankin creeks, and Rowley's mill near the confluence of Stoney brook and .Millstone river., .An adequate supply of water can be drawn by short feeders from PhiUip's springs, Trenton creek, Stoney brook, and Millstone river, all of which are raore elevaled than the route of the canal, some in termediate sand hdls excepted. SuflBcient deplh of waler for a sloop navigation exists al the two extremities of Itie intended canal. Estimated expenses; ¦ Digging 28 ms., at $20,000 per mile $-560,000 Lockage, 100 feel, proliably less, at gl, 250 per foot - - 125,000 Feeders, purchase of land and water fights - 115,000 Total - - $800,000 Upon the importance of the New Jersey canal but one opinion can exist, but, as respects the ex penses, it may be doubted whether less than $1,000,000 could suffice to eflTect such an object. If such an inland communication did exist, il is probable, however, that if the intended transmis sion of coal from the Lehigh and Delaware rivers succeeds, and there is no rational doubt of such success, that such a coal trade alone would, besides the incidental expenses of repairs and superinten dance, produce a revenue of more than the interest ofgl, 000,000. 637 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW For political and other purposes. New Jersey is subdivided into 13 counties. The following table exhibits the relativepopulation wilh the respective area : Counties. Cape May Cumberland SalemGloucesterBurlingtonMonmouthMiddlesex HunterdonSomerset KssexMorris BergenSussex"Warren .Soil. Alluvion Do Do DoDoDo Hills and allu vion, Hdly DoDoDoDo Mountainous - Do Area, Sq. ms. 310 450 312SOO5U0S73362540 360252 460 6,851 Fop. in IffiO. 4,263 12,66814,02223,08928,622 23 038 21,47028,604 16,50630,793 21,36818,178 32,752 277,575 foSq, mile. 14 2845 28i 58 2Si 60 53 45| 122 4638 201 40 Progressive populalion. In 1790, New Jersey contained 184,139; in 1800, 211,149; in 1810, 245,560; and in 1820, as above. The aggregate and classified populalion is seen in the following lable : Population in 1810. Free white males ... 115,357 Free white females - - - 111,509 Total whites - - - All other persons, except Indians, not taxed - - - Slaves - - - Tolal populalion in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Free white females . - - All other persons, except Indians, not taxed . - - Totol whites Free persons of color, males Free persons of color, females Slaves, males- Slaves, females Total population in 1820 Of these, foreigners not naturalized Engaged in agricalture Engaged in raanufactures Engaged in commerce 226,866 7,843 10,851 245,560 129,619127,790 149 257,558 6,4166,044 3,9883,569 277,575 1,529 40,812 15,941 1,830 Progressive population of New Jersey. 1790 - 184,139 1800 - - 211,149 1810 - 245,562 1820 - - 277,575 1830 - - 320,823 1840 - - 373,306 The population of New Jersey a little more than doubled in the 50-year period, from 1790 to """* 638 Population of New Jersey, by classes, from ilie census of 184C . "Whites,— Ages, Males. Females. 0to5 - 28,8-27 27,505 StolO 23,809 23,161 10 to 15 21,951 20,362 16 to 20 19,303 19,701 20 to 30 31,032 31,514 30 to 40 21,553 20,530 40to50 - 13,949 14,009 50 to 60 - 8.526 8,841 60 to 70 - 4,887 5,253 70toS0 - 2,459 2,769 80to90 - 660 803 90toK.O- 67 82 100 and upwarda - 7 3 177,055 174,533 Total whites - 177,055 351,588 OtolO 10 10 24 24 to 36 36 10 65 55 to 100 100 and upwards Total Free colored. Males, 3,0193,ii9 1,978 1,639 711 4 10,780 Fem's, 2,8343,1062,0791,485 748 12 10,264 10,780 21,044 Slaves, Males, 1 1 7 137 157 0 303 7 168190 2 371303 SUMMARY. "Whites Free colored Slaves Total 351,5ffl 21,014 674 373,306 White persons ofthe foregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. from 14 to 25 Do, above 25 - • Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind . . . . Do.-insane and idiots al— Public charge - Private charge Total whiles insane, &c. Colored persons, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Do, iusane aad idiots Total of peiBons employed in-- Mining - ' AgricullureCommerceManufactures and trades Navisation on the ocean Du, canals, lakes, and rivers Learned priifessions Pensioners, for revolutionary and military services - Universities or Colleges Students in do. Academies and grammar schools Students in do. Primary and common schools Scholars in do. Scholars at public charge - - - Number ofwhiie persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write 3329 102164126 144 2-25 369 152673 266 56,701 2,283 27,004 1,143 1625 1,627 472 3 413 66 3,01271,207 52,583 7,1286,383 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Population of New Jersey, by counties, from the | census of 1840. 11 Free white i^roe colored Slaves, parsons. persons. Total, ^ Counties. m s m « rt S i "m B g •s H s it s Ix, s £ Bergen 5 909 5.563 843 686 UK 104 13,223 Essex 20,832 21,861 899 1,009 13 7 •14,621 Hudson 4,718 4,435 197 1-J2 4 7 9,483 Passaic 8,931 7,011 377 3-29 ;h 54 16,734 Morris 12,606 12,290 483 426 17 20 23,841 Warren 10,267 9,636 24-J , 21; 4 4 20,366 Sussex 10,929 10,47-J 18C 174 4 9 21,770 Somerset 7,877 7,821 915 73-/ 4H 62 17,455 Middlesex 9,952 10,3Vt 716 821 If 18 21,893 Hunterdon 11,991 11,965 389 38i 16 19 24,789 Mercer 9,691 9,470 1,112 1,207 U 12 21,502 Monmouth 15,716 14,92b 1,108, 1,072 32 !)3 3-2,909 Burlington 15,43 J 15,753 8-28 815 1 32,831 Gloucester 12,151 11,656 636 79,- „ - 25,438 Atlantic 4,41S 4,07' 12t 11' _ - 8,726 Salem 7,251 6,97b 967 H2! _ 1 16,024 Cumberland - 6,796 6,6,SJ 475 4-2: _ _ 14,374 Cape May 2,586 2,541 92 lot - 3,3-24 otal N. Jersey 177055 1745K 10,7SO' 10,26^ 30: 371 373306 New Kent, co. nf "Va., bounded by James cily SE.,Chickabomina river, or Charles cily and Hen rico S'W., Hanover NW,, and Pamunkey river, or King 'Williom NE. ; length 23 ms,, mean width 10; area, 230 sq. ms Surface moderately hilly, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Cum berland. Pop. in 18^0, 6,630. Lat. 37 28 N. The meridian of W. C. crosses this co. nearly centrically. New Lancaster, — See Lancaster, Fairfield co,, Ohio. New Lebanon, village, Canoan tp,, Columbia N. Y,, on the road from Pittsfield to Albany, 24 ms. from the latter place. This town is remarka ble for a tepid spring which has become a watering place of much resort. The water, except its tem perature 73° of Fahrenheil, diU'cs in no other re spect from pure raountain water ; it is tasteless and inodorous, and used for all common purposes of cooking and washing. The Shakers own 3,000 acres of land in this tp., and have a very flourish ing settlement near Lebanon village. The scenery around Lebanon is peculiarly pleasing, and even sublime. Village, Camden co., N. C, by post road 230 ms. NE. Irom Raleigh. New Lexington, vdlage, Richland co.,Ohio, on the W. bank of Mohican creek, 10 ms. from Belle ville. Village, Knox co.,Ohio, 13 ms. E. from Mount Vernon. Town in the eastern part of Preble co., on Twin creek, upon the road from Dayton to Eaton. Distance, 6 ms. E. from Eaton, 19 W. from Daylon, and 85 "VV. by S. from Co lumbus. Village, Scott co., Ia., 17 ms. W. from Madison. Salt wells have been dug here to the great deplh of 700 feet. It contains about 40 houses, 200 inhabitants, and one newspaper print ing office. — See Lexington, village, Scott co., Ia. New Liberty, village, Owen co., Ky., 40 ms. by post road from Frankfort. Newlin, tp. of Chester eo,, Pa,, on the W, branch of Brandywine creek, 6 ms. SSW. from Uowningtown. I'op. in 1820, 914. New Lisbon, town, Otsego co. N, Y,, 10 ma. SW. from Cooper's town. Pop. in 1820, 2,221. .-Village, Montgomery co , Md , near Ihe E. side of Callail creek, branch of the Patuxent, and on Frederick turnpike, 22 ms. W. from Baltimore. New Lisbon, flourishing village and scat of jus tice, Columbiana co., O., 3,'i ins. S. from War ren in TrumbuU co., 56 NE. from Pittsburg, and 160 NE. from Columbus. It now contains on elegant suite of co. buildings, a'bank, 2 brick meet ing houses, 9 or 10 mercantile stores. In the vi cinity are a furnace, 4 merchant and 4 saw mills, a paper mill, an extensive woolen factory, a lull ing mill, cording machine, and glass factory. N. lat. 40 49, lon, W. C. 3 52 W. Pop. in 1820, 746 ; in 1830, 1,129 ; and in 1840, 1,490. It is a very thriving place, already possessing numer- 2-4.789 j ous manufactories, a bank, 3 public prints, 6 or 8 places of public worship. Its position on the most direct route from the Ohio river to Cleveland, makes it the resort of immense travel, 3 lines of stages pass daily through it, making the arrivals and departures 84 per week. The streets are well paved, and the whole aspect of New Lisbon gives a favorable comparison to it amongst the towns of the interior of the U. S. New London, town, Hillsborough co,, N. H., 30 ms. NW. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 692, in 1820, 924. New London, SE. co. of Conn., bounded by R. I. E., by Long Island sound S,, by Middle sex CO,, Conn., W,, Hartford and Tolland NW., and Windham N. Lengih 30 ms. mean width 20, area 600 sq. ms. Conneciicut river forms part of ils W. boundary ; but besides this stream New London co. is in a remarkable manner in dented with bays and rivers. Quinebaug and Shetucket unite in this co. and form the Thames, which al Chelsea landing below Norwich receives the Yantic, and forms a very fine and spacious entrance for vessels. Belween the Connecticut and Thames beside raany cf minor importance the Niantic bay opens to Waterford. Belween the Thames and Pecatuck, the coast is indented by Pequonock, Mistick, Quiamboc, Stonington, and Wickatequock, Pacotuck bounds the co. and Stole to the E. The western, or rather the north western part of New London is mountainous, and except some marshes near the seacoast, the gene ral surface is hilly, bul presents a very pleasin"- aspect. The soil is productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Staples — grain, flour, live stock, lumber, fish, &c. Chief town. New London, Pop, in 1820, 35,943; and in 1840, 44,463! Lat. 41 30 N. lon. W. C. 4 47 E. New London, town, city, se£t|brl, ahd alterna tely with Norwich, seat of justice for New Lon don CO., Conn., is situated on the W. side of the Thames, 3 ms. above its mouth., 14 ms.- below Norwich, and 42 SE. from Hartford. Lon. 4 0 48 E,, lat. 41 25 N. Beside the ordinary co. buildings it contains 2 banks, a morine insurance oflice, 2 newspaper printing offices, and 5 or 6 places of public worship. The shipping in 1818, amounted to near 16,000 tons. Having a deplh of 5 fathoms water, the harbor is the best belween New York and Newport ; and is very seldom ob structed by ice. It is defended by forls Trumbull land Griswold, the former on the New London, 639 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW and tho latter at Groton, on the opposile side of the river. The norrowness of the entrance renders its blockade easy, which was effected during last war. On a point on the W. side of the harbor is a light-house, Tp., Chester co,, Penn,, on ,Big Elk. Pop. 1,300. .Kune Arundel co., Mil , 5 ms. SSW. from Annapolis. Village, Campbell co., Va., 18 ms. SW. frora Lynchburg, Tp., in theSE. quarter of Huron co., Ohio. Village and seat of justice, Madison co., 0 , SW. by W. from Columbus, and 18 ms. E. from Springfield. Lat. 39 50 N., lon. W. C. 6 31 W. Village, Jefl'erson CO., Ia., on the Ohio river, j 30 ms. above Louisville. Village and seat ofj jusiice, Ralls co.. Mo,, on Salt river, about 100 ms. NW. frum St. Louis. Lal. 39 32 N., lon. W. C. 14° \V. New London Cross Roads, village, Chester co., Penn. Coahahuila, and Chihuahua ; and on the SE. by Coahuila y Texas. Area about 300,000 sq. ms. Pop. perhaps 180,000. New Mexico is an ancient Spanish conquest. As early as 1559, under the Viceroy Velasco el Pri- mero, Durango was a military posl. Towards the end of the 16th century, the then Viceroy, Count de Monterey, sent Juan de Onate, to New Mexico ; this general drove away the Indians and peopled the banks of the Rio del Norte. Conse quently the establishment of that nation, in New Mexico, has existed more than two hundered years. The two provinces of New Biscay, and New Mexico, are separated by a desert. This desert crosses the Rio Grande between the Pass del Norte and Albuquerque. The desert of the Muerto, is upwards of 100 ms, wide and destitute of waler. " The whole of this couniry," says New Longuil, seigniory, Yorkco,, L. C, 40! Hamboldt, "is in general of on alarming stale of ms., W. from Montreal. I aridity, for the mounlains Delos Mansos, situated New Madison, villoge,- Darke co., 0., by post, to the E. of tbe rood from Durango lo Santo Fe, road, 81 ms. a liltle N. of W. from Columbus, I do not give rise to a single brook. Nolwilhstand- Neiu Madrid, villoge and seat of jusiice. New ¦ ing the inildness of the climole, and the progress Madrid co , I^o., 70 ms. below the moulh of the of industry, a great part of this country as well Ohio. It is built on an alluvial bank, something as Old California, and several districts of New above the ordinary height of Ihe Mississippi banks, j Biscay, and the Intendancy of Guadalaxara, will contains aboul 50 houses, and from 250 to 300 in-! never admit of any considerable populalion." This desert lies in a NE. and NW. direclion, ond extends from the Pacific lo within 200 ms. SW. of St. Louis, in Mo. Jt is covered in autumn with muriate of soda, common salt, and is every where extremely cold for the climate. See the article Rio Grande, New Mexico, is however with all its defects, a delightful residence. The purity of the air, and the rich scenery of the fertile banks of the rivers, hove a fine effect, European grain and fruits grow luxuriantly where tie soil is ferlile. The dryness of the seasons is favourable to the grape which is peculiarly delicious in that couniry. Perhaps in the advance of civilizalion, the borders of the North American desert may, from ils ex emption from rain, become remarkable for ils rich habitants. Lat. 36 36 N., lon. W. C. 12 24 W. Pop. in 1840,4,554. New Madrid, co,, Mo,, bounded by Missis sippi river SE., Ark. S,, St, Francis river IN'W., and Cape Girardeau N. Length 60, mean width 25 m-j., area 1,500 sq. ras. Surface one general alluvial plain, aroble only near the bank of the Mississippi and the other streams; the residue being liable to annuol submersion. Staples — In dian corn, pork, ond cotlon. Chief lown. New Madrid, P.>p, in 1820, 2,296. Lat. 86 30 N., lon, W. C, 12 20 W. Newman, village. Pike co., Ga,, 52 ms. from Milledgeville. New Market, lown of Eng,, in Suffolk, 13 ms. W. of Bury, and 61 N. by E. of London. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 15 ms. W. from wines, Portsmouth. The village is al the mouth of Lom-j New Milford, town, Lincoln co., Maine, at the prey river into Great bay Village, York co., Ihead of Sheepsgul river, 15 ms, N. by W. of Pa., near the moulh of Conewago creek. j Wiscasset. Town, Litchfield co , Conn., 16 Villoge, Dorchester co., Md., neor the lelt bonk ; ms. N. of Donbury, and 18 SW. of Litchfield, of Choptank river, 12 ms. SSE. from Eoslon. on the NE. side of Housatonick river, Villoge Village, Spoltsylvania co. Vo, Villoge, Fred- in tp. ofthe same nome, Susquehannah co. Penn. erick CO., Md., 11 ms, eastward of Fredericks-] JVem jlfi&, village, Burlington co., N. J,, about town. Village, Shenandoah co., Va,, on the 5 ms. E. of Mount Holly. E. side of Robiiison river, 132 ms. W. by S. of' Newnham, corporate town of Eng, in Glouces- Washington, and 50 SSW. of Winchester. |ler.,hire. It is seated on the Severn, 8 ms. SW. Town, Highla^co,, O., 42 ms. W. from Chili- of Gloucester, and 112 WNW. ofLondon, Lon. eoihe.-^ Tp, Highland co. 0., including the 12 23 W., lot. 51 46 N. foregoing villago Village, Washington co., Ky., on RolUng river, 10 ms. SSW. from Spring field, and 55 SSW. frora Frankfort. -Village, Jefferson co,, Tenn,, 30 ms. NE, from Knoxville, and 15 a litlle W, of N, from Dandridge. New Marlborough, town, Berkshire co., Mass., 23 ms. SSE. from LenosT. Pop- in 1820, 1,668. New Mexico, territory ofthe Republic of Mexico. This is the raost northern of the Spanish settle ments in the interior of Norlh America, and ex tends to N. lot. 42°, but with indefinite limits lo the W. On the S. it is bounded by the States of 640 New Orleans, capital and chief town of the Stole of La , stands upon the left bank of the Mississippi river, at N. lat. 30°, and W. lon. W. C. 12 5. It is composed of the city properly so called, and the several Fauxbourgs, (suburbs,) the principal of which are St. Mary's, Annun ciation, and Lo Course, above the cily ; Marigny's and Declouel below, and Trem6 ond St. John's in the reor of the city, towards Bayou St. John's, The city itself is laid out with the streets inter secting each olher at right angles. The Faux bourgs, though in general also regular, deviate in NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW some places. Like all other places along the banks ofthe Mississippi, the ground upon which New Orleans stands falls by a gentle declivity from the margin of the river, until depressed inlo a swamp or overflown flat in the rear of the town. The city, and its Fauxbourgs, except those of the Treme and St. John's, stand upon the solid border of land between the river and swamp, the raedium width of which is 400 yords. Tho extreme length of New Orleans along tbe Mississippi is nearly 3 ms. — the rivers running opposite in the form of an S. It contains a state house, prison, raorkel house, hospital, principol or town house, a cathe dral, or the church of St. John's, Ursuline convent, an Episcopalian and a Colvanistic church, two theatres, a court house, three insurance offices, four banks authorized by the Stale, a custom house, navy yard, arsenal, barracks, and one fort, that of St. Chorle.s, situated between the city proper and Fouxbourg Morigny. New Orleans is siluoted 105 miles above the raouth of the Mississippi, 322 by water and 156 by land below Natchez, 1,189 below St. Louis, 991 below the mou'h of the Ohio, and 1,933 below the city of Pittsburg. It is ruled by a mayor and cily council, elected by the freeholders. This city is admirably situated for a coramercial depot, having equal facility of intercourse, foreign and domestic. Its markets are excellent, porticu- larly for garden vegetables and for fruits, both tropical and frora the numerous selliements on the various confluents of the Mississippi, The houses and populalion are bolh rapidly increasing, as moy be seen by the following comparative view of its census of 1810 and 1820 : Population in 1810. Free white males Do. do. females' Slaves, males - 7,331 Slaves, females - 7,615 Free persons of color, males 2,835 Do. do, females .- 4,326 Total of slaves and free colored persons - 22, 107 Enlire populalion 42,900 Population in 184 U, While moles - 34,908 Do. females - 24,616 — ' Tolal whites 69,524 Free colored males 8,422 Do, females 10,798 Total free colored 19,220 Slaves, males 9,804 Do. females 13,650 Total slaves 23,454 Tolal population - 102,198 3,586 2,745 Total -whites All other persons except Indians, not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 Populaiion in 1820. Free white males Do. do. females Totol whites Free, persons of color, males Do. do. females Slaves, males . Do. females - New Orleans was loid out in the spring of 1717, and named in honor of the duke of Orleans, then regent of France, during the minorily of Louis XIV. It remained in the hands of the French until 1769, when, together with all Louisiana, it was taken possession of by the Spanish general O'Reilly. It was again given up by Spoin to France in 1803, and on the 20lh of December of that year delivered to the United States by the French colonel prefect, Laussot. New Orleans, parish of Lo,, including the cily of New Orleans, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico S,, the interior of Lafourche and Germon coast, I or Bernord, W., Lake Pontchortrain N., the Rig- °'°'*' j olels and Lake Borgne NE,, and Plaquemine E. I Length 80 ms., mean width 16; area 1,300 sq. '^y. j ms, ; lying between lot. 29 14 and 30 12 N. ; the "' "' ; surface an almost undeviating plain, and mostly ~ "" I an unwooded grassy moross ; the only arable parts '-'*'' I the margins of the streams, ond a few spots on I the seacoast ; vegetable productions, cotton, su- 8,268 gar, rice, tobacco, indigo, raoize, figs, oranges, 5,318 peaches, &c. Chieflown, New Orleans. Pop. ' 1820, exclusive of the city, 14,175. Cent. lal. 13,584: 30° N., lon. W. C. 13° W. 2,432 I New Paltz,town, Ulsterco., N. Y., 15 ms. below 3,805 Kingston landing, and 7 ras, S. frora Poughkeep- 2,709 sie. Pop. 1810,4,612. 4,646! New Paltz Landing, post office, Ulster co., -! N. Y., on Hudson river, opposite Poughkeepsie. 27,176 1 New Paris, village, Preble co,, 0.; by post 1,500 road 92 ras. a little S. of W. from Columbus. 2,704 j New Philadelphia, village and seatof justice, 4,574 j Tuscarawas co,, 0. It is situated on the left Total population in 1820 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in raanufactures Do. in coramerce In 1810 the collective population of the city and ! bank of Muskingum river^ on an extensive and parish was 24,552, of whom upwards of 17,000 were inhabitants of the cily. In 1820, the ag gregate of the city and parish was : Free white males Free while females Foreigners not naturalised 11,675 7,512 Total 81* beautiful plain, opposite the moulh of Sugar creek. Il contains the co. buildings, several stores, and in 1840 pop. 1,885 of village and Goshen tp,, in which it is situated. It is 50 ms. NE. from Zanes ville. Village, Hardin co., Ky., 5 ms. from 1,542 I Ohio river, and 35 SW. from Louisville. I New Piiisburg, village in Chester tp., Wayne 20,793 I CO., 0., 9 jns. NW, from Wooster. 641 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Newport, borough of Eng., in Hampshire, and the chief town in the isle of Wight, wilh a manu- factuVe of starch. It is seated on the river Cowes, which is navigable for sraall vessels 17 ms. S. by E. of Southampton, and 91 SW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 16 W., lal. 50 42 N, BoroDgh of Eng., in Cornwall, 3 ms. N. of Launceslon, and 214 W. by S.of London, Town of Eng , in Shrop- shire, wllh a handsome free school, 17 ms, E. of Shrewsbury, and 139 NM'. ofLondon. Town ' of Eng., in Monmouthshire, on the river Usk, 19 ms, SSW. of Monmouth, and 118 W. by N. of London. Town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, at the foot of a high bill, on a bay of the some name, 18 ms. NE. of St. David, and 250 WNW. of London. Tp, of Buckingham co., L. C. Town, Penobscot co., Me., 25 ms. W. from Bangor. Pop. 1820, 510. Town, Cheshire CO., N. H., 43 ms. NW. from Concord. Pop, 1810, 1,427; in 1820, 1,679, SE. co. of R. I., bounded by Bristol CO., in Mass., E., the Al lontic oceon S,, the southern entrance of Narra ganselt bay W,, i)nd the northern arm of Narra ganselt bay ond Mount Hope bay NW. Lengih 16, width 12 ms, ; area about 100 sq. ms. It is composed ofthe islands of Prudence, Connanicut, Rhode Island, and a portion of the main shore E, frora Narraganselt bay. Surface generally wa ving, and soil, parlicularly on the island, highly productive. Staples, grain, flour, fish, live slock, &c. Pop. 1820, 15,771; in 1840, 16,874. Cent. Iat. 41 35 N., lon. W. C. 5 45 E. Newport, village, and, alternately wilh Provi dence, capital of R. I., 5 ms. from the Allontic ocearl, ond on a small but very commodious bay, formed by a projeclion of R. I. proper and Con nanicut island. Lon. W. frora Greenwich 71 17, and E. from Washington 5 43, lat, 41 29 N. The harbor is one of the best on all the Allontic coast of ihe United States, and opens before the town inlo a noble circular basin, ea.sy of access, land-locked on all sides, and commonded by the adjacent heights. Goot island, a small spot of ground at ils outer entrance, conloins Fort Wol- co'tl and a U. S. navy hospital. ' The horbor is also defended by two other forls — Fort Green and Fort Adorns. Though much declined from its forraer compar ative importance, Newport is still a flourishing town. The site rises by an elegant acclivity fiorji the harbor, and again, declines gradually in the rear, giving the aspect of a delightful swell to the whole place. Newport contains a state house, market house, theatre, public library, almshouse, five banks, two insurance companies, eleven places of public wor ship — four Boplists, two Congregalionalists, one Episcopalian, one Friends, one Moravian, one " Methodist, and one Jewish synagogue. In 1819 the amount of shipping owned in this town was near 11,000 tons. The population of the town and that part of ils vicinity included in the tp. as it stood in 1810 and 1820 are exhibiled in the annexed lable : In 1810: Whiles - 7,377 Colored persons 630 In 1820: Whiles" Colored 6,763 656 Total 64a 7,907 Total ... - 7,319 And in 1840 aggregaie - - 8,333 The manufacturing establishments in this lown and vicinity nre numerous and importani, consist ing of five or six rum distilleries, one gin dislillery, one dutk factory, and numerous grain mills. Newport, lown, Herkimer co., N. Y., ms. N. from Herkimer. Pop. in ISIO, 1,605 in 1880, 1,745, Town, Cumberland co., N. J., 84 ms. SSW. frora Trenton. Tp,, Luzerne co,, Pa., extending from Susquehannah river to Nescopec mountain, between Nescopec and Hanover. Pop. 1320, 764. Village, Perry co,, Pa., 35 ms. SW. from Harrisburg. Village. Indiana co., Pa;, on the right bonk of Conemaugh river, 18 ms. NE. from Greensburg. Village in New- costle CO., Del., 3 ms. SW. of Wilmington, and about the same distance NW. of Newcaslle. It has about 300 inhabilanls, ond carries on a consid erable trade in wheat and flour between the odja- ^cent counlies and Philadelphia. Vill,, Charles CO.. Md., 40 ms. SSE. frora Washington, ond 10 ras. SE. from Port Tobacco. Bmiill river, Lib erty CO., Ga,, opening frora the sea by two mouths, St. Catharine's and Sapelo sound. It isnovigoble for sloops to Riceborough. Village, Washing ton CO., Ohio, in a tp. of the same name. The village is 11 mo. E. by N. of Marietta Vil lage and seatof justice, Campbell co,, Ky,, on Ohio and Licking rivers, above their junction, ond opposile Cincinnati. The site is an elevated plain. This town contains the common counly buildings, a U. S. arsenal, and an academy, ihe lalter endowed by the Legislature of Ky. with 6,000 acres of land^ Village, Vermillion co., Ia., 100 ms. from Indianapolis. Town, Cocke co., Tenn., on the left bank of French Broad river, 45 ms. E, from Knoxville. Village, Franklin co,, Mo., on Missouri river, about 60 ms. by land W. from St. Louis. New Portage, post office, Medina co , Ohio, by post road 168 ms. NE. frora Columbus. New Portland, tp. and village, Somerset co., Maine. Newport Pngnel, town of Eng., in Bucking- hamshire. Il has a manufacture of bone lace, and is sealed on the Ouse, over which it has 2 bridges, 14 ms. ENE. of Buckingham, and 51 NNW. of London. Lon. 43' W., lat. 52 4 N. New Preston, v'lWage, Litchfield co., Ct., 10 ms. SW. by W. from Lilchfield, and 43 a liltle S. of W. from Hartford. New Prospect, village, Bergen co , N. J., by post road 88 ms. NE. Irom Trenton. New Providence, town, Essex co., N. J., 12 ras. W. from Newark. Pop. 1820, 768. New Richmond, villoge, Ohio tp., Clermont CO., Ohio. Il stonds on Ohio river, 15 ms. SW. from Williamsburg. New river of Eng., for supplying London wilh water. This river has its rise at Amwell, near Ware, in Herts, and was formed by the great Sir Hugh .Middleton, who was obliged, in order to avoid the eminences and valleys in the way, 10 make it run a course of about 39 ms., and to NEW GE0GRAPHIC.il DICTIONARY NEW cirr!' it over two valleys, in long wooden trou'4:hs lined with lead, that at Bushill being 660 feel in lengih and 30 feet in heighl, under which is an arch capacious enough to admit ihe largest wagon loaded wilh hay or straw. In short, over and un der this river, which sometimes rises thus high, and ot others, is conveyed under the ground, runs several considerable currents of land waters, and both above and below it a great number of brooks, rills, and watercourses, have their passage. Niw river, river of Va., the former name of Kenhawa See Kanliawa. New river, stnall stream of Onslow co., N. C, entering the .Atlantic ocean by New Inlet, 45 ms, WSW. from Cape Lookout. Small river of Beaufort district, S. C, falling into the estuary of Savannah river 18 ms-. E. from Savannah, River of Lou , draining the angle between the Mis sissippi and Araile rivers, flows E,, and falls into the western extremity of Lake Maurepas. New Rochelle, village, ,West Chester co., N. Y., planted originally by French Huguenots. It lies 20 ms, NE. of the city of New York. New Rochester, town of WiUiams co., postoffice Cranosville; which see. New Rowley, post office, Essex co., Mass., by post'rood 35 ms. NNE. from Boston, New Rumley, village, Norlh tp,, Harrison co,, Ohio. Distauee 11 ms. northerly from Cadiz, and 130 northeasterly from Columbus. Newry, burough of Ireland, in the co. of Down, situated on the side of a steep hill, at the foot of which is Newrywater, having over it two stone bridges j and ihoto is a third bridge over a naviga ble canal, by which it has a communication wilh Lough Neath and Carlingford boy. It is 49 ins. N. of Dublin. Lnn. 6 sb W., lal. 54 15 N. Newry, tp.. Oxford co,. Me., 25 ms. N W. from Paris. Newrywater, river of Irelond, which separates the COS. of Armagh and Down, and, watering Newry, enters Carlingford bay. New Salem, town, Franklin co,, Mass., 34 ms, NW. of Worcesler, and 81 in the same course from Boston. Village, New London co., Ct , 15 ms. NW. from New London Village, On tario co. N. Y. Post office, Fayette co.. Pa. Village, Randolph co., N, C, by post road 90 ms. westerly from Raleighl Town near the western limit of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the head walers of Indian Cross creelt, and 14 ms. W. by N. from Steubenville, New Scotland, village, Albany co., N. Y, ms. from ."Vlbany. Newsham, village of Eng., in Durham, situated on the Tees, 5 ms. from Darlington. New Sharon, town, Kennebec co,. Me, on the N. side of Sondy river, 34 rai^. NW. of Augusta, on the river Kennebec. New Shoreham. — See Block Island, New South Waks, or the eastern coast of New Holland, extends from Cope York, lat. 10J° S., to Cape Hickes, lat. 38° S., or through 1,870 ms. The coast is followed, after an intervol of about 60 ms,, by a chain of mounlains. The slope between the raountains and shore is found covered by a dense forest of gigantic timber. This mounlain system, like that of the Appalachian in the U. S. Wales, s, the highest peak yet discovered, is only 3,200 feet, the breadth ofthe system 58 ins, Al the head of the harbor of Port Jackson, 15 ms. above Sydney, Paramatta, another town, has been founded. Windsor, 35 ms. from Sydney, Liverpool, 18 ms,, a litlle S. of W. from Sydney, and Newcaslle, 60 ms, N. from Sydney, ore (ill rising villoges. The most northern setilement of this colony is Port .Macquarrie, lot, 31 23 S. See New South Wales, p. Ul. New Siiuth Woles h,is been also applied as a name for lh,U partof Norlh America SW. from Hudson's and James's bays, and belween Nelson's and -Mb.rny rivers. Lengih along the bay, 500 ms. Central lat. 54° N., Ion. 88 W. London. New Store, post office, Buckingham co,, Va., 85 rns. westerly from Richmond. New Switzerland, village, Switzerland co., 0., on the right bank of Ohio rivor, 65 ms. below Cin cinnati. The inhabilanls are mostly Swiss emi grants, who have made some not unsuccessful at- tempts to cultivate the vine. Newton, town of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, 7 ms. W. of Montgomery, and 169 WNW. of London. Lon. 3 12 W.,'lat. 52 21 N, Townof Eng., in Lancashire, Town of Eng., in Cheshire Borough of Eng., in the Isle of Wight. Tp., York co,, L. C, 40 ms. W. from Montreal Town, Middlesex co,, Mass., on Charles river, 9 ms. W.from Boston Village, Essex co., N. J., by post road 75 ms. IVNE, frora Trenton Town, Fairfield CO., Ct,, 8 ms. NE. of Danbury, and 25 NW. of New Haven. 1 he tp. contained 3,000 inhobi- lants in 1810; and in 1820, 2,879 Village, borough, and formerly seat of jusiice, Bucks co., Pa,, on a small branch of Neshamnay tiver, 26 ms, NNE, from Philadelphia, Tp,, Trumbull CD,, Ohio Tp,, Muskingum co., Ohio, con taining the village of Uniontown.- Village, Hamilton co,, Ohio, in Anderson Ip., on the E. side of Lilllo Miami, 6 ms. from its entrance into the Ohio river "Wesiern tp., Miami co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 506. Newton-Bushels, town of Eng,, in Devonshire or the Teign, 15 ms. S. by W. of Exeter, and '188 WSW. of Lon, Lon. 3 38 W., lat. 50 32 N. Newton Lower Falls, village, Middlesex co., Mass., 9. ms. W. from Boston. Newtonstewart, town of Scotland, in Wigton shire, situated on tbe navigable river Cree, over which ihere is a handsome bridge, ond whose moulh, in Wigton bay, affords a valuable salmon fishery. Several manufactories have been com menced wilh success in this town. It is 26 ms. E. by N. of Port-Patrick. Newtown, tp,, Rockingham co., N. H., 10 m-i. NW. from Newburyport. Village, Fairfield CO., Ct., 25 ms. NW. from New Haven Village and seat of justice, Chemung co., N. Y., on Tioga or Chemung river, 21 ms. NW. from Tioga Point, and J? S W. from Ithica. Lal. 42 7, lon. "W. C. U'E. This village, now called El mira, is situaled at one point of an intended canal communication belween the Susquehannah and St, Lawrence basins. It is very remarkable that, . I though the vicinity of Newtown is in general is nol very elevated. Mount York, in New South | hilly, approaching lo mountainous, a natural valley 643 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TSfEW extends from Chemung to Seneca lake, the sum mit level of which is only 59 feet above the level of the Chemung at Newtown, and 885 feet above tide water in Chesapeake bay. The following ta ble will exhibit the respective levels -of this route : Unable of ascents and descents from the level of fide water in the Delaioare river, to the level of Jjake Erie at Buffalo, by the route of the Schuylkill, Union Canal, Susquehannah, and Chemung or lioga river^ Newtown c'reek, Sen eca lake and- outlet, and the Grand Canal of New York, from Montezuma to Buffalo. Philadelphia to Rsading Summit level between Tulpe hocken and Swalara Susquehannah, at the mouth of Swatara Harrfeburg SunburyWilkesbarre Tiog^ Point NewtownSummit level between the Tioga river at ivewtown and Seneca lake Head of Seneca lake Outlet of Seneca lake Montezuma, on the Great canal - ComtrrencementofRochesterleve] Along Rochester level to the locks at Lockport Here commences the Erie level, which extends into that lake - Dist. ma. Fe 55 Rises 34 89 do. 310 ,^4 IM Falls 220 [H i;t,=i KIses IU m Iffi rin. auii m 245 do. lUll m ¦mr. do. m 2U Sld do. 51 7 332 do. 59 in 345 Falls 445 ;h,=; 3KII do. 20 4(111 do. 69 63 463 Rises 126 65 528 do 68 31 559 Newtown, village, Otlavva co,, Michigan, situ ated on the' southern poinl at the raouth of Grand river into Lake Michigon. N. lot. 42 58, lon. W, C, 9 6 W. Dislont about 180 ms, NW, by W, of Detroit, Tp,, Queen's Co., Long Islond, 8 ms. E. from New York. Pop. in 1810, 2,437; in 1820, near 3,000. Villoge, Queen's co , Long Islatid, in the foregoing tp,, 8 ms, E. from New York, on East river. The celebroted species of apple, Newtown pippin, derives its nome from this village, Tp., Gloucester co., N. J,, 5 ms, S. from Comden. Town, Sussex co,, N. J,, 37 ms, NE, from Eoslon in Pa, Tp., Bucks CO., Pa,, including the borough of Newtown, Villago, Frederick co,, Md, Village, Worces ler CO,, Md. Village, King and Queen co,, Va., 41 ms, NE, from Richraond, ^Village, Loudon CO., Va , by post road 65 ms. from W. (J. Town, Hamilton co,, O,, on Litlle Miami, 6 ms. above its raouth, Tp,, Licking co,, Ohio. Tp., Cumberland co,, Pa. Pop. in 1820, 1,144, Newtown Limavady, borough of Ireland, in the CO. of Londonderry, seoted neor the E. coast of Lough Foyle, 15 ras. ENE. of Londonderry. Newtown Stevensburg, village, Frederick co,, Va,, by post road 80 ras, NW. from W. C. Newtown Trap, village, Frederick co,, Md, New Trenton, village, Fronklin co,, la. New Vernon, villnge, Morris co., N. J. New Village, village, Sussex co,, N, J., 56 ms. N, from Trenton. Newville, villoge, Herkimet*o., N. Y,, 79 ms. NW. by W. from Albany. Villoge, Cumber- 1 and CO., Pa., 12 ras. neorly W. from Carlisle, Village, Barnwell dislrict, S. C., by -post road 110 ms. SW. from Columbia. New Wasliington, villoge, Clark co,,' la,, 105 ms. SSE. from Indianapolis. 644 New Windsor, tp.. Orange co., N. Y., on the W. side of Hudson river, 60 ms, N. ol New York, and 95 S. of Albany, Pop. in 1810, 2,381 ; in 1820, 2,425. Neiu Woodstock, village, Madison co., .V. Y. New-Year's- Harbor, part of Staten Land, in 8. America. Lon. 64 11 W;, lat. 54 48 S. New-Year's-Islands, small islonds of S. Amer ica, on the N. side of Staten Land. Great num bers of sea lions, seal^ &c,, resort to these islands. Neiv York, one of the States of the U. States, bounded SE. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by New Jersey and Penftsylvania, W. by Pennsylvanin, Lake Erie, and Niagara river, NW. by Lake On lario and St, Lawrence river, N, by Lower Can ada, and E. by Vermont, Massaachusetts, and Conneciicut, This State, from Ihe peculiar position and form of Stolen and Long Islands, has a very extended boundary : Miles. Commencing ot the SW. point of Staten Island, thence up Staten Island sound. New York harbor, and Hudson river, to the NE. angle of New .lersey Along the NE, limit of New Jersey to the Delaware river, at the moulh of Nevi- sink river - - - Up Delaware river, opposite Pennsylvania Thence W. along the N. boundary of Penn sylvania^ Thence due N. to Lake Erie Down Loke Erie to the head of Niogora river - Down Niagara river to Lake Ontario Along the S, shore of Lake Ontario to the head of St. Lnwrence river Down St. Lowrence river lo lal 45° N. Upon lat. 45° N. to Lake Champlain Up Lake Champlain lo Whitehall, at the junction of Wood creek ond Poultney river Up. Poultney river olong Vermont Thence along the W. boundary of Ver mont - Thence E, along the S, boundary of Ver mont - Thence along the W. boundary of Massa chusetts Thence E, along the S. boundary of Mos- sachusetts Thence along the W, boundary of Con necticut lo the raouth of Bryon river, on Long Island sound From Malinicock Point on Long Island, op posite the moulh of Bryan river, to Mon tauk poinl, the easiern extremity of Long Island - - - - Along the soulhern shores of Long and Stolen Island to the SW. point of the latter 45 45 65 225 19 6635 200 100 65 105 111 54 50 81 100 130 Having an enlire outline of - 1,400 This great Slate extends over 46,000 sq. m3,, or 29,440,000 acres. * Length from Staten Island, S, poinl, lo N, lat. 45°, 340 ras,, breadth from SW. angle of Mas sachusetts to the western boundary 340. Ijat. 40 30 to 46° N. "NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW This StatCj extending over 4^° of lat., and in tersected by several mountain ridges, presents a great diversity of soil and cliraate. Though the western parts are less broken thon those of the E. and N., yet the whole State, wilh very partial ex ceptions, is either hilly or mountainous. The Hudson river flows frora a mountainous re gion, nnd is precipitated inlo a deep valley ot or near its junction with tbe Mohawk. The Hudson valley is one of the most remorkoble phenomena in the hydrography of the United States. From the junction of the Hudson and Mohowk lo Sandy Hook, is a long narrow bay, rather than a river, of 150 ms. in length. In this distance two chains of raountains are passed. The banks nre for the most part abrupt, rising to 200 or 300 feet; in mony places precipitous as the Basaltic rocks along the right bank obove the city of New York, and in many other places above ond below the High lands. The pass known by the term highlands is, in deed, a very remorkoble feature in the geogrophy of the State. Enormous walls of perpendicular rock rise on both banks to the appalling elevation of more than 1,000 ieel. Broken inlo greit varie ty of form, rude and deep valleys, intervening be tween the giganlic prominences, and the whole covered by a thick forest, affords one of the most impressive landscapes to be found in Norlh Amer ica. Here the great primitive ranges pass the Hudson, ond here the ocean tides find the only passage over this boundary into the interior which exists in the U. S. The highlands are, in fact, ihe elongation of the same range which passes through Pa. , by a very humble ridge, dividing Lancaster and Chester cos. in part, the NW, part of Chester from Berks, the NW, port of Montgomery from Berks, and Bucks from Lehigh, and, crossing Delaware below Easton, passes through New Jersey, dividing Susse.x co. from the other ports of tbe Stale, enters N, York, forming tho norihwestern parts of Rockland ond the southeaslern ports of Orange cos., crossing the Hudson above VV^est Point, at the noted place we have reviewed. This chain coniinues inlo Con necticut, Massachusetts, ond Vermont, forming in {'onnecticut the rugged bills of Litchfield, in Mas sachusetts the alpine, bul fertile co. of Berkshire, and in Vermont the elevated chain which gives name to that State, What is known in Virginia, Moryland, and Pennsylvania, by the nome of Blue Ridge or Soulh raountain, which crosses the Potomac below the mouth of the Shenondoah, the Susquehannah be low Harrisburg, and the Delaware below the ex treme S. point of Wayne co,, at what is called the Water Gap, and, following the course of the Del aware river, forms the northwestern border of New Jersey, enters New York at the mouth of the Nev- isink river, or at the NW. angle of New Jersey. The Shawangunk is the termination of this range W. ofthe Hudson. The Kittatinny range is one ofthe most remark able of all those which constitute tbe Alleghany or Appalachian system. The Kittatinny, though of so much importance, has not been hitherto correct ly drawn upon any of our maps. It is the same range which, by several local naraes, crosses Va. and Md. frora the sources of Tennessee and Great! Kanhawa, crosses the Potomac below Hancocli, enters Pa., crosses the Susquehannah 5 rae. above Harrisburg, runs NE., and finally enters N. Y. in the NW. part of Sullivan co. The Kaatsbergs is 0 part, and tho most elevated ond prominent of tho Kittatinny range. An observation upon the very singular bend in the course of our mountains ought lo be mode in this place, as thia change of direction takes place inN Y, If we glance upon the map before us, we find the range which forms the highlands, after passing the Hudson, changes its NE. lo a N. course, in Dutchess CO,, and, winding through Moss, and Vt., enters L. C, The Shawongunk is most probably continued in the ridges found in the central parls of Dutchess and Columbia cos. The Kittatinny, forming tbe N W limits of Sul livan and Ulster cos,, in N. Y., preserves the NE. direction into Greene co,, where the ronge turns ralher abruptly to the N. and NW., attains its greatest elevation in the town of Windham, Thence il ranges along ihe S W. part of Schoharie, the SE, of Otsego, along tbe southern parls of Herkimer and Montgomery, crosses the Mohawk by tbe Litlle falls, ranges through Herkimer, where it is known by tbe local name of the Sacondago raountain. It ihence ranges between the Oswe- gatche and Black rivers, crosses the St. Lawrence by tbe Thousand islonds. It has been ignorance of, or inallenlion to this fact of their true organization, which has intro duced so much confusion in the delineation of our mountoins. All the minor chains E. of the Hud son pursue a course very nearly N. and S. Il has been the erroneously projecting of the m.ounlains of N. H. in a NE. direction which has placed mounlains between Maine and Lower Canada, where none exist. I am inclined to consider the mountains ofN. H., extending in a direclion very nearly N. from where they leave that Stale, to be identified wilh the precipices of Quebec, Montmo rency, and the Chaudiere. I have introduced these remarks in this ploce, in order to explain the strong feotures of N. Y,, and the connexion between ils natural geography and thot of the adjacent ploces. We now proceed wilh the locol physiognomy of lhat State. We have examined the principal raountains which checquer the face of N.'Y., and we have shown that the greater part of its surface is uneven. The only level tracts are the easiern raorgin of Long islond, a narrow strip along the S. side of Lake Ontario, and a few confined olluvial bottoms along some 6f the smaller rivers and creeks. The most marshy part of N.Y, lies in the angle be tween Lake Charaplain and the Si. Lawrence river. It raust be obvious lhat the climate phenomena of N. Y. must be very strongly marked. .See Long Island, and for detailed description, the re spective counties. In 0 general view ofN. Y., after its natural ge ography is surveyed, the next raost prominont ob ject it presents is its two great canals, which, how ever, from the general scope of our treatise, we cannot notice in detail. 645 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY NEW Table of pscents and descents from tide water, in ihe Hudson river, at ihe city of Albany, to ihe level of Lake Erie, by the route of the great wesiern canal of New, York. Miles, Feet Albany to Schoharie creek 42 Rises 286 Koine level, al Herkimer ¦2B 711 Do, 132 4IR Along that level B5 135 Montezuma • 3a m Falls 45 .S73 Lyons 24 197 Rises 61 434 Rochester level ,58 255 Do. 65 499 Along that level S6 321 LakeErie level at Lockport 66 565 Alon' lhat lev 1 to Black Rock and into L.ike Erie - 31 569 Table of the area of those parts of the U. States and Canada which has been opened lo the com merce of the Hudson by the completion of the two N. Y. canals. Sq. ms. Basin of Champlain 5,000 United basins of Oswego and Seneca rivers -' 7, .500 Basin of Erie - 27,000 Basin of Michigan 60,000 Basin of St. Clair 7,100 Basin of Huron ond Nipising 40,000 Basin of Superior 90,000 236,300 From which deduct for water — Lake Champlain .. 1,100 Small lakes in the basins of Genessee and Oswego 240 Lake Erie 15,750 Lake St. Clair 760 Lake Huron 13,000 Lake Michigan 13,500 Lake Nipising 500 Lake Supeiior 30,000 Smaller lakes and rivers 2,000 70,140 Remains for land - 166,160 .¦Ymounting to 111,129,600 acres. This expanse nearly equals four times the su perficies of the State of New York. Though mure than one-third ofthe space wo are surveying is in Canada, it may be here correctly included, as the course of commerce will be but little influ enced by national boundaries. The following tables exhibit the general, de tailed, and progressive population of New York, For polilical and civil purposes, N. Y. wos in 1810 subdivided into cos. as follows, which, in order lo show progressive populalion, is here re published : Counties' Pop, in 1810, Pop, in ISiO. Albany 34,656 33,115 AU-egliany l'^^ 9,33(1 Broome 8,130 '!'^?^ Cattaraugus - 4,090 Cayuga 29,843 38,897 Chautauque - 12,568 Chenango 21,704 31215 Clinton 8,002 12,070 Columbia 32,390 38,,330 8,869 16.607 Delaware 20,303 26,587 646 Table— Uonlinued. Counties, Dutchess Erie, erected since 1820" Essex'FranklinGenesseeGreen HamiltonHerkimer Jefiferson King's Lewis Livingston, erected since 1820. MadisonMonroe, Prected since 1820, Montgomery New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga OntarioOiangeOswegoOlsego Putnam Queea'sKensselaer Richmond RocklandSaratoga ,Schenectady Schoharie SenecaSt, Lawrence Steuben • SuffolkSullivanTiogaTompkinsUlaier WashingtonWdrren' Wayne,West Chester Yates, Tolal Pop. in 1610. Fop. in ISM, 61,363 9,477 2,61? 12568 19,536 22,046 15,140 8,303 6,433 25,144 41,214 96,373 8,971 33,792 25,987 42,03234,347 33,802 19,336 36,309 5,347 7,758 33,147 10,20118,943 16,609 7,8857,216 21,113 6,108 7,899 26,576 44,289 959,049 46,61512,811 4,139 SS,093 22,996 i,ai 31,017 32,952 11,187 9,227 32,203 37,569 123,706 2J,990 60,997 41,46788,2b7 41,213 12,374 44,85611,268 21,51940,153 6,135 8,837 36,052 13,08123,164 26,619 16,037 21,189 24,272 8,900 16,971 20,68130,93438,S31 9,453 32,638 1,372,812 Populalion in 1810. Free while males -' -474,281 Free white females 444,418 Total whites All other persons, except Indians, not taxed Slaves 913,689 25,333 15,017 Tolal populalion in 1810 -959,049 Population in 1820. Free while males ... Free white females All other persons except Indians, not taxed - 701 679,551 653,193 Tolal whites - 1,333,446 Free peisons of color, males - - 13,4.^8 Free persons of color, females - 15,821 Slaves, males - - 6,088 Slaves, females - - 6,000 Total populalion in 1820 - 1,372,812 Of these : Foreigners nol naturalized - - 15,101 Engaged in agriculture - 240,648 Do manufactures - 60,038 Do coramerce - 9,113 Pop, lo the sq. ra. 30 nearly. NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Pop. ofN. Y., November, 1835 269,873 Males 131,522 Females - - - 138,351 Besides, foreigners not naturalized - 27,538 297,411 Progressive populalion of New York — In 1810 - 959,049 1820 - - 1,372,812 1825 - - 1,616,4.58 1830 - - - 1,918,6118 1840 .... 2,428,921 Showing a ratio of increase in thirty years of 2.53, very nearly. It is a remarkable fact, thot the population of the cilies of New York and Philadelphia have gen erally maintained o proportion of obout one-lcnlh to that of the respective States. The proportion varies in ppproximation to absolute exoctness, it is true, but hos been sufliciently regular to afford o very interesting series in the progressive popula lion of these great sections of the Unitod States, Population of New York; by ages, from the cen sus of 1840. SOUTHERN DTSTniCT. Colored persons, free and slaves, who are — Deaf mid dumb - - * Do, blina . • - Do, insane and idiots at— Putilic charge - Private chai-ge T"tal numtjer of persons employed In- MiningAiiriculture Commerce Navig.iiion on tho ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivers Leiirned professions PensioneiB fur revolutionary or military sei vices Univeraiiies or colleges Do sludenls in Academies and grammar schools Do. students in Primary and common schools Do, scholars in Scholars at public charge Total number of white persons, over 20 years of who cannot read aud write 21 36 21 32 1,449 93,766 16,242 . 76,406 4,654 5,240 612 5 466264 13,0(17 . 1,667 87,859 ¦ 15,962 age, r 14,983 KOnrUEHN DlSTniCT. Whites,— Ages, Whites.— Ages, Oto 5 6 to to 10 to 13 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 60 10 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 60 to 90 90 to 100 100 aad upwards Total Males. Females, 54,810 63,622 41,203 41,559 36,063 35,639 34,735 39,362 77,223 79,'64 53,507 47,421 28,073 W,297 1^,604 16,013 8,l.j6 9,216 3,126 4,335 1,019 1,314 112 161 17 11 353,428 Free colored persons. — Ages. 0 to 10 10 to -ii 21 to 33 36 to 55 65 to 100 100 and upwards Total free colored Slaves Aggregate Males. 4,3344,601 4,24.5 3,133 1,031 10 17,374 355.257353,428 708,685 Females. 4,395 5,1136,3263,4451,484 27 19,790 17,374 37,164 4 37,168 745,853 Wliite persons ofthe foregoing wlio are- Deal and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. 14 to 25 Do. above 25 Total do, deaf and dumb Do, blind Do. insane and idiots at— Public charge - Do, private charge Do. total 81 189 116 386 245 305349 Olo 5 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 8'J to 90 90 to 100 lOJ and upwards Total whites - Males. 132,920 llb,9u4 li'3,689 93,339 163,768 1U4,687 69,46740,17122,733 1(1,968 2,905 267 39 853,929 Free colored persons.— Ages. OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 10 55 65 to 100 100 and upwards Tolal free colored persona Aggregate Malej. 1,654 1,7691,466 1,088 445 13 6,435 Females. 127,147 112,956 99,338 98,05-2 147,873 96,46162,866 37,48321.1,944 9,946 2,8i« 338 14 816,276853,929 1,670,203 Females. 1,637 1,8331,4631,009 444, 17 8,423 6,433 12,863 1,663,078 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. fronl 14 to 25 Do, above 25 Do, total deaf and dumb Du, blind Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge Private chdige Do, total insane, &c. Colored persons, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Do. insane and idiots at • All persons ol the foregoing who are employed in— Mining " ... Agriculture CommerceNavigation on fhe ocean Do, canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions I Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 654 1 Uni versiiks or colleges 647 1E8 173iW633630 373 1,1141,493 4755 141 419 362,199 1J,226 642 5,3138,8713,477 7 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NEW Do. students in - . 819 Academies and grarrtmar schools . 251 Do. stuilents in ' - . . 21,703 Primary and common schools 9,206 Do, scholars in - - 414,508 Numberof scholars at public charge . - 11, U3 Number of white persons, over 20 years- of age, who cannot read or write - . 29,469 Population by ages of all persons in New York, Whites,— Ages. 0to5StolO. 10 to 15 1510 20 20 to 30 3D to 40 40 to 60 60 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to lOa 100 and upwards Total whites Males, »ia7,7,30 158il07 139,732 130,094. 230,981 158,194975,542 64,97530,869 14,694 3,984 379 1,207,367 Females, 180,769154,525 134,977 137,414 227,137144,421 90,163 63,496 30,19013,8;jl 4,152 422 25 Tabu — Continued.. Cotmtles, 1,171,533 1,207,367 2,378,990 Free white persons. Free colored persons, — Ages, 0 to 10 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 65 65 to IQO 100 and upwards, Total free colored Slaves Total free colored and slaves. Males, 6,0086,370 6,711 4,221 1,476 23 23,609 Females, 6,032 6,9516,809 4,4641,928 44 26,218 23,809 50,027 4 50,031 Aggregate population 2,4-28,921 Whiles, deaf and'uumb 1,039 Whites, blind 875 Whites, idiots and insane 2,146 Population of New York by counties. — 1840, Free white, Free col. Slaves. persons. persons. Total Connties. tn " T' SI ¦5 S •s " C9 E H 13 Id s £ s S cS W, NEW YORK, Albany 33,75t 33,521 595 719 68,593 41,318 19,615 67 75 40,975 ^oome 11,316 10,799 109 114 22,338 Cattaraugus - 14,397 13,897 17 21 28,872 Cayuga 25,48. 24,4-il 'm 197 50,336 Chautauque - 21,345 '.43,506 57 67 47,975 Chemung 10,364 10,0i5 68 46 20,73-2 Chenango 20,314 20,198 14U 133 40,785 Qinton 14,386 13,685 4t 38 28,157 fenlandt 12,385 12,176 21 25 . 24,60? Delaware 17,776 17,43U 101 90 35,396 £He 32,173 29,681 32t 260 62,4a; Essex 12,111 11,445 47 31 . 23,6.34 Franklin 8,390 8,126 2 1 16,618 Fiilton 8,671 9,064 68 56 18,049 Genessee 30,015 29,467 64 61 69,887 Herklmeir - 19,2b0 17,*10 143 144 3?',477 1,031 31,-276 9,174 18,389 33,-20a 20.-201 18,83016,104 4-2,930 34,90421,872 12,923 22.43921,560 -29,6-272(1,202 8,763 16,00212,609 -28.9-2523,694 10,48318,996 20,706 21.4-24 6,661 10,335 853929 81C276 142731 15,07222,591 1,168 21,-254 6,613 24,533 . 5,247 16,39521,917 13,825 6,192 24,7-2526,265 853 29,567 8,603 16,611 31,03919,584 16,351 14,787 41,7363-2,3.30 20,96512.135 20,96524,846 29,44219,702 8,214 15,86312,066 27,746 22,156 9,682 18,699 20,102 20,411 6,529 9,975 Free colored persona. S - 153621 14,481 21;4-27 7,361 20,442 6,144 21,663 5,235 14 897 22,830 12,990 6,351 23,7-2-2 24,863 1 70 26 63 341117 263143 3232-29315 37 105 112 608 306 191 263 100 19 145 92 134 138 116 1869 N, NEW yOKK Hamilton Jefferson Lewis LivingstonMonroeMadisonMontgomery ¦ Niagara OneidaOnondagaOntai io OrleansOawego OiSegoRensselaer- - SaratogaSchenectady - Scoharie SenecaSt. Lawrence SteubenTiogaTompkins Washington - Wayne Warren Yates Total N. N.Y. S, NEW YOEK, New York city and county - GreenUlsterSullivan Columbia Putnam West Chester Richmond Suffolk King'sQueen's Rockland Orange Dutchesa Total S,N,Y, 353428 355257 17,374 19,790 6,435 6,923 41b854 40 739 93 '¦' „ W60 1,1561,3681,763 227 1,124 1,112 2 71 2877 314106 32-- 9a 321 248349 32 110 110 5S2 343219 240 9916 143 70 119 134 106 1465 Staves, Total, 6,428 9,435 447960 40 817 74 1,012 233 1,0221,4761,754 2IJ5 1,1681,156 1,907 60,98417,830 33,140 64.902 40,00833,818 31,132 85,310 67,911 43,501 25,127 43,619 49,628 60,-269 40,533 17,387 32,35824,874 66,706 46,138 20,5-27 37,948 41,08043,057 13,422 20,444 1683068 312,710 30,446 45,822 15,629 43,262 12.825 48,636 10,965 32,469'47,613 30,324 11,976 60,739 52,393 745,853 New York, city and county of New York, situ ated on Manhatttm island, between Hudson river,, East river. New York bay, and Haerlem river. Lat. 40 42 N., and lon. 74° W. from London, and 3° E, from Washington, 143 miles below Al bany, 90 NE. of Philadelphia, and 210 SW, from Boston. The city and county of New York are commen surate and occupy the whole pf Manhattan island, which is about 12 ms. long, and averages l\ wide, with an area of 18 sq. ms. The cily of New York is composed of the city proper and Greenwich. The compactly buill part commences at the bollery, or point of confluence between the Hudson and East rivers, and, gradu ally becoming more scattered, the buildings extend belween three ond four miles up each river. The streets in the lower or ancient part are generally irregular, but the more modern streets are gener ally straight, and intersecting jeach other at right ongles. The boast of New York, and perhaps the United Slates, is Broadway, extending 80 feet wide, upwards of 3 ms. No style of building can be no- 648 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NIA ticed as characteristic of New York. The private buildings vary, from the old, heavy Dutch mode, to the utmost reflnemont and convenience of raod- ern toste. Columbia College, (King's College before the Revolution,) was founded in 1754 j it has a presi- deni, and five professors.- Ill its exterior. New York has the most imposing apnearonce ot any cily in the Uniled States. The virfw from the Battery of the horbor, Staten Island, and the adjacent shore of Long IsUnd and New Jersey, has been very justly admired by almost ev ery visitant. The harbor, or, more correctly, har bors of New York, are sufliciently exiensive lo admit the raost nuraerous asserablage of shipping, and of sufficient depth to admit vessels of nearly the largest class. Being open to the tides, it is only in very severe winters rendered inaccessible by ice. The principal mercantile horbor is that of East river, but the whole shore around frora Cor- lear's Hook to Greenwich is generally accommo dated with docks for vessels of various descriptions. Besides pockets, nuraerous team and steamboats ply across the respective ferries from New York to Long Island, Staten Island, and New Jersey. Reg ular lines of steam packets run from that cily to New Brunswick, the various towns on the Hud son as high as Albany, and to Providence, R. I. It is in fine a city combining, perhaps, as raany natural advantoges as any olher on the globe. lis position is adrairably adapted to connect the for eign comraerce and inland tf-ade of Ihe U. Slates. The two great canals uniting the basin of the Hud son to lhat of St Lawrence, by two very important points of contact, will add incalculably to the al ready vast odvanloges of this greot emporium. It is an astonishing fact lhat New York is now the second city in the world in point of shipping ton nage, possessing more than one-half as rauch as the city ofLondon. In 1816, it amounted lo neor 300,000 tons. The annual cuslom-house receipts of this cily amount to about one fourth part of the en tire revenue of the United Slates, The revenue of the city itself amounts to near §500,000 an nually. The following tobies present the oggregote and progressive populalion of the cily New York. Population in 1810. Free whites males - - 43,448 Do. do. females - - 43,102 Total whites - - 86,550 All others persons except Iildians not taxed - - - 8,137 Slaves - - . 1,686 Total pop. in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Do. du. females Total whites Free persons of color, males - Do. do. females - Slaves, males ... Do. females Total pop. in 1820 82* 96,373 55,31257,508 112,820 4,194 6,174 177 341 123,706 Of these— Of these, foreigners not naturalized - 6,390 Engaged in agriculture - - 386 Engaged in manufactures - 9,623 Engaged in commerce . - 3,142 Pop. to the sq. m. - - - 6,878 The pop. of the city of N. Y. was — In 1697 .... 4,302 1756 - . - 13,040 1790 - - 33,131 1800 - . 60,489 1805* .... 75,770 1810 - 96,373 1820 - 123,706 1825 - 166,086 1830 - - 202,589 1840 - - - . 312,710 From the above, it is seen that the cily of Now York has more than doubled in the last 20 years, and it is probable that for at least a century in ad vance, this city will double ils populalion in each 25 years ; and if so, will contain — In 1850 - . . . 332,172 1875 - - . 664,344 1900 - - 1,328,688 1925 - - - 2,657,376 See Great Britain, London, United States, and the introduction lo ihis treatise. New York, small town, Albemarle co., Va., 23 ms. W. from Charlotte. Village, Champaign CO,, Ohio Village, Monlgoraery co., Tenn., 1 1 1 ms. NW. from Murfreesborough. New Zealand, two large islands in the South Pacific ocean, divided from each other by a strait of about 12 ms. wide. They are each about 600 ras. long, and wilh a mean width of about 100. Lon. from 181° to 194°, lal. 34° to 38 S. The aborigines are savages. The Brilish Government has formed one or two settlements, in which at tempts have been raade lo introduce the art of civ ilized life araong the nalives. — See art. Australia, Neyland, town of Eng,, in Suffolk, with a manufocture of saize and boize. Il is seoted on the Stour, over which is a bridge, 16 ms. SW. of Ipswich, and 57 NE. of London. Lon. .1 5 E., lat. 52 1 N, Neytracht, town of Upper Hungary, capitol of a CO. of the same name, wilh a bishop's see. It is seoted on the Neytra, 40 ms. NE. of Presburg. Lon. 17 49 E., lat. 48 28 N. Nezpique, river of Lou., the W. branch of the Mermentau. It rises aboul 40 ms. NW. from the town of St. Landre, in Opelousas, flows S., and joins the Placquemine Brul^ to form the Mer- mentau. Ngan-King-fou, the capital of tho western port of the province of Kiang-nan, in China ; its situa tion is delightful. All the country belonging to it is level, pleasant, and fertile. It has under its ju risdiction only six cities of the third class. Lon. 110 45 E., lat. 30 35 N. Ngan-lo-fou, rich and populous city of China, in the province of Hou-Quang, containing in its district two cities of the second, and five of the third class. It is 425 ms. W. by S. of Nanking. Niagara, river, strait of North A merica, between Lakes Eric and Ontario. Jt is, strictly speaking, a strait uniting the two lakes. It commences by a rapid, 2 ms. NNW. from the town of BulTalo, 649 NIA ¦^GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NIA The rapid terminates al or a lillle below Black Rock, and, assuming a placid current, wilh a width from a half to one and a half raile, the river flows frora Black Rock to the head of Grand Isle, 7 ras. with a course nearly NW. Here it divides into two large branches, which, encircling Grand isle, ogoin reunite '3 ms. above the falls. Now up wards of a mile wide, and gradually contracting in breadth and increasing in velocity, the whole raass approaches 4he great ledge, which fornrs the tre raendous cataract of Niagara. . ^ This ledge is itself a part of the vast floelz strata which stretches along the soulhern shores of Lake Ontario, crosses Niagara river, and reaches to an unknown distance into Canada. Below Grand isle the river turns to a course of nearly W., which it continues to the falls, where it abruptly curves to NE., which it continues about a raile, frora whence it assumes a norlhern direc tion, which, with some partial bends, it continues to Lake Ontario. See the succeeding article, Ni agara Falls, Niagara Falls is a cataract in Niagara river, formed by the intersection with that stream of the great ledge noticed in the article Niagara river. The following table exhibits the entire lengih of Niagara river, and Ihe respective fall from Erie to Ontario. From Lake Erie to the head ofthe rapids From the rapids to the head of the falls - Great fall . - - . From falls lo Lewistown From Lewistown lo Lake Ontario Entire distance and fall Miles. 35J Fall. 20 15 ft, U 61 162 7 104 7 2 334 Standing on either side of Niagara river above the falls, the aspect of the adjacent couniry is that of a general level. Nothing announces an ap proach to the cataract, except the spray and cloud ot vapour which rises from the surge below. The water is precipitated over an imraense raass of liraestone rock, which forms the bed of the riv er. The width of the river in a straight line, at the falls, is three-fourths of a mile. But as ils principal force is exerted in the centre, the brow of the precipice has been worn in the shape of a horse shoe, and its whole winding width is not less than a raile aud a half. This distance is divided by a a small woody island, called Goat island, near the American side, which divides the cataract into two. The elevalion of this island above the surface ol the stream is not very great, but it presents towards the NW. a bold perpendicular front of bare solid rock, the whole height of the cataract. The width of the fall belween Goat island and the American side is about one-fifth of the whole, and that of the island itself another fifth, although the quantily of woter on the British side is probably ten times as great as on the other. A bridge now connects the N. Y. shore to Goat Island. , The Table rock is a part of the Canada bank, which is on the margin of the great sheet of falling water. It furnishes altogether the most interest ing view of the falls. The eye, looking up the river, beholds it tumbling wilh wild magnificence over the ledges of rocks, which, seen from this 650 place, seem close together, and appear to consti. lute a single broken cataract. This immense moss of walers, greatly increased in ils ropidily by this desceni, and perhaps slill more by the contraction of the river, rolls with an apparently instantaneous motion to the brow of the precipice, and shoots over it inlo the abyss below. The depth of the precipice, the roar of the cataract, the raass of the woters, and, above all, the inconceivable exertion of power, overwhelm the mind wilh emotions of sublimity and grandeur, and fill it with new and clearer views of the weakness and littleness of man. From the surface of the stream beneath, on the Canada side, there arises a thick and constant cloud of vapour, which mounts above the precipice to the height of more than 100 feet. In clear weather three primary. rainbows are frequently vis ible at once in various parts of this cloud. These, when the sun is near the horizon, appear eoraplele semicircles, and are often of singular lustre and beauty. Beneath the fall lies a thick mass of foBm, which, for a great extent, covers the surface ofthe water. The bonks of the river below are on both sides perpendicular, of solid rock, and of the same height with those above the fall. They continue of this height 7 ras, to Queenstown. Here the cataract is supposed to have commenced after the deluge, and from this place to have worn ils way bockword to its present spot. No one who exam ines the ground will doubt for a moment that this has been the case ; and those who have lived for 20 years on the bonk all attest this retrograde mo tion. These falls are in lot 43 5 N. The following comparalive table exhibits the relative heights of the most remarkable catarocls : Feel. Slaubbach - 900 Tequendomo - 802 Niagara, direct fall - - 162 Niogora river, entire fall from Erie lo On- torio - - 33.S Coterkill - - 310 Montmorenci ¦ 246 Schafhausen, or Loufen - 60 Terni, or Velino . . 300 Cahoes - - 70 Great falls of Potoraac, about - 40 Niagara, co., N. Y., bounded by Niagora river W., Lake Onlario N., Genessee co. E., ond Ton ewanto or Erie S. Lengih 33 ms., mean width 20, area 660 sq. ms. Surface generally hilly, though some tracts of level, and even raarshy lond, skirt Lake Ontario and Tonewanto river. The ridge which forms the catoract of Niagara occupies the middle part of this county from W. lo E, Soil productive in grain and pasturage. The Erie ca nal passes through ils SE. angle. Chief lown, Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 22,990; and in 1840. 31,132. This, however, includes Erie co., as the hitter was taken from Niagara co since 1820. Central lal. 40 13 N., lon. W. C. 1 47 W. Niagara, town and fort, Niagara co., N. Y., at the discharge of Niagara, r^ver into Lake Onlario. Lon. W. C. 2 6 W,, lat. 43 14 N. Niagara Falls, post office, 325 ras. a litlle N. of W. frora Albany, and 20 ms. N. from Bufialo. Nias, small island in the E. Indies, at the W. end of Su.natra. Lon. 97° E,, lat. 1 ION. NIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIQNARY. NIC Nibano, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Parrao, 57 ms. W. of Parma. Lon. 10° E,, lat, 45 5 N Nicaburg, city of Persia, and tho largest and richest in Korassan, famous for a mine of turquois- stones in its neighborhood. It is 37 uis. S. of Mesched. Longitude 57 48 E., latitude 36 30 North. Nicaragua, province of -N. America, in Guata mala, or Central Araerica, bounded on the N W. by Veropaz, NE. by Honduras, on the E. by the At lantic ocean, on the SE. by Costa Rica, and on the SW. by the S. Pacific ocean, being about 500 ms, from SE. to NW., and 120 frora KE. to SW. It is one of the most fruitful provinces of Central Araeiico, and is well watered by lakes and rivers. The air is tempcrote and wholesome, and the country produces plenly of sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital. In the chonges and improvements now happily advancing on the earth, there is no other country more likely to rise into great national im portance than Nicaragua. In the great question of importance, where does naiure afford most facil ity in forming a navigable channel from the Allan- tic into the Pacific 1 All echoes, as yet, respond Nicaragua. Nicaragua, lake ofN. America, between a pro vince of the some narae and Cosla Rica. It is 300 ms. in circumference, hos some islands in it, and, stretching from the city of Leon N W. to SE,, communicates with the .\llonlic ocean by the river Si. Juan. See art. America, p, 55, and also art. Panama Isthmus, Tbe range of Lakes Leon and Nicarogua and the river St. Juan is very nearly, fromNW. lo SE,, 300 ms., of which a litlle more than one-lhird is occupied by the St. .luan, the whole lying between lolitudes 10^° and 12^. Nicaria, island of the Archipelago, between Samos and Tina, ancient called Icario, 50 ms. in circumference. The inhabitonts are of the Greek re- religion, about 3,000 in number, and apply them selves lo swimming and diving for sponges, and goods lost by shipwreck. Lon. 36 30 E. lat, 37 40 N. Nicastro, espiscopal town of Naples, in Colo- bria Ulteriore, 17 ras. S. of Cosenza. Lon. 16 21 E . lat. 39 3 N. Nice, CO. of Ilaly, bounded on the W. by ihe river Var and the raaritime Alps, which divide it from France, on the N. by PiedraonI, on the E. by the territories of Genoa, and on the S. by the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appen. dage of Provence, in France, hut has for many years belonged to the king of Sardinia. The in habitants supply Genoa with timber for ship building, and carry on a trade in paper, and other arlicles. It is 60 ras. long and 30 broad, and contains about 12.5,000 inhabilanls. Nice, ancient and considerable cily of Italy, capital of a co. of the sarae name. Il is of a triangular forra, and confined in ils situation, having a high rock on the E,, the river Paglion on the W., and the Mediterranean on the S.; frora which last it is separated by a beautiful and exiensive terrace, used as a public walk. The harbor is on the E. side of the rock, and called Limpia, from o small river that falls into it. The exports are silk, sweetr oil, wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts of dried fruils. It is 4 ms. E, of the raouth of tho Var, and 83 S. by W. of Turin. Lon. 7 23 E,, lat. 43 42 N. Cily of Asia. See Isnir, Nicolas, St., town ofFr. in the dep, of Meur the, and lale province of Lorraine, with a hand some church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, to which pilgrims formerly resorted from all quartets. It is sealed on the Meurthe, 5 ms. SE. of Nancy, and 265 E. Paris. Seaport of Russia, in the government of Archangel, sealed al the moulh of the" Dwina, on tho While sea, 6 ms. S. ofArch- ongel. Nicholas, St., or Mole St Nicholas, town, har- bor, and cape of tbe West Indies, at the S W, ex tremily of St. Domingo, commanding the strait called the Windward passage. The harbor is very capacious at the entrance, and ships of any burden may ride al anchor in the basin, during the greatest slorra. It was taken by the English, oided by the French royalists, in 1793. Lon. 73 20 W., lat. 19 15 N. Nicholas, St., one of the largest of the Cape de Verd islands, between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 ms. in length, and the land is stony, mouniainous, and barren, Lon. 14 10 W., lat. 16 32 N. Nicholas, CO. Va,, bounded by Bath NE. and E., Monroe SE. and S,, and by Greenbriar VV. Olid NW. Greenbriar passes through this co,, from NE. to SW., dividing it inlo two nearly equal sections. Surface very hilly and moun tainous. Chief town, Lewisburg. Length 40 ms., mean width 30, area 800 sq. ms. Pop. in 1820, 1,853 ; ond in 1840, 2,515. Central lot. 28 20. lon. W. C. 3 40 W. Nicholas, C. H., and post office, Nicholas co., Va,, by postroad 325 ms. SW. by W. from W. C, and 277 NW. by W, from Richraond. Nicholas, co., Ky., bounded by Bath SE,, Bourbon SW., Harrison W., Bracken NW., Mason NE., and Fleming E. Length 30 ms., mean width 12, area 360 sq. ms. Chief towns, Ellisville, Millersville, and . Corlisle. Pop. in 1820, 7,973 ; and in 1840, 8,745. Central lat, 38 26 N., lon. W. C. 6 42 W. Nicholasville, town and capital, Jessamine co., Ky., 15 ms. SSVV. frora Lexington, and 30 SSE. frora Frankfort. Nicholasburg, town of Gerraany, in Moravia, wilh a casile, 27 ms. N. of Vienna. Nicobar Islands, several islands at the entrance of the Gulf of Bengal. They are almost entirely uncullivoted ; but the cocoonut, the raellori, or lerum, (a kind of bread-fruit,) and other tropical fruils, grow spontaneously lo the greatest perfec tion. The inhobitants are said lo be a harmless sort of people, low in stature, but very well made, and surprisingly active and strong. They are naturally good humoured and gay. There sub sists araong them a perfect equality. A few aged people have a liltle more respect paid thera, but there is no appearance of authority over one an other. These islands extend northward from the N. point of Sumatra. The largest of them, which gives name to the rest, is 40 ms. in length, and 15 in breadth. Ils S. extremity in lon. 94 23 E., lat. 8° N. Nicojack, remarkable cave, or cavern of the Lookout mountain, in t}ie Cherokee country, out of which flpws an immense stream of water. It is 641 NIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY NIE about' one mile and a half frora Tennessee river, and near where the boundaries of Georgia and Alabama reach that streara. Nicolayef, city of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, founded hy Catharine II., on the S. side of the Ingul, at its conflux with the Bog. The public buildings, and a number of private houses, are constructed of a white calcareous stone, but the rest of the houses are of wood. This place being of easier access by waler for vessels than Cherson, it is now the copital of the naval establishment of the Black sea. The admiralty, with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet and dry docks, and every necessary department for shipping, are placed along the banks of the Ingul. It is 30 ms. NNE. of Oczakow, and 45 NW. of Cherson. Lon. 30 46 E., lat. 46 58 N. Nicolet, river of L. C, rises in Buckinghara CO., by two sources, which flow NW. belween Becancour and St. Francis rivers, unite about 60 ras., and fall into the lower end of Lake St. Peter, 10 ras. above Three rivers. Seigniory, Buckinghara co., L. C, on Lake St, Perer-, and on both sides of Nicolet river. Nicolo, St,, the raost considerable and most populous town of the isle of Treraeli, in tbe Gulf of Venice. It has a harbor, defended by a for tress, in which is an abbey and a church. Lon. 15 37 E., lot, 42 10 N. iWcomeA'a, town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, now called Ischhiich, or Schrait, and written Is mid, Iz.mid, Is-Nick-Mid, &c. All these are mere inflections of the original names. The Turks hove been, supposed in many cases to have iraposed new naraes of places, but which change rose from their inability to pronounce the sounds of Euro pean languoges. The easiern part of the Marmo ra sea branches into two triangular gulfs, extend ing eastwards, ond terminating by sharp angles. Nicomedia stands on or near the head of the north ernmost of these gulfs. It was formerly a lorge place, as appears by the fine ruins; andjiow con tains 30,000 inhabitants, who consist of Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. It is still a ploce of con sequence, and carries on a trade in silk, colton, glass, and earthenware. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 50 ras. SE. by E. of Constan tinople. Lon. 39 30 E., lat. 40 30 N. Nicopoli, town of European Turkey, in Bul garia, famous for a battle fought between the Turks and Christians, in 1396, when the Emperor Sigismund was defeated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the dsma, 60 ms. SSW. of Bucharest, and 150 NW. of Adrianople. Lon. 25 43 E., lat. 44 16 N. Nicopoli, a ancieni town of Armenia, buill by Pompey the Great, iu meraory of a victory gained over Mithridates. It is seated on the Cerauna, 165 ms. SW. of Erzerum. Lon. 37 55 E , lal. 38 15 N. Nicosia, strong town, capital of the islond of Cyprus, and the residence of a Turkish bashaw, delightfully seated between the mountain Olym pus, and a chain of other monntains. Il was formerly well fortified by the Venetians, but now the works are in ruins. It is 3 ms, in circura- ference; and there are plantations of olives, al- raonds, lemonds, oranges, mulberries, and cy- 653 press trees, interspersed among the houses, which give to the town a delightful appearance. The church of St. Sophia is an old Gothic slruclure, which the Turks have turned into a mosque, and destroyed the ornaments. It is IQO ms. W. of Tripoli, and 160 SW. of Aleppo. Lon. 54 45 E., lat. 34 54 N. Town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 12 ras. S. of Cefaln. Nicolera, town »f Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, near the coast of the Mediterranean, 35 ms. NNE. of Reggio, and 185 SE. of Naples. Lon. 16 30 E,, lat. 38 34 N. Nicoya, town of Central America, in Cosla Rica, situate on the Dispenso, which runs into the Bay of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 98 ras. WNW. of Carlago. Lon. 86 40 W., lat. 10 40 iV. Nicsara, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, and an archbishop's see, 10 ms. N. of Tocat. , Lon. 36 9 E. lat.. 39 35 N. Nidau, town of Switzerland, capital of a baili wic, in the canion of Bern, with a castle, situate on tbe Lake of Biel, 15 ms. NW. of Bern. Nidda, town of Germany, in Wetteravia, seated on a river of the same name, 20 ms. NE- of Frankfort. Nideckan, lown of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and duchy of Juliers. It is situated on, and surrounded by rocks, and is 13 ms. SSE. of Juliers. Lon. 6 16 E., lat., 50 46 N. Nijibadqd, small town of Hindoostan Proper, 80 ms. NNE. of Delhi. Lon. 78 41 E., lat. 29 35 N. Niebla, lown of Spain, in Andalusio, seoted on the Rio Tinto, 10 ras. W. of Seville. Lon. 5 56 W,, lat. 37 26 N. Niederbieber, village of Germany, in the prin- cipality of Wied, 3 ras. frora Neuwied. Many valuable antiquities, and the traces of a Roman city were discovered here in 1791. Niemecz, strong town of Moldavi.-i, between Soczoway and Brassaw, being 25 ms. from each. Lon. 26 16 E., lal. 48 58 N. Niemen, large river of Poland, which rises in Lithuania, and passes by Bielica, and Grodno ; it afterwards runs through part of Samogilia, and Easiern Prussia, where it falls into the arm of the sea, called the C urisch-half, by several mouths; of which the most northern is called the Russ, being the nome of the town it passes by It is united to the Dnieper by the canal of Oginski. See Oginski. Below the junction of the Nie men and Vilia, the united stream is generally known as the Memel. The comparalive lengih of the Memel, by either branch is about 250 ms. Nienburg, town of Gerraany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick-Lu nenburg, with a strong castle. It carries on a considerable trade in corn and wood, and is a rich and strong town ; is seated on the Weser, 30 ibs. NW. of Hanover, and 37 SE. of Bremen. Lon. 8 26 E., lat. 52 45 N. Men, Chster, town of Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Schwerin, 3 ms. E. of Wisraar. Nienhuis, towh of Gerraany, in the circle of Westphalia, seated on the Lippe, 20 ms. E. of Liepstadt. Lon. 8 65 E., lal. 51 50 N. Nieper. — See Dnieper. Niestadt, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, NIG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NIG in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 15 ms. 8. of Schwe- terlocking strearas, presenting the general aspect of rin. Lon. 11 46 E., lat 63 59 N. Town of an estuary, Germany, in the Middle Marche of Brandenburg. | Thns far the geography of tho Niger is certain. seoted on theFuyhre, 25 ms. NE. of Berlin. Lon. iThe relotive positions ore no doubt distorted, but 14 1 E., lat. 52 49 N. the leading objects are known to have a real exist- Niester. — See Dniester, ence. It is impossible to poy due attention lo this Neuport, seaport of Austrian Flanders, seated part of the map of Africa, without perceiving the on the German ocean, at the raouth of the Yper- generol source of controversy on the course and lee. It is 9 ras. SW. of Ostend, and 16 NE. of terraination of the Niger. Every author who has Dunkirk. Longitude 2 45 East, latitude 51 7 written on this stream has given its course frora Norlh. what he conceived the best source of information. Niger, large river of Africa, forraerly very little The existence of a greot central African rivpr, known. In order to ascertain the rise, course, and flowing to the E., was known to Herodotus, and termination of the Niger, Mr. Parke was sent out communicated to Europe by sorae Nassorainians by the African ass6cialion in 1795. The course from the Mediterranean coast. All the Greek and ofthe river, which was formerly supposed to be Roman authors, frora Herodotus to Ptolemy, give frora E. to W., has been deterrained by Mr. Parke the Niger its real course. to flow N. through the country of Mandingo, and : Edrisi, an Arabian author, upwards of 15 cen- then to take an easterly course ihrough the king- ruries after Herodotus, first introduced doubt and doms of Bambara, Torabuctoo, Trocur, and Gha- confusion into this part of geography, by repre- na, to Wangara, where it divides into several senting the Niger flowing westerly. Edrisi was branches. The 'Moors and Arabs call it Neel il followed by other Arabian authors. Though lead- -Abeed, or river of Slaves, and Neel Kibeer, or ing to a false general conclusion, the data used by Great river. Inthe rainy season it swells above ! Edrisi and his followers was correct. They delin- its banks, and floods the adjacent lands. Since ' eated the Niger and Nile as flowing frora the sarae the expeditions of Mr. Parke, several subsequent chain— the lattej- to the NE.. and the former lothe ones have been fitted out by the British Govern- NW. The Niger of Edrisi, and the Arabian au- ment to explore this streara, and to determine its ' thors generally, was most probably the Miselad; course and point of discharge. All those expedi- 1 and it is also extremely probable thot the very ex- tions have proved unforlunotc and abortive, as to jistence of the great western stream now known as the main object of research. It is, however, a the Niger was not suspected by these writers. The subject of no reasonable doubt but that it flows 1 Miselad and Bahr-Abiadh, or real Nile, are now into the Atlantic ocean. Its connexion wilh the distinctly known lo flow from the same mountains, Nile is rejected by the best geographers. The ' and exactly as laid down by Edrisi. As soon as singular obscurity and* controdictions respecting the reol Niger was rediscovered, and found flowing this great streom whicli prevail in our books are eastward, an interminable controversy ensued, and reproachful to modern science. In 1819 the au- ! yet Europe itself presents a very similar position thor of this treotise wrote a memoir to show the to Wangara, in the collected waters of tbe Danube probability that the Niger had its outlet in the At- above Orsova — the Teiss flowing from the E , the lantic ocean. This memoir was published in the Save and Drave fronj the W., and the real Dan- American Magazine. The following is a brief out- ube from the N., and all forming the marshy fens line of the arguments there used: Examining a of Temesvaer. Who would suspect the ultimate map of northern and control Africa, we perceive termination of the Don ube, who only knew the the Niger flowing from the Kong mountoins, hov- confluent sireams above the mountain poss of ing ils sources about lon 7° W. of London, and Orsova 1 lat. -12° N. Pursuing a course of NE. by E. to ! The United States present another instance sim- Tombuctoo, in lal. 16 30 N., and 1 30 E. of Lon- jilar to Wangara. The lower Tennessee, flowing don. Below Tombuctoo, this now considerable iN,, meets the Ohio from IheNE., and both ore stream inclines eostward, gradually inflecting lo ^ quickly joined by tbe occumulated woters of Mis- the S,, continues through upwards of 20° of lon , Isissippi and Missouri from the N,, W., and S W. is finally lost to science, and leaves the residue of , If the courses of Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, :._ - .__: — u:„_. „f u .u — ;,. TU- 117-1 L T,n: ;_..;....: s«; : _- i .-, its course a mysterious subject of hypothesis. The Kong mountains and the Niger maintain a very neatly similar course, leaving a vaguely known in terval of frora 3 to 400 ms. The known towns on the Niger are Sego, Silla, Tombuctoo, Housa, Kashna, and Ghana. Between lon. 20 and 27° E. of London, two rivers aje laid down, which flow directly towards eoch other — the Bahr-Kuku, from the Tibboo of Bilma, and the Bohr-Miselad, from the Gibel Korari, or Mountains ofthe Moon. Both these rivers are discharged into Lake Fitre, of which recipient a third river is discharged, which finally joins the Niger in the lower Wan gara. The Kuku,' flowing from the N., the Mis- e'ad frora the S., and their continuation below Lake Fitre to the SW., meet the Niger from the W. Thus Wangara is a complete assemblage of rivers, and is found marshy, full of lakes and in- Wabash, Mississippi, Missouri, and Osage, were known, whilst their confluence and continuation remained undiscovered, a great inland sea would be supposed 1 1 occupy lower Kentucky, lower Tenries-ee, and lower Missouri. In respect lo the Niger, whilst the courses of the main stream, the Bohr-Kulio, and Miselad, have been developed, their continuation remains to be explored. Major Rennel, and, after, his ex ample, many others of less talent, adopted the idea of an interior Caspian, or an egress by the Egyp tian Nile. This school of geographers found an impassable barrier in a supposed unity of the Kong and Gibel Korari mounlains. Major Rennel hira- • self combalted, with much ingenuity, the hypothe sis of any coramunication between the Niger and Nile, but adopted that hypothesis, already noticed, of an interior detached recipient. Major Rennel 653 NIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NIL adopted another hypothesis, now found also in correct : he supposed the Sahara lower than the valley of the Niger. The soulhern course of the rivers ought to have at once precluded the exist ence of such an error. Another source of controversy arises from the dif ferent orthography ofthe sorae narae. Isitnotalniost certain thot Wassannah, Kasstna, Gano, Guinee, Guinea, are not diflTerent modifications ofthe same word, or that these nomes are derived from a com mon root 1 Itineraries yield in alraosl all instan ces very erroneous results, as respects distance and relative position. Combining, therefore, all accounts of the Niger, we are fully justified in considering Wangara or Gongara as an alluvial region, formed by an as semblage of rivers, from which the accumulated mass of walers is discharged by a mounlain poss, and that the Atlantic ocean is the final recipient. Since the preceding was written, I have had the advantage to read Malte Brun. This great geog rapher adopts the opinion that the Niger debouches inlo the Atlantic ocean, but assumes from Reich- ardl the Bight of Benin, and not the Zaire, as the poinl of final discharge. In book Ix, this author admits the possiljiUty of a communication between the Nile and Niger, but similar fo that of South Araerica, between the Amazon and Orinoco, by the Cassiquiari and Negro rivors. In book Ixvii, Malte Brun recapilulaies, wilh great perspi cuity, the arguments by which M. Reichardt sup posed the Bight of Benin to be the recipient ofthe Niger, and, though Ihe former does not aclually submit to the opinion of the latler author, it is ob vious lhat his mind fell the force by which tbe conclusion was supported. If tbe Niger is acluolly discharged by the Bight of Benin, it must hove an entire course equol to 45° of a great circle, or upwards of 3,000 ms , and will be, of course, one of the greatest rivers of the earth, It is now (1843) fully ascertained thot the Ni ger is discharged in the manner suggested above. Every concurrent testimony, indeed, sustoins the conclusion thot the immense open gulf of western and tropical Africa is the recipient of one or two very great and many minor rivers, of, however, still considerable magnitude. -^See Nile and Zaire. Nigritia. — See Negroland. Niihau, or Neeheheow, one of the Sandwich ^roup. — See table 2d col,, p. 115. Nikoping, town of Denmark, capilal of Ihe Li- land of Falster, or Hulster, in the Baltic, with a strong fort, 55 ms. SW.of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 7 E., lat. 54 50 N. Town of Sweden, in Su dermania, GO ms. SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 B., lat. 58 40 N. Nile, great river of Africa. Mr, Hodgson, on the name of this most remarkable river, derives it from on original term meaning ihcseo. The prob ability is, lhat in the infoncy of languages large rivers would be naturally designated by terms meoning "greot waters." — See Mississippi. The very name of this interesting stream recals our ideas lo the most primitive limes. We involunta rily recur to ihe dawn of history and geography, not more fabulous or mysterious in their origin Ihjin this emblem of lime, tbe Egyptian Nile. Modern science has, hoB;ever, in pan laid open 654 the hidden sources ofthis mighty stream, and tra ced its springs to the cenlrai mountains of Africa. A much abused man, (James Bruce,) wilh great industry, gallantry, ant] some share of talent, pen etrated to the source of the middle branch of the Nile ; but, though entitled to more credit than he received, Bruce was ignorant of the very exist ence ofthe Bah el Abiadb, or White river, the real Nile. The distance across the higher sources of the Nile, from the SW. sources of White river lo the head of Tacazze, is about 1,300 ras., and from the junction of the Nile and Tacazze to the mounlains of the Moon, 700 ms. The whole of the higher basin spreading in forra of an immense triangle of 1,200 ms. base and 700 perpendicular, and wilh an area of 430,000 sq. ms. Below the moulh of the Tacazze commences the lower basin, vvhich extends frora N. lat. 18° to 32°, over 14°, or, following the winding of ihe stream, 1,200 ms. ; but the lower basin cannol be estimated above 10 ras. raean width, of course com prises only 12,000 sq. ms. Combining the two basins, this great river drains 432,000 sq. ms. In one circumstance the Nile is alone ; a course of 1,200 ras. without a confluent is a phenomenos altogether unporalleled in the natural history of rivers. The i;nost important, however, of the features of this fine sireorn is the difference of level between the Delta and higher basin. The plains of Egypt are depressed at least 10,000 feet below the table land of Abyssinia. Thus, though the Nile flown frora S. to N., the climate and vegetable produc tions of ils basin evince a change of temperature reverse to the latitude. This is so far the case, that even Upper Egypt, in N, lat. 25°, is more expos ed to heat than are the. mounloin valleys of Aliys. sinia, in N. lal. 10°. The elevolion of flood necessary lo inniidole Egypt has been increosing. According to Hefo- dbtus in Euterpe, 1,700 years before the Christian era, 8 cubits covered the Delta. When Herodo tus wos himself in Egypt, it demanded 15 or 16 cubits, and il now requires 22 lo produce a dimin ished effect. Is not the true cause of this revolution found in a gradual diminution of the level of the Mediterranean 1 The inundation diminishes as the river approach es ils recipient; the inundation is one-sixth part more at Assouan, or Syene, than al Cairo, 360 ms. below ; and when it rises 27 feet al Cairo, it rises only aboul 4 at Rosetta and Damietla. This river , connot be entered from the sea, al ordinary flood, wilh more than 7 or 8 feet water by either raouth, hut within the bars has generally waler for vessels of 40 lons lo Assouan, and at the lowest is navi gable for small boals. Though in greot part in habited by barbarians, the basin of the Nile must be regarded with deep interest amongst the great divisions of the habitable earlh. Whether a part of the waler of the Nile could or could nol be diverted inlo the Red sea has been a subject of hypothesis for ages. It appears to be well aulhelilicated as an historical fact, thot a canal did formerly exist along this route, but on what principles constructed is uncertain. From the su perior elevalion of the Nile in Upper Egypt, above tbe Red sea, it would deserve very careful survey NIO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NIV to determine whether, under the influence of sci ence and commercial enterprise, an artificial branch might be led from Upper Egypt round the moun tains lo the SE. of Cairo. Such a project was con ceived by the Portuguese when in possession of the Bast Indian coramerce, bul neither by them or others ever actually attempted. — ^See Africa, p. 9, Red Sea, Abyssinia, &c. Nile, SW. tp. of Sciolo co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 524. Nimeguen, city of Holland, capital of Guelder land, wilh a ciladel, an ancient polace, and several forts. It is also the capilal of a couniry of ils narae, or of the island of Betuwe, the ancient Batavia, It is seated on the Waal, 35 ms, SE. of Utrecht, and 70 NE. of Antwerp. Lon. 5 45 E., lal. 51 55 N. Nimes. — See Nismes. Nimishillen creek, considerable stream, rising in the northern part of Stark co., Ohio, and running from ihence a S. direction above 40 ms. into the NE. quarter of Tuscarawas co., where it unites witl\ Sandy creek, when the joint stream flows W. 5 ms.Jnto the E. side of Tuscarawas river. Nimishillen, tp.. Stark co., Ohio, situated on the above described creek, northeasterly from Can ton. Nimmon's Mills, villnge, Wayne co., Ohio, by post road 92 ms. NE. frora Columbus. Nine Bridges, town, Coroline co., Md. Nineveh, village, Ffederick co., Va,, 84 ms, W. from W. C. Ning-Koue-fou, city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufacture of paper. made of a species of reed, and containing in its district 6 cilies of the third doss. Ning fo-fou, called by the Europeans Liampo, an excellent seaport of China, on the E. coast, op posite lo Japan, in the province of Tchekieng. This city has four others under its jurisdiction, be sides a great number of fortresses. Il is 850 ms, SE. of Peking. This cily, now called by the Eu ropeans Ningpo, is situated very nearly on N. lot. 30°, and about 150 ms. southwardly from the mouth of the Blue river. By the late English writers il is described as a splendid emporium, abounding in wealth and built with elegance. Ningouia, city of Mantshuria, in the department of, Kirin. It is surrounded by o wooden wall, composed of plain stokes driven inlo the earth. Without this palisado there is another of the same kind, a league in circumference, which has 4 gales corresponding to the four cordinal points. Ningho. — See Ning-fo-fou. Ninoae, town of the kingdora of the Netherlands, on Iheriver Dender, wilh an abbey, 13 ms. W.of Brussels. Lon. 4 5 E., lat. 50 52 N. Nio, island of the Archipelago, to the S. of Naxia, anciently called Jos. It is 35 ms. in cir- , cumference, and ferlile in corn, but has very litlle wood or oil. It has several comraodious harbors, and is remarkable for nothing but Homer's tomb, who is said to be buried here. Lon. 25 35 W., lat. 36 43 N. Niort, town of France, in the department of the two Sevres, and late province of Poitou. Its dry sweetmeats are much esteemed, and it is noted for manufactories of coarse woolen goods. It is 28 ms. NE. of Rochelle. Lon. 33' W., lat, 46 20N. Nipegon Lake, U. C, lies lo the northward of Lake Superior, about half way belween it and Allrany river, James's boy. Niphon, largest island of Jopnn, 600 ms. long and 150 brood, containing 55 provinces. It wos discovered in 154^ by the Portuguese, who were cast on shore by a tempest. Tho chief lown is Jedo. It is 134 ms. E. of China, Nepissing Lake,X\eaN'E. of Lake Huron, and is connected wilh il by the river Francois. Nishnei Novogorod, town of Rdssia, in a gov ernment of the same name. — Novogorod Niznei. Nisiben, or Nisbin, ancient' Nisbis, very an cient and celebrated lown of Diarbeck, now only the sh.idow of what it was, and seated in a vast plain, 70 ms, SW. of Diarbekar. Lon. 38 26 E,, lat, 36 10 N. Nisita, small island on ihe coast of Naples, very fertile, and would be more productive but for the great number of rabbits. It has a har bor, called Porto Pavone. Nismes, flourishing city of Fr,, in the depart ment of Gard, and lale province of Longuedoc. Here are several monuments of antiquity, of which the amphitheatre, built 'by the Romans, is the prin cipol. The Maison Quaree, or the square house, is a piece of architecture of the Corinthian order, and one of the finest in the world. The temple of Diana is, in part, gone to ruin. Nismes was taken by the English in 1417. The populalion of Nismes Is computed at 50,000. It is seated in a ploin abounding in wine and oil, 12 ms. N W. of Aries, and 75 NE. of Narbonne. Lon. 4 26 E., lat. 43 51 N. Niskayuna, village and tp., Schenectady co,, N. Y. The village is owned and inhabited prin cipally by the sect called Shakers. It is 12 ms. NW. from .4lbany. Nissa, or Nessava, town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, seated on the Moravia, 20 ms. E. of Precop, and 120 SE. Belgrade. Lon. 22 32 E, lat. 43 32 N. ' Nith, river of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, which issues frora a lake in the raountains to the NW., and, passing the towns of Sanquhar, Morton, and Druml.dnrig, joins the Cairn a little above Dum fries, and the-.r united sireams forra a fine estuary in Solwoy Frilh. Nilhsdale, division of Durafriesshire, Scotland, lying to the W. of Annandale, It is a large and raountainous country, and derives its name from the river Nith. It was formerly shaded with noble forests, which are now almost destroyed. It yields lead, and the mountains are covered with sheep and black cattle. Nitria, famous desert of Egypt, 37 ms. in length, on the coast of the Mediterranean sea. It had formerly a great number of monasteries, which are now reduced to four ; and it takes its narae from 0 salt lake, out of which is got the natrura of the ancients. Nivelle, town of the kingdora of the Nether lands, in Brabant, reraarkable for its abbey of no ble canonesses, whose abbess is styled princess of Nivelle. The place enjoys great privileges, and has a manufacture of cambricks. It is 15 ms. SE. of Brussels. Longitude 4 36 E., lat. 50 35 North. Nivomois, lale province ofFr,, belween Bur- 655 NOI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR gundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It now forms the dep, of Nievre. Nixabour, town of Persia, in Korasan, 80 ms. SE. of Mesched. Lon. 61 32 E., lat. 36 40 N. Niaxapa, or Nijapa, considerable town of Mex ico, in Oajaca. 'I'he country near it produces a great deol of indigo, cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 ms. SE. of Antiquiera. Lon. W. C. 18 45 W., lat. 15 42 N. Nixon's, postoffice, Randolph co., N. C, 81 ins. SE. from Raleigh. Nixonton, village, Pasquotank co., N. C, on the E. side of Little river, 35 ras. NE. of Eden ton, and 13 SW. of Jonesburg, on Pasquotank river. ' Nizza-della-Paglia, town of Italy, in Montfer rat, seated on the Belbo, 15 ms. SW. of Alessan dria. Lon. 8 36 E., lat. 45 15 N. Noanagur, town of -Hindoostan proper, situated on the S. coast ol the Gulf of Cutch. It is the capital of a district inhabited by a piratical tribe, called Sangarians. It is 300 ms. NW. of Bom bay. Noble, NE. tp. of Morgan co., Ohio. Nobleborough, town, Lincoln co., Maine, situ ated on the E. side of Kennebec river. Nobleavitle, village, Hamilton co., Ia , 25 ms. N. frora Indianapolis. Nockamixon, ip., Bucks co., Pa., on the SW. side of the river Delaware, between Tinicuin and Durham, and opposite Alexandria in N. J. Pop. 1810, 1,207; in 1830, 1,650. Nocera, ancient lown of Italy, in the duiihy of Spoletto, at the foot of the Appennines, 18 ras. NE. of Spoletio. Lon. 13 49 E., lat. 43 1 N. Nocera-di-Pagani, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, 15 ms. S. of Naples. Lon. 14 30 E , lot. 40 36 N. Node, knot, points of the Heavens where the planetary orbits cross the ecliptic. The moon in passing round the earth passes the ecliptic twice, which affords a familiar example of the nodes. Nogarcot, town of Hindoostan proper, noted for a celebrated pagoda. It lies in the province of Napoul, and is 50 ms. NE. of Catmandu. Lon. 85 12 B,, lat. 28 40 N- Nogayans, name of a Tartar nation which oc cupy the deserts on the northern side of the Eux ine and the Caspian seas, and on the northern side the river Loire. It is 17 ms. in length, and 8 in breadth, full of bogs, and yet there are good pas tures. The principal town is of the sarae name. Lon. 3 10 W., lat. 47° N. Nola, ancient town of Naples, in Terra di La vora, 10 ms. NE. of Naples. Lon. 14 28 E., lat. 40 56 N. Nolachucky, river of Tenn. and N. C, rises in the northern part of Yancey co., of the latler, and, flowing W., enters Washington co, in the former, and, crossing Washington and Greene, joins the French Broad 40 ms. above ils junction wifh the Holston at Knoxville. Noli^nd's F.&ry, post office, Loudon co., Va., 43 ms. from W. C. Nolensville, village, Williamson co., Tenn., 32 ms. westerly from Murfreesboro. Noli, town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a good harbor. Il is 5 ms. NE. of Final, and30SW. of Genoa. Lon. 8 41 E., lat. 44 18 N. Nombra-de-Dios, town of Colombia, in the province of Darien, a little E. of Porto Bello, lo which ils once flourishing trade is now transferred. Lon. 78 55 W., lat. 9 40 N. NoMADii, Gr., nomas-nomp, pasturage, or one who seeks pasturage. This lille wos given by the ancients and retained by the moderns, applied to any people whose modes of life were to feed flocks. and move from place to place in search of pastu rage. The patriarchs and their families, menlioned in Genesis, were Nomades ; and it was not until their posterity returned frora Egypt that they built and dwelt in houses and towns. The inhabitants of many large sections of tho earth are slill No mades. Nomeny, town of France, in the department of Meurthe, and late province of Lorraine, seated on the Selle, 15 ms. N. of Nancy. -Lon. 6 15 E., lat. 48 56 N. Non, Cape, promontory of Africa, opposite the Canary Islands. It was long considered by the Portuguese, in their attempts to explore Africa, as an impassable boundary, deftoted by its name. But they doubled it at last, in 1412. Lon. 10 30 W., lat. 28 30 N. Nona, small but strong town of Hungarian Dalmatia. It is seated near the sea, 7 ms. N. by W. of Zara. Lon. 16 10 E., lat. 44 35 N. Nontron, lovtn of Fr.,in the dep., of Dordogne, of Mount Caucassus, besides several settleraents to | and lale province of^ Perigord, 21 ms. N. "f P«^|- the W. and NW. of the Euxine, in such a man- ' "" '='"'"' •'' " '"' ner that they occupy the lower port of Volgo, the rivers Terek, Kouma, and Kuulian, the environs of the Palus Moeolis, the borders of the Tanais, in the peninsula of the Crimea, and the banks of the Borysthenes and the Dniester. Nogent- sur- Seine, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aude, and late province of Champagne, sealed on the Seine, 25 ras. NW. of Troyes. Lon. 3 40 E., lat. 48 30 N. Nogent-le-Rotrou, pretty populous town of France, in the departraent of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, sealed on the Huisne, 35 ms. NE. of Mans. Lon. 60 E., lat. 48 26 N. Nmr, Cape, promontory of South America, at the S. extremity of Terra del Fuego. Lan. 73 3 W., lat. 54 33 S. Noirmotier, island of Fr., 656 near the mouth of gneux, and 30 SSW. of LimJges. Lon. 0 33 E., lal. 45 33 N. Noopour, town of Hindoostan proper, in the province of Guzerat, 65 ms. E. of Sural, and 142 W. of Burhampour. Lon. 73 60 E., lat. 21 UN. Noorden, considerable town of Westphaha, 12 ms. N. of Embden. Lon. 7 5 E., lat, 53 38 N. Xootka,—See St. George's sound. Noquet's boy of Mich., on its SW. coast. It sets inland 46 ms. Norburg, lown of Sweden, in Weslmanland, 34 ras. N. of Stroemsholm. In ils vicinity are ihe best iron mines in the province.. Lou. 16 12 E., lat. 62 3 N. Norcia, town of Ilaly in the duchy of Spoletio, sealed among the mountains, on the river Fre- dnra, 20 ms, SE. of Spolelto. NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR Nord, dep. of Fr,, so named frora being the most northern in situation. It includes the lote Fr. provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and Cham- brcsis Douay is the capilal. Nordburg, town of Denraark, at the N. extre mily of the isle of Alsen, with a castle, 9 ms. NNW, of Sunderhurg. Norden, seaport of Westphaha, in Easl Fries land, 0 considerable place of trade, wilh a good harbor. It is 4 ras. from the Gorman oceon, and 14 N. of Embden, Lon. 7 13 E., lat. 53 33 N. Nordgau. See Bavaria, Palatinate of. Nordtiausen, tovyn of Upper Saxony, Thu ringia, with 7 Lutheran churches, with a well built orphan-house. It hos a consideroble trade in corn, in brandy, and rape and linseed oil, with monufaclures of morble and alabaster. It is seated on the Zorge, 35 ms. NNE. of Erfurt, Lon. 10 56 E., lat. 51 30 N. Nordheim, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the Rhume, at iti conflux with the Leina 10 ms. N. of Gol tingen. Nordkoping, seaport of Sweden, capital of E. Gothland. It is 10 ms. in circumference, but the houses ore scattered, and the inhabitonts do not exceed 1,200. The river Motala flows Ihrough the lown, forras a series of cataracts, and is di vided into 4 principal streams, which encircle several rocky islands, covered with buildings ; but at the extreraily of the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here are monufoclures of woolen clolh, paper, and flre arms ; some sugar houses, and a brass foundry ; corn is exported hence in great quonlities ; and a salmon fishery gives em ployment and riches to many of the inhabitants. Itis 110 ms. SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 15 50 E., lat. 58 35 N. Nordland, one of the five grand divisions of Sweden, bounded on tbe N. by Lapland, E. by the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden proper, and W, by the some and Norway.' It contains six provinces. Nordlingn, town of Bavaria, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the leogue ,^of the five western circles of ihe empire was concluded, in 1702. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It is a commercial place, seated on the Eger, 38 ms. NNW. of Augsburg. Lon, 10 34 E., lat. 48 60 N. Nordmaling, town of Sweden, in Angermania, near a bay of the Gulf of Bothnia, 34 ms. SW. of Uma, and 70 NE. of Hermosand. Nordstrand, island of Denmark, on the W. coast of S. Jutland, 12 ms. long and 5 broad. It has a town called Hams, 28 ms. W. of Sleswick. Lon, 9 0 E., lat. .54 40 N. Norfolk, CO. of Eng., 77 ras. long and 45 broad; bounded on the N. and E, by the German ocean SE. and S. by Suffolk, and W. by Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It contains 1,964,400 acres; is divided into 32 hundreds, and 660 parishes ; has one city and 33 market towns, and sends 13 members to porliaraent. Pop. in 1801, 373,371; in 1811, 291,999; and in 1831, 344,368. The products vary according lo the soil and situation. The lighter arable lands produce barley in great plenty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils, and turnips are grown here S3* in greot quantities ; much buckwheat is also grown in the light soils, and used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny parls yield great quantilies of buller, which is sent lo London under the nome of Combridge butter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued for their mutton. The manufactures of Norfolk ate worsled, woolen and silk. Ils principal rivers are the Great Ouse, Nen, Litlle Ouse, \Vaveney, Yore, and Bure. Nor wich is the capilal. j Norfolk Island, island in the jPacific ocean, lying £, of New South Wales, and settled by a colonj ofconvicis, subordinate lo lhat governmeni. It was discovered in 1774, by Captain Cook, who .found il uninhabited, except by birds. Il is very hilly, but some of the valleys ore tolerably large. ; Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill 13,000 feet j high. The whole island is covered by a thick forest, bul has nol much underwood, and the prin cipal timber tree is the pine, which is very useful in building, and seems to be durable. The soil, when cleared, may rendered very productive. The cliffs around the coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendicular ; and anchorage is safe all around the island, on taking the lee side ; but there is no harbor. The settlement was mode by a detachment frora Port Jackson, 1783, in Syd ney bay, on the S. side of the island. Lon. 168 13 E., lat. 29 4. S. — See Australia, p. 112, raiddle 2d col. Norfolk, CO. U. C, fs bounded on the N. and E. by the co, of Lincoln and the river Thames, on the S. by Lake Erie, until it meels the Orwell river; ihence by a line running N. 16° W. until it intersects the river Thomes, and thence up the said river, until it meels the NW. boundary of Ihe CO. of York. It sends;, in conjunction with the fourth riding of the co, of Lincoln, one re presentative lo the provincial parliament, Norfolk, CO., Mass,, bounded by R. I. SW., Worcester in Moss,, W., .Middlesex NW. and N,, and Suffolk co., Boston harbor and Hull bay NE, Length 30 ms,, mean width 13, area about 400 sq, ms. Surface uneven rather than hilly. Soil prodmlive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Chief town Dedham. Pop. in 1820, '36,452; in 1840, 53,140. Centrallat. 42 12 N., lon. W. C. 5 50 E. Village, Litchfield co ,Conn,, 35 ras. NW. by W. frora Hartford, and 20 ms. N. from Litchfield. Village, St. Lawrence co. N. Y., by posiroad 251 ras. NNW. frora Albany. Norfolk, CO, Va., bounded by Hampton Roads and Lynnhaven bay N., by Nansemond co., Va. W., by Pasquotank and Currituck cos,, N. C. S., and Princess Anne co,, Va, E. Length 30 ms., mean width 20, area 600 sq. ras. Surface level, and in part raarshy. Soil generally thin, sandy, or wet and sterile. Pop.in 1820, 15,465; and in 1840, 21,092. Cenlrai lat. 36 45 N,, lon. W. C. 0 65 E. Norfolk, town, borough, and port of entry, Norfolk CO., Va., on the right hank of Elizobelh river, iramediately below the junction of its two branches, and 8 ms. above Hampton roads. Lon. frora the Royal Observotory pt Greenwich, 76 33 W., and frora W. C. 0 37 E. It is the most commercial town of Va. ; in 1815, the ton nage exceeded 34,700, and stood next to Charles ton of any of the U. S , S. from Baltimore. 657 NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR Norfolk is connected with the commerce of N. C. by the Dismal Swarap ,canal. This inland com munication opens from Elizabeth river, 9 ras. above Norfolk, and estends through the Dismal Swamp, into Albemarle sound. By means of this canal the produce of an extensive section of N, C. finds a market at Norfolk, This town contains a theatre, two State banks, a marine hospital, orphan asylum, an acodemy, Lancaslerian school, Athenaeum, and 6 or 7 places of public worship. The site is level, and so low in some places as to be marshy ; bul the sireets are commodious, being well paved. Pop. 1810, whites 4,776, tolal ' 9,193 Pop. 1820, whites 4,618, tolal 8,478 Pop. 1830, whites 5,131, total 9,816 Pop. 1840, total - - - -10,173 - Norland, one of the five general divisions of Sweden, comprehending the provinces of Geat- rikeland, Helsingland, Medelpodia, Heimtland, Herjedaha, Ongermania, and West Bothnia. Norman Mais, U. C, in the tp. of Newark, empties its waters into Lake Ontario, about the centre of the tp. W. of Niagara fort, called the Four Mile Pond. Normandy, lale province of Fr., bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the English chan nel, E, by Picardy and Isle of France, and S. by Perche, Maine, and Brelagne. The Normans, a people of Denraark and Norway, having entered France, under Rollo, Charles the Simple ceded this couniry to them iu 912, which from that tirae was called Normandy. The English, lo which it was long dependent, still keep possession ofthe is lands on the coast, of which Jersey and Guernsey are the principal. It is one ofthe most fertile pro vinces of Fr., and abounds in all things except wine, but that defect is supplied by cider and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great num ber of rivers and harbors. This province now forms the deps. of Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. Normans, See Koch, vol. I, p, 134. NouMANs, Northmen, The tille is frora the Gerraan, but did not apply exclusively to Gerraans, but raeant Men of the North, and who about A. D. 800 coramenced those ravages, inroads, inva sions, and conquests which made them known and terrible to the raore soulhern nations of Europe. •Danes, Swedes, &c., influenced by a religion and policy alike sanguinary, and many oges in advance of more southern nations in the arts of construct ing and navigating ships, these hardy, bold, brave, and better disciplined men of the North swept over rauch of Gerraany, Lorraine, France, the British islands, islands in the Mediterranean, southern Italy, and Greece, Sunk in spirit, disorganised, inisgovered, and oppressed, the people of western and soulhern Europe could offer but litlle resist ance lo such invaders, who, commencing with in cursions, proceeded lo conquest. About 864 they founded a State in Russia, at Novogorod, on the Ilmen, which eventuated in the empire of Russia. In the same century their colonies became perma nent in northern France, Sicily,, and soulhern Greece. Normandy, in France, and the kingdom of Naples, were thus founded. Their settlements in Greece, raore distant frora the fountain-head, and exposed to a more warlike resistance, were dis- 658 sipated. It must he conceded, that, lawless as * were these Vi-Kingr, they exercised a very ex tensive and durable influence on European history. One of their more peaceful operations was the col onization of Iceland. But their most salutary and never to be reversed, though alraost totally over looked impressions on the fale of nations, was their kill in the construction of sea vessels. Sailing against the wind, or even with a side wind, and decking ships, were undeniably inventions of north ern Europe, and used by iheNorraans 500 or 600 years before brought inlo use by the southern Eu- ropeons. Of the three vessels used by Columbus lo discover America, only one was decked, Norridgewock, town, Somerset co.. Me., lying on the S. side of Kennebec river, 35 ms. NVV. of Augusta Village and seat of jusiice for Som erset CO., Me., in the foregoing tp., 35 miles W. by N. from Hallowell. Lat. 44 35 N., lon. W. C. 7 4E. Norristown, borough, village, and scat of jus tice for Montgomery co,, Pa., situated on IheNE. side ofthe Schuylkill river, 17 ras. above Phila delphia. It contains the county buildings, a bank, and an academy. Tp., Monlgoraery co,, Pa,, around the borough of Norristown. Nortelga, or Nor Telge, raarilime lown of Swe den, in the province of Upland, near which is o forge for making fire arms. It was much injured by the Russians in 1719, who ravaged the town. It is 30 ms. NE. of Stockholm. Lon. 10 32 E,, lat, 60 44 N. North, tp,, Harrison co., Ohio, in which is sit ualed the village, or town, of New Rumley. Pop. in 1830, 1,118. North Adams, village, Berkshire co,. Moss, 150 ras. a little N. of W, from Boston. North Ameniu, village, Dutchess co., N. Y., 25 ras. E. from Rhinebeck. North, or Nord, dep. of Fr., which comprehends the lale French provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and the Cambresis. North Cape, most northern prombntory of Eu rope, on the coost of Lapland. Lon. 25 57 E,, lat. 71 20 N. North Coast, dep. of France. — See Cortes du Nord. North Ferry, small town of Scotland, at theN. side of the .Frith ol Forth, at the Queen's ferry passage. Northallerton, borough of Eng,, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on a small brook, which, a mile below, runs into tbe river Wisk. It is a well buill, trading place, 30 ms. NNW. of York, and 223 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 20 W., lat, 54 23 N. Northampton, borough of Eng., and the capital of Northamptonshire. It is seated on the Nen, which is navigable to Lynn, ll has a spocious market place, a good free-school, and a county iri- formary and jail. The principal manufaclure is boots and shoes, of which many are made for ex portation. This town is 30 ms. SE, of Coventry, and 66 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 II W.; lal. 62 U N, , Northampton, co, of Eng,, 60 ms. long, and 32 where broadest, bounded on the S. by Buck inghamshire and Oxfordshire, W. hy the lalter co. and Warwickshire, NW. by Leicestoishire and NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR Rutlandshire, N. by Lincolnshire, and E. by the counlies of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It contains 617,000 acres ; is divided inlo 20 hun dreds and 336 parishes ; has I city and 1 1 market towns, and sends 9 members to Parliament. In the NE. part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With this single exception, Northamptonshire is said to contain less waste ground, and raore seats of the nobility and gentry ihan any other counly. Its products are, in general, the same with those of other farraing counties, but it is peculiarly cel ebroted for grazing land. Horned cattle and olher aniraals are fed to extraordinary size, and many horses of the large black breed are reored. Woad for the dyers is cullivated here, but the county is not distinguished for manufoctures. The princi pal rivers ore the Nen and Welland ; beside which, it is partly wotered by the Ouse, Loom, Chorwell, and Avon. Pop. in 1801, 131,757; in 1811, 141,353; and in 1821, 163,433. Northampton, town, Yorkco., New Brunswick. Tp., Rockingham co., N. H., on the -\llantic ocean, 7 ms. SW. frora Portsraouth, Pop. in 1840, 885, Town and seat of jusiice for Hampshire CO., Moss,, on the right bank of Connecticut river, in a delightful country, 18 ras. above Springfield, and 43 above Hartford, The aspect of the adja cent country is not only pleasant, but highly ro mantic. The neighboring mountains, particularly Mount Holyoke, affords some of the fines! land scapes in New England. It contains the county buildings, one bank, one instironce office, a week ly newspaper, ond several manufactories. Pop. in 1810, in the tp„ 3,631 ; in 1820, 2,854; and in 1840, the tp. contained 3,750. Tp., Mont gomery CO., N, Y., about 60 ras. NW. of Albany. Pop. in 1810, 1,474; in 1820, 1,291. Tp., Bucks county, Pennsjlvania. It is situaled on the SW. of Neshaminy creek, 8 ms. SE. from Doyles lown. Population in 1810, l,176;in 1820, 1,411. Township, Burlington county. New Jersey, seven miles SE, from Burlington, Population in 1810, 4,171; in 1820, 4,833, including Mount Holly. Northampton, or Allentown, lown and seat of juslice/or Lehigh co.. Pa., on the point above the confluence, between Lehigh river and Little Le high creek, 6 ms. SSW. from Bethlehem, 18 SW. from Easton, and 55 NNW. from Phil-adelphia. It is situaled in a well cultivated and fertile set tlement. The site is elevaled and pleasont. It contains, beside the county buildings, several pla ces of worship, and a number of merchant mills. The principal staple, flour. An elegant wooden bridge, resting on stone arches, has been erected over the Leh gh, on the road to Easton and Beth lehem. A substantial bridge, also, crosses Little Lehigh, on the Philadelphia road. The Lehigh is here turned at neorly right angles by the South mounlain. Pop. in 1840, 2,493. Northampton, co. of Pa., as now limited since Monroe co. was formed from it, is bounded by Bucks and Lehigh SE., Schuylkill and Luzerne W., Monroe N., and Delaware river E. Greatest length from the Delaware river to the western an gle 40 ms. ; the outline being very irregular, no mean breadth can be well determined, and we state the area at 550 sq. me. Northampton Monroe Populaiion in 1840. Jointly 40,998 9,879 50,877 The surface, Ihough generally hilly, is as generally aroble, Tbe very remarkable alale and limestone formation which extends so distinctively from the Delaware to the Susquehannah, in the Killalinny valley, is peculiarly striking in the lower part of Nortburaplon. The liraestone tract skirls the South mountain, and the argilloceous slate of the Kitta tinny, each extending from its respective base about half way across the volley. Though both are highly productive in grain, fruits, and postur- age, the limestone soil is rather stronger than that of the slole, ond the features of nature less bold on the former than on the latter formation. Northampton contains the borough of Easton, and the villages of Bethlehem, Hellerslown, Strouds burg, Burlinville, Mauchchunk, and Lehighton, Staples of Northampton co., grain, flour, cider, whiskey, sailed provision, live stock, lumber, and mineral cool. Northampton, co. of the Easiern Shore of Va., bounded by the Atlantic ocean E,, Cbesopeake bay S, and W., and Accomack N, Length 30 ms. , mean width 8 ; area 240 sq. ms. Surface level, and soil sandy. It occupies the exlrerae part of the peninsula, on the E. side of Chesapeake bay. There is a post office at the court-house. Pop. in 1820, 7,705; and in 1840, 7,715. Cen tral latitude 37 16 N,, longitude Washington City 1 18 E. Northampton, co., N. C, bounded by Virginia N,, Hartlord CO., N. C, E,, Bertie S, and Roanoke river, or Halifax SW. Length 40 ms., mean width 12; area, 480 sq. ms. Pop. in 1820, 13,343 ; and in 1840, 18,369. Central lat. 36 32 N., lon. W. C. 30' W. Northampton, C. H. and post office, Northamp ton CO., N. C, 80 ms, SW. frora Norfolk, Va., and about 90 NE. frora Raleigh. Lat. 36 21 N., lon. W. C. 30' W. Village in the western borders of Portage co., Ohio, 15 ras. W. from Ra venna. North Attleborough, village, Bristol co., Mass., 29 ras. SSW. frora Boston, and 12 NNE. from Providence. North Btnd, name of a sellleraent on the north ern bend of Ohio river, 15 ms. below Cincinnati, and 4 northeasterly from the SW. corner of the State of Ohio. North Blenheim, village, Schoharie co., N. Y., by post road 56 ms. SW. by W. from Albany, and about 46 SW. from Schenectady. North borough, town, Worcester co., Mass., 11 ms. from Worcester. North Brookfield, tp., Worcester oo., Mass. North Branch, village, N. part of Somerset co.', N. J., 46 ms. N. from Trenton. North Bridge, town on Pauiucket river, in the southern part of Worcester co., Mass., 46 ms. SW. from Boston. North Bridgetown, village in the NW. part of Cumberland co,, Me., 43 ms. NW. from Portland. North Bridgewater, No. 1, village, Plymouth CO., Mass., 28 ins. S. from Boston. 659 NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR North Bridgewater, No. 3, village, Plymouth CO , Mass., 20 ras. S. from Boston. North Carolina, one of the original Stales of the U. S,, bounded E. and SE. by the Allontic ocean, S.iby S. Carolina, W. by Tennessee, and N. by Virginia, Exireme lengih 430 ras., from the SW. angle of Haywood co. to Cape Halteras. The area being about 45,500 sq. ms., the mean width must be about no ms. The greatest breadlh is from Little Inlet, N. lat. 33 50, to the Virginio line, N. lat. 36 30, equal to 160 minutes of latitude, or 184 statute ms. nearly. Except Georgio, there is no other Slate in the Union which presents so marked a difference ot soil and climate as docs N. C. Similar lo the other States S. from N. Y. which have an ocean limit, this Slate is naturally subdivided into the al- luviol, hilly, and mountainous sections. The summary table (No. 4) shows the easiern or alluvial section Is peopled by about 13 tu the sq, m. ; the two colored dosses being to the whites as 3 to 4 neorly. On the middle or hilly section, the aggregate population is 19 to the sq. m, ; tbe col ored classes being to the whites as U to 3 nearly. On the western or raountainous section, Ihe aggre gate populalion is aboul 10 to the sq in. ; Ihe col ored classes being lo the whites as 1 to 5 nearly. In the whole Slate we find that, in 1830, it was peopled by about 14 lo the sq, in, ; whilst the cnl- ored populolion was to Iho while in o proportion of 1 to 3 within a very small froction. Comporing the respective proportions at the two extremes of the period, it appears that, in 1820, for every 100 colored persons Ihere were 184 white, an'd in 1840 the whites were as 188 to 100. It must be obvious, on a glance upon a good map ofN. C, that the temperature of ils seasons raust be very much influenced by difl'erence of level frora the Atlantic coast to its wesiern section. Without estimating the elevalion of the mountain ridges, we may safely allow a difierence of 1,000 feet between the ocean level and the table land of the western section. A difierence of 1,000 feet in .relative height is more than equivalent- lo 2|° of lal,, and accounts for the fact that the seasons of western Virginia and North Carolina are nearly similar to those along the Atlantic coast from N, lat, 38° to 40°. ' The salubrity of the air is in a pcculior manner influenced in N. C. by Ihe great dillerenc'e of its relative level. The raiddle and mouniainous tracts are highly solubrious, and well watered ; and deed a choracter of heallhy is due to the whole Slate, with the exception of autumnal fevers near the Atlantic shores. The vegetable productions of this Stale are per haps more numerous, specifically, than those of any other State in the U, 8. Towards the Allan- tic, and as far W. a-i inlo the middle section, cot ton can be produced as a slaple. As the mountain lable land is approached, the summers are raore contracted, and grain becomes the staple. Fruiti of every kind, from the apple to the fig, grow on the diversified surface of N. C. Asa commercial State however, its want of capacious harbors must prevent an advance equal to Stales raore advanta geoHsly indented by deep bays and rivers. Through the sea sand border, the rivers find their way to the sea, over extensive flats and bars, 660 rendering the coast of this State the least favorable to navigation of any of the raarilime States of the U. S. Cape Fear river, wilh 18 feel water over ils bar, is the best entrance into the interior of N. C. Extensive canal improvements have been pro jected, and partially executed ; bul, hitherto, the trade of the norlhern waters ofN. C. has centered in Virginia, whilst lhat of the interior of the Stale has generally found its dist^harge at Charleston^ in S. (/. Laudable efforts are making lo open an easy and direct communication wilh the ocean, which Ihe advance of wealth and population will no doubt ultimately effect. The inleresls of education, formerly much ne glected, are at present fostered in this Slate. Be sides the University of N, C, there are upwards of 50 academies in operation. The government of the Slate is essentially similar lo the other Slates of our Confederacy, consisting of a Senate and House of Commons, annually chosen. The Gov ernor is rather the creature of the Legislature than the people, being chosen by joint ballot of bolh houses. The siaples of this Stale are some grain and flour, tar, pitch, turpentine, lumber, and to bacco. Capital, Roleigh. N. lot. 35 44, lon. W. C. 1 48 W. The following tables exhibit ihe relative and og- gregute populalion ofN. C, with the comparative oreo in sq. m-.. of ils counties and notural sections as they stood in 1820, and which, as they serve to determine Ihe progressive populalion in the period between 1820 and 1840, we retain: TABLE No. 1. Populuiion of Ihe alluvial or eastern section of North Carolina in 1820, Counties Area in sq ma. Whites. Free col persons. Slaves, Total. Beaufort 670 ,5,889 3.35 3,70-2 9,906 Bertie 70U 4,130 260 6,025 9,41)5 Bladen 1,500 4,346 142 2,7t8 7,216 Brunilwick - 1,460 2,937 209 2,334 5,480 Camden 228 4,442 117 1,746 6,305 Carteret ecu 4,171 109 1,329 5,609 Chowan 200 2,839 1,56 3,469 6,464 Columbus 400 2,922 77 913 3,912 Craven 1,020 6,563 1,744 0,1187 13,394 Cumbei-lan.l - 1,15110 9,230 364 4,751 14,546 Currituck 4-iO 6,0'J8 146 1,H54 8,098 Dublin e-in 6,081 61 3.699 9.744 Edgecomb - 460 7,273 258 5,745 13;a7B Gates 276 3,989 163 2,685 6,837 Greene 280 2,294 63 2,174 4,533 Halifax 672 6,2.36 1,.5,31 9,440 17,237 Hertford 364 3,68'J ¦7c8 3.244 7,712 Hyde Juhnson 808 3,241 146 1,680 4,967 640 6,406 115 3,086 9,607 ,lone8 3U0 2,,300 162 2,764 5,216 Lenoir 3-20 3,336 114 3,354 l',m Martin 490 3,378 92 2,850 Nash 610 45-22 218 3,445 8,185 N, Hanover - 1,350 5,086 219 4,561 9,866 Northampton 480 6,254 725 7,263 13,242 Onslow 700 4,179 CO 2,777 7,016 Pasquotank - 288 4,860 53-J' 2,616 fffi Perquimans - 200 , 4,179 213 . 2,467 6,859 Pitt 640 5,731 29 4,241 10,001 Richmond - 800 5,459 57 2,021 7,537 Robeson 825 5,677 428 2,U99 8,294 Sampson 700 0,878 168 2,807 ^^l TyrrelWaahington - 720 3,007 51 1,261 ^'L' 360 2,242 77 1,667 2''5^ Wayne Amount 600 6,721 157 3,162 9,040 22,743 163,559 10,009 113,830 287,398 NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR TABLE No. 2. Population ofthe hilly or middle section of North Carolinain 1920. AqsohCabarras CaswellChalliain FranklinGninvilloGuilford MecklenburgMonigomery - MooreOrangePerson Kandi)lphRockingliam RowanSlokes Wake Warren Amount Area i d sq. ms. Whites. 760 8,911 240 5,612 41X1 7,643 860 8,67il 640 4,873 690 8,624 Ml 12,692 MKl 7,710 756 6,860 530 5,778 90J 16,777 400 6,275 1,226 10,017 560 8,350 l,44ll 20,489 960 11,634 1,000 11,951 345 4,214 Free col perauns. 147 17 293 183 169521208 674 18 84 662 80 228150139196 734190 13,057 165,980 i,S82 79,720 250,292 Slaves, 3,476 1,699 6,4163,808 4,7099,071 1,611 11,402 1,715 1,296 6,1533,6741,070 2,9745,3712,-.>(147,4176,754 Total, 12,534 7,-228 13,25212,661 9,741 18,21G 14,511 19,786 46937,168 2.-J,492 9,029 11,315 11,47426,00914,033 20,1112 11,158 Agea. T.ABLE No. 3. Populalion of the western or mountainous section , of North Carolinain 1820. Counties, Area io sq. ms. Whiles. Free col persona Slaves. Total. Ashe 768 4,045 4(1 250 4,335 Buncombe - 2,125 9,467 33 1,042 10,542 Burke 1,320 11,419 75 1,917 13,411 Haywood 1,450 3,780 19 274 4,073 Iredell 800 10,058 25 2,988 13,071 Lincoln 1,200 14,791 27 3,329 18,147 Kutherford - 1,000 11,989 41 3,3-21 15,361 Surry 726 10,843 112 1,365 12,320 Willcea 800 8,633 143 1,191 9,967 Amount 10,189 85,025 515 16,677 101,217 0 to 10 10 to 24 24 to 56 36 to 55 65 to 100 100 aod upwards Total Free colored. Males, Fem'a, 3,9623,593 1,665 1,265 734 18 11,227 3,704 3,4752,043 1,464 801 28 11,503 11,227 22,732 Slaves, Mules, Fern's 44,864 38,419 19,636 14,063 6,612 72 123,646 44,1911 37,910 20,292 13,374 6,421 S4 122,271 1-23,546 .243,817 Whites Free colored Slaves Total TABLE No. 4. Summary of population of N. Carolina in 1820 Sectiona. Area in aq. ms. Whites, Free col persona. Slavea, Total. Alluvial.Hilly Mountainous 22,743 13,057 10,189 163,559165,980 85,025 10,009 4,5S! 515 113,830 79,720 15,677 287,3982.50;282 101,217 Amount 45,989 414,364 15,106 209,327 638,897 Population of North Carolina, by classes, from the census of 1840. Whitea, — Ages, 0 to 5 5 to 10 ¦ 10 to 16 - 15 to 20 - 20 to 30 - 30 to 40 - 40 to 60 50 lo 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - lOLl and upwarda Total whitea Malea, 46,41337,011 31,473 24,819 38,75624,25416,799 10,4,32 6,,365 2,830 741 125 29 Females, ¦* White persons ofthe foresoine who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14'yeara of affe Do, from 14 to 25 - Do. above 25 Do. total deaf and dumb Do. bliud Do, insane and idiotsat— Public charge - Private charge Total whites inaane, &c. Colored persona, free and alaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Idiota and inaane al— Public charge . Private charge 'total ofpei-soua employed in— Mming AgricultureCoiumerileMduufacturea and trades i'Javigiiiion oil tlie ocean Do. caaala, lakes, and rivers Learned pnilessiojia Peusioners, for revolutionary or military services Lruiversiliea or Colleges sjiudema in do. Acddeuiies and grammar scho(d3 btuderits lu do. Pumary and common schools cicholar3 in do, Scholars at public chaigo iS utiibt^r ol while peisons, over --0 years of age, who caniioi read or write 484,870 22,732 245,817753,419 80 118 280 223 162 428 74 167 29 192589 217,095 1,734 14,3-22 327379 1,066 609 2 168 141 4,398 632 14,937 124 S6,e09 Populuiion of North Carolina, by counties, the census of I SiO. ftom 240,047 43,63735,221 29,64626,96543,132 25,90618,11411,374 6,754 2,943 962 150 19 Counties. 244,823 240,047 484,870 Ashe Auson Berlie BuncombeBladen BrunswickBeaufort BurkeCabarrasColumbus CarteretCurrituck . Chatham Chowan Free col. 3,5204,855 2,461 4,534 2,127 1,389 3,4916,129 3,391 4,778 2,68;4,264 2,190 1,383 3,5596,190 3,560 3,421 1,450 1,349 2,495 3,692 2,085 2,369 6,216 5,393 1,3151 1,550 32 7: 165 40 137180 347 133 63 33 56 70 176 69 Slavea, 2768 148' 47 156 194 366 131 56¦it 89 79 141 91 ' 3,369 691 1,726 1,060 2,3521,593 1,1U 614 683 1,1U2 2,632 1,841 254 24;, 2,6-26 2,67b 3,3-59 606 1,686 1,059 2,1-201,623 1,068 572 67/ 9981 2,684 1,^ 661 Total, 7,467 16,077 12,17510,084 8,0-22 6,265 12,226 15,799 9,-269 3,9416,5916,703 16,242 6,690 NOR GEOGRAPHIOAL DICTIONARY. NOR T A B 1 E — Continued. Counties, Cherokee - Cumberland CamdenCaswell Craven DuplinsDavieDavidson Edgecomb - Franklin - Granville - Gates Greene Guilford Halifax HertlordHydeHaywood - Henderson - Iredell JohnsonJonea Lincoln Lenoir Macon Moore MontgomeryMecklenburg Marlin N. Hanover NaaliNorthampton Onalow Orange Peraoii Paaquotank-PerquimanaPitt Kowan Randolph - Rockingham RobeaonRichmond - Rutherford - Sampson Surry Stokes Tyrrel WashingtonWilkes Warren Wayne Wake Yancy Whites. 1 4,419 1,9363,600 3,2543,0342,7886,680 3,9072,6654,6781,995 1,6377,857 2 677 1,623 2,040 2,369 2,321 6,8903,470 9S3 9,693 1,866 2.2673,2604,0776,9192,1633,237 2,4r 2,830 2,3368,2602,548 2,322 2,1151 3,013 4,2366,665 4, 3;074 2,2628,0803,683 6,366 6,698 1,6651,301 6,3932,152 3,2446,9792,916 1,515 4,611 1,908 3,7433,3703,210 2,806 6,057 4,008 2,662 4,731 •2,1,121,7388,034 2,946 1,761 1,969 2,2812,3076,0-10 3,626 964 9,965 1,821 2,1-9 3,183 4,144 5,9312,2833,134 2,524 2,968 2,3398,611 2,6812,,328 2,0453,115 4,410 5,542 4,3463,188 2,4317,791 3,792 6,7276,8201,595 1,.3335 i — 2,'2483,5106,134 2,766 Free col. 11 404 86 167 497 146 52 67 180 21b 370190134 331 881 416 155 14 16 21588768 131 28354163 202253 217391 61 ,316107 622143 18 63 192 143 602 164 61 128 96 853469 85 157 23-2 497 12 Slavea, 12 468 72 159616 116 40 69 174 217431 192 115 316 956 386 96 7 17 18 6993 68 101 27 3831 48 181 312 192 m 52 ,31,103 554 16J 12 43 169132 621172 Total N, C, - -240047 244&23 11227 11605 93 2,630 885 3,564 2,7812,364 919 1,211 3,860 2,7394,3261,77.1,6061,288 4,706 1,7121,219 171 249 1,851 1.7411,4232,6761,1 174 703 1,248 3,179 1,395 3,2301,817 3,552 1,349 3,4272,153 1,5161,534 2,8361,697 696 2,310 J .„„ l,i1,557 2,249 828 1,337 760 863692 4,237 1,872 3,903 114 123546 106 2,742 776 3,460 2,9212,313 969 1,327 3,579 2,681 4,381 1""i;4661,359 4,699 979 133 217 1,366 1,7351,395 2,711 1,860 194 769 1,239 3,143 1,421 .3,14e 1 ""¦ 3,20r1,39() 3,52r2,196 1,2721,419 2,812 1,66S 711 2,262 1,4461,984 1,6442,176 950 1,345 651 864 738 3,963 Total, 3,427 15,284 5,663 14,693 13,438 ll,lb2 7,674 14,606 16,708 10,980 18,817 8,1616,696 19,175 16,865 7,484 6,468 4,9766,129 16,635 10,599 4,945 25,160 7,6054,8697.988 10,780 18,273 7,637 13,312 9,047 13,369 7,527 24,356 9,790 8,5147,346 11,80612,109 12,875 13,442 10,370 8,909 19,20212,15715,07916,265 4,667 4,625 12,577 12,929 1,801! 10,891 4,088121,118 140i 6,962 122-271,753419 North Castle, town. West Chester co,, N. Y., on the E. side of Hudson river, about 16 ms, from King's bridge. North Channel, Bay of Quinle, U. C, leads from John's island, southerly, belween the Ips. of Sophiasburgh, Fredericksburgh, and Adolpbus. town. Northcurry, lown of England, in Somersetshire, on the Tone, 20 ms, SW. of Wells, and 134 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. .3° W., lat. 51° N. North Clinton, town, Kennebec co,, Me. North East, town, Dutchess co., N. Y., on the E, side of Hudson river, about 90 ms. N. of New York. Village, Erie co.. Pa,, in the NE. angle of Erieco., Pa., 15 ms. NE. from the village of Erie Village, Cecil co,, Md., 46 ms. NE. from Baltimore. North End, village, Mathews co,, Va,, by post road 98 ms. E. from Richmond. 662 , North Fairhaven, village, Bristol co., Mass., by post road 66 ms. a litlle E. of S. from Boston, and 20 ms. SW. from Plymouth. North Falmouth, village in the SW. part of Barnstable co., Mass., by post road 72 ms. SSE. from Boston, and 18 S. from Plymouth. Norihfield, town, Kockingham co., N. H., on the Merrimac, 14 ms. above Concord. Pop. 1820, 1,304. Tp. in Siaten island, N. Y. Town, Franklin co., Mass., on the E. bank of Connecti cut river, nearly opposile to Greenfield, and SO ms. W. by N. of Boston. Tp., Washington CO., Vl. Village, Essex co., N. J., NW. from Newark. NW. tp. of Portage co.,0. Northfleet, village of Eng., in Kent, seated on the Thames, 1 m. W. of Gravesend, and 21 from London. Vast quantities of lime are made, and great numbers of extraneous fossils have been dug up here. North Ford, town, New Haven co.. Conn,, 11 ms. NE. from New Haven. North Granville, village, Washington co., N. Y., on Pawlet river, 63 ms. NNE. from Albany. North Hampton, village, Oxford co.. Me Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 60 ms. SE. from Concord. North Haven, tp., Now Haven co., Ct,, 7 ms, N. from New Haven. North Hempstead, village and seat of jusiice. Queen's co,, N. Y., on Long Island, 20 ms, E. from N. Y. Harborhill, in ihis town, is the high est land on Long island. Pop. 3,000. North Hero, town and seat of justice. Grand Isle CO., Vt,, on Grand Isle. Northington, village on Farmington river, 9 ms. W. from Hartford. North Killingworth, town, Middlesex co., Ct,, \^ ms. SSE. from Middletown, and 20 ms. WE, by E, from New Haven. North Kingston, tp., Washington co,, R, I. It is situated on the W^. side of Narraganselt bay, belween E. Greenwich and S. Kingston. North Learsment, village, Hancock co.. Me. Northlech, corporate town of Eng., in Glouces tershire, wilh several almshouses and a free gram mar school. It is seated on the Lech, 25 ms. E. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N. ofLondon. Lon, 1 43 W., lal. 51 46 N, North Livermore, village, Oxford co,. Me., on Androscoggin river, 60 ms. N. from Portland. North Marshfield, village, Plymouth co., Mass., 38 ms. SE. from Boston. North Middleborough, village, Plymouth co,. Mass,, 41 ms, SSE. from Boston. North Middleton, village, Bourbon co,, Ky., 49 ms. E. from Frankfort. Norlh Morelandi village, Luzerne co., Pa. North Mountain, local name for that part of the Kittatinny range which passes between Cum berland and Perry cos., and through Franklin co,, Penn. Norlh Norway, village, Oxford co.. Me., 61 ms. NW. from Portland. North Norwich, village on Chenango river, in Chenango co., N. Y,, 7 ms, above and N. from Norwich, and by post road 105 ms, W. from Al bany. fforth Penfield, village, Monroe co., N. Y., 10 Ims. NE. from Rochester. NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR North Plympion, village, Plymouth co., Mass., 39 ms. S. Irom Boston. Northport, village, Hancock co., Me,, 6 ms. S, from Belfast, and by post road 108 ms. NB. from Portland. North Portland, tp., Somerset oo., Maine, 25 ms, NW. fiom Norridgewock. North Providence, tp.. Providence co., R, I,, commencing 4 ms. N, from Providence, It in cludes the manufacturing village of Paiucket, 3 churches, 2 academies, and a bank. North River, Mass., rising in Pembroke, Ply mouth CO., and falls into tho-Atlantic ocean be tween Marchfield and Scituate. It is navigable for vessels of 300 tons 1 8 ms, to Pembroke, North River Mills, post office, Hampshire co,, Va,, 120 ms, NW. by W. from W. C. North Salem, lown, West Chester co., N. Y. It contains an academy. North Scituate, village. Providence co,, Ii. I,, 20 ms. W. from Providence, North Stonington, town, New London co, , Cl,, 9 ms. E. from New London. North Vineyard, tp., Somerset co.. Me,, 15 ras, W. from Norridgewock. Northumberland, co, of Eng., which received its name from being sitnated N. of the Humher, In the Saxon Heptarchy it was a part of the king dom of the Northumbrians, which conlained also the counties of York, Lancaster, Durham, Cum berland, and Westmoreland. It forms the N. ex tremity of Eng,, and is bounded on the E, by the German ocean, on the S. by the bishopric of Dur ham, on the SW. and W. by Cumberland, and on the NW. and N. by Scotland, from which it is separated by the Tweed It extends 70 ms. from N. to S., and 50 from E. to W. It lies in the diocess of Durham, contains 12 market towns and 460 parishes, and sends 8 members to Parlia ment. Pop. 1801, 157,101; in 1811, 172,161; and in 1821, 198,965. The air of this co. is nol so cold as might be imagined from the lat. in which it lies; for its situation belween two seas, in the narrowest part of Eng-, gives it the advan tage of having the cold moderated by the vapors ol er, 15 ms. NE. from Ballslon Spa. Wilton was cut oil' frorfjNorthumberland since 1810, Northumberland, co.. Pa,, bounded by Schuyl kill SE,, Dauphin S,, Susquehannah river, or Union W,, Lycoming N,, and Columbia NE, Length 35 ms,, mean width 13, area 455 sq. ms. This is one of the mountain counties of Pa,, and very much diversified in surface. Having so much river, it possesses, notwithstanding its general mountainous at-pect, a large proportion of good and considerable first rale soil. Washed by the main Susquehannah, 20 ms. below, and by the W. branch, 20 ms. above Sunbury and Northum- bctland, produces a range of river soil of 40 ms. in length. To this may be added 10 ms, of the E, branch, between Sunbury and Danville, the whole, including bolh banks of the latler section, yielding a river line of 60 ms. This alluvial range contains the mass of the populalion. Contrary to the ordinary course of the Appalachian ridges, the mountains of Northumberland extend nearly E. and W. The principal ridges are, advancing from S. to N., Line mountain, Little Mahoney, Maho- ney, and Shamokin, below the junction of the two great branches of Susquehannah ; above their confluence, Monlours mountain and the Limestone Ridge. Beside the two fine rivers we have noticed, Northumberland is drained by some large creeks, the principal of which are Mahantango, Mahoney, and Shamokin, entering Susquehannah below Sunbury, and Chilisquaque, Limestone, and War rior creeks, above Northumberland. Some of those meander through narrow valleys with much good soil. The staple productions of Northumberland are grain, flour salted provisions, lumber, whiskey, and many olher arlicles. Its principal towns are Sunbury, Norlhumberland, Milton, and Watson- burg. Pop, 1820, 15,424; and in 1840,20,027. For central lat., see Norlhumberland. Norlhumberland, village, Point tp,, Northum berland CO., Pa, This village is situated on the point above the confluence of the two great branches of Susquehannah river, and opposile Sunbury. Pop. of the tp, in 1820, 1,373, Lat, 40 52 N,, each; and, for this reason, the snow seldom lies lon. W. C, 12' E, Co,, Va., bounded by Po- long in this co., except on the tops of high hills, i tomac river NE., Chesapeake bay SE., Lancaster The air is very healthful, and the people, who and Richmond SW., and Westmoreland NW. generally live to a great age, are seldom afflicted | Length 30 ms., mean width 8, area 240 sq, ms, with sickness. The soil is various, the eastern.' Surface ralher waving than hilly ; soil of middling part, which is fruitful, having very good wheat and quality. Chief town Bridgetown. Pop.in 1820, most sorts of corn, and has rich meadows on the, 8, 016; and in 1840. 7,924. For central lal,, see banks of the rivers, but the western part is gener- 1 Northumberland C. H, next article. ally barren, il being mostly healthy and mountain- Northumberland, C. H. and village, Northum ous. The SE. part abounds wilh pit coal, of which 658,858 chaldrons are computed to be an nually shipped from Ihence to London, There are also large quantities of lead and limber. The principal rivers are the Tyne, the Tweed, and the Cockct. Alnwick is the counly town, but the largest is Newcastle. Northumberland, NE. co. of L. C , on the left side of St. Lawrence river, extending from Hamp, shire indefinitely towards Labrador. Co. of U. C ., W. from Prince Edward and Hastings cos. , and extending from Lake Ontario to Rice lake. Vil lage, Coos CO., N, H., on Connecticut river, about 120 ms N. from Concord. Town, Sar atoga CO., N. Y., on the right side of Hudson riv- berland co,, Va., on Presby creek, 96 ms, NE. from Richmond. Lat. 37 56 N,, lon. 34' E. North Village, lown Hampden co., Mass., 69 ms. from Boston. Morth West River Bridge, village, Norfolk co,, Va,,,20 ms. S. from Norfolk. Northwest Territory. — See Michigan State. Northwood, -town, Rockingham co , N. H., 20 ms. E, from Concord. Pop. 1810, 1,095; in 1820, 1,260, North Yarmouth, town, Cumberland co,, Mc,, on Casco bay, 12 ms. N. from Portland, Pop, 1810, 3,925; in 1820, 3,679. Northwich, town of Eng., in Cheshire. Il js sealed on the Weaver, near ils conflux wilh the 663 NOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOR Dane, and is noted for its salt works. The strata of salt lie about 40 yards deep, and s^e of them are hollowed into the form of a temple. Vast pits of solid rock salt have been dug here to a great depth, from which immense quantities are raised ; and much of it, in ils crude state, goes to Liver pool by the river Weaver, to be exported. North wich is 20 ms. NE. of Chester, and 173 NW. of London. Lon. 2 36 W., Iat. 53 16 W. Norton, village, Essex co., Vl. Bristol co., Mass., on the W. side of Wading river, 7 ms. WW. of Taunton. Pop.. 1810, 1,698; in 1820, 1,600. Town, Delaware co., 0., 9 ms. -V. from nelaware, and 34 in the same direction from Columbus. SE. tp., .Medina co,, O. Norton, or Chipping Norton, corporate town of Eng., in Oxfordshire. It is 12 ms. SW. of Banbury, and 74 NW. of London. ' Lon. 1 17 W., lat. 51 55 N. Norton Sound, inlet of the sea, on the W. coasl of North Americn, discovered by Capiain Cook in his last voyage. There is no good harbor in all the sound, nor even a tolerable station for ships. Lon. 162 47 W., lat. 64 55 N, Norwalk, town, Fairfield co,, Ct., situated on Long Islanil sound, 12 ms, SW. of Fairfield, and 50 NE. of the cily of New York- It contains a newspaper printing offtce, an academy, and three churches. Pop. 1810, 2,983; in 1820, 3,004. Town and seat of jusiice, Huron co., 0,, 14 ms. from Lake Erie, and 100 KE. from Colum bus. Lon. W. C. 5 33 E., lal. 41 16 N. Pop, in 1820, 579, Norway, kingdom in the north of Europe, the most westerly part ofthe ancient Scandinavia. Il is bounded on the W. and N. by the Northern ocean, E. by Swedish Lapland and Sweden, and S. by the Cattegate, extending from the Naze, in lat. 57 30, to the North Cape, in lat. 71 10, Ils breadlh, which is very unequal, is from 40 lo 280 ms. It is naturally formed into two divisions, namely Northern and Soulhern or proper Norway, separated from each other by the small Swedish province of Herndahl. It is divided into the gov ernments of Aggerhuys, Christiana, or Christian sand, Berghen, Drontheim, and Finmark — the whole embracing an area of 161,000 sq. ras , with an aggregate pop. ol 930,000. By the treaty of Kiel, January, 1814, Norway, against the free opinion of its people, was trans ferred from Denmark to Sweden, Denmark re ceiving, in return, Swedish Pomerania aud the is land of Rugen. From ils rocky soil and northern position, Norway is not populous in proportion to its extent. The inhabitants, like the Swiss moun taineers, are exceedingly attached to their couniry. In Norway they have a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Griefl'elfeld, at the command of Christian V., the great legislator of this couniry. By this law, the palladium of Nor way, the peasants are free, except in some aristo cralic estates, near Frederickstadt ; and the bene fits of this code were visible in the great difference in their appearance between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved vassals of Denmark, though both were, living under the same govern ment. The inviolability of their laws and the in tegrity of the kingdom were stipulated in the treaty of Kiel. The Norwegian peasants possess much 664 spirit and fire in their manner; are frank, open, and undaunted, yet not insolent; never fawning, yet paying proper respect Their principal mode of salute- is by offering their hand ; and when they are given or paid any trifle, the peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, or by a bpiv, shake hands with great frankness and cordiality. The same causes which aflfect the population of Nor way operate likewise on the slate of tillage ; for although in some places vegetation is so quick that the corn is sown and cut in six or seven weeks, yet the couniry does not produce sufficient corn for its own consumption. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consequently produces much cattle. The horses are small, but strong, very ac tive and hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the west coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supplied the finest sailors lor the Da nish fleet. The principal fish are saloion, cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also yield train oil ; and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. The extensive forests of oak and pine pro duce timber, spars, beams, and planks, beside char coal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but also a kind of wine. The general exports are tal low, butter, salt, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers, ihe former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea ; hut the rivers are in general of a short course, except the Glommen. 'J'he mountains are numerous, and generally clothed with pines and firs. The grand Scandinavian chain, which runs from S. to N., dividing this kingdom from Swe den, is known by distinct appellations; the chief are the ridges of LangficI, Dofrafial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild anintals are the bear, lynxj wolf, fox, and hare ; but ihe mo.st singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian mouse, of a reddish color, and about five inches long. These animals proceed in vast numbers from the ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring every product of the soil in their course, and at last seem to devour each other. The inhabilanls carry on a considerable trade with foreign nations. Their exports are copper, wrought and unwrought; iron cast itito cannon, stoves, and pots, or forged into bars ; masts, tim ber, deal boards, planks, marble, millstones, her ring, cod, ling, flounders, cowhides, goat skins, seal skins, the furs of bears, &c., down, feathers, buller, tallow, train oil, tar, juniper and other sorts of berries and nuts. They have inexhaustible quarries of excellent marble, black, white, blue, grey, and variegated. Gold has likewise been found in a small quantity, and a considerable sil ver mine is at present wrought at Koningsberg, at the risk of his Danish majesty. These were visi ted by Mr. Coxe, who says lhat they formerly pro duced 70,000 pounds, but they now produce only 50,000 pounds. The mines of cobalt, and the preparation of Prussian blue, are much more pro ductive. — See particularly, in connexion with Nor way, Lapland, and Sweden, and for general obser vations of all those parts, the general article Scan dinavia. Norway, village, Oxford co.. Me., 46 ms. NNW. from Portland Town. Herkimer co,, NOT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. NOT N. Y., 25 ms. a liltle E. of N. from Herkimer, and 90 NW. by W. from .'Mbany. Norwich, ancient and populous cily of Eng,, the capital of Norfolk. It is seated on the Yare, which runs through il, and is navigable lo Yar mouth without locks. Though, as it has been said, it is a populous city, yet there is void enough in it for another colony ; nnd, from the intermix ture of its houses with trees, it is called a city in an orchard. Its manufactures are generally sent to London, though considerable quantities aro ex ported from Yarmouth, to Holland, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is 43 ras. N, of Ips wich, and 109 NE. of London. Lon. 1 20 E., lal. .52 40 N. Pop. 1811, 37,256. Tp. of U. C, in Oxford co., on the river Tharaes, Town, Windsor co., Vl., opposite Hanover, on Connecticut river, 21 ms. above Windsor. It is the seat of a miliiary academy. Pop. 2,000. Town, Hampshire co,, Mass., 15 ms. W. from Northampton. Pop. 1820, 849. Tp., lown, and seat of justice, Chenango co., N. Y., on Chenango river, 49 ms. a liltle W. of S. from Utica, and 60 E. from Ithaca. Pop. ofthe tp. in I&IO, 2,550; in 1820, 3,257. Lat. 42 32 N., lon. W. C. 1 28 E. Tp., Franklin Co., O., on Scioto river, 8 ms. above Columbus. Norwich, city and seat of justice, New London CO., Ct , on Thames river, at the head of lide nav igation, 13 ms. above New London, and 38 ms. SE. from Hartford. Lat. 41 34 N., lon. W. C. 4 55 E. The Thames is formed by the junction, al Chel sea landing, of the Shetucket and Yantic rivers. Norwich, the city, is on the Yantic, but is gene rally considered to include Chelsea landing and Beacon Hill. The Yantic, about a mile above its union with tbe Shetucket, is precipilaled over a fall, which affords admirable facilities for manufac turing establishments, many of which are in ope ration. Woolen and colton cloths, morocco and common leather, paper, &c., are extensiwiy pro duced. Saw and flour mills abound. Chelsea landing is the port, and seat of commercial trans actions. Norwich proper is two miles up the Yantic, and contains the public buildings. Beacon Hill is again W. from Norwich, Tho scenery around Norwich is highly pleasing, and heightened by a rich, well-cultivated country. Poj). of the tp. 1810, 3,528; in 1820, 3,634; city of Nor wich in 1840, 4,200. Nossen, lown of Germany, in the circle of Up per Saxony, situaled on the Muldau, 18 ms. W, of Dresden. Lon, 13 0 E., lat. 51 2 N. Notchengong, lown of the Deccan, in the prov ince of Berar, 75 ms. SSW. of Ellichpour., Lon. 79 17 E., lat. 20 32 N. Noteburg, town of Russia, in the Government of Petersburg, sealed on an island in the Lake La doga, at the place where the river Neva proceeds from this lake. It has a good „ciladel, and was capital of Ingria before Petersburg was buill. Il is 25 miles E. of Petersburg. Lon. 31 9 E., lal. 59 56 N. Nolo, ancient, large, and handsome town of Sicily, and capital of Val-di-Noto. It wa^ ruined by an earthquake in 1693, hut another lown was built some distance from it, called Nota Nuovo. J 84* It is 22 ms. SW. of Syracuse. Lon. 15 19 E,, lat. 36 58 N. Notre Dame des Anges, seigniory, Quebec co., L. C, opposile Quebec. Nottaway, river, rises in Prince Edward, Not taway, and Lunenburg cos., Va., and, flowing nearly E. between Dinwiddie, Brunswick, and Greenville, inlo Sussex, ihere turns to SE.. through Sussex and Southampton, joins Blackwater- just wilhin the limits of N. C. Entire comparative course 120 ms. Below the junction ofthe Notta way and Blackwater, the united sireams flow S. about 10 ms., and, uniting wilh the Meherrin, form the Chowan river. Nottaway, co. of Va., bounded by Dinwiddie SE., Brunswick S., Lunenburg SW., Prince Ed ward NW., and Amelia NE. Length 22, mean width 12 ms. ; area 364 sq. ms. Itis washed in all the SW. borders by the Nottaway, ond about half the county drained by the creeks of that river. Its NE. moiety is drained by Flat creek, Deep creek, Winticomock, and others flowing into .\p- pomatax river. Pop. in 1820, 9,658; in 1840, 9,719. Lal. 37 0 N., and lon. W. C. 1 0 W. intersect in this county, Notielen, Iwon of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster, 7 ms. W. of Munster. Nottingham, county town of Nottinghamshire, Eng. It is situated on a rocky eminence, and is a populous and handsome lown, distinguished by its spacious market place, and noted for ils excellent ale. It is remarkable for its vaults, or cellars^ cut inlo the rock, and in the neighborhood are many coal pits, which atlbrd plenty of fuel, at litlle ej;- pense. Nottingham is sealed on a river which communicates with the Trent, 1 m. to ihe S.' It is 16 ms. E. of Derby, and 123 N. by W. ofLon don. Lon. 1 2 W., lat. 52 58 N. Town, Rockingham co,, N. H., 24 ms, NW. of Ports mouth. Nottingham, tp., Burlington co,, N. i. Pop, in 1820, 3,633. Nottingham, Wesi, town, Hillsborough co., N. H., on the E. side of Merrimack river, 45 ms. N. by W. of Boston. Nottingham, East and West, the two SW. and contiguous tps, in Chester co, , Pa. They are situated on the E. side of Octorara creek, and join Maryland. Nottingham, NE. tp,, Washington co , Pa., on Monongahela river, 18 ms. from Washington. Town, Prince George's co., Md., on the W. side of Patuxent river, 27 ms. SE. of Washington. A hilly tp., Harrison co., Ohio, 7 ms. W. from Cadiz. I'his township contains the village of Moorfield. Nottinghamshire, co. of Eng., 4§ ms. long and 20 broad, bounded on the N. by Yorkshire and Lfpcolnshire, on the E. by the latter co.. on the S. by Leicestershire, and on the W. by Derby shire. It lies in the diocese of York ; contains 95,000 inhabitants, and sends 8 members to Parli ament. No county in England enjoys a pleasant- er or healthier air. The principal rivers are the Trent and Idle ; the former inferior only to the Sev. ern, Thames, and Humber. Pope inT801, 140.- 350; in 1811, 162,000; and 1821, ia 180,873. 665 Nov GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. N.UE Nou Kian, great liyer of Africa, rising, according to Arrowsmith, in the Thibelian Alps, between the sources of the Blue river, and, flowing thence southeastward towards China, but is there con founded wilh the numerous and very defectively kiiown sireams of the vast region between Bengal and Yemen, by Arrowsmith, the Nou Kian con tinued in the Thaluayan and discharged inlo the Gulf of Av(t. By other geographers, it is the high er Maykaung, or Japanese river of Cambodia ; bul the most probable of all conjectures on the subject is, that the Nou Kian and Meinam are the same. — See Meinam. Novalle, small, but populous town of Italy, 10 ms. NE. of Padua, and 12 SW. of Treviso. Lon. 12 10 E,, lat. 45 29N. Novard, ancient and strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, capilal of the Novarese. It is seated on an eminence, 13 ms. NE. of Verceil, and 25 ms. W. by S. of Milan. Lon. 8 35 E., lat. 45 25 N. Nova Scotia, or Acadia, province of British N. America, bounded on the W. by the IT. S,, on the. N. by the river St. Lawrence, on the E. by the gulf of that name, and on the S. by the Atlantic and Bay of Fundy, being so indented by the lat ter that its easiern part forms a peninsula. It ex . tends from Cape Sable, its most southern point, in Iat. 43 23 to 49 30 N., and from 60 15 to 67 0 W. lon. In 1784, port ofthis country was formed into a new province. — See New Brunswick. The most part of the country is one continued tract of forest, And the soil, exce|>t on the river banks, is thin and barren. Halifax is the capital. Pop. in 1835, about 130,000 ; and in 1843, calculated at 143,- 000, of which probably 10,000 were contained in Halifax. Nova Zemlia, Nova Zembla, large and deso late island, lying oif the northern coast of Asia, and NE. of Europe, extending from Iat. 69° to 76° N. It is about 500 by 240 miles. It is uninhabited, and only visited by fishermen, in summer. Novellara, toivn of Italy, capital of a small dis trict of the same name, with a castle, where the sovereign resides. It is 17 ms. E. by N. of Par ma, and 20 S. by W. of Mantua. Lon. 11 4 E., lat. 44 48 N. Novi, town of Italy, in Ih^ territory of Genoa, 23 miles NW. of Genoa. Lon. 8 39 E., lat. 44 45 N. Novi Bazar, town of European Turkey, in Ser via, seated near the Oresco, 72 miles W. of Nissa, and 103 S. of Belgrade. Lon. 31 1 E., lat. 43 35 N. Novigrad, town of Upper Hungary, capilal of a CO. of the same name, near the Danube, 25 ms N. of Buda. Town of Dalmatia, with a castle, seated on a lake of the same name, near the Gulf of Venice, 17 ms. E. of Nova, and 25 NW. of Zara. Strong place of !puropean Turkey, in Servia, seated near the Danube, 35 miles N. of Nissa. Novogorod, called by pre-eminence Great No vogorod, city of Russia, capital of a government of the same n,8me, and shared wilh Kiew in being one ofthe cradles cffthe Russian empire. It was for a long time governed hy its own dukes, but was in fact a republic, under the jurisdiction of a nominal 666 sovereign. lis territory extended to the W. as far as the frontiers of Livonia and Finland, composing great part of the province of Archangel, and a largo district beyond the NW. limits of Siberia. It was the great mart of trade between Russia and the Hanseatic cilies, and made the most rapid advan ces in opulence and population. Its power tvas so great, and its situation sg impregnable, as to give rise to a proverb. Who can resist the gods and Great Novogorod ? But in the 15lh century this independent republic was obliged to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I,, Grand Duke of Russia. After its subjection, this city declined slowly, until the build ing of St. Petersburg completed its ruin. Pop. now about 8,000. Novogorod is situate near the N. end ofthe Lake Ilmen, 125 ms. SSE. of St. Petersburg. Lon. 31 45 E., lat. 58 25 N. Novogorod, Niznei, city of Russia, capital of a Government of the same name. The trade ia con siderable, and the shops richly furnished with all kinds of foreign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux of the Occa with the Volga, 280 ms, E. by N. of Moscow. Lon. 46 30 E., lal. 66 34 N. Novogorod, Sieverskoi, town of Russia, capital of a Government of the same name, seated on the Desna, 340 ms. SW. of Moscow. Lon. 32 40 E., lat. 52 20 N. Novogrodek, town of Lithuania, capital of a pa latinate nf the same name, seated on a hill in a vast plain, 80 ms. S. by E. of Wilna. Lon. 36 aE., lat. 53 35 N. Novomigorod, town of Russia, in the Govern ment of Catherinenslaf, 136 ms. WNW. of Ca- Iherinenslaf. Lon. 31 44 E., lat. 48 40 N. Nouira, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, near which are mines of gold and silver. It is 30 ms. S. of Cracow. Noxonion, village, Newcastle co., Del., 22 ms. SSW. from Wilmington. Noya, town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief trade is in ship-building. It stands at the moulh ofthe Tambro, 15 ms. W. of Compostella. Noyers, town of Fr., in the dep, of Yonne, sealed on the Serin, 19 ms. ESE, of Auxerre. Noyon, town of Fr., in the dep. of Oise. It give birth to the famous Calvin ; ard was lately an episcopal see. It is sealed near the Oise, 22 ms. NW. of Soissons, and 60 N. by E. of Paris. Nozeroy, town ofFr., department of Jura, wilh a castle, seated on a mountain, 20 ms. SE. of Salins, Nubia, country of Africa, bounded on the N., by Egypt, E. by the Red Sea., S. by Abyssinia and Darfoor, and W. by Bornou. — See Africa, p. 11. Nuddy, river in Hindoostan, is the termination of many rivers, example '^ Maha Muddy," or Great River. Nuestra, Senoke-de-la-Paz, town of S. America, in Peru, and tbe audience of Los Charcas. It i> seated at Ihe foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding with vines and fruits, which begin to be ripe in January. Lon. 64 5 W., lat. 16 50 S. Nuestra Senora, de la Vittoria, city of Mexico, in Yucatan, on the E. side of the bay Tenninos. Lat. 18 25 N., lon. W. C. 14 50. About 160 ms. SSW. from Campeachy. NUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OAK Neuva Segovia, town of the Easl Indies, in the Isle of Luzon, and one of the Philippines, with a bishop's see. The Portuguese alcaied, major of the province, resides at ihis place. It is seated near the inouth of the river Cagayau. Lon. 120 30 E., lat. 18 59 N. Neilz, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Cote d'Or, and lute province of Burgundy, famous for its excellent wines. It is sealed at the foot of the mountain, 15 ms. SW. of Dijon, and 130 SE. ol Paris. Lon. 5° E., lat. 47 10 N. Nukaliiva, principal ol the Marquesas or Wash ington Islands, in the South Pacific ocean. S. lat. 9 30, lon. W. London, 139 30, and 52 30 W. of W. C. The hearing from the mouth of Co lumbia river is S. B. 11 W. distance .3,903 nau tical and 4,488 statute miles. — See Marquesas la landa. Numancia, anciently a considerable town of Spain, in Old Castile, celebrated for a siege of 14 years maintained against the Romans, who finally subdued and destroyed it, in the year 133 B. C. Tbe ruins of it are still to be seen near the head of the river Douero, 4 ms. above the town of Soria. NujiisMiTics, NtTMiSMiTOGiiAPUT, the Science of medals or coined money from the Greek nomis- ma, medal, piece of money, and grapho lo des cribe. Nun, cape of Africa, on the Atlantic ocean, lying nearly E. from the island of Forteventura. N. lat. 28 30 lon. 10 50 W. Nun, or Ned de Nun, province of .\fr ca, se parated on the S. from the kingdom of Sus, by a sandy desert. The emperor of Morocco pre-' tends to be sovereign of this country, but his authority is only nominal. This vast but desert province, is inhabited by different tribes of Arabs, who are scattered over every part capable of cul tivation. Nuifcio, the Pope's ambassador to a Catholic prince or Stale. — See Ambassador. Nunda, town in the northeastern angle of Al leghany CO. N. Y., about 15 ms. NE. from An gelica, and by posiroad 256 ms. W. from Albany. Nunia, village of, on the cast side of the Tigris, opposite .Mosul, at N. lat, 36 27, lon, 43 20; 250 miles NNW. from Bagdat, is ascertained to be the ancient Nineveh. Nundydroog, town of the peninsula of Hin dooslan, capilal of a district, in the .Mysore coun try, lis fortress is built on the summit of an al most Inaccessible mountain, 1,700 feet in height, but was besieged and taken by the English under Lord Cornwallis, in 1793. It is 70 ms, N. of Seringapatam. Nuneaton, town in Eng., in, Warwickshire, 8 ms. N. by E. Coventry, and 99 NNW. of Lon don. Lon. 1 25 W., lat. 52 36 N. Nuneham, village of Eng., 5 ms, E by S. of Oxford ; remarkable for ils Spinning Feast, an annual festival, instituted by lord and lady Har court, for the encouragement of virtue and industry. Nunney, village of Eng., in Somersetshire, 2 ms. SW. of Frome. Nuremburg, or Nuremberg, city of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Franconia, with a university. It is 6 ms. in circumference, surrounded by high walls. Hanked with 3G5 towers, and the river Pegnilz over which arc 12 slone bridges runs ihrough the middle, and divides it inlo two parts. The gov ernment is arisiocralical ; and the townsmen are divided into 8 quarters, each of which has a cap- lain. The burgesses are very industrious, and the hest workmen in arts ; their maps and prints are in high esteem, as well as their musical and ma thematical instruments, nor are they less curious in clock work, and in the several manufactures of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster. The best toys are made here, which are commonly known in Eng. by the name of Dutch -toys. Here is a famous academy for painting, an anatomical thea tre, and a public library. It is 55 ms. NVV. of Ratisbon, 62 N, of Augsburg, and 250 W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 11 12 E., lat. 49 27 N. Nuriingen, town of Germany,- in the circle of Suabia, iu the duchy of Wirlemberg. It {s situated on the Neckar, 14 ms. SE of Stutgard, and 60 E. of Strasburg. Lon. 9 12 E., lat 48 33 N. Nusserpour, town of Hindoostan, capilal of a dislrict of the sarae name, 80 ms. NE. of Tatta Lon. 68 20 E., lat. 2 20 N. Nuttsville, village, Lancaster co., Va., by post road 82 ms. NE, byE, from Richmond. Nuys, lown of Germany, on the Erfft, 5 ms. SW. of Dusseldorff, and 20 N W. of Cologne. Lon. 6 52 E,, lat. 51 11 N. Nyborg, town of Denmark, in the isle of Fu nen, seated in a commodious bay 10 ras. E. of Odensee. Lon. 10 40 E., lat. 55 30 N. Nyland, province of Sweden, in Finland, lying on the Gulf of Finland, to the W. of Ca relia. I Nymburg, strong town of Bohemia, seated on the river Elbe. Lon. 13 26 E., lat. 50 8-N, Nyon, commercial lown of Switzerland in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the s.ime name, near the Lake of Geneva, 10 ms. NNE. of lhat city. Lon. 6 12 E, lat. 46 21 N. Nyons, town of Fr.. in the dep. ef Drome, and lale province of Dauphiny, sealed on ihe river Aigues, over which it has a lofty bridge ot one arch, the work of the Romans, and a mine ral spring namen Pontais, and some manufac tures of soap and woolen stuffs It is 8 ms. N W. of Buis. Lon. .5 15 E., lat. 44 26 N. Nyslol, town of Russia, in ihe government of Livonia. It is seated on the Narova, among large marshes, 20 ms. SW. of Narva, and 69 N of Wi burg. Lon. 29 10 E., lat. 61 56 N. Nyaladt, town of Sweden, in Finland, noted for a peace concluded here in 1721, between the the emporer of Russia, and the king of Sweden and IS seated on a bay ofthe Gulf of Bothnia, 55' m' NW. ufAbo. Lon. 31 IE., lat. 61 10 N. Nyated or Nyested, town of Denmark, in the island of Laland with a considerable trade to the duchy of Mecklenburg and other places of Ger many, Lon. 11 4E., Iat. 54 43 N. 0. Oak Flat, post ofiice, Pendleton co., Va. Oakfusgee, river'of the U. S., sometimes cal led the Tallapoosa. It rises in the mountains of 667 OAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OBE Ga., and after running Ihrough the State in a SW. course, it enters Ala. Thence it passes nearly due S., till it joins the Coosa, and forms the Ala. The united streams are afterwards joined by the Tombigbee, and fall inlo the Gulf of Mexico, near Mobile. Oak Grove, post office Westmoreland co. , Va., by posiroad 83 ms. from Richmond. Jasper co. Ga., 45 ms. from Milledgeville. Oak Hall post office, Pickens co. Ala., 176 ms. NW. from Cahaba. Oakham or Okeham, town of Eng., and co., town of Rutlandshire, inthe centre of aferlile val ley, called the Vale of Calmose, 28 ms. S. by E. of Nottingham,, and 98 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0 46 W. lat. 52 42 N. s Oakham, town, Worcester co., Mass., 19 ms. NW. from Worcester. Oakhampton, or Ockhampton, borough of Eng. in Devonshire, on the river Ock, 34 ms. W. of Exeter, and 195 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 4 5. W. lal. 50 48 N. Oak Hill, post office. Green co., N. Y. Postoffice, Fauquier CO. Va. Post office, How ard CO,, Mo. Oakingham, village, Laurens dislrict, S, C, 92 ms. NW. from Columbia. Oakland, co., Mich., on Huron of Lake St. Clair, lying N VV. from Wayne, and W. from Ma comb counties, and about 40 ms. N W. from De troit. The land of this county is excellent, and since 1818, when the Uniled Slates lands were sold, settlements have very rapidly progressed. Oakland, post office, Oakland co,, Mich., 35 ms. NW. from Detroit. Post office, Alleghany CO., N, Y., by post road 354 miles westerly from Albany, Oakland Mills, post office, Anne Arundel co., Maryland. Oakley, posl office, Seneca co., Ohio. Oakmulga, village, Chesterfield counly, Va., 49 ms. from Richmond. Oakmulgee, river of Georgia, it is a considera ble stream, which rises in the Creek couniry, and, when joined by the Oconee, forms the Alatamaha; the lalter falling into the Ailaniic ocean belween Mclnlosh and Glynn counties. Oak Orchard, creek of New York, in Genesee CO., rises near the Tonewanto, and flows N. in to Lake Ontario. It is one of the feeders of the Erie canal. Oaktomie, village, Covington co., Miss., 103 ms. SE. from Jackson. Oakville, village, Buckingham co., Va. Oatland Mills, posl office, Loudon co., Va., 40 ms. V/. from W. C. Oarom, river of South America, in Guiana, the SE. branch of the Paraguay of Orinoco. It heads at N. lat. 4°, and, after flowing NNW. 300 ms., joins the Paraguay. Oases, in the plural; oasis, in the singular, from the Coptic ouah, Arab ulah, are isolated fertile spots in Africa, entirely surrounded by sandy des erts. The oases are scattered at various distances, and are of unequal relative extent. The existence of these detached vegetable spots has been produ ced by waler either approaching near the surface or actually issuing out in springs. The oases are only on the small scale, and more isolated, wbot 668 other parls of Africa are on the large, that is, ex panses bordered by deserts. Oaxaca, State of Mexico, bounded by the At- latic ocean S., Puebla W. and NW., Vera Cruz N. and NE., and Guatamala E. ; length from E. lo W. 340 miles, mean width 180, and are^ about 34,000 sq. ms. Belween latitude 15 40 and 18° North. This Stale is one of the most delightful coun tries on this part of the globe. The beauty and salubrity of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and the richness and variety of its productions, all combine to minister to the prosperity of ils inhabitants; therefore, this province has accord ingly, from the remotest periods, been the cen tre of an advanced civilization. In Puebla, Mexi co, and Valladolid, the substrata are composed of basalles, amygdaloid, and porphyry ; but in the Mixtecan and Zapotecan ranges of Oaxaca, gran ite and gneiss are the prevailing rocks. The moun. tain summits of Oaxaca have nol been scientifical. ly determined, but from the circumstance, that from some of the peaks, the gulf of Mexico and the Pacific ocean are visible, the elevation must ex ceed 7,000 feet. The surface of this region, though mountain ous, may be considered in general as an inclined plane, sloping from 7,000 feet to the level of the Pacific ocean. Some very remarkable Aztec ruins are found in Oaxaca. — See Pyramids, American, The list of vegetable productions of Oaxaca is commensurate wilh nearly all plants cultivated by civilized man in the temperate zones and tropical regions. Ils principal rivers are the Chimalapa, falling into the gulf of Tehuantepec, and the Chi cumetepec, entering the Pacific ocean in the SW. part of the State. Ils most productive mines ate those of Villalta, Zolaga, Yxtepexi, and Totomostla. The cilies of Oaxaca are Oaxaca, San Antonio de los Cues, and Tehuantepec. The family of Hernando Corlez are styled Mar quises of the valley of Oaxaca. Their property is composed of the four villas del Marquesado, and 49 villages, which contain 18,000 inhabitants. Oaxaca, city of Mexico and capilal of the Stale of the same name, stands on one of the confluents of the Chicometepee river, 240 ms. SSE. from the city of Mexico. Lon. W. C. 20 2 W., lat. 16 55 N. Il is the ancient Huaxyacac, called by the early Spanish writers on Mexico, Anicquera. It enjoys an atmo.sphere of peculiar sereniiy, but the country is subject lo earthquakes. Pop. 25,000. Oban, village of Scot., in Argyleshire, seated on Ihe seacoast, where there is an excellent fishipg station and a custom-house. Obdach, lown of Germany, in the duchy of Sty ria, seated al the confluence of the Achza and Traun, 3 miles below the Lake Chienzee, and 35 W. of Gralz. Longitude 14 43 E., latitude 47 3 Norlh. Oberkirch, town and castle of France, in the de partment of Lower Rhine, and late province of Al sace, lately belonging to the archbishop of Stras burg, from which place it is 3 ms. distant. Lon. 7 50 E., lal. 48 35 N. Obemdorf, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, in the Black Forest, subject to the house OCA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OCK town, and seated on the Neckar, 14 miles N. of Rothwell. Lon. 8 45 E., lat. 48 23 N. Obemperg, town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat ed on the Inn, 15 miles S. of Passau, to whose bishop it belongs, Lon. 13 36 E., lal. 48 15 N, Oberstein, town of Germany, in the palalinale of the Rhine, capital of a counly of the sarae name, sealed on the Nahe, 30 miles E. by S. of Treves. Lon. 7 26 E , lat. 49 43 N. Oberwesel, formerly an imperial town of Ger many, in the electorate of Treves, taken by the French in 1794, and seated on the Rhine, 40 ms. E.NE. of Treves. Lon. 7 48 E., lal. 50 1 N. Oit'.— See Oby, Obian, NW. river of Tennessee, rises in Henry and Carroll counties, flows SW. by W., and falls into the Mississippi at N. lat. 35 56. Obidos, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a strong castle on a rock, 13 miles E. of Peniche, and 38 NNE. of Lisbon. Obollah, strong town of Persia, in Irac-Agemi, sealed on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. Obskaia, gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen ocean, about 360 ms. from N. to S., and from 45 to 60 in breadth. Near the middle of its E. side blanches out the gulf of Tazowskaia, about 140 miles long and 30 broad. The SW. extremity of the gulf of Obskaia, where the river Oby enters it, is in lon. 69 15 E., lal. 66 55 N. Obvinsk, lown of Russia, in the Government of Perm, situate on the Kanfa, 60 ms. N. of Perm. Lon. 56° E., lat. 58 44 N. Oby, or Ob, river of Siberia, and ofthe Russian empire. It issues from the Lake Allyn, in the desert of Ischimska, and runs NW. and W. by Kolivan, Narim and Surgut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when il flows N. and NE. till it enters the gulf of Obskaia, after a course nf 1,900 miles. It is navigable almost lo ils source, and is a large smooth stream, abounding in fish. In its course, especially after the influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great number of islands. Though the Oby gives gives name to the basin, the Irtysh or Western great constituent stream, i.«, in respect to both remoteness of source and extent of surface it drains, much the superior stream. But, taken together, the Oby and Irtysh form o^ne of the great rivers of the first order. The Irtysh rising as far S. as lat. 43°, and the raouthof the gulf of Oby be ing in lat. 73°, the basin extends over 30° of lat,, and fills the great space belween the Ural moun tains and the basin of the Jenisey. In their re spective extents on the sphere, there is very lillle difference comparatively between the Oby and Jenisey basins, but either exceeding an area of 600,000 square miles, is, next to the other, far the largest river of the eastern continent. The Blue river ot China equals either in length of course, but falls far behind in surface drained. Ocana, town of Colombia, in New Granada, on an eastern branch of the Magdalena. Lon. W. C. 3 5H E.,lat. 8 ION. Ocano, town of Spain, in New Castile, sealed on a plain, abounding in all the necessaries of life, 18 ms. E. of Toledo. Lon. 3 50 W., lat. 39 52 N. Ocatahoola, parish. La., bounded by Concordia E. and SE., Rapides S. and SW , and Washilau NW. and N. ; length 70 miles, mean width 29, area 3,000 sq, ms. — See Catahoola. Ocatahoola river, — See Catahoola river, Ocatahoola Lake, — See Catahoola Lake, Occa, large river of Russia, which falls inlo tho Volga, neor Nishnei Novogorod. — See Oka, Occoquhan, river, Va., rises in Fauquier, and flowing E, across that counly, and Ihence between Prince William and Fairfax, falls into ihe Polo- mac about 20 miles below Washington city. It is navigable for small vessels 15 miles, to Colchester. Post oflice. Prince William co., Va., 20 ms. SSW. from W. C. Oieanica, — See Polynesia, Ochrida,lown of European Turkey, in Albania, 100 ms. N. from Joanina, on Lake Ochrida, from which issues the river Diuro. — See Locrida, Ochsenfurt, lown of Bavaria, in the circle of Franconia, and in the bishopric of Wurtzburg, on the Maine, 10 miles SE. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 10 E., lat. 49 35 N. Ochsenhausen, town ol Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria, 14 miles S. of Ulm, and 40 WSW. of Augsburg. Longitude 10 11 E., latitude 48 10 North. Ocker, river of Lower Saxony, which rises in the S. part of the duchy of Brunswick, runs by Goslar, Wolfenbuttle, and Brunswick, and falls inlo the Aller, W, of Guythorn. Ocklawnka river, the W, branch of St. John's river of Florida. It is composed of two confluents. Orange lake river and Ocklawaha proper. " The Ocklawaha takes ils rise out of the Lake Apopka, about 73 ms, by water above ils moulh. At the outlet of this lake the stream is 15 feet wide and 7 feet deep; but tbe width and deplh of iheriver are increasing gradually down to St. John's. The lake .\popka being but 80 ras. NE. from the bay of Es piritu Santo, (Tampa) the Ocklawaha, if improv ed, might gradually facilitate the inland communi cation belween this bay. and the Atlantic ocean. In this direclion, the distance from the moulh of St. John's to the bay is about 260 miles, out of which, 180 would be hy waler, and 80 by land. Above its moulh 16 miles, the Ocklawaha le- ceives the outlet of Orange lake. " The banks of this river (outlet of Orange lake) are represented as lined in raany places wilh well timbered hammocks. The country through which run the head branches is generally sandy, wilh a pine growth ; it presents, however, some fine ham mocks, and also extensive prairies, subject to be overflown in rainy weather. Numerous ponds and lakes are met with in every direclion." — See Engi neer's report, public document. No. 185, p. 13, The Ocklawaha heads in the country of the Seminole Indians, between the sources of St. John's and those of Amaxuara rivers flowing by a gen eral northern course to the influx of Orange lake outlet. The latler heads belween the Sanla Fe branch of Suwanee and Amaxuara rivers, and flowing eastwards, joins the- Ocklawaha. Below their junction the name of Ocklawaha and course of Orange river are maintained to St. John's. Height of Orange lake above the ocean 41 feet. Ocklockonnc, hay and river. The bay of Ock- lockonrie is in fact the inner part of the larger bay nf Appalachie, and under the latter head the former has been already noticed, but we may add, from the engineer's report, that the bay of Ocklockonne "lies 18 miles SE. of St, Mark. It entrance is much 669 ODE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ODE obstructed by oyster bonks; and its bottom may be considered as part ofthe shoal, whieh, from Ap palachie to Cape St. Bias, impedes approach to the coast. The general width of Ocklockonne bay is 1§ ms., the length 6|. The depth which can be carried through the bay to Ocklockonne river 7 feet at low tide." Ocklockonne river rises in Georgia, interlocking sources with those of Suwannee, and some conflu ents of Flint river, draining sections of Baker, De catur, Irwin, and Lowndes counties, the various branches unite in Thomas after a general soulhern coijrse of 50 miles ; inflecting thence to southwest ward 60 ras., and, about middistance, having en tered Florida, it again bends to SE. 30 miles to its entrance inlo Ocklockonne bay. This river sweeps an elliptic curve round to the westward of Talla hassee. Its basin or valley lies belween those of Appalachicola and Oscilla rivers. Oconee, river, Georgia, NE. branch of the Ala tamaha. It rises in Hall co., Georgia, and, flow ing SSE. about 170 ms., by comparative courses joins the Oakmulgee lo form the Alatamaha, It is navigable for boats of considerable size lo Milledge ville. Ocracoke Inlet, unites Albemarle to Pamlico sound, on the coast of Tyrrell county, North Car olina. It has a depth of 14 feet upon its most shal low bar. Ocrida. — See Loochrida, Octararo, creek, Penn., rises in Lancaster and (Chester cos., and, flowing SSW., enters Cecil co., Md., and- falls into Susquehannah river about 10 ms. above Havre de Grace. Octararo, post office, Lancaster co,, Pa , 53 ms. SE. from Harrisburg. Ocumara, bay of Colombia, in Venezuela, aboul about 15 ms. E. from Porto Cavallo. Oczakow, or Otchahof, seaport and fortress of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf. It was taken by storm by the Russians in 1788, and was confirmed lo Russia by the subsequent peace. This important place is the key to bolh the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of great consequence to this part of the empire. It is seated near the Black sea, on the N. side of the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50 ms. W. of Cherson, and 190 N. byE. of Constantinople. Lon. 30 30 E., lat. 46 35 N. OnALisK, Turkish, from oda, chamber, wives ofthe sultans, mothers, also, they may be, but not not of the heir apparent. The lalter is Sultana Valide. Odenna, town of Guinea, — See George del Mina, Odenbach, town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts, on the Glan, 34 ms. SW. of Mentz, Odensee, lown of Denmark, capital of the isle of Funen. It supplies the greatest part of the army wilh all their leather accoutrements, and is particularly famous for gloves. Here are also man ufactures of cloth, sugar, soap. It is situaled on a river, 6 ms. from the hay of Stegeslrand, and 90 W. by S. of Copenhagen. Lon. ,10 17 E., lat. 55 30 N. Oder, river nf Germany, which has its source in 'he mounlains of Moravia, and flows N, lo Oderberg, then passes by Ratibor, Oppeln, Bres lau, and Glogau, in Silesia, Crossen, Frankfort, 670 Lehus, Custrin, and Frinwalt, in Brandenburg, and Gartz, Stettin, Camin, Wollin, Usedom, and Wolgast, in Pomerania. Below Stettin it forms aJarge lake or bay, called Gross Haff, and then enters the Baltic sea by three channels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwenow, between which lie the islands of Usedom and Wollin. The Oder is not entirely a river of Germany, thp largest of its confluents, the Warta, flowing Irom Poland. The Oder proper rises in Moravia, about 35 English ms. E. from Olmutz, first pursues a course nearly NE., but gradually curving to the N. enters Silesia, and, turning to NNW., drains that fine country nearly 250 ms. Il then enters Upper Saxony, through which the residue of its course is continued. The Warta rises in the pa latinate of Cracow, in Poland, 50 ms E. from Brieg, in Silesia, flows nearly N, 100 English ms. over the palatinates of Cracow, Siradia, and part of Kalish, assumes a NW. course, which it pur- su&s, with many partial windings, nearly 300 ms. to Landsberg, where it receives, also from Poland, the Netze. The Nelzo has its principal source from Lake Gopio Jeziero, between the Warta and Vistula; it first flows NW. 70 English ms. to the connecting canal which uniies this stream to the Vistula below Thorn, and from thence W. 120 ms. lo its junction wilh the Warta, at Landsberg. Below Landsberg the united streams flow a little S. of W. about SO ms. lo Kuslrin, where they are lost in the main volume of the Oder. Between Kuslrin and Oderburg, in a general distance of 35 ms., the Oder is made navigable by a canal along or near ihe eastern side. The enlire lengih of the Oder, by the Oder proper, is upwards of 400 Eng lish ms,, and nearly as much following the Warta. The noble valley of the Oder is contained between N. lat, 49 25 and 54°, being aboul 350 ms. in lengih, with 150 mean breadth, and draining an area of 53,500 sq. ms. It is uniled to the Elbe by a'canal from between Oderberg and Freyenwalde, inlo the Havel, and Ihence down the lalter by Lib- enwalde, Spandau, and Potzdam, into the Elbe above Werben. Another canal joins the Oder with the Spree near Mulrose. See Havel and Spree ,• see, also, Stettin and Bromberg, The Oder is navigable from Brieg, in Silesia, to the Baltic, upwards of 300 ms. A cut called th^ New Oder was begun in 1753, from Kuslrin, and a dredging machine, worked by steam, was procured a few years past in England ti deepen the bar at the mouth of the river. The V/arta is navigable 200 ms. into Poland. The main navigation passes along the branch called the Netze, as far as Brack- el, where commences the canal ol Bromberg, con structed between 1732 and 1725, by Brackenhalf, under the direction of Frederick the Great. Fall 67 feet from the summit level of the Warta into the litlle river Brahe, at Bromberg. Oderburg, town of Moravia, on the confines of Silesia, with a casile, seated on the Oder, at tho influx of IheElsa, 18 ms. NNW. of Teschen. Town of Biandenberg, in the middle mark, situ ate on the Oder, 25 ms. NW. of Custrin. Odernheim, town of Germany, in the palalinale of the Rhine, seated on, the Sellz, 14 ras. S. of Mentz, Town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Points, seatedon the Glan, near ils conflux with the Nohe, 28 ms. SW. of Mentz. OET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OHI Odessa, fortified town of Russia, in the govern ment of Catherinenslaf, seated on a gulf of the Black sea, 44 mS. W. by S. of Oczakow. Lon. 30 24 E,, lot, 46 28 N. This place, formerly an obscure village, was chosen hy Catharine II, in 1792, as a suitable place to forra a Russian empo rium on the Black sea. The bay is spacious, deep, and boltomcd with fine sand or gravel. The adjacent regions on the Dnieper, Bog, and Dnies ter, are in a high degree productive. Its advance has been extremely rapid ; in 1804 it contained 15,000; in 1820, 36,000; and in 1822, above 40,000 inhabitants. Its chief export "staple is grain. Tallow, hides, &c., are also exported in small quantities. Tbe prospect is fair that Odessa will become one of the greatest marts of the easiern continent. pdeypoar, town of Hindoostan, capilal of Jush- pour, in the province of Orisaa. It is 60 ms. NE. of Rullenpour, and 220 NW. of Cattack. Lon. 83 22 E., lat. 22 37 N. Odiham, lown of Eng., in Harapshire, on the Basingstoke canal, 24 ms. NE. of Winchester, and 48 W. by S. ofLondon. Oebsfeld, lown of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, seated on the Aller, 22 ms. NE. of Brunswick. Oecumebttc Council, Greek, oikoumene, to inhabit : all that is habitable, universal, or gen eral. From ils title this council ought lo be com posed of all the bishops of the Catholic church ; but in its ordinary acceptation it only supposes the full representation of that church. Synod in real ity has the same meaning. — See Ihe lalter article. Oedenburg, or Soprony-Norwegye, palalinale of West Hungary, commencing about 40 ms. SSE. from Vienna. Oederan, town of T.fpper Saxony, in Misnia, sit uate near the Flohe, 9 ms, ENE. of Chemnitz. Oeland, island of Sweden, in the Baltic, sep arated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 13 ms. broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 ms. long, but not more than 9 broad. The N. part has fine forests and quarries of excellent freestone, but the S. part is more level, and very ferlile. Both parls abound in alum mines. Bornholm is the chieflown, sealed on the strait, 22 ms. ENE. of Calmar. Longitude 16 50 E., latitude 56 48 North. Oelfelt, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the Aller, 25 ras. E. of Bruns wick. Lon. U 30 E., lat. 52 37 N. Oels, principality of Silesia, forming part of the government of Breslau. Oelsnitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the terri tory of Voiglland, seated on the Elster. Lon. 13 10 E., lat. 50 19 N. Oesel, island of the Baltic, on the coast of Li vonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga. It is 74 ms. long and 50 broad, and defended by two forls. It formerly belonged to Denmark, but now to Russia. Its capital is Arensburg. Oeting, town of Upper Bavaria, tl is divided inlo the upper and lower town, and is seated on the Inn, 8 ms. NW. of Burkausen. Lon. 12 44 E,, lat. 48 14 N. Oeting, or Oetingen, town of Suabia, capital of a CO. of the same name. It is sealed on the river M'irnitz, 12 ms. NNW. of Donawert, and 35 WNW. of Ingolstadt. Lon. 10 40 E,, lat. 48 58 N. Offa's Dike, entrenchment cast up by Offa, a Saxon king, tn defend England against the incur sions of the Welsh. It runs Ihrough Hereford shire, Shropshire, Montgomeryshire, Denbigh shire, and Flintshire. Offanlo, river ofthe kingdom of Naples, which rises in the Appennines, passes by Con-ia and Monte Verde, separates Capilania from Basilica ta and Terri di Bari, and falls into the Gulf of Venice near Barlella. ll is the ancient Aufidius. Offenbach, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, on the .Maine, 5 ms. E. of Frankfort. Lon. 8 48 E., lat. 49 54 N. Offenburg, town of Suabia, on the Kintzing, 12 ms SE. of Strasburg, and 28 S. of Baden. Lon. 8 1 E.,lat. 48 31 N. Offida, town of Italy, in the marquisale of An cona, 26 ms. S. ot Lorelto. Lon. 13 46 E., lat. 43 53 N. Offutt's, post office, Hampshire CO., Va., 93 ms. NW. from W. C. Ofoo Island. — See Navigators' Islands, Ogden, town, Monroe co., N. Y., 10 ms. a litlle N. of W. from Rochester. Population 1830, 1,435. Ogden' s, post office, Scott co. , Mo. Ogdensburg, town and seat of jusiice, St. Law rence CO., N. Y., on St. Lawrence river, on the point below the mouth of Oswegatche. The site of this lown is high, bold and pleasing, and the mouth of the Oswegatche affords an excellent har bor. It is the lowest point of ship navigation on St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario. The Gallop rapids commence about 5 ms. below. It is the seat of some mills and manufactories, and stands opposite to Prescoll, in U. C, 66 ms. by land NE. from Sackett's Harbor, and about 130 ms. above Montreal. Pop. ofthe tp. 1840, 2,526. Ogechee, river of Ga., rising in Greene co,, and, fiowing SE. between the confluents of the Alatamaha and Savannah rivers, falls into the At lantic ocean by Ossabow sound, 20 ms. S. from Savannah. It passes by Georgetown, in Warren, and Louisville, in Jefferson co. Oginski canal, between the governments of Bi elsk and Minsk, in Russian Poland. It commen ces in the lasiolda, which falls into the Prypiez, and thence into tbe Dneiper, and terminatrs near Slonim, in the Schara, a branch of the Niemtn. It was made navigable in 1784, and completed in 1802. By this canal, and by the Dnieper and Niemen, a water communicalion is opened be tween the Baltic and Black seas. Oglethorp, CO. of Georgia, bounded E. by El bert and VVilkes, S. by Talliaferro and Greene, W. by Clark, and N. by Madison. N, lat. 34° and lon. 6° W. of W. C. intersect near the NE. angle of this co. Greatest length 33 ms., mean breadlh 15, and area 480 sq. ms. Chief town, Lexington. The surface moderately hilly, and, soil productive. Staples, cotton grain, &c. Pop. 1830, 14,046; in 1840, 10,868, Cent. lal. 33 54 N., lon. W. C. 6 23 W. Oguinquit, village, York co,. Me. Ohio, NW. tp. of Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Ohio river. Pop. 1820, 1,477. One of the western tps. of Bearer co,, Pa., on and N. from 671 OHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OHI Ohio river. Pop. in 1820, 1,075 Co., Va., bounded by Washington and Greene cos,, in Pa., E., Tyler co., in Va., S., the Ohio river W., and Brooke co., in Va., N. Lengih 32, mean width 10 ms. ; area 320 sq. ms. The surface of this co. is excessively broken by hills, and yel the soil is almost uniformly productive. Beside the Ohio river, which washes its western border, it is wa tered by Short creek, Wheeling creek, Grave creek. Fish creek, and Fishing creek. The alluvial bot toms ofthe Ohio and the above creeks are exube rantly fertile. Staples, grain, flour, pork, beef, live stock, &c. Chief town. Wheeling. Pop.in 1820, 9,182; and in 1840, 13,367. Cent. lat. 40°, lon. VV. C. 3 42 W. -Co,, Ky., bounded by Butler SE., Green river or Muhlenberg S. and SW., Davies NW., Brackenridge N., and Gray son NE. Length 32, mean width 20 ms. ; area 640 sq. ms. Chief town, Hartford, Pop. 1830, .3,879. Cent. lat. 37 30 N., lon W. C. 9 40 W. Ohio, State of the United States, bounded by the Ohio river or Va. SE., Ohio river or Ky. S., Ia. W., .Mich, and Lake Erie N., and Pa. KE. Miles. Ohio has an interior boundary on Ohio river, from the mouth of Liltle Beaver to lhat of the Great Miami Due N. from the mouth of Great Miami, N. lat. 39 7, to N. lat. 41 35 Thence due E. to Lake Erie Thence along Ihe SE. shore of Erie Thence along the western boundary of Penn sylvania - . - - 440 170 80 150 93 Having nn enlire outline of - - - 933 Area 40,000, equal to 25,600,000 acres. Il extends from 37,30 to 42° N. lal., and ftom 80 32 lo 84 50 W. lon. The longest line in the Stale of Ohio, NE. and SW., is 300 ms. Ils width between Pennsylvania and Indiana 227 ms. Though' not marked by any of those bold and sublime features which are peculiar only to moun tainous countries, Ohio pre.-ents some very remark able trails, which call forth the utmost attention of the statist and philosopher. For the general features of Ohio, see art. Mis sissippi basin, section Ohio river. W'hen il is k;nown that the vale in which the Ohio flows is from 300 to 400 feel below the com- inaJi level of the adjacent country, and when il is alsi known that an immense table land extends tWough the Slate in nearly a NE. and SW. di- r^'clion, tbe origin of the phenomena, which serve to form ils physiognomy, is' easily traced. Tho rugged appearance of the Ohio banks in all their extent give an idea of unevenness to the Slale, which an examination of its interior raust correct. Like all other sections ofthe U. S,, Ohio cannot be designated by any general character ; and sim ilar to every newly settled part of our couniry, from the attention of early emigrants being naturally turned towards the best soil, the river alluvian and rich prairie margins have contributed to give too high a coloring to descriptions of its lands. As far as a general view can be adopted, ihe fol lowing may exhibit the great outlines of the Slate. Fifty or sixty ms. from the Ohio river, hilly, and in part very rugged, formed by abrasion of waler. 672 The region in«nediately in the rear of the hilly is nol level, though not rising into hills of any con siderable elevalion ; it is rolling land, and presents features in exact occordance with what must rise from the theory we have adopted. The interior and western part of Ohio may be regarded as elevaled, when compared with Lake Erie or Ohio river, but, with very partial excep tions, the surface is a plain, and, strange as it may appear lo those who have not traversed il, an alluvial plain. No part of the banks of any At lantic river is raore unequivocally alluvial than are the site and environs of Columbus, and they are only a specimen of the whole adjacent country. Under the heads of Muskingum, Hockhocking, Licking, &c., the singular fact is noticed of the river's rising in or on this interior flat, and flowing towards and not from the hills. An idea lhat the Ohio hills are a buttress to the plain within i^ di rectly contrary to fact. It is an error I must plead guilty of having in some measure contributed to sustain. The third variety is that of the plains, or table land. This natural section contains very various species of soil, from rich river alluvian and prairie lo slerile oak barrens and marshes ; the lalter to considerable extent. Another remarkable natural section of Ohio lies along Lake Erie. The slope of the country rises gradually along Ohio towards the sources of the Muskingum and Cuyahoga. On the latler, a sud den and much more inclined depression falls to wards the lake. This .dividing line, for ridge it cannot be called, does not conform to the hearings of Erie. .\t the NE. angle of the State, its apex is within 3 miles, whilst towards the sources of Maumee, il has receded above 100 miles from the lake. A series of falls interrupts every river of Ohio flowing into Erie. Those which flow into Ohio river, except Muskingum, though all are rapid in their desceni, none have falls. The small cataract at Muskingum, at Zanesville, is the last water-fall in any stream of magnitude, worthy notice, on the norihwestern slope of the Ohio basin. It may not be irrelevant lo remark, that on all the vast extent W. from Zanesville to the sources of the Platle and Kanzas rivers, and NW. to the sources of Yellow Stone and .Missouri rivers, no cataract worthy no- lice has been discovered. Below the Great Kena wha, on the southeastern slope, their occurrence is equally rare. The rapids of Ohio and Muscle shoals, in Ten., are only approaches to falls, and both are merely strong rapids, the latter only ob structing up stream, both admitting down stream navigation. Indeed, exemption from impediments lo commercial intercourse may be constantly kept in view as one of the most felicitous features of the whole Mississippi basin. An exemption to an equal extent can no where else be found on the globe, except in the basins of the Plate, Amazon, and Oronoco rivers, in S. America, It would be a very interesting solution to deter mine the relative extent of the various natural sec- tions of Ohio. Such an estimate would be so vague, uppn the uncertain data we possess, that no satis factory result can be oblainod. It may be observ ed, that the three sections, hilly, rolling, and level, are nearly of equal extent, or about 13,300 OHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OIII sq, ms. each ; and that the whole State is, though ] unequally so, habitable. The result of the sel tlement of this State proves its general produc tiveness. I I have been myself over a large part of the south ern and norlhern frontiers of Ohio, and have every where found the soil favorable to the purpose of agriculture. No part of what is called barrens, or swamp, in Ohio, are so irreclaimable as the sandy shores of the Carolinas and Florida, the sea marsh es of Louisiana and Texas, or so unproductive as the interminable pine tracts which reach from the Roanoke to Red river. In point of position, its locale is in many re spects favorable, but its advantages are more ap propriate to an interior than exterior communica tion. The quantity of its arable soil will, no doubt, combined as it is by many moral causes, superin duce a very dense population in Ohio ; circumstan ces, however, common to all, will produce in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, a mass of popula tion by far exceeding that of any other equal con tinuous txtent in the United States. The most common mineral productions of Ohio ace coal and iron. Coal is found along the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, and iron ore in various parts of the State. Water, impregnated with mu riate of soda, (common salt,) has been found, but not in any quantily to render the manufacture of salt an object of any considerable value. The staples ofthis State are numerous and im portant, consisting of wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, whiskey, apples, cider, live slock, and salted pro visions. The most frequented commercial outlets are, by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, to New Or leans ; by Lake Erie and Detroit river, to Detroit ; by Lakes Erie and Ontario and St. Lawrence river, to Montreal ; and by land to Pittsburg, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The seat of Government is at Columbus, but by far the largest town in the State is the cily of Cin cinnati, containing, at present, aboul 47,000 in habitants. Steubenville, Zanesville, Cleveland and several others, are flourishing places, contain ing a populalion of from 5,000 lo 6,000. 'The civil and political subdivisions of Ohio are the following, wilh the result of the census of 1820 annexed, which, in accordance with our general plan, we retain, but which, if not adopted in other cases, would deserve to be so in that of Ohio, from the prodigious increase of populalion : Table— Continued. ..Counties. Census of ISM, Counties. Inhabitants Sq. ms. To aq, m. Adams 10,406 400 26 Allen. Ashtabula 7,382 700 10 Athens 6,338 750 8 Belmont 20,329 500 40 Brown 13,356 470 • 30 Butler 21,746 480 45 Champaign Clark 8,4799,533 460400 18 24 Clermont ISjSaO '416 38 Clinton 8,085 360 Columbiana **S 864 25 Cosbockion 7,086 900 6 Crawford - 540 CuyahogaDarke fi,32S 3,717 468672 9 Delaware 7,639 650 12 85* I airfield FayetteFranklin Gallia GeaugaGreeneGuernsey HamiltonHancockHardin Harrison Henry Highland HockingHolmes.Huron Jackson Jefferaon KnoxLawrence Licking Logan IMadiaonMarionMedinaMeigs Mercer.Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muskingum Paulding Perry PickawayPike PortagePreble Putnam RichlandRossSanduskySciotoSenecaShelbyStarke Trumbull Tuscarawas Vanwert Union Warren WashingtonWayne Williams Wood Total Inhabllants. 16,633 6,616 10,292 7,0987,791 10,529 9,292 31,764 14,345 12,308 2,1306,6753,746 18,531 8,326 3,499 11,861 3,181 4,7993,0824,480 8,8514,645 15,999 15,297 17,8-24 8,429 13,149 4,263 10,095 10,237 9,169 20,619 852 5,750 2,106 12,406 15,546 8,328 17,837 10,425 44,933 733 Sq, ms. 681,434 640460 520 600COO400470 400 578670460630 /120 432900 490500600430 700 500 400 530 760400 410518 480 500660432400470400 760 430 575900 660600 575 54041-8800870 680 432 500 400 600720600 750 38,260 To sq, m. 30 14 19i 1413 26 19 79 3130 774 37 14 8 19 6 12 4 11 21 9 332721 301013 23i 1031 61 10 ISi i7| 12 34 44i 17I6| Ohio is calculated by Mr. Kilbourn, in his Ga zetteer, to contain 40,000 sq. ms. That calcula tion is, no doubt, nearly correct ; therefore, allow ing for surface, irreclaimable swamps, and other uncultivated tracts, the aggregate of tbe counties will approach very closely to the real arable land of Ohio. The progressive populalion of Ohio is an un matched phenomenon in tbe history of colonization. In 1783, tbe ground now embraced within its limits was one wide wast€. In 1790, 3,000 civilized in habitants were only found on its surface. In 1800, they had increased to 42,156. In 1810, the cen sus presented an abstract j:ontaining 337,843. In 1830, the Stale possessed 581,434 inhabitants. It demands a very limited knowledge of the relation of Ohio, its admirable position, its exuberant soil, and, above all, the effects which must ensue from opening the western canal of New York, to foresee an augmentation of people in Ohio more rapid in the next len years than in any equal antecedent period. 673 OHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OHI 671 3:,,: Ohio, in 1830, contained 576,572 white inhab Population of Ohio, by counties, from the cen itants, and 4,723 free colored persons. In point of classification, the inhabitants were composed of: sus of 1840. Foreigners not naturalized - - 3,495 Free while Free col. Slaves, Engaged in agricullure 110,931 Engaged in mantifaclures - 18,956 persons. persons. Counliea. ro _Total, Engaged in commerce - - 1,459 P _2 S J m ^ Ohio became a Slale of the U. S. in 1803. "(3 a 1 Ii olB Population of Ohio, by classes, from the cetisua of 1840. E s. g A. 1 Adams 6,757 4,708 6.3634,348 30 11 3312 . 13,183 9,079 Allen Whites,— Ages. Males, Femrles, Ash' abul a Athens 12,078 9,839 11,629 9,215 9 32 8 23 23,7-24 19,109 RpliTionl 15,294 14,885 348 374 30,901 Brown 11,244 10,857 30t 314 . 28,715 Oto 5 144,582 137,725 Butler 14,628 13,291 126 128 - 28,173 StolO 115,832 110,949 Carroll 9,146 8,914 22 27 18,108 10 to 15 96,697 91,294 Chamiiaign 8,546 7,847 185 143 - 16,721 15 to 20 81,431 84,872 Clark ^ - 8,471 8,211 107 93 16,832 20tr)30 138,765 127,730 Clermont 11,756 11,228 .62 60 23,106 30 to 40 86,944 75,739 Clinton 7,834 7,508 184 193 16,719 40 to SO 54,992 48,588 Columbiana 20,353 19,605 209 208 40,378 60 to 60 30,298 28,037 Coshocton 11,157 10,396 20 18 21,590 60 to 70 18,182 14,636 Crawford 6,863 6,284 2 3 13,152 70 to 80 6,778 6,592 Cuyahoga 13,635 12,750 63 68 ' 26,606 80 to 90 1,617 1,345 Dark = 6,969 6,113 no 90 ¦- 13,232 90 to 100 - 200 173 Delaware 11,182 10,802 41 35 1. . 22,060 100 and upwards 52 22 Erie 6,586 6,916 58 39 . - 12,599 FayetteFranklin 5,401 12,822 5,347 11,4-22 127 109363 10,984 25,049 ^ 775,360 726,762 442 ; 776,,360 Fairfield 16,576 15,006 165 177 . 31,924 Gallia 6,463 6,182 386 413 •- 13,444 Total whit'ee - 1,502,122 Geiuga 8,298 7,996 2 1 - 16,297 Greene 8,952 8,232 169 88 175 102 - 17,628 Guernsey 13,947 13,611 27,748 Free colored persons,— Ages. Males, Females, Hamillon Hancock 41,331 5,113 36,235 4,865 1192 4 1384 4 - 80,145 9,986 HardinHarrjaon . 2,408 10,164 2186 3 1 4 598 9^772 82 81 20,099 0 to 10 ?S 2,630 Henry 1,665 932 5 1 2,603 10 to 24 2,688 ?'^?^ Highland 11,071 10,412 402 384 . 22,259 24tG36 . 1,719 1,640 Hocking 4,987 4,708 26 20 9,741 36 to 66 . 1,175 ''5S Holmes 9,338 8,747 2 1 _ 18,088 66 to 100 579 487 Huron 11,973 11,854 56 61 23,933 100 aud upwards . 19 8 Jackson 4,866 4,563 144-259 171238 9,744 Jefferson 12.297 12,236 25,030 8,740 8,602 Knox 15,181 14,335 41 22 29,679 8,740 Lawrence 4,956 4,633 72 76 1 9,738 Lake 6,9G2 6,736 11 16 13,719 Total free colored 17,342 Licking 17,996 16,960 76 64 36,096 Slaves 3 Logan 6,935 6,673 205 38 202 14,(115 Lorain 9,561 8,844 24 18,467 17,346 Lucas 5,234 4,094 35 19 9,382 Madison 4,622 4,306 64 43 9,025 Aggregate 1,519,467 Marion 7,562 7,151 26 26 14,766 MedinaMeigs 9,4885,856 8,851 6,568 6 lb 7 10 18,352 11,462 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Mercer 4,564 3,509 102 102 8,277 Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 167 Muntgomery 16,549 16,013 182 194 31,938 Do, from 14 to 25 - 198 Miami 10,042 9,436 96 115 19,688 Do, above 26 - , 194 Monroe 9,648 8,960 8 6 18,521 Morgan 10,762 10,ri22 33 35 20,862 Do. total deaf and dumb 362 Muskingum 19,322 18.864 276 286 1 38,749 Dw. blind - 372 Ottawa 1,241 1,002 4 1 2,248 Paulding 692 342 - 1,034 Insane and idiots at— Perry 9,813 9,484 20 27 19,344 Public charge . 363 Pickaway ' 9,91f 9,474 165 163 19,726 Priv,ite chariie - - - -832 Pike 3,7/6 3,521 172 157 7,626 Colored persons, free and slaves, in the foregoing who are- Preble 9,969 9,424 46 .42 1 19,482 Deaf and dumb - - - 33 Portage 11726 11,200 20 19 22,965 Blind - - , 33 Putnam 2,850 2,338 1 - 6,189 , Do, insane and idiots at— Richland 22,662 21,80.5 38 27 44,632 Puljlic charge - 62 Ross 13,5^1 12,6?4 634 661 27,460 Private charge ¦ - 103 Sandusky 5,385 4,756 22 19 10,182 AU pei sons i ti the foregoing employed in- Scioto 5,631 5,356 108 98 11,192 Mining . . . 704 Seneca 9,3S:i 8,660 33 32 18,128 Agriculture - . 2/-2,679 Shelby 6,40.5 5,497 142 110 12,164 Commerce - . 9,201 Stark 17,689 16,810 103 101 34,603 Manufactures and trades 66,265 Summit 11,690 111,82^ 20 22 22,660 Navigation on the ocean -212 Trumbull • ¦ - 19,224 18,813 43 27 38,107 Do. canals, lakes, and rivera 3,323 Tuscaroras 13,008 12,552 38 33 26,631 Learned professions - - - 5,663 Perisloaers for revolutionary or military services 875 Uniun 4,2-1 4,073 43 35 , 8,422 Van Wert . - 641 736 - - . 1,677 ¦Universities or colleges - - . 18 Warren 11,6-8 11,112 170 171 23,141, Po. students in. - . 1,717 Wayne 18,33U 17,437 25 16 36,808 Academies and grammar schools 73 Williams 2,459 2,004 1 1 ^•i^f Do. students iii ' - - 4,310 Washinp^ton 10,639 9,915 126 144 . 20,8-23 Primary and common schools 6,186 Do., scholars in - ' - 218,609 Scholars at public charge - . 61,812 Wood 2,839 2,486 It 16 6,357 Total Ohio 775360 r-26762 J740 3602 2 1 1,519,467 White persons over 20 years of age wh i. ., 1 cannot re ^-J ,.--1 OLD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OLD Ohio, river of the U. S., the great NE. branch of Mississippi. — See Mississippi, section Ohio. Ohio, southern tp., Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. h 1820, 483. SW. tp., Cletmoiit co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820,2,791. Ohiopyle Falls, in Youghiogeny river, Fayette CO., Pa , 11 or 12 m.-. NE. from Uniontown. Oil Creek, creek, Pa., rising in the NE. partof Crawford, and SW. of Warren co,, flows S., and falls into the Alleghany river 10 ms. above Frank Un. On it is a remarkable spring, on the waters of which a mineral oil is found to float, SE. town, Crawford co.. Pa., 20 ms, NNE, from Franklin. Oil Spring, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. Oisans, town of Fr, , in the dep. of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny, 28 ms. SE. of Gn no ble. Beauvais is the capital. Lon. 6 25 E., lat. 45° N. Oise, dep. of Fr , including part of the lale pro vince of the Isle of France. River which has ils source in the Ardennes, and falls into the Seine, near Pontoise. Il gives- name lo the above de partment. Oka, river of European Russia, great SW. branch of tho Volga. Il rises in the governments of Smolensk, Kalouga, and Orel, flows NE. by E., and joins the Volga at Nishnei-Novogorod, after a comparative course of 600 ms. It passes by Orel, Kalouga, Kolomna, Riazan, Spask, Kasslinov, and Murom. Mosqua, on which stands Moscow, is one of its northern branches. It is one of the best navigable secondary rivers in Europe, being passa ble with boats to Orel, near its source. Okeham, — See Oakham, Okingham, or Wokingham, town of Eng,, in Berkshire, 8 ms. SE, x)l Reading, and 32 W. of London. Lon. 59' W., lat. 51 25 N. Oklock-one, river, U. S., rises in Georgia, and, flowing SSW., falls inlo Ok-lock-one bay and St. George's sound, 40 ms. E. from the mouth of the Appalachicola river. — See Ocklockonne bay and river, Ok-lock one bay is the extreme inland extension of Appalache bay, and receives the Ok-lock-one and St. Mark's rivers. Lat, 30 8 N., lon. W. C. 7 15 W, Okotzk, province bf the government of Irkulzk, in Russia. Its capital, of the same name, is sealed at ihe mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Easiern ocean. Oldaker's Mills, post oflace, Hardy co,, Va., 103 ras. W. from W. 0. Oldenburg, Grand duchy of. Slate of Germany, bounded N. by the German sea, E. by the Weser, andS. and W. by Ihe kingdom of Hanover. It is about 70 English miles from S. to N. with a menn width of 20, or contains 1,400 sq. ms. N, lal. 53, and lon. 8° E. of London, intersects near the centre of the duchy. Oldenburg is a very ancient Slale of Europe, and was about the beginning of the 15th century united to Holstein by the mar riage of Hedwiga of Holstein, with Theodoric ihe fortunate count of Oldenburg. Their third son Christian, raarried the widow of Christopher, king of Denmark, and in 1448, was placed on the throne of that kingdom, and received Holstein by the will of his mother. Gerard, the eldest son of The-vdoric, transmitted Oldenburg to his succes sors, who held il until 1667, when, by llie death wilhout heirs of Antony Goulhiur, ihe last duke, il rcvcrlud to Denmark. In 1762, by the acces sion of the Duke of Holstein Gottorp to the throne of Russia, tho inconvenience became felt of lhat great Power possessing a fief of Denmark, ond, by a provisional treaty, in|17CB, and Anally, by a treaty of Cession of 1773, the grand duke, afterwards the Emperur Paul, ceded Holstein to Denmark, and received in exchange Oldenburg and Delnienhorsl, which, by the consent of the Gerniiin Slates, was erecled'inlo a sovereign duchy, in favor of a younger branch of Holstein Gottorp, Paul Frederick, who married the grand duchess. Catherine, daughter of Paul, and sister to the lale and leigning emperor of Russia. The sweeping seizure made hy Napoleon in 1810, of the coun tries situated along the North sea wilh the Free towns of Bremen and Hainburg, the duchy of Lauenberg, cily of Lubec, and intervening places included the duchy of Oldenburg. The grand duke claimed and received the active interference of hii brolher-in-lavv. Napoleon offered in exchange, Er furt, and the lordship of Blankeihaym, which ihe duke of Oldenburg refused, and left the Russian Em peror the choice of seeing his sister and her children despoiled, or of supporting her rights. The duchy of Oldenburg was, indeed, perhaps the most efln- cient cause of the violent hatred of Alexander against Napoleon. In 1813, the grand duke was, by the fall of French power, restored with his children. The duchess Catharine was no more ; she ded in 1812, The Congress of Vienna, in 1815, confirmed his title of grand duke, and ceded to him the small principality of Birkenfield on the Nahe, be tween Treves and Worms. The territory of Oldenburg now comprises 34 Eng. sq. ms. with a pop. of 240,000. Chief lowns: Oldenburg, the capilal, pop. - 6,000 Delmenhorst, pop. - - 1,800 Jever, pop, - - 3,000 Eutia, pop. - -. . 3,000 Two small districts in the vicinity of Lubec, and in the duchy of Holstein, belong to the grand duke rather than to Oldenburg, — See Birkenfield. Oldenburg, town of Westphalia, capital of a country of the same name. It is noted for its horses, and is seated on the Hunla, 22 ms. W. of Bremen, and 45 SE. of Embden. Lon. 8 8 E. lat. 53 7 N. Town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated near the Baltic 30 ms. N. of Lubec. Lon. 10 47 E., lat. 54 22 N. Oldendorf, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, seated on ihe Wenaw and Esca. Lon. 10 35 E,, lal. 53 16 W. Oldendorf, town of Westphalia, in the territory of Schawenburg, sealed on the Weser, 28 mg. SW. of Hanover. Lon. 9 31 E., lat. 62 16 N. Oldenzeel, town in the United Provinces of Overyssel, 30 ras. E. of Deventer. Lon. 6 57 E,, lat. 52 20 N. Olderlo, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seatedon the Trave, 17 ms. W. of Lubec, and 25 NE, of Hamburg. Lon. 10 18 E., lat. 53 52 N. Old Fort, village. Centre co., Pa. ; by postroad 130 ms. NW. ftom Harrisburg. Post office, Burke CO., N, C. 675 OLI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OLY Oldham, co. Ky., on 0. "river, formed from Hen ry and Jefferson cos., and is bounded by the Ohio river and by_tbe cos. of Henry, Shelby, and Jeffer son. Chief~town, Westport. Cent. lat. 38 25, lon. W. C. 8 21 W. Pop. 1840, 7,380. Old Head of Kinsale, cape of the S. coast of Ireland, about 6 miles S. from Kinsale. It is a high rocky promontory, which has been recently rendered distressfully remarkable by the wreck of the Albion, 1822. Oldman'a Creek, small stream of N, J., sepa rating Salem and Gloucester cos., and falling inlo the Delaware about 3 ms. below Marcus Hook. Old Point Comfort, and post office, is the ex treme S, point of Elizabeth City co., Va., about 15 ms, N, from Norfolk, The two opposing points of Willoughby and Old Point Comfort separate Lynnhaven bay from Hampton Roads. The strait between the two points is the real mouth of James river. Old Town, or Indian Old Town, town and is land in Penobscot river, Penobscot co,. Me. It is an Indian settlement, containing about 200 acres and 300 persons Old Town, town, .Alleghany co., Md,, on the N. side of Potomac river, near the moulh of the SW. branch, 14 ms. SE. of Cumberland, and 134 NW. of Washington. Village, Ross co., 0., emperor of Germany, and the kings of Sweden and Poland. Olivenza, strong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, sealed near the Guadiana, 13 ms. S. of Elvas, and 40 E. of Evora. Lon. 7 4 W., lat. 38 30 N. O&e, town, Morgan co., 0. Tp., Meigs CO., O. Olive Green, tp,, Morgan co,, 0. Pop. 1820, 300. Olmedo, town of Spain, in Old Castile, sealed on the Adaja, 30 ms. S. of Valladolid. Lon. 4 29 W., Iat. 41 20 N. Olmutz, commercial town of Moravia, on the Morava, 80 ms. N. by E. of Vienna, and 97 S. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E., lat. 49 S6 N, Olney, town bf Eng., in Bucks, with a consid erable manufacture of bone lace. It is seated on the Ouse, 12 rps. SE. of Northampton, and 56 NNW. of London. Lon. 54' W., lat. 52 5 N. Olone, island, town, castle, and harbor of Fr., in the dep. of Vendeo, and late province of Poitou, 30 ms. NW. of Rochelle, and 258 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 43 W. lat. 46 30 N. Olonelz, government of Russia, included for merly in the government of Novogorod. In this dislrict are some considerable iron works. Olonetz, town of Russia, in a gov. of the same name, famous for ils mines of iron, and ils mineral 12 ms. NW. from Chilicothe, and 54 a hltle S. water. It is situated on the river Olonza, which of E. from Columbus. Olean, town, Cattaraugus co,, N. Y,, on Alle ghany river, at the mouth of Olean creek, con taining Hamilton ! which see. Pop. 1820, 1,047. Creek, Cattaraugus co,, N. Y., flows 8., and falls into Alleghany river al Hamillon. Oleron, isle of France, 5 ms. from the coasis of .\unis and Saintonge. It is 12 ms. long, and 5 broad ; is populous and fertile, producing corn and wine, and is defended by a castle. Tt contains about 10 or 1,2,000 inhabitants, and on a headland is a hght-house, and on ils E. side stands a strong castle. In the reign of Richard I., this island was part of the possession of the Crown of England ; and here that monarch compiled the code of mari time laws called the laws of Oleron, which are re ceived by all nations in Europe as the ground of all their marine constitutions. Lon. I 20 W lai. 46 3 N. Town of Fr.,in the dep. of Lovv er Pyrenees, and late province of Beam, on the Cave, 10 ms. SW.of Pau. Loh. 14' W., lat. 43 7 N. Olesko, lown of Poland, in Red Russia, 36 ms. ENE. of Lemburg, Lon. 25 10 E,, lat, 50 2,5 N, Oley, tp,, Berks co.. Pa,, 8 ms. E. from Read ing, and 12 NW. from Pottsgrove. Olika, town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a citadel, 20 ms. E. of Lucko. Lon. 26 8 E., lat. 51 15 N. Olinda, or Pernambuco, town of Brazil, and capilal of Pernambuco, sealed on the Atlantic, with a very good harbor. — See Pernambuco. Olita. town of Spain, in Navarre, where their kings formerly resided. It is seated in a fertile country, 20 ms, N. of Tudela. Lon. 1 46 W , lat. 42 23 N. OUva, celebrated monastery of Wesiern Prus sia, 3 ms. W. of Dantzic. It contains several tombs ofthe dukes of Pomerania, and is remaika- ble for the peace concluded in 1660 between Ih" 676 falls into tho Lake Ladoga. Lon. 34 20 E., lat. 61 26 N. Oise, or Oelse, strong and considerable town of Silesia, 17 ms. NE. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 26E., lat, 51 19 N, Olsonilz, town of Upper Saxony, in the terri tory of Voiglland, seated on the Elster, 60 m«, SW. of Dresden. Lon. 12 27 E., lat, .50 40 N. Ollen, town of Switzerland, capital of a baili wic, in the canion of Soleure. It is dependent on the bishop of Basle, and is sealed a liltle to the N. ofthe Aar, between Aarberg and Araw. Lon, 7 45 E., lat. 47 16 N. Oltj«fi4i>3, periods of four solar years which intervened between the games observed by the Greeks at Olympia, in the Peloponnesus. Ac cording to Ihe Greek historians they were originally instituted A. C, 1753, by the Idaei Dactyli. They were neglected and revived by turns for several centuries ; one of their most remarkable restitutions, however, being by Iphitus, son of Praxonides, 884 A, C. During the ensuing cen tury, they again fell to neglect, but were finally restored by Coerebus, A. C. 776, and continued about twelve centuries to be the standard of chro nology, amongst the most cultivated nations of Ihe earth. Olympus, town of ancient Greece, in tbe Pelo ponnesus, where were celebrated the famous games every 4th year. — Sec Olympiads. Olympian Springs, post office and watering place, Bath co,, Ky., 10 ms. SE. from Owings ville, and 50 E. from Lexington. Olympus, mountain of Thtace one of the highest and most considerable in all southeastern Europe. The ancients supposed its top reaqhed the heavens ; and, from that circumstance, placed the residence of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter. There are several mounlains rtf \\\o comA nran-ia ONE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ONS Omirone, river of Italy, which rises in the Siennese, and fallsinto the Mediterranean. Ombrone, lown of Italy, in the Siennese, be tween the river Ombrone and the Lake Castigliano, 3 ms. S. of Grossetto. Omegna, town of the duchy of Milan, in the Novarese, wilh a castle, 5 ms. N. of Orla. Omer, St., fortified, large, and populous town of Fr. , in the dep. of the straits of Calais, and late province of Artois, on the Aa, on the side ol a hill, 8 ms. NW. of Aire, and 135 N, of Paris. Lon, 2 20 E,, lat. 54 45 N. Ommen, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 ms. NE. of Deventer. Lon. 6 10 E., lal. 52 32 N. Ommenburg, strong town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, sealed on the Othern, 9 ms. SE, of Marpurg, and 45 NE, of Frankfort. Lon. 9 13 E,, lat. 50 30 N. Ommirabih, river of Africa, which rises in Mount Atlas, separates the kingdom of Morocco from that of Fez, and entering the AtlantiCj forms a capacious bay on the E. side of Azamor. Omova, seaport of Mexico, in Honduras, near the bottom of ihe Bay of Honduras. Lon. W. C. 10 40 W., lat. 15 53 N. Omrapoora. — See Ummerapoora. Omsk, lown and forlress of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of theOm with the Irtysh, 350 ms. SE. ef Tobolsk. Lon. 74 54 E,, lat. 54 14 N. Onecote, village of Eng., in Staffordshire, 8 ms, N. by E, of Cheadle, noted for the rich cop per mines in its vicinity. Oneeheow, one of the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Ils eastern coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts consist of low ground, except a round bluff head on the SE. point. It produces plenty of yams, and of a sweet root called Tee. Lon. 161° W. lal, 21 54 N. Oneg, town of Russia, in the governmeni of .Archangel, on the river Onega, near the While sea, 80 ms. SSW. of Archangel. Lon. 37 24 E., lat. 63 35 N- Onega, lake of Russia, in the government of Olonelz. The lake is 100 ms. long, and 40 broad, and has a communication with the Lake Lagoda, by the Svir river. River in Russia, rising in the government of Olonelz, and flowing NNE into the SW. extremily of the White sea. Town of Russia, at the mouth of the Onega river. Oneglia, principality of Italy, surrounded by the territol-y of Genoa, but subject lo the king of Sardinia. It abounds in olive trees, fruits and winei^ Seaport of Ilaly, in a principality of the same naiJie, on a small river, 30 ras. SE, of Oogni, ind 60 W. by 8. of Genoa. Lon. 7 3! E., lat. 43 58 N. Oneida, co., N. Y., bounded hy Lewis co. N., Herkimer E., Madison SW., and Oswego W.; lengih 40 ms., mean width 30, area 1,200 sq. ms. Surface much diversified by hill and dale, soil generally productive. The local position of this CO. is very reraarkable, as it occupies the summit level between the walers of the Hudson and St. Lawrence basins. The Mohawk rises in its cen tre ; the sources of Black river flows from its NE. angle inlo Lake Erie at Sackett's harbor; its western sections are drained by Fish creek. Wood creek, and Oneida creek, flowing into Lake On eida; and from its extensive southern limits flows the Unadilla branch of the Susquehannah. Chief towns Utica, and Romo. Central lat. 43 13 N., ion. W. C. 1 34 E. Pop. 1840, 85,310. Oneida, Lake, of N. Y., bounded by Oneida CO., E. and NE,, by Madison and Onondaga cos. S., and by Oswego co. N. and NW. It is about 20 ms, long from E. to W., wilh a mean width of 4. The name is continued in the oullel, which, by a very winding course of 1 6 ras. from the W. end of the lake, joins Seneca river to form tho Os wego river. The Oneida lake receives from the NE. Fish creek, from the SE, Oneida creek, and the S, Chiltenango creek. Oneida Trad, town, Oneida co. N. Y. W. from Oneida creek, and S. from Oneida lake ; 25 ms. W. from Utica, One Leg, a ridiculous name of an eastern tp, of Tuscarawas co., O. Pop. in 1820, 82.3. Ongar, or Chipping Ongar, town of Eng., in Essex, 12 ms. W. of Chelmsford, and 21 ENE. of London. Longitude 0 16 E , latitude 51 43 North. Ongole, town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic sealed on, and near the mouth of a river which falls into the Bay of Bengal, 829 ms. SW. of Calcutta. Lon. 80 5 E., lat. 15 30 N. Onion, river, Vt., which rises in Caledonia co., and running nearly in a NW. course, flows into Lake Champlain, near Colchester. Onondaga, lake and river of N. Y., from which the name of Onondaga co. is taken. The river flows W. from the lake, till it meets ihe Seneca when its course turns N. to Oswego, where it enters Lake Ontario, It is beatable from ils mouth to the head of the lake, except one fall which causes « portage of 20 yards. Towards the headwaters of this river, salmon are caught in great quantities. It is near the centre of the CO. of the same name, and is about 6 ms. by 1. The great N. Y. Saline, is on ils banks- See Salina. Onondaga, co., N. Y., bounded by Madison E,, Cortland S., Cayuga SW., Oswego N., and Oneida lake NE. It is about 30 ms. sq., wilh an area of 900 sq. ms. It includes Skenealeles, Owasco, and Salt lakes, and is watered by Se neca and Oswego rivers, and some of their con fluents. The soil is generally fertile. Staples, grain, flour, salt, and gypsum. Chief town, Onondaga' Pop. 1840, 67,911. Lat. 43° N., and lon, W. C. 1° E. intersect in this co. Onondaga, town and seat of justice, Onondago CO. N. Y., 50 ms. W. from Utica. The tp. con tains the greatest salt work in the U. S. It abounds also in gypsum. Pop. in 1840, 5,658.— See Salina. Lat. 42 57 lon., W. C. 0 48 E. Onondaga Hollow, village, Onondaga co. N. Y., 6 ms. S. from Salina. Onslow, tp., Halifax co., Nova Scotia. Onslow, CO., N. C, bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE,, New Hanover and Duplin cos. W,, Jones N. and NE , and Carteret E. Length 35 ms., mean width 20, area 700 sq. ms. It is drained by New river, and is generally flat, with a sterile soil. Chief town, Swansborough. There 677 OOD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OPE is a post office al the court-house. Pop. in 1820, 7,018, Pop. in 1840, 7,527. Ontanagon, river of Mich , rising with the Ouisconsin wilh Black river branches of the Mis sissippi. It flows N., and falla into the Lake Superior, about 90 ms. SW. frpm Point Kee- weena. A large mass of native copper has been found imbedded in a rock, near the bank of this stream ; estimated recently, from actual inspection by Mr. Schoolcraft, at 2,300 pounds. Ontario, Lake, oneof that grand chain of lakes, which divide the U. S, from U. C. It is situaled belween lat. 43 15 and 44 N., and lon. 76 and 79 W. Its form is nearly elliptical ; its greatest length is frora SW, to NE,, and its circumference is above 600 ms. Ontario is about 200 ms. from W, to E., with a mean width of 40 ; area 8,000 sq. ms. The ordinary depth about 450 feet. It abounds with fish of an excellent flavor, amongst which are the Oswego bass, weighing three or four pounds. Its banks in many places are steep, and the lands generally good. It communicates with Lake Erie by the river Niagara, Il receives the waters ofthe Genessee river from the S., and of Oswego, at Fort Oswego, from the SE. by which it communicates, Ihrough Oneida lake, and Wood creek, with the Mohawk river. On the NE. this lake discharges itself into the river St. Lawrence. The islands aie all at the eastern end, Ihe chief of which are Wolfe, Amherst, Gage, and Howe islands. Onlario, co. in U. C, consists of the following islands : Amherst island, Wolfe island. Gage is land, and all the islands beln-een the mouth ofthe Gananoqui, to the easternmost extremity of the late tp. of Marysburg, called Point Pleasant. Ontario, co. of N, Y. , bounded E. by Seneca CO. and Seneca lake, SE, by Yates co., S. by Steu ben, W. by Livingston and Monroe, and N. by Wayne. Length aboul 30 ms., mean width 18, and 560 in area. Canandaigua outlet and Flint creek drain the cenlrai parts of this county. Soil highly fertile. Chief towns, Canandaigua and Ge neva. Central lat. 42 54, lon. W. C. 0 20 W. Pop. in 1810, 43,501. Ontario, town, Wayne co., N. Y., near Lake Ontario, and 22 ms. N. from Canandaigua. Pop. in 1820, 2,233. Ooch. — See Ouch, Oodipoor, Odeypoor, or Mewar, the southern section of Rajepootana, occupies a part of the ta ble land, drained to the NE. by different branches of the Chumbull, and to the SW. by those of the Mahy flowing into the Gulf of Cutch. It is well adapted to agricullure, being hilly and plentifully supplied by water; but, previous to 1818, when taken under the protection of the Brilish, ravaged by war. Oodipoor, capilal of the Rajepootana, province of the same name, is, as laid down on Tartner's map of Indostan, situated near the exireme source ofthe Banass branch of the Chumbull river. N. lal. 29 30, lon. 74 0 E. The site of this city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, accessible only through a narrow defile. This city stands about 400 ms. SW. by W. from Agra, and 300 a little E. of N. from Sural. Oodooanullah, town of Hindoostan proper, in Bengal, sealed on the W. hank of the Ganges, at 678 the foot of a chain of hills. Here is an elegant bridge over the Ganges, built by the Sultan Sujah. Oodooanullah is 83 ms. N. by W. of Moorsheda bad. Lon. 87 55 E,, lal. 24 58 N. Oonalaska, one of the islands of the Northern .Archipelago of North America, visited by Cap tain Cook in his last voyage, fl is the largest of the Aleutian, or Fox Islands, Lon. 165 0 W,, lat. 53 5 N, Oonemak, or Uniak, one of the Aleutian, or Fox Islands, between Oonalaska and Alaska. Oostenalah, river of Ga., which joins the Eto wah, and forms the Coosa. The junction of these two streams, as laid down by Tanner, is at N. lat. 34 13, and lon. W. C. 8 2'l W., and, in a direct line, about 80 miles SE. by E, from Huntsville, Alabama. The couniry drained by the Ooste nalah is claimed ond possessed by the Cherokee Indians. Ooralsk, — See Uralsk. Ooroop and Oshesheer — See Kuriles, Oostborch, lown and fort in Flanders, in the Isle of Cadsand, 4 ms. NE. of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 E., lat. 51 22 N. Oostenby, town of Sweden, in the Isle of Oe land, 27 ms. S. of Bornholm. Opelousas, co. of La., named in the census tables St. Landre, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico SW., Sabine river, or tbe province of Texas, W,, the parishes of Natchitoches and Rapides N., pa rish of Avoyelles and Atchafalaya river NE., and .Attacapas SE. Length 110 ms., mean with 70; area 7,700 sq. ms. All the southern, southeast ern, and eastern part of Opelousas is one vast plain. The northwest and norlhern sections swell inlo hills of moderate size. In point of soil, it is divi sible into three distinct regions. Towards the Gulf of Mexico it is marshy, but rising gradually into arable prairies, with a thin sterile soil. This characicr of country is followed, advancing N,, by an immense pine forest, out of which flow numer ous creeks, falling into the Sabine, the Calcassiu river, and the Nezpique rivers, or northwestern branch of Mermenlau. The toil of the pine tract is also slerile. .\dvancing to the eastern pait of the county, washed by the Teche, Boeuf, and Courtableau, a total change takes place ; the soil is exuberantly productive, and in part exce.-sively heavy timbered. The norlhern and easiern parls of Opelousas are covered by a dense forest. The residue open prairies. It is emphatically the pas toral section of Louisiana, and contains the most numerous individual flocks of cattle in the United Stales. Farming is, however, extensively pursued in the eastern part of the county. Siaples, cotton, beef, tallow, hides, live stock, such as horses, mules, horned cattle, and sorae sheep. It is wa tered by the Sabine, Calcassiu, and Upper Teche, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. .A low, unin habitable, and annually overflown tract, indeed, extends from the arable border of the Teche lo the Atchafalaya. — See Courtableau, Louisi ana, Mississippi, he. For the ordinary muni cipal regulations of that part of Louisiana, it is de signated the parish of St. Landr^. Pop. in 1820, 10,085 ; and in 1840, 15,233. For central lal., see next article. Opelousas, or St. Landre, village and seat of iustice for the oarish of Onelonsns. or St. Landre. ORA GEOGRAPHICAL' DICTIONARY. ORA is sitiiated on a branch of the Teche river, in the prairie Belvue, by postroad 823 ms, NW. from N. Orleans, and 1,460 from W. C. Lat. 80 31 N., lon. W. C. 15 6 W. The villago is small, but the situation highly pleasant and healthy. The adjacent prairies are raore rolling ' and diversifi ed than the extensive plains to the S. and W,, towards the Gulf of Mexico and Sabine, — See Ca- ron's Landing. Oporto, or Porto, cily and seaport of Portugal, in. Entre Douero e Minho, and a bishop's see. Il is, by nature, almost impregnable, and is noted for ils strong wines, of which large quantities are export ed to England, whence all red wines from Spain or Portugal ore called Port wines. The olher chief exports are, oranges, lemons, &:c., and linen clolh, 10 Brazil. Its commerce greatly increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 175.5; before lhat time, the population was estimated at 20,000, and it is now said to be 60,000. It is sealed on the side of a mounlain, near the river Douero, which forms an excellent harbor, 147 ms. N. by E. of Lisbon, Lon, 8 22 W., lat. 41 10 N. Oppeln, lown of Prussia, in Silesia, capital of a principality of the sarae name. It has a great trade of wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 ms. SE. of Breslau, Lon. 18 0 E., lat. 50 39 N. Oppenheim, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. The vicinity produces excellent wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, 12 ms SSE. of Mentz. Oppenheim, W, tp,, Montgomery co. N. Y., on the N. side of the Mohawk. Pop, in 1810, 2,693; in 1820, 3,045. Oppido, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri ore, at the foot of ihe Appennines, 25 milesNE. of Reggio. Town of Naples, in Basilicata, 5 ms. SSE. of Acerenza. Oppurg, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle, 4 ms. WSW. of Neusladt. Orach, town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 ms, SW, of Belgrade, Oran, city and seaport of Africa, in the Alge- rine province of Mascara, wilh on excellent harbor, almosl opposile Carthagena, in Spain. In 1732, the Spaniards became masters of it, and have kept it ever since. Oran, town, Onondaga co., N. Y. Orange, city ofFr., in the dep. ofVaucleus. It was an important place in the lime ofthe Romans. A triumphal arch, 200 paces frora the town, was formerly within its limits ; and here are also the re mains of a fine amphitheatre, and some aqueducts. The city is sealed in a fine plain, on the river Ai gues, 12 ms. N. of Avignon, and 57 S. of Valence. Lon. 4 49 E., lal, 44 9 N, Orange, formerly Cardigan, tp,, Grafton co,, N, H,, 14 ms SW. from Plymouth. Orange, co. of Vt., bounded by Connecticut river E,, Windham co. SE., Rutland SW., Wash ington NW., and Caledonia N. Length 23 ms., mean width 1 8 ; area about 630 sq. ms. Its west ern part is mountainous, but the surface becomes less rugged approaching Connecticut river. The soil is productive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Newberry and Randolph. Pop. in 1820, 24 681 ; and in 1840, 27,873. Cenlrai lat. 44 46 N., Ion. W. C. 5 0 E. Orange, town, Orange co,, Vl., 15 ms. SE. from Monlpelier. ^Village,'Franklin co., Mass,' 20 ms, E, from Greenfield, and by post rood 80 ms. NW. by W. from Boston, Orange, co, of N. Y., bounded by Hudson river E., Rockland co. SE., Bergen and Sussex cos,, N. J. SW., Delaware river W., Sullivan co., N. Y. NW,, and Ulster N. Length 40 ms,, mean width 20 ; area 800 aq. ms. This is a very great ly diversified county. Towards ihe Hudson, it is eilher mouniainous or hilly, in the centre flat, nnd again mouniainous or excessively hilly. The Wal kill river rises in Sussex co,, N. J., and, flowing NE,, crosses Orange inlo Ulster. Near this stream is a high but swampy section, called the Drowned Lands. Interlocking with the Walkill, but flow ing to the SE., are the sources of Passaic river, also in Orange ; and at the western extremily the Nevesink crosses this county in its passage inlo the Delaware. Notwithstanding the rugged fea tures of Orange, the soil is generally productive in grain, fruils, and parlicularly pasturage. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, beef, buller, cheese, apples, cider, hay, and live stock. Chief towns, Newberg, Goshen, and West Point. Pop. in 1820,41,213; and in 1840, 50,739. Centrallat, 41 24 N., Ion.' W. C. 2 44 E. Orange, village, Orange co., N. Y. See H, If Moon, tp, Saratoga CO., N. Y. Town, Essex CO., N, Jersey, near Newark. It is the seat of an academy. Pop. in 1810, 2,266; in 1820, 2,830. Eastern tp., Cuyahoga co,, Ohio. NE, tp,, Richland co., Ohio, Village, Trum bull CO., Ohio, Tp,, Shelby co , Ohio Town on Shade river, Meigs co., Ohio. Plea sant Ip. in the southern borders of Delaware co. Ohio. Along the borders of Alum creek, which passes through the eastern parts of the township, the land is peculiarly ferlile, and handsomely sit uated. Orange, co. of Va., bounded by Spotlsylvania SE., North Anna river, or Louisa, S., Albemarle SW., Blue ridge, or Rockingham NW., Rapid Ann river, or Madison and Culpeper cos. N. Length from W. to E. 60 ms,, mean width 10 ; area 600 sq, ms. This county is drained by the Rivanna, ^Nortli Anna, and Rapid Ann rivers. The surface is generally hilly, and in part moun tainous. Soil various; bul much really excellent soil skirts the various streams, and several olher places. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief towns, Gordonsville and Stanardsville. The court house, with a posl office, is near the head of the Norlh Anna river, 45 ras. SW. by W. from Fred ericksburg. Pop. in 1820, 12,913; and in 1840, 9,125. Centrallat. 38 15N,, lon, W. C. 1 10 w! Orange, C. H. and postoffice, Orang;eco., Va. between Norlh Anna and Rapid Ann rivers, about 80 ms. NNW. from Richmond, ond 90 SW from W. C, Lat. 38 12 N., lon. W, C. 1 8 w! Orange, co., N. C, bounded by Chatham S, Guilford W,, Caswell and Person N., and Gran ville and Wake E, ; length 36 ms,, mean width 25, area 900 sq. ms. It is drained by the head branches of the Neuse and Haw rivers. Chief ' lown, Hillsborough. Pop. in 1820, 23,493 ; and in 1840, 24,355. N. lat. 36°, and lon, W, C. 2° W. intersect in this county Co., Indiana bounded by Crawford S., Dubois SW., Owen W. Lawrence N,, and Washington E, ; lengt}i 22 679 ORE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ORB ms., mean width 18, area about 400 sq. ras. It is drained by the SE. branches of the E. fork of White river. Chief town, Paoli. Pop. in 1820, 5,368 i and in 1840, 9,602. Ctl. lat. 38 33 N., lon. W. C. 9 24 W. Largest river of South ern Africa, rises in the dislrict of Graaf Reynet, and, flowing first to the NW., winds to the W., and falls into the Atlantic ocean lat. 28 30 S., af ter a comparative course of 600 ms. Orangeburg, district, S. Carolina, bounded by Charleston and Colleton SE., South Edisto river or Barnwell SW., Edgefield NW,, Lexington district and Congaree river N,, and Santee river or Sumpter district NE. ; lengih 70 ms., mean width 25, area 1,750 sq. ms. ; surface generally level, and soil rather sterile. Staples, cotton and tobacco. Chief town, Orangeburgh. Pop. in 1830, 15,653; and in 1840, 18,519. For ctl. lal. see next article. Orangeburg, or C. H. of Orangeburg district, S. C, on North Edisto river, 50 ms. SSE. from Columbia, and about 80 NW. from Charleston. Lat. 33 28, lon. W. C, 3 48 W. Orange Springs, post oflBce, Orange CO., \'a., by post road 92 ras. SW. from W. C, and 99 NW. from Richmond. Orangetown, town, Washington co., Maine, 20 ms. E. from Machias. Tp., Rockland co,, N. Y„ on the W. side of Hudson, 28 ms. N. of N. y. It is remarkable for a number of mills, and contains an academy and two churches. Pop. in . 1820, 2,257, wanto tavia. Village, Columbia co.. Pa OranienbaUm, town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, 6 ms. SE. of Dessau. Town of Russia, in Ingria. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, 20 ms. W. of Pelersburgh The unfortunate Peter III, emperor of Russia, was residing at this village, when his wife, afterwards Catharine II, excited lhat revolt which placed in her hands the sceptre of Russia, and hurled her wretched husband from his Ihrone to the grave, May 1762 Oranienburg, lown of Brandenburg, in ths middle mark, anciently called Bretzow. It is sit uate on tbe Havel, 18 ms, N of Berlin. Orasurga, island. — See Navigator's Islands. Oraiava, town on the W. side of the island of 'Teneriffe, and the chief place of trade. It is seated at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountains, out of which rises the Peak of Teneriffe. Its port is ot 3 ms. distance. Lon. 16 34 W., lat, 28 23 N. Orbassan, town of Piedmont, 6 ins. SW. oi Turin, Orbe, town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, 32 ms. WSW. of Bern. Town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz, celebrated for its extensive salt works. It now belongs to Bavaria, 96 ms. E. from Frankfort on the Maine. Orbelus, that part of the Hsemus mountains stretching from W. toE., between Macedonia and Servia and Bulgaria. Obbit, Latin, orbita, round in wheel form. In astronomy orbit means the path of a planet round the sun. Kepler was the fisst astronomer who dis- 680 covered and published the elliptic form of planelary orbits, and deduced the three great laws of plane tary motion, bearing his name. Orbitello, strong seaport of Tuscany, in the Si ennese, defended by several forts, and seated near the Albegna, 56 ms. S. by W. of Sienne, and 85 S. of Florence. Lon. 11 10 E., lat. 43 18 N. Orbre, river of France,, which rises in the Ce vennes, and, after watering Baziers, falls into the Gulf of Lyons, 5 ms. below that town. Orcades. — ^See Orkneys. Orchies, town ofFr., in the dep. of the Norlh, and late province of French Flanders, 14 ms. SE. of Lisle. Lon. 3 35 E,, lat. 50 28 N. Orchilla, island of the Caribbean sea, 80 ms. N. of the coast of Terra Firma, and 160 E. by S. of Cnrrapao. Lon. 65 20 W., lat. 13° N. Orchemont, town of Germany, in the ducby of Luxemburg, sitated on the river Semio, 18 me. N. of Sedan. OnnA. — See Horde. Ohdoknajtce, Latin, ordinare. This term in raany European raonarchies, but particularly Fr., means the same as enactment. Ordingen, or Urdingen, town of the eleciorate of Cologne, in Germany, 1 1 ms. N. of Dussel dorf, and 32 NNW of Cologne. Ordunna, seaport of Spain, in Biscay, sealed in a valley surrounded by high mountains, 20 ms. SW. of Bilboa. Lon. 3 26 W., lat. 43 1 1 N. Orebro, capital of the province of Nericia, in Sweden proper, well known in history, seated near the W. extremity of the Lake Hielmar. Here are manufactures of fire-arms, cloths, and tapestry ; and it has a considerable trade with Stockholm, across the lakes Heilmar and Maeler, by raeans of the canal of Arboga, sending iron, vitriol, and red paint in particular. Orebro is 95 ms. SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 16 12 E,, lat. 59 12 N. Oregon. — See Columbia river. Oregon, territory on the Pacific ocean, and ex tending indefinitely around the estuary of Colum bia river. See art. America, p. 58, ond art. United States. We had some intention of giving a rather detailed article under this head, but con cluded to include the requisite matter under lhat of United Slates. Oregrund, seaport of Sweden, on the coast of Upland, in the gulf of Bothnia, opposite the small island of Ginson; 60 ms. N. of Stockholm. Lon. 18 15 E., lat. 60 20 N. Orel, government of Russia, once a province of the Government of Bielgorod. Capital of the above government, is seated on the Occa and Orel, 207 ms. SSW. of Moscow. Lon. 35 20 E,, lat. 53° N. Orellana. — See Amazon. Orenburgh, one of the two provinces of the Government of Ufa, in Russia, The inhabitants carry on commerce, and exercise several trades, and have even some manufactories. Its capital, of the same narae, is seated on the Urel, formerly called theYaik, 480 ms.NE. of Astracan. Lon. 55° E., lot. 51 46 N. Orense, ancient town of Spain, in Gallicia, fa mous for ila hot baths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Minho, over which is a bridge of one arch, 47 ms. SE. of Compostella. Lon. 7 36 W., lat. 42 19 N, ORI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY ORK Orfa, considerable town of Asia, in Diarbeck, — See Ourfa. &rford, seaport and borough of Eng,, in Suf folk, on the German ocean, betweeii iwo channels, 18 ms, E. by N. of Ipswich, and 88 NE. ofLon don. Lon. I 40 E., lat. 52 11 N. Town on the E. bank of Connecticut rivei, Grafton co., N, H., 18 ms, N. by E. of Dartmouth college, and 17 S. of Haverhill. Tp. of Kent co., U. C. Tp. in the co. of Suffolk, U. C, dislin guished sometimes by Orford N. and S. , is the residence of the Moravians ; it is bounded on the S. by Lake Erie, and watered by the Thames lo the northward. Orford Neaa, cape of England, on the SE. coast of Sussex, which is a sheller lor seirnen when a NE. wind blows hard upon the shore. Here is a light-house ereoted for the direction of ships. Lon. 1 6, lat. 52 4 N. Organford, village of Eng., near Poole, in Dorsetshire, noted for the quantity of pennyroyal produced in the neighborhood. Orgaz, lown of Spain, in New Castile, wilh a castle, 15 ms. S. of Toledo. Lon. 3 22 W., lat. 39 36 N. Orgclet, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of Jura, and late province of Franche-Compe, seated at the foot of ihe Vnlouse, 30 ms. N. by E. of Bourg. Lon, 5.39 E,, lat, 46 36 N. OiiiFLAMME, originally the banner of the Ab bey of St. Oenis, but which became and remained during many centuries the standard of France. The etym ilogy of the name uncertain. It was formed of red silk, and cut in form of flame. Orgivah, town of Spain, in the province of Granada, 25 ras. S. of Granada. Lon. 3 50 W., lat. 36 43 N. Oria, decayed lown of Naples, in Terra d'Otran lo. It is seated al the foot of the Appennines, 40° NW. of Otranto. Lon. 17 48 E.. lat, 40 39 N. Orient, or Port L' Orient, regular and handsome town of France, in the department of Morbihan, and late province of Bretagne, built in 1720 by the French East India Company, who made it the exclusive mart of their commerce. It is 5 rns. SW. of Hcnebon. Lnn. 3 20 W,. lat. 47 46 W. Origuela, town of Spain, in Valencia, with a bishop's see, a university, and a citadel buill on a rock. It is seated on the Segura, 33 ms. N. of Carthagena, Lon. 1 3 W., lat. 38 ION. Orinoco, river of the first rank in S. .America It rises in the mountains of Guiana, and flows about 300 ms. to the S., it thence turns W. 150 ms,, and receives the Cassiquiari from the ^W. The latler communicates wilh the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. Below the mouth of the Cassiquiari, the Orinoco turns to the N'W. to St. Fernando, where it unites with Guaviari an im mense stream, little, if any, inferior lo the Ori noco. The united sireams assume a N. course, to the moulh of the Vichada, another large wesiern tributary. Immediately below its junciion with the Vichada the Orinoco pours its waters down the cataract of Atures, 760 mg. below its source, and 740 above ils discharge inlo the Atlantic ocean. The cataracts are in lon. W. C. 8 55 E., and lat 5 15 N. About 100 ms. below the cataracts the volume of the Orinoco is enlarged by the Mela, a large river, flowing from the Andes 500 ms, by 86* comparative courses. Below its junciion wilh tho Mela 150 ms,, the Orinoco is again swelled by tho .Apure, a very consideralde branch flowing from .\W. and W. about 500 ms., and drawing its sources from the mountains of Varinas and Vene zuela. From the cataracis the Orinoco gradually turns more to tho E., and, below the discharge pf ihe Apure, assumes a course a litlle N. of E,, and falls inlo the .Atlantic ocean by a wide della, be tween 14° and 17° E. from Washington, and from lal. 8 30 to 10° N. The entire comparative course of the Orinoco is about 1,500 ms., and the area of the basin il drains 400,000 sq ms. About 100 ms. above its moulh it receives the Paraguay or Oarom, the only large tributary which augments its volume from the S. — See Oarom and Paraguay of Ori noco. Only the S. or main channel of Orinoco is nav igable fn large vessels. For boats few rivers of the world afford a more extended and less inter rupted n,ivigation. The enlire basin of this great river is in what was the republic of Colombia. Oriskany, village, Whilestown, Oneida co., N. Y., at the moulh of Oriskany creek. It contains extensive manufactories of cotton and woolen clolh; 7 ms. above Utica. Orio, town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, at the mouth of the Orio, 8 ms, SW. of St. Sebastian, Lon. 2 19 W,, lat. 43 23 N. Oris.ia, province of the peninsula of Hindooslan, bounded on the N. by Bahar and Bengal, on the W. by Berar, on the S. by Golconda, and on the E. by the Bay of Bengal. In Orissa the dislrict of Midniapour only is suliject to the English, the rest being entirely in the hands of the Mahratlas and their tributaries. Orislagni, ancient town of Sardinia, with a good harbor. It is large and well fortified, but thinly inhabited, on account of the unhealthy air. It is seated on the W. coast, on a bay of the same name, 42 ms. NW. of Cagliari. Lon. 8 51 E., lat. 40 2 N. • Orizaba, volcanic mounlain of Mexico, rising 17,371 feet above the level ofthe Gulf of Mexico. Lon. W. C. 20 13 W., lat, 19 2 N, It is in the State of Vera Cruz, and distant about 70 ms. from the city of Vera Cruz. This colossal peak is the land mark ffrst seen when approaching that part of the Mexican coasl from the Gulf of Mexico. Il is the Citlaltepetl of ihe Aztecs. Orkened, town of Schonen, in Sweden, 24 ms. .\, of Christianstadt^ Lon 14 9 E,, lat, 56 48 N. Orkney Islands, or Orkneys, ancient Orcades, a cluster of islands to the N. of Scotland, from which they are separated by Penlland fiilh. They lie between 57 35 and 59 16 N. lat,, and are 26 in number, of which one greatly exceeds the oth ers in extent. This, like the principal one of Shetland, is sometimes dignified wilh the appella tion of Mainland, but is more frequently called Pomona. Beyond this island, to the NE., are seen, among others, Row.sa, Eglisha, and Weslra, Shappinsha and Eda, Slronsa, Sapda, and North Ronaldsha, and lo the S appear Hoy and S. Ro- naldsha, with others of inferior note. The cur rents and tides which flow between these islands are rapid and dangerous ; and near the small isle ol Swinna are two whirlpools, very dangerous to mariners, especially in calms. Springs of pure 681 ORL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ORO water are found in all the mountainous parts of these islands, and there are numerous lakes and rivulets abounding in fish. The climate of these islands in summer is moist and cold, but in winter there is never much snow, and that lies only a short lime. Preceding the autumnal equinox, they are visited by dreadful storms of wind, rain, and thunder. The coast affords numerous bays and harbors for the fisheries. The chief exports are linen and woolen yarn, stockings, butter, dried fish, heriings, oil, feathers, and skins of various kinds, and kelp. The English language prevails in all these islands, although there are raany words in the Norse, or Norwegian, still in use. The inhabitants have the general character of being frugal, sagacious, circumspect, religious, and hos pitable. Orlamunda, town of Upper Saxony, in Thuf- ingia, Seated on the Saale, opposite the influx of the Orla; 40 ms. WSW. of Altenburg. Orland, town, Hancock co., Me,, 20 ms. N. from Castine. Orlando, cape on the N. coast of Sicily, 15 ms, W. by N. of Patti. Lon. 15 4 E., lal. 38 14 N. Orlean, post office, Fauquier co., Va., 64 ms. by post road from W, C. Orleannois, lale province of France, divided by the river Loire into the Upper and Lower. It is a very plentiful country, and now forms the depart ment of Loiret. Orleans, cily of France, capital of the depart ment of Loiret. It is seated on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing, near Montargis. Under the sons of Clovis it was the capital of a kingdom. In 1428 it stood a meraorable siege against the English, which was raised by the cele brated Joan of Arc, called the Maid of Orleans. It is now considered as one of the largest and most pleasant cities of Prance, and its comraerce consists in stockings, sheep skins, wine, brandy, corn, gro ceries, and parlicularly sugar, which is brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle. The fauxbourg of Paris is of considerable length, and that of Olivet, on the left side of the Loire, has a communication with the city by a bridge of 9 arches. Near the city is a forest, containing 94,000 acres, planted wilh oak and other valuable trees. Orleans is 30 ms. NE. of Blois, and 60 SSW. of 'Paris. Lon. 1 54 E.,' lat. 47 54 N. Orleans, island and town of L. C, in the river St. Lawrence, a liltle lo the E. of Quebec. Lon. 69 50 W., lat. 47° N. Village in the B. part of Barnstable co., Mass., by the postroad round Cape Cod Bay, 84 ms. from Boston. Pop. of the Ip. 1820, 1,343. Village in the N. part of Or ange CO,, la,, 50 ms, NW. from Louisville, Ky., and 60 a little S. of E. from Vincennes. Co., N. Y., bounded by Monroe E., Genessee S,, Ni agora VV., and Loke Onlario N. Lengih 22 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 396 sq. ms. Central lat. 43 12 N., lon. 1 20 W. W. C. Slope north wards. It is traversed from E. to W. by the Erie canal. Chief town, Medina. Pop. 1840, 25,127. Orleans, middlemost of the three northern cos., Vt., bounded N, by Lower Canada, E. by Essex CO., Vt., SE. by Caledonia, SW. by Washington and W. by Franklin. Length 40, raean width 20, and area 800 sq. ras. Surface mountainous, or very broken by hills, Soil rocky, and, except '682 in a few places, sterile. Chief towns, Craftsbury and Brownington. Pop. 1820, 6,976 ; and in 1840, 13,634. Central lat. 44 44 N., lon. W. C. 4 48 E. Orleans, parish, La. — See Parish of New Or- Orleans, Island of, that part of La. enclosed by the Mississippi river, bayon Iberville, Amite river. Lake of Maurepas, Pass of Manchac, Lake Pont chartrain, the Rigolets, Lake Borgne, Pass of Ma rianne, Chandeleur bay, and Gulf of Mexico. Il is about 170 ms. long, with a width of from 10 to 25 ms., and contains port of the parishes of Iber ville, Ascension, St. James, St. John Baptiste, St. Charles, St.- Bernard, Orleans, and Placque mine. The surface an unbroken plain, and, ex cept near the Mississippi and a fev^of the olher streams, raorass, or, at least, liable to annual sub mersion. Orleans, Canal of, which is about 48 ras. long, comraences ot the river Loire, 2 ms. above the city, crosses the forest of Orleans, and terminates in the Loing, which falls into the Seine. It was finished in 1682, and has 30 locks in its course. Orlenga, small town of Russia. It is situated in the government of Irkutsk, on the Lena, 232 ms. N. of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 E., lal. 56° North. Ormea, town of Italy, Asti co,, taken by the French in 1794. It is situated on the Tanaro, 10 ms. S. of Cevar. Lon. 8 9 E., lat. 44 1 6 N. Ormond, N. division of the co. of Tipperary, in Ireland. Ormskirk, town of Eng., in Lancashire, sealed near the river Douglas, 30 ms. S. ol Lancaster, and 206 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 3 W., lat. 53 37 N. Ormus, smoll and now desolate islond of Asia, in a strait of the same name, at the entrance of the Gulf of Persia, 9 ms. S. of Gombroon. In the early ages of European domination on the Indian ocean, the Portuguese possessed a very prosperous mart on Ormus, but which was afterwords destroy ed by the English and Persians. Il is almosl de serted, producing nothing at present but salt, which sometimes is 2 inches deep upon the surface of the earth. Lon 26 25 E., lat. 27 20 N. Ormyah, town of the kingdom of Persia, sealed in the province of Tauris, 120 ms. SW. of Tauris. Ornansi town of France, in the department ot Doubs, and late province of Franche Compte. In ils vicinity is a well, the same as that of Vesoul, which, during the lime of great rains, overflows in sued a manner as to inundate the adjacent country, and fishes that it disgorges are colled umbres. Oriians is seated on the Louvre, 8 ras. SE, of Be- san9on. Ome, river of France, in the late province of Normandv, which has ils source at the village Au- non, and falls into the sea 8 ms. ficlow Caen. Department of France, which includes the lale province of Perche and port pf that of Normandy. Il takes its name from a river which foll^ into the English channel 8 ras. below Caen. The capital is Alencon. Orono, lown, Penobscot co., Maine, W. from Marshall's islond, in Penobscot river, 10 n\s. NNE frora Bangor, and by poslrosd 143 ins. NE. from Portland. ORT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OSN Oranoko, river of South America. See Or inoco, Oronsa, small fertile island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 7 ms. W. of Jura. Here arc the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral statues, and some curious, ancient sculpture. Oro, Caped', ancient Caphareura, SE. cape of Negropont, ancient Euboea. Oronlss, river of Syria, rising in raounl Liba nus, near Damascus, heading with the Jordan, flowing N. fallsinto the Mediterranean, lal. 36° N, Oropesa, town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 ms. E. of Placentia, and 50 W. of Toledo. Lon. 4 36 W., lat, 39 50 N. Town of Peru, seated at the foot of the mountains, 150 ms. NE. of Potosi, Lon, 63 30 W. lat. 18° S. Orr, river of Scotland in Kircudbrightshire, which rises near New Galloway, waters the town of Orr, and enters the Solway Frith. Obbkiiy, from the title of Lord Orrery, and, where used, would be beneficially supplied by a planetarium. Name for any instrument showing the mechanism and motions of the planets of the solar system. Orrington, town on the E. side of Penobscot river, in Hancock co., Maine, 30 ms, N. of Cas line. Orrington, village, Cattaraugus co, , N. Y. Orrsville, village, Pendleton dislrict, S, C. Orsova, town of Upper Hungary, in the bannat of Tameswar. It is seated on the N. side of the Danube, almost opposile Belgrade, and is subject lothe Turks. Lon. 22 3 E., lat. 45 30 N. Orsova, New, fortress of European Turkey, on an island in the Danube, about 100 m!>. lie- low Belgrade. Orsova stonds on one of the rocky islels in the rapids of the Danube, where that vast stream breaks through the mounlain chain which extends from the Hsemus to the Car pathian. Orsoy, town of Germany, in the circle of West phalia, in the duchy of Cleves, belonging to the king of Prussia. It is 20 ras. SE. of Cleves. Lon. 6 43 E., lat. 51 28 N. Oria, episcopal town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, sealed on the Tiber, 10 ms. E. of Viterbo, and 30 N. of Rome. Lon. 12 37 W lat. 42 22 N. Town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in tbe province of Capilanata, 1 1 ras. NNE. of Ascoli. Ortegal, cape and castle on the N. coasl of Gallicia, in Spain, 30 ms. NNE. of Ferrol. Lon 7 39 W., lat. 43 46 N. Orienburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Austria, seated on the S. bank of the Drave, op posite its confluence with the Leister. Lon. 13 38 E. lat. 46 52 N. Orihez, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, and late province of Beam, seated on the declivity of a hill, near the river Gave de Pau, 17 ms. SW. of Pau. Lon. 0 24 W., lat. 43 5 N. Orion, town of Eng, in Westmoreland, 12 ms. SW. of Appleby, ond 271 NNW. of Lon don. Lon. 2 40 W., lal. ,54 28 N. Ortza, town of Poland, in Lithuania, in the palatinate of Witepsk. It is defended by a castle, and is seated at the confluence of the Oresa and Dnieper, 50 ms. W. of Smolensko. Lon. 31 5 E., lot. 54 45 N. Orvieto, episcopal town nf Ilaly, in the patri mony of St. Peter, capital of a territory of the same name. In this place is a deep well, into which mules descend by one pair of stairs, to fetch up water, and ascend by another. It is seated on a craggy rock, near the confluence of the rivers Paglia and Chiuna, 20 ms. NW. of Viter bo, and 50 N. by W. of Romo. Lon. 12 20 E,, lat. 43 42 N. Orville, village, Onondaga co,, N. Y. Orwell, river of Eng. in Suffolk, which runs SE. by Ipswich, and uniting with the Stour, forras the fine harbor of Harwich. Above Ips wich it is called the Gipping. Sraall river of U. C, falhiig into Lake Erie, between Landguard and North Foreland Town Rutland co., Vt., lying on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 35 ms. NW. of Rutland. Tp., Oswego co , N. Y. Village, Bradford co., Penn., 187 ms. N. from Harrisburg, following the postroad along the Susquehanna river. Orwicksburg, town, borough, and seat of jus- lice, Schuylkill co., Penn. It stands on a rising ground, near a small creek flowing inlo the S. branch of the Schuylkill, 7 ms. above the Schuyl kill water gap, and 10 ms. E. from the coal mines near iUount Carbon, 26 ms. NW. from Reading. ft conlained about 120 houses and 600 inhabilanls in 1820, with a courthouse, jail, several dry good stores, and an academy. Though broken by mountain and hill, the adjacent couniry is very pleasant and well cultivated. Pop. '1840, 780. Osaca, large, populous, ond coraraercial town of the island of Niphon, in Japan, with a magni ficenl castle, and a fine populous harbor. The hours of the night are proclaimed by the sound of different instruments of music. Lon. 133 45 E., lat, 35 20 N. Osage, river of the U. S., rising in the Great Western territory, between Arkansas and Kansas rivers, and flowing NE. enters Missouri and falls inlo the Missouri river, a short distance below Jefferson, and 133 ras. above St. Louis. The., Osage is a very winding stream, but ils compara tive course does not exceed 300 ras. The Osage . Indians reside upon its banks W. of the limits of Missouri. Osero, or Oaoro, island in the Gulf of Venice, having lhat of Cherso to the N., to which it is joined by a bridge. Tho capital is of the same name. Lon. 15 30 E., lat. 45° N. Osey, island of Eng., in Blackwater hay, ntar Maiden, in Essex ; where the coal ships for Mai den unload their cargoes. Osimo, town of Italy, in the .marquisale of Ancona, on the Musone, 10 ms. S. of Ancona, . and UO NE. of Rome. Lon'. 13 34 E., lat. 43 29 N. ¦ Osma, episcopal town of Spain, in Old Castile, wilh a university. It is almost gone to ruin, and is seated on the Douero, 80 ms. N. by E. of Mad rid. Lon. 2 12 "W., lat. 41 30 N. Osriaburg, bishopric of Germany, in the king dom of Hanover, 40 ms. long and 30 broad. It is remarkable lhat this bishopric is possessed by Roman Catholics and. Protestants alternatively, according to the treaty of Westphalia. The Pro* . testant bishop is always chosen by the House of Brunswick Lunenburg. 683. OST GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OTA Osnaburg, rich city of Germany, in Han over, capital of a bishopric of the same name, It is remaikable for a treaty of peace con cluded between Gerraany and Sweden, in 1648, in favor of the Protestant religion. Village and tp,, Stark co. O , 5 ms. E. from Canion, on the road leading to New Lisbon. Ossa, mounlain of Greece, in Thessaly. It is the SE. part of a chain extending from Mace donia SE., nearly parallel to the ,£gean sea, and terminating opposite ihe N. part of tbe island of Negropont. It is separated from the Mount Olmy- pus by the wall of "Tempe. See Tempe, Ossahaw Sound, on the coast of Ga , between Great Wassaw and Ossiibaw islands, is in reality the moulh of Ogechee river. Ossetia, country of the Ossio, or Ossseti, one of the seven Coucassion nations, between the Black sea and the Caspian ; bounded on tbe N. by the Great Cabarda, E. by tbe Lesguis Tar tars, and S. and W. by ihe Imeritia. It contains 19 districts^ of which one is subject to Imeritia ond the others to Georgia. These districts are of very unequal size ; some containing only !>, and others 50 villages, each of which comprise from 20 to 100 families. Their language has some analogy with that of the Persian. Their history is entirely unknown. The Circassians and Tartars call them Kusha Ossipee gore, tp , Strafford co,, N. H. Ossipee, town, Strafford co., N. H. Pop in 1810, 1,205, in 1820, 1,793. Ostend, fortified seaport of the kingdom of Belgium, in Flanders, seated among a num ber of canals, and almost surrounded by two of the largest of them, in which ships of great burden may enter with the tide-. It is 10 ms. W. of Bruges, 22 NE. of Dunkirk, and 60 NW. of Brussels. Lon. 3 1 E. lat. 51 14 N. Osterode, town of Lower Saxony, iu the prin cipality of Grubenhagen, noted {br a manufacture of woolen stuffs. It has likewise a magazine of corn for the miners of Hartz forest, to whom it is delivered at a fixed price. It is 16 ms. SW. of Goslar. Lon. 10 33 E,, lat. 51 50 N. O-iterode, town of Prussia, in the province of Oberland, situated on Ihe Dribentz, 65 ras. SE. of Danlzic, and 70 SSW. of Koningsberg. Osterville, or Oysterville, village, Barnstable CO., Mass., 84 ras. SE. from Boston. Osterwieck, town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Halberstadt, It carries on considerable manufactures in woolen stuffs, and is silualed on the Isle, 13 ms. W. of Halberstadt, and 15 NE. of Goslar. Lon. 10 52 E., lat. 52 10 N. • Ostia, once celebrated but decayed seaport of Italy, in Champagna di Roma, sealed at the mouth of the Tiber. The harbor is choked up. It is 12 ms. SW. of Rome, Lon. 12 24 E. lat. 41 44 N. Ostiglio, town of Ilaly, in the duchy pf Man tua, seated on the Po, 16 ms. E. of Mantua. Lon. USE,, lat. 45 7 N. Ostinghausen, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, situaled on the Alst, 8 ms, W. of Lipstadt. OsTnAcisM, from Greek, oslrakon, a shell, a mode of banishment for len years practised in an- 684 cient Athens, infiicled on citizens who by their virtues or services had become in jpopt*/ar opinion loo popular. The suffrages originally written on shells, gave name to the tribunal. Ostrogoihia, easiern part of Gothland, in Sweden. • Ostunt, town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo, on a mountain, near the Gulf of Venice, 16 ms. N W. of Brindici, and 24 NE. of Tarento. Lon. 17 59 E., lat. 40 51 N. Oswald, Si,, village of England, in Northum- beiland, on the Piet's Wall N. of Hexham. Here Oswald, who was afterwards sainted, sel up the first cross in the kingdom of Northumberland. Oswegatchie, river of St. Lawrence co,, N. Y., rises in the southern parts of the county, and flows NW. into St. Jjawrence at Ogdensburg. Il com municates with Grass river by a natural channel. Ils comparative course about 60 miles. Tp., St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on the St. Lawrence, and including the village of Ogdensburg. Pop. in 1820, 1,661. Oswego, county. New Y'ork, bounded by Lake Ontario'N W., by Jefferson N., Lewis and Oneida E., Oneida lake and Oswego river, or Onondaga CO. S., and Cayuga SW. ; length 45 miles, mean width 22, area about 1,000 sq. ms. Surface gen erally broken, and soil of middling quality. Be sides the Oswego, it is drained by Salmon river and some of lesser note, all falling into Lake On tario. Chief town, Oswego. Population in 1820, 12,374; and in 1840, 43,619. Central lat. 43 27 N., lon. W. C. 48' E. Oswego, river, N. Y., formed by the outlet of Oneida lake and Seneca river. Its comparative lengih about 30 miles ; it falls into Lake Ontario about 80 ms. N W. from Utica, and has been made navigable from Oneida lake to its mouth, by locks and side cuts. Town and port of entry, Oswe go CO., N, Y., on bolh banks of Oswego river at its mouth. It is an increasing town, ond place of considerable commerce. In time of war, it is also a miliiary post of much consequence. Il is partly in the township of Scriba and partly in Hannibal.-' Opaha, one of the Society islands in the Soulh Pacific ocean. It lies N. of Ulilea, and is divided from it by a sirait, which, in the narrowest part, is not more than two miles broad. This island is smaller and more barren than Ulitea, but has two very good horbors. Osaboiv Island and Sound, Osweiczen, lown of Poland, in the palatinate of Crocovia. Il has a great trade in salt, and is seat ed on the Vistula, 15 miles SW. of Cracow. Lon. 19 44 E,, lal. 59° N. Oswestrq, corporate town of England, in Shrop shire, with some trade with Wales in flannels. It is 18 ms. NW. of Shrewsbury, and 174 of Lon don. Lon. 3 3 W., lat. 52 52 N. Oayth, St., village of England, in Essex, near the sea, 9 ms. SE. of Colchester. Otaheite, one of the Society islands in the South Pacific ocean, lying in 18° S. lat. ond 150° W. Ion., and first discovered by Capt. Wallis in 1767. It consists of two peninsulas, great part of which is covered with woods, consislingpartly of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bananas, mulberries, sugar canes, and others peculiar lo the climale, parlicularly a kind of pine-apple, and the OTR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OTT dragon tree. The people have mild features and o pleasing countenance. They are about the ordina ry size of Europeans, of a pale mahogany brown, wilh fine black hair and eyes. The following are extracts from a letter written in Otaheite, on the 24th of September, 1839, by Lieu tenant Charles Wilkes, commanding the exploring expedition : " The harbor of Paperle, on the N W. side of ihe island, is in lat. 17 31 S., lon. 149 35 W. ofLon don, and is the only harbor of the island visited by vessels engaged in the whale fishery for sup plies, ond one of the principal resorts for the com merce engaged in the Pacific ocean. There is some difficulty in getting in and out of the harbor, and some delay occasionally owing to head winds ; but the anchorage is perfectly safe from .all gales. A pilot, appointed by the Queen, attends vessels visiting the harbor "The winds, from March to November, are al. most constantly from the eastward, or the Trades- From November to March variables are experienced, which soraetimes blow from N. and NW. " I annex a statement of the number and ton nage of American vessels which have visited this port during the years — Tons. Value of cargo. 1836—52 whaling vessels 18,090 gl, 307,500 1837-52 do 20,500 1,817,000 1838—42 do 15,000 1,268,250 1838—9 merchant vessels 1,700 75,000 1839—34 whaling do 11,1574 1,027,650 1839—1 merchant do 317 35,000 67,181 $.5,530,400 Value of ships at?40 per ton 2,687,240 Value of ships and cargoes - 8,217,640 •' Population of Otaheite does not exceed 10,500. The native resources of the island are great. There can be cultivated to a great extent coffee, col- toii, sugar, indigo, and other tropical plants and fruils. " The commercial interests of this remote region are rapidly increasing, and require the frequent visits and protection of a public vessel. Foreigners are protected in their persons and properly." — National Intelligencer, July 2, 1840. Otis, town, Berkshire co., Mass., 20 miles SE from Lenox. Pop. in 1820, 981. Oliaco, small lake ond town in the SW. part of Onondaga county, N. Y. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 1,726. Otisfield, tp., Curaberland co.. Me., 43 miles N. from Portland. Pop. in 1820, 1,10?. Otley, lown of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 miles W. of York, and 302 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 48 W., lat. 53 54 N. Otoque, island of Soulh America, in the bay of Panama. Lon. 81 10 W., lat. 7 50 N. Otranto, or Terra D'Otranlo, province of Na ples, bounded on the N. by Terradi-Bari and the gulf of Venire, on the E. by the same gulf, and on the S. and W. by a great bay between that and Basilicata. It is a mountainous couniry, abound ing in olives, figs, and wine. Here is a kind of spider, called a laranlulo, whose bite is venomous ; and the country is often visited by locusts. Olranto, city of Naples, capital of Terra d'Otran lo, with a commodious harbor, on ihc gulf of Ve nice, 37 miles SE. of Brindici, and 60 SE. of Ta rento. Lon, 18 35 E., lat. 40 20 N. Oiricoli, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Spolelto, seated on a hill, 2 ms. from the Tiber, and 32 N. of Rome. Lon. 12 13 E., lat. 42 26 N. Otsego, county, New York, bounded by Scho harie CO. E,, Delaware SE., Unadilla river or Che nango CO. W., Madison ond Oneida NW., Herki mer N., and Montgomery NE.; length 40 miles, mean width 25, area 1,000 square miles. Sur face generally hilly, but soil generally productive. Staples — grain, fiour, live slock, and salted pro visions. Chief towns, Cooperstown and Cherry Valley. Pop. in 1820, 44,856 ; ond in 1840, 49,628. Central lat. 42 40 N., lon. W. C. 2° E. Otsego, narrow lake of Norlh America, in the Slate of New York, in Olsego co. It is 9 miles long, and lies at the head of the river Susquehan noh. Village, Otsego co,, N. Y., by posl road 114 miles W. from Albany. Olselic, small river of New Y'ork, in Chenango CO., falling into the Tioughnioga branch of Sus quehannah. Olselic, town, Chenango co,, N. Y., on Olsetie river, 20 miles NW. from Norwich. Pop.- in 1820, 526. Ottawa, large river of British America, rises N. from Lake Huron, and, flowing SE,, falls into the St. Lawrencfe, 25 miles N W. from Montreal, after an enlire comparalive course of 500 ms. It forms part of the boundary between, Upper and Lower Canada. Its volume of water is very large for its lengih of course. Selliements are scattered along ils banks about 160 ras. frora its mouth. Though much obstructed by rapids, it is one of the chan nels of inland trade from Montreal to the NW. Ollendorf, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Saxe Lauenberg. It is seated on the Meden, 24 ms. N. of Blade. Lon. 8 20 E., lat. 63 53 N. Oltensheim, town of Germany, in the archduchy of Austria, It hes on the N. side of the Danube, 16 ms. SW. of Freystadt. Otter, river of Vt., which rises in the Green mountains, Bennington co., and, afler running a NW. course through the county for 70 ms., flows into Lake Champlain about 15 miles above Crown Point. Otterberg, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 5 ms. N. of Kayserslautern. Otier Bridge, village, Bedford co , Va., by post road 122 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Otterbum, village of England, in Norlhumber land, on the river Reed, 22 miles W. by N. from Morpeth. It is celebrated for a battle in 1368, on which is founded the well-known ballad of Chevy Chace. Ottersberg, lown of Westphalia, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fort 17 ms. NE. of Bremen. Ottery, St. Mary, town of Eng., in Devonshire. It has manufactures of flannels, serges, &c. It is seated on the rivulet Otter, 10 miles E, of Exeter, and 161 W. by 8. of London. Ottmuchau, town of Silesia, in the principality of Neisse, on the river Neisse, 7 ms. W. by 8. of Neisse. Otto, village, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. 685 OVE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OUI Ottomait, Otomait, or Othmait, name given by Christian nations to the Turks, bul more espe cially to the Turkish empire, from Othraan, the first Sultan of the existing empire of that natior(. Ottona, or Ortona, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Venice, 10 ms. N, of Lan ciano, and 43 E. of Aquileia. Lon. 14 59 E., lat. 42 28 N. Ottaville, village, Bucks county. Pa,, 40 ms. N. from Philadelphia, and 19 N. frora Doyleslown. Ottweiler, fortified town of Germany, in the cir cle of Upper Rhine, 40 ms. SE. of Treves. Ouachitau, — See Washilau. Ouch, or Ouck, a cily of India, in the Daoudpolra country, about 4 ms, to the SE. of the junciion of the Chenaub and Sutledge, and about 80 miles SS VV. of Moultan. It is formed of three towns, near together, but separated by ruined walls. Pop, 20,000. N. lal. 29 10, lon. 71 30 E. Oude, province of Hindoostan proper, subject to a nabob, whose dominions lie on both sides of the Ganges, occupying (with Ihe exception of the dis trict of Rompour) all the flat country belween that river and the norlhern mountains, as well as the principal paj^t of that ferlile tract lying between the Ganges and Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, to within 40 ms. of the city of Delhi. Oude and ils dependencies are estimated at 360 ms. in lengih from E. to W., and in breadlh from 150 to 1 80. Oude, oncient city of Hindooston proper, in the province of Oude, the remains of which are sealed on the Gogra, neorly adjoining Fitabad. Oudenard, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in the middle of which is a fort. It is 12 ms. S. of Ghent, 15 NE. of Tournay, and 27 W, of Prussels. Lon. 3 49 E., lal. 50 51 N. Oudenb'urg, town of Flanders, 8 miles SE. of Ostend, and 10 W. of Burges. Lon. 3° E., lat. 51 9 N. Oudipour, — See Cheloire. Overall's, posl office, Shenandoah co., Va. Overfiackee, island of Holland, between the mouths of the Maese. Melisand is the principal town. Overton, county of Tennessee, bounded by Cum berland CO., in Ky. N., Morgan co., in Tenn. E., Bledsoe S., White SW., and Jackson W.; length 40 ms,, mean width 15, area 600 sq. miles. It is drained by Obed's and Roaring river, branches of Tennessee river. Chief town, Monroe. Pop. in 1820, 7,128; and in 1840, 9,279. Centrallat. 36 24 N., lon. C. 8 12 W. Overton, village, Perry co., Tenn., by post rood 153 ms. westerly from Murfreesborough. Overysche, lown of the kingdom of Hollsnd, in Brabant, sealed on the Ysche, 6 ras. NE. of Brussels, and 9 SW. of Louvain. Lon. 4 30 E., lat. 50 53 N. Overyssel, province of the kingdom of Holland, bounded on the E. by llie bishopric of Munster, on theN. by Friesland and Groningen, on the W. by the Yssel, and on the S. by the country of Zut phen and bishopric of Munster. It is divided into three districts, called Drente, Twent, and Sal- land. There are raany morasses in this province, and but few inhabilanls in comparison wilh the rest. Its greatest riches consist in turf, which is dug up here and sent to the neighboring provinces, particularly Holland. 636 I Ougien, town of Hindoostan proper, in the I province of Malwa, capital of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is the Ujuyni of the Sanscrit, and the Ozene of the Greeks; and is written Oojain, Oujein, and Ujein. The present city stands on the Sipperah river, 350 ms. NE. from Bombay, and 452 SW. from Poonah. Ougien is one of the most ancient cilies of India, perhaps of the world. Tbe present city is buill to the S. of the ruins of Ozene, and is about 6 ms. in circuit very closely built and populous. The ground on which Ougien is built is in a peculiar ii.anner friable, and being near the range of hills which separates the sources of the Jumna from those of the Nerbuddab, liable to submersion from the al luvion. That this has subjected the ancieni cily to destruction is evident. Southward from the modern city, in digging 15 or 20 feet, ruins of houses, domestic utensils, and ancient coins, aro found in abundance. The materials of the oncient are excavated for tbe purpose of building or re pairing the modern city. Like oil events which hove transpired in remote antiquity, various causes, natural and supernatural, have been assigned to account for the catastrophe which overwhelmed this interesting city, but probability is in favor of ol- luvion, and adds one more lo the many proofs lhat water is the great agent of change on the crust ofthis globe. Dr. Hunter and olher British writers aver lhat the modern cily is slill liable to ruinous inun dations. With all its natural disadvantages Ougien, how ever, frora ils situation, is the entrepdt of great in land trade. Its inhabitants import from Sural va rious kinds of European and Chinese goods. Pearls and assafocdita, from Sinde, are brought here by the route of Marwar ; and diamonds from Bundlecund pass through this city lo Sural. The public bazars are well supplied with grain, fruit, and olher vegetables. The inhabitants ore chiefly Mahometans. N. lat. 23 11, E. lon. 75 51. Oviedo, town of Spain, capital of Asluria d'Oviedo, with a university. It is seated at the confluence of the Ove and Deva, which forms tho Astra, 50 ms. NW. of Leon, and 208 of Madrid. Lon. 5 44 W., Iat 43 25 N. Ouidton, or Ouitanon, village of Inda., on tho Wabash, 130 ras. above Vincennes. Omd, town, Seneca co,, N. Y., between Sen eca and Cayuga lakes. The principal village is near the former, 22 ms. above Geneva. Pop. in 1810,4,535; in 1820, 2,654. Ouisconsin, river of the U. S., in the NW. territory, rises at lat. 46° N., and between 12° and 13° W. ftom W. C, interlocking with the Menominee of Green boy, and with the southern rivers of Lake Superior. It ihence flows S. to about lat. 43 45, where it approaches so very near Fox river of Green bay as to leave only a portage of one mile and a half. — See Fox River of Mich igan. Below the portage the Ouisconsin turns to SW. by W. and falls into Mississippi about 5 ms. below Prairie du Chien, at lat. 43° N. This stream forms one of the great noturol channels of communication between the St. Lawrence and Miss. basins. Though generally rapid in its current, it is unimpeded by cataracts, or even dangerous shoals. The entire length, by comparative courses, 350 ms,, nearly one half of which distance is be- ous GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OXF low the portage.— For Ouisconsin Territory see Wisconsin. ' Oulz, town of Piedmont, seated in a valley, 12 ms. SW. of Susa. Oundle, town of Eng., in Northamptonshire, seated on the Nen, over which are 2 bridges, 26 ms. NE. of Northampton, and 78 N. by W. of London. Oural.—See Ural mountains. Ourem, town of Portugal, in Estremadufa, sealed on a mountain, 12 ras. W. of Tomar. Ourfa, formerly Edessa, city of Asiatic Tur key, and capilal of a Pachalik of the sarae narae, situaled partly on hills and partly on an ' interve ning volley, about 30 ms. from the Euphrates, eastwardly from that stream. It is the seat of an exiensive commerce, and forms on entrepot be tween Aleppo and the interior of Persia. Pop. 20,000, composed of a mixed mass of Turks, Armenians, Jews, Neslorians, and Arabs. Lat. 37° N., lon. 38 20 E. Ourmia, or Urmia, lake of .Asia, in Azerbijan, without visible oullel, and water highly saline. The basins of Ourmia and Van ore separaled from each other by a chain of mountains called Aiagha Dog. — See Van. Lake Ourmia is about one hun dred miles long from N. lo S., mean breadlh aboul 20 ms. The basin of Ourmia is much more ex tensive than that of Van, the former stretching upwards of 200 ms. from N. to S,, and at least 75 ras. mean width. Some not inconsiderable mountain streams pour inlo Ourmia, at the head of one of which stands the city of Tauris. The extent of Lake Ourmia and also Van, are so differ enlly laid down in different maps, that it is proba ble they are both subject to great expansion and contraction from the changes of season. Ourique, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 26 ms SW. of Beja. Ouae, river of Eng., in Yorkshire, formed of the Ure and Swale, which rise near each other in the romantic tract called Richmondshire, and unite at Aldborough. It thence takes the name of Ouse, and flows through York, where it is navigable for considerable vessels; and afterward, receiving the Wharf, Derwent, Aire, ond Don, it meets the Trent, on the borders of Lincolnshire, where their united streams form the Humber. River of Eng., in Sussex, foimed of two branches, one of which rises in St. Leonard forest, the other in the forest of Worth, and they unite above Lewes. It flows by that town to New Haven, below which it forms a considerable haven and enters the English channel. Ouae, Great,, river of Eng., which rises in Northamptonshire, near Brackley, and flows to Buckingham, Stoney, Stratford, Newport Pagnel, Olney, and Bedford, where it is navigable. Thence it proceeds lo St. Neol, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, arid Lynn, below which enters the Lincoln shire wash. Ouse, Little, river of Eng., which rises in the S. part of Norfolk, and, dividing that co. from Suffolk as it flows westward, becomes navigable at Thelford, and afterwards joins the Great Ouse Ouae, or Grand River, stream of U. C, rising in the interior couniry, wilh sources interlocking with those of the Thames. It thence flows a lit tie E, of S. into Lake Erie, which it enters about half way from Fort Erie, to tho N. Fore land. The bar at ils moulhj has about seven feel water. Ouasore, town and fort of Hindoostan, in My sore, 19 ras. SE. of Bangalore, and 60 ENE. of Seringapatam. Outeiro, town and forlress of Portugal, in Tra los Monies, seated on a mountain, 9 nis. SE. of Braganza, and 21 NW. of Miranda. Owasco, lake of Cayuga co., N. Y. ; ils water is discharged inlo Seneca river, Town, Ca yuga CO., N. Y., at the bottom of Owasco lake, 3 ms. SE. from Auburn. Pop. in 1810, 496; in 1820, 1,290. /-yi^5A.. Oivego, lown, Bihwiiimco., N. Y., on IheE. branch of the Susquehannoh, 20 ms. W. of Union, ond 30 SSE. from Ithica. It is a place of much trade in salt and Gypsum from Onondaga co. Pop. in 1820, 1,741 Sraallriver bf N. Y., rising in Cortland and Tompkins, and, flowing S. between Broome and Tioga cos., falls inlo the Susquehan nah river at the village of Owego. Owen, CO., Ky., bounded by Kentucky river or Henry co. W., Gallatin NW., Garret N., Harri son E., and Scolt and Franklin S. Length 20 ms., mean width 12, area 240 sq. ms. Chief town, Owentown. Pop. in 1820, 2,031 ; and in 1840, 8,232. For ctl. lat. see Owentown, Owen, CO., Indai, bounded by Dubois S., Da viess W., Martin N,, and Lawrence and Orange E, Length 24 ms,, width 18, area 432 sq. m-^. The E. branch of White river traverses this co. obliquely from NE. to SW. Chief town, Green wich. Pop. in 1820, 838; and in 1840, 8,359. Cll. lal. 38 30 N., lon. W. C. 9 46 W. Owenton, lown and seat of justice, Owen co., Ky., on a branch of Eagle creek, 20 ms NNE. from Frankfort. Lat, 38 31 N., lon. W. C. 7 42 W. Owenville, village, Gibson co., Ia., by post road, 190 ms. SW. from Indianapolis. Owingsville, village, Bath co., Ky., by poit road 70 ms. E. from Frankfort. Lat. 38 16 N., lon. W, C. 6 42 W. Owyhee, largest and most eastern of the Sand wich islands, in the Pacific ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 84 ms., and ils breadth 70. — See art. Australia, pages 114 and 115. Oxbow, village, Jefferson co,, N. Y. ; by post- rood 181 ms. NW. from Albany. Oxford, cily of Eng., and capilal of Oxfordshire. It is seated al the conflux of the Cherwell with the Thames, and has a canal lo Brunston, in North- amplon.«hire. The city, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, 3 ms. in circumference, and was anciently surrounded by walls, of which conside rable remains are yet lo be seen, as also of its ex tensive castle, the lower of which now serves for a county jail. In 1811, the number of inhabit ants was 12,931. It has, beside the cathedral, Vi parish churches, a famous university, a noble market place, and a magnificent bridge. The university is generally supposed lo have been a seminary for learning before the tirae of Alfred, although it owed ils revival and consequence to his liberal patronage. Here are 20 colleges and 5 halls, several of which stand in the streets, and give the city an air of magnificence. The colle ges are provided with sufficient revenues for the 687 OXF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAC maintenance of a master, fellow, and students. In the halls, the students live either wholly or in part at their own expense. The colleges are : Uni versily, Baliol, Merlon, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose, , Corpus Chrisli, Christ Church, Trinity/ St John / Baptist's, Jesus, Wadham, Pembroke, Worces ter, and Hertford. Of these the raost ancient is University College, founded before the year 872 ; and to Christ Church College, begun by Cardinal Wolsey and finished by Henry VIII,, be longs the catheilral. The halls are: Alban, Ed mund, St. Mary's, New Inn, and St. Mary Mag dalene. Among the -libraries in the University, the most dislinguished is>ti)«>£Qdlcian, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, those of All Souls College, Christ Church, Queen's,. New, St. John's, Exe ter, and Corpus Chrisli. Among other public buildings are the Ashmnlean Museum, the Claren don Printing House, Radcliff Infirmary, and an Observatory. Magdalen bridge, besides the beau ty of its architecture, has this singularity, thot more than half of il is on dry ground, and the rest covers two small strips of the Cherwell. This ' bridge is 526 feet long. The theatre is more mag- nificent than any thing uf the kind in the world. The physic garden, of above 5 acres, is walled round, with fine gates, one of which cost £600. Oxford, CO. of Eng., bounded on tho E. by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S. by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire and North amptonshire. The exlieme lengih is 48 ms., and breadth 26, but its form is very irregular. It con tains 450,000 acres, is divided into 14 hundreds and 207 parishes, has one city and 12 market towns, and sends 9 members lo Parliament. The soil, though various, is fertile in corn and grass. The soulh part, especially on the borders of Buck- inghomshire, is billy and woody, having a contin, uation of the Chiltern Hills running through it. The NW. part is also elevaled and stony. The middle is in general a rich country, watered by nu merous streams running from N. to S., and ter rainoting in the Thames. Of these the most con siderable are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cherwell, and Thames; the latter, although an inconsidera ble rivulet, has obtained some importance from having been supposed to give name to the Thames. The products of Oxfordshire are chiefly those com mon to the midland farming counties. Its hills- yield ochre, pipe clay, and other earths, useful for various purposes. Corn and mall are conveyed frora it by the Thames to the metropolis. Pop. in 1801, 109,620 ; in 1811, 119,191 ; and in 1821, 134,327. Oxford, tp., Granville co., U. "C., on the Ri deau. Co., U. C. watered by the sources of the Thames and Grand rivers. Co,, Maine, bounded NW. by L. C, W. by N. H., S. by Cumberland and York, ond E. by Kennebec and Somerset cbs. It extends indefinitely along the wesiern side ofthe State, frora York and Cumber land cos. ; area of the settled parts about 2,000 sq. ms. The Androscoggin hos ils principal sources in and flows obliquely across this counly. Chieflown, Paris. Pop. 1820, 27,104; in 1840, 38,351. N. lal. 44° and lon. W. C. 6° E. inter sect in the SW. part of this co. Village, Pe nobscot co.. Me, Tp,, Worcester co,. Mass,, 688 silualed on the E. side of French river, about 14 ms. to the S. of Worcesler. Tp., New Haven CO., Ct;, on the W. of the Naugatuck river, 12 ms. NW. of New Haven Town, Chenango CO., N. Y., on the W. side of Chenango river, 110 ms. W. of Albany. In this lown an academy has been incorporated. Tp„ Sussex co. . N. J,, on the E. side of the river Delaware, between Hardwick and Mansfield. Tp., Philadelphia CO., Pa., on the NW. side of Delaware river, about 8 ms. N. of Philadelphia. Town, Ad ams CO., Pa., 9 ms. NE. by E. from Gettysburg. Town and port of entry, on the E. side of Thread=Haven bay, Talbot co., Md., 50 ms. SE. from Baltimore. It is one of the most trading places- E. of Chesapeake bay. The shipping owned here in 1816 exceeded 13,000 tons Village, CaroUne co., Va. Villageand seatof justice, Granville co., N. C. ; by post road 50 ms. a little E. of N. from Raleigh. This village con tains two ocodemies. Lat. 36 17 N., lon. W. C. 1 35 W One of the wesiern tps. of Huron CO., 0., containing the village of Bloomfield. Northern tp. of Delaware co., 0. NW. town of Butler co., O., distant 35 ms. NW. from Cin cinnati. Miami University, a literary institution, located in this tp. in 1809, is on the land granted for lhat purpose by Congress. The necessary buildings have been commenced, and the revenues already amount to more than $400 annually. Greek and Latin are already taught, and the <"unds and prospects of the college augmenting Tp., Tuscarawa co., 0., containing the village of Wi|. minglon, Village, Coshocton co , 0. Tp., Guern.sey co., 0. Oxford, Lower, tp., Chester CO., Pa., belween Elk and Octoraro creeks, 25 ms, SW. from West Chester. Oxford, Upper, tp., Chester co,, Pa., adjoin ing the preceding lo the N. Oxford Furnace, Warren co,, N. J., 51 ms, NNW. from Trenton. Oyster Bay, or, more correctly, Ouester, ( West Bay,) town, Queen's co., Long Island, N, Y. It extends quite across the island, from the ocean to Long Islond sound. Oyster Bay North, and Oyster Bay South, are the names of two post offices in Oyster Bay tp. They are each aboul 30 ms. from the city of New York, Oyster Ponds, village, Suffolk co., N. Y., on the NW, peninsula of Long Island, 108 ms. NE. by E. from the cily of New York. Ozwiezin, town of Litlle Poland, seated on the Weitchessel. The houses are built of wood, and tbe town is covered on one side by a great morass, and on the other defended by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It is 34 ms. W. of Cracow. Lon, 19 10 E,, lal. 50 10 N. P. Pacem, town in the N. part of Sumatra, in the East Indies. Lon. 97 15 E., lot. 5° N. Pachamac, valley in Peru, celebrated for its pleasantness ond fertility, but more for a magnifi cent temple, built by the Incas to the honor of their god. The Spaniards, when they conquered PAD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PIA Peru, found immense riches in it. It is 10 ra^, S. of Lima. Pachuca, town of Mexico, famous for its silver mines. Some authors say that in the space of six leagues there are not less than a thousand, one of which, called Trinity, is supposed to be as rich as ony in the Spanish dominions, forty millions of silver having been taken from it in 10 years. It is 46 ms. NNE. of Mexico. Lon. 100 4 W., lat. 20 32 N. Pachau, small island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Epirus, S. of Corfu, and W. ot the Gulf of Arta, Pacific ocean, that vast ocean which separates Asia from America. It received tbe term Pacific frora the moderate wealher the first mariners who sailed in it met with belween the tropics ; and il was called South sea, because the Spaniards cross ed the isthmus of Darien from N. lo S., when they first discovered it, though it is properly the West ern ocean with regard to America. 'The Pacific, as an adjective name, applies only with correct ness to the tropical section of the great expanse of water between America and Asia and Australasia. In high laliludes, either N. or S., storms and va riable winds prevail over the Pacific. — See article Earth, The preceding chorocter of the Pacific ocean is therefore correct, when applied to differ ent parts of that immense basin. Within and for some distance above the tropics, it is truly pacific, whilst in high latitudes, and particularly near the land, it is liable to all the meteorological changes arising from difference of temperature, and boister ous as other oceans and seas in like latitudes. — See article Earth, Packersfield, now Nelson, tp,, Cheshire co., N. H., on the head branches of the Ashmelot riv er, aboul 20 ms. E. of Connecticut river. Packersville, village, Clearfield co.. Pa. Pacolet, river, rises in Rutherford co,, N. C, and, flowing S,, enters Spartanburg district, S. C, and, continuing SE,, crosses Spartanburg and Union, ond falls into Broad river opposile the SW. angle of York district. Pacta Costsitta, from the Latin : title of those conventions or mutual ogreements entered into and sworn to by the king and nobility of Po land, after the monarchy had became elective. The first Pacta were drawn up and signed 1573, when Henry of Valois was inaugurated king. Each party swore, "on their faith and honor, to maintain general peace, in raatlers of conscience, Paderborn, bishoprick of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, 32 ms. long and 30 broad. In the middle of il are high mountaina and iron mines, but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pastures. However, it is most remarkable for its bacon and venison. It was secularized in 1802, and now belongs to Prussia. Pop. 1820, 120,000. Ancient and populous town of Germany, in Westphalia, capital of Ihe province of tho same name. It lakes its name from the rivulet Pader, which rises under the high altar of the cathedral. It has a celebrated university, and is 37 ms. SW. of Minden, and 43 ESE. of Munster. Lon. 8 65 E., lat. 51 46 N. Padron, town of Spain, in Gallicia, seated on ihe river Ulla, 12 ms. 8. of Compostella. Lon. '8 17 W., lat. 42 40 N. Padstow, town of Eng,, in Cornwall, on Ibe Bristol channel, and has some trade to Ireland, from which place it is distant 240 m«. It is 30 ms. W. of Launceslon, and 243 W. by S, of Lon- don. Lon. 446 W., lat 60 43 N. Padua, ancient, large, and celebrated city of Ilaly, capital of the Paduano, with a university. It is 7 ms. in circumference, and much less con siderable than formerly, for it now contains only 30,000, whereas it formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants. The university was new modelled in 1814, ond consists of the faculties of mathematics and philosophy, medicine and law. Students about 300. It is seated on the Brenta and Bachig- lione, in a fine plain, 30 ms. SE. of Vicenza, and 225 N. of Rome. Longitude 12 I E,, lat. 46 22 North. Paduano, formerly a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice, now part of Austrian Italy, 40 ms. long and 35 broad, bounded on the E. by the Dogado, on the S. by Polesino di Rovigo, on the W. by the Veronese, and on the N, by the Vin- centino. Its soil is well watered, and is one of the most ferlile in Italy. Padua is the capital. Padula, town of Italy, in the kingdora of Na ples, in Principato Citeriore. Lon. 15 41 E., lal. 40 29 N. Paefenhoffen, town of France, in the depart raent of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seated on the declivity of a raountain, near the river Mottier, 8 ms. W. of Haguenau. Lon. 7 38 E., lat, 48 48 N., Pagesville, village, Newberry district, S. C„ 58 ms. N W. from Columbia. Pagliano, town of Italy, in Abruzzo Ulteriore. between all the citizens of diverse religions and Lon. 13 46 E , lat. 43 28 N. opinions, Paciolua, village, Sullivan co., Tenn., by post road 885 ms. NE. by E. from Murfreesborough Pacy, ancient town of France, in the depart ment of Eure, and late province of Normandy, seated on the Eure, 8 ms. S. by E. of Vernon. Lon. 1 41 E., lat. 48 58 N. Padang, seaport on the W. coast of Sumatra, in the E. Indies, in the possession of the Dutch. Lon. 99 46 E., lat. 50' S. Paddington, village of Eng., in Middlesex, W. by N. of London, with a handsome new church, erected in 1790, in a singularly pleasant style. Paddytown, village, Hampshire co., Va., on the iPotomac, 30 ms. above Cumberland, Md., and 136 NW. by W. from W, C. 87* Pago, island in the Gulf of Venice, separaled frora Venetian Dalmatia by a narrow strait. The oir is cold, and the soil barren, but it is well pec- pled, and contains salt works. Pago Pago Harbor. — See article Navigator's Islands. Pagoda, as defined and derived by Webster, Persian Pout Ghod, or Boot Khoda, Hindoo Bocit Kuda, house of idols. Also a coin or denomination of money, differing in value fro-Ji $3 down tO'$l 75. Pahang, — See Pan, Piambasuf, seaport of Francs, in the department of Lower Loire, and late province of Bretagne, at the moulh of the Loire. What makes it of con sequence is, that all ships belonging to Nantes take their departure hence, and here tbey anchor on 689 ' PAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAL their arrival. It is 20 ms. W. of Nantes. Lon. 1 53 W., lat. 47 15 N. Paine's Hollow, post office, Herkimer co., N, Y, Poinefville, fino commercial town of Geauga CO., O., on Grand rivers about 3 ms. above its m-'Uth, al Fairport. A bridgp, constructed of wood, of 4Q0 feel, has been erected over Grand river, at this placBj ond toll free. Pop. 1820, 1,257 Village, Amelia co., Va., 45 ms. W. from Peters burg. Painswick, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire. It has a manufacture of while cloths for the army, and for the India and Turkey trade, and hence is brought a stone remarkable for ils beauty and neatness for the pavement of floors. It is 7 ms. SE. of Gloucester, and 101 W, by N. of London. Lon. 2 11 W., lat. 61 46 N. Paint, SE. tp. of Wayne co., O. Pop. 1820, 590 Tp. in the wesiern borders of Ross co., Ohio. It is wotered on the W. ond 8. by Paint creek, and neor the middle by Buckskin, which runs across it frora NW. to SE. Pop. 1820, 946. — — Tp. in the northern borders of Fayeite oo., 0. .Pop. 1820, 767. — — Tp. in the easiern part of Highland co., O. Pop. 1820, 1,895. Paint creek, western branch of the Sciota river, rising in Ihe SW. corner of Madison co., 0., near the source of Little Miami, from whence it runs 35 ms. SW. across Fayetle co , by Washington, and along the SW. borders of Ross co., when it turns and runs in a somewhat NE. direclion in to Ross CO. 16 ms., thence E. 10 ms. furiher, where it joins the Sciota river below Chilicolhe. Village, Floyd co., Ky.,, by post road 221 miles SSE. from Frankfort. Painted Post, town, Steuben co., N. Y., on the NW. bank of Tioga river, near tbe mouth of Co shocton creek, 43 ms. NW. of Athens, or Tioga Point. Pop. 1810,964; in 1820, 2,088. Painter creek, western brook of Stillwater rivu let, emptying into said rivulet in Miami co., Ohio. It rises in Dark co. Painter's Crosa Roads, post office, Delaware CO,, Pa,, 22 ins. csSW. from Philadelphia. faintville, town, Wayne co., Ohjo, 15 ms, from Wooster, on the road leading from that town tp New Philadelphia, Paishawur, cily of Candahar, capilal of a dis trict in the country of Cabul. It is situaled on the Kaineh, 125 ms. SE. of Cabul, and 170 N. of Moulian. Lon. 70 36 E., lat. 33 18 N., Painley, lown of Scotland, the largest in Ren freushiie. It has considerable monufnclures of sjikoiid linen gouze, lawn muslin, cambric, thread, &,c,, ^llfioexlellsi^e soop, candle, and cotton works, and is deemed the first inonuloqluring lown in Scolland. The river While Cart divides it into the old and new lown, which ooramunicates by 3 bridges. The lalter stands on the E, side of ihe liver, and conslsis of many handsome buildings. By Iiiean4 of the river and a conal, vessels of 40 tons ci^ii cnnie up and unload at the quay. In 1811 the numlieiof inhabilanls was 32,000 in the old town, and 14,153 in the abbey parish. It is 10 ms. W. of Glasgow. Lon. 4 26 W., lal. 55 52 N. Paita, seaport of Peru, in the audience of Qui to, with an excellent harbor. 'I'he bay is defended by a fort. ' Lon. Sq ^4 W., lal. 5 12 S. Palachy, tflw» of Hindoostan, in the province 690 of Coimbetore. Longitude 77 8 E„ latitude U 47 Nuith, Palacios, town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 ms. S. of Seville. Lon. 6 84 W., lot 37 80 N. Palais, town of France, capital of the island of Belleisle, off the coast of Bretagne. Lon. 3 S W., lat. 47 16 N. Palais, St., town and district of J'rance, in th« department of the Lower Pyrenees, whiqh, with the town and dislrict of St. John Pied de Port, forms nearly the whole of the late province of Lower Navarre, a mountainous country, which produces scarcely any thing bul millet, oats, anf 600 ms. to the Pacific oceon, 500 to the Caribbean sea, and 600 lo the Bay of Honduras. Connected on the NW. to Vera Poz yid Gualamala, by a neck of land less than 100 ms. wide, and on the SE. lo Veragua by another of not more than 60 from ocean to ocean, this interesting region contains a superficies of- more than 100,000 sq. ms. A nar row slip along the Pacific is well peopled, but the interior in great part unexplored. Leaving Gualamala, the mountains incline lo the eastward, and leave, in the NW. part of Ni caragua, a wider slope to the rivers flowing into ihe Pacific Ihan exists in the former provinces. The slope towards the Atlantic is, however, as usual, comparatively much more extensive than that towards the Pacific; the former giving source and course to numerous rivers, two of which, Gold river and Bluefield's river, exceed 400 ms. in lengih. Though bul imperfectly known, we may safely exclude eilher of those rivers from a list of those offering a convenient connexion be- twesn the walers of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and proceed to examine, perhaps, the most remarkable feature in American geography, and parlicularly so in the present inquiry. The valley formed by the lakes of Leon and Nicaragua, ond by the river St. Juan, or St. John, is to the eye, when surveying a map of lhat part of America, the most natural route offered to hu man industry to unite the two great American oceans. Itis the 4lh route from ocean lo ocean in dicated by Humboldt. This author observes, that " perhaps the communication of the Lake of Nicaragua with the Pacific ocean could be carried on by the Lake of Leon, by means of Ihe river Tasta, -which, on the road from Leon to Realejo, descends from the volcano of Telico. In fact, the ground there appears very little elevaled. More recent surveys, and particularly those pub lished by Mr. Stephens, hove contributed to estab lish the practicability of rendering this a navigable route from ocean to ocean. But whether the best which could be constructed through this part of America time will determine. Panari, one of the Lipari islands, in the Medi terranean, belween Lipari and Slrombolo. It is a barren inconsiderable island, and only 5 ms. in cir cumference. Lon. 15 41 E., lat. 38 38 N. Panay, one of the Philippine islands, between those of Parages and Negro. It is 250 ms. in cir cumference, and the most populous and fertile of them all. It is watered by a great number of riv ers and brooks, and produces a great quantity of rice. Iloila is the capital. Pawdbct, from the Gr., all, ond to contain. The Pamlecls made up by order of the Emperor PAO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAR Justinian comprised the formerly scattered works of ^fed on Salt creek, branch of Lilllo White river. the Roman Jurisninsults. to which, when rolleried i _. oo 0,4 tvr 1 .„ ixr r, n nn ixr the Roman Jurisninsults, to which, when collected into a body, that Emperor gave the force of law.— See Digest, Pancras, St., village of England, in Middlesex, a Utile to the NW, of London. Ala public house near the church is a medicinal spring. Here is an hospital for inoculation, and the veterinary qoI- leg«, establshod in 1791, umler the patronage of Lat. 38 34 N,, lon. W. C. 9 28 W. Pa oofn, one of ihe New Hebrides, in the Soulh Pacific ocean, lothe S. of Malicollo. Lon. 168 28 W., lal. 16 30 S. Pao-ting fou, town of China, in the province of Petcheli, where the viceroy resides, and the most considerable city in the province next to Peking. It has 20 others Under ils jurisdiction : 3 of the Sd --•-.------ — ¦- — 1 .... ^- "a- ¦"{ It lino xu otners unuer ! people of the farst rank and fortune, for the im.la„d 17 of the 3d class. The couniry around it provement of farriery and tho treatment of cattle in ; u pleasant, and inferior infertility to no part of general. ' Qhjna. Panga town of Africa, in the kingdom of Con- p^p^, f„her. in numerous languoges. It is in go, capital 01 the province of Bamba. Lon. 14 25 fa^t a natural term, and from which comes Pope, t,., lat. 6 30 S. or Father of the Catholic Church. Panglang, town of Pegu, in the Birman era- Paj,a, small but strong town of Lower Hunga. r"''i V'o!l.l «" "'* """ ^'"'^°'"'- ^°"- ^^ * ^y- '" '!>« '=<'¦ "f Esperin. It was taken from Uie t,., iat. a,-) 04 s. ._,,.- j Turks in 1683, after tbe raising of the siege of Vi- Panfou^, lown of Hindoostan, in Delhi. Lon. ignna It ia aenied nn n in«nr,i=;„ „ .u ¦ TR on Fl I . oa 00 M ¦,<, 1 ivTiir <¦ "nno. 11 IS st.aiea on a mounlain, near Iheriver 76 80 E , lat. 39 23 N., 72 miles NW. from Marchallz, 45 ms. W. of Buda. Lon. 18 20 E., Delhi. Panjiib, country of Hindoostan proper, being lhat wotered by the 5 eastern branches of the In dus. It was the scene of Alexander's last cam let 47 26 N. Papagayo, Gulf of, on the Pacific coast of N. Americo, and between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Lon. W. C. 8 30 W., lat. 11 ION. The distance paign, and the ne plus ultra of his conquests. It from the eaVtem"extremi7yofPap"agayoVulf'to Lake forrns_^a square of 250 ms., and includes the whole Nicaragua is only about 22 ^^P'sayoguii i,ake of Lahore and a great pari of Moultan proper. To the lower part of Moultan it is flat and marshy, and inundated by the periodical rains which fall between May and October. — See Asia, p. 102. Pannanach Wells, village of Scotland, in Aber- deensh re, noted for the mineral waters discovered in 1756; and a lodge has been erected for the ac commodation of the company that frequent them in summer. Panniput, town of Hindoostan proper, situat ed on an extensive plain between ihe cilies of Del hi and Sirhind, 72 ms. NW. of Delhi. Lon. 76 lat. 45 E., 29 15 N. Panomi, village of Turkey, in the province of Macedonia, 16 ms. S. of Salonichi. Lon. 23 10 E,, lal. 40 25 N. Panarmo, small town of Turkey in Europe, in Papantla, town of Mexico, in the Slale of Pu ebla, about 130 ms. NE, from the cily of Mexico- Lon. W. C. 20 40 W„ lat. 30 30 N. This ploce ia very remarkable for the magnitude and extent of antiquities found within its vicinity.— See Pyra mids of America, Papasquiaro, village of .Mexico, in the SW. part of the Stale of Durango. Lal. 24 58 N lon W. C. 27 40 W., about 70 ms NW. by W. from Durango. Paperie, town and seaport of Otaheite See Otaheite, Papermlle, village, SulHvan county, Tennessee by post road 278 ms. NE. j,y E. from Murfrees borough. Papoui, St., lale episcopal town of France, in the dep. of Aude, and late province of Lang'ue- Aii • ¦; r , " •' -—"I". ... luc uep. 01 Auoe, ana late province of LanmiP Albania, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, opposite doc, seated on the Lembe 8 m« P „f n ,,"^"^ twirs^i::ri^i^S=^ r iFrf;z?:St:^^ m circumference. It abounds in cotton, fruits, wiih 0 casile, Lere the courU reside .It is ea' wine, and corn, and is subject to the King of Na- ed near the Altmal, 17 ms. NW of Netib, tTn i" pie. Lon. 12 3 1 E,. lal. 36 55 N. 32 S. of Nuremburg, Lon 10 51 E Ta'' 48 Panther Creek, post office, Surry counly, N '53 N "i J^-, lat. 48 Carolina. 143 railes Northwest by West from Ra-j Para, river, or rather strail, separating the is. P«„y,-z.« . J- -r 1 ¦ ivT . ,¦ , i'^"^"'^-'''*""^*''™'" 'beconiinentof South Ame- ^tc!^t'olTelIft:-j:,''itTs:sT^^^^^ '?^""?i^p. Addison,o., vt.. between Ot- Au^ri^^.Sg^:ri^:trl,lt;;:;^. « ter river aud Lake Champlain, 10 ms. NW. from Middlebury. Panuco, river of Mexico, rises near San Louis. Potosi, and, flowing E., over the State of San Louis Potosi, falls inlo ihe Moctezuma. Panuio, city of Mexico, in the Slale of Veta Cruz, on the river Panuco, near Ihe Gulf of Mex ico, and 170 ms. N. by E. ofthe city of Mexico, Lon. W. C. 21 30 W., lat. 23 13 N. PaoU, village and seat of jusiice for Orange co.. See New Guinea. Para, Gran, one of the captain generalships of the Brazils, bounded N. by the Amazon river NE by the Atlaniic ocean, CE. by< Maranham and Goias, fe. by Mattagrosso, SW. by Peru, and NW by Colombia. It is an immense couniry, extendi ot aboul 400, and an area of 640,000 sq. ms Ly ing belween the equator and lat 12° S. It is per haps thai extent ofthe whole habitable world which (395 PAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAR of inland navigation. Washed for nearly 200 ms. by the Amazon, and traversed by innumerable other sireams of great magnitude, ,tbe principal of which are, Julay Madeira, Tapajoz. Xingu, and Tpqantinas. Chief tovvn, Gran Para. Para, Gran, city of Brazil, and capital of the capiain generalship of Gran Para, situated on the Tocantinas, 60 ms, above its moulh. Lon. W. C. 28 27 East, latitude I 30 S. Population about 10,000. Paradise, village, Lancaster co. , Pa, Village, York CO., Pa., 15 ms. SSW. from York. Pop. in 1820, 1837. Paraeels, vast number of small islands and rocks, lying on the China sea, and forming a long clus ter, near 400 ms. in length, off t^e coast of Qochin China. Parachim, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy or Mecklenburg, sealed on a small river which falls into the Elbe. It is 20 ras. SE, of Schwerin. Lon. 12° E., lat. 53 34 N. Paradella, town of Portugal, in the province of Beira. Lon. 7 23 W,, lat. 41 4 N. Paramithi, — See Parga. Paragoana, peninsula of Colorabia, in Venezu ela, containing the city of Boro. It forms tbe east ern side of the entrance into tho Gulf of Maracaibo, and is terrainaled by a cape of the sarae name. Lat. 11 62 N. Parago, or Palawan, large island in the Indian oceon, between the Philippine and Borneo, which has a king, tributary to Borneo. The Spaniards have a fort bere. Paragua, tbe "most westerly of the Philippine islands, extending about 180 ms, in length, and 20 in breadth. Longitude 1 17 44 'East, latitude 10 Norlh. Paraguay river, large branch of Orinoco, rises in the mountains of Guiana, ils source interlock ing with those of Essequibo, the Rio Branco, branch of Rio Negro, and those of the Orinoco. The entire course of the Paraguoy is about 300 ras. frora S. to N. It falls into the Orinoco about 80 ms. below St. Tom^ and Angostura. Paraguay, large couniry of 8. America, bound ed on the N. by Amazonia, on the E. by Brazil, on the S. by Patagonia, on tbe W. by Chili and Peru. Paraguay, river of South America, the great northern branch of tbe Rio de la Plata, rises by very numerous sources at 8. lat. 13°, in the cap tain generalship of Mattagrosso of Brazil. Flow ing thence by a general course nearly due S. about 1,000 ms., it receives from ihe NW. the large volume of the Pilcomayo, and 150 ms. still lower the now noble stream is again augmented by the Rio Grande, also from the NW. The already vast volume of the Paraguay continues its soulh ern course 60 ms. below the mouth of the Rio Grande, to where it encounters and mingles ils waves with an almost equal rival, the Parana, from the NE. The name of the uniled waters below their junciion is given to the inferior branch, the Parana See Parana. Paramaribo, the capital of 8urinam. in Guiana. and the chief place ofthe Dutch colonies in South America. It has a strong citadel and a noble road for shipping. Exports, sugar, cotlon, and indigo. The streets are perfectly straight, and lined with 696 orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, in everlasting bloom. It is situated on the £. side ofthe river Surinam, 16 ms. from its raouth Lon, 56 25 W., lat. 6 48 N. Paramatta, lown of New Holland, in the Bri tish colony of Botany Bay. Paramousic, one of the Kurile islands, lying S. of that of Shoomska See Kuriles. Parana, river of Soulh America, tbe eastern branch of the Rio de la Plata, rises in the moun taina of St. Paul's, Minas Geraes, and Goias of Brazil. It is very remarkable that the southeasl ern sources of the Parana are within 50 ms. from the Atlantic ocean, and flow NW. towards Ihe centre of tbe continent, and pursue that direction 500 ms,, where they unite, and abruptly turn to SSW. The latter course is maintained 700 ms. to where the Parana approaches to wilhin less than 50 miles from the Uruguay, but again, by an abrupt bend to the W., leaves Uruguay. and, after continuing W. 100 ms., mingles witb the Paraguay at the city of Assumption. Here, as is the case wilh the Missouri and Mississippi, the name of tbe largest is superseded by that of the smaller stream, and the Parana prevails over ils superior rival, the Paraguay. Below Assump tion tbe Parana inclines a little W. of S. 450 ms., receiving in that distance from the NW. the Sa lado, and from the W. the Tercero, at Rosario. Turning to the SE. below Rosario, tbe Parana flows 150 ras , and, receiving its last great tributa ry, the Uruguay, from the NNE., is lost in the general name of Rio de la Plata. The Parana is the raost extensive secondary river of tbe earth, draining more surface than does the Missouri. Parana, province of Paraguay, so called from a large river, which, uniting wilh the Paraguay, and afterward with the Uruguay, forms the Rio de la Plata. Paranaiba, northeastern confluent of the Para na river. South America. The Paranaiba rises about 8, lat. 1 6°, heading wilh the 'Pocantinas, and flowing SW. by comparative courses 400 ms., falls into the Parana. Paranatinga, river of S. America, rises in the Brazilian province of Malta Grosso, 8. lat. 16°, and flowing thence a liltle E. of N., between the Tocantinos and Tapajos, joins tbe Amazon at S. latitude 1 30, after a comparative course of 1,000 miles. Parchwitz, town of Germacy, in Silesia, in the principaUly of Lignitz, subject to the king of Prus sia. It has a Considerable manufacture of cloth. It is 12 ms. W. of Wohlau, and 10 NE. of Lig nilz. Longitude 16 42 East, latitude 61 17 North. Pardiha, town of S. America, in Brazil, at the moulh of a river of tbe same name. The soil is pretty ferlile, and produces sugar canes and a great nuraber of trees of Brazil wood. Lon. 49 53 W., lat, 6 50 8. Pardobitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, subject to the house of Austria, with a manufacture of knives and sword blades. It is a fortifled town, ted is 55 ms. E. of Prague. Lon. 15 45 E., Iat. 49 66 N, Parella, town of Italy, in Piedmont, in the co. of Canavez, 20 ms. N. of Turin. Parenzn. slronff lown of latria. with a ffood PAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAR harbor, on the Gulf of Venice, 65 ms. E. of Ve nice. Longitude 13 56 E., latitude 45 24 N. Parga, town of European Turkey, in Albania, on the S. side of the Gulf of Glykyslemon, or "Port of Sweet Waters," surrounded by groves of olive, orange, and lemon trees. It spreads along the southern corner of the gulf, at N. lat. 39 30, E. lon, 20 30, 15 ms. NW. from Prevesa, and opposite the northern extreraily of the island of Corfu. It is the capilal of tbe district called Par- amitha ; pop, aboul 8,000. Tho inhal'itanis are chiefly Christians, who are, according to Hub- house, the very worst of the Albanians. Thi-i town was given up in 1819 by the Brilish to .All I'acha, and, to avoid their certain fate from such a monster, abandoned by the citizens. They de served their character if they deserved Iheir fale. Paria, or New Andalusia, province of Terra Firma, on the banks of the Orinoco, near ils raouth. Paria, Gulf of, in S. .America, between the province of Cumana, the island of Trinidad, and the estuary of the Orinoco. It is about 75 ms. long, and 45 wide, wilh a depth of from 8 lo 30 fathoms, with good anchorage over ils entire ex tent. Paria, Cape, easiern extremity of the province of Cumana. Longitude W. C, 15° E,, IjI. 9 12 North. Harilla, or St, Parilla, town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, seated at the mouth of Ihe river Sanla, 50 ms. SE. of Truxilla, and 230 NW'. of Lima. Lon. 77 50 W., lat. 8 36 S. ' Parima, or Branco, river of South .America, a branch of the Rio Negro, rises in the mountains of Guiana, ils sources interlocking with those of Essequibo and Paraguay of Orinoco. It flows nearly S., and enters the Rio Negro. Parima Cocha, province of Peru, lyingf N. from Arequipo. ? Parima, lake of S. .America, near the borders of Amazonia and Guiana, of a sq. form, 80 ms. long, and 40 broad. It seems to be a kind of inunda tion formed by the Orinoco, for that river enters on the N., and issues on the W. side of the lake, near ils NW. angle. From the SE. of this lake issues the White river, called also the Parima, vvhich flows S, to the Rio Negro. To the W. of this lake, before the raain stream of the Orinoco turns to the N., there are two other branches lhat flow fro'm it to the Black river. Hence there are three communications between those two great riv ers, the Orinoco and the Amazon. This descrip tion is accordant wilh Spanish authorities, but doubts of the existsnce of Lake Parima are not vet dissipated. Paris, capilal of France, one of the largest, finest, and most populous cities in Europe. The river Seine, which crosses it, forras two small is lands, called Isle du Palais and Isle Notre Dame; the first is tbe ancient city of Paris, and had its name from a building which was formerly the resi dence of the kings, and afterwards resigned lo the Parliament. Paris has 16 gates, and is 15 ms. in circumlerence, including the suburbs. That part of it which is called the ville is situate to the N., the university to the S., and the cily in the centre. The pop. of Paris now (1843) is supposed lo ex ceed a million, and in that, as in every other ro- 88* sped, stands next to London amongst European cities II is 210 ms. SSE. of L'ondon, 265 W. of Vienna, and 6.30 NNE. of Madrid. Lon. 8 20 E., lilt. 48 50 N. Paris, lown and seat of justice, Oxford co.. Me., in the soulhern port of the co,, 46 ms. a lit tle W. of N. from Portland, and 35 SW. by W. from .Augusta. Lat. 44 11 N., lon. W. C. 6 25 E, Pop. 1810, 1,330; in 1820, 1,844 Town, Oneida co., N. Y". It lies on bolh sides of Oris kany creek, 9 ms. SW. from Utica. This tp. contains the village of Clinton ond Hamillon col lege. It is one ofthe best bodies of productive soil in Ihe Stale ofN. Y. Pop. 1810, 5,418; in 1820, 6,707. Village, Fauquier co , Va,, by post road 64 ms. SW. from 'W, C. Central tp. of Union co., 0. Small village of Jefferson tp., Preble CO,, Ohio. Tp,, Portage co,, Ohio. Eostern town of Stark co,, 0., Pop. 1820, 553. Village, Jefferson co., Ia., aboul 60 ms. W. from Cincinnati.— Village and seatof jus tice, Henry co., Tenn., on the dividing ground between the sources of Obion and Sandy rivers, about 100 ms. a litlle N. of W. from Nashville, Lat, 36 19 N., lon, W. C. 11 19 W. Paris, or Bourbonton, village and seot of jus tice, Bouibon CO., Ky,, on a small branch of Lick ing river. It is a place of very considerable trade, and contains the co. buildings, two churches, a printing office, and a considerable number of raercontile stores, 25 ms. NE. from Lexington. Pop. 1820, 1,000; 1840, 1,200. Lat. 38 15 jV.. ' lon. 7 12 W. Parisburg, Giles CO., Vs. Paris Furnace, village Oneida co., N. Y., about 10 ms. SSW. from Utica, I'arishville, village, St, Lawrence co,, N. Y.. on the W. branch of St. Regie river. 30 ms. SE. from Hamilton. Parke, county, Indiana, on bolh sides of Wa bash river, bounded E. by Putnam and S. by Vigo; lengih and breadth 24 ms. each, area 576 sq. ms. This CO. lies about 60 ms. W. from Indianapolis. Pop. in 1840, 13,500. Central lat. 39 46 N., lon, W. C. 10 48 W. Parke, C H. and post office, Parke co., Ia., by post road 88 ms. W. from Indianopolis, Parker, one of the eastern townships nf Butler comity, Pennsylvania, eleven miles NNE. from Buller. Parkersburg, town and seat of jusiice, Wood CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of Lit- tie Kenawha river, 12 miles below Marietta. Village, Wood co., Va., on Ohio river. Parkerstown, township, Rutland co,, Vt., 25 ms. WNW. from Windsor. Parkinson's Ferry, — See Williamsport, Wash ington CO., Pa. Parkgate, villago of England, in Cheshire, 12 miles NW. of Chester, situaled on the NE. coast of the river Dee. It is a slalioH for packet boats that frequently sail to Irelond. Parkman, town, Somerset co.. Me., 38 miles NE. from Norridgewock. Town ond SE. tp. of Geauga county,. Ohio, on the bead branches of Grand river. The vilHage is 17 miles SE. from Chardon, the seat of justice for the county. Parks, post office,' Edgefield district, 8. C. Parkstein, town of Germany, in the circle of 697 PAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY- PAS Bavaria, and principality of Saltzbach, 1 6 ras. N. of Naburg. Lon. 12 f4 E., lal. 49 40 N. PAanAMSNT, conference. This lerm is ijow almost exclusively applied to tho Legislalu;e of Great Britain. 'Parma, duchy of Ilaly, bounded on the N. by the river Po, on ilie NE. by the Mantuan, on the E. by the duchy of Modena, on the S. by Tusca ny, and on the W. by Placentia Town, Mon roe CO., N. Y., 22 ras. NE. frora Batavia, and 12 ras, N. from Rochester. Pop. in 1820, 1,342. Parma, ancient, rich, and populous city of Ita ly, capilal of the duchy of the same narae, 40 ms. NW. of Modena, and 60 SE. of .Milan. Lon. 10 30 E;, Iat. 44 50 N. By the treaty of Paris, this city and the duchy, consisting of Parma, Placenza, Guastala, and Borgo San Domino, was given to Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon, and at her death to devolve lo Austria and'Sardinia ; but subsequent conventions, in 1818, vested ils reversion in Spain. Pamasaua, now called Parnasso, a mountain of Turkey, in Livadia. It is the highest in Greece, and from the top is a prospect as far as Corinth. The Turks call ilLicaoura, or Liaknra.— rSee Lia kura. Paros, island of the Archipelago, one ofthe Cy clades, about 10 ms, long and 8 broad. The soil is well cultivated, and tbe postures feed a great number of cattle. The trade consists in wheat, barley, wine, pulse, and calicoes. Those excel lent statuaries, Phidias, and Praxiteles, were na tives of this island; and the famous Arundelian marbles at Oxford, Eng., were brought from this place. Il lies to tbe W. of Naxia. Town of the Archipelago, capital of the island of Paros, which was anciently the largest ond most powerful town of the Cyclades. Paros is silualed on the W. coast of the island. Lon. 25 44E,, lat. 37 8 N. Parrel, small river uf Eng., in Somersetshire, whoso source is in the S. part of the county. It re ceives the Ivel and Thone, and falls into the Bris tol channel at Bridgewater bay. Parramatta, town or settlement of English con victs in New South Wales. It is seated al the head of the harbor of Port Jackson, 11 ms. W. of Sydney Cove, between Rose Hill and the landing ploce in the creek, which forms the head. The soil in most places is remarkably good, and only wants cultivation to be fit for any use. Lon. 16 1 39 E., lat. 23 60 S. Parrishville, village of St. Lawrence county, N. Y., 36 me. SB. by E. from Ogdensburg. Pop, in }820, 594. Parsberg, town of Germany, in Bavaria, and principality of Newburg, 18 ms. NW. of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 65 E., lat. 49 8 N. Parschwitz, town of Germany, m the province of Silesia, and principality of Lignitz. It is sub ject to the king of Prussia, and is 8 miles NE. of Lignitz. Parsippany, village, Morris co., N. J., 25 ms, NW. from Newark. Parson, or Parsonfield, town, York co , Me., 46 miles W. by N. of Portland. Pop. In 1810, 1,703; and in 1820.2,355. Parson's, tp., Essex co., Mass. Parlhenay, town of Fr., in the dep. of Two Sevres, and late province of Poitou. It carries on n-cftnsiderable trade iu cattle and corn, and is seat- 698 ed on the Thoue. 17 miles S. of Thouars. Lon. 19' W., lat. 46 44 N. . Parlcnkirk, lown of France, in Bavaria, 40 ms. SW. of Munich.- Lon. 11° E-, lal. 47 38 N. Parlhia, ancient name of that part of Asia SE. from the Caspian sea lying between the Caspian sea and the provinces of Ariana, Hyrcania, Cara mania, and .Media. Pabtibus, Latin phrase applied to bishops who draw their tille from a country possessed by infi dels, and thus couched " a bishop in partibus." Parys, mountain of England, in the Isle of An glesey, famous for a copper mine, probably the larg, lying 26 ins, S. of the isle of Samos. Il is 20 ms. in cireurafeience, and oneof ihe most barren in the Arphipelago. The inhabilanls are chiefly Greek Christians, sailors, or ship builders, and have some trade in cotton and s-tockings of iht-ir own manu facture. The women are generally prelty, but tbey disfigure themselves by the excessive use of paint. On this island 8t, John wrote the -Apocalypse Lon. 26 24E , lat. 37 24 N. Patna, city of Hindoostan, capital of Bahao, seated on the light bmk of the Ganges, opposile the influx of the Gui.duck. Tlie buildi,ugs are high, but the sireets are narrow. It is a place of considerable trade, 400 ms. NW. frum Calcutta Lon. 85 0 E., lal. 25 25 N. 699 PAT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PAU Patoka, river ofthe United Slates, in la., rising in Orange and CrawforiJ cos., and flowing Ihence ill a western direction, by comparative courses, aboiit 80 ms. above Dubois, Pike, and'Gibson cos., falls into the Wabash 3 ms. below Ihe moulh of White river. Patruna, — See Pastrana, Patras, ancient Patraia. The name of Patras is an Italian corruption of that of Patraia. This town stands on a small bay. at the extreme NW. angle of tbe Morea, and about 20 ms. SE, from Messa- longhi, on the opposile shore o{ the gulf, or sirait of Lepanto. The town is situated on the declivi ty of the mountain Vodi. The higher part is a mile and a half from tbe port, and in that quarter are all the best houses, surrounded, as usual, with gardens. "Nothing, certainly," says Hobhouse, " can be more pleasant than the immediate vicinity ofthe lown, which is one blooming garden of orange and lemon plantatiuns,^of olive groves, vineyards, and currant grounds. The fruit trees and the vine clothe the sides of the hill behind tbe town to a considerable height ; the currants are on the flats below, and run along the line of coasl to the S. as far as the eye can reach. Both on the plain and on the sides of the hills, there is a great quantity of the sraall shrub called glykorizzo by the Greeks, and which is our liquorice." Like every part of maritime Greece, Patras is liable to be visited by contagious autumnal fevers and agues. Whilst in tbe hands of the Turks, it was gov erned by a bay. like Ceron. Modon, Navarino, Misitra, Argos, and Corinth. It is inhabited by a mixed populalion of Turks, Greeks, Franks, and Jews Turks 1.000. Greeks 6,000, will* about 2,000 Franks and Jews. Exports, oranges, olives, cotton from Lepanto, but parlicularly currants; imports, European goods generally. % Patria, town of the kingdom of Naples, in Terri di Lavori, so named from a lake near which it is situated. 13 ms. NW. of Naples. Patiiiarch. literally chief of o family frora Pa tria, (family and archos ruler.) In ihe Chris tian church il has been adopted tor a high ecclesi- asti, al order ; such were the patriarchs of Constan tinople and other places. It has been observed lhat the Governments which have pretended to proceed upon tbe patriarchal principle are the most despotic. Patrica, town of Italy, in the territory of the church and Campagna di Roma, 8 ms. E. of Ostia. About a mile from this place is a hill called Mnnte di Lavano. which some have Ihought lobe ancient Lavinum. Patrick, co. ofVa,. bounded byN. Car. S., the Blue ridge, or Grayson and Montgomery. W., Franklin N.. and Henry E. Length along N. C. 48 ras., mean width 15; area 600 sq, ms. It ia drained by Irwin, Mayo, and Dan rivers. The surface pleasantly diversified, and soil of raiddling quality. Pop. in 1820, 5,089 ; and in 1840, 8,032. Pairick, C. H. and post office. Pairick co., Va., 45 ms. SE. by E. from Evansville, and by post road 270 SW. by W. from Richraond. Patrick's Salt Worka, Perry co., Ky., by post road^ ms, SE. from Frankfort. Patrickmlle, village, Craven co,, N. C, near Newburn. 700 Patrimony of St, Peter, province of Italy, in tbe Ecclesiastical Stale. Il is 36 ms. in lenglb and 30 in breadlh, bounded on the N. by Orvieto, on the E. by Umbria and Sabina, on the S. by Cam- pagna-di-Roraa, and on the SW. by the sea. Vi terbo is the capital. j Patringion, town of Eng.. in Ihe Ea^t Riding of Yorkshiie, at the moulh ofthe Humber. 50 ras. SE. of York, and 191 N. of London. Lon. 0 8 E., lat, 53 49N. j Pattenseti, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Calemberg, j formerly a foriified town. It is 6 miles S. of Han over. ; Patterson, town, Putnam co., N. Y. Pop. in j 1820, 1,578. Village, Essex co,, N. J., on Ibe ! Passaic river, at ils lowest and greatest falls, 15 ms. N. from Newaik, and 18 ms. NW. frora N. Y. It is one of the most advantageously situated ploces in the United States for manufacturing es tablishments, several of which are in operalion. It contains also a bank and a priming offifce. Patti, episcopal town of Sicily, in tbe Val-di- Demonia, 28 ms. W. of Messina. Lon. 15 22 E., lat. 38 1 1 N. Paltonsburg, village on James river, Botetourt CO., Va., 12 ms. NE. by E. from Fincastle, and by post road 189 ras. W. from Richmond. Patucket falls, in Merrimack liver, Middlesex CO., Mass., between Chelmsford and Dracut, or Paiucket bridge, o short distance obove the moulh of Concord river. The descent of these falls is 21 feet, which is obviated by a .^'ide canal of one mile and a half The village of Patucket, or Patucket bridge, contains several manufacturing establish- raenis, and a post office. The Middlesex canol leaves Merrimack river about 2 miles above Pa tucket. Paltun, or Puttan, town of Hindoostan proper, in the couniry of Guzerat. ond capital of a circar of the same name, 1 32 ms. SW. of Oudipour. Lon. 72 30 E., lat. 23 45 N. Patua;ent, river of Md.. rising in tbe northern part of Montgomery and the NW. part of Balti more COS., and. fiowing 8E., by comparalive courses, 40 ms., separates Anne Arundel from Montgomery and Prince George's cos. It has now reached within 10 ms. of the Chcsopeoke, at An napolis, and. turning lo nearly S,, follows very near ly the general curve of the Chesapeake about 60 ms,. falls inlo thot bay by a wide estuary, about 20 ms, from that ofthe Potomac. It admils ves sels of 250 tons to Nottingham. 46 nis., following Ihe inflexions of the river above ils mouth. Pau, town of Fr., in the dep. ofthe Lower Py renees, and lale province of Beam, with a castle, where Henry IV. was born. It is sealed on an eminence, at the foot of which runs the river Gave, 97 ms, S. of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 4 W.,lat. 43 15 N. Pavia, ancient and foriified lown of Ilaly, in the duchy ol Milan, with a celebrated university, on the 'Tesino, over which is a bridge, 15 ms, S. of Milan. Lon. 9 15 E., lat. 45 13 N. Paul, St., parish of Charleston district, S. C. Town of France, in the dep. of the Straits of Calais, ond lale province of Artois, IC ms. WNW. of Arras. Lon. 2 30 E., lat. 50 24 N. Paul, St., town of 8. America, in Brazil, ond PAW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEA province of St. Vincent ; itis surrounded by moun tains and thick forests. Lon. 46 52 W., lat. 23 26 8. Paul-de- Fennouilledes, town of Fr., in the dep. of Gard, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the river Egli, among mounlains, 30 ms. N. of Montpellier. Lon. 3 58 E., lat. 44 7 N. Paul les-Vence, St,, town of Fr., in the dep. of Var, and late province of Provence, 6 ms. W. of Nice, and 450 SE. of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E,, lat. 43 42 N. Paul trois -Chateaux, St., town ofFr., in the dep. of Drome, and late province of Dauphiny, seoted on the decUvity of a hill, 16 ras. S. of Monte- tiraar, Lon, 4 47 E., lat. 44 21 N. Paula, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, seated near the sea, in a ferlile, and well culti vated country, 12 ms. W. of Cosenza. Lon. 16 9 E., lat, 39 24 N. Paulding, CO., Ohio, bounded by la., W., Williams N., Henry and Putnam E., and Van wert S. Length 24 ms.. mean width 18, area 432 sq. ms. This co. was formed in 1820, out of the new purchase. Maumee river crosses ils northern side. Paulin's kill, river of Warren co. N. J., rises near Frankford, and fiowing SW. falls into the Delaware, between the villages of Columbia and Knowlton, 18 ms. by land above Easton. Paulograd, small lown of Russia, in the gov ernment of Catharinenslaf, 32 ms. E. of that place. Lon. 36 54 E., lat. 47 10 N. Pavoasan, episcopal seaport of Africa, in the isle of St. Thomas, with a ibrt and a good harbor. It belongs to Portugal, and lies under the equator, in lon. 8 30 W. Pausilippo, mountain of Italy, 6 ms. from Puz zoli. celebrated for a grotto, which is a subterran eous passage through the nuunlain. near a mile in lengih, about 20 feet in breadlh, and 30 to 40 in height. Patuck, town of Western Prussia, in Pome- relia, 25 ms. NW. of Dantzic. Lon. 18 41 E., lat. 64 44 N. Pauling's, town. Duchess co , N. Y., on the Hudson. Pop. in 1810, 1,756. in 1820, 1,804. Pawcaiuck, smoll river of Conn., and R. I,, forming, for about 10 ras., the limit between the two Slates. It foils into the Atlantic ocean, 13 ms. E. from the moulh of the Thames. Pawlet, small river of N. Y., and Vt,, rises in Washington co. of the former, and Rutland of tbe latler, and flows into Pultney river al White hall. Town in the southern port of Rutland, CO., Vt., 35 ms, N. from Bennington. Pawtucket, river, or rather creek, rising in the NW. part of Bristol co., Mass., and flowing nearly 8., falls into Seekhonk river, 4 ms, NE, from Providence. This stream gains its only consequence by its falls at Pawtucket. Pawtucket, village at the falls of Pawtucket river, 4 ms, NE. from Providence. Il is partly ill thetp. of North Providence, and partly in that of, Seekhonk, in Moss. The fall of water here is about 50 feet; presenting one ofthe finest raanu- focturing establishments of the U. S. The natural advantages have been extensively improved. There are in Pawtucket and vicinity, besides a number of other manufactories, 10 cotton mills, two cast ing furnaces, six shops for constructing machinery, two anchor shops, a nail factory, iwo slitting mills, two screw factories, three or lour grain mills, and blacksmith shops, taylors, &c. Pop. of the tp, in 1820, 2,420, Pawtuxet, river of R. I., rising in Providence and Kent cos., ond flowing E. enters Narragan selt bay, 5 ras. below Providence. From its num erous falls, this stream affords great focility of water power. Upwards of 40 cotlon factories are on it and its branches. Pawtuxet, village and port of entry on bolh sides of Pawtuxet river at its moulh, partly in Providence, and partly in Kent cos. It contains numerous factories, a bank, an academy with usually 70 students. Paxton, town. Worcesler co,. Mass,, 9 ms. NW. frora Worcesler. SW. tp. Ross co.. 0., It contoins the village of Bainbridge. Paxton, Lower, tp. Dauphin co., Penn , 5 ms. E. fiom Harrisburg. Paxton, Middle, tp., Dauphin co., Penn., on the Susquehannah river, 10 ms. obove Harrisburg. Paxton, Upper, NW. tp., Dauphin co., Penn., on the Susquehannah, 25 ms. obove Harrisburg. Paynesville, village, Rockingham co., N. C, 130 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Paynesville, See Paynesville, Geauga, co., O. Paz, La,, city of the Uniled Provinces of Buenos Ayres, in Peru, near tho SE. pan of Lake Titiaca. Lon. 8 35 E., lat. 17 15 8. Peace river, — See Mackenzie's river, Peacham, village and tp., Caledonia co., Vt,, 19 ms. SE. from Monlpelier. It is the seat of an ocademy. Peach bottom, village in the SE, part of York CO,, Penn., 30 ms. SE. from York SE. Ip. of York CO., Penn. Peachiown, village, Tompkins co., N. Y. Peacock's, store, and post office. Montgomery « CO., N. C. Peaks of Otter, part ofthe Blue ridge in Bed ford CO., Va.. rising to upwards of 4,000 feel. They are the most elevaled ground in the Uniled States, SW. from ihe Catskill mountains. Pea Pack, post office, Somerset co,, N. J., 42 ms. N. from Trenton. Pearlington, village, Hancock co.. Miss., 5B ms. SE. from Jackson, Pearl Islands, islands lying in the bay of Pana ma, in S. America. Pearl river, of La. and Miss., rises in the lat ter as high as N. lat. 33°, from whence it flows SW. obout 80 ms,, and B. 80, where il turns to SSE., flowing in that direction 40 ms., crossing the 31° N. lat. and enters Lou,, hiving an entire course in Miss., of 200 ms. In La., it continues SSE. 70 ms., to its junction with ihe Rigolets, after an entire comparative course of 270 ms. Below N. lat. 31° Pearl river is part of tbe boundary belween .Miss, and La. The general character of the couniry watered by the Pearl river, is unfavorable lo agricullure or navi gation. With partial exceptions, pine covers the surface, with, as usual, a thin sterile soil. Schoon ers cannot enter the Pearl in consequence of a raft of limber. Peartton, village, Hancock eo., Miss., 60 ms. SE, from Jackson. 701 PEE GEOGRAPHICAL DICtlONARY. PEK Pease, NE. tp. Belmont co., O. Pop. 1820, 3,019. Peconic, bay and river of Suffolk co.. Long Is land, N. Y. Peconic river, rises in tbe tp. of Brookhaven, and flows a little N. of E. 20 ms. into Pecimic bay. Great Peconic bay is the bot tom of the gulf which extends E. and W. belween the two easiern peninsulas of Long Island, and lies belween Southampton and Southold, having River-head to the W. Peckatonokee, river, extreme NW. branch of Rock river, rises in the angle belween the .Missis- sippi ond Wisconsin rivers, S. of the latler, and E. of the former. Afler a course of about 50 ms. in Iowa and Green cos. of Wisconsin, to the southeastward, it enters III , winds to the eastward, and after flowing in that direclion about 40 ms. over Stephenson and Winnebago cos., falls inlo Rock river near the NE. angle of the latler county. Pecquencour, to.wn of Fr., in the dep. of the N., and late province of Hainault, seated on the Scarpe. 6 ms. E. of Douay. Lon. 3 16 E.. lat. 50 23 N. Pedee, river which rises in N. C, ond is here called Yadkin river, and entering S. C, it takes the name of Pedee, and flows into tho .Atlantic ocean. 12 ms. below Georgetown. The mouth is called Winyaw bay. The Pedee is navigable for vessels of 60 or 70 tons, upwards of 200 nils. Pedena, town of Ilaly, in Istria. 25 ms. SE. of Capo d'Istria. Lnn. 14 30 E,, lat. 45 34 N. Pederneira, seaport town of Portugal, in the province of Estramadura, 18 ras. NE. of Peniche. Lon. 8 6 W., lat. 39 51 N. Pedie, town of Sumatra, 40 ms. E. of Achen. Lon. 96 36 E., lal. 5 22 N. Pedlar's Mills, post office, Amherst co,. Va., by postroad 150 ms. W from Richmond. Pedro, Point, the most northern point of the island of Ceylon, opposile Point Oalymere, on the continent of India. Lon. 80 27 E,, lat. 9 52 N. Pedro, St., one of the islands in the S. Pacific ocean, called Marquesas. Lon. 138 51 W., lal. 9 58 S. Pee Pee, tp. of Pike co,, Ohio, 20 ms. below Chihcolhe. Pop. in 1820, 654. Peeblea, capilal of Peebleshire Scotland, on the Tweed, over which is a bridge. It has manu factures of carpets and serges. It is 22 ms S. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 7 W,, lat. 55 36 N. Peebles Tavern, pof.t office, Northaraplon co., N. C, by posiroad 80 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Peebleshire Tweeddale, co. of Scolland, bound ed on the E. by Selkirkshire, on the N. by Edin burgshire, W . by Lanerkshire, and 8. by Dum- fries.-hire and contains 308 sq. ms., is 28 ras, long, and 18 where broadest. The climate is temperate, and the air clear. This co yields limestone, &c., wilh every necessary of life. The chief monufaclures are shoes and thread. Pop, in 1801, 8,735; in 181 1, 9,935 ; and in 1821, 10,046, Peekskill, town, West Chester co., N. Y., lying on the E. side of Hudson river, 50 ms. N. of the cily of New York, and about 10 below the fort ot West Point. Peel, town of the Isle of Man. It is silualed on a spacious bay, at the S. extremity bf which is Peel i«le, a rock of great magnitude and height. Lon. 4 40 W., lat 54 13 N. 702 Peeled Oak, village Bath co., Ky., by posiroad 73 ms. E. from Frankfort. Peeling, town, Grafton county, New Hamp shire. Peer, lown of the Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liege, 24 ms. NNW. of Maestrichl. Lon. 5 20 E., lat. 51 8 N. Pesee. — See Pealhs. Pegau, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, on the river Ulster, 58 ms. W. of Dresden. Lon. 13 22 E,, lat. 51 13 N. Pegnafiel, lown of Spain, in Old Castile, on the Douero, 20 ms. SE. of Valladolid. Lon. 4° W., lat. 41 41 N. Pegna-Macor, town of Portugal, in the prov ince of Beiro, wilh a ca.nle, 40 ms. NW. of Al cantara. Lon. 6 32 W., lal. 39 50 N. Pegnaranda, town of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a duchy of the same name, 30 ms. SW. ol Olmedo. Lon. 4 8 W,, lat. 40 59 N. Pegu, kingdom of Asia, now a part of the Birman empire, lying to the SE. of Bengal. It is bounded on the N. by Burmah, on the W. and 8. by tbe ocean, and on the E, byXaos and Siam, Its products are, timber for building, elephants, elephanls' teeth, bees' wax, lad, saltpetre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum, very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenly of lead, of which they make Iheir money. It is very fruilful in corn, roots, pulse, and fruits. Pegu was an independent kingdom till 1751, when it was reduced by the king of Burmah, to the state of a dependent |irovince. Town in a kingdom of the same name, in Asia, on a river of the same name. 620 ms. S. of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E,, lat 18 ION. Pejepscot, tp., Cumberiand CO,, Maine, 30 ms. N. from Portland. , Peine, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick. It ? 17 ms. W. of Brunswick. Lon. 10 19 E., lal. 32 25 N. Peipus, large lake of Russia, in the Government of Livonia, From which i.-isues the river Narova, by which it, has a communication at Narva with the gulf of Finland. Peiachore, or Piskour, city of Hindoostan pro per, in the province of Cabul. It is subject to the jiing of Candahar, and is 50 ms. NW. of Attock. Lon. 69 54 E., lal. 32 44 N. Peitz, lown of Germany, in Upper Saxony, and marche of Brandenburg, in the vicinity of which iron mines are wrought to advantage, ond manufactures of pilch and turpentine are carried on to a great extent. It is 30 ms. SSW. of Fronkfort on the Oder. Lon. 8 35 E., lal. 52 5 N. Peking, the capilal of the empire of China, in the province of Pe-tche-li. Ils name signifies the Norlhern Court, to distinguish it from Nan king, the Southern Court, where the emperor for merly resided. The capital forras an oblong square, and is divided inlo two cilies, one inhabiled by Chinese, the other by Tartars. These two cities, exclusive of the suburbs, are nearly 11 ms. in cir cumference. A Russian church is established here wilh a seminary, in which the students ore per mitted 10 reside, for the purpose of learning the Chinese languige. Since this establishment many interesting publicalions have appeared ot Peters burg relative to the laws, history, and geography PEM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN of China, translated from the originals published at Peking. This city is 500 ms. N. by W. of Nan king. Lon. 116 14 E., lal. 39 64 N. Pelagnisi, island ol the Archipelago, in the Mediterranean sea, 8 ms. in circumference. Lon. 24 12 E., lat. 39 30 N. Pelegrino, Mount, promontory on the N. coost of the island of Sicily nearly 2 ms. W. of Pa lermo. The prosp(3ct from this mount is beautiful and extensive ; most of tbe Lipari Islands are dis covered in a clear day, and also a large portion of Mount JEtna, although al a short distance of al raost Ihe whole lengih of Sicily. Pelew Islatids, were, in all probability, first dis covered by the Spaniards of the Philippines, and by them called the Paloo islands from the tall palm trees lhat grow there in great number, and which, at a distance, have the appearance of masts of ships. Tbe word palos, in the Spanish language, sometimes signifying a mast. Pelham, tp. in the co. of Lincoln, U. C , lies to the S. of Louth, and is watered by the Chippe wa or Welland. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 35 ras. W. by S. from Newburyport, and 36 NW., from Boston. Town, Hampshire co., Mass., about 80 ms. W. from Boston. Town, Westchester co., N. Y,, on East river, 20 ms. from the city of New Y'ork. Pelissa, town of Lower Hungary, capilal of a couniry of the same name, sealed near the Dan ube, 16 ras. N. of Buda. Lon. 18 20 E., lal. 47 40 N. Pelissane, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Mouths of tbe Rhone, 15 ms. WNW. of Aix Lon. 5 21 E., lal. 43 26 N. Pella, town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, 50 ms. W. of Salonichi. Lon. 21 53 E,, lal. 40 41 N. • Pellerin, town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, situated on the Loire, wilh a harbor for small vessels, 10 ms. N. of Nantes, and 13 SE. of Painbceuf. Lon. 1 44 W., lat. 47 23 N. Peloso, town of Naples, in Basilicata, 35 ras. W. -of Bari. Lon. 16 20 E., lal. 41 26 N. Pemaquid bay and point, Lincoln co,, Maine. The point is at lon. W. C. 7 30 E., lat. 43 37 N. Pemby, town of Congo, capital of a province of the same name. Lon. 18 25 E., lat. 7 30 S. Pemba, or Penda, island in the Ea^t Indian ocean, lying near the coast of Africa, and extend ing about 100 ms. in circumference. Il is gov erned by 0 king tributary to the Portuguese, Lon. 40° E., lat. 6 20 S. Pembridge, town of Eng., in Herefordshire, on the Arrow, 12 ms. NW. of Hereford, and 145 WNW. of London. Lon. 3 42 W., lal, 52 14 N. Pembroke, capitol of Pembrokeshire, Eng. Il is seated on ^he innermost creek of Milford Haven, over which are two bridges, but the navigation lo il has become injured by the rubbish of ihe lime stone quarries near it, 237 ms. W. by N. of Lon don. Lon. 4 65 W., lat. 51 45 N. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., situaled on the E. side of .Merrimack river, about 40 ms. W. of Ports mouth. Pop.in 1820, about 1,150. Town, Plymouth co., Moss,, about 4 ms. E, of Hanover, and 10 NVl'. of Plymouth, Town, Genessee CO., N. Y., S. from the Tonnewanto reservation, ond 25 ms. E. from Bufl'nlo. Pembroke counly, SW. extremity of Wales, derives its name fnun Pembroke, the co. town, ond is bounded on the E. by Carmarthenshire, on IheNE, by Cardiganshire, ond on all olher sides by the Irish sea. It extends in lengih from N. lo S. 35 ms., and from E, lo W. 29, and is about 140 in circumference. Pemigewasset, river of N. H., the moin source or branch of Merrimack river. It joins the Win- iiipisseogee, at Sanbornlon. Pena Garcia, lown of Portugal, in Beiru, with a castle. It is 6 ms E, of Idanha Velha. Lon. 6 6 W., lat. 39 40 N. Penalva, town of Portugal, in Beira, seated on a hill, with a castle, 8 msi S. of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 W., lat. 40 4 N. Penautier, a lown of Fr., in the dep. of Aude, and lale province of Languedoc, 4 ras. N. of Car cassone. Lon. 2 25 E.. lot. 43 18 N. Pendele, ancient Pentelicus, mounloin of Greece, in Aitica. ENE. from .Athens 8 ms., rises Mount Pendele, a much higher ridge than that of Trelo- Vouni. Pendele extends from the N. nearly, and is an emhtanchment of Brilessus; the latter ilsilf a spur of or ralher continuation of Mount Parnes, separating Atlica from Boeotia. The jusily celebraled plain of Marathon extends from the Brilessus ami Pentelicus, sloping east ward towards the straits of Negroponle, ancient E uri pas. Pendennis, castle of Eng., in Cornwall, on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth bav. ItJies a litlle to the SE. of Falmouth. Lon. 5 30 W., lat. 50 ION. Pendleton, co. of Va., bounded by Rockingham and Augusta SE,, Bath SW., Randolph NW., and H.>rdy NE. Length 50 ms,, mean widih 22, area 1,100 sq. ras,. Ils surface is very mountain ous. From ihe NW. angle. Green Briar river flows SW. into the Great Kenhawa ; in ils SW. angle rise Jackson's and Cowpasture, branches of James river. The far greater part, however, of its superfices is drained by the head branches of Ihe S. branch ol Potomac. Soil generally rocky and barren. Chief town, Franklin. Pop. in 1840, 6,940. Ctl. lat. 38 35 N., lon. W. C. 2 17 W. Town of Pendleton, S. C, on a. branch of the Savannoh river, 100 ms. NW. from Columbia. Lal. 34 38 N., lon. W. C. 5 42 W, Co., Ky., bounded by Harrison S., Grant W., Campbell N,, Ohio river NE., ond Bracken E. Lengih 20 ms., mean wilh 17, area 340 sq. ms,, surface very much broken, and soil sterile. The two main forks of Licking river unite in this co. al Falmouth, the seat of jusiice. Pop. in 1820, 3,086. Ctl. lal 38 44 N,, lon. W. C. 7 10 W. Pendleton, court house and post office, Pendle ton district, S. C. Pendulum. This most simple of all instru ments of art or science, loses ils immense power in the modesty of its appearance. Who, if the operation came before them for the first lime, would suppose that a weight suspended to the end of a cord and set in motion contained the elements of the most perfect measurer of time, and also the most powerful of all mechanic forces 7 Such is, however, the pendulum. When the mason raises 703 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN a stone of many tons weight to the required height by means of a cr.ine, and then adjusts it by tbe means of a weight being suspended to the end of a cord, be is really using that mechanic power by which tbe greatest weight is moved by the least force. Though never ranked as such, the pendu lum is, we see, a most efficient mechanic power. Bv the pendulum also is proven increase of weight advancing fiom the equator towards the poles of tbe earth, as it has to be lengthened in order to preserve equal measure of time, or shortened in the opposite direction. Pennfield, town and NE. tp. Monroe co., N. Y., on Genundegut bay. 6 ms. E. from Rochester. — ^Tp., New Brunswick, on the bay of Fundy, Charlotte co. Penemunder, fortress of Germany, in Prussion Pomerania. sealed in the isle of Usedom, at the mouths of tbe Pene ond Oder, in the Bollic sea. Lon. 14 16 E., lat, 54 16 N. Peneas. — See Salembria, Penguin island and Bay, lie on the coasl of Patogonia, 182 ms. N. of Port St. Julian. Lat. 47 48 S. Peniche, strong lown of Portugal, in Estrama dura, with a good harbor and a citadel, 34 ins. N. of Lisbon, Lnn, 9 5 E,, lal. 39 16 N. Penick, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. It is seated on the Multe. 8 ms. E. of Allenberg. Lon. 12 44 E,, lat, 50 59 N. Peniscola, town of Spain, in Valencia, seated on a high point of land, on the Mediterranean. 60 ras. N. of Valencia. Lon. 1° E., lal. 40 29 N •Penishehr, town of Hindooslan proper, and capital of a district in the country of Cabul, 46 ms. N. of Cabul. Lon. 68 14 E., lat. 35 16 N. Penkridge, town of Eng,, in Staffordshire, principolly noted for its horse fairs. It is 6 ms, S. of Stofford, and 129 NW. of London. Lon, 2° W., lat, 32 54 N. Penkiim, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Anterior Pomerania, 15 ms. SW. of Stettin. Penmaenmhar, once tremendous precipice in Carnarvonshire, Wales, overhanging Ihe sea, bul now safely crossed by a good road. It is 4 ms. SW. of Aberconway. Pennafior, . lown of Spain, in Asturias, seated on the Astra, 14 ms, SW. of Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 W., lot. 43 15 N. Town of Spain, in An- dolusia, sealed near the Xenil, 10 ms. N. ofEc- jia. Lon, 4 12 W., lat. 37 44 N. Penn, tp., Philadelphia co., Pa., adjoining the city of Philadelphia, the Norlhern Liberties, Spring Garden, and extending up the Schuylkill to Rox- borough. Pop. 1820, 3,105, Tp,, Chester CO., Pa., between Elk and Whi e Clog creeks, 40 ms. SW. by N. from Philadelphia, Soulhern tp,, Morgan co,, 0. Penn, East, tp., Northampton co., Pa., on the right bank of Lihigh river, adjoining Schuylkill and' Lehigh cos. Pop. 1820, 1,882. Penn, West, NE. tp., Schuylkill co., Pa., ad joining Northampton and Lehigh cos. Pennar, river, which has its rise in the king dom of Mysore, in the peninsula of Hindoostan, and watering Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddapah, and Vellore, enters the bay of Bengal at Gangapatnam. Pennington, village, Hunlerdon co., N, J.. 9 ms. NNW. from Trenton. 704 Pennon, (ort of Africa, sealed on a small island hefoie the harbor of Algiers. Pennon de Velez, very important seoport of Bar bary, seated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near the town of Velez. It was built by the Spaniards in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken in 1664. It is 76 ms. E. of Ceuta. Lon. 4° W., lat. 35 25 N. Penn's Creek, river of Pa., which rises in the SE. part of Cenire co., flows E. through Centre and Union, passes by New Berlin, i and falls into the Susquehannah at Seling's Grove, after a com parative cour.se of 50 ms. Penn's Valley, in the SE. partof Centre co.. Pa., belween-the Brush and Path Valley mounlains. Pennsborough, East, tp.. Curaberland co., Pa., on bolh sides of Connedogwinet creek, extending from the Susquehannah river lo wilhin 3 ms. from Carlisle. Pop. 1810, 2,365; in 1820, 3,613. Pcnnsboraugh, 'West, tp., Cumberland co.. Pa., lying on tbe Connedogwinet creek, commen cing 3 ms. W. from Carlisle, and extending 10 ms. up the creek. Pop. 1820, 1,553. Pennsborough, village, Lycoming co.. Pa., on the Susquehannah liver, below tbe mouth of Mun cy creek. Village, Wood co., Va. Pennsbury, tp., Chester co., Pa., on the W. side of Brandywine creek, adjoining the Stale of Delaware and Delaware co. Pop, 1820, 795. Penn's Store, post office, Pairick co , Va., 250 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Pennsylvania. This napje is derived from tbe surname of William Penn, and Sylvan, woods, and means literally Penn's woods. Though ot Ihe epoch when the name was imposed the real features of the country it wos in future lo desig nate were in great part unknown to those who were ils authors, no term could be more appropri ate. Few. if any, regions of equal extent, and in one continuous body, ever bore, in a slate ot na ture, a more dense forest. Pennsylvania was an expanse of woods, in the strictest acceptation of the word. .As now limited, Pennsylvania extends from N, lat. 39 43 lo N. lat, 42 16, and from 2 20 E. lo 3 36 W. from W. C. Mile Pennsylvonio is bounded, in common with Delaware, from the Delaware river, by a circular line around Newcastle co,, to the NE, limits of Cecil co., Md. Due N. to NE. angle of Md. Along the norlhern limit of Md. - In common with Va,, from the NW. angle of Md. to the SW. angle of Greene co. Due N,, in common with Ohio and Brooke COS.. Va., lothe Ohio river Continuing the last noted limit, in common with Ohio, lo Lake Erie Along the SE. shore of Lake Erie to the wesiern limit of N. Y. Due S,, along Chautauqua Co., N. Y., to N. lat. 42° - - - Thence due E.. in comraon with N. Y., lo the right bank of Delaware river Down the Delawore, lo IheNE. angle of the Slate of Delaware - - - Having an entire outline of - - 24 8 803 596491 19 230230 961 PEN GEOGRAPITTCAL DICTIONARY. PEN The greatest length of Pennsylvania is due W. frora Bristol, on the Delaware river, lo the eastern border of Ohio co., Va,, through 356' of Ion,, along N. lat. 40 9. This distance, on that line ot lat., is equal to 315 American statute ms. The greatest breadlh 176 ms., from the Va. line to the exireme northern angle on Loke Erie. General breadlh, 188 ms. Chester oos. Continuing between Berks and Ches ter, it is interrupted by the Schuylkill above Potts- town. Rising again, and stretching NE,, it forms, 1st, the boundary between Montgomery and Berks ; Ihence belween Lehigh and Bucks, and, separating Northampton from Bucks, reaches the Delaware. Pursuing a NE. course ihrough N. J., separating Sussex from Huntingdon, Morris, and Bergen cos., The area of Pennsylvania has been variously enters N. Y, •between the sources of the Wallkill staled, but probably never accurately determined. | and Passaic rivers, and, extending in broken ridges In both Morse's ond Worcester's Gazetteers, tbe through the SE. part of Orange co., forras the superficies are given at 46,000 .iq. ras. Other highlands near West Point. authorities vary, bull find, from comparing the | The almost uniform neglect of professed geogra- besl maps and from calculating the rhombs and phers, respecting this strongly marked feature, at- parts occupied by the Stale, that Pennsylvania in- ' tests the infancy of the science in tho U. S. After eludes above 47,000 sq, ms. Rejecting the frac-| having formed the celebrated masses on both sides tional excess, and using that curve superficies, the of the Hudson, belween Newburg and West Point Slate will contain thirly million and eighty thous-!lhe ridge continues NE., separating Putnam from and statute acres. ! Dutchess counly. Inflecting to the N,, and form- The following general view of the mountain ing the separating ridge between the walers of the and river systems of Pa. is apparently more in de tail than compatible wilh the general brevity of this treatise, but I have chosen the cenlrai posi tion of Pa. in order to give a connected perspective of the geographical slruclure of that part of the U. S. ihrough which a line of canal and railroad communication from Chesapeoke bay to the Ohio valley is traced. The mountains of Pa. obtrude themselves al the first glance on a raap as the most prominent of its natural features. No even tolerably good survey having ever been made of the raountains of this region, and many iraportant chains having been entirely omitted, a lucid classification is attended with great difficulty. Some ofthe collateral chains hitherto overlooked I have supplied from personal observation, bul no doubt much remains to be add ed or rectified by future research. The structure and position of its mountains has given to Pa. an aspect peculiar to itself The Appalachian system in the U, S. generally extends in u direction deviating not very essenually from SW. to NE, ; bul in Pa. the whole system is in flected from that course, and passes the State in a Hudson and Housatonic rivers, stretches through the eastern part of Dutchess, Columbia, and Rens- salaer cos. Along the two latter, however, the ridge under review forms, in reality, the separating boundary between N. Y. and Mass. ; and, entering the S W, angle of Verraont, continues through that Slate, by tbe name of Green mountains, into L. C. Thus prominent and continuous, from the Susque hannah to the NE., this part of the Appalachian system is equally so through Maryland, Virginia, and Norlh Carohna, Passing over Harford, Bal- rimore, Anne Arundel, and Montgomery cos., in Maryland, it falls into the Potomac 12 ms. above Georgetown, and extends into Virginia, in Fairfax CO. Varying in distance from 20 to 30 ms., the Great Kittatinny or Blue Ridge, and the rido-e we have been tracing, traverses Virginia, into Norlh Carolina. Leaving Virginia in Henry, and enter ing North Carolina in Stokes co., with its farther range I om unacquainted, but have no doubt but that it is distinctly continued over the Carolinas and Georgia, into Alabama, Though the structure of the Atlantic slope decidedly evinces a conformity to the Appalachian systera, far below the SE. rpentine direclion. Towards the S. boundary, | mountain, it is the terminating continuous ridge the mountains lie about NNE., gradually inclining 1 towards the Atlantic ocean. more eastwardly as they penetrate northwards;! Northwest from, and nearly parallel to the South and in the central counties many of the chains lie ! Mountain, another very remarkable ridge traverses nearly E. and W., but, as they extend towards JNew Jersey and Pennsylvania, and similar to the the northern border of the Sjate, they again im- former, the latter is unknown in eilher of these perceptibly incline lo the NE., and enter N. Y and N. J. in nearly that direction. The influence of the mounlains in modifying the general features is very obvious, far beyond where any chains or ridges are sufficiently eleva ted to be classed as parts of the Appalachian sys tem. Il will be, however, shown in the progress of this review that the mountain syslem is very much loo greatly restricted, not alone in Pa., but also in Md., Va., N. Y., and N. J. Wilhout attending to minor chains, the raoun tains of Pa., advancing from the SE. to NW,, are as follows ; Though omitted in most maps, a chain enters the S. boundary of York co., and, cut by tbe Sus quehannah river, rises in and traverses Lancasler CO., between Pequea and Octorara creeks, and between the sources of the Conestoga and Brandy wine separates for a short distance Lancaster and 59* States by any general name. Its continuation in New York is designated by the Shawangunk. Be tween the Susquehannah and Potomac it is termed relatively, the Soulh mountain ; and in Virginia and the Carolinas it forms the Blue Ridge, and en tering the NW. part of Georgia, is gradually lost amongst the sources of Chatahooche river. To preserve perspicuity, I have adopted, or rather extended the name Blue Ridge into Penn sylvania and New Jersey. This very remarkable chain of the Appalachian system enters Pennsyl vania on ils southern line, and, stretching N. be tween Adams and Franklin counties, reaches the southern angle of Cumberland, where it turns to NE., and extending towards the Susquehannah separates Cumberiand from Adams and York cos.' About 6 ms. below Harrisburg, the Blue Ridge is pierced or broken by the Susquehannah, and again rising below the mouth of Swatara, crosses the 705 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY PEN oathern angle of Dauphin ; thence known as the Conewago hills, separates Lebanon from Lancaster CO,, enters Berks, and reaches the Schuylkill al Reading. Continuing through Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton cos., the Blue Ridge passes Allen- own, Bethlehem, and Easton, and is again inter rupted by the Delaware below the latter town. Extending through Sussex co., tbe Blue Ridge enters New York, and is finally terminated in thci Shawangunk, on the W. side of Hudson river, and amongst tbe branches ofthe Walkill. In one respect, the Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, differ from other sections of the Appalachian sys tem. The two chains we have noticed, are formed of links more detached than are those more remote from the .Atlantic ocean ; bul otherwise, in respect to component matter, range and vegetation are in every place well marked sections of the general system. The very unequal elevalion of their va rious parls, may perhaps be also adduced as a characteristic of the Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge. The former does not, it is probable, in any part of Pennsylvania or New Jersey, rise to 1,000 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean, whilst, in New York, at the Highlands, some ofthe peaks, particularly Bullerhill, exceeds 1,500 feet elevalion above tide water, and in Massachusetts and Ver mont, towers to neor 3,000 feel. If taken gener ally, the Blue Ridge, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is more elevated than the Southeast moun tain, yet no particular part of the forrfier rises to an equal elevation wilh the Highlands, on eilher bank of the Hudson. In Maryland the Blue Ridge assumes a very dis tinctive aspect, and, separating Frederick and Washington cos,, is* broken by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, below tbe mouth of Shenandoah. This fine chain crosses and adorns Virginia and N. and S. Carolina. In one remarkable circOmstance, the Blue Ridge stands alone amongst the raountain chains of the U. S. From the Susquehannah to the NW. angle of S. C, in a distance of upwards of 500 ms., it every where forms a county demar cation. The third, and in sorae ' respects the raost re markable chain of Pennsylvania, is the Kittatinny. Known by divers local names, the Kittatinny, in a survey advancing from SW. to NE,, first rises ' distinctively in Franklin co,, and, like other chains in the southern margin of Pennsylvania, ranges a little E. ofN ; but, inflecting more to the NE., extends lo the Susquehannah, separating Cumber land and Perry cos. Five miles above Harrisburg, the Kittatinny is interrupted by the Susquehannah. Broken, also, by the Swalara, the Schuylkill, the Lehigh, and Delaware, tbe Kittatinny enters .New Jersey, through which it passes into New York and forms, by its continuation, the Calsbergs. The general aspect ofthe Kittatinny is much more con tinuous than any olher mountain chain of Pennsyl vania It is. however, very far from being uniform in elevation, varying from 800 to perhaps 1,500 feet above tide waler. Northwest from the Kittatinny, thocigh more elevaled, the chains are much less distinctly de fined. Between the Kittatinny maintain and the N. branch of Susquehannah river, the intermediate couniry is in a great part composed of high rugged 706 mountains,, and narrow, deep, and precipitous val leys. This is the most sterile and least improva ble pait of Pennsylvania; but it ,is the region pro ducing the most exiensive masses of Anthracite coal known on the globe. The confusion in the natural arrangement ofthe anthracite section of Pennsylvania is more ap parent than real. The Killalinny mountain and Susquehannah river lie neariy parallel upwards of 70 ms. ; distant from each other about 35 ms The intervening space is filled by lateral chains, rising in many places far above any part of the Killalinny. .Amongst these chains two are worthy of particular notice, and serve pre eminently to elucidalp the very peculiar topography of interior Pennsylvania. Bedford and Franklin cos. are separated by a chain, there known as Cove mountain. Witb a change of name, to Tuscarora mountain, the lalter chain separates Franklin from Huntingdon, and Perry from Mifflin, and reaches the Susquehannah nearly opposile the southern extremily of Nor thumberland CO. Rising ogain below the Mahan tango river, and broken into vast links, the chain divides, into nearly equal parts, the space between the Kittatinny mountains and the main branch of Susquehannoh river. Broad mountain, passed on Ihe rood from Easton and Bethlehem to Berwick, is one of tbe great links of this central chain. With its extension NE,, towards the Delaware, I am un acquainted. More accurate surveys would, it is more than probable, identify Sideling Hill, of Bedford co. . Jack's mountain, of Huntingdon, and Mifflin, ond the central chains of Union, Columbia, and Lu zerne cos. The chain which rises on both banks ofthe Susquehannah, in Luzerne, is amongst the most interesting features, not only in the U, S., but in the world. The very peculiar structure of ibis valley will be noticed more appropriately when treating of the rivers of that part of Pennsylvania. In the present instance, it is the mountains we Jiave before us, and to which our attention is di rected. Below Sunbury, a chain commences, or, if my supposition is correct, is continued up the Susquehannah, along ils left shore ; this chain is , crossed by the river above Danville, and again above Catawissa. From the latler place, the chain stretches to the NE., through Columbia, enters Luzerne by the name of Nescopeck mounlain, and mingles ultimately wilh olher chains, and is termi nated towards the southern angle of Wayne co. Nearly parallel to the Nescopeck, and wilh a cora paratively narrow intervening volley, another choin leaves the Susquehannah above the borough of Northumberland, and, traversing Northumberiand and Columbia cos., enters Luzerne, and is broken by the Susquehannah 16 ms, below Wilkesbarre.. Skirting the left bank about 8 ms., il is ogaiu crossed by the river, and continuing ils course NE., passes aboul 2^ ms from and opposile Wilkesbarre. Preserving ila course NE., it is for the third and last time crossed by the Susquehan nah, above the mouth of Lackawannock creek, 10 ms, above Wilkesbarre, and stretching towards the Delaware, is lost in Wayne co. Beyond the main branch of Susquehannah, to the NVV., the chains lie nearly parallel to those SE. from lhat river. The structure of the country on both sides of the Susanehannab is nearly the same. The vet dis- PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN covered mines of anthracite coal, advancing from SE. to NVV., cease in the chain iramediately op posile Wilkesbarre. To the eye, the region included belween the W. branch of Susquehannah and the Potomac bears a strong analogy to that between the W. and N. branches of Susquehannah, bul a minute scrutiny exposes a great change advancing SW. towards tbe borders of Maryland. Soil and vegetation bolh differ materially. The beech, hemlock, and sugar- maple forests are succeeded, in the valleys, by oak, hickory, and elm. Thus far, the entire drain of Pennsylvania is into tbe Atlantic ocean. The chain called the Alleghany forms, in the soulhern parls of Pennsylvania, the dividing ridge between tbe Alantic slope and the valley of Ohio. Alleghany mountain has, no doubt, from this circumstance, received ils pre-eminence among the mountain chains of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Only about 60 miles of its range in the forraer Slate, however, does, separate the sources of the sireams of the two great natural sections — the Atlantic slope and Ohio valley. Tbe Alleghany chain leaving Alleghany county, Maryland, sepa rates Bedford and Somerset counties, and, extend- ing in anortherly direction, also separates the N W. part of Bedford Irom the SE. part of Carabria co. At the extreme northern angle of Bedford, the Al leghany turns to NE., and is thence drained on both sides by the tributary streams of the Susque hannab. Discharging the waters ofthe W. branch to the NW , and those of the Juniata and Bald Eagle rivers to the SE., the Alleghany reaches the W. branch of Susquehannah al the moulh of Bald Eagle river. Here, once more, the defects of our maps are strikingly apparent. Lycoming co. is delineated as if no mounlain chains traversed its surface. This is not the fact, though too little is known of that part of Pennsylvania to admit a classification of ils mounlains. If I were lo hizard a conjecture, I should make the chain which crosses the Sus quehannah in Bradford county, near to and below 'Powanda, the continuation of the Alleghany. It may be remarked, lhat it is only in a few places E. of, and those immediately in its spurs, lhat bit uminous coal has been hitherto discovered in Penn sylvania on the Atlantic slope; whilst this raine ral abounds northwest from the Alleghany chain. This locality of the bituminous coal prevails across the whole Slale, and is found from near Towanda, in Pennsylvania, into Maryland. How far, and to what exent, the bituminous coal formation spreads into Virginia, I am unable to de termine. The Alleghany chain may, in the exist ing state of our mineralogical knowledge, be view ed as the limit between the two species of coal in Pa. Whatever may be the elevalion of its summit, the base of the Alleghany chain between Bedford, Somerset, and Cambria counties, constitutes the height of land between the Ohio and Atlantic tides, and forms also a similar demarcation in Ma ryland. This circumstance is entitled to our serious noiice, from this region being the intended route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. The summit level, or Cumberland road, as given by Mr. Schri- ver, is 2,825 feel. As a mountain chain, the .Alleghany yields in grandeur of scenery, and. in elevation above its base, to not only the Broad mountain, but to many other chains of (he Appalachian system. Chestnut Ridgo is the next chain W. ofthe Al leghany ; the two chains extending nearly parallel, and about 20 miles asunder. Though compara tively humble in respect to elevalion, Chestnut Ridge is one of the most extended chains of tbe syslem to which it appertains ; reaching by vari ous local names over Virginia into Tennessee, and most probably into .Alabama. As placed on our maps. Chestnut Ridge enters Pennsylvania at the N\V. angle of Maryland, and, ranging a litlle E. of N., forms the boundary between Union and Somerset ; ihence betweeii Westmoreland and So merset, and finally between the NE. angle of Westmoreland and the S W. of Cambria county. Al the exireme NE. angle of Westmoreland, the Chestnut Ridge reaches the Kiskiminitas river, and, as delineated, ils termination. So far, however. frora being so in nature, this chain preserves its identity through the State further north than any other chain of the Appalachian syslem. Laurel Hill is the last chain of the system in Pennsylvania. What has been already observed respecting the comparatively depressed chains nearest the AtlaiJlic ocean may be repeated re specting the Chestnut Ridge and the Laurel Hill, that, though not very elevaled. they nevertheless exist as well defined mountain chains.. T^e latter is a very extended branch of the system, reaching from the northern part of Pennsylvania into Ala baraa. This chain traverses Virginia by various names; separates Virginia from Kentucky, as Cum berland mounlain ; traverses Tennessee, and pen- etrates Alabama under tbe lalter term, and, inter rupted by Tennessee river, it forms the Muscle Shoals, and is imperceptibly merged inlo the cen tral hills of Alabama. Like many others, this very lengthened chain is delineated defectively in every map of Pennsylvania I have seen. Similar to Chestnut Ridge, Laurel Hill is terminated on our maps near Kiskiminitas, though, in reality, extend ing to near the S. boundary of New York. In addition to the great chains we have been sur- ,veying, many of minor importance might be noted, but we have deemed a view of the most striking parts sufficient. If engrouped inlo one view, the mountains of Pennsylvania exhibit many very interesting points of observation. The Appalachian system is here upwards of 150 miles wide, whilst the particular chains do not average more than 3 ms., if so much, in breadth. Before proceeding further in our review. I may be permitted lo observe, that mountains are con sidered as the superiative of hills. In not only Pennsylvania, but in the Appalachian system gen erally, hills and mountains are not only specifical ly, but generically distinct features of nature. If this was not the case, the slope would, in most cases, gradually rise from the mouths to the sources of rivers, and no regular ranges of elevated ground could be found crossing the streams obliquely. Ac cording to common opiiiion, the mountains of the United States form the dividing ridge between the waters of the Atlantic slope and thoso of the Mis sissippi and St. Lawrence basins. So far. howev er, are the ra luntalns from constituting the sepa rating line of the waters, lhat the real dividing 707 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN ridge, if it can be so called, crosses the raountains diagonally. The Appalachian system is formed, as we have seen, by a nuraber of collateral chains, lying nearly parallel ; each chain is again formed by ridges, which interlocking, or interrupted by rivers, ex tend generally in a similar direction with the chain to which they particularly appertain. The chains differ materially from each other in elevation and in continuity. In some of the chains at each side of the system, the parls are of very unequal height above their bases, and of tide water. The Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge are prominent examples. Ill the correct solution of any question arising out of the advance or distribution of population, the determination of the real surface covered wilh mountains, would offord extremely satisfactory ele ment. As far as my own personal observation and the present state of our geographical knowledge af ford data, I have estimated tbe extent of mountain base in Pennsylvania, and on the best maps, care fully measuring every chain, the enlire length pro duced amounts to a small excess above 2,250 miles. If the latter sum is, however, taken, and 3 miles allowed for the raean breadlh of the chains, the mountain area will be 6,750 square railes, or very nearly one-seventh part of the superfices of the Slate. Before examining the formations, the component soils and rocks, we proceed to view the river val ley of Pennsylvania. The Stale is drained by the Delaware, Susquehannah, Ohio, Potomac, and Genessee rivers, and at tbe extreme NW. angle by Lake Erie. The respective river basins, or rather the scc- tionsincluded in Pennsylvania, are of very une qual extent . Delaware, Susquehannah, and Ohio include an immense proportion of the whole State. and subdivided it naturally into the eostern. mid dle, and western river sections. The following tables give the respective area of each, and also the smaller sections of Potoraac, Genessee, and Erie: Table— Continued , Luzerne 9.10 . LycomingM'Kean 1-4 Mifflin Northumberland Perry '. Falter 5-8 Schuylkill 3 8 , Susquehannah Tioga UnionYork Total Genessee drains the co, of— Potter 1-8 Potomac drains the coa, of— Adams -2-5 Bedford 2.5 Franklin 2 3 , Somerset 1.6 Total Sq. ms. 1,0302,510 380910 500550 750 300 910 1,180 600 1,1-20 Acres, 21,390 150 ,560 180 1,590" Counties, Delaware river drains the cos. of— BerksBucksChester 34 Delaware Lebanon 1-8 , LehighLuzerne Montgomery , Northampton . Philadelphia . Pike Schuylkill 6-8 -Wayne Total Susquehannah drains the cos, of— Adams 3-5 Bedford 35 . BradfordCambria 25 . Centre Chester 14 ClearftBld 9.10 Columbia Cumberland • Dauphin Franklin 13 . Huntingdon . Indiana 110 , Lebanon 7 8 . 70S Sq. ms. Acres, 950640 650 180 .« 360 1-80 450 1,100 120 850 500790 6,no Lake Erie drains the co. of— * Erie 1.2 380 Ohio diains the cos. of— Alleghany 810 Armstrong ^'2!,?, Beaver 690 Butler . . ¦850 Cambria 35 . : 800 Clearfield 110 160 Crawford 1,040 Erie 1-2 380 Fayette 900 Greene 640 Indiana 9-10 680 Jefferson 1,280 M'Kean 3-4 1,140 Mercer 830 Potter 1-4 520 Somerset 5 6 800 Venango 1,500 Warren 900 ¦Washington 900 Westmoreland 1,180 1,223,8001,606,400 243,200 58-2,400320,000 352,00048U,000 I92,00a582,400 755,200 384,000 716,800 13,635,600 96,000 140,800 403,-200 358,400 115,200 1,017,600 243,200 Total 16,760 518,400 646,400 441,600544.000 512,000 103,400665,600 243,200 676,000409,600 435,200 819,200729,600 563,300204,800 512,000 768,000576,000576,000755,200 10,598,400 Summary. 608,000409,600 35?,000 115,200 25,600 230,400 115,200 288,000 704,000 76,800 544,000 3-20,000605,600 4,294,400 Rivera, Delaware drains Siisquehamiah drains Genessee do Potomac do Ohio do Lake Erie do Total 350 1,0001,260 330 1,460 180 1,450 630 630 550280 1,280 80 280 224,000 640,000806,400 211,-2011 934,400 111,200938,000 403,-200403,200 352,000 179,200 819,200 51,200 179,200 Sq, ms. 6,710 21,390 150 1,590 16,760 380 46,980 4,294,400 r3,685.600 96,oao 1,017,600 10,598,400 '243,200 29,935,200 Without reference lo the comparatively minor river sections of Potomac, Genessee, and Erie. the surface of Pennsylvania is subdivided into three river valleys, Delaware, Susquehannah aud Ohio. The range of the rivers of Pennsylvania is one of tbe most interesting subjects in oil physical ge ography. It raay be assumed as a general princi ple that the mounlain streams particularly eilher flow NE. or SW. along the mounlain valleys, or directly at right angles to that course through the raountain chains. The conformity of the river courses to lhat of the mountains is. in a .slrikine PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN manner, obvious in the Delaware and Susque hannah. The Delaware rises by two branches in the western spurs of the Calsbergs ; the Cookquago to the NW., and the Popachton to the SE., flow from their sources SW. about 50 ms,, draining Delaware co., N. Y, Reaching within about 5 ms, frora the NE. angle of Pennsylvania, the Cookquago turns lo SB., and, continuing that course 5 or 6 ms,, receives the Popachton, The uniled streams maintain a SE. course 50 ms , lo the mouth of the Nevisink, and norlhern extrem ity of N. J. The Delaware here touches and washes the NW. foot of the Kittatinny chain, along which it turns lo the SW,, 35 ms., lo the moulh of Broadhead's creek, from Pike and North ampton COS. Winding to the S,, the Delaware, below the entrance of Broadhead's creek, breaks through the Kittatinny, and enters the fine valley between lhat chain and the Blue ridge. At tbe NW. base of the latter, al Easton, the river again forms a mountain pass, and 5 ms. further down onolhei- through the tSE. mountain. At tbe SE, base of the latter chain this river once more as sumes a SE. course afler having meandered through the Kittatinny valley obout 30 ms. At Trenton, 35 ms. below the SE. mountain, the Delaware passes the primitive ledge and meets the tide ; and 5 ms. below, near Bristol and Bor dentown, again turns to SW. Passing along or near the primitive rock this now widening stream coniinues about 40 ms., receiving near Philadel phia, the Schuylkill from the NW. Forraing ils last great bend 5 or 6 ms. below Newcastle, the bay of Delaware opens into the Atlantic ocean in a SE. direclion. The enlire length of the Delaware is, by com paralive courses, from the Calsbergs to the Atlantic ocean 310 ras., nol quite one-half being lide water. Though roUing over numerous rapids, no cataracts, in the proper meaning of the term, interrupt the navigation of the Delaware, which, at limes of moderately high water, reach, by both constituent branches, into N. Y. The general course is, with a trifling deviation, lo the W., S., and N., the sources of the Cookquago and Popachton being very nearly in similar longitude with Cape May. When viewed on a map, the various sections of this river have the appearance of having been ar ranged artificially, the two lower bends strongly proving the geological influence of the raountain system. Though but little elevated above the ordinary surface of the country through which it passes, the great primitive ledge pursues a direc tion remarkably similar to lhat of the Appalachian chains. From Bristol lo its terminating bend be low Newcastle, the Delaware river flows down the SE. margin of the primitive, separating the sandy shores of N. J., from the micaceous soil of Penn. and Del. Like every other primary streara of the Atlantic slope, the navigation of the Delaware is less facile than in the early stage of settlement, but admits vessels of considerable draught to the foot of its lowest rapid ; and ships of the largest class to near tbe moulh of the Schuylkill. Similar to the Susquehannah and the Potomac, the Delaware receives nearly all its large tribu tary streams from the NW. Of these confluents only two, the Lehigh and Schuylkill, are of a consideroble mognitudo. From the position of Ihcir valleys as chnnnels of intercommunication, and from tlio mineral treasures found along their mounlain sources, the Schuylkill and Lehigh have already become of great importance. The Lehigh rises hy various mounlain branches of Northampton, Pike. Woyne, and Luzerne cos., uniting below Stoddarlsville. and forming a small but precipitous river current, which pouring first to the SW,, gradually turns S. and SE., passes Mauchchunk village, and winding belween mountain mosses, finally breaks through Kittatinny, and continuing to the SE. meels the NW. base ofthe Bine Ridge at Allen town. Here it turns to the NE, along the base of the latter chain, and passing Bethlehem joins Delawareat Easton. The Lehigh is truly amountaiii torrent. There is no other stream of equal lengih in the U. S. which presents so great a difference of level between the points of source and discbarge. In a comparalive course, it is about 25 ms. from Stoddarlsville lo TVlauchchunk, and tbe fall in the intermediate distance 815 feet. Ten ms. in a direct line below Mauchchunk, the Lehigh passes the Kittatinny, ond falls 245 feet in lhat short space. From the Lehigh water gap, or passage throngh the Kittatinny, lo its junction wilh the Delaware, it falla 205 feet, in a conjpara- tive course of 35 ms. The entire fall from Stod darlsville to Easton, 1,210 feet; comparative course 70 ms. From the junction of its constit uent branches below Stoddarlsville lo its extreme source, about 15 or 20 ms., giving an entire com parative lengih lo the Lehigh, of near 100 ms. The fall above Stoddarlsville, probably amounts to 500 feet ; and if so, this rapid river falls up wards of 1,700 feet in 100 ras.; and what moy be considered in a peculiar manner remarkable, no actual cataract worthy noiice, exists in all its course, ."ibove the water gap, the bed of the Lehigh lies al the base of steep or precipitous mountains, rising in most places from the margin of the stream. The scenery is in a peculiar man ner wild, bold, picturesque, and romontic. Be low the Kittatinny, the feotures of nature are less grand along the banks, but still follow, in a rich. succession of strongly contrasted and elegant land scape. The varied character of its shores is pre served lo its final egress into ils recipient at Eas ton, and at all future time this river will afford an ample reward lo the traveller. The Lehigh is now rendered navigable by dams and falling locks for some di^tance above the Mauchchunk. This very useful vend arduous work ha-i been effected by tbe Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, under the direclion of Messrs. White and Hazard, the superintending engineers. The discovery of anthracite coal, made in the vicinity, led to the improvement of the river navi gation. By reference to the maps, it will be seen, lhat the coal strata belween the Lehigh and Schuylkill, are in the transition or inclined region of rocks. It may be observed that rivers flowing over transition rocks, are, in most instances, very much impeded by rapids, but very seldom have perpendicular falls. Real cataracts almost uni formly exist in secondary formation. The Schuylkill rises in and drains about the 709 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN five-eighths of Schuylkill co. Formed by two branches, which unite immediately above and pass through the Kittatinny mountains 7 ms. SE. from Orwicksburg. Below the water gap, or passage through the Killalinny, the Schuylkill turns lo near4y S,, in which direction it conti nues through ihe Blue Ridge at Reading, after having received .Maiden creek from IheNE., and the Tulpehocken obove lhat town, from the NW. Below the Blue Ridge this river again winds to SE.. passes the Southeast mountain above Potts town, and receiving the Perkiomen and some lesser creeks from the N., crosses the primitive ledge obove, and joins the Delaware below Philadelphia. The enlire length of the Schuylkill, by com parative courses, is about 100 ms,, 20 above and 80 below tho Kittatinny mountains. A strong resemblance is perceivable between the Schuylkill and the Lehigh, Ihough tbe scenery around the former is less rugged than that which skirts the latter stream. Flowing from the same mounloin valley, the soil and raineral productions are in a great raeasure similar on the two rivers. I raay here observe, that in the distribution of the anthracite coal, very great diversity exists be tween the situation of the mass on ihe Mauch chunk mounloin, and any other wilh which I have been made acquainted, in either the basins of the Delaware or Susquehannah. That on tbe Mauchchunk lies in an immense body on the ridge ofthe mountain, with little if any inclination to the horizon, and wilh a very thin stratum of incumbent earth. The mines on the Schuylkill, and those near Wilkesbarre, dip like the other ac companying incumbent and decumbent strata. The Schuylkill is now navigable by canals and locks to the coal mines, 10 ms. above Orwicks burg. The Union Canal Company is employed also in completing a connexion between the Susquehannah and Schuylkill, by the Swatara and Tulpehocken valleys, i The Susquehannah, in many other other re specls remarkable, is peculiarly so as rising on the central secondary formation, and piercing the mountain obliquely, and reaching the Atlantic tides, afler having passed all the intermediate for mations. This immense stream enters Pa., by two great branches, the Susquehannah proper, and the Chemung or Tioga. I have often had oc casion to observe that every river had its own in dividual physiognomy. This observation applies, in a very striking raanner, to the Susquehannah. The general bends of the lalter stream conform, in an astonishing degree, to those of the Delaware ; and a comparative view on a map must convince every mind lhat sorae general structure of the country through which they flow mnst have raod- ified and directed the respective courses of those two rivers. Below their junciion at Tioga point, the uniled streams of the Susquehannah and Che mung flow a little S. ol E„, 15 ms. lo the foot of the Appalachian syslem, below Towanda. Leaving the secondary and entering on the transition, tbe now considerable stream turns to SE,, and, follow ing that general course 50 ms. , breaks through several chains, and finally, at the moulh of the Lackavvannock, 9 ms. above Wilkesbarre, enters the Wyoming valley, and turns loSW., continuina 710 the latler course near 70 ms. down the mountain valleys, to Northumberland and Sunbury, and lo the raouth of the west bianch. fn the enlire dis tance from Tioga point to Sunbury, the Susque ¦ hannah receives no tributary streara of 40 ras. in direct length. The Towanda, Wyalusing, Tunk hannock, Lackawannock, Fishing creek, and some lesser branches, are mere mountain creeks, ropid, but not more than from 25 to 35 ms. general course. Including all its higher NE. branches, ihe Sus quehannah is peculiar in the structure of ils vol leys. Wide bottoms of two and somelimes three stages spread along the convex side of the bends, whilst mountains of more or less elevalion rise on both sides of these spreading vales. Exuberant ferlilily ie, at a single step, followed by rocky and sterile steeps. The natural timber of the bottoms is in a great measure different from that on the mountains. In the former, sugar maple, black walnul. elm, beech, and other trees, indicative of a. productive soil, abound; on the slopes of the mountains, pine, oak, and chestnut, and above the Lawahannock hemlock, are the prevalent tim ber trees. As a navigable stream, the Susquehan nah is much less interrupted by rapids or danger ous shoals than, from the tortuous course it pur sues through an extensive mountain system, could be expected. It is also remarkable that where the various branches of this river pass the respective chains, rapids seldom, and perpendicular falls no where, exist. The western branch is, in all its extent, a river of Pennsylvania. Rising far within tbe secondary formation, its extreme western source in Indiana reaches within less than 35 ms. from the .Allegha ny river, at Kittanning. Flowing NE. about 70 ms. across Clearfield, it receives the Sinnamahon- ning from the NW,, in the SW. angle of Lycom ing CO. Below ils junction with the-Sinnamahon- ning, the west branch continues NE, 15 ras., and Ihence lo SE. 20 ms., to the mouth of Bald Eagle creek, fiom Cenire co. Below Bald Eagle, the course is a little N. of E., 35 ras,, to Pennsbor ough, receiving in the intermediate distance from the N. Pine creek, Lycoming, and Loyalsock. From Pennsborough the course is nearly S,, 25 ms., to the inouth of the NE. hronch, and 35 from thence to that of the Juniata. It may be observed that this long southern reach of the Susquehannah has its counterpart in the Delaware, .^boul eight ms below the entrance of Junialo, the Susquehan nah, having again assumed a SE. course, passes the Killalinny mountains, and 10 ms. below that chain the Blue Ridge. Maintaining the latter course 60 ms. below tbe Blue Ridge, this great river is lost in the tides of Chesapeake bay. Juniata, the SW. branch of Susquehannah, ri ses in and drams the northern part of Bedford co. The sources of the Juniata are in the eastern slopes of the Alleghany chain, and, flowing 20 ras. nearly E., passes Bedford, and, breaking through several raountain chains, turns abrupily to a course a lit tle E. of N. 40 ms., and receives the Frankslown branch below and near the borough of Hunting don, in Huntingdon co. The general course of Frankslown branch is from the NW. lo SE., and below their junction the united streams follow that course 15 ms.. breaking throueh Jack's mounlain. PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN Again inflected to NE,, the Juniata leaves Hunt ingdon, and enters Mifflin co,, and, pursuing that direclion near 30 ms., passes Lewistown, and, again winding lolheSE,, breaks through Shade mountain inlo Tuscarora valley. Crossing that valley in a course of 10 ms., it reaches the NW. base of Tuscarora mountain, down which il flows about 10 rns,, where, near Millerslown, it pierces the latter mountain, and, once more turning to SE , enters on Perry co,, over which it flows 16 ms,, where it finally mingles wilh the Susque hannah. Like every other branch of the Susquehannah, the Juniata is as remarkable for its rapids as for its exemption from perpendicular falls. Though originating in and having its entire course amongst craggy raountains, it is navigable at high water lo near Bedford. In speculative opinions on the means and most suitable route to form a water communicalion between the Chesapeake basin and the valley of Ohio, the Juniala has been conspic uously held in view. In such investigations, rel ative heighl above the ocean is a most important element. The close of this article will show the ^ general difference of level belween the sources and mouths of the Pennsylvania rivers, as far as they have been ascertained with any adequate precision. The Potomac, though drawing but a very triv ial part of its waters from Pennsylvania, demands attention in this sketch, from th'e probability that its channel may be chosen by the General Govern raent as a canal route between the Atlantic slope and Ohio valley. The Potoraac is a real raount ain river, deriving its sources from nearly the highest table land ofthe Appalachian system. The extreme wesiern fountain of the N. branch of Po tomac is in the SE. slopes of the Alleghany or Backbone chain, N. lat. 39 10. Flowing NE. along the loot of Alleghany to the moulh of Sav age creek, or ralher river, 35 ms. , the Potomac turns to SE. through Will's raountain into Cum berland valley, which il crosses about 10 ras., where it is again turned to NE. by another lateral chain. Continuing NE. 25 ras,. it reaches the town of Cumberland, At the lalter place occurs another abrupt bend, through a mountain pass, into the Soulh Branch valley. The latler stream is of much greater magnitude than that ofthe Po tomac proper, rising by numerous creeks in Pen dleton CO.. Va., as far S. as N. lat. 38 20. In a general comparative course of 100 ms.. the S. branch becomes a fine navigable river. Below ihe mouth of the S, branch, the Potomac gradually resumes a NE. direction, which- it preserves about 30 ms. lo Hancock's town, where it turns to SE. and pierces Sideling Hill chain, and in a few ras. lower down the Kittatinny, entering the Great Conococheague valley. From Hancock's town lo the entrance of Conococheague creek, the course ofthe Potomac is a liltle 8. of E. 25 ms. Below the latter creek, the river inclines toSE. by S., 25 ms., to the N W. base of the Blue Ridge and mouth of the Shenandoah. Rising in and draining Augusta co., Va., the S. branch of Shenandoah rises below N. lat. 38°. Augmented by innumerable raountain streams, it flows from Augusta, over Rockingham and Shen andoah, inlo Frederick co., where, joined by the Norlh branch, and continuing a general course of NE , over Frederick and Jefferson cos., unites with the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, after a com paralive courseof about 150 ms. At their junc tion, the volume of the Shenandoah yields very little in magnitude lo that of the Potomac, Th^ united walers immediately break through the Blue Ridge, und, continuing SE, about 50 ms., min- glf wilh the Chesapeake tides at Georgetown, wilhin the D, C. The general comparative course of the Potomac, above lide waler, is, by the Soulh branch, about 200, by the Potomac proper 150, and by the Shenondoah 160 ras. Like those of the Deloware ond Susquehannah, the great confluents of the Potomac are from the right bank. Savage river and Will's creek from Alleghany. Conococheague frora Washington, ond Monococy from Frederick co., Md.. are compara tively trivial, when compared witb the branches of Potomac derjved fr.im Va. .•^t Cumberland, the Potomac reaches within 6 and ot Hancock's town within 2 ms. of the S. boundary of Pa. The extent of the Potomac, valley included, in that State, is given in the table. Leaving the Atlantic slope, and viewing a gen eral map of the U. S., we at once perceive a great river valley, stretching from Pocahontas co., Va,, I over wesiern Pa,, into N. Y. This valley ex tends nearly due N. and S., at an angle of about 45°, to the range of the Appalachian mounlains, and reaches from N. lot. 38 30 to N. lat. 42 20, The extremes give source to two rivers — that of the ' N, to the Alleghany, and that of the S. to ihe : Monongahela, These two streams, flowing di rectly towards each other, meet at Pittsburg, very nearly at the raiddle point of the valley. Their uniled water, taking the name of Ohio, turns to the VV., or rather NW., as far as the entrance of . Big Beaver river. With a very partial exception, 1 western Pa. is drained by the Alleghany and Mo nongahela. — See articles Ohio, Alleghany, and i Monongahela, I Though the lower part of ils course is but little inclined W, of S., the general bends of the Alle ghany conform, in a very striking manner,, to the slruclure of the Delaware, Susquehannah, and 1 Potomac, and gives another conclusive proof of the extension of the Appalachian syslem far be- I yond where it protrudes elevaled mounlain chains. I Having its source in Potter co., Pa, and inter locking with the head branches of the Susquehan nah and Genessee, the Alleghany flows NW. about 50 ms., inlo Cattaraugus co., N. Y. Ab ruptly turning to SW., and preserving that gen eral course neariy 100 ms., and receiving French creek from the NW., it thence bend.^ to SG, 40 ms., to the moulh of the Mahoning. About tbe middle ofthe lalter course. Clarion river and Red Bank creek, two large branches, enter from the NE. From Mahoning to Pittsburg, the general course is again SW. about 50 ms. Kiskiminitas, a very considerable accessory stream of the Alleghany river, rises in the mount ain valley between tbe Alleghany and Chestnut Ridge chains, and, flowing NW., breaks through Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Hill, and, after a com paralive course of 75 ms., unites with the Alle ghany near midway between the mouth of Maho ning and Pittsburg. .Mahoning and Red Bank creeks have their 711 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN sources in Chestnut Ridge, and with eoch a course of about 35 ms., the former NVV. and the latter SW., join the Alleghany in Armstrong co. Cla rion river has interlocking sources with those of Sinnemahoning and the Alleghany river. The Red Bank rises in the same region with Clarion river and Sinnemahoning, and Mahoning wilh Red Bank and the W. branch of Susquehannah, In point nf surface drained, Kiskiminitas is the largest confluent of the Alleghany, and. having interlocking sources with those of the west branch of the Susquehannah, Juniata, and Youghiogany. seems to offer to the eye the most facile link of in tercommunication between the valleys of the Ohio and Susquehannah N. ofthe Potomac. Alleghany river receives but two confluents of moment from the right : those are French and Conewango creeks. The lalter rises in Chau tauque CO., N. Y., by three branches — the Chau tauque, Casadauga, and Conewango. /Phese unite in N. Y,, and, forraing a navigable stream, assumes a 8. course, enters Warren co., Pa., and falls into Alleghany at the town of Warren, after a comparalive course of 40 ms. French creek has ils source in the extreme SW. angle ofN, Y., and, increased by numerous bran ches from Erie and CrawfoiS cos . Pa., forms a navigable river al Meadville. Flowing to the SE. ftom Meadville, 25 ms., French creek is lost in Alleghany river, at Franklin, Venango co. The entire comparative course of French creek is about 80 ms. There is no other feature in the hydrogrophy of the U. S. more remarkable than the country from which Chautauque and French creek have their sources. The extreme N W. waters of the former flow from wilhin three and those of the latler from within five ms. of the margin of Lake Erie. Taken as in a stale of naiure, the Alleghany and its branches are tbe recipients of the northern part ofthe great wesiern basin of Pa., ond are but little impeded by falls, though rapid as to current, from the declivity of their plane of motion. The Monongahela, fojmed by two branches, the Monongahela proper and Cheat river, rising in Pocahontas, Randolph, Harrison, Lewis, Monon gahela, and Preston cos., Va., unite 2 ms, within the S, boundary of Pa. The general length, above Pa., about 100 ms. in nearly a N. course. Pre serving the latter direction 60 ms. in Pa., aod re ceiving tbe Youghiogany from the SE,, the Mon ongahela mingles wilh the Alleghany at Pittsburg, and forras the Ohio. The various branches ofthe Monongahela, which derive their sources frora the western chains of the Appalachian systera, similar lothe Potomac, claim a more than ordinary share of attention, as pre senting the connecting links of a proposed line of canal improvement. Cheat river flows from the northwestern slope of Alleghany mountain, and, draining tbe easiern part of Randolph co., passes Chestnut ridge, enters Preston co., and there a najiigahle stream continues N. to within 6 ms. from theS. boundary of Pa. Turning to the W., thiougb Laurel Hill, and thence NW , crosses the S. line of Pa., and unites with the Monongahela. Youghiogany rises in the extreme southwestern angle of Md., between the sources of Potomac and 712 Cheat rivers. Pursuing 9 northern course over Md into Pa., and augmented by Castleman's river, its northern branch, the Youghiogany turns to NW., and, breaking through Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Hill, joins the Monongahela at McKees port, 18 ms, above Pittsburg. This is a fine mountain streom, which, in all seasons, except in periods of long drought, contains more than suflS- cient woter for a supply of tbe most capacious ca nal ; general comparative course about 100 ras,, 30 in Md, and 70 in Pa, The Youghiogany heads wilh the Cheat branch of Monongahela, with the N. branch of Potomac, and by Castleman's river wilh Juniata and Kiskiminitas. Should the Chesapeake and Ohio canal be seriously under taken, the channel of the Youghiogany, from rela tive position, presents the most direct route to unite the walers of the Potomac wilh those of Monon gahela. At Pittsburg the Ohio is formed, as we have seen, by the confluent waters of Alleghany and Monongahela The former is the principal stream, fiowing with a raore rapid current than ils rival. From Pittsburg to Beaver river the Ohio pursues a NW. course 25 ms., thence winding to the W. 20 ms., ill which it leaves Pa. and enters Ohio. Within tbe latter Slate, the Ohio river inflects to a course a little W; of S. 70 ms., reaching in lhat direclion nearly the same lal. wilh the S. bounda ry of Pa. The peculiar couises of the Mononga hela and Ohio form one of the most remarkable intermediate peninsulas presented by the topogra phy of the U. S. The two sireams flow in very nearly opposite directions ; the intervening space from 30 u 40 ms. wide, and with a mean lengih of 60 ms. Though hilly rather than mountainous, this peninsula is elevaled to from 600 to 1,000 feet in the dividing line of its walers, above Ihe adja cent rivers. A number of creeks, none of which can exceed a comparalive course of 25 ms., are poured frora the interior spine inlo the respective recipients. The dividing ridge is evidently con tinued north of Ohio river, broken by lhat stream a few ms. below Pittsburg. The northern extension is continued, inflecting between the wesiern sources of Alleghany and the eastern sources of Big Beaver river, and is finally lost on the souiheastern shores of Lake Erie ; the south ern, stretching between the confluenlsof Ohio and Monongahela rivers, mingles with the Appalach ian chains between the sources of the latter and Litlle Kenawha. This ridge is ihe wesiern but tress of the upper basin of Ohio, and affoKls a striking example of the real difference between a chain of hills and one uf mountains. The descent frora the rivers to the western ridge of Pa is so gradual, and the hills scattered in such promiscuous winding, Ihrough tbe sources of the strearas, that an ascent of 600 or 700 feet, in a few ms., is imperceptible; on the contrary, the mountain chains extend in regular lines, uninflu enced in their direction by tbe water courses, and are abrupt and steep in their declivities. The raountains seem to have existed previous to the riv ers, whilst the bills appear to have been formed by the abrasion of water. I Big Beaver, the first river which enters Ohio, pours its current from tbe N., and falls into its re- PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN cipient 25 ms. below the confluence of the .Mle- ghany and Monongahela. Big Beaver is formed by the Mahoning, Shenango, Neshanock, and Conequencssing creeks. The Shenango rises in Ashtabula co., Ohio, and Crawford co , Pa., within 12 ms. from the SE. shore of Lake Erie, interlocking sources wilh those of Grand river, Coneaut, and French creek, and, pursuing a near ly 8. course over Mercer, receives the Conequen- essing from the NE., and, entering Beaver co. , unites with the Mahoning, and forras Big Beaver. The Mahoning is in reality Ihe main branch, risingin Columbiana, Stark, Trumbull, and Portage COS., Ohio; its course is first nearly N. 30 ms,, to near Warren, in Trumbull. Winding to SE., it pursues that course nearly 35 ms., entering Pa. in the SW. angle of Mercer, and joining the She nango at N, lat, 41°, about 2 ms. within Beaver CO. Below the junction of the Mahoning and Shenango, Big Beaver flows a little E. of S. 20 ms. into Ohio river. Conequeaessing is the east ern constituent stream of Beaver, draining the pen insula between the Alleghany, Ohio, Big Beaver, and Shenango rivers. The valley of Big Beaver is nearly circular, and about 70 ras. diameter ; area 3,850 sq. ras. It is worthy of reraark, that the general courses are nearly on a direct NW. line; of the Youghioga ny below the mouth of Castleman's river, Monon gahela, and Ohio, from the mouth of Youghioga ny to that of Big Beaver, and the lalter and Ma honing to about 3 ms. above Warren. This range of navigable water is upwards of 130 ras, direct, and from 180 to 200 ms. following the sinuosities of the sireams. The sources of the Mahoning interlock with those of the Tuscarajvas branch of Muskingum, and Cayahoga and Grand river, of Lake Erie. See the tables of level under the heads of Columbia district. New York, Newton, and Virginia. We now proceed to a review of Pa., as it re spects polilical and moral features. Taken as a whole. Pa. is divisible into three great sections, of very unequal extent. Tbe smallest but much best peopled sections, lies SE. from the Kittatinny or Blue mountain, and contains about one-third of Northampton, all Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Montgom ery, Philadelphia, Del., Chester, Lancaster, Leba non, nearly one-half of Dauphin, all York, Adams, Curaberland, and nearly all Franklin co. The raountainous or middle section extends over the cos. of Wayne, Pike, two-thirds of Northampton, all Susquehannah, Bradford, Luzerne, Tioga, Pot ter, Lycoming, Columbia, Northumberland. Union, Centre, Clearfield, Cambria. Huntingdon, Mifflin, Perry, one-half of Dauphin, all Schuylkill, Bed ford, and Somerset, wilh the eastern part of West moreland and Fayetle. The Western hilly section includes the cos. of McKean, Warren, Jefferson, Indiana, Armstrong, Crawford, Venango. Erie, Mercer. Beaver. But ler, Alleghany, Washington, Green, and th« west ern parts/jf Fayette and Westmoreland* Before proceeding to give the geographical de tail of the Stale in general, tbe reader is presented wilh the following tables, exhibiting the relative extent and population of each of the foregoing sec tions OS the pop. stood in 1820. ,90* Counties. Part of Northainploii east of Kittatinny Lehigh Bucks Philadelphia city and co. - Monl^oinery BerksChester DelawareLancastei-LebanoiiLower part of Dauphin York . Adains Cumberland Franklin Total The mountainous or mid dle section contains— Wayne PikeNear two thirds of North ampton SusquehannahBradford Luzerne Tioga PouerLycomingColumbia Northumberland Part of Dauphin SchuylkillUnionMifflin Perry Centre ClearfieldHunterdon BedfordSomersetCambria , Part of Indiana . Part of Westmoreland Part of Fayette Total Western section contains— McKean Wan on ErieCrawfordVenango Jefferson W. part of Indiana "W, partof "Westmoreland - W. part of Fayette ArmstrongAlleghanyButlerMercerBeaver . - Green Washington Total - Sq, ms. 400335 600 120 •ISO 874738 177 928 288230900 528 545 756 Pop. 7,869 720 772 710 800 1,174 1,784 1,100 1,100 2,290 574457 300 745531 8-26540 1,3701,4251,1851,6201,066 670 300 250336 2-2,665 1,442 832 720 974 1,1141,200 470 814488941754785 830646600 13,398 22,030 18,895 37,843 137,097 35,79346,275 44,451 14,810 68,33616,98813,-ill 38,769 19,3r0 23,60631,892 To sq, mile. 569,355 , 4,127 2,8949,735 9,960 11,554 20,027 4,021 186 13,51717,62115,424 8,442 11,33918,619 16,618 11,34213,796 2,342 20,142 20,248 13,973 3,287 3,627 4,2163,488 260,506 723 1,976 8,5539,3974,915 561 5,255 26,34423,937 10,3-24 34,921 10,193 11,68110,000 40,038 219,597 SUMMARY. Eastern section Middle section Western section Total 7,869 22,565 13,942 569,333.260,506 219,597 1,049,458 27 56 62 1,142 8063608473 695743 35 43 42 77 1310 34 28 1534 2021 10 u 1713 15 5 ,12'161 10 4 2 1210 44 u* 3230 11 ' 45 13 1424 26 45 m 77 12 164 The relative density of population in'Pennsyl- vania has followed the quality of the soil, perhaps, less than in any Slate of the United Stales. The above table exhibits a singular inequality in the different counties, independent of either soil or coramercial facility. It is seen that more than one- half of the population exists on a small fraciion above one-sixth part of the entire area. 713 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN The following table exhibits the classified popu lation ofthis State, agreeable to the census of 1810 and 1820. Population in 1810. Free white males - 401,566 Free while females - - 385.238 Total whites AU other persons, except Indians, not taxed - . - . Slaves Total population in 1810 Populaiion in 1820. Free while males ... Free white females - All other persons except Indians, not taxed 786,804 22.492 795 810.091516,618500,476 1,951 Tolal whites - Free persons of color, males - Free persons of color, feraales Slaves, males Slaves, females Total population in 1820 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in agriculture Do manufactures Do coramerce Pop. to the sq. m. 23J nearly. Censua of 1840 - 1,019,045 14,80415,398 85 126 1,049,458 10,728 140,801 60,215 7,083 EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Whitee.-Ages, Males, Females, 0to5 73,305 70,271 5lolO • 57,424 67,273 JO to 15 - 60,8-29 49,572 15 to 20 45,796 50,429 20 to 30 80,768 85,175 30to40 • 53,195 51,3^8 40to50 • 33,799 33,777 60to60 - 20,007 21,647 60to70 • 10,304 12,148 70toS0 - 4,639 5,748 80to90 • 1,170 1,693 90 to 100. 106 183 100 and upwards • 36 10 431,578 439,214 431,578 Total whites • 870,792 Free colored persona,— Ages. Males, Females, OtolO -4,729 4,763 lotoai 4,612 5,866 241036 4,180 6,132 36to6365lol60 • 2,973 3,233 1,106 1,262 100 aud upwards 32 25 17,638 80,261 17,638 Total free colored • 37,919 Tolal slaves 33 Total colored 37,962 Aggregate 908,744 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 124 Do. from 14 to 25 ~- - 145 Do. above 25 195 Do. total deaf and dumb 464 Do, blind . 276 Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge 318 Private charge 755 Do, total insane, &o, 1/357 Colored persona, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb - - 30 Do. blind 70 Do, insane and idiots at ¦ - - 113 All persons ofthe foregoing who are employed In— Mining . - - 1,922 Agriculture - • 79,882 Commerce • • 11,309 Manufactures and trades • 68,226 Navigation ou the ocean < 1,675 Do, canals, lakes, and rivers 2,202 Learned professions - - - 4,1163 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 439 Universities or colleges . 14 Do. students in . • • 1,342 Academies and grammar schools - 206 Do. students in - 12,305 Primary and common schools - 1,896 Do, scholars in - • - 78,571 Numberof scholars at public charge - 33,934 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write . • 16,873 Population of Western Pennsylvania, by counties, from the census of IBiO, ¦ Whites.— Ages. 0to5 6 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 60 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 60 to 90 90 to 100 lOO and upward* ToUlI Free colored pereone.— A OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 3610 55 65 to 100 100 and upwards Tolal free colored Slavea Aggregate Males. 76,175 71,515 69,927 58,297 50,693 48,400 44,029 46,263 71,856 68,628 46,226 41,476 30,567 27,061 17,926 16,318 9,764 8,859 4,685 4,035 1,283 1,132 134 133 27 14 413,192 392,131 413,192 Males, 1,616 1,580 996724 294 4 6,114 Females, 805,323 Females, 1,501 1,560 939673 243 5 4,8-215,114 31 816,28 While ipersons ofthe foregoing who are- Deal aU dumb, under 14 years of age Do, 14to2gi - ¦ ¦ Do, above 25 • • Total do, deaf and dumb Do, blind Colored persons, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Do, insane and idiots 101 80 136 317 264 61 98. 167 714 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEN Do. insane and idiots at— Public charge • . 167 Do, private charge ¦ . 722 Do, toul . . 679 Colored persons, free and alaves, who are- Deaf and dumb ... 21 Do. blind • . .26 Do, Insane and idiots • . 74 Total number of penon&employed In- Mining . T . . j^esi Acrioulture ..... 127,651 Commerce ... . 4^029 Manulacturea and trades . 37,617 Navig.iiion on the ocean . HO Do. canals, lakes, and rivera . - 1,749 Learned professions - . . 2,638 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 812 Universiiies or colleges - - 6 Do. students in . . 692 Academies and grammar schoola 84 Do. students in . . . 3,666 Primary and common schools . 3,072 Do. scholars in . 101,,118 Schilars at public charge - . . 33,974 Total number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read anJ write - - . 17,053 All Pennsylvania. Whites.— Ages. 0 to 5 6 to 10 - 10 to 15 15 lo 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and up%vard8 Total whites Males. Females, 149,480 117,351 101,522 89.825 15-21624 99,42164,366 37,933 20,268 9,2242,463 240 63 844,770 141,786115,570 97,97296,692 153,803 9-2,86460,838 97,965 21,007 9,7832,725 316 24 Tolal of persona employed la- Minim .... Aitriculture Commerce .... M.inuraciuresAnd trades Naviijtttion on the ocean D,i. canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Poiisiotier-s, for revolutionary or military aervlcea Universities or Colleges Stuilents in do Academies and grammar schools Students ill do. Primary and common schools Scholars in do Scholars at pulilic charge Number of white persona, over 20 years of age, who cannol read ur write .... 4,603 207,533 15,338 105,883 1,813 3,931 671161,251 20 2,034 290 15,970 4,968 179,989 73,90833,940 Population of Pennsylvania, by counties, from the censua o/1840. Counties, 831,345844,770 1,676,115 Ages, OtolO 10 10 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 53 to 100 100 and upwards Total Free colored. Males, Fern's 6,2456.1925,182 3,697 1,400 36 22,752 6,264 7,426 6,0713,806 1,505 ¦ 30 25,10222,752 47,854 Slaves, Males. 12 20 003 0 Fern's. ¦Whites Free colored Slaves Tolal 1,676,115 47,854 64 1,724,033 ¦White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under l4 years of age Do. from 14 to 25 Do, above 25 • Do. total deaf and dumb Do, blind Do. insane and idiota at— Public charge - Private clfiirge Total whites insane, &c. 225225331781 540 469 1,477 1,946 EASTERN PA. AdamsBerks Bucks ChesterCumberland DauphinDelaware . Franklin - LancasterLebanonLehighMonroe IVIontgomery Northampton PerryPhiladelphia Pike Schuylkill - Wayne York Total . WESTERN PA, Alleghany - Clinton"Warren Bedford Mifflin Columbia Green Susquehan'h Fayette Washington Butler Armstrong - Juniata BeaverNorthu'land Indiana -Union Erie Huntingdon Lycoming - VenangoSomerset ¦ McKean CentreTioga Jefiferson Potter "Westrn'tand Crawford - MercerCambria LuzerneClearfield - Bradford Whites. 11,186 32,313 23.435 26,826 15,04314,894 9,23a 17,95540,781 10,733 12,89= 5,135 24,5-2320,831 8,564 111887 1,946 14,93: 6,2-27 22,924 431578 39,982 4,331 4,891 14,602 6,492 12,-286 9,610 10,76616,129 20,2.3-2 ll,5-27 14,309 5,512 14,76111,109 10,470 11,360 16,282 18,14611,381 9,350 9,971J... 10;453 8,0123,828 1,733 21,183 16,566 16,576 5.778 -23,.581 4"~- 17,219 11,164 31,73022,93326,54; 14,890 14,267 9,219 17,805 40,417 11,03612,856 4,694 2-2,03820,001 8,378 126317 1,737 13,791 5,582 23,112 Free col. 439214 39,135 3,9164,347 14,063 6,152 11,906 9,2-23 10,332 15,9-019,932 10,79013,944 5,459 14,;i42 9,813 10,15711,340 14,962lb,gai 10,909 8,5239,697 1,4089,738 7,4173,3681,617 21,2-25 15,04.J 15,969 5,380 204230 3.694 15,389 337283 937 2,187 4924497-20 979 1,534 502329 362 92 81 8,31b 74 177 20 496 353241802 1,956 504 508 613 1,054 1469 ¦ 5310 21 318 7273 11515 75 14S 19 477 Slaves. 18 17638 20281 Total - 413192 392131 1,076 43 23 261220 36 205 49 706557 3366 139 6663 4962 254 185 18 45 3 160 3423 1 17? 63 169 47 107 3577 5,114 1,042 3317 209 207 39 208 46 75955l> 285645 127 4972.3538 253 174 9 37 2 141 35 34 113 52 159 51 87 2284 18 4,821 17 Total, 23,04464.569 48,107 57,615 30,953 :i0,118 19,-91 37,793 84,20321,872 25,787 9,879 47,24140,996 17,096 258037 3,832 29,063 11,848 47,010 908744 81,235 8,323 9,-278 29,335 13,092 24,267 19,147 21,195 33,57441,279 22,378 28,366 11,080 29.36820,112720,782 22,787 31,34435,484 22,649 17,90019,650 2,973 20,49215,498 7,253 3,371 42,69931,73432,873 11,256 44,006 7834 3-2,769 14 815289 715 PEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PEP The foregoing tables, -giving the results of the census of 1840, will serve to exhibit the progress and changes of populalion relatively in the respec tive parls of Pennsylvania in the previous period of 20 years. Wheal and wheat flour are the most valuable of tbe vegetable staples of Pa., but large quantities' ol wrought articles, and also rye, oats, salted provi- sions, fruits, whiskey, live stock, iron in all forms of bar iron and hollow ware, flaxseed, &c., are ex- {)orled. Pennytown, village, Hunterdon co., N. J,, 10 ms. NNW. from Trenton. Peno, town, Pikexo., Mo. Penobscot river, falls into the Atlantic ocean 30 ms.' NE. Irdm tbe mouth of the Kennebec. The basin of tbe Penobscot is 150 ms. in lengih, witb a mean width of 55 ms. The sources reach above N. lat. 46°, and interlock with those of Chaudiere, branch of St, Lawrence, those of St. John's river, of New Brunswick and Maine, and those of Ken nebec. This basin extends over an area of 8,000 sq. ms. The tide ascends to the lown of Bangor, 60 ms. above the entrance of the bay. Though draining less surface than the Kennebec and An droscoggin, tbe Penobscot is more navigable than eitlier, and is considered as the principal streara of Maine. Falls do not immediately occur on the Penobscot at the head of the lide. Boat naviga tion remains uninterrupted 20 ms. furiher inland Timber and fish are the chief staples exported from this fine river, the former in immense quantilies. From Penobscot bay to that of Passamaquoddy, in a distance of about 100 ms., a nuraber of small rivers enter the Atlantic ocean, the principal of which are, Union river, Narraguagus river. Plea sent river. Chandler's river, Machias, and East rivers. Uiiion river falls inlo the Blackhill bay, the Na- raguagus into Pigeonhill, or Naraguagus bay. Pie; sent river into the bfiy of the snme name, Chand ler's river into English bay, and Machias and East rivers into Machias bay. None of those streams have sources 60 ms. inland, and though in a very remarkable manner supplied with convenient har bors, the inland commerce of the country is very confined. Penobacot, co. of Me., bounded by Washington E., Hancock S,, Kennebec SW,, Somerset W., and Lower Canada N. This counly embraces the central parts of the State on Penobscot and St. John's rivers. Its extent cannot be very accurate ly determined. Most of ils area remains an unset tled wilderness. Staple, lumber. Chief town, Bangor. Pop. in 1820, 13,870 ; and in 1840, 45,705. N. lat. 45°, and lon. W. C. 8° E. in tersect in the soulhern part of this counly. Penobacot, bay of Me., at the raouth of the river Penobscot. It is long and capacious, and its E. side is lined wilh a cluster of small islands. Penobscot, seaport and town, Hancock co.. Me., on the right side of Penobscot bay, 10 ms. above Castine, and 30 below Bangor. It is a place of considerable comraerce, and in 1818 the shipping owned there exceeded 24,000 tons. Penrise, seaport of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Bristol channel, 20 ms. SE. of Carmarthen, and 219 W. of London. Lon. 4 12 W., lat^ 51 37 N. 716 Penrith, lown of Eng., in Cumberland, near the rivers Eymot and Lowther, 18 ms. S. of Car lisle, and 280 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 2 52 W., lat. 54 40 N. Penryn, borough of Eng., in Cornwall, on a creek of Falmouth Haven, has a great trade in the Pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries, 3 ms. NW. of Falmouth, and 266 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 59 W., lal. 50 ION. Pensa, — See Penza, Pensacola, capital of West Florida, sealed on a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, which forms a very comraodious harbor, where vessels raay ride secure from every wind. 'The harbor of Pensacola is safe, commodious, and good anchorage, ft is the deep est haven of the United States on the northern shore ofthe Gulf of Mexico, admitting vessels of 20 feet draught; the depth, however, gradually shallows towards the shore. This city was found ed by the Spaniards in 1699 by Don Andre de la Riola, and stands at IV. lat. 30 23, lon. 1 19 W. of W. C. — See article Mississippi river, section Pensacola, -The town of Pensacola is built along the N. side of the bay, on a sandy plain. Pop. about 2,000. Lon. W. C. 9 50 W., lal. 30 25 N. Pensance, or Penzance, seaport of Eng,, in Cornwall, on a creek of Mountsbay, carries on a considerable traffic in shipping. It is one of the tin-coinage lowns, 12 ms. E. of the Land's End, and 281 W. by S. of London. Lon. 5 35 W., lat, .00 1 1 N. Pensford,lown of Eng,, in Somersetshire, noted for its bats and bread, and seated on the Chew, 7 ms. W, of Bath, and 117 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 30 W., lat. 51 23 N. PrsTATEUcH, Gr., Pente,fiveani teuchos, book, and is literally " five books." Pentilicus. — See Pendele, Pentellaria, ancient Cosyra, island in the Med iterranean, between Sicily and Cape Bona. Lat. 36 55 N., lon. 11 55 E. Penlland Frith, dangerous strait, which divides the Orkney islands from Caithness-shire, in Scot. It is 24 ms. long, and 12 broad, and tbe sea runs with such impetuous force, that no wind can force a ship against the current. Penlland Hills, ridge of mountains, a few ms. to the SW. of Edinburgh, which aiford good pas ture for sheep, and extend about 10 ms. from SW. lo NE. Penza, government of Russia, formerly a pro vince of Kasan. Its capilal, of the same name, is on the Sura, where it receives the rivulet Penza, 220 ras. SW. of Kasan. Penzlein, town of Gerraany, in Lower Saxony, in the principality of IMecklenburg, 53 ms. E. of Stettin. Lon. 15 36 E,, lat. 53 30 N. Penn yan, town and seat of justice, Yates co., N. Y., is situated on the E. and W. line, between the tps. of Benton and Milo, and a small distance N. of the outlet of Crooked Lake, 16 ras. nearly S. from Geneva, and 20 ms. SSE. of Canandaigua. N. lat. 42 41, and lon. 8' W. of W. C. Pepin, lake of the NW. territory of the U. S. It is, ill reaUty, only an expansion of the Missis sippi river. Lat. 43 50 N. Pepperell, town, Middlesex co,, Mass., 40 ms. NW. from Boston, PER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PER Pequanock, small river, N. J., in Bergen and Morris cos. It joins Long Pond and Rampough rivers, at Pompton, to form Pompton river. Pequigny, town of Fr., in the dep. of Somme, and late province of Picardy, on the river Somme, 15 ms. SE. of Abbeville. Lon. 2 6 R,, lat. 49 58 North. Pera, suburb of Constantinople, where the foreign ambassadors usually reside. Peray, St., viUage ofFr., in the dep. of .\r. deche, and late province ol Dauphiny. Noted for its wines, and is 41 ms. NW. of Privas. Percaslaw, town of Russia, in the government of Kiof, 44 ms. SE, of Kiof Lon. 31 50 E., lat. 50° N. Perche, late province of Fr., in Orleannois, 35 ms. long, and 30 broad ; bounded on the N. by Normandy, on the W. and S. by Maine, and on the E, by Beauce. It lakes its name from a forest, and is pretty fertile. It is now included in the dep. of Orne. Perche river, post office, on a small creek, so called, in Jefierson co., N, Y. The creek rises by a sraall lake, 18 or 20 ras. NE, from Sackett's Harbor, and falls into Black river bay, 4 ms. below Brownsville. Perches and Cave, Rapidis de, on the south westerly branch of the Ottawa river, imraedialely above le Portages dea Parresseux. Percivall's, village, Brunswickco., Va., 68 ms. a httle W. of S. from Richmond. Percy, town of Northumberland co.,L. C. .¦ Tp. in the co. of Northumberland, in the rear and N. of Cramahe, U. C. Perdido, small bay and river, forming part of the boundary between Alabama and Florida. The Perdido rises in the pine woods NW. of Pensacola, flows S. 10 or 15 ms., opens into a narrow and winding bay, which coramunicates with tbe Gulf of Mexico by a narrow outlet, nearly parallel to the shores of the Gulf. From the foregoing circum stance, and the flatness of the coast, the entrance into tbe Perdido bay is imperceptible at a very short distance, hence ils narae. Perekop, — See Precop, Pereczas, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a CO. of the same name, 50 ms. E. by N. of Tockay. Lon. 22 26 E., lat. 48 30 N. Perga, town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, opposite the island of Corfu. Lon. 20 19 E., lat. 39 40 N. Pergama, town of Turkey, in Roraania, 60 ms. SW. of Adrianople. Lon. 25 55 E., lat. 41 10 N. Pergamo, town of Natolia. Here parchment was invented. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 ms. from ils mouth, and 37 N. of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 E., lat. 39 5 N. ~ Peria, town of Irac Agemi, in Persia, 90 ms. W. of Ispahan. Lon. 51 26 E.ylat. 32 10 N. Periac, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aude, and lale province of Languedoc. It is celebrated for its salt works, and is 6 ms. SW. of Narbonne. Periapaiam, town of Hindoostan, 24 ms. SW. of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 31 E., lat. 12 15 N, Perigord, late province ofFr., 83 ms. long and 60 broad, bounded on the N. by Angoumois and Marche, on the E. by Querci and Limosin, on the S. by Agenois and Bazodois, and on tbe W. by Bourdelois, Angoumois, and Saintonge, It abounds in iron mines, and the air is pure and healthy. It now forms the dep. of Dordogne. Perigueux, ancient lown of Fr., capilal of the dep. of Dordogne, tind late province of Perigord, with the ruins of a temple of Venus, and an am philheatre. It is seated on the river Isle, 50 ms. SW. of Limoges. Lon, 48' E,, lat. 45 11 N. Perinda, town ofthe Deccan, in the province of Dowlatabad, 188 ms. NW. of Hydrabad, Lon. 75 50 E., lal. 18 33 N. Perinton, town, Monroe co , N. Y,, between Pittsford and Macedon, The tp. lies on both sides of the Erie canal, 10 ms, SE. from Rochester. Pekiod, Greek peri, around, and hodos, a road ; in astronomy, the lime employed by a planet to move round the sun. In chronology, a certain number of years, or ofthe periods of the earth. — See article Chronology. Perkins, tp., Huron co., Ohio, in which is situ ated the town called Sandusky city. Perkinaonville, village, Amelia co., Va,, 40 ras. W. from Petersburg. Perkiomen, river, Pa., rises in the eastern an gle of Berks, the soulhern of Lehigh, and western of Bucks. Il flows nearly S. through Montgom ery CO. into Schuylkill, which il enters 6 ms. by land above Norristown. Perkiomen and Skippack, central tp., Mont gomery CO., Pa,, 25 ms. N'W. from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 1,146. Perleberg, town of Upper Saxony, capital of the Marche of Priegnitz, 62 ms. NW. from Ber lin. Lat. 53 25 N,, lon, 12 36 E. Perm, government of Russia, formerly a prov ince of Casan. It is divided into two provinces, Perm and Catharinburgh. The governraent of Perra includes a great part of the E. of European Russia, extending frora Viatka to Tobolsk . Capilal of tbe Russian government of Perrti, on the Kama. Lon. 56 26 E., lat 58° N. Upwards of 900 ms. E. by S. from St. Petersburg. Pernalla, town of the Deccan, in tbe province of Guzerat, 20 ms. W. of Durampour. Lon. 72 53 E., lat. 20 35 N. Pernambuco, captain generalship of Brasil, and the most easterly political subdivision of America. It is bounded by the Atlantic ocean N., NE., E., and SE., the capiain generalship of Bahia SW., and Maranham W. It is about 400 ms. each side ; area 160,000 sq. ms. ; extending from lat. 3° to 1 1° S. Capital, Pernambuco or Olinda. Lon W. C. from 36° to 41° E. Pernambuco, or Olinda, cily of Brasil, and capital of the province of the same name. It ia composed of three towns, Recife, St. Antonios, and Bona Vista, united by bridges ; Pernambuco proper is the lower town ; Olinda stands on high ground 3 ms. distant. The Portuguese call Recife or Pernambuco the capilal ; but in a commercial, moral, or political point of view the whole com pose only one city. Pop. 65,000. Lon. W C 37 10 E., lat. 7 20S. Feme, town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence. Il is the birth-place of the celebrated orator Feechier, bishop of Nismes, and a little to the W. of Apt. Perneau, town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, near the mouth of a river of the same 717 PER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PER name, 35 ms. N. of Riga. Lon. 23 37 E., Iat. 68 27 N. Femes; town of Fr., in the department of the straits of Calais, and late province of Artois, on the Clarence, 17 ms. NW. of Arras. Lon. 2 31 E., lat, 58 26 N. Perrw, town of Sweden, in the province of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 36 ms. E. of Helsingfors. Lon, 25 40 E., lat 60 30 N, Pernov, fortified town of Russia, in the govern raent of Riga. It is defended by a castle, and is 92 ms. N. of Riga. Lon. 24 30 B., lat. 58 30 N. Peronne, townof Fr., in the dep. of Somme, and lale province of Picardy, on the Somme, 27 ms, SW. of Cambray, and 80 E. by N. of Paris. Lon. 3 2 E. lat. 49 55 N. Perote, town of Mexico, in the State of Vera Cruz, about 75 ms. NW. from the city of Vera Cruz, and 1 10 nearly E. from Mexico. Lon. W. C. 97 10 W., lat. 19 30 N. Near this city rises the vast mounlain called by the Spaniards Coffre de Perote, the Naughcampalepetl of the Aztecs, 13,414 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mex ico. It is distant from the Peak d'Orizaba 32 ms. Perouaa, town of Piedmont, the chief place of a valley of tbe same name. It is seated on the Clusoti, 16 ms. SW. of Turin. Lon. 7 18 E,, lat. 44 59. Perpignan, lown of France, capital of the dep. of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Roussillon, wilh a university. It is seated on the Tel, over which is a bridge, 100 ms. SE. of Bor deaux. Lon. 3° E., lat, 42 41 N. Perquimans, co., N. C, bounded by Albemarle sound S., Chowan co. W., Gales NW., and Pas quotank NE. and E. Length 20 ms., raean width 10, area 200 sq. ras. Surface generally level, and part marshy. Soil tolerably productive. Chief town, Hartford. Pop. in 1820, 6,859 ; and in 1840, 7,346. Ctl. lat. 36 10 N., lon. W. C. 1 32 E. Perry, town, Washington co., Maine, 25 ms. NE. from Machias. Town, Genessee co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,317, Co., Pa., bounded by Curaberland S., Franklin SW., Mifflin NW., and the Susquehannah river or Dauphin SE. Lengih 38 ms., mean width 14, area 540 sq. ms. This CO. was taken frora Cumberland in 1820, and comprises Shermans and Tuscarora valleys, and the lower part of tbe peninsula belween the Susque hannah and Juniatta rivers, extending from the Blue or Kitlatinny to the Tuscarora mountain. It is watered by the Susquehannah and Juniala rivers, and by Sherman's and other creeks. The soil is generally productive in grain, fruit, and pasturage. Chief town, Landisburg Pop. in 1820, 11,342 ; and in 1840, 17,096. Cll. lat. 40 23 N., Ion. W. C. 20' W. Village, Venango co., Penn. Co., Ky., bounded by Harlan 8., Clay W., Estille NW., Pike N., and Floyd E. Length 50 ms., mean width 20, area 1,000 sq. ms. ; surface hilly and broken generally, and in part mountain ous. Kentucky river rises in the southern part of this CO. Ctl. lat. 37 30, lon. W. C. 6 8 W. Pop. in 1840, 3,089. Interior co. of Ohio, bounded on the N. by Licking co., E. by Mus kingum and Morgan, S, by Athens and Hocking, on the W. by Fairfield co. It is 24 ms. long by 718 1 8 broad, containitjg 400 sq. ms. A considerable part of Perry co. is hilly and somewhat hard of tillage. It is, however, found to be excellent for the pro duction of wheat. Slonecoal is found in several places. It contains the post town of Somerset, the seat of justice, and Thornvjlle ; beside New Reading, Lexington, and Burlington, of less im portance. Il has no considerable stream of water within its limits; some of the tributary branches I however, of the Muskingum and Hockhocking riv ers rise in this co. Pop. in 1820, 8,429 ; aud in 1840, 19,344. Ctl. lat. 39 47 N., lon. W. C. 6 16 W Town, Geauga co., Ohio, situaled be tween Painesville and Madison, on the soulhern shore of Lake Erie. Pop. in 1820, 614 Tp., Stark CO., Ohio, and In which Is situated the town of Kendall. Vop, 'la 1820, 607. Tp., Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820,558, Tp., Shelby co., Ohio. Tp. in the southern borders of Tuscarawas co.. Ohio, in which is situated the village of Westchester Tp., Muskingum eo., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 543. Tp., Gallia co., Ohio. Norlhern tp., Brown co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 666. Tp,, Franklin co., Ohio. NE. tp., Licking CO., Ohio. S. tp., -Fairfield CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 612 Tp., Richland CO., Ohio. Co., Ia., bounded by Ohio river SE. and S., Spencer W., Dubois NW., and Crawford N. and NE. Lengih 28 ms., mean width 1 5, area about 400 sq. ms. Surface bro ken, and soil fertile. Pop. in 1820, 2, 330 1 and in 1840, 4, 655. Cll. lat. 38 10 N,, lon. W. C. 9 30 W. Co., Tenn., bounded by Wayne S., Hardin SW., Henderson W., Carroll NW., Humphries N., and Hickman E. Lengih 33 ms., mean width 26, area 825 sq. ras. Tennessee river flows N. through the western part of this co. Pop. in 1820, 2,384; and in 1840, 7,419. Cll. lat. 35 40 N., lon. W. C. 11° W. Central co. of .Alabama, bounded by Dallas S,, Green W., Tus caloosa NW., Bibb NE., and Autauga SE. Ca haba river flows across ibis co. from N. to S. di viding it into almost equal sections. Ctl. lat. 32 48 N. lon. W. C. 10 W. Pop. in 1840, 19,086. Co., Mississippi, bounded by Jackson and Hancock S., Marion W., Covington N., and Green E. Length 30 ms., breadth 30, area 900 sq. ras. Surface raoderately hilly, soil, except to a very small extent near the stream, is sterile, and covered wilh pine timber. Leaf river, the great NW. confluent of the Pascagoula, flows through this counly. Slaple, cotton. Pop. in 1820, 2,037. Cll. Iat. 31 12 N., lon. W. C. 13° W. C. H. and post office. Perry co., Ky. C. H. and post office. Perry co., Alabama, on Cahaba river, 50 ms. SSE. from Tuscaloosa. Lat. 33 45 N., lon. W. C, 9 59 W. Perryopolia, village in the lower or northern part of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, IB miles a little W. of N. from Uniontown, and 8 NE. from Brownsville. Perrysburg, NW. post town, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., on Cattaraugus creek, 30 ms. S. from Buffalo. Town, Wood co., Ohio, at the lower rapids of Maumee river, and on the right bank of that stream, 135 ms. NNW. from Columbus, 80 ms. SW. from Detroit, and 50 ms. SW. by W. from the Bass islands in Lake Erie. Pop. in 1840, 1,065. PER GEOGRA.PHICAL DICTIONARY. PES Perry's Mills, village, Tatnall CO., Ga,, 115 ms. SE. from Milledgeville. Perrysville, village, Alleghany co., Pa., 7 ras. N. frora Pittsburg, on the road from that city to Harmeny. Perryville, village, Madison co., N. Y. Villago, Richland co., Ohio, 62 ms. NNE. from Columbus. Village, Mercer co., Ky., 4 ms. S. from Frankfort. Perrysville, village, Peiry co.. Mo., about 80 ms. a little E. of S.from St. Louis. Village, Perry co., Tenn., by postroad 112 ms. SW. by W. from Murfreesborough Village, Mercer CO., Ky., 40 ms. SW. from Lexingion. Town, Bond CO., III., on Kaskaskias river, 15 ms. be low Vandalia. Penain, town of the kingdom of Pegu, near a river of the same name, 132 ras. SW. of Pegu. Lon. 94 55 W. lat. 16 45 N. Persepolis, one of the ancient capital cities of Persia, properly so called. Its raagnificent ruins are 50 ms. NE. of Schiras, and 200 SE. of Ispahan. Lon. 56 20 E,, lal. 30 10 N. Persepolis, (the Persian city, ) is a name purely Greek, and unknown to eilher tbe ancient or modern Persians. The latter call the ruins of that city "Tacht a Jemsheed," or the Palace of J ems- beed, and "Tchehil Minar," the Forty Towers. Pershore, town of Eng. in Worcestershire, with a manufacture of stockings on the Avon, 9 ms. ESE. of Worcester, and 106 WNW. of London. Persia, Gulf of, sea or inland lake between Persia and Arabia. The entrance near Ormus is not above 30 ms. over, but within it is from 120 to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to the moulh of the Euphrates is 500 ras. The southern side is particularly celebrated for its pearl fishery. Persia, one of the great divisions of Southern Asia. In our books, this teun is used specifically for an immense kingdora extending from the In dian ocean fo the Caspian sea, and from the Euph rates to the Indus river. In modern times, if it ever was so, this part of Asia has not at any period been united into one sovereignty, and now con tains two distinct empires, Persia in the West, and .Afghanistan i^ the East, whilst the tribes of Arabs, and tbe princes of the Makran in the S., compose petty and independent Slates. These subdivisions are not merely polilical, they are natural, and founded on difierence of language and natural position — See Asia, p. 84. Person, co. N. C, bounded by Virginia N., Granville E., Orange S., and Caswell W. It is a square of 20 ms. each side, area 400 sq. ms. The extreme NW. sources of Neuse and Pam lico rivers rise in the SE. angle of this co,, whilst ils NW. part is drained by the SE. con fluents of Dan -river. Pop. in 1820, 9,029; and in 1840, 9,790. Central lat. 36 22 N., lon. W. C. 1° W. Perth, borough of Scolland, capilal of Perth shire, on the SW. side of the Tay, which is navi gable for small vessels, but the largest vessels are obliged to unload at Newberg. The salmon fishery is a great article of trade ; and it has con siderable manufacture of linen and colton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and gloves. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 17,000. It is 35 ms. N, by W. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 20 W., lat. 56 24 N., Pop. of the co. in 1801, 126,336; in 1811, 135,09.3, and in 1821, 139,050. Perth Amboy, seaport, Essex co., N. J., seated on a neck of land, belween the river Karitan, and Staten Island Sound. Ila situation is high and healthy. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and is one ofthe best harbors on the continent. Il is 25 ms. SW. of N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 198. Lon. 75° W. lat., 40 35 N. Perthes, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Marne, 6 ms. SSW. of Melun, Townof Fr., in the dep., of Upper Marne, 6 ms, NW. of St. Dizier. Pertigi, town of the island of Sardinia, 19 ms. SE. of Castel Aragonese. Pertuis, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence, 10 ms. N. of Aix, and 27 of Marseilles. Lon. 5 36 E., lat. 43 44 N. Pekturbation, term in astronomy serving to designate deviations of planetary paths, from the forrn of regular ellipses, occasioned by the inu- tual attractions of the planets, when approaching and receding. Peru, late province of Spain, in S. America. It lies between lat. 1 30 N., and 25 10 S., being nearly 2,000 ms. long from N. to S., and 350 in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by Popayan, on the E. by the country of the Amazons and Paraguay, on the S. by Chili and La Plata, and on the W. by the Pacific ocean. Lima is the capital. — See America, p, 53. Peru, is now, (1826,) completely independent of Spain ; part has been incorporated with Colom^ bia, part with La Plata, and the residue forms the Republic of Bolivia. Tbe staple commodities of this great country, include nearly all lhat is valuable in the vegetable and mineral kingdoms. Town, Bennington co., Vt., 30 ms. NE. from Benning ton. Town, Berkshire co., Mass. Pop. in 1820, 748. Town, Clinton co,, N. Y., on Lake Champlain, nearly opposile Burlington, and on the Riviere aux Sables in the S W. corner of the CO. Village, Huron co., 0., by postroad 130 ms. N. from Colurabus. Perugia, city of Italy, capital of Perugino, with a university, on a hill, 75 ras. N. of Rome, Lon. 12 20 E., lat. 43 6 N. Perugia, lake of Italy, of a circular form, al most 5 ms. in diameter. It is 8 ms. from the city of that name, in the province of Perugino. Perugino, province of Italy, in the Ecclesiasti cal Stale, bounded, on the W. by Tuscany, on the S. by Orvietano, on the E., by the duchies of Spoletio and Urbino, and on the N. by the city of Cilia Castellana. It is 25 ms. in length, and near as much in breadlh. The air is pure, and the soil fertile in corn and good wine. The capi tal is Perugia. Pesaro, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, the harbor is excellent ; the environs are remarka ble for producing good figs, of which large quan tities are sent to Venice. It is seated on an emi nence, at the raouth of tbe Foglia, on the Gulf of Venice, 17 ms. ENE. of Urbino, and 130 of Rome. Lon. 13 2 E., lat. 43 52 N. Pescara, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 719 PET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PET at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the gulf of Venice, 8 ms. E. by S. of Civitadi-Penna, and 100 NE. Naples. Lon. 15 2 E., lat. 42 27 North, Peachieru, lown of Italy, in the Veronese, on Mincio, which proceeds from the Garda, 16 miles W. of Verona. Longitude 11 4 E,, latitude 45 26 Norlh. Peacia, town of Tuscany, noted for the excel lent oil it produces. It is 10 ms. SW. of Pistola. Lon. 11 22 E., lat. 43 47 N. Pesenas, town of Fr., in the dep. of Herault, and late province of Languedoc, delightfully seated on the river Pein, 12 ras. NE. of Beziers. Lon. 3 34 E., lat. 43 28 N. Peshawer, river of Afghanistan, often named, also, river of Cabool, rises in the raountain gorges near the city of Ghiznee, and interlocking sources with those of the Helmund, and, flowing eastward about 150 miles to Jellalabad, having passed the cily of Cabool, receives the Koma river from the N., inflects to SE. by E., and in that diiection through about 100 miles, falls into the W. side of the Indus nearly opposite Altock. Peshawer, city of A fghanistan, from which the river of that name is so called, is not, however, situated on, bul at some distance from its southern shore. Lat. 34 8 N., lon. 71 32 E. of London, about NW. by W, from Altock, Peat, town of Upper Hungary, capilal of a coun ty of the- same name, on the Danube, opposite Bu da, 35 ms. SE. of Presburg. Lon. 18 25 E,, lal. 47 24 N. Petaw, town of Germany, in the duchy of Sty ria, on the Drave, 100 miles S. of Vienna. Lon. 1'5 36E., lat. 46 40 N. Pe-tcheli, Tcheli, or Li-pa-fou, the principal province of China, bounded on the N. by the great wall and part of Tartary, on the E, by the Yel low sea, on the S. by Chang-tong and Honan, and on the W, by the mountains of Chansi, It contains nine cities of the first class, which have several others under their jurisdiction. The tem perature of the air in this province does not seem to agree with its latitude; for, although Pe-tcheli extends no further than. 42° N., yet all its riv ers are so much frozen during four months in the year that wagons with the heaviest loads raay safe ly pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces very little rice, bul it abounds with all olher kinds of grain, and wilh the greater part of the fruit trees we have in Europe. Peking is the capilal. Peter and Paul, St, Petropawhskoi, seaporl of Kamtschatka, in the Russian government of Irkulzk. The town consists of sorae miserable log- houses and a few conical huts. Lon. 158 43 E.,. lat. 63° N- Peterhoff, in Russia, is situated about 20 miles from Petersburg, and dislinguished for its palace and garden. Peterborough, city of England, in Northamp tonshire, on the Nen, over which is a bridge into Huntingdonshire. It carries on a trade in corn, coal, and timber. It is 42 miles NE. Northamp ton, and 81 N- of London. Lon. 10' W., lat. 52 30 N. Peteraborough, village, Madison co., N. Y., on Oneida creek, 30 miles SW. from Utica. In this place is a State arsenal, and factories of cotton and 720 woolen goods, and glass ware. Town, Hills borough. co., N. H., on Oontoocook river, about 40 ras. SW. frora Concord. It Is a place of very extensive raanufactures, amongst which are five cotton and one woolen factory. Pop. in 1820, 1,500. Peters, tp., Franklin county, Pennsylvania, be tween the E branch of Conogocbeague and North mountain, 10 ms. W. from Chambersburg. Pop. in 1820, 2,776. Peter, Si,, parish of Beaufort district. South Carolina. Peterhead, town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, near the moulh of the Ogie, on the most easterly point of Scolland. It has an excellent harbor, de fended by a pier, which can contain 40 or 50 ves sels in perfect safety. A considerable trade is car ried on directly to the Baltic for iron, hemp, tar, and other articles. It has likewise a manufacture of sewing thread. It is a little to the W. of Buch annes, and 34 rns. NE. of Aberdeen. Lon, 1 28 W., lat. 57 28 N. Petersburg, metropolis of the Russian empire, in the government of the same name, is situated on the river Neva, near Ihe gulf, of Finland, and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth of that river, and partly upon the continent. So late as the beginning of the last century, the ground on which Petersburg now stands was only a vast rao rass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts. Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, and some wretched wooden hovels. In 1710, the Count Golovkin buill the first house of brick, and the next year, the eraperor, with his own hand, laid the foundation of a house of the sarae raaterials. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city of Petersburg ; and, in less than nine years after the wooden hovels were first erect ed, the seat of empire was transferred from Mos cow to this place. The sireets in general are broad and spacious,, and three of the principal ones, which meet in a point at the admiralty, are at least two miles in length. Most of them are paved, but a few are slill suffered to remain floored wilh planks. The views upon the banks of the Neva exhibit the grandest and most Uvely scenes imaginable. That river is in many place^) as broad as the Thames at London ; it is also deep, rapid, and as transparent as crystal ; and its banks are lined on each side wilh a conlinued range of grand build ings. On tho N. the fortress, the Academy of Sci ences, and the Academy of Arts, are the most stri king objects. On the opposite side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many Russian nobles, and the English line, so called, because it is mostly occupied by English merchants. In the fronl of these buildings, on tbe south side, is the quay, which extends three railes, except where it is interrupted by the admiralty; and the Neva, du ring the whole of. that space, has been erabanked, by order of the late empress, by a wall, parapet, and paveraent of hewn granite. Petersburg, though more compact than the other Russian cilies, still bears a resetnblance to the towns of that country, being built in a very straggling manner. From its low and marshy situation, it is subject to inunda tions, which have sometimes risen so high as to threaten the town with a lotal submersion. The PET GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PFU opposite divisions of Petersburg, situated on each side of the Neva, are connected by a bridge on pontoons, which, on nrcount of the large masses of ice driven down the stream from Ladoga, is usually removed when they first make their ap pearance ; and, for a few day.«, till the river is fro zen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no com munication belween the opposite parls of the lown. Among the noblest ornaments of Peleisburg, is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great, erecteil by Catharine II., in 1782. It is of colossal size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there at great expense. Within the walls of the forlress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, in which are deposited the remains of Peter the Great, and of the successive sovereign.', except Peter II., who was buried at Moscow. Petersburg is 355 miles NW. of Moscow, 750 NE. of Vienna, 525 NE. of Copenhagen, and SOONE, of Stockholm. Lon. 30 25 E., lat. 69 BO N. Petersburg, port of entry and village, in Din widdie co,, Va., situated on the S. side of .Appo mattox river, in lat, 37 12 N., and lon, 78 8 W. It is 22 miles S. of Richmond, and 79 W. of the borough of Norfolk. This is a place of considera ble trade in cotlon, grain, flour, and tobacco ; the exports of one year having amounted to 1,390,000 dollars. Being in the centre of one of the earliest settled parts of the Slale, it is surrounded by a wealthy and populous country. The situation of Petersburg is peculiarly well adapted to bolh commerce and manufactures. The falls in -Appomattox present excellent sites for ma chinery, whilst a canal cut around them obviates their natural impediment to navigation. It occu pies part of three counties. The body of the place is in Dinwiddie, but it also comprises the village of Blindford, in Prince George co., and Powhatan, in Chesterfield co. This town, from some local cause, is in a remarkable manner exposed lo fires. Petersburg, lown, Rensselaer co., N, Y., 25 miles NE. "irom Albany. Pop, in 1821^ 2,248. Village, Lancaster co., Pa., 47 ms, from Har risburg. Village, 8 ms. SE. from Gettysburg, Adams' CO., Pa. Village of Perry co,. Pa., on the right bank of Susquehannah river, 15 miles above Harrisburg. Town, Elbert co., Georgia, on the right bank of Savannah river, on the point af the junction of Broad and Savannah rivers, 35 miles above Augusta. Village, Woodward co., Ky,, on Kentucky river, 15 miles above Frankfort. Small town on the eastern border of Colum- bi-dna, co., Ohio. Village, Boone co., Ky, Village, Pike co., Indiana, 156 miles SSE. from Indianapolis. Peteradorf, lown of Prussia, in the province of Samland, 24 ms. E. of Koningsberg. Petersfield, borough of England, in Harapshire, on the Loddon, 18 miles NE. of Portsmouth, and 53 SW. ofLondon. Longitude 58' W., latitude 51 2 N. Petershagen, town of Germany, in the princi pality of Minden, seated on the Weser, 3 ms. from Minden, and 37 W. of Hanover. Lon. 9 6 E., lat. 52 25 N. Petersham, lown, Worcester co., Mass., 25 ms. NW. of Worcesler, and 66 W. of Boston ; a branch of Chicapee river passes by this town. Pop. 1810, 1,499; in 1820, 1,623. 91* Peterslown, village, Monroe CO., Va. Fefersville, villnge, Frederick co., Md,, 20 ms. NE. from Frederick. Peterwaradin, town of Sclavonia, on the Dan ube, belween the Save and Drave, 35 ms. NW. of Belgrade. Lon. 20 30 E,, lat. 45 26 N. Petherlon, lown of England, in Somersetshire, on the Parret, 18 ms. S, by W. of Wells, and 133 W. by S. of London. Lon 2 41 E,, lal. 50 56 N. Petigliano, town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 45 ms. SE.of Sienna. Lon. 11 42 E., lat. 42 23 N. Petit Guave, seaport of St. Domingo, on a bay at the W. end of the island. Lon. 72 52 W., lat. 28 27 N. Petoune, cily of Eastern Chinese Tartary, in the department of Kirin, on the Songari, 1 12 ms. N. by E. of Kirin, and 600 NE. of Peking. Lon, 124 55 E., lat. 45 3 N. Peirikow, town of Great Poland, in the palali nale of Siradia, 80 ms. SW. of Warsaw. Lon. 19 46 E., lal. 51 12 N. Petrina, lown of Austrian Croatia, on the Pe- Irina, 27 ms. E. of Carlstadt. Lon. 16° E., lat. 46° N. Petlaw, town of Germany, in the duchy of Sty ria, on ihe Drave, 28 ms. S. by E. of Gralz. Lon. 15 37 E., lal, 47 46 N. Pettapolly, seaporl of Hindooslan, on the coast of Coromandel. Lon. 80 4 6 E., lat. 15 49 N. Petlycur, harbor of Scotland, in Fifeshire, one mile from Kinghorn, in the Frilh of Forth. Petworth, town of Eng., in Sussex, near the Arun, 12 ms. NE. of Chichester, and 49 SW. of London. Lon. 34' W., lal. 50 58 N. Pevensey, village of England, in Sussex, on a small river which runs into a bay of tbe English channel, called Pevensey harbor, 14 ins. WSW. of Hastings. Peylonsburg, small village, Pittsylvania co,, Va,, 45 ms. S. from Lunchburg. PiiAKE, Fr. and Eng. light-house, Gr. pharos, PriASEs, Gr. phaino, lo appear, to show, &c. As an astronomical term, it expresses those differ ent apparent changes which the planets undergo, as seen from the earth, but especially applied lo those ofthe moon. Pfafenhoffen, town of Germany, in Upper Ba varia, on the Ilm, 19 ms. NW. of Ualisbon. Lon. 12 3 E., lal. 49 27 N. Pfalgel, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, witn a convent, formerly a palace of the kings of the Franks. It is 3 ms. NE. of Treves. Pfirt, or Forette, town of France, in the de partment of Upper Rhine, and lale province of Al sace, lb ras. W. of Basil. Lon. 7 20 E., I^t. 47 37 N. Pfortsheim, town of Suabia, in the marquisale of Baden Durlach, with a castle, sealed on the Entz, 15 ms. SE. of Durlach. Lon. 9 46 E., lat. 48 57 N. Pfriemb, town of Germany, in Upper Bavaria, with a castle, seated at the confluence of the Pfrient and Nab, 10 ms. NE. of Amberg. Lon. 12 21 E., lat. 49 21 N. Pfullendorf, imperial town of Suabia, seated on the Andalspalch, 37 ms, of Ulm. Lon. 9 27 W., lat. 48 8 N. 731 PHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PHI Phanogoria, small and beautiful island of Asia, on theE. side ofthe strait of Caffa — See Taman, Pharos, small island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite Alexandria, in Egypt, the space belween which and the continent forms an extensive har bor. It has a communication wilh the continent by a strong causeway and bridge. It formerly had an exceedingly high tower upon it, called the Pha ros, and on the top of it were lights for the direc tion of ships. Lon. 31 1 1 E., lat. 34 24 N. Pharsalia, now Pharza, lown of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, in the plains of which some suppose the decisive battle was, fought between Cajsar'and Pompey, in 48 B. C. Seated on ihe Enipens, 10 ms. S. of Larissa, Village, Che nango CO., N. Y.. 12 ras. NW. frora Norwich. Pilosis, river of Asia, which crosses Mingrelia, and falls into the Black sea, Phelps, NE. lown, Onlario co., N. Y., about 200 ras. W- of Albany. Pop. 1810, 3,408; in 1820, .5,688. Philadelphia, city of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- lie, seated on the foot ofthe raountain 'Timolus, in an exiensive plain. The Greeks retain its ancient name, but the Turks callit Allahijah, It contains 11,000 inhabitants, among whom are 2,000 Chris tians. It is 40 ms. ESE. of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 E,, lat. 38 28 N. Philadelphia, co,. Pa., bounded by Delaware river SE,, Delaware co. SW., Montgomery co. NW., and Bucks co. NE. Length 18, raean width 7 ms., area about 120 sq. ras., exclusive of the space occupied by Philadelphia and ils suburbs. The distinction raade in the returns of the cen sus of 1820, between the city and co. of Philadel phia, gives a very inadequate representation of the respective population of each. To all coramercial and moral purposes, Philadelphia embraces the city, properly so called, Soulhwark, Spring Gar den, the incorporated Norlhern Liberties, and Kensington, With the aggregate pop. of these sections, tho city contained in 1820, 108,809 in habitants, and the co. proper, seEarate from the city, 28,288. With all this deduction, Philadelphia co. is one of the raost densely populated cos. in the U. S- Besides the city of Philadelphia and its suburbs, the CO. coniains the borough of Frankford and vil lages of West Philadelphia, Hamilton, Mantua, Germantown, Holmesburg, Bustletown, and some others of lesser note. Philadelphia, the second largest city in the U. S , in Philadelphia co.. Pa., belween the Dela ware and Schuylkill rivers, 5 ras. above their junc tion. The original city was a parallelogram, ex tending W. from the Delaware to a little W. of Schuj4kill about 12,000 feel, or a small fraction above 2 ms., and N. and S. 5,700 feet, or a lillle more than a mile. In the advance of commerce nnd other business, the buildings were naturally extended along the main stream, the Delaware, and now reach from the lower part of Southwaik fo Gunner's run, the upper part of Kensington, near 4 ms., and along Market street from one river to the other. The N. and S. streets amount to 23, those from E. to W. 14, in the city proper. Except Dock street, those of the cily cross at right angles. That regularity is not, however, extend ed to the Liberties. In the latter the streets inter "700 sect in most instances wilh more or less obliquity. Besides the raain or principal streets, the city and Liberties are diversified by a great number of mi nor streets, lanes, and alleys. The streets vary ranch in width. Broad street is 113, High or Market 100, Mulberry or Arch street 60 feet, and the others of various widths. The site of Philadelphia was originally but lillle (Kversified by elevations. The lower part was level, and l(ie upper waving; the whole composed of an alluvial deposite of sand and gravel, overlaid by a thin stratum of vegetable earlh. Common sewers have been formed under most of the niain streets, which carry the filth inlo the Delaware, and preserve the health and contribute lo Ihe con venience of the inhabitants. No city in the U. S. is so well supplied with excellent waler. The works erected on the Schuylkill to elevate the wa ter into a reservoir and the reservoir itself, are works which would do honor to any city. An enormous dam has been erected in the river, by which wheels are set in motion, which raise the water into a reservoir. This depository of fluid is placed on an eminence above every olher part of the site of the cily. Pipes are thence continued, which convey the water to every part of the cily proper. As a commercial port, Philadelphia, from the peculiar features of the Delaware river, is raore liable lo be impeded by ice than is either N. York or Baltimore; but independent of that circum stance, the forraer possesses, 'perhaps, as many nat ural advantages as cither of the others. As a manufacturing city, Philadelphia is first in the Union. It would be useless to specify the number or value of each article ; it may suffice to say lhat, in the city. Liberties, and environs, al most every object of necessity, and some of orna ment and luxury are produced. According to Coxe's View, tbe value of manufactured arlicles produced here in 1810 exceeded $16,000,000. Printing is very exlen.sively carried into operation, both in the production of books and public prints^ The inland Irade of Pennsylvania is very exten sive. This city competes with New York, New Orleans, and Baltimore, in the supply of the in habitants in the basin of .Mississippi. Under the arlicles Lehigh, Delaware, Schuylkill, and Sus quehannah, may be seen the various natural facili . lies of external and internal waler communicalion open to Philadelphia ; and under the same and olher arlicles are noticed the artificial operations, eilher performed, in progress, or designed, to aid the natural facilities, or remove the impediments lo intercommunication. The U. S. navy yard at Philadelphia composes a part of Soulhwark. Tbe depth of water ia suffi- , cient for launching vessels of the first class, but not of floating them with their guns, crews, and other necessary lading. Before being prepared for sea, ships of the line have to be removed lower down the Delaware. The environs of Philadelphia have been justly admired for soft, and yet varied scenery. The banks of the Schuylkill are much more picturesque than those of the Delaware, and the former also much raore extensively and tastefully improved. Pratt's gardens above, and Barton's below the cily, I are indeed elegant and rich additions to a picture PHI GEOGRAriHCAL DICTIONARY. PHI renderetl more seductive by contrast with tho twn fii^e villages of Hamilton and Mantua, and two beautiful and noble bridges which connect those villages lo tho city ; the whole, inlcrminglcd with iiumefous detached scats, and crowned by tbe ar tificial cascade, locks, water works, and reservoir ot Fair Mount. Taken together, if wc cngroup its advantages and disadvantages, if we consider tho order of its citizens, the cleanliness and regularity of ils streets, and its well cultivated and abundant neighborhood, it raay bo doubted whether more is concentrated in any olher place lo minister lo human comfort and prosperity. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 23,240 Free while females - 24,128 Tolal whites - 47,368 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed 6,352 Slaves - - 2 Tolal population in 1810 53,722 PopulalioA ill 1820. Free while males 25,785 Free white females - - 29,232 All olher persons, except Indians, not taxed - - 1,203 Total whiles - 56,220 Free persons uf color, males - 3,136 Freo persons of color, females 4,423 Slaves, females - 3 Total population in 1820 - 63,802 Of these, foreigners not naturalized - 777 Engaged in agriculture - 156 Engaged in manufactures 6,100 Engaged in comraerce - - 2,984 The preceding table includes only the pop. of Philadelphia from the S. side of Vine to the N. side of Cedar, or South street inclusive. See Phil adelphia CO, The incorporated suburbs of Phila delphia contained, in 1820, 45,007 inhabitants, thus classed : Foreigners not naturalized - - 672 Engaged in agriculture - 63 Engaged in manufactures 3,475 Engaged in commerce - - 481 Combining these separate elements, the pro ductive pop. of the city and suburbs will stand as follows : Engaged in agriculture - - 219 Engaged in manufactures - 9,575 Engaged in commerce - - 3,465 Ttfe government„of Philadelphia is vested in a mayor, aldermen, recorder, and select and com mon councils. 1790 1800 18101820 1830 1840 Progressive population. 43,1527 02,247 108,809 167,811 200,000 Tho latter two numbers include the atljaccnt villages which, to all commercial and social pur poses, are purls of tho city, ihough by tho census of 1840, the aggregaie of the city, properly so called, amounted lo only 93,365. Philadelphia, village, Jefferson co., N. Y. ; by post road 173 ms. NW. from Albany. Vill., on the northern border of Monroe co., Tenn., and on Sweet Water creek, about 35 ms. SW. frora Knoxville. Philanthropy, village, Buller co., O., 122 ms. SW. from Columbus. Philalhi, lown of European Turkey, in Alba nia, 10 or 12 ms. S. from Butrinto. From Bu trinto, along the coast of the channel of Corfu, it is about 10 ms. to Keraha, the principal port of the inhahitants of a district whose chief town is Philalhi, and which, as the word imports in mod ern Greek, abounds in Olives. The Philalheotes inhabit, for the distance of 16 or 17 ms. lo the eastward, both banks of a river that appears to cor respond with the Thyamis of Thucydides and Strabo, and lo amount lo between 6,000 and 8,000 inhabitants, raostly Christians. To the E. and SE. frora Phila'bi extends the mountainous dis lrict of Margirili. Philips, town in the exireme western part of Somerset co,. Me,, and on the head of Sandy river, 109 ms. a litlle W. of N. from Portland. Town, Putnam co., N. Y,, on Hudson riv er, nearly opposite West Point. Co. of Ark,, lying along the Mississippi and St, Francis riveri. Chieflown, St. Helena, on the Mississippi. Cen tral lat. 35 30 N,, lon, W. C. 14° W. Philipsburg, lown of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. It is sealed on the Rhine, 7 ms. S. of Spire, and 40 NE. of Strasburg. Lon. 8 33 E., lal. 49 12 N. Village, Orange co., N. Y. Village, Warren co., N. J,, on the Dela ware river, nearly opposile Easton, in Pa, Village on Mushannon creek, Cenire co,. Pa,, 20 ms, SE, from Cleaifield. Village, Jefferson CO., 0., 70 ras. below Steubenville, and on the Ohio river. Philips- Norton, town of Eng., in Somerset shire, 7 ms. S. of Bath. Lon. 2 16 W., lat. 52 16 N. Philipstadtr town of Sweden, in Wermeland, sealed in a hilly and rocky couniry, abounding in iron mines, between two lakes, and watered by a rivulet. It is 20 ms. NE. of Carlstadt. and 140 NW. of Stockholm. Lon. 14 10 E., lat. 59 30 N. Philip's Store, post office, Nash co., N, C. ; by postroad 60 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Philipalon, village, Worcesler co., Mass. ; by postroad 67 ms. from Boston. Philipstown, borough of Ireland, capital of King's CO,, 40 ms. W. of Dublin. Lon. 7 3 W,, lat. 53 18 N. Philipsville, village of the parish of New Feli ciana, La. Philipville, lown of France, in the dep, of the North, and lale province of Hainault, on an emi nence, 25 ms. SE. of Mons, and 125 N. by E. of Paris. Lon. 4 24 E., lat. 50 7 N. Philippi, ancient town of Macedonia. It was near this place, commonly called the plains of Philippi, where Cassius and Brutus, two of the assasinators of Csesar, were defeated by Augustus 723 PIA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PIC and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C. It is 67 ms. E. of Salonichi. Lon. 24 25 E., lat. 40° N. Philippina. — See Samar. Philippine, town of Flanders, on an arm of the Scheldt, 12 ms. SE. of Flushing. Lon. 3 51 E., lat. 51 10 N. Philippine Islands, islands in the Indian ocean, discovered by Magellan in 1521. They are said to be about 1,200 in number, of which 400 are considerable. The principal are Luconia, Minda nao, Samar, Matsbate, Mindoro Luban, Panay, Leyte, Bohol, Zohu, Negros St. John's Xolo, and -Abyo. The air is very hot and moist, and the soil ferlile in rice and many olher useful vegetables and fruits. Lon. 117 13 lo 120 50 E., lat. 6 30 lo 18 15 N. Philippines, New, otherwise called Palaos and Carolinas, islands in the N, Pacific ocean, to the E. of the raost soulhern of the Philippine islands. There are about 32 in all, between the equator and the Ladrones ; but they are very little known lo the Europeans. I'hilippoli, town of European Turkey, on the Marizza river, 82 ms. NW. frora Adrianople, Lat. 42 15 N., lon. 24 50 E. Phillips, CO., Ark., bounded by Monroe W., St. Francisco. N., and on E., SE,, and S. by the Mississippi river. As laid down on Tanner's improved map of tbe Uniled States, the outlines approach very nearly lo a right angled triangle ; base a N. and S, line, 54 ms. ; perpendicular E. and W., 32; the hypolhenuse being the general course of the Mississippi river ; area 864 sq. ms. Cent. lat. 34 30, lon. W. C. 13 45 W. With but liltle exception, it is flat and liable to annual. submersion. Chief lown, Helena. Pop. 1830, 1,152; and in 1840, 3,547. Philone, village, Franklin co., O,, 14 ms, from Columbus. Fhippsburg, village, Lincoln co.. Me., 42 ms. from Portland. Physics, from Greek root phussis, nature — the science of Natural Things, Pianeza, town and castle of Piedmont, seated on the Dora, 8 ms. from Turin. Pianoza, island of Italy, off the coast of Tusca ny, 6 ms. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the name imports. Lon. 10 34 E., lat. 42 46 N. PiAST, a term in Polish history, derived from the personal narae of a peasant of Cujavia, on whose head the crown was placed al the death of Popiel A. D. 830. Piast was the founder of a dyniisty which terminated, in the direct line, in John Cassimir, 1668, or endured 838 years. This dynasty, indeed, twice passed by females to for eign houses ; and in Hediviga, daughter of Louis, king of Hungary and Poland, and wife of Jagel- lon, or Wladislaus V, the blood of Piast ceased to exist, as Hediviga died childless; but it was in consequence of their intermarriage that Jagellon possessed and transinilted the crown lo his de scendants. Therefore, though his blood failed, the authority of Piast was perpetuated in the Ja gellon family. Again, in l587, the crown passed lo the Swedish faraily of Wasa, through Cathe rine daughter of Sigismund I, and sister of Sigis mund II, Augustus, who internlarried wilh John, king of Sweden. They were succeeded on-the 734 the throne of Poland by their son Sigismund III, and he again by two of his sons, Wladislaus VII and John Cassiniii. The latter abdicated in 16B8, and terminated the last shadow of tbe Piast his tory. Long, hdwever, before ihe extinctionjjf the Piast line of succession, the royal authority in Po land had become elective and worse than nominal. John Cassimir predicted the dissolution of his na tion, and named the partitioning Powers. Piava, river which rises in the mounlains of Tyrol, and falls into the Gulf of Venice, by two mouths, a little N. of Venice. Picardy, Tate' province of France, bounded on the N. by Hainaull, Artois, and the straits of Do ver, on the E. by Champagne, on tbe S. hy the isle of France, and on the W. by Normandy and the English channel. Il now forms the dep. of Somrae. Pichincha, volcanic mountain in S. .America, near Quito, only 11' S. of the equator, rising 15,939 feet above the ocean. Picighitone, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mi lan, with a castle, in which Francis I, of France, was imprisoned. It is seated on the Serio, 10 ms. NW. of Cremona.'and 36 SE. of Milan. Lon. 10 4E., lat. 45 16 N. Pickaway, co., 0., bounded by Ross S., Fay ette W., Madison NW., Delaware N., Fairfield E., and Hocking SE. Length 22, width 21 ms. ; area about 4i'0 sq. ms. A considerable portion of the land, especially on the eastern side of Scioto river, is of a very superior quality, and produces immense quantities of the different kinds of grain. It has the four varieties of woodland, barren, plain, and prairie. The plain land equals, and perhaps excels, any olher land in the wesiern country for tbe production of wheal, generally producing frora 40 to 45 bushels per acre of the first quality ; the prairies are best for corn and grass, and the barrens produce excellent pastures. These three kinds of lands probably compose one- fifth part of the land ofthe CO. ; the olher four-fifths being now, or not long since, heavily timbered." Scioto river runs from N. to S., through nearly the raiddle of tbe CO. Tbe olher principal streams are Lower Wal nut, Darby, and Deer creeks. Pop. in 1820, 13,149. Cent. lat. 39 48 N., lon. W. C. 6° W. Pickaway, tp. of the co. just described. Pop. in 1820, 1,908. Pickaway Plains, remarkable level and fertile body of land in Pickaway co., Ohio, 3 ms. below Circleville. These plains lie a little E. from Sci oto river, in somewhat a circular or ralher an ellip tical form, with the longest diameter from NE.'to SW., being about 7 ms. in that direction by 3^ from NW. to SE. These are natural plains, wilh out a tree or a shrub wilhin reach of the eye, ex cepting along the distant borders in the surround ing horizon. Pickens, co., AlabajQD, bounded W. by Tom bigbee rivei, S. by Greene co., E. by Tuscaloosa, NE. by Jefferson, and N. by Marion ; length 40, and mean width about 30 ms,, area 1,200 sq. ms. . N. lat. 33 20, and lon. W. C. 11' W., intersect near the centre of this city. Pop. in 1840, 17,118. Pickena, northwestern district of S. C, bound ed by Tennessee N., Georgia W., Anderson dis- tricl, S. Car., S., and Greenville E. ; length 43 ms. E. and W., and breadth 22 N. to S., area PIG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PIK 946 sq. ms. N. lat. 34 40, and lon. W. C. 6' W., intersect near the centre, slope southwardly, and drained by the sources ,i)f the Savannah river. Pop. in 1840, 14,356 C. H. and post office, Pickens co., Alabama. Pickensville, Pendleton district, S. C, near Sa luda river, 135 ms, above Columbia, and 15 NE. from Pendleton. Pickering, town of Eng., in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 26 ms. NE. of York. Lon. 38 W., lat. 54 15 N. Town of York go,, U. C, on Lake Onlario E. from York. Pickett's Valley, postViffice, Gieenville, S. C, by postroad 123 ms,, NW. from Columbia. Pico, the largest and most populous of the Azores or Western inlands, so called from a lofty mounlain on il, rising lo upwards of 7,000 feel It produces a great quanlity of wine. Lon. 28 21 W., lat. 38 29 N. Piciou, small island on the coast of Nova Sco lia. Lal, 45 46 N. Piedmont, literally "foot of the mountaina," a ralher vague and now obsolete name for what was formerly a part of Lombardy, but now be longs to the king of Sardinia, and lies at the foot of the Alps. It contains many high mountains, among which are rich and fruilful valleys, as pop ulous as any part of Ilaly. In the mountains are mines of several kinds. This country has a great trade in raw silk ; and it produces also corn, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. Turin is the capilal. Pienza, populous town of Tuscany, in the Si ennese, with a bishop's see. It is 25 ms. SE. of Sienno, and 50 S. of Florence. Lon. 1 1 42 E lat 43° N. Pierra la Moutier, St,, town of Fr, , in the dep, of JNivernois, and late province of Nivernois, It is seated in a bottom surrounded by mountains, and near a lake, which renders the air unwhole some, 15 ms, NW. of Moulins, and 150 S. of Paris. _Lon. 3 13 E,, lal. 46 48 N. Piercy, tp., Coos co,, N. H. Piermont, town, Grafton co., N. H. Pop. in 18.30, 1,017. Pierponi, town in the easiern border of Ashta bula CO , adjoining the Pa. Stale line. It is 10 ms. long and 5 broad. Pierrepoint, village near the centre of St. Law rence,, N. Y. , 35 .ms. SE. from Ogdensburg, and by post road 224 ras. NNW. from Albany. Pierre, St,, small desert island near Newfound land. Lon. 56° W,, lat. 46 39 N. The cap. ital of Martinico, on the W. side of the island, Lon. 61 21 W., lat. 14 1 N. Small island of Switzerland, in the lake of Neufchatel. Pietro, Si,, island in the Mediterranean, near Sardinia. Pigeon laland, small island 8 ms. from the coast of Malabar and 15 from the town of Onore. Lon. 74 5 E., lat. 14 1 N. Pignerol, town of Piedmont, at the entrance of the valley of Pesura. It is sealed on the Clu- son, 15 ms. SW. of Turin. Lon. 7 30 E., lat, 45° N. Pigney, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aube, and late province of Champagne, 12 mg. NE. of Troyes. Lon. 4 25, Iat. 48 20 N. Fig Point, .Anne Arundel co., Md., on Patux ent river, 23 ms, u litlle S. of E. from Washing. lon City. Pike, CO., Pa., bounded NE. by Sullivan cu., N. Y., SE. by Essex co., N. J,, SW. by North ampton, and NW. by Luzerne and Wayne; length 31, width 25 ms. ; area 772 sq, ms. ; sur face hilly, or rather mountainous, and soil tocky and barren generally. Chief lown, Milford. Pop. in 1820, 2,894 ; and in in 1840, 3,832. Cll. lat. 41 20 N., Ion. W. C. 1 50 E. Pike, CO. of Georgia, bounded N. by Fayette and Henry, by Bulls and Monroe E,, Upson S., and Flint river, separaling il from .Merriwelher, W. It lies in forra of a parallelogram, 22 ms, E. and W., 18 ras N, and S. ; area about 400 sq. ms. Cll. lat. 33 8, lon. 7 30 W. from W. C. Chieflown, Zebulon. Pop. in 1840, 9,176. Pike, CO. of Alabama, bounded by Covington and Dallas S., Butler W., Montgomery NW., Macon NE,, and Barbour E. and SE. ; length frora .\E. loSW. 50 ms,. mean breadth 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Central lat. 31 50, lon. 9' W. from W. C. Slope SW., and in lhat direction drained by the Palsaliga, Conecuh, and Pea branches of Escambia river. Pop. 1840,10,108. Pike, CO. of Mississippi, bounded by La. S,, Amite W,, Lawrence N., and Marion E. ; length 27, width 30 tns. ; area about 800 sq. ms. ; sur face generally uneven rather ihan hilly, and soil, except along the streams, sterile, and timbered wilh pine. Slaple, cotton. Chief town, Holmsville. Pop. in 1820, 4,438 ; and in 1840,6,151. Ctl. lat. 31 12 N., lon. 13 10 W. Pike, one ofthe exireme easiern cos. of Ky., hounded by Harland and Perry SW., by Perry W,, by Floyd N., and by Cumberland raountain or Rus sell and Tazewell cos., Va. SE. ; length 50, and mean width 15 ms., area 750 sq. ras. Kentucky river, and some of the soulhern branches of Big Sandy river, rise in this CO. Ctl. lat, 37 25 N., lon. W. C. 5 33 W. Pop. 1810. 3,567. Pike, CO., Ohio, bounded S. by Scioto, SW. by Adams, W. by Highland, N. by Ross, and E. by Hocking and Jackson ; lengih 32, breadlh 15 ms., area 400 sq. ms. Some fertile tracts exist, and rauch second rale soil, though the largest share of its surface is rough and hilly. Sciolo river passes through near the raiddle of the co. Chief lown, Pikelon. Pop. in 1820, 4,253; and in 1840, 7,626. Pike, CO. of Illinois, bounded by Callaway and Greene SE., E. and NE. by Morgan, N. by' Brown and Adams, and by the Mississippi river, separating it from Pike and Ralls cos., Missouri, W. and SW. Greatest length Irom E. to W. 50 ms,, greatest breadlh 30, mean breadth 20, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Pittsfield, the co. seat, is near the cenire. N. lal. 39 38, and Ion. 13 35 W. of W. C. Pop. in 1840, 10,646. The Illi nois river traverses fhis Co., and divides it into two unequal parts, the larger lying between thS Illinois and Mississippi rivers.— See Pittsfield of this CO. Pike, CO. of Indiana, bounded by Warwick S., Gibson W., White river or Knox and Daviess N., and Dubois E. ; length 24, breadth 17 ms., area 410 sq. ms. Patoka, branch of the Wabash, passes through the raiddle of this co. Pop. in 1820, 1,472; and in 1840, 4,769. 725 PIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY PIP Pike, CO. of Missouri, bounded by Lincoln and Monlgoraey 8., by Ralls W. and NW., and by Mississippi river E. This co. would average about 20 ms. sq., or 400 sq. ms. Chief lown, Louisi ana. Pop. in 1820, 3,747; and in 1840, 10,646; but including then a large space N. of Missouri river, 72010 included in other cos. Ctl. lat. 29 20 N., lon. W. C. 13 45 W. Pike, CO. of .Arkansas, bounded by Clark E,, Hempstead S., Sevier W , and Hot spring N. Length from E. lo W. 30 ms., breadlh 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Slope SE., and drained by the higher branches of Lillle Missouri. As placed on Bradford's map, Zebulon, the co. seat, stands on Litlle Missouri, about 45 ms. SW.' from Hot spring C. H. N. lat. 34 8, lon. W. C. 16 25 W. Pop. of the CO. in 1840, 969. Pike, town, Alleghany co., N. Y,, Pop: in 1820, 1,622. Village, Bradford co., Pa. Tp., Knox CO., Ohio. Tp., Perry co., Ohio. NW. tp. Madison co., O, Tp,, Wayne CO., Ohio. Tp. in the soutbern part of Stark CO., Ohio NW. tp. of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 536. C. H. and post office. Pike CO., Kentucky, Pikeiand, tp., Chester co.. Pa,, on the SW. side of Schuylkill, between Charleston and Vin cent tps., 20 ms. N. W. from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 1,221. Pike Run, ip,, Washington c. Pa., on Mo nongahela river, commencing nearly opposite Brownsville, and extending to the NW. Pikesville, village, Baltimore co., Md. Pikelon, seat of jusiice, Pike co., 0,, situated in Seal tp.,, and on the E. bank of Scioto river, 19 ms. below Chilicolhe, and 26 above Ports mouth. N. Iat. 59 7; and lnn. 5 59 W. from W. C. Pop. of Ihc tp. in 1840, 1,835. Pikeville, village and seat of justice, Bledsoe CO,, Tenn , on,the Sequachee river, 80 ms, a lillle S. of E. from Murfreesborough. Lat. 35 38 N., lon. W. C. 8 11 W, Village and seat of jus tice, Marion co,, Alabama, about 70 ras. NW. from Tuscaloosa Pilcamayo, river of South America, in the United Provinces of La Plata, risingin tbe Andes, near Potosi, and, flowing SE., joins the Paraguay below Assumption, after a comparative course of about 800 ms.— Sec Paraguay, Pilcsgrove, tp., Salem co., N. J. Pillau, strong seaport of Prussia, on the Baltic, 20 ms. W. by S. of Koningsberg, of which it is the port. Lon. 20 20 E., lat. 54 38 N. Piisen, strong town of Bohemia, capilal of a circle of the same name, near the confluence of the Misa and Wat'o, 47 ms. W. by S. of Prague. Lon, 13 55 E., lat. 49 46 N. Pilsna, P'llsno, or Piltzow, town of Litlle Po land, in the palatinate of Sandomir, seated on the Wilfaie, 50 ms. E. of Cracow. Lon. 21 10 E., lat. 50° N. Pillen, town of Courland, capital of a fertile territory of tbe same name, sealed on the river Windaw, belween Goldingen and Windaw. Lon. 32 lOE , lat 57 15N. Pinckney, town, Lewis co., N. Y. Village, Montgomery co., Mo., on the Missouri river, about 60 ms. from St. Louis. PinckneyviUe, lown and seat of justice. Union 726 district, S, C, on Broad river, 75 ms. above Co lurabia. Village, Wilkinson co., Miss., about 50 ms. S. from Natchez. Find Dadun Khan, cily of the Punjaub, stand ing on the right bank of the Jelum river, very nearly at middistance between Lahore and Attock, and about 120 ms. from each. It is subject to the Seiks. Pindus Mountains, now Metzovo, or Mezzovo, an embranchment of the Hsemus, separating Al- ' bania from Thessaly. Pine, tp., Alleghany co.. Pa , on Pine creek, 6 ms. N. from Pittsburg. Pop in 1820, 795 Tp., Lycoming co.. Pa., on the W. branch of Susquehannah, above the raouth of Pine creek. ri7ie Creek, river of Pa., rising in Poller and Tioga COS., interlocking sources with Alleghany, Gennessee, and Tioga rivers, flows S, , enters Clinton, and falls into the W. branch of Susque hannah river 13 ms hy land above Williamsport, after a comparative course of 60 ms. Pine Grove, soulhern tp. of Schuylkill co., Pa,, on the head of Swatara river. Pop, in 1820, 1,868. Village, Warren co, , Pa. Pine Grove Mills, post office, Centre co., Pa. Pine Hill, village, York dislrict, S. C, by post road 606 ms. NNW. from Columbia. Fine's Bridge, post office, Westchester co., N. York. Pines, Isle of, considerable island in tho S. Pa cific ocean, lying on the S. of New Caledonia, dis covered by Captain Cook in 1774. Lon. 167 28 E.,lat. 22 38S. Pinevilte, village in the northern partof Charles ton dislrici, S. C, 50 ras, N. from Charleston. Ping-leang-fou, one of the most considerable cities of the wesiern part ofthe province of Chen- si, in China. Lon. 106 25 E., Iat. 35 30 N. Pinnel, strong lown of Portugal, in Tralos- Montes, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated at the confluence of the Colia and Pin nel, 25 ms, N. of Guarda. Lon. 6 40 W., lat. 40 46 N. Pinnenburg, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy uf Holstein, capital of a county of the same narae. It is scaled on the Owe, 15 ms. NW. of Hamburg. Lon. 9 40 E,, lat. 53 46 N. Pinos, uninhabited island in the West Indies, on the S. side of Cuba, from which it is separated by a deep strail. It is 25 ms. long and 15 broad, and has excellent pastures. Lon. 82 33 W,, lal. 22 2N. Pinslw, lown of Lilhuania, capital of a territory, and sealed on a river of the same name. Loh, 2S 20 E., lal, 52 18 N. Piombino, seaport of Ilaly, in Tuscany, cap ital of the principality of the same name. It is seated on a bay, 40 miles S, of Leghorn, and 60 SW. of Florence. Lon. 10 23 E., lat. 42 57 N. Principality of Tuscany, lying on the Medi terranean. The island of Elba depends upon it, and has its own prince, under the protection of the King of the Two Sicilies. Piperno, lown of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, 50 railes SE. of Rome. Lon. 13 36 E,, lat. 41 39 N. Piping Tree, King William co., Va., 145 ms. from W. C, and 22 E. from Richmond. Pinleit. town of Hindoostan nrooer. in Bencal. PIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY PIT which formerly had English and Dutch factories, but is now only inhabiled by fishermen. It is seat ed on a river, 15 ins. W. of Balasore, Lon, 68 31 E,, lat. 21 20 N. Piqua, town, Miami co., Ohio, 70 ms. W. by N. from Urbana. It is the seat ofthe NW. land office of Ohio. Pique Monlallier, highest mounlain of the Py renees. It is in the form of a pike. Lon. 0 22 W., lat. 42 51 N. Pirano, seaport of Istria, on a peninsula formed by the bay of Largone, 10 ms. S. of Capo d'Istria. Lon. 14 1 E., lat. 45 40 N. Piritz, town of furiher Pomerania, sealed near the Lake Maldui, 12 ms. S. by W. of New Slar gard. Pirmasens, town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts. It is 13 ms. E. of Deux Ponts. Pima, lown of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. Il is a place of considerable trade, situaled on the Elbe, 12 ms. SE. of Dresden. Pisa, city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisario, and an archbishop's see, with a university. The river Arno runs through Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of which is constructed of marble ; and there is a canal hence to Leghorn. It is seat ed in a ferlile plain, al a small distance from the Mediterranean, 1 1 miles NNE. of Leghorn, and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Lon. 10 23 E., lat. 43 43 N. Pisano, territory of Tuscany, lying W. of the Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 ms. long and 25 broad ; abounds in corn, oil, wine, and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capilal. Pisca, town of Peru, wllh a good road for ships, 140 miles SSE. of Lima. Lon 76 15 W., lat. 13 36 S. Piscadores. — See Pong-hou, Piscataqua, river of Me. and N. II., rises in York CO. ofthe former, and Strafford and Hillsbo rough cos of the latter. It is composed of a num ber of miner streams, which unite in Great bay, and are from thence discharged inlo the Atlantic ocean, forming the fine basin of Portsmouth har bor. Thia river gains impoi lance, as forming a line of separation belween Me. and N. H., and from the noble haven al ils moulh, bul does not ex ceed 40 ras. in comparalive couise. Piscataquis, river of Maine, composed of two branches, the Piscataquis and Sebec, both risingin Somerset, and, flowing eastward inlo Penobscot CO., and uniting about 35 ms. NW. by N. from Bangor. Below their junction, the united sireams are again augmented hy Pleasant river, entering from the NW. Afler a comparalive course of about 60 miles, the Piscataquis falls inlo Penob scot river, 40 railes above Bangor. Mouth at lal. 45 6N. Piscalaquoy, village, Hillsborough co., N. H., 25 ras. SW. from Concord, Piscalaway, tp., Middlesex co., N. J., about 12 ms. NE. of Princeton. Pop. in 1810, 2,475; in 1820, 2,648. Town, Prince George's co,, Md., 9 ms, N. of Port Tobacco, 36 SW. of An napolis, and 18 S. of W. G. Pisello, the most norlhern cape of Natolia, which projects into the Black sea opposite the Crimea. Piahour. — See Peishore, \ Pistola, handsome and considerable lown of Ila ly, in Tuscany, It is seated on a ferlile plain, at the fool ofthe Appennines, and near the river Stel la, 20 ma, NW, of Florence, and 30 NE. of Pisa. Lon. 11 29 E., lut, 43 35 N. Fitcaitly Wells, some remarkable saline springs near Perth, in Scolland, deemed beneficial in scor butic cases. Pitch Landing, posl office, Hertford co , N. C, by post road 164 ms. NE. by E, Irom Raleigh. Pithea, seaport of Sweden, in W, Bothnia, seated on a small island, at the moulh of the Pithea, in the Gulf of Bothnia. Il is joined to the conti nent by a wooden bridge, and is 80 ras. SW. of Tornea. Lon. 22 40 E., lat. 65 11 N. pitman's, St,, post office, Charles co , Mo., 41 ras. from St. Charles. Pill, CO. ofN. C, on both sides of Tar river, bounded by Beaufort SE., Craven S , Greene SW., Edgecomb NW., and Martin NE. ; lengih 28 ms., mean width 23; area aboul 640 sq. ms. Surface level. Chief lown, Greenville. Pop. in 1820, 10,001 ; and in 1840, 12,109. Centrallat. 35 32 N., lon. W. C. 0 25 W. Pittenween, seaport in Fifeshire, at the entrance ofthe Frith of Fonh, 23 ms. NE. of Edinburgh. Lon, 2 49 W., lal. 56 12 N. Pittsborough, village and seat of jusiice, Chat ham CO., N, C. It is famous for pure air and wa ter, and stands on a rising ground, in a rich and well cultivated couniry, 26 ms, W, of Raleigh. It contains an academy, and about 300 inhabitants. Lat. 35 42 N., lon. W. C. 2 12 W. Pittsburg, city of Pa , and seat of justice for Alleghany co,, on the point above the confluence of Monongahela and Alleghany rivera, 230 ms. from Baltimore, 282 from Philadelphia, and 1,935 ms, by water above New Orleans. Lat. 40 27 N., lon. W. C. 3 2 W. Pittsburg occupies an alluvial plain and part ol the adjacent hill, and lies in the form of a triangle. It is admirably situaled for trade and manufactures. The two fine streams, which unite before its sa lient point, open to its citizens an immense surface, comprising part of west N, Y. and Va., and all west Pa., whilst the Ohio connects il wilh the wide basin below. The adjacent hills abound with mineral coal, lying upwards of 300 feet above the streets of the city. It has already become the the atre of great manufacturing establishments. In Pittsburg and the adjacent villages of Alleghany and Biimingham, there are in operation numerous steam mills, glass houses, air furnaces, breweries, a number of distilleries, with an indefinite number of blacksmith's shops, slitting mills, woolen and colton cloth factories, rolling and slitting mills, full ing mills, potteries, blast furnaces, flour mills, boat yards, &c. Glass of every description is made iu this place, from window glass and porter bottles to the finest cut crystal glass. Steamboat building is carried on here very extensively and skilfully. In a commercial point of view, this city is com posed of Pittsburg, properly so called, the Norlh ern Liberties, extending from the cily up the Alle ghany, the village of Alleghany, on the opposite side of Alleghany rjver, a street extending up Mo nongahela from the city, and another directly op posile on the W. side of that stream, and lastly Birmingham, also, on the W. side ol the Monou- 727. PIT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PLA gabela, about half a mile above the cily. The va" rious manufactories and workshops are scattered promiscuously through these several places. The progressive population has been during thia current century ratber rapid than otherwise, though unequal in the decenhial periods. 1800 - 1,000 1822 - 10,000 city and environs 1826 10,515 cily 1830 - - 12,568 do. 1840 - - 33,625 This latler number is the aggregaie of Pittsburg cily, Alleghany city, and the boroughs of Law renceville and Birmingham. Three fine bridges connect Pittsburg wilh the adjacent country, one over each river. Except in very clear and moderately windy weather, the view of Pittsburg is far from pleasing, as tbe atmosphere is generally surcharged with a heavy load of smoke ; hut when the air is rendered clear by wind, few places can present a series of views raore interest ing. The two rivers, tbeir bridges, numerous manufactories, the varied hills, and other objects, are engrouped with great variety of effect. Here also terminates, on Ihe western side, the canal part ofthe Pennsylvania Une of internal improvement, by an aqueduct over the Alleghany river, leading inlo a large reservoir situaled in the northern part of the city. Pittsburg is and must remain an im mense entrepot between the Atlantic border and wide spread interior. Pittsfield, village, Somerset co , Me., 98 ms. northward from Portland. Town, Berkshire CO., Mass., 40 ms. W. from Northampton. This place contains a bank, a printing office, three houses of public worship, an academy, and a num ber of manufactories. Pop. in 1810,2,665; in 1820, 2,768; and in 1840, 3,747. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 15 ms. NW. from Con cord. Town, Rutland co., Vt. Town, Ol sego CO,, N. Y., 15 ms, SW. from Cooperstown. Seat of justice, Pike co,, Mo., stands near the centre of the co., aboul 80 ms. in a line NNW. of ^t. Louis, and 60 ms. in nearly the same direction from Alton. Pittsford, town, Rutland co., Vt., on Otter river, 35 ms. W. from Windsor. Town, Mon roe CO., New York, 20 ms. NW. from Canan daigua. Pittsgrove, town, Salem co., N. J., 30 ms. S, from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 2,040. Pittston, town, Kennebec co.. Me., on the E. side of Kennebec river, 18 ms. N. of Wiscasset, and opposite to Gardiner. Town, Hunterdon CO., N. J., 9 ms. NW. of Flemington, and 36 from Trenton, in the same direction. Town, Luzerne co., Pa., lying at the junciion of Lacka wannock with the E, branch of Susquehannah river, 9 ms. NE. of Wilkesbarre, and 8 NE. from Northumberland. Pittstown, town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 1 8 ras, NE. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 3,772. Pittsylvania, eo,, Va , bounded by N. C. S,, Henry and Franklin cos., in Va., W., Roanoke river, or Bedford and Campbell N., and Halifax E. Length 36, mean width 28 ms. ; area 1,000 sq. ms. Beside Roanoke, this area is watered by Bannister and Dan rivers. Surface raoderately hilly ; soil generally productive near ihe waler courses. Chief 728 town, Danville. Pop. in 1820, 21,313. For cenlrai lat., see next article. Pittsylvania, C. H. and post office, Pittsylvania CO., Va., on Bannister river, by post road 176 ms. SW. from Richmond. Lat. 36 46 N., lon. W. C. 2 16 W. Piura, city and province of Peru, The city stands 25 ms. ESE. from Payala. Lon. W. C. 3 36 W., lal. 5 11 S. Pop. 7,000. Placencid, town of Spain, in Estramadura, on a small river of the same name, flowing inlo the Alagon. N. lat. 40 6, W. lon. 6 50. Placentia, ancient city of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, situaled on the righl bank ofthe Po, about midway between the cities of Parma and Milan. N. lal. 44 55, E. lon. 10 12, Spacious bayon the E, coast of Newfoundland. Lon. W. C. from 22 to 23 E., central lat, 47 25 N. Plain, river, III.-! Tp., Stark co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 899. Tp., Wayne co., O., W. from Woosler. Pop. in 1820, 506. Tp., Franklin CO., 0. Village, Wayne co., 0. Plainfield, village, Washington co., Vt., 10 ms. SE. by E. from Monlpelier. Town, Che shire CO., N. H., 42 ms. NW. from Concord. An academy for the education of indigent young, raen, designed for the clerical profession, was established bere in 1813. Pop. in 1820, 1,460. Town, Hampshire co., Mass., 21 nis. W. frora North hampton. Town, Windham co., Ct,, 15 ms. NE, from Norwich, and 29 of New London, It is the seal of an academy. Pop. in 1810, 1,619; in 1820, 2,097, Town, Olsego co., N. Y,, 89 ms. W. of Albany. Pop. in 1810, 2,113; in 1820, 1,611. Town, Essex co., N. J., 13 ms. SW. from Newark. Tp. , Northampton co., Pa , belween More and Lower Bethel tps., on the W. sideof Delaware, Pop. in 1810, 1,439; in 1820, 1,127. Village, Coshocton co., O., 76 ms, NE. frora Columbus. Fainville, town, Onondaga co. , N. Y. Plaistow, village, Rockingham co., N. Hamp. shire. Planes, river, or Des Plaines, one of the con stituents of Illinois river, rises in Wisconsin, Ra cine CO., and flowing thence, southwardly, almost exactly parallel to Lake Michigan, about 65 ms., to 9 or 10 ms. S W. from Chicago, where it inflects to SW 50 ras. lo its junction with Kankakee to form the Illinois river. Planet, from Greek root plane, wandering. At an age beyond our records, it was no doubt ob served that some stais changed their relative places, whilst the greatest number remained fixed, or, in other words, maintained the same relative position amongst themselves. Thus tbe term " wanderer" was given to the planets before it was known why they shifted their places relatively. Plaquemine, outlet of the Mississippi, 117 ms. above New Orleans, 36 above the efflux of La fourche, and 96 below that of Atchafalaya. This is the principal channel of water communicalion be lween Attacapas and Opelousas, and the banks of the Mississippi. It is, however, only at seasons of high flood that water is discharged into the Pla quemine. It joins Atchafalaya afler a winding course of 15 ras. Plaquemine Brule, small river of Louisiana, in Opelousas. It is the eastern branch of Mermentau PLA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PLE river, nnd the drain of the cenlrai prairies of Ope lousas. Plaquemine Bend, remarkable bend of the Mis sissippi river, 70 me, below New Orleans, Fort St. Philip stands on this bend, on the left bank of the river. Plaquemine, SE. parish of Louisiana, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico NE. and S., and by the parish of Orleans W. and NW. Length from the English Turn to the mouth of the Mississippi 75, mean width 13 ms. ; area about 2,355 sq. ms. Except along the margin of the Mississippi river, above the Plaquemine bend, aling Baynu Terre au Bceuf, and a few olher confined slips, the surface ofthis parish is an immense grassy moraes, naked of timber, and utterly unfit for cultivation. The soil, where arable, is exuberantly fertile. Staples, sugar, cotton, and rice. The orange tree flourishes better here than in any other pait of Louisiana, Below the Plaquemine bend, the arable margin of the Mississippi terminates. The Mississippi raean- ders through il from NW lo SE. Pop. in 1820, 2,.354! and in 1840, 5,060. Central lat. 29 30 N., lon. W. C. 12 30 W. Plaquemines, or Fori St, Philip, fort and post office, on the left bank ofthe Mississippi river, 70 ms, below New Orleans. Lat. 29 22 N.,lon. W. C. 12 33 W. Plassey, Plains of, in Bengal, about 30 ms, from Moorshedabad, ilnd 70 from Calcutta. This spot is memorable for the great victory gained by Colonel Clive, in 1757, over the nabob Surajah Dowlah; by which was laid the foundation of the present extensive British empire in Hindoostan. Plata, island of Peru, on the coast of Quito, surrounded by inaccessible rocks, and about 5 ms, long, and 4 broad Rich and populous town of Peru, capital ofthe audience of Los Charcos, with an archbishop's see. It is seated on the Chimao, 500 ms. SE. of Cusco. Lon. 63 40 W., lat. 19 16 South. Plata, or Rio de la Plata, large river of S. America, formed by the union of the three great rivers, Paraguay, Uraguay, and Parana. It crosses Paraguay, and enters the Atlantic ocean in lat. 35° S. It ig 150 ms. broad at its moulh. At Monte Video, a fort, above 100 ma. up the river, the land is not to be discerned on eilher shore, when a ves sel is in the middle of the channel ; and at Buenos Ayres, 200 ms. higher, the opposite shore is not to bo discerned from lhat town. The Rio de la Plata is a river of the first rank,'and peculiar in the struc ture of its basin. The Parana rises within less than 100 ms. fiom the Atlantic ocean, and tbe Pilcomayo still nearer the Pacific. Those sources on S. lat. 20° are distant fr.im each olher 1,700 ms , and flowing towards each olher, and directly from the respective oceans, into the interior of the continent, where they ultimately unite wiih many other sireams, lo form that imraense assemblage of walers named Rio de la Plata. The space drained by the numerous confluents of the La Plata ex ceeds 1,300,000 sq. ma., and very nearly equals the basin ofthe Mississippi. The bay below Bue nos Ayres is rather a wide estuary than a river See Parana Paraguay, Plateau, table hmd. This term, ihough not expresses in one word what demands, wilhout ils aid, circumlocution. A plaleau, or table land, in physical gengraphy, means exiensive elevated re gions, such us Cenlrai Asia, but applies to other tracts of similar nature, though much less in exient, such ns Bohemia, cenlrai Spiiin, and many inter vening valleys belween mounlain chains in America and other parls of the earlh. Platiha, Spanish root, plata, silver. A metal while liko silver, whence the name. The heaviest of all known substances; in hardness scarce yield ing to iron ; tenacity between copper and silver, and Ihe most difficult nf fusion of all metals. Al loyed wilh copper, il lakes an admirable polish, and not being subject to rust, renders it invaluable aa reflectors in telescopes. Platte, La, river, U. S., rises in the Rocky mountains, about 29° W. from Washington, be tween Iat. 39° and 42° N. Its general course is nearly due E., and comparative lengih 600 ms. It falls into the Missouri al lon. W. C. 18 50, lat. 41° N., and about 600 ms. by waler above the junciion of Missouri and Mississippi. Plattekill, tp., Ulster co., N. Y., on Hudson river, 22 ms, below Kingston. Flaltsburn, lown and capital of Clinton co., N, Y., on the W. side of Lake Champlain, 63 ms. S. from Montreal, and 112 N. from Whitel^all. It is a flourishing village, containing the ordinary co. buildings, several manufactories, and mercantile stores. This lown has been consecrated in the his tory of tbe U. S., by tho splendid and decisive naval victory gained before it, September lllh, 1814, by the American fleet commanded by Com modore Macdonough, over a Brilish squadron com manded by Commodore Downie. Population in 1840, 6,416. Plawen, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, sealed on a small river which falls into the Elbe, near a take of the same name, 17 ms. S. of Gus trow. Lon. 12 13 E., lat. 53 40 N. Hand. some town of Germany, in ihe circle of Upper Saxony, in Voiglland, sealed on the Elster, 67 ms. SW. of Dresden. Lon. 12 17 E., lat. 50 32 N. Pleasant, tp., in the SW. corner of Franklin CO., Ohio. Tp., in the SE. cornet of Madison CO., Ohio. Pleasant, tp., in the northeastern part of Clark CO., 0. Tp., Brown co., O., in which is situa ted ihe lown of Ripley. Pleasant Exchange, post office, Henderson co. , Tenn. Pleasant Garden, post office, Maury co., Tenn., 55 ms. southwesterly from Murfreesborough. Pleasant Gardens, post office, Burks co., N. C , by posiroad 190 ms. W. from Raleigh. Pleasant Grove, village, Lunenburg co., Va., 50 ms. SW. by W. from Petersburg. Village, Orange co,, N. C, about 40 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Post office, Greenville district, S. C, 118ms., NW. from Columbus. Postoffice, Henry co,, Ga. Pleasant Hill, post office, Wythe co., Va., 285 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Pleasant Level, post office, Warren co., Ky., by postroad 167 ms. S. frora Columbus. 'Vil- properly introduced inta tbe English language, lage, Monroe, co. Ala, might be so with propriety and convenience, as ill Pleasant Plains, village, Franklin co., Tenn, 92* 729 PLY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, POI Pleasant Ridge, post office, Greene co., Ala. Pleasant Valley, village, Dutchess co,, N. Y., 7 nis, SE. from Poughkeepsie. It is the seat of an exiensive cotton, and some olher manufactures. Village, Pulnara, co., N. Y., on the Hudson river, nearly opposile West Point. Post office, Sussex CO , N. J,, 60 ras. N. frora Trenton, Post office, Fairfax Co., Va., 28 ms. frora W. C. Pleasaniville, Shelby co.,Ala,, 116 ms. north easterly frora Cahaba. Pleiburg, town of Germany, in Carinthia, seated on the river Feistez, at the foot of a moun tain, 25 ms. E. by S. of Clagenfurt. Plesis, village, Jefferson co., N. Y., 184 ms,, NW. from Albany. Plenipotentiabx, from plenus, full, and potential power. This tille is given most frequen tly to ambassadors extraordinary sent wilh full powers to negociate for some specific object. Plough and Harrow, post office, Augusta co., Va., 137 ms. NW. from Richmond. Pluckamin, village, Somerset co,, N. J., 7 ms. N. from Somerville, and 44 a little E. of N. from Trenton. Plum Island, on the coasl of Mass., between Ipswich and Newburyport, 9 ms. long, and one broad. Plumb, E. tp., Alleghany co,, Penn., on the left side of the Alleghany river, 8 ms. above Pittsburg. Plumpstead, Ip., Bucks co., Penn., on the Delaware, 30 ms. nearly due N. from Philadel phia. Pop. in 1820, 1,790. Plymouth, seaport of Eng., in Devonshire, be tween tbe mouths of the Plym and Tamar; and next to Portsmouth, is the most considerable har bor in Eng., for men-of-war. There are, properly speaking, three harbors, called Catwater, Sutton Pool, and Harmouze. The first is the mouth of the Plym, and affords a safe and commodious har bor the merchant ships, but is seldom entered by ships of war. The second is frequented by mer chant ships only, is almost surrounded by the houses of tbe town, and has lately been further secured by an extensive pier. The third is near the mouth of the Tamar, and is the harbor for the reception of the British navy, being fitted with moorings for aboul 100 sail, and having good anchorage for a much greater number. Adjoining to it, are docks, arsenals, and other conveniences for the building and fitting out of ships of war. It carries on a considerable foreign and domestic trade ; and is 43 ms. SW. of Exeter, and 216 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 4 10 W., lal. 50 22 N. Town, Grafton co., N. H., 33 ras. SE. from Haverhill, and 79 NW. from Portsraouth. Pop. in 1820, 983. Plymouth, co., Mass, ; bounded by Cape Cod and Boston Bays NE., Barnstable Co., and Buz zard's bay SE , Bristol CO., in .Mass., SW., and Norfolk NW. Length 30 ms., raean width 20 ; area 600 sq. ms. Taunton river rises in this co., and flows sW. towards Narraganselt bay. It is original seat ofthe colonization of New England. Chieflown, Plymouth. Pop. in 1820,38,136; and in 1840, 47,373. Central lat. 42° N,, lon. W. C, 6 13 W. Plymouth, capital of Plymouth co. Mass., 42 ms. 8. by E. of Boston, and 23 NW, of Barns- 730 in lat. 41 58 N., and lon. 70 30 W. a town and port of entry, and was the stable. This first town planted by English emigrants in New England ; and as such is respected by the present nhabitants, the rock on which their fathers' landed, having been removed to the cenire of the town. Pop. in 1820, 4,348; and in 1840, 5,281, Village, Windsor CO., Vt., 15 ms. SE. byE. from Rutland. Town, Lilchfield Co., Conn. Pop. in 1820, 1,758. Town, Chenango co.,N. Y., 8 ms. NW. from Norwich. Town, Luzerne tp., Penn., on the right bank of the Susquehannah, opposite Wilkesbarre. Town, Montgomery co.. Pa., on the left bank of the Schuylkill, immedia tely beiow Norristown. Town, W^ashinglon CO , N. C. , situated on the S. side of Roanoke river, near Albemarle sound, 18 ms. S. ol Edenton. Town, the norlhern limils of Richmond co., 0. Plymouth Meeting House, Montgomery co., Pa,, 30 ras. NW. from Philadelphia. Plymton, borough of Eng., in Devonshire, 7 ras. E. of Plymouth, and 218 W. by S. of Lon don, Lon. 4° W., lat., 50 22 N. Town, Plymouth co , Mass. Pop. in 1820, 930. Plynlimmon Hills, vast and lofty mounlains of Wales, partly in Montgomeryshire, and partly in Cardiganshire. Tho Severn, the Wye, and other rivers, have their source in this mountain. Po, celebraled river of Italy, which has its source at Mount Vise, in •Piedmont. It runs through Montferrat, the Milanese, and the Man tuan ; thence on the borders of the Parmesan, and a part of the Modenese ; and having entered the Ferrarese, it divides at Ficherulolo, and flows inlo the Gulf of Venice, by four principal mouths. In its course it receives several rivers, and often overflows ils banks, as raost of those rivers de scend from the Alps, and are increased by the melting of the snow. The entire length of the Po, by comparalive courses, is about 260 ras. The basin of the Po occupies nearly the whole of norlhern Ilaly. River of China, in the pro vince of Kiangsi, which empties itself into the Lake Poyangbou, a sraall distance from Joa- tcheon-fou, Pocklington, town of Eng., in the E. riding of Yorkshiie, on a stream which falls into the Der went, 14 ms. E. of York, and 196 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0 40 W., 53 58 N. Pocomoke, river of Md. Il rises in Worcester CO., and runs through the co., in a SW. direction into Pocomoke bay, Pocotaligo, village, Beaufort district, S, C, by postroad 187 ms. nearly S. from Columbia, and 70 W. from Charleston. PoDESsTAT, magistrates created in A. D., 1158, by the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa, as judges of such of the Italian cilies as were subject tn tbe Ger raan empire. They were officers clothed with great civil and raililary (often very oppressive) power. Podolia, province of Russia, in the SE. part of Poland. The Dniester separates it from Moldavia on the SW., and the Bog crosses.it from W. to E. It is divided into Upper and Lower. Kam inieck is the capilal of the forraer, and Brecklaw of the latter. Poiclou, late province of France, bounded on the N, by Bretagne, Anjou, and Touraine E., by Touraine, Berry, and Marche S., by Angoumois, POL GEOGRAl'lIICAL DICTIONARY. POL Saintonge, and Aunis, and W. by the bay of Bis cay. It is fertile in corn nnd wine. It now forms tbe three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and Two Sevres. fPoindexter's Store, postoffice, Louisa co. , Va., 65 ms. NW. from Riohmond. Point, tp., Northumberland co.. Pa., includ ing the village of Northumberland, on the point between the two great branches of the Susque hannah river above their junction. Pop. in 1820, 1,373. Point Chicot, village of Arkansaw, on the bank of the Mississippi, al the mouth of the Arkansaw river. Point Coupee, parish of Lou.; bounded by the in our books as one of tho great subdivisions of Europe. That part of Poland subject to Russia, it is true, is still known by lhat name, bul ia as ef fectually a province as is any other fragment of that empire. Poland, as it stood before its dismcmbeimcnl, was an exiensive, fertile, but generally badly cul tivated country. The lowns of Poland are for the most part buill of wood, and the villages consist of raean collages, or huts. The country is so fertile in corn in many places that it supplies Sweden and Holland wilh large quantilies, and it has extensive pastures. Peal, ochre, chalk, belemniles, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, onyxes, jasper, rock crys tal, amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphires, and Mississippi river NE,, the parish of West Baton even rubies and diamonds, are found in Poland ; Rouge b,, and Atchafalaya river W. Length 34, also, talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lead, mean width 18 ms. ; area aboul 600 sq, ms. It: and quicksilver. Here is much leather, fur, hemp, presents one undeviating plain, washed on one flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, honey, and wax; side by the .Mississippi river, and on another by 1 and there are mines of salt of a great depth, out of the .Atchafalaya ; the intermediate space cut hy numerous interlocking bayous, is generally liable to annual submersion. The banks ofthe Atchafa laya are equally subject to inundation with the which is dug rockpalt. Horses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beautiful ; and horned cattle are bred in such numbers lhat above 80,000 are driven every year out of the country. The principal riv- other parts of the country. The only arable sur- ers are the Dneiper, Vistula, Bug, Niemen, Dnies face being the banks of tbe Mississippi and Fausse Riviere. — See Fausse Riviere, Pop. in 1820, 4,912; and in 1840, 7,898. Central lat., 30 45 N., Ion. W. C, 14 42 W. Point Harmar, village is that part of Marietta, on tbe S. bank of ihe Muskingum river, Wash ington CO., 0. It is pleasantly situated on bolh the Ohio and Muskingum rivers. It is a corpora tion, and in 1840, had a pop. of 692. Point Pabaddie, village, on Missouri river, Franklin co., Mo., 30 ms. above St. Charles. Pointopolis, village, Clermont co., Ohio, by postroad 1 90 ras. SW. from Columbus. Poinl Pleasant, village, Windham co., Vt. Village and seal of jusiice, Mason co. Va., on the point above the confluence of the Ohio and Great Kenhawa rivers. N, lat. 38 58, Ion. W. C.,5° W. ; by postroad 352 ms,, W. from W. C. Town, Clermont, co,, 0,, on the N. bank of the Ohio river, immediately below the moulh of In dian river. It coniains about 25 houses, imme diately below the mouth of Indian creek, 21 ms. southwestwardly from Williamsburg, and 21 or 22 above Cincinnaii Village, Martin co,, la., 120 ms. SSW. from Indianapolis. • ' Point Remove, village, Pulaski co., Arkansaw, 60 ras. frora Little Rock. Poissy, ancient town of France, in the Isle of France, seated near the forest of St. Germaine, 15 ms,, NW. of Paris. Lon. 2 12 E., lat. 48 56 N. Poitiers, town of France, capital of the dep. of Vienne, and late province of Poitou. Its popula tion is not in proportion to its extent ; for it in cludes a number of gardens and fields within its circuit ; and the inhabitants are estimated at more than 16,000. -This town is seated on a bill, on the river Clain, 62 miles SW. of Tours, and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Lon. 25' E,, lat. 46 35 N. Poke run, post office, Westmoreland co., Pa. Poland, formerly an independent Slale of Eu rope, but now absorbed hy Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Notwithstanding the enlire annihilation of this kingdom, the name of Poland is retained ler, and Bog. Poland, recent kingdum of Europe. The cen tial provinces of Poland were recently formed inlo a kingdom, of which the emperor of Russia was king. Some considerable share of the ancient Hb- erties of Poland were preserved. Though subject to the same monarch with Russia, Poland enjoys, if no raore, at least nominally, a much more bberal form of government than the other parts of Russia. Very liberal principles of religious toleration pre vail. This State is subdivided into the palatinates of Cracow, Sendomir, Kalish, Lublin, Plock, Mas sovia. Podlachia, and Augustow. Area 47,060 sq. miles. Pop. 2,800,000. — See Gallacia, Prus sia, S(c. Table of the superficial extent of Poland in 1772, previous lo the first partition by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Sq. miles. Between N. lal. 47° and 48° - 1,080 48 and 49 - 19,284 49 and 50 34,617 50 and 51 36,259 51 and 52 - - 42,224 52 and 53 - - 44,280 53 and 54 - 42,249 54 and 55 22,512 55 and 56 - 24,723 56 and 57 16,050 282,278 Poland, or Minot, lown, Cumberland co.. Me., on the W. side^ of the Androscoggin river, 26 ms. N. of Portland. Poland, SE. town, Trumbull co,, Ohio, on Ma honing river, and upOn the road from Pittsburg to Warren. Distance from the latler place 18 miles, 65 frora the former, and 175 NE. from Colurabus. Pop. in 1820, 990. Polar Regions, From the discoveries made by Captain Parry in 1819, it is now determined that the Polar sea to the N. frora America, is filled wilh islands and inlets. That really great naviga- 731 POL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POL tor wintered in 1819 and 1820, al Ion. 114° W. from London, 37° W. from W. C, and al lat. 74° N. Since his return lo Europe in 1820, Cap- fain Parry has made another voyage to the Polar seas, and agqin wintered in those regions, but was unable to penetrate as far west as he did in the previous voyage. It is now generally admitted, that if a passage between tbe Atlantic and Pacific oceans exists, it can only be explored, if at all practicable, by proceeding from W. to E, — See Earth. PoiEMAKCB, pronounced polemark, from the Greek, and means literally commander in chief of the army. They were the third in rank of the nine Archons. As generalissimo of the array, Cal limachus, then polemarch, generously and wisely surrendered bis command, and induced the other generals to follow his example, lo Milliades on the invasion of Aitica by the Persians under Datis and Artaphernee, and the ever glorious victory at Mar athon was one of the consequences^ and another was the equally glorious death of Callimachus on that memorable day and field. In aftertimes the office of polemarch became purely civil. Pole, Greek, root poles, to turn, or turn round. The star we now call the North Pole star, is Al- Tuccaba in the tail of the Lesser Bear. In common opinion, this star is really in that point of the hea- vensaround which the olher norlhern stars appear to revolve ; such is not, however, the fact. Alruccaba is, upwards of a degree from the real vanishing point of the earth's axis. Poleron. — See Poolorobn. Polesia, name given to the palatinate of Brzes cia, in Lilhuania, Polesino di-Rovigo, province of Ilaly, hounded on the N. by the Paduan, on the S. by tbe Fer rarese, on the E. by the Dogado, and on the W. by the Verone. It is 42 miles long and 17 broad, and is ferlilo in corn and pastures. Rovigo ie the capilal. Pol, St,, town of France, in the department of the straits of Calais, and lale province of Artois, noted for ils fine mineral waters. Itis 16 miles NW. of Arras. Policandro, an island in the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, 20 ms. in circumference. Here are a few villages, a castle, and a harbor ; but it cun- eists in general of nothing but barren rocks and mountains. It lies between Milo and Paros. Lon. 25 31 E., lat. 36 32 N. Polieastro, town of Naples, in Principato Cite riore, on a gulf of the same name, 68 ras, SE. of Naples. Lon. 15 40 E., lat. 40 15 N. Polignano, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a craggy rock, near the sea, 16 miles E. of Bari. Lon. 17 24 E., lat. 41 25 N. Polina, town of Albania, 12 ms. S. of Durazzo, Lon. 19 20 E., Iat. 42 42 N. Poligni, town of France, in tbe dep. of Jura, and late province of Franche Comple, sealed on a rivulet, 52 ms. SW. of Besaneon. Lon -5 55 E., 46 60 N. Polis, original meaning probably concentration, enters as a suffix to an imraense number of exist ing names of cilies, lowns, villages, &c., and from which cornea melropolis, principal cily. The Turks, who cannot pronounce/;o/(S, change it to boli. Polito, or Polizzi, town of Sicily, in the Val- 732 di-Demona, at the foot of the mountain Madonia, 30 ms. gE. of Palermo. Lon. 13 63 E., lat. 38 4N. Pollockahaws, considerable manufacturing town of Scolland, in Renfrewshire, sealed on the river White Cart. Polotsk, governraent of the Russian empire, formed uf part of a palatinate of Lilhuania, dis membered from Poland by the treaty of partition in 1772. Its products are chiefly grain, hemp, flax, and pasiure ; and the forests furnish great abun dance of masts, planks, oak for ship-building, pilch, tar, &c,, which are chiefly sent down the Dwina to Riga. Strong town of Russia, capi- tal of a government of the same name, sealed on the Dwina, at the mouth ofthe small river Polots, 50 ms. SW. of Vitepsh. Lon. 27 60 E., lat. 65 43 N. Paisley's Mills, post office, Monongahela coun ty, Virginia. Pollen, St., town of Lower Austria, seated on the Drasara, which falls inlo tbe Danube near Holmesburgb, 8 ms. frora Vienna. Polynesia, distinctive name given to tbe nu merous islands of the Pacific ocean, E. from Aus tral Asia. The term Polynesia, or "Many Is lands," was adopted by the Portuguese authors in the earliest period of European discovery in the western Pacific, and then applied to the Moluccas, Philippines, and indefinitely E. and NE. from Java. The president di Brosses afterwards extend ed the name, and applied it to designate all the in numerable islands from ihe Marians to Owhyee and Easter island. By Malte Brun, the classifica tion of de Brosses is adopted, and in the elaborate work of the former, Polynesia forms the easiern grand section of Oceanica, Thus delineated, Po lynesia comprises Pelew islands, Marian islands, Mulgrave' group, Feejee ialands, Friendly islands, Navigator's islands. Society islands, (better known by its principal island Otaheite,) Easter islands, Marquesas Archipelago, and many others detach ed and of various superfices. Polynesia extends from W. to E, through 90° of lon. on both sides of the equator, encircling one-fourth part of the earth, and embracing an ex tent of 6,200 ms. Norlh and south, these numer ous groups spread beyond each tropic, and conse quently ihrough near 50° of lat., or over 3,450 ms. Thiii space exceeds that of Asia, bui the isles of Polynesia are mere dots on an immense surface. Over upwards of 20,000,000 sq. miles it is doubt ful whether much more than tbe one ihousandth part is land. Those spots, are, however, the abodes of elernol spring, summer and autumn uni ted. Every thing but man, smiles.' 'I'he natural picture is never-fading bloom ; the moral is dark ness rendered visible. In the advancing popula lion of the two Americas, we have a vista opened to view, though dimly, the future destination of Polynesia. Il is nol prophecy, bul induction from passt events, to eay that the Pacific isles must become resting places and marts of intercommuni cation between America, and Asia, and western Oceanica. When first discovered, though so widely distant frum each other, the islands from Asia to America were found inhabiled by a race of men who spoke the same general language, broken into various di- PON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PON elects. This language was also found evidently to .have a common origin with the Malay ; and again tbe Malay dialects have ,heen traced to Madagas car. To what an undefined field of conjecture are we led, on a review of this broken volume of hu man history ! The Oceanian negro is found also in southwestern Polynesia, but inferior in number, and far below the Malay in intellectual improve ment. This great section of the earth remains but im perfectly explored, large spares on the Pacific ocean have not been traversed by any civilized dis coverer, who has made his researches known to the public. Similar to cenlrai Africa, and in some measure central Asia, and to the wesiern parts of Norlh America, Polynesia has been discovered, but not effictually surveyed. — See article Australia, Austral Asia, ire, Pomegue, island iu the Mediterranean, near Marseilles. Pomerania, duchy of Pussian Germany, in tbe circle of Upper Saxony, bounded on tbe N. by the Baltic, on the E. by western Prussia and Poland, on the S. by Brandenburg, and on the W. by Mecklenberg. It is watered by several rivers, of which the Oder, Brerknilz, Pene, Ucker, Rega, Personet, Wipper, Ihna, Stolphen, and Lebo, are the most considerable. The air is pretly cold, but compensated by the fertilily of the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of which a great quanlity is exported. It is a flat country, contain ing many lakes, woods, and forests, and has sev eral good harbors, particularly Stettin and Stral sund. It is 250 miles long, and 75 broad, and di vided into Hither and Further Pomerania. Bolh, wilh the island of Rugen, belong to tbe kingdora of Prussia. Stettin is the capital, Pomereila, district of Polish or Western Prus sia, which, in the parlition of Poland, fell lo the share of the king of Prussia. Danlzic is cap ilal. Pomfret, town, Windham co., Cl,, 16 ms. N. of Canterbury, and 36 NE. of Hariford Tp., Windsor CO.. Vt., on the N. side of Watergueche river, 14 ms. NW. of Windsor. Pomona, Ihe principal ofthe Orkney islands. — See Mainland, Pompet, tp., Chautauque CO., N. Y , on Lake Erie, containing the villages of Dunkirk and Fre donia. Pompey, one of the military tps. of Onondaga CO., N. "If., lying between Manlius and Fabius, about 6 ms. S. of Salt lake. Pompey West Hill, village, Onondaga co., N. Y., in the tp. of Pompey, by post road 8 ms. SSW. from Manlius Square. Pompton, village, Bergen co.. N. J. Pondesturia, town of Italy, in Montferrat, seat ed on the S. side of the Po, 33 ms. E. of Turin. Lon. 8 25 E., lat. 45 2 N. Pondicherry, town of Hindoostan, on the coasl of Ooromandel. It is 100 ras. S. of .Madras, Lon. 80° E,, lat. 11 56 N. Pondico, sraall uninhabiled island ofthe Archi pelago, in the Gulf of Zeiton, near the coast of Negropont. Pondiville, village, P'ssex co., N. Y,, by post road 183 ms. N. from Albany. Pontferrada, town of Spain, in Leon, on the Lon. 6 6 W., river Sill, 40 ms. SW. of Leon, lat. 42 30 N, Pone hou, islands in the Chinese sea. They lie E. of the coast nf Fokien, and form an archi pelago belween the port of Emouy and the i.-land of Formosa. They are only sand banka or rockn. Pons, town of France, in tbe department of Lower Charenle, and lale province of Saintonge, 10 ras. S. of Saintes. Lon, 30' W., lat. 45 36 N. Pons, St., in the department of Herault, and lale province of Languedoc. It is 24 ms N. of Narbonne. Lon. 2 47 E , lat. 43 29 N. Poniafella. — See Pontefa. Ponta-Mousson, town of France, in the depart ment of Meurlbe, and late province of Lorraine, wilh a universiiy. Il is seated on the Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 2 ms.'NW. of Nancy. Lon. 6 16 E., lat. 48 43 N. Pont Arlier, town of France, in the department of Jura, and lale province of Franche Comte, seat ed on the river Doubs, near Mount Jura. It ia a commodious passage into Switzerland. Lon, 6 26 E., lat. 46 55 N. Pont Audemer, town of France, in the depart ment of Eure, and late province of Normandy, sealed on tbe Eille, 13 ms. E. of Harfleur, and 85 NW. of Paris Lon. 3.5' E.,,lat. 49 21 N. Pontchartrain, lake of La., between the high lands of St. Tammi.ny and the alluvion of the Mississippi. Bolh Pontchartrain and Maurepas appear to be the remains of a large bay which has been parlially filled, or rather interrupted, by allu vion. From the pass of Manchac to that of the Rigolets, Lake Pontchartrain is about 30 ms. in length, its greatest width 22 ms.. and medium depth 18 feet. The shores of this lake towards the Mississippi are low and marshy, on the side of St. Tammany more firm, but flat. Very lillle limber grows on the Mississippi side of the lake; on the opposite shores are forests from the mouth of the Tangipao lo lhat of Pearl river. Pont-de I'-Arche, town of France, in the de partment of Eure, and late province ol Normandy, on the Seine, 5 ms. N. of Louviers, and 62 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E., lal. 49 5 N. Pont-de-Ce, town of France, in the departraent of Maine and Loire, and Iato province of .Anjou, seated on ihe Loire, 3 ins from Angers, and 178 SW. of Paris. Lon. 29' W., lat. 47 25 N. Poni-de-Lima, town of Portugal, in Entre- Douero-e-Minho, on the Lima, over which is a magnificent bridge, 13 ms. NW. of Braga, 190 N. of Lisbon, and 178 SW. of Paris. Lon. 29' W., lat. 41 51 N. Pont-de-Vaux, town of France, in the depart ment of Ain, and late province of Bresse, seated on the Ressousse, 8 ms. S. from Macon. Lon. 4 66 E., lat, 46 28 N. Pont-de-Vesle, town of France, in the department of Ain, and lale province of Bresse, on the Vesle, 12 ms W. of Bourg. Lon. 5 4 E., lat, 46 16 N. Pont-du-Gard. — See Gard. Pontefa, or Ponlefella, town of Germany, in Carinthia, sealed on the Fella, over which is a bridge that leads to tbe best passage over the Alps. It is 20 ms. NW. of Friuli. Lon. 13° E., lat. 46 26 N. Poniefract, borough of Eng., in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, in a very rich soil, and noted for its 733 PON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POP large plantations of liquorice, 22 ms. S W. of York, and 175 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 18 W., Iat. 53 42 N. Ponle-Stura, town of Italy, in Montferrat, seat ed at the confluence of the Slura and Po, 3 ms. SW. of Casal. Ponte Vedra, town of Spain, in Gallicia, on the Leris, and famous for its fishery of pilchards. Il IS 10 ms. E. of Porto Nova. Lon. 8 27 W,, lal. 42 20 N. Pont Gibaul, town of France, in the depart ment of Puy de Dome, and late province of Au vergne. Near this place is the villaga of Rore, wilh a silver raine, 10 ms. WNW. of Clermont. Lon. 2 58 E,, lat. 45 51 N. Ponthiamas, a small independent Stale of Chin India, founded in 1705 by a Chinese merchant of the name of Kiang-si. Its capital, of the same name, is situated on the W. co.ist of Cambodia. Ponliac, village and seal of jusiice, Oakland CO , Mich,, on Huron river of Lake St- Clair. It stands in a very fertile district, and bids fair to be come a place of considerable consequence. Pontivy, lown of France, in the department of Morbihan, and lato province of Brelagne, sealed on the river Blavet. Punt I'Eveque, town of France, in tho depart ment of Calvados, and late province of Normandy, seated on the Tonque, 10 ms. NW. of Lisieux. Lon. 6' E., lal. 49 17 N. Pontoise, town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, and lale province of the Isle of France. It is seated on an eminence, on the Oise and Vienne, with a bridge over tbe former, whence it takes ils name. Il is 43 ms. SE. of Rouen, and 27 N W. of Paris. Lon. 2 1 1 E., lat. 49 3 N. Pont Orson, town of France, in the department of the Channel, and lale province of Normandy, seated on the Coesnon, 20 ras. E. of St. Malo. Lon. 1 30 W , lat. 48 30 N. Hont Remoli, town of Tuscany, with a strong castle, seated at the foot of the Appennines, 40 ras. E. of Genoa, and 66 NW. of Florence. Lon. 9 40 E., lat. 44 26 N. Pont St. Esprit, town ot France, in the depart ment of Gard, and lale province of Languedoc, on the Rhone, over which is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 19 great and four small arches. Pont St. Esprit is 17 ms. S, of Viviers, and 55 NE. of Monlpelier. Lon. 4 46 E., lat. 44 13 N. Pont St. Mdxence, town of France, in the de partment of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, seated on the Oise, 5 ms. N. of Sens. Lon, 2 40 E,, lal. 49 18 N. Ponl-sur- Seine, lown of France, in the de partment of Aube, and late province of Cham pagne, on the Seine, 17 ms. N W. of Troyes, and 55 SE. of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E., lat. 48 28 N. Pont sur-Yonne, town of France, in the de partment of Yonne, and late province of Burgun dy, 8 ras. NW. .,f Sens. Lon. 3 14 E,, Iat. 48 ION. Pontepool, lown in Monmouthshire, on iheriver Avon, and is 15 ras. SW. of Monmouth, and 146 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 6 W,, lat. 51 42 North. Pont-y-Pridd. — See Taaf. Ponza, or Pontia, small island in the Medilcr- 734 ranean sea, lo which many illustrious Romans were formerly banished. Lon. 13 10 E., lat. 40 53 N. Poole, borough and seaport of Eng., in Dorset shire. It is 40 ms. WSW. of Winchester, and 105 W. bvS. of London. Lon. 2° W., lat. 50 42 N. Poolesville, lown in the NW. part of Mont gomery CO., Md., 33 ms. NW. from W. C. Village, Sp,irtanburg dislrict, S. C. Pooloroon, or Noleron, one of the Banda islands, 100 ms. SE. of Amboyna. Lnn. 130° E., lat. 4 20 S. Pooloway, one of the Spice or Banda islands. Poona, former residence of the Peshwa or sov ereign of Ihe Mahratlas, is situated on the eastern side of the western Ghauls, 100 ms, SE. from Bombay, and in the pruvince of Berar Indostan. N. lat.' 18 30, lon. 74 2 E. ft is indifferently buill, open, and defenceh^ss. Here are the remote fountains of the Moola Moola river, which after wards joins the Beema, a tributary of the Krishna, and during the rainy season a light boat may be navigated hence lo the Bay of Bengal. The pop. of Poona is estimated at 160,000. Thirly ms. NW. from Poona, and nearly due E. from Bom bay, exist the reraarkable excavatians of Carii, sculptured over, not with Brachminical figures like those of those of Elephanla, but with emblems of the Budhisl, or of the Jain religion. Figures of elephants, men, and of Buddha, only seen at Car ii, and these only on the capitals of the pillars. The cave is highly magnificenl. Il has elegant hexagonal columns, supporting a roof ribbed with teak wood cut so as lo fit the cave exactly. The portico is highly labored, and contains some fig ures reraarkable for gracefulness of design. ^ Poonah, town of the deccan of Hindoostan, in Visiapour. It is the cipital of ihe wesiern Mah ratta empire, 100 ms. SE. of Bombay. Lon. 73 55 E., lat. 18 30 N. Porander, fortress of the deccan of Hindooslan, in Visiapour, on a mountain, 18 ms. ESE. of Poonah. Poole, La., small town of France, in the dep. of Mayenne, 6 ms. WSW. of .Alencon. Popachton, river, one of the higher confluiinls of Delaware river, rffees in Greene co., N. Y., and ihence flowing inlo Delaware CO., continues a SW. course of 50 ms. inlo Delaware river. Popacton, post office, Delaware co., N. Y. Popayan, province of New Granada, bounded on the S by Peru, and on the W. by the Pacific ocean. A chain of barten mountains runs through the country from N- to S., and the soil near the sea is flat, raarshy, and often flooded by the rains. Capital of a province of that name, in New Granada, upwards of 5,900 feet above the level of the ocean, 240 ms. NE. of Quilo. Lon. W. C. 1 5 E,, Iat 2 35 N. Pope, CO. of Illinois, bounded SE. and S. by Ohio river, W. by Johnson, and N. and NE. by Gallatin. Length 30 ms., mean width 20 ; area 611 sq. ms. This counly lies opposite to tbe moulh of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Chief town, Golconda. Pop.in 1840, 4,094. Poplar Grove, posl office, Dinwiddie co,, Va., 44 ras. S. from Richmond. Postoffice, Newberry district, S. C, 46 ms. NW. from Columbia. POR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POR Poplar Plains, village, Fleming co., Ky,, a lit tle N. ofE., 106 ms. from Frankfort. Poplar Ridge, posl office in the SW. part of Cayuga CO., N. Y., obout 15 ms. NNW. frora Ithaca, and nearly a similar distance above Cayuga bridge. Poplar Springs, village, NW, angle of Anne Arundel co,, Md,, 35 ms, N, from W. C. Poplarlown, village, Worcester co., Md. Poplin, lown, Rockingham co., N. H., 19 ms W. from Porlsraoulh. Popocatepetl, volcanic raountain of Mexico, in Puebla, rising lo the great elevalion of 17,716 feet above the level of the ocean. Lon. W. C. 21 30 W., lat. 19 0 N., 45 ras. SE. from Mexico. Porsneck, town of Upper Saxony, in the princi pality of Altenburg. It has manufactures of cloth and leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its conflux with the Orla, 8 ms. NE. of Saalfield Portage, co. of Ohio, bounded by Columbiana SE., Stark S., Medina W., Cuyahoga NW., Geauga N., and Trumbull E. Length 30 ras., breadth 24 ; area 720 sq. ms. This county was named from the interesting fact that it coniains the short porlage of one raile belween the navigable waters of Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas rivers. It is by this route that a canal is projected tn connect tbe Ohio waters with Lake Erie. The land is generally high, elevated, nnd considerably broken. Chieflown, Ravenna, Pop. in 1820, 10,095; and in 1840, 22,965. For central lal., see Ravenna, Portage co,, Ohio. Portage Dessieux, village, St. Charles co , Mo., 25 ms, Irora St. Charles. Port au Prince, seaport of St. Doraingo, seated on a bay on the W. side of the island, of which part it is the capilal. It was taken by the English and royalists in 1794, but the whole island has been since evacuated by the English. Lon. 72 10 W., lat, 18 45 N. Port Byron, village, Cayuga co., N. Y. Port Conway, village. King George co., Va., by post road 65 ras. S, frora W. C, Port Deposit, village, Cecil co., Md., on the left bank of Susquehannah river, at the head of tide water, and about one* raile below the lower bridge on that stream, 6 ms. above and N. from Havre de Grace. Port Elizabeth, village, Cumberland co., N.J., lying on the E. side of Maurice river, 25 ms. N. of Cape May C. H. Porte Ottomait, or Ottomah Pokte, Turk ish tille for the court of their sullans, from tbe an cient Arabian Kaliffs, who regarded the door of entrance to their palace tbe porle, or door par ex cellence. Porter, tp,, Oxford co., Me., 34 ms. SW. from Paris. Tp,, Niagara CO., N. Y,, on Lake On tario. Pop. in 1820, 850. Town on the Ohio river, in Sciolo co,, Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 879. Porter Bridge, village, Oxford co., Me., 46 ms. NW. from Portland. Portersville, Dubois co., Ia., post office and seat of justice, situated on Patoka river, by post road 136 ms. SSW. from Indianapolis, and 60 ms. SE. from Vincennes. Lal. 38 26 N., lon. W. C. 9. 42 -W. Port Gibson, seat of jusiice for Claiborne co., Miss , on the waters of the Bayou Pierre, 45 ms. NE, of Natchez, and 12 ms, E. of the Mississippi river, contains a branch of the State Bank, hand some court-house, and 100 dwelling-houses, some of which are in fine taste, and about 800 inhab itants. The circumjacent lands are of excellent quality, and in a high state of cullivalion as colton plantations. Port Glasgow, posl office, Seneca co., N. Y, Port Jackson, so named by Captain Cook, a large bay on the coast of New tSoulh Wales, 3 leagues and a half N. of Cape Banks. The capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and per pendicular cliffs. On proceeding wilhin, in 1788, Governor Philip discovered a large branch extend ing to tbe S., and found himself perfectly land locked, wilh a good depth of water ; and finding also that the country was greatly superior to that round Botany Bay, he determined lo fix a colony of convicts hero, which had been orif^inally in tended for Botany Bay, Lon. 151 28 E., lal. 33 50 S. Portici, village 4 ms. ESE of the city of Na ples, situated on the seaside, near Mount "Vesuvius, Port Kent, village, Essex co,, N. Y. Portland, peninsula of Eng,, in Dorsetshire, surrounded with inaccessible rocks, except at the landing place. Its S. extremity, called Portland point, is in lon. 2 29 W., lat. 50 29 N. Portland, port of entry, village, and seat of jus tice for Cumberland CO., Me. It is situaled in the lat. of 4,1 40 N,, and lon. of 69 52 W., on a point of land in Casco bay, about 50 ms, SW. of Wis. cassel, and 64 NE." of Porlsraoulh, N. H. The harbor is safe and commodious, and, being rear the ocean, is seldom encumbered with ice. The trade of the city is very considerable in the fisheries, in lumber, and ship building. It contains two banks, an insurance office, and 8 or 10 places of public worship. A light-house, on Portland Head, fa cilitates the entrance into the harbor. Portland is very considerably the largest town in Maine. Pop. in 1810, 7,169;"in 1820,8,531 ; in 1830, 12,601 ; and in 1840, 15,218, If the following extract from the National Intel- lifiencer of September 19, 1825, was rauch more diffusive, I would still give it insertion under the head of Portland, Maine ; no liberal reader will ask why. 'The School System of the Eastern Slates de serves to be admired and imilaled by the rest ofthe Union. Il is the only system by which the bene fits of education can be made as diffusive as they should be in this country. The following state ment strikingly exemplifies how generally the peo ple of lhat part of the Union are induced by the syslem to avail themselves of its advantages The town of Portland, in Maine, embracing a pop. of 9,000 or 10,000, contains, by a late report, the fol lowing public schools, in which, at the annual ex amination, the number of pupils were found which is annexed to each. These are exclusive of the private seminaries of instruction. Portland, Sept. 6 — Portland Public Schools. — On Thursday and Friday last week was the annual examination of the public schools in this town. The school committee, together with several gen tlemen of the town and seme strangers, visited tbe several pubhc schools, and went through a minute and patient examination of the pupils in the va- 735 POR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POR tious branches of instruction to which they had at tended. The Slate of the schools generally was such as to give a high degree of satisfaction to all who visited them, and a mo^t cheering promise of their future usefulness. The nun^ber of pupils in the several' schools on the day of examination were as follows : Mr. Libby's, classical - - 107 Mr. Jackson's, monitorial ¦ - 182 Mr. Junkins's, North school - 133 Miss Thrasher's, Cenire school 121 Miss Kidder's, West school - - 136 Miss Hodgkins's, primary school - 132 Miss Powell's, do. 128 Miss Talbot's, do. - 76 Miss Baker's, colored - 23 Total • 1,038 Portland, town, Chautauque co., N. Y., on Lake Erie. Pop. in 1820, 1,162. Village, Jefferson CO., Ky., below Louisville. Village, Dalljs co., Ala., 16 ms. from Cahaba. Port V Orient.— See Orient. Port Louis, strong town of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, and lale province of Bretagne, wilh a good harbor, at the mouth of tbe Blanet, 27 ms. W. of Vannes. Lon. 3 18 W., let. 47 40 N.- French fortress, on tbe SW. coast of Hispaniola. Lon. 73 16 W., lat 18 18 N. Town and har bor of the Isle of France. Lon. 57 28 E., lat. 20 9 S. Port Mahon, excellent harbor in the island of Minorca, defended by one of the strongest citadels in Europe. Near it is tbe little trading lown of Ma hon. Lon. 3 48 E., lat. 39 50 N.— See hilips. Fort St. , , . . Porto Bello, seaporl of Norlh America, on the N. coast of the Isthmus of Darien, having a large, commodious harbor, with good anchorage and shel ter for ships ; its entrance ia narrow, and defend ed by several forls. Itis 70 miles N. of Panama, and 300 W. of Carthagena. Lon. 80 45 W., lat. 9 33 N. Porto Cavallo, seaport of Colombia, on the coasl of Carracas. Lon. Vv^. C. 9 10 E., lat. 10 25 N. Porto del Principe, seaport on the N. coast of Cuba, with a good harbor. Lon. 78 15 W., lat. 21 .52N. ,,.„.,,, Porto Eapana, capital of tbe island of Trinidad, is situated on a bay of the Gulf of Paria, and on the northwestern part of the island. Lat. 10 35 N., lon. from London 61 38 W., and 15 27 E. ofVV, 0. Porto Farina, seaport of the kingdom of Tunis, to Ihe W. of the ruins of Carthage, and 30 raa. N. of Tunis. Lon. 10 16 E., lat. 37 12 N. Porto Ferrajo, town of Italy, in the Isle of El ba, wilh a good citadel. It is seated on a long, high, and sleep point of land, W. of tbe bay of the same name, which has two forts. It is 40 ms. NW. of Orbitello, and 60 S. by E. of Leghorn. This place has gained just celebrity frora being the residence of Napoleon, from May 4th, 1814, until February 26th, 1815. Lon. 10 25 E., lat. 42. 38 N. Porto Galefo, seaport of Spain, in the Bay of Biscay, on a small river, 8 ms. N. of Bilboa. Lon. 3 11 W, lat. 43 22N. 736 Porto Gruaro, town of Italy, in Friuli, on the Lema, 15 ms. W. of Marano. Porto Hercole, seaporl of Italy, in the State of Presidii, 4 ms. S. of Orbitello. Lon. 11 12 E., lat. 42 14 N. Porto Longone, town of Italy, in the Isle of Elba, on the E. end of the island, 8 ms. SW. of Piombino. Lon. 10 10 E., lat. 42 52 N, Porto Nova, seaport of Spain, in the province of Gallicia, near the moulh of the Leris, 54 ms. of Oi-ense. Lon. 8 36 W., lat. 42 19 N. Porto Pedro, seaport of the islond of Majorca. Lon. 2 41 E., lat. 39 37 N. Porto Praya, town and bay of St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 23 29 W., Iat. 14 53 N. Porto Rico. See Juan-de-Puerio Rico. Porto Santa Maria, seaport of Spain, seated in the Bay of Cadiz, It is a populous place, con taining nearly 10,000 inhabitants, whose princi pal trade is in salt. It is 7 ras. N. of Cadiz. Porto Santo, island of the Atlantic, tbe least of the Madeiras, 16 ras. in circumference. It haenu harbor, but good anchorage in the road. Loh. 16 26 W., lat. 32 68 N. Porto Seguro, capital of a government of the same bame, in Brazil. It is sealed in a fertile country, on the top of a rock, at the moulh of a liver that flows into the Atlantic. Lon. 38 50 W., lat. 17° 8. Porto Vechio, seaport of Corsica, sected on a bay on the E. coast of the island, 40 ms. N. of Sardinia. Lon. 9 20 E., lat. 41 42 N. Porto Venerea, seaport of Italy, on the coost of Genoa, at the entrance of the Gulf of Spezzia. It has a good harbor, and is seated on the side of a hill, al the top of which is a fort, 45 ms. SE. of Genoa. Lon. 9 38 E., lat. 44 5 N. Port Paix, town on tbe N. coast of St. Do mingo, in the West Indies, with a good harbor. Lon. 72 66 W., Iat. 19 58 N. Port Penn, village. New Castle co., Del., at the mouth of a small creek, opposite lo Reedy island, 8 ms. S. of New Castle. Port Patrick, seaport of Scotland, in Wigton shire, confined by the sea on one side, and on ih- oiber by over hanging rocks and bills. Il is 107 ms. SW. of Edinburgh, and 487 NW. of London. Portree, town of Skye, one of the Western islands of Scolland. The chief trade of the in habitants is in black cattle, and small horses, and kelp. Port Republic, village, Rockingham co., Va., by postroad 149 ms. S W. by W. from W, C. and 131 NW. frora Richmond. Port Roseipoy. See Shelburne. Port Poyal, seaport of Jamaica, 6 me. E. of Spanish Town, and as much by water SE. of Kingston. Lon. 76 45 W., lat. 18° N Town and fort of the island of Martinico, 21 me. BE. of St. Pierre. Lon. 61 9 W., lat, 14 3 N. Port Royal, island of S. C, lies between Broad river on the W., Whale sound N., and Beaufort entrance E. It is flat and in part marshy ; soil however, where sufficiently elevated for agri culture, is fertile. It is about 18 ms. long, with a raean width of 6 ms,, and forms part of Beau fort district, and contains the fine harbor and town POR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, POR of Beaufort. Town in Nova Scolia. See An napolis. Port Royal, village and port of Caroline co,, Va., on the lefi bank of Rappahannoc, 30 ms. below Fredericksburg, and by posiroad 65 ma. NNE frora Richmond. Pop. about 1,500, Village, Morgan co,, la., about 40 ms. SW. from Indianapolis, Village on Red River, Montgo mery CO., Tenn., 45 ms. WNW. ftom Nashville. Portsea, island of Eng,, between Chichester bay and the harbor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire. It is a low tract of considerable exient, separated from the mainland by a creek, over which is a bridge. At the SW. extremity of il, is situated the town of Porlsraoulh. Portsmouth, seaport and borough of Eng. in Hampshire, on tho Isle of Portsea. Il is the most considerable haven for raen-of war in Eng. The spacious harbor is raade by a bay, running up between the island and an opposite peninsula, having a narrow entrance commanded by the town and forts. Porlsraoulh is the raost sirongly forti fied place in Great Britain. It is 20 ras. SSE. of Winche-ter, and 72 SW. of London. Lon. 1 1 W., lat., 50 49 N. Portsmouth, town, seat of justice, and port of entry, Rockingham co., N. H. It is sealed on the S. hunk of Ihe Piscataqua river and harbor, in Iat, 43 9 N., and lon. 70 76 W. at the dis tance of 22 ms. N. of Newburyporl, and 56 NE. of Boston. The harbor is one of the best in the U. S;, and the trade extensive. Frora the ex cessive tides, the harbor is very seldom frozen. It is completely land-locked, and admits vessels of the largest class. The main entrance is about a mile wide, between the Kilterry shore and Great Island, and well defended by Forts Constitution and McClary. Deplh from eight to len fathoms This town contains the ordinary co., buildings, four Slate banks, eight places of public worship, alms-house, female asylum, atbensura, an acad emy, two market bousei!, and three or four insur ance offices. It it is situated between Newport and Bristol. Pop. in 1810, 6,934; in 1820, 7,327, and in 1840, 7,887. Portsmouth, town, Newport co., R. I. Pop. 1810, 1,795; in 1820, 1,645. Village, Nor folk co., Va., silualed on Elizabeth river, oppo site to tbe borough of Norfolk, 41 ms, SE. of Williamsburg, and 28 NE. of Suffolk, on Nanse mond river. It supports a considerable trade. Pop. above 2,000. Village and seat of justice, Wayne tp., Sciolo co., O., on the eastern bank of Scioto river, just above ils junction with the Ohio. It contains a court house and jail, a bank, a printing office, one bookstore, and six raercan- lile stores and two comraission warehouses, which do pretty extensive business. Distance 45 ms, S. from Chilicolhe, and 90 in the same direction from Columbus. Pop. 527. N. lat. 38 48, W, lon. 5 54. Pop, ofthe tp, 1,840, 1,844. Portsville, village, Alleghany co., N. Y. Port Tobacco, vill. and seat of justice, Charles CO., Md., on a small river of the same name, opening by a comparatively wide mouth into the Potomac river. N. lat. 88 20, lon. W. C. 3' E. Distant by postroad 34 ms. S. from W. C, and 71 SW. frora Annapolis. Pop. 500. Port William, village and seat of justice, Gal- 93* latin CO,, Ky., on ihe point, of confluences of Kentucky and Ohio rivers, Lat, 38 40 N., Ion,. W. C. 8 5 W., and distant 44 ms. NW. frora Frankfort. Portugal, the most western country on tbe con tinent of Europe, obout 310 ras. In length and 150 in breadth. The principal rivers are the Duero, the Tajo, or Douro, the Guadiana, the Minho, and the Munda, or Mondego. Il is bounded on the W. and S. by tbe Atlantic ocean, and E. and N. by Spain. Though Spoin and Portugal are in the sarae cUmate, yet the air of the latter is much more temperate than that ofthe former on account ofthe neighborhood ofthe sea, and being less ele vated. The mountain chains of the peninsula generally extend E. and W., and most of those of Spain reach into Portugal. The vegetable pro- ductions are very much varied, consisting of wheat, oats, barley, olives, apples, peaches, oranges, lem ons, wines, &c. Silk is ma 'e in abundance, and of excellent quality. Wine is the chief article of export, bul salt imd wool are also proiluced and exported, in ordinary years, lo the amount of one million and a half of dollars. The recent revidulicms in Europe nnd the Bra zils have very materially affected the foreign and domestic relations of Portugal. — See Brazil. Tbe Portuguese monarchy cninprisi's in Europe Portugal, d vided inti six provinces: Enlre Douero e-Minho, extreme NW. Chief cily, Oporto. Pop 883,000. Tras-os-Monles, extreme NE. Chief cily, Mir anda. Pop. 310,000. Beira, belween Entre Douero-e-Minho, Trasos- Montes, and Estramadura and Alem-Tejo. Chief city, Coimbra. Pop. 1,024,000. Estramadura, bounded by Beira NE., Alem- Tejo E. and SE., and the Atlantic ocean W. Chief cily, Lisbon. Pop. 811,000. Alem-Tejo, bounded by Beira N., Estramadura NW., Spain E , Algarva S., and Ailaniic ocean SW. Chief city, Evora. Pop, 359,000. Algarva, bounded by Alem-Tejo N., Spain E., and the Atlantic ocean S. and W. Chief city. Faro. Pop. 113,000. Summary of European Portugal. Provinces. Entre Douero-e. Minho Trau OS Monies Beira Estramadura Alem Tejo Algarva Totals Extent, sq, ms. 2,775 3,920 8,325 9,6209,9432,000 36,585 Population. 883,000 310,0(0 1,024,000 811000359,000 113,000 3,500,000 Foreign Possessions of Portugat, III Asia : vice royalty of the Indus, wilh the government of Macao, having Goa for capital ; province of Salsetle, capilal Damao or Diu, on the coast of Malabar. Supposed pop. 500,000. Oceania: the island of Timor, almosl the whole of Solor or Flores, and smaller islands. Pop. 45,000. Afbica : Azores, group of, capital Terceira, with a populalion of 220,000. Madeira, Porto Santo, and smaller islands. Pop, 100,000. 739 POT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POT Cape Verd, province, comprising the islands of St. Jago, Fogo, Brava, San Nicolao, Santo An- tao. Mayo, St. Vincent, Sal, and Sanla Luzia; also, on the roast of Senegambia,Cacheu and Bis- sao. Pop. 70,000. On the eastern coast of Africa, Mozambique. Pop. 290,000. Western coast, Angola and Congo, St. T'hom6, &c. Pop. 875,000. Summary. European Portugal - Vice-royally of the Indies Oceania ... Azores Madeira, &c. Cape Verd - Angola, Congo, &e. Mozambique Total pop. of the monarchy 8,600,000 600,000 45,000 220,000 100,000 70,000 375,000 290,000 5,100,000 Posen, foriified city of Great Poland, capilal of a palatinate of tbe same name, with a university. It is seated in a pleasant plain, 27 ms. W. by S. of Gnesna. J.on. 17° W., lat. 52 24 N. Government of Prussian Poland, of which Posen is the capital. Posey, SW. co., Ia., occupying the peninsula belween the Ohio and Wabash rivers, and bound ed by Gibson N. and Vandenburg E. Length 30 ms., raean widih 14; area about 430 sq. ms. Chief town,.Mount Vernon, Pop. 1820,4,061. Lat. 3S° N., lon, W. C. 10 44 W. Post Mill, village and postoffice, Orange co., Vt,, 54 ms, N. from MontpeUer. Post Oak, springs and post ofSce, Roane co., Tcnri. Poll, or Potik, lown and seaporl of Russia, on the left bank and near the moulh of the Phasis or Rioni river, on the extreme eastern shore of the Black sea, N. lat. 42 20. It is the mart of Min grelia, Imireti, Guria, and Georgia, and amongst the cessions made by Turkey to Russia in the treaty of September, 1829, Potomac, river of Va., Md., and Pa., is a sin am of incalculable importance in the interior or inland navigation of the U. S. If wo turn our eye to a map of Va., we perceive the extreme northwestern sources of James river flowing to the SW,, along the mountain valleys ; and, extending our view lo tbe headwaters of Potomac, wc behold them flow ing parallel to each other N'E,., also down the mounlain valleys; and in the latler case we are struck with the very remarkable fact, that the Po tomac rises W. of all the ridges of the Appalachian system, except that denominated Laurel Hill — the SW. angle of Md., or exireme wesiern source of the Potomac, having tbe residue of the collateral ridges to pierce in its progress towards ils recipi ent, the Chesapeake bay. This peculiar structure ofthe river valleys ofthe U. S. yields an unequal led facility of forming inland water communica tion through a very broad chain of mountains. Before proceeding tu describe the Potomac, it raay be remarked that Ibe Appalachian Or Alleghany system of mountains does not form the dividing ridge which separates the walers flowing into the Atlantic ocean from those which enter the Missia- 738 sippi basin, but that the separating river line cuts the mounlains obliquely. The Potomac, draining the valleys of the Ap palachian mountains frora N. lat 38 26 to 40°, unites its various branches before piercing the Blue Ridge, which it finally effects at Harper's Ferry, 60 ras. NW. from W. C. Below its passage through the Blue Ridge to its egress into Chesa peake bay is about 200 ras., following tbe wind ings of tbe streara. The tide ascends to George town, 3 ms. above the capitol in Washington, where it is arrested by the gneiss range of rocks. Ships of tbe largest class are navigated to tbe navy yard, one milo below the copitol. Like all other tributaries of Chesapeake bay, tbe Potomac, be- I low the head of tide water, opens gradually into a long narrow bay. By a singular caprice of cus tom, the Susquehannah is considered as termina- I ting at the head of tide water, whilst, in fact, what is known by the name of Chesapeake bay ia merely the continuation of that noble river; and, in strictness, James river, York river, Rappahan nock river, and Potomac, are its tributaries. The sources of Cheat river branch of the Mo nongahela, rise in Randolph co., Va., in the same valley with the Potomac and those of tbe Youghi ogany, witb a single intervening ridge separaling them from those of the Potomac, partly in Ran dolph and Monongahela cos., in Va., and partly in Alleghany co., Md. Thus here again occurs the second instance of advancing from the S. to N., of the origin of waters flowing inlo the two opposile systems of the Mexican gulf and the At lantic ocean, without an intervening mountain, and yet amidst tho Appalachian ridges. Tbe pe culiar features we have noticed in this section of country has drawn ihe attention of persons inquir ing into tho subject of canal connection belween the two river systems. The SE. and main source of the Potomac rises in Pendleton co., Va., at lat. 31 26 N,, and the next considerable stream ofthe valley, the Shenan doah, rises in Augusta co., as far S. as N. lat. 38°. The lalter overheads the sources of York aild Rappahannock rivers, and interlocks wilh the sourcesof James river; the middle ridge of the Appalachian, or the mountain properly called the Killalinny, ranges between the Potomac proper and the Shenandoah. Bolh rivers and all their branches flow to the NE,, down the mountain valleys. The Potomac continues in lhat direction as far as N. lat. 39 41, within 2 ms. of the south boundary of JPa., whence it turns at right angles, pierces the Kittatinny mountain, and flows to the SE. Forty ms. by comparative courses, below its passage through the Kittatinny, the Potomac re ceives the Shenandoah from the SW., and the uniled waters here pierce tbe Blue Ridge, This latler passage of the Potoraac, through another of the Appalachian ridges, is known as the celebrated Harper's Ferry. At their junction the Potomac has fiowed by comparative courses 160, and the Shenandoah 120 ms. From Harper's Ferry lo the head of tide water, or to where the Potomac quits the primitive and enters the alluvial sea border formation, is 50 ms., and thence continuing by a general course SE., and by comparative courses 100 ms,, that river is- lost in thfl Cbp.jaifi!.!;-!! ha* -t N 1h' "0° i'<-"i"'>- POT GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. POT regained exactly the lot. ofthe sources of Shenan doah. The entire length of the Potomac valley is 300 ms., presenting a very remarkable channel. Manv of its minor valleys are coraposed of very productive soil, and already an iramense amount of produce is reared within il, and transported to the Atlantic ports. It moy be remarked that tobacco, as a staple commodity in large quantities, may be considered as limited by this valley, whilst wheat, rye, and the apple, as staples, may be viewed as commenc ing. From tbe peculiar form of the valley, ond from the very great difference of elevation of ils parts, it presents a greater variety of cliraate than could be, upon a first glance upon ils extent and position on a map, believed probable. If climate and the features of nature are both taken into ihe account, the Potomac presents the most favorable facilities of any river in the Susquehannah basin to effect a waler communication belween the At lantic ocean and the valley of Ohio. The Potomac, in its natural state, is the most navigable branch of tbe Susquehannah. Ships of any burden can be brought up to the navy yard al Washington, 5 ras. below the exireme head of tide water. Washington is upwards of 100 ms. in a direct line, and following the Chesapeake bay and Potornac river, about 200 ms. distant from the At lantic ocean. Washington is, therefore, the point in the U, S, to which tbe largest vessels can be navigated the furthest into the interior of tbe con tinent. Potosi, town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction to the S. of Charcos. Here aro some of the best sil ver mines in all America, in a raountain in in the form of a sugar loaf. Silver was former ly very abundant in this place, but the mines are now much exhausted, or at least little ie got in comparison of what was formerly. The country around is so naked and barren that the inhabitants get their provisions from the neighboring provinces. It ia seated at the bottom of tbe mountain of Po tosi, 260 ras. WNW. of Africa. Lon. W. G. 9 30 E,. lat. 19 50 S. Potosi, or Miue-au- Burton, town and seat of justice, Washington co., Mo., 70 ms. WSW. from St. Louis, and 55 W. from St. Genevieve. Mr. Schoolcraft, who visited this lown, slates lhat, at the epoch of his visit, (1818,) it contained 80 houses, a court. house, jail, and academy, 3 stores, 2 distilleries, 2 flour mills, 9 lead furnaces, 1 saw mill, and a post office. Thia traveller describes tho site as a handsome eminence, a little N. ofthe principal mines, and separaled Irom Mine a Bur ton by Mine creek. It is is environed by obout 40 lead mines, within a radius of 20 ms. Lat. 37 66 N.. lon. W. C. 13 24. Potosi San Louis, formerly an inlendency, now a Slate of Mexico, bounded S. by Queretaro and Guanaxuaio, W. by Zacaiecas, N. by New Leon, E. by Taumalipas and the Gulf of Mexico, and SE. by Vera Cruz. Length from N. to S. 200 ms , mean width about 95, area 19,000 sq. ras. Lying between lat. 21 40 and 24 20 N., anil from lon. W. C. 21 10 to 24° W. -The new independent State of San Louis Polo- si comprises the former province of San Louis in an intendency of much greater extent. Though of limited area, San Louis presents a very great inequality of climate, seasons, and of vegetable and mineral production. Tho wesiern part com mences on the elovoled table land of .Anohuoc, ol, perhaps, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. Falling from this aerial height to the bar of Tampico, the traveller, in a few days, ex periences a change of temperature equal to 15' of latitude. Crossed almost centrically by the northern tro pic, and ils parls differing so much in relative heighl, Ihe air of Ibis small Stale exhibils all the meteorological phenomena, usually found from the tropics 111 lot. 39°. Humboldt, speaking of tho inlendency, observes: "Of the whole intendency of San Louis Potosi, only that part which adjoins the province of Zacatecas, in which are the rich raines of Charcos, Guadalcazar, and Catorce, is a cold and mouniainous couniry." The mountain region, reverted lo by this acute observer, is the wesiern part of the new State, and contains ils capilal. San Louis is very deficient in rivers or harbors, but rich in soil and mineral wealth. Upon Tanner's map, the pop. is staled at 174,957. This would yield a distributive pop. of a fraction above 10 lo the sq. m. Pofoai, San Louis, city of Mexico, and seat of government for tho State of San Louis Potosi. It is situated on the high table land of Anahuac, near the source of the river Panuco, 264 ms. NNW . from the city of Mexico. Lat. 22 3 N., Ion. W. C.23 25 W. Pop. 15,000.- Potsdam, city of Prussia, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, witb a palace belonging to the king of Prussia. It is the most elegant and singular city in Europe, on an island 10 ms in circumference, forraed by the rivers Spree and Ha vel, 12 ms. W. of Berlin. Lon. 13 46 E., lot. 51 52 N. Province of German Prussia, com prehending the Ucker mark, tbe maik of Preig- nilz, and tbe greatest part of the Middle mark. It lies between Pomerania, West Prussia, and Saxo ny. Town, St. Lawrence co,, New York, on Racket river, about 90 ms. W. from Plattsburg. Pop. in 1820. 1,911. Potter, CO., Pa., bounded by Alleghany co., N. Y., N., Steuben. N. Y., NE., Tioga co.. Pa., E., Lycoming SE. and S., and McKean W. Lengih 37, breadth 30 ms., area, 1,100 sq. ms. This CO, extends over an extensive table land, from which the rivers flow like radii from a common centre; Alleghany flows NW. into N. Y., the extreme S W. sources of Tioga river flow NE. also into N. v., whilst in the intermediate space Gen essee rises, and, flowing N., pursues its course towards Lake Onlario. Pine creek, Kettle creek the Sinamahoning, and Driftwood branches of the W. branch of the Susquehannah, all rise in the southern section of this co, , and flows S. All these streams rise near Coudersport, and very near the centre ol tbe co. Pop, in 1820, 4,836; and in 1840, 3,371. Central lat. 41 45 N,, Ion W C. 1° W. Potter, SE. tp. of Centre co.. Pa. Pop, 1820 1,810. , ' Potter's Hollow, village, Albany co., N. Y. Pott'-rstown, village, Hunterdon co., N. Y., is ms NW. by W. from Somerville. Pottiesville, village, Louisa co., Va., about 60 ms, from Richmond, 739 PRA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PRE Potion, town of Eng., in Bedfordshire, 12 ras. E. of Bedford, and 43 N. by W. of London. Lon. 18' W., lat. 52 11 N. Pottsgrove, uppei- tp, of Monlgoraery co., I'a on the Schuylkill. Pop. in 1820, 1,822. Poltstown, village, Montgomery co.. Pa., in Pottsgrove tp,, on the Schuylkill, 16 ms. below Beading. Pottsville, village, Schuylkill co.. Pa. Poughkeepsie, town, the capital of Dutchess co., N. Y., situated on tbe E. bank of Hudson river, 47 ms. S. ofthe city of Hudson, ond 85 N. of ihe city of N. Y. The village of Poughkeepsie is on an elevated plain, and has a neat and even roman tic appearance. It is a place of considerable man ufactures, and has, in addition Id the ordinary eo. buildings, an academy and five or six places of public worship. Pop. in 1810, 4,670; in 1820, 6,726 ; and in 1840, 10,006. Poundridge, village. West Chester co., N. Y. Powel's River, the NW. branch of Tennessee, rises in Scolt and Lee cos., flows SW., and en ters Claiborne co,, Tenn., and joins Clinch river at Grantsborough, in the southern part of Camp bell Co. Powell's Mountain, an Appalachian ridge, ex tending between Clinch and Powel's rivers, in Scott and Lee cosi, Va., ond in Claiborne co,, Tenn. Powell's Tavern, post office, Goochland co., Vo.) 27 ms. NW. from Richmond. Powell's Valley, partly in Va., ond partly in Tenn., spreads between Powell's and Cumberland raountains. Powelton, town, Hancock co., Ga., on the right side of the Ogeeche, near its source, 35 ms, NNE. from Milledgeville. It is the scat of an academy. Powhatan, or Pohatan, co. of Va., on James river, bounded by Chesterfield SE-, Appomattox river or Amelia S., Cumberlond W. , and James river or Goochland N. Length 20, mean width 16 ras; area 320 sq. ms. Ils chief town, Scotls- villr, is about 26 ms. nearly W. from Richmond. Pop. in 1820, 8,292; in 1840, 7,924. Pragmatic, Greek root prasso, to do, or to practise. From this source conies pragmatic sanction. In France, during the three first races of its king.i, this litle was given lo royal acts made in concert with the grandees. In Germany, prag- raalic eanclions were the resolutions made by the general diet of tho empire. The title of niAOMA-ric sanction has been, at a much more recent date, made remarkable from that constitution or settlement raade in 1772 hy the emperor Charles Vf, in favor of bis daughter Maria Theresa, securing to her and heirs the suc cession, he having no sons. This pragmatic sanc tion was confirmed by the imperial diet, and guar antied by many of the olher Powers of Europe. The Council of Basil, which lerminaled its sit tings in 1449, raade, during ils session, several decrees in regard to the church. These decrees were in part adopted by the French nation, and served as base lo the famous pragmatic SAScrios which Charles VII caused to be drawn up al Bour ges in 1438, and whose stipulations formed the constitution, in great part, of what has been called " The Liberties of the Galilean Church." 'PH" 740 example of the French was speedily followed by the Germans, who acceded to those decrees at the diet of Mayence, 1439. Prague, capilal city of Bohemia, on bolh sides ofthe Muldau, 5 ras. below tbe moulh of the Be raun. Il is the military headquarters, seat of tbe highest courts of justice, and tbe general winter rendezvous of the nobility and gentry of Bohemia. The climate, though cold, is healthy. The univer sity of Prague was instituted in 1348 by Charles IV., and is the most ancient in Germany. It is still a very flourishing institulion. Lat. 60 5 N., lon. 14 25 E. ; 160 ms. English NW. from Vi- enna, 70 SSE. from Dresden, and 170 a lillle E. of S. from Berlin. Prairie, tp,, Wayne co., O., 6 ms. S. from Wooster. Pop. 1820, 706. Tp. in th© west' ern limits of Franklin co., O. Pop. 1820, 322» Prairie Creek, villoge, Vigo co., Ia., 95 ms. SW. by W. from Indianapolis. Prairie du Chien, settlement on the left bank of the Mississippi river, Crawford co., Michigan, above the mouth of Wisconsin river. It is an an cient settlement, made by French traders. The U. S. Fort Crawford stands in this settlement. Prairie du Roche, village, Randolph co,. III. It is the same village named often Prairie du Ro" cher. — See Prairie d%i Rocher. Prairie Mound, village, Lillard co.. Mo. Prairie du Rocher, tp., Randolph co.. III., 12 ms. frora Kaskaskias. Prallsville, village, Hunterdon co., N. J. Prattsburg, town, Steuben co., N. Y. Pop, 1820, 1,377. Prattsville, village, Alleghany co., Md., on the road from Hancockstown to Cumberland, and nearly midway between those places, and by post road 116 ms. NW. from W. C. Praya — See Porta Praya, Preble, co. of O., bounded by la. W., Darke N., Montgomery E,, and Butler S. Length 24, breadth 18 ms. ; area 432 sq. ms. Surface gen erally level, and soil productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Chief town, Eaton.— —Town; Cortland co , N. Y. Pop, 1840, 19,482. Prkcessiox, or, far more correctly, Recessioit, of the equinoxes. This term is used to express an annuol change of place of equinoxial points, arising from a slow but constant deflexion of ths earth's axis from its parallelism of 50". 1 annually. The solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 62 seconds ; the sidereal year is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 12 seconds: difference of lime 20 minutes and 20 seconds, which the side real year exceeds the solar ; or the earth comes from equinox to equinox 1,220 seconds sooner than from star to star ; and hence the recession west ward ofthe equinoxial points. Precop, or Perecop, town and fortress of Rus sia, in tho government of Catharinenslaf, and pro vince of Taurida, sealed on the isthmus that joins the Crimea to the continent. .A deep trench, 4 ms. in length, is cut across the isthmus, over which is a bridge, ond upon that a vaulted gate, called the Golden Gate of the Tartars. Lon. 35 34 E., lat. 46 8 N. Precopia, town of European Turkey, In Set' via, on the river Morave, 20 ms. W. frora Nissa. PrPtrfl ,\v„r nf Ko.l B-....!. —Ul-U :- f— ~ PRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PRI the Lake .Angerburg, and, flowing by Insierburg, Welau, and Konigsburg, enters the eastern extrem ity of the Frisch Haff. Premislau, town of Poland, in the palalinale of Lemburg, with a strong castle, and a Greek and Latin bishop's see. It is sealed on the river Sa na, 60 ms, W. by S. of Lemburg. Lon. 21° E., lat. 49° N. Prenzlo, town of Brandenburg, capital of the Ucker Mark. It contains 6 churches, and has a considerable trade in corn, tobacco, and cattle. It is seated on the lake and river Ucher, 60 ms. NNE. of Berlin. Lon. 13 .50 E., lat. 53 19 N, Prerau, town of .Moravia, capital of a circle of tbe same name. Itis seatedon the Beczwa, 13 ms. SE. of Olmutz. Lon. 17 29 E., lat. 49 33 N. Presburg, fortified cily, capital of Lower Hun gary, with a strong castle on a bill. It is seated on the Danube, which is here very rapid, and about 250 yards in breadth. The inhabilanls are estimated at 27,000. Here the States of Hungary hold their assemblies, and in the cathedral tho sov ereign is crowned. In December, 1805, a treaty of peace was concluded here between Austria and France. Presburg is 31 ms. E. by S. of Vienna, and 95 WNW. of Buda. Lon. 17 7 E,, lat. 48 9N. Presburg, or Poaonyi- Varmegye, palatinate of Hungary, of which Presburg is the capital. Prescot, town of Eng., in Lancashire. Here are manufactures of watch movements, pinion wile, small files, and coarse earthen ware, and around it ore many coal mines. It is 8 ms. E. from Liverpool. Prescott, village of U. C, on St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Ogdensburg. Village, Hamp shire CO., Mass., 70 ms. westerly from Boston. Pressley's, Abbeville dislrict, S. C. Prestan, town. New London co , Cl., on the E. side of iheriver Thames, 15 ras. -above New London. Pop. 185.0, 1,899. lown, Chenan go CO., N. Y. The tp. of Preston lies W. of Norwich; the post office 106 ms. W. from Alba ny. County, Virginia, bounded by Monon gahela county N,, Alleghany county, ,V[aryland, E., Randolph co., Virginia, S., and Harrison W. Lengih 26, mean width 16 ms. ; area 416 sq. ras. Surface either hilly or raountainous. Cheat liver, or the SE. bransh of Monongahela, fiows through it from S. lo N. Pop. in 1 820, 3,428; and in 1840, 6,866. Cent. lat. 39 17 N., Ion. W. C.'2 45 W. Preston Hollow, pot office, Albany co., N. Y., about 20 ms. from Albany. Prestonsberg, village and seal of jusiice, Floyd CO., Ky., on the west branch of Big Sandy river, by postroad 209 ms. SE. by E. from Frankfort. Lat. 37 44 N., lon. W. C. 5 36 W.. Prestonville, village, Rhea co., Tenn., 140 ms. by postroad a little S. ofE. from Murfreesborough. Prevesa, town of European Turkey, in Alba nia, on the ruins of the ancient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, in memory of his vic tory over Anthony. It is seated on a mountain, on ihe Gulf of Arta, 70 ms. NW. of Lepanto. Lon. 21 5 E., lat. 39 14 N. Prewitt'g Knob, village. Barren co., Ky., 144 ms. SSW. from Frankfort. Price's Tavern, and post office, Louisa co., Va., 60 ms. NW. frora Richmond, Priestford, village, Hartford county, Mary land. Prince Edward, co. of U. C, occupying a pe ninsula belween Lake Ontario and the bay of Quinti. Prince Edward, co,, Va., bounded by Lunen- berg SE., Charlotte S. and SW., Buckingham NW., Cumberland or Appomattox river N., Ame lia NE., and Nollaway E. Lengih 25, mean width 10 ras. ; area 250 sq. ms. It is drained by the sources of Appomattox. Chief town, Farm ville. Pop. 1820, 12,557; and in 1840, 14,069. Cent. lal. 37 12 N., lon W. C. 1 30 W. The following additional information respecting this CO. was forwarded to the publishers of the for mer edition, and conliaued in this from the im portance of its contents. The CO. derives great advantage from the nav igation of the Appomaitox. A large part is fer tile, well watered, and highly cullivated. Indus try and economy characterize the inhabitants. The raost numerous religious denominations are the Methodist and Baptist ; there are 3 Presbyterian churches. An English school is kept in every neighborhood ; 6 or 8 valuable classic schools are maintained ; and great attention is given by the more wealthy citizens to female education. Va rious benevolent associations are formed for the distribution of bibles und tracts, for the support of Sabbath schools, and for educating indigent and promising youth. Hampden Sydney College, in this co., has an elevated, dry, and remarkably healthy situation, 80 ms. SW. from Richmond, and central lo the southern section of Va. The college was founded in 1775. The charter is as liberal and ample as that of any college in the U. S. The corporation con sists of 27 raen, most of whom are graduates of other colleges. The laws of the corporation, whioh relate to the instruction and to the inter nal government of tbe college, are committed lo the faculty, consisting of tbe president, professors, and tutors. The following professorships have been estab lished ; the president is the professor of Mentai Philosophy, Rhetoric, Moral Philosophy, and Na tural Law. The professor of Chemistry ond Na tural Philosophy, of Mathematics, and of the Learned Languages. The apparatus is adequate to a very liberal course of experiments in chemistry and natural philosophy. A collection of valuable specimens is the com mencement of a mineralogical cabinet. The col lege librasy, with those belonging to the Philan thropic, the T.'nion, and Philosophical societies, exceed 2,000 select volumes. The permanent funds of the college consist in land, and bank stock. By a provision of the Legislature, it will receive raore ample endowment. There is olso a valuable academy, under the di-> rection of the faculty, in which those studies only are taught that are required for the admission inlo the lowest college class. The college year has two sessions; the winter session, six months, com mences with November and ends wilh April. The summer session commences wilh June, and ends 741 PRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PRI with the college commencement, on the last Thurs day in September. The expenses are— » For board, $10 a month, $100 for the year. For tuition, 4 do 40 do For room rent and servants 1 do 10 do Amount $15 $160 There is no town or village in the vicinity of tbe college, and the students are distinguished for virtue and order. COURSE OF STUDIES. ACADSMT ATTACHEr TO THE COLLEGE. Murray's English Grammar; Adam's Latin Grammar. Sacred History ; Mair's Introduction ; Cesar's Commentaries. Elements of Geography and Ancient History; Valpey's Greek Grammar, and the Greek Testa ment ; Virgil and Latin Prosody. Classical Dictionary ; Tooke's Pantheon, and Adam's Roman Antiquities, lo be consulted and studied so that the student may explain all classic allusions. Dalzel's Collectanea Grsca Minora; Sallust and Webber's Arithmetic as far as Proportion. COLLEGE. Each class has two studies, and a daily recitation in each study, except the senior. Freshman Class, — Winter session. Cicero's Orations ; Grseca Majora — the historians, Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus, and Thucydides. Webber's Arithmetic, and Day's Algebra. Summer sesaion. Playfoir's Euclid, 4 books; andGraeca Majora — the orators, Lysias, Isocrates, and Demosthenes. English Grammar, Murray's 8vo. vol., and Blair's Rhetoric. Composition every four weeks through the year. Sophomore Class. — Winter session. Hedge's Logic ; Morse's Geogi-aphy, 8vo. vol. ; Tytler's Elements of History, and Chronology. Livy with Roman Antiquities conlinued; and GrsEca Majora — the critics, Aristotle, Dionysius, and Longinus. Summer session. Euclid, including the supplements; Day's plain Trigonometry and Logarithms, and Mensuration of Superfices and Solids. Grmca Majora — the poets. Homer, Sophocles, Euripides, &c., wilh Greek versification. Composition every three weeks thruugh'tbe year. Junior Class, — Winter session, Gotham's Chemistry, 8vo. 2 vols., wilh Experi ments, &c,, and ils application to Agriculture; Mineralogy. Day's Surveying and Navigation ; and Conic Sections. Spherical Geometry and Trigonometry, ond Fluxions. Summer session, Enfield's Natural Philosophy, witb Experi ments, &c. 742 Horace — Edilio Expurgata with Latin Prosody. Compositions every two weeks through the year. Senior Class, — Winter session, Stewart's Philosophy of the Mind ; Campbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric, and Paley's Moral and Po- litical Philosophy. Summer session. Enfield's Astronomy; and Laws of Nature and of Nations, by Vatlel. Dissertations every two weeks, and forenaicks every four weeks ihrough the year. The seniors are required to review the most im portant studies of tbe course. The members of each class declaim in public once in four weeks — the senior members pronounce original orations. Prince Edward, C. H. and post office. Prince Edward co., Va Prince Frederick, village and seat of justice, Calvert co., Md., 40 ras. nearly S. from Annapo lis. Lat. 38 32 N., lon. W. C. 26' E. Prince George's, co., Md.. bounded by Mont gomery CO., in Md., NW,, District of Columbia and Potomac river W., Charles co. S., and Pa tuxent river E. and NE. Length 30 ms., mean width 17; orea, 510 sq. ras. Surface raoderately hilly, and soil of middling quality. Chief town. Upper Marlborough. Pop. in 1820, 20,216; and in 1840, 19,639. Central lat. 38 40 N., Ion. W. C. 13' E. Prince George's, co , Va., bounded by James river and Appomattox river N.. Dinwiddie co. W., Sussex and Surry SE., and James river E. Length 26 ms., meon width 12; area 312 sq. ms. The southern side of this co. is drained by the various sources of the Nollaway and Blackwater rivers. Surface moderately billy, and soil tolerably produc tive. Pop. in 1820, 8,030; and in 1840, 7,176, Central lat. 37 7 N., lon. W. C. 20' W. Prince of Wales' island, or Pulo Pinang. Lon. 100 19 E., lat. 5 25 N, It lies off the Malay pe- ninsula. An English fort and factory has existed here since 1786, and has become a very important mart commanding the trade of the straits of Ma lacca. Prince of Wales Cape, the most western ex- liemity of all America, hitherto known, discovered by Capiain Cook in 1778. Lon. 108 S W., hU 65 46 N. Prince of Wales, Fort, the most northern set tlement of the Hudson's Bay Company, sealed on the W. side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Churchill rivor. Lon. 94 7 W., lat. 58 47 N. Prince's Bridge, post office, Chatham co., N. C. Princess Ann, vill ige and seat of justice, Som erset CO., Md., at the head of the Manokin river, eastern shore, about 90 ras. SE. from W. C. It is a place of considerable trade, and contains the counly buildings, 3 places of public worship, and a bank. Princess Ann, SE. co., Va., bounded by tbe Atlantic ocean E., Currituck CO., in N. C, S. .Vorfolk CO. W., und Chesapeake, or ralher Lyn. haven bay N. Lengih SO ras., mean width 10; area 300 sq, ms. Chief town, Kempsville. Pop, in 1810, 7,285, C. H. and post office. Prin cess Anne co., Va., 30 ms. from Norfolk, and 1 14 PRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PRO Princeton, village, Worcester co , Ma-s., 18 ms. a little W. of N. from Worcester. Village, Schenectady co., N. Y., 18 ms. from Albany. Town, Worcester co., Mass., 16 ms, N. from Worcesler. Wacbuselt mounlain, itising to near 3,000 feet above tbe ocean level, stands in the N. part of this tp Town and seot of a college, in the NE. part of Mercer co., N. J., 18 ms. SW. of New Brunswick, 10 ms. NE. of Trenton, and 40 of Philadelphia, in lal. 40 22 N., and lon. 74 84 W. The college erected here, called Nassou- hall College, founded in 1738, is a handsome stone building, 180 feet wide by 64 deep, placed on a sraall erainence that commands a pleosing view of the adjacent country. The presidents have been distinguished for learning and piety, and the insti tution has produced raen of extensive usefulness in church and Slate. The college library contains about 8,000 vol umes, with a fine philosophical apparatus, and a real treasure of science ; on orrery constructed by the celebroted David Rittenhouse J and a valuable cabinet of mineralogy and naturaf history in general. Tbe faculty consists of a president,' vice presi dent, who is professor of languages and belles lel- tres; a professor of mathematics and mechanical Principato, province of Naples, divided into Principato Ulteriore and Principato Citeriore — that is, the Furiher and Hither Principality. Piin- cipato Citeriore is bounded on the N. hy Princi pato Illteriore and Terra-di-Lavora, oh the W. and S.by the Mediterranean, and on the E.by Basilicata. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad ; the soil is ferlile in wine, corn, oil, and soffron ; ond it hos a groat deal of silk and several mineral springs. Salerno is the capital. Principato Ulteriore is hounded on the N. by the Molise and Tcrra-di-Lavoro, on the W. by the Medilerronean, on the S. by Principato Citeriore, ond on the E. by Capilanata. It is 37 ma. long and 30 broad. Prisdenia, lown of Turkey in Europe, in Bos nia, on the Drinn, 32 miles NE. of Albanapolis, and 196 N.of Belgrade. Lon. 21 3 E , Iat. 42° N. Pristina, lown of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, on the Rusca, 58 ms, NW. of Nissa, and 150 SE. of Belgrade. Lon. 22 6 E,, lot. 42 43 N. Pritzwalk, town of Germany, in the circle of TJpper Saxony, in the fmarche of Prignilz, 44 ras. N. of Brandenburg, and 64 N W. of Berlin. Lon. 12 13 E., lat. 53 9 N. Privas, town of Fr., in tbe dep. of Ardeche, and lote province of Dauphiny, on a hill, near the con- philosophy, and a professor of chemislry, experi- jfluence of three small rivers, 16 ms. N. of Viviers. mental philosophy, and natural history ; with three i Lon. 4 41 W , lat. 44 45 N. tutors. Students about 120. | Procita, island of Italy, in the gulf of Noples, According to Dr. Morse, the number of persons \ near that of Ischia. It is 8 ms, in circumference. educated in this college from its foundation were 1,425, of whom 1,023 were living in 1815, An nual amount of collegiote and other expenses for a student at this college, $225. A theological seminary was formed bere in 1812, by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church. The edifice for this institulion is a spa cious stone building, standing to the E. of the road from Princeton to Trenton, a litlle S. of the village. The foundation has two professors, one for didactic and polemic theology, and the other of ecclesiastical history. Students about 70. Princeton, village, Caldwell co., Ky., 60 ms. NW. by W. frora Russelville Village, Buller CO., 0., 6 ms, E. from Hamillon, and 19 ms. N. frora Cincinnati. Town and seat of justice, Gibson CO., Ia , containing about 100 houses, and 500 inhabitants, 30 ms. S. from Vincennes, and about an equal distance from Evansville, on Ohio. Prince William, tp. of Yorkco., N. Brunsvvick, Prince 'William, county, Virginia, bounded by Potomac river E., Stafford co. SE., Fauquier SW. and W., Loudoun N., and the Occoquon river, or Fairfax, NE, ; length 30 ms,, mean wilh 10, area 300 sq. ms. Chief towns, Haymarket and Dum fries. Surface near the Potomac very hilly, and soil sandy. Pop. in 1820, 9,419; and in 1840, 8,144. Central lat. 38 38 N., lon. W. C. 30' W. Prince Williani Henry's Island, island in the Eastern oeean, lying WNW. of Tench's island. It is pretty high, and 70 miles in circuit. A high mountain rising in the centre of il was called Mount Philip. Lon. 149 30 E , lat. I 32 S. Island of the South .Pacific ocean, discovered by Captain Wallis in 1767. Lon. 141 6 W., Iat. 17° S. .Prince William's Sound Gulf, on the northwest coast of America, so named by Captain Cook in 1778. and very fertile and populous. The capital, ofthe some name, is a small foriified place, on a high craggy rock, by the sea side. Lon. 14 8 E., lal. 40 42 N. Proctorsville, village, Windsor co , Vt., by post road 88 ms. S. from Monlpelier. Prodano, anciently Spectaria, island in the Med iterranean, near the W. coast of the Mnrea. It is 36 miles SSE. of Zante. Lon. 21 24 E, lat. 37 15 N. Pkolegomeita, nearly synonymous w'\th preface, or preparatory remarks, to explain what is lo follow. • Pboletaire, proletarius, Latin, used by the Romans as a lerm of contempt for the moss of poor persons who furnished to the republic only chil dren — proles. This term, now adopted wilh nn acceptation, meaning tbe common people, and re spectfully, also, into the French language, has not, however, until recently, been introduced into their Lexicons, It is not found in the Dictionary ofthe Academy, (edition 1814,) but is in that of Lan- dais, 1834. It is introduced in Ihis our Dictionary from the evidence it affords of the estimation in which were held, not the slaves, but even the mass of free but poor people by the Romans, and how much the import of a word depends on the tone of thinking, and, finally, from the proof it gives in its modern acceptation of the increased value set on human life, independent of externals. Pron, town of the kingdora of Burmah, seated on the Menan, 200 ms. NW. of Pegu. Lon. 94° E., lat. 17 50 N. PnopAGANDE. Thus abridged is the general title given to the congregation De Propaoasda Fide, established ot Rome in 1622, by Gregory, XV., for the propagation of the Faith. There was, in 1649, established in Ehgland a society with the same litle and for like purpose. Indeed, any mis sionary society established wilh a view to propa- 743 PRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PRU gate the Christian religion, is really a society de propagande fide. Prospect, lown, Hancock co.. Me., on the W. side of Penobscot river, 8 ms. NE. of Belfast and 7 S. of Frankfort, all lying on tbe same river. Pop. in 1810, 1,300; and in 1820, 1,771. Town, Prince Edward CO., Va., by post road 105 miles SW. from Richraond. Prospect Hill, village, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 23 ms. from Albany. Post office, Fairfax co., ¦Va., 14 miles N, by W. from W. C. .-Village, Caswell CO., N. C, by post road 88 miles NW. from Raleigh. Provence, late province pf France, 138 miles long, and 100 broad, bounded on the N. by Dau phiny, on the 8. by the Mediterranean, on the W. by the river Rhone, which separates it frum Lan guedoc, and on the E. hy the Alps and the fiver Var. Tbe air near tbe Alps and Dauphiny is cold, on the seacoast hot, and in tbe middle, temperate. In that which was called Upper Provence, the soil is fertile in corn and pastures, but in Lower Pro vence dry and sondy. It produces, however, wine, oil, figs, almonds, prunes, and pomegrantes, olong the seacoast ftom Toulon t) Nice. There are or ange and citron trees in the open fields, and many medicinal plants, mineral walers, and raines of sev eral kinds. Provence now forma the departments of Var, the Lower Alps, and the Mouths of the Rhone. ¦ Providence, capital of the Stale of Rhode Islond, a town and port of entry, situate in Providence county, and on Providence river, near the bead of Naragansett boy, ond in lot. 41 49 N., and lon. 71 23 W. It lies 30 ms, N. by W. of Newport, and 45 SW. of Boston. The harbor is safe and commodious, though inferior lo that of Newport. This is one of the most flourishing towns, compar ed to ils extent, in the United States, and the most manufacturing in proportion to population. 'J'he manufactures of cotton cloths employ in Provi dence and vicinity above 100 factories— the mass of the business and capital of which centre in that city .i Tbe manufacturing and coraraercial prosperity of Providence have advanced together. The amount of shipping approaches 20,000 tons, a considerable part of which is engaged in the cotlon trade. Brown Universitv, in Providence, was original ly established in Warren in 1764, and, in 1770, removed to Providence. It possesses a president and eight professors, in mathematics, natural phi losophy, of law, of moral philosophy and meta physics, of oratory, belles letlres, of anatomy and surgery, of materia medica and botany, of the the ory and practice of physic, and of chemislry. The library exceeds 5,000 volumes. The philosophical apparatus is extensive^ The whole inslituliOH is highly respectable and flourishing. Number of stu dents usually about 120. Progressive population of Providence in — 1810, whites colored 1840, whites colored 21,869 1,302 9,200 871 Total 1820, whitescolored Total 744 - 10,071 - 10,788 979 11.767 Total - - - - 23,171 Providence, northern co. of Rhode Island, bound ed by Conneciicut W., Massachusetts N. ond E., and Kent counly, in- Rhode Islaud, S. ; lengih 20 ras., width 18, area 360 sq. miles. Surface gen erally hilly, and soil of mixed ond raiddling quali ty. It is drained by the various branches of Pro vidence river. Chief town, Providence. Pop. in 1820, 3.5,726 ; and in 1840, city of Providence and residue of the co., 68,073. Providence, town, Saratoga co., N. Y., on the W. side of the Hudson, 25 miles N, of Albany. Tp., Essex CO., N. J.,. on the Passoic, 11 ma. W. from Newark. — —Town, Luzerne co., Penn., on bolh sides of Lackawannock, 10 ms. NE. from Wilkesbarre Tp., Bedford co.. Pa., on bolh sides of the great road from Chombersburg to Bed ford, and SE. from Juniata river., One of the least of the Bahama islands, but the best of those planted by the English. It lies 200 ras. E, of Flo rida. Lon. 77 1 W., lat 24 50 N. Island in the Atl-intic, 150 railes F. of tbe coast of Nicara gua. Lon. 80 44 W., lat. 13 25 N. Providence, jYqrih, Ip., Providence co., Rhode Island, iramediaiely N. from the city of Providence. Pop. in 1820, 2,420. Providence, Nether, tp., Delaware co., Pa., be tween Crum and Ridley creeks, 12 miles WSW. from Philadelphia. Providence, Upper, tp., Delaware co.,Penn. — above the preceding. Providence, Lower, tp., Montgomery co., Po., on the Schuylkill, below the raouth of Perkiomen creek. Providence, Upper, tp., Montgomery co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill, above tbe mouth of Perkiomen creek. Providence, lake, Louisiana, in Concordia, once a bend of the Mississippi river; from this lake is sues the source of the Tensaw river. It is situ ated W. of the Mississippi, 40 ms. obove the Yazoo. Town, Mecklenburg co., N. C, by post rood I77'ms. SW. from Raleigh. Providence Inn, post office, Chesterfield co.. Vs., 27 ms. from Richmond. Providence Meeting-house, Delaware co.. Pa. Provinceton, town, Barnstable co,, Mass., on a sterile spot at tbe point of Cape Cod, and engaged principally in catching, curing, and vending fish, which has rendered the inhabitants hardy and ex pert mariners. It lies in lal. 42 N,, and lun. 70 9 W, ; about 140 ms. SE. of Boston by land, and about 50 by waler. Provins, lown of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, on the Vouzie, 30 ms. SE. of Meaux, and 47 SE. of Paris. Lon. 3 22 E., Iat, 48 .34 N. Prowellsville, village, York co.. Pa., 7 ms. S. from Harrisburg. Pruck, town of Austria, seated on tbe Leila, 22 ms. SW, of. Presburg, and 22 SE. of Vienna. Lon. 16 68 E., lat. 48 5 N. Prucc, town of Gerraany, in Styria, sealed on the Muehr, 66 ras. SW. of Vienna. Lon. 15 25 B„ lat. 47 24 N. PSK GEOGRAPfllCAL DICTIONARY. PUE Pruntytown, village, Harrison co., Va , on the road frora Clarksburg eastward, and at the ferry over the E. fork of Monongahela river, 17 ms, NK. by E. from Cliiksburg, and by post rood 210 ms. a liltle N. of W. from W. C. Prussia, Kingdom of, Tbe Kingdora of Prus sia is situaled, like .-X ustria, nearly in the cenire of Europe, and, like il, is composed of various coun tries, provinces, and districis, inhi-ibited by people of different nations and language.^, and who have no stronger bond of union than lhat of being placed in one sovereignty. Exclusive of Neuf chatel and of some small isolated districts in Saxony, the kingdom is formed of two large, unequal, and distinct tracts of. country, separaled from each olher by the Gerinon Slates of Hanover, Bruns wick, Hesse, Nassau, and the Kingdom and Duch ies of Saxony. Outline very irregular ; of course no definite mean length or breadth can be given Distance from the southwestern to the northeastern extremes something above 700 Eng. ms. The ag gregate area in English sq. ms , 93,603. The kingdora is divided, exclusive of Neufcha tel, inlo eight provinces, and those subdivided into twenty five governmepts, (Regierungs bezerhe,) and slill furiher portioned inlo 328 circles. TABLE OF PROVINCES AND GOVERNMENTS OF PRUSSIA. Names of the provinces and gov- Area o Pop. ol Population, Protestants. Catholic. Capitals. Population, ernjneats. Provs. ir in Eng sq. ms. Provs. to Eng. sq mile. Province of Prussia - 2-J,000 120 Government of Koenigsberg Government of Gumbinnen 746,462558,192 1 1,138,842 158,625 Koenigberg - Gumbinnen - 67,941 5,633 Government of Dantzic Government of Marienwerder 849,218 499,001 1 416,664 400,730 Dantzic Marienwerder 61,102 4.9-29 Province of Posnania - 10,000 117 _ 352,564 Government of Posen - 788,573 Posen Government of Bromberg - 381,123 Bromberg Province of Brandenburg 13,644 127 Government of Frankfort - 736,089 Frankfort 16,056 Governmeni of Potzdam - 1,005,322 Berlin 236,830 Province of Pomerania 10,740 92 Government of Stettin - 464,440 . 3,909,831 41,924 Stettin 3-2,191 Government of Cuestrin 365,417 Cuestrin 4,809 Govei nment of Stralsund - 160,4-28 Stralsund 13,869 Province of Saxony - 8,600 181 J Government of Magdeburg - 596,981 51,046 Government of Merseburg 652,591 _ 8,833 Government of Erfurt - _ 312,615 222,649 88,6-27 23,127 Province of Silesia 13,846 121 1,412,836 1,241,999 Government of Breslau 1,0-27,799 1,0-27,799 Breslau 90,000 Government of Oppeln 807,893 - Oppeln 4,896 Government of Liegnitz - 844,281 - - Leigniiz 9,617 Province of Westphalia Government of Munster 6,973 190 - 1,019,,338 1,115,993 - 405,275 - - Munster 17,370 Government of Minden 417,-276 Minden 8,959 Government of Arnsberg - 603,916 - - Arnsberg 2,970 Province of tlie Rhine 7,800 317 - 121,974 1,503,193 Government uf Colosne - 426,694 - - Cologne 65,441 Government of Dusseldorf 766,837 Dusseldorf 28,710 Government of Cnbienz 461,907 Coblenz 14,888 Government of Treve.*? 446,796 Treves 13,318 Aix-la-Chapelle 93,603 371 14,098 489 Aix-la-Chapelle 36,809 Total 125 8,604,743 5,294,303 Prussia comprises a part of that great plain which, comraencing in France, extends to the extrerae northeastern angle of Europe with a general NW. slope. Advancing frora W. to E. Prussia is tra versed or drained by the rivers Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Oder, Vistula, Pregel, and Niemen. Wilh very partial exceptions the surface is level, with a soil rather sterile, though cultivated by a popula tion rising above 150 to the English sq. m. Were the entire zone of the U. S. from oeean to ocean comparatively thus peopled, they would exceed three hundred millions. Prussia, from Upper Si lesia, Iat. 49 50, extends to Polangen on the Baltic, Iat, 55 54, or a small space above 5° of N. lat. From the norlhern inclination and exposure of its surface, the winters of Prussia are colder than those of Southern Sweden and tbe Danish islands. Pruth, river of Poland which rises in Red Rus sia, in the mountain of Crapach, crosses part of the palatinate of Lemburg, runs ihrough all Mol davia, and falls into the Danube. Pskof, or Pleskof, government of Russia, fijr- 94* merly comprised in tbe government of Novo gorod. Pskof, or Pleskof, an archiepiscopal town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, on the river Velika, 80 ras. S. of Norva, and 150 S- by W. of Petersburg. Lon, 27 52 E., lat. 57 .58 N, Pshof Pleskof, lake of Russia, in a government of the same name. Puckholi, town of Hindoostan proper, in the province of Lahore. Lon, 72 5 E,, lat. 33 45 N. Pudder, river of Hindoostan proper, which rises in the SW. part of Agimere, divides the provinces of Cutch and Guzerat, and falls into the gulf of Cutch. Pudoga, lown of Russia, in the government of Olonetz. It lies on the E. coast of the lake Onez- koe, 108 ms. E. of Olenelz. Lon. 36 30 E,, lat. 61 36 N. Puebla, lown of Spain, in Estramadura, seated near the Guadiana, 15 ms. W. of Meridad. Lon. 6 23 W , lat. 38 42 N. 745 PUL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PUL Puebla-de-loa- Angeles, formerly an intendancy, now a Slale of Mexico, bounded by the Pacific ocean S., Mexico W., Querataro N W., Vera Cruz NE., and Oaxaca E. and SE. Lengih 350 ms., mean breadth 53, orea 18,441 sq. ms. This Slale extends from 16 57 W,, lon. to 20 40 N. lat., and is entirely within the tropics. Above lat. 18° Puebla spreads into an immense plain from 5,900 to 6,560 feet elevalion, and highly productive in wheat, maize, agaue, and fruit trees. Puebla raay properly, like Oaxaca, Mexico, and Mechoacan, divided inlo the raountains and oceanic regions. Below N. lat 18°, along the small river Yopez, lo the Pacific, the country falls from 5,000 feel to the level of that ocean. The population is concen traled upon the elevated and salubrious table land, and though well adapted lo the cultivation of sugar, indigo, cotton, and great variety of tropical pro ductions, tbe southeaslern slope is left in gieat part a wilderness. The populalion given on Tan ner's map (1825) is 1,212,495. This mass, or al least one million, exists upon about 10,000 sq. ms., affording a distributive population to the north ern part of the State of 100 lo tbe sq. m. Under , the head of Pyramids of America, the reader will see a condensed view of the immense re mains of antiquity found in Puebla. — See also Popocatepetl, This Stale, rich in manufactures and vegetable produce, has little metallic wealth in its bowels, or if the precious ores exist they have nol been dis covered. Salt and marble abound. External com merce inconsiderable. The raost reraarkable cities and towns are Puebla de-Ios- Angeles, Tlascala, Cholula, Atlixco, Tehuccande-los-Grenadas, Tep- eyaca or Tepeyacac, and Huajocinco or Huezot- zinco. The small territory of Tlascala is enclosed within the Stale of Pluebla. Puebla-de-los Angeles, city of Mexico and cap ital of the Slate of the sarae name. This fine city was founded by tbe Spaniards in 1531, on the plain of Acoxete or Cuillaxoapan. It is the fourth city of Spanish America according to Humboldt, who stales that it is only exceeded by Mexico, Guanaxuaio, ond Havannah. Pop. in 1803, from Humboldt, 67,800 ; and in 1825, by Tanner's mop, 100,000. Lal. 19° N., lon. W. C. 21° W. 87 ras. SE. by E. frora Mexico, and 160 ras. WNW. from Vera Cruz, Puent-del-ar.obispo, town of Spain, in Estra raadura, on the river Tajo, over which is a hand some bridge, 40 ms, SW. of Teledo. Lon. 4 15 W., lat 39 38 N, Puente-delo-Reyne, town of Spain, in Na varre, seated on the river Agra, 10 ms. SW. of Pampeluna. Lon. 4 39 W., lat. 42 41 N. Puerto Pello, Puerto Rico, &c.— See Porto Beth, Porto Rico, &c. Pughtown, town, Chester co,. Pa., on French creek, 35 ms. NW. from Philadelphia. Puglia, modern name of the ancient Apulia, containing the three provinces of Copatonata, Ba ri, and Otranto, on the E. side of the kingdom of Naples. , ,. , . , Pulaon, island in the Indian ocean, lying on the W, side of the Philippines. It is very fertile, and subiect to ils own king, who is tributary to lhat of Borneo. Lon. 129 12 E., lat. 9 30 N. Pulaaki, co. of Ga., bounded by Telfair SE,, 746 Houston SW., Monroe NW., Twiggs N., and Laurens NE. Length 35 ms., raean width 14, and area 490 sq. ms. Lillle Oakmulgee river rises in the NE. angle, and traverses tbe enlire length of this counly, and the main Oakmulgee olso passes Ihrough its SW. side. Chief lown, Hariford. Pop. in 1820, 6,223 ; and in 1840, 5,389. Cenlrai lat. 32 18 N., lon, W. C. 6 16 W. Pulaski, CO. of Ky., bounded by Cumberland river, or Wayne, S., Adair W., Casey and Lin coln NW., Rockcastle NE., and Rockcastle river, or White, E. Length 36 ms., mean width 23, and area obout 800 sq. ms. Chief town, Somer set. Pop. in 1820, 7,597; and iu 1840, 9,620. Pulaski, village and seat of justice for Giles CO., Ten., on Richland branch of Elk river, 45 miles NW. frora Hunlsville, and 80 miles S. from Nashville. Pulaski, CO. of Mo., on ihe head branches of the Gasconade river. Under the name of Pulaski, a space of more than 2,000 sq. ins. are included, and which, in the advance of settlement, will ha divided into several counlies. The NE. part, bounding on Crawford, Gasconade, and Miller COS., will, it is probable, retain the original name. — See Waynesville, Pulaski co. Pop. in 1840, 6,529. Pulaski, CO, of Ark., bounded S. by Jefferson, by Saline SW., Conway NW , While NE., and Monroe and Arkansas cos. E. It is traversed by the Arkansas river; the area exceeding 1,600 sq. ms. N. lat. 35°, and lon. 15° W. of W. C. in tersect in the norlhern part of this county. Pop. in 1840, 5,350. Pulliely, maritime town of Wales, in Carnar vonshire, sealed at the head of an inlet of Cardi gan bay, between two rivers, 6 ms. S. of Newin, and 143 NW. of London. Lon. 4 15 W., lat. 52 52 N. Pulo-Canton, island in the Indian ocean, on the coast of Cochin-China. Lon. 109 35 E., lal. 15 10 N. Pulo-Condore, the name of several islands in the Indian ocean, the principal of which is the only one inhabited. It is 13 ms. in lenglb, and 9 in bieadlh, bul in sorae places not above a mile over. Lon. 107 20 E.,lat. 8 40 N. PuhDindiyg, island in the Indian ocean, on the W. coast orthe peninsula of Malacca. It be longs lo the Dutch. Puli-Pinang.—See Prince of Wales island. Pulo- Timon, island in the Indian ocean, on the E. coasl ofthe peninsula of Malacca. It is often touched at for taking in wood, water, and other refreshments, and there is great plenty of green turtles. Lon. 104 25 E., lat. 2 0 N. Pub-Uby, island in the Indian ocean, yielding good waler and plenty of wood. It lies at the en trance of tbe bay of Siam, and is 20 ms. in circum ference. Lon. 106 56 B., lat. 8 25. N. Pulo-Way, island in the Indian ocean, near the N. point of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of tbe islands that form the entrance of tbe channel of Achem, and is peopled by men banished from Achem. Lon. 95 39 E,, lat. 5 60 N. Pultausk, town of Great Poland, in the palati nate of Massovia, seated on the Nareu, 20 miles of Warsaw. Lon. 21 47 E., Iat. 60 30 N. NE Pulteney, town, Steuben co., N. Y., W. from PUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PUY Crooked lake. 30 ms. a liltle E. of S. from Ca nandaigua, and 15 NNE. from Bath. Pop. in 1820, 1,162. Pulteney ville, village, Wayne co., N, Y,, on Lake Onlario, 15 ms. NNE. from Lyons. Pultney, villoge and tp , Belmont co., Ohio, 9 ms, below Wheeling. Pultowa, fortified town of the Ukraine, 100 ms. SW. of Belgorod. Lon. 34 35 E,, lal. 49 26 N. Puna, island in tbe Pacific ocean, 35 ms. long and 12 broad, lying at the entrance of the boy of Guiiquil, 115 N. of Paita. Lon. 81 6 W., lat. 3 17 S. Puna, town of S. America, ou Lake Chucnito. Lon. W. C. 6 34 E. lat, 16 20S. Punch Hall, village, Caroline co., Md. _ Punjaub, Punjnud, or Five Rivers, a general but very indefinite name used in our books for that part of Indostan drained by the various branches of the great souiheastern confluent ofthe Indus, Mr. Burnes observes, lhat "the name of I'unjnud, or Five Riveis, is unknown to the natives," and we now entitle the uniled stream the .\cessines of the Greeks, Gurrah, or Chenaub, the name of the Five Rivers being lost in that of the great stream. It is curious to observe that this fact is expressly men tioned by Arrian : " The Acessines (Chenaub) re tained its name till it falls at last intii the Indus, afler it has received three other rivers," The Sut ledge, or Hesudrus, is not mentioned by Alexan der's historians. These united rivers forra a noble stream, and the banks of the Chenaub are free from the thick tamarisk jungles of the Indus. — See Che naub river, Pungutengue, village, Accomack co., Va., 7 ms. SW. from Drummonton, and about 120, in a direct line, NE. by E, from Richmond. Punjab. — See Panjaub. Panto del-Guda, capilal of St. .Michael, one of the Azores, with a slrons castle and a harbor. Lon. 25 42 W., lat, 37 47 N. Punxetawny, village, Jefferson c.i.. Pa., on .Mahoning creek, 70 ras. NE. from Pittsburg, and 35 NE. by E. from Kittanning. Purbeck, Isle of, a rough and healthy tract of Eng., in Dorsetshire, to the S, of Poole bay. It is insulated by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone quarries. Purcell's Store, post office, Loudoun co., Va., 45 ras. from W. C. Purchena, town of Spain, in the province of Granada, 60 ms. W. of Carthagena. Lon. 2 5 W., lat. 37 19 N. Purfleel, village of Eng., in Essex, on the Thames, noted for its extensive lime works, and a large magazine of gunpowder. Furmereiis, town of New Holland, so called from a brook ofthe same narae, on which it is seat ed, Il is 10 ms. N. of Amsterdam, and 13 SE. of Alcinaer. Puryburgh, town of the U. S. in Ga,, built by a colony of Swiss, on the river Savannah, 30 ms. N W. of the lown of Savannah. Lon. 80 49 W., lal. 22 22. N. Fuschiavo, town of Switzerland, in the coun try of the Grisons, 3 ms. N. from a lake of the same name. It is 17 ms. WSW. of Borneo, and 20 E. of Chiavenna. Lon, 9 40 E., lat. 46 20 N. Pushaw, town, Penobscot CO., Me., 10 ms. N. from Bangor, ond by postroad 160 ms. NE. from Portland. Pulala, mountain of Great Thibet, 7 ms. E. of Lassa. On its summit is the palace of the Grand Lama, the high priest and sovereign of Thibet. Pul-in-Buy, bay of the southern Bass island, in LakeErie. Il bas two entrances between two of the i~lands, is well sheltered, and of suflicient depth for a frigale of the first class. It was about 6 ms. W. of this bay, lhat on the lOlh of Sep tember, 1813, Commodore Perry captured a British squadron under Commodore Barclay. The group of Bass islands belong lo Huron co., 0. Distant about 20 ms. N. frora Sandusky bay. Putnam, tp , Lincoln co.. Me,, 30 ras. N. from Wiscassei. Pop in 1820, 652. Putnam, co., N, Y., bounded by tbe Hudson river W., Dutchess co. N., Conn. E., and West Chester co., S, Lengih 22 ms , mean width 12, area 264 sq, rns. Surface generally hilly, bul soil productive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. In the ceusus of 1810, Putmaii was included in Dutchess CO. Chieflown, Carmel. Pop. in 1840, 12,825. Cenlrai lat. 41 25 N., Ion. W. C. 3 17 E. Town, Washington co., N.Y, on Lake Champlain, 30 ms. N. from Sandyhill, Pop. in 1820, 892, Putnarn, co., O , bounded by Henry N,, Han. cock E , Allen S. , and W. by Vanwert and Paulding. It is 24 ms. sq , and contains 576 sq. ms. It is watered by the Auglaize, Hog, and Blanchard's rivers. Surface generally level, in part wet, and even raarshy, with very favorable exceptions of rolling, well watered, and very pro ductive soil. Pop. 1840, 5,189. Putnam, co , Ga,, bounded by Oconee river, or Hancock SE., Baldwin and Jones S,, Jasper W., Morgan N,, and Oconee river, or Greene NE. Length 20 ras., mean width 18; area 360 sq. m.s. Chief town, Eatonton, Pop, in 1820, 15,475, Central lal. 33 20 N., lon, W. C, 6 22 W. Putnam, town, Muskingum co., 0., on the W. bank of tbe Muskingum river, opposite Zanes ville. A substantial wooden bridge on stone piers, uniies the two towns. Putney, villoge of Eng., in Surry, sealed on the Thames, 5 ms. WSW. of London. Town, Windham co,, Vt., on Conneciicut river, 33 ras. S. from Windsor. Pulumayo, or Ica, river of S. America, rising in Quilo, flows E. about 300 ms., takes the name of Ica, turns to SE,, ond continues into the Amazon, Lon. W. C. 8° E., lat. 3° S. Puy, lown of Fr., in the dep, of Upper Loire, and late province of Velay, seated on the mountain Ani.s, near the river Loire. Puy has manufac tures of lace and silk stuffs, and is 45 ms. NE. of Mende. Put/cerda, town of Spain, in Catalonia, and capilal of Cerdagna, between the Carol and Segra, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 53 ms. W. of Per pignan, and 67 NW. of Barcelona. Lon, 1 50 E,, bat. 42 36 N. Puy-de-Dome, dep. of Fr,, containing part of the late province of Auvergne. This department includes almost all Limagne, a territory about 12 leagues long, by 6 broad, one ofthe most pleasant 747 PYR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PYR and fertile in Fr. ; in which are seen, under the same poinl of view, orchards, meadows, vineyards, arable land, in a word, every kind of cultivation imaginable. The borders of this basin, or cir cular plain, are mountains now covered with habi tations, herbs, and flocks, but once so many vol canoes, which exhibited to the inspection of the learned, the most extraordinary phenoraena. Clermont is the capital of this department. Puyen-Anjou„ town of Fr., in tbe dep. of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, 10 ms. SW. of Saumur, and 260 of Paris. Lon. 0 13 W., lat. 47 6 N. Puylaarans, town ofFr., in the dep of Tarn, and late province of Languedoc, 8 ms. SW. of Castres, and 23 E. of Toulouse. Lon. 1 57 E., lat. 43 36 N. Puzzoli, celebrated, but now inconsiderable town of Italy, on the bay of Naples, 10 ms. W., of Naples. PnzzoiANA, usually called water lime, it is the pulvus puteolanus of the Ramans. Puteolean powder from the town of Puteolif, where it was first discovered. It is a light, porous, and friable mineral of a red colour, and is generally supposed to derive its orign from concreted volcanic ashes, tbrown out from Vesuvius, near to which raoun tain the town of Puteoli is silualed, ¦ Pyl.» CiSPi.Ti. — See Caspian Gales, Pyramid, Greek pur, as the Pyramid ends in a point like flame. The Pyramid differs from tho cone as the sides of the former are triangles, that of the latler (for strictly speaking it has but one side) is curvilinear. The pyramid may rest upon or have for a base, a triangle, square, or any polygon, and from which comes the name of any pyramid in parlicular, triangular, quadrangular, polygonal, &c. Pyramids of Egypt, structures formerly count ed one of the seven wonders of the world, They are built upon a rock, at the foot of the high mountains which accorapany the Nile in its course, and separate Egypt frora Lybia. Various have been the conjectures how and when they were built, yet no two authors agree, exactly about them ; however, this is certain, that they are ex tremely ancieni, and lhat there is no account, in any author of creJit, when or for what reason they were founded. Pyramids, Teocatli, and other ruins of North America, The stupendous magnitude of those monuments of antiquity on some parts of this con tinent is very liltle known. They ai-e spread over an immense space of country in the empire of Mexico. They consist of: Cholula, situaled in the intendancy of Puebla, N. Iat. 19 2 W,, Ion. W. C. 2113, This py ramid consists of four stages, perpendicular eleva tion 177 feel, and the horizontal breadth of the base 1,423 feet. Its sides are exactly parallel to the meiidians and parallels of lat., and constructed of alternate strata of brick and clay. It is matter of real astonishment to find the similarity of form and constituent material between this Mexican monument, and lhat of the lemplo of Belus, al Babylon, and tbe pyramids of Muischich, Das- hour, near Sahara, in Egypt. The immense platform of this truncated pyra mid bas an area of 45,208 sq. feet, whose sides 748 exceed 212,6 feet. From this platform is" seen in clear weather, the volcanoes of Puebla, Peak of Orizaba, and the mountains of Malbicueye. The pyramid of Cholula, and that of Touatiuh Itzaqdal, are very nearly of equal height, and aboul 10 feet higher than the Mycerinus, or third in elevation of the group of Ghize. Its lengih of base exceeds that of all similar monuments found by travellers on either continent; and is almost double that of Cheops. Il has been supposed that this vast edifice was formed by an incrustation of clay and brick around a natural hill; but a road cut through part of the first, or lower stage, favors tbe supposition, lhat it is entirely artificial. Though dilapidated by time, and no doubt much depressed, yet its height, and the length of its base are slill 8 lo 1, while lhat of Ghize is 8 to 5 nearly. It has long been observed, lhat a regular gradation of symmetrical pyramids surround the larger of those of Egypt. Mr. Grobert bas pub lished a drawing of the regular disposition of the small pyramids, which environ the Cheops and Mycerinus at Ghize. The Teocalli at Cholula, and Teotihuicon, are in an analogous raanner sur rounded by lesser monuments. To the W. of the former, stand two prismatical masses, now called Alcosac, and Cerro de la Cruz, To the NE. of tbe city of Mexico, and of the Lake of Tezcuco, in the Mexican valley, are the remains ofthe Teocalli, or temple of tbe sun and moon, or pyramids of Teotihuican, consisting of two truncated pyramids, called in the Aztec lan guage Tonatiuh Ylzaqual, house of the sun ; and Melzli Ylzaqual, house of the moon. According lo the admeasurement made by a Mexican, Dr. Orleyza, the house of the sun, which is most soutliern, has in ils present stiitc, a base of 682 feet, and 171 feet perpendicular elevation. The house of the moon has a lesser base, and is only 135 feet perpendicular height. Those raonumeuts from their form would seem to have been the models from which the olher Teocallies of Mexico were constructed. The Aztec nations found by the Spaniards in New Spain, attributed the pyra mids of Teotihuican to the Toidtecs, consequently tbey must have been created above 1,000 years. Siguenza believes them to be tbe production of the Omecs ; if so, they are three or four centuries still more ancieni, than if constructed by the Toullecs. The faces of these edifices are within 52' of an exact conformity to the meridians and parallels. Their interior is clay mixed with small stones, encrusted by a shell of porous amygdaloid. Traces of a bed of lime covering the stones are still visible. Time, the inroads of vegetation, and human curiosity, are here, as in all similar cases, chang ing the pyramidal to the conical figure, by erasing the features of the outer crust. The original was composed of four singes, again subdivided inlo steps of a little more than three feet. A winding staircase of a large hewn stones formerly led lo the top. The Tonaliuh Ylzaquol has, according to Orteyza, a cubic mass of 32,743,201 cubic feel. To pierce such enormous bodies is a very difficult undertaking; it is therefore nol easy lo determine the problem, whether they are natural elevations modified by the hand of man, or entirely arlificial. M. Humboldt inclines to the latler supposition PYR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PYR respecting those of Mexico, ond supports bis opinion by their isolated position on plains. That those of Teotihuican are the products of ort, is rendered almost certain by the circumstance of a group of smaller pyramids surrounding the larger. These lesser monuments of aboul 30 feet elevation, extend from the four faces of the larger pyramids in viist streets in exact cunformily to the meridians and parallels. They a-nount to raany hundreds, and are more abundant S, of the temple of Ihe moon, than towards the temple of the sun. Ac cording to the traditions of the nalives, these smaller pyramids were dedicated to the stars. There is little doubt but that they served as sepul chres to the chiefs of tribes. The wholo plain bore forraerly in the .\ztoca, and Toulteca lan. guages, the name of .MicaotI, or road of the dead. " What analogies," says Humboldt, "with the nionuinenls of the ancient continent ! This Toul- lec, (or Olmec,) nation, arriving on the Mexican soil, in the 7th century, (or raore early,) con structed on a uniform plan, several of these colossal mmurnents, those truncated pyramids, divided by fnyers, like the temple of Belus at Babylon, Whence did they derive the model of these edifices 1 Were they of Mogul race? Did Ihey descend from the co'nmou stock with the Chinese, the Hiongnu, and the Japanese V Or more probabtv, were they nol a race whose civili zation was indigenous ? Tbe pyramidal firm of temples, and their N. and S. and E. and W. posi tion are the result of obvious natural causes, ap parent lo all mankind. Another ancient monument is tbe milit,iry en trenchment of Xochicalco, situated lo the SSW. of Oueinevaca, ne.ir Tetlama, It is an insulated bill of 330 feet elevation, surroundcl with trenches, and cut into 5 stages or terraces, covered with ma- s inry ; the whole firming a truncated pyramid, whose fices correspond to the cirdinal points. The basaltic and porphyry stones are covered wilh hieroglvphicj, the must striking of which are crocodiles spouting water and man sitting in the cross-legged position of .Asiatics. The platform of this m.jnument contains m.ire than 96,825 feet. Though .M, de Humboldt calls this a firtress, it would seem, from its form, to have had an analo gous use with tha pyramids of Cholula and Teoti huican, Edifices, however, answering the double purpose of forts and temples, have been found in various parts ofthe earth, in very distant ages. The most remarkable raonument of antiquity in America, for the elegance and symmetry of its or naments, is the ruins ol the palace or temple of Mitia, in 0,-i,^aca. The walls of Mitia are decor ated with Grecques, ami labyrinths, in .Mosaic, of small porphyry stones, ,MilU was called by the .Vztecs, Miqu'tlan, or place of sadness. It appears from ils form, and from tradition, to have been a palace erected over the tombi of the kings. It wa5 a house of mournini;, to which the m^mareh retired to deposite and weep over the remains of a beloved relative, and where be himself was one day to repose with the ashes of his fathers It is in the incipient stages of civilization that these col- oisal monuments are erected for the dead. In Egypt, in India, in America, the founders are Inst amid the fragments of their own mausoleums, Tho palai-e tombs of MilU fiirm three edifices symmetrically arranged, and in a very romantic situation. The principal and bost preserved edi fice is about 130 feet in length ; a stairway leads to a subterranean vault, 88 by 26 feel. This gloomy recess is also ornamented with Grecquea. But what parlicularly distinguishes the ruins of Mitia from every other rem.tin of Aztec archilec- ture is 6 porphyry column.-;, which are placed in and support the ceiling of nn immense hall. The columns, the only ones yet found in America, evince the infancy of art, having neither base nor capital. Each is composed of a single block of amphibolous porphyry- Tbey are 16,4 feet in height, and their proportions, 12 modules or 6 diameters, conse- qunntly would he higher than the Tuscan, if the in ferior di.rmeter of the columns of Mitia were not in the proportion of three tn two lo their upper di ameter. A striking analogy has been observed in the dis- Iribulion of the interior apartments of Mitia, and in the monuments of upper EgypI, drawn by De- non. In the ruins of Milla have been found paint ings representing warlike trophies and trophies. In the norlhern part of the intendency of Vera Cruz, W. from the month of the river Tecolutia two leagues distant from the great Indian village of Papantla, we meet with a pyramidal edifice of great antiquity. This singular remain is of late discovery, not being known to Ihe Spaniards above 60 years. The pyramid of Papantla is not com posed of clay and bricks, mixed with basaltic stones, and faced wilh a wall of amygdaloid, like those of Cholula and Teotihuican ; the materials employed in the construction of those of Papantla are enorraous stones very regularly cut. Mortar is still distinguishable in the seams. The stones are carved full of hieroglyphics. The base of this pyramid is an exact square, each side having 82 feet; its perpendicular height is about 60 feel. The pyramid of Papantla is not so remarkable for its raass as for its syrainetry, the fine polish of the stone.--, and Iheir very regular cut. It is like all the other Mexican Tocalli, erected in stages, six remain distinguishable, and a seventh appears to be concealed by the vegetation which covers its outside lo ils summit. A great stair of 57 steps conducts to the truncated lop or platform. On each side of the great stair is a small stair ; on each side are hieroglyphics, in which tbe figures ' of serpents and crocodiles in relievo are visible. Each story contains a great nurnber of square niches symmetrically distributed. In the first story is 24 on each side, in the second 20, and in the third 16. At an immense distance from tbe monuments of .Mexico, near the Rio Gda, are found very exten sive ruins of an ancient Aztec cily, in the midst of which is the edifice, called by pre-eminence, la Casa Grande, laid out in exact conformity to the four cardinal points. The ruins spread over more than a square league of ground. The Casa Grande is 445 by 276 feet, constructed witb clay. The walls are 3 feet 11 inches in thickness. It is'still per ceptible that this edifice had three stories and a ter race. The stair was on the outside. A similar construction is still preserved in all the villages of the independent Indians of the Moqui, NW. from New Mexico. The ruins are on a plain, where the remains of a canal aro yet visible which serv- 749 PYR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. PYR ed to conduct the walers of the Rio Gila to the city. The whole plain is covered wiih broken pitchers and pots, painlcd blue, red, and white. Amongst these fragments ore found pieces of obsi dian, (ilztii,) from which the Mexicans formed their knives arid razors. The Indians of the Rio Gila yet retain a great shore of their ancieni civili- idUon, and in their architecture and household fur niture rauch of the perfection of their ancient arts. To these ruins, in Mexico and the internal pro vince, may he added the remains found in the ba sin of the Mississippi. The latler are indeed much more diraiiiutive than the forraer, and built on an entirely different plan. A connexion between the remains in Mexico and those in Mississippi basin has been supposed, but seems unsupported by any conclusive testimony arising from analogy. Obsi dian is entirely wanting in the fragments of domes tic utensils and military weapons found in the Mississippi ruins. Tbe pottery is also different in tbe two regions. But the most decisive circum stance, evincing an enlire disconnection, is that in the intermediate countries no remains similar to either are found. Tbe solidity, extent, and hier oglyphic sculpture, found on so large a scale in the Mexican monuraents, evince a state of science, art, -and civilizalion, at least as far advanced as that of Egypt at the period when the pyramids were constructed, whilst the rudeness, simplicity, and absence of all mental representation in their structures, prove that the ancient inhabitants of Ohio and Mississippi were not more, if as far ad vanced in tbe arts of civilized life as the present tribes of South Sea islanders. These expressions I am induced to modify. On a careful examina tion of the remains al Marietta, in the Slale of 0., there is no doubt of their construction being found ed on the same principles, and for like purpose.-i, with those at Mexico. Remains of Teocali, of no small magnilude, exist at Marietta, and evince, with olher reraains there and elsewhere in the West, a very considerable advance in the arts. The most remarkable circu nstance, however, respecting the North American ruins, is their ol mosl entire non-existence, on the Atlantic slope, E. ofthe Alleghany raountains, the oboriginal na tions seera to have been at all times purely savage, whilst traces of agricultural life are frequent and striking W. of the Alleghany ridge, in all the in termediate stages, from tbe barrow of Ohio In the superb vast edifices of Puebla, Oaxaca, Mexico, and the Rio Gila. It may be observed, respecting all the pyramidal structures yet known, from the temple of Belus to the raost rude barrow, that they are on alluvial soil, in most instances on plains, and that the founders, and the real purposes for which erected, are alike lost in ihe dorkness of past time. Pyramids of Teol ihualican, in Mexico.— At a recent meeting ofthe London Geographical Society, acommunicalion was read from Lieutenant Glennie, descriptive of these interesting memorials. The village of Teolibualcan is in Iat. 19 43 N., and in lon. 98 51 W., variation of tbe magnetic needle, 9 49 E. The village is elevated 7,492 feet above the level of the sea. The pyramids are distant about a raile and a half from it. The largest is 727 feet sq. al its base, and 221 feel high, with two of its sides parallel to the meridian 750 A rampart of about 30 feet in height surrounds this pyramid al the distance of 350 feel from its base, or. the north side of which are the remains of a flight of steps, wilh a road leading from them in a northerly direction, covered with a while ce ment. The remains of steps ore also found on the pyramids, which were covered with the same sort of white cement, as well as broad terraces ex- lending across the sides. The number of pyra mids surrounding tbe large one, was estimated by Mr. Glennie, at above 200, varying in their dimen sions. They are all constructed vyith volcanic stones, and plaster frora the adjacent soil, oil coaled with white cement, and the ground be tween their bases seems formerly to have been oc cupied OS street.!, being also covered with the same sort of cement. One of the smaller pyramids was covered wilh akind of broken pottery, ornamented with curious figures and devices ; and in the neighborhood of these edifices abundance of small figures were found, such as beads, arms, legs, &c,, moulded in clay, and hardened in fire, — Vide National Gazette, Aug, 23, 1831. Pyrenean mountains, or Pyrenees, a large chain of mountains, the principal of which are in the kingdom of Spain, which tbey divide from France ; the general range equals the .\lps in height, and extends from the Mediterranean sea to tbe Atlantic ocean, 200 ras. in lengih, and 108 in breadth. They begin near tbe harbor of Vendres, in Rousillon, and run as far as Fontarabia. Near Rousillon they divide into lwo"principal branches, one of separates Rousillon from Languedoc, and is called Anlipyrence, and the olher, which sepa rates it from Catalonia, is denominated Col de Perluise. Over them are many passages, but all extremely difficult, and between them several fer tile valleys. The first and greatest is by Bayonne, to Si. Sebastian's. This road, for about 22 leagues, lies ihrough the Pyrenees. The second pass is from Perpignan to Barcelona, a distance of 50 ms. through the raountains, where, in many places, 100 armed peasants may arrest the march of an army, and where neither bouses, provisions, nor accommodations, can be found. The third pass leads from Bayonne lo Pampeluna, the capital of Navarre ; this diflicult defile is only passable be lween the months of May and October. The fourth road is lhat which leads frora Tcrbcs, in Bi- goree, to Saragossa. It is a tract merely pervious to muleteers during the summer, but in winter the wolves and snows render it totally impassable. There are nearly 60 other narrow passes, called openings, most of which are rugged, intricate, and hardly passable for laden beasts, and even thoi-c are frequently blocked up wilh snow. — See arlicles Maladettji and Mountains. Pyrenees, Eastern, dep. ofFr., containing the late province of Rousillon. Although great part of the couniry is mountainous, it is fertile, pro ducing corn, excellent wines, olives, oranges, and leather, of a superior quality. Perpignon is the capital. Pyrenees, Lower, dep. of Fr,, containing the late provinces of Basques and Beam. Pau is the capital — See Navarre. Pyrenees, Upper, dep. of Fr., containing the late provinces of Bigorre. Here are excellent horses ond good pasturage. The valleys are very ferlile. QUA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. QUE furnishing rye, millet, Sponish corn, and flax. The mountains have mines of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of slate, marble, and jasper. Tarbes is the capital. Pyrmont, town of Westphalia, in a county of the same name, subject lo the prince of Waldeck with a castle, the residence of the governor. Near il are mineral waters, well known to all Europe, and often frequented by persons of the highest rank, and preferred to those of Spa. It is 40 ms. SW, of Hanover. Lon, 9 20 E,, lot. 52 0 N. Pyrna, town of Germany, in tbe kingdom of Saxony, in Misnia. It bas a castle, on a raoun tain called Sonnenstein, which has been used some times as a Slate prison. Near it is a fine quorry of stone, which is transported to different places by the river Elbe. Pyrno is sealed on the Elbe, 10 miles SE, of Dresden. Lon. 13 56 E., lat. 51 6 N. Pyseck, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pra chin, sealed on the Alloway; near the Muldaw, 50 ms, S. of Prague, Lon. 14 46 E., lat. 49 16 N Q. Quacha, lake of La., between the Mississippi and Barratoria bay. The country adjacent to the Quacba lake is an open grassy marsh. Quadin, town of Upper Egypt, seoted on the Nile, belween Ehie and Dander, and remarkable for a great nuraber of valuable and ancient raonu ments. Quadra, and Vancouver's Island, on the Paci fic coast of North America, extending from the straits of St. Juan de Fuca lo Queen Charlotte's sound, 250 miles long, by 50 mean widih ; area 12,500 sq. ras. Lat. 50° N., and lon. W. C. 50° W., intersect in tbe western part of this is land. Ils general position is lengthwise fromNW. to SE. The Wakash Indians inhabit this desolate region. Between N. lat. 47° and 51°. Quadriburgium. — See Schenk. Quackenbrugge, or Quackenbvrg, town of West pbalia, in tbe bishopric of Osnaburg, seated on the Hasse, 22 ms. W. of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 20 E,, lat. 52 46 N. Quadrant. — See Cadron, Pulaski co., Ark. Quaker Hill, village in the southeast angle of Dutchess CO., N. Y., aboul 20 ms. E. from Fish kill village. Quaker Springs, post office, by post road 30 ms. N. frora Albany. Quakertown, village, Bucks co,. Pa., on tbe main road from Philadelphia to Bethlehem, 37 ms. NNW. from the former, and 15 Sj frora the latter. It is a neat, small village, in a single street, along the main road. Quang-ping-fou, city of China, in the N. part of Pe-tcheli, between the provinces of Chang-tong and Ho-nan. Quang si, province of China, bounded on the N. by Koei-tcheou and Hou-quang, on the W. by Yunnan and the kingdom of Tonquin, on the S. by the Gulf of Tonquin and the province of Quang tong, and on the E. by the sarae and Hou-quang. tjuei-ling-fou is the capital. Quang-tong, the most considerable of the south ern provinces of China, bounded on the NE. by Fo-kien, on the N. by Ci ong si, on the W. by Quang-si and the kingdom of Ton-king ; the rest is washed by tho sea. Conlon is the capital, hut the viceroy resides at Chaoking. Quantico Mills, village, Somerset co, , Md., 30 ms. SE. Irom Cambridge. Quarlesville, villoge, Brunswick co,, Va,, by posl road 72 ms. a lillle W. of S. frora Richraond. Quarten, town of Switzerland, near the Lake Wellenstadt, 5 ras. E. of Glarus. Quatre Bras, hamlet or village of the Nether lands, in Namur, 7 ms, W. from Ligny. The French authors name the battle of Waterloo from this place, or from Mount St, Jean, Quebec, cily and capital of British America, on the left bank of St, Lawrence river, about 400 ma above tbe sea, und 180 below Montreal, Loh. W. C. 5 10 E,, lal. 46 50 N. By a recent census, (1841,) the pop. of Ibis city was 31,793. This city stands upon a point of land the sa lient projeclion of a range of heights between St. Lawrence and Charles river. The ground rises from an alluvial slip along the harbor to the sum mit of Cape Diamond 360 feet. It is divided into the upper and lower towns, tbe whole fortified wilh every advantage of natural position and resource cf art. The principal buildings — the Catholic cathe dral, Jesuit's college, (now barracks,) Protestant .Metropolitan church, Hotel Dieu, or female hos pital, Ursuline convent, general hospital, and the artillery barracks. The basin, or harbor, is very spacious, and with a depth of 28 fathoms. The coraraercial relations are extensive and increasing. In ils actual stale, Quebec is a place of priraary importance as a mart of trade; the capilal of extensive territories and post of great strength and capacity as a raililary station. Queda, kingdom in the peninsula, beyond the Ganges. It has a harbor, 300 ras. N. of the city of Malacca. Lon. 100 5 E., lat. 7 5 N. Quedlinburg, town of Gerraany, in Upper Sax ony, in the principality of Anhalt. It is 10 ms. SE. of Halberstadt. Lon, 11 34 E,, lat. 52 1 N. Queen Ann, co. of Md., on the Easiern shore, bounded by Kent co., in Del., E., Caroline co,, Md., SE., Talbot S., Chesapeake bay SW., and Chester river, or Kent co., Md., NW. Including Kent island, this county is 40 ms. long, wilh a raean wilh of 10 ; area 400 sq. ms. Chieflown, Cenlreville. Pop.in 1820, 14,952; and in 1840, 12,633. Central lat. 39° N., lon. W. C. 1° E. Queen Ann, village, Prince George's co., Md., on the right bank of the Patuxent, 25 ms. E. from W. C. Queenborough, borough of Eng,, in Kent, in the Isle of Shepey, 15 ms. NW. of Canterbury, and 45 ms. E. ofLondon. Lon. 0 48 E., lat. 51 26 N. Queen Charlotte's Cape, promonlory of the is land of Soulhern Georgia, l-on. 36 11 W., lat 54 32 S. Queen Charlotte's Foreland, cape oi the is land of New Caledonia, Lon. 167 12 E., Iat. 22 15 S. Queen Charlottes island, island in the S. Pa cific ocean, 6 ms. long and 1 broad, discovered by Captain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 138 4 W., lat. 19 18 S. 751 QUE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. QUI 56 ms., area 13,482 sq. ins. Pop. 755,000. Dis- to the sq. ra. Quereiaro lies lat. 415 S. 'between Iat. 20° and 2150 N, but the great on the Bay of difference of level renders its climate like that of ! Mexico, Puebla, and Mechoacan, as comprehen sive in relative temperature as if ils northern bound ary reached N. Iat. 37° Queretaro, the capilal, stands on the high table land of Anahuac, at the wesiern extremity of the Slale ; the body of the latter, however, sloping rapidly down the Mocte zuema river, frora an elevation of 6,000 feet, to wards tbe low coasis of tbe gulf of Mexico, the change of air is equally abrupt, from the healthful breezes of the elevaled plains to the burning sands of the sea coast. Queretaro formed, before tbe re cent changes, a part of the intendancy of Mexico. Querfurt, lown of Germany, in Upper Saxony, capilal of a principality of the same name, sub- I ject to the prince of Saxe Weissenfcis, It is 82 m.s, SE. of Mansfeldt. Lon. 12 20 E., lat. 51 27 N. Qaergenency, island of tbe Mediterranean, on the coast uf Tripoli. It has a fort and several vi|. lages. Quesnoy, lown ofFr., in the dep, of the North, and late province of French Hainault, on a large ploin, along the liltle river Ronelle, 9 ras. SE. of Valenciennes, and 122 NE. of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E., lat. 50 15 iV. Quiberon, peninsula of Fr,, in the dep, of Morbihan, and late province of Brelagne, lo the Queenstown,V. C, situaled upon the Niaraga I N. of Belleisle. It has a village of the same river about 7 ras. above Newark ; it is at the bead '. narae, and a fort on the bay of Quiberon. of the navigation for ships, and the portage, occa- j Quibo, island of the Pacific ocean, lying on the sioned by the Falls of Niagara, commences bere. I coast of Veragua, in New Spain. Here are a There are huts enough to receive a regiment. j great number of monkeys and fallow deer. Queeneslown, village, Queen Ann's co., Md., on [ Quibletown, village of Middlesex co., N. J., 6 Chester river, 33 ras. SE. from Baltimore. j ras, N. from New Brunswick. Ouei7-/OTff-/o«. cily of China, capital ofthe prov- Quicar-o, island in the Pacific ocean, near the ince of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower coast of Veragua, in Mexico, about 20 ms. long called quel, which grows on a tree resembling a ' and 6 broad. Lon. 82 30 W., Iat. 7 25 N. laurel and emits such a sweet and agreeable odour j Quicourre, river of the U. S., branch of Mis- that the whole country is perfu.ned by it. It is souri, rising with the North fork of Platte river, 180 ms. N. by W. of Canton. Lon. 109 55 E., ; and, flowing E., falls inlo Missouri at Ion. W. C. lat. 25 30 N. Quemalioning, tp., Somerset co,, Penn Queen CharhlU'a sound, sound at the N. ex- 1 ui tremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near j.tributive pop. 56 Cook's strait. Lon. 174 13 E Queen's, co. of Nova Sootii Fundy. Qud'n's, CO. of New Brunswick, on bolh sides of St. John's river. Chieflown, Gagetown. Queen's, middle co. of Long island, bounded by the Atlantic ocean S., King's co. SW., New York strait and Long Island sound N., and Suffolk co. E. Length 26, mean width 14 ras. ; area 364 sq. ms. Surface hilly on the N. side towards the sound, gradually subsiding into an alluvian plain along the Atlantic ocean. Soil generally produc tive in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Chief towns, Jamaica, Flushing, Hempstead, and Jericho. Pop. in 1840, 30,324. Central Iat. 40 50 N., lon. W. C. 4 20 E. Queensborough, village, Pendleton district, S, C, 130 ms. NW. from Colurabia. Sraall vil lage in Warren ip., Tuscarawas co,, Ohio, 13 ms. E, by N. from New Philadelphia. Queen's county, shire of Ireland, in the province of Leinsler, 30 ms. long and 29 broad, bounded on the N. by King's co,, on the E. by Kildare, on the SE. by Catherlough, on the S. by Kilkenny, ond on the W. by King's co. and Tipperary. Ma ryborough is the capital. Queen's Ferry, borough of Scotland, in Linlith gowshire, on the Frith uf Forth, 9 ms. W. of Edin burgh. Lon. 3 20 W., lot. 56 ON. I : at lat. 42 45 N., after a course of aboul Il is situated around Stoystown, on Quemahoning Quentin, St,, strong town of France, in the departraent of Aisne, and lale province of Picardy. Here is a considerable manufacture of lawns and cambrics. It is seated on an erainence, on the river Somrae, 21 ms. S. of Cambray, and 83 N by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 29 E., lot. 49 60 N. Querci, lale province of France, baunded on the N. by Limosin, on tbe E. by Rouergue, and Auvergne, on the S. by Languedoc, and on the W. by Perigord. It was divided into Upper and Lower; and is ferlile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now forms the department of Lot. Queretaro, cily of Mexico and capital of tbe State of tbe same, 95 ms. NW. from the city of Mexico. It is tbe most extensive manufacturing city of Spanish America. Pop. 40,000. Lat. 20 36N„lon. W. C. 23 11 W. ,, « ^ Queretaro, State of Mexico, bounded S. by Mexico W. by Guanaxuaio, N. by San Louis Po- tosi NE. by Vera Cruz, and SE. by Puebla. Length from E. to W. 160, mean breadth about 752 11° W., 300 ms, QuillebcEuf, town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, seated on the Seine, 8 ms. SVV. of Caudebec, and 22 W. of Rouen. Quillmanci, town of Africa, on the coast of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Melinda. Il is sil ualed at the mouth of a river of the same name, and belongs lo the Portuguese. Lon. 39 40 E., lat. 3 30 S. Quillato, city and province of Chili. The cily stands on the river Aconcagua. Lon, W. C, 5 42 E., lat. 32 50 S. Quilou, seaport on the coast of Zanguebar, wilh a small citadel. It is tributary to tbe Portuguese, is sealed in a fertile country, 300 ms, N. of Mo zambique. Lon. 39 9 E., lat. 9 30 S. Quylon, or Coy lon, Dutch factory on the coast of Malabar, in Travancore, 14 ras. NNW. of An- jengo, taken by the English in 1795. Lon. 76 32 E,, lat. 9 2 N. Quimper, town of France, in the dep. of Fin isterre, and late province of Bretagne, at the con fluence of the Oder and Benaudet, 30 ms. SE, ot RAB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RAG Brest, and 332 W. by S. of Paris. Lon. 4 2 W., lal. 47 58 N. Quincey, town, Norfolk en.. Mass , 9 ms. SE, from Boston. Village, .Adams co.. III., situated on the E, or left bank of the Mississippi river. N. lat. 39 56, lon. 14 6 W. from W. C, about 160 ms, by water above St. Louis, and 150 NW. by W. from Vondalia. Pop. by the census of 1840, 2,319. It is the seal of justice for the co. Quindin, mountain pass between ihc cities of Popayan and Santa Fe. Quinte, Bay of, which may be considered throughout as a harbor, is formed by a large penin sula, consisting of the tps. of Ameliasburgh, So- phiosburg, trad Marysburg, forming Prince Ed ward CO., U. C, extending from Lake Ontario W. of Kingston. Quito, late audience of New Granada, now province of Colombia, bounded N. by Sanla Fe, E. by the Portuguese dominions, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific ocean. Length from E. lo W. 900, and breadlh 500 ms., area 450,000 sq. ms. See Colombia, Quito, city of New Granada, and capital of the province of Quito. It is situated in about lal. 13' S., lon. W. C. 1 10 W., on the elevated volcanic region of Pichincha, 9,500 feet above the level of the Pacific ocean. It is the most elevated large cily of the globe, and its inhabitants enjoy on un equalled equality of temperature. The couniry is, however, subject to earthquakes and almost daily showers of rain. Pop. 70,000. Quixos and Maxos, undefined terms for the eastern part of Quito. Quizina, chain of mountains in the kingdora of Fez, 100 ms. in length, extending from the desert of Gret lo the river Nocor. Qunja, kingdom on the coast of Guinea, which reaches from Sierra Leone to the Grain coast. R. Raab, town and fortress of Lower Hungary, capilal of Javerin, at the conflux of the Raab Rahnitz, not far from the Danube, 28 ins. SSE. of Presburg. Lon. 17 45 E , lal. 47 38 N. Raaje'2,ur, town of Hindooslan, in the province of Malwa, 74 ms. NE. of Ougien, and 214 SSW. of Agra. Lon. 76 56 E., lal. 24 3 N. Raaza, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, be tween the mainland of Ross-shire and the isle of Skye. It is 12 ms. long and 4 broad. Lon. 6° W., lat. 57 32N. Rabasteins, town of France, in the department of Tarn, on the river Tarn, 18 ms, NE. of Toulouse. Rabat, seaport of Algiers, at the mouth of the Burigrig, belween Fez and Tangier. Lon. 5 28 W., lat. 34 40 N. Rabensiein, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saalz, on iheriver Ottava, 21 ms. WSW. of Ra- kanitz. Rabun, co., Georgia, between Chessatee and Chatahooche rivers, having Hobersham E., and Hall SE. Pop. in 1820, 624. Cll. lal. 34 30 N., lon. W. C. 7° W. This is only the NW. CO. of that part of Georgia reclaimed from the In dians, but is situated near 100 ms. E. from the 95* actual NW. angle of Georgia on Tennessee river. Pop. in 1840, 1,912. lia.cca, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the conflux ot the Belns wilh the Euphrates. Near it are the ruins of Old Rocca, once a mog- nificcnt cily. Il is IIO nis. S. by W. from Dior- bekir. Lon. 40 10 E., lat. 36 5 N. Raccoon Fork ond post office, Culpeper co,, Vo., hy post road about 100 ras. Ni\W. from Richmond. Bachore, city of Hindooston, in Ihe couniry of Golconda, capital of o district subject lothe nizam of the Deccan. It is on the S. hank of the Kisna. 80 ras. SVV. of Hydrabad. Lon. 78 3 E,, lat'. 16 22 N. Backet, river, N. Y., rises in ihe northern part of Hamilton co., and flows N, into Long lake, from which il again issues in the NE. angle ofthe CO., thence crosses the SW. angle of Frank lin, and enters St. Lawrence co., ihrough which it passes inlo St. Lawrence river, 2 ras. above St, Regis, afler a comparative course of 120 ras. Buckelon, village, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on Racket river, at the head of boat navigation, 20 ras. E. frora Hamilton, on St. Lawrence river. Raclia, small uninhabited island of the Archi pelago, near lhat of Nio. Raconi, populous town of Piedmont, seated in a pleasant plain, on the rivers Grana and Macro, 6 ms. from Carignano. Lon. 7 46 E.. lat. 44 39 N. Radeberg, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the .Margravate of Messin, 10 ms. NE. of Dres den. Lon. 13 56 E., lat. 61 5 N. Badicofani, town of Tuscany, on a mountain, 56 ms. SE. of Sienna. Lon. 11 40 E., lal. 42 42 N. Radmandorf, lown of Germany, in Carniola, near the source of the river Save, 16 ras. W. of Crainburg. Radnor, tp., Delaware co., Penn., in the NE. corner of the county, and joining Lower Merion in Montgomery county. Radnor, New, borough of Wales, in Radnor shire, 24 ras. NW. of Hereford, and 156 WNW. of London. Lon. 2 45 W., lat. 52 10 N. Radnorshire, county of S. Wales, 30 ms. long and 25 broad, bounded on the E, by Shropshire and Herefordshire, on the NW. by Cardiganshire, on theS. and SW. by Brecknockshire, and on the N. by Montgomeryshire. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Tend ; the former dividing it from Brecknockshire, and the latter from Shrop shire. The soil in general is but indifferent, yet some places produce corn, particularly the eastern and southern parts; but in the norlhern and west ern, which are mountainous, the land is chiefly stoc^ked with horned caille, sheep, and goats. Pop. in 1810, 1,905; in 1811, 20,900; and in 1821, 23,073. Radom, town ot Little Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, copital of a co. of the same name. It is seated on a brook that falls into the Vistula, 30 miles N. of Sandomir, and 50 S. of Warsaw. Lon. 21 1 E., lat. 51 25 N. Ra^ivolo, town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated, between Mantua and Reggio, 42 ms. from each. Ragusa, town of Sicily, in the Val-di-Nota, near the river Maulo, 12 ins, N. of Modica. Lon. 753 RAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RAM 14 59 E., lat. 37° N.-;— City of Dalmalia, capi tal of the Ragusan ; it is 2 miles in circumference, and strong by situation, having an inaccessible mountain on the land side, and a strong fort on the gulf of Venice. Il carries on a considerable trade, and is 60 ms. NW. of Scutari. Lon. 18 10 B., lat. 42 50 N. Rahway, small river or creek of Essex and Mid dlesex cos., N. J., falls into Stolen Island sound 4 miles from Newark boy. Town, Middlesex, CO., N. J., on Rabwoy river, 5 miles SW. from Elizabethtown. Ragusen, or Ragusan Dalmalia, territory of Dalmatia, lying along the coast of the gulf of Ven ice, aboul 55 miles in length, and 20 in breadlh, Ragusa is the capilal. Raja, or Radja, hence roi, and English adjec lives royal, reign, <&c. — See article King, Rajepootana, or Adjemebf. ; which lalter see Rajepoots, one of the tribes or people who in habit the province of .\djemere, to which they fre quently give name. They are called Rhalore Raje poots, are large ond muscular, with Jewish features, Rajapour, town of Hindooslan, on the coast of Malabar, seated on a river of the same name, SO ras. N. of Goa. Lon. 73 .50 E., lal. 17 19 N. Rajemal, lown of Hindoostan proper, in Bengal, formerly a place of great trade, bul now in a ruin ous state. Il is seated on the W. honk of the Ganges, in a romantic, but not pleasant situation, 190 ms. N. by W. of Calcutta. Rain, town of Upper Bavaria, seate.l on the Acha, near the Lech, 5 ms. E. of Donawert. Lon 11 12 B., lat. 48 50 N, Town of Germany, in Slyria, capilal of a county of the same narae, wilh a castle. It is seated on the Save, 68 railes S, -' Gratz. Lon. 15 32 E., lat 46 20 N. Rains's Tavern and posl oflice, Cumberiand county, Va., by post road 72 miles westeriy from Richmond. Rain Lake, or Long Lake, lake of Norlh Ame rica, lying lo the W. of Lake Superior, ond to the E. of the Lake of the Woods, with which it com municates by a river. It is nearly 100 miles long, but in no part more than 20 wide. The conflu ents of Lake Rain are the extreme souiheastern sources of Severn river. Lat. 48° N., lon. W. C. 16° W. Raisin, river of Michigan, rises in the level ta ble land of the peninsula, wilh St. Joseph's river of Lake Michigan, Tiffin's river, branch of Mau mee and Huron of Erie. Course SSE. 100 miles, enters Lake Erie .20 ms, SW. from the mouth ol Detroit river. It is impeded with rapids near its mouth, but navigable above and below. Ra sins. Riviere, Aux, runs through the town, ships of Osnabruck, Cornwall, and Charlottcn- burg, emptying ilself inlo Lake St. Francis, near the'sE. angle ofthe latter township, Cornwall co.. Upper Canada. _ Raisin lalea, in Lake St. Francis, Upper Cana da, lies between the mouth of tbe river Aux Rai- gin and the point of that name ; tbey are small and rocky. , , e, t, - tt c-. Raisin, Pointe, in Lake St. Francis, Upper Ca nada, lies to the E. of Pointe au Lac, Raisonmlle, viUagcj Michigan. Raleigh, village and seat of justice of Wake co.. SW. side of Neuse river, 60 miles N. by E. of Fayetleville, and 123 NW. of Newbern. The scat of Government was fixed here in 1791. It lies in lal. 25 44 N., and lon. W. C. 1 48 W. This is a very regularly built village, and contains the or dinary county and Slate buildings in elegant style. Beside the State and counly buildings, it contains a bank, theatre, and two academies. In the cen tre of the town stands Union square of 10 acres, and in the centre of this square the Stale house. From Union square, branches at right angles to each other four large streets of 99 feet in width. These wide streets subdivide the town into four quarters, which are again subdivided by four other streets of 56 feet width, with central squares of four acres each. Pop. in 1840, 2,244. Raleigh, village. Union county, Ky., on Ohio river, 3 miles below the mouth of Wabosh, and 10 ras, by waler above Shawneelown. Tp. in the CO. of Essex, Upper Canada, lies W. of Harwich, the Thames bounding it on the N., and Lake Erie to the southward Ralphsvilte, tp of Ashtabula co., Ohio, at the raouth of Ashtabula river. Ramah, village, Wilkinson co , Ga., 33 miles S. from Milledgeville. Ramapaugh, small river, Bergen county, N. J., rises in N. Y., in Rockland co., flows S. into N. J., and joins Long Pond and Pequanock rivers at Pompton, to form Pompton river. Iron works and post office, Rockland co., N. Y , on Rama paugh river, 35 miles nearly N. from the city of New York. Rambert leJoug, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of Ain, and late province of Bresse, near a branch of Mont Jura: Lon, 5 30 E., lat. 45 53 N. Rambervill'iers, town of Fr., in tbe dep. of the Vosges, and lale province of Lorraine, 30 ms. SE. of Nancy. Lon. 6 44 E., lal. 48 21 N. Rambouillel, town of Fr., in the dep. of Seine and Oise, and lale province of the Isle of France. Itis 37 ms. SW. of Paris. Ramehead, proraontory of Cornwallis, England, SW. of Ply raouth, al the entrance of Plymouth sound. Lon. 4 20 W., lat. 50 18 N. Ramera, town of Fr,, in the dep. of Aube, and late province of Champagne, seated on the Aube, 18 railes NE. of Troyes. Lon. 4 30 E., lot. 48 32 N. Ramillies, lown of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Brabant, 10 miles N. of Namur, and 24 SE. of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E,, lat, 50 39 N. Rammekens, seaport of the Isle of Walcheren, in the province of Zealand, 4 ms. S.of .Middleburg, Lon, 3 40 E , lal. 51 29 N. Rammelsberg, a lofty, steep, and extensive mountain of Germany, in that part of the Hariz Forest, which lies wilhin tbe principality of Gru benhagen, On this mounlain ore 12 silver mines, and at the foot of il is sealed the city of Goslar. Rampano, lown of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. Lon. 20 17 E., lat. 36 54 N. Ramsaysburg, village, Sussex co., N. J., 75 ras. by post read N. from Trenton. Ramsbury, town of Eng., in Wiltshire, noted for its fine beer. It is 46 railes E. of Bristol, and 69 W. ofLondon. Ramsey, town of England, in Huntingdonshire, and also capital of North Carolina, situated on the| seated in the fens, near the meies of Ramsey and 754 RAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RAP Whittlesey. It is 12 ms. NE. of Huntingdon, and 69 N. of London. Lon. 19' W., lal. 52 26 N. Island of England, on the coast of Pembroke shire, 2 ms, long, and 1 J broad. Near it are sev eral dangerous rocks, frequented in the breeding season by vast multitudes of seafowl, and known by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks. This is land is 4 ms. W. of St. David's, and 17 NW. of Milford Haven. Lon, 5 20 VV., lal. 61 55 N. Ramsgnte, seaporl of EnRland, in Kent, in the Isle nf Thanet, 4 ms, S. of Margate, 10 ENE. of Canterburv, and 73 ESE. ofLondon. Lon. 1 30 E., lat. S'l 22 N. Rdadallsiown, village, Baltimore co., Md., 42 ms. from W. C. Randallsvillc, village, Robeson co,, N. C, by post road 88 ms. SSW. from Raleigh. Randolph, lown, Norfolk co., Mass., 5 ms. S. of Quincy, and 15 S. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,170; and in 1820, 1,546, Town, Orange CO., Vt., 35 miles N. by W. of Windsor, on the river Conneclii-ul, and about the same distance N. by E. of Rutland. It contains on acodemy. Tp., Broorne co,, N. Y Tp., Morris co., N. J. Pop. in 1820, 1,252 One of the southern towns of Portage, co,, Ohio. Tp,, Montgom ery CO,, Ohio. Randolph, now Jasper, co., Ga. — See Jasper. Randolph, county, Virgini;i, bounded by Green briar and Kenawha SW., Lewis and Harrison W., Monongahela and Presl.in N., Hardy NE,, and Pendleton E. ; length 80 miles, mean width 3.5, area 2,800 square miles. Surface generally hilly, and in part mouniainous. Gauley and Elk rivers, branches of Kenawha, rise in its SW. section ; but the great body of the counly is drained by the Mo nongahela and ils confluents. Chief town, Bev erly. Pop. in 1820, 3,350; and in 1840, 0,208. Lat. 39° N., and lon. W. C. 3° W, intersect in this county. Randolph, county, Norlh Carolina, bounded by Moore SE,, Montgomery S,, Rowan W., Guilford N., and Chotham E, It is 30 miles squore, area 1,226 sq. miles. It is drained by Deep river, and by White and Uwharee, branches of Yadkin river. Its eastern borders are about 55 ms. W. from R-i- leigh. Population in 1820, 11,325; ond in 1840, 12,875. Central lat. 35 40 N., lon. V/. C. 2 50 W. Randolph, co. of Ga., bounded by Randidph and Baker S., Lee E., Stewart N., and Chatla- hoochie river W., separating it from Barbour co., Ala. Length from E. to W. 40 ins., breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. N. lat. 32° and Ion. 8° W. of W. C. intersect in the SW, partof this CO. Chief town, Lumpkin. Pop. 1840, 8,276. Randolph, co., .Vlo., bounded by Hnward and Boone S,, Audrain and Monroe E., Macon N., and Charlton W. It is nearly a square of 22 ms., each side ; 434 sq. ras. area. Chieflown, Hunls ville, situated near the cenire ofthe co,, at N. Iat. 39 23, lon. W. C. 15 24 W., 78 ms. a little W. of N. from Jefferson. Pop. 1840, 7,198. Randolph, co. of la., bounded by the Stale of O. E., Wayne co. in la. S., and the Indian coun try on all other sides. Length along Ohio 36 ms., mean width 16; area 540 sq. ras. Mississiniwa branch of Wabash, and White river branch of Miami, rise in this co. Chief town, Jacksonbor ough. Pop. 1820, 1,808; and in 1840, 10,684. Cent, lot 40 12 N., lon, W. C, 7 50 W. Randolph, co. of III,, bounded by the Missis sippi river SW., Monroe co. W., St. Clair ond Woshingloii N., Jefferson and Franklin E,, and Jackson SE. Lengih 54 ms., mean width 16 ; area obout 860 sq. ms, Kaskaskias river passes ihrough and enters the Mississippi in this co. Chief lown, Kosko.skias. Pop. 1820, 3,492; ond in 1840, 7,944. Cent. lat. 38° N., Ion. W. C. 1 2 42 W. Rangnilz, town of Eastern Prussia, on the riv er IViemen, 55 ms. E. of Koningsberg. Lon. 22 40 E,, lat, 55 6 N. Rangoon, (^Victory achieved,) cily ofthe Neth er Indio, on one of the branches of ihe Irawaddy, 3 ms. above its mouth. This is a cily of recent forinalion, buill about the middle of last century by Alompra, and mode the capitol of the Birman empire. It has become also a great mart of trade, for the exchange of Asiatic and European articles. Pop. 30,000. Lon. 96 9 E., lot, 16 47 N. Ranis, lown of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle on a mountain, 10 ras. SW. of Newstadt. Rannsch Loch, lake of Scolland, in the N. part of Perthshire, 11 ins. in length. Ransom's Bridge, and post oflice, Nash co., N. C. ; by postroad 72 ms. NE from Raleigh. Ranlampour, town of Hindooslan, capitil of a circar of the same name, in the country of Agi mere. It is 96 ras. E. of Agimere, and 105 WSW. of Agra. Lon, 76 57 E,, lot. 26 35 N. Rantzow, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, 24 rns. N. by W. of Lubec. Raolconda, town of Hindoi)slan, in Visiapour, near which is a rich diamond mine, 20 ras. NNW. of Sollapour. Raon I'Elape, town of I"r., in the dep. of Meurte, seated at the conflux of the Elabe and Meurte, 30 ms, SE, of Nancy. Rapallo, town of the territory of (jenoa, seated on a bay of the same narae, 16 ms. ESE. of Ge noa. Raphoe, lown of Ireland, in the co. of Donegal. Itis 11 ms. SW. of Londonderry, and 21 NE. of Donegal. Tp., Lancaster co.. Pa., heiween Warwick and Mountjoy, and is watered by the Chicktsalungy creek. Pop. 1820, .3,216. Rapid Ann, river, Vo,, rises in the Blue Ridge, in Madison ond Orange cos., between which the main branch, by the name of Conway river, flows SE. to the SE. mounlain; turns thence NE. be tween Modison and Orange, and between Orange and Culpeper, and finally between Culpeper and Spotlsylvania, and joins the Rappahannock 10 ms. above Fredericksburg. Rapide, parish. La., bounded by Opelousas S. Natchitoches W. and NW., Wachilau and Ca tahoola N., Concordia E., and Avoyelles SE. Length 55 ms., mean width 43; orea 2,300 sq. ms. — the surface considerably varied. Extensive tracts of hilly pine woods spread in the norlhern and southern sections ; whilst alluvial borders of first-rale soil skirt Red river, bayou Boeuf, bsyou Rapide, and sorae other sireams. Red river winds nearly through the middle of the parish. Stople, cotton. Chieflown, Alexandria. Pop. in 1820, 6,065 ; and in 1840, 14,132. Central lat. 31 18 N,, lon. W. C. 15 30 W. 755 RA.T GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RAV Rapid Plat, Isle au, in the river St. Lawrence, in front of tbe tp. of Matilda, containing about 200 acres. The soil is good, and lies partly in fronl of tbe tp. of Williamsburg, U. C. Rappahannock, river, Va., rises in Culpeper and Fauquier cos., by two sources, Thornton's and Hedgeman's rivers; general course SE., to ils junction wilh Rapid Ann, 10 ras. above Frede ricksburg. A short distance above the latter place, it is precipitated over rapids, and ineets the tide. It thence continues SE. 100 ras., and opens into Chesapeake bay, between Windmill and Stin gray points. It is navigable for vessels drawing 1 0 feet water to Fredericksburg. Descending, it passes by Fredericksburg, Port Royal, Leeds, Ta- pahannock, and Urbanna Measures have been taken to remove by side canals the impediment to boat navigation in this stream above tide water. Co., Va,, bounded by Fauquier NE , Cul peper SE,, Madison SW., and the Blue Ridge, separaling it frora Page and Warren cos., W. Length from SW. to NE. 20 ms. ; mean breadlh 16 ms. ; and area 300 sq. ms. Pop. 1840, 9,257, Rappahannock Academy, and post office. Car oline CO., Va,, 75 ms, S. from W. C, and 70 a little E. ofN. from Richmond. Rapperschweil, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, seoted on a neck of land that ad vances into the lake of Zurich, over which is a wooden bridge, 1,850 feet long. It is 11 ms SE. of Zurich, and 20 NW. of Glaris. Rapps, lown of Austria, on the river Teyo, 8 ras. N. by W. of Horn. Raritan, river, N. J., rises in Morris, Soraer- set, and Hunterdon cos., by three branches — North Branch, Soulh Branch, and Millstone riv er. — See Miltsione river. The North and South branches unite in Soraersel, 15 ras., and receive Millstone river from the S,, 9 ms. above New Brunswick, where it meets the tide. Hence flows !l ms. nearly E. inlo Rariian bay, between Perth Amboy and Soulh Amboy. It is navigable for sloops and steoraboots loNew Brunswick. Boy of N. Y. and N. J., opens in a triangular form, belween the moulh of Rariton river and Sta ten island sound and Monraouth co,, N. J. It is lirailed on the E. by Sandy Hook and the SW poinl of Long Island. Village, Somerset co,, N. J., 12 ms. above New Brunswick. Rasc'io, — See Rafzia. Raseborg, seaport of Sweden, capital of a con- ton in Nyland, on the Gulf of Finland, 37 ms. SE. of Abo. Lon. 23 18 E., lal. 60 16 N. Rasen, or Market Rosin, lown of Eng. in Lin colnshire, on a branch of the Ankarn, 14 ras. NE. of Lincoln, and 150 N. of London. Lon. 10' W., lat. 53 23 N. Rasacolmo, cape on the N. coast of Sicily, near a town of the sarae name, W. of Cape Faro and N. of Messina. Rustadt, town of Germany, in Saltzburg, seated on the Ens, 48 ms. E. by S. of Sallzburg. Lon. 14 10 E., lat. 47 31 N. Town of Suabia, in Baden, on tbe Merg. near the Rhine, 4 ras. N. i.f Baden, and 24 SW. of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 14 B., lat. 48 .54 N. Ratenau, town of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, seated on the Havel, 15 756 ms. NW. of Brandenburg. Lon, 13 49 E., Iat. 52 46 N. Ratenburg, town of Germany, in the Tyrol, wilh a castle, seated on the river Inn. Lon. 12 5 E., lat. 47 30 N. Rathbume Settlement, and post office, Steuben CO., N. Y. Rathmines, a remarkable place in Ireland, near 2 ms. from Dublin, where the Duke of Ormond was defeated by the Parliament forces in 1649. Ratibor, town of Silesia, capilal of a duchy of the same name, on the Oder, in a couniry ferlile in corn ond fruils, 15 ms. NE. of Troppau, ond 142 E. of Prague. Lon. 17 54 E., Iat. 50 11 N. Ratisbon, town of Bavaria, 55 ms. SE. of Nu remburg, 62 N. by E. of Munich, and 195 W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 12 5 E., lat. 28 68 N. Ratisbon stands on the right bank of the Danube, opposile tbe mouth of the Regen river, whence it is oflen called Regensherg. It is the Regina of the Romans. Ratolezel, strong town of Suabia, on that part of the Lake of Conslonce colled Boden See, 12 ms. W. of the city of Conslance. Rattan. — See Ruaitan, ^ Ratezburg, foriified town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Saxe-Lawenburg. Frora the Lake of Ratezburg issues the river Waknilz, which joins tbe Trave, near Lubec, and thus facilitates the communicalion by woter between Lubec ond these parts. Ratezburg is 12 ras, SE. of Lubec, and 12 N. ofLawenburg. Lon. 10 49 E., bit .53 43 N. Ratzia, or Rascia, the eastern division of Scla vonia, suhjec) to Austria. It lakes its narae from the river Rasca, which falls inlo the Morove, and tbe inhabitants are colled Rascians. Raubsville, village, Northampton co,. Pa. Rava, town of Gieat Poland, capilal of a palat inate of the same nome, and seated in a morass covered with water that proceeds from the river Rava, by which it is surrounded. It is 55 ms. SW. of Warsaw. Lon. 19 55 E., lal. 51 51 N. Ravello, seaport of Noples, in Principato Cite riore, 10 ras. W. of Salerno, and 25 SE. ef Na ples. Lon. 14 41 E., lat, 40 36 N. Ravenglaas, seaport of Eng., in Cumberiand, on an inlet of the Irish sea, between the Mite and Esk, which, with ihe Irt, fall into this inlet, and form a good harbor. Il is 24 ms. S. of Cocker mouth, and 284 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 30 W., lat. 54 20 N. Ravenna, city of Ilaly, capilal of Romagna, neor the river Manlone, 37 ms. SE, of Ferrara, and 162 N. of Rome. Lon. 12 5 B., lat. 44 25 N. Village and seat of justice. Portage co., 0., on a southern branch of Cuyahoga river, 35 ms. SE. of Cleveland, Lat. 41 10 N., lon. W. C. 4 22 W. Pop. of the tp. 1840, 1,542. Tp., Portage co., 0., including the co. town of the same name. Ravensberg, co. of Germany, in Westphalia, lying S. of tbe bishoprics of Minden and Osna burg. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is so called from a castle of the same nome. Hereford is the capital. Ravarnsburg, town of Germony, in Suabia, on the Cheuss, 15 ms. N. by W. of Lindau. Lon. 9 40 E., lal. 47 69 N. REA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RED Ravenstein, town of Brabant, capitol of a co. of the same name, seoted on the Maese, on tho con fines of Guelderiand, 10 ros. SW. of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 35 E., lat. 61 46 N. Ravey, the Hydraotes of the ancients, an eastern branch of Ihe Indus, rising in Cashmere, and flow ing SW. by Lahore, falls into the Indus 20 ras. below Moultan, after a comparative course of 300 ms. It receives in ils course the Chelum and Che naub. The Ravey is tbe middlemost, and next to the Sutledge, the most considerable stream of the Punjab. These rivers, in our ordinary mops, ore mode to enter the Indus separately ; but recent in formation seems to confirm the outhority of Pliny, who sealed their junciion with each other before reoching the main recipient. Ravitz, sraall lown of Polond, in the palalinale of Polnania. It possesses a considerable raanufaclure of clolh, 24 ras. S. of Posen. Rauschebourg, lown of Germany, in the land gravate of Hesse Cassel, 4 ras. N. of Marpurg, and 32 SSW. of Cassel. Lon. 8 46 B., lat. 60 33 North. Rawa, town of Poland, capital of the palalinale of Rawa, 56 ms. SW. of Warsaw. Raway, town, Middlesex county, N. J. — See Rahway, Rawee, river of Hindoostan Proper, one of the Ifve E. branches ofthe Indus. — See Ravey. Rawlingsburg, village, Rockingham co., N. C, by post road 130 ms. NW. frora Raleigh. Raymond, town, Cumberland co., Me., 26 ms. N. from Portland. Pop. 1820, 1,388. Town, Rockingham co., N. H., 21 .ms. W. from Ports mouth. Pop, in 1820, 961. Raynham, town, Bristol co., Mass., on the W. side of Taunton river, between Berkley and Mans field ; reraarkable as being the place where the first forge in British .America was erected in 1652. Pop. in 1810, 1,154; in 1820, 1,071. Raystown Branch, main constituent of Juniala river, rises in Bedford county, deriving its most re- raote sources from the eastern slope of the Alle ghany chain of the .Appalachian mountains ; flow ing thence eastward, receiving confluents from the mounlain valleys to the N. and S., about 30 ms. nearly along N. lot. 40°, turns thence NNE,, and by a very rugged, and, in the particular bends, tor tuous course, joins Frankstown branch 2 ms. below the borough of Huntingdon, to forra the Juniata, after an entire comparative course of 70 ms. The valley of Raystown Branch lies between that of Frankstown Branch and the sources of the small northweslern creeks of the Potomac. Readfield, village, Kennebec co., .Me., 7 ms. W. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 1,511. Read House, and posl office, Charlotte co., Va., by post road 1 14 ms. SW. from Richmond. Reading, borough of England, and the co. town of Berkshire. Its chief trade is in malt. Il is seated on the Kennet, near ils confluence with tbe Thames, 26 ms. SSE. of Oxford, and 39 W. of Lrradon. Lon. 52' W., lat. 51 28 N. Town, Middlesex co., Mass., about 14 ras. N. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 2,228; in 1820, 2,797. Tp., Fairfield co,, Ct,, on Aspatuckriver, between Rep- ton and Ridgefield. Pop. in 1820, 1,628. Village, Steuben co., N. Y., 20 raa. NE. from Bath. Pop. in 1820, 3,009. Borough and capilal of Berks co,. Pa., on the NE. bank of the river Schuylkill, 54 ras. NW. of Philadelphia, and 53 E. of Harrisburg. This lown is conveniently situaled for internal coraraerce, being the entrepot of vast quantities of grain and luraber lhat are brought hither, ond rafted or conveyed in long boots to Philodelphia and its vicinity. Reading is a regularly laid out, and very nearly built town, situated in a fertile and well cultivated country. A majority of tbe inhabitants are Germans, and justlv dislinguished for industrious habits. The improve ments in the novigation of the Schuylkill and Union conols conduce in a high degree lo the prosperity of Reading, and renders il one of the most flour ishing interior towns of the State. Progressive populalion in — 1810 - - - . 3,4fi2 1820 - - . 4,332 1830 - - 5_8.50 1840 . - . . 8,410 Reading, NE. tp., Adams co., Po , belween Bermudian and Conestogoe ereeks, 12 ms. NE. from Geltysberg. Pop. in 1820, 833 Village, Hamilton co., 0., 10 ms.N. from Cincinnati Tp,, Perry co,, O. Pop. in 1820, 1,821. Reading, North Parish, lown in the NB. port of Middlesex co., Mossachusetts, 18 ms. N. from Boston. Readington, tp,, Hunterdon co., N. J., 17 ms. NW. frora New Brunswick. Beadyville, village, Rutherford co., Tennessee, on Stone's river, 15 ms, E. from Murfreesborough, and 40 SE. from Nashville. Realejo, lown of Cenlrai America, in the pro vince of Nicaragua, on a bay of the Pacific ocean, 18 ms. NW. from Leon. Lon. W. C. 10 50 W., lat. 12 45 N. Bealmont, town ot Fr , in ihe dep. of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, 31 ms. NE. of Toulouse. Lon. 2° E., lat. 43 50 N. iiealville, town ofFr., in the dep. of Lot, 8 ms. NE. of M.mlauban. Lon. 1 24 E., lat. 44 7 N. Reanistowri, village, Lancaster co., Pa., 15 ms! NE. of Lancasler, and the same distance SW. of Reading. Rebel, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburg, sealed on the Lake Muritz, 30 ms. SE. of Gustrow. Lon 12 36 E., lat. 53 32 N. Bebnick, populous town of Turkey in Europe, in Wallachia, with a bishop's see, sealed on the river Alula, 45 ms. SW. of Targowisco. Reccan. — See Aracan. Becannato, episcopal town of Ilaly, in the mar quisale of Ancona, near the river Munsone, 14 ms. S. of Ancona, and UO NE. of Rome. Lon 13 34 B., lat. 43 2i N. Becklinhauaen, town of Germany, in the arch bishopric of Cologne, copital of a co. of the same name, on the Lippe, 20 ras. W. of Hara Lon 8 36 B., lat. 51 27 N. " Bectortown, town, Fauquier co., Va. Bed Bank, river. Pa., in Jefferson and Arm strong COS., rises in the former, flows W., and falls inlo Alleghany river into the latter NE. tp., Armstrong co.. Pa Post office, Collelotl district, S. C, 86 ms SSE. from Columbia, and 50 ras. NW. from Cbai-leslon. \ Red Bridge, post office, Hawkins co., Tenn., 757 RED GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RED by post road 240 ms. NE. by E. from Murfrees borough. Red Creek, post office, Wayne co., N. Y., N. from the Erie canal, and about 10 ras. W. from Lyons. Bedding, village, Fairfield co., Ct., 26 ms. W. from New Haven. Redding Town Houae, vijiage, Fairfield co., Ct., Redding township. Bedfield, village, Oneida co., N. Y. Red Hill, post office, Kershaw dislrict, S. C, 53 ms. northeasterly from Columbia. Red Hook, town on the left bank of Hudson river, in the NW. part of Dutchess co., N. Y., 50 ms. below Albany. Red Hook Landing, village on Hudson river, in the extreme NW. angle of Dutchess co. , N. Y., 47 ms. below Albany. Red House, post office in the NE. part of Cos- well CO., N. C, by post road UO ms. NW. from Raleigh. Red Mills, village, Puinora co., N. Y. Redon, town of Fr., in the dep. of Isle and Vilaine, and late province of Bretagne. It serves as a mart for the commerce of Rennes, and is seated on the Vilaine, 225 ras. E. by S. of Paris. Lon. 2 10 W., lat. 37 48 N. Red river, branch of .Assinniboin, rises near the sources of Mississippi, flows N. about 300 ms., and joins the Assmniboin 70 ms. above Lake Win nipec. Lord Selkirk's settlement is near their junciion. Red river, branch of the Mississippi river. This stream rises in the mountainous prairies E. of Santa Fe of New Mexico, belween N. Iat. 32° and 35°, W. lon. W. C. 28°, flows in nearly an east ern direclion, over 11° of Ion., 640 ms. in a direct line, but at least 800 in a comparalive course, to where it turns to the SE. and enters Louisiana, and ihence continuing the latter course 300 ms., it joins the Mississippi at N. lat. 31 1 W., lon. W. C. 14 45. Red river is forraed by a nuraber of tributary streams, the principal of which are False Ouachitta, Blue River, Kiraitchie, and Vasseux. All these streams unite near the former Panis Villages, about 350 ms. below the sources of Red river. The Vasseux rises in the Greot Prairie, about N. lot. 34°, and W. lon. W. C. 20°. The Kimitchie and Vasseux rise in the same ridge, and pursue very nearly a similar course, each joining Red river, after a course of about 200 ms. Lillle river of the norlh falls inlo Red river, a short dis tance above the N W. angle of Louisiana. It rises in the Maserne mounlains, is a clear, beauliful, and pure stream of water, of about 150 ms. in length. From the source of Red river lo the mouth of Litlle river ofthe N., is about 600 ms. in a di rect line, bul much farther by comparative course. Lillle river of the S. rises in the prairies S. of Red river, and about 40 ms. SE. off tho Panis Villages, it runs nearly E. 150 ras., and falls inlo Red river in Louisiana. The distance from the source of Red river to the mouth of Lillle river of the S,, is about the same as to Lillle river of the N,, 600 ms. in a direct line; but eslimating the distance along the meanders of either False Ouachitta, Blue river, or Red river proper, and it must exceed a thousand miles. The Red river winds along the great in- 758 dined plain, dividing it into two parts, forming the limits between the walers which flow into the Gulf of Mexico, and those entering tbe Alississippi. The country from whence Red river draws its water, is a vast prairie, except along the banks of the river, and even there, the very litlle timber is dwarf ; the raost abundant species is a variety of the robinia, or black locust, called by the hunters musqueloo wood. Tbe range of low mountains is extremely naked of timber. After the junciion of Blue river. Red river is na vigable for boats of largo size during the spring floods ; timber becoraes more frequent, and of larg er size. Al the mouth of Vasseux, pine first oc curs on the S. side ; the bonks are elevoled above inundation, and the land of good quality. The river here is much wider than near the Missisippi. From the Panis villages to near the Avoyelles, the banks of Red river will admit settlement, and ma ny of its tributary sireams will, in some future pe riod, be the abode of civilized man. The hanks are alternately eilher woodland or prairie, until within 20 ms. above tho moulh of Litlle river of the S. Many spots along the river are covered by strong cone. 'The waters coming into Red river from Mount Cerne are pure and limpid, but those of Red river and its southern bronches ore brockish and turbid. Below the mouth of Little river of the S,, Red river assumes a S. course upwards of 100 ms. in a direct line. The immense volume of water brought down by Red river cannol be conlained within its banks du ring the season of flood, ond obout N. lat. 38° the alluviol overflow commences. Here the river di vides into a number of channels; the face of na ture change?, the shores become low, the species ol limber, such as are generally found upon the banks of the Mississippi in corresponding latitudes, ex cept where the winding of the stream a fine bluff approaches the river. The river is now filled wilh islands and interlocking channels. A chain of lakes also commences on each side, which, leaving the river, occupies the interval between the bills on each side. These lakes serve as a natural de posite to the accumulating mass of water pouring down from the higher branches of the river. Tho most remarkable of these lakes are Bodcau, Bisli- iicau, and Black lakes, on the left, and Cossi, Notchitoches, Spanish loke, ond Cado lake, on the right side of Red river. On reviewing this part of Red river, between the Grand Ecor, 4 ras. above Natchitoches, and Lake Bodcau, il appears thot the intermediole space was once a lake, which has been graduolly filled by an accumulation of earth from the abrasion of the wa ter on the banks of Red river and ils numerous tributaries. The lakes which now exist all lie in the valleys of considerable sireams coramunicaiing wilh Reil river, whose mouths have been impeded by the alluvion of Red river, and natural drains forraed from hill to hill. The beds of these recent lakes are m.uch lower than the surface of the river at high water, though higher than the channel of the rivers. In autumn and the early part of win ter, when the walers have been drained by the de pression of the river, much of the ground covered by the spring floods in those lakes becomes dry land, and exhibits meadows of succulent herbage. In the channels of most, there is consequently an RED GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RED annuol flux and reflux, as the water in Ihe river and lake preponderate in height. When Red river commences its annuol rise, the currents are set strongly inlo the lakes, which, graduolly filling, return their flood into the river with equal velocity, when the depression of tho river by the summer heal begins to take place. This flux and reflux is continual. The connecting channels ore never dry. Most of the lakes have the pine woods on one side of them, from which issue fine clear creeks of water, whose pellucid currents compensate to the inhabitants for the unpalatable waters of Red river. Were it not for those spacious depositories above Natchitoches, the fine alluvial border of Red river, below that territory, would be much more restricted in extent, and the cultivation of the whole greatly more precarious. From the upper part of Lake Bistineau to the lower settlement on Red river, opposite .\voyilles, or even to the mouth of Blatik river, the lands are sufficiently high and fer tile for cullivalion on both banks, and in every place on one side. The high lands, or pine for ests, pursue each side nearly the same course with the river. On the right bank the pine bluffs re ich the river bank for the first place below the alluvial tract above ; 4 ms. lower down, the pine hills ogain reach tbe liver oUlhe town of Natchitoches, and in two or three other ploces still lower down, the pine hills again reoch the river, wilh a rocky base ; but at the Bayou Rapide, the high grounds on the right quit the river entirely, and continue SE. to wards Opelousas. On the left bank, the pine hills reach the river below the alluvial tract al Cample, 12 ras, above Natchitoches, but follow the bank only 3 or 4 ms., when Ihey retire, and do not ogain approach the bank until n.^arly opposile the rapids, below which some few bluffs lie olong the banks, the last of which is the Ecor a Cheniere, opposite Avoyelles. From Ecor a Cheniere lo the moulh. Red river flows over an alluvial flat, annually over flown. What is generally, Ihough very erroneously call ed the raft of Red river, is merely what I have no ticed — a maze of islands and channels, ihrough which, ihough difficult, boats of any requisite size can he conducted at high water. The raft, as it is called, is not so great au impediment to the navi gation of Red river as is the rapids at Louis ville to the Ohio, much less tbe Muscle shoals in Tennessee. The rafts of Red river hove been so far removed as to render that part of the river navii»oble. The following, from the New Orleans Bulletin, and which appeared in the National Intelligencer Octo ber 16, 1843, coniains new information of no or dinary value OS regards Red river and its main norlheastern confluent, the Washilau : The Red River country. The New Orleans Bulletin gives the following brief description of the fertility of the Red river couniry : " The amount of cotton shipped to this city out ofthe Red river and its tributaries last season could not have been less than 200,000 bales, which, valued at the low pries for which the last crop was sold, would amount to about $5,000,000. This season, unless the crop be indeed very short, the quantity will be still greater, and if the navigation of the stream were improved, and the cominunica- tion between it and the Mississi|>pi placed beyond contingency, every year would odd immensely to tho populalion, and of course to the e.iporls of the valb-y. " But Ihesaleand shipraenlof this large amount Of cotton, near one-tenth of the whole product of tbe Uniled Stoles, is not all the advantage which this city derives frora the trade of Red river. A very large partof the money obtained for the exports ofthe river is expended here fir return supplies, so Ihot directly ond indirectly the cnminerce of tho river with New Orieans cannot fall short of jSIO,- 000,000. This trade, however, is in its infancy ; for the valley contains raost excellent cotton lands to a suffitienl exient lo produce more of that sta ple than is now raised in tbe Union ; and it has, besides, a climate and soil ad.ipled to the culture of overy article the growib of a temperate zone. Red river alone has a navigation of about 1,500 miles, running through 5 degrees of latitude and 12 of longiiude. Besides this. Black river, Wachita, and the Tensas, are important rivers, navigable hy steamboats several months in the year ; connecting with them and with the main stream are iiinumer- acle smaller rivers, lakes, and bayous, mony of them navigable. All these streams deposite an al luvion of incomparable richness ; they form, in the aggregaie, a steamboat navigation of al least 2,600 miles, and embrace a surface of country capable of sustaining at a moderate estimate 5,000,000 in habitants. " The lower parls of Red river and tbe entire valleys of Black river and the Wachila are pecu liarly adapted to the cotlon culture, and will pro duce more bales to the acre probably than any oth- er exiensive districts. The upper parts of Red river, however, are suitable for wheal and the other small grains, and for nearly all the articles which are produced in the valley of the Ohio and the Upper Mississippi, and nol for these alone, but for many others which, from the severity of the cli mate in those regions, cannot be made Io advan tage. The upper part of Red river is indeed pre. ferable in all respects, particularly for the mildness of the climate, the greater convenience ofthe mar kets, and the greater ease with which farms can he opened and improved, lo the wild lands of ihe Northwest. As soon as the difficulties ore settled between Texas and Mexico, and assurance of peace is given, these advantageswill attract the atlention they deserve, and draw off a large part of the lide of eraigration now selling towards the Upper Mis sissippi and Missouri. This eraigration consists in the moin of hardy ond enterprising fanners — young men of small means but strong energies from the Middle and Wesiern Slates — a kind of population which will form tbe strength of the c mntry, and along our frontiers be better than a line of garri sons. The whole of these vast and ferlile regions which we have menlioned are still in large part solitudes, but they invite the hand of industry and enterprise, and can only be prevented from teem ing with human life, and sive;ling the avenues of commerce with the richest products of agriculture, by a degree of blindness and fatuity not to be sup posed," — See Washitau river. Red River, small river, Ky., rises in Morgan,- and, flowing W., crosises Morgan and Monlgom- 759 REE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. REI ery, thence forms Ihe boundary between Clark and Estil cos,, falls inlo Ky. river after a conipar- Hlive course of obout 50 ms. Small river of Tenn. and Ky., rises in Todd, Logan and Simp son COS. of ihe lalter, and, afler draining part of Robertson and Montgomery cos. of the former, fnllsinlo Tennessee at Clarksville after a compara tive course of 70 ms. Forge and post oflice, Montgomery co., Tenn., 40 ms NW. from Nash ville. Red River Iron Works and post ofiice, on Red river of Estil co., Ky., 77 ms. SE. from Frank- forl.< Red Sea, exiending 1,300 ms. from N. to S.,and 200 in tbe widest part from E to W. It divides Arabia from Africa, and is separaled from the Mediterranean sea on tho N., by the isthmus of Suez, and communicales by the straits of Babel mandeb on the S. with the .\rabian sea and the In dian ocean. The Red sea is the most exiensive known sheet of waler which receives no river of considerable magnilude. The general course of the Nile is very nearly parallel to the Red sea, but the intervening space, varying from 50 lo 200 miles is mountainous. On the African side the mounlains rise in most places from the immediate shores; on that of Arobia a mountainous chain extends parallel to the Red sea, bul about 80 ms. inland. The bottom and shores of the Red sea, so far from being red, "are covered," says Molle Brun, " with a carpet of greenish coral ; in calm weather the bottom, when it comes into view, is not unlike a series of verdant submarine forests or meadows," The shores of the Red sea ond Persian gulf are composed in great part of shell limestone rocks. The Red sea was called by the Hebrews Bahr- Sooph, i. e. ihe sea of Algae, seaweed. From its range and position, viewed on a mop of tho world, the Red sea appears to present the most natural opening belween the Indian and Mediterranean seas ; but many causes, natural and political, combine to withdraw the civilized nations of Europe and Asia from this the most ancient channel of intercommunication. The Red sea and Persian Gulfs are obstructed by small and nu merous isles, sunk rocks, and sand banks ; and the enlire shores of the former are in an unequalled manner barren and barbarous. The regular mon soons, and also changing winds, render the tides unequal and very uncertain in their revolutions. But the most powerful of all causes, which have operated to change the coraraercial route of na tions, are the magnetic needle and improvements in ship manufacture. The circuitous but open route by the Atlantic and Indian oceans, wilh the safe and commodious modern vessels supplied witb instruments which demand only a taper's light to direct the mariner amid surrounding darkness and storm, will be, perhaps, forever preferred to a more direct but obstructed passage. ' Red Stone, tp., Fayette co,, Pa., situated on the E. side of Monongahela river, and is watered by a creek of the same name. Pop. in 1810, 1,224; in 1820, 1,207. Reedaborough, town of Bennington co., Vl. Reed's Mills, post ofiice, at the vill. of Charles ton, Jackson co., 12 ms. NB. of Jackson C. H., and 76 SE. of Columbus. 760 Reedy Island, small island of Newcastle co., Delaware, in Delaware river, 45 ms, below Phila delphia, and 15 ras. below Wilmington. Beesville, village, Montgomery co , Pa., 3 ms. a little W. of S. and on tbe opposile side of Schuyl kill river from Norristown, and 10 ms. NW. from Philadelphia. Reeve's, post office. Hall co., Georgia. REFiiACTioir, applied lo air, means lo bre^k or bend the rays of light. Hence we cannot be strict ly said to see in ils octual position any distant ob ject if it is not directly in either the zenith or na dir; and, again, it is by raeiins of refraction we see the sun and moon some time before rising and set ting, and enjoy more light than we could did the rays actually pass along right lines. Regensherg, handsome town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a bailiwick of tbe same name, seated on a rock, called the Lagerberg, 10 ms. NW. of Zuric. Begenstein, town of Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Halberstadt, 6 miles S. of Halberstadt, and 7 W. of Quedlingburg. Lon. 41' E-, lat. 51 26 N. Regent's Town, seltlement of liberated negroes on W. Africa, in the colony of Sierra Leone. Reggio, town of Italy, in Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a woolen manufaclure. It is a large and populous place, and is sealed on the sirait of Messina, 12 ms. SE. of Messina, and 190 S. of Naples. Lon. 16° E., lal. 30° 4 N. Duchy of Italy, included in that of Modena. It produces a great deal of silk. It is all subject to the duke of Modena, except the marquisale of St. Marlin, which is subject to a prince of that name. Ancient episcopal cily of Ilaly, in a duchy of the same narae, in a fertile country, 15 miles NW, of Modena, and 80 SE. of Milan. Lon. 11 5 E , lat. 44 43 N. Reggina, town of Ilaly, in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, 14 ms. N. of Cosenza. Lon. 16 21 E., lat. 39 34 N. Regnano, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter. It is thinly inhabited, and is seated near the Tiber, 17 ms. N. of Rome. Lon. 12 36 E., lat. 42 11 N. Regnier's Mills, post office, Washington coun ty, Ohio, 120 miles SE. by E. from Columbus. This post office is in the township of Aurelius, the most northern of the county, and on Duck creek, about 15 ms. very nearly due N. from Marietta. Rehobolh, village, Bristol co., Mass., 42 miles S. by W. of Boston, and 3 eastward from Provi dence, R. L Pop.in 1820, 2,740. Hundred of Sussex counly, Del., on the .iVtlanlic ocean and Delaware bay, belween Rehobolh bay and Cold Spring creek. Pop. 1820, 1,657. Bay of the ."Vtlantic ocean, in Sussex counly, Deb It has the same inlet with Indian river. Behreraburg, or Behrerstown, village in the NW. part of Berks co.. Penn. 46 miles a little N. ofE. from Harrisburg, and 15 ms. NE. frora Leb anon. Reichenau, island of Germany, in Suabia, in Ihe lower lake of Constance. Town of Switzeriand, in the couniry of the Grisons. It is seated in a rich ond fertile valley, upon the conflux of the two branches which form the Rhine. Reichenau is 7 ms. SW. of Coir. REN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RET Reichenbach, river of Switzerland, which has ils source al the foot of Mount Wetterhorn, and rolls its numerous cataracts down the steep sides of Mount Sheidec, till unites wilh the river Aar near Meyringen, It conveys into the Aar the gold dust lhat ig found in the bed of lhat river. Town of Bohemia, in Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is seated on the little river Peil. Reiehenberg, castle of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, and counly of Cotzenelenbogen. It is seated on a mountain near the Rhine, and be longs to the prince of Hesee Rheinfeldt. Lon. 7 57 E., lat. 50 4 N. Reichenfells, town of Gerraany, in the ducby of Carinthia, 24 miles E. of .Muhran. Lon. 14 4 E., lal. 47 9 N. lieichenall, town of Gerraany, in Upper Bava ria, on the Sala, with a rich salt spring, 9 miles SW. of Saltzburg, and 64 SW. of Munich. Lon. 13 2 E., lat, 47 28 N. Beichenstein, town of Bohemia, in Silesia, fa mous for the silver mines in its ueigbbornood. Il is 12 ras. W. of Groleskaw. Reiehshofen, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, with a castle. Reid's Store, and post office, Copiah co,. Miss , by posl road 52 miles from Jackson And posl office, Moore co., N. C, by post road 53 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Beid's, post office, Franklin co., Georgia. Beifferacheid, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, and archbishopric of Cologne, capi tal of a CO. of Ihe same name. It ia 32 ms. SW. of Cologne, and 42 W. of Coblenlz. Lon. 6 50 E., hi. 50 20 N. Reinsberg, or Rheinsberg, small lown of Prus sia, in tho northern part of Brandenbarg, about 65 English ms, NNW. of Beriin, and 25 NE. by E. from Havelburg. It is situaled^on and takes its name frora the small river Rein. Pop. 1,500. This place was the residence of Frederick II. the eight years previous to his accession to the ihrone nf Prus sia, and of bis brother Henry afterwards, who died and was interred bere. Reisenburg, town of Prussia, in the province of Oberland, near which is on ancieni casile, 78 ms.'SVV. of Kenigsberg. Lrm. 20 6 E , Iat. 53 62 N. Beisferstown, village, Baltimore co., Md., 16 miles NW. of Baltimore, and 63 N. by E. from Washington city. Rsis-ErFEifDi, Arabic reis. Chief, and Turkish effendi. Chancellor, and oflen Secretary of Slate ofthe Turkish empire. Rembertatown, town, Sumter dislrict, S. C. Remedios, ciiy of New Granada, and capital of the province of Rio del Hacha, 73 ms. E. by N. of Santa Martha. Remiremont, town of France, in the dep. ofthe Vosges, and lale province of Lorraine, on the river Moselle, at the foot of Mount Vosages, 42 ms. S. by E. of Nancy. Lon. 6 47 E , Iat. 48 3 N. Remsen, village, Oneida co., N. Y., 35 ms. N. from Rome. Pop. in 1820, 912. Remy, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of Mouths ofthe Rhone, 10 ms. NE. of Aries. Rendsburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holstein, 12 miles SE. of Sleswick. Lon. 10 6 E., lat. 54 30 N. 96* Renfrew, the co. town of Renfrewshire, Scot., on the Clyde, neir the raouth of the Carl, 10 mo. E. by S. of Port Glasgow, and 46 W. of Edinburgh. Lon'. 4 26 W., bit. 65 61 N. Renfrewah'ire, co. of Scot , bounded on the S. by Ayrshire, on the E. by Lanarkshire, and on the .\. and W. by the Clyde river, which divides it on the W. from Argyleshire, and on the N. from Dunbartonshire, extending 30 miles from N. to S,, and 13, where broadest, from E. to W, Pop. in 1801, 72,596; in 1811, 78,056; and in 1821, 112,175. Rennebon, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Strasburg, 10 ms. E. of Strasburg. Bennes, city of France, in the dep. of Isle and Vilaine, and late province of Bretagne. The in hobitants ore computed al 35,000, on the Vilaine, which divides it into two ports, 68 miles N. by W. of Nantes, and 42 SE. of St. Malo. Lon. I 36 W., lat. 48 7 N. Rensselaer, co.' of N. Y., bounded by Hudson river W,, Washington co. N,, Vermont NE., Mass. E., and Columbia co. S. ; length 30 miles, mean width 20, area 600 sq. ms. Surface hill.y, bul soil productive in grain, pasturage, and fruit. Chief towns, Troy, Lansingburg, and Greensburg. Pop. in 1820, 40,1.53; nnd in 1840, 60,259. Ctl. lot. 42 42 N,, lon. W, C. 3 ,30 E. Bensselaer, village, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 12 miles E. from Albany, remarkable for a manufac tory of window gluss. Rensselaerville, Albany co.,N. Y., 84 ms. SW. frora Albany. Pop. in 1820, 3,436. Benty, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Pas de Ca lais, on the river Aa, 50 ms. NW. of Arras. Reole, town of France, in the dep. of Gironde, seated on the Garonne, 20 miles SE. of Bordeaux. Repaille, lown of France, in the dep. of Mount Blanc, on a liver which runs into tbe lake of Ge neva, 20 ms, NB. of Geneva. Repeham, town of England, in Norfolk, in a valley, 15 ms. NW. of Norwich, and 11 1 NE. of London. Reppen, town of Brandenburg, in the New Mork, 16 ms. SSE. of Custrin. Replon, villoge of Eng., in Derbyshire, S miles SSW. of Derby. Here is a noted free school, which appears to hove been the refectory of a priory. Requena, town of Spain, in New Caslile, wilh a ensile and a considerable manufai-ture of silks, on a hill, on the borders of Valencin, 64 ms. ESE. of Cuenza. Lon. 1 9 VV., Iat. 39 44 N. Resht, lown of Persia, capital of Cilhan. It is seated on the SW. coast of the Caspian sea, in a ferlile plain, surrounded with high mounlains, MO ras. N. of Gosbin. Lon. 62 16 E,, Iat. 37 18 N. Resolution Island, small island in the Pacific ocean, so called frora the ship Resolution, in which Capt. Cook made his second voyage to that ocean. Lon. 141 45 W., lat. 17 23 S. . Ressif, or recif. French ; arrecife, Spanish, from the Arabic, a breaker or ledge of rocks nearly on a level with, or, if under the water, very near the surface. Retford, Easi, borough of England, in Notting hamshire, on the Idle, 30 ms. N, of Nottingham, and 144 N. by W. ofLondon. Lon. 48' W.,'lat. 63 22 N. Rethel, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Ardennes, 761 REZ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RHI and lale province of Champagne, near the river Aisne, 20 miles NE. of Reims, and 108 NE. of Paris. Lon. 4 26 E., lat. 49 30 N. Retimo, town oi Candia; it abounds in silk, wsol, honey, wax, laudanum, and oil. It is seat ed on the N. coost ofthe island, in a pleosant co,, 45 ras. from Candia. Lon. 24 45 B., Iat. 35 22 N Revel, strong seaport of Russia, capital of the government of Esthonia, There is a college witb four professors. It has becorae a place of great trade since the Russians obtained possession of it ; and there are two great fairs in May and Septem ber, frequented by English and Dutch merchanis. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly in a pleas ant plain, and partly on a mountain, 85 ms. SE. of Abo, and 133 W. by S. of Petersburg. Lon. 23 67 E,, lal. 59 20 N. Revel, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Ga ronne, and late province of Languedoc, 9 ms. N. of St. Papoui. Lon. 2 10 E., lot. 43 26 N. Government of Russio. — See Esthonia. Bevello, town of Italy, in PiedraonI, in the raar quisate of Saluzzo, near the Po. It is seated on the lop of a very high mounlain, and is strongly fortified both by nature and art. Il is 3 ms. NW. of Saluzjo. Rwero, strong lown of Italy, in the Mantuan, sealed on the river Po, opposile Ostiglia, 10 miles NB- of Mirandola, and 20 SE. of Mantua. Lon. 1 9 E., lal. 44 58 N. Reugg-Greitz and Reuss-Lobenstein, two petty but independent States of Central Geiraony, be tween Prussia and Bovario. Reus, town of Spain, in Cotolonio. It bas a considerable trade in wine, brandy, and nuts. It is sealed in tbe middle of a most fruitful plain, 35 ras. NE. of Tortosa, and 60 WSW. of Barcelona. Reuss, river of Switzerland, which rises in the lake of Locendro, heiween the mountains of Pe- tlna and Locendro, flows through tbe lake of Lu cerne, and the town of that name, and, joining the Aor, falls into the Rhine below Zurzach. Reutlingen, town of Germany, in Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirlemburg, on the Echetz, near the Neckar, 10 ms. E. of Tubingen, and 37 S. of Slulgord. Lon. 9 10 E., lot. 48 31 N. Reux, fortified lown of the Netherlands, in Hainaull, 8 ms. NE. of Mons, RETomriOK, in astronomy, the return of a planet lo ils ploce of departure. Year is one and the most reraarkable of astronomical revolutions. Rewah, town of Hindoostan, in the province of Allahabad, 67 ms. SSW. of lhat place. Lon. 81 36 E., lat. 24 36 N. Reyna, town of Spain, in .Andalusia, 3 ms. frorei Lerno, ond in a territory abounding in wine and cattle. Reynoldsburg, village and seat of justice. Hum phries CO , Tenn,, on the right bank of Tenn. river, 120 ms. a litlle N. of W. from Murfrees borough, and 83 W. from Nashville. Rezan, government of Russia, formeriy a prov ince of the Government of Moscow. It coniains 12 districts, and is ferlile in corn, and populous. Cily of Russia, capilal of a government of the same name. It is sealed al the confluence of the Trubesh and Occa, 100 ras. NE. of Moscow. Lon. 40 37E,, lat. 64 56 N. 762 'Rhe, island on th6 W. cpast of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle. It is 4 leagues long and 2 broad, and very populous, 8 ms. W. of Rochelle. St. Martin is the capital. Rhea, co., Tenn., bounded by McMinn SE., the Cherokee lands ond Hamillon co. SW., Bled soe W. and NW., and Rowan NE. Length 30, mean width 20 ras., area 600 sq. ms. It extends along bolh sides of Tennessee, above tbe mouth of Hiwassee river. Pop. in 1820, 4,215; ond in 1840,3,985, Ctl. lat. 3540N., lon. W. C. 7 48 W. Rhealown, villoge, Greene CO., Tenn., by post road 270 ms. E. from Nashville. Rheda, town of Germony, in the circle of West. phalio, and co. of Lingenj 10 ms. N. of Lipstodt. Lon. 7 22 E., lot, 61 47 N. Rheims, oncient city of Fr., in the department of Marne, and late province of Champagne. The inhabitants are computed to be 30,000. Here are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and other wool en stuffs, on the river Vesse, 72 ms. N. of Troves, and 75 NE. of Paris. Lon. 4 8 E., Iat. 49 16 N. Rheinau, town of Switzeriand, in Thurgau, with an abbey, on an island formed by the Rhine, be tween Schaffenhausen and Eglisau. Rheinbach, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, ond electorate ef Cologne, 63 ms. E. of Liege. Lon. 6 9 E., lat. 51 39 N. Rheinberg, town of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 40 ms. NW. of Cidogne, and 40 SE. of Guelderland. Lon. 6 39 E., Iat. 51 89 N. Rheinec, town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 34 ms. SSE. of Cologne. Lon. 7 23 E,, lat. 50 27 N, Town of Switzeriand, copital of the Rheinthal, wilh a castle, seated on the Rhine, near the lake of Con stance. Lon. 9 23 E., lat. 47 41 N. Rheinfeld, castle of Germany, in tbe circle of Lower Rhine, and co. of the sarae name. It is 15 ms. S. of Coblenlz. Rheinfelden, strong town of Suabia, 8 ms, E, of Basle. Lon. 7 46 E., lat. 47 36 N. Rheingau, district of Germany, on the E. side of tbe Rhine, extending from Neider Wallauf tn Lorrich. The vine is here chiefly cultivated. Elfeld is the capital. Rheinhausen, lown of Germany, in tbe bish opric of Spire. It is situaled on the Rhine, 3 ms. SE. of Spire. Rheinland, port of Soulh Holland, lying on both sides of tbe Rhine. Leyden is the capital. Rheinmagen, or Remagan, town of Westpha- lia,near the Rhine, 19 ms. NNW. of Coblentz. Lon. 6 30 E., Iat. GO 38 N. Rheinsabern, town of Germany, in the bish opric of Spire, with a castle, 16 ms. S. of Spire. Rheinthal, ferlile valley of, Switzerland, lying olong the Rhine. Il belongs to the 8 ancient can tons, and to that of Appenzel. The Protestant inhabitants are the raost numerous. Rheinwald, large valley in the couniry of the Grisons, so called from the Hinder Rhine, which rises al tbe distance of 12 ms. and runs through the valley. f0 I ~ijm 1,413 3,£i3 6 Free whit* males - 38,492 Do. do. females - 40,921 All other persons except Indians, not taxed 44 Total whites - 79,457 tree persons of color, males 1,587 Do. do. females 1,967 Slaves, males - 18 Do. females - 30 Tolal population in 1820 764 83,069 White persons ofthe furegoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do, from 14 to 25 • Do. above 25 - - Do. total deaf and dumb Do. blind Insane and Idiots at— Public charge - Private charge Total insane and idiota • Colored persons in the foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb BlindDo, insane and idiots All pei-sons inthe foregoing employed in- Mining - ^ AgricultureCommerce Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivers Learned professions Pensioners for revolutionary or military services Universities or colleges Do, students in - - • Academies and grammar schools - / Do, students in Primary and common schools Do, scholars in Scholars at public charge White persons over 20 years of age whp cannot read or write - - * • 15 25 34 117 as 3 1 13 35 16,617 i;348 21,271 1,717 2-28457 601 2 m 62 3,664 434 17,33510,749 1,614 RHO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY RIB Population of Rhode Island by counties, from the censua of 1840. Whites, Free col. Slaves, Counties i i t Total, Si n S ¦« S s s s a 27,389 29,090 s £ s I Providence 681 912 68,073 Newport 7,969 s,3;4 226 ¦iV6 . 2 16.874 Washington - 6,766 7,U47 244 267 14,324 Kent 6,UlS4 6.687 147 163 1 1 u\m Briswl 3,151 3,urr 115 130 6,-176 Totol E, laland 51,362 64,225 1,413 1,825 1 4 108830 Progressive popu ation. 1810. . 76,931 1820 83,059 1830 . 97,199 1840 - - 108,830 Rate of increase in 30 years: for 1,000 ot tho beginning, 1,414 ot the end of the period. Such ratio demands 135 years lo double the population. Rhodes, island of the Archipelago, at the en trance of tbe Gulf of Macri, 40 ms. long, and 15 broad. The soil is pretty fertile, but badly culti vated. This island is much celebraled in ancient and modern history. It was taken by the Turks, afler on obslinate resistance, 1523, end the small number of knights that remained afterwards re moved to Malta. A pacha is Ihe governor general of the island, who presides over civil justice and miliiary discipline. Rhodes, capital of the island of Rhodes, was anciently 9 ms. in circumference, but the present town occupies only a quarter of the extent of the ancient city. It has a good harbor, witb a nar row entrance between two rocks, on which are 2 towers to defend the possage. It is inhabiled by Turks and Jews, for tbe Christions ore obliged lo live in the suburbs, they not being suffered to be within the walls in the night time. Lon, 28 25 E., 1st. 36 24 N. Rhodez, See Rodez, Rhone, large river of Europe, which rises in Swilzerland, from the glocier of Furc'o, between tha two rocky mountoins of Glechterberg and Salzberg, Crossing the Vallais, it runs through the lake and cily of Geneva, and there re ceives the river Arve. After which, it widens, and becomes navigable neor Seissel, then running SW. to Lyons, and receiving several other sireams, parlicularly the river Saone, coniinues ils course due S., and passing by Orange, Avignon, and Aries, it falls, lo the westward of Marseilles, into the Mediterranean, by three mouths. Tbe Rhone has sources interlocking with those of the Po, Rhine, Seine, and Loire. By its most northern confluent, the Saone, the basin of the Rhone reaches N. lat. 48°, and extends to 43 20 ; the length 350 ms., mean width about 150, area 52,500 sq. ras. The reverse of tbe Rhine, the slope of the Rhone basin is lo the S. This differ ence of direction and slope affords means to ac count for the very unequal inundalirms of these two rivers. Tbe floods of the Rhine are fre quently excessive, those of the Rhone generally moderate, because, ihough bolh flow from the Alps, the rise of tho former commences near its source, whilst lhat uf the latter commences near ils estuary. As a navigable channel, the Rhone is very defective. Shilling sands al ils mouths render the entrance shollow and uncertain. Tho depth is sometimes reduced to 4 feet, Aboul 10 ms. below Geneva, the Rhone proffer passes under a natural bridge. Its fall in 7J ms. 207 feet. The level of the lake of Geneva, according to De Luc, is 1,202 feet above that of the Mediter ranean; where the river disappears, 954, and 538 at Lyons. The Soane, and the main stream be low their junction, are more navigable than the Rhone proper. Various projects of uniting the waters of the Rhone to those of the Rhine, Seine and Loire, have been conceived, but in no in stance fully executed, if we except that of the Loire frora the Saone. Tho latter canal line is called the " Canal of the Centre," or Charolois, It rises from the Loire, 240 feet to the surarait level. The descent from the summit level is ,400 feet to tbe Saone. There are 30 locks on the Loire slope, and 50 on that of the Saone. The whole lengih of the canal is 71 English ms. the length of each lock 100, breadlh 16, and the canal itself 30 feet wide at bottom, 48 at the woter surface, and 5^ deep. The chief trade is wine, timber, coals, corn, and promiscuous mer chandise, in 4,000 boats annually. The basin of the Rhone, below lat. 45° N., is the true southern climale of Fr., the region of the olive, pome granate, and most abundant vines. Though the departments W. of the Rhone, towards the Py renean mountains, aro placed rauch farther S. the temperature is much lower than near the Lower Rhone. A glance on the map of Fr. ex hibils the cause. Rhone, mouths of the, dep. of Fr., containing part of ibe late province of Provence. Aix is the copiiol. Rhone and Loire, dep. of Fr,, including the lale provinces of Forez nnd Lyonnois. The capital is Lyons. Rhyaidergowy, town of Wales, in Radnor shire, near a cataract of the river Wye. It is 20 ms. WNW. of New Radnor, and 177 ofLondon Lon. 3 27 W,, Iat, 52 17 N. Rhynbeck, lown, Dutchess co., N. Y., on the E. side ofthe Hudson river, 65 ms. S, of Albony, and 30 S. of Hudson. Pop. in 1820, 2,729. Rhynds, or Rinns of Galloway, the W. division of Wigtonshire, divided frora the olher parts of the county by Loch Ryan and the bay of Luce. Rhyney, — See Rumney, Ribadavia, — See Rivadavia, Ribadeo, seaport of Spain, in Gallicia. It is situaled at the moulh of the Eo, and is 15 tns, NE. of Mondonedo. Lon. 7 2 W., lat 43 50 N. ' . ' Ribas, town of Spain, in New Castile, on the river Xarma, 8 ms. from Madrid. Ribau-Pierre. — See Rupolfstein. Ribble, river of Eng., which rises in the West Riding of Yorkshire, runs across Lancashire, and falls into the Irish sea below Preston, Riberia Grande, town of St. Jago, the princi pal of the Cape de Verd Islands, wilh a good har bor. It is seated between two high mountains Lon, S3 24 W., lat. 15° N. 765 RIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RIC Ribemont, town ofFr., in the dep. of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, seated on an emi nence, near the river Oise, 10 ms. W.by S. of St. Quintin. Lon. 3 21 E , lal, 49 48^N. Riberac, town of Fr., in the dep., of Dordogne, 17 ms. E, of Perigneax, and 27 SSE, of An goulesme. LdYi. 1 5 E., lat. 46 15 N. Ribnik, episcopal town of Turkey, in the pro vince of Wallachia, 44 ras. S. of Hermanstadt, and 130 ESE". of Teuneswar. Lon. 23 40 E., lat. 45 19 N. Ribnitz, town of Germany, in Lower Soxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a nunnery for noble women. Il is sealed on a bay of the Baltic, 12 ms. N. of Rostock. Lon. 12 35 E., lat. 54 10 N. Riceborough, port, village, and seat of justice. Liberty co., Ga., neor the head of Newport river, which is, however, navigable thus far for sloops ; 34 ras. SSW. frora Savannnah. Lat. 31 45 N,, lon. W. C 4 25 W. Richards's post office, Harrison co., 0., by post road 141 ms. NE. by E. from Columbus. Richardson's, post ofiice. Green co,, .\la. Richardsonville, village, Edgefield district, S. C, 74 ms. by posiroad W. frora Columbia. Richelieu, co., L. C, no St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, and extending SE. from the former to the N- boundary of Vermont. River ofL. C. — See Sorelle. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, and late province of Poitou, on the Amable and Vide; 27 ms, N. of Poitiers, and 162 SW. of Paris. Lon. 0 20 E., Iat. 47 2 N. Richfield, town, Otsego co., N. Y., 75 ms. W. of Albany. Pop. in 1820, 1,772. Thriving agricultural tp,, Ashtabula co., O., situated on Grand river, immediately S. of Auslinburg. : NE. corner tp., Medina co , 0. Richford, town, Franklin co., Vt., on Mis sisque river, 44 ms. NE. from Burlington. Village, Tioga CO., N. Y. Richhill, NW. tp. of Green co,. Pa., on the head of the SE. fork of Wheeling, and the mid dle fork of Ten-raile creek. Pop. in 1810, 716, in 1820, 687. Tp., in the eastern part of Mus kingum co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 70G. Richland, town Oswego co., N. Y., on Lake Ontario. Pop. in 1820, 2,728. One ofthe NVV. tps. ol Bucks CO., Pa., on the heads of Tobickon creek, 35 ras. N. frora Philadelphia. Pop. in IS-JO, 1,385. Richland, one of the southern tps. of Venango CO., Pa., on the point belween Alleghany river and Toby's creek, above their junction. Pop. in 1820, 1,031. Richland, cenlrai district of S. C, on tbe peninsula between the Wateree and Congaree rivers, with Fairfield and Kershow districis N. Lengih 40, mean width 12 ms., area 480 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and soil productive. Staple, colton. Chief town, Columbia. Pop. in 1820, 12,321 ; and in 1840, 16,397. Central lat. 34° N., lon. W. C. 3 48 W. Richland, co., 0., bounded N. by Huron, E. by Woyne, S. by Knox, and W. by Marion and Crawford cos. It is 30 ras. square, containing 900 sq. ras. The co. embraces a tract of couniry high and elevated. The principal streams are 76fj numerous bronches of Mnhiccan creek and the headwaters of Sandusky and Whetstone rivers. Chief town, Mansfield. Pop. in 1820, 9,169; ond in 1840, 44,532. Central lat. 40 45 N., lon. W. C, 5 33 W. Villoge, Onslow co., N. C. Tp., Belraont co., 0., in which is situated St. Clairsville, the co. seat. Pop, in 1820, 3,879. Tp., Guernsey co,, 0. Pop. in 1820, 860. Tp. in the NE. corner of Clinton co., 0, Pop. in 1820, 1,056. Tp, in the northern borders of Jackson co, Tp. in the easiern part of Fairfield co. O,, in which Rushville is situated. Pop. in 1820,1,071. Small river of Tenn., rises in Maury, and traversing by a soulhern course, Giles CO., passes the village of Pulaski, and falls into Elk river, after a coraparative course of about 30 ms. Richland Creek, post office in the northern part of Giles co.. Term,, 70 ms. SW, frora Mur freesborough. Richland Hill, posl ofiice, Feliciana parish, La., 98 ras. NW. by W. frora New Orieans. Richmond, borough of Eng., in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Il has a raanufaclure of woolen stockings, caps, &c., on the Swale, 40 ras. NW. of York, and 230 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 35 W., lat. 54 28 N. Richmond, village of Eng., in Surry. The lide of the Thames reaches just to this village, which is 60 ms. from the moulh of it, a greater distance than the tide is carried by any other river in Europe, 9 ms. above London. Village, Lincoln co.. Me., 44 ms., by postroad from Port land. Town, Chittenden co , Vt., on Onion river, 13 ms. SC. from Burlington Town, Cheshire co , N. H., 47 ras, SW. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 1,391. Town, Berkshire co., Mass. Town, Washington co., R. I., on Wood river, 30 ms. SSW. from Providence: Pop. in 1820, 1,423. Town, Ontario co., N. Y,, on Hemlock and Honeoye lakes, 15 ms. SW. from Canandaigua, Pop. 1820, 2,765. Richmond, co. of N. Y., commensurate with Staten island, and is the exireme southern co. of the Stole. This fine and beautiful island is sepa rated from Long Island by the Narrows, or lower part of N. Y. harbor ; from Middlesex and Essex COS., N, J,, by Stolen Island sound ; and from Monmouth co., N. J., by Amboy boy. Il rises by not very gentle acclivities to hills of considera ble elevation. The soil is generally fertile and well cultivated. Length 12, mean width 4 ms. ; orea 48 sq. ms. The N. Y. Lazaretto is on the NE. shore of Staten island, distant above 6 ms. from the Battery, in the city of N. Y, Chief town, Richmond. Pop. in 1820, 6,135; and in 1840, 10,965. Cent, lat, 40 39 N,, lon. W. C. 3 2^ E. Village and seat of justice, Richmond co., N. Y., near the centre of Staten Island, 6 ms. SW. from the Lazaretto. Town, situate on the head of a small stream, to which it gives name, about 2 ms. W. of Delaware river. It is on the main road frora Easton to the Dfl-jwore Water Gap, aboul 16 ms. from Easton, ond about 3 mt. W. of Delaware river, in Upper Mount Bethel tp., Northampton CO., Pa. Richmond, city and metropolis of Va., situated in the CO. of Henrico, on the N. side of James river, al the termination of tbe falls, about 100 RIC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RIC ms. above the termination of the river, lon. 77 3 1 | W., lat. 37 30 N., 21 ms. N. of Petersburg, and 124 me. W. of S. from the city of Washington. There ore about 1,400 bouses, of which probably more thon 1,000 ore of brick, generally covered wilh slate, the rest of wood. The buildings in Richmond are generally plain, without much dis- ploy of arcbilecturol laste or reference to olher ob- jects then utility. To this remark there are, how ever, some exceptions. Had the model of the capitol been equalled by ils execution, it would be the finest building in the U. S. Ils proportions are perfectly correct, and ils plan chasle ; and even as it is, when seen from a distance, as is of ten the case, it seems to rise in great grandeur and beauty before the spectator. The public square on which the copitol stands contoins aboul eight acres, and has been enclosed by a substantial rail ing of cast iron. Many other improvements hove been designed and in part executed, which, when completed, will render it a place of greater beauty. The town of Richmond was established by an act of the General Assembly of Va., in the year 1712, and the seat of Government for the Slale was removed frora Williarasburg in 1780; al which period tbe pop. raay be conjectured at 500 persons. In the year 1822, the number of inhab itants of the cily, and of such of the suburbs as are immediately connected wilh it, may fairly be rated at 16 lo 18,000, a majority being white per sons. This rapid increase of pop. during the last 42 years raay in part be ascribed to the transfer of the seat of Government, wilh its altendont advan tages; but as the nurnber of officers connected wilh tbe Stole Government is not considerable, and the courts of higher jurisdiction, which for a few years sat in the capilal, have since been branched out in such a manner that their sessions are held in other places, olher causes must be sought for to account for tbe whole effect produced in the pe riod first mentioned. The very fruitful country bordering on James river, above its falls, was par tially and imperfectly cultivated, and the impassi bility of obtaining a navigation through the rapids immediately obove Richmond had deprived the in habitants of a free use of the river for the transpor tation of tbe products of the State. In the year 1794, the canal was so far completed that all diffi culty of passing the rapids was removed, and grad ually, since that tirae, the navigation bos been suc cessively used for 250 ms. above Richmond, pass ing the range of the Blue Ridge to the foot of the Alleghany raountains. Such are the advantages which Richraond pos. eesses above tbe falls, nor are those which she possesses below of less importance ; for a distance of nearly 150 ms., Jaraes river raeanders through an uncommonly productive couniry, and the depth of water is suflicient to bring vessels drawing 15 feet waler to a distance not exceeding 3 ms. from the city. A bar of sand, about 350 feet in width, forms the only obstruction to the raouth of the dock, which forms a safe harbor for more than 300 sail of vessels, drawing 12 feet water, in the cen tre of the city. As to her exports, Richmond is most favorably situated for enjoying a monopoly in the coal business; is the first port in the United States as well for quality as quantity of tobacco ; and is not much behind any other city in the arti cle of flour, which, from a variety of circumstan ces altoohed to her local situation, is always ready for market there some months sooner than in other pljces. The natural situation of Richmond is beauliful and even romantic. Shokoe ond Richmond Hills stand opposile to each other, wilh Shokoe creek, a bold and lively stream, belween them. The cily is spread over those hills, and along tbe margin of the river the hills have been thrown inlo various undulaiione, and present a great many points from which diflerent views m.-iy be taken, highly pic turesque and beauliful. The falls of the river, which descends moro thon 6 ms. ; the island ; the town of Manchester, connected by two bridges wilh Richmond ; the rich planlauons adjuiniii; the town ; the river, winding ond stretching below lo a great extent : the waving hills on the N. side, and the valley through which Shokoe creek pass es — are the principal objects on which the eye fixes ; and from every eminence they are seen in some new form, and under some new coloring of light and shade, the whole presenting the three- great requisites of landscape, viz: grandeur, beau ty, and variety. Besides, Richmond is one of the beallbiest cities in Ihe United Slates, or per haps in ihe world. The annuol amount of deaths on an average is one in eighty-five. It has never been visited by yellow fever or ony violent and desolating disease. Populalion of Richmond in 1840. Whites.-Ag's, Malea. Femalee. Oto 5 730 814 6 to 10 512 548 10 to 15 617 659 15 to 20 7,32 726 20lo30 1,413 1,'iOl 30 to 40 83J 656 40 to 60 427 433 50 to 60 180 207 60 to 70 73 91 70 to 80 15 33 80 to 90 4 9 90 to 100 . 1 lUO and upwards. 5,435 6,283 5,435 10,713 Colored Totdl 9,435 20,153 Progressive popul ation. In 1810: Whites . - 4,798 Colored - Total - 4,937 9,725 III 1820: Whiles - - 6,445 Colored - Tolal - 6,622 12,067 In 1840 : Whiles - 10,718 Colored - - - 9,435 Jota) - - . - 20,153 Richmond, co., Va., bounded by Rappahannock riverSW., Westmoreland N. and NE., Northum- 707 RID GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RID beriand E., and Lancaster SE. Length 20 ms., mean width 8; area 160 sq. ros. Chief town, Dunkirk. Pop. 1820, 5,706; in 1840, 5,965. Cent. lat. 37° N., Ion. W. C. 17' E. Richmond, co., N. C, bounded by S, C. SW., Y'adkin river W., Monlgoraery and Moore N,, Cumberland E., and Robeson SE. Length 45 ms., mean width 18 ; area about 800 sq, ras. Chief lown, Rockingham. Pop. 1820, 7,537; in 1840, 8,909. Cent. Iat. 35° N., Ion. W. C. 2 38 VV. Richmond, co., Ga., bounded by Savannah riverE., Burke S , Briar river or Jefferson SW ,, and Columbia NW. Length 28 ras., raean width 13; area 364 sq, ras. Its chief town, Augusta, is in tbe NE. angle, on Savannah river. Pop. 1820,8,608; and in 1840, 11,932. Cent. lat. .13 23 N., Ion. W. C. 5 5 W. Richmond, New, — See New Richmond, Richmond, court house and post oflRce, Rich mond CO., N. C. — See Rockingham, Richmond, village in the SE. part of Ross co,, O,, on Salt creek, one mile from its moulh, 14 ms. SE, from Chillicothe, Village, Jefferson CO., 0. ; by posl rood 161 ms. NE. by E. from Columbus. Villoge, Wayne co., Io. ; by post rood 63 ms. E, from Indianapolis. Villageand seat of justice, Madison co., Ky., 30 ms SSE. from Lexington, and 53 SE. from Frankfort. Lal. 37 47 N., lon. W. C. 7 1 1 W. Courthouse and post office, Richmond co., Va. ; by post rood 62 ms. NE. from Richmond, capilal of the Slate. Village, Henry co., Ala. Richmondshire, district of Eng., in the North Riding of Yoiksbire, noted for ihe industry of its inhabitants, who manufaclure knit stockings and other coarse goods. Many lead mines are in this district, of which Richmond is the chieflown. Riehmondville, village, Schoharie co., N. Y. ; by post road 36 ms. westerly from Albany. Ritchtenberg, town of Germany, in the duchy of Anterhir Pomerania, 28 ms. ENE. of Rostock. Lon. 12 60 E., Iat. 54 10 N. Richwoods, village, Morgan co., Va. ; by post road 98 ms. NW. from W. C. Rickmansworlh, town in Eng., in Hertford shire, on the river Coin, 8 m.". SW. of St. Al bans, and 18 WNW. ofLondon. Lon. 0 16 E., Iat. 61 42 N. Rideau, river of Conada, a southern branch of Ottawos. This stream bus given name to the Rideau canal, and its channel forms port of lhat very important improvement. The Rideau river issues from a lake of the same name, in the west ern part of Johnstown dislrict, U. C, This lake extends in a direclion from SW. to NE., 25 ras., then contracts into a river, which, raaintaining the same general direction about 60 ms., falls into the Ottawa river about 90 ms. above tbe raouth of the latter into the St. Lawrence. The higher part of the canal leaves the head of St. Lawrence at Kingston, and in a NE. direction of about 30 ms, enters the Rideau Lake. I have inserteil the following from the Providence Journ al, and by reprint from the National Intelligencer, as I regard the canal routes of Welland and Rideau as lillle, if any, le-s channels of commerce to the United States than to the British provinces : "The Rideau canal connects the St. Lawrence 76S with the Ottawa, terminating a few miles below King-ton. It strikes the Ottawa at the foot of Chaudiere falls. Its lengih is 136 ras. ; its breadth is without lirait. The construction of this canal, if it raay be so called, is peculiar to itself, and is the only instance within my knowledge of a water coramunication on the same plan. It is entirely formed by connecling a chain of lakes by locks and dams, instead of making excavations. Neither a tow-path nor road is necessary, as the navigation is performed exclusively by steamboats, and bar. ges towed by them, similar to those on the North river. On the summit level of tbe canal is Rideau lake, about 25 ras. in lengih. It is 283 feet above ihe Ottawa, where it enters Iheriver, and 154 feet obove the St. Lawrence al Kingston, where the water is on a level wilh Lake Ontario. Forty- seven locks are required for iho ascent and descent, which are built on a scale sufficiently large for steamhoals to pass. Their lengih 142 feet, breadth 33 feet. They are built of large blocks of stone, in the most substantial manner. In order to make the necessary levels, twenty daras are required, of great strenglh and durability, which throw back the water to a great distance, converting sorae hun dred thousand acres of forest lands into lakes. A great change has consequently been produced in the natural appearance of Ihe couniry. In several instances, says Mr. Taggart, tbe engineer, a dam not raore than 24 feet high and 180 feet wide, throws the ropids and rivers inlo a still sheet above it for 0 distance of more than 20 ms. . The uoms also back the waters up creeks, ravines, and val leys ; and, insteail of making one canal, they form numerous canals of various ramifications, which will all tend greatly lo the improvement of a very ferlile country. Much of the land drowned by the raising of ihe dams is of lillle value—far lets than Ihe cost of making excavations. The Rideau ca nal was made by the British Government, at the expense of obout two and a half millions of dollars. One important object which the British Govern ment had in view in making so great an outlay, was to complete an inlond cnmnaunicotion of the greatest iraporlance in tirae of war. Without this chonnel, oil intercourse by woter would be cut off, and supplies could not be sent from one sec- lion of the province to the other. "Tbe St. Lawrence canal is another great work, built by ihe province. , Like the Rideau, it is adapted to ship and steamboat navigalion. But, from all I can'learn, it bas proved a bad spec- , ulation and of very little use, as steamboats now pass down tho rapids alongside of it, wilh perfect safety, in one-tenth the time it would lake to pass through the canal. In returning, they pass up the Ottawa river, ond through the Rideau canal lo Lake Onlario. " The British can now send their stearaboats or schooners from the sea by means of the Rideau and Welland canals to Lake Michigan. I have seen several vessels on the St. Lawrence, loaded witb the produce of Illinois and Michigan, on their way to Montreal and Quebec, and, if necessary, they might proceed to England." Ridge, village, St. Mary's co., Md., 5 ms. N. from Point Lookout.- — —Village, Edgefield dis trict, S, C, 20 ms. NE. from Edgefield, and 40 SW. by W. from Columbia. RIM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. RIO Ridgebury, village, near the wesiern border o Fairfield CO., Cl., 35 ms. W. from New Haven, Village, Oiange co,, N. Y, Village, Bradford co,. Pa.' Ridgefield, town in the western part of Fairfield CO., Ct , 7 ms. S. from Ridgebury, and 35 n liltle S, of W. from New Haven, Tp,, Huron co., Ohio. Ridgeville, western lown, Cuyahoga co., 0. Town, Warren co,, 0,, 70 ms. SW. from Columbus. Ridgeway, village and tp., Genesee co. , N, Y., near Ook Orchard river. Ridley, tp., Delaware co.. Pa., on Delaware river, belween Lower Darby and Providence, 10 ras. SVV, of Philodelpbio. Pop. 1820, 893. Riesburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, ond capital of a co. of the same name, Il is seated on the river Enls, 12 ms, NNW. of Paderborn, Lon. 8 50 E., lal. 51 55 N. Biett, town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, seated on the river Velino, near the Lake Rieti, 27 ms. S, by E, of Spoleto, and 27 NE. of Rome. Lon, 13 5 E,, Iat. 42 23 N, Rieux, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Ga ronne, and late province of Languedoc. It is seated on the Rise, 24 ms. SW. of Toulouse, and 83 W. of Narbonne. Lon. 1 17 E,, Iat. 43 16 N. Riez, town of Fr. , in the dep. of Lower .Alps., and late province of Provence, on the river An- vestre, in a plain abounding with good wine and excellent fruits, 35 ms. NE. of Aix, and 60 NE. of Toulon. Lon. 6 22 E,, lal. 43 51 N. Riga, governmeni of Russia. — See Livonia. Riga, strong and populous town of Russia, esp ial of the government of Livonia. Next to Pe tersburg, it is the most commercial place in the Russian empire. The principal exports are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tal low. Within the fortifications are 9,000 inhabi- tants, and in the suburbs 15,000. Riga is 5 rns. from the raouth ol the Dwina, and 250 SE. of Stockholm. Lon. 24 25 E., lat. 56 53 N. Town, Monroe co., N. Y,, on Black creek, 15 ras. SW. frora Rochester, Pop, 1820, 3,139, Rigaud, seigniory, Yorkco,, L, C, 35 ms. W. from Montreal. RttjoLETS, evidently from the same root as re- flux. In French, r'lgole signifies a trench or drain. Rigolets, name of one of the straits uniting Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain, and inlo which Pearl river is discharged by several mouths. The strait ofthe Rigolets is aboul 9 ms. in length, hav ing aboul 9 feel waler on each bar. This is the inside passage from Mobile, Pensacola, &c. , to New Orleans. Rigolets de Bon Dieu, river of La., formed by Saline and Black Lake rivers, and by an oullel of Red river, 4 ms. 'above Natchitoches. It falls inlo Red river from the N., 5 ms. above Alexandria, of course forming an island of about 50 ms. in length, and frora 1 to 4 or 5 ras. wide. Riley, tp., Oxford co.. Me., 30 ms, NW, from Paris. Riley's, creek and post office, Roane co., Tenn. The creek enters Tennessee river, about 3 ras. above the moulh of CUnch, and nearly an equal distance S, from Kingston. Rimonski, seigniory, Cornwallis co., L, C. 97* Rimini, town of Italy, in Romagna, in a ferlile plain, at the mouth of the Marrechia, on the Gulf of Venice, 20 ms. SE. of Ravenna, and 145 N. by E, of Rome. Lon. 12 39 E , lal. 44 4 N. Rimmegen, town of Westphalia, in the ducby of Juliers, seated on tbe Rhine. Rincoping, or Rinkibbing, town of Denmark, in N, Jutland, seated on the W. coast, 50 ms. N. by W. of Ripen. Rindge, tp., Cheshire co., N. H., between Jaf- fray and Fitzwilliam tps. Pop. in 1820, 1,298. Ringleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of Eisenach, 26 ms. ENE. of Eisenach. Lon. 11 25 E., Iat. 51 5 Norlh. Ringo'a, village, Hunterdon co., N. J., 29 ms. W. by S. of New Brunswick, and 19 N. by W. of Trenton. Ringated, lown of Denmark, in the Isle of Zea land, 40 ras. SW. of Copenhagan. Lon. 12 10 E., lal. 55 28 N. Ringwood, lown of Eng., in Hampshire, with a considerable manufacture of worsted knit hose, seated on the Avon, 30 ms, SW. of Winchester, and 91 W. by S. of London. Lon. 1 41 W., lat. 50 49 N. Rintlen, or Rinteln, town of Germany, in West phalia, in the co. of Schawenburg, with a univer sity. It is subject to the landgrave of Hesse Cas sel, and is seated on the Weser, 15 ms. SE, of Minden, and 35 SW. ol Hanover. Lon, 9 20 E,, Iat. 62 13 N. Rio-de-la-Hacha, small province of Colombia, on a peninsula between the Gulf of Yenezuela on the E,, and a bay of the Caribbean sea on tbe W, Rio-de la-Hacha, the capital, is seated al the mouth of a river of the same name, 100 ms. E. of Si, Martha, Lon. 72 34 W,, lat. 1 1 30 N. Rio-de-la Madalena, river of New Granada, which, taking its rise in the mountains N. of Po payan, runs N., and falls into the f3aribbeau sea between Carthagena and St. Martha. It is also called Rio Grande. — See Magdalena river. Rio-de-la-Plata. — See Plata. Rio-de-Miranda, river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Asturias, ami, separating that province frora Gallicia, enters the Boy of Biscay at Ravedeo. Rio Grande, or Jujui, one of the western branches ofthe Paraguay river, S. .\merica. Rio Grande, river of Africa, which runs from E. lo W. Ihrough Negroland, and falls into the Atlantic ocean in 11° N. Iat. River in Brazil, which rises near the Atlantic Ocean, and runs W. inlo the Parana, being the principal branch of that river, Rio Grande d'.l Norte. — See Mexico and Ta maulipas. Rio Janeiro, river which rises in the W. moun tains of Brazil, and, running E. through that country, falls into the Atlantic ocean at St. Sebas tian. Oneof tbe richest provinces of Brazil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a river ofthe same name. Il produces cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, wheal, rice, pepper, and tobacco, in great abundance. The Portuguese annually export hence gold, silver, and precious stones. St. Sebas tian is the capital, Riom, ancient town of Fr,, in the dep, of Puy 769 RIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ROA de Dome, and lale province of Auvergne, seated on a hill, in a pleasant country, 8 ms. NE. of Clermont, and 115 S. of Paris. Lon. 3 13 E., Iat. 46 64 N. Sions, lown ofFr., in the dep. ofGironde, and late province of Guienne, sealed on the Garonne, 18 ms. SE. of Bordeaux. Ripa Transone, populous and strong town of Italy, in the territory of the church, ond raarquisate of Ancona, with a bishop's see, 5 ras. W. of the Gulf of Venice, and 8 S. of Ferno. Lon. 13 50 E., Iat. 42 59 N. Ripen, lown of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capi tal of a diocess of the same name, wilh two col leges, a good harbor, and a public library. The harbor, which has contributed greatly to the pros parity of the place, is at a small distonce, at the mouth of the river Nipsaa, 65 ms. NW. of Sles wick, and 60 S. by W. of Wiburg. Lon. 9° E,, Iat. 55 25 N. Ripley, town of Eng., in tbe W. Riding of York shire, on the Nyd, 23 ms. WNW. of York, and 221 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 30 W., lot. .54 4 N. Town, Somerset co.. Me. Town, Chautauque co., N. Y., on Lake Erie. Town and seal of jus-tice. Brown co., Ohio, on tbe N. or right bank of Ohio river, 50 ms. above Cincinnati. Lal. 38 49 N,, Ion. W. C. 6 45 W. Ripley, co., Ia., bounded by Fayetle NW,, Franklin N,, Dearborn E., Switzerland SB,, Jef ferson S.,aiid Jennings W. Length 27 ms., mean width 16 ; and area 432 sq. ras. It is an elevaled tract, frora which the strearas flow in various di rections into Ohio ond Wabash rivers. Chief town, Versailles. Pop. in 1820, 1,822; ond in 1840, 10,392. For central lat., see Versailles, Ripley co., Ia. Ripley, lown of Bond co. , 111,, about 20 ms. E. flora Edwardsville. RiPUARiAN, differently spelled ripuarii, ribu- raii, or ribuerii, frora low Laim, riparii, "People of the River," terms used in the middle ages lo designate Franks, Gauls, Burgundians, Allemanii, Frisons, Saxons, ond others of the norlhern na tions who fixed themselves along tbe Rhine, Ripon, borough of Eng., in West Yorkshire, noted for its manufacture of hardwares, particularly spurs, and the market-place is one of the finest squares of the kind in England. It is seated on the Ure, 28 ms. NVV. of York, and 218 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 29 W., lot. 54 11 N. Riquier, town of Fr., in the dep. of Somme, ond lote province of Picardy, on the Cardon, 5 ms. NB. of Abbeville, and 96 N.of Paris. Lon. 1 59 E., lat. 50 10 N. Risborough, town of Eng., in Buckinghamshire; 20 ras. S. of Aylesbury, and 37 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 42' W., lat. 51 40 N. Rising Sun, post office,. Cecil co., Md., 18 ms. SW. from Wilmington. Village, Dearborn co., Ia., on tbe right bank of Ohio river, 13 ms. below the moulh of the Great Miami. Risonville, village, Nottaway co., Va,, by post road 76 ms. SW. from Richraond. Ristigouche, river and harbor of New Bruns wick and L. C. The river falls into Chaleur bay, and the harbor is situated at the junction. The main stream of Ristigouche separates L. C. and New Bruhswick. 770 Ritberg, town of Germany, in Westphalia, cap ital of a CO. of the same name, on tbe Embs, 12 ms. NW. of Paderborn. Lon. 8 42 E., lat. 61 52 North. Rittenhouse, village, Lancaster co.. Pa., by post road C4 ms. from Harrisburg. Riva, strong town of Germany, in tbe bishopric of Trent, ot the moulh of a small river, on the Garda, 17 ins. SW. of Trent. Lon. 11 7 W., lat. 46 4 N. Rivadavia, town of Spoin, in tbe province of Gallicia. Il is seated at the confluence of the Min ho and Avia, and the circumjacent country abounds with the best wine in Spain. It is 15 ms. WNW. of Orense. Lon. 7 55 W-, lat. 42 13 N, Rivadeo, town of Spain, in Gallicia, wilh a good horbor. It stands on a rock, at the mouth of tbe Rio do Miranda, 45 ms. NNE, of Lugo. Lon. 6 47 W., lot. 43 38 N. Rivallo, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, seated on a raountain, 20 ras. frora Noples. Rivalta, town of Itoly, in Piedmont, silualed on the Sangom, 6 ms. SW. of Turin. Town of Ilaly, in the Milanese, situated on the river Adda, 15 ms. E. of Milan. Rivanna, river of Virginia, which rises in the Blue Ridge, and, after running a SE. course, falls inlo James river near the town of Columbia. — See Albemarle and Fluvanna cos. Rivarolo, lown of Italy, in Piedmont, on the river Orio, 15 ms, N. of Turin, and 12 NW. of Carmagnola. River Bank, posl office. Orange co., Va., by post rood 94 ras. SW. from W. C, and 100 NW. frora Richraond. River Head, village, New London co., Cl,, 60 ms. by post road from Hariford. Tp. of Suffolk CO., Long Island. The village of River Head, in this ip., is on Ihe sound nearly opposile New Ha ven, in Cl. There is another village in tbe same tp. also called River Head, which if near, and NW. frora tbe mouth of Peconic river. The latter ia the seat of jusiice fir Sufiblk co , 78 ms a lillle N, ot E. from the city of N. Y. Lot. 40 56 N., lon. W. C. 4 22 B. Pop. of the tp, in 1810, 1,711; in 1820, 1,907; and in 1840, 2,449. Rivesaltics, lown of Fr , in the dep. of Eastern Pyrenees, and lale province of Rousillon. It is sealed on the Bgly, 8 ms. N. of Perpignon, and is famous for ils fine wine. Rivoli, lown of Ilaly, in Piedmont, with a mag nificent castle, 9 ms. W. of Turin. Lon. 7 32 E., lat. 45 4 N. Rivolo, town of Ilaly, in the Veronese, sealed nn the Lake Garda, 20 ms. N W. of Verona. Lon. UIE,, lat. 45 34 N. Rixeyville, village, Culpeper co., Va,, by post road 67 ms, SW. frora W. C, and 117 NNW. from Richmond. Roa, strong town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a ciladel and a castle. It is sealed on the Douero, in a couniry fertile in corn ond wine, 10 ms. SW. of Aranda, ond 70 N. of Madrid. Lun. 3 22 W,, lal. 41 35 N. Roane, co., Tenn , bounded by Blount E,, McMinn SB., Rhea SW,, .Morgan NVV., Ander son N., and Knox NE. Length 30 ms., mean width 20; area, 600 sq. ms. Surface broken, and soil, except neor the strearas, thin and sterile. The ROB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ROC two great branches of Tennessee river, tho Ten nessee proper and Holston, unite in Ihis co. below the seat of justice, Kingston. Pop. in 1820, 7,895; and in 1840, 10,948, Central lat. 35 55 N., lon, W. C. 7 30 W, Roan's creek. Carter co.. Ten. Roanne, populous and commeicial town of Fr., in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonnois. It is seated on the Loire, where it is first navigable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Lyons, Marseilles, and the Levant, is conveyed down tbe Loire, and by a canal inlo the Seine, and thence to Paris. Lon. 4 12 E,. lat. 46 13 N, Roanoke, island on tbe coast of N. C, in Albe marle CO. Lon. 76 0 W., lat. 35 50 N. Roanoke, one of the .'Vtlontic rivers of the U. S. , in Va. and N. C. It is formed principally by the Staunton and Dan rivers ; but as Albemarle sound is merely the continuation of Roanoke, Chowan river should also be considered one of ils branches. Including, therefore, Albemarle sound and Chow an, the basin of Roanoke extends about 250 ms. in length from NW. by VV. to SE. by E., with a mean width of 60 ms., embracing an area of 15,- 000 sq. ms. Geogrophic position between lat. 35j° and 37^° N. Interiocking sources with James river, Great Kenawha, and Pedee rivers, the remole mounloin branches of Roanoke rise on the most elevated valleys of the U. S. The differ ence of level between the higher navigable sections of Staunton and Don rivers and the lide in Albe marle sound exceeds, il is probable, 1,200 feet. The lide rises as high as Halifax, bul the Roanoke is nol, in any part of ils course, navigable in pro portion to ils volume. Sloops and shallops oscend about 70 ms., above which boats are used. Mea sures are, however, in progress to render this fine stream more subservient to the coramercial pros perity of the inhabitants of the country it drains. The basin of the Roanoke commences the cotlon region of -the Atlantic slope of the U. S. That vegetable may be, indeed, and is aclually cultivated in the basin of the Susquehannah, but il is only wilh the Roanoke thsrt the temperature and length of summer renders cotton a valuable crop. Roanoke, village, Mecklenburg co., Va., by post road 150 ms, SW. frora Richmond. Robberi island, soraeliraes called Penguin island, a barren, sandy island, lying al tbe entrance of Table bay, near tbe Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 22 E., lot. 33 50 S. Robbinstown, village, Washington co. , Me,, by post rood 277 ms- NE. from Portland. Robbsiown, village, Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the right bank of Youghiogheny river, 22 miles SSE. from Pittsburg. It is a sraall villoge, in o single street, or rather line ot houses, facing the river. Robertson, co, of Ten., bounded by Ky. N., Sumner E., Davidson S., Dickson SW., and Monlgoraery W. Lengih 40 ras., raean width 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. Chief town, Springfield Red river rises in and Cumberland passes ihrough the SW. angle of this co. Pop. in 1820, 9,938 ; and in 1840, 13,801. For cenlrai latitude, see Springfield. Robertson's Store, and post office, Pittsylvania CO. Va. Robertson's Fork, and post office, Giles co.. Ten., 65 ms. by post road SW. from .Murfreesbo rough. Roberts's Store, and post office, Shelby co., Ky,, 27 ms, from Frankfort. Robertsville, village, Bennington co., Vt., by post rood 111 ms. SSW. from Monlpelier. Robertsville, villogein the wesiern partof Beou- forl CO , S. C, 40 ms. N. from Savannah, and 80 W. frora Charleston. Robeaon, tp., Washington co.. Pa., opposite to the exireme W. ongle of Alleghany co., and on Raccoon creek, 18 ms. SW. from Pittsburg. Tp , Berks CO., Pa., on Schuylkill river, belween Alleghony and Hay creeks, 5 ras, below Reading. Robeson, co. ofN. C, bounded by 8. Carolina SW., Richland co. W., Cumberiand N,, Bladen E., and Columbus SE. Length 33 ms., rneon width 26 ; area 825 sq. ms. It is drained by dif ferent branches of Litlle Pedee, Chief town, Lam berton, Pop.in 1820,8,204; and in 1840, 10,370. Central lat. 34 42, lon. W. C. 2 11 W. Robeso'i's; postoffice, Leon co., Flo. Robil, town of Gerraany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated on tbe river Murelz. Rob'm Hood, post oflSce, Philadelpbia CO., Pa. Robinson's, post office, Darke co., Ohio, by post road 80 ras. westward from Columbus. Robinson, tp., Alleghany co.. Pa., on the left side of the Ohio river, between Chartier's creek and Montour's run, 6 ms. below Pittsburg. Rocamadour, petty town of Fr., in the dep, of Lot, 23 ms. N. of Cahors. Lon. 1 32 E., lat. 44 48 N. Rocca d^-Anfo, strong town of Itoly, on the Lake Idro, 25 ms. SE. of Trent. Lon. 11 40 E., lot. 45 50 N. Rocello, town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na ples, near which is a celebraled coral fishery, 10 railes NE. of Gierace. Lon. 16 47 B., lat. 38 20 N. Rochdale, town of Eng., in Lancashire, carries on manufactures of baizes, serges, and other wool en goods. It is seated in a vole, on the river Roche, 56 ras. WSW. of York, and 195 NNW. ofLon don. Lon. 2 18 W,, lot. 53 38 N. Ruche, town of Switzerland, subject to the can ton of Bern, which has here a director of salt works. Roche, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in the duchy of Luxemburg, with a strong castle, seoted on a rock near tbe river Ourle, 22 ms. S. ofLiege, and 32 NVV. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 40 E , lot. 50 15 N. Roche, Bernard, town of France, in tbe dep. of Morbihan, and late province of Brittany, sealed on tbe river Vilaine, 23 ms. B. of Vannes. Roche Chouari, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Up per Vienne, and late province of Poitou, near a smoll river thot falls into the Vienne, 60 ins. S, by E. of Poitiers, and 189 S. by W. of Paris, Lon. 0 53 E,, lat. 45 46 N. Roche Macheran, town of the kingdom of Bel gium, in the duchy of Luxemburg, 15 ms. NB. of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 25 E., lat. 49 66 N. Roche Possay, town ofFr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine. It is remarkable for its mineral waters, and is seated on the Creuse, 26 ms. S. of Loches. Lon. 0 50 E., lat. 46 45 N. 771 ROC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ROC &oche-sur-Yon, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ven dee, and lale province of Poitou, seated near tbe Yon, 20 ms. NW. of Lucon, and 202 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 31 W., lot. 46 40 N. Rochefort, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in the territory of Luxemburg, on the Somme, sur rounded by- rocks, 50 ras. NW. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 10 E., Iat. 50 12 N. Seaport of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle, wilh a comraodious harbor, one of the best in France. It stands on ihe Charenle, 16 ms. frora ils raouth. It has a magnificent hospital, the finest ball of arras in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and all the other raagazines necessary for the con- strqetion and equipment of ships of war. It is 18 ms. SSE. of Rochelle, and 127 SW. of Paris. Lon, 0 58 W., lal. 46 50 N. Town ofFr., in the dep. of lura, on tbe river Doubs, 6 ms. NB. of Dole, and 22 WSW. of Besanpon -~-Town of Fr., in the dep. of Mayenne and Loire, on the river Loire, 10 ms. SSW. of Angers — • — Townof Fr., in the dep. of Morbihan, 17 ms. E. of Vannes, and 40 SW. of Rennes. Rochefoucault, town of Fr., in the dep. of Cha renle, seated on tbe Tardouere, 12 ms. SW. of Angoulerae. Rochelle, foriified seaport of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Charenle. The haven is surrounded by a prodigious mole, 4,482 feet in extent. The in habitants carry on a considerable trade, especially in wine, brandy, sugar, salt, paper, linen, and ser ges. Rochelle is seated on the Bay of Biscay, 67 ms. S. by E. of Nantes, and 220 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 10 W., lot. 46 9 N. Rochemaure, town of France, in the dep. of Ar deche, seated on the Rhone, 8 miles NNE. of Viviers. Roche Perce, town of Mo., in Howord co. Rochester, city of Eng. in Kent, parted from Stroud on the VV. by its bridge, and is contiguous to Chatham on the E., on the Medway, 26 ms. WNW. of Canterbury, and 29 BSE. ofLondon. Lon. 0 36 E., lat. 51 23 N. Village of Eng., in Northumberland, on the Walling street, NW. of Ottetbrun, and near the source of the Read. It has some Roman altars, inscriptions, and other an tiquities. — — Town, Strafford eo., N. H., on the W. side ot Salmon Fall river, 25 ms. NW. of Portsmouth. Town, Windsor co., Vt., 35 ms. NW. from Windsor, Town, Plymouth co., Mass., on the E. sideof Metapissel river, between Wareham and New Bedford. Pop. in 1820, 3,034. Town, Ulster co., N. Y., 16 ms. W. of New Paltz, and 84 S W. of Albany. Rochester, very flourishing city in Monroe oo., N. Y., on Genesee river, ot ils lower falls, and where the Erie canal crosses that stream, NW. from Canandaigua, and NE. from Batavia, about 32 ms. from each. The growth and rapid increase of this place is beyond a parallel in our country. Its situation is so eminently adapted for concentrating the com merce ol out Western couniry, by means of the ca- tial that we migbt have expected in time it would become a flourishing town. Bul, from the lost census, it appears that the increase for the past year is upwards of 8,000, and that, although 362 new dwellings were erected duripg tbe season, etill they cannot supply the continued dentands made 772 by faratliep who settle in the village. The present population is 10,818, lhat ofthe last year 7,769. The preceding was written and published sev- erol yeors since, and so true to the then future, lhat the census of 1840 gave for Rochester o pop. of 20,191. In 1812, there were but two or three or dinary buildings ou the site of this most re markable and flourishing cily. The entire fall in the Genesee, at Rochester, is 92 feet, which, with the raass of water in the river, gives a power be yond calculation. This power has been already made available on mills and other factories to on extent which gives, with the active commerce su perinduced by the Great canal, an appearance founded on reality to Rochester of being, to th.e amount of its population, amongst the most pro ductive cities in existence. N. lat. 43 9, lon. W, of W. C. 0 43. Rochetta, town of Italy, Nice co., 16 ms. NE. of Nice. Lon. 7 34 B., lat. 43 51 N. Rochford, town of Eng., in Essex, 16 ms. SE. of Chelmsford, and 40 N. by E. ofLondon. Lon. 0 41 E , Iat. 51 36 N. Rochile, lown of Upper Saxony, in tho territory of Leipsic, with copper mines and a handsome bridge over the Muldaw, 24 ms. SE. of Leipsic. and 36 W. of Dresden. Lon. 12 46 E., lat. 51 10 N. Rock, northern tp., Harrison co., 0. Rockaway, village. Queen's co.. Long Island, 8 ms. S. from Jamaica, on ihe Atlantic coast. It is a watering place, and seat of sumraer recreation. Village, Morris co., N. J., 7 ms. W. of Boonetonri, and 36 NW. of Newark. Rockaway Valley, post oflfice, Morris co., N. J., 75 rns. N. from Trenton. Rockbridge, co., Va., bounded by tbe Blue Ridge, or Nelson and Araherst cos., SE., Bedford S., Botetourt SW. ond W., Bath NW., and Au gusta NE. Length 33, mean width 23, area about 760 sq. ins. It is drained by the North river, branch of James river, which unites at the foot of the Blue ridge, in the southern angle of the co. Surface pleasingly diversified, and soil generally of middling quality. Pop. 1820, 11,946; and in 1840, 14,284. Central lat. 37 60 N., lon. W. C. 2 30 W. Rockcastle, co., Ky., bounded by K-nox SE., Pulaski SW., Lincoln and Garrard NW., MadU son NE., and Clay E. Length 85, mean width 15, area about 380 sq. ms. It occupies the heighl of land between Kentucky and Cumberland rivers, being drained by Dicks river, branch ofthe forraer, and Rockcastle branches of the latler. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1820, 2,249 ; and in 184Q, 2,409. Cenlrai Iat. 37 24 N., lon. W. C. 7 10 West. Rockdale, village, Crawford co.. Pa., on the left side of French creek, commencing about 5 (ns. above the borough of Meadville. Pop. 1820, 776. Rocl^sh, river, Va., forms port of the boundary between Albemarle and Nelson cos.. Vs., and falls inlo James river frora the N. Rockford, village, Surry co., N- C, on Yadlfin river, near the centre of the co. ; by post rood 1 U ras. NW. by W. from Raleigh. Village, Tus carawas CO., Ohio, 7 ms. E. from New Philadel phia, on tbe road from thence to Steubenville, Rock flail, village, Kent co., Md., on th< E, ROC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ROC side of Chesapeake bay, directly opposite the moulh of Patapsco river. Rockhill, town, Bucks co,, Pa., belween Rich land and Hilltown, 30 ms. N. from Philadelphia. Pop, 1820, 1,567. Rock Hill Mills, Fauquier co,, Va,, by post road 151 ms. N. from Richmond. Rockingham, town of Eng., in Northampton shire, on the Welland, 12 ms. S. of Ookhom, and 83 N. by W. of London, Town, Windham CO., Vt., lying on the W. side of Connecticut riv er, 23 ras. N. of Brattleborough, and 6 ms. from Walpole, N. H. Rockingham, southeastern co., N. H., bounded by the Atlantic ocean and Essex co., Mass., B. and SE., Hillsborough and Merrimack cos., N. H., W. and NW., and by Strofford N. Lengih 40 ras., mean width about 20, area 800 sq railes. It is drained by numerous small branches flowing into Great bay and .Merrimack river. The surface of this CO. is finely diversified by hill, dale, and even mountain scenery. Soil productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Chief city, Portsmouth. Central lat. 43° N., lon. W. C. 5 60 E. In the census of 1820, Rockingham bad a pop. of 55,256, but since that period the NW. tps. hove been de- tnQhed, and ore now included in Merrimack co. Pop. 1840, 45,771. Rockingham, co., Va., bounded by the Blue Ridge, or Orange co., SE., Augusta SW., Pen dleton NW., Hardy N., and, Shenandoah NE. Length 33 ms., mean width 24, area about 800 sq. ms. The N. fork rises in, and the main branch of Shenonhooh river passes through this co. Surface generally hilly, and in part raountainous, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Harrisonburg. Pop. 1820, 14,784. Central Iat. 37 28 N., Ion. W. C. 1 60 W. Rockingham, co,, N. C, bounded by Va. N., Caswell CO., N. C, E., Guilford S., and Stokes W. Length 28 ms., breadlh 20, area 560 sq. ms. It is drained by Dan river, branch of Roan oke, and by the sources of Cope Tar river. Pop 1820, 11,474. Cll. lat. 36 22 N., lon. W. C. 2 52 W. Rockingham, or Richmond C, H., posl office, Richmond co., N. C.,on Hitchcock creek, 5 ms, above its entrance into Yadkin river, about 100 raa SW. from Raleigh. Lot. 35 3 N., Ion. W. C. 2 49 W. The following quaint notice deserves a place, from more than one horae truth it contains : Rock Island City. At the mouth of Rock river, which is the healthiest stream in Ilhnois, and flows through one of tbe raost beautiful countries in the world, is on islet upon which the U. S. post of Fort Armstrong hos been many years establish ed. Opposite this island, at the point where Rock river intersects the Mississippi, is the peninsula described below, where a new town is springing up underthe absurd name of " Rock Island City." We should think that the Sankee or Ottagamie di., alect might have supplied a better epithet lo those who, it appears, have the good taste and the good feeling to treasure at least some meraenlos of the United Nations that once held the seat of their pow er upon this celebrated spot. — N. Y. American. Rockland, co., N- Y-, bounded by Hudson riv ei; E'f Bergen co., N. J., SW., and Orange pp.. N. Y., NW. It lies in form of a triangle, tho base 23 ms, along Hudson, and each olher side 19 m.o. , wilh on area of about 180 sq. ms. Surface very broken, bul wilh rauch good soil. Il abounds also in iron ore. Chief lown, Clarksburg. Pop, 1820, 8,837, Central lot. 41 9 N., lon, W. C. .3° E. Rockland, tp., Sullivan co,, N. Y. Tp., Berks CO., Pa., on the beads of Manataway and Sacony creeks, 10 ms. NE. from Reading. Pop. 1820, 1,130. Rock Landing, village, Halifax lo., N. C., on tbe righl bank of Roanoke river, at the head of the great falls, 12 ms. above Halifax, Bock Mills and post office, Pendleton district, S. C, by post road 166 ms, .NW. from Raleigh. Rockpori, village on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Rocky river, Cuyohoga co., 0. Village, Spencer co., Ia., on Ohio river, 40 ras. by waJer above tbe raouth of Green river, and by post road 189 ms. SSW. from Indianapolis. Rock river, river of Wisconsin and Illinois rises in the former, ond composed of two branches. Rock river the eastern, and Peckalonakee the wesiern. See art, Peckalonakee. The exireme source of Rock river is in Fond du Lac, county Wisconsin, as high as North latitude 42 40, and less than 20 ms. frora the southern bay of Winnebago lake of Fox river, draining by ila numerous branches part of Dane, Portage, Fond du Lac, Milwaukie, and Walworth cos., and ol| Dodge, Jeflerson, and Rock cos., unites wilh the Peckatonokee 2 or 3 ms. wilhin Illinois. By comparalive courses Rock river flows about 100 ms. in Wisconsin. In ils further course of 120 ras. in III., it receives few bronches whilst travers ing Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Wbitesiile, Henry, and Rock Island cos., until ils junction wilh the Mississippi at Rock Island cily. N. lal, 41 30, lon. W. W. C. 13 25 Rock Spring and post office. Nelson co., Va. , by post road 118 ras. W. from Richmond. Rock Spring and post otficc, Pendleton district, S. C, by posl road 147 ms. NW from Columbia. Rock Stream and post office, Sleuben co., N- Y., by post road 245 ras. t> lillle S. of W. from Albany. Rockville, or Montgomery C. H, village and seal of justice, Montgomery co., Md., on the road from W. C. to Frederick, and on the high ground between the sources of Rock creek and Walts'^ branch, 15 ms. NNW. frora W. C, 28 SSE. frora Frederick, and about 35 SW. frora Balti more. Tbe situation is elevated and rolling. Pop. 1830, 555 ; 1840, 700. Lat. 39 6 N., lon. W. C. 7i' W. Rockville, village, Bucks co,. Pa, — ^-.Villoge, Parke co., Ia., by post road 80 ms. W. from In dianapolis. Rocky Hill and post oflice, tp. of Weathetsfield, Hariford co. Ct., 4 ms. from Hartford. Rocky Hill^nd post office, Barren co., Ky., by post rood 155 ms. SSW. frora Frankfort. Rocky Mount, vills^ge and seatof jusiice, Frank lin CO., Va., 40 ms. S. from Fincastle, and by postroad 210 ms. SW. by W. from Richraond. Lat. 36 58 N., Ion. W. C. 2 58 W,-™- Village, Nash CO., N. C:., by post road 47 ms. NE- fronj Raleigh. Village on the right bonk of Ws^tqf^ 773 ROC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ROM river, and in tbe extreme NE. ongle of Fairfield f Anguillo. It is 42 ms. in circumference, hos neither harbor nor river, but several salt pits. It wai^ long jointly possessed by the French ond Dutch, bul ot the commenceraent of tbe present wor Ihe former were expelled by the latter. Lon. 63° W., Iat. 8 14 N. SAI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAI St. Martin's, village, Worcester co,, Md,, by post road 117 ms. SB. from Annapolis. St. Martin's, parish of Louisiano, in Attacapas,- bounded by Opelousas NW. and W., Gulf of Mexico SW., St. Mary's parish, in Attacapas, SE., ond the Atchafalaya river NE, and East. Length 80 ms,, ond breadth 40; area 3,200 sq. ras. The whole of this parish is one olmosl unde viating plain. The shore near the Gulf of Mexi co morass, rising imperceplibly inlo dry arable proirie land, along the Teche and Vermilion rivers and some intervening strips. The land, where ar able, highly fertile; towards tbe Atchafalaya liable to annual overflow, but thickly wooded, whilst the southwestern, middle, and southern sections, pre sent an expanse of prairie, wilh the exceptions of strips of woods along the margin of the streams. Staples, cotton, sugar, beef, hides, tallow, &c. Chieflown, St. Martin's. Pop. in 1840, 15,233. See Opelousas. For the joint census of the two parishes, or co. of .\ttocapas, see St. Mary's. St. Martinsville, villoge and seat ol jusiice, Sl. Martin's pori-h, Attacapas, La , on the right bank of the Teche. It contains a Catholic church, an ocademy, the co. buildings, a bank, and about 70 or 80 houses, wilh 300 inhabitants. St. Mary's, village, Chester co,. Pa. Vil lage, formerly Fort Sl. Mary's, Mercer co., Ohio, about 40 ms. NW. hy W. from Columbus, and 120 N. from Cincinnati. St. Mary's, co. of Md., on the peninsula be tween Ihe Polomoc ond Patuxent rivers, bounded by Chesapeoke bay SB., Potomac river SW-, Charles counly NW,, and PatuxeiU river NB. Lengih 38 ms., mean width 10, area 380 sq. ras. Chief lown, Leonard. Pop. 1820, 12,974. Ctl. lat. 38 20 N,, lon. W. C. 22' E. St. Mary's, river ofthe U. S., between Georgia and Florida. It rises partly in both, and, assum ing a SE. course, falls inlo the Atlantic ocean be tween AmeUoond Cumberlond islands. It is one of tbe most navigable of the southeaslern rivers of the U. S. ; it adraits at ils raouth vessels of 21 feet draught, and those of 14 feet 70 ms. into the interior. Si, Mary's, seaporl and village in Camden co. , Ga,, on Ihe left bank of St. Mary's river, 9 ras. above its month. This town is, from its position, a place of considerable consequence as a coramer cial port, but since the cession of Florida to the U. S. it has lost much of its consequence as a no vel and raililary station. It is 80 ras. by land S. from Darien, belween which exists a fine channel of inland communicalion, Lal. 30 43 N.. Ion, W. C. 4 40 W. St, Mary's, river of Ohio and Indiana, rises in tbe forraer, and, flowing NW. into the latter, joins the St. Joseph at Fort Wayne to form the Mauraee. It is navigable at high waler almost to its source. — See Maumee and St. Lawrence basin, St, Mary's, strait of, between Lakes Superior and Huron. The cataract, or Sault St. Mary, is 15 ms. below Lake Superior, at N. Iat. 46 31. Tbe entire fall, from the level of Lake Superior to that of Lake Huron, is aboul 23 feet. It is, bow- ever, ifavigable wilh some difficulty for canoes and boals. Vessels of 6 feet draught ascend to the foot of tbe falls ; those of larger size ore compelled to stop af Sugar island. From Lake Huron there 100* are two passages: tbe one on the NW. side for boots, 20 ms., and the other on the NE. side, for vessels, 12 or 14 ms. further, or about 36 ms. By deepening the channel in one place a short dis tance, it is said that vessels of any size can ascend to the Sault. The U. S. Government have form ed an establishment ot this place. St. Maura, island of the Mediterranean, about 50 ras. in circuit, which forras part ofthe republic of Seven Islands. It lies near the coast of Alba nia, 15 ms. N. ofthe island of Cephalonia. Lon. 20 46 B., lot. 38 40 N. St. Michael, the most ferlile and populous of tbe Azores or Wesiern ialands, containing aboul 25,000 inhabitants, and producing wheat and flax. Its two principal barhars are Ponta Delgada and Villa Franca ; the former is the capital of the is land. Lon. 25 42 W., lal. 37 47 N Borough of Cornwall, 8 ms. SW. of St. Cglumb, and 249 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 4 52 W,, lal. 50 23 N Town ofFr., in the department of Meuse, and late ducby of Bar. It is remarkable for its hospital and the rich library of a late Benedictine abbey. It is sealed on the Meuse, 20 ras. NE. of Bar le Due, and 166 E, of Paris, Lon. 5 38 B., lot. 48 51 N, Town of Peru, in the province of Quito. It was the first Spanish colony in Peru, and is seated near the raouth of the Piura, 225 ras. S. by W. of Quito. Lon. 80 50 W., lat. 5' i^- Town, Talbot co., Md., on the W. side of St. Michael's river, 10 ras. W. of Easton, 25 ms. SE. of Annapolis, and 69 from W. C Seaport of Guatemala, sealed on a small river, 180 ms. SE. from New Guatemala. Lat. 12 25 N., lon. 87 45 W. from London. Village, Madison co., Mo., on a hronch of St. Francis river, about 35 miles SW. from St. Genevieve. St. Philip's, Fort, strong fortress of the island of Minorca, which defends the harbor of Port Mo hon Lal. 39 50 N., lon, 3 48 B. St. Salvador, one of the Baharaa islands See Guanahami. St. Salvador, capital of the kingdora of Congo, on a craggy mounlain, 240 ms. E. by S. of Lo ango. Lon. 16 39 E,, lat. 4 50 S. Populous city of S. America,^n Brazil. The principal streets are large, and Were are raany gardens full of great variety of fruit trees, herbs, and flowers. The chief comraodities are sugar, tobacco, woad for dyers, row hides, tallow, and train-oil. Il is sealed on an eminence, on the bay of All Saints, 120 ras. SW. of Sergippy. Lon. 40 10 W., lat. 13 30 S,, about 900 ms. SSW. of Rio Janiero. St. Sebastian. — See Sebastian, St, St, Simon's, island of Ga , ot tbe month of tbe Alotamaha. St, Stephen's, town and seat of justice, Wa-^b- ington CO., Ala., on the right bank of Tombigbee, at tbe head of schooner navigalion, Il is the seat of an acaderay, with two instructors and 60 or 70 students, and a printing oflice. St, Tammany, lown, Mecklenberg co , Va,, on the left bank of the Roanoke, 42 ms. above Halifax, and 70 SSW. frora Richmond. Par ish, La., bounded by Pearl river E., Lake Borgne, the Rigolets, and Lake Pontchartrain S., river Tangipao or St. Helena W., and the parish of Washington N, It is watered by the Pearl, Bogue Chilo, Chifuncte, and T-angipao rivers. Lengih 793 SAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAL 50, mean width 20 ms. ; area 1,000 sq. ms. Sur face towards the S. level ; in the northern parts undulating. Soil generally slerile, and timbered wilh pine. Chief town, Madisonville. Pop. in 1820, 1,723; and in 1840, 4,598. Cent. lot. 30 30 N., lon. 12 50 W. from W. C. St, Thomas, formerly Fronklin tp., and villftge Franklin co., Pa., on Black creek, branch of Con ococheague. The village is on the road from Chambersburg to Bedford, 9 ras. W. from the former. Island of Africa, lying under tbe equa tor, in 8° E. Ion. It waa discovered in 1429, and is almost rdund, about 30 ras. in diaraeler. The soil is fertile, and produces plenly of sugar canes. One of tbe Virgin islands, in the West In dies, wilh a harbor, a lown, and a fort, 15 ms. in circumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64 51 W., lot. 18 21 N. Arcbiepiscopol town of Hindoostan, on the criost of Coromandel, subject to the Portuguese, ond 3 ms, from Madras. Lon. 80 25 E., Iat. 13 2 N. Town of Colombia, in Guiana, seated on the Orinoco. Lon. 63 30 W., lat. 7 6 N. Saintes, three of the Leeward Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, between Guadaloupe and Do minica. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Chorente, on an eminence, 37 ras. SSE. of Ro chelle, and 262 SW. of Paris. Lon. 38' W., lat. 45 54 N. Saintonge, lale province of Fr., 62 ms. long and 30 broad, bounded on the E. by Angoumois and Perigord, on the N. by Poitou and Aunis, on the W. by tbe Atlantic, and on the S. by Bourdelois and Giron. It now forms, with the late province of Aunis, the department of Lower Charenle, St, Vincent, Cape, the SW. promontory of Portugal, 25 ms. W. by S. of Lagos. Lon. 9° W., lat. 37 3 N. Si. Vincent, one of the Windward Caribbee islands, in the Wesf Indies, 55 ms. W. of Barba dos. It is 24 miles long ond 18 broad, extremely fertile for the raising of sugar and indigo ; and bere the breadfruit trees brought from Otaheite thrive remarkably well. Kingston is the capital. Uninhabited island A the coast of Africa, and one of the Cape de TCrd islanrjs. There is a bay on tbe N W. side of il, and near it are caught vast quantities of turtle. Maritime province of Brazil, in S. America. The capilal, of the same name, bas a good harbor. Lon. 46 30 W., Iat. 24 16 S. Strong town of Spoin, in Old Cas tile with a castle, seated on a hill, near the river Ebro, 138 ms. NB. of Madrid. Lon. 2 40 W., lat. 42 30 N. Sal, one of the Cape de Verd islands, 42 ms. in circumference, lying to the B. of St. Nicholas. It has its name from the great quantity of salt made here from the sea waler, which overflows part of it from time to tirae. It is 300 ras. W. from the coast of Africa. Lon. 22 56 W., lat. 16 88N- Sala, or Salberg, town of Sweden, in West- mania, near which ia a very large ancient silver mine. It is sealed on a river, 30 ras. W. of Up sal, and 50 NW. of Stockholm. Lon. 17 45 E., lat.' 59 50 N. mous university, consisting uf 24 colleges. Here are magnificent churches, a large public square, fine fountains, and every thing that can contribute to the beauty and commodiousness of the city. The structure called the Schoola, where the scien ces are taught, is very large and curious. There were formerly 7,000 students, when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing condition ; and there are now upwards of 4,000, who are clothed like priests, having their heads shaved, and weariiig cap.-=. The river Tormes, which washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces long, built by the Romans. Without the walls is a fine Roman causeway. It is 37 i.is. SE. of .Miranda, and 88 NW, of .Modi-id. Lon. 5 16 W., lat. 41° N. Town of Yucatan, 140 ras. S. of Carapeachy. Lon. 89 58 W., lot. 17 55 N. Sulanakem, or Salankemen, town of Sclavonia, on the Danube, 20 ms. NW. of Belgrade, and 25 SB. of Pelerwardin, Lon. 20 53 E.i, lat. 45 14 North, Salbach, village of Germany, in Baden, 2 ms, NE. of Baden. Here Mareschal Turenne, while reconnoitring the enemy, received a mortal wound. Salberg, — See Sala, ' Salcey, forest of Eng,, in Ihe S. part of North amptonshire, Salecto, town of the kingdom of Tunis, near the Mediterranean. It is noted for the ruins of an ancient casile, and is 22 ms. SSE. of Monaster. Lon, 11 3 E., Iat. 35 13 N. Salem, lown, Rockingham co., N. H., 30 ms. SW. from Portsmouth Tp., Orleans co., Vt,, 50 ras. N. from Monlpelier, Tp., New Lon don CO., Ct., 30 ms. SE. frora Hartford. Pop. in 1820, 1,053. Capital of Essex co., Mass,, be ing a town 03 well as port of entry. It is situated on a small basin of the sea, 13 ms. NE. of Boa- ton, and about 2 to the W. of Marblehead. This is the second lown for trode and pop. in Mass., the inhabitants in 1810 being 12,613 ; and in 1820, 11,346; and in 1840, 15,082. It was settled by the English as early aa 1628, and ia the well- known Naumkeag of Indian hiatory. Tbe inhab itants are honorably dislinguished for their indus try and enterprise in commercial pursuils. It lies in lat. 42 20 N. and lon. 71° W. The harbor is defended by a fort and citadel Villoge, New Haven co., Ct., in Woterbury, 16 ras. NNW. frora New Haven, It stands, on the left or cast bank of Naugatuck, or Woterbury river, on the raain turnpike road frora New Haven to Litch field. A fine wooden bridge here crosses the Nau gatuck. Town, Washington co., N. Y. The village stands on a plain, on the point belween Balenkill and Black creek, 30 ras. NNE. from Waterford, ond is, alternately with Sandy Hill, the seat of justice for the co. It pontains an ocad emy. Co., N. J., bounded hy Delaware bay SW. ond NW., Glouscesler co. NE., and Cum berland CO. SE. Length 20, raean width 15 ma.; area 300 sq. ms. Surface generolly level, ond soil, ihough sandy, productive. Chief town, Sa lem. Pop. in 1820, 14,022; in 1840, 16,024, Cent. lat. 39 33 N., Ion. W. C. 1 50 E.- —Town and seat of jusiice, Salem co., N. J., on Salem creek, 3^ ms. above its mouth. It hos four church- Salamanca, city of Spain, in Leon, with a fa- |es and an academy ; 34 ma. SSE. from Philadel- 794 SAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTION.VRY. SAL phia." Lal. 39 32 N., lon. W. C. 1 35 E, Creek of Salem co,, N. J., rises in the centre of theco., and flows nearly W., passes Salem, and foils into Delowore boy 3^ ms. below. It is navi gable for vessels of 50 tons to Salem. Town, Woyne CO,, Po,, on Woullenpoupouk creek, 10 ms. W. from Mount Maria, Lower tp. of Luzerne co., Po., on the right bank of the Sus quehannah river. Tp., Westmoreland co., Po., W. from Loyalhannon river, commencing 5 ms- N. from Greenbury. One of the norlhern tps, of Mercer co., Pa., on Little Chenango creek. West, the northern tp. of Mercer co., Po., contiguous to the preceding Village, neor Roanoke river, Botetourt co., Va., 20 ms. SW. from Fincastle. Town, Fauquier co., Va. Town, Slokes CO,, N. C, planted and inhabited principolly by Morovians, who hove an academy for young ladies, resorted lo from various parts of the Southern Slates, ond situated 5 ms. E. by S. of Bethania, and obout 100 W. by N. of Roleigh, the Stole copital. Village, Sumler district, S. C, 12 ms, E. from Sumler. Villoge, Bald win CO., Ga., nn the left bonk of Oconee river, nearly opposite Milledgeville. Village, Clark CO., Go., 53 ms, N. from Milledgeville Vil loge, Livingston co,, Ky., about 15 ms. ME. from the mouth of Cumberland river. NE, tp,- and village, Ashtabula co,, 0. The Ip. coniains one or two Iron works. Tp., Jefferson co,, Ohio. Tp., Tuscarawas co,, O,, on Muskingum river, containing the villoge of Gnodenhutlen, One of the northern tps. .Vluskingum co., 0, Oneof the eoslern tps. Monroe co., 0. Tp,, Washington co , O. Tp,, Meigs co,, 0. Tp,, Champaign co., O. Town, Columbiana CO., O., 10 ms. northwestwardly from New Lis bon. Tp., Warren co,, O. Village, Ran dolph tp., Montgomery co,, O,, 12 ms. NW. from Dayton. Vill. and seat of justice, Washington CO., Ia., on Big Blue river, 35 ms. NW. Irom Louisville, Ky. Lat. 30 37 N., lon, W. C, 9° W. Village, Marion co., 111., 40 ms, SSW. from Vandalia. Village, Franklin co., Tenn., 28 ms, SB, frora Murfreesborough. Salem Fauquier, post village, in the northern part of Faquier co., Va, ; bv post road 63 miles W. from. W. C. Salem, New. — See New Salem, 0. Salem Bridge, posl office. New Haven co., Ct., by post road 49 ms, from Hartford. Salem Centre, village in the E. part Westches ter CO., N. Y., 50 miles NNE. from the city of New York. Salem Cross Roads, post office, Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, nine miles N. from Greens burg. Salembria, ancient Peneus, tiver of Greece, in Thessaly. Thessaly is in great part composed of tbe basin of the Salerabria, 4,000 sq, miles, and a narrow slip of land along the Thermaic gulf. 'I his beautiful stream rises, by innumerable torrents, in the mountains between 'Thessaly and Albania, and between Thessaly ond Macedonia; these sraall sireams uniting, the Salembria is a considerable river at Larissa, below which il pierces the chain of Ossa, and forras by its passage into the ^Egean seo the classic vale of Tempe. The entire length of the Salembria is aboiit 100 ms., but the basin from which it flows being circular, it is a large stream comparatively, Salerno, feeaporl of Naples, capital of Principato Citeriore, with a university, principally lor medi cine. Il is sealed at the bottom of o boy of the some name, 27 ms. SB. of Naples. Lon. 14 63 E., lot. 40 35 N. Salers, lown of Fr,, in the dep. of Cantol, ond lole province of Auvergne, among tbe mountains, 9 ms, N, of Aurillac. Salford, Lower, tp., Montgomery co., Pa., be tween Skippack creek and the NE. branch of Per kiomen, 10 ras. NNW. from Norristown. Salford, Upper, tp., Montgomery co., Pa., ad jacent lo Lower Salford, and W, frora tbe NE. broncb of Perkioraen. Salies, town of Fr,, in the dep. of . Lower Py renees, and late province of Gascony, remarkable for its springs of salt water, frora which the while salt is mode. It is 7 ras. W, of Ortbeo. Salignac, lown of France, in the dep. of Upper Vienne, and lale province of Perigord, 10 ras. S. by W, of Limoges, Lon. 1 18 E,, lat. 45 42 N. Salignas, town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, 8 ras. N. by E, of Vittoria, and 28 SSE. of Bilboa. Lon. 2 54 W., lot. 43 6 N. Salina, town, Onondago co., N. Y., about 50 ms, W. from Utica, on Onondaga loke. The tp. spreads around Onondaga lake, and embraces tbe villages of Salina, Liverpool, and most of the very rich suit springs in tbe neighborhood. Salina vil lage stonds on the E. side of the lake, and is con nected with the Erie canal by a side cut of one raile and a half Liverpool, 4 ras. NW, frora Sa lina, is obout similar in size and population. Tbe amount of salt works in operation exceeds one hundred and thirty, and may be lincreased to any necessary amount. Gypsum ahso abounds in this vicinity. Pop. of the tp. in 1840, 11,013.— See Syracuse, Saline, one of the Lipari islands, in the Medi terranean, It consists of two high mountains join ed together at the base, and lies NW. ofthe island of Lipari. Southern tp,, Columbiana county, Ohio, so called on account of salt springs found within its limits, along the banks of Yellow creek, Village, Randolph counly, Illinois. River, Arkansas, ri^es about 20 ms, NE. from the warm springs of Ouachitta, and, flowing nearly S,, falls into Ouachitta at about N. lal. 33 40. River, Arkansas, a branch of the Liltle river of the North. River, Louisiano, rises in the parish of Nat chitoches, flows S,, and joins Black Lake river to form the Rigolet de Bon Dieu. River, Illinois, rises in While and Franklin cos., flows SE. into Gallatin co., and falls inlo Ohio river 18 miles be low the mouth of Wabash, Il is navigable to its raain forks, 30 railes. The United States possess salt works near its banks, 20 railes from tbe Ohio. Village at tbe United States salt works, near Salina river, Gallatin co;, Illinois, about 12 miles above its mouth, and by post road 115 ms. SSW. from Vandalia. Salines, village, St. Genevieve co , Missouri, 4 miles below St. Genevieve. In its vicinity are ex tensive salt works, Salins, town of France, in the dep. of Jura, and late province of Franche Comte, remarkable for its salt works, tbe largest of which is in the middle of 795 SAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAL the town, and is like a liltle fortified place. It is seated in a ferlile valley, on a stream that bas its source in the town, 29 miles S. of Besan9on, and 200 SE. of Paris. Longitude 6 5 E., Iat. 46 56 North. Sai.iq,tje, or salic, ancient law of France, by which feraales were excluded frora the crown, and went so far as to exclude moles who could only claim under female descent. This law extended generally to all inheritance of landed estate. French oulbors ore far from being agr,ped upon tbe origin of thd term salic ; it was, however, most probably derived from that Frank tribe called Salic, Salisbury, or New Sarem, episcopal city of Eng land, in Wiltshire, of which it is tbe capilal, in o chalky soil, on the confluence of the rivers Bourn, Nadder, Willey, and Avon, by whose waters it is almost surrounded. It boa manufactures of flan nels, lihsey, hardware, and cutlery, and is 21 ms. NE. of Southampton, and 33 W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 1 42 W., Iat. 51 3 N. Salisbury, towa, Hillsborough Co., N. H., on the right bonk ofthe Merrimack, 14 ras. NW. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 1,913. Villoge and post office in the preceding township ; the post of fice is distinct frora that of Salisbury. Town and tp , Addison co., Vt. Town, Essex coun ty, Mass., on the north side of Merriraack river, 4 ms. N. of Newburyport, and 46 N. by E. of Bos ton. Town, Lilchfield counly, Connecticut, 19 miles NW. of Litchfield, and 60 of New Haven. Salisbury, Connecticut, is remarkable for tbe abun dance and richness of its iron ore, which is very extensively wrought, and manufactured into an chors, screws, scythes, hoops, gun barrels, &c. Town, Herkimer co., N. Y., 21 miles NE. from Utica. Village, Orange co., N. Y, Town, Lancaster co.. Pa., in the NE. side of tbe county, on the headwaters of Pequea creek, 12 miles E. frora the city of Lancaster. Tp,, Le high county, Pa,, between Saucon creek, Lillle Le high creek, and Lehigh river. Village, Somer set county. Pa., 20 miles S. from Somerset. Village, Somerset co., Md., lying on tbe N. side of Wiccomico river, near the confines of Delaware, 20 miles NW. of Snow Hill, and 33 S. by W. of Lewistown, near Cape Henlopen. Village and capital of Rowan Co., N. C, 5 miles SW. of Yad kin river, 34 miles frora Solem, in the tame direc tion, 120 W. from Raleigh, and 120 NW. of Fay etteville. Pop. about 500. Lat. 35 39 N., lon. 3 30 W. Tp., Meigs county, Ohio. Through this tp. runs Leading creek. Village, Woyne ounty, Indiana. Salisbury Village, — See Salisbury, Hillsbo rough CO., N. H. Salle, ancient town of Africa, in tbe kingdora of Fez, witb a harbor and several forts. Its harbor is one of the beat in the country, and yet, on ac- count of a bar that lies across it, ships of tbe small est draught ore forced to unload, and take out their guns before they can get into it. It is 100 railes W. of Fez, and 150 S. of Gibraltar. Lnn. 6 31 W., lat. 34° N. Salm, lown of Gerraany, in the duchy of Lux emburg, U ms. SSE. of Spa, and 38 N. of Lux emburg. Lon. 6 65 E., lat. 60 26 N. Town ofFr., in tbe dep. of Meurthe, and late province of Lorraine, seated at the source of the Sar, 20 miles 796 W. of Strasburg, and 55 SE. of Nancy. Lon. 7 15 E., lat. 48 34N, Salmon Creek, stream of St. Lawrence counly, N. Y , flows NNW. about 70 ms,, enters Lower Canada at French Mills, and falls inlo St. Law rence river at the bead of Lake St. Francis, Creek of New York, rises in Jefferson and Lewis COS., enters Oswego, and falls inlo Mexico bay, of Lake Ontario, 20 miles E. from the moulh of Os wego river. Salmon-fall, local nome of thot port of the Pis cataqua river, below Berwick falls. Salo, lown of Italy, in the Bresciano, on the Lake Digarpa, I7 ma. NE. of Brescia. Lon. 10 49 E., lal. 46 38 N. Salobrena, seaport of Spain, in Granada. It carries on a great trade in sugar and fish, and is seated on a rock, near the mouth of a river of the s.ime name, 12 ras. B. of Almunecar, and 36 S. of Granada. Lon. 3 30 W., lal. 36 31 N. Salon, town of Fr., in dep. of the Mouths of tbe Rhone, and lale province of the Provence, seated on tbe canal of Croponne, 20 ras. NW. of Aix. Lon. 5 5 E., lot. 43 38 N. Salona, seaport of Dalraalia, on a bay of the Gulf of Venice. It was formerly a considerable place, and its ruins show that it was 10 ras. in cir cumference. It is 18 ras. N. of Spalatro. Lon. 17 29 E., lat. 44 10 N. Salone, town of Livadio. Tbe inhabitants are Christiansand Turks, pretty equol in number; and Jews are not suffered to live here. It is seoted on 0 raountoin, on the top of which is a ciladel, 20 ms. NE. of Lepanto. Lon. 23 1 E., lat. 38 53 N. Salonichi, ancient Tbessalonica, a seaport of Turkey in Europe, capilal of Macedonia. It is 10 ms. in circumference, and a place of great trade, carried on principally by tbe Greek Christians and the Jews, the forraer of which have 30 churches, and the loiter as many synagogues ; tbe Turks have also a few mopques. It is surrounded by walls, and defended on the land side by a citadel, and near the harbor by three forts. It was taken from tbe Venetians by the Turks in 1431. It is seated at the bottora of a gulf of the same name, partly on the top and partly on the side of a bill, near the river Vardar, 50 ras. N. of Larissa, and 240 W. of Constantinople. Lon. 23 8 E,, lat, 40 41 N. Salop, — See Shropshire, Salpe, town of Naples, in Capilanata, on a loke near the sea. It is noted for considerable salt works, and is 23 ms. S. of Manfredonia, and 93 ENE. of Naples. Lon. 16 10 B., lat. 41 12 N. Salsea, strong castle of Fr., in tbe dep. of East ern Pyrenees, sealed on a lake of the same name. among mountains, 10 ms. N. of Perpignan. Lon. 3° E., lot. 42 53 N. Salsetle, fine island of the Deccan of Hindoos tan, lying off the coast of Concon, to the NE, of Bombay, from which it is separated by a narrow strait fordable ot low water. It is about 15 ms. square, and fertile hi rice, fruits, and sugar canes. It has subterraneous teraples cut out of the solid rock in the manner of those of Elephanla, which appear to be monuments of a superstition anterior lo that of the Hindoos. Salsonna, town of Spain, in Calalonia, sealed SAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAM on tho Lobregat, 44 ms. NW. of Barcelona. Lon. 1 38 B , lot. 41 56 N. Salta, city of Buenos Ayres, in a province of tbe some name, on Roquero, a river flowing inlo the Vermejo. Lon. W, C. 10 30 E., lal. 24 40 S.—— Province of Buenos Ayres, betweeii Potosi and Cordova, and between Chili and Paraguay. It is drained by the Dulce, Salado, and Vermejo. Between lat. 23 30 and 29 30 S. Saltash, borough of Bng., in Cornwall, on the side of a sleep bill, 6 ms. NW. id' Plymouth, and 220 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 17 W., lat, 50 26 N. Salt creek, town, Muskingum co,, Ohio, The post office is 9 ms- SE. from Zanesville River of Ohio, falls, falls into Scioto from the S., 16 ms. below Chilicolhe Tp, of Woyne co,, 0. Tp,, Hockhocking co,, Ohio, -SE. tp. of Pickaway co., Ohio, including the village of Tarlton. Saltcoats, seaport of Scotland, in Ayrshire, much resorted to as a watering place. It has a considerable trade in salt, coal, and sail cloth, to gelher wilh a rope-yard. It is situaled on the Frilh of Clyde, 10 ms. NNW. of Ayr, and 22 SW. of Glasgow. Longitude 4 45 W., lat. 55 39 Norlh. Salt Hill, village of Eng., in Berks, noted for ils fine situation and elegont inns It is on tbe road lo Bath, 22 ms. W. of London. Saltillo, city of Mexico, in the Slole of Coa- huilla y Texos. This cily is on the confines of Coabuillo and New Leon. It is surrounded by arid ploins, over which fresh water is scarce. The site is an elevated part of the great table land of Anahuac, sluping towards the Gulf of Mexico ond the Rio Grande del Norte, Pop. 6,000. Lat 25 20 N,, lon. W. C. 24 6 W. Salt Point, post office, Dutchess co,, N. Y,, by post road 85 ms. S, Irora Albany. Salt river, river of Kentucky, formed by three branches. Salt river, Rolling Fork, and Beech • Fork, all rising between the valleys of Kentucky and Green rivers, and draining most of the cos. of Woshington, Nelson, Spencer, and Anderson, ond, flowing generally NW., unite and enter Ohio at Westport, between Bullitt and Mead cos., 24 ras. below Louisville. Salt river, river of Missouri, entering the Mis sissippi from the AW., about 100 ms obove Sl. Louis. Saltza, town of Lower Saxony, in iho ducby of Magdeburg. It lakes ils name from the salt pits, and is 12 ms. SSE, from Magdeburg. Lon. 11 54 E., lat. .53 3 N. Saltzburg, formerly an independent archbish opric, now dislrict of Lower Austria, 70 rns. long, and 60 broad, bounded on the N. by B.ovario, on the E. by Austria, on the S. by Corinth and the Tirol, and on the W. by the Tirol ond Bavaria. It is a raountainous country, but pretly fertile, and coniains ndnes of copper, silver, and iron. Sallzburg, ancient and populous cily of Ger many. It is well buill, and near it are some con siderable salt works, which are very productive. It forraerly was Ihe capital of an independent State, now a district of Lower Auslrio. 'J'he uni versity depends on the Benedictine raonks. Il is seated on bolh sides of the river Saltz, 45 ms. S. by W. of Posssw, and 165 W. by S. of Vienna. Lon. 13 5 E., lot. 47 37 N. Saltzburg, village on the righl bank of Conne maugh river, and in tbe extreme southwestern on gle id' Indiana CO., Pa,, 35 ms, a liltle N. of B. from Pittsburg, and by post road 175 ras, a liltle N. of W. from Harrisburg. Saltzwedel, town of Prussia, in tho circle of Upper Saxony, in the old marche uf Brandenburg, noted for its flourishing manufactures of cloth, serge, and stockings. It was formerly one of tho Hanse Towns, and is situaled on the Jetze, 20 ms. NNW, of Gardeleben, and 4S ENE. of Zell. Lon. 11 30 E., lal. 62 65 N. Salu, village, Madison co,. 111, 70 ms. from Vanaplio. Saluda, river of S. C, which rises in the moun tains of Pendleton and Greenville districts, ond runs in a SE. course till it il joins the Congaree, opposile tbe cily of Columbia, Saluier, river of Lo., in Nachitoches ond Oua chitta. The source of ihis stream is on the line between La. and Arkansas. N. lat. 33° W., lon. W. C. 16 20, interlocking with the waters of Dotcbel and Derbane, ond, flowing a similar course and parallel to the lalter, falls inlo Ouachitta 3 ms. below the moulh of Barthelony river. /Phe coun try drained by the Saluier is generally pine woods; soil thin and sterile. The entire length of the Sa luier is about 60 ms. Saluzzo, town of Piedmont, capital of a raar quisate of the same name, on an eminence at the foot of the Alps, near the river Po, 22 ms. S.by W. of Turin. Lon. 7 37 E., Iat. 44 44 N. Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islands.-,— See Guanahami Salvador, St., capital of the kingdom of Congo, on a craggy mountain, 240 ms E, by S. of Loan- go. Lon. 15 39 E., lat. 4 50 S. Salvador, St., populous city of Soulh America, in Brazil. The principal streets are large, and there are many gardens full of great variety of fruit trees, herbs, and flowers. The chief com modities are sugar, tobacco, woad for dyers, raw bides, tallow, and train oil. It is seated pn an eminence on the boy of All Saints, 120 ms. SW. of Sergippy. Lon. 40 10 W., lat. 13 30 S. Salvages, small uninhabited islands, lying be tween Madeira and the Canaries, 27 leagues N. of point Nogo, in Teneriffe. Lon. 16 54 W,, lot. 30° N. Salvaterra, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, wilh a royal palace, sealed on the Tago. Lon. 7 51 W., Iat. 38 59 N. Strong town of Portu gal, in Beiro, on the Ella, 12 ms, NE. of Alcan tara. Lon. 6 14 W., lal. 39 30 N, Salvatierra, town of Spain, in Galieia, seated on the Minho, 56 ms. S. of Compootello. Lon. 8 16 W., lat. 41 48 N Town of Spain, in Biscay, at the foot of Moutit St. Adrion. 30 ms. E. by S. of Villoria. Lon. 2 17 W., lot. 42 54 N. Salubrity, village in the eastern port of Gads. den CO., "Florida, 14 ms. westward frora Talla hassee. Sam,andraehi. — See Samothracia. Samarcand, city in the country of the Usbec Tartars. It was the seal ofthe erapire of Tamar- lane. It carries on a trade in excellent fruits, and 797 SAM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAN is pleasantly seated neor IbeSodge, which runs in- oto the Amo 138 ms. E. by N. of Bokhara. This name ought to he written Samarsand, for such is the pronunciation by the natives. Lon. 66 16 E., lat. 39 60 N. Samar, Philippina, or Tandago, one of the Philippioe islonds, in the Indian ocean, SE, of that of Ijuconio, frum which it is separated by o strait. It is 329 ms. in cirqumference, and is full of craggy mounlains, among which are ferlile valleys. Samara, town of Russia, in the government of Ufa, situated on the conflux of the rivers Salmisch and Sakmara, 12 ms. N. of Orenburg. Lon. 65 5 E., lat. 53 2 N. Town of Russia, in the government of Simbirsk, not far frora the Volga. Lon. 49 26 E., lat. 63 20 N. On the Red sea. —See Africa, p. 10, 2d col. Samarand, populous town on the eastern part of the islaijd of Java. Samathan, lown of Fr., in tbe dep. of Eure, wilh a strong castle on a mountain. It is seated in a valley, on tbe river Save, 5 ras. N, from Lom bez. Lon. 1° E,, lat. 43 34 N. Samballas, island on the N. coast of tbe isth mus of Darien, not inhabited, but claimed by tbe Sponiords, Sambas,'lown of tbe islond of B'lrneo, silualed neor tbe 'W. coast. It is the copitol pf a king dora of the same name, and in its vicinity dia monds are found. Lon. 109° E., lat. 2 23 N, Sambre, river of tbe Netherlands, which rises in Picardy, and, passing by Landrecy, Maubeuge, Thun, and Charleroy, falls inlo the Maese at Namur, Samog'itia, province of Poland, baunded on the N, by Courland, on the E. by Lithuania, on the W. by the Baltic, and on the S. by Western Prussia, being about 176 ms, long, and 125 broad. Rosienne is the principal town. Samoids, the most northern notion of tbe east ern continent , They occupy the great space from the Mezen in Euiope, to the Olensk in Asia, 2,070 ms. frora VV. to E., witb on extensive in lond range, frora the Frozen ocean, from 270 to 550 ms. The country of the Samoids is a bleok reo-ion of heath and morass, frozen and covered with snow three-fourths of the year. " The or dinary stature of Ihe Samoids," says Malte Brun, " is from 4 lo 5 feel ; tbey are generally squat, with very short legs, a large and flat head, o flat nose, the lower port ofthe foce very projecling, a wide mouth, very large ears, and a very scanty beard ¦ iheir eyes are small, black, and angular ; their skin ohve colored, hair black and bristly." This race of vSrandering so voges does not ex ceed 20,000, over s space of at leoal 800,000 sq, nis. This would suppose a distributive pop. of 1 human being to 40 sq, ms. They are subject to Russia nominally, but, acluolly free nomades, who live by the chase and the spoils drawn from their vast rivers and frora the Arctic oceon. The Sa moids ate probably Mongols by extraction. Samos, island of the Archipelago, on the coasl of Nololia, and to the E. of the isle of Nicaria. The women ore clothed in the Turkish manner, except a red coif, and their hair bonging down tbeir backs, with plates of silver, or block tin, fast ened to the ends. It is 32 ms. long, 22 broatl, 79S and extremely ferlile. It abounds with partridges, wood-coiks, snipes, wood-pigeons, thrushes, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent poultry. They have abundance of melons, lentils, kidney beans, muscadine grapes, and while figs, four times aa big as Ibe common soil, but not so well tasted. Tbeir silk ia very fine, and ibe honey and wax odmirable. Tbey have iron minea, and most of the soil is of rusty color ; they have also emery stone, and oil the mountains ore of white marble. The inhobitonts, about 12,000, are almost all Greeks, and hove a bishop, who resides ot Cures. Lon. 27 13 E., lat. 37 46 N. Samothracia, now colled Samandrachi, small island of the Archipeiogo, between Stalimeni, ond the coost of Romania, and N, of the isle of Imbro. It is 17 ms. in circumference, and pretly well cullivoted. Lon. 25 17 E., lot. 40 34 N, Samoyedes, natiun of Asiatic Russia, — See Sa- moids. Sampoo, — See Burrampooter. Sampson, co!, N. C; bounded by New Han over SB., Bladen SW,, Cumberland W,, John son N,, Wayne NE., and Duplin E. Lengih 36, mean widih 20 ms., area 700 sq. ms. It is drained by Black river branch of Cope Fear river. The court house is about 55 ms, NNW. frora Wilmington. Lat. 35° N., Ion. W. C, 1 20 W^ Samplown, villoge, Middlesex co,, N, J,, 13 ms, SW. from Elizobetbtown. Sam's Creek, post oflice, Frederick co., Md,, 16 ms. NE. from Fredericktown. Samso, or Samsoi, islond of Denmark, on the E. coast of North Julland. It is 8 ms. long and 3 broad, and very fertile. Lon. 10 33 E., lal. 55 2 N. Samson, St., town ofFr., in the dep. of Eure, and late province of Normandy, seated on the river Rille, 5 ms. frora Puntoudemer. Sana, or Zona, town of Peru, and capilal of a jurisdiction in the bishopric of Truxillo. Its situ ation is delightful, and adorned with the most beautiful flowers, whence it receives the naine/of Mirafloris. It is 90 ms, N. of Truxillo. Lon. 78 30 W, lat. 40 36 N. Sanaa, capital of Arabia Felix, in Yemen Pro per. It is sealed among mountains and fine or chards, 240 ras. NNE. of Mocha, and 450 SE. of Mecca. Lon. 46 35 E. lat. 17 28 N. San Antonio de hs Cues, city of Mexico, in the State of Oaxaca, 130 ras, SE. from the cily of Mexico, and about 80 N. from that of Oaxaca. Sun Bias Point, or Cape of, is the northwest ern lirait of tbe Bay of Mandingo, of Colombia, in the province of Panama. Lot. 9 12 N,, lon. W. C. 1 58 W. San Bias, city and seaport of Mexico, in the for raer Guodaloxaro, now Jalisco, al tbe mouth ofthe river Santiago. It is the residencd of o department of tbe marine, but in summer and autumn the in salubrity of the climate obbges the officers and in habitants to seek at Tepic a cooler and raore healthy air. Lon, W. C. 28 17 W., lat. 21 33 N, Sandbach, town of Bng,, in Cheshire, on the Welock, 26 ras. E. of Chester, and 161 NNW. of London. Lon. 2 28 W., lat. 63 8 N. Sanborntown, town, Strafford co., N. H,, 25 ms. NW. frora Portsmouth. Sanborntown Bridge, and post ofiice, in San- SAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAN N. Hampshire, 23 ms, NW. from bornlown tp. Concord, ' Sancerre, town of France, in tbe department of Cher, and lale province of Berry. In ils neigh borhood ore excellent wines, equal to those of Bur gundy, Il is sealed on a mountain, near the river Loire, 22 ms. N W. of Nevers, and 1 10 N. of Paris. Lon. 2 59 E,, lot. 47 18 N. Sancton, island of China, on the coast of Quang tong, 40 ms. in circumference, and famous for being tbe burying-place of Sl. Francis Xavier, whose tomb is to be seen on a small hill. Sancoitu, town of France, in the department of Cher, and late province of Berry, senled on tbe Argent, 15 ms. SW. of Nevers. Sanda, one of the Orkney islands, in Scotland, lying NE. of that called Mainland, Sandccz, strong town of Little Poland, in tbe palatinate of Cracow. There are mines of gold and copper in its territory, and it is sealed at the foot of Mount Krapock, 32 ma, SE. of Cracow. Lon. 20 32 E., lat. 49 43 N. Sanders, village. Grant co,, Ky.', 50 ms. NNE. from Frankfort. Post office. Limestone co., Ala. Sandersleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principaUly of Anhault Dessau, situated on the W'ipper, 16 ms. SE. of Quedlingburg, and 31 SW. of Dessau. Lon. 11 22 E., lat. 6138 N. Sanderited, village of Eng., in Surry, to tbe S. of Croydon, and in an elevaled situation, which affords a delightful prospect over the adjacent country. Sandersville, villoge and seot of justice, Wash ington CO., Ga., 30 ms. SE. from Milledgeville. Lat. 32 57 N., lon. W. C. 5 47 W. Sand ford, tp. ond villoge, York co.. Me., 22 ms, N. from York. Postoffice, Broome co,, N. Y. Sandgate, tp., Bennington co,, Vt,, N. from Bennington. Sandisfield, town, Berkshire co., Mass., be tween N. Marlborough and Mount Washington, and near tbe Conn. line. Pop, in 1820, 1,646. Sandiston, tp,, Sussex co., N. J, Pop. in 1820. 858. Sandgate Castle, castle of Bng,, in Kent, SW. of Folkstone. Sandhamn, seaporl of Sweden, in the province of Upland, appointed for the examination of all vessels lo and from Stockholm. It is 10 ms. E. of Stockholm. Lon. 18 20 E,, lat. 59 20 N. Sand Lake, postoffice, Rensselaer co, N. Y., IQ ms. frora Albany. Sando, island of Japan, on the N. coost of Niphon, with a lown of the some narae. It is 78 ras. in circuraference. Lon. 139 30 E., lat. 38 35 N. Sandomir, strong town of Little Poland, capi tal of a palatinole of the same name, seated on a hill, on the Vistula, 75 ms. E. of Cracow, and 142 SW. of Warsaw. Lon. 22° E., lat. 50 21 N. Sandover, village, Abbeville diatrict, S. C, by pest road 90 ms. W. frora Colurabia. ' Sundown, tp., Rockingbara co., N. H., 23 ras* W. from Portsmouth. Sandtown, village, Kershaw district, S. C, by post road 47 ras. NE. from Columbia. Sandusky, bay of Ohio, in Sandusky and Huron COS. It extends frora the mouth of San dusky river E., 23 ms,, wilh a mean width of 3, and communicates with Lake Erie hy a narrow stroll, Sandusky, river, 0., rising in Richland co,, and flowing W. about 20 ma. into Crawford, where it turns nearly N., ond continues in that direclion 60 ms, inlo Sandusky boy. It is gene rally navigoble. It rises in a level,- and in great pail open couniry, covered in summer wilh suc culent herbage, ond in winter and spring exposed to inundation, boving o perfect resemblance to the prairies of La., Mo., and Ark. The sources of the Sandusky interlock wilh those of the Sciolo, those of Blanchard's fork of Maumee, ond those of ihe MofSicon branch of Muskingum. Sandusky, co,, 0,, bounded N. by Lake Erie, E. by Huron co,, S. by Seneca, and on ihe W, by Wood CO. It is 30 ma. long, and 26 brood ; containing obout 600 sq. ms. It contains Crog- hanville, the co. seal. The foce of the couniry is generally low and level. Its principal waters are Sondusky boy, and Sandusky and Porlage rivers, besides several smaller streams. Pop. in 1820, 852; and in 1840, 10,182. Central lat 41 25 N., Ion. W. C. 6 12 W. Villoge and port of entry, Huron co,, O , 25 ma. NE. by E. from Croghanville, and on Sandusky boy. Pop. in 1840, 1,117. Sandusky,, village, Sandusky co., 0., on San dusky river, opposile Croghanville. One of the western tps. of Richland co., O. Sandusky Cross Roads, and posl office, Knox CO,, 0., by post road 48 ms. NE. from Columbu,a. Sandwich, town and capitol of Essex co., U. C, on Detroit river, 2 ms. below Detroit. It is a considerable village, built chiefly in a single long street. Town, Strofford co., N. H,, a few ma. W. from Winnipisiogee lake. Pop. 1820, 2,268. Town, Barnstoble co., Mass., on Bornstoble boy, 12 ms. W. from Barnstable, and 64 SE. from Boston. Pop. 1820, 2,484. Sandwich Islands, group of islonds in the Soulh sea, among the lost discoveries of Captain Cook, who' so named them in honor of the earl of Sand wich, under whose administration these discoveries were made. They consist of 1 1 islands, extend ing in lot, from 18 54 to 22 15 N., ond in lon. from 150 44 to 160 24 W. Tbey ore called by the notives Owhyhee, Mowee, Ranai, Morotoi, Tohoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheeheow, Oree- houa, Morotinne, and Tohooro, all inhabiled ex cept the two last. — See Australia, pp. 114, 115. Sandy, Ip., Stork co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 609. One of the norlhern tps. of 'Tuscarawas co, , Ohio. Sandy Bay, eostern part of Essex co , Maas. On this bay is a post office, 20 ma. NB. from Salem, Sandy Creek, one of ihe northern tps. of Mer cer co,. Pa, .between French Creek and Salem tps,, 10 ms. N. from Mercer. Pop. 1820, 520. Sandy Fork, village Mecklenburg co,, Va,, on the left bank of Roanoke river, 70 ma. SW. from Petersburg. Sandy Hill, village, and alternately wilh Salem seat of justice for Washington co., N. Y., on an I elevated plain, near Baker's falls, 52 ms. by lond above Albany. It is near [his fine village that the 799 SAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SAN Champlain canal is connected with the Hudson. Il is compactly buill. Fur pop , see Kingsbury, Sandy Grove, village, Choihom co., N. C. Sandy Hook, Monmouth co., N. J., 18 ms. S. frora N. Y. Lon. W. C. 3 1 E., lat. 40 30 N, It is the S. poinl of entrance into Rariton bay and N. Y. harbor, wilh a light-house. Village, Culpeper co., Va. Sandy Lake, creek, and tp., Mercer co., Pa. Tbe tp. is on the E. bojder of the co., S. from French Creek tp. Lake ofthe NW. Territory ofthe U. S., forming one of the links in the chain of intercoramunicolion between Lake Superior and Missisaippi river. It receives W. Savannah river from the NE., and discharges Sandy Lake river from the SW. Sandy Lake river, river of the NW. Territory of the U. S., flows frora Sandy lake, and enters Mississippi river at lot. 47° N. See St. Lawrence basin. At its outlet frora Sandy lake the U. S. SVV. Corapany hove an establishraent. • Sandy Mount, village, Baltimore co , Md. Village, Greenville co., Vo., by post road 77 miles S. from Richmond. Sandy river. — See Big Sandy. Sandy Run, and post office, southern part of Lexingion dislrict, S. C, Sandy Spring, or Siabler's, post office, Monl goraery CO., Md , near the road from Baliimore to Rockville, 28 ms. from the former, 9 frora the lalter, and 20 ms. nearly due N. frpm W. C. The So ciety of Friends have a meeting house at ibis ploce. The vicinity of Sandy Spring is elevaled above tide waler in tbe Potomac about 500 feet. Lat. 39 7 N. Village, Adams co., O., by post road 110 ras. SSW. frora Columbus. Sandytown, villoge, Sussex co., N. J., by posl rood 85 ms. N. frora Trenton. Sandyville, village, Tuscarawas co.,- Ohio, by post road 136 ms. NE. frora Columbus. Sanford, town, York county. Me., 24 ma. N. from York. Sanford and Lumsden's Store, post office, Han cock CO., Ga., 20 ms. eastward from Milledgeville. San Francisco Quibido, capital city of the pro vince of Citaro, of Colombia. This town is situ ated on the Atrato, 400 ms. by woter above the raouth of lhat stream. Sangamon, river of Illinois, rises by numerous branches near tbe cenire of tbe Stale, ond, flowing NW., unite, and, turning W., enters the left side of Illinois river at lot. 40 10 N. It is navigable upwards of 100 ras. Co., III., on Sangamon river, bounded S. by Montgomery and Morgan, and W. by Fulton. Chieflown, Springfield C. H., and post office, Sangamon co., Jllinois, by post rood 77 ms. NNW. from Vandalia. Sangar, Sirait of, separates the island of Ni phon from thot of Jesso, ond, extending in a wind ing direction from W. lo E., uniies the Sea of Japan, or Corea, to the Pacific ocean It lies nearly on Iat. 40° N,, and between lon. 139° and 141° B. Sangerfield, town, Oneida co,, N. Y., 15 ms. S. by W. from Utica. Pop. in 1810, 1,324 ; and in 1820,2,011. Sangerville, town, Penobscot co,. Me., 38 ms. NW. from BAngor. 800 Sanen, or Guesaenay, town of SwitzetUnd, in Bern. < Sanguessa, town of Spain, in Navarre, sealed on the Arragon, 20 ms. SE. of Pampeluna Lon, 1 17 W., lat. 42 34 N. SASHEDiiiivr, highest judicial council or tribunal among the Jews. Il consisted of 71 members, including the high priest, who was president. There is little rational doubt but that tbe 70 elders, er council, instituted by Moses, was the origin of the Sanhedrim. San Louis Potosi See Potosi, San Louis. Sanore Bancabour, town ofthe Mysore country, in the B. Indies, 117 ms. E. by N. of Goa. Lon, 75 44 E., lat. 15 39 N. Sanquhar, borough of Scotland, in Dumfries shire, wilh a coal trade, and a manufaclure of worsted mittens and stockings, seoted on the snjoll river Nith, 24 ms. N. of Dumfries. Lon. 3 30 W., Iat. 55 30 N. Sanschita, or, as usually written, Sanscrit, supposed original and general language of south eastern Asia. It is still the learned languag"* of India, and the radix of those now spoken. Those who have studied the Sanscrit, especially Sir Wil liam Jones, give it the preference of all languages, dead or living. Santa Clara, island of South America, in the South Pacific ocean, and in the Bay of Guayoquil, 90 ms. W. of Gusvaquil. Lon. 82 36 W., lal. 2 18 S. Santa Cruz, seaport on the E . side of Teneriffe, on a fine boy of the same name. Lon. 16 26 W., lat. 28 27 N. Seaport of Africa,, on the coast of Morocco, wilh a fort. It is seoted at the extremity of Mount Alios, on Cope Agner. Lon. 10 7 W., lot. 30 38 N One of the Caribbee Islands, Lon. 64 36 W., lot. 17 45 N. Islond in the S. Pacific ocean, one of tho most considera ble of those of Solomon, being 250 ms. in circum ference, Lon. 130° W., 1st. 10 21 S. Sea port on the N. side of the island of Cuba, in the W. Indies, 60 ma. E. of Havana. Lon. 81 10 W., lat. 23 10 N. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, town of S, America, in Peru, and capital of a governmeni of that name, in the audience of Los Charcos, with a bish op's see. It is sealed at the foot of a mountain, in a couniry abounding in good fruits, on the river Guapy, 300 ma. E. of Plata. Lon, 69 55 W,, lat. 19 46S. Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico, in N. Amer ica, aeated araong raountains, near the Rio del Norte, 950 ras. N. of Mexico. Lon. 106 35 W., lat. 35 32 N. Santa Fe de Bogota, town of S. Araerica, and the capital of New, Granada. It is seated on the river Madelana, in a country abounding in corn and fruit, with mines of silver in the mountains, 360 ms. S. of Carthagena, and 200 NE. by E, from Buenaventura, on the Pacific ocean. Lon. ,74 30 W., and 4 36 E. W. C, lal. 3 68 N. Santarem, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, seated on a mountain, near the river Tajo, in a country fertile in wheot, wine, and oil. It was taken from tbe Moors in 1447, and is 44 ms. NE. of Lisbon. . Lon. 8 26 W., lot 39 2 N. Santee river, t'lvet of considerable magnitude. SAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SAR having its sources in the Appalachian mountaina, atN. lot. 36° W., lon. 5° from W. C, ond, foil ing into the Atlantic ocean ot N. lot 33 12 W., lon. 2° from W. C, it consequently runs ihrough 3° of lot. and 3° of Ion., having an enlire lengih of 250 ms. by comparative courses, ond draining about 1 1,000 sq. ms. The Santee is formed by the united streoms of the Wateree and Congaree rivers, both originating in the Appalachian moun toins. The Wateree, in the higher part of its course, ia known by the name uf Catawba, and the Congaree is formed by the Soluda and Broad riv ers. The Santee is navigable by sloops a consid erable distance above the main fork, and steam boats ascend at high water to Columbia, on tbe Congaree. Santiago, ancient Tololotlan, river of Mexico, rising about 23 ms. NW. from the city of Mexico, on the lable land of Anohuoc, flows ihrough or drains port of tbe intendencies of Mexico, Guanax uaio, Guadalaxara, andyollodolid. From its source in the raountains it flows NW. along the NE. part of Volladolid, turns W. near Queretaro, and in that direclion to the head of Lake Chapala, in a distance of 70 ms. ; separates Valladolid frora Guanaxuaio. At the head of Loke Chapala il enters Guadalaxara, ihrough which it winds NW. by W. 250 ms., and, after an entire course of about 370 ms., falls into the Pacific ocean ol the city of Sin Bios. Santiago is by for the largest streara nf .Mexico ; it is navigoble for some distance from its moulh, but the adjacent country is thickly wooded, uncultivated, and unhealthy. Santillano, seaport of Spain, in Asturias de San tillana, of which it is the capilal, seated on the Bay of Biscay, 50 ms. E. of Orviedo, and 200 NW. of Madrid. Lon. 4 32 W., lat. 43 34 N. Santorini, island of the Archipelago, to the N . of Candia, and to tbe S. of Nio. It is 8 ms. in length, and nearly as much in breadth ; and nearil are three or four other small islands, each of which bear evident marks of a volcanic origin, being all covered with pumice stones. It produces plenty of barley, cotton, and wine, in which, and the cotton manufactures, ils trade consists. Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it has neither oil nor wood. The inhabitants are oil Greeks, about 10,000 in num ber, and, though subject to the Turks, they choose their own magistrates. Pyrgos is the copital. Lon. 26 1 E., Iat. 36 10 N. Saonne, Upper, dep. of Fr., including part of the late province of the Isle of France. It takes its name from o river, which rises in Mount Vosges, and falls inlo the Rhone at Lyons. The capital is Vesoul. Saonne and Loire, dep. of France, including part of the late province of Burgundy. Macon is the copital. Saoigis, town of Italy, in Piedmont, situated on the summit of a rock. Lon. 7 33 E., lot. 36 38 North. Sapienza, three sraall islands, and a cape, near tho S. coost of the Morea. The lorgest island was anciently called Sphacleria. The pirates of Bar bary conceal themselves behind it, to surprise ves sels which come from the Giilf of Venice or the coast of Sicily. Lon. 22 35 E., Iat. 36 60 N. Sara, creek. La., in New Feliciana, rises in the State of Mississippi, near Woodville, and flowing 101* S., crosses lat. 31° N., and falls into the Missis sippi at St. Francisville, after an entire course of 25 railes. Saragossa, city of Spain, in Arragon, wiih a university. It is said to hove been built by the Phcenicions; and the Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Augustus, whence it hod the name of Csesar Augustus, which by corruption boa beei'i changed into Saragossa, It is 137 ms. W. of Bar celona, ond 150 NE. of Modrid. Lon. 28' W,, lot. 41 53 N. Saranac, small river, N. Y., rises in Essex and Franklin cos., flows into Clinton, and falls inlo Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, after a compar^i^e course NE. of 60 ras. Saratof, government of Russia, formerly a pro vince of Astracan. It contains eleven districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Town of Russia, capital of the government of the some name. Il is seated on tbe side of a raountoin, neor the river Volga, 220 ras. S. of Kasan, and 300 NW. of Astracan. Lon. 49 25 E., lat. 62 4' North. Saratoga, co,, N. Y., bounded by Ihe Hudson river NE. and E,, Mohawk river S,, Scheneclady CO. SW., Montgomery and Hamilton W., and Warren N. Long h 40 ms., mean width 20; area 800 sq. ms. Surface very diversified, as is the soil. Some parls towards the Mohawk are sandy, but in general the eoil ia alluvial and loam, and productive in grain, pasturage, and fruit. It is drained by numerous creeks, ond almost encir cled by the Sacondago, Hudson, and Mohawk rivers. Chief towns, Ballston and Waterford. Pop. in 1820, 36,052; and in 1840, 40,553. Centrol lot. 43 5 N., lon. W. C. 3 5 E. Saratoga, lown, Saratoga co,, N, Y,, about 35 ms, N. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 1,909. Saratoga Springs, village, Saratoga co,, N. Y., formerly the western part of Saratoga. In this tp. ore the much celebrated springs and . handsome village in ihis vicinity. Persons directing letters ought lo carefully distinguish between Saratoga and Saratoga Springs — See Ballston, The ac commodations, at Saratoga for travellers are spa cious and elegant. Pop. in 1820, 1,293. Saratoga, lake, Saratoga co., N. Y., 9 ms. long, and raean width 2. It receives the Kayada- rosoras from the W., and dischargee into Hudson by Fish creek, 4 ma. E. from Bollslon Spa. Sarbourg, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, sealed on tbe Sare, 8 ms. S. of Treves. Lon. 5 40 E., Iat. 49 37 N Town of Fr., in the dep. of Meurth, and late province of Lorraine, sealed on the Sare. Longiiude 9° E , lat. 48 46 North. Sarbruck, town of Fr., in the dep. of Moselle, and late province of Lorraine, sealed on the Sare, 14 ms. ESE. of Sariouis, ond 40 E. by N. of Metz Lon. 7 2 E., lat. 49 14 N. Sardam, seaport ofN. Holland, where there are vast magazines of timber for building stiips, and naval stores, with a great number of shipwrights. Peter the Great resided in this lown while he worked as a shipwright, and bis hut is still to be seen. Sardam is seated on the Wye, 7 ras. NW. of Amsterdam. Lon. 45° E., lat. 52 28 N. Sardinia, island of the Mediterranean, 142 ms. from N. to S., and 80 from E. to W. Tbe soil is 801 SAX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SAX above 8 ms. in circumference, and divided ot the summit by a chasm that forms it into two hills ; these, having each ils peculiar defences, serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained indepen dently of tbe lower worka, which are also wonder fully strong. Notwithstanding this, it was taken by the English in December, 1791, after a siege of seven days. Tt is 18 ma. W. of Bengalore. Saverdun, town of Fr., in the dtp. of Arriege, sealed on the .\rriege, 25 ms. SSE. of Tohlouse. Lon. 1.36 E., Iat. 43 14 N. Saveme, town of France, in thto dep. of Lower Rhine, and lale county of Foix. Il is sealed at the foot of Mount Vosges, in a fertile country, which produces plenty of wine, 18 miles NW. of Stras burg, and 120 E. of Paris. Lon. 7 33 E., Iat. 48 61 N. Savi Island, — See Navigator's Islands, Savigliano, strong town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of the same name, on the Maira, 5 ms. W. of Fosano, and 26 S. of Turin. Lon, 7 44 E., lat. 44 30 N. Savington, post oflice, Cecil county, Maryland. The narae of this place has been changed to Cecil- ton ; which see. Savona, town of Itoly, in tbe territory of Genoa. The surrounding country is well cultivated, and abounds in silks and all sorts of fruits. Il is seated on the Mediterranean, 20 railes SW. of Genoa. Lon. 8 20 E., lat. 44 18 N. Savoniers, town of France, in the dep. of In dre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, 5 ms, from Tours. Near it are caverns famous for tbeir petrifactions. Savoy, duchy of Europe, between France and Itoly, forraing a part of the kingdom of Sardinia. — See article Italy, p, 432. Town, Berkshire co., Maasachusetts, 25 ms. NE. from Lenox. Pop. in 1820, 8.52. Sauveterre, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees, and late province of Bearne, with an Old ruined castle, 20 ras. WNW. of Pau. Sauveterre, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aveiron, and late province of Bouergue, 12 ma. SE. from Villefranche. Savu, island in tbe Indian ocean, to which the Dutch forraerly had an exclusive trade. Lon. 122 30 E., lat. 10 36 S. Sawpit, village, Westchester Co., N. Y. Saxe-Atknberg, Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, Saxe- Meinengen, and Saxe-Weimar, all derive their names from the same radix, and stand sovereign States of Germany. We insert these States in .--iTieir alphabetical order. Saxe-Altenberg, enclosed between tbe kingdoms of Prussia and Saxony, comprises 510 English sq. ms., with a population of 104,000, with three cities of some note — Altenburg, the capilal, pop. 10,000, Ronnebonrg 4,000, and Eisenburg 4,000. Saxe-Cobom-g-Gotha ia one of those scattered German States, the geography of which is so very difficult to comprehend. Besides the main body of the duchy, enclosed between Meiningen and Weimar, it possesses other detached but small ter ritories, such as Lichtenburg, Volkerode, and Son- nenberg. The whole duchy comprises 930 Eng lish sq. ms.. and a pop of 145,000, with its two capitals Gotha and Cobourg, from which combined comes the name of ihe duchy. Gotha, witb a pop. 804 of 11,000, is regarded as one of the most beauti ful cilies of Germany, whilst the varieties of its manufactures and activity of its commerce have made it a point of reunion in central Germany. Cobourg, wilh a pop. of 8,000, is in other respects of less importance than Gotha, but still, however, ranks amongst the flourishing German cities. Saxe-Meiningen, southward from the preceding, and bounded by Saxe-Cobourg, tbe Hessian circle of Smalcolde, ond northern Bavaria, coinpriaes 960 English sq. ras. and a pop. of 130,000, with the capital, Meiningen, pop. 6,000, Hildeburg- hausen 4,000, and Saalfield 3,000. Saxe Weimar, though last in alphabetical order, is in every respect tbe principal State of Germany, with Saxe' as pre noraen. The grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar is divided into two provinces, We imar and Eisnach. Weimar is separated into two parts by a part of Saxe-AItenburg, and bound ed by the latter, the Prussian province of Saxony, Reus.«, Saxe-Meiningen, and Schwartsbourg-Rud- olstadt. Eisnach is situated between some posses sions of Prussia, electoral Hesse, Saxe-Meiningen, and Bavaria. The entire surface of the grand duchy of Saxe- Weimar comprises 1,370 English sq. ms. Pop. 212,000. Government since 1816 a representa tive monarchy. Legislature meeting every third year. 'The people are active, industrious, and prosperous. In the grand ducby there are, beside many vil- lages, four towns of note — Weimar, Jena, Eis nach, and Apolda. Weimar, situated almost on N. lat. 61°, and on one ofthe higher branches of tbe Saale, wilh a pop. of 10,000, holds, perhaps, the highest literary rank of any city of Europe of equal populalion. In regard to industry and com merce, this fine little city also maintains the char acter we have already given to other German cit ies under the Saxon princes. Jena, with a pop. of 6,000, is more generally known than Weimar, frora the celebrity of ils university ; is situated on the Schwarza, a higher branch of the Saale, and 12 Eng. ms. a litlle S. of B. from Weimar. Eis enach, situated on the Wena, a higher branch of the Weaei-, about 60 English miles almost due W. from Weimar, with a pop. of 8,000 and a celebra ted seat of learning, and Apolda, celebraled for ils manufactures, closes our general view of Saxe- Weimar. Summary, States. Extent. Fop, Capitals. Saxe-Altenburg - Saxe-Cobourg Saxe Meiningen - Saxe-Weimar 510 9,30 950 1,370 104,000 •145,000 130,000 212,000 Gotha. -iltenburg. Meiningen. Weimar. 3,760 591,000 Saxenburg, town of Germany, in tbe duchy of Carinthia. It is situated on the river Drave, 38 ms. W. of Glagenfort. Lon. 13 40, Iat. 46 52 North. Saxenhagen, town of Gerraany, in the circle of Westphalia, and co. of Schawenburg, 20 miles NW. of Hanover. Lon. 9 36 E., lat. 52 30 N. Saxmunden, town of Bng., in Suffolk, on a SAY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCA hill, 29 ms. NE. of Ipswich, and 89 NE. ofLon don. Lon. 1 40 E., Iat. 52 18 N. Saxons, village, Abbeville dislrict, S. C. Saxony, once a general nome for raost of nor thern Germony, js now, as such, in greot part ob solete, but, with the exception of a small but very respectable monarchy, having Prussia on the NE. and N., several sraall Slates of Gerraany W., Ba varia SW., and tbe Brze Geberg mountains, sep araling it from Bohemia, S. The slope of Saxo ny is northward, and, with but little exception, is drained by vorious confluents of the Elbe, tbe main volume of which latter, issuing from Bohe mia, traverses Saxony. Tbe kingdom lies between lat. 60 10 and 51 60 ; ond Ion. 13° E. ofLondon traverses it between Dresden and Leipsic. The area of Saxony, os given by Larenaudiere, Bolbi, and Huot, is about 6,570 English sq. ms., and pop. 1,400,000, which yields o distributive pop. exceeding 260 to the Eng. sq. m. Admirably supplied by rivers, and witb a soil generally fer lile, and climate dry and temperate, the people of Soxony ore at once industrious ond intelligent, and have availed themselves of the natural advan lages of their country. Of these advantages, next lo agricullnre and manufactures, are the inexhaust ible mineral resources and operations. Of mineral treasures found in tbe raines of Saxony raay be named iron, silver, copper, lead, tin, arsenic, &c. Manufactures are in an advanced state in this kingdom, and embrace cloths of linen, woolen, and silk and cotton ; also hardware, and lhat to an extent embracing a large part of the vorious ob jects of human wont, whether formed from earths or metals. Principol city, Dresden, which tbe reader will see under its own head, as also Leipsic, Chemnitz, &c. The following table exhibits the principal ad- minislratfve divisions, cities, towns, and pop. of Saxony — the cities, copilols of circles, in small cap, itals. Circles. Fop, Cities, Fop. Mifisuia 378,000 Dresden - 70,000 Meiasien . 4,500 Pyrna 4,000 Leipsic 230,700 Leipsic 40,000 Doebein - 4,000 Erzebirge 559,000 FEETBEEa 12,000 Frankenberg 3,000 Chemnitz 16,000 ZWickau . 5,000 Voiglland 79,500 Plauen - 7,000 Reichenbacli 3,500 Upper Lusatia 171,,50O Bautzen - 12,000 Zittau 8,000 Saxton's River, a brook of Windham co., Vt, falling into Connecticut river immediately below Bellows Falls. Saxton's River, village on the preceding stream, 4 ms. NW. from the village of Bellows Falls. Sayamen Mountains, that part of the Altoian system which rises between the sources of the Se linga, Saybrook, ancient town, Middlesex co., Ct., settled by a colony directly from England, under the patronage of Lords Say and Brook as early as 1634. It is situated on the W. side of Connecti cut river, 36 ms. B. of New Haven, and 45 8. by E. of Hartford, in lot. 41 15 N., and lon. 73 30 W, Pop. 1810, 3,996; in 1820, 4,166. Saycock, one of the islands of Jopan, divided from Niphon by o narrow channel. The Dutch factors ore perraitted to reside in the little island of Disnio, which is on the west aide of this. Lon. 132 28 E., lat. 34° N. Sayn, town of Gerraany, in Treves, situaled on a river of tbe same name, 6 ms. N. of Coblentz, Saypan, one of the Lodrone islands ; it is a lorge and pleosont islspd, lying between 140° ond 160° E. Ion., and in 15 22 N. lat. Scald, in the ancient Norse language, a poet. Schagen, or Scagerif, proraontory of N. Jut land, in Denmark, at the entrance of the passage " out of the ocean inlo the Cattegate. From this cape a dangerous sand bonk stretches out into tbe sea, upon which, in 1715, a tower was erected 64 feet high. Lon. 10 6 E., lat. 67 16 N. Scala, episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore. Il wos a large city formerly, but is now greatly decayed. It is 6 ms. N. of Amalfi. Lon. 14 44 B., lat. 40 34 N. Scala Nova, Gulf of, modern narae of that bay of Asia Minor spreading W. frora the cily of Ephesus, and bounded S. by the island of Samos, and N. by tbe peninsula of Chisme. Salva Nova, sraall maritime village of Asia Minor, 8 ras. SW. frora Aisaluck, or the ruins of Ephesus. Scala Nova gives name to the gulf on which it stands, which, in its widest exient, is lirailed NW. by Cape Mastico, tbe soutbern point of the island of Scio, and on the S W. by the island of Nicaria. Scalitz, or Scala, town of Upper Hungary, in in the co. of Poson, There is a very advantageous passage by it from Moravia to Hungary, ond it is seated on tbe Marck, 60 ms. N. of Presburg. Lon. 17 17 E,, lot. 49 4 -N. Scamachie, city of Russia, in Schirvan, about 24 ms. from tbe Caspian Sea. It is inhabited by Armenians and Georgians, 360 ms. S. from As trachan. Lat. 40 27 N. Scanderoon, or Alexandi-etla, town ond seaport of 'Asiatic Turkey, in the Pachalic of Aleppo. It is situated on the eastern side of tbe gulf of the same name, 76 ras. NW. by W. from Aleppo. From position the harbor of this place is much frequented, though tbe climate is peculiarly un healthy. From the fowness of tbe plain on which this town stands, it seems incapable of being ren dered healthy, and in the hands of ils present pos sessors hopeless. N. Iat. 36 16, Ion. 36 16 E. of London. Scandinatfta, a general, ihough somewhat vague name for that European peninsula lying be lween the Atlantic ocean, and Baltic sea, and gulf of Bothnia. This region, -comprises Norway, Sweden, and Lapland, and extends in lat. from the extreme S. of Sweden 55° lo the Norlh Cape, 72° N,, or through 17° of lat., stretching far into the Arctic regions. As I have observed in regard to Lapland, I may bere repeat wilh addition. Scandinavia has been compared in regard to cli mate with Central Europe, whilst ihe real com parison ought to have been made with Northeastern Asia, including the whole of Kamtschatka with Greenland, Labrador, and all North Araerica above 805 , SCA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCH N. Iat. 65°. Scandinavia has a length of about 1,200 ms., and almost a mean breadth of 260 ins. ; area 240,000 sq. ins.. On this surface sub sists 3,850,000 inWhitants. To render these coraparative estimates the more explicit and satisfactory, we here subjoin a table of Scondinavia, and such other parts of Northern Russia in parlicular as corae under tbe influence, more or less intense, of the same laws of climate. Countries. Scandinavia Norlhern Denraark - Northern Russia Scotland and its islands • Iceland Total Population 3,860,000 991,000 12,427,000 2,092,000 51,000 19,411,000 Tbe corabioed area on which exist this mass of upwards of 19 millions of civilized people exceeds but lille, if any, one million of sq. ms,, yielding a distributive population of near 19^ to the sq. m. This space contains Edinburgh, in Scotlond ; Co penhagen, in Denraark ; Stockholm, in Sweden St. Petersburg and Moscow, in Russia; besides innumerable other flourishing cities, ports, marls, seals of science of the first order; and, in fine, oil thot can embellish and sweeten human life. If tbe reoder will turn to page 294 of this work, he may satisfy himself by the use of the table nn the area of tbe zones and rhumbs, that tbe whole land area of the earlh above lal. 55° amounts lo a large frac tion above 18 millions of sq. ms. From these data we are taught that on less than one tenth of this space exist 19,411,000 civilized human be ings. It may be doubted whether there exists on tbe remaining 17 millions of sq. ms. comprised in the northern regions a soul to a sq, ra. Two millions of population would be an adequate esti mate ; ond the far greatest number of these rude savages, or barbarians lillle above ibe savage. It must be perfectly obvious frora these elements that the true method to reach the causes of phe nomena so remarkable as those, which give so much real superiority to one region of the eir'th over others of so much greater extent and similar position on the sphere, raust be lo compare these spaces with each other. China, Corea, and Japan, have been for unknown ages relatively to North east Asia, placed as Southerh ia to Northern Eu rope; yet Northeastern Asia bas remained, as in deed bas all Asia, comparatively N. ofthe Altaian mountains and E. of the Urals, desolate and bar barous. Tbe polar regions of North America are slill more stern, cold, and uninbabitatrle than those of Asia. Asia and Europe physically are only parts of one whole. Thai part of North America towards Bchring's strail is relatively to that conti nent what Northern Europe is to Asia. Bul be yond Behring's strail westward, in ploce of a pe rennially open ocean, similar to the Atlantic, spreads an almosl perennially frozen continent. It is true lhat, frora very good authority, Northweslern Ameri ca has a climate far more mild and genial than that of Northeastern North America. This is in per- i'eot accordance with the now well-known effect of the greatly prevailing wesiern winds. Effects unifirraly following their cause, and in excess or 806 defect, in proportion to the excess or defect of cause. Northwestern Europe exhibits the meliora ting effects in excess, and Northeastern Amer ica, Greenland, and Northeastern .\eia, the opposite excess. These are causes and effects arising from the permanent features and laws of nature, aod raust remain to determine the relative density and raoral and intellectual condition of mankind until those features and laws are changed. Scanio. — See Schonen. Scaro, or Scaren, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, sealed ori the Loke Wenner, 66 ms. N. of Gottenburg. Lon, 12 42 E., lat. 68 16 N. Scarborough, seaport and borough of Eng., in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. It has of lale been greatly frequented on account of its mineral wa ters, called the Scarborough Spa, and also sea bathing. It has a good harbor, possesses consid erable trade, ond is much engaged in the fisheries. It is 36 ms. NE. of York, and 237 N. of London. Lon. 15' W., lat. 54 18 N. Town and fort on the island of Tobago, Town, Curaberland co., Maine, on theS. side of Saco river, 14 ms. S. by W. of Portland, and 9 NE. of Biddeford. Pop. in 1810, 2,100; in 1820, 2,232. Scardono, town of Turkish Dalmatia, on tbe E. bank of the river Cherca. It is 36 ms. NW. of Spalotro. Lon. 17 I E,, lal. 44 29 N. Scarlino, town of Tuscany, on the sea coast, 6 ras. S. of Massa, and 10 ENE. of Piombino. Lon. 10 57 E., Iat. 42 58 N. Scaro, town of tbe island of Santorini. Lon. 25 58 E., lot. 36 10 N. Scarpanto, ancient Carpathus, island of the Archipelago, 22 ms. long and 18 broad, lying SW. of Rhodes, and NE. of Candia. There are several high mounlains ; but it abounds in cattle and game, and bos mines of iron, quarries of marble, and several good harbors. The Turks are masters of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 27 40 E., lat. 35 45 N. Scarpe, river of Fr. which has its source in Ar tois, and, flowing past Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, falls into the Scheldt. Scarsdale, fertile tract of Eng., in the NE. part of Derbyshire, surrounded by barren rocks and mountains. ScEPTiiT., Greek, skeptron, from skepio, staff of support. It is evident from ancient authors, that sceptre originolly raeant a staff, but graduolly becarae a symbol of power. Under the first or Merovingian race of French kings, the sceptre was a golden rod, surmounted wilh a cross. Tbe Baton of French marshals comes thus. Schaafsladt, town of Gerraany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 8 ras. W. of Mersburg, and 26 W. of Leipsic. Lon. 11 36 B., Iat. 61 10 N. Schaffhausen, sraallest canton of Switzeriand, bounded on the N. and W. by Suabia, on the E. by the canton of Zurich and the bishopric of Con stance, and on the S. by tbe same and Thurgaw. It is but 5 leagues in length and 3 in breadlh, and coniains 30,000 inhabitants. It produces all the necessaries, as wine, fish, wood, flax, horses, sheep, wool, block cattle, and deer. The princi pal article of trade is wine, tbe country abounding in vineyards; and as the canton affords bul litlle corn, it Is procured from Suabia, in exchange for wine. SCH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCH iSchaffhausen, town of Switzerland, capital ef a canton of the same name. Il is scotetl on the Rhine, and owes its origin to tbe interruption of the navigation of that river by the cataract of Lauffen. It is remarkable for one of the most cu rious bridges in Europe, over the Rhine, connecl ing it with the other parts of Switzerland. Schaft"- hausen contains about 6,000 inhabitants, and is 22 ma. N. by E. of Zurich, and 39 E. of Baail. Lon. 3 41 E., lat. 47 39 N. Schagticoke, town, Rensselaer co., N, Y,, on the left bank of the Hudson, 1 1 ras. above Troy. Pop. in 1820, 2,622. • Schah, or Shacb, or Shah, Persian tille, equiv alent to Khan. — See Khan. Schalholt, episcopal town of Iceland, wilh a college. Lon. 22 20 W., lat. 64 40 N. Schamachie, formerly a town of Persia, capital of Scirvan. — Sec Scamachie. Schamunish or Theomorphism, the religion of the Hindoos. This systera is now subdivided into three great branches. Shamanism proper, in Tar lary, Mongolia, and Siberia ; Fo, in Thibet, Chi na, and Japan ; and Buddism, in Indostan, Chin India, and raany of tbe East India islands. Scba- maniam is the raost extensive and probably raost ancient religious system. Schantz Sterney, fortress in tbe Russion Gov ernment of Wiburg, seated on the Neva, a little E. of Pelersburgh. Lon. 31 15 E., lot. 60° N. Scharanpour, or Scharunpour, town of norlh ern Hindooslan, about 100 ms. a little W. of N. from Delhi. Lat. 30° N., and Ion. 77° B. ofLon don. Here the British B. India Company have or bad a Botanic garden. It is slated, in tbe Bn- cycloptedia of Geography, that this place is ele vated 1,100 feet above the oceon. Mean annual temperature, 73° Fahrenheit. Monthly tempera ture : January - - - 52 February 66 March - 67 April . 78 May - - - 86 June - 90 luly - - - 85 August - - - 83 September ... 79 October - - - 79 November - - 64 Deceraber - - - 66 This brief meteorological table is inserted as affording means uf coraparison with similar loti- lude.< in the Uniled Slates, Texas, Mexico, &c., and with S. .America in lal. 30° and odjacent zones. Scharding, lown of I.iOwer Bavaria, sealed on the Inn, 7 ms. S. of Pas.saw. Lon. 13 36 E., Iat. 48 21 N. Scharnitz, fortified lown of Germany, in the Tyrol. It is a passage of great importance, on the confines of Bavaria, 12 ras. N.of Inspruc. Scliauenburg, territory of Westphalia, 22 ms. lottg, and 10 broad, belonging lo the landgravate of Hesse Cassel. Schaunatein, town of Germany, in Franconia, and principality of Cullembacb, 18 ms. i\E. of Cullembacb. Lon. 1 1 44 B., lat. 54 35 N. Schaumberg, town and castle of Germany, in Lower Rhine, 23 ms. NNW. of Mentz, and 25 WSW. of Wetzlar. Lon. 8 2 E., lot. 60 14 N. Scheiberg, town of Germany, in Upper Sax ony, in the neigborhood of which are mines of silver and iron. It is 4 ms. NE. of Schworlz- burg. Scheldt, considerable river of the Netherlands, which rises in France, in the lote provinco of Hicardy. It posses Ihrough Flanders, and divides into two bronches below Fori Lillo, and both forraing several islonds, enter the German ocean, Schellsburg, villoge, Bedford, co.. Pa., on the main road from Bedford to Pittsburg, 9 ras. NNW. from the forraer. It is a small village consisting of a single street olong the rood. Schelesladt, strong town of Fr., in the dep. of tbe Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seoted on the river III, 20 ms. SW. of Stroa- burg. Lon. 7 40 E., lot. 48 17 N. Schella, town of Upper Hungary, seated on the Waag, 26 ma. NE. of Presburg. Lon. 18 17 B., Iat. 48 32 N. Schellenburg, fortress of Germany, in Bavariii, 22 ras. W. of Ingolstadt. Lon. 10 58 E., lal.' 48 46 N. Schelling, island of the United Provinces, in Friesland, lying at tbe entrance of the Zuider Zee Lon. 5 10 E., lot. 53 20N. Schemnitz, town of Upper Hungary, one of the seven mounlain lowns, with three costles. It is famous for mines of silver and other metals ; os also for ils hot baths. Near it is a high rock of shining blue stone, mixed with green and some spots of yellow. It is 50 ms. NE. of Presburg. Schenck, fortress of Dutch Guelderland, on the point where tbe Rhine divides inlo two branches, forming the Rhine proper and W ool. It is the centre of coramunication belween HoIIond and Germany. Schenk is the ancient Burginatium, and the Quadriburgium of Araminionus Marcel- bnus. Lon. 5 26 E., lat. 61 55 N. On the ground of Quadriburgium the Dutch have con structed the fort of Schenk, a name so offensive (pourquo) to the fastidious delicacy of Boileau. This place is named from its founder General Martin Schenck. Schenectady, co,, N. Y., bounded by Saratoga CO. and Mohawk river NE., Albany co. 8. Schoharie co. SW,, and Montgomery NW. Length 20, mean width 12 ras., area 240 sq. ms. The .Mohawk river fluws obliquely through it, end affords much excellent alluvial soil near its banka. Other parts of the co, are hilly ond broken with a mixed soil. Chieflown, Schenectady. Pop.in 1820, 13,081 Central lat. 42 41 N., lon. W C. 3° B. Schenectady, ciiy and seat of justice, Schenec tady co , N. Y., on the right bank of the Mohawk, 15| ms. by land NW. from Albany. It ia one of the oldest towns in the Stale, being built nearly coeval wilh Albany. Many of the buildings are elegant, but, like all theancient lowns ofN. Y, the old and new edifices ore contrasts, exhibiting the advance in elegance and convenience effected in the course of upwards of a century. A fine and very substontial wooden bride here crosses the Mohawk. Union college stands a lillle to the NE. from the cily. This institution wos iucor- porated in 1794, and is now a very respectable 807 SCH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCH and prosperous inslilulion. The college buildings are spacious, and calculated to accommodate 200 students. The site is pleasantly elevated, and near the Mohawk. The library contains above 500 volumes. In 1820 it was under the direction of a president, and four professors, one for moral philosophy, one for mathematics, one for the Greek ond Latin languoges, and one of modern languages, and two tutors. In 1820, the students amounted to 245. Pop, of the city of Schenec tady, in 1810, 2,909; and in 1820, 3,939. This city contains a hank, 4 places of public worship, and near 600 dwelling-houses. Its position for coramercial operotions is very advantageous, which will be much enhanced hy the canals now com pleted. Schening, lown of Sweden, in E. Gothland, seated in a terlile coantry, 10 ms, SE. of Wastena. Lon. 15 47 B., Iat. 58-42 N. Scheningen, town of Germany, in tbe circle of Lower Saxony, 16 ras. N. of Halberstadt, and 18 ESE. of Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 11 25 E., lat. 52 22 N. Scher, town of Gerraany, in Suabia, belonging to the baron of Walburg, seated on the Danube, 36 ms. S W. of Ulm. Lon. 0 23 B , lal, 48 8 N. Scherding, town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, sealed on the river Inn, 8 ms. S. by W. of Passaw. Scheve, town of Denmark, in N. Jullond, seat ed at the mouth of a river, in the Gulf of Virk Fund. Schiedam, town of Holland, on a canal, which commuiiiootes with the Maese, 4 ms. E. by S. of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 30 E., lot, 51 54 N. Seh'ika, strong town of Upper Hungary, in the CO. of Neitra, seated on the river Waag. markable for its ogrecable position on the Aor, and Schintznach, town of Swilzerland, in Aargau, re- its waters, which flow warm frora a rock. Neor it, on a lofty eminence, ore the ruins of the fam ous castle of Hapsburg. Schiras, cily of Persia, in Farsistan, and tbe capilal of southern Persia. It is 3 ms. in lengih, but not so much in breadth, and ia sealed at the end of a spacious plain, surrounded by high hills, under one of which the town stands. It is 225 ms. S. of Ispahan. Lon. 54 20 E., lat. 29 40 N. Schirvan, province of Russia, surrounded by Daghestan, by the Caspian seo, by Erivan, and by Geongia. It is 150 in length, and 90 in breodlh. Schamachie in the capital. Schism, Greek achiama, schizo, to cut up, or divide wilh considerable inflection, but wilh the same original meaning and application. This lerm is found in most European languages, and used lo express religious divisions amongst those who continue to claira the same general title, afler as well as before the division. As, for the most re markable instances, separation of ihe Ten Tribes of Israel from Judah and Benjamin. Greot division of the Mahometans inlo the sects of Omor ond Ali. In the Christian church, separation of the Greek or Eastern, frora the Latin, Roman, or Wesiern church. Schism in the latler under Clement VII and Urban VL Again : the raost recent ond best known schism was that called " the reformation," began A. D. 1617. 808 Schladen, town of Gerraany, in Lower Saxony, 28 ras. ESE. of Hildesheim. Lon. 10 47 E , 1st. 52 10 N. Schlangenberg, in Swedish, colled by the Rus sians, Zmeiewskaio-Goro, mine and town of west ern Siberia, capital ofthe district ofSemipalatnoi. Pop, 1,5.')0, Lat. 51 9 N.,lon. 82 9 B. Schleussingen, town of Germany, in Franconia, and CO. of Henneburg, seated on tbe Schleuss, 10 ms. SB. Smalkald.' Lon. 11 2 E., lat. 60 43 N. t'chleyden, town of Germany, in Westphalia, 40 ms. N. of Treves. Lon. 6 40B., lat. 60 26 N. Schlitz, lown of Germany, in Suabia, in a co. of the same name, situaled on a small river, 7 ms. N. W. of Fulda. Lon. 9 40 B., lot. 50 46 N. Schlussalfield, town of Germany, in Franconia, and bishopric of Wurtsburg. It is surrounded by tbe bishopric of Bamberg, and lies 13 ras. SB. of Bamberg. Lon. 10 58 E., Iat. 48 54 N. Schlusselburg, town of Rusiia, in the govern ment of Riga, on the river Neva, near Lake La doga. It hos a fortress, which is sealed on an is land, in the river, and is 36 ras. B. of Petersburg. Lon. 30 55 B., lot. 69 65 N. Schmidberg, town of Bohemia, in Silesia, in the ducby of Jauer. Alraost all the inhabitants are smiths, whence the place tokes its narae. It is sealed al tbe foot of a mountain, neor the source of the Bsuber. Schneeberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with considerable manufactures. It is seated on the Mulda, and ia 7 ms. NW. of Schwarlzburg. Schoa — See Shoa, and Africa, 2d col. of p. 10. Schodack, town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., con taining 3,166 inhabilanls in 1810; and in 1820, 3,493. It is siluoted on the B. side of Hudson river, 9 ms. below Albany. Schodack Landing, village on the Hudson river, Rensselaer co., by postroad 11 ras. below Albany. Schsenbrun, Moravian missionary settlement on ihe Muskingum river, in Tuscarawas co., 0., 3 ms. below New Philadelphia. The name signi fies "clear spring." Schoharie, river, N. Y., rises amongst tbe Kalskill mountains, in Green co., by a nuraber of creeks, which flow NW., and unite on tbe soulhern extremity of Schoharie co., and thence turning to a N. course about 45 ms., fallsinto the Mohawk 25 ms. above Schenectady. Schoharie, co., N. Y., bounded by Albany B., Green SB., Delaware SW., Otsego W., Mont gomery N., and Schenectady NE. Length 30, mean width 20, area 600 sq. ms. Surface gene rally billy, but the soil productive in grain, fruits, and pasturoge. Chief town, Schoharie. Pop. in 1820, 23,154; and in 1840, 32,368. Central lat. 42 33 N., Ion. W. C. 2 32 E Schoharie, village and seat of justice, Schoharie CO., on the right bank of Schoharie river, 32 ms. W. from Albany. It stands on one of the rich fiats of Schoharie. Pop. of the tp., 1820, 3,820 ; and in 1840, 5,534. Lal. 42 40 N., lon. W. C.2 42E. Schoharie Kill, village in the wesiern part of Green Co., N. Y., by post road 61 ras. SW. from Albany, SCH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCI Scomberg, town of Gerraany, in I'reves, on a mountain, 15 ma. from Limbourg. Schoneck, or Schoeneck, town of Germany, on the Nyms, 27 ms. N. of Treves. Lon. 6 26 E., lat. 50 12 N, Schonen, Scania, or Skone, province of Sweden, bounded on the W". by the Sound, which separates it from Zealand, on the N. by Holland and Smo land, and on the B. and S. by Blekingen and the Baltic. It ia 58 ms. long and 40 broad, and is a ferlile country. Lunden is the capital. Sehongaw, town of Upper Bovorio, seated on the Lech, 30 ras. S. of Augsburg. Schooley's mountain, mounlain range and wa tering place, Morris co,, N. J. The watering ploce ond post office is in the southwestern angle ofthe CO,, about 20 ms. NE. from Boston, Pa. Schoonhoven, strong town of Holland, with a commodious haven, on the Leek, where there is a productive salmon fishery, 14 ms. E. of Rotter dam. Lon, 4 54 E., lat. 51 58 N. Schomdorf, town of Gerraany, in Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirlemburg, with salt springs, frora which a great deal of salt is made. The French look this town in August, 1796. It is seated on the Rems, 12 ras. NB. of Stutgard. Lon. 8 64 E., Iat. 48 56 N. Schouten, islands in the Pacific ocean, near the coast of New Guinea. They were discovered by Wilham Schouten, a Dutchman, in 1616. Lon. 136 25 E., lat. 46' S. Schowen, island of the kingdora of Holland, in Zealand, northeast of the isle of Walcheren. It is 15 ms. long, and 6 broad. Zuriczee is the capilal. Schroon, lake and post office. — See Scroon Lake. Schulersburg, village, Cumberland co.. Pa. Schultze Range, village. Wood co., Va., 289 ms. W. from W. C. Schuyler, lake of Otsego co., N. Y., 6 ms. by 1 ; it is one of the sources of Susquehannah river. Town, Herkiraer co., N. 'Y., on Mohawk river, 84 ras. NW. by W. frora Albany. Pop. 1820, 1,837. Schuyleraville, village, Saratoga co., N. Y., 24 ins. N. from Albany. Schuylkill river. — See Delaware. Schuylkill, co.. Pa., bounded by Beika SE., Dauphin SW., Northumberland and Columbia NW., Luzerne N., and Northampton and Lehigh NE. Length 37, mean width 13 ms,, area 476 sq. ms. Surface very hilly, generally, and in port mountainous. Soil, except near streams, or very partially, rough, rocky, and sterile. It is drained by the streams of Mahanoy, Mahantango, and Swalara, flowing into the Susquehannah, and by tbe head branches of Schuylkill. Chief town, Or wicksburg. Pop. 1820, 11,339; and in 1840, 29,062. Ctl. Iat. 40 40 N., lon. W. C. 47' E. Schwalbach, village of Germany, in the co. of Nassau, frequented for its mineral walers, which are of a similar nature to those of the Spa. It is seated on the river Aa, 9 ras, N. of Mentz. Schwartz, town of Germany, in Tyrol, famous for its raines of different raelals. It is seated on the river III, 14 ms. NE. of Inspruc. Lon. 11 42 E., lat. 47 19 N. Schwarlzburg, town of Thuringia, and capital 102* of Schwarlzburg Rudolsladl. It is seated on the Schwartz, 22 ras. SE. of Erfurt, and 36 N . of Culembach. Lon. 11 30 E., lat. 60 40 N. Tbe two small though sovereign principalities of Schworzhurg aro held by branches of the Houae of Saxe. Schwarlzburg Rudoldatadt comprises on area of 400 English sq. ms,, with a population of 57,000, and contains the capital, Rudollst'adt ; pop. 3,000, and Frankenhausen 4,000. Schwartzbourg Sonderhausen curaprises 340 English sq. ras., and a pop. of 48,000, and contains the capital, Sonder hausen; pop. 3,000, and Arnstadt 4,000. Schwarizenburg, town of Gerraany, in Fran conia, capital of a principalily of the same name, on the Lee, 26 ms. NW, of Nuremburg. Lon. 10 44 E., lat. 49 43 N. Town of Switzeriond, in Bern, 17 ras. SSW. of Bern. Lon. 7 1 E., lat. 46 40 N. Schwiednitz, city of Silesia, capital of a pro vince of the some narae, on an eminence, on^ the river Westritz, 22 ms. SW. of Breslaw, end 27 SB. of Lignitz. Lon. 16 64 E., lot. 60 46 N. Schweinfurt, town of Germany, in Franconia. The environs ore rich in cattle, corn, and wine ; the inhabitonts are Protestants, and carry on a large trade in wine, woolen and linen cloth, goose quills and feathers. It is seated un the river Maine, 25 ras. from Bamberg. Lon. 10 25 E., lot. 60 16 N. Schweinmunder, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the isle of Usedom. Lon. 14 18 E , lat. 54 3 N. Schweitz, canton of Switzerland, which gives name to thera all. Il is bounded on the W. by the lake of tbe Four Cantons, on the S. by the cantons of Uri, on the E. by that of Glarus, and on the N. by those of Zuric and Zug. The govern ments of Schweitz and Uri are entirely democratioal, and nearly the sorae. They contain, including their subjects, 60,000 souls, and, in case of ne cessity, could furnish 12,000 militia. The same kind of soil, and the same productions, are cora mon to the two cantons ; purity of morals prevails, which can scarcely be imagined by the inhabitants of great and opulent cities. The Roman Catholic religion is here exclusively established. The can ton suffered, in common with all Swilzerland, when invaded by tbe French in 1798, being dread fully wasted and desolated. Schweitz, town of Switzerland, capilal of ths canton of that name, seated near the Waldststtg^ See, on a bill, wilh a large and ragnificeut church. It is 10 ms. SE. of Lucern. Lon. 8 30 B., lat. 46 56 N. Schweitz, Lake of. — See Waldsiselter See. Schewelm, town of Gerraany, in Westphalia, with 0 raedicinal spring near it. Lon. 7 25 E., lat- 61 10 N. Schwerin, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburg Schwe rin, of which it is the capital. It is 36 ras. W. of Gustrow. Lon. 11 48 E., lat. 63 48 N. Schwerte, town of Germany, in Westphalia, 3S ras. NNE. of Cologne. Lon. 7 15 E., lat. 61 38 N. Schwinburg, lown of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen, 23 ms. SSE. of Odensee. Lon. 10 30 E., lat. 56 10 N. Sciati, island of tbe Archipelago, near the coast 809 SCI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCO of Janua, so ms. to the N. of Negroponl, and al most st the entrance of the Culf of Salonichi. It is 22 ms. in length, and 8 in breadlh. Lon. 23 40 E., lat. 39 26 N. Scienceville, village. Green co., N. Y., by post road 59 ras. SW. frora Albany. Sciglio, or Scilla, — See Scylla, Scylla, cluster of islands and rocks, lying alraost 10 leagues W. of Land's End, in Cornwall, and are easily discerned from it. Of these, only 6 or 6 are inhabited. Tbe inhabitants principally sub sist by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The chief ofthe islands is St. Mary's, which has a good port, is the besl cultivated, ond contains more inhabitants than all the rest put together. In this island and two or three others are various antiqui ties, particularly the remains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sepulchres ; but tbe greatest ornament is the light-house, which, with tbe gal lery, is 51 feet high, and is a very fine column. The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering tbe English channel. One of the raost disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when Admiral Sir Cloudesly Shovel, witb three men of war, perished, with' all tbeir crewa. These islands are called Solingues by the French. Lon. 6 46 W., lat. 49 5fi N. Scilly, group of islands in the S. Pacific ocean, discovered by Captain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 155 30 W,, lat. 16 28 S. Scimitar, village of Greece, in Livadio, about 7 ras. from Negropont, and 12 from Thebes. It contains about 80 houses, inhabited by Greeks. Srind. — See Sindy. Scio, anciently called Chios, celebrated island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, NW. of Samos. It is 32 ms, long, and 16 broad, and a mountainous couniry, yet fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such aa oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegranates, interspersed witb myrtles and jessamines. The wine of Scio, so celebraled by the ancients, is slill in great esteem, but the island is now principally distinguished by the profitable culture of the mastich ; it bos also 'some trade in silk, wool, cheese, and figs. Scio has recently become tbe scene of some disastrous events. In the sumraer of 1822, the Turks landed a force on the island, and raassocred, or led into slavery, it is supposed, at least 30,000 persons, of both sexes, and all ages, and reduced most of the towns and villages to ruin. See Chisme. Before this sanguinary invasion, Scio waa computed to contain 110,000 inhabilanta. Scio, seaport, the capital of an island of the same narae. It is the best built town in the Ar chipelago, the houses being coraraodious, sorae of them terraced, ond others covered with tiles. The castle is an old citadel, built by the Genoese. The hofbor is a rendezvous for ships that go to or come from Constantinople ; it will contain 80 vessels, and is protected by a low mole and two light houses. It is seated on the E. side ofthe island, 47 ms. W. of Smyrna, and 210 SW. of Constan tinople. Scioto, river, the second in raagnitude of those flowing entirely wilhin the State of Ohio. It rises in Hardin, Marion, and Richland cos., runs first NE. 10 ins., thence SE. 30 ms , where it receives Little Sciolo from the NE., and there it gradually 810 turns to S, by E., and finally into a generally S. direction, 150 ms, furiher, to the Ohio river, be. tween Perlsmouth and Alexandria, by a mouth 160 yards wide. Il is navigable 130 ms. This stream has ils higher sources in Hardin, Marion, and Crawford COS., and its valley spreads between those of Miami on the W., and Muskingum E. I'he general course of Scioto is remarkably near due S., and also nearly on Ion. 6° W. of W. C. The great central canal uf Ohio follows the shores of the Sciota about 70 ras. direct, though some thing raore following the inflections of the stream. Colurabus, Circleville, Chillicothe, Piketon, and Portsraouth, ore on the banks of Scioto. Scioto, salt works, near the centre of Jackson CO., Ohio, reserved by the U. S., about 28 miles SE. from Chillicothe. One of tbe central town ships of Rosa CO., O., containing the town of Chil licothe. Tp., Delaware co., Ohio, on the W. side of Sciolo river. Tp., Pickaway co., Ohio. Tp., Jackson co., 0. Co., 0,, bounded by Ohio river S., Adams W,, Pike N., Jackaon NE., and Lawrence B, Lengih 30 ras., mean width about 19, area 676 sq. ms. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. Sciolo river tra verses it from N. to S. Chief town, Portsmouth. Pop. 1820, 5,749. Cenlrai lal. 38 60 N., lon. W. C. 6° W. Scipio, village, Cayuga co., N. Y., on tbe E. side of Cayuga lake, 18 ms. NW. of Milton, 23 ms. SW.' of Marcellus, 30 ms. W. of Tully ; and in tbe neighborhood of Pompey, Serapronius, and many other tps. designated by great naraes of an tiquity. Pop.in 1820, 8,105 Northern tp. of Meigs CO., Ohio. Scituate, town, Plymouth co., Mass., 8 ms. N. by W. of Marshfield, and 28 SE. of Boston. Pop. in 1820, 3,305 Tp., Providence co,, R, L, on the N. branch of Paluxet river, between Gloucester and Coventry, Pop. in 1820, 2,834. Sciro, or Sdros, island of tbe Archipelago, W. of Mylelene. It is 16 ms. long, and 8 broad ; is a mountainous country, but has no mines. The vines moke the beauty of the island, ond the wine is excellent; nor do the notives want wood. It contains only the village ond convent of St. George, both built on a conical rock, 10 ms, from the har bor of St, George, The superior of the convent exercises despotic sway over the inhabitants, whose superstition is more excessive than that of the olher Greeks in tbe Archipelago. The inhabitants are all Greeks, but the Cadi is a Turk. Scenectady. — See Schenectady. Sclavonia, couniry of Europe, belween the rivers Save, Urave, and Danube. It is divided into six COS., and belongs to Austria; it was formerly a kingdom, and is not above 75 ras. in breadth ; but it is 300 in length, from the frontiers of Austria lo Belgrade. The eastern part ia called Ratzia, and the inhabitants Rascians. These form a parlicular nation, and are of the Greek church. The lan guage ot Sclavonia is the mother of four others, namely : those of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Russia. Same, or Scoone, village of Scot,, in Perthshire, on the E. side of the river Tay, N. by W, of Perth. It is 30 ms. N. of Edinburgh. Schonondoa, village, Oneida co., N. Y. Scopelo, island of the Archipelago, 5 ins. E. of SCO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SCU Sciati, and 17 N. of Negropont. It lies at the en trance of the Gulf of Salonico, and is 10 ms. long and 5 broad. It is very ferlile, produces plenly of good wine, and contains 12,000 inbabit-dnls, who are almost all Greeks, Scopia, or Uscapia, archiepiscopal lown of Tur key in Europe, in Bulgaria, sealed on the Vardar, over which is a bridge of 12 arches, 67 ma. WSW. of Soffa. Lon. 22 26 E,, lat. 42 10 N. Scotch Plains, village in the southwestern part of Essex CO., N. J., 16 ms. SW. by W. frora Newark, and 42 NNE. from Trenton, Scotland, or North Britain, the northern of the two kingdoms into which tbe island of Great Bri tain was formerly divided. Il is bounded on the W. by the .Atlantic ocean, N. by the North sea, B. by the German ocean, SE. by England, and S, by the Irish sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands on its western coast, called tbe Hebrides or Western islands, and those to tbe NE,, called the Orkney and Shetland islands. From N. to S. it extends 270 ms,, and its greatest breadth is 150, but in some places not above 30, ond no part is dislont above 40 ms. from tbe coast. Scolland is divided inlo two districts, the Highlands and the Lowlands ; the former is applied to the mountain ous part to the N. and NW., the latter to the more level district on tbe E. and SE. But nature seems to hove pointed out three grand divisions in Scot land. The first, or N. division, is formed by a chain of lakes, which cross the country from the Frith of Murray, to the island of Mull, in a SW. direction ; the second, or middle division, is bound ed on tbe S. by the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and the great canal by which they are untied ; on tho S. side of this boundary is the third or S. division. The N. division is chiefly on asserablage of vast dreary raountains ; not, however, wilhout some fertile valleys on the northern and eastern shores. The middle division is troversed in different direc tions by several ranges of mountains ; and, though cultivation here is also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of this division, as well as of the former, the arable land bears a sraall {troportion to tbe mouniainous aud barren Iracls. The S. division has a great resemblance to England, and, with re spect both to the general aspect of the couniry, and to the progress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of rural variety. Scotland will be found connected wilh article Great Britain, at pp. 366 and 6, in what regards its political divisions and population. Scotland Neck, post office, Halifax co., N. C. This village is so named from a bend of Roanoke, forraing the exireme eastern angle of tbe co., about 40 ms. by waler below Halifax, and by post road 100 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Scotland Society, town, Windham co,, Ct., be tween Windham and Canterbury, by post road 34 ms. a little S. of B. from Hartford. Scott, NW. corner town, Cortlandt co., N. Y. extending from the head of Skeneatelas lake, 25 ms NB. from Ithaca. Pop. in 1820, 776. Villoge, Adams co., Ohio, by post road 107 ms, SSW. from Colurabus. Scott, CO., Va., bounded by Tennessee S., Lee CO., Va., W., Cumberland raountains or Virginia N., Russell CO., Va., NE., and Washington SE. Length 40 ms., mean width 28 ; area about 1,000 sq. ms. It is drained by Powell's, Clinch, and Holston rivera, witb their numerous confluents. Surface generally hilly or mountainous. Chief town, Eallevillo. Pop. in 1820, 4,263; and in 1840, 7,303. Centrol lot. 36 47 N., lon. W. C. 5 40 W. Scott, CO.. Ky., hounded by Fayeite SE,, Wood ford SW., Franklin W., Owen N., and Harrison NE. Length 14 ins., mean width 13; area about 170 sq. ms. Soil highly productive. Chief town, Georgetown. Pop. in 1820, 12,219 ; and in 1840, 13,668. Cenlrai lat. 38 20 N., Ion. W. C. 7 34 West. Scolt, CO., Ia,, bounded by Clarke SB., Floyd S., Washington W., Jackaon NW., Jennings NE,, and Jefferson E, Length 20 ras., breadth 15; area 270 sq. ms. It is traversed by severol branches of White river. Pop. in 1820,2,334; and in 1840, 4,242. Central lot. 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 8 40 W. Scoltsburg, village, Halifax co., Va. Scott's Corner, post office, Seneca co., N. Y. Scottsville, village, Genesee co., N. Y Vil lage, Powhatan co., Va., about 30 ms. W. from Richmond. Village and seat of justice, Allen CO., Ky., on a small branch of Big Barren river, 45 ms. E. from Russellville, and by post road 160 raa. SW. by S. frora Frankfort. Lat. 36 47 N lon. W. C. 9° W. Scriba, lowp, Oswego co., N. Y., on the W. side of Oswego river, at ils mouth. Population in 1820, 741. Scripoo, ancient Orchomenos, village of Greece, in Livodia, 8 ms. NE. by E. from Livadia, with the rauch celebrated plains of Cheronea interve ning, as is also the Cephisus, the raodern IVfavro- polaraos, or Mavroneri. Scripoo stands at the foot of the Loceian hills, and on the verge of fhe alluvial flats of Lake Copais. Scriven, co., Ga., between Savannah and Ogee- chee rivers, bounded by Effingbara co. SE., Ogee- chee river, or Bullock and Emanuel, SW., Burke NW., and Savannah river NE. Length 34 ms., raean width 22 ; area 750 sq. ras. Chief town, Jacksonborough. Pop. in 1820, 3,941; and in 1840, 4,794. Central lat. 32 45 N,, lop, W. C 4 32. W. Scroggsfield, village in Fox tp,, Carroll co._, 0., 7 ms. easterly of Carollton. Scroon, river, N. Y,, NE. branch of Hudson river, rises in Essex, flows S., and, entering War ren CO. by Scroon lake, joins the Hudson 25 ms. N. from the mouth of Sacondago river. Scroon River, or Scroon Lake, post office in the norlhern part of Warren co., N. Y., 49 ms. N. from Albany. Scull Camp, postoffice, Surry co., N. C, 176 ms. NW, from Raleigh. Scull Shoals, post office. Green co., Ga., 65 ms. N. from Milledgeville. Scutari, ancient Chrysopolis, town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, with a good harbor, sealed on tbe E. aide of Constantinople, of which it is considered as a suburb, being directly opposite. It coniains a handsorae mosque, and is built on the side of a hill Lon. 29 4 E., lat. 41° N. Scutari, Pachalik, or government of European Turkey in Albania, bounded on the S. by the mounlains above Tepelene, and to the N. by the country of the Montenegrins. It is extensive, and 811 SEB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SEE contains the fine valley watered by the Drino river, as far to the S. as the cily of Durazzo. This Pa chalik lies between N. Iat. 41° and 43J°. Scutari, city of European Turkey, in Albania, and capital of the Pachalik of the same name. It is situated on Iioke Labeatis, or lacoudra, 21 ms. from the Gulf of Venice, and 1 S from tbe river Drino. Scutari of Albania was a place rif some importance, os early as the war between Pyrrhus and the Romans. It is still called Iscoudra by the Turks, from Scodra, the ancient narae. This still comparatively large city stands partly on a gen tle declivity, and partly on a hill. Lake La beatis, about four miles and a half in width, and nine ms. long, is supplied by the small raountain river Boiana. Pop. about 12,000, forming a mixed maas of Mahometans and Christians. It has. been possessed by the Turks since 1521. Lat. 42 32 N., lon. 19 20 E. Scylla, rock near the Faro of Messina, on the coast of Calabria, opposite the celebraled Charyb- dis. It is about a mile from the entrance of the Faro, and forms a small promonlory, which runs a little out to sea, and meets the whole force of the waters as they come out of the narrowest part of the straits. The bead of this promontory is the famous Scylla of the ancient poets. The rock is nearly 200 feet high ; and there is a kind of castle or fort on its summit. Scylla, or Sciglio, town of Sicily, situated on the sideof the rock Scylla, 10 ms. NE. of Messina. Scythia, on ancient general, and very indefi nite term, applied to northeastern Europe and norlhern and northwestern Asia. Webster, there is little doubt, has stated the correct derivation from original words, signifying shade, woods, woods man ; and gives Scot, also, as from the same roots. Seabrook, town, in the extreme SE. angle of Rockingham co., N. H., on the Atlantic ocean, by post rood 40 ms, SE. from Concord. Seaford, borough and seaport of Eng., in Sus sex, 8 ras. SSE. of Lewis, and 59 S. by E. of London. Lon. 10' E., lat. 50 50 N. Village, Sussex CO., N. J. Seal, tp,. Pike co., 0. Searafi, post office, Montgomery CO., Tenn., by postroad 112 ms. NW. frorp Murfreesborough. Searabwrg, village of Bennington co., Vt., 12 ms. E. from. Bennington. Searamont, one of the extreme westernmost towns, Hancock co., Me., 93 ms. NE. from Port land. Searsville, village, Sullivan co . N. Y., by post road 103 ms. SW. from .Albany. Seaton, or Port Sealon, seaport of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire; it has a considerable trade in salt and coal, and is situated on the Frilh of Forth, 9 ms. E, of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 54 W., lat. 66° N. Sebago, or SebaMcook, lake of Cumberiand co.. Me., out ofthe E. part of which flows Presumscot river. Sebasticook, tp. in the southweslern part of Somerset co.. Me. Sebastia, or Sebaste, town of Turkey, in Pales tine, said to be tbe remains of Samaria. It is 34 ms. NNE. of Jerusalem. Lon. 36 40 E., lat. 32 15 N. Sebastian, St., populous seaport of Spain, in Guipuacoa. It is seated at the foot of a moun- 812 tain ; tbe harbor is secured by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the ships. The town is sur rounded by a double wall, and is foriified toward the sea. It carries on a great trade, parlicularly in iron, steel, and wool. It is 50 ma. B. of Bil boa, and 50 NW. of Pampeluna. Lon 1 56 W., lat. 43 24 N. Sebastian, St., town of Mexico. Lon. 105 5 W., lat. 24 20 N. Sebastian, St., or Rio Janeiro, large city of Brazil. — ^See Rio Janeiro. Sebaslopol. — See Sevastopol. Sebaatopolis, town of Mingrelia, under the pro tection ef Russia, 260 ma. NNW. of Erivan. Lon. 55 15 E., lat. 40 16 N. Sebec, village on the peninsula belween Sebec and Piscataquis rivers, Penobscot co., Maine, 165 ms. NE. from Portland. Lake and river. Me. Sebec lake lies partly in Somerset co. and partly in Penobscot, drawing its remote confluents from the environs of Moose Head lake. The outlet, re taining the same name, unites with the Piscataquis. Sebenico, seaport of Dalmolia, capital of a co. o the same name, near the mouth of the Cherca, in the Gulf of Venice, 25 ms. SE. of Zara. Lon. 16 46 E., lal. 44 17 N. Sebourg, town of France, in tbe department of tbe North, and late province of Hoinoult, 12 ms. E. of Valenciennes. Lon. 3 50 E., lot. 50 22 N. Sechura, town of South America, in Peru, in the bishopric of Truxillo, 30 ms. SSE. of Paita. Lon. 81 10 W., lat. 5 55 S. Seckau, town of Germany, in Upper Styria, on the Gayle, 9 ms. N. of Judenburg, and 90 SW. of Vienna. Lon. 14 27 E., lat. 47 19 N. Seckenheim, lown of Germany, in the circle of the Rhine, 4 ms. E of Manheim. Seckingen, lown of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, one of the forest towns, on an isle, forraed by the Rhine, 6 ms. SE. of Rheinfelden, and 27 W. of Schaffhausen. Lon. 7 57 B., lat. 47 34 N. Seckinglon, village in Warwickshire. On tbe N. side of its clfurcb are the ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. Sedan, strong town of Fr., in the department ofthe Ardennes, and late province of Champagne. It is one of th* most iraportant keys of the coun try, and has a strong castle, in which the ftmous Marshal Turenne was born, (1611,) an arsenal, a foundry of cannon, and a raanufacture of fine black cloths. Sedan is seated on the Maese, 26 ras, miles SE. of Charlemont, and 135 NE. of Paria. Lon. 5 2 E., lat. 49 42 N. Sedgemoor, large and rich tract of land of Eng,, in Soraeraetshire. It lies belween Soraerton and Bridgewater. Sedgewick, town, Hancock co.. Me., on a pen insula, W. from Bluebill Bay, and 10 ms. SE. by E. from Castine. Second Moon, tp,, Beaver co., Pa. — See Moon township. Seeching, town of Eng., in Norfolk, on a small navigable river, 4 ms. S. of Lynn, and 93 NE. of London. Lon. 24' E., Iat. 62 44 N. Seekhonk, the narae of Pawtucket river, below the falls Tp., Bristol co., .Mass., including tho Mass, part of the village of Pawtucket, 6 miles NE. from Providence. SEG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SEL Seely Creek, post office, Tioga eo., N. Y, Seelysburg, villoge, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. Seer, town of Asia, in Arabia, in the province of Oman. Lon. 64 38 E., lat. 26 10 N. Seez, town of Fr., in the department of Orne, and late province of Normandy, in a fine country, near the source of the Orne, 102 ms. W. by S. of Paris. Lon. 16' E., lat. 48 36 N. Segeberg, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in tbe duchy of Holstein. It is seated on tbe Trave, 22 ms. S. of Kiel, and 28 N. of Hamburg. Lon. 10 9 E., Iat. 54° N. Segedin, strong town of Lower Hungary, in the CO. of Czongrad, at the confluence of the Teiss and Mastroche, 50 ms. SE. of Colocza. Lon. 20 35 E..lat. 46 28N. Segestan, province of Persia, surrounded on all sides by Korasan and Balck, Candahar, and Sa blestan, Mackeran, Kerman, Colestan, and Far sistan. Segeswar, town of Transylvania, capital of a CO. of the some name. It is built in the form of on amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47 ms. N, of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24 55 E,, lat. 47 4 N. Segna, strong seaport, capital of Hungarian Dalmalia on the Gulf of Venice, 100 ras. NW. of Spoletto. Lon. 16 11 B., lot. 45 22 N. Segni, town of Itoly, in Campagna di Roma. Itis said that organs were first invented here. It is seated on a mountain, 12 ms. SE. of Palestrino, and 32 E.of Rome. Lon, 11 15 E., Iat. 41 60 N. Segorbe, episcopal town of Spain, in Valencia, wilh the title of a duchy. It is seated on the side of a bill, between two raountains, in a soil ferlile in corn and wine, and where there are quarries of fine marble. It is seated near the river Movedro, 27 ras. NW. of Valencia, and 150 E. of Madrid. Lon. 3' W., Iat. 39 48 N. Segovia, city of Spain, in Old Castile. The most reraarkable structure is the mint, seoted in a valley, surrounded by a river, on which are mills, employed in coining, Segovia is seated on a mounlain, near tbe river Arayadda, 45 ms, N W. of Madrid. Lon. 3 44 W., Iat. 40 67 N. Town of S. America, in the province of Venezue la, seated on a river near a bigb mountain, where there are mines of gold. Lon. 66 30 W,, lat. 8 20 N. Segovia, New, town of N. America, in Guate mala, seated on the river Yare, on tbe confines of the province of Honduras Lon. 84 20 W., lat, 13 26 N. Segova, Nueva, town of the East Indies, in the isle of Luconia, and one of the largest in tbe Phil ippines. It is seated al the N. end of the island, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 240 miles N. of Manilla. Lon. 120 69 E., lat. 18 39 N. Segra, river of Spain, which rises in the Py renees, in the southern slopes of the great moun tain moss of Maladetta, and runs SW. through Catalonia, passing by Puy Gerda, Urgel, Belag- ner, Leriila, and Mequinenza, where it falls into the Ebro. Segura, town of Portugal, in Beira, with a cas tle, on a mountain. It is near the rivers Elia and Tajo, 8 ms. SE. of Costel Branco, and 30 NW. of Alcantara. Town of Spain, in New Caslile, and territory of La Mancha, seated among the mountains of Segura, 36 ma. NE. ofBacza. Lon. 2 39 W., Iat. 37 66 N. River of Spain, which rises in tbe raountains of Segura, in New Castile, and, crossing Murcia and the S. part of Valencia, falls into the Medilerronean ot Guadomor. Seharanpour, town of Hindoostan proper, capi lal of a dislrict of the same namcf between the Jurana ond the Ganges, in the country of Delhi. It is 86 ms. N. of Delhi. Lon. 77 15 E., lat. 30 4N. Sehwun, town of Hindoostan, in Sinde, situated on tbe western side of the Indus, where that river almost washes tbe eastern foot of the Tuckee moun toins. It stands on a rising ground, 2 miles from tbe rivor bank. Pop, 10,000. About 100 miles above, though on tbe opposite side from Hydera bad, and an equal distance below Shirkarpoor. Seids, title given to the descendants of Mabora- et by his daughter Fatirao. The chiefs of the Seids are entitled Scheriffs. Seiks, a powerful religious warlike sect, which rules a large extent of the northweslern part of Hindooslan, and particularly Lahore. They predom inate also in Moultan and the western port of Del hi. Their government, similar to the Mahratlas, is feudal. Their founder, Nanock, waa born in Labora, early in tbe 15tb century, and, by teach ing a mild and tolerant syslem of philosophy, or rather religion, formed a sect which Mahometan intolerance subsequently forced to become warriors, and, in the course of last century, their military operations were generally auccessful, though much divided by intestine contentions. The Seiks were used by the British authorities, in Hindoostan, asa counterpoise to the Mahratlas. Seine, river of France, which rises in the de partment of Cote d'Or, and lale province of Bur gundy, and, flowing by Troyes, Melun, Paris, and Rouen, falls into the English channel ot Havre de Grace. Seine, Lower, department of France, including part of the late province of Norraandy. Rouen is the capilal. Seine and Marne, department of Fr., including part of tbe late province of the Isle of France. Meaux is the capital. Seine and Oise, dep. of Fr,, including part of the lale province of the Isle of France. Versailles is the capital. Seinsheim, town of Germany, in Franconia, with a castle, 33 ms. NW. of Nuremburg. Lon. 10 28 B,, lot. 49 40 N. Seir, or Hor, raountain in Arabia Petrsea, which formerly bounded Judea on the S., and separated it from Idumea. It is now called Sardeny, and is 140 ras. B. of Cairo, in Egypt. Selam, town of South America, in Mexico, sit uated near the sea coast. Lon. 90 28 W., 1st. 39 12 N. Selby, town of Englond, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, 12 miles S, of York, and 182 N, by W, of London. Lon. 1 2 W., lat, 53 47 N. Seleahia, anciently Seluda, town of Turkey in Asia, in Caramania, 10 ms. from the sea, and 38 W, of Terasso. Selucia, Iber, ancient episcopal town of Syria, seated on the sea coast, 8 ms. N. of Antioch. SELEuciDas, in chronology, frora the personal 813 SEM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SEN name of Seleucus Nicarwr, one of the generals of Alexander the Great. The era of Seleucidie com menced September, before Christ, 311, the years solar. It is oflen called the era of the Greeks. Seligenatadt, lown of Germany, in .the electorate of Mentz, sealed at the junction ofthe Gems pentz and Maine, 27 ms. E. of Mentz. Lon. 8 32 E,, lat. 41 4N. Selinsgrove, village, Norlhumberland co,, Pa,, on the right bank of the Susquehannah, below the mouth of Penn's creek, 50 railes above Harrisburg. Selivrea, ancient Selybria, town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania. It is seated on the sea of Marraora, 35 ras. W. of Constantinople. Lon. 28 12 E., Iat. 49 54 N. Selkirk, lown of Scot., and the co. town of Sel kirkshire. It has been long famous for a manufac ture of boots and shoes, and is seated on the Et trick, 30 ms. S. of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 46 W.,lal. 65 26 N. Selkirkshire, county of Scotland, which ie olso colled the Sheriffdom of Ettrick Forest, from the river which runs through it, which, with the Yor- row, the Tweed, ond Gallo-water, ore the chief rivers, and frora its formerly being covered all over wilh woods. It is bounded on tbe N. and N W. by Peebleshire, and N. by Edinburghshire, on the E. by Roxburghshire and port of Berwickshire, on the S. by Roxburghshire and part of Dumfriesshire, and on the W. by part of Dumfriesshire. Its mountains feed great flocks of sheep and black cat tle, and the valleys on the rivers produce much corn and bay. Tbe chief places are Selkirk, Philip- baugb, and Gallasbiells. Its chief manufactures are shoes and boots. It is the seat of a presbytery, and has 11 parishes. Its chieflown is Selkirk. Pop. in 1801,5,070; in 1811, 5,889; and in 1821, 6,637. Sellea, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Loir and Cher, and late province of Beri, with a castle. It is seat ed on the Cher, over which is a bridge, 12 miles SE. of Blois, and 106 SSW. of Paris. Lon. 1 36 E., lat. 47 25 N. Sellersville, village, Bucks co,. Pa., in Rockhill tp., 36 ma. NNW. frora Philadelpbia. Selma, village, Dallas co., Ala., by post rood 43 ras. from Cahaba. Sellz, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, sealed on the Rhine, 270 ras. E. of Paris. Lon. 8 12 E., lat, 48 63 N. Selizer, Lower, village of Gerraany, with a spring of mineral waters. Semendaria, town of Turkey in Europe, in Ser via, with a citadel, seated on the Danube, 20 ras. SB. of Belgiade. Lon. 21 46 E., lat. 46' N. Semigallia, the E. part of the duchy of Cour land, separated by tbe river Masza from Courland proper. Mittau is the capital. Seminari, town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 22 ras. NE. of Reggio. Lon. 16 21 E., lat. 38 20 N. Seminoles, division of the Creek Indions in N. Araerica. Semipalatnoi, district of tbe Russian Govern ment of Tomsk, in western Siberio. The plain between the Oby and Irtysh is of a saline nature. The banks of the Irtysh in this district are cora posed of a deep moving sand. The water is gen erally bad, and soil, except along the stream, ste- 814 rile. The capital, called by tbe Swedes Schlangen berg, is named Zraeiewskaia-Gora by the Russians. Semlin, town of Sclavonia, on the W. side of tbe Danube and Save, opposite Belgrade, and 70 ms. SE. of Esseck. Lon. 21° E., lat. 46 20 North. Sempach, lake of Switzerland, in Lucern, about 3 ms. in length and 1 in breadth. The banks on each side slope gently to tbe edge of tbe water, and ore checkered with wood. Townof Switzerlond, in the canton of Lucerne, celebrated for the battle on tbe 9th of July, 1386, which established the lib erty of the Swiss, and in which Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain. It is seated on a sraall lake of the same name, 7 ms. NW. of Lu cern. Semproniua, town, Cayuga co., N. Y., between Owasco and Skeneatelas lakes. Semur, town of Fr., in tbe dep. of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy. It has a manu faclure of cloth, and is sealed on the Armancon, over which are two bridges, 37 miles frora Autun, and 136 SE. of Paris. Lon. 4 19 E., lat. 47 28 N. .\ncient town of Fr., in tbe dep. of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, 40 ma. NW. of Lyons, and 176 S. of Paris. Lon. 4 22 B., lat. 46 14 N. Sewate, from Latin, aenatus, from senex, aged man. The original and literal meaning of Senate is, therefore, " a council of the aged ;" which meoning is in greot part applicable to the United Stoles Senate, which arises from its being an elec tive body. An hereditary Senote is an absurdity, unless the age of the merabers is stipulated to be in advanced life when adraissible. The British House of Lords is, therefore, not a Senate, in the true meaning of the term, though frequently called so by latitude of expression. Seneca, lake of New York, 38 railes long, ond frora 2 to 4 wide, extending from the N. boimdary of Tioga CO. to Geneva, receiving from tbe W. tbe discharge of Crooked lake, and, together with the discharge of Cayuga lake, falling into Seneca river near Montezuma. Tp., Ontario co., N. Y., on tbe W. side of Seneca lake. Pop. in 1810, 3,431 ; and in 1820, 4,802. Tp., Morgan co., Ohio. Tp., Monroe county, Ohio. Seneca, river, New York, is the outlet of Sene ca lake. Afler flowing to the NB. by E. about 12 miles, it receives the outlet. of Cayuga lake, and turns to the N. 4 ms., is again augmented by an other considerable confluent (the Clyde) from the W. Continuing N. 2 railes below tbe influx of Ihe Clyde, at the village of Montezuma, the Sene ca is crossed by the Brie canal, and, still flowing N. 4 ras., turns abruptly to tbe E., but gradually in clines to SB., and joins tbe Oneida, after a compar ative course of 60 miles. Tbe fall in the Seneca river, from its outlet at Geneva to Montezuma, is about 75 feet. — See Clyde. Seneca, county. New York, bounded by Lake Ontario N., Cayuga county and Cayuga lake E., Tompkins S., and Seneca lake and Seneca county W. ; length 50, raean width 10 ms., area 500 sq. ms. Soulhern part belween Cayuga and Seneca lakes hilly, middle section tolerably level, and N- part, towards Lake Onlario, again hilly ; the whole wilh a very highly fertile soil. The Erie canal traverses it, by the valley of Mud creek. Pop. in SEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SER 1820, 23,619 ; and in 1840, 24,874. Central lal. 42 50 N., lon. W. C. 10' E. Seneca, eounty, Ohio, bounded N. by Sandusky, Huron E., Crawford S,, and W, by Hancock and Wood ; lengih 30, breadlh 18 ms. ; area 540 sq miles. Sandusky river flows across this' counly from N. to S. It was formed out of the recent In dian purchose, and is yet unsettled. Central lot. 41 8 N,, lon. W. C. 6 12 W. Populalion in 1840, 18,128. (Seneca, river of Soulh Carolina, which, with the Tugaloo, uniting at Andersonville, forras Sa vannah river.- This stream rises by nuraerous branches in the Blue Ridge ; and, flowing hy a general S. course over Pickens district, which it in most part drains, enters Anderson, over which it flaws to its junciion with Tugaloo. The enlire length of Seneca does not much exceed 40 ms., but its valley being nearly circular, it is an uncom monly large stream for its lenglb. Seneca Falls, village, Seneca county, N, Y., on the outlet of Seneca lake, 10 railes below Geneva, 4 ms. below Waterloo, and 2 ras. W. from Coyu- go Bridge. Senecaville, village, Guernsey co., Ohio, by post road 59 ms, E. from Columbus. Seneffe, town of Brabant, 4 ma. S. of Niville. Senegal, one of the three principal rivera of Af rica, forraerly supposed to be one of the branches of the Niger, but determined by Mr. Pork to have its source 80 geogrophical miles W. of that river, and to flow in on opposite direction : the Niger E. and Senegol W. The Senegal, as laid down in Arrowsmith's mop, riaes in the mountains of Kong, about N. lat. 11 30, W. lon. 7°. Pursuing a NW. course about 250 miles, il receives from tbe S, the Bafing, and, obout 150 miles atill furiher the Pa lerne olao from the S. Below tbe mouth of tbe lat ter, the Senegal duea not appear to receive any fur, ther augmentation worthy of notice. Continuing NW. 200 ma., having tbe great deaert wilhin 60 or 70 ms. to the NE., it turns W. 200, and thence SW. 100, falls into the Atlantic ocean, N. lat. 15 45, W. lon. 15 60, after an enlire comparative course of 900 miles. Tbe s mrces of the Senegol interiock with those of the Niger. Il may b3 re marked that the general course of the Senegal, from the Kong raountains, 600 ras., is olrausl ex aetly parollel to tbe coast of the Atlantic ocean frora Cape Verd to Sierra Leone ; the intermediate space about 400 ms. in width. Senegal, country of Africa belween the Gambia and Senegal rivers Towards the Atlantic ocean il is liable to annual inundation. Senegambia, pages 20, 22, 23, 24, &c. ; which see. Senez, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, sealed in a rough, barren country, 46 ms. NE. of Aix, and 49 NW. of Nice. Lon. 60 40 E., Iat. 43 69 N. Senlia, ancient lown of Fr., in the dep. of Oise, ond late province of the Isle of France. The cathe dral has one of the highest steeples in France. It ia seated on side of a bill, on the river Nonette, al most surrounded by a large forest, 20 ms. NW. of Meaux, and 27 NE. of Paria. Lon. 2 40 E,, Iat. 49 12 N. Sennar, capital of a kingdora of the sorae name, in Africa. — S,">e Nubia, It is seated on an emi nence, near the river Nile. Lon. 30° B., lot. 16 4 N. — See Africa, p. U, col. Isl. Sens, ancient lown ofFr., in tbe dep. of Yonne, and late province of Burgundy, 26 miles north of Auxerre, and 60 SE. of Paris. Lon. 3 22 E., Iat. 48 12 N. Sepox, a soldier in the British service in India, and who is a native of the country. This term is from the Persian or Turkish, and frora the aame root with spahi, and probably means a soldier in general. Tbe Spbahis of Turkey are cavalry ; tbe Sepoys infantry. Sequachee, river of Tenn , rising in Bledsoe, ond flowing SW. into Marion co., which it cross es, and thence continuing SW., falls inlo tbe Ten nessee about 6 ms. above tbe NW. angle of Ga,, Entire comparative course 60 ms. Sera, town of the peninsula of Hindooslan, in the Mysore country, 66 ras. N. of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 54 B., lal. 13 28 N. SEnAOLio, pronounced seral-yo, appears on an examination to be derived frora an original rbot, raeaning to close or shut. The Persian word serai, a palace, no doubt raeans the sarae aa the English word castle, or place closed up for defence as well as residence. The French ver i serrer, to lock or close up, litlle doubt comes from the same root. With a more general sense comes caravan serai, a resting place in the African and Asiatic deserts. Query, is not circle and circus spaces en closed, also from the aame root 1 Seraio, town of Turkey in Europe, UOms. SW. of Belgrade, Lon. 18 5 E., lat. 44 24 N. Serampour, comraereial town of Hindoostan proper, in Bengal, seated on Hoogly river. It is a Danish settlement not far from Colcutta. Seravalle, town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 24 ms. N. of Genoa, Lon. 8 36 E., lat. 44 44 N. Sercelli, seaporl of the kingdora of Algiers, a litlle tolhe W. of Algiers. Lon. 2 20 B., lal. 36 50 N. Serchio, river of Italy, which has ils source in, the Appennines, in Modena. It crosses the valley of Carsognona, in the territory of Lucco, and falls into the Tuscan sea 5 ras. frora the moulh of the Arno. Skkf, from Latin, servus, a slave. Personal servitude, according lo Lunier, was not entirely abolished in France until the revolution of 1789. Serfo, or Serfanie, island of the Archipelago, 50 ras. NW. of Naxia. Il is 8 ms. long and 5 brood, and full of mounlains and rucks, in which are raines of iron and loadstone. The inhabilanls ore all Greeks, and have but one lown, called Sl. Nicholo, which is a poor place. Lon. 25 10 B., lot. 37 19 N. Ser^ag, town of Russia, in the government of Niznei Novogorod, 48 ms. e>E. of Niznei Novo gorod, Lon. 45 20 E., lot. 56 50 N. Sergipe, seaport of South America, in Brosil, capital of a government of the same narae. It is seated at tbe raouth of tbe Rey, 120 ras. NE. of St. Salvador. Lon. 39 46 W., lat. 13 30 S. Seringapatam, city of Hindoostan, capilal of Mysore, situaled in an island of Ihe river Can- very, 290 ms. WSW. of Madras, and 350 S. by E. of Visiapour. Lon. 76 46 F„, lat. 12 31 N. Seronge. — See Sirong, 815 SEV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SEV Serpa, strong lown of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated oh a rugged eminence, with a castle, 3 ms. . from the Guadiana, and 83 SE. of Lisbon. This town was tbe birthplace of that great naturalist and statesman, the Abbe Correa de Serra. Lon. 7 46 W., lat. 73 47 N. -Serres, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Alps, 16 ms. SW. of Gap. Servia, province nominally of Turkey in Eu rope, but really in tbe Russian empire, bounded on the N. by the Danube and Save, which separate it from Hungary, on the E. by Bulgaria, on the W. by Bosnia, and on the S. by Albania and Mlacedo- nia. Il is 190 ms. long and 96 broad, and is divi ded inlo four sangiciates, two of which were ceded in 1718 to the Austrians, who restored them lo the Turks in 1739 by tbe treaty of Belgrade. The names of thera are Belgrade, Semendriah, Scupia, and Cralowo. Belgrade is the capital. Servulo, castle of Austrian Istria, seated on a high mountain, 4 ms. frora Trieste. Near it is a famous cavern, in which the sparry exudations have forraed various figures of blue and white colors. Seasa, ancient episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora. Il was formerly very considera ble, and is 30 ras. N. of Naples. Lon. 14 19 B., lat. 41 20 N. Seati-di- Penente, town of Ilaly, in the territory of Genoa, 5 ms. 'VV. of Genoa. Lon. 8 36 E., lat. 44 24 N. Seato, lown of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Tesin, where it proceeds from the Lake Maggi ore, 26 ma, WNW. of Milan. Sestos, strong castle of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, seated on the strait of Galipoli, — See Dardanelles, Sesiri-di-Levante, oncient town of Itoly, in the territory of Genoa, 30 ms. W. of Genoo. Lon. 9 28 E., lot. 44 23 N. Setalket, pronounced Setawket, and in the post office list, written Setowcket, village, Brookhaven tp., Suffolk CO., N. Y., on the N. side of Long island, opposile Stratford, Conneciicut, and by post road 60 ms. NE. by E. from the city of N. Y. Se-tchuen, province of China, bounded on the N. by Ghensi, on the E. by Houquang, on the S. by Koei-tcheou, and on the W. by Thibet, and other neighboring countries. Seteef, lown of Tunis, in the kingdom of Al giers, 50 ms. SW. of Constantia. Lon. 6 36 E., lat. 35 58 N. Setimo, town of Piedmont, seated on the Po, 8 ms, N. of runn. Lon. 7 47 B., lat. 45 14 N. Setines, — See Athens, Setledge, river of Indoston. — See Sutledge, Settenil, town of Spain, in Granada. Lon. 5 10 W., lat. 36 48 N. Settia, town of the island of Candia, 48 ms. ESE. of Candia. Lon. 26 2 E., lat. 36 3 N. Settle, town of Bng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Settle's Store and post office, Rockingham co., N. C, by post road 102 ms. NW. from Raleigh. Settovitone, lown of Italy, in Piedmont, 4 ras. N. of Ivica. Setuval, or Setubal. — See Ubea, St, Sevastopol, seaport and town of Russia, on tbe SW. point of the Criraea, It bas an excellent 816 harbor, and has been a depot for a part of the Rus sian navy. Lon. 33 24 E., lat. 44 45 N. Seven lalanda, islands to lhat nuraber in the Frozen ocean, lying in lon. 18 48 B., lat. 80 21 N. Among these islands. Captain Phipps, wilh the Racehorse and Carcass were surrounded hy the ice, from the 15th of July to the 10th of August, 1773 ; but, being aided by a brisk gale at NNE., effected their deliverance. Seven-mile Ford, post office, Washington co., Va., 300 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Severwaka, town of Eng., in Kent, 6 ms. NNW. of Tunbridge, and 23 SSE.. of London. Lon. 18' E., lat. 51 19 N. Sever, St,, town of Fr., in tbe department of Landes, seated on tbe Adour, 20 ras. B. of Dax, and 65 S. by E. of Bordeaux. Lon. 35' W., lal. 43 46 N. Severino, St,, fortified town of Naples, in Ca- lobria Citeriore, on a craggy rock, on the river Neeto, 8 ms. frora the sea, and 46 SE. of Ros sano. Lon. 17 14 E., Iat. 39 16 N. Townof Italy, in the raarquisate of Ancona. It has fine vineyards, and is sealed between two bills on the river Petenza, 6 ms. NW. of Tolentino. Lon. 13 6 E., lat. 43 16 N. Town of Italy, in tbe kingdom of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, seated on the river Sarno. Severn, river of Eng. .which rises in the moun lain of Plynlimmon, in Montgomeryshire, and, flowing first across that co., it then enters Shrop shire at its confluence with the Vyrnew, or Wir- new. It is navigable in its whole course through this CO. In ils course it walers Llanydlos, New ton, Welshpool, Shrewsbury, Bridgenorlh, Bewd- ly, Worcesler, Upton, Tewkesbury, and Gloucea- ter, and, entering the sea, its mouth ia colled the Bristol channel. It is tbe second river in Eng., and has a communication with the Thames by a canal. — See Thamea, Severn Vale, extensive and ferlile vale of Eng., in Gloucestershire, obounding in ferlile pastures, which furnish that cheese for which that co. is fa raous. — See Evesham, Vale of. Severn, small river or boy of Md,, in Anne .\rundel co., which opens into Chesapeake boy 2 ma. below Annapolis. Severndroog, island of Hindooslan proper, 60 ms. S. of Bombay. Severo, town of Naples, in Capilanata, with a bishop's see, seated in a plain, 75 ma. NE. of Na ples. Lon. 15 34 E., lot. 41 40 N. Severo Voaiochnoi, cape of tbe extreme northern point of Asia, jutting ralher sharply between the outlets of the Jeneisy and Anabara rivers, almost exactly on the 1 00th degree of Ion. E. of London, lal. 76 10 Severus' Wall, coramonly called Graham's Dike, ia the W. of Scotland. It s a work of the Romans, supposed to be done by the eraperor, whose narae it bears, to prevent tbe incursions of the Picts and Scots. It began at Abercorn, on the Frith of Forth, 4 ras. NE. of Linlithgow, and runs W. to the Frith of Clyde, ending at Kirk palrick, near Dumbarton. Sevier, co., Tenn., bounded by Dusky moun lain or N. Car. SE., Monroe S.,' Blount W., Knox NW., Jefferson NE., and Cocke E. Lengih 33 ms., mean width 20, area 660 sq. ms. ; surface SEY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SHA generally billy, and soil sterile. It is traversed by tbe Nolichucky, ond drained by one of its broncbea. Chieflown, Sevierville, Pop. in 1820,4,772; ond in 1840,6,442. Cll. lat. 36 50 N,, lon. W. C. 6 34 W. Sevier, C. H — See next article. Sevierville, village and seat justice, Sevier co., Tenn., in tho fork of French Broad river, on the road from Maryville to Dandridge, 25 ms. SE. from Kn()xvillc. Lat. 35 62 N., lon. W. C. 6 31 W. Seville, provinco of Spain, — See Spain, Seville, city of Spain, capital of Andalusia, and an archbishop's see, sealed on tbe Guadalquiver, It was the capital of the kingdom till Phibp II es tablished bis court at Madrid, aa a more centrical position. Seville is of a round form, fortified wilh strong walls flanked wilh high lowers, and takes up more ground than Madrid, although it now bos not obove 70,000 inhabilanls. 'J'he Phcenicions called il Hispotis, and it is the Julia of the Ro mans, who embellished it with many magnificenl buildings. The Moors built an aqueduct, slill to be seen, 6 ms. in length. The situation of Seville renders it one of the most comraerciol towns of Spain. All the trade of that kingdora with the New World centered originally in its port ; but that of Cadiz having been found more corainodious, the golleons have sailed from that place since 1720 Such voat eraployraent did the Ampricon trade give at one period, that in Seville alone there were no fewer tban 16,000 looms in silk or woolen work; but before the end of ihe reign of Philip III they were reduced lo 400. The country around is ex tremely fertile in corn, wine. Sic. ; and there ia abundance of oil, for tbe W. of the river is a grove of olive trees, 30 ms. in length. Seville is 45 ms. from tbe .Atlantic, and 212 SSW. of Mad rid. Lon. 5 59 W., lat. 37 14 N. A village in the southwestern part of Medina co., Ohio, in the tp. of Guilford, 9 ms. S. of Medina, the co. seat. The poet office name, Guilford. Sevres, Two, department of Fr., including part of tbe lale province of Poitou, It is so named from two rivers that rise here ; one, called Sevre Niortois, flows W. by St. Moixent, Niort, ond Marans, into the Boy of Biscay, opposile the isle of Re; and tbe olher, narned Sevre Nanlois, lakes ..a NW. direction, passes by Clisson, and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. Niort is the capital. Sswalick, chain of mountoins in .4sia, border ing on the country of Sirinagur and the province of Delhi. At Hurdwar, the Ganges forces its"way through Ihis ridge into tbe plains of Hindooston. Sewickly, large creek of Westmoreland co.. Pa,, rises in the vicinity and to the.E. from Green burg, flows W. and falls into Youghiogany river, 2 ms. below Robstown. Sewicklq, New, tp , Beaver co,, Pa., extend ing from Beaver river, up the right side of Ohio river, to ihe limits of Alleghany co. Sewickly, North, tp,, Beaver co.. Pa., lying N. from tbe preceding. Sewickly's Bottom, posl office in tbe western part of Alleghany CO., Pa., N. from Ohio river, 15 ms. NW. from Pittsburg. Seyssol, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ain, and late province of Bresse, divided by the Rhone into 103* two parts, where itis first navigoble. It ia 14 mo. NE. of Beley. Lon. 7 46 E., lal, 46 6 N. Sezanne, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Marne, and lale province of Champagne, sealed on a lillle river, 27 ms. NW. of Troyes, and 66 SE. from Poria. Lon. 4 10 E,, lal. 48 41 N. Sezza, lown of Ilaly, in Naplea, 29 ma. NNW. of Naples. Lon. 13 46 E., lat. 41 19 N, Shabur, town of Egypt, on the Nile. Lon. 30 38 E., lot. 30 47 N. Shackleford, villoge, King and Queen co , Va., 16 ms. NW. of Gloucester, 76 B. of Richmond, and 143S. by B. of W. C. Shade Mountain Gap, post office, eastern part of Huntingdon co.. Pa., 20 ms. SE. from Hunt ingdon, and by post road 79 ras. W. from Harris burg. Shade Works, post office, Somerset co.. Pa. Shady Grove, village, Franklin co., 'Va., 228 ms. SVV. by W. from Richraond. Shafferatown, village in the NE. part of Leba non CO., Pa., 9 ras, E. from Lebanon, ond 32 E. from Harrisburg. Shaftsbury, borough of Eng,, in Dorsetshire, on a hill, in form of a bow, where water is so scarce that the poor get a living by fetching it from a great distance. It is 25 ms. NNE. of Dorches ter, and 102 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 20 W., lat. 51° N. Town, Bennington co., Vt., about half way between Bennington and Arling ton, or nearly 10 ras. from each. Pop. 2,000. Shahjehanpour, town of Hindooston, in the E. Indies. Lon. 76 18 B., lat. 23 26 N. Shafk, Schf.ik, Chbick, Arabic, original meaning, an old man. This word bas become oraongst the Mahoraetans a title. Amongst the Turks, the raufli or high, priest is called sclieik ulismani, which means '"prelate of the elected," The ministers of large mosques are often, in ad dition to sheik, honored with the title scherif or saint. Shakertown, village, Knox co., Ia., 18 ms. above Vincennes. Shalersville, lown, Porlage co., O,, N. from Ravenna. Shallow Ford, peat office, Pendleton dislrici, S. C. Sham. — See Damascus, Shamanism, a very vogue terra applied to the religious systera of many barbarous Iribes of the Finnish race, such as the Ostiaks, Samnjeds, &c., of northern Asia. 'Their priesls are called Sha mans. Shamokin, creek, Northumberland co.. Pa., ri ses in the E. part of the co., and flows W. inlo the Susquehannah, immediately below Sunbury. ¦Tp., in tbe E, angle of Norlhumberland co.. Pa., on Shamokin creek. Shandakin, town, Ulster co., N. Y., 18 ms. W. from Kingston. Shanes Crossing, town, Mercer co., O., 122 ms. by post road NW. from Columbus. Shanesville, village, Tuacarawaa co,, 0., on Sugar creek, 6 raa. N. from New Philadelphia. Shang-hae, formerly named in our books Chang- hai, port of China, in the province of Keung-soo, and recently opened to foreign trade by a treaty belween Great Britain and China. — See Changhai. Shanandoah, — See Shenandodli, 817 SHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SHE Shannon, largest river of Ireland, which issues . from Lough Allen, in the province of Connaught, and, running S., divides the provinces of Lein ster and Connaught. It then turns SW., passes tbe city of Limerick, and falls into the Atlantic ocean between the cos. of Clare and Limerick. The Shannon is supposed to be the largest river of the eorlb, compared witb the island to which it belongs. Shannon Hill, post office, Goochland co., Va., by post road 57 ma. NW. from Richmond. Shannonsville, village, Montgomery co.. Pa. Shap, village of Eng., in Westmoreland, at the source of the Loder, between Ortan and Penrith. Shapleigh, town, York co., Me., siluoted on the E. side of Piscataqua river, about 40 ms. N. of Portsmouth, in N. H. Shappinsha, one of the Orkney islands, lying NE. of Mainland. Sharon, tp., Hillsborough co., N. H. Town, Windsor co., Vt., 22 ms. N. from Wind sor. Town, Norfolk co., Mass., 10 ras. south from Dedham. Pop. 1820, 1,010. Post of fice, Schoharie «&., N. Y. Pop. 1820, 3,982. Town, Litchfield co., Ct, on tbe border of N. Y., 51 ms. W. by N. of Hariford, and 20 NE. of Ppughkeepsie, on Hudson river. It is the seat of an academy. Pop. 1810, 2,606; in 1820, 2,573. Village, near the western part of Mercer CO., Pa., on Chenango creek, 40 ms. a little W. of N. from Beaver, and 70 NW. frora Pittsburg. Village, Ashtabula co., 0. Tp. Richland co., 0. Northern tp. Franklin co,, O. Pop. 1820, 983. Sharon, small village, Hamilton co., O., 15 ms. N. from Cincinnati. — See Sharonville, Sharpaburg, village, Hamilton co., O. Vil lage, Washington co., Md., lying on the E. side of Potomac river, 10 ms. above Harper's Ferry, and about 21 W. of Fredericktown. It has about 160 inhabitants. Village, Balhco., Ky., 59 ms. B. from Frankfort. Sharpstown, village, Salem co., N. J., 7 ms. - NE. from Salem, and 26 SE. from Philadelphia. It contains about 40 houses, and 250 inhabitants. Sharronville, village, Hamilton co., 0., 12 ms. a little E. ofN. from Cincinnati. Shastras, books of sacred ordinances. — See Vedas. Shat-el-Arab, Arabic name ofthe united streams ofthe Euphrates and Tigris, below tbeir junction. The Shat-el-Arab is about 100 ms. long, flowing fromNW. to SE. Before entering the Persian Gulf, it divides into numerous channels, and re ceives the Ahwas from the N. Shauck's, village, Richland co., 0., 73 ms. NB. by E. from Columbus. Shaver's Creek, and post office, Huntingdon CO., Pa., 10 ras. N. frora Huntingdon. Shawangunk, village, Ulster co,, N. Y., lyjng on the !E. side of Walkill river, 26 ms. S. of King ston, and 29 N. of Goshen. Pop. 1820, 3,372. Shawneelown, village, Gallatin co.. III., on the right bank of Ohio river, 10 ms. below tbe mouth if the Wabash, Shaw's Ridge, posl office, Pendleton co., Va., 141 ma, NW. from Richmond. Sheboigan, river of peninsular Michigan, rising about N. lat. 44 20, and lon. 7° W. of W. C, 818 and, flowing thence a little W. of N. 100 ma., falls into the extreme western part of Lake Hu ron, opposite the island of Bois Blanc. Sheepscut, river, Maine, riaes in the northern part of Lincoln co., and, flowing SSW. 50 ms., enters the Atlantic oceon by a long and wide bay. Only a narrow point seporotes the mouths of the Kennebec and Sheepscut rivers. Bridge and post office, Lincoln co., Maine, about 10 ras. NB. from Wiscasset. Shereness, fort of Bng., in Kent, on the N. point of the isle of Shepey, al the principal mouth of the^ Medway, 3 ma. N. of Queensborough. Lon. 48 E.. lat. 51 28 N. Sheffield, large and populous town of Eng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire. This town has been noted several hundred years for cullers and smith's manufactures, which were encouraged and advanced by the neighboring mines of iron, partic- ulorly for files and knives, or whittles, for the last of which especially it bas been a staple for above 300 years, and is reputed to excel Birminghara in these wares, as that does this tpwn in locks, bin ges, nails, and polished steel. The first mills in England for turning grinding stones weie also set up here. Here are also lead works ond a silk mill. It is seated on the Don, which is navigable wilhin 2 or 3 ms. of the town, and its neighborhood abounds with coal. It has two large churches and a spacious market place, furnished witb neat shops for butchers, &c. It is 64 ms, SSW. of Ybrk, and 161 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 29 W., lot. 53 20 N. Town, Berkshire co., Mass., 30 ms, SE. of the city of Hudson, and 58 NV/, of Hartford. It is remarkable for ils quar ries of fine marble. Pop. 1810, 2,439; and in 1820, 2,477. Town, Coledonia co, Vt., 38 ras. NE. from MontpeUer. Village, Loroin CO., 0. ; by poat road 155 ms. NNE. from Co lumbus. Shefford, lown of Eng., in Bedfordshire, 8 ms. SE. of Bedford, and 41 N. by W. of London. Lon. 21' W., lat. 62 8 N. Shefnal, town of Eng., in Shropshire, 9 ms, NE. of Bridgenorlh, and 136 NW. of London. Lon. 2 22 W., lat. 52 42 N. Shields, North, a dirty ploce, and seaport of Eng., in the co. of Northumberland. It is re markable for being the mart where ships take in their loading of coal, sealed on the N. side of the Tyne, 10 ms. E, of Newcastle. Lon. 1 12 W., lat. 55 4 N. Shields, South, seaport of Eng., in tbe co. of Durham, wheie there ore upwards of 200 salt pons. It i s seated on tbe S. side of the Tyne, 1 0 ms. E. of Newcastle. Lon. 1 12 W., lot. 65 4 N. Shelbume, town inthe British province of New Brunswick, at Port Rosewoy, extends 2 ms. on the waler side, and one mile back, wilh wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. The harbor is deep, capacious, and secure. Lat. 43 46 N., lon. 65° W. Town, Coos co., N. H. Town. Chittenden co,, Vt., on Lake Cham plain, 7 ms. S. from Burlington. Pop. 1,000. Town, Franklin co., Mass., on the N. side of Deerfield river, between Plainfield and Cole- roin. Pop. in 1820, 1,022. Shelby, village, McComb co., Mich., 38. ms, from Detroit. Town, Gene.^ee co., N. Y,, SHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SHE adjoining Niogora CO.. N. frum the Tonnewanto reservation, and S. from the Erie canal. Shelby, co., Alo., bounded by Coosa river E., Bibb CO. S., Tuscaloosa SW., Jefferson NW., -and St. Clair N. Lengih 40 ms,, width 36, area 1,440 sq. ms. It is drained by the sources of Ca haba river. Chief town, Shelbyville. Pop. in 1820,2,416; and in 1840,6,112. Centrallat. 33 17 N., lon. W. C, 9 42 W. Shelby, SW. co., Tenn., bounded by tbe Slate of Miss. S., Miaaiaaippi river W., and Madison co., in Tenn., N. and E. It is drained by Wolf river and ils branches. Surface generally hilly, Il in cludes old Fort Pickering, now Memphis. Length 34 ms., width 30, area 1,020 sq. ms. Pop. in 1820,354; and in 1840, 14,721. N. lal. 35 10 and lon, W. C. 13° W., intersect in this en. Shelby, co., Ky., bounded by Spencer co. S., Jefferson W., Henry N,, and Franklin B. and SE. Length 22 ms,, mean width 16, area 350 sq. ms. It ia chiefly drained by tbe NE. fork of Sail river. Soil highly productive. Chief town, Shelbyville. Pop. in 1840, 17,768, Central Iat, 38 12 N., Ion. W. C. 6 7 W. Shelby, co., in the wesiern part of O., bounded N. by Allen, E. by Logan, S. by Miami, ond W. by Darke. It is about 20 ms. sq., and contains 400 sq. ms. It ia watered by the Great Miami river and Lororaie's creek, beside severol of their tributaries. Pop. in 1820, 2,106; and in 1840, 12,1.54. Centrol lat. 40 20 N., lon. W. C. 7 12 W. Shelby, co , la., bounded by Bortholoraew S,, Johnson W., Morion NW., Madison N., Rush B., and Decatur SE. Length 24 ras., breadth 18, area 432 sq. ms. It is drained by different bronches of the East fork of While river. Pop. in 1840, 12,005. For central lot., see Shelbyville, Shelby co., Ia. Shelby Court House, ond post office, Shelby CO., Ala., by post road 93 ms. N. from Cahaba Shelbyville, village and aeat of justice, Shelby CO., Ia,, on Blue river, branch of White river, 25 ms. SE. frora Indianapolis. Lat. 39 31 N., lon. W. C. 8 40 W. Shelbyville, town and seot of justice, Bedford CO., Tenn., on the right bank of Duck river, 30 ms. S. frora .Murfreesboro. Beside tbe county buildings, it contains a bank and printing office. Lat. 35 27 N., lon. W. C. 9 27 W. Vil lage, Shelby co., Ala., about 100 ras. S. from Huntsville, and by post road 93 ms. o liltle E. of N. from Coboba. Shelbyville, town ond seat of justice, Shelby co. Ky., on Brashier's fork of Salt river, 30 ms. E. from Louisville. It contains, beside the county buildings, an academy, two churches, near 300 houses, and about 1,400 inhabitants. Lat. 38 12 N., lon. W. C. 8 7 W. Sheldon, or Hungerford, town, Franklin co., Vt, on Missisque river, 32 ras, N. from Burling ton. Pop. in 1820, 1,000. Sheldcm, oneof the wesiern lowns, Genesee co., N. Y., on the head-waters of Tonnewanla, and Buffalo creeks, 30 ms. SE. by E. frora Buffalo, and 25 SSW. from Batavia. Sheila, town of Africa, in Morocco, where none are allowed to enter but Mahometans. It is 4 ms. E. of Sallee. Shelter Island, and tp, of Suffolk co., N. Y., off the E. end of Long Island. Sheltonborough, village, Pittaylvonia co. , Va. Shenandoah, river of Va., riaes in Augusta, ond drains that co,, and Rockingham, Page, Warren, Shenandoah, Frederick, and Jefferson COS., ond falls into tbe Potomac at Harper's Ferry, after a comparative course of about 150 ms. Be side nuraerous smaller broncbea, it is composed of 4 large constituent streams, and, following its meanders, is novigoble for boats about 100 ms. Its volley is one of tbe finest grain ffacis of the United States. Shenandoah, co., Va., bounded by the Blue Ridge, or Culpeper and Madison cos., SE., Rockingham SW., Hardy and Hampshire NW,, and Frederick NE. Length 36 ms., mean width 30, area 1,080 sq. ma. Itis troversed by the two main branches, and droined by raany minor tri butaries of Shenondoah river. The intermediate spoce between the two great branches of the Shenondoah are very mountainous, and all other parts of the co. hilly. Soil generally productive in groin, pasturoge, and fruils. Chief town, Woodstock. Central lat 38 47 N., lon. W. C. 1 30 W. Populolion in 1820, 18,926 ; and in 1840. 11,618. Tbe diminution bere shown is only apparent, aa Worreii and Page cos. were, sub sequent to 1840, forraed frora what wos formely comprised in Shenandooh. The pop. of the three coa. in 1840 stood thus : Shenandoah 11,618 Warren- - 6,194 Page - - 6,627 Total 23,439 Shenango, NE. tp., Beover eo., Po. SW. tp,, Crowford co., Pa. One of the wesiern tps,, Mercer CO,, Po., on both sides of Shenango river, 8 ms. SW. from Mercer. River, Pa'., rises in the NW. ongle of Crawford co., flows S. ocross Crowford and Mercer cos., and falla into Big Beaver river on the northern border of Bea ver CO. Shepaug, a amall stream of Litchfield co., lat. which falls into Housatonick river in tbe extreme western angle of New Haven co. Shepey, isle of Eng., in Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, separated from the raain land by the East Swale. Il contains the borough of Queens borough and the fort of Sheerness. Shepherd's Isles, group of small islands in the S. Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 42 B., lat. 17° 8. Shepherdstown, village, Cumberland CO., Pa., 4 ms. from Harrisburg, and 16 from Carlisle, Town, Jefferson co., Va., lying on the south side of the Potomac river, opposite to Sharpsburg, 16 ms. NW. of Harper's Ferry, and 34 NE. of Winchester. Village, Belmont co., 0. Shepherdsville, village, Bullitt co., Ky., on the right bank of Salt river, 20 ms. S. from Louis ville, and an equal distance NW. from Bairds town. Shepog, small river which rises in Litchfield co.. Conn. — See Shepaug, Shepton Mallet, town of Bng., in Somerset shire. It has a considerable manufacture of cloth, is seated under MendirHilla, 17 ms. SW. of Bath, 819 SHI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SHO and 114 W. of London. Lon. 2 30 W., lat. 61° N. SAo-ioTO, town of Eng., in Dorselshise, with a free school founded hy Edward A''I., two large silk mills ; and a conduit of excellent water, which is continually running. It is computed lo contain 2,000 inhabitants, 16 ms. N. by W. of Dorchester, and 118 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 41 W., Iat 50 54 N. Sherborn, town of Eng., in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on a river, which soon falls into the Ouse, 14 ifta. SW. of York, and 181 N. by W. ofLondon, Lon. 1 16 W,, lat, 53 49 N. Sherborough, fort of Guinea, in Africa, seated at the raouth of Sherborough river. It belongs to the English, and is 100 ms. SE. of Sierra Leone. Lon. 11° W., lat, 6° N. Sherburne, anciently Killington, tp., Rutland CO., Vt, 24 ms. SSW. from Windsor. Killing- ton peak, in thia tp., rises lo 4,000 feet above the level ofthe ocean. — '¦ — Town, Middlesex co., Mass., 20 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 811. Town in the island of Nantucket, 80 ms. S. of Boston. Lon. W. C. 6 30 E., lat 41° N. Town, Chenango co., N. Y., on the W. side of Chenango river, about 34 ras. W. of Cooper's town, and 20 S. of Sangerfield. Pop. in 1810, 2,428 ; in 1820, 2,590. Village, Beaufort, dia trict, 8. C, by post rood 214 ras. from Columbia. Sherburne Mills, post office, Fleming co., Ky., S. from W. C, and by post road 106 ms. NE. frora Frankfort. Sheriff, — See county. Sheriff-Muir, heath in Perthshire, Scotland., between the Ochils and the Grompion mountoins. Sherman, tp., Fairfield co., Conn. Pop. in 1810, 949; in 1820,957. Sherrard's Store, and post office, Hampshire CO., Va., 98 ma. a little N. of W. from W. C. Sherrill'a Ford, and post office, by poat road 160 ma. westerly from Raleigh. Sherwood's Corner, and poat office, Cayuga co., N. Y., by poat road, 164 ms. westerly from Al bany. Shehriffe, title given to Ihe descendants of Ma homet, by Hassan Ebn Ali, and are now numerous and al once divided and mutually hostile. One of tbe Sherriffs is nominal sovereign of the original seat of the Mahometan religion. Within the the aasumed dominions of the Sherriffs are tbe cities of Mecca, Medina, Taif, Jambo, Sadie, and othera, oil in Hedjas, which see. Tbe Sherriffe baa no power in religious matters. — See Seids, Sheahequin, village, Bradford co.. Pa., by post road 182 ma. N. from Harriaburg. Shetland, general name of about 40 island lying 100 ma. NNE. of Caithness-shire, in Scolland, between 59 56, and 61 11 N. lat The names of the principal are. Mainland, Yell, Unat, and Pula, or Thule. Shetland, with Orkney, forras one of the cos. uf Scolland, Shetucket, river. Conn., joins the Quinebaug at Norwich, to form the Thomea, of which it ia the NW. broncb. Shieldsborough, village, Hancock co,, Mias., on the bay of St. Louis. It is a place of summer re sort finm New Orleans. Shikarpoor, city of Sindy, on the west side ofthe Indus river, and on the eastern slope of the Soli- 820 mann mountains, by comparotive courses about 300 ras. above tbe raouth of the Indus, and 200 below the junction ofthe Indus and Chenaub or Sutlege river. Bukor, or Bhukor, on the Indus, but east ern side, may be regarded as the port of Shikar poor, a town which has extensive connexions wilh raany parts of Asia, and is situated on tbe plains below the Bolan Pass, tbe great defile through tho Soliraonn mountains inlo Gundava, and thence inlo the whole of Beluchistan. Shiloah, village, Camden co., N. C. Shine's Store, and post office, Twiggs co,, Ga. Shin Loch, lake in the mountains of Suther landshire, Scotland, 81 ras. in circuit, frora which issues o stream which flows into the Frilh of Dornoch. Shinntown, village, Harrison co., Va., on the W. folk of Monongahela, at the raouth of Sim- son's creek, 8 ms. NNE from Clarksburg, and by post rood 235 ms, a little N. of W, from Wash ington City. Ship Island, long narrow island or sand bar of the Mississippi, ^opposite Biloxi boy, and between Cat and Horn islonds. Shippinsburg, town and borough, Cumberland CO., Pa., 21 ma. SW. of Carhsle, 11 NE. of Chambersburg, and 136 W. of Philadelphia. It ia situated in the heorl of a ferlile couniry. The tp , Willi the borough, bad a populalion, in 1840, of 1,473. Shippingport, large village, Jefferson co., Ky., ot tbe bottom of tbe Rapids of Ohio, and 2 ms. below Louisville. It is, at low water, the bead of ateomboat novigotion in the Ohio. It is in reality the lower port of Louisville. Shipton, lown of Eng., in Worcestershire, on the Stour, 14 ras. W. of Banbury, ond 83 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 25 W., lot 62 8 N. Shirk .rpoor, city of Cobool. Shirley, town, Middlesex co.. Mass,, 21 ms. WNW, from Boston. One of the eastern tps., Huntingdon co., Pa,, on the right side of Juniala river, opposite Hamiltonville. Pop. 1820, 1,191. Shirleysburg, village, Shirley tp., Huntingdon CO., Pa,, abou"t 20 ms, SSE. from Huntingdon. Shiver's Mills, and post office, Warren co., Ga,, 34 ms, easterly from Milledgeville. Shoa, province of Abyssinia, in N. lat, 11°. Thia very imperfectly known country occupies part " of the eastern slope of the Nile basin, about 260 ms. southwardly from ond below Gondar. The Nile, or, as called in the exireme higher part of its course, the Amhoro, issues from one of those mountain basins, of which Mexico is an, example, and, flowing southwardly, receives numerous con- fiuenta from tbe mouniainous rim by which il ia encircled. Two of those mountain torrents, flow ing westward, drain Shoa, ond foil inlo the Nile, which below their influx cross N. lot 10°, and lapidly curving to the W. and NW. quit Upper Abyssinia, and, after a comparotive course of about 500 ms,, join White river, to form the proper Nile. See Nile and Africa, pages 11, 12, &c. Tbe whole of Upper .\byssinia is very elevoled. Shoals, Isles ofi on the coaat of New Homp- shire ond Maine. They lie convenient for the cod fishery, which was formerly carried on here lo great advantage. Shoals of Ogechee, post office in the eaatern SHU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SIB part of Hancock CO, , Go,, 30 raa. NE. from Mil ledgeville. Shoccoe Springs, villoge, acaderay, and watering place, Warren co., N. C, about 60 ras. NE. frora Raleigh, Shogle, town of Asia, in Syria, on the Asia an ciently called Orontea, over which ia a bridge of 13 arches. It is 18 ms. S. by E. of Antioch, and 45 SW. of Aleppo. Lon. 36 40 E., lat 35 20 N. Shoomska, one of the Kuriles, in Kamtschatka, which ia inhabited by a raixlure of natives and Kamlacbalkadales. — See Kuriles. Shooter's Hill, village of Eng., in Kent; situated on a hill ao colled, 8 ms, ESE. ofLondon. From ibis hill is a fino exiensive prospect, and the Thamea mokes a raognificent appearance from it. Shoreham, borough of Eng,, in Sussex, on on arm of the seo, which raakes it a place of some trade, and many small vcasela ore built here. It is 16 ms, NW. of New Haven, and 5fi S. by W. of London, Lon. 16' W., lal. 50 54 N. Town, Addison co,, Vt, on the E, side of Lake Cham plain, 4 ms. N. of Mount Independence. Popu lation, 2,100. Short, SE. tp,, Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 2,978. Short Pump, post office, Henrico co., Va., 9 ms. from Richraond. Short Tract, village, Alleghany co,, N. Y. Shawn's Cross Roads, Carter co., Tennessee, by post road 280 ras. a liltle N, of E, from Mur freesborough. Shrewsbury, borough of Eng., in Shropahire, and the capital of that co , 18 ms, E. of Welsh pool, 36 W. of Litchfield, and 169 NW. of Lon don. Lon. 2 41 W., lat 52 43 N Town, Rutland co., Vt, on Otter creek, 10 ms. SE, from Rutland. Town, Worcester CO., Mass,, 6 ms, NE, from Worcester. Pop. in 1810, 1,210; in 1820, 1,458. Town, Monmouth co., N. J., on a high and dry aoil, near tbe sea shore, and there fore resorted to in sumraer by the people of New York and Philadelphia, aa o bathing place. Il lies in Iat 40 17 N., ond Ion. 73 12 W,, ot the dis tance of 47 ms. NE. from Trenton, 28 E. by S. from New Brunswick, ond 77 NE, from Philadel phia. Pop. of the tp. in 1810, 3,773; in 1820, 4,284; and in 1840, .5,917. Town, York co., Pa. It boundii on Md, on the S,, and lies be tween the S. and E. branches of Codorous creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,983. NE. tp., Lycoming co., Pa. Village, Kenhawa co., Va., by post road 306 ms. NW. by W. from Richmond. Shropshire, or Salop, co. of Eng., bounded on the N. by Cheshire and o detached part of Flint shire, on the E. by Slaffirdshire, on the SE. by Worcestershire, on the S, by Herefordshire, on the SW. by Radnorshire, and on the W. by the cos. of Montgomery and Denbigh; it is about 50 ms. long and 40 broad. It lies partly in the diocess of Litchfield and Coventry, and partly in lhat of Here ford, This country obounda with lead, copper, iron, liraestone, freestone, pipe cloy, bitumen, ond coal. The principal rivera ore the Severn and the Tend. The capital is Shrewabury. Pop. in 1801, 167,539; in 1811, 194,278; and in 1821,206,266. Shumla, Tchoumla, Sfc, a large foriified town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria. Il is situated in one ofthe gorges of the Balcan mountains, N. lat, 43 15, lon. 27° E. of London, about 100 ras. a little E. of N. from Adrianople, 45 mo. nearly due W. from Varno, and 200 ms. NNW. from Constantinople. Shutesbury, tp. and post office, Fronklin co. , Moss., 15 ma. NE. from Greenfield. SuTANs, SuANa, or Laos, loosely applied names used lo deaignale the civilized people who inhabit the imperfectly known countries between tbe Boy of Bengol and China. " Shyan ia a Burman name, and Low or Lao tbe Chinese. They call theinaelvea Tay. They seem to be the parent stock of both Asamese and Siamese. Bengolese olwoys put a vowel before every word, and moke m and n converlible, so that Shyan becomes with them A-syam, which the English furiher altered to Asam. Syam, or Siam, is but another form of iho same word. — Malcom, vol 2, page 198. Siam, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. by Chino, on the E. by Laos and Cambodia, on the S. by the Gulf of Siam, and on the W. by the Buy bf Bengal and Pegu. It is 550 ms, in length, and 250 in breadlh, though in some plocea not above 50. It is divided into the Higher and Lower, and the aoil producea plenly of rice, cotton, ond fruits. They hove abundonce of wild beasts in the woods, as elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tigers. Their lame cattle are beeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they hove plenly about their farras. Be sides which, there are large and dangerous croco diles, and serpents 20 feet long. Theie reigns a laraenlable ignorance in our books on the wide tracts and numerous civilized nations belween Hin doostan and China, ft would appear, from Howard, Malcom, and some other authors, thot Siam, Asorn, Asyam, Shyan, &c., ore mere inflexions of the same term. YoodrooShoii, or one of the naraes we use for Annsm, is no doubt from the some root, and all about as definite as Asiatic or European. Malcom says: " The Shy ons ore divided into many tribes, and the language has a corresponding num ber of dialects." "It is impossible lo enumerate the different tribes. Their chief designations seem to be from the regions they inhabit." These ore in structive sentences, as they show a frequently vis ited fountain of error. Mere local names of places are made to create Iribes, which, nationally spook ing, have no separate existence. — See Shyan, Siam, or Juihia, capital of a kingdom of the same name, sealed on the Menan, near its raouih, in the Gulf of Siam, 400 ms. SE. of Pegu. Lon. 101 20 E,, lot 14 20 N. Siara, coptoin-generolsHip of Brazil, bounded by Pornoiba river or .Moranhora NW., Allontic ocean NE., Pernombuco and Bahia SE , and Goias SVV. Length 700, breadlh 200 ms; area 140,000 sq. ms. Town of South Americo, in Brozil, copitol of a cap I ain generalship of the same nome. Lon. W. C. 37 10 E., Iat 3 15 S. Siaskoi, town of Russia, in the governmenf of Pelersburgh. Il ia seoted not far from the Lake Ladoga, 24 ms. NK. of New Ladogo. Lon. 30 .47 E., lat 60 16N. Siberia, from Sibir, its ancient (Capital, ia tho general name of Asiatic Russia. It is bounded N. by the Frozen ocean, W. by the Uralian moun tains, which separate it from Europe, on the SW. the Algydin-Shalo mounlains separate it from In- tlependent Tarlary, on the S. the Altaian and 631 SIB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SID Daoorian mounlains form tbe line of demarkation between the Russian and Chinese empires, and on the E. the Pacific and its extension northward di vides Siberia from North America. This immense tract is about 4,000 ms. from W. to E., and va ries in width from 1,000 to near 2,000 ms. The area rather exceeds 6,000,000 eq. ms., or about one-eighth part of the terraqueous earth. In gen eral terms, Siberia may be deacribed aa raountainous on the W., S., and E., and gradually sinking into vast plains towards the Arctic ocean. Viewed on a map, this part of Asia appears evidently aa a sec tion of a basin having the Arctic ocean as ils lowest point of depression. Inlo this recipient are dis charged a series of rivers, raost of which draw their remole sources frora the interior table land or pla teau uf .Asia. From ils slope, and having its highest side to the soulhward, the phenomenon of the excess ve cold of Siberia arises. Tbe OBy, Jenisey, and Lena, flow frora an elevalion of at least 3,000 feet Tbe ploins, colled in Asia steppes, are in every respect sirailar to the prairies or natural meoduws of N- America. — See Steppes, Extending from N. lot. 50° to nearly 80°, and having, os we hove seen, a great northern inclina tion and soutbern elevalion, Siberia has the raost intense winter cliraate of the earth in proportion to comparative lat. Frpm this asperity of tempera ture, and also from general sterility of soil, tbe northern port of Siberia is thinly peopled. It is a region where the reindeer and the dog are the beasts of burden and draught, and where furs and ivory are the raost valuable staple coraraoditics. Advancing southward into interior Aaia, the cli mate meliorates, and the grain and fruits of Europe are cultivated to advantage; but every whereon these elevated regions the climate is rauch raore se vere than in sirailar latitudes in Europe. .A part of the large government of Kolywon, and the country round the Baikal, are on the latitudes of London, Hamburg, Beriin, and the N. of France and Germany. The winter is 9 or 10 raonths long in alraost all Sibef-io, and the summers of its most soulhern sections are not either so long or worm as those of Norway. Similar to North America, in high northern latitudes, the soil of Siberia above 56° or 60°, remains perpetually frozen at a very small deplh, and renders the digging of wells im practicable. Tbe air, however, though severe, is generally healthy, but the population raust, from the causes stated, be always comparatively thin. Siberia is rich in metojlic weoltb, so much so as to have received and deserve the name of the Rus sian Peru. Gold raines exiat, and ore extensively worked, al Barezof. Silver is found near lo Koly- wan and Nertchinsk, and in raany other places. Iron and copper abound, particularly in the Ura lian mountains, but are also fonnd in lesser quanti ties in many olher locations. The vegetoble kingdora, however, offords the true test of climate. The pine of Norway rises as high 03 N. lat 70° ; the sarae tree yields to the intense ftost of Siberio, al N. lat. 60°- On the Oby, at lat 60°, agriculture ceases, and, similar to N. A^ier'xca, the line of vegetation inflects south ward, proceeding eastward towards the Pacific ocean. At Oodskvi, in 65°, nor in Kamtschatka, at 51°, grain has not been found lo ripen. The severity of Siberian air is agoin shown by 822 the animal kingdom. The reindeer, which, in norlhern Europe exists only above 60°, was seen in large flocks, by Pallas and Sokolof, on the bor ders of Mongol Tortory, as low as 49° or 60°. " Thus the countries of the reindeer and camel," says Malte Brun, " which are separated by an in terval of 20° or 30°, in the weatern part of our continent, touch one another, and are, perhaps, mingled in tbe countries of the East" In those glooray regions the dog follows tbe reindeer as the servant of man ; the former is also used as a beast of draught, but abounds chiefly amongst the Kamtschatkadales, Tongooses, Sa- moidea, and Ostioks. In Southern Siberio tbe horse abounds, os do cattle and sheep. Inonimols producing fur, northern Siberia exceeds every oth er port of tbe earth. In brief, this large section ofthe habitable earth, now under Ru.ssion govern ment, is slowly recovering from the murderous ravages of tbe Tartars and Mongols of tbe middle oges. See the various parts, under their respective heads. Tobolsk is the capital. SiBTLLE, women who, in many countries, ore yet regorderl as endowed wilh the gift of prophecy. The mountaineer, in Upper Albania, believes, as do the Servian, and probably all the barborous na tions of congenerate race, in supernatural prophet esses, called, in their language, Vylea. Vyiea are of the same class as Sibylla, or, occording to the Greek pronunciation, Sivylla. Si is an obbrevia- tion of an Eolic woril, which hos the some signifi cation as TAeo— Sibylle is, then, a divine or god like Vyie. Wyll, or Gwyll, is a Welch word for a spectre or sorceress, from whence comes the Eng. word wile, lo deceive. Vala, of which the geni tive is vocla, raeans, in Icelandic, a supernatural being, with the gift of prophecy. SiBTL, Gr. aiballa, according to some, a proper personal name, but by others derived frora theos, God, and boule, a council. There is, however, no thing contradictory of each other in tbe two etymol ogies. They were females who pretended lo tbe power of foreteUing evenls. Sichem, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in Brabant, to tbe S. of which is a celebrated monas tery. It is seated on the Deraer, 18 railes SE. of Mecbira. Lon. 6° E., Iat 61 6 N. Sicily, island of tbe Mediterranean sea, alraost in the form of a triangle, terminating in three points or capes ; that which is nearest Italy is call ed Cape del Faro ; that which regards the Morea, Capo Posaaro; and the third, which points to Af rica, Capo di Boco. Sicily ia notut-olly divided into three valleys, lo which the political names of provinces have been given ; they are Vol di Moza- ra. Vol di Demona, and Val di Nolo. See those articles, in their plocea. It ia seporated from Italy by the straits of Messina, 15 ras. broad where nar rowest. The cUmote ia delicious, and soil exuber antly fruitful. In ancient times it had the ospect of a garden, but in modern times badly cultivated. Pop. 1820, 1,600,000. Religion, Roman Catho lic. It forms a part of tbe kingdom of Naples, or ofthe Two Sicilies. Length 165 ms., and breadth where widest 1 1 2. Sicques, — See Seiks, Sidaye, strong town on tbe coast of the island of Java, in the E. Indies, with s horbor. Lon. 113 16 E., lat. 6 40S. SIE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SIL Siddington, village of England, in Gloucester shire, seated on the river Churn, 1 m. SB. of Cir encester. Siddonsburg, village, York co.. Pa., by post rood 32 rns. frora Harrisburg. ' Sideling IBU, range of mountaina in Bedford CO., Pa., and belween Alleghany and Washington COS., Md. It lies between the Warrior and North mountain, and extends through this ao. and a port of Huntingdon, from SW. to NE. SiDEBAL, what appertains to the store. Siderol year, the time during which the earth revolves from 0 stor to the some alar, which comprises 366 doys, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 12 seconds, being 20 minutes and 20 seconds longer thon the solar or tropical year. Siderocapsa, town of Turkey in Europe, in Ma cedonia famous for a gold mine in its neighbor hood. It is 5 ms. from the Gulf of Contessa. Lon. 13 44 E., lat 40 30 N. Sidmouth, fiahing lown of Eng., in Devonshire, much frequented in the bathing season. It is 12 ms, SE. of Exeter, and 158 W. by S. of London. Lou. 3 16 W., lat, 50 38 N. Sidney, town, Kennebec co.. Me., 8 ras, above Augusta Town, Delaware co., N. York. New town and seal of justice for Shelby co.j 0. Itis situated on the W. bank of Great Miami river, about 10 ms. NB. frora Piqua, and 72 northwest erly frora Colurabus. Lat 40 17 N., lon. W. C. 7 8 W. Sidney Plains, and post office, in Sydney tp,, western part of Delaware co,, N. Y., by post rood 146 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Sidon, or Said, seaport of Palestine, anciently a place of great strength and extensive trade. It is 45 ms, WSW. of Damascus, Lon. 36 5 E., lat 33 33 N.— See Asia, p. 81. Sidra, island of the Archipelago, between the Gulf of Napoli and that of Engia, Lon. 24° E,, lat. 37 4 N Spacious gulf on the coast of Bar bary, between Tripoli and Barco, which tokes its name from a small island at the bottom of the gulf. Siedenburg, town of Gerraany, in Westphalia, and CO. of Hoye, 9 ms. SSW. of Hoye. Siegburg, town of Germany, in Westphalia, and duchy of Berg, subject to the elector palatine. It is aeated on tbe Sieg, 15 ras. SE. of Cologne. Lon. 7 22 E , lat 50 43 N. Siegen, town of Germany, in Welteravia, on the river of the same name, 17 ms. NW. of Dil- lemburgh, and 37 E. of Cologne. Lon 8 5 E., Iat 50 63 N. Siegmaringen, town of Gerraany, in Suabia, and capilal of HohenzoUern Siegraaringen. It is 26 ms. N. of Constance, and 44 S. of Stutgard. Lon. 9 10 E., lat 48 2 N. Siegatadt, town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys. Sienno, celebrated city of Tuscany, capilal of the Siennese, with a university. It is about 4 ms, in circumference, and surrounded by a wall. The architecture of Ihe Gothic metropolitan church is admirable, and rauch esteemed by all travellers ; il ia built with black and white marble, and the pave raent is of Mosaic work. The Italian language is taught here with such purity that many foreigners frequent it on that account It is seated on three eminences, 36 ms. S. of Florence, and 105 N. by W. of Rome. Longitude HUB., lolilude 43 23 North. ' Siennese, duchy of Itoly, bounded on the N. by the Florentino, on the S, by the Mediterranean and the ducby of Castro, ond the E. by tbe Peru gino and Orvietano, and on tbe W. by the Flor entino and the Tuscon seo. It is about 56 ras, in lengih, and as much in breadth. The soil'is pretty fertile, especially in mulberry trees, which feed a great number of silk worms, and there are several raineral springs. Sienna is the copitol. Siennoi, town of Russia, in the government of Mohilef, 60 ras. NNW. of Mohilef Lon. 29 45 E., lot. 64 30 N. Sierra Leone, couniry on tbe W, coast of Afri ca, so noraed, according .to some authors, by tbe Portuguese, on account of ils mounlains on this coast abounding witb libns. Some extend its lim its' from the Grain coast on tbe SE., to Cape Ver ge, or Voga, on theNW,, that is, between 7° and 10° N. lat Others, however, confine the coun try between Cape Verga and Cape Tagrin. Free town and Regentslown, in thia country, are British colonies. — See Freetown and RegenistQwn. Sierra Leone, river of Africa, in a country of the sorae name. Its source is uncertain, but its mouth, in lon. 13 30 W., lot 8 15 N., is 9 miles wide. Sierra Leone, or Lion Mountains, mounlains of Africa, which divide Nigritia from Guinea, and extend as far as Abyssinia. Tbey were styled by the ancients the Mountoins of God, on account of their being subject to thunder and lightning. Sierra Morena, mountains in Spain, which di vide the kingdoras of Estraraadura and New Cas tile from that of Andalusio. Si Fians, the name of a people subject to Chi-- na. The country is only a continued ridge of mountains, bounded by the rivera Hoang-ho on theN., Yalong on the W., and Yong-tse-Kiang on the E. ; belween 30° and 35° N. lat, Sigmaringen, city of Germany, on the Danube, 44 ms. S. of Slutgard. — See Siegmaringen. Sigelmessa. — See Sugeillmessa. Sigeth, or Zigat, lown of Lower Hungory, cap ilal of a CO. of the sarae name. It is seated in a morass, has a triple wall, with ditches full of wa ter, and is defended by a citadel, being one of the strongest ploces in Hungary. It is 50 ms, NW, of Esseck, and 38 W. by S. of Colocza. Lon. 18 68 E., lat 46 17 N. Signau, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern. Lon. 7 18 E., lat 46 44 N. Sigtuna, ancieni lown of Sweden, in Upland, sealed on the Lake Maeler, belween Stockholm and Upsal. Siguenza, town of Spain, in New Castile, wilh a university. It is surrounded with sirong walls, and well foriified. The university consists of sev eral colleges. It is sealed on a hill, at the fool of Mount Atienco, 60 ms. NE. of Modrid. Lon, 2 41 W., lot 41 6 N. Sihon, or Gihon, tbe loxortes of tbe ancients, and the Amu of the Russians, a river of Asia See Jihon. Silao, town of Mexico, in Guanaxuaio, 20 ms. NW. by W. from the city of Guanaxuaio. SilcheHer, village of Eng., in Hampshire, where tradition says King Arthur was cj-owned. 83'3 SIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SIN Sishou, beautiful lake of China, which washes Ihe walls of Hang-lcheou. Silesia, duchy of Gerraany, 274 ms. long, and 100 broad, bounded on the N. by Brandenburg and Poland, ori tbe S. by Morovia and Hungary, on the E, by Poland, on the W. by Lower Lusa tia and Bohemia. The principal rivers are the Oder, the Vistula, the Neisse, tbe Bober, the Queia, the Oppa, and ibe Else. There is a long chain of raountains which separates Silesia from Bohemia The most considerable silver raines are at Reitslein, in the principality of Breig, There are also mines of lead, copper, and iron, and quar ries of various stones, besides onlimony, saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, sealed earth, and other minerals, Tbe principal manufactory is linen cloth, and they have also some woolen monufactories and glass houses ; it contains about 2,000,000 of inhabitants. The grealest partof this country was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslow. The rauch larger sections of Silesia were claimed, sword in bond, by Frederick II, olraost st the moment of succeeding bis father, (May 31, 1740,) but his claims were only revivals of whot Prussia hod long before claimed. Austria, it is true, had been long in possession, and no more regarded Silesia as part of Poland than she did Moravia'or Bohemia, or we might soy Hungary or Transylvania. Sileaia, province of tbe Austrian empire, being the southern extremily of ancient Silesia. Pop. 300,000 ; capital, Techen. 'This Austrian part of Sileaia is more usually called the principality of Techen. Silhet, town of Hindooslan, in the East Indies, 100 ms. NE. of Dacca, ond 200 ENE. of Moor shedabad, Longitude 91 57 Easl, latitude 24 52 Norlh. Silistria, or Dorestro, town of European Tur key, in Bulgaria, with a ciladel and an archbish op s see. It is seated near the confluence of the Missovo ond Danube, 97 ras NE, of Nicopoli, and 170 NE. of Adrianople. Lon. 37 31 B,, lat, 45° N. SiiK, Fr, sole, supposed lo be deriyed from Se- rica/ tbe country from which it was first brought to Biirope. In southeastern Asia, continental and insular, the production and use of silk was known from time immeraoriol. In ,the wesiern side of the eastern eonlinent it was known to and raentioned by .\ri*totle and Pliny, but was so scarce and dear, however, as to sell for its weight in gold, as lale as the reign of Aurelian .\. D. 270. Il wos only in A. D. 555, in the reign of Justinian, that the silk worm was brought from the east The production of silk stuffs was slow, ond for several succeeding centuries confined to Athens, Thebes, and Cor- inlh, or other cilies of the Greek erapire. In 1130 Athens was taken by Rogi-r, King of Sicily, and silk workers brought into lhat island, and the mon- ufaolure spread thence over Italy ond Spain. . Silk manufacture was nol introduced inlo France until in the reign of Francis 1, 1515-'47, but not until Henry IV, 1589, 1610, did thot species of manu facture become of rauch iraporlance. There is lit tle or no doubt of the natural facilities for the pro- duclion of silk being much greater on the easiern tban on the western sides of both great continents. Silkeburg, formerly strong town of Denmark, 824 in N. Jutland, 18 nis. W. of Arhusen. Lon. 9 30 E, lat 56 3 N. Sillebar, seaport on the W. coast of Sumatra, in tbe Bast Indies, a liltle 8. of Bencoolen. Lon. 101° E., Iat 4°S. Silver Creek, tp. ,of Green co., O., containing* the village of Jamestown. Silver Lake, village, Geneaee co., N. Y. ; hy postroad 267 ms. a liltle N. of W. from Albany. Town, Susquehannah co.. Pa,, 6 ms. NW. from Montrose. Simancas, town of Spain, in the province of Leon, with a strong castle, situated on the Doue ro, 8 ms. SW. of Valladolid. Lon. 4 30 W., Iat 41 45 N. Simbirsk, government of Russia, formerly a province of the kingdom of Kasan, which contains 13 districts. Capital town of Russia, in the government of Simbirsk It is seated on the Vol ga, 100 ms. S. by W. of Kasan. Lon 48 34 E., lat 64 22 N. Simcoe, lake of U. C , which discharges its wa ters into Lake Huron by Severn river. Co., U. C, between Lokes Simcoe and Huron. Silota, Bocca, the strait between tbe islands of Negroponf and Andros. Simi, island in tbe Medilerronean, 6 ras. N. of Rhodes. Lon. 27 33 E., Iat 36 35 N. Simmerin, town of Germany, in Lower Rhine, capital of 0 ducby of the same name, on the Sim merin, 26 ms. W. of Mentz and 36 E. of Triers. Lon. 2 41 E., Iat 49 51 N. Simmonsville, villoge, Coshocton co., O. ; by post rood 100 ms. NE. from Columbuai Simogu, town of Hindoostan, in the East In dies, 93 ms. NW. of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 30 E., lot 13 21 N. I Simons, St., island of North Araerica, on tbe coast of Ga., opposite tbe moulh of the Alatamaha, about 15 ms. long and 4 broad. Chief town, Frederica. Simonthoma, strong town of Lower Hungary, in tbe co. of Toloo, 8 ms. from Tolna. Lon. 18 16B., lat 46 40 N. Simpson, CO., Ky., bounded by Tenn. S., Lo gan CO , in Ky,, W. and NW., Warren N., and Allen E. Length 25 ras., mean width 16 ; area 400 sq. ms. Red river, branch of Cumberland, and Big Barren, branch of Green river, rise in thisco. Chief lown, FrankUn. Pop. in 1820, 4,852; and in 1840,6,537. Centrol lot 38 43 N., km. W. C. 9 24 W. Simpson's, post office, Montgomery co., Va. ; by posl road 244 ms. a little S. of W. from Rich mond. Post office. Gasconade co , Mo., 24 ras. W. frora Sl. Louis. Simpsonville, village, Monlgoraery co., Md., 8 ma. NW. from W. C. Villoge, Shelby co., Ky,, 34 ms. from Frankfort Simsbury, small town, Hartford co., Ct, 14 ms. NVV. of Horlford, and 8 SB. of New Hart ford. Pop. 1820, 1,954. Simsonville, village, Laurens district, S. C, NW. from Colurabia. Sinai, mountain of .Arabia Petraea, in the pe ninsula formed by the two arras of the Red seo. What is called Sinai in the singular is really an isolated group rising near the soutbern angle of the peninsula between the gulf of Suez on tbe SIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ^IR west and Akaba on the east, the two northern arms of the Red sea. N. lat 29^° and lon. E. of London 34° intersect in the group. The peak parlicularly called Sinai rises 65 English railes a vety litlle W. of N. from Cope Ras Abou Mo hammed, and about 200 ins. SE. of Grand Coiro. Sincapour, or Sincapore, or Singapore, island and town ot the most southern extremity of the peninsula of Malocca, opposile the island of Suma tra, which, with the Malacco coast, form the stroll of Sincapour. The island of that nome is one of a group of small islonds lying in the Chino sea, off the extreme point of Malacca, to the northeast ern coast of Sumatra. Cent. lot of the group 1° N., lon. 104° E. of the royal observatory. Green wich. Sincopore, the lown and port, is at N. lat. 1 23, lon. 103 52 E. When, but a few years since, the English, under Sir Stamford Raffles, took possession of this place, it was almost unin habited, but has been most rapidly on the increase ever since. The port is open to tbe vessels of the United States, and a consul from our government is resident at that port. Sinde. — See Indus and Tatta. Sindelfingen, town of Germany, in the grand ducby of Baden, 6 ms. SW. of Stutgard. Lon, 9 5 E., lat. 48 45 N. Sindy, or Scind, province of Hindoostan Pro per, bounded on the W. by Persia, on the N. by the territory of the king of Candahar. on the NE. by those of the Seiks, on tbe E. by a sandy des ert, and on the SE. by Cutch. It extends along the course of the Indus, frora the raouth to the frontiers of .Moultan, 300 ms. ; and its breadth in the widest part, is 160. In many porliculors of soil and climate, and the general appearance of its surface, it resembles Egypt — the lower part be ing composed of rich vegetable mould, ond ex tended inlo a wide delta, while tbe upper part is a narrow slip of country, confined on the Persian side by a ridge of mountains, and on the other by a sandy desert; the Indus, equal atleast to iheNile, winding through the midst of this level valley, and annually overflowing it. During great part of the N W. monsoon, or at least in July, August, and part of September, (which is tbe rainy season in most other parls of India,) the atmosphere is here gen erally clouded, but no rain falls except near the sea. Indeed, very few showers fall during the whole year. Owing to this, and the neighborhood of the sandy deserts on the E, and on the NW., the heals are so violent, and the winds from those quarters so pernicious, that the houses are contri ved so as lo be occasionally ventilated by apertures un the top, resembling the funnels of sraall chira ueys. The inland parts of Sindy produce saltpe tre, sal amraoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis-Iazuli, and raw silk. They have also manufactures of cotton and silk of various kinds, and they raake fine cabi nets, inlaid wilh ivory, and finely lacquered. Sinepuaen, long narrow bay of the U. Stales, which lies belween Worcester co., Md,, and a small island called Assatigue. It coniinunicatps with the ocean by Sinepuxen inlet Lal. of the inlet 38 9 N., Ion. W. C. 1 51 B. Sinea, town of Portugal, in the province of Es tramadura. Lon. 8 45 W., Iat 37 40 N. , Sing, strong town of Dalmatia, taken by tbe Venetians from tbe Turks in 1686, 16 ras. N. of 104* Spalatro. Longitude 17 30 East, latitude 47 10 North. Singan-fou, large city and capital of the prov ince ol Chen-si, in China. Next to Peking, it ia one of the most beautiful and largest cilies in Chi na. It is 480 ms. SW. of Peking. Lon. 108 43 E., lot. 34 16 N. Singapore, — See Singapore, Singillis, town of Russia, in tbe governmeni of Simbrisk. Lon. 48 34 E,, lat 54 1 N. Singo, lown ot Turkey, in Europe, in Macedo nia, on the gulf of Monte Santo. Lon. 24° E, , lat, 40 13 N. Singor, town of Asia, in the peninsula of Ma lacca, seated at the raouth of a small river in the bay of Patan. Lon. 101 25 E,, lat. 6 40 N. Singsing, village, Westchester co., N. Y., on the Hudson, below the mouth of ibe Croton river, Pop. 1840, 2,306, exclusive ofthe convicts in the State prison at that place. Sinigaglia, seaport of Italy, in tbe duchy of Urbino, at tbe moulh of tbe Nigola, in tbe Gulf of Venice, 17 ms. SE. of Pesaro. Sinob, or Sinope, seaport of Turkey, in Asia, in Natalia, on the isthmus of a sraall peninsula of the Black sea, 280 ras. E. from Constantinople. Lon. 33 65 E., lat 41 5 N. Sinking Creek, postoffice, Washington co., la. Sinking Spring, villoge. Highland co., O., 33 ms. SW. from Chillicothe, on the great road lead ing from thence to Maysville. Sinking Valley Mills, post office, Huntingdon CO., Pa. ; by post road 100 raa. W. fiom Harris burg. Sion, mountain of Palestine, on the south side of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred history. Sion, or Sitten, town uf Switzerland, capital of Valois, and an episcopal see. It is situated on the river Bitten, near the Rhone, at the foot of three insulated rocks, which rise immediately from the plain. Sion was formerly the capital of the Sedu- ni, and some Roman inscriptions still remain. Il is 50 ms. E. of Geneva. Lon. 7 22 E., lat 46 9 N. Siout, or Oiiot, lown of Egypt, which has sev eral mosques, and is the see of a Cophtic bishop. Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre, and sorae sepulchres of the Roraans. It stands on an artifi cial raounl, 2 ms. from the Nile, and 185 S. of Cairo. Lon. 31 24 E., lat. 27 25 N. ' Siphanto, ancient Siphnos, one of the best cul tivated islands of the .irchipelago, lo the W. of Phoros. It is 36 ms. in circumference, and, ihough abounding with marble and granite, pro duces corn sufficient for ils inhabitants, also excel lent silk, but not in any considerable quantity. 'J'he chief articles of comraerce ore calicoes, straw hats, figs, onions, honey, wax,' oil, and capers. Lon. 25 15 E., lat 37 9 N. Siradia, town of Poland, capilal of a palatinate of the sarae narae, with a strong castle. It is sur rounded by a wall, and seated in a plain, on the river Walta, 62 ras. NE. of Breslau, and 105 NW. of Cracow. Lon. 18 56 E., lat. 51 32 N. Siraf, town of Persia, in the province of Laris - tan, situate on the Persian gulf. Sirgian, lown of Persia, nqjed for ils beautiful pottery Sirhind, very ancient cily of Hindoostan pro per, in the province of Delhi, The art of weaving 825 SIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SKE silk was brought back to Constantinople in the 6th century by the monks who returned frora Sirhind. It is 195 ms. NW. of Delhi. Lat. 30 1 N., lon. 75 36 E. Sir Charles Hardy's Island, island in the Pa cific ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret. Lon. 154 20 E., Iat 4 41 S. Sir Charles Saunder's Island, in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Captain Wallis. Lon. 161 4 W., lat 17 28 S. S'lr James Lancaster's Sound opens from Baf fin's bay, lat. 74 47 N , and immediately W. from the raeridian of W. C. This great inlet has been recently explored by Capiain Parry, of the British navy, who entered it in 1820, and wintered 1820 -'21 as far as 111° W. from London, and decided the geography of these regions to 117° W. This very important voyage has shown the separation of Greenlond from North America, upwards of 2000 ms. NW. from Cape ForeweU. 'The North ern ocean, as found by Hearn, and contemporane ously with Parry's voyages, by Captain Franklin, bounds Norlh Araerica at N. Iat 68°, directly S. from Melville island. The same ocean is again determined at the mouth of the Unjiga, lat. 69° N. and lon. 56° W. from W. C. The Russians and English have explored the North American coast frora Behring's strait to within 600 ms. of the raouth of the Unjiga. These combined ope rations have placed beyond a doubt the existence of a polar continent or archipelago detached from, or but very slightly united to, Norlh Araerica or Asia. — See Earth, Sirik, town of Fr., in the dep. of .Moselle. Il is seated on tbe Moselle, 26 ms. N. of Metz. Lon. 6 38 E., lat 49 36 N. Sirinagur, large rugged country of Asia, bound ed on tbe N. and NB. by the Thibelian mount ains, on the SE. by Napul, on the S. by Rohilla, on the SW. by Delhi, and on the NW. by La hore. The capital, of the same name, is 160 ras. is. of Delhi, Lon. 77 38 E., Iat 30 59 N. Sirius Island, island of the Pacific ocean. Lon. 162 30 E., lat 10 62 S. Sirmich, or Sirmium, town of Sclavonia, cap ital of a CO. of the same name, on the Bosweth, near the Save, 42 ras. SE. of Esseck. Lon. 20 19 E., lat 45 13 N. Sinocco, It, frora Ar. schorouk, coming from the rising sun. This dreaded wind prevails on both sides of the Mediterranean, though much more severe and destructive on the African side, and particularly on tbe deserla. It is hot, dry, and even parching. The sirocco is also called tbe si moom. Sirong, or Seronge, large town of Hindoostan proper, in the province of Malwa. It is 120 ms. NE. of Ougein. Longitude 78 4 E,, latitude 24 4 North, Sieizan, seaport on the E. coast of Luconia, one of the.Philippine islands. Il is situated al most immediately opposite Manilla, and in tbe vi- cinity of very high mountains, which render the airextremely moist Lon. 123 45 E., Iat. 14 20 N. Sissae, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basil, capital of the province of Sisgow. It is 17 ms. SE. of Basil, Sisseg, town of Austrian Croatia, witb a mon astery, seated on the Save, 28 mile* SE. of Za- 826 grad, and 42 E. of Carlstadt Lon. 16 17 E., lot. 46 6N. Sissek, strong town of Croatia, situated at the confluence of the Save and Kulpa, 40 miles E. of Carlstadt Lon. 22 10 E., Iat 45 48 N. SissopoU, lown of Turkey in Europe, in Roma nia, on a peninsula of the Black sea, 25 miles S. of Mesembria, and 97 NW. ol Constantinople. Lon. 28 9 E., lat. 42 30 N. Sister Islands, three small islands towords the western extremity of Lake Erie, called the East ern, Western, and Middle Sisters. Tbey are all sraall, tbe largest not exceeding 10 acres. Sisteron, town of France, in tbe dep. of Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, on the Du rance, 45 ms. NB, of Aix. Lon. 6 1 E., lot 44 11 N. Sisierville, village on the left hank of Ohio riv er, Tyler co., Va., 35 miles by water above Mari etta, and by post road 276 ms. NW. by W. from W. 0. Siston, village of Eng., in Gloucestershire, with a manufacture of brass, and another of saltpetre ; and tin ore has likewise been found here. Sitia, town on the N. coast of the Isle of Can dia, near a boy of tbe same name, 58 miles from Candit Lon. 26 29 E., lat 35° N. Si-fiFi, culled by Dr. Shaw seeteef, "comes,"' says Hodgson, " frora the Berber language," and raeans "white clay," Sittard, town of Westphalia, in the ducby of Juliers, seated neor the Maese, 10 miles S. of Ru remonde. Lon. 5 50 E., lat 50 58 N. Siitingburn, town of Bng., in Kent, 40 miles ESE. of London. Sivrai, town of Fr., in the dep. of Vienne, on tbe Charenle, 100 ms. SSW. of Paris. Lon. 23' E., Iat 46 16 N. Sivas, or Seivas, ancient Sebaste, town of Asiat ic Turkey, 373 miles B. from Constantinople. Lon. 37° E., Iat 39° N.— See, for the province of Sivas, article Asia, p. 83, 2d column. Siwah, — See Africa, p. 16. Sizun, small island of France, on the coast of Bretagne, eight miles from tbe raain land. It is al most on a level with the water, and produces only barley. Skagerac, or Schagerac, a sheet of water having Norway N., Sweden E., and the Coltegale and Jutland S. ; length 150 railes, and mean width about 60, area 9,000 sq. miles. Tbe Skagerac, like the Cattegate, is shallow, bul the forraer grad ually deepens outwards towards the North sea, or Gerraan ocean. Skara, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, with the ruins of an ancient palace, the residence of the Gothic kings. It is sealed on the Lida, in a morass, 17 railes NE. of Falkoging. Lon. 14° B., lat 68 16 N. Skeen, town of Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, reraarkable for ils mines of iron and copper. It is seated near the Cattegate, 40 miles W. of Frederickstadt Skenealeles, lake. New York, in Onondaga, Cayuga, and Courtland counties. Itis about 15 ins. lung, and from a half to one and a half mite wide. It is discharged into Seneca river. Vil lage, Onondaga co., N. Y., at the lower extremily of Skenealeles lake. SLE GEOCRAPHTCAL DICTIONARY. SLU Skeneciady, — See Schenectady, Skeensborough, — See Wh He hall, Skiddaw, mountain of Englond, in Cumber land, one of tbe moat remarkable in England, be ing obove 1,000 yards in perpendicular height. Skimmersvilft, Washington co., N. C, about 20 miles S. and on the opposite side of Albemarle sound from Edenton. Skippack, town, Montgomery co., Penn, — See Perkiomen. Skipton, town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 41 ms, S. by B. of Richraond. Skone. — See Schonen. Skuttock Hills, Hancock co., Me., are five in number, and serve as landmarks, in entering Golds borough harbour. Skye, island of Scotlond, one of the largest of the Hebrides. It is separaled on the B. frora Scot land by a very narrow chonnel, bul its western port is at a considerable distance from Lewis. It is not less than 40 ms. in length, and from 20 to 30 in breadth, and alraost one hundred in circurafer ence. Sluguen, town of Gerraany, in Pomerania, seat ed on the Wipper, 10 ms. E. by S. of Rugenwald. Slaney, decayed town of Boheraia, wilh a cas tle, 18 ms. NW. of Progue. Lon. 18 27 B,, lot. 50 16 N. Slate, district ofthe island of Skye, on the SE. side of the island. It is a peninsula, and terrain- oles in a rugged proraontory, called the Point ef Slale. Slate Mills, post office, Rappahannock county, Va., by post road 88 miles SW. frora Washington cily. Slatersville, post office. Providence co. , R. 1,, 12 railes from Providence. Village, Tompkins CO., New York, by post road 210 miles W. frora Albany. Slave Lake, large lake of British North .Vmeri- co, between lot. 60 30 and 62 30 N. It extends nearly E. and W. 350 ms., with a mean width of about 40, between lon. 33° and 42° W. from W. C. It receives the Unjigah river at its SE., and discharges it from tbe NW. extremity. Slave River, of British America, the outlet of Athapescow lake. Slati, generic term, designating the great fami ly of nations inhabiting the northeastern part nf Europe, or the great space between the Corpo- Ihian and Uralian mountains. " The form contain ing a, that ia, Sclavian, is used by the Poles ; that containing o, that is, VIowak, Slowenski, &c,, ia employed by the Ruasians and Slavonians in Hun gary." — Kraitsir. Of ibis great branch of the hu man family, though the Russians are the principal, they are by no raeans the only sub-branch, and, though raost concentrated on the vast plains east of the Carpathian raountains, tbey are also spottered in large mosses over Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, dice. Stawkaw, or Austerlitz, town of Moravia, cap ital of a circle of tbe sarae narae. It is 10 ms. E. of Brinn. Lon. 16 57 E., lot 49 5 N. Sleaford, populous town of England, in Lin colnshire, 18 ms. S. of Lincoln. Lon. 0 21 W., lot 63 1 N. Sleswick, or Smth Jutland, duchy of Denmark, separated from Holstein by the river Eyder. It is 100 ms. lonp, and 60 broad and n fertile and pop ulous country. Sleswick, ancient and considerable town of Don- mark, capital of a duchy of the same name. It is on irregularly built town, of great length, and con tains about 6,630 inhabitonts. The houses ore of brick, and, like oil the olher towns of this country, resemble those of HoIIond. The inhabitants dress olso like tbe Dutch, and many of them apeak their tongue, though the usual languages are tbe Ger man and Danish. Close to Sleswick is the old palace of Gottorp, forraerly the ducal reaidence. — See Gottorp. Sleswick is situated neor the bottora of on arm of the Baltic, called the Sley, 60 ms. NW of Lubec, and 126 SW. of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 0 E , lot 64 39 N. Sligo, county of Ireland, in the province of Con naught, 25 ms. long, and nearly os broad, bound ed on the B. by Leitrim, on the SE. by Roscom mon, on the SW. and W. by Moyo, and on the N. by tbe Atlantic. It contains 4 1 parishes, and sends four members to Parliament Sligo, borough of Ireland, in a counly of tbe same name, and the only market town in it It is seated on the bay of Sligo, 26 miles E. of Killala, and 100 NW. of Dublin. Lon. 8 26 W., lat 64 13 N. Slinkhard's Mills, post office. Green CO., Ia., 81 ms. SW. from Indianapolis. Slippery Rock, river, Pennsylvania, on the SE. branch of Beaver, rises in Butler, Venango, and Mercer counties, by a number of creeks, which nolle in the NB. angle of Beaver, and, receiving the Conequenessing frora the SB., falls inlo Big Beaver river 12 railes norlh from the borough of Beaver. Tp., Buller counly, Pa., on Slippery Rock river, contiguous to Mercer and Beaver cos. Tp., Mercer CO., Pa., adjoining the preceding. Slimbridge, village of Eng , in Gloucestershire, 11 ms. S W. of Gloucester. In this parish, which is 20 railes in compass, 1,000 acres of land have been goined frora the Severn. Sloansville, village, Schoharie co., N. Y., 48 railes W. frora Albany. Village, Mecklenburg CO., N. C, 165 ras. SW. from Raleigh. Slonim, town of Lithuania, in tbe palatinate of Novogrodeck, on the Sezra, 40 ras. SW. of No- vogrodeck, and 60 SE. of Grodno. Lon. 23 57 E., lat .53 0 N. Slooten, or Sloten, populous town of the king dora of Holland, in Friesland, seated on a lake called Slootenmere, three miles frora the Zuider- Zee, and 18 ras. NW. of Steenwick. Lon. 5 26 E,, lat 52 55 N. Sluice, French, ecluse ,- Hollondish, sluyse,- Flemish, sluis ; Italian schlusa; water flowing through a flood gale. It is introduced in this Dic tionary, frora having given name to raany places, and, by learning tbe raeaning of the term, may leaii lo a knowledge of relative location. Sluizk, populous town of Lithuanio, capitol of a duchy of the same name, on the river Sluzck, 70 railes SB. of Novogrodeck. Lon. 27 44 E., lat. 63 2 N. Sluttelburg, town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg, on the S. side of tbe Lake Ladoga, 30 miles E. of Petersburg. Lon. 31 20 E., lot. 60 0 N. Sluys, town of the kingdom of Holland, in 837 s:vH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SMO Flanders, opposile the island of Cadsand, wilh a good harbor, ft has ils narae frora its fine sluices, by which the whole couniry can be inundated. It is 10 miles N. of Bruges. Lon. 3 5 E., lat 51 19 N. Smaland, or Smoland, province of Sweden, the most southern of the kingdom, except Schonen and Bleking. It lies opposite tbe island of Oclond. Principal town, Calmar. Smalkald, town of Franconia, in the county of Henneberg, subject to Hesse Cassel. It is famous for a confederacy entered into by tbe German Pro testants, against the emperor, to defend their reli gion and liberties, commonly called tbe Smalkaldic league. It ia seated on the Werra, 25 railes SW. of Erfurt, and 60 NW. of Bamberg. Lon. 10 63 E., Iat 50 49 N. The league of Smalkald was superinduced by the coercive raeasures adopted hy the emperor. In their own defence, tbe Protest ants iissembled at Sraalkold, and, on the 4tb Jan uary, 1531, signed that league, donominated inthe instrument Evaitgeiic, but became more known from the name of tbe town where formed. This compact was renewed as occasion demanded. — See Evangelic and Catholic Leagues. Smarden, town of Eng., in Kent, 10 ms. SSE. of Maidstone, and 56 of London. Lon. 0 43 B., lat 61 11 N. Smeihport, village, McKeon co., Pa., 204 ras. NW. from Harrisburg. Smith, tp., Washington co , Pa., on Racoon creek, about 20 ms. NNW. frora Washington. Tp., Belmont co., Ohio. Smith, CO. of Ten., bounded by Ky. N., Jack son CO. E., White and Warren SE., Wilson SW., and Summer W. Length 36 ms., mean width 15; area 540 sq. ms. Caney Fork river joins tbe Cum berland ot Carthage, near tbe cenire of this coun ty. S urface rather rolling thon hilly. Soil gen erally productive. Chief town, Carthage. Pop. in 1820, 17,580; and in 1840, 21,179. Central lat. 36 23 N., lon. W. C. 8 50 W. Smith's river, or Staunton river, Va. — See Staunton riaer. Smithfield, town, Providence co., R. I., on the SW. side of Pawtucket river. Il coniains 4 church es, 3 academies, and 9 colton factories, as also a gun and several other factories. Tp., Modison CO., N. Y., 30 ms. WSW. from Utica, containing also the village of Peterborough. Town, Bed ford CO., Pa., 8 ms. NW. from Towonda. Village, Somerset co.. Pa.— See Smythfield. Village, Fayette co., Penn., on George's creek, 8 ms. SSW. frora Uniontown, Village, Isle of Wight county, Va,, on Pagan creek, a branch of James river, 38 ms. W. of Norfolk, about 55 SE. of Petersburg, and 218 S. by E. of Washington. Village and seat of jusiice, Johnson co., N. C, on the left bank of Neuse river, 26 miles SB. from Roleigh. Lat. 36 28 N., lon. W. C. 1 20 W. Villoge, Jeflerson co., Ohio, 42 ms. SW. from Steubenville. Pop. of the township in 1840, 2,096. Town, Jefferson co., Ohio, containing Srailhfield village, and in '1820, 2,143 inhabitants. Village, Hopkins co., Ky. Village, Liv ingston CO., Ky., on the left bank ofthe Ohio, im mediately below the moulh of Cumberland river. Smithfield, Lower, NB. tp, of Northampton county, Penn., on the Delaware, below the Waler Gap. 828 Smithfield, Middle, SE. tp., Pike co., Penn. Pop. in 1820, 812. Smithfield, Upper, extreme eastern tp.. Pike CO., Penn., including the town of Milford. Pop. in 1820, 877. ' Smith Groue, village, Warren counly, Ky., by post road 173 ms. SW. from Frankfort Smith's, post office, Randolph CO., Ia., 92 miles NE. from Indianapolis. Smith sborough, village, Tioga co., N, Y., on the right bank of Suequebonnoh river, 10 miles above Athens, on Tioga I^inl. Smith's Croaa Roads, village, Rhea co., Tenn., by post road 107 miles eastward from Murfreesbo rough. Smith's Farm, post office, .Alleghany CO., Md., by post road 169 ms. NW. from W. C. Smith's Ford, over Broad river, post office, in the western part of York district. South Carolina, 16 ms. W. from Yorkville. Smith's' laland, island at the moulh of Cape Fear river. New Hanover co., N. C. This small sandy island is about 8 miles long from.N. to. S., ending in a very narrow slip opposite Federal Point. The light-house stands on the W. side of the island, and on the main entrance inlo Cape Fear river. Cope Fear, tbe extreme southern point of the island, is, by Tanner's map, in lat. 33 54^ N., lon. W. C. 0 59 W. Island in the Pacific ocean, discovered in 1770 by Lieut. Ball. Lon. 161 54 E., lat. 9 44 S. Smith's Landing, and postoffice, Gloucester co., New Jersey. Smith's Mills, and poat office, Henderson co,, Ky., 172 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort Smith's Point, south cape at the mouth of Po tomac river, Northumberland county, Virginia. Smith's Point and Poinl Look-out are distant about 10 miles. Smithsport, McKean co.. Pa.— See Smeihport. Smith's, or Irvine's, river rises in Franklin and Patrick, counties of Virginia, and, flowing SE. over Henry co., enters North Carolina, and falls into Don river in the co. of Rockingham. Smith's store, post office, Pittsylvania counly, Va,, 188 miles SW. by W. from Richmond.-—— Post office, in the SE. part of Spartanburg dislrict S. C, 15 ras. SB. from Spartanburg, by post road 110 ras. SW. frora Columbia. Smith's Valley, postoffice, Madison co.,N. Y., 109 ms! W. from .¦Mbany. Smith's Village, and lake, in the eastern part of Slraffordco., N. H., 34 ras. NB. from Concord. Smiihtown, town, Suffolk co., N. Y., on Long Island, 50 ras. NB. by E. from the cily of N. Y. Pop. 1820, 1,874. Smithville, village, Jefferson co., N. York, on Sandy creek, 10 ms. from Sackett's Harbor. Tp., Chenango co., N. Y., 20 ms. SW. from Norwich. Village, Brunswick co., N. C, on the right bnok of Cope Fear river, near the moulh, and opposite Smith's island. It is the aeat of on academy, and has a good harbor. Smithville Flats, post office, Chenango co., N. Y., in the preceding Ip. Smockville, village, Jefferson co., N. Y, Smoland, — See ^maland. Smolensk, governraent of Russia, on the frun- i liers of Lilhuania, After bafing been an object SMY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SNO of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Poland and Russia, it was conquered by Alexoy Michael- ovitch in 1654, and ceded to Russia by the peace of Moscow, in 1664. It now forms one of the Russian govornments. Smolensk, city of Russia, capital of a govern ment ofthe same name. Il is situate on tbe Dnie per, and extends over two mountains and the val ley belween them. Notwithstanding its extent, it contains only aboul 10,000 inhabitants, and has no manufactures, but carries on with Dantzig, Riga, and the Ukraine, a petty traffic in linen, hemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. It is 197 ms. NE. of Novogrodeck, and 230 N. of Kiof. Lon. 32 34 E., lat 24 50 N. Smyrna, seoport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and one of tbe largest and richest cities of tbe Le vant. The goodness of the harbor bas caused it to be rebuilt several limes, after having been de stroyed by earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merchants frora almost all parts of the world, and the magozine of their merchandise. The Turks hove 19 mosques, tbe Greeks 2 churches, the Jews 8 synagogues, the Armenians 1 church, and the Latins 3 convents. There are three bishops — one Greek, tbe other Latin, and the third Arraenian. Its pop. is computed at 120,000 persons. The streets aro more open, better paved, and the houses better buill, thon in other towns on the continent. The street of the Franks is tbe finest in Smyrna, and lies all along the harbor. It is 8 days' jour ney from Constantinople by land, 25 days from Aleppo by caravans, 6 from Cogni, 7 from Cata- ya, and 6 from Salalia. Tbe imports from Eng. consist of woolen cloths, camlets, lead, tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cotton, coffee, mohair, drugs, galls, roisins, figs, &c. The English and Dutch factors have Proleatont chapels, and taverns are as open bere as in Europe. Tbe fortifications consist of a fort, a castle, a mountain, and an old citadel. It is seated at tbe head of a large bay, 190 ms. SSW. of Constantinople. Lon. 27 7 E., lat 38 28 N. Smyrna is called by the Turks Ismeer, and, as respects comraerce, is tbe most considerable city of the Turkish empire ; and, notwithstanding tbe frequent calamities of plagues and earthquakes, continues to increase, and is now (1810) supposed to contain 150,000 inhabitants. Previously to 1676 it had been partially destroyed six several times by earthquakes. Another and most destruc tive calamity of this kind, attended with its usual consequence, an extensive fire, occurred in 1688. Repeated shocks and also almost annual pestilence have been unable to counterbalance a convenient har bor and a very productive adjacent territory. Wilh such advantages and disadvontoges, Smyrna has been the most frequented port of Asia Minor, for upwards of 2,000 years. The city is built partly on a bill, once called Pagus, whose summit is crowned by a castle, and partly on a plain, extending to the N. of the emi nence. The mercantile establishments have for more than two centuries drown together so many Franks to Smyrna, that tbe part of the town which lies along the edge of the water to the northern extremity bas been long allotted to them, and dis tinguished by the name of Frank street. Before tbe French revolution, theFranlv^parl of Smyrna was ployfuUy and not unjustly called'Petile Paris ,¦ and yet, with all tbe changes superinduced by war and national rivalry, Smyrna continues lo be the most agreeable residence for Europeans in the Ottoman empire. Though so high as N. lal. 38 .30, the climato of Smyrna raust be tropical in ils effects on human beings occustoraed to the air of the norlhern parls of Europe or tbe U. S. Figa, leraons, or anges, and vines, are tbe coraraon growth of the neighborhood, productions which mark a mean temperature above 66° of Fahrenheit Smyrna, one of the norlhern lowns of Chenan go CO., N. Y., 12 ras. NNW. frum Norwich, and by posl rood 106 W. from AJbany —Formerly Duck Creek Cross Roads, vill., Kent co , Del. The inhobitonts carry on a considerable trade in grain. It is situated on Duck creek, 12 ras. a lillle E. of S. frora Dover, and 35 S. frora Wilmington. Smythfield, villoge, Fayette county, Po. — See Smithfield, Fayeite co.. Pa. Smythfield, fine little village, Somerset co,, Pa., on the righl bank of Youghiogany river, and on the U. S. road, almost exactly midway between Brownsville, on Monongahela, and Cumberlond, on Potomoc. According lo Shriver's mop, Smyth field is 1,405 feet above the .\tlanlic tides. Snackenburg, town of Lower Saxony, in Bruns wick Lunenburg, 20 ras. E. by S. of Danneborg. Snailh, lown of Eng.. in West Yorkshire, 22 ras. S. of York, and 175 N. by W. ofLondon. Snapsville, village, Chesterfield co., Va., 21 ras. frora Richmond. Sneck, of Snitz, fortified town of Holland, in Friesland, sealed on a lake of the same name, in raarshy land, 12 ms. SSW. of Lewarden. Sneedsborough, town, Anson co., N. C, on tbe right bank ofthe Yodkin river, immediately obove tbe northern boundary of S. C., 100 miles SW. frora Raleigh. Sneirne, town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 57 ms. WNW. of Amadam. Snicker's, post office, and ferry over Shenando ah river, near the N. ongle of Frederick co., Vo., 40 ms. NW. by W. from Woshington. Snicker's Gap, through the Blue Ridge, obout 3 ras. SE. from Snicker's Ferry. Snow, noted cavern of Scotland, on the N. coast of Sutherlandshire. Sjww Creek, post office, Franklin co., Va., in the SE. angle of tbe co. ; by post, road 226 railes SW. by W. from Richmond, Snowdon, mountain of Wales, in Cornarvon- shire ; its name signifies, literally, the Hill of Snow, fiem snow and down. This is the most noted eminence of the whole region of the Welsh Hills, and may wilh propriety be styled the Brilish Alps. Modern calculations moke it 3,668 feet, reckoning from the quay of Carnarvon to the high est peak. Snowhill, town, port of entry, and seat of jus tice, Worcesler co., Md. It is situated on the SE. side of Pokomoke river, 60 ms. SE. from Easton, and 20 ms. a litlle S. ofE. from Princess Ann. It is a place of considerable comraerce ; araount of shipping shout 7,300 tons. Lot. 38 11 N., lon. W. C. 1 38 E. Snow Hill, village and seat of justice, Green CO., N. C, on Coulentny river, by post road 96 839 SOD GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SOI ms. SE. from Raleigh. Lat. 36 26 N., lon. W. C. 41' W. Village, Clinton co., Ohio, by post road 84 ras. SW. from Columbus. Soana, or Suane, episcopal town of Italy, in Tuscany, near the river Flora, 30 ms. SE. ofSien na. Lon. 1146 E., lat 42 40 N. Soane, river of Hindoostan proper, which rises on the S. confines of Allahabad, issuing from the sarae lake which is the source of the Nerbudda-; and, flowing in an opposite direction to that river 1,500 ras., it falls inlo the Ganges above Patna. This river, in eonjunction with the Nerbudda and the Ganges, makes, as it were, an island of the soulhern part of Hindoostan. Society Isles, islands in the Pacific ocean, dis covered by Captain Cook in 1769, situated between 160 57 and 162° W. Ion., and 16 10 and 16 66 S. lat. They are very numerous, but tbe princi pal islands are Otaheite, Huaheine, Ulitea, Otaho, Balabola, Mourooa, 'J'oobaee, and Tabooyamonoo, or Saunders's island, which is here included, as being subject to Huaheine. The soil, the pro ductions, the people, their language, religion, cus toms, and manners, are so nearly the same as of Otaheite, that little need be added bere on that sub ject Nature has been equolly bountiful in uncul livoted plenty, ond the inhabitants are as luxuri ous as indolent. Society Island, tp., Hillsborough co., N. H., 25 ms. SW. Concord. Soconusco, province of Guatemala, NW. frora the city of Guatemala, 88 ms, long, and nearly as much broad, bounded on the N. by tbe Chiapi, on the E. by Guatemala, on ihe S. by the Pacific ocean, and on the W. by Guaxaca. Soconusco, or Guevetlan, town of New Spain, capital of a province of the same name, 440 miles SE. of Mexico. Lon. W. C. 15 50 W., 1st 16 12 N. Sqcotora, island of Asia, brtween Arabia Felix and Africa, about 50 ma. long and 22 broad. It abounds in fruit and catile, and is particularly noted for its fine aloes, known by tbe name of So- colrine aloes, Tbe nalives are Mahometans, with a mixture of Paganism, and they have a king who depends on Arabia.— See Africa, pp. 31, 32. Soczowa, town of Turkey, in Europe, in Mol davia, reeled on the Seret, 32 ras. SW. of Jassy. Lon. 26 20 B., lat 47 16 N. Sodbury, or Chipping Sodbury, town of Eng,, in Gloucestershire, noted for its finS cheese. It is seated in a bottom, near the Downs, 15 ms. ENE. of Bristol, and 112 W. of London. Lon. 2 15 W., lat 61 36 N. Sodor, village in Icolmkill, one ofthe' Western isles of Scotland. The bishop of Mon is still call ed bishop of Sodor ond Man, on account of its once having been a bishop's see, which compre hended all the islands, together with the isle of ^Sodua, bay of N. Y., on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, belween Seneca und Ontario cos. It la formed by a small indenting of the coast and two lon^-nariow sand bars, admitting between their points vessels drawing 7 feet waler. Il is com pletely secure, 12 ms. N. from Lyons, on the Ene can„| Post office, Ontario co., N. Y., on So dus bsy, 30 ras. NE. frora Canandaigua. Pop. 1810, 1,957; in 1820, 2,013. 830 Sodusi Liltle, small bay 12 ms. E. from Sodus bay, N. Y. Soeburg, lown of Denraark, in the island of Zealand. ;22 14,691 22,392 13,471 9,145 6,551 3,1681,443 4,30 74 21 128,588 130,496 259,084 Ages. OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 !>5 10 too lOOand upwards Free colored. Males, 1,403 1,106 677405262 13 3,864 Fem's, 1,392 1,272 8,858 545 338 7 4,412 3,864 8,276 Slaves, Males, 52,64246,137 30,373 20,751 8;650 125 168,678 54,527 48,25134,589 22,403 8,506 84 168,360 168,678 327,038 Whites Free colored Slaves Total 269,084 8,276 327,038 594,398 White persona ofthe ftregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do, from 14 to 25 Do. rtbove 25 - Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind Insane and idiots at— Public charge . Private charge Total insane and idiots - Colored peisons in the foregoing who are— DeafanddumbBlind Do, insane and idiots at— Private charge Public charge - All persons inthe foregoing employed in- Mining Agriculture Commerce , - Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. cauala, lakes, and rivera 40 41 59 140 133 78 166 121 16 51 198,363 1,958 10,325 381348 Learned professions - - - 1,481 Pensioners for revolutionary or military sfrvlces 318 Universitiea or colleges - - 1 Do, studenta in 168 Academies aud grammar schoola 117 D.I. students in - 4,326 Primary und common schoola 566 Do, scholars in - - 12,620 Scholars al public charge - - - 3,524 White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read or write - . . . 20,615 Population of South Carolina, by districis, from the cenaua of 1840. Districts, CharlestonColleton BeaufortBarnwellOrangeburgEdgefield LexingtonRichland Sumter Williamsburg GeorgetownAbbeville - Laurens Newburg Fairfield - KershawDarlington - Marion Horry PickensAnderson . Greenville . Spartanburg Union York ChesterL-d.ncaster - Chesterfield Marlborough Total Whites. Free ool. Slavea, 1 to rt S •3 •3 ti rr £ g S iS 9,995 1,343 i,a65 S 31,094 10,926 27,446 3,041 2,833 205 223 9,361 9,886 2,817 2,833 230 232 14,180 16,602 6,3-^= 5,-i05 2ir/ 22t- » 5,178 6,325 3,265 :\{m i;-i6 I'AS 6,929 6,005 7,617 7,403 1,55 139 8,732 8,806 3,691 ;vii! 11 14 2,286 2,400 2,794 2,5H2 199 20,'- 5,330 6,334 4,337 4,307 ISO 191 9,176 9,699 1,74C 1,587 13 19 3,435 3,533 1,041 1,051 8li 1112 7,680 8,113 6,971 6,909 149 1/4 7,434 7,714 6,23£ 6,33;: 55 46 4,463 4,448 4,17.n 4,IK 104 134 4,810 5,094 3,914 3,67£ 39 34 6,102 6,403 2,011 1,9-/1- 12/ 121 3,899 4.144 3,58( 3.681 4b 45 3,667 3,893 4,26; 4,3-ii 43 45 2,667 2,684 2,0/;- 2,081 ^a 4 761 8-20 5,721 6,827 'nl 42 1,3-26 1,387 6,3Ub 0,431 ¦ 38 25 2,783 2,900 6,13f 6,;«;- 2i 21 2,587 2,716 8,935 8,981 32 '2b 2,821 2,866 6,3i:- .6,172 52 45 4,069 4,286 5,66;. 5,786 5b 51 3,382 3,443 4,94(: 4,94; 70 6b 3,750 3,972 2,867 2,69t 52 65 2,113 2,122 2,695 2,84-J 88 78 1,442 1,429 2,097 2,oai 4/ bb 2,076 2,042 130496 128688 3,864 4,412 168678 168360 fotal. 82,661 26,648 35,79421,471 18,61932,82212,111 16.397 27,89210,32718,274 29,351-21,684 18,350 20,16512,28114,822 13,932 6,755 14,35618,493 17,83923,669 18,93618.383 17;747 9,9078,674 Progreaaive population of Soulh Carolina. 1790 18001810 1820 1830 - 1840 240,073 - 345,691 - 416,115 - 501,164 - 581,185 - 594,398 This tabular view shows that the populalion of S, Carolina had an increase of 247 per cent, in 60 years. South Charleaton, exireme soulhern tp. and post vFlIage, Clark co., Ohio, 36 ms, SW, by W. from Columbus. South Chili, lown, Monroe co., N, Y,, on Genesee river, 10 ms. above Rochester. South Coventry, lown, Tolland co.. Conn., 22 ms. E. from Hartford. Soulh Deerfield, lown, Rockingham co., N. H., 13 ms. SE. frora Concord. Soulh Dennis, town, Barnstable co., Mass., 6 ras. SE. flora Bsmstoble, and 105 SSE. from Boston. South Dover villoge, Dutchess co., N. Y. Southeast, town, Pulnara co., N. Y., 18 ras. B. frora West Poinl. Pop. in 1810, 1,387; in 1820, 1,909. 837 sou GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SPA South Farms, village, Litchfield co., Conn. Southfield, lp,,^er\ishire CO,, Mass., 28 ras. SE. from Lenox. Tp., Richmond co., N. Y., on Staten island, containing the village of Rich mond, the seat of justice for the co. South Florence, village in the norlhern part of Franklin co., Ala. Southgate, village, Campbell co., Ky., by poat road 81 ms. NNE. frora Frankfort. South German, town, Chenango co., N. Y., 15 ms. NW. by W. frora Norwich. South Glastonbury, town, Hartford co.. Conn., on the E. side of Conneciicut river, 8 ms. SE. frora Hartford. South Hadley, town, Hampshire co.. Mass,, on the left bank of Connecticut river, 6 ms. below Northampton. A fall of 50 feet in the Con necticut river, at this place, hos been overcome by a dam, and conol of 712 perches in lenglb, with with 6 locks. The whole canal is cut through the solid rock. South Hadley*Canal, and posl office in the pre- ceding tp., 6 ras. S. frora South Hadley village. South Hampton, town, Rockingbara co., N. H.-, on Powow river, 10 ms. NNW. from New buryport, and 48 ms. SE. from Concord. South Harpersfield, town, Delaware co., N. Y., on the head of Coquogo, branch of Deloware river, by a circuitous poat rood 96 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. South. Hero, villoge, Grond Isle co., Vt, on Grand Isle, in Lake Champlain, 12 ms. SW. from Burlington. South Hill, village, Muhlenburg co,, 'Vt Southington, post office, Hartford co,. Conn,, 18 ms. SW. from Hariford, and on the Quinipiack. Sbuihington, one ofthe western tps., Trumbull CO., O. South Killingly, village, Windham co.. Conn., 45 ras, E. from Hertford. South Kingston, town and seat of justice, Washington co , Ii. I., at the raouth of Norra- gonsetl boy, 20 ms. SW.from Providence. South Kortright, town, Delawore co., N. Y., on the head of Chariotte river, branch of Susque hannah, situated between Harpersfield and Broom ville. South Leicester, lown, Worcester co,. Mass,, on the head of French river, branch of Quinebaug river, 10 ms. SW. from Worcesler. Southold, lown, Suffolk co.. Long Island, 100 ras. frora New York. It embroces the western peniusula of the E, end of Long Islond exiending NE, from Poconie boy ; ond also includes the is lands Great ond Litlle Gull, Plum, Rum, Rob- bin's, and Fiaber'a. SoulhNew Berlin, town, Chenango co., N. Y., on Suaquebonnah river, below New Berlin, and 10 raa. NE. frora Norwich. South Orange, town, Fronklin co,, Mass,, on Miller's river, 20 ms. B. from Greenfield, and 73 a bltle N. of W. from Boston. South Paria, town, Oxford co.. Me., 47 ms. NNW. from Portland. South Pembroke, town on the western border of Genesee co., N. Y., 30 ms. B. frora Buffalo, and 12 SW. frora Batavia. South Quay, post office and port of entry, Nansemond CO., Va. 838 South River, post office, Middlesex co., N. ,1., 32 ms. frora Trenton. South River, small bay extending NW. from the Chesapeake bay in Ann Arundel co., Md., 6 ms. S. from Annapolis. South Rutland, village, Jefferson co, , N. Y. , on the head of Sandy creek, 15 ras. SE, by E. frora Sackett's Harbor. South Salem, town, Westchester co., N. Y., about 50 ras. N. by E. from New York. Pop. in 1810, 1,666, in 1820, 1,429. South Sandwich, town, Barnstable co.. Moss., situate on the wesiern border of the co., between Sandwich ond Morchpei;, 60 ms. SSE. from Boston. South Scituate, town. Providence Co., R. I., 12 ms. SW. by W. from Providence. South Solon, town on Kennebec river, Somer set CO., Me., 40 ms. N, frora Augusts, and 103 a litlle E. of N. from Portland. South Sparta, village, near tbe soutbern bound ary of Livingston co., N. Y., 30 ms. SW. from Canondaigua. South Tamworth, town in tbe northern part of Strofford co. N. H., on Beor-camp creek of Ossi pee loke, 66 ms. NNE. from Concord. Southville, villoge, St Lawrence co,, N. Y. South Union, village. Logon co., Ky. Soulhwark, borough of Bng. in Surry, which may be considered os port of tbe raelropolia, being seated on the opposite side of the Thames, and underthe jurisdiction of the corporation ofLon don. Pop, 70,000. South Waahington, village on NE. Cape Fear river. New Hanover co,, N. C, 114 ms. 65 E. from Raleigh, and 60 SE, from Fayetteville. South Weare, town in tbe northern part of Hills borough CO., New Harapshire, 20 ma. SW. frora Concord, Soulhwink, town, Hampden co., Maas., 2 ms., SW. from Springfield. Pop. in 1810, 1,229; in 1820, 1,255. * Soulh Wilbraham, village, Hampden co. Mass , 10 ms. E. from Springfield. South Williamson, village, Wayne co. N. Y., 8 ms. NW. from Lyons. Soulhwold, seaport of Eng. in Suffolk, at the raouth of the river BIythe, 104 ms. NE. from London. South Wrentham, extreme southern lown, Nor folk CO., Mass., 27 ms. SW. frora Boston. South Yarmouth, village, Barnstable co., Mass.; on Oyster bay, 102 ras. SE. from Boston. South Major, town of Portugal, in tbe province of Beira. Lon. 6 48 W., lot 41 5 N. Sovigny, town of France, in the dep. of Rhone ond Loire, seated on the Quesne, 50 ms. SE. of i3ourges,ond 167 S. of Poris. Lon. 3 31 B., lot. 46 30 North. Soulea Hill, the most elevaled hill in the mountainous ridge of Lararaermuir, in the N. part of Berwickshire, in Scotlond. Souyotea, or Soyoies, name of a people in Si beria, subject to Russia and China. They dwell in the higher part of the Sayane mountains, to ward the SW. borders of the Lake Baikal, on tbe frontiers of Mongolia. This people, called Soye- tes by Malte Brun, ore by that aulhor supposed lo be a Samoid tribe. Spa, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in Liege, SPA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SPA famous for its mineral waters. It is silualed on one ond of a deep valley, on the bonks of a smoll rivulet, ond is surrounded on all sides hy high mountains. The sides of these mounlains next to Spa ore rude and uncultivated, presenting a rug ged appearance, as if shattered by the convulsions of earthquakes ; bul as they are strewed with tall oaks and abundance of shrubs, the country around forms a wild, roraanlic, and beautiful landscape. lis only sourse of wealth is its mineral waters. The naraes ofthe five principal wells arePouhnu, Geronflerd, Savinere, Walpotz, andTunnelet The inhabitants ore employed in making toys for slran gers. Spa was taken by the French in 1794. It is seated in a valley, surrounded by mountains, 17 ma. SE. of Liege. Lon. 6 50 E., lot 50 SON. Spasford, town in the SW. angle of Onondaga CO., at the head of Skenealeles lake, 20 ms, SW. from Manlius, and by post road 164 ras. W. frora Albany. Spain, kingdom of Europe, 700 ms. long and 600 brood, bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, NE. by the Pyrenees,, which separate it from France, E. and S. by the Mediterranean, SW. by the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal and the Atlaniic. According lo the ancient divisions. it contained the provinces of Old ond New Cos tile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estramadura, Gollicio, Leon, Catolonio, Granodo, Valencia, Biscoy, Asturias, Murcia, and Upper Navarre, some of which have been separate kingdoms. Thi principol rivers are tbe Douero, Tagus, Gua diana, Guadalquiver, and Ebro. The soil is fer tile, but there ore large tracts of uncullivoted ground, ond the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep greatly impedes the progress of agriculture. The produce of the country is wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, ssllpelre, hemp, barilla, and even sugar canes, with the richest and most delicious fruits that are tu be found in France and Italy, and ils wines are in high esteem. Few countries have undergone more interesting revolutions than Spain, and the history of no na tion is perhaps so instructive. After a recent but abortive struggle, that naturally great nation hos bowed to ecclesiastical and civil slavery, and pre sents a singular phenomenon — retrogrotlotion amid general intellectual advance. If, however, the Spanish nation has declined in Europe, the -\merican part has risen with gigantic force. Seven or eight independent Spanish nations now stand forth to sustain the raajesly of their origin, Il is amongst the rational subjects of anticipation lo consider the Spanish nation as destined in future ages to he amongst the raost influential sections of the human species. Of all her once iinmense empire in every quarier of the earlh, Spain still retains her European territories, some trifling places on the coast of Africa, the Canory Islands, Cuba, and Potto Rico, with some other less valua ble poeaessions in the West Indies and in the Po cific ocean, the Philippine and Ladrone Islands. The following table exhibits the subdivisions of Spain mode by the Cortes, during the recent revo lutionary struggle. I have retained il, as affording on estimote of the distributive population of lhat kingdom. Provinces, AUcont AlmeiraAvila Badajoz Barcelona Bilboa - BurgosCadizCacerosCalatayudCastellan ChinchillaCiudad Real - CordovaCorunnaCuenca Gerona GranadaGuodoloxara - Huelva Huesca Joen ¦ Joliva Leon Lerida Logrono Lugo ModridMalaga M urcia OrenseOviedoPalencia Polma Pamplona SalamancaSanlander San Sebastian Segovia SevilleSnria TarragonaTernolToledo Valencia ValladolidVilla Franca Vigo Vittoria ZamoraZaragossa Total - Population. - 249,692 198,762 - 113,138 - .301,225 353,206 104,186 - 206,095 281,293 - 199,205 - 106,947 - 188,079 - 186,260 296,625 337,265 367,970 - 296,660 - 191,243 - 346,984222,655 139,817182,845 274,930 - 161,357 - 180,567 136,660 184,217 263,703290,495390,334 362,058 300,870 367,501 128,697 207,766 198,416 226,'B82 - 175,152 - 104,789145,988 358,811 105,108194,78210.5,191 - 302,470346,166 175,100 86,385 327,848 77,465 142,385 315,111 11,248,026 This table was formed about 1820. Very inadequate ideas prevail in the minds of those who speak or think on the subject of Spain, without having poid raore than a passing notice of its actual extent We hero allude lo the whole Pyrenean peninsula, including the two kingdoms of Spain and Porlugol. A line drawn in a northeasterly direction from Cape St. Vincent to Cape de Creus, near Rosas, in Calalonia, is, in length, 760 ms. The longest N. and S. line is 530 ms. from Tarifa, on the Straits of Gibraltar, to Cape Penas, in Asturias, and on the Bay of Biscay. The annexed table, founded on the river basins 839 SPA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SPA and rhombs, includes the whole peninsula, of which Spain proper contains 173,600 English sq ms., and Portugal 35,400 English sq. ms. Area of Spain and Portugal, in aquare atatute milea, by the rhombs, slopes, and basins, Sq, ms. Northern slope, inclination towards the Bay of Biscay - - 10,500 Northwestern slope, inclination towards the Atlantic ocean - - 12,260 Basin of Douero, slope or inclination to- • wards the Atlantic ocean - - 36,280 Basin of Mondego, inclination towards the Atlantic ocean - 6,800 Bosin of the Tagus, inclination towards the Atlantic ocean - - 26,400 Basin of Sado, inclination towards tbe Atlantic ocean - - 3,600 Algarva, inclination towards the Atlantic ocean - - - '1,700 Basin of Guadiano, inclination towards the Atlantic ocean - 24,500 Basin of Guadalquiver, inclination to wards the Atlantic ocean - - 19,250 Southern slope, inclination towards the Mediterranean and soulhward - 7,200 Soutbeoatern slope, inclinolion towords the Mediterroneon, but eostword 24,500 Basin of tbe Ebro, inclination SE. to wards the Mediterranean 38,000 Northeoslern slope, inclination SE. to wards tbe Mediterranean 6,750 Araount by the bosins Amount by the rhombs Me4n amount Amount in round numbers 206,730 211,000 208,866 209,000 Politically, or rolher raore correctly spooking, nationally, consecrated as they are by time, cus tom, and, in fact, by languages, the old provincial subdivisions of Spain continue, and long must con tinue, to be the popular geography of lhat country, even supposing, what was not, however, the case, that the divisions made by the Cortes had been le gally sanctioned. Tabular view of the provincial divisions of Spain into captain-generalships and provinc.s. provinces. Captain-generalship of Navaire. Navarre Cavtain-gmeral&hip of Guiposcoa. GuipOFCoaBiscay Alava Captain- generalship of Gallicia. Asturias Santiago BetanzosCorunna Lugo Orenaa TuyMondonedo : S40 Pop, 275,000 130,000135,000 87,000 430,000 550,000 170,000 74,000 330,000390,000202,000 124,000 Cilies, Pampeluna St, Sebastian Bilboa Vittoria OvirdoSantiago BetanzosLorunnaLugoOrensaTuyMondonedo Pop, Table — Continued, Provinces. Captain-generalship of Arragon. Arragon Captain-generalship qf Catalonia. Catalonia Captain-generalship of Old Castile. Avila 15,000 9,000 15,000 7,000 10,000 28,000 6,000 18,000 7,0004,000 2,000 6,000 Segovia Soria SantanderLeonPalencia Toro and Zamora Salamanca Valladolid Captain- generalship of EatraTnadura, Estramadura - Captain generalship qf New Castile. MadridGuadalaxuara - ToledoCuencaMancha Captain-generalship of Valencia and Murcia. ValenciaMurcia Captain-generalship of Aiiaalusia. Jaen CortlovaSeville Cadiz Captain generalship of Granada and Malaga. Granada - '? Malaga 5 Pop. 790,000 1,156,000 110,000 375,000 143,000 268,000 187,000 295,000 210,000155,000 24-2,000198,000 672,000 357,000320,000 355,000 345,000 385,000 1,(174.000 470,000 288,000 380,000 6S0,0U0 260,000 1,145,000 Cities. Barcelona Avila BurgosSegoviaSoriaSantander Leon Palencia ToroSalamancaValladolid MadridGuadalaxuara ToledoCuencaCiudad Real ¦ Valencia Murcia JaenCordora SevilleCadiz C Gi-anada t Malaga Spanish Colonies, Africa, CeutaCanary islands Oeeania. Mariannes and Philippine islands America. Cuba. Porto Rico, &c. Pop. 65,000 120,000 4,000 12,00012,000 5,000 18,000 5,000 10,000 9,000 14,000 32,000 1-2,000 200,000 7,000 15,000 7,000 10,000 66,000 35,000 16,000 46,000 91,00053,000 80,000 52,000 Pop. 11,000 196,000 2,640,000 1,240,000 EuropeColonies •^-olal 13,9tB,000 4,688,000 18,590,000 Spaitla, town of Tunis, in Africa. In its neigh borhood there are some raagnificept ruins. It is 90 ms. SW. of Tunis. Lon. 9 15 E., lat. 35 50 N. Spalatro, or Spallatio, town of Dalmatia, wilh a good harbor. It is built upon the ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, the walls of which make two- thirds of those of the city, and of which, in 1764, Mr. Robert Adam published a splendid account, On a peninsula, in the Gulf of Venice, 35 ms. SE , of Sebinico, and 102NW. of Ragusso. Lon. 17 31 E., lot 44 4 N. SPE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SPH Spalding, town of Lincolnshire. It is a very neat lown, neor ihe moulh of tho Welland, with a good cooating trade. It is 14 ms. S by W. of Boston, and 100 N. ofLondon. Lon. 2-' E., lot 52 46 N. Spandau, town of Germany, in Prussia, and middle marche of Brandenburg, surrounded on all Bides by morasses, ond close to it is o fine forlress. The orsenol is in subterraneous vaults, and there ia a priaon for State criminals. It ia sealed on the Havel, 8 ras. NW. of Berlin, and 17 NE. of Brondenburg. Longitude 13 23 E., latitude 52 36 Norlh. Spanish Groves, post office, Mecklenburg co., Va., by poat road 131 ins. SW. frora Richmond. Spanish Town — See St. Jago de la Cuba. Sparta, town, Livingston co., N. Y,, 28 milea 8W, from Oanandoiguo. Pop. 1810, 1,397 Village, Sussex co., N. J,, on one of the head branches of the Wallkill river, 7 ms. a litlle S. of E, frora Newtown, and by post road 92 miles N. from Trenton. Village, Washington co.. Pa,, on the N, fork of Ten Mile creek, 10 ma. SSW. frora Washington, the seat of justice for the co. Village and seat of jusiice, Hancock co , Go., on the dividing ground, between the Great Oge chee and Oconee rivers, 25 miles NE. from Mil ledgeville. This village, beside the ordinary co. buildings, contains two acodemies. Lat. 33 18 N,, lon. W. C. 5 68 W Village and seat of jusiice. White CO., Tenn,, on Callkillers' fork of Craney river, by post road 65 ms. E. from Mur freesborough, and 75 SE. by E. from Nashville. Lot 35 53 N., lon. W C. 8 22 W Village and seat of justice, Conecuh co., Ala,, on Murder creek, branch of Conecuh river, about 70 miles a lillle E. of N, from Pensacola, ond 90 NB, from Mobile. Lot 31 21 N., lon. W. C. 10 8 W. Spartanburg, district, S. C, bounded by N. C. N., York and Union districts E., Ennoree riv er, or Laurens, S., and Greenville W. ; length 40 ms., mean width 22, area 880 sq. ms. It is droined by Broad river and ils numerous branches. Surfoce hilly, ond aoil producuve. Chief town, Spartanburg. Pop. 1840, 16,989. For centrol lot and Inn., see next art. Villoge and seat of justice, Spar tanburg dislrict, S., about 100 ms, N. frora Au gusta, Ga., and by post road 95 ras. NW. frora Columbia. Lat. 34 57 N., lon. W. C. 4 53 W, Spartavento, ancient Hercules, southern cape of Italy, opposile Sicily. Lon. 16 48 B , lal. 38° North. Spariel, Cape, promontory on the coasl of Bar bary, at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 66 W., lat, 35 50 N. Spean. — See Lochy, Loch. Specific Gbavitt. — See Gravity, appendix. Speedsville, village on Six Mile creek of Cayu ga lake, in the NB. part of 'J'ioga co., N. Y., 7 ms. SE, from Ithaca. ¦ Speedwell, village, Claiborne co., Tenn. ; by post road 300 ms. NE. by E. from Murfreesbor ough. Speightatown, seaport of Barbadoes, on the W. side of the island. Lon. 58 31 W., Iat. 13 15 N. Speigleiown, village in the NW. corner of Rens selaer CO., N. Y. iSpello, town of Italy, in Umbria, on a hill, 3 106* ma. NW. of Foligni, and 13 N. of Spoletio. Lon. 12 34 E., lat. 42 60 N. Spencer, town, Worcealer CO., Mass., about 12 ms. SW. of Worcester. Pop. 1810, 1,463; ill 1820, 1,548. Town and seat of justice, Tioga CO,, N, Y., obout midwoy between Smith- borough, on Susquehannah, and Ithoco, neor the head of Cayuga lake, about 15 ms. from each. Lot. 43 13 N., lon, W. C. 0 30 E. Co,, Ky., bounded by Jefferson and Bullitt W., Nel son S., Anderson E., and Shelby N. Lengih from B. to W. 18 ms., meon breodlh 13 ma., and area^316 ms. For lat. ond Ion., see Taylorsville, its county seot This co, is traversed from E. to W. by the northern branch of the Rolling Fork river. Pop. 1840, 6,581. Co., Ia., bounded by Ohio river S., Worwick co. W., Dubois N., and Perry B. Length 30 ms;, breadth 12; area 324 sq. ms. It is generally billy and broken, and drained by small creeks, the principal of which are Anderson and Little Pigeon creek. Soil mostly excellent. Chief town, Rockport Pop. in 1820, 1,882; and in 1840, 6,305. Lat 38° N. and Ion. W. C. 10° W. intersect in thia co. Vil lage and seat of justice, Owen co., Io., on a small creek of White river, about 50 ms. SW. from In dianopolis. Lat. 39 19 N., lon. W. C. 9 50 W. Spencertown, town, Columbia co., N. Y., 30 ms. from Albany." Spey, river of Scotland, rising in Inverness shire, and falling into the Gerraan ocean at the village of Speymoutb. Spezzia, or Spetia, lown of Itoly, in the terri tory of Genoa, with a good harbor. Il is seated at the foot of a hill, ai the bottom of a gulf of tbe same name, 47 ms. SE. of Genoa, and 65 NW. of Florence. Lon. 9 37 E., lat. 44 1 0 N. " Spezzia, pronounced Spetzia, small island of Greece, in the Gulf of Argos. Thia important spot is situated IJ raa. from the ancient promon tory of Hermione, in the Morea, aboul 32 miles SE. from Napoli di Romonio, ond 12 SW. from the island of Hydro. Spezzia contains a small but convenient harbor, opposite to the Morea; en trance from the NW., with anchorage on a sandy bottom. The town, of tbe same name, stands on a flat part ofthe shore. Pop. 3,000. Lat. 37 18 N., lon. 23 13 E. Sphebe, tbe most simple of all solids, as it is generated by the revolution of a semicircle round ita diameter ; and oil lines drawn from its centre are equal. SpnEitoin differs frora a aphere in being a solid forraed by the revolution of an ellipse round one of its axes. There are of course two species of spheroids : one prolate, or forraed by the revolu tion of a serai ellipse round its longer axis ; tbe other oblate, or formed by the revolution of a semi- ellipse round its shorter axis. The latler is ths form resulting from a revolution round an axis of the earth, and of all other pioncta as for os known. Sphobades, Greek, apeiro, scattered like seed sown from the hand. This title has been applied to scattered ialands in the Archipelago, which seem unconnected, to distinguish thera from the Cyclades or islands apparently the culminating parts of subaqueous chain or mountainous ridge. Though applied, OS above stated, specifically to islands in the Mediterranean, the terra may with correctness 841 SPL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SPR be made generic, and used for any group of islands of the same nature as those to which the adjective term was originally given. Mce Islands.— See Moluccas. Spielberg, town of Germony, in the circle of Suabia, 13 ms. SSE. of An.spach. Spieiz, town of Switzeriand, in tbe canton of Bern, seated on the W. side of the Lake Thun, 20 ms. SE. from Bern. Spigelburg, town of Germany, in'Westphalia, capital of a CO. ofthe sarae norae, 33 ms. SW. of Hildesheim. Lon. 9 46 E., lot 5r56 N. Spigna, town of Italy, in Montserral, wilh a casile, 15 ina, N. by W. of Savona, and 40 SB. of Turin. Lon. 8 26 E., lat. 44 45 N. Spitemburgo, town of Ilaly, in Venetian Friuli, 37 ms. NW. of Aquileia, and 47 N. by E. of Venice. Lon. 13 15 B., lot. 46 10 N. Spilsby, lown of Bng., in Lincolnshire, aeated on the side of a bill, 30 ms. E. of Lincoln, and 132 N. by E. of London. Lon. 0 7 E , lot 53 12 N. Spinalonga, town of the island of Condio, in the Mediterranean. It has a good horbor, situated near tbe cape of Spinalonga, 30 ms. B. of Candia. Lon. 25 58 E., lat. 35 20 N. Spinie, lake of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, about 6 ms. long ond half a mile broad, siluoted in a flat country. During winter, great numbers of wild swsns migrate hither. Spire, bishopric of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 50 ms. in length and 30 in breodth where broadest divided inlo two parts by the Rhine, and is a fertile county. Cily of Germany, in the circle of the Rhine, and capital of a bishopric of the aame name, now belonging to Bavaria, on the W. side of the Rhine, 7 ms. N. of Philips burg. Lon. 8 32 E., lat 49 19 N. Spirebach, town of Germany, in the polatinate of the Rhine, seated on a river of the some name, 8 ms. N. of Landou. Lon. 8 12 E., lat 49 20 North. Spiritu Santo, seaport of Brazil, in S. Ameri ca, capital of a government of the same name, with a castle. Lon. 41° B., lat 30 10 S. Town of tbe island of Cuba, 156 ras. ESE. of Havana. Lon. 79 47 E., lat 22 16 N. Spital, lown of Gerraany, in Carinibia, on tbe Liser, near the Drave, 30 ras. W. of Clagenfurt Lon. 13 37 E., lat 46 53 N. Ancient village of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 11 ras. N. of Lincoln, noted for two springs — one colled Julion's Well, and tbe other Castleton Well. It was part of the Roraan cousewoy, leading from London, by Lin coln, to the Humber. Great numbers of Roman coins have been dug up in this village. Spithead, famous road of Eng,, belween Porls raoulh and the isle of Wight, where the royal na vy frequently rendezvous. Spitzbergen, most northern country of Europe, being to the N. of Norway, between Greenland to the W., and Nova Zembla to the E. The coast is beset with craggy mountains, and in the winter it is continual night for four months. The ani mals ore lorge white bears and white foxes. Split Rock, village, Essex co., N. Y., on the head of Bouquet river ; by post road 80 ms. north from Albany. Splugen, town of the country of the Grisons, 843 sealed near the source of the Hinder Rhine. It is the capilal of the valley of Rbinewold, and is 42 ms SW. of Coire. Spoletto, ducby of Italy, 56 ms. long and 40 broad, bounded on the N. by Ancona and Urbino, on the B. by Naples, on the S. by Sabina and tbe patrimony of Sl. Peter, and on the W. by Qrviet- to and Perugino. It was formerly a part of Um bria. Ancient town of Italy, capital of a duchy of the sarae name. It is sealed portly on o bill and portly on a plain, in a country noted for good wine, near the river Tessino, 40 ms. B. of Orviel lo, and 60 N. by E. of Rome. Lon. 13 6 E., lat. 42 45 N. Sponheini, towh of Prussian Germany, in tbe circle of Upper Rhine. It is copitol of a co. of the sarae name, 27 ms. W. of Mentz, and 46 E. of Treves. Lon. 7 21 E,, lot 49 54 N. Spoon, river. III., rising between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, al Iat 41 20 N., and foils into the forraer 150 ms. obove its influx into ihe Mississippi, Spotswood, village, Middlesex co., N. J., at the junction of Matcheponox and Monalapan rivers, 8 ms. S. from New Brunswick. Spotsylvania, co., Va., bounded by Caroline SE,, by Norlh Anna river, or Hanover and Lou isa COS., SW., Orange NW., and Rapid Ann and Rappahannock rivers, or Culpeper ond Stafford, NE. Length 23 ms,, width 18 ; orea about 400 sq, ms. The sources of the Mattapany river are in this CO. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Stoples, grain, fiour, and tobocco. Chief lown, Fredericksburg. Pop. 1820, 14,254; ond in 1840, 16,151. Cent lot 38 12 N,, lon W. C. 0 40 W. Spottedville, post office, Stafford co., Va., 68 ms. SSW. from W. C, and 79 NNE. from Rich mond. Spread Eagle, tavern and post office, Delaware CO., Po., on the Lancaster road, 15 ms. NW. by W. from Philadelphia. Spree, river of Germany, which rises in the mountains of Bohemia, and, passing Ihrough Lu salia inlo the marquisale of Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and falls into the Havel, opposite Span- daw. The sources of the Spree are between those of the Elbe ond tbe .Neisse, branch of the Oder. It flows about 100 ras. in a northerly direction, to where it is united to the Oder by the canal of Mulrose. This fine little canal was tbe first orii- cial navigalion, of any extent worthy of noiice, raade in the Prussian dominions. It was comple ted under the direclion of Philip Chiesse, in 1688, wilh 10 wooden locks. The locks were subse quently rebuilt of stone, and reduced to 8 in num ber. The whole channel is 23 ras. long, ascend ing frora the Spree by one 10-feet lock to the sum mit level, from which it again falls 64 feet by 7 locks, and joins the Oder 5 ms. above Frankfort. Below the canal of Mulrose, the Spree turns to NW. by W., passes Berlin, and joins the Havel at Spandau, after an enlire comparalive course of 160 ms. belween lot 60 60 and 62^° N. Sprigg, tp., Adams co., 0., on tbe Ohio river. Spring Bank, post office, Wayne co., N. C, 23 raa. from Raleigh. Spring, tp , Centre co., Pa„ including Belle fonte, the county seat. SPR GEOGR/XPIIICAL DICTION.ARY. SPR Springbiirough, village, Warren co,, 0., SW. from Columbus. Spring Creek, tp., Miami co., O. Postof fice, Madison co., Tenn , about 150 ms. SW. by W, from Nashville. Springfield, town, Cheshire co,, N, H., 30 ms, NW. from Concord, Town, Windsor co., Vt, on Connecticut river, 13 ms. below Wind sor. Town, Hampden co., Mass., on the E, bonk of Connecticut river, 29 ms. SW. frora Brookfield, and 24° N. byE. frora Horlford. Tbe lown or village is tbe seat of justice for the co., and stands on the bank of the Connecticut river, directly opposite the raouih of Westfield river. In its vicinity are a very extensive paper raanufaclo ry, and a manufactory of hollow wore. Here is olso Ihe site of the principal armory of the f.Tnited Stales. The arsenal is wilhin the vil lage, consisting of extensive buildings devoted to the vorious objects embraced by the establishment, and a hall devoted to public worship. The waler works are placed on Mill river, about one mile soulh frora the arsenal, and are erected on three separate sites — upper, lower, and middle, contain ing 6 shops, 28 forges, 10 triphammers, 18 water wheels, 8cc., presenting one of the raost extensive assembloges of wheels, and other machinery put in motion by water, to be found in the U, Stoles. From 240 to 250 workmen are employed, who complete on on average 45 muskets daily. Sogieot is the water power at the disposal of the Uniled States at this place, that the works moy be increas ed to ony assignable extent that the exigencies of tbe Government may demand. Since its first for mation, this arraory has produced about 130,000 muskets and 1,500 carbines; and neariy 50,000 muskets have been repaired. From 1795 lo 1817, including the first cost, that of the whole establish ment amounted lo ;?l,820, 120. Springfield is the seat of a very extensive com merce, and in the vicinity we have noticed only the most prominent of its manufacturing establish ments. Opposite this village, the Connecticut river is crossed by a bridge 30 feet wide and 1,234 feel in length. Pop. in 1810, 3,812; and in 1820, 3,970. Springfield, town, Otsego co., N. Y., 60 miles W. of Albany. Tp., Burlington county, N. J,, 18 miles S. of Trenton. Town, Essex co,, N. J., about 10 ms. NW. of Elizabelhtown, and about the some distance SW. of Newark, on the W. side of Rahway river, Tp,, Bucks county, Pennsylvonio, between Durham and Richland, and adjoining Upper Saucon, in Lehigh co. Tp., Delaware county, Pa,, between Darby and Crum creeks, 10 railes SW. by W. frora Philodelpbio. Tp., Huntingdon counly. Pa,, on Great Aug- wick creek, 25 ras. S. from Huntingdon, and an equal distance NE. by E. from Bedford. Tp., Mercer CO., Pa,, on Neshanoc creek, ond, includ ing Mercer, is the county seat. Village, Brad ford CO., Po., by post rood 152 ms. N. from Har risburg. Village, Hampshire co,, Va,, on tbe W. side of the S. branch of Potoraac, 58 ms. W. by N. of Winchester, ond about 14 SW. nf Old- town, Maryland Village, Loudon co., Vir gi."iia. Village and seat of justice, Effingbara CO,, Ga,, 22 railes NNW. frora Savannah. Lat. 32 20 N,, lon. W. C. 4 19 W Village and sent of jusiice, parish of St. Helena, Louisiana, on Notalbany river, and on the rood belween New Orleans and Natchez ; 58 ras. from the forraer and 98 miles from tho latler ploce,-- Town in the southern borders of Portage co,, Ohio, containing the pond or head spring of Tuscarawas river. Tp., Cnlumbiona county, Ohio Tp., Rich land CO., Ohio. Tp. in the norlhweatern part of Jefferson co., Ohio. Small villoge in Solem Ip., Jefferson co., Ohio, 15 ms. NW, from Steu benville. Tp,, Gallia counly, Ohio, Tp,, Ross CO., Ohio, on the easiern side of Scioto river, opposile Chillicothe. Tp., Clark county, Ohio, Flourishing town and seat of justice for Clark CO,, Ohio. Il stonds on the eastern fork of Mad river, 13 ms, from Urbanna, and 43 W. from Co lumbus. Lat. 39 48 N,, lon. 6 43 W. Tp., .Montgomery county, Ohio. Tp., Muskingura CO., Ohio, in which is silualed the village 'of Put nam, opposite Zanesville, Town, Hamilton CO., Ohio, 15 miles N. of Cincinnaii, on the road to Hamilton Villoge and seal of jusiice, Wash ington CO., Ky., on a branch of Beech fork of Salt river, obout 50 miles SE. from Louisville. A Catholic college has been erected 3 miles frora this town, Lat. 37 43 N„ lon. W. C. 8 7 W. Pop. in 1840, 600. Town on the norlhern borders of Hamillon county, Ohio. Village and seal of justice, Robertson co., Tennessee, on Springfield creek, 28 miles a litlle W. of N. from Nashville. Lat 36 28 N., lon. W. C. 9 40 W. Springfield Cross Roads, post office, Erie co., Pennsylvonio. Spring Garden, village, Pittsylvania co,, Va., by post road 130 miles SW. by W. from Rich mond. Village, Rockingham co., Norlh Car olina, by post road 113 railes NW. from Raleigh. Spring Grove, vilbige, Iredell co , N. Carolina, by postroad 195 ras. westerly from Raleigh. Village, Laurens dislrici, Soulh Carolina, by po,st road 05 ras. NW. from Colurabia. Spring Hill, village, Fauquier counly, Va. Village, Louisa CO., Va. Post office, Lenoir CO., Norlh Carolina, by post road 86 ms. SE. frora Raleigh. Spring Mills, post office, Cenire co,. Pa. Spring-place, village and Moravian seltlcinenl, Cherokee lands, Georgia, 194 ras. NW. from Mil ledgeville. Springtown, village on the NW. border of Bucks CO , Pa., 7 rns. SE. from Bethlehem, and 45 N. frora Philadelpbia. Springville, villslge, Niagara county, N. Y. Village, Darlington district, Soulh Carolina. Village, and one of the soulhern townships of Sus quehannah county, Pennsylvania, 6 ms. S. from Montrose. Springville Four Corners, post office, Spring ville tp,, Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania. It ought lo be observed, in directing letters, that the preceding post office, ihough in the sarae tp., is in a different part of it. Spring-water, one of the S. lowns of Living ston CO., N. Y. Sprottau, lown of Silesia, in the duchy of Glo gaw, with walls flanked by towers and a strong castle. It is sealed at the confluence of the Bobar and Sprolla, 20 ms. SW. of Glogaw. Lon, 16 38 E., Jat 81 40 N. 843 STA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STA Spurn Head, long sickle-ehoped promontory of Eng., in Yorkshire, at the NE. entrance of tbe moulh of tbe Humber, on which is a light-bouae. Lon. 0 15 E., lat. 63 38N. Squam Harbor, Ea.^ex co., Maas, on the NE. side of Cope .\nn, and opposile Gloucester. Squam Beach, on the E. coast of Monraouth CO., New Jersey. It lies in lot 40° N., very nearly due B. from Fhiladelpbio, and 10 miles SB. from Squankura. Squankum, village on Mannsquan river, Mon mouth CO., N. J., about 55 ras. NE. by E. frora Philadelphia.' Squilace, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore. It was formerly famous, but is now a small place, sealed on the Favelone, near a gulf of the some name, 30 ms. SW. of Sl, Severino. Lon. 16 40 E,, lat 39 3 N. Staataburg, village, Dutchess co,, N. Y., on the Hudson, 10 ras. above Poughkeepsie. Stablo, or Stavelo, town of the Netherlands, in Liege ; here ia a manufacture of leather, which is sent to foreign parts. It ia aeated on the Recht, 9 ras S. of Liraburg. Lon. 6 6 E., lat. 50 29 N. Stade, town of Gerraany, in the duchy of Bre- raen, on the Swingel, near its confluence with tbe Elbe, 22- miles W. of Hamburg, and 45 NE. of Bremen. Lon. 9 17 E., Iat 53 36 N, Stadthagen, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and counly of Schauenburg ; bere is a palace, in the garden of which is a mineral spring. It is 8 raa. E. of Minden. Lon. 9 14 E., Iat 52 24 N. Stafarda, town of Piedmont, in the marquisale of Saluzzo, seated on tbe Po, with a rich obbey. It is famous for a victory gained by the French, in 1690, over ihe duke of Savoy. Lpn. 7 25 E., lot 44 34 N. Slaffa, island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, a lillle to the W. of Mull. It is one raile long and half a mile broad. The whole SW. end is sup ported by ranges of natural pillars, mostly above 50 feet high, standing in colonnades, according aa the bays or points of land form themselves upon a firm basis of solid unformed rock. This is every | where supported by basaltic rocks and pillars, su perior in beauty and grandeur to those which form tbe Giant's Causeway in Irelond. Swaffebtein, town of Germany, in Franconia, and bishopric of Bamberg, situaled on the Lauter, 16 ma. NNE. of Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 E., lot 60 15 N. Stafford, county of England, 55 miles long and 42 broad. This is a long and narrow tract of coun try, ending in a point at the N. and S. extremities, having to the W. the- counties of Cheater and Sa lop, to the E. those of Derby and Warwick, and to the 8. Worcestershire. The rivers Dove and Trent form a natural boundory on the Derbyshire side ; on the other aides it has no remarkable imilB. The S extremily of the counly is enliven ed by various branches of the hardware raanufac ture, in which it parlicipolea wilh the neighboring Birmingham. The trade of this counly is in a pe culiar manner assisted by the grand syslem of ca nal navigalion, of which it is, as it were, the cen tre, and which is carried through its whole lengih. The grand trunk, as it has been ingeniously terra ed, enters the N. of the county from Cheshire, and, 844 after piercing Harecastle-bill by a subterraneous passage of 1 ^ mile in length, passes through the potteries, and thence southward across the Trent almosl to Litchfield, from whence it turns short over the Trent again, and over the Dove, in its way to mix with the Trent al Wilden ferry. From the neighborhood of Stafford it sends off a branch which runs directly soulhward by Pink- ridge, and near Wolverhampton, to join the Sev ern neor Kidderminster. With this o canal from Birmingham and another from Stourbridge com- raunicate. Thus the great ports of Bristol, Liver pool, and Hull, ore all accessible to tbe various products and manufactures of Staffordshire. The principal rivers ore the Trent, Dove, Sow, Chur- ner, Stour, Peok, ond Monyfold. Pop. in 1801, 239,153; and in 1811, 295,153; and in 1821, 341,824. Stafford, borough of England, and county town of Staffordshire, 14 miles NW. of Litchfield, and 135 NW. of London. Lon. 2 4 W,, lat 53 48N. Stafford, Tolland lown, county. Conn., near the head of Willomantic river, 36 ras. NE. from Hart ford. The village is elevated, and the adjacent country in a pecuHar degree pleasant and romontic. The minerol springs at this place hove become a place of great resort in summer, and the walers are found efficacisua in goul, rheumatism, scorbutic complaints, &c. The accomraodations for visiters are extensive and convenient. There ore in thelp, five churches, two colton factories, a manufactory of clocks, and two casting bouses for making hollow iron ware. Populalion in 1810, 2,355; in 1820, 2,369 ; and in 1840, 2,469. Stafford, county, Virginia, between the Poto mac and Rappahannock rivers, bounded by King George SB., Rappahannock river SW. and W., Fauquier county N W., and Prince Williara N. ; lengih 20, mean width 12 miles, area 240 sq. ms. Surfoce very hilly, ond soil sandy. Chief lowns, Stafford, Falraoutb, and North Marlborough. Pop. in 1820, 9,617; and in 1840, 8,454. Centrallat 38 25 N., lon. W. C. 0 22 W. Stafford, tp., Monmouth county. New Jersey. The soil is generally sandy, yet there are some very good farms. The principal settlement isMan- nahawkin, a post town, containing 30 dwelling- houses and two places of public worship. Pop. in 1810, 1,239; in 1820, 1,428; and in 1840, 2,149. -Village, Orange co,, Vt, 45 miles NE. from Rutland: Town, Genesee co., N. Y., 8 ma. a little S. of E. from Botovio, and obout 30 SW. from Rochester. Stafford C. H,, post office, Stafford co., Va., 47 raa. SS W, frora Washington city, and 76 a liltle E. of N. from Richmond. Stafford Springs, posl office, in the NE. pait of Tolland county, Connecticut, 28 miles NE. from Hartford. Staffurth, town of Germony, in Upper Saxony, and principality of Anhalt Bernburg, 21 milea SSW. of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 40 B., lot 61 65 N. Stagira, town of Turkey in Europe, in Moce- donio, seated on tho Gulf of Contessa. It is re raarkable for being the birlhplace of Aristotle, whence he is called the Slogirite. Il is now coll ed Lyba Novo, and is 16 ms. from Conlessa, Lon. 22 48 E,, lat 41 15 N. STA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STA Stagno, seaport of Ragusan Dolmatio, on a pe ninaulo, in the Gulf of Venice, 30 ma. NW. of Raguaa, Lon. 17 50 E., lat 43 12 N. Stagaville, village, Oiange co., N. Y. Stain, town of .'Vustria, on the Danube, over which is a toll bridge, 66 ms. W. of Vienna. Lon. 15 0 E., lat 48 1 1 N. Stains, town of England, in Middlesex, on tho Thomes, over which is a stone bridge. At some distance above the bridge, at Coin Ditch, is the London mark stone, which is the ancient bounda ry of the jurisdiction of the city of London on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. Stains is 17 miles W. by S. of London. Lon. 0 36 W., lal. 51 27 N, Slalbridge, town of Eng., in Dorsetshire, with a manufaclure of stockings. Here is on ancient cross of one stone, 21 feel high, on a hose of 8 feet. It is 20 ms. N. by E. of Dorchester, and 111 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 18 W., lal. 50 57 N. Stalimene. — See Lemnos. Stalling's Store, and post office, Monroe co., Ga., 42 ras. W. from Milledgeville. Stamford, borough of Eng., in Lincolnshire, en the most soulhern part of the counly, is 26 ms. N. of Huntingdon, and 89 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0 31 W., lot, 53 4'J N. Tp., Benning ton CO., Vt, 10 ms. SE. from Bennington. Town, Fairfield co., Ct., on a small siresm that runs into Long Islond sound, 20 ms. SW. of Fair field, ond 44 NE. of N. Y. Stamford is a fine vil lage of between 60 and 70 well-built houses, with a harbor admitting vessels of 7 feet draught Pop. in 1810, 4,353; in 1830, 3,284; and in 1840, 3,516. Village, Delaware CO., N. Y., 61 ms. SW. from .Albany, Slampalio, island of the Archipeiogo, 60 ms. W. of Rhodeo, and 37 from the coast of Natolia, It ia 16 ms, long and 5 broad, almost without in habitants, and wants fresh woter. Siannardscille, village in the weatern part of Orange co., Va., at the foot of the Blue ridge, 70 ms. W. from Fredericksburg. Stanchio, fertile island of the Archipelago, near the coasl of Natolia, 12 ms. NE, of Slampalio, and 40 NW. of Rhodes. It is the ancient Cos, the birlhplace of Hippocrates and Apelles, and is 23 ras. long and 10 broad. The capital, of the same name, is well built, and seated at the fool of a mountain, ot the boilora of o boy, and near u good harbor. Lon. 26 54 E., lat, 36 45 N, Stasdabd, Fr., etendard; original raeaning, a staff firmly placed, to point out the situation ofthe principal chief. In armies, the term is now used generally for the banner or colors. Ensign, ban ner, &c,, mean essentially the same as standard. Standing Peach Tree, post office, on Chatahoo che river, De Kalb Co., Ga., by post road 178 ms. NW. by W. from Milledgeville. Standing Rock, post office, Stewart co,, Ten- nes.^ee. Standing Stone, post office, Bradford co.. Pa. Standish, small town, Cumberland co.. Me., on the E. side of Saco river, 25 miles NW. of Portland. Slandon, town of Eng., in Hertfordshire, 8 ms. N. of Hertford, and 37 of London. Lon. 0 5 E., lat 51 56 N. Stanfordville, lown, Dutchess co., N. Y., IS ins. NE. froin Poughkeepsie. Stanford, village ond seat of justice for Lincoln CO., Ky., near Dick's river, 10 ma. SE. from Dan ville. Pop. 500. Lat 37 36 N., lon. W, C, 7 28 W. Stanford's Cross Roads, Putnam co., Ga,, about 30 ras, frora Milledgeville Stanhope, villoge on IVIusconccun river, SE. part of Sussex co,, N. J,, 30 miles a lilllo W. of N. from Somerville, and 60 miles N. from Trenton. Stanmore, dresry district of Eng,, in the E, an gle of Westmoreland, of the most savage aspect, and which has been described in poetry and ro mance. Here is a fragment of Rerecross, set up as a boundary belween Bngland and Scotland, , when Cumberland bdonged to the latler. Stanhope, town of Eng., in the co. of Durham, 20 ms, W. of Durham, ond 264 N. of London Lon. 2 0 W., lot 54 48 N. Stanley, town of Eng,, in Gloucestershire, 12 ms. S. of Gloucester, and 104 W. of London. Lon. 2 16 W., lat 51 40 N. Stanmore, Great, village of Eng,, in Middlesex; here is a hill which is so very elevoled that the trees upon it are a sea-mark from the Gerraan ocean. Sla7imore, Lillle, — See Whitchurch, Stanton, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 16 ras. E. of Lincoln, and 129 N. ofLondon. Lon 0 2 W., lat 53 18 N, Stantonsburg, village, Edgecomb co,, N. C, 70 ms. eosterly from Roleigh, Stanlz, town of Swilzerland, capital ofthe can ton of Underwalden, on a plain, al the foot of Ihe Stanzberg, near the Lake of Lucerne, 29 ms. S. of Zuric, Lon. 8 22 E., lat. 46 51 N. Staraia Russa, town of Russia, in the govern ment of Novogorod, seated on the river Polish near the Lake Ilmen, 40 ms, S. by B, of Novogo rod. Lon, 33 2 E,, lat. 57 40 N. Slargard, town of Pussian Germany, in Pome rania. It has manufactures of serges, shalloons tammies, druggets, &c., and is aeated on the Ihna', 18 ms. SR. of Stettin, and 37 NW. of Landsperg. Lon 25 8 E., lal. 53 32 N Town of Prussian Germany, in Lower Saxony, 30 ms. distant from New Brandenburg. Stark, CO. of Ohio, bounded N, by Porlage, E. by Columbiana, S. by Tuscarawas, and W. by Woyne. Lengih 33, width 30 ms. ; area 800 sq. ra-. It is drained by the vorious sources of Tus carawas river. Chief lown. Canton. Pop. in 1830, 14,506; and in 1840, 34,603. Centrallat 40 48 N., lon. W. C. 4 26 W. Slarkey, village, Steuben co,, N. Y. Starkey's, post office, Muskingum co., Ohio, Stark's, town, Somerset co.. Me., on Kenne bec, 7 miles W. from Norridgewock. Pop. in 1820, 1,053. Starksborough, village, Addison co., Vt, 28 ms. W. from Monlpelier. Starr, Ip,, Hocking co., Ohio. Start point, promonlory of England, in Devon shire, in tho English channel, 14 ms. S. by W. from Dartmouth. Lon. 3 51 W., lat 50 9 N. Staten island, island which forms the county of Richmond, N. Y. On the 8. side is a considera- 845 STA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STE ble trad of level land, but in general Ibis island is rough, and tbe hills high. — See Richmond coun ty, N. Y. Siaten Land, barren, craggy island in the Pa cific ocean, in 55° S. Iat Belween this island and Terra del Fuego is the strait of Le Moire. Statesborough, villoge and seat of jusUce for Bullock CO., Ga., 45 ras. NW. from Sovonnoh. Lot 32 24 N., Ion. W. C. 4 38 W. Slatesburg, village, Sumler district, S. C , near the Wateree, 30 ms. S. from Camden, and 10 frora Sumtervilie, Stalesville, lown and seat of justice for Iredell CO., N, C,, on a branch of South Yadkin river, about 130 ms, W. from Roleigh. Slates ofthe Church.— See Italy, p, 434. Statisi'ics, 06 knowledge of the elements of political- econom.v, may therefore be regarded as "the science of public prosperity." Object, to seek and compare and combine the sources of wealth and power in the Slate, by forming tabular views of the territorial extent, population, produc tions of the soil, mines, &c., manufacturea, and commerce. It may therefore be said, truly, that statistics is the science by pre-eminence. Stavanger, episcopal ' town of Norway, in the province of Bergen, capilal of a territory of ide same name, wilh a harbor. It is seated on a pe ninsula, near the fortress of Doswick, 75 ms. S. of Bergen. Lon. 6 45 E., lat. 59 6 N Stavaren, ancient seaport of the kingdom of Hol land, in Friesland, formerly a crmsideroble lown, but now much decayed, the horbor being choked up witb sand. It is seated on the Zuider Zee, S ms. W. of Slooten, and 15 NE. of Enchuysen. Lon. 5 13 E,, lot 63 54 N. Slaubbach, celebrated cataract of Swilzerland, near the village of Laulerbrunn, in the canton of Bern, which falls down a rock, 930 feet high, wilh such impetuosity as to resolve itself into a fine spray, which, viewed in some parlicular situations, resembles a cloud of dust Hence it derives ils name : thi^ word Slaubbach, in German, signifying a spring of dust The brook which forras this tor rent is named tbe Kupfer-Bachelin, or Rivulet of Copper. Staeufen, lown of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and subject lo Austria. Lon. 7 44 E.,lat 48 55 N. Stduffenburg, lown of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 10 ms. frora Wetzlar. Staunton, village at tbe junciion of Red Clay and White Cloy creeks, Newcaslle co., Del., 6 ms. SW. by W. from Wilmington. Village and aeat of jusiice for the co. of Augusta, Va., is a corporate town, situated on the S. branch of the Shenandoah, in o beauliful and fertile valley be tween the Norlh and S.iulh mountoins, a little N. of Madison's cave. Contoins obout 200 houses ; 3 handsome brick churches— Presbyterian, Episco palian, and Melhodial ; 3 court-houses— 1 of brick, for the chancery court, and the olher of stone, for the county, circuit, and corporation courts; 3 tav erns, and 12 stores. Distant 120 ms. NW. from Richmond, 95 SW, from Winchester, and 174 W. from W. C. Pop. 1,365. Village on Miami tiver, in Miami co , Ohio. Tp., Miami co , Ohio, W. from Miami river. Stavropol, town of Russia, in the governmeni of 846 Simbirsk. Lon. 38 68 B., lat. 53 44 N Town of Russia, in the government of Caucasus: Lon. 41 50 E , lal. 44 66 N. Stedmansville, village. Orange Ip., Meigs co, , Ohio. Steege, town of Denmark, in the island of Meon, witb a harbor, 38 ms. SSW. from Copenhagen. Lon, 12 30 E., lot 65 5 N. Steenbergen, strong town of the kingdora of Holland, in BrabanI, in the raarquisate of Bergen- op-Zoom. It has a coraraunication with the Moese, and is 7 ms. N. of Bergen-op-Zoom, and 17 W. of Breda Lon. 4 28 B., lat '61 32 N. . Steenkeer, town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim. Lon. 1 1 34 E., lal. 63 60 N. Sleenkirk, village of the kingdom of Belgium, in Hainaull, 15 ra-. N. of Mons, and 16 W. of Brussels. Steenwick, town ofthe kingdom of Hrdland, iu Overyssel, sealed on the river Ao, 20 ms. SE. of Slooten, ond 32 N, of Deventer. Lon, 5 50 E,, lot 62 50 N, Stegeberg, seaporl of Sweden, in B. Gothland, sealed on the Baltic, 25 miles S. of Nikoping, and 82 SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 E., lat 58 16 N. Stein, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zu ric. It is seated on tbe Rhine, where it issues from tbe Lake of Conslance, coraraonding a de hghlful prospect, and is 15 ms. W, of Conslance, and 15 NE. of Zuric, Lon. 8 48 B,, lat. 47 43 N. Steinfurt, lown of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. It bos an academy, and is sealed on Ihe Vecht, 16 ms. NW. of Munsler. Lon, 7 41 E., lot 12 15 N. Steinheim, lown of Gerraany, in the electorole of Mentz, seated on a hill, near tbe river Maine, with a castle, 9 ms. Irom Frankfort. Lon. 8 54 E., lat 49 52 N. Steke, town of Denmark, on the N. coast of the isle of Mona, with a castle. It is almost surround ed by a lake. Lon. 12 15 B , lat. 55 4 N. Slellenbosch, one of th.e provinces or districis of the colony at the Cape of Good Hope, SB. from Capo Town. Slenay, foriified town of Fr., in tbe dep. of Meuse, and lale duchy of Bar, seated on the river Meuse, 24 ras. N. by W. of Verdon. Lon. 5 19 E,, lat 50 28 N. Stendal, town of Germany, in the marquisale of Brandenburg, and subject to Prussia. Lon. 12 6 E., lat. 52 45 N. Stennis, village of Scotland, in the island of Orkney. Slephentown, SE. town, Rensselaer co., N.Y , 20 ras. SE. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 3,593. Stepney, a village of Eng., olmost contiguous to London. Village, Fairfield co., Ct, 50 ras. SE. frora Hariford. SrEUEOTYPB, raethod of printing, from Greek, stereos, solid, and tupos, type; literally, solid type, or multiplication of writing by means of solid plates. Sterling, lown, Worcester co., Mass., 40 ms. W. frora Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,473; in 1820, 1,710 Town, Windhara co., Ct, 44 ms. E. from Hartford. It is the seat of an academy, and a very extensive cotton factory, containing 1,600 spindles. NW. town, Cayuga co., N. Y. ; the STE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STI tp. extends to Lake Ontario, but the village is silu oted inlaml, obout 30 ma. N W. from Salina, nnd on equal distonce NE. from Geneva. Village, Wayne co., Pa., by post road 156 ms. NE. from Harrisburg. Sterlingville, village, Granville co., N C. Sternberg, town of Prussion Germany, in Upper Soxony, in the morquisate of Brandenherg. It car ries on a great comraerce in cattle, and is 30 ms. NE. of Frankfort on the Oder. Lon. 15 11 E,, lat 63 30 N. Town of Gerraany, in Lower Saxony, 16 ms. SE, of Wismar. Lon. 11 50 B., lat 53 45 N. Stertzingen, lown of Austrian Germany, in the Tyrol, sealed at the foot of a mountain, on the river Eysoch, 13 ms. NW. of Brixen. Stetin, or Stettin, seaport of Prussion Germany, in Pomerania. It is a flourishing place, and car ries on a considerable trade. It is sealed on the Oder, 70 ms N. by E. uf Beriin, and 72 N. of Frankfort Since Pomerania became a province of Prussia, Stettin has been tbe principal port of that kingdora on tbe Oder. It stands al the heod of ship navigation. Lon. 14 38 E., lot 53 36 N. Steuben, co., N. Y., bounded by Tioga co., Po,, S., by Alleghany co., N. Y., W., by Living ston and Onlorio N., and Seneca lake and Tioga CO , N. Y., E. Length and breadth nearly equal, each about 40 ras. Areo, 1,600 sq. ms. The NE, angle is drained by Crooked loke, into Seneca lake; from the NW. angle tbe waters are dis charged into the Caanaseraga branch of Geneaee river; and the residue drained by Canisteo and Tioga rivers and their branches. Surface gener ally very hilly and broken. Chief town, Bath. Pop. in 1820, 21,989; and in 1840, 46,138, Central lat. 42 20 N., lon. W. C. 22' W. Steuben, town, Washington co.. Me,, 35 ms. W. fromMachias. Pop in 1810, 562; and in 1820, 780. Town, Oneida co., N. Y., 30 ms. N. from Utica. This tract was granted, for bis revolutionary services, lo Boron Sleuben, and bere rest his remains. Steubenville, town and seat of jusiice, Jefferson CO., Ohio. It was laid out in thick woods In 1798, and in 1810 contoined 800 inhabitants; and by the census of 1830, 2,539 ; and in 1840, 5,203. This town, like most others on the Ohio, rises from the river by different stages of elevation. The adja cent country is in a pecuUar manner romantic and pleasing to the eye. The dwelling-houses raust amount to about 800. This town contains several churches and schools, an academy, two printing oflices, several factories, stores, &c., wilh the usual county buildings. It is 39 ms. by land and 70 by water from Pittsburg. Lon. W. C. 3 40 W., lat, 40 25 N. Stevenage, town of Bng., in Hertfordshire, 12 ms. NNW. of Hertford, and 31 N. by W. ofLon don. Lon. 10' W., lat. 51 69 N. Stevensburg, villoge, Frederick co,, Va., 10 ras- NE. of Strasburg, and 8 SW. of Winchester. Village, Culpeper co,, Va., 30 ras. NW. by W. from Fredericksburg. Stevensville, village, King and Queen co., Va., by post road 62 ms, NB. from Richmond. Stewart, NW. co., Tenn., B. of Tennessee river, bounded by Ky. NE., Montgomery co., Tennessee, E., Dickson co. SB., Humphreys S., and Tennessee river, or Henry co., W. Length 22 mf,, raean width 20 ; orea, 560 sq. raa. It is wa-died on one side by Tenncsat^o, and traversed from SE. to NW. by Cumberland river. Chief town, Dover. Pop, in 1820, 8,388; and in 1040, 8,1587. Centrol lut 36 38 N,, lon. W. C. 10 40 W. Stewart's islands, five islands in the S. Pacific oceon, discovered by Coptain Hunter in 1791, and named by him in honor of Admiral Keith Stewart. Lon. 163 18 E., lal. 8 36 S. Slewartstown, small lown of Scot, in the co. of Ayr, 14 ms. NNE. of Ayr. Inconsiderable town of Ireland, in the co. of Tyrone, 5 ma. NNE. of Dungannon. Town, Coos co,, N. H., on Conneciicut river, ot the raouih of Hall's river, 140 ras. N. from Concord. Lot' 44 58 N,, lon. W. C. 6 31 E. Stewarisville, Sussex co,, N. J., by poat road 60 ms. N. from Trenton. In the wesiern part of Westmoreland co,, Po., on the rood from Greensburg to Pittsburg, 13 ms, from tbe former, and 14 from the lotter place. Sleyning, borough of Ehg., in Sussex, 51 ms, S. by W. ofLondon. Steyre, lown of Upper Auslrio, and quarier of Troun. Il carries on a great trade in iron, and is sealed at the confluence of the Steyre and Ens, 30 ms, SE of Lintz. Lon. 1 23 E., lot, 48 6 N. Sleyrigg, town of Austria, 36 ms. ESE. of Passau, and 84 W. of Vienna. Lon. 15 20 E., lat 40 15 N. St. George's, town, Newcastle co,,J)el, on the N. sideof Sl. George's creek, 10 ms. 8. of. New Castle, and 9 N, of Contwell's bridge. Stickhausen, town and citadel of Prussian Ger many, in Westphalia, and co. ofE. Friesland, 18 ms. ESE. of Embden. Lon. 7 13 E., lal. 53 14 North. Stiligiano, town of Naples, in Basilicata, fa raous for its boths, and sealed near the river Sa- landrella. Slill Valley, post office, Sussex co , N. J., 64 ms. N. from Trenton. Stillwater, village, Saratoga co., N. Y., on the W. side of Hudson river, 16 ms. N. of Troy, 15 E. of Ballstown, and 34 N. of Albany. Vil lage, Sussex CO., N. J., 83 ms. N. frora Trenton. Village, Miami co., Ohio. Slillwellsville, lown, Montgomery co., N. Y. Stilton, town of Eng., in Huntingdonshire, cel ebrated for a rich kind of cheese, somelimes called English Parmesan. Il is 14 ms. S. by E. of Stamford, and 75 N. by E. ofLondon. Stinchar, river of Scot, in ihe N. part of Ayr- sbiie, which has a rapid course of 26 ras., and en ters the ocean below Bailanlrac. Stiria, formerly a duchy of Germany, now Inner Austria, 125 ms. long and 17 broad, bounded on the N. by Austria, B. by Hungary, S. by Carniola, and W. by Carinthia and Saltzburg. It is divided into Upper and Lower Stiria ; the former coniains the circles of Judenburg and Bruck, and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburg, and Cilley. Though a mountaiiious country, there is rauch land fit for tillage, and the soil is fertile. Gralz and Juden burg are the chief towns. Stirling, borough bf Scot, capital of Stirling shire, on the river Forth, Here are two churches, 847 STU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STO and a famous gromraor achool. In tbe town ond its neighborhood ore manufacturea of carpets, sha loons, and other woolen stuffs ; and the colton trade is very flourishing. Stiriing, from its commodious situation, commonds the pass between the N. and S. part of Scotland. It is 30 ms. NW. of Edin burgh. Lon. 3 45 W., lot 56 6 N. Stirl'ing, CO. of Scotland, 35 ms. long and 10 broad, bounded on the N. by Perthshire, NB, by Clackmananshire and tbe Frith of Forth, SE, by Linlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and Duinbar. tonshire, and W. by Dumbartonshire. It is divided inlo 22 parishes, and coniains 60,000 inhabitonts. The principal rivers ore the Forth, Carron, and Avon ; and the great canal crosses it frora the mouth of the Carron, The S. part of the co, is mountainous, but the part near the Forth ia fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, and Imeatone, Pop. in 1801,50,825; in 1811,58,174; and in 1821. 65,331. Stirum, town of Gerraany, in the duchy of Berg, seated on the Roer, 13 ras. N. of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 53 E., Iat 41 34 N. Slochem, town of Gerraany, in Liege, seated on the Maeae, 12 ras. N. of Maestrichl. Lon. 5 43 E., lat 51 4N. Stock, tp,, Harrison co., Ohio. Siockach, town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden. It ia seated on a river of the some nome, 20 ras N. of Constonce. Lon. 9 10 B., lot 47 60 N. Siockbridge, borough of Eng., in Hampshire, 9 ms. NW. of Winchester, ond 67 W. by S. of London. Lon, 1 30W., lot 51 9 N. Town, Berkshire co., Mass., 14 ms. N. of Sheffield, and 67 NW. of Hartford, in Ct Village, Wind sor CO., Vt, 26 ms, NW. from Windsor. Large town, Madison CO., N. Y., 20 ms. SW, by W. frora Utica. Siockbridge Hollow, and post office, about 30 ras. SW. from Utica. Stockdon's Valleyi Cumberland co., Ky.— See Stockton's Valley. Stockertown, village, Northampton co.. Pa. Siockrau, town of Germany, in the orchduchy of Austria. It is situated on the Danube, and is 6 ms. NW. ofNeuberg. Stockholm, the capitol of Sweden, in a situation remarkable for its romantic scenery. This capitol, which is very long and irregular, occupies, besides 2 peninsulas, 7 sraall rOcky islands, seated on tbe Maeler, in the streams which issue from that loke, and in a boy o£ the Baltic. A variety of contrasted views are formed by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly frora the surface of the waler, partly bare and craggy, and parily dotted wilh bouses or feathered wilh wood. The harbor ia an inlel of the Baltic ; the woter ia as clear os crystol, and of such deplh that ships of the largest burden can ap proach tbe quay, which is very large and lined with spacious buildings. Towards the sea, about a or 3 ms. from the town, the harbor ia contracled into a narrow strait, and, winding among high rocks, disappears frora the sight ; and the prospect is terminated by distant hills overspread with for est. It is far beyond tho power of words or of pencil to delineate these singular views. The cen- tbe town. At the extremity of the harbor severol streets rise, one above another, in the form of an ompbitheatre ; and a royal palace, a raagnificent building, crowns the summit. Except in the su burbs, where several housea aro of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildinga are of brick. There are here an academy of sciences and an or senol. Stockholm is 200 ma. NE. of Copenha gen, and 900 NE. of London. Lon. IS 9 E., lat. 69 20 N. Town, St Lawrence Co., N, Y., 30 ms. E. from Ogdensburg. Poat office, .Mor ris CO., N. J. Stockport, town of Eng., in Cheshire. It bas a considerable raanufoclure of cotton and printed goods, ond is seated on the Meraey 6 ma. S. of Mancheater, and 176 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 2 18 W., lat 55 33 N. Village on the right bank of Delaware river, Wayne co., Pa., 150 ma. N. from Philodelpbio, and 40 E. from .Moniroae. Stockton, town of Bng., in the co. of Durlyra, It baa a large manufacture of sailcloth, o trode in leod, corn, and butler, and is noted for its good ale. It is sealed on the river Tees, not far from its moulh, 18 ras. SSE. of Durham, and 244 N, by W. of London. Lon. 1 6 W., lal. 54 38 N. Town, Chautouque co., N.Y,, 10 ms. a little W, of S. from Fredonia, ond 60 ms. SW. from Buffalo, Stockton's Valley, post office, Cumberiand co., Ky., by posiroad 175 ras. S. from Frankfort Slockzow, town of Silesia, in the principolity of Teschen, seoted on the Vistula, 12 ms, SE. of Teschen. Lon. 18 32 E., lal. 49 45 N. Studdart, lown, Cheshire co , N. H,, 15 ras. NE. frora Keene, ond about 35 SW. by W. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 1,203. Stoddarlsville, village, Covington tp., Luzerne CO,, Po,, on the right bonk of the Lehigh river, 32 ms. NW. from Boston, and 18 ms. SE. of Wilkesbarre. Stoics, from Gr. atoa, a porch or portico, so called from the portico or gallery in which Zeno, the founder of the sect, gave bis lessons or lec tures. With much aualerily the stoics were, of all the sects of ancient philosophers, the one which suited the realities of civilized life best. The sect of Zeno produced many of the most splended characters of the Pagan world. Stoke, village of Eng., in Dorsetshire, near which, in 1760, some antiquities were dug up. Villoge of Eng., in Norfolk, SE. of Down- ham, and a ferry on the Stoke, which is navigoble to it frora the Ouse. Villoge of Eng., in Suf- . folk. Its church, which is situated on a hill, haa -" a lower 120 feet high, and is a landraark to shipa that paaa the raouih of the harbor of Harwich, at 13 ms. distance. Stoke, or Stoke Pogea, village of Eng., in Buckinghamshire, four ms. NNW. of Windsor. Ila churchyard waa the scene of Gray's celebraled Elegy. Stokecomer, town of Eng,, in Somersetshire, 26 ras. W. of Wells, and 162 W. by S. of London. Stoke Dabemon, villoge of Eng., in Surry, witb sulphureous springs. Stokes, CO., N. C, bounded by Va, N, Rock- Fr!.'?*iolanil"^f'r'om which the" city derives its name, inghara and Guilford cos., N. Car. E.,Rowon S,, and the Rilterholm, are the handsomest parts of I and Surry W. ; length 40 ms., width 24; area 848 STO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STO 960 sq. ms. It is drained by the sources of the Don ond Yadkin rivers. Chief towns, Germantown and Salem. Pop. in 1830, 14,033 ; and in 1840, 16,265. Central lat. 36 16 N., Ion. W. C. 3 20 W. Stokes, SW. tp,, Madison co , Ohio. Slokesbury, village, Slokes co., N. C, 140 ms, NW. frora Raleigh. Stokesley, town of Eng., in tho N. Riding of Yorkshire, 36 ras. N. of York, and 239 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 2 W., lot. 54 29 N. Slolberg, town of Gerraany, in Thuringia, cap ital of a CO. of the same name, sealed in a valley between two mounlains, 10 ms. N. of Nordhau- sen, and 58 NW. of Leipsic. Lon. 11 8 E., lat 51 42 N. Stolhoffert, town of Gerraany, in the grand duchy of Bodei], sealed in a morass near tbe Rhine, 8 ms. SW. of Baden, and 12 NB. of Stras burg. Lon, 8 10 E., lot 48 41 N. Slolpen, town of Prussia, in Pomeranio, in a valley, on a river of tbe same nome, 50 ms. NE. of Colberg, and 66 NW. of Danlzic. Lon. 16 35 E., lat 54 32 N. Stone, lown of Eng., in Staffordshire, on tbe Trent, 7 ms. N. by W. of Stafford, ond 140 NW. of London. Lon. 2 6 Vi7., lat 54 54 N. Slone Arabia, village, Montgomery co., N. Y., 50 ms. N W. by W from Albany. Slone Creek, tp , Somerset co.. Pa., on Stoney creek branch of Conemaugh, 10 ms. E. from Somerset. Stone Fort, post office, Fronklin co., Tenn., 35 ms. SSK. from Murfreesborough. Stoneham, North, village of Bng., in Honts, seated on the lichen, 3 ras. Nl'l. of Soulhomplon, In its church is on elega-jt monument, erected in 1783 to the memory of Admiral Hawke. Stoneham, lown in the easiern part of Middle sex CO., Moss., 10 ms. N. from Boston. Stonehenge, remarkable heap of stones in Bng., on Salisbury plain, 6 ras. NB. of Salisbury. It has puzzled many diligent inquirers lo account for the laying of those enormous stones one upon an other, for they are so heavy that it is thought no raethod now known is sufficient to have raised those that lie across to that height Stonehaven, co. lown of Kincardineshire, Scot land, wilh a good harbor, secured by a stone pier. Il has sorae trade in canvass, dried fish, and oil. Itis 14 ras. S. by W. of Aberdeen. Stone Inlet, Charleston district, S, C, opens to the Atlantic ocean, between John and Jaraes islands, about 12-ms, S, frora Charieston. Slonesborough, village in Gijenco,, Ky. Stone'a River, river of Tenn,, falling into the Cumberland 6 ms. above Nashville. It chiefly drains Rutherford co. Stonesville, village, Greenville district, S. C, 96 ms. N W. frora Columbia. Stoney Brook, village, Suffolk co., N. Y. Stoney Creek, or Schryock, village, Shenandoah CO., Va , on Stoney creek branch of Shenandoah river, 36 ms. SSW. from Winchester, and by posl road 105 ms. a litde S. of W. from W. C. Stoney Point, village, Albemarle co. Va., by postroad 124ms. SW. from W.C. Postoffice, Iredell co., N. C. Village, Abbeville district, 8. C. 100 ms. westerly frora Columbia. 107* Stonington, town ond borough. New London CO., Conn., lying on Long Island sound, 16 ma. eostword of New London, and near the W. liite of Rhode Island. Lal. 41 30 N., lon. W. C. 5 6 B. Pop, in 1840, 3,898. Stin-kau, lown of Prussia, in Upper Saxony, 24 ms. ESE. of Beriin, and 36 WSW. of Frank fort on tbe Oder. Lon. 13 35 E., lot 62 24 N. Stormaria, principolity in tbe kingdom of Den mark and duchy of Holstein, bounded on the N. by Holstein proper, on the E. by Wageria and Lawenberg, and on the S, and W. by Lunenburg and Bremen, from which it is separated by tbe Elbe. Glucksladi is the capital. Stornaway, town of Scolland, in the isle of Lewis, It has a harbor called Loch Stornaway, on the E. side of the N. division of the island. Stortford, or Bishop's Start ford, town of Bng., in Hertford-^bire. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Stort, which bas been made naviga ble hence lo the Lea. It is 12 ras. NE. of Hert ford, and 30 N. of London. Lon. 12' E., lat. 61 55 N. Slormville, village, Dutchess co., N. Y. Stossen, town of Gerraany, in Upper Saxony, 6 ms. S. of Weissenfels, and 6 SE. of Nam- burg. Slougstown, village, Cumberland co.. Pa., 45 ms. westerly from Harrisburg. Stoughton, town, Norfolk co., Mass., 16 ms. SW. from Boston. Pop. in 1830, 1,313. Stour, river of Eng., which rises on Ihe most northerly poinl of Dorsetshire, on the edge of Wiltshire, and, after washing Stourminster and Blandford, flows to the Hampshire border, and enters the sea at Christ churcb. Small stream of Bng , in Kent, which rises in the Wealk, flows by Canterbury, and empties itself inlo the sea be low Sandwich, Most considerable river of Eng., in Suffolk, which forms the enlire boundary between Essex and Suffolk, watering Clare, Sun bury, Nayland, and Manningtree, and, being joined by the Orwell, an orm of the sea from Ipswich, at which place it receives the Gipping, it falls inlo the seo and forms the harbor of Harwich. Slour, river of Eng , in Staffordfordshire, which runs Ihough the S. angle of that co., in ils course to meet the Severn, in Worcestershire. Stourbridge, town of Eng., in Worcestershire. This lown is noted for ils glass and iron works, and is seated on the Stour, over which is a bridge, 21 ras. N. of Worcealer, and 124 NW. of Lon don. Lon. 2° W. lat 53 35 N. Stiurbridge, or Sturbich, field of Eng., near Cambridge, famous for an annual foir on the 7th of Sepleraber. This foir is under the jurisdiction ofthe university of Corabridge; and the commo dities are horses, hops, inm, wood, leather, cheese, &c. Stourminster, town of Eng,, in Dorsetshire, 20 ms., NE. of Dorchester. Stourport, considerable village of Bug., in Worcestershire, where ihe Slaflbrdshire and Wor cester canal j >ins the Severn, is a place in a man ner created, and from a plain field is become a thriving and very busy centre of inland water car riage. It has a stone bridge over ihe Severn, finished in 1775, and is 4 ms. S. of Kidde- rainster. 849 STR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STR Stouts, village, Washington co., Mo. i Stow, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire. Sorae ' call it Slow on the Would, and it is not only seated on a bleak hill, but is destitute of wood and : waler. It is 1 1 ms. S. of Campden, and 77 W. \ by N. ofLondon. Lon, 1 50 W., Iat 51 64 N. j - — Small river, or rather large creek, of Wor cesler and Middlesex cos., Mass., rising at West- borough of the former, and falling into Concord river at Concord, in the latter. Town in the -western part of Middleaex Co., Mass., on Stow river, 27 ms. NW. by W. from Boston. Town in the northern angle of Washington co., Vt, on Woterbury river, 24 ms. NNW. fjom Monlpelier. Town, Portage Co., O., 183 ms. NE. from Columbus. Pop. in 1820, 678. Slowe, creek ofN. J., forms part ofthe bound ary between Salera and Cumberland cos. Stowe Creek, tp., Cumberlond co , N. J., on Slowe creek. Pop. in 1820, 884. Slowey, town of Eng,, in Somersetshire, 7 ms. W. by N. of Bridgewaler, and 145 W. by S. of London, Lon. 6 9 W. jot. 51 16 N. Stow Market, town of Eng. in Suffolk ; it is sealed between the branches of the Gipping and Orwell, and bos a navigable cut to Ipswich. lis cherries ore thought to be the finest in Bng , and it has a large manufacture of woolen stuffs. It is 12 NW. of Ipswich, and 76 NNE of London. Lon. 1 6E,, lat 62 16 N. Stow's Square, and post office, Lewis co., N. Y., 161 ras. NW. from Albany. Stowsvilk, village, Lincoln co., N. C, by post road 186 ras. westerly from Raleigh. Stoyatown, village and bbrough, Somerset co., Pa., 30 ms. W. from Bedford. Sirabane, town of Ireland, in the co. of Ty rone, on the Mounne, 11 ms. SSW. of London derry. Lon. 7 19 W., lat. 54 50 N. Tp,, Washington co., Pa., on the headwaters of Chartier creek, 5 ms. B. of Washington. Stradella, town of Ilaly, in the Milanese, seoted on the Versa, near the Po, 10 ras. SE. of Ra vin, and 47 NW. of Parma. Lon. 9 12 E., 46 5 N. Strafford, co., N. H,, bounded by Me. E., Rockingbara S. and SW., Grafton NW., and Coos N. Lengih 70 raa., raean width 21, area 1,460 sq. ras. Suiface extremely diversified. Piscataqua river rises in its southeastern ongle. The body of tbe co. is, however, droined hy the sources of .Merrimock river, and Winnipisiogee, and other lakes occupy the central ports. Soil lolerobly productive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Dover and Gilmantown. Pop. in 1820, 50,017; and in 1840, 61,137. Central Iat 43 34 N., lon. W. C. 5 42 E. Town, Coos CO., N. H., on Connecticut fiver, 128 ras. N. frora Concord. Village, Strafford co., N. ^ H., 55 ms. NNE. frora Concord Town, Orange co. Vt, 30 ras, N. from Windsor. In thia town ia a reraarkable copper mine. Strafford Corner, lown, Strafford co., N. H., about 50 ms. NNE. frora Concord. Straits of Calaia,—See Pas de la Calais, Straelen, town of Prussian Guelderland, 6 ras. SW. of Gueldres. Lon. 6 67 E., Iat 61 23 N. Stralsund, strong seaport of Prussia, in Pomer ania, surrounded by tbe Bailie, and the Lake 850 Francen, and baa a harbor separated from the isle of Rugen by a narrow strait It is 16 ms. NW. of Gripswald, and 40 NB. of Guslro. Lon. 13 28 E., lat 54 17 N. Strangford, maritime town of Ireland, in Ihc CO. of Down, sealed on the narrow channel lhat connects Lough Strangford with the Iriah seo, 7 ms. E. of Down. Lon. 6 30 W., lal. 54 31 N. Strangford, Lough, deep inlet of tbe sea, in the CO. of Down, on the E. coast of Ireland. It contains 64 islands that have names, and many others thot ore nameless. The burning of kelp profitobly employs a great number of bonds in these islands. Tbe bar, or entrance inlo it from the Irish seo, is 3 ms. below Strongford. Slranrawer, borough of Scolland, in Wigton shire, siluoted an Loch Ryan. It has a manufac ture of linen, and is 8 ms. W. of Glenluce. Lon. 5 15 W., 1st. 35° N. Strasberg, town and lordship of Susbio, 18 ms. E. of Rotweil, ond 19 W. of Bucbou. Strasburg, comraerciol city of France, in Ibe dep. of Lower Rhine, ond late province of Alsace. It is situated a quarter of a league frora tbe Rhine, and the river III runs Ihrough it, and forms many conols. There are 6 bridges of communicalion between the different quarters of the cily ; and the inhabitants, exclusive ofthe garrison, are computed to be 46,000. The principal structures are mode of a red stone, dug from tbe quarries which ore along the Rhine. It was confirmed to France by the peoce of Ryswick in 1697. Tbe town is en tered by six gates. Before the French revolution, it was it was on arcbiepiscopol see. In tbe cathed ral ia a cock which shows the motions of tbe con stellations, the revolution of the sun and moon, the days of the weeks, the hours, &c. Another re markable circumstance in this cathedral is ils pyra- midical tower,, which is 549 feet high. Here is a school of artillery, and, in one of the Lutheran churches tbe mausoleum of Marahal Saxe. Slras- burg is 55 ras. N of Basil, and 265 E. of Paris. Lon. 7 51 E., lat. 48 35 N. Strong town of Wesiern Prussio, in Culm, with a castle, on the Drigentz, 30 ms, from Thorn. Lon. 18 23 E,, lot 53 6 N. Town of Gerraany, in the circle of Uncker marche of Brandenburg, 12 ms. N. of Prenzlo, and 56 N. of Beriin. Lon. 13 43E., lot 53 38 N. Town, Lancaster co., Po,, 8 ms. SE. ofthe borough of Lancaster, and 56 W. of Philadelphia. Village, Franklin co.. Pa., 10 ms. NW. of Chambersburg, 13 W. of Ship pensburg, and 53 E. of Bedford. Village in Shenandoah co., Va., on a branch of the Shen andoah river, 18 ms. S.by W. of Winchester, and 32 NE. of Newraorket Stratford, considerable village of Bng., in Es sex, 4 ms. ENE. ofLondon. It ia separated from Bow, in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the raost ancient slone bridge in Bngland. Stratford on Avon, corporate lown of Eng., in Warwickshire, chiefly memorable for the birth of Shakspeare, who was interred bere in 1616, over which is a stone bridge, 8 ms. SW. of Warwick, and 94 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 1 44 W., lat. 62 15 N. Stratford, Fenny, town of Eng., in Bucking hamshire, seated on the Roman Walling street, 12 STR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. STR ma. E. of Buckinghom, 11 frora Dunstable, and 45 NW. of London. Lon. 0 42 W,, Iat 51 58 N. Stratford^ St. Mary's, considerable village of Eng., in Suffolk, which has a share in the woolen raanufacture. Il is 12 ms. SW. of Ipswich. Stratford, Stoney, large town of Eng., in Buckinghamshire, stands wilh a stone bridge on the river Ouse, lo which the Walling street comes, crosses the country from Dunstable, 6 ms. from Fenny Stratford, and 52 from London, in the road to Chester. Lon. 0 60 W,, lat 53 3 N. Town, Coos CO., N. H. Town, Fairfield CO., Conn., on the W. side ©f Strotford river, near ila entrance into the sound. It contoins on aca demy and 4 churches. Pop, in 1810, 2,895; in 1820, 3,438. Tp., Montgomery CO., N. Y., 15 ms. NW. from Johnstown, Stratham, town, Rockingbara co., N. H. , 8 raa. SW. frora Porlsraoulh. Pop. in 1810, 876, in 1820, 892. Strathbogie,, villoge of Scotland, in Aberdeen shire, 13 ras. SW. of Boff, and 45 NW. of Aber. deen. Lon. 3 25 W., lat 57 25 N. Strathern, beautiful vale of Scotland, in Perth shire, obout 30 ms. in length, lull of rich meadows and cornfields, divided by the river Earn, which serpentines finely ihrough the middle, falling inlo the Tay, of which there is a sight at the E. end of the vole. Il is prettily diversified witb groves of trees and gentlemen's housea. Strathmore, volley of Scotland, in Kincordine- shire, one of the finest tracts in Scotland. It be gins near Stonehoven, extending SW. alraost as lar as Ben Loraond, and is sheltered to the NW. by the Grampian mountains. Strathmore, river of Scolland, in Sutherland shire, lhat falls into Loch Hope. On this river are the ruins of a curious ancient fort, called Dor- nadilla. Strathnaver, district of Scotland, in Sutherland shire, which coraprises IheNE. partof lhat co It takes its name from the river Naver. Strathspey, fertile vale of Scolland, in Murray shire, famous for giving narae lo a popular species of Scotch music. Tullochgorum, Rothiemerches, and several other places celebrated in song, are met with in this vale. Strathy, river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which flows into an extensive bay of the North Sea, sheltered by a large promontory, to which it gives name. Strallon, lown of Eng., in Cornwall. It is sealed between two rivulets, which bere unite, ond fall into the Bristol channel at a sraall distance. It is 18 ras. NW. of Launceslon, and 221 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 4 43 W., lot 60 56 N Tp., Windhara co,, Vt, 40 ms. SW. from Windham. Straubingen, town of Bavaria, capital of a ter ritory of the same narae. Il is a large place, with broad streets, handsome churches, and fine con vents. It is seated on the Danube, 22 ms. SE. of Ratisbon, and 65 NE. of Munich. Lon. 13 35 E,, lat 48 54 N. Strawberry Plains, Knox co., Tenn. Slraioberry, small river of Arkansas ond Mis souri, a wesiern branch of Black river. Strawhntown, village on Tohicoii creek, in the wesiern partof Bucks co.. Pa,, about 40 ms, u Uttle W. ofN. from Philadelphia. Strawtown, villago, Bucks co., Po — See last article. Streatham, village of Eng., in Surry, 6 ms. S. ofLondon. A mineral woter, of a colhorlic qual ity, was discovered in this parish in 1660, quanti ties of which ore sent to sorae London hospitals. Sirebla, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, seated on the Elbe, 14 ms. NW. of Meissen, and 18 NW. of Dresden. Lon. 23 16 E., lat 61 30 N. Stbelitz, plural Streiitzt, from a Rus sian word signifying o dart or arrow. They were an ancient standing body of troops, who served on foot, and whose title proves two things : first, their principal arras ihe bow and arrow ; secondly, from such arras, lhat their institulion preceded the in troduction of fire arms inlo Russia. Their num bers were about 20,000. Similar to tbe Praetorian bands al Rome, ond Janisaries at Constantinople, the Slrelilz became a disorderly burden, raore dan gerous to the Stale to which they belonged than to foreign enemies. Their revolt in 1698 was only one of frequent outbreaks ; but it decided tbeir fate, as tbey hod now to contend with Peter Alex- iowitz, and were defeated — tbeir leaders ond most culpable members who survived bottle brought to the scaffold, those spored placed in the new regi ments, and the Strelitz utterly abolished. Strelitz, Old, town of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz. Strelitz, New, town in the ducby of Mecklen- burgh Strelitz ; was founded by Adolpbus Frede rick III. Streng, or Strengues, town of Sweden, in Su dermania, with a college. It is sealed on the lake Maeler, 30 ms. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 17 40 B., lat. 59 20 N. Streigau, town of Bohemia, in Silesia, 9 miles NW. of Schweidnilz. Strickersville, village, Chester co.. Pa. Strinon, now Embold, river of European Tur key, in Romania. It falls into the Gulf of Con lessa. Stroemsholm, town of Sweden, in Weslman- lond, on the Lake Maeler, 45 raa. SW. of Upsal. Lon. 16 24 E., lat 59 30 N. Stroma, small island of Scotland, on the coast of Caithness-shire, once used as a place of inter ment by the inhabitants of several of tbe neighbor ing islands. In the caverns of this island, uncor- rupted human bodies that hod been dead sixty years or more were formerly to be found. This island is fertile in corn, and is inhabited by about 40 families, who do not plough, but dig Iheir corn land. Stromberg, town of Gerraany, in Westphalia, capilal of a small dislrict, in the bishopric of Mun ster. It is 20 ras. SE. of Munster, and 20 NW. of Paderborn. Lon. 7 43 E., lat 51 45 N. Town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, 26 ms. W. of Mentz, and 48 E. of Treves. Lon. 7 21 E., lat 49 67 N. Stromboli, the most northern of the Lipari is lands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical form above tbe surface ofthe sea. Of all the "vol canoes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be the only one that burns without ceasing. .iStna 851 STU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUD and Vesuvius ofien lie quiet fur many months, and even years, without the least appearance of fire ; but Stromboli is continually flaraing, and for ages past has been looked upon as the great ligbt-hoose oflbatpartof the Mediterranean sea. Lon. 15 45 E., Iat 38 40N. Stromness, town on the W. side of the island of Orkney, with an excellent harbor, 9 ras. W. of Kirkwall. Stromsoe, town of Norway, 18 ms. SW. of Christiana. Lon. 10 20 E., lat. 59 43 N. Slromstadt, lown of Sweden, celebrated for its shell fish. Lon. 1 1 5 E., lat 59 43 N. Strong, village, Somerset co., Me. ; by post road 98 ms. northerly from Portland. Slrongsville, one of the southern towns of Cuy ahoga cb., O. ; by postroad 186 ms. NE. from Colurabus. Slrongoli, town of Italy, in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a high rock, surrounded by others, 3 ma. from the sea, and 7 N. of St Severino. Lon. 17 26 B., lat. 39 20 N. Stronsa, island of Scotland, one ofthe Orkneys, situated NB. of that called Mainland. Stroud, town of England, in Gloucestershire, seated on a broek, whose waters being peculiarly adapted to the dying of scarlet, ils banks are crowd ed with the houses of clothiers ; and a navigable canal accompanies its progress to the Severn. This town has likewise a manufactory of broadcloth, and the canal haa been lately extended to join the Thames at Lechbade. — See Thames. Strou J is 11 ms. SE. of Gloucester, and 102 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3° W., lat 51 42 N. Stroudsburg, vill. on the N. branch of Srailh field creek, and seat of justice for tbe new co. of Monroe. Pop. 1840, 407. An academy has re cently been established there. Itis 3 ms. NW. of the Delaware Waler Gap. Stuarisburg, village, Vi'estmoreland co.. Pa., on the road frora Pittsburg lo Greensburg, 18 ms. from the former. — See Stewarisville. Stuart's Lake, lake, N. America, W. of tbe Chippewan mountoins. It is but imperfectly known, but represented ss 300 ms. in circumfe rence. The Northwest Company have a fort on its banks, al lot 54 30 N , and lon. W. C. 48° West. Stuhlweisaenburg, strong town of Lower Hun gary, capital of Bkekersedgewor. It had the tille of regalis, or royal, because formerly tbe kings were crowned and buried here. It has been seve ral times taken by the Turks, but bas been in the hands of the house of Austria ever since 1688. It is aeated on the Rousizo, 20 ma. SW. of Bu da, and 162 N. by W. of Belgrade. Lon. 18 40 E., lot 47 19 N. Stulingen, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, with a castle, 35 ms. W. of Constance. Lon. 8 64 E., lat 47 45 N. Sturbridge, town, Worcesler co., Mass., 20 ms SW. of Worcester, near tbe Connecticut line. Pop. 1810, 1,937; in 4820, 1,632. Sturgeon, bay of Green bay, setting up SE. to wards Lake Michigan, opposite the mouth of Me- noinonie river, and 45 ms. NNE. from the mouth of Fox river. Stutgard, cily of Suabia, capilal of the kingdom 852 of Wirlemberg. It is surrounded by walls and ditches, and hos an ancient castle, wilh a rich cabinet of curiositiiss, a magnificent palace, an or phan house, 0 college, a ducol academy and ob servatory, a military academy, and one of the lar gest libraries in Germany. It bas raanufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, &c., and possesses an academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and around it are iniiuraerable vineyards and gar dens. The sireets are narrow in the city, and tbe bouses generally of wood ; bul there ore fine houses and straight streets in one of the suburbs. Slut gard was taken by tbe French in June, 1796, and in November, 1799. It is seated in a plain, among mounlains, near the river Neckar, 36 ms. E. of Baden, and 52 NE. of Strasburg. Lon. 9 31 E., lat 48 44N. Suabia, forraerly a circle of Germany, baunded on the N. by Franconia and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. by that circle and .Alsace, 8. by Switz- erlanil, ond E. by Bavaria. It contains tbe great er port of the kingdom of Wirlemberg, the mar- gra«ole of Baden, ond some other territories. Suakem, or Suaquam, seaport and the copital of tbe countiy of Abex, seoted on a small island of the same narae, in the Red sea. It is the resi dence of a Turkish governor, under tbe bashaw of Cairo, and was once a very flourishing place, but ia now gone to decay. Lon. 37 55 E., lat 19 66 North. Subiaco, lown of Italy, in Carapagna di Roma, seated on the Teverone, 33 railes E. by N. of Romo. Subleit's Tavern, and post office, Powbotan CO., Vo., 20 ras, westerly from Richmond. Sucanada, town on the SW. coast of Borneo, capital of a kingdora of tbe same name. The chief products of the country are camphor and dia monds. It is sealed at the raouth of a river. Lon. no 15 E., lat 1 10 S. Success Bay, bay on the SE. coast of Terra del Fuego. The S. promonlory, »t ils entrance, is called Cape Success. Lon. 65 27 W., lat 55 1 Soulh. Success, tp,, Cooa co., N. H. Suchitepec, city of Guatemala, 60 ras. WNW. frora the city of Guatemala. Suckasunny, village, Morris co., N. J , 10 ms. NW. frora .Morristown. Suczava, town of European Turkey, in Molda via, forraeriy a flourishing city, but now ranch de clined. It is sealed on a river of tbe some name, 70 ms, NW. of Jassy. Lou. 35 53 B., lat 47 67 N. Suda, strong fort of tbe isle of Candia, situate on an islet in a gulf of ils name, which is one of the finest and safest harbors in the Levant. This fort was constructed by the Venetians, who pre served it a greot while after Candia was. no longer in their possession. It is 8 ms. E. of Conea. Sudbury, borough of England, in Suffolk, on the Stour, (which ia navigable hence to Manning- tree,) 14 ma. S. of Bury St Edmund, and 54 NE. of London. Lon. 0 60 B., lat 52 II N. Village, Rutland co., Vt, 43 ma. W. fiom Wind sor. Town, Middlesex co., Massachusetts, 35 miles W. from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,287; in 1820, 1,417. Suderhamn, town of Sweden, in the province of SUF GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUL Helsingland, which carries on a considerable trode spot on the eonlinent — Boston peninsulo and Ihe in linen, butler, limber, ond flax. It is situated islands in tbe horbor.- Pop. in 1820,43,941. For ot the moulh of a river, near the gulf of Bothnio, geograjibicol posilion, see Boston. 20 ma. N. of Gesle. Lon. 17 5 E., lot 63 20 N. Suderkoping, town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, 10 ms. S. of Nordkoping, and 90 SW. of Stock holm. Lon. 15 56 E., lot. 58 19 N. Sudermania, or Siidermanland, province of Sweden proper, 62 ms. long and 43 broad, bound ed on the N. by Upland and Westermania, on the E. by the peninsula of Tarin, on tbe S. by the Boltic, and on tbe W. by Nericia. It ia the raost Suffolk, county. New York, comprising tbe E. port of Long Island, bounded by Queen's W,, Long Island sound N., nnd the Atlantic ocean NE., E., and S, ; length 80 miles, meon width 8, orea 640 sq, ms. The some range of hills which bos been noticed as passing through the N. side of King's and Queen's counties is continued in Suffolk, in which latler counly they expire near Poconic bay. Tbe S. side of Suffolk county ia an populous part in Sweden, and abounds in corn and alluvial plain. Soil ofthe whole county ralher minea of divers raetals. Nikoping is the capital. Sudertelge, town of Sweden, in the province of Sudermania, wilh a manufacture of worsled and ailk stockings. Il is 16 ms. WSW. of Stockholm. Lon. 18 0 E., lat 59 10 N. Sadler's Cross Roads, post office in the north ern part of Queen Anne co., Maryland, about 40 ms. a litlle S. of E. from Boltimore, and 30 miles S. frora Elkton. Sudoree, one of tbe Faro islands, in tbe North ern ocean, remarkable for a dangerous whirlpool near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fath oms deep in the centre. The danger, especially in storma, is very great, but at the reflux, and in very still weather, the inbubitonts venture in boats for tbe sake of fishing. Suenborg, seaport of Denmark, in the island of Funen, wilh tbe best horbor in the islond. Here are manufactures of woolen nnd linen. It is 32 ms. S. of Odensee. Lon. 10 37 B., lat, 65 9 N. Suez, seaport of Egypt, with a castle, sealed at the N. end of the W. gulf of tbe Red sea, called the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated frora the Mediterraneon by an isthmus, 126 ms. over, which joins Asia to Africa. The lown is surrounded by a sandv couniry, and is without waler. It is-65 ras. E.'of Cairo. Lon. 32 45 E , lot 30 2 N. Suffetes, Hebrew, schofet — a judge. In Car thage, the two principal mogiatrates, elected annu- nually from the body of the Senators, were called suffetes. Unlike the Roman Consuls, the jurisdic tion of the suffetes was merely civil, though In some instonces they comraonded ormies while hold ing the civil office, as, for examples, Hannibal, Himilcon, and Magon. Suffield, town, Hariford co , Conneciicut, on the W. bank of Connecticut river, 18 miles N. of Hartford, and 55 N. by B. of New Haven. Pop, in 1810, 2,686; and in 1820, 2,681, Soulh ern tp., Porlage co., Ohio. Suffolk, county of Bngland, 68 miles long and 28 broad, bounded on the W. by Cambridgeshire, ou the N. by Norfolk, on the S. by Essex, and on the E. by the German ocean. It lies in the dio cess of Norwich, contains 22 hundreds, 28 market towns, and 678 parishes, and sends 16 merabers to Pariiament Suflblk is in general a level country, without any considerable eminences. The princi pal rivers are the Stour, Waveny, Lillle Ouse, Larke, Deben, Gipping, and Orwell. Ipswich is the principal town, but the assizes ore held at Bury St Edmund's. Pop. in 1801, 210,431 ; in 1811, 334,211; and in 1831, 270,842. Suffolk, county, Massachusetts, comprising only Ihe townships of Boston and Chelsea. — See those articles. This county comprises only a very small slerile. Chief towns. River Head, Sag Harbor, and Southampton. Pop. in 1820, 34,272. Cen tral lat. 40 48 N., lon. W. C. 4 10 B. Suffolk, village and the principal eeot of justice, in Nansemond co., Va,, lying on the SE. side of Nansemond river, 28 ms. SW. of Norfolk, and 66 SE. of Petersburg, on the Appomattox. Suffolk C. H, Suffolk CO., N. Y.— See River Head. SuGAB, Persian and Arabic, sukkar ,- Sanacrit, sharkara ,- Spanish, ozKcar— hence the various nomes in different languages, all evidently from sorae originol root, signifying lo suck or draw with the mouth. The general use of sugar over the earth is not one of the least important additions made to tbe sum of human comforts in modern times. The Chinese and congenerate nations cul tivated sugar cane, and manufaclured sugar at least two thousand years before it was even known as a substance on the western side of the eastern continent It was unknown to the ancient Arabi ans, Egyptians, Phcenicions, Jews, Greeks, ond Roraans. It wos brought inlo Arabia aboul tbe end of the thirteenth century, and thence passed to Nubia, Ethiopia, and Egypt. About a cen tury later, il was culiivaled in Syria, Cyprus, and Sicily. Don Henry, son of John II,, king of Por tugal, having discovered Madeira in 1420, colonized that group, and transplanted lo ihese islonds sugar cane from Sicily. During the four centuries which have passed since the complete introduction of this noble plant into the west, ita culture and the use of Its delicious and nutritive substance has in- creosed, until it hos become n reol sweetener of bfe, from tbe cabin to the paloce. Sugar Creek, SW. tp. of Stork co., Ohio Tp., Tuscarawas co., Obio, in which is laid out the town of Shanesville. Pop. in 1820, 988 Tp., Green co., Ohio. Pop.in 1820, 1,881 Tp., Wayne co , Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 642. Sagar Loaf, southern Ip. of Luzerne co.. Pa., on Nescopeck creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,113. Sugar Grove, village near the N. border of War ren CO., Pa,, 15 ms. NVV. from Warren, and 50 NE. from Meadville. Sugelmessa, or Segilmessa, province of Barbary, bounded on tbe S. by the kingdora of Tafilet, and on the N. by Mount Atlas. Il is about 100 miles in length, abounds in corn, dates, and other fruits, and hos mines of iron, lead, ond antimony. The government is a republic. The capital, of the sarae name, is sealed on the Zig, 160-ras. NNE. of Ta filet. Lon. 6 5 W., lai. 29 40 N. Suggsville, village, Clark co., Alabama, 24 raa. from Cahaba. Sulli, town and district of European Turkey, in 85'} SUL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUM Albania, which have become interesting from tbe spirited resistance of its inhabitants against Ali Pacha. The mountains of Sulli extend 30 miles from N. to S., and about an equal distance trans versely. Towards the B. they have the district of Arta, and to the SE. and S. that of Loru. The town of Sulli, or Kako-Sulli, is about midway be tween Parga and Arta, ond aboul 15 miles distant frora these two places and from Prevesa. Afler a struggle of 13 years, the Sullistes were subdued or slain, except 4,000, who, by agreement, retired to Parga and Corfu Sulli submitted and received the troops of Ali Pocho in 1803. Sullivan, county. New York, hounded by Del aware river, or Pennsylvania, SW. and W., Del aware CO., in New York, NW., Ulster NE., and Orange SE. ; length 33, mean width 35 ms., area 835 sq. miles. Surface broken, hilly, and in part mountainous. It is watered by nuraerous creeks flowing into the Delaware, particularly Neversink and Beaver creeks. Soil of middling quality. Chief towns, Monticello and Rome. Population in 1840, 15,629. Central lot 41 42 N., lon. W. C. 3 18 E. Sullivan, counly, Indiana, bounded by Wobash river W., Vigo N., Marlin E., and Doviea and Knox S. ; lenglb 36, mean width 35 railes, area 630 aq. railes. It is drained by various creeks of the Wabosh. Chief lown, Meroni. Pop. in 1840, 3,498. Central lat 33 7 N., lon. W. C. 10 18 W. Sullivan, NE. couiity of Tennessee, bounded by Scotland 'Woshington coa,, Va., N., Ashe co.,N. C , B., Carter co., in Tenn., SB., Washington S., and Hawkins VV. ; lengih 50, meon width 13 railes, area 600 sq. ms. HoUlon river flows through the entire length of this counly from E. to W., receiving the Wsntougo river from the SE. about two-thirds down the county. Surface generally hilly, and in port mountainous. Good river soil. Chieflown, Bloutitville. Pop. in 1840, 10,730. Centrol lot. 30 25 N., lon. W. C. 5 24 W. Sullivan, county, New Hompshire. Sullivan, town, Hancock county, Maine, at the head of Frenchraon's bay, 35 ms. E. of Castine, in lat 44 30 N., and lon. 68 23 W Townahip, Cheshire co., N. H,, 38 ras. SW. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 616 ; and in 1820, 583. Town, Madison counly, N. Y., on Chittenengo creek, 30 ms. W. frora Utica. Pop. in 1810, 1,974 ; and in 1820, 3,932. Village, Tioga co., Pennsylvania, by post road 143 miles NNW. from Horrisburg. Small low Island on the NE. side of Chorles- ton harbor, 6 miles SE. from Charleston, South Carolina. SW. township in Medina co., Ohio. Post office, Hawkins co., Tennessee. Sully, town of France, in the department of Loi ret, anil late province of Orleannois, sealed on the Loire, 20 ma. SE. cf Orleans. Lon. 2 26 E., lat 47 40N. . Sulmona, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, anc'ienlly called Sulmo. It is remarkoble for be ing the birth-place of Ovid. It is sealed on the So ra, 26 railes SW. of Cheiti. Lon. 14 55 E., Iat 42 0 N. ^ ,„, , SoiTAir, SoniAu, SoiDAVs, or Soudan. 1 his title, signifying lord ,and raoster, is Chaldaic, aiirl first applied by the Kolif of Bagdad to Mohmout^ of Gazno, and by the Byzantine writers interpreted Autocratos, Basikus, or Basileos. Afler the reign 854 of Gazncdes, it passed to and became common to the Emirs of Asia and Egypt The lille of Sul tan is now applied especially to the Ottoman em perors.— -GiiAon, vol. 7, p. 148, 4th note. Sultania, considerable town of Persia, in Irac Agemi. Here is a magnificent mosque, which con tains tbe tomb of Sultan Chodabend. It is 50 ms. NW. of Casbin. Lon. 51 63 E., lat 36 16 N. Sultampour, town of Hindoostan proper, in the province of Lohore. Lon. 73 50 E., lat 30 25 N. Town of Hindoostan proper, in the prov ince of Oude, 5 miles N. of Allahabad. Lon. 82 30 E., lot 29 5 N. Sullz, town of Germony, in Wirlemburg, near the Neckar, where there ore some salt works, suffi cient to supply the duchy wilh salt It is 12 miles SE. of Freudenstadt, and 12 N. of Rothwelb Lon. 8 35 Ej, lat 48 18 N. Town of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, wilh a medicinal spring, 12 ms SSW. of Colmar. Sultzbach, town of Bavaria, subject to the duke of Neuburg Sultzbach. It is 10 ms. NW. of Am berg, ond 32 N, of Rolisbon. Loo. 11 66 B,, lot 49 38 N. Saltzburg, town of Baden Durlach, in a terri tory fertile iu good wine, 8 ms. SW. of Friburg. Lon. 7 30 E., lot 47 54 N. Sumasinta River. — See Mexico. ' Sumatra, island in the Indian ocean, tbe raost western of the Sunda islands. Ils general direc tion is neatly N W. and SE. The equator divides il into almosl equal parts; tbe one extremily being in 6 33 N., the other in 8 86 S. lat, and Acheen Head, its N. extremily, is in Ion. 95 34 E. It is 950 ms, in lengih, and from 1 50 to 200 in breadth, separated from Malacca by the stroit of thot name, and from Java by the strait of Sunda. This island is surpassed by few in tbe beauliful indulgences of nature. A chain of mountaina runs ihrough its whole exient ; the ranges, in many parts, being double and treble ; yet their ahilude is not sufficient to occasion tbeir being covered wilh snow during any part of the year. Between these ridges are extensive plains, considerably elevaled above the surface of tbe maritime lands. In these, the air ia cool ; and, from this advantage, ihey are esteemed the raost eligible portion of the country, are the best inhabited, and the raost cleared frora woods, which elsewhere, in general, cover both hills ond volleys wilh an eternal shade. Here loo are found many lakes and rivers that focilitote the^ communi cation belween the difl'erent parts. The inhabi tants consist of Maloyas, Acheneae, Battas, Lam poons, and Rejongs ; the lotter are token as a stand ard of description, with respect lo the persons, manners, and customs of tbe Sumatrans. They are rather below tbe raiddle stoture; their bulk ia proportion ; their limbs, for the raost part, slight, but well shaped, and parlicularly small ot the wrists and ankles. Tbeir hair is strong, and of a shining black. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country. Here are sugar canea, beans, peas, radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds of pot herbs unknown to Europe; and also raost of tbe fruils to be met with in other parls of the Easl Indies in tbe greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpetre, sulphur, arsenic, Brazil world, two species of the bread fruit tree, pepper, cassio, camphor, benjamin, coffee, and colton, ore like- SUN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUN wise the produce of this island. Here also are the csbboge tree and silk cotton tiee; and the forests contain a great variety of valuable species of wood, 09 ebony, pine, sondal, eagle, or oloes, teak, man- chineel, and iron wood, and also the banyan tree. Beeswax is a commodity of great importance bere ; ond there are likewise edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead are found in the coun try ; and tbe former is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia. Sumatro is divided into raany pelly kingdoms, the chief of which are .\cheen, Indra pore, Poliraban, and Jambi. Tbe English and Dutch have factories on this island ; the principal one of the former being Fort Marlborough, ot Ben coolen. Sumbul, town of Hindooston proper, in the province of Oude, 45 ms. WNW. of Bereilly, ond 65 E. of Delhi. Lon. 78 .55 E,, lot 21 25 N. Sumbulpour, or Semilpour, town of the penin sula of Hindooslan, in the province of Orissa, 280 ms. W. of Calcutta. Lon. 83 40 E., lat. 21 25 N. Sumeh, town of Turkey in Asia, in the province of Notoliu, 14 ms. E. of Pergamo. Sumerein, town of Lower Hungary, seated in the island of Schut, made by the river Danube. It is 16 ms. S. of Presburg. Lon. 17 23 E., lat 48 4 N. Summanytoivn, Montgomery co., Pa., 36 ms. NfifW. from Philadelphia. Summerfield, village, Guilford co., N. C, 51 ms. NW. by W. from Raleigh. Summit, town in the southern part of Schoharie CO., N. Y., 33 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Pop. in 1820, 1,468. Summit Bridge, village, Newcostle co., Del. Summitsville, village, Sullivan co,, N. Y. Sumner, town, Oxford co., Me,, 6 ms. NE, frora Paris. Pop. in 1820, 1,055. Sumner, co., Tenn., bounded by Kentucky N., Smith E., Cumberland river or 'W'ilsnn S., Da vison SW., and Robertson NW. Length 30, mean width 16 ms ; area, 450 sq. ras. It is washed on the S. by Curaberland river, and drained by various creeks of that streom. Chief town, Gallatin. Pop. in 1820, 19,211; and in 1840, 22,445. Central latitude 36 37 N., Ion. W. C. 9 15 West Sumter, dislrict of S. C, bounded by Sanlee river or Charleston district S., Santee river or Orangeburg SW., Wateree river or Richland W., Kershaw NW., Lynch's Creek river or Darling ton NE., ond VVilliarasburg N. Length 50, mean width 30 ms.. ; area, 1,500 sq. ras. The centrol part of this district is drained by Black river, branch of Great Pedee. Soil generally sanily. Surfoce level. The canal connecting Sanlee river wilh Charleston harbor leaves the Sanlee nearly opposite lo the SE, angle of Sumner.. Chieflown, Sumtervilie. Pop. in 1820, 25,369; and in 1840, 27,892. — For geographic posilion, see next article. Sumtervilie, village and seat of justice, Sum ler district, S.-C, on the dividing ground between the two main branches of Black river, about 100 ms. a Utile W. of N. from Charleston. Lat 33 53 N., lon. 3 22 W. Sunapee, lake of N. H., on the wesiern border of Hillsborough, and easiern of Cheshire co., dis charging through Sugar river inlo Connecticut river. It ia through this lake that a channel of water coramunication ie designed tu unite Merriraac and Connecticut rivers. Sunart, district of Scot, in Argyleshire, in the peninsula at the NW. end of that co. It is re markable for numerous veins of lead, which, bow- ever, are not very productive. Sunart Loch, Scot, an inlet of tbe sea, in Ar gyleshire, which divides the island of Mull from the dislrici of Morven. Sunbury, co. of New Brunswick. Sunbury, town, borough, and seat of justice, Northumberland co.. Pa., on the E. side of Sus quehannoh river, 2 ras. below Northumberland, 56 N. of Harrisburg, and 164 NW. of Philadel phia. Pop. about 700; and in 1840, 1,100. Town and port of entry. Liberty co , Ga., lyingon the S. side ofN. Newport river, 45 ras. S. by W. of Savannah, in lal. 31 43 N., and lon. 81 18 W. The harbor is forraed and defended from the wea ther by the interposition of Catherine island, which lies off ils entrance. An academy was erected bere in 1788, which has become a very flourishing in slilulion. Flourishing town in the easiern part of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 875. Town, Gales co., N. C, about 40 ms. SW. from Norfolk, Va. Sunk Island, island of Eng., within the raouth of the Humber, about 9 ma. in circuit, separated from Yorkshire by a channel near 2 ma. brood. Sunning, village of Eng., in Berkshire, situated on the Thamea, 2 ms, NE. of Reading. It waa once an episcopal see. Sunning Hill, village of Eng., in Berkshire, in Windsor Forest It ia noted for its medicinal wells, which are efficocious in paralytic cases, and is 6 ms. SSW. of Windsor. Sunda Islands, group in the Indian oceon. This term is, by Malte Brun, supposed to be Sanscrit, and, bearing so sirong on analogy to words found in severol European languages, signifying exactly ihe same meaning, aflbrds one of the many coinci dences in the original languoges of theeoYlh. The Sunda Islands are Borneo, Suinatro, and Java, with many of smaller size. Borneo and Sumatra are bolh crossed by the equator. The whole group, however, extends frora lat. 8° S. lo 6° N. Sunda, Straits of, separate Sumatra from Java. This great inlet from tbe Indian ocean into the Chinese sea lies in lat 6 36 S., and lon. 105 15 E. from London. Sunderbunds, or The Woods, a tract of country consisting of lhat part of the delta of the Ganges, in Hindooslan proper, and in the souboh of Ben gal, which borders on the sea. The della of the Ganges and Bramapootro, united, is perhaps the most dreary, and, except by water, the raost impen etrable region of the earth. It is formed by innu merable creeks and rivers, interlocking wilh each olher, wilh intervening islands covered with a raost dense forest, uninhabiled except by wild beasts, or a solitary fakeer or Mahometan devotee. The nav igation to Calcutta is by two passages, more than 300 ras. through a maze of forest and river scenery. At one time the channel is so narrow as to scarcely admit the passage of vessels, and ogain opening into a spacious basin. The whole surface is flat, and coraposed of olternate strato of sand and black mould, a recent alluvion. Some spots might be 855 SUP GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUR cultivated, whilst tbe greater part is lioble lo an nual submersion ; but the whole is claimed as pub lic property, and serves to supply Calcutta with timber and fuel. The two deltas of the Ganges and Mississippi are very njarly 1 80° asunder. Sunderhurg, town of Denmark, in tbe island of Alsen. It is seated on a strait, called Sunderhurg Sound, 13 ms. E. of Flensburg. Lon. 10° E., lat 54 51 N. Sunderdoo, or Melundy, foriified island and sea port of the Deccan, on tbe Concan coast, reduced by Commodore James, in 1756. It is about 10 ms. NE. of Vingoria Rocks, and 36 NNW. of Goa. Lon. 73 20 B., lat 16 3 N. Sunderland, town, Bennington co., Vt, 16 ms. NB. from Bennington. Town, Franklin CO., Mass., on the left bank of Conneciicut river, 8 ms. below Greenfield. Seaport of Eng , in the bishopric of Durham. It is a lorge and thriving town, which, for the exportation of coals, is next in con.sequence, Ihis side of the kingdom, to New castle. Its port, on the mouth of the Were, though improved from ils forraer state, will not ad mit the largest ships. There are several glass houses at Sunderland ; and it also exports grind stones and other orticles. It is 13 ras. NE. of Durhara, and 264 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 14 W., lat. 54 56 N. Sundswall, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Medelpadia. It corries on a trade in lar, bark of birch trees, deals, and linen, ond is seated near the Gulf of Bothnia. Lon. 18 5 E., lot 62 45 N. Sunfish, tp , Pike co., Ohio. Sunneberg, or Sonneberg, town of Gerraany, in tho circle of Saxony, and territory of Stern- burg, with a castle, seoted on the Darta, 60 ms. E. by N. of Beriin. Lon. 15 10 E., lat 62 41 N. Superior, lake, the raost exiensive and highest of the great fresh-water reservoirs which constitute the sea ol Canodo, and the grealest raoss of fresh waler on the earth. Before, however, proceeding to a noiice of ils features, we beg leave to ob.serve, that there prevails a very great exaggeration re specting tbe relative extent of the Caspian and that of Lake Superior. Carefully raeosured on several mops, English, French, and American, the Cas pian is found 700 ms. in lenglb frora the coast of Mazanderan, in Persia, to that between the mouths of the Walga and Ural rivers, in Russia, ond, with all its baya included, will fully average 200 ms. wide ; area 140,000 sq. ms. This dcmonda o square of very nearly 375 raa. each aide. The longest line that can be drawn over Lake Superior is from Montreal point to the bottora of Fond du Lac, nearly along N. lat 47°, and in length 380 ras. The widest part is aboul along the line of Ion. W. C. 10° W. 165 ms., bul the mean width fully estimated at 80 ms., consequent ly the area comes out 30,400 sq. ras., or very lit tle exceeding an equality to a square of 174 ms. each way. When compared from their actual el ements, the Caspian is rather moro than 4^ limes more extensive than Lake Superior; it is, how ever, probable that, from the shallowness of the Caspian, and great depth of Lake Superior, the latter contains litlle, if any, less waler than the former. Lying between N. lat 46io and 49°, and being elevaled 640 feet above the mean level of the Atlantic ocean, ihe winter climate over Lake Su- 856 perior is very severe ; and the shores being in ma ny parls rock bound, and in others shallow, tbe navigalion is suspended full half the year. Beside the seo-like surface of Loke Superior, it drains a land area of about 60,000 sq. ms. That part comprised in the United States of this basin, curving from the straits of St Mary to Grand Port-' age river, 600 ms., wilh a mean width nf 70, con tains on area of 42,000 sq. ras. The great moss of water flowing from this vest reservoir is poured down tbe strolls of St. Mary into Loke Huron. From the aspect of its shores, it is evident that the surface of Lake Superior is depressing, Ihough it ia impossible for it to ever aclually drain out, as the bottora is, where deepest, below the surface of the Atlantic oceon. — See St. Lawrence basin and Sl. Mary's straits. Supino, ancient town of Naples, in Molise, with a castle. It is sealed at the source of tbe Taraara, at the foot of the Appennines, 17 ms. N. by W. of'Benevento. Sur. — See Sour. Sura, town of Sweden, in the province of Wesl manland. Sural, city and seaporl of the deccan of Hin doostan. It is said to have 200,000 inhabitants, and its trade is very considerable. Sural is situat ed on the confines of Guzerat, 20 ras. up the river Tapty, and 177 N. of Bombay. Lon. 72 48 E., lat 21 10 N. Sure, river of Ireland, in Tipperary, which flows into Sl. George's channel. Surgooja, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, 180 ms. SSW. of Patna. Surguinsville, villoge, Hawkins co.. Ten., by posl rood 240 miles NE. by E. from Murfreesbo rough. Surinam, country of South Americo, in Guiono, extending 75 ms. olong a river of the some name. Il abounds with gome and singular animals of dif ferent kinds; the toad, in parlicular, being remarka ble for its enorraous size and ugly forra. It produces fruits, indigo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, gums, and wood for dying. 'The woods are full of monkeys, and it is said there are serpents 30 feel long. The capilal is Poromoribo. Suringia, commercial lown of Japan, in the is land of Niphon, capitol of a province of ihe some norae, with a castle, where the emperors formerly resided. Lon. 139 5 B., lot 39 30 N. Surry, co. of Eng., 31 ms. long and 27 brood, bounded on the N. by Middlesex, on the B. by Kent, on the S. by Sussex, a_nd on the W. by Hampshire and Berks. It lies in the diocese of Winchester; contains 13 hundreds, 11 market towns, (including Soulhwark,) ond 140 parishes, ond sends 14 members lo Parlioment Tbe oir is generally lemperale and healthy. Surry has been compared lo a piece of coarse clolh wilh a fine border ; its circumference being in general fertile, but ita middle parts barren. On the banks of ihe Thanes, it has a range of beauliful meadows, in tersperaed wilh numerous villas and pleosure grounds. Pop. in 1801, 269,043; in 1811, 323,- 851 ; and in 1821, 398,658. Surry, co. of Lower Conoda. Surry, co. of Va., bounded by James river, op posite Charles Cily co., N., Joinea river, opposite James Cily co.,NE., Isleof Wight SB., Sussex SUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUS SW. and W., and Prince George NW. Tbe NE, sources of Black river branch of Nollaway, rise in Surry. Length 22 ms. mean width 16; areo 330 aq. ma. Chief town, Cobhom. Pop. in 1820,6,594; and in 1040, 6,480. N. lot 37° and the meridian of W. C. intersect in thia county. Surry, co. ofN. C, bounded by Va. N., Stokes CO. in N. C. E., Rowan and Iredell S., and Wilkes and Aahe W. ; area 726 sq. ras. It is drained by the exireme norlhern sources of tbe Yadkin. Sur face hilly, ond in port mouniainous. Chief towns, Rockford and Huntsville. Pop. in 1920, 13,330; and in 1840, 16,079. Central lat 36 16 N., lon. W. C. 3 44 W. Surry, town, Honcock co.. Me,, 18 raa. NE. from Castine. Town, Cheshire co,, N. H., 40 ma. SW. frora Concord. Pop. in 1810, 664 ; and in 1820, 670. C. H. and postoffice, Surry co., Va., 64 ma. SE. by E. from Richmond. Sursee, town of Swilzerland, in the canton of Luzerne, near the Lake of Sempach, 5 ms. S. from Luzerne. Sursooty, town of Hindoostan proper, 1 14 ms. NW. of Delhi. Sus, river of Morocco, which forras the soulh boundary of the erapire of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic at Mezza. It fertilizes its banks by an nual inundaiions. Susa, seaport of Tunis. — See Sousa. Susa, strong town of tbe kingdom of Sardinia, in Piedmont, capital of a marquisale of the same' narae. It is seated on the Doria, araong pleasant raountains, and is called tho key of Italy, being the principal passage out of France into Italy. It ia 30 railes NW. of I urin. Lon. 7 34 E., lat 45 SON. Susannah, village, Clerraontco., Ohio, on Ohio river. Susdal, town of Russia, in the government of Volodimir, capital of a ducby of the same name. It is built of wood, and seated on the Khasma, 90 ms. NE. of Moscow. Lon. 40 26 E., lat. 56 26 N. Susquehannah, river of the United Stales. This noble stream, frora tbe caprice of geographical no menclature, losea its narae at ita junction with tide woter ; an error now beyond reraedy. Under the generol head of the confluents of Chesapeake bay is included a basin of navigalion, in forra of an iramense triangle, having 450 ms. base from the extreme southern sources of Nanse mond river, lat. 36 40 N., to those of the Chenan go branch of Susquehannah, lat 42 56 N., and 250 ms. perpendicular frora Cape Henry, N. lat. 37°, B. lon. from W. C. 1 10, to the extreme weatern sources of James river, N. lat. 37 15, W. lon. from W. C 3 20, with an area of 66,000 sq. ms. This is by for the most extensive and pecu liar basin of the Atlantic slope of the Uniled Slates. The boy of Chesapeoke penetrates it fromN. to S. 175 ras. Into the western side of this great bay, or rather gulf, flow a nuraber of tributary branches, of which the principal are — Jaraes river, York river, Rappahannock, Potomac, Patuxent, Pataps co, and Susquehannah. The Susquehannoh loses ils name al the foot of its falls, at N. lat 39 33, exoctly 1° E. from W. C. Frora its magnitude, and frora the west ern origin of ils sources, tbe Susquehannah seems 108* to form a natural chain of water communication heiween the Atlantic oceon ond Ohio valley ; and the curious fact lhat all its great tributaries flow from the right, and completely pierce the Appala chian chain, renders this observation still more striking. If we turn our attention to the general physiognomy ofthe Suaquebonnah, we find its ex treme northern source in Madison co., N. Y., within 16 raa. of Oneida lake, and 15 frora the line of the Great canal, and in tbe angle between tbe sources ofthe Mohawk and Seneca rivers. This ia the Chenango river, afterwards augmented by the E. broncb. The lalter originates in the north ern spine of the Calsbergs, in the angle between the heads of the Coquogo branch of Deloware, the Chenango, and opposite lo the Mohawk river, reaching within less than 10 ras. from the line of the Great conol of N. Y. The E. branch is cor rectly so called, as its sources ore in fact the most eastern tributary waters of the Susquehannah. The E. branch and Chenango unite in Broome CO., in N. Y. ; the former having, by an abrupt curve, entered and retreated from Pa. Below tbeir junction, the united waters flow a litlle S. of W., enter Tioga co., in N. Y , and, turning nearly S. into Bradford CO., in Pa., receive tbe Tioga branch from the NW,, at Tioga poinl. The Tioga river rises in the angle betweeii the sources of the Genesee and Seneca rivers, in Sleuben, Alleghany, and Onlorio counlies, in N. Y , and within 30 ms. from the line of the Great canal. The general course of the Tioga river is from NW. to SE., by comparalive courses about 80 ms. The general course of the Susquehannah proper, already noticed, is frora NE to SW., by compara tive courses 120 ms. Whot in a particular manner renders remarka ble the two great norlhern constituents of the Sus quehannah, is their enclosing the two long aud navigable lakes Seneca and Cayuga ; the latter stretching, in an almost direct line, from the Great canal, to, within 20 ms. of the Tioga river, at the mouth of the Newtown creek, about 20 ms., by comparative course, obove Tioga point ; and the lottgr, or Cayuga, stretching also from the line of the Great canal to wilhin 30 ms. from the Susque hannoh, at the mouth of tbe Oswego, about 20 ms* above Tioga point Nature, in this section of coun try, seems to have advanced half way lo aid the efforts of man in folrming channels of coraraunica tion between the basins of the Susquehannah ami St. Lawrence. Tbe two fine lakes of Seneca and Cayuga ore each respectively upwords of 35 ms. in length, and, occupying the angle between the two raain northern constituents of tbe Susquehan nah, would appear to have been placed in their act ual position, as if to give, in their utraost extent, tbe greatest navigable facility. Frora the Tioga point, tbe Susquehannah flows by comparative courses 60 ms., to the mouth ofthe Lawahannoc creek, in the centre of Luzerne co. In this range, tbe river flows nearly due S., 10 ms. to the western, or, more correctly, lo the north western verge of the .Appalachian mounlains. Hith erto, the entire tributary waters of this stream have originated and flown NW. of the Appalachian chain, and on Ihe secondary formation, At the mouths of the Towanda and Wysaukin creeks, the 857 sus GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SUS river curves to SE., and enters the raountains nearly at right angles to their general range. Con tinuing about 10 ras. still further npon the secon dary, the river enters on tbe great cenlrai transi tion formation, near tbe mouth of the Tunkhan- noc, where it posses the main ridge of the Appala- chion chain, and issues into the fine valley of Wy oming, across which it maintains a SE. course to the mouth of Lawahannoc. Here the now noble stream ofthe Susquehannah again turns at neorly right angles, and flows down the remarkable Wy- oraihg valley, by eomparalivc courses, 70 ms., to its junction wilh tbe W. branch, at Northumber land and Sunbury. The W. branch rises entirely in Pa., and with in the Appalai-hian valleys, though upon the se condary formation. Ils general course ia neorly from W, to E., by comparative courses 160 ras., to where it posses the moin ridge of the Appsloch- ion chain, ond enters on the transition formation, 20 ms. below Williamsport Here tbe river pierces the mountain, flows inlo the great valley, and turns to nearly due S. 26 ms.,to its junc tion wilh the Susquehannah. Below the moulh of the W. branch, the Sus quehannah pursues a general direction, a liltle W. of S., 40 m-s. to the mouth of Juniala. The latter is literally a raountain streara, and bos ils whole valley on the central transition formation. Its general course is nearly frora W. to E,, parallel to the W, branch. Similor to ihe olher seconda ry rivers of the basin of the Susquehannah, the Juniala traverses the Appalachian ridges in severol places, and flows in either a parallel direction or at right angles to those ridges. Below the mouth of Juniata the Susquehannah assumes a SE. direclion of 80 ras. by comparative courses, and, being precipilaled from the primitive on the sea sand formation, loses its name and rank as a river in Chesapeake bay. Between the head of the latler boy ond tbe inouth of the Juniala tbe Susquehannoh passes three raountain ridges : the Kittatinny above and the Blue Ridge below Harrisburg, and what moy correctly be called the SB. mounlain, below the mouth ofthe Conestoga and Pequea creeks. Tbe valley ofthe Susquehannah proper presents an area of inland navigalion of about 30,000 sq, miles. If we turn our eye to the v/bole basin of the Sus quehannah, and consider it geograpbicolly, we have before ua a mighty link, which cunnecta the three greot river systems of Norlh Araerica — those of the Gulf of Mexico, St. Lawrence, and Atlantic ocean proper. The natural facilities it presents to channels of inland navigalion will be shown in the sequel, wilh the relative elevation of ils raountain valleys, and the obstructions opposed to arlificial waler routes. If we examine this baain geologicolly, we find its general physiognomy in a very remarkable man ner commanding our attention. We have in this basin all tbe formations which the world affords, from the highest class of primitive rocks to the most recent alluvion ; and we have all those for mations on an imraense scale. But the circum stance arising out of this geological slruclure most worthy of our attentive observation is, that the courses of the waters, or their fitness or unfitness 8.58 for navigation, appears to be totally independent of the rock formations. It appears, also, that al though the mere windings of the streams are in fluenced by tbe raountain ridges, their general courses towards ths recipient, inlo which the wa lers are discharged, have no dependence upon ei lher the raountains or rock formolion. The latler character tbe Susquehannoh basin partakes, in comraon with ils three contiguous Atlantic basins, those of Roanoke, Delaware, and Hudson. These very important facts prove how little we are advanced in a correct view of any of these ba sins, in a navigable point of view, by tbe most mi nute knowledge of Ihe relotive position of the mountains, the extent and relative position of the different formotions, or, more, that of the courses of the rivers themselves. Falls, in tbe proper sense of the term, are rare in any of the Atlantic rivers. What are usually denoroinoted falls are in reality ropida, but thoae, in respect to either their posilion or raagnitude, have but on incidental connexion with the raountain ridges. In most in stances, where the rivers do poss the raountains, ropids occur ; but this coincidence is by no raeans universal. Tbe rivers, in a nuraber of the moun tain gaps, present an intervening smooth sheet of water. 'This is remorkobly the cose wilh the Ju niata below Bedford, and with tbe Lehigh at its passage through the Kittatinny range. The real fall of the water, in ita descent from tbe mountain valleys to the level ofthe tides, can in no instance be even tolerably correctly estimated by a compari son with its course through the mounlains. Ev ery stream, to be well understood, must be sur veyed seporately, ond considered a whole in ilself. Before quilling the general review of the basin of the Susquehannah, we may reraark, that the main volume of lhat river, from its source to the .Atlantic, receives all its large tributary sireams from the right, ond serves as a common recipient, lying along the base of an inclined plane, extending from the 37th to the 42d deg. of N. lat, Il will be seen, by inspection, thot thia feolure is also prominent in the physiognomy of the Potomac, Delaware, and the Hudson. — See James river, York river, Rap pahannock Potomac, Patuxent, Patapsco, and Pennsylvania. Suaqueh'annah, village, Broome co., N. Y. Susquehannah, co. of Pa , bounded by Broome CO., N. Y.,N,, Woyne co., Po., E , Luzerne S., and Bradford W. Lengih 34 ma., width 23, area 800 aq, ma. Surface hilly, and soil generally of raiddling quality. Tbe local featurea of this co. are very peculiar. The Susquehannah river enters and again retires from its northern border, and thence, after an immense sweep through Broome and Tioga cos., N. Y., and Bradford co.. Pa., it again reaches, in theNW. angle of Luzerne, with in less than 5 ms. frora tbe SW. angle of Susque hannah. From this singular position, the creeks of tbe loiter co. flow from ils centre like radii of a circle, and yet nearly all enter Susquehannah liver. Chief town of this co., Montrose. Pop. 1820, 9,960. Central lat. 41 50 N., lon. W. C, 1 10 B. Sussex, CO. of Eng , 70 ms. in length, and 28 where broodest, bounded on tbe N. by Surry, on the NE. and E. by Kent, on the S. by the EngHsh channel, and on the W. by Hampshire. The N, SUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SWA part of Sussex, a tract conlinued from the Weald of Kent, and of the aame nature with it, was for merly entirely covered wilh foresta ; and, though mony of these have been cut down, it is still well furnished with timber both of large end small growth. The raiddle line Of tbe co. is a rich tract of arable and raeadnw. Tn it succeed the Downs, a range of green open hills of a chalky soil. To ward the sea the land in general declines, and in tome parts is raarshy. This co. was formerly fa mous for iron worka, in which great quonlities of charcoal were used for smelting tbe ore, and thus the woods come to be gradually wasted. 'The works are now almost or entirely abandoned ; this buaineaa, from the lote iraproveraents made in smelting iron with pil coal, having migrated to the coa. which abound in that cheoper article, as well as in iron ore. The products fur which Sussex is at present distinguished, are chiefly corn, hops, wool, cattle, and limber. It is not dislinguished for ony manufacture but that of gunpowder at Bat tel, and of needles at Chinchester. The principal rivers are tbe Arun, Adur, Ouae, and Rolher. Chinchester is the capilal. Pop, 1801, 169,311; in 1811, 190,083; and in 1831, 232,927. Sussex, !^W, CO., N. J., bounded by Delaware river, opposile Pike co., Po., NW., by Oronge CO, N. Y., NE., Possoic and Morris, N. J., SE., and Warren SW. Lenglb 25 miles, raean width 18, area 450 sq. ms. It ia generally billy, and in port mountainous, though in the NE. aec iion the fiat and marshy botloras of tbe Wallkill cover a considerable space. From superior eleva tion, tbe cliraate of Sussex differs more from that of the immediately adjacent cos. of Morris and Bergen than could be expected from difference of lat. The extreme western sources of the Passaic are in thia co. From it also flow S W. towards the Delaware, tbe .Musconecung, Pequest, Flatkill, and Pawling's creeks, and those of the Walkill NW. towards tbe Hudson. It is a co. of great variety of soil, from very barren raountain to tbe most fertile alluvion. The valleys of some of tbe creeks, particularly those fiowing towards tbe Del aware, afford very fine meadow, orchard, and groin land. Pop. 1820 was included in tbe co. of Sus sex, as it then extended, including what is now (1826) Warren co. The area now in Sussex, it is probable, then (1820) contained about 16,000, aa the population of the whole co. was 32,752; Sussex, 1840, pop. 21,770, Central lat 41 10 N., Ion. W. C. 2 22 E. Sussex, soutbern co. of Del., bounded by Del awore boy NE., Atlantic oceon E., Worcester co., Md., S., Somerset co., Md,, SW., Dorchester end Caroline cos., Md., W., and Kent co., Del., N. Length 32 ms., raean width 30, area 960 sq. ms. Surface generally level, and in part marshy. Soil sandy in part, and of middling quality. lis waters flow from ils centre in opposite directions ; fianticoke drains its wesiern side. Pocomoke river bos its source near ils soulhern limils; Indian riv er, interlocking sources with both the preceding, flows inlo the Atlanric ocean, and Cold Spring, Broadkill, Prunehook, Slaughter, Cedar, and Mis- pillan creeks, enter the bay of Delaware. Chief towns, Georgetown and Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 24,067 ; and in 1840, 35,093. Central lat 38 40 N,, lon. W. C. 1 40 E. Sussex,co,, Va., bounded by Southampton SE., Greenville SW., Dinwiddie and Prince George NW.. and Surry NE. Length 38 ma., mean width SO, orea 760 aq, ms More than four fifthg of ile entire aurfoce is drained by the Nottaway river and its confluents. Black Water river, how ever, ulso contrihulee lo water the NE. section. Chief town, Hunting. Pop. 1820, 11,884. Ctl. lal. 36 50 N., lon. VV. C. 30' W. Sussex C, H, or Hunting Quarier, village, Sussex CO., Va., on a small branch of Nottawoy river, by poat road 64 ma. SSE. from Richmond. Lot 36 61 N., lon. W. C. 0 21 W. Sutherland, in Scolland, includes the divisions of Sulheilond and Siralhnaversbire. Il is hounded on the N. ond port of the W. by tbe Norlhern ocean, on the SW. by Rosa-shire, on the S. and SE. by the Frilh of Dornock, and on the E. hy Coilbnese-ahire. It is aboul 80 ms. long from N, to S., and 46 in ils broadest port from E. to W., terminoting at tbe S. to not more than 12 miles broad. It is mountainous, but tbe valleys are fer tile, ob'unding witb block cattle and wild fowl. Dnrnock is the co. town. Pop. 1801, 23,117; in 1811, 23,629; and in 1821, 23,fe40. Sutri, lown of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Puzzulo, 22 ras. NW. of Rome. Sutton, town, Merrimack co., N. H., 80 m«. NW. from Concord. Sutton Village, village in Sutton tp., Merrimac CO., N. H. The two preceding post offices are different, though in the same tp. Sutton, town, Worcester co.. Mass., 10 ms. S. frora Worcesler. Village, Caledonia co., Vt, by post road 89 ma. from Monlpelier. Sutton Colefield, corporate town of Enj., in Worwicksbire, 34 ms. NNW. of Warwick, and no NW. of London. Sutton, East, town on tbe Pawtucket river, Worcesler co., Mass., 15 ma. SE. from Worcester, and 48 SW. hy W. from Boston. Suza, city of Italy. — See Suaa, Suzanne, St,, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ma yenne, with a considerable poper monufacture, 84 ms. W. of Mans. Swabia,See Suabia, Swoffham, town of Eng., in Norfolk, on a bill, 28 ms. W. of Norwich, and 93 NE. of London. Swaineaborough, village, Emanuel co., Ga., by post road 80 ms. SE. from Milledgeville. Swale, river of Eng., in Yorkshire, which rises on tbe confines of Westraoreland, flows E. by Richraond, and then SE. to its junction wilh lbs Ure, a little below Aldborough, where their united streams form the Ouse. Swally, town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with a harbor, where ships receive and deliver their cargoes, for the merchants of Sural. It is sealed near the gulf of Cambay, 15 ms. W. of Sural. Lon. 72 33 E., lat 21 10 N. Swallwell, village of Eng., in the co. of Dur ham, seated on the Derwent, near its juncrion with the Tyne, 13 ras. WiNW. of Sunderiand. Here ore famous iron works, originally established by a blacksmith about the year 1691. Swamp Churches, village, Montgomery co., Pa., about 35 ms. NW. from Philadelphia. 859 SWE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SWI Swan, island of Maine, at the raouth of Ken' nebec river. Tp., Hancock co., Maine, 15 ms- NW. from Castine. Swannanoe, creek and post office in tbe eastern port of Buncombe CO., N. C. Tbe post office is 10 ms. NE. frora Ashville, 40 SW. by W. from Morganton, and by post road 218 ms. W. from Raleigh. Swannanoe creek is a confluent of French Broad river. Swanaborough, village, Onslow co , N. C, on White Oak river, near ils mouth, into the Atlantic oeean, about 40 ms. SSW. from Newbern. Lat. 34 40 N., lon. W. C. 13' W. Swansea, town of Wales, in Glamorganshire on the Bristol channel, 205 ras, W. from Lon don. Swansey, town of Cheshire co., N, H., 44 ms. SW. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 1,400; in 1820, 1,716. Town, Bristol co., Mass., 16 ms. S. from Taunton. Pop. in 1810, 1,839; in 1820, 1,833. Swanton, Ip., Franklin co., Vt,, on lake Cham plain, 30 ms. N. from Buriington, Swansville, town, Hancock co., Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot river. Pop. 1820, 503. Swanzey. — See Swansey. Swatara, river of Penn., rises in Schuylkill co., about 15 ms. SW. from Orwiesburg. Il flows thence SE., enters the NB. angle of Lebanon, through which and Dauphin it meanders into the Susquehannah al Middletown, with an entire cora parative course of about 50 ms. Tbe valley of this stream, as far as the raouth of Quitapahilla branch, about 3 ms. above the limit between Dau phin and Lebanon cos., forras part of the channel of canol and river communicotion between Sus quehonnoh and Schuylkill rivera. Tp., Dou- phin CO , Po., Penn.. along the Suaquebonnah river, between Middletown and Harrisburg. Sweasysville, village, Adams co.. Miss. Sweden, kingdora of Europe, extending 800 raa. frora N. to S., and 450 frora E. to W., bounded on the N. bv the Arctic ocean, E. by Ruasia, S. by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and W. by the Sound, the Cattegat and Norway. It is divided into four general parls, Sweden proper, Gothland, Noidland, and Lopland ; and each of these is sub divided into provinces. Sweden proper contains Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Weslraania, and Dalecarlia. Gothland contoins East Gothland, Smoland, West Gothland, Wermeland, Bahus, Dalia, Schonen, Halland, Blekingen, and the isles of Gothland and Oeland. Nordland includes Ges- tricia, Helsingia, Medelpadio, Jemptio, Angermo- nia ; and West Bothnia. Swedish Lapland cora prises Uraa, Pilhia, Luin, Tornea, and Kemi ; these have no lowns, and toke their nomes from rivers that rise neor the borders of Norway ond flow into Kulf of Bothnia. The greater port of Finland wos ceded to Russia in 1808; and in 1814 Nor way was ceded to Sweden, wilh near a million of inhabilanls. The whole monarchy "ow contains 350,000 sq. ms,, wilh a pop of about 3,.jOO,000. It extends from lat. 65° to 70° N. The whole couniry is well, watered by rivera (though not a single navigable one worth mentioning) and nu merous lakes and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces and villas are usually buill. At Stockholm, spring and autumn are 860 scarcely to be perceived, for winter continues nine raonths and sumraer during the remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive, and in summer the heat is considerable, tbe air being serene all that time. As observed, however, in the articles Lapland and Scandinavia, the temperature of Sweden is severely cold in winter, only as compared with the raore southern part of Europe, as, if compared with similar latitudes of easiern Asia or eastern Araeri ca, the climale of Sweden is extremely mild, Sweden produces crystals, amethysts, topozes, por phyry, lapis lazuli, agate, cornelian, marble, and other fossils. The chief wealth of tbe country, however, arises from ber mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron. Tbe last-menlioned metal employs no fewer than 460 forges, hamraering mills, and smeldng houses. The first gollery of one silver mine is 100 fathoms below the surface of the eorth ; the roof is supported by prodigious oaken beama, and from thence the miners descend about forty fathoms to the lowest vein. The articles of ex port ore boards, gunpowder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pilch, rosin, arid masts ; and it im ports salt, brandy, wine, linen, cloth, stuffs, to bacco, sugor, spice, and paper. Sweden, town, Oxford co.. Me., 20 ms. SW. from Paris, and 82 NW. from Portland One of the western towns of Monroe co., N. Y., 15 ma. W. frora Rochester. Pop. 1820, 3,761, The Erie canal passes over the norlhern part of this tp. Swedesborough, village, Gloucester co., N. J,, on the south side of Raccoon creek, 8 ras. S. of Woodbury, and 16 SW. Irora Philadelphia. Sweet Springs, village, .Monroe co., Va., 43 ras. SW. of Bath court-house, and 93 in the same course from Staunton. These wotera hove long been famoua for their raedicinal virtues, and attract a numerous corapany of valetudinariana yearly. Sweetaville, village, Marion district, S. C, ' Sweet Water Valley, and post office. Morion CO., Tenn. ; by post road 148 tas. SE. from Mur freesborough. Sweetzer'a Ferry, and post office, Anne .Vrun- del CO., Md. Switzerland, country of Europe, bounded on tbe N. by Suobio, E. by 'Tyrol, S. by Savoy and Italy, ond W. by Fronce. It is 330 ms. long and 130 broad. Swilzerland wos divided inlo 13 can tons, exclusive of their allies and bailiwicks, viz : Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Underwalden, Zug, Fri burg, Soleure, Zurich, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Glarus, and Appenzel. The first seven are Cath olic, the next four are Colviniata, and the other two contain both religiona. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Ge neva, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neufchatel. The raost considerable rivers are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Thur, Reusa, and Limmot Swilzerland exceeds every country in the worid in diversity of appear ance; the vast chain -of Alps, with enormous pre cipices, extensive regions of perpetual snow, and glaciers that resemble seas of ice, are contrasted by the vineyord and cultivated field, the richly wood ed brow and the verdant valley, wilh ila crystal streora. Agriculture cannot, of course, be carried to great extent, but the groin produced is sufficient for domestic consumption. The chief riches con sist of excellent postures, in which many cattle are SYC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. SYR bred ond fattened, and the goals and chamois feed on the mountaina and in the woods. The men are generally atrong and robust, for which reason they are preferred by several nations for the mili tary service. Tbe women are tolerably handsome, hove many good quaUtiea, and are in general very in dustrious. The peaaants retain tbeir old raonner of dress, and are content to live upon railk, butler, ond cheese, and there are some of tbe mountain eers who never hove any bread. In 1797 tbe par tisans of France, having excited disturbances in Switzeriand, ihe French entered the couniry, and, after defeoling tbe troops and peasants who oppo- Bed them in several battles, they obolished the con- ititutiona of the principol contons, erected what woa termed the Helvetic republic, and vealed tbe governmeni in two councils and a directory. This constitution was abolished in 1803 by the first con sul of France, ond another was presented for their acceptance, bul rejected ; and be offered them a new one in 1803, which tbey consented to accept. By the new constitution, exclusive of the territo ries of Valais and Neufchatel, tbe country ia divi ded into 22 cantons : the six new ones are — Pays de Vsud, Tessin, Argou, Grisons, St Goll, and Tburgou, of which the first two are Catholic, and the other four contoin bolh Cotholics ond Protest- onts. Each canton baa ita distinct internal gov ernment Table of the superficea and population of the Swiss cantons, commencing on the extreme southwest. Geneva Vaud, or Leman Neufchatel - Fribourg'Valais Soleure BasilBerne ArgauLucerne Underwalden Uri Tessin Schwitz Zurich Schafhausen Thurgau Sl, Gall Appenzel Zug Glaris ¦ Grisons Sq, ms. 92 1,568 283 490 1,945 267260 3,546 766766 254 150 1,1,13 467941169 352 850 146116 444 2,957 17,861 Pop, 62,500 170,000 61,500 84,00070,000 63,00064,000 350,0001611,000116,000 24,00013,000 10-2,000 32,000 218,000 30,000 81,000 144,000 62,50014,500 28,00088,000 1,978,000 Switzerland, co. of Indiana, bounded by Ohio river E. SE. and S., Jefferson W., Ripley NW., and Dearborn N. Lengih 4 ras,, mean width 13, area 312 sq. raa. ; surface hilly, and soil produc tive. Chief town, Vevay. Pop. in 1820, 3,934 ; and in 1840, 9,920. Ctl. lat 38 55 N., Ion. W. C. 8° W. Swobesiown, village, Lancaster co.. Pa., on Conestoga creek, 15 ms. NNE. frora Loncaster. Sya, town of Sweden, in Wc»t Gothland, 13 ms. SW. of Lindkoping. Sycamore, tp . in the NE. quarter of Harailton CO,, Ohio. The soil of Ihe land is generally fer tile, and well irrigated by Mill creek and several of its branches., Montgomery, Reading, and Sharon villages are laid out in this Ip. Sycamore Alley, poat office, Hahfax co., N. C, 108 ms. northeaaterly from Raleigh. Sycamore's, posl office, Caroline co., Va. Sydenham, village of Eng., in Kent, on the declivity of a hill, 8 ms. S. by E. ofLondon. It is noted fur medicinal wells. Sydney, tp , Kennebeck co., Moine, on the W. side of Kennebeck river. village Shelby co., Obio, on Solomon's fork of Lororaie's creek, 35 ms. N. from Dayton, and 85 a litlle E. of N. from Cincinnati. Sydney Bay, bay on the S. side of Norfolk island, in tbe Pacific ocean, formed by Point Hun ter and Point Roas, which are near 3 ms. asunder. On this boy a settlement of convicts ia formed from Eng. Lon. 168 13 E., lat 39 4 S See p. 113, 3d col. , Sydney Cove, town or seltlement of convicts, founded at Port Jackson, in New S. Wales, in February 1788. Symmes, tp., Lawrence co., Ohio, on Symmes creek. Stnabooue, Gr., sun, together, and ago, to conduct; literally, an asaeiubly. Among the Jews the place of public worahip. The Presbyterian term "meeting-house" ia preciaely equivalent to the Jewish "synagogue," both relate to the people and their object in coming together, and not to the bouse. Synchronism. — See Isochnonous SiscHiioNoua, Gr., sun, together, and chronos, time, existing, being, or happening at tbe same time. Srif OD, from Gr. sun, together, and hodos, way, path, road ; literally on oasembly coming together from all sides. In the Presbyterion churches the synod is tbe highest convocation of their members. SxifoiiicAi,, from some roots as synod, ond lit erally meaning "coming together." As on astro- nomicol term, the most familiar example is afforded by the moon. Thia aalellite inclines lo the ecliptic 5° 9', of course paaaea the ecliptic twice in every revolution frora cnange to change or full to full. Synodic month is, therefore, the time comprised in a full lunation, or 39 days 13 houra 48 minutes and 48 seconds at a mean. All olher planets have their orbits more or leas inclined, therefore the lerm "synodic revolution" applies to all of them. — See art. Nodes. Sylvania, village, Bradford co.. Pa., 197 ms. a lillle E. of N. from Harriaburg. Syracuse, strong city of Sicily, in Val di Nolo, with a fine harbor. Tt ia seated near tbe seo, 78 ma. S. by W, of Messina, and 110 SE. of Pa lermo. Lon. 15 30 E., Iat 37 5 N. Fine flourishing village, Onondaga co., N. Y., 10 ms,, NW. by W. from Manbus Square, and 25 NE. by E. from Auburn. Syracuse stands on the Erie canal, at tbe point where the Solina side conal leoves the main trunk. Tbe Sobna flats extend belween Syracuse and the village of Salina. In a stale of nature these flats ore low, in port raarshy, and subject lo onnuol inundation ; but exiensive drains have been formed in order lo dry tbe sur* face, which is on exuberantly rich alluvial depos ite. The outlet of Salina lake into Seneca river being artificially lowered several feet, contributes 861 TAB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TAD also desiccate the flats. Upon the open space be tween Syracuse and Salina numerous platforms, or rather shallow cisterns, have been erected in order to make salt by solar evaporation. Tbe side canal of SaUna is carried by a series of locks, from tbe raain trunk down to the level ofthe Salina lake, thus opening an aquatic eoinmunica- tion past Salina, from the Erie canal to the Seneca river. Pop. of Salina tp. in 1840, 11,013. Syria, or Suristan, province of Turkey in Asia, bounded on tbe N. by Diarbeck and Nato lia, on the E. by Diarbeck and the deserts of Ara bia, on the S. by the sorae deserts and Judea, and on the W. by the Mediterranean. Under the gen eral norae of Syria were included the ancient Phoenicia, lying S. of Syria proper. — See Asia, page 80. Syrian, town of Pegu, sealed near the bay of Bengal, on a river of the same narae, which is one of the extreme branches of tbe Ava. Lon. 96 40 E., lat 16 50N. Syrtes. — See Africa, p, 16. Szeben, town of Hungary, situated on the river Tareza, 30 ms. N. of Cassovia. Lon. 31 26 B,, lat 44 80 N. Szelely, town of Hungary, 18 ms. ESE, of Debreczen. Lon. 22 15 B., lat 47 26 N. Szucca, town of Western Prussia, in the pala tinate of Luira, seated on the Vistula. Lon. 18 24E., lat 53 14 N. Szumna. — See Shumla. t T. Taafe, or Tave, rapid river of Wales, in Gla morganshire, which enters the Bristol channel at Cardiff. On this river, near Caerphilly, is a slone bridge called Point y Pryddal, of a single arch, supposed one of the widest in the world, 140 feet in the span, ond 34 bigb, plonned and executed by tbe self-taught genius of a common mason in tliis couniry. Taaif, town of Arabia, in the province of Hed jas. It has a considerable trade in dried fruits, and is situated on a lofty mountain, 90 ms. SB. of Mecca. Lon. 41 35 E., lat 21 6 N. Taas, city of Arabia, in the province of Ycraan, where is the tomb of a saint, who, according to tra dition, was king of tbe country. When M. Nie buhr wos here, it bad a garrison of 600 raen. It ia 48 raa. ENE. of Mocha. Lon. 44 10 E., lat 13 45 S. Taaia, lown of Upper Egypt, one mile from the Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has raany curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 ms. S. ot Cairo. Lon. 31 25 E., Iat. 26 56 N. Tabaga, an island of Araerica, in the S. aea, and Bay of Panaraa, 4 ras. long, and 3 broad It is a mountainous place, abounding witb fruit trees, and belongs to the Spaniards. Lon. 80 16 W., Iat. 7 50 S. Tabwrca, island on the coast of Barbary, 50 ras. W. of Tunis. Lon. 9 16 B., lat 36 50 N. Tabaria, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Pa lestine, situated on the W. side of a lake, for merly colled the sea of Tiberias, 50 ms. NNE. of Jerusalem, and 70 SSW. of Damascus. Lon. 38 46 B., lat. 32 40 N. - 862 Tabasco, State of the republic of Mexico, bound ed N. by that part of the Gulf of Mexico called the Bay of Vera Cruz, or Boy of Campeachy, on tbe B. by Merida or Yucaian, on the S. by Chiapa, on the SW. by Guatemala and Oaxaca, ond W. by Vera Cruz. It is, by Tanner's raap of Mexico, 260 ras. long, mean width about 60, orea 14,676. This State is bounded on tbe E. by the river Sumasinta, and on the W, by the Huasacualco. The raore central parts are drained by the St. Pedero and Tabasca rivers. All those streams, except tbe Huasacualco, rise on tbe borders of Gua timala, and traverse Chiapa and Tabasca. Tbe sea coast is low, fiat, ond either sandy or marshy ; the interior but imperfectly known. Pop. about 80,000. Hermosa, the capital, stands un the Tabasca river, with a pop. of 8,000. Lat 17 46 N., lon. W. C. 16 37 W. The Stale extends from lat. 16 40 N., tc> 18 30 N., and in lon. from W. C. 14° to 17 40 W. Tabasca, islands of, are two or more islands formed by the Tabasca and St Pedro rivers, at their joint outlet into the Gulf of Mexico. This insular tract is limited on the E. by the bay of Terrainos, and Uke similor formations in other places, composed of alluvion, are low and subject in great part to casual submersion. Taberg, village, Oneida co., N. Y., 118 raa. NW. by W. frora Albany and 20 from Utica. Table Mountain, a peak of Soutbern Africa, rises from Table Bay, adjacent to and SW. from Capetown. It rises 3,682 feet above the Allan- tic ocean. This mountain terminates in the pro monlory called Cope of Good Hope. The loiter hos been erroneously supposed to be tbe extreme soutbern point of Africa. The real southern cope of that continent is that of La Gullaa, 28 min utes of lat, southwardly, and about 100 ms. raore distant frora tbe Cape of Good Hope. Table Mountain, mountain of Pendleton dis trict, S. C, rising 4,300 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean. On one side, it is said, there is a precipice of rocks 900 feet high. Tabor, town of Bohemia, in tbe circle of Be chin, on a mountain, which tbe Husites, under tbeir celebrated general, Zisco, foriified and made tbeir principal retreat. It is 28 ms. N. by E. of Budweis, and 45 S. by B. of Prague. Lon. 14 66 B., 49 23 N. Tabristan, province of Persia, on tbe S. shore of the Caspian seo, bounded by Astrabad on the E,, and Chilan on the W. Tacazze, tbe great southeaatern bronch of the Nile, colled parlicularly the Nile of Tigree, con- tradialinguished from the Ambaro, or middle dis trict Tacames, hay, seaport, and diatrict of New Granada, on the Pacific ocean. The port is situaled at lon. W. C. 2 40 W., lot 0 62 N. Tachan, or Tachew, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Piisen, 21 ms. W. of Piisen. Lon. 13 27 E., lat 49 46 N. Tadcaster, town of Eng., in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Great plenty of limestone is dug up near it, and there is a large stone bridge over the river Wharf. It is 9 ms. SW. of York, and 188 N, by W. of London. Lon. 1 12 W., lat 63 68 N. Tadivan, or Taduau, town of Persia, in the TAG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TAL province of Farsistan, 60 me. 8. of Schiras. Lon. 54 15 E., Iat 28 45 N. Tadmor, — See Palmyra, Tadousac, town, L. C., a place of great resort for trading with the Indians, who bring ihitber furs to exchange for clolh and other European goods. It is situated at tbe mouth of tbe Sague- enoy, 98 ms. NE. of Quebec. Lon. 69 36 W., Iat. 48 6 N. Tafala, or Tafalla, town of Spain, in Navarre, with a castle, seoted on the Cidazzo, in a country producing good wine, 18 ms. S. of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 36 W., lat. 41 29 N. Tafilet, kingdora of Barbary, in the empire of Morocco, bounded on the N. by Fez and Treme- tea, on the E. by the Beriberries, on the 8. by the deserts of Barbary, on the W. by Sus, Morocco, and Fez. Tafilet, tbe capital, is a trading place, wilh a castle, and sealed on a river, 275 ms. SE. of Morocco. Lon. 5 46 W., Iat 28 2 N. " TiriLET, Thalileiet, Apileiee, &c., in Berber, means Morocco leather; and the places where it is manufactured are called Thafilelet — Ibdgson, Taganrock, flourishing city of Ruasia, on the NE. side of the sea of Azoph, about 30 ms. frora the raouth of the Don. Tbe very rapid advance in pop., wealth, science, civilization, and cora merce, of Tcherkask, Azoph, Taganrock, Odessa, Sevastopol, and other Russian towns, along the Black and Azoph seas, is a very striking and truly pleasing revolution in human happiness in a very fine section of the earth. Taganrock now contains 10,000 inhabitants, and exiensive com mercial prosperity. In 1817, 387 vessels sailed from this port, laden witb wheat, tallow, bees wax, wool, hemp, wine, coal, isinglass, fish, hides, iron, &c. Tagasta, town of Africa, in Algiers, famous for being the birthplace of Sl. Augustine. Tage, town of .Arabia Felix, witb a castle on a mounlain, 60 raa. E. of Mecca. Lon. 42 5 E., lat. 21 45 N. Taghmon, lown of Ireland, in the co. of Wex ford. Tagliacozzo, town of Italy, in Noples, 18 ms. SW. of Aquila, and 33 ENE. of Rome. Lon. 12 67 E., lat 46 60 N. Tagosi, town of African Morocco, the largest in the province of Sus. A great many Jews live here, who carry on a considerable trade. It is aeated in a ferlile plain, 97 me. S. of Tarodant. Lon. 8 5 W., lat 23 23 N. Tagumadert, town of the kingdom of 'Tafilet, in Africa, wilh a strong castle on a mounlain, seated on the river Dras. Lon. 6 43 W., lat. 27 ION. Tagus, river which has its aource on the con fines 'of Arragon, in Spain, runs through New Castile, by Toledo and Talavero, whence it pro ceeds to Alcantara, in Estramadura ; when, enter ing Portugal, it waahes Santarem, below which it forms the harbor of Lisbon, and then falls inlo tho Atlantic ocean. This river was formerly famous for its golden sands, and is called 'Tejo by the Portuguese. Tbe basin of tbe Tagus is about 400 ms. long from E. to W., with a mean width of 60, area 24,000 sq. ma. It is the longest but by no means the largest stream of the Spanish peninsula ; but, like all the rivers of that elevated plateou, not navigable for sea vessels to a dia tance inland in comparison wilh length of courae. The Tagus, at its mouth, forms in tho harbor of Lisbon, one of tbe finest havens oh earth, but the tides do not rise raore than about 30 ma. from the Atlantic oceon. This river falls from tbe high table land of Aragon and Castile to its efilux into the Atlantic tides, upwards of 1,800. — Ses the table of river basins in tbe art. Spain, Tahoorowa, one of tbe sraallest of the Sandwich islands, lying off the SW. part of Mowee, from which it is distant three leagues. It is destitute of wood, and Ibe soil seems to be sandy and barren. Tai-ming-fou, city of China, in the province of Pe-Tcheli, wilh one city of the second class, and eighteen of the third, in its diatrict. Tain, borough and seaport of Scolland, in Ross-shire, on the Frith of Dornoch, 12 ras. N. of Croraarty. Tainton, village of Bng., in Gloucestershire, 7 ma. W. of Gloucester. Tai-ouang, capilal of the island of Formosa, in the China seo. It is a large well-peopled place, and carries on a great trade. Lon. 130 30 E,, lat. 23 26 N. Tai-ping, city of China, in the province of Ki ang nan. It is built upon the banks of the river Kiang, and its plains are .watered by a nuraber of navigable rivers, which render it very opulent. Ils jurisdiction extends over only three cilies. Lon. 107 18 E., lot 32 20 N. Tai-lcheou, city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It bos 6 cities ^n its district. Lon. 131 2 B., lot 28 55 N. Tailebourg, town of France, in the department of Lower Charenle, and late territory of Sanfonge, seated on the Charenle, 30 ms. SB. of Rochelle. Lon. 40' W., lat. 46 46 N. Tai-tong-fou, city of China, in tbe province of Chan si, Tai-yeuen-fou, city of Chino, capilal of the province of Chan-si. The principal articles of its trade ore hardware, stuffs of different kinds, partic ularly carpels in imitation of those of Turkey. It is 160 ras. SW. of Peking. Talamone, seaport of Tuscany, in Itoly, 16 ras. N. of Orbitello. Lon. 11 6 B,, lot 42 30 N. Talavera, town of Spain, in New Caslile, with a fort. It belongs to the archbishop of Toledo, and is seated on tbe Tojo, in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 ms. 8W. of .Madrid. Lon, 4 1 W., lat 39 41 N. Talaveruela, lown of Spain, in Estramadura, seated on the Guadiana, 14 ms. E. of Badajoz. Lon. 6 34 W., lot 38 34 N. Talbot, CO., Md., occupying tbe peninsula be tween Tuckahoe river and Choptank, Chesapeake and Sl. Michael's bays, bounded N. by Queen Ann co.,E. by Tuckahoe river or Caroline co., and SE. by Choptank bay or Dorchester countyJ Length 25 ms., mean width 8, area 200 sq. miles. Beside Choptank and 81. Michael's bays, it is penetrated by Treadhaven river aboul 10 ms. Chieflown, Easton. Pop. 1820, 14,389; and in 1840, 12,090. Cll. lat. 38 46 N., lon. W. C. 55' B. Talgaguana, town of S. America, in Chili. It is now the only Spanish settlement in the bay of 863 TAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TAL of Conception, and is seated on the 8E. shore, near the ruins of the old city of Conception, 9 ms. from Ihe new city of Conception, Lon. 73° W., lat 36 42 S. Taliaferro, co., Ga. Tallach, town of Ireland, in the co. of Water ford, 23 ms. WNW. of Cork, and 32 WSW. of Waterford. Talladega, co., Ala., bounded by Benton N., Randolph E., Tallapoosa and Coosa S., and Coo sa river separating it from Shelby and St. Cloir W. Length from S. to N. 32 ms., mean breadlh 82, and area 1,024 sq. ras. Ctl. Iat 33 24, and ctl. lon. 9 15 W. of W. C. General slope west ward ton ards the Coosa river. Chief town, Mar diaville. Pop. 1840, 12,687. Tallahassee, village and seat of government for Florida, is situated on Tugabona or Wackahulla river, Leon co. Lat 30 27 N., Ion. W. C. 7 13 W. The following account of Tallahassee is raost ly extracted from the Alexandria (D. C.) Gazette (if April 6lh, 1826. The notice of Tallahassee is thus prefaced in the Gazette : " It is frora the pen of a gentleman whose stateraents are entitled to implicit confidence, and whose opportunities of correct inforraation have been ample." "The cily of Tallahassee (for so it is called in the charter, perhaps in reference to its anticipated grealnesa) is beautifully situated on an elevation, commanding a fine view of tbe surrounding coun try. It is yet (1836) in an infant stale, tbe first bouse having been built only about 18 months ago; it, however, has, at present, a nuraber of good houses, and contains frora 600 lo 700 inhab itants;^ is rapidly increasing in pop., as is also the adjacent country. The couniry around Tallahasaee, in almoat ev ery direclion, from the variety of hill and dale and crystal lakes, is extreraely beauliful and roraanlic ; and, when the hand of art bos seconded noture, it will bear a coraporison with ony other country. The lakes abound with fish of the raost delicious flavor, and the lorge extent of country, which will never be cultivated, will always offord a variety of gome. In a few years the orange, tbe fig, and numerous olber fruils, will he added to the sura of domestic luxuries ; nor are the road? to be left out of the cloaa of comforts ; tbey are almost always excellent ; tbe hills are seldom abrupt, and from the nature ofthe soil the roads are dry in 24 houra after the longest rains ; they are never dusty. " The cliraate is delightful ; the thermometer sel dom rises above 95°. The 1st of March it rose to 85° in the shade, bul tbe atmosphere was so raeb- orated by the sea breeze that it would not have been supposed to above 60°. The woods at that tirae were fragrant wilh tbe perfume of a thousand flowers; and had the English bard ever visited those regions, he might have exclaimed with great truth — " Here smiling Spring her earliest visit pays. And parting Summer's lingering bloom delays," Tallahassee was selected, by the Governor and comraissioners of Florida, os the site of the melropolis, on account of ita central posilion, fer tility of aoil, and the reputation it hod acquired, in the estimation of the Indians, for health and puri ty of air. 'I'he location was confirraed by the le gislative council on the 12lh of December, 1834. 864 The precincts of the town encircle a tract of beautifully undulating country, elevated near 400 feet above lide water. It bas been made an incor porate cily. Pop. 1886, about 1,200. The soil around this new cily is a mixture of loam, aond, and cloy. Highland growth princi pally oak, hickory, and pine ; in moist lowland, beech, wild cherry, ash, gum, magnolia, mahoga ny, and dogwood. Tbe couniry abounds in springs of good waler, and, by .sinking wells a moderate distance, that eleraent can be obtained in almost any desired situation. Frora what I know of the climate of La. and Flor., I should consider that of the couniry adja cent lo Tollahassee as very near a mean belween the temperature of New Orleans and St Augus tine. It will be seen, by reference to several arti cles in this treatise, that cold increases along a given line of latitude westward frora the Atlantic coast. Tallahaasee ia 220 raa. E. from Pensacola, 213 NW. by W.from St Augustine, and 232 a bltle W. of 8. from Milledgeville. Tallano, seaport of Corsica, situaled on tbe Gulf of Tallano, 30 ms. SSW. of Cortes. Lon. 9 18 E., Iat 51 20 N. Pop. 1840, 1,616. Tallapoosa, eastern branch of Alabama river, riaes in Ga., in the some ridge of mountains, and between the sources of the Coosa and Chattahoo chee rivers ; its general course is nearly parallel to the former, 200 ms. to where tbey unite and form tbe Alabama. The Tallapoosa is navigable about 30 ms. Tallard, town of France, in the department nf Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, seat ed on the Durance, 47 ms. S. of Grenoble. Lon. 6 20 B., lat 44 28 N. Tallmadge, village and tp., Portage co., Ohio, containing a furnoce, forge, ond on academy. Tallulah, or Tolulah, one of the extreme higher constituenta of Savannah river, riaes in the Blue Ridge, western part of Rabun CO., Go., and flowing thence about 20 ms., uniies with the Chatooga to form Savannah river, between Rabun and Haber sham COS., Ga. The subjoined notices of tbe remarkable scenery of this vicinity were extracted from the American Journal of Science, and supplied to that poper by A. Foster. The ropids of Tollulah are in Ga., 10 ms. shove the union of the Tallulah and Chatooga rivers, which form the Tugaloo, five ms. from S. C, and about 20 ma. from the line of N. C. The river, which is 40 yarda wide above the rapids, is forced for a mile and a quarter through a range of moun tains, into a channel scarcely 20 feet brood. The mountain receives tbe water inlo a broad basin, surr-ounded by solid rock 100 feet in height Here the stream pauses, in anticipation of the awful gulf, then rushes down a cataract 40 feel; then, hurry ing through a narrow winding passage, dashing from side lo side against the precipice, and repeat edly turning at right angles, is precipitated 100 feet, and in a moment afler 50 feet more, and then, making many short turns, it rushes down three or four falls of 20 and 10 feel.The sum of tbe fall in the distance of a mile ia esiimated at 350 feet The rapids, however splendid, apart from the laublimily wilh which they are aurrounded, ore TAM GEOGR.APHICAL DICTIONARY. TAN only on appendage lo the stupendous banks of solid rock, descending almost perpendicularly to the water on both sides of the rivor, and vorying in the distance of a mile frora 700 lo 1,000 feet in height, so that the stream literally passes that dis tance through the mounlain, or rather ihrough the highlands that connect two mountains. The most magnificent general view is from a part of the precipice which projects over the obyss 20 feet, and which is gained by o descent of 15 feet. This is half way belween the commencement and termination of the rapids, near the highest part of the raountain through which they poss, and not less than 1,000 feet above the woter, and affords the besl view of the second and third falls, one of which is almost under tbe projection. Tockoa fall is in a small creek of tbe aame name, just before it runs into the Tugaloo, 160 ms. above Augusta, and about 10 or 12 ms. soutbesstword from Clarkesville, the co. seatof Hobersham co., Ga, The perpendicular fall is 186 feet, measured by a line. It is surrounded by no wild scenery. The rivulet, disturbed by no rapids, moves wilh a gentle current, and drops without warning into a beautiful bosin below, expending into fine rain be fore it reaches the bottom, and tbe breeze which always plays there spreads a thick spray around, and ornamenls tbe falling water, tbe rock, and the shrubbery, wilh rainbows. A carrioge rood is within a stone's throw of the fall, and our party rode to tbe base and lo the summit of the precipice. Tbe Tockoa produces o sensation rolher of tbe beajuitiful than the sublime ; il pleases, but does not terrify ; it satisfies, but does not overwhelm the ex pectation. It is a fine preparation for the tremen dous scenery which awaits the traveller 16 miles norlhward. The distance between those two splendid scenes of the sublime and beauliful in nature is obout 20 milea, and Tallulah beirig to the northward of Tuckoa. Talmont, seaport of France, in the department of Lower Charenle, and late lerriiory of Saintonge, seoted on a peninsula of Gironde, 20 miles SE. of Saintes, and 260 SW. of Paria. Lon. 0 50 W,, lat, 45 32 N.' Talkdd, or Thaimud, Hebrew, and signifies to teach. Body of Hebrew law, in two parts, Michna, written law ,- and Gemeha, commentariea on the MicniTA. Tbe Talmud contains tbe traditions, police, doctrines, and ceremonies of tbe. Jews. There are two versions of the Talmud : one raade about A. D. 300, at Jerusalera, by the Rabbi Jo- hannan ; and the second completed ot Bohylon, A. D. 506, by the Rabbi Juda. Tbe lost most es teeraed. Tamalameca, town of South America, in Terra Firms, ond governraent of St. Martha, seated on the Rio-de-la-Madalena. Lon. 74 45 W., lat. 9 6 N. Taman, or Phanagoria, island of Asia, al the mouth of the Kooban river, and seporoteil from the Crimeo, in Europe, by the straits of Caffa or Jeni cale. Frora its position and appearance on a mop, Taman would seera a raere alluvial flat, forraed by the Kooban ; it is, however, on the contrary, ele vated consiilerably above the Black and Asoph seas ; the shores are at least 70 feet high, and very sleep. On its western extremity rises a volcanic 109* hill. Greatest length 40 miles, width 26. Lat 46 0 N., Ion. 37 0 E. Chief town, Taraon, or Timoutorokhon, — See article Jenicale. Tamar, river of Eng., "which runs from N, lo S., and divides Cornwall from Devonshire, and, after forming the the harbor of Hamoze, enters Ply mouth sound. Tamara, capital of the island of Socotera, with a good harbor. Tho trade consists chiefly in aloes, frankincense, ombergrise, and dragon's blood. It is seated on a bay, on the N. coast ot tbe island. Lon. 53 45 E., lat 1 1 56 N. Tamarica, or Itamaria, province of Brazil, be tween Paraibo on the norlh and Pernambuco on the aouth. On tbe coast is an island of the same narae, 24 railea in length, which haa a harbor and good fresh water. Longitude 36 5 W,, lat 7 56 North. Tambof, town of Russia, capital of a govern raent of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is sealed on the Tzna, which flows inlo the Mokscha, 228 miles SB. of Moscow. Lon. 41 4 E., lat 62 48 N. Tame, or Tend, river of Bng., rising in Shrop shire and Herefordshire, and, winding SE. about 70 ms., falls into the Severn in Worcesiershire, a short distance below the cily of Worcesler. Tame, inconsiderable rivulet of England, in Ox fordshire, which flows inlo the 'Thames at Dor chester, and has been erroneously supposed to give name to the Thamea. — See Thamea, Town of England, in Oxfordshire, with a famous free school and a small hospital. It is seated on a small rivu let of the same name, 12 miles E. of Oxford, and 45 W. by N. ofLondon. Lon. 0 55 W,, lat. Sl 46 N. Tamendfuat, home of the eastern cape of the bay of Algiers. " Tametifus, the right hand." — Hodgson. Tamieh, town of Egypt, on one of the canals which runs into the Nile. Tampico, bay and seaport of Mexico, near tbe moulh ofthe Moctezuema river, Lon. W. C. 11 36 W,, lat 22 45 N. Tamworth, borough of England, in Stafford shire, nn the Tame, 8 ras. SB. of Litchfield, and 114 NW. of London. Lon. 1 38 W., lat 52 49 N. Town, Strafford county. New Hampshire, situaled on the N. side of Ossippee river, and join ing Grafton county on the N'^V. Pop. in 1810, 1,134; and in 1830, 1,442. Tana Island. — See Navigator's Islands, Tanasserim, town of the kingdora of Siam, in Asia, capitol of a province of the sarao name, 320 ms. SW. of Siam. Lon. 98 0 B,, lat, 11 50 N. Tandro, river of Piedmont, which rises in the .4ippennines, and flows by Cherasco, Alba, and Asti, to Alessandria, in the Milanese, and falls into tbe Po. Tanbof, government of Russia, formerly a part of tbe governraent of Voronetz, coutaining 13 dis tricis. Toncos, town of Portugal, in Estraraadura, aeat ed on the Zezara, near ils fall into the Tajo, 60 ms. NB. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 30 W., lat. 39 20 N. Tancrowall, town of Africa, in Nigritio, seated on the Gambia, where ihe English have a fort, 30 ms. E. of James's river. Tanda, or Tanrah, town in Hindoostan proper, 865 TAP GEOGRAPinCAL DICTIONARY. TAR in Bengal, on the Ganges, 180 ms. N W. of Dacce. Lon. 87 56 E., Iat 23 25 N. Tandago, — See Samar, Taneytown, village, Frederick co., Md., situated on a branch of Monocacy creek, 20 ms. N. by E. of Fredericktown, and 12 N. by W. of Westmin ster, and 40 of Baltimore. Tangataboo,. one of the Friendly islands, in the 8. Pacific ocean, the residence of the sovereign and the chiefs. Tangermunde, town of Germany, in the old marche'of Brandenburg, un the Tanger, where it falls into tbe Elbe, 24 ms. NW. of Brandenburg, and 28 NE. of Magdeburg. Lon. 13 30 E., Iat 52 46 N. Tangier, seaporl of the kingdom of Fez, in Af- rica. It is 130 railes N. of Fez. Lon. 5 50 W., lat 35 49 N. Tangipao, river of Louisiana and Mississippi, rising in tbe latter, in Amite county, interlocking with the sources of Amite and Bogue Chitto ; its general course SSE., 26 miles in Mississippi and 45 in Louisiana, separating in tbe latler tbe parr ishes of St. Tammany and St. Helena, and, after an enlire course of 70 miles, is lost in Lake Pont chartrain, about 10 railes east of the Pass of Man chac, Like that of all the neighboring streams, the country drained by tbe Tangipao is u sterile pine forest. Tanjore, province of Hindoostan, on the cooat of Coromondel, bounded by Gingi on the N., by the mountoins of Gale on tbe W., by Malura and tbe fishing coost on tbe ^., ond by the sea on tbe E., being separated frora tbe island of Ceylon by a nar row strait City of Hindooslan, in tbe Carnat- . ic, capital of a province of tbe same name. It is seated on tbe Cauveray, 156 ms. S. by W. of Ma dras, and 166 SE. of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 12 E., lat 10 46 N. Tankia, or Tinkia-ling, lown and fortress of Thibet, at the foot of Mount Langur, 375 ma. W. by S. of Lassa. Tanna, fertile and considerable island in the South seo, and one of the New Hebrides. There ia a volcano in the island ; ond the soil is very fer tile in tropical fruits and forest trees. The coast alao abounds in fish. Lon. 69 46 B., lot. 19 30 S. Tanore, seaport of Hindoostan, on the coast of Malabar. Lon. 76 50 E., lot 10 56 N. Tantallan, ruinous caatle of Scotland, in Had dingtonshire, 2 ms. E. of N. Berwick. Taoo, most soulhern of tbe Friendly lalanda in the S. Pacific ocean, abouf 10 leoguea in circuit Taormina, seaporl of Sicily, in Val di Demona, seated on a rock, 88 ms. S. of Messino, fomous lor its costly marble and excellent wine. Lon. 16 34 E., lat 38 21 N. . L T. ¦ 1 t Taos, town of New Mexico, on the E. side of Rio Grande del Norte, above Sanla Fe. Lon. W. C. 29 46 W., lot 37 30 N. « Tamkaa, island in the S. Pacific ocean. Lon. 145 9 W., lat 14 30 8. . n i Tamos, river of Soulh Americn, in Brazil, riaes in Malio Grosso, about lat. 14° S., flowing • from thence NNE., falls ir^ the Amazon at lat 2t° S., after a comparalive couise of 900 miles. The Tapajos has interlocking sources with the southeaslern branches of the Madeira, with those of Paraguay, and with those of the Zingu, branch 866 of the Araazon. This stream drains an imperfectly explored region. Taphe, village of Bng., in Buckinghamshire, one raile frora Maidenhead. It is seoted on a hill, on the bonks of the Thames, and distinguished by its majestic woodlands, handsome villas, and pic turesque appearance. Tapoor, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, 15 miles SSW. of Darampoory, and 83 ESE. of Seringapatam. Tappahannock, town, Essex county, Virginia, situated on the 8. side of Rappahannock tiver, 67 ms. NE, of Richmond, 83 SE. of Fredericksburg, and 117 frora Washington city. Il ia a low, un healthy situation, hut a place of considerable'trade. Pop. about 600. Tappan, village in the southern angle of Rock- lond CO., N. Y., on Hudson river, 36 railea above the cily of New York. Taptee, or Tuptee, river of Hindooslan, rising in Gundwana, near the village of Batoos, and interlocking sources with those ofthe Mahanuddy, Nerbuddab, and Godavery ; flowing Ihence in a westerly direction, by coraparative couraea, 400 ms., inlo tbe gulf of Cambay, which it enters 20 ms. below Sural. Tar, or Pamlico, river af North Carolina, rising in Person county, and flowing thence SE., over Granville, Fronklin, ond Noah counlies, turns to NE , and, entering Edgecomb, receives a large ac- ceaaory stream. Fishing river, from tbe NW. Tbe junction of Tar and Fishing rivers is about 6 miles N. frora Tarborough. Below tbe latler place. Tar river again assuraes a general course SE., to Washington, where it opens into Poralico river, or ratber bay. It ia navigable for vessels drowing 9 feet water lo Washington, and for comraon river craft lo Tarborough, 60 miles higher. The enlire length of thia stream, by comparative courses, ia about 150 miles, and draining a basin of about 3,750 square miles. Tar river flows between and in the same general direction witb Roanoke and Neuse rivers. Taransa, one of the Hebrides, or Western is lands of Scotland. Lon. 8 56 W., lat. 58 2 N. Taranto, seaport of Naples, in Terra d'Otran lo. This town gave name to tbe venomous spi ders called tarantulas. It is 56 ms. NW. of Olran to, and 160 E. by S. of Naples. Lon. 17 29 E., lat 40 35 N. Tarragalla, town of the kingdom of Tafilet, m Africa, with a castle, sealed on the Dras, 276 ms. SW. of Tafilet Lon. 6 3 W., lat. 27 40 N. Tarare, town of Fr., in the dep. of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonnois, seated on the 'Tordive, at the foot of a raountain of the aame name, 38 ras. NW. of Lyons. Lon. 4 43 B., Iat 45 58 N. Taras, town of Tartary, in Turkestan, contain ing 1,000 houses, and about 5,000 inhabitants. It is one of tbe ancient capitals of Turkestan. It stands on a branch of the laxartes. Lat. 46 0 N., lon. 63 0 E. Taraacon, town of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Pro vence, on the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which it communicates by a bridge of boals. It has some trade in oil, brandy, starch, and stufts of coarse silk ond wool. It is 10 milea N. of Arlea, TAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 'J\'\S and 375 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 4 39 E., lot. 43 48 N, Town of Fr., in the dep. of Arriege, and late province of Provence, seated on the river Ar riege, 7 ms. SE. of Foix. Tarazona, town of Spain, in Arragon. It is seated partly on a rock, and partly in a fertile plain, on the river Chiles, 13 ms, SW. of Tudella, and 127 NE. of Madrid. Lon. 1 36 W., lat 41 55N. Tarbat, town of Scot, in the co. of Cromarty, 6 ras. E. of 'Tain. Tarbat, East, lown of Scot, in the co. of Ar gyle, 26 ras. N. of Campbelltown. Tarbes, populous town of France, lately in the province of Gascony, now capilal of the department of Upper Pyrenees, on the Adour, 42 ms. SW. of Auch, and 112 S. by E. of BoriJeaux. Lon. 3' E., lat 43 14 N. Tarborough, village, Edgecombe co,, N. C, lying on tho S side of Pamlico river, 34 ms. S. of Halifax, 44 W. by N. of Washington, and 83 NW, of Newbern. It has about 600 inhabilanls, and an acaderay, and is a place of rauch inland trade. Tareniesia, province of Savoy, which is a disa greeable borren country, full of raountains. Mou tier is the copital. Targa, town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, on the Mediterranean. Lon. 4 66 W., lat 35 20 Norlh. Targorod, town of Turkey in Europe, in Mol davia, 50 ms. SW. of Jassy. Lon. 26 29 E., lat. 46 49 N. Tahut, Spanish, Tarifa, from tbe Arabic, which, according lo Lunier, originally raeans knowledge, or series of things, and, in commerce, a list of duties on exports or imports. Tariffa, town of Spain, in Andalusia, witb o coatle seoted on on eminence, on the straits of Gib raltar, 17 ms. WSW. of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 40 W., lot. 30° N. Tariffville, village, Hariford co., Cl. Tarku, capital" of Daghestan, seated on the W. coaat ofthe Caspian sea, 51 ras. SE. of Terki, and 300 NE, of Tauris. Lon, 47 5 E., lat 45 50 N. Tarlton, village, Pickaway co., Ohio, belween Chillicothe and Lancaster, 17 miles distant from each. Tarn, dep. of Fr., including jiart of the lole province of Languedoc. Castres is ihe capital. River of Fr,, which gives name to the above dep. It has ils source in the dep. of Lozhere, and, having watered .Milhud, -Mby, Guillac, Montauban, and Moissac, falls into tho Garonne. Tarnowitz, town oi Silesia, in the principality ofOppelen, in the vicinity of which is s silver mine. It is 38 ms. SB. of Oppelen. Lon. 8 15 E., lot 50 20 N. Ta)-o, or Borgo di-Val-di-Taro, lown of Italy, in tho duchy of Parms, capital of the territory of Val-di-Taro. Il is seated on the river Taro, 25 his. SW. of Parma. Lon. 19 9 B., lat 44 36 N. Tarodant, or Tarudant, town of Morocco, in the province of Sus, sealed near the Atlantic, I'iO ms. SSW. of Morocco. Lon. 8 10 W., lat, 30° N. Turraga, or Tarreca, town of Spain, in Cata lonia, sealed on a hill, near the river Cervcra, 15 ma. E. by S. of Lerida, and 60 W. of Barcelona. Lon. 1 3 E., lot 4128N. I Tarragona, strong seaport of Spain, in Cata lonia, witb a university. It carries on a great trade, and is seoted on a bill, on the Mediterra nean, 36 ms. NE. of Tortosa, and 320 E. by N. of Modrid. Lon. 1 13 E., lot 41 5 N. Tartars, or raore correctly Tatars, a very widely disseminoled notion of Europe and Aaia. In our common geographicol works, ond in some treatises of more precision, tbe terra Tartar has received an absurd latitude, and is raade to comprise nations having neither language, manners, nor personal op- pearance, in common with the Tartars. "The Tartars," soya Malte Brun, "differ as much from the Mongols, in their features, physical conalitu- lion, and language, as tbe Moors do from the ne groes. A slender figure, an European visage, though somewhat yellow in complexion, curleil hair, and a long and abundant beard, distinguish the Tartar from tbe squat, shopeless monster, wiih 0 flat nose, prominent cheeks, almost beardless chin, and lank hair, who inhabits the deserts of Mongolia. The countries of these two races of men constitute two distinct physical regions. The Mongols, of whom the Kalmucs ore a branch, oc cupy all Ihe central plateau of Asia, from the Be loor mountaina and Lake Palcati, to the great wall of China, and to the Siolki mounlains, which sep arate thera from the Mantchoos, a tribe of tbe great race of tbe Tongooses. The Tartars are the pos sessors of that exiensive couniry which lies between the Beloor mountains on one side, and the Lake Aral and tbe Caspian sea on tbe olher." — See Turks ; as also Abkhas, Circossio, Crimea, Cos sacks, Georgia, Imeritia, Kalmucks, Kisti, Lesguis, Mandshurs, Mingrelia, Monguls, Ossi, Samoides, Turcomans, and Usbecs; also, Asia, pp. 86, 87, &c. Tartary, country of Asia. 'The terra Tarlary, if ethnographically considered, that is, if so extender! as lo include oil places inhabited by Tartars, would j coraprise the iramense regions belween Afghanis- j ton and Russia, and the southeastern parts of the I latter, with a large space on the Oby ; but the in- ¦ dependent 'Tartar nations are limited tn the physi cal region bounded on the N. by the Algydim- , Shalo mountaina, or the course of the Irtysh ; on the W., by tbe course of Ihe Ural river and- Cas pian sea ; on the S. by Khorasin ond the Gaoor I mountains (tbe ancient Paropamisus,) and on tbe E. by the choin of Beloor. Thus restricted. Inde pendent Tarlary extends over 460,000 sq. ms. Tbe population over this wide space is generally pastoral, and does not, it is probable, amount to 6,00t),000. It extends in lat. frora 38° lo 50° N, i Tar 'as, lown of Fr,, in tbe dep, of LanJe.', and late province of Gascony. The Midouse runs through it ; and on one side of this river it rises in the forra of on araphitbeatre ; the other is seated on a plain. Il is 12 ms. NE, of Dax, Lon, 48' E., lat. 43 50 ?V. Tarver's Mills, Wilkes eo., Ga., 64 ms. NE. frora Milledgeville. Tarvis, or Tarwis, town of Gerraany, in Carin thia, 46 ras. NNW. of Trieste. Lon, 13 40 E,, lat, 46 34 N. Tassacorla, marilirac lown of the isle of Palma, one ofthe Canaries. Il lies SW. of St. Cruz, and, being exposed lo westerly winds, is little frequented but by boals. Lon. 17 58 W., lat 28 38 N. Tassasudon, capital of Boolan, 260 ms. S. by W. of Lassa. Lon. 89° E., lal. 27 43 N. 867 TAV GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TAU Tossing, island of Denmark, between Funen, Langeland, and Arroe. It is separaled from tbe former by a strait, and contains a few lowns and villages. Tusso, oncient Thasos, island of tbe Archipel ago, near Ronaania, al the entrance of the Gulf of Contesa. It is 35 ras. in circumference, and was formerly faraous for raines of gold and quarries of beautiful marble. The capital, of tbe same name, has a good harbor and several castles. Tasso, mountain of Italy, between Bergamo and Como, from which the illuetrions faraily of tbe poet Tasso took their name. Tate, tp., Clermont CO., Ohio, Pop. in 1820, 1,77.5. - Tate's Creek, post office in the northern port of Modison CO., Kentucky, obout 40 ms. SE. from Frankfort Tatnall, co. Go., bounded by Appling 8., 'Tell. foir and Montgomery W., Emanuel NW., Cam- chee river or Bullock co. NE., and Liberty and Wayne SE, Lengih 60, mean width 30 ms ; area, 1,800 sq. ms. Oconee and Oakmulgee rivers unite, and form the Alatamaha, on the west ern boundary of this co. The latter stream winds SE. through tbe co., and receives from tbe N., about its centre. Great Ohoopee. Pop. in. 1820, 2,644; and in 1840, 2,724. N. lat, 33° and lon. W. C. 5° W. intersect in this co. T'alta., or Sinde, city of Hindoostan proper, cap ilal of tbe province of Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus, which admits of an uninterrupted navigation to Moultan and La hore, for vessels of 200 tons, and a very extensive trade was corried on between these places in tbe time of Aurungzebe, but at present very liltle re mains, owing to a bad government in Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks, the present posaeasor of Moultan and Lahore. W. of Tatta are found raines of iron and salt Tatta ia 741 ms, NW. of Bombay. Lon. 67 37 E., lat 34 60 North. Tattah, small lown on the common frontiers of Morocco, Drah, and Zangbaga, and in the route from Morocco and Sus, lo 'Tombuctoo. Il is 170 ras. SSE. of Morocco. Talterahall, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, on the Bane, near ils confluence with the Witham, 20 ms. SB. of Lincoln, and 137 N. of London, Lon. 8' W., lot 53 6 N. Tavastus, lown of Sweden, in Finland, capital of the province of Tovastelonri, seoted on o river which falls inlo the Lake Wauo, 63 miles NE. of Abo. Tavai Poenammoo, the most southerly island of New Zealand, about 500 ms. long, and with a mean width of 100. Tauchel, tovvn of Poland, in Pomerellio, sealed on the Verd, 30 ras. NW. of Culra. Lon. 18 6 B,, lat 53 38 N. Taverna, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated on the Coroco, 20 ms. E. of Nicastro, and 70 NE. of Reggio. Lon. 16 44 E,, Iat 39 11 Norlh. Tavira, or Tavita, considerable town of Portu gal, capital of Algarva, with a castle, and one of tbe best harbors in the kingdom, defended by a fort It is sealed in a ferlile couniry, at the moulh of the Galaon, between Cape Vincent and the 868 straits of Gibraltar, 100 ms. W. by N. of Cadiz. Lon, 7 46 W., lat 37 18 N, Tavistock, borough of Bug,, in Devonshire, on the river Tavy, 32 ms, W. by S. of Exeter, and 206 of London. Lon. 4 13 W,, lat 30 35 N. Taumago, island of tbe South Pacific ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1806. Lon. 176 45 W., lat 13° S. Taunton, borough of Eng., in Somerselsbire, on the Thone, which is navigable hence to the Parrot. It has a large manufacture of silk, and a considerable one of woolen goods, such as serges, duroys, druggets, &c. It is 31 ms. NB. of Exeter, and 140 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 17 W., lat 80 59 N. River, Mass. It rises in the Blue mountains, and, running 8E., falls inlo Narragansett bay, on the E. side of Rhode Island, Town, the capital of Bristol co,, Masa,, lying on the W. side of Taunton river, 26 ras, N. of New Bedford, and 36 S. of Boalon. Il contains an academy, a bank, the co. buildings, two cotton factories, a paper mill, a furnace, a nail factory, three rolling and slitting mille, &c. Pop. in 1810, 3,900; in 1820, 4,620; and in 1840, 7,645. Taunton-Dean, or Vale of Taunton, an exten sive tract of land in Somersetahire, famous for ils fertility. Taureau, isle of Fr., in the dep. of Finiaterre, and late province of Bretagne, lying at the mouth of tbe river Moriaix. On this laland is a castle which defends the port of Moriaix. Lon 3 51 W., lal. 48 40 N. Taurida, government of Russia, bounded S. by the Block seo, W. by Cherson, N. by Ekaterinos- laf, and E. by Caucasus. It takes its name frora and includes tbe Crimea, the ancient Taurica Chersonesus. — See Crimea. Tauris, city of Persia, capital of Adorbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia. It is about 5 ras. in circumference, and carries on a prodigious trode in cotton, clolh, silks, gold and silver bro cades, fine turbans, and shogreen leather. There are 300 caravansaries and 260 moaquea. It ia seated in s delightful plain, surrounded by moun tains, 95 ms. SE. of Naksivon, and 320 N W. of Ispahan; Lon. 47 60 E., lat 38 18 N. Taurus, general name of that immense Asiatic system of mountains, stretching from the Darda nelles to India. This great physical feature rises gradually frora the Archipelago, and, winding through Asia Minor, rises into a vost table Und in Armenia. Caucasus branches from il, and ex tending N. belween the Euxine and Caspian, is finally merged in the plains of the Don and Wol ga. Porsio seems, like Armenia, to be an eleva ted table land, having Taurus as a base. This chain in many places rises to the region of perpet ual snow, evincing' an elevation frora 9 to 10,000 feet. It is probable lhat the most elevaled moun taina of Europe are equalled, if not excelled, in height by many of the peaks of Taurus. In all its extent, from the Dardanelles to the Hindoo Cooah, the 'Taurus chains stretch in unequal but unbroken links upwards of 3,000 ms. It is, however, only an embranchment of the still more considerable system of cenlrai Asia. From northern Hindoo stan, mountain chains extend in various directions, TCH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 'J'CH one of which gigantic arms is Mount Taurus. — See Caucasus. Taua, town of Bohemia, in tbe circle of Pii sen, 26 ms. SW. of Piisen, and 60 8. Of Saatz, Lon, 13 45 E,, lat. 49 86 N. Tavy, river of Eng,, in Devonshire, which, rising in Dartmoor forest, waters Tavistock, and then enters the harbor of Hamouze, above Ply- nioulb. Toui, river of Eng., in Devonshire, which rises in the centre of the co,, flows to Barnstoble, ond then turns W. to join the Trowbridge, at ils inoulb in the Bristol channel. Tawy, river of S, Wales, in Glamorganshire, which flows parallel to tbe Neath, and enters the Bristol channel al Swansey bay. Taxahaw, post office, Uancaster district, S, C, 55 ms, NNE. frora Columbia. Tay, one of the largest rivers in Scotland, di viding it inlo S. and N. Il rises out of the moun toins of Breodolbone, and, after spreading into a lake of tbe same name, 15 ras. long, and about 2 broad, runs E. through Athol, then turning to the SE. in a course of near 40 ms. exclusive of wind ings, falls inlo the Frilh of Tay. Tay, Frith of, Scotland, arm of the sea, which divides Fifeshire from the cos, of the N, and S, Sonds, may be near a mile, wilh aboul 3 fathoms water, but wilhin the Frilh it grows deeper, and in tbe road to Dtmdee is full 6 fathoms. Tay, Loch, lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, through which flows tbe river Toy. It is 15 ms. long, and in many parls above une broad Taylor'a Store, and -post office, Franklin co., Va,, 200 ms. SW. by W. from Richmond. Taylor's Store and post office, Anson co., N. C, 180 ms. by post road SW. from Raleigh. Taylorsville, village, Hanover co., Va., 30 ms, from Richmond. Village, Fairfield district, S. C, 18 ms. from Columbia. Town and seat of jusiice, Spencer co., Ky,, situated near the centre of theco, N, lal. 38°, lon. W. C. 8 30 W. ; distant 30 ms. .SB. by E, Of Louisville, and 30 SW. by W. frora Frankfort. Tazten Pass, — See Cabul city. Tazewell, co., Va,, bounded by Russel SW,, Kentucky and Cabell co,, Va,, N W., Giles NE., Wythe SE., and Woshington S, ; length 60 ms., mean width 40, area 1,340 sq. ms. ; surface gen erally billy, and in part mountainous. The sources of Chinch and Great Sandy rivers ore in this co. and from ita NE. section flow several branches of Great Kanawha, Chief town, Jeffersonvillq. Pop. ill 1830, 3,916; and in 1840, 6,290, Ctl. lal. 37 35 N., lon. W. C. 4 38 W. Tazewell, village ami seat of jusiice in Clai borne co,, Tenn., about raidway between Clinch and Powell's rivers, 50 ms. NE. from Knoxville. Lat 36 25 N., lon. W. C. 6 28 W. C. H. ond post office, Tazewell co.. Vo,, by post road -302 ma. a litlle S. of W. from Richmond. Tchad, lake, a newly discovered body of wa ler in the interior of Africa. In the Not Intelli gencer of the 1st .\ugust, 1826, it is stated thai Maj.ir Denham and his co-travellers have reached and exomined an immense lake in Africo, 3,000 ms. long and 150 broad. The "location ofthis lake is given ol lat 13^° N., and Ion. E; frora London 16°. "Jt occupies," says the notice in tho Intelligencer, " tho precise position of Wan gara, as laid down in Arrowsmilh's map ; in which swamp the Joliba or IN iger is supposed lo termi nate. It covers a surface obout as lorge as the two Aniericon Lakes, Eric ond Ontario, both to gether. Tbe existence of any such lake, with even the limited extent of Erie and Ontario, is ot least doubtful, and with a length of 2,000 ma. utterly irreconcilable wilh what wc actually know of cen tral Africa. Much of that continent it is (rue is defectively known, but sufficient discovery has been mode lo render it extremely improbable thai il coniains an inland sea more than double the lengih of the Caspian. The united length of Lakes Brie and Ontario is about 450 ms., with a mean width of 60 at most. The enlire water sur face of all the great lakes of Canada, taken to gether, is about 100,000 sq. ms. Lake Tchad, occording to the dimensions given from Major Denham, would cover 300,000 sq. ras., and equal one-half the area of the Mediterranean. Such a sheet of water would so far surpass the combined superficies of Lakes Erie and Onlario, that it would reoch from the moulh lo the utmost sources of St Lowrence, ond equal three-fifths of the en lire basin of that great river. A distance of 2,000 ms, frora the geographical point noticed in this ar ticle would reach either tho Atlanric ocean, the Mediterranean, the Red sea, or approoch the In dian ocean. — See Wangara. Tchang-tcha, cily of Chin&, copitol of the S. part of Hon quang. Il is seoted on the river Heng, which bos a communication witb on ex tensive lake called Tong-ting-hou, 740 ras. S. by W. of Peking. Lon. 112 25 E,, lal, 28 11 N, Tchang-tcheou, cily of China of the first rank, in Fo kien. It has a crmsideroble trade with Em- ony, Pong-hou, and Formosa, and is 960 ms. S. of Poking. Lon 117 35 B,, lat 24 32 N. Tchang le, city of China, of the first rank, in Honan. It is 255 ras. SSW. of Peking, Lon. 11 1 5 E., lat. 29 2N. Tchany, large lake of Asia, in the Russian province of Kolyvane, and belween the Irtysh and Oby rivera. N. Iat 64° to 55°. This sheet of woter, covering about 2,000 sq. ms., is the lowest depression of the vast plain of Barrabintzi. It lies eastward from Ihe town "bf Omsk, and aboul 400 ms. SE. from Tobolsk. Tchao-king, cily of China of the first rank, in Quang-tong, sealed on the river Si, 70 ms. W. of Canton. Tchao-icheou, city of China of the first rank, in Quan-tong, sealed on tbe Pekiang, 85 ms. E, of Canton. Tche-kiang, province of China, one of the most considerable in exient, riches, and populolion. It is bounded on the N. ond W. by Kiong-nan, SW. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, and -E. by the ocean. In this province whole plains are covered wilh dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked in their growth ; and prodigious quantities of silk worms are bred. The principal branch of trade consists in silk stufl'; and those in which gold and silver are intermixed are the raost beouliful in Chi na. Hong-tcheou is tbe capital. Tchernigof, governraent of Russia, formerly a pan of the Ukraine. Its capilal, of the same name, 869 ¦ •TEC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEH of Mus is seated on the Desne, 345 ms. SSW cow. Lon. 66 45 B., lal. 61 24 N. Tchesme, town of Asiatic Turkey, on the W. coast of Natolia, with a cilodel. It stonds alraost opposite Scio, ot the head of a spacious rood, which is famous for tbe destruction of two Turkish fleets, first, by the Russians in 1770, secondly, by the Greeks in 1823. — See Chisme. It is 4 ms. B. of Smyrna. Lon, 26 26 E., lot. 38 26 N. Tching-hiang, sirong city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan, 470 ms. SSE. of Pekin'g. Lon. 118 55 E., 32 UN. Tching-tcheou, cily of China, in the province of Hiu-quang, seoted near the canal, through which oil barks must poss in going frora Sou- tcheou to Kiang. Under it are five cilies of ihe third class, in which a kind nf plain earthen ware is prepared, highly valued by ihe Chinese, who prefer it to the most elegant porcelain. It ia 640 ras. SSW. of Peking. Lon. 109 40 E,, lat 25 23 N. Tching ling, large cily of China, in the prov ince of Pe-tcheU. Ils district coniains five cilies of the second and 27 of the third class ; ond it is 110 ras. S. by W. of Peking. Lon. 114 21 E,, lat 38 9 N. Tching-tou, cily of (^hiiia, the copital of Set- cheuen, formerly the residence of the emperors, and one of the largest and most beauliful cities in the erapire. Lon. 103 44 E., lat. 30 40 N. Tchi tcheou, city of China, in the province of Kiangnan. It is seated on Iheriver Kiong. Lon. 117° E,, Iat 30 45N. Tchong king, cily of China, and one of tbe most commercial in the province of Se-Scbuin, It is 637 ms. SW. of Peking. Lon. 106 30 E., lal. 29 42 N. Tchooktches, the inhabilanls of the NE. extrem ity of .Asia, opposile Bhering's sirait Tchudskoi, NE. coast of Asia, inside of Bhe ring's straiis. Lon. W. from London 160 46, lat 66 15 N. TcnounEs-TcHUCHi, a Russian term, meaning natives, or indigenous inhabitants. Tcilicar, the most norlhern of tbe three deps. of Eastern Chinese Mongolia, occupied by differ ent Tartar Iribes. Tcitcirar, city of Mongolia, capital of tho prov ince of the same name, «nd the residence of a Mandshur generol. It is a modern city, built by the emperor of China to secure his irontiers again-t tbe incursions of the Russians. It is seated on the Nonni, 600 ms. NNE. of Peking. Lon. 123 50 E,, lat 47 25 N, Tease's Valley, postoffice, Kenowha co., Va., by post road 358 ms. NW. by W. from Rich mond. . Tcbesla, or Tinsa, town of Algiers, in the prov ince of Constantino, witb a castle, and several re mains of antiquity. It i.> seated ol the fool of a mounlain, on the borders of Tunis, 120 ms. SE. of Constanlio. Lon. 8 5 E., lat 34 51 N. Teccui, lown of the kingdom of Sus, sealed in a couniry abounding in groin, dotes, ond sugar cones, 4m8.B. of Messo. Teche, liver, Lo,— See Atchafalaya and Mis sissippi basin. ' , , , , Tecklenberg, town of Weslpboba, capital of a ler tile CO. of tbe same name, " "¦" ..-•.—«= r, 870 linen clolh, and is 22 ins. N. by E. of Munster. Lon. 7 47 B., lat 58 14 N. Tecoantepec, seaport of Mexico, in Oaxaca. — See Tehuantepec, Tecrit, town of Asiatic Turkey, in the govern ment of Mosul, sealed on a rock, near the W. side of the Tigre, 130 ras. S. of Mosul. Teculet, town of Morocco, with an old castle, seated at tbe mouth of a river of the same name, 150 miles W. of Morocco. Lon. 9 46 W., lat 31 5 N. Tecumseh, postoffice, Lenawee co., Mich., 61 ms. frora Detroit. Teddington, village of Eng., in Middlesex, sealed on the Thames, 12 ras. WSW. ofLondon. Teala, or Tadila, province of Morocco, which extends along the eoal side of Mount Atlas lo the borders of Fez and Algiers. Tednest, large lown of Morocco, in Africa, cap ital of the province of Hea. It is almost surround ed by 0 river. Lon. 8 35 W,, lot 30 30 N. Tedsi, coinmerciol lown , of Morocco, in the province of Sus, seated in a plain, abounding in coro, 25 ms. SE, of Tarodant. Tees, river of Eng., which rises in the confines of Cumberiand, divides Durhara co. from York shire, and falls inlo tbe German ocean below Stockton. Tefezara, strong town of Algiers, in the prov ince of Tremeiien, 12 ms. frora tbe city of that name. There are a great raany mines of iron in ita territory, Tefflis, city of Russia, residence of the Russian governor, and capital of Georgia, one of tbe seven Caucassian nations between the Black sea and the Caspian. It is called by the inhabitants Thilis Cabar, (warm town,) from the warm baths in its neighborhood. Though ils circumference does nol exceed two English ins., it contains 20,000 inhabitonts, of which more than one-half are .\rmenians; the remainder are principally Geor gians, wilh some Tartars. 'Tefflis is a place of considerable trade, especially in furs, which are conveyed hence lo Constantinople, by ibe way of Erzerum. 'The silks of this country are bought up, on the spot, by the Aimenians, and conveyed lo Smyrna and olber potts of the Mediterranean ; bul Ibe greatest port is first sent to Erzerum, to be manufactured. Il is 225 ms, NE. from Erzerum. Lon. 65 3 B., lat, 41 59 N. Tefza, town of Morocco, in Africo, 70 ins. NE. of .Morocco. Tegaza, town of Zehara, capital of a territory of that name, to the NE. of Senegal. Il is re markable for mounlains of salt. Lon. 6 30 W,, lat 21 40 N. Tegerhy, town of Fe-zzan, in Africa, 80 miles SW. of Mouizook. Teglio, town of tbe couniry of the Grisons, cap ilal of Ihe governmeni of the same name, in the Valteline. It is situaled on the top of a mount- aui, 9 ms. frora Tiroiio, and 12 Irom Sondrio. ^ Tegoiiabin, or Theoohurin, " fig trees,"— Hodgson. Tehuantepec, Teguantepec, or lecoanlcpcc, port of the Pacific ocean, in the Mexican stole of Oaxoca, silualed ot the bottom of the gulf of Te- 1 huantcpec, ond near ibe mouth of the Chimalapa it has manufactures oil river, ll is environed by the villages of San Fran- TEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEM cisco, San Dionisio, and Santa Maria de la Mar. Lon, W. C. 18° W., lot. 16 5 N. Tehauntepec, the gulf of, is a semi-elliptii al indenting of that part of the Pacific ocean stretch ing belween Guatemala and tbe stole of Oaxoco. Teign, river of Bng , in Devonshire, composed of two broncbea, which rise in the cenire of the CO., and, uniting, enter the English chonnel at Teisnmoulh. Teignmouth, seaport of Eng,, in Devonahiie, has a conaideroble coasting trade, especiolly to Liverpool. It is seated ot the raouth of tbe Teign, 12 ma. 8, of Exeter, and 280 W. by S. of Lon don, Lon. 3 29 W,, lot. 60 32 N. Teisendorf, town of Germany, in the circle of Bovoria, 12 ms. WNW. of Sallzburg. Teisse, river of Hungary, which riaea in theCor- pothion mountoins, posses by 'Tockoy and Segedin, ond foils into the Danube neor Titul. The Teisae is tbe largest branch of the Danube. Its extreme source is in the Carpathian mountains, belween Hungary and Bucovina, in Poland, From these regions, it flows lo tbe NW. by W. 260 ms., by two great branches, the Teisse proper and Zaposcb. Below their junciion, the united walers turn to the SW.by W. 100 ms., receiving the Bodrog from the NE. and the Bodra from the NW. The union of all these confluents, at N. lat 48°, is re markable for the comipenceraent of the extensive alluvial plains of Hungary and the great bend of the Teisse lo the S. Directly opposite also to the bend of the 'Teisse southwardly, the Donube, be low Gran, assumes a sirailar course, the 2 strearas flowing nearly 200 ras. in a parallel direction, each breaking into innuraerable channels and islands, The Teisse, below ils southern bend at Polgor, re ceives numerous large branches frora Tronsylvo. nia, and in parlicular tbe Maroacb, a river of 250 ras. length of course. The enlire valley of tbe 'Teisse erabraces an area of 62,500 sq. ras. 'The Teisse is navigable to Szegedin, where it receives the Morosch, above which it is too much dispersed into amoll chonnela. It is united to the Danube at Buda by a conol of about 50 ras, — See Temes river. Telcin. — See Bender. Telemona, town of Italy, in Tuscany, with a small harbor and a strong fort It is seated at the mouth of tbe Ossa, at the extremity of a point of a craggy rock, 10 ras. from Orbitello. Lon. 11 11 E., lat. 42 28 N. Telesa — See Cerviio. .Telles, seaport of Fez, in Africa, 120 ms. ESE. of Tangier.Telegein, or Telga, trading town of Sweden, in Sudermania, seated un the S. bank of the Lake Maeler, 12 ms. SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 17 24 E., lot. 69 18 N. Teieohaph, from two Greek words — tele, at a distance, and grapho, to write or describe ; but, proctically, the telegraph is an instrument to read at a distance. Telescope, from two Greek words — tele, at a distance, and skopeo, to see ; or tbe name literally means to see at a distance beyond that of ordinary unaided vision. Great disputes have arisen on the original invention of the telescope ; but much con troversy would have been spared by reference to the gradual prngressof all discovery ond invention. Telfair, co. of Ua., bounded by Appling 8., Dooley SW., Pulaski NW., Little Oakmulgee river or Monlgoraery co. NE,, ond 'Tatnall B, Lengih 50 ras., mean wiilth 86 ; oreo 1,2.50 aq. ma. The Oakmulgee river enters the NW. side of this co., and, afler an immense curve to the SB,, E., anil NE., joins ihe Oconee ol its NE. ongle. Chief lown, Jocksonville. Pop. 1820, 2,104; and in 1840, 2,763. Cent, lot 33° N,, Ion. W. C. 6° West. Tell, extreme wesiern tp., Huntingdon counly. Pa., 23 railes SB. from flunringdon. Pop in 1820, 686. Tellicherry, seaport of Hindooston, on the coast of Malabar, where there is an English factory. It is 30 ms. NNW. of Calicut Lon. 75 50 E,, lal. 1 1 48 N. Tellico, small river, Monroe co,, Tenn,, which, ofter a comporative course of 25 ms,, foils into Tennessee river 10 ms. NB. from .4lhens. Villoge, formerly 'Tellico Block House, at tbe raoutb of 'Tellico river; by post road 162 ms. a litlle 8. of E. frora Murfreesborough. Tellico Plains, post office, Monroe co., Tenn., on Tellico river ; by post road 160 ms. o little 8. ofE. frora Murfreesborough. Teltsh, town of Germony, in Morovio, seoted on the frontiers of Bohemia, ol the source of the river Teyo, '36 ms. WNW. ofZnoira. Lon. 16° E., lat 49° N. Temendefust, lown of the kingdom of Algiersi, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 miles E. of Al giers. Temes, river of Hungary, in ibe bannat of Te meswar, which it drains, and folia into the Don ube with the Teisse. — See Temeswar. Temeswar, town of Hungary, capital of a ter ritory colled the bonnat of Teraeswor. It is sealed in a raorass, 60 ma. NB. of Belgrade, and 150 SE. of Buda. Lon. 22 20 E., lat 45 57 North. The bannat of Temeswar is in general a low al luvial country, but the Teraes river is too much broken by channels to be naturally navigable. This stream in 1 760 was, however, made passable with boals, by the Bega canals, from tbe Theiss to Temeswar, and up the Temes river. Temissa, large town of the kingdom of Fezzan. Here the caravan of pilgrims from Bornou and Ni gritia, which lakes its departure from Mourzook, and travels by way of Cairo lo Mecca, usually pro vides the stores of corn and dates, and dried meat, requisite for its dreary passage. It is 120 railes ENE. of Mourzook. Temple, tp,, Kennebec co.. Me., 40 ms. NW. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 615 Town, Hillsborough co., N. H., 30 ms. 8. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 941 ; in 1820, 753. Templeton, town, Worcester co., Mass., lying between Athol and Petersham, 28 ms. NW. of Worcester, and 63 W. by N. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,205; in 1820, 1,331. Templin, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, and tbe Ucker Marebe of Brandenburg, which has a great trade in timber. It is 16 ms. SW. of Prenzlo, and 34 N. of Beriin. I..on. 13 85 E,, lat 63 5 N. Temroek, seaport of Cuban, seated on the sea of Asoph, 20 ms. E. ofthe straits of Caffa, Lon. 37 20 E,, lat 46 27 N. 871 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEN Temserim, town of Siam, capital of a province. It is situated on a river of the same narae, whioh falls into the Bay of Bengal. Lon. 98 8 W., lot I2 12N. Tenbury, town of Eng., in Worcestershire, on tbe Teme, 15 ms. W. by N. of Worcester, and 130 WNW., of London. Lon. 3 13 W., lat 62 16 N. Tenby, seoport of Bng,, in Pembrokeshire. Its trade is inconsiderable. It ia 10 ms. E. of Pem broke, ond 233 W. ofLondon. Lon. 5 6 W., lot 51 43 N. Tench's island, ialonS in tbe Pocific ocean, 8 ms. in circuraference, discovered by Lieut Ball, in 1760. Lon. 181 31 E., lat. 1 39 S. Tend. — See Tame, river of Eng. Tenda, town of Italy, in PiedraonI, capital of a county of the same name. It is sealed al the foot of a mountain, on the river Boga, 83 ms. S. of Tu rin. Lon. 7 48 E., lat 44 10 N. Tenedos, celebraled island in tbe Archipelago, on the coast af Natolia, ond 10 ms. SW. of the Straiis of Gallipoli. This island still retains its an cient narae, and is one of tbe sraallest islands of tbe Archipeiogo, situated near the coast of Lesser Asia, near the ruins of Troy. It is chiefly rocky, but fertile, being remarkable for producing the best Muscadine in the Levant ; and its position, thus near the mouth ofthe Hellespont, has given it ira porlance in all ages — vessels bound towords Con stantinople finding shelter in its port, or safe an chorage in the road during the Etesian or contrary winds, or in foul wealher. It is 11 ms. long and 7 broad, inhabited almost wholly by Greeks. Ac cording to Hobhouse, tbe size of Tenedos has been underrated. His words are: "The size of Tene dos has been differently staled by different writers. Sandys, following Strabo, makes it only 10 ms. in circuraference ; but, according to Tournefort, it is at least 18;/ should think it more extensive. Its breadth is about 6 rns. It appeared to us frora tbe sea to be rocky and barren, but when we walked to the top of a considerable erainence above the town, we saw that it presented a pleasing variety of hill and dale, well cultivated, although scarcely shel tered by a single tree. The highest hill, called the Peak of 'Tenedos, is seen at some distance, from all the positions, both at land and sea, to the N." The ruins of the city of Alexandrio Troos stond on the main land, nearly opposite the S. end of Ten edos. — See Eakiatamboul. Tenedos is 60 miles NW. from the lown of Mylelene, 86 N. frora Cape Sign, about 6 from the opposile Asiatic coast, and 18J SW. from the mouth of the Hellespont On the E. side is a large town, seated at the foot of a mountain, with a fine harbor, coraraanded by a castle. On tbe 5th of June, 1794, after sorae se vere shocks of an earthquake, a small volcanic is land was discovered to have emerged from the sea, between this town and the Asiatic shore. Tenin, or Knin, episcopal town of Venice, in Dalraatia, on the borders of Bosnia. It ia 48 ras. 8. of Bihacz. Lon. 16 30 B,, lot 44 5 N. Teneriffe, oue of the Canary Islands, tbe most considerable of them for riches, trade, and popula tion. It lies W. of the Grond Canary, is 70 ms. long and 22 broad, and abounds in wine, different sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One part of this island is aurrounded by inaccessible mountains, 873 and one in particular, tho Peak of Teneriffe, is 18,836 feet above the level ofthe sea, and the dis tance of the Peak from tbe port of Oraiava is about 1 1 ras. The principal dependence of the inhabit ants is on their wine, (their staple commodity,) oil, corn, and every kii)d of slock for shipping. With these the island abounds ; and, in their sea son, produces not only the tropical plants, but tbe vegetable productions of the European gardens in tbe greatest plenty. 'Teneriffe enjoys on agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate. St Chris- tophe de Laguna is the capitol, bul the governor resides st Santa Cruz. Teneriffe, town of 'Terra Firma, in the govern ment of St Martha, sealed on the Rio-dc-la-Made- lena, 100 ms. S. by W, of St. Martha. Lon. 74 15 W., lat 9 47 N. Tenez, town of Algiers", in Africa, in the prov ince of 'Treraesen, copital of a district of the some name, wilh a strong fort. It is sealed on tbe side of a mountain, 4 ms. from the seo. Lon. 1 0 B,, lot 39 30 N. Te-ngan, rich, populous, ond comraerciol city of Chino, in the province of Houqnong, with 6 cilies dependent on it. It is 200 ras. W. by 8, of Nan king. Lon. 113 31 E., lat 31 0 N. Teng-fog-hein, city of China, under the juris diction of Ho-nan, in tbe province of Ho-nan. It is faraous on occount of the tower, erected for on observatory by the celebrated astronoraer 'Tcheou- koug, who, according to tbe Chinese, invented ihe raariner's corapaas. Tennessee river. — See next article. Tennessee, Stole of the U. S., ia bounded on the 8. by N. lot 35°, and olong that latitude boa Ga. SE , Ala. in the centre, and Miss. SW. Tennes see ought lo have been bounded on the N. side by N. lat 36g° ; but from Cumberiand gap, or south western angle of Va , the separating line encroach es on Ky. ; and when reaching Tennessee river, in a distance of about 860 ms., the deviation araounts to upwards of 10 ras. From Tennessee to the .Mis aiasippi the error was corrected, ond the line ex tended along N. lat 36i°. The area of Tenneaaee has been generally over- ated. Tbe mean breadth is very near 110 ms., and mean length fully estimated at 400 ms,, which gives an aggregate of 44,000 sq. ms. Tbe long est line that can be drawn over this State would extend from the northeastern to the soulhwestern angle, 600 ms. Milea, Tennessee is on interior Slate, having a boundary on Ky., commencing at the SW. angle of that Slate, on the left bank of the Mississippi river, and running thence E. along the S. boundary of Ky. 64 'Thence up tbe middle of Tennessee river - 12 Thence by a line a litlle S. of due E,, olong the S. boundary of Ky., to tbe extrerae SW. angle of Va. - - 360 Thence continuing the last-noted line, along the S. boundary of Va., to the exireme NE. angle of the State - - 105 Thence SW.; along the NW. boundary of N. C, to the N. boundary of Ga. - 174 Thence due W. along N. Iat. 35°, tbe N. boundary of Ga , to the NE. angle of Ala. - ¦ - 100 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEN Along N. boundary of Ala, tn the 'Tennes see river, and the NE. angle of Miss. - 140 Thence lo IheNW. angle of Miss , and the SW. angle of Ten., on Mississippi river 116 Thence up tbe Mississippi river to place of beginning - . . 150 1,111 The longest line that can be drawn in Ten. is from ils SW. to NE. angles, 465 ms., and is the longest line that can be extended in any State of the U. 8. The mean width about 100 ms. Extreme 8., N. lat 36°. Extreme N., N. lat. 36 40. Tennessee is naturally divided into two distinct portions by Curaberland raountains. These sec tions have given the designating terms of East and West Tennessee. In relation lo the rivers, higher and lower Tennesse ewould be equally appropriate. This Slole has features which, in a remarkable manner, distinguish it from any other section of the U. 8. Its difference of lat. is bul little, being only 1° and 40', and yet few Stales in our Union present, on an equal surface, raore raarked change of climate and vegetable production than does Ten nessee. Nor do any two contiguous sectiona of equal extent and similar Iat. in the U. S. differ move in general physiognomy than do East and West, or lower and higher 'Tenneaaee. The lot ter is a comparalive alpine region, the former de presses to wilhin a Uttle more than 300 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, in oddi tion to the mere declivity necessary for the descent ofthe strearas, 'Tennessee has a slope frora the sura- mil of the Alleghany mountains to the surface of the Mississippi river. The length of the State be ing near 500 ms. from E. lo W., embraces all the various soils and geological formations, from transi tion lo recent alluvion. The extreme NE. angle almost touches tbe primitive mass which prevails, and forms the substrata of the western part of N. Carolina. I hove before remarked the singular coincidence between the courses of Kentucky, Greene, Cum berland, and 'Tennessee rivers. It would appear that a plain, having an inclination to the SW., commenced in ihe SW. part of Va., and in the SE, part of Ky. and NB. part of Ten. Down this slope the rivers have their courses. Let a curved line be drawn from the great bend of Kentucky river, between Jessamine and Garrard cos., lo the bend in Salt river between Washington and Har din COS., Ihence lo the junction of Greene and Big Barren rivers, in Butler co., thence to the great bend in Cumberland river near Nashville, and thence in a direct line to the Mvifcle shoals, in Ten. This curve would describe a very remarka ble inflection of the plain we have noticed. Thus far frora tbeir sources the rivers we have noticed pursue nearly a parallel course SW., inflecting to tlie W. in ascending the curve Irom 'Tennessee to Kentucky rivers. Between the designoted curve and the Ohio river, the plain inclines towords the lalter, ond the courses of the rivers conform to the change of surface, oil turning to o little W. ofN., continues that direclion lo Ohio river. From the peculiar inflections of the surface of this part the Ohio valley, 7'ennessee has token ils 110* singular natural structure. 'The range of tbe Alleghony mountains, we hove seen, pursues, from tbe Hudson river to the SW. part of Va,, very nearly a SW. and NE. direction. At tho latler point the lateral ridges uf the chain com mence a gradual curve more to the W. The two ridges which contribute most, however, to charac terize Tenn. are the Alleghany, properly so called, and Cumberland mounlain. The former bounds the State, and in a great degree the sources of 'Tenneaaee river ; the latter enters Tenn. belween Cumberland and 'Tennessee rivers, and by a very dislinclive ridge crosses tbe whole State obliquely, and is the mountain which divides Eost frora West Tenn. After leoving the loiter State, Cumber land mounlain pos.-es into Ala , extends SW,, and crosses 'Tennessee river neor Fort Deposite, and is imperceptibly merged into the hills of Ala. 'The Alleghany ridge, also, afler entering Ga., con tinues over tbe NW. angle of that Slate into Ala., and gradually subsides into hills' lo thepeninaula belween Alabaraa and Torabigbee rivers. Be tween those Iwo ridges, in the SW. angle of Va., at N. Iat. 37°, Tennessee river takes its source. Under the various nomes of Holston, Clinch, French Broad, and Tennessee, the different con fiuents of this river are united above, ol Kingston, in Roane co. Continuing a SW. course out of 'Tenn. inlo Alo., the 'Tennessee reaches as low as N. lat 34 25, the extreme southern extension of the Ohio valley. Here the 'Tennessee is turned to the W. by opposing high land. 'The inclined plane, however down which the Tennessee had thus for flowed, extends still further SW., as is dem onstrated by the courses of Tallapoosa, Coosa, and Black Warrior rivers. Even the higher branches of tbe Chatahoochee and Oakmulgee rivers indicate an extension ofthe slope of 'Tenn., as far os their sources. After its turn to the west ward, Tennessee river inflects a little to the N., and at the point of re-entrance into 'Tenn. abrupt ly turns a httle E. of N., in which direclion it coniinues through the Stole. Where it enters Ky., this river again turns SW. by N., and finally enters Ohio ofter on entire comporative course of 680 ms, 'This stream is by far tbe largest con fluent of Ohio, Cumberland river rises NW. of Cumberland mounlain, N. lat 37°, and flows nearly W. through Ky., a Utile N. of Tenn. line, 200 ms., enters 'Tenn. in Jackson co., and continuing nearly parallel to 'Tenn. river, as for as the town of Nash ville, there again, corresponding with its counter stream, assumes oNW, course, and, flowing nearly parallel to Tenn,, enters the Ohio river 1 1 ms. above the latter, afler an enlire comparative course of 440 ms. 'These two rivers, and particularly the lat ter, are amongst tbe most reraarkable objects in the hydrography and topography, of the U. S. Ris ing on the primitive, the French Broad branch of 'Tennessee, crosses the liansition lo the second ary or flat formation. When entering on the lat ter, we have already seen the entire streom turned SW. between the lateral ridges of the Appala chian syslem, and carried in that direclion up- waids of 300 ms. Following all the laws of ana- log^y, this river ought to have conlinued down the slope on which it originated, and have entered tbe Gulf of Mexico by ihc channel of Mobile. On the 873 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEN contrary, tbe river turns, and actually passes a ridge of the same system of mountains which would have seemed to determine ils course. Tenn. is divided into three portions, whose soil, productions, and climate, have marked distinction . East Tenn., as it is coramonly called, though taken either- geographically or relatively, is tbe southeastern part of the Slale ; this section is com posed of a part of the valley of Tennessee river, and lies in a direction SW. and NE. containing about one-third of the Stale. The higher valley of Tenn. is in form of an oval or ellipsis, whose longest diameter, from the NW. angle of >Ga. to the SW. of Va., is about 200 ms,, ils greatest breadth from the sources of 'Tennessee and French Broad to those of Cumberland river 150, or embracing on orea of more tban 10,000 sq. ms., tbe much greater part in Tennessee. Thia fine vale has a secondary calcareous base, is well watered and wooded. The soil along tbe streams is excellent, though in the intervals poor, and covered with pine and other tiraber indicative of sterility. 'This region is, however, pre-erainenlly distmguished by the softness of the climate and salubrity of tbe air. It is no doubt, as far as health is concerned, the most desirable section of the U. S, The face of the country is variegated by hill and dale, and except on its extremities not mountainous. Tbe real elevation above the ocean has never been well ascertained. Adopting a similar rule, pursued with tbe Ohio and other streams, and giving due allowance for the much greater comparalive fall in Tenn., would give for the sources of tbe latter at least 1,500 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. From its eleva tion, and also from the maas of the .Appalachian mountains interposing between its surface and tbe worm air of the Atlantic oceon, tbe climate of Upper Tenn. is too severe to admit the profitable culture of the cotton plont The cereol groraina, particularly maize, is produced in abundance, as is fruit of various kinds. Upon the whole it is the country of tbe U. 8. where a due mean is best preserved between heat and cold, and between an Alpine height and an alluvial depression. The Tennessee river, on issuing frora the higher basin we have surveyed, posses through some of tbe loleral spurs of the Appalachian raountains, its valley ia here contracled lo 30 to 40 ms. wide. 'The scenery is wild and picturesque, the bonks rocky and piecipilous, and the stream confined and extreraely rapid. It is through this mountain breach that the stream iasues from Tenn. inlo Ala., and comraences ils second basin or dilatation of its valley. 'This second bosin is more extensive thon the firat, or higher, though not more than one-half the former is in Tenn. Opposite to the second basin of tbe Tenn., lies the elliptical valley of Cumberiand. Thpse regions, together with the space between the Tennessee and Mis sissippi rivers, forms W., or Lower Tenn,, era- bracing aboul two-thirds ofthe whole area of the Slale. . , The less comparative elevation and exposure to raoumain finfluence superinduces in West Tenn. a more temperate climate than in the Eost ern section. The coramon features, such as hills, valleys, or mountoins, ofthe former, are leas bpld and prominent than in those of the letter. Ap- 874 prooching the Mississippi, tbe varied scenery so common along the Ohio is no more seen. Tbe country, though broken into sraall hills, is Compa ratively level. Tbe soil of West Tennessee is superior to that of East 'Tennessee, having more river alluvion in tbe former. The substrata are calcareous, and composed of secondary limestone. The rivers, ihough not flowing in such profound chasms as do those of Ky., have, nevertheless, deep channels and precipitous bonks. It is this calcoreous base which imparls such exuberant fertilily to all soils where stone prevails. Itis this fossil which enables us to solve a problem, other wise of difficult solution; that is, the very great extremes of fertility oflen perceived in contiguous districts. In West Tennessee, as elsewhere, the beneficent quality of the calcareous admixture in its soil, produces the best effects on its agriculture. Cotton, the most valuable staple of the State, is bere cultivated in great quanlity. A remark raade in our view of Kentucky, ap plies with equal force to West Tennessee ; that is, the fact that the best land is distant from ^he waler courses. Bottom land, of similar specific quality witb that on Ohio, and some ot ils con fluents on the higher ports of tbe bosin, is very rare on either the waters of Tennessee or Cum berlond. 'The sharp obrupt ridges of tbe eostern and Boutbeastern part of Ky., are succeeded in Lower Tennessee, by bills of a raore conical form, and raore genlle inclination. Though less diversified in its exterior, than either Kentucky or East Tennessee, W. Tennes see is far from exhibiting a monotonous aspect, and very far frora enjoying a uniform temperature. A very raarked difference of seasons is percepti ble belween the valleys of Tennessee and Cum berland rivers, even where but Uttle change of lal. exists. The winters near Nashville ore so much more rigorous thon those upon the walers of Duck ond Buffoloe rivers os to excite much surprise in minds unoccuatoraed to connect prorainent effecta wilh their more latent couaes. Those causes, in the present instsnce, are, however, sufficiently ob vious. Tbe ridge of hills which sepsrotes the two volleys, and shelters that of Tennessee from, and leaves that of Cumberiand exposed to N, winds. As far as vegetable criteria can be ad duced, the fact is established ; the cotlon plant succeeds much better on tbe waters of Lower Tennessee liver, than on those of Cumberland, where soil and olher circumstances ore equal. As in every instance which bos reached my knowledge in the Uniled States, the advantages of productive soil and lengthened summer, is pur chased in Tennessee by a sacrifice to health. Tbe immense slope of this State comprises, as I before observed, all the varieties of formation, from the most ancient transition to the most recent alluvion ; it also presents every change of posilion, frora the most salubrious to thoae equally exposed lo the de leterious, combined effects of beat and moisture, to any comprised in tbe United States. It raay be also noted amongst tbe raost remaikable fealurea of Tennessee, thot its grealest coraparative lengih is E. and W., and that it occupies the longest valley in lhat direction which exists B. ofthe Mississippi, in the Uniied Slates. TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEN 'The civil and pblitical subdivisions ol 'Tennes see were tho following, with the result of tho cen sus in 1820 annexed. Counties, AnilersonBedfordBleiiBoo Blount CampbellCarrollCarterClaiborneCockeDaviilsoii IlickaouDyer.Franklin liibaon.GilesGrangRr Greene HamiltonHardeman'. Hardin HawkinsHiiywood.Henderson Henry Hir.kinan Humphries .Tackson .left-erson Kuo.\' LawrenceLincoln JMcMinnMcNiury.Madiaon jMarioiiMauryiVIontgomery MonroeMorgan Obien.Overton Perry RheaRoaneRoberta-'ii KuthertordSevier SiielbySmithStewartSullivan Sumner Tipton. -Washington"VVayne"Warren Weakly, White ^ "WilliariiBon Wilson Pop. •1,668 16.012 ¦1,00.-1 11,258 4,214 4,835 5,5084,892 20,151 5,100 16,57112,558 7,651 ll,3il 821 1,462 10,949 6,nso 4.0B7 7,5938,953 13,034 3,271 14,761 1,623 2-2,141 1-2,219 -2,5-29 1,6767,1-282,:a4 4,215 7,8959,938 19,552 4,772 354 17,580 8,397 7,015 19,211 9,557 2,459 1. '1,348 8,701 20,64018 730 Sq, ma. 4-22,813 750875 455570 420 1,870 560¦100370 620 i,o:o roo600 sm 700¦170660680 1,440 1,630, 730 750500360 ¦1506005805-20 l,9on 580870 7C0 1,050 750 660 1,050 600600 600610 660500540 6-20 600450540 480800750660330 To sq, mile. 21 1416 2 nearly. 36,540 11 7 11 16{ 32 7 7-10 32 1311 42 m excepted, either entirely uninhabiled, or thinly sellled. Populaiion in 1810. Free white males . - - Freo while femalea 'Total whiles .^11 othor persons, except Indians, not taxed Slaves - - 'Total populalion in 1810 bul very 111,763104,112 215,875 1,317 44,635 261,725 I Population in 1820. j Free while males - . - 173,400 I Free whito females - - 16fi,327 I All other persons, except Indians, not I taxed Total whites - - - Free persons of color, males - - 1,501 Free persons of color, females 1,226 Slaves, males - - - 39,747 Slaves, females - 40,360 'Total population in 1820 - 422,613 Of these : Foreigners nol naturalized 312 Engaged in agriculture 101,919 Do manufactures - 7,860 Do commerce 882 To tho above aggregate amount of square miles included in the inhabited and appropriated parts of 'Tenn. maybe added 1,360 sq. ms. yet unpurchas ed from the Cherokee Indians, and lying S. from the counties of Hamilton, McMinn, and Monroe, and N. frora the N. boundary of Georgia. 'This will produce 37,800 square miles as the superfices of Tennessee, which falls about one-twelfth part below the actual area, but, deducting water sur face, yields very nearly the arable land of tbe Slate. Of lhf> existing population of Tennessee, 2,737 are free blacks, and 79,157 are slaves; leaving a while liapulation of 340,919. The large counties of Henry, Carroll, Hender son, Madison, and Shelby, lie between Ihe 'Ten nessee und Mississippi rivers, and remain, Shelby j Pop. lo the scj. mile, 15. Progressive populaiion. In 1790 - - 36,691 1800 - 105,602 1810 - - 261,725 1820 - - 422,613 1830 1840 - - - 829,147 The five following tables exhibit the distributive populalion of 'Tennessee by the census of 1840: Eaai Tennessee'. Whites.-Agea. Males. Femalea. 0 to 5 21,301 19,715 StolO 17,082 16.341 10 to 15 14,111 13,486 13 to 20 10,855 ¦ 11,329 20 to 30 15,917 16,849 30 to 40 9,294 9,832 40to30 5,958 6,168 50 to 60 - - 4,048 3,606 60 to 70 - 2,324 2,180 70 to 80 . 1,056 9.57 80to90 354 292 90 to 100. 49 51 100 and upwards - 3 13 102,352 101,019 102,352 Tolal whiles - 203,371 875 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, TEN Table — Continued. Table — Continued. Agea, Free coloreil. Slaves, .\ge3. Free colored. Slaves. Males, Fem's, Blalea, Fem's. l>Iales. Fem's, Males. Fem's. 0 to 10 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 SoUjlOO 100 and upwards 395 296 138151 107 1 364 271 181 130120 0 3,4363,293 1,414 866286 3 3.2393,134 1,6831,035 398 5 OtolO 10 to 24 -24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 . 100 and upwards Total 478 413 196 180166 5 4-M 406 217 183146 8 20,271 17,945 8,80B 5,168 1,6H 15 20,03217,589 9,104 5,364 1,737 ¦20 1,083 1,086 1,088 9,300 9,414 9,300 l,l,-i8 1,3801,4M1 53,889 53,848 53,889 Total 2,174 18,714 2318 107,735 SUMMARY, SDiMMARY. 'Whites Free colored • . Slaves ^ 203,371 2,174 18,714 Whites 301,157 Free colored ¦ -2,818 Slaves - - 107,735 Total 224,259 Total . 411,710 White persona ofthe fore; Deaf and dumb, under 14 Do,14to23 - Do. above 23 Total do. deaf end dumb Do. blind , . Do, insane and idiots at— Public charge - Do, private charge Do. total joinE: wh years of a 3 are— ige 2629 23 78 94 33 189 "222 While persons ofthe foregoing ivho are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 3o. from 14 to 25 )o. above 25 - )o. total deaf and ilumb Do. blind White persons insane aud idiots at— *ublic charse 'rivate charge Oo-jr Mlnrl 3n.l i ncc no /.„1..-a,1 „arB„„a 2629 2378 01 49 307 Colored persona, free and slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind Do. insane and idiots at— Public charge Private charge Total number of persons employed in- Mining Agriculture CommerceManufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, ajtd rivers Penaionere for revolutionary or military services Univeraities or colleges Do, students in Academies and grammar schools Do. students in Primary and common schools Do. scholarain Scholars at public charge "Total number of while persona, over 20 years of a who cannot read and write 8 16 17 35 41 50,781 583 4,679 6 485372 5 260 24 862262 5,884 2,719 25,628 Middle Tennessee, Deaf and dumb ... 44 Blind . . 63 Insane, &c,, at private charge 67 Do. public do, - . - 6 Number of persons employed in— Minim; - - - 56 Agriculture ¦ 129,380 Commerce - - - 977 Manufactures and trades . - . 10,409 Navigation on the ocean - 49 Do. canals, lakes, and rivers 1,032 Learned professions - - - 1,032 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 412 Universities or colleges - - 3 Students in do " .. 232 Academies and grammar schools - 80 Students io do. - 3,136 Primary and common schools 448 Scholars in do, - 12,716 Scholars at public charge . - . 3,577 Number of white persona, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write . 23,451 West Tennessee, ¦Whites.— Ages, 0 to 3 f6 to 10 - 10 to 15 • 16 to 20 - 20 to 30 - 30 10 40 - 40 to 50 5010 60^ 60 10 70 70 to 80 - SO to 90 • 90 to 100 - 100 ani upwarda •Total whites • Males. Females, 31,272 24,93920,703 16,206 24,23414,558 9,1336,086 3,613 1,508 390 53 15 152,750 Whites, — Ages. 29,12123,4-2719,79617,360 24,645 14,319 9,133 5,6213,265 1,282 362 63 13 148,407 13-2,730 301,157 Oto 3 StolO 10 to 13 13 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 .SO to 90 90 to 100 100 and upwards Total 14,60911,800 9,675 7,157 10,941 7,4714,2682.621 1,203 475 Ul 7 4 70,333 Females, 13,84811,245 9,0457,276 10,413 6,4463,8972,1081,020 378 78 12 1 63,76770,333 136,099 876 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY TEN 'Table — Continued. Freo colored. Slavea. Males, Fein's, Males. Fem'a, 0 to 10 - ID to '24 - 24 to 36 - 3610 35 - 55 to 100 lOO and upwarda 100 03384821 97 6547 34 19 10,408 9,6434,848 2,611 767 11 10,414 9,633 4,948 2,6-22 697 8 270 262270 28,288 28,3-22 28,588 Tolal 632 56,610 'Ta b lk — Conlinued. Whites Fiee colored slaves Total OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 65 to 100 loo and upwards 193,241 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age 18 Do, from 14 to -23 - • 15 Do, above 23 17 Do, blind - - 42 Do, tusaue aud idiots, at — Public charge *- 21 Private charge 100 Colored persons, free and slaves, wlio are — Deaf and dumb - - 13 Do, blind 20 Do, insane and idiots, at — Public charge - ^ 22 Private charge . 5 62 All persons of llie furegoing wh8 are employed in- Mining - - . 6 Agriculture 54,578 Commerce - 657 iVlanufactures and trades 2,727 Navigation on the ocean- Do. canals, lakes, and rivers 79 Universities or colleges- Academies and grammar schools - • 48 Do, students in - - 1,321 Prhnary and coramon schools - - 273 Dcscholars in - - . 6,570 Numberof scholars at public charge - 811 Number of white persons, over 20 years of age, who cannot read or write. All Tennessee. Whiles.— Ages. 0to3 - 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 - 30 to 40 40 to 31) 50 to 60 60to70 - 70 to 80 SO to 90 - 90 to MO . lUO and upwards Total whites Males. 67,182 53,82144,48934,218 51,112 31,323 19,36912,735 7,140 3,039 836 109 22 325,434 Females, 62,684 51,01342,32733,965 51.907 30:397 19,18811,333 6,4652,617 732126 27 316,180 325,434 640,014 Free colored. Males. .Fem's 97.-1 772 372 379 294 6 881 7-12 11,-1 367285 2,796 2,728 2,796 ¦ Slaves. Malea, Fbiu'h 31,115 30,883 15,068 8,6652,717 91,177 33,705;iO,33S 15,635 9,0212,832 33 01,682 91,477 183,059 Total 640,614 5,524 183,059 829,117 White persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of ago 102 Do, from 14 to 25 - 93 Do. above 25 - 98 Do. lotal deaf nnd dumb 291 Do. blind - - 255 Insane and idiots at — Public charge - 10c5 Private charge 596 Total insane and idiots - 099 Colored persons in the foregoing wlio arc- Deaf and dumb - - - - 67 Blind ¦ • - 93 Du, insane and idiots at— Private charge 121 Public charge - - . - 28 All persons inthe foregoing employed in- Mining .... 103 Agriculture 227,739 Commerce - . 2,217 Manufactures and trades - 17,815 Navigation on the ocean 55 Do. canals, lakes, and rivers 30-2 Learned professions - - - 2,042 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 895 Universities or colleges - 8 Do. students in 492 Academies and grammar schools 152 Do. students in - 5,.539 Primary and common schools 983 Do. scholars in - > 25.090 Scholars at public charge - . . 5,907 White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read or write - - - . 58,531 Population of Tenneaaee by counlies. Whites. Free col. Slaves, persons Counties. t i i Total, 51 -s ? cd fa •a S S £ s fe S & eastern tenn. Campbell 2,931 2,900 27 27 127 137 6,14D Granger 4,719 4,80-2 61 73 468 449 10,572 Jefiferson 3,33t 5,324 63 09 (-.07 675 12,076 Johnson 1,232 1,201 2 2 7H m 2;05rt Washington - 6,269 5,331 117 119 473 442 11,751 Blount 6,281 3,380 81 63 434 491 11,745 Carter .2,i,/t 2,420 14 K 1711 173 5,372 Marion 2,889 2,769 13 9 1H9 201 6,070 McMinn 3,761 6,699 14 14 679 002 12,719 Bradley 3,366 3,405 3 11 20(1 2(11 7,,'S5 Sullivan 4,713 4,789 90 99 547 490 10,736 877 TEN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TER 'Table — Continued, "Whites. Free col. persons. Counties, EASTERN TENN Meigs MorganCocke P.ilk Bledsoe Claiborne Khea GreeneAndersonKnox Hawkins Monroe Sevier Hamiltoti ' Roane Total E. Tenn MIDDLE TENN Giles BeiJ.ford SumnerCannon White ' Coffee Lawrence Williamson HuinphreyaDicksonMarshall Hickman Lincoln Rutherford De Kalb JacksonSmith Maury Robertson Wilson Overtoil Wayne Fendress Warren DavidsonFranklin Mnntg'imcryStewart Tolal M. Tenn wayTERN Tenn BenionCarroll Dyer Fayette Gibson Hardiman Hardin .Haywood HendersonHenry Lauderdale Madison McNairyObion PerryShelby Tipton Weakley Total "W. Tenn. 2,271 1,327 3,139 1,646 2,5594,414 1,821 7,475 2,6216,709 6,7275,.5363,0053,956 4,873 10-2332 2.227 1,207 3,060 1,601 2,451 4,331 1,759 7,444 2,597 6,6696,6815,5903,043 3,3424,717 101019 1088 7,3548,1557,592 3,2824,799 3,620 3,-248 7,911 2,304 2,6895,754 3,679 8,6-26 7,664 2,775 6,80c8,3478,6565.039 9;287 4,076 3,632 1,721 4,711 9,162 4,.5775,0573,319 152750 148407 7,0718.037 7,299 3,276 4,8413,431 3,1227,730-2,1442,6815,714 3,641 8,391 7,3782,023 5,'-288,2-;o 8,4344,938 8,9164,2583,519 1,7444,055 8,-2954.3584,7I.'5 2,998 7 24 78 0 02 42 15 77 9 93093524 3822 lOJO 21 18 Slaves. 139 39 30; 107 278315 178 497 217 963726452 182 295 644 9,300 Total. 145 45 327 137 2oO 3119 1995' 19 208 971773 412 172 289 654 4,794 2,6606,9923,570 5,6709,474 3,985 16,076 6,038 15,48515,03512,060 0,4438,175 10,948 9,414 2-24259 36j 52 14;b 1380 2,-240 5,163 1,799 6,505 5,3854,740 3,778 3,9985,068 5,725 l,-279 5,364 4,3492,178 3,445 4,104 .,- 1,960 1,677 4,172 3,900 2,2774,951 1,6285,008 3,227 4,351 3,609 3,577 4,8-23 5,4891,144 5,056 4,240 2,041 3,268 3,501 347 3,512 2,1183,671 291 430309 346 3,541 326879 1,5-26 641 2,036 4,472 213591 2,1825,477 1,9.8 2,996 450-273 44 666 6,2271,3313,088 1,305 53,889 3,318 2,177 3,615 3-27483 396389 5,710 41 SO 1,.549 738 2,1854,(i00 21b635 2,2065,5-25 1,862 2,992 439 256 36 683 6,1211,354 3,371 812 21,49420,346•22,443 7,193 10,747 8,1847,121 27.000 5,1937,1174 14,0.55 8,018 21,493 24,280 5,868 12,872 21,179 23,186 13,801 24,160 9,-279 7,7053,5.30 10,80330,509 12,03316,927 8,387 53,846 411710 18 13 2 70,332 65,767 270 2^ 28,288 28,3221932-11 10 1,059 518 5,438 1,4632,791 407 3,137 935 1,813 470 3,004 364 306 362 3,571 1,612 890 139 1,159 6-24 5,4-27 1,506 2,642 419 3,120 999 1,864 340 3.069 ¦399 281 336 3,472 1,3-20 906 4,772 12,362 4,484 21,601 13,68914,563 8,243 13,87011,87314,906 3,435 16,330 9,385 4,6147,419 14,7-21 6,800 9870 Tensaw, river of Alabama. — See Mississippi basin, Tensaw, river of La.; it Is the drain of ibo inundated lands W. of tbe Mississippi river, in tbe parishes of Concordia and Washitau. It flows a little W. of S., and uniies with Washi tau, to form Black river, after a comparative course of about 120 ms. Village, Baldwin co., Ala. Ten-tcheou-fou, city of China, in tbe province of Chang-tong, witb a good port. It is seated on tbe N. sitle of a peninsula of the Yellow sea, 200 ms. SE. ofPeking. Lon. 11.5 50 E., lal. 3520 N. Tennesdadt, town of Upper Saxony, in 'Thu ringia, near ihe rivers of Seltenlein and Scbam- bach, 5 ms. from Erfurt. Tennis, town of Egypt, on an island in a lake of the same name, 28 ms. SE. of Damietta. Lon. 32 15 E., lat. 31 2 N. Tenterden, corporate town of Eng., in Kent 24 ms. SW. of Canterbury, and 56 E. by S. of London. Lon. 0 35 E., lat. 51 12 N. Tentugal, town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 ms. WNW. of Coimbra. Lon. 8 20 W. lat., 0 17 N. Tepellene, a lown of European Turkey, in Al bania, situated on a river of tbe same name, which falls into the Adriatic nearly opposile Otranto, in Ilaly. The town stands on a rocky knoll, near the river, and is a large but mean village of obout 500 ordinary bouses, 100 ms. from Joanina. Tepelene was the birthplace of Ali Paaha. Tepic, lown of Mexico, in the inlendency of Guadalaxara, 500 ms., NW. of the city of Mexico. Teplitz, town of Boheraia, iu the circle of Leit- merilz, celebrated for its warm baths, 14 ms.WNW. of Leitmerilz. Tequendama, Cataract of, near the city of Santa Fe de Bogota, in New Granada. 'This very remarkable fall occurs in a mountain stream of the chain between tbe two great branches of the Magdelena river. A plan of these falls, and ad measurement of ils descent in feet, was sent, in 1790, to the king of Spain, by the Col. Com mandant, Don Domingo EsquiaqOi. 'The re sults, reduced to Engliah feet, were : First fall - - 32i Second fall - 253* Third fall - - -'^^i Enlire fall 867-J SUMMAKY. Fast Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Total, of Tennessee 2-24,259 411,710 193,241 829,210 Sec Niagara Staubach, and 2'ci-(ii- Teranio, lown of Naples, in AmbruMo Ulte riore, at the confluence of the Viciola and Tordino, 10 ms. NW. of Atri, and 25 NE. of Aquileia. Lon. 13 39E., lat. 42 37 N. Terasso, decayed town of Turkey in Europe, in Caramania, formerly Taiaua, capital of Cilicia, and the birthplace of Sl. Paul. It is seated on the Mediterranean. Lon. 35 55 E., lat. 37 10 N. Teraaaon, lown ofFr., in tbe dep., of Dordogne scaled on the Vesere, 20 ms. N., of Sarlat. Lon. 1 19 E., lat. 45 5 N. Tercera, one of the Azores, or Western Islanda. It is very fertile, and contains about 20,000 in habitants. Angra is tbe capital. Terchiz or Terhiz, town of Persia, in tbe pto vince of Khorasan, 120 ms. WNW. of Herat. Lon. 57 35 E. lal. 35 5 N. 878 TER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TET Terga, town of Morocco, seated on the Om- mirabi, 25 ms. from Azamor. Tergovisia, or Tervio, commercial town, capital of Wallachia. It has a fine palace, belonging to the Waywode, and is seated on tbe Jalonitz, 30 ma. NW. of Bucharest. Lon. 25 26 E., lat. 45 45 N. TerM, town of Circassia, where a prince re sides, dependent on tbe Russians. It is sealed on a river of tbe same name, in a marshy place, one mile from the Caspian sea, and 125 E. of Tefflis. Lon. 47 50 E., lat. 43 22 N. Termini, town of the N. coast of Sicily, in 'Val di Demona, witb a strong castle. It is famous for . its mineral waters, and has a fine aqueduct. It is seated at tbe mouth of a river of tbe same name, in a territory abounding iu corn, oil, and wine, 20 raa. SE. of Palermo. Lon. 13 44 E., lat. 38 5 N. Termoli, or Termini, town of Naplea, in Capi lanata, seated near tbe sea, 70 ms. NE. of Naples. Lon. 15 20 E., lat. 41 59 N. Ternate, island in tbe Indian ocean, the princi pal of the Moluccas. It is mountainous, but pro ducea cloves and other fruils proper tu the climate. It lies a liltle to the W. of Gilolo, and 100 ms. E. of Celebes. Lon. 129° E., lal. 1° N. Temavasso, town of Piedmont, 6 ms. NE. of Carmagnola, and 8 S. of Chieri. Terneuse, town and fort of Flanders, on the W. branch of tbe Scheldt, called the Hondt. It is 8 ms. N. of Saa-van-Ghent, and 25 WNW. of Ant werp. Lon. 3 45 E., lat. 51 20 N. "Terni, ancient episcopal city of Italy, in the ducby of Spoletto. The famous cataract of tbe river Velino, which falls from a precipice 300 feel high, is a mile from this city, which is seated on an island formed by the river Nera, on which ac count it was anciently called Interamna, Terni is tbe birthplace of 'Tacitus, the historian. It is 15 ms. S. by W. of Spoletto, and 40 N. of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 42 34 N. Temova, town of 'Turkey in Europe, in Bulga ria. It was formerly the seat of the princes of Bul garia, and is sealed on a mountain, near tbe Jene- ra, 88 ms. NW. of Adrianople, and 97 NE. of Sophia. Lon. 26 2 E., lat. 43 1 N. Terracina, anciently called Anxur, a decayed town of Ilaly, in Campagna di Roma, with a bishop's see. It waa tbe capital of the warlike Volsci, and the principal church was originally a temple of Jupiter. Il is sealed among oiange and citron groves, near the sea, on the side of a moun tain, 46 ms. SE. of Rome. Lon. 13 15 E., lat. 41 24 N. Terra del Espiritu Santo, most western and largest island of the New Hebrides, in the South seas, being 40 leagues in circuit. 'The land is ex ceedingly high and mountainous, and in many places the cliffs rise directly from the sea. Lon. 165° E., lat. 16'' S. Terra del Fuego, under this name ate compre hended several islands at the soulhern extremity of America. They take their name from a volcano on the largest of them. They are very barren and mountainous. Terra di Lavora. — See Lavora, Terra d'Otranlo — See Otranto, Terra Firma, or Tierra Firma. — See Colom bia, New Granada, ^-c. Terra Firma proper, another name for tbe pro vince of Darien, in America. — See Darien. Terranova, town of Sicily, in Val di Nola. It belongs lo tbe Duke of Monte Leone, and is sealed near the inoutb of a river of ibe same name, 20 ma. ESE. of Alicata. Lon. 14 10 E., lat. 37 9 N. Terra Nuova, ancient seaport, on tbe NE. coast of Sardinia, aeated at tbe bottom of a gulf of the same name, 65 ms. NNE. of Saaaari. Lon. 9 35 E., lat. 41 3 N. Terre au Boeuf, an ancient outlet of tbe Missis sippi, about 15 ms. below New Orleans. Terre Haute, village and seat of justice, Vigo CO., Ia., on the left bank of Wabash river, by post road 91 ms. SW. by W. from Indianapolis. Terriato, or Mango, small village of Pegu, beau tifully situated on a high commanding bank of the Irrawaddy river, and surrounded by gioves of man go trees, from which it lakes its name. Lon. 95 35 E., lat. 17 32 N. Terridon, Loch, inlet of the aea, on the W. coaat of Scot. , in Ross-shire, between Gairlock and Applectoss. It bas many creeks and bays. Terrouen, town of Fr., in tbe dep. of tbe straits of Calais, seated on the Lis, 6 ms. S. of St. Omer. Terruel, town of Spain, in Arragon, in a large fertile plain, at tbe confluence of the Guadalquiver and Aldambra, 75 ms. SW. of Saragossa, and 112 E. of Madrid. Longitude 1° W., latitude 40 25 North. Tervere, or Veere, town of Zealand, on the NE. coast of the Isle of Walcheren, with a good harbor and a fine arsenal, 4 ms. NE. of Middleburg. Lon. 3 42 E., lat. 51 56 N. Teschen, town of Upper Silesia, capilal of a duchy ofthe same name, subject to Austria. It is surrounded on all sides by a morass, and seated near the source of the Vistula. 'The inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woolen stuffs, and Hungary wines; and make pretty good fire arma, and excellent beer. A treaty of peace was con cluded here in 1779, between Emperor Joseph II. and Frederick the Great of Prussia. It is 27 ms. SE, of 'Troppau, and 65 SW. of Cracow. Lon. 18 17E,, lat. 49 52 N. Teaegdelt, town of Morocco proper, sealed at the mouth of the Techubit. It is 200 ma. W. of Morocco. Teshoo-Lomboo, an immense monastery of Thi bet, the residence of the second Lama. It com prises about 400 apartments inhabiled by monks, besides temples, mausoleums, and the palace of the Lama, 200 ms. SW. from Laa.sa. Lal. 27 50 N., lon. 89 30 E. Tesino, river of Switzerland, which has ils source in Mount St. Gothard, flows through ' the country of Grisons and the Lake Maggiore ; then running through part of the Milanese, it washes Pavia, and a litlle after falls into tbe Po. Teset, town of Zahara, which gives name to a district. It is 170 ins. S. of Morocco. Lon. 6 56 W., lat. 15 24 N. Tessia, town of Austria, in the co. of Tyrol, 22 ms. NE. of 'Trent, and 24 SE. of Bolzano. Lon. 1140 E., lal. 46 20 N. Teat, or Tese, river of Eng., which rises in the N W. of Hants, and passing Siockbridge and Ram sey, falls into the Bay of Southampton. Tetbury, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 25 870 TEX GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TEX ms. ENE. of Bristol, and 99 W. of London. Lon. 1 8 W., lat. 51 36 .^. Tetieaco, lake of Peru, in tbe audience of Lima, and province ef Callao, above 200 ms. in circum. ference. Tettnang, town of Suabia, capilal of a lordship ofthe same name. It is 8 ms. N. of Lindau, and 18 ENE. of Constance. Lon. 9 50E., lat. 47 46 North. Tetuan, city of the kingdom of Fez, on tbe river Cus, 3 ms. from the Mediterranean, 21 S. of Gueta, and 108 N. by W. of Fez. Lon. 5 26 W. lat. 35 27 N. Tetuan of Fez, according to Hodg son, is derived from Tetowan, which, in the Ber ber language, means eyes or fountains of water. Teverone, river of Italy, the ancient .Ainio, which rises in the Appennines, 50 ms. above Tivoli. — See Solfalara. Teviot, river of Scot., which rises in the moun tains in tbe SW. of Roxburgshire, and, passing almost through tbe centre of that co., falls into tbe Tweed near Kelso. Teviotdale. — See Roxburgahire, Teurart, town of tbe kingdom of Fez, on a mountain, near tbe river Za. Teuachnitz, town of Germany, in tbe circle of Francona, in the bishopric of Bamberg, 34 ms. NE. of Bamberg. Lon. 11 27 E., lat. 50 22 N. Teuaera, town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid, di vided into two parts by a river. It stands on tbe confines of Tunis, in a country abounding in dates. Lon. 10 16 E., lat. 31 29 N. Teutonic Knights, a celebraled miliiary or der, foimed in 1190, near Sl. John d'.^cre, in Palestine. 'This order was nol, indeed, purely niihlary in ita origin. Some merchanis of Bremen and Lubec, who were with the army of 'Teutonic Crusaders compassionating the wrelched condition of the sick and wounded soldiers, formed them selves into a charitable society, which was confirmed hy a bull of Pope Celeatin III., February 12th, 1191, under the title of " Freres-Hospitaliers Teutoniques," which might be rendered in Eng lish, the Teutonic Charitable Brotherhood. It soon became miliiary, and, after expulsion from Palestine, turned their arms against the Pagans of Europe, conquered, ami long possessed in full sovereignty Prussia, Livonia, Courland, Seniga- lij, and other provinces along the southern shore of the Baltic. The order still exists, but wilh litlle or no political power. 'The seat of Ihe order is al Mariendel, in Franconia. Teiokesbury, borough of Eng., in Gloucester shire, with a manuficlory of cotton stockings, 102 ma. WNW. of London. Lon. 2 13 W., lal. 52° North. Tewksbury, lown, Middlesex co., Mass., on the S. aide of the Merrimack, 20 ma. NW. from Boaton. Pop. in 1830, 1,008, Town, Hun terdon CO,, N , J. Pop, in 1820, 1,490. Texas, former province of Mexico, in the Pro- vinciaa Internas, bcmnded SW. by the Rio Grande del Norte, on the NB. by the Uniled Slates, from the sources of Rio Grande lo the mouth of Sabine, and SE. by tbe Gulf of Mexico. Lenglb from the mouth of tbe Rio Grande del Norte to its source, 1,200 ms. The breadth is very unequal, the pro vince ending in a point to the NW., whilst from the mouth of Rio Grande to the NW. angle of 880 Louisiana it is more than 550 ras. Tbe whole may be considered an immense triangle, whose base is tbe general course of Rio Grande, and whose perpendicular would be a line drawn from tbe mouth of that river to the NW. angle of Loui siana ; area, 240,000 sq. ms., extending from lat. 26° to 40° N. Texas exhibits a very great variety of climate ; it is, however, comparatively a cold and dry country. Though intersected by a num ber of rivers, and checkered by some mountains, tbe general surface is level, and, except near the streams, in most part sterile. The preceding discription applies rather to phy sical than political Texas. In tbe latter point of view, Texas, as laid down in Bradford's Atlas, is bounded on tbe 8. by the Gulf of Mexico, SW. by Rio Grande del Norte, separaling it from tbe Mex ican provinces, NW. and W. by an indefinite limit, N. and NE. by Red river, and E. by Lou isiana, from which it is separated by the Sabine liver. In latitude, it extends from tbe mouth of Rio Grande, 26° N., to Red river, flowing along the mean latitude of 34°. In longitude it extends from 16° to 24° W. of W. C, embracing 8° ol lat. and 8° of lon. In ils utmost extent, the area would embrace at least 160,000 sq. ms. The whole of Texas is comprised in tbe southwestern partof lhat vast inclined plain of North America which is ter minated S. by tbe Gulf of Mexico. Though a dry country, comparatively, 'Texas is very well supplied by rivers. Commencing on the B., by the Sabine, that stream is followed in sequence by the Trinity, Brasos, Colorado, Vaca, Guadaloupe, Saint Anto nio, Nueces, and Rio Grande del Norte. Tbe sea coast, inlo which these rivers are discharged in a distance of about 350 ms., is indented by Sabine lake or bay, Matagorda bay, Aransas, and numer ous lesser bays and inlets, beside the mouths of the rivers, yet does not present a single haven admit ting vessels of great draught. For its extent, 'Texas, though possessing consid erable tracts of good land, cannot be regarded aa a ferlile countiy ; but, in regard lo health, there are few if any other equal extenta of the earth to which il can be compared. For ita latitude and alight elevation above the ocean, it is a cold region — an ' effect produced by tbe almost constantly prevailing wesiern winds, and from the dry, indeed arid sur face, including much id' Texas, New Mexico, and still wider spaces to the northwestward, and in the diiection from which the aerial currents flow. Of ihe existing population, political subdivisions, or towns of Texas, there is too seamy data extant to enable ua to give even a general view. As placed on Bradford's Map of Texas, the principal lowns stand : Nacogdochea, between the Angeline and Atoyac branches of Neichez river, at N. lat. 31 48 and lon. 17 50 W. of W. C, and about 50 ms. west ward ofthe crossing of Sabine, on the road from Nacogdoches, in Louisiana. Franklin, belween the Novosola branch and main stream of Rio Brasos, about 140 ms. SW. by W, from Nacogdoches. N. lat. 30 48, lon. 19 24 W. of W. C. Houston, between the Brasos and Trinity rivers, aboul 150 nis. soulhwestward of Nacogdoches, and 100 ma. a lillle E. of S. from Franklin, ia the cap- IHA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. THA ital. Lat. 29 46 N., lon. 18 40 W. of Wash ington City. Saint Antonio de Behar, on a branch of a rivor bearing the same name, 150 ms. SW. by W. from FrankUn. N. lal. 29 20, and lon, 21 30 W. of Washington City. Goliad, on St. .\ntonio river, 120 ms. below and SE. from the town of St. .Antonio, al N. lat, 28 28, and lon. 20 5 W. W. C. Other towns deserving noiice may have risen, but our information is too scanty to justify even the insertion of their names. The settlemenis of any considerable extent aro limited to about 150 ms , air measure, from the coast. Texel, island of the kingdom of Holland, in N. - Holland, separaled from tbe eonlinent by a nar row channel. It lies at tbe inoulb of the Zuyder Zee, and is 1 1 ma. long by 2 wide. Teya, river of Germany, which has ita source near 'Teltsh, in Moravia, flows E, by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Morava on the confines of Hungary. Teyeiae See Teisse. Teyn, town of Bohemia, belonging to the arch bishop of Prague, 52 ms. SW. of that cily. Lon. 13 40 E,, lat. 49 38 N. Tezar, town of the kingdom of Fez, capilal of the province of Cuzi, seated on a small river, 45 raa, E. of Fez. Lon. 4 15 W., lat. 33 40 N. Tezcuco, city of Mexico, in the inlendency of Mexico, formerly remarkable for its extensive col ton factoriea, which, from the rivalry of Queretara, have greatly declined, It stands on the E. side of Lake Tezcuco, 20 ms. NE. from Mexico. Lon. W. C. 21 51 W., lat. 19 30 N. Pop. 5,000. Tezcuco Lake. — bee Mexico, the city. Tezela, town of tbe kingdom of Algeirs, in Treraesen, with a castle, 15 ma. from Oran. Lon. 25' T,, hit. 35 25 N. Tezote, town ofthe kingdom of Fez, seated on the point of a rock, 8 ma. from Melilla. Lon. 1 55 W.,lat. 44 40N. Thainee, town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tu nis, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 ms. S. of 'Tunis. Lon. 10 13 E., lat. 34 50 North. Thala, town of Norlhern .\frica, which, says Hodgson, signifies " a covered fountain." There ia, in the mountains of Boojeiah, a village cnlled Edthrarin, or Thala of the mounlains, from eilher the number or peculiar character of its fountains. — Thamea, tbe finest river in Great Britain, whioh lakes its rise from a gopious spring, called 'Thames Head, 2 ms. SW. of Cirencester, in Gloucester shire. At Oxford (in whose academic groves its poetical name of Isis bas been so often invoked) it is joined by the Charwell, and, proceeding by Ab ingdon to Dorchester, it receives tbe 'Thames. Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Surry, and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Marlow, Maid enhead, Windsor, Staines, Chertsey, Kingston, and Brentwood, in its course to London ; during which it receives the Kennet, Loddon, Coin, Wey, Mole, Brent, and Wandle. From London the river proceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich, Grays- Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the Ger man ocean, in whicli course it parls Essex from 111* Kent, and receives the Lea, Roding, Darent, and Medway. The tide flows up the 'Thamea aa high as Kingston, which, following the winding of the river, is 70 ma. from the ocean, a greater diatance than the tide is carried by any other river in Eu rope. 'Though the Thames ia said to be naviga ble 138 ms. above London Bridge, there are au many flats lhat in summer the navigation west ward would be stopped were it not for a number of locks; but the first lock is 52 ms. above that bridge. 'The plan of new cuts haa been adopted, In some places, lo shorten tbe navigation ; there is one near Le.hlade, and another a mile from Ab ingdon. A still more important undertaking was effected in 1789 — the junction of this river with the Severn. A canal has been made from the Severn to Stroud, which canal is now conlinued to Lechlade, where il joins the Thames, a distance of above 30 miles. A communicalion between this river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been effected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry, and another canal extenda from thia, at Braunslon, to Ihe Thames at Brentford, called the grand junc tion canal. Thames, river of Ct,, formed of two principal branches, the Shetucket and the Norwich, or Lit tle river, which have their junction at Norwich. From thia place the Thamea is navigable 15 miles to Long Island sound, which it enters below New London. Thamea, river of U. Canada, formerly called La Tranche, riaea in the Chippewa couniry, and, running SW., washes the coa. of York, Norfolk, Sufiblk, and Kent, and disembogues itself into Lake St. Clair, above Detroit ; it is a river of con siderable extent, wilhout falla. From its upper branches it communicates by small portages with Lake Huron and Grand river; tbe site of Oxford is on ita upper fork, and that intended for Dorches ter on ita middle fork ; London on tbe main, and Chatham on ils lower fork, ft is- a fine inland canal, and capable of being highly improved. Tbe lands on ita banks are extremely fertile. About the mouth of this river are large extensive marahes, or natural meadowa, which, witb tbe exception of small tracts of woodland on the banks of the river, and a few woody islands, extend about 12 ms. up the couniry, and about 4 or 5 ms. in depth, afibrd ing hay SuQicient for a numerous settlement. Thamsbruck, lown of Upper Saxony, in Thur ingia, on the river Unslrut, 3 ms. N. of Langen- salza. Thanet, island of Eng., comprising tbe E. an gle of Kent, being separated from tbe main land by the two branches of the Stour. It produces much corn, and tbe S. part is a rich tract of marsh land. It contains tbe towns of .Margate and Rams- gate, and several villages. Thanhauaen, town of Suabia, on the river Min del, 14 ms. N. of Mindelheim. Tkasoa, island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Macedonia, at the entrance ofthe Gulf of Con- tessa. It is 12 ms. long and 8 broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The fruits and wine are very delicate, and there are mines of gold and silver, beside quarries of fine marble. 'The chief town, of the aame name, has a harbor frequented hy merchants. Lon. 24 32 E., Iat. 40 59 N. Thavlia, ancient Thebes, as tbe modern Greeks 881 THE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. THI pronounce the name of this place. Few places have undergone more vicisiludea than Thebes. In tbe flourishing ages of Greece it was the counter poise between Athens and Sparta, and under Epam- inondas become for a short period arbitress of Greece. Destroyed by the Macedonians, 'Thehea gradually recovered, but experienced tbe effects of Roman vengeance from Sylla. This misfortune completed ils ruin, having never since recovered any considerable magnitude. It is now a poor village of 500 houses, mostly of wood, and princi pally inhabiled hy Turks. 'The vicinity of 'Thebes is thus described by Hobhouse: "A person standing on a small hill, which is a few paces to the soulh of the modern city of Thebes, bas the following view of the surrounding couniry : from immediately beyond the town, to the east, the ground rises into bare, rugged inequalities, not high enough to be called hills, beyond which there is a plain, well cullivated, called the plain of Stimi- tari, (anciently lhat of 'Tanagra,) bounded by the strait of Negropont to the E.j'-;>and to the S. by the Attic mountaina, now called Ozea, and a ridge of mount Elatiaa or Cithseron. 'To Ihe S. the ground rises by a genlle aacent, and then falls into another large plain bounded by Cithaeron, and, stretching lo the SW. through this plain, as well aa lhat of Scimilari, runs a river, now wilhout a name, but formerly the jEsopus. The ruins of Platea are to be seen ebout 6 ms. lo the SW. of Thebes, near a village called Cocli. 'To tbe W. is the flat plain of 'Thebea, and far off beyond Liva dia, to the S W., is seen the mountain Zagari, the an cient Helicon. To the N W. the Theban plain ia aep- arated from the flata overflowed by the lake by a stony hill, not very high, at 7 or 8 milea from the town. In this direclion tbe river is terminated by the snowy summits of Parnassus. 'To the N. and to tbe NE., in which dircctiim there is a road to the town of Negropont, there ia an uneven plain, washed hy a river which flows nol far from Thebes. This is terminated by mounlains once called Pious and Messapius. The eastern extremity of the latter is bounded by the alrait lo the N. of Euii- pua. Beaidea some othera of note, Thebea gave birth to Pindar, Pelopidaa, and Epaminondas. Bceotia waa not, however, considered aaproUfic in genius by Ihe ancient Greeks. Thaxted, town of Eng., in Essex, near the source of tbe Cbelmur, 20 ms. N. by W. of Chelmsford, and 44 NNE. of London. Theaki, island in the Mediterranean sea, 24 ms, long and 7 broad, separated from the NE. part of that of Cefalonia by a narrow channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birth-place and kingdom of Ulysses. 'The chief town is Vallhi, which has a spacious harbor. Lon. 20 40 E., lat, 38 25 N. Theakiki.— See Kankehee. TJiebaid, country of Upper Egypt, now called Said. It ia the leaat fertile and the thinnest of people of any province in Egypt, being full of deserts ; now inhabiled by Arabs, who are robbers by profession. Thebes, ancient name of a city of Upper bgypl. It was celebrated for having 100 gates ; and there are raany tombs and magnificent remains of anti quity. Three villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou, are seated among its ruins, whioh 882 are hence called the antiquities of Carnack and Luxor. 'Thkbis, Thebais. Hodgson derives these names from the Berber, or rather regards the Ber ber and ancient Egyptian languages as identical. " In that idiom (Berber) thebais, or thebaisb sig nifies the breast of a woman mamma. 'Thegakthy, Theghhh, Tbgabt,Toggabt, all, according to Hodgson, signifying in the Berber language a garden or cultivated ground, is cer tainly, if correctly, derived a most curious instance of similarity with bolh tbe words earth and garden in tbe English language. Themar, town of Franconia, in the co. of Hen neberg, near the river Werra, 10 ms. SE. of Mci- nungen. Thksa, or Thknae, {Plin., Strabo, Plot., &c.,) appears evidently derived from the Berber word tene, dates ; it is well known that this fruit abounds in N. Africa. Tliengen, town of Suabia, capital of a princely CO. of the aame name, in the landgravate of Nel lenburg. It is situated on the Hegan, 8 ms. N. of Schaffhausen. Theodoria. — See Caffa. Theomorphism. — See Schamaniam. Theresa, village, Jefferson co., N. Y., on Black river branch of Uawegatchie, on tbe road fom Sackett's Harbor to Ogdensburg, 25 ms. NE. from the former, and 40 SW. from tbe lalter place. Thermia, island of tbe Archipelago, S. of the island of Zia, and near the Gulf of Engia, 12 ms. long and 5 broad. The soil ia good and well cnllivaled ; and it has a great deal of ailk. The principal town, of the same name, is the resi dence of a Greek bishop. Lon. 24 50 E., lat. 37 31 N. Thessalon, river of U. C, runs into Lake Hu ron a liltle to the eastward of Muddy lake on the N. shore, Thessaly. — See Janna. Thelford, borough of Eng,, in Norfolk. It bas a considerable manufacture nf woolen cloth and paper. Tbe spring assizes for the co. are held here. It is 50 ms. NE. of London. Lon. 50' E., lal. 52 28 N. Village, Orange co,, Vt.,-on Connecticut river, 12 ms. N. from Darlmoulh, in N. H. Pop about 2,000. Theux, village, 3 ms, NW. of Spa, in the bishopric of Liege. Thian- Chan-Pelou.—See Asia, p. 88. Thibet, Thebet, or Tobbat, a name known to tho Arabians and Peraians is unknown in the country itself It is supposed to be a oorruption of tbe 'Thibelian words Ten-boot, "kingdom of Boot." The Chinese call it Dshan ,- tbe Mongols, Baran-Tato, "ihe couniry on the right." Under the name of 'Thibet, European geogia- phers comprehend those i levaled and wide-spread regiona which lie N. from Hindoostan, E. of Gieat Bucharia, S. from Litlle Bucharia, SW. from Tangoot, to the W. of China, and SW. from the Birman empire. Thibet extenda from lat. 26° to 38° N. 'The southern boundary ia generally formed by the Himmalaya, and the norlhern by the Moo's-Tag chain. 'The interior ia very imperfectly known, ond really the outlines are indefinite. The whole country, as far as we THI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. THO know of ils topogrophy, ia a congeries of innun tains wilh intervening valleys or very elevated ta ble lands. The Hoan-Ho and the Kian-Ku, rise on the eaatern border of Thibet, and, flowing eastward, enter the Pacific ocean after an immense course through China. 'The great river of Cambodia de rives its sources from southeastern Thibet, from whence, pursuing a SSE. course of upwards of 2,000 ms., it falls into the Chinese sea N. lal. 10°. The Irrawaddy, the May-Kian of Laos, and the Noo-Kian are also amongst the vast streams which roll Iheir volumes from the cold plaleau of Thibet, but the most remarkable river of 'Thibet, is the Burhampooter or Bramapootra, "the river Brahma." Rising in the same frozen and rocky region wilh the Indus and Ganges tbe Sanpoo, or higher Bramapootra, pursues a SE. course of 1,000 nie., through Thibet and Assam, pasaing Lassa, the capital of the former, and turning in tbe lat ler lo S W., finally joins tbe Ganges and enters tbe Bay of Bengal. Of the known lakes of Thibet, those of Terkiri and Yambro are the principal. 'The seasons of Thibet are peculiarly regular. The spring, from March to May, is changeable ; the rainy season lasts from Junelo September, du ring this period the rains are incessant and copious, the rivers are swelled, and carry their inundations to the far distant countries of China, Cambodia, Siam, Burmah, and Bengal. The rainy is fol lowed by the winter season. The latter continues from October lo March clear and serene, with cold exceeding that of any part of Europe. 'The air is dry and piercing, and as low as 26° vies in inten sity of cold with that of the Alps in the parallel of 46°, As might be expected, where every other circumstance is alike, the climate becomes more mild advancing S, ; but, from from ils great eleva tion, Thibet may be viewed as a country virtually extending from lat. 45° to .58°. 'Travellers repre sent the vegetable productions as much the same wilh Europe; and a similar remark may be made in respect to animals, though aome species of the latter are found in 'Thibet not known in Europe ; such are the musk animal, and the yak or grunt ing ox. Iron and copper are its most abundant minerals, though gold, lead, quicksilver, and rock salt, are found in various situations. Without including kingdoms and provinces lit tle known, and rendered doubly uncertain from a mixture of Chinese, Mongolian, and 'Thibelian names, we may consider Thibet as subdivided into three natural sections — Great Thibet, Little Thi bet, and Bootan. Little Thibet, lying to the west from Great Thibet, is drained by the NE. branches of the Indus, and not, as was formerly supposed, by those of tho Ganges. In general terms, the features of all Thibet may be described as rude, but if il is poor in the pro ductions of nature, it is rich in superstition. Il is the " Sacred Land" of central Asia. Near Lassa resides tbe earthly vicegerent, the Dalai-Lama. The superstitions of central Asia are divided into three sab-systems — Schamanism, Braminism, and Lama- ¦am. Tbe Schaman is probably the most ancient, and eerlainly the most extensively professed of any religious system ever known on this planet. ThoHgh expelled from and supplanted by the Bra mins in Hindooslan, the Schaman priests are spi ritual leaders or drivers from Malacca to tho Fro zen ocean. The empire Of China ia now political ly al the head of this religious system, and, poe- Bcssing Thibet, is master of the person of ils Hie rarch, the Dalai-Lama. In fact, the present em perors of China stand in a similar relation to the Lama of 'Thibet which the German emperors of tbe middle ages did and really continue to do wilh the Roman pontiffs. Theil, tovvn of the kingdom ofthe Netherlands, in Guelderland, on the Waol. Lat. 51 56 N., Ion. 5 Ifi E. Thielt, town of Flanders, in the Cbatellany of Courtray. Thiers, lown of France, in the dep, of Puy de Dome, and lale province of Auvergne, famous for ita statuary, hardware, and cutlery. It is seated on the aide of a hill, 22 miles E. of Clermont, and 220 S. by E. of Paria. Lon. 3 38 E,, lat. 45 15 N. Thionville, town of France, in the department of Moselle, over which is a bridge, 14 niiles N. of Metz, and 195 NE, of Paris. Lon. 6 15 E., lat. 49 21 N, Thirsk, or Thursk, borough of England, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 20 ms. NW. of York, and 230 N. by W. of London. Lon, 1 16 W,, lat. 54 15 N. Th'ive, or Thebes, celebrated city of Livadia, seated between two rivers, 20 ms. N W. of Athens, and 280 SW. of Constantinople. Lon. 23 40 E., lat. 38 17 N. Thoissel, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ain, with a handsome college. It is seated in a fertile coun try, near the Saone and Chalerone, 10 ma. N, of Trevoux, and 200 SE. of Paris. Lon. 4 50 E., lot. 46 13 N, Thomas, St., Island of Africa, lying under the equator in 8° E longitude. It was discovered in 1429, and is almost round, about 30 ms. in diam eter. The soil is ferlile, and produces plenty of sugar canes. One of the Virgin islands, in the West Indies, witb a harbor, a town, and a fort, 15 miles in circumference, and belongs lo Ihe Danes. Lon. 64 51 W., lat. 18 21 N Archiepiscopal town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel, subject to the Portuguese, and 3 miles from Ma dras. Lon. 80 25 E., lat. 13 2 N. Town of Colombia, in Guiana, seated on the Orinoco. Lon. 63 30 W., lat. 7 6 N. Thomaston, town, Lincoln counly, Maine, sit uated on tbe W. side of Penobscot bay, 7 miles S. of Camden, tho same distance E. of VVarren, and 43 NE, of Wiscasset. This place has been render ed remarkable from the almost incredible quanlity of lime and marble there produced. Pop. in 1820, 2,551 ; and in 1840, 6,227. Thomdamm, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, sit uated on tbe Elbe, 25 miles SE. of Lauenburg, and 58 SE. of Hamburg. Lon. 11 5 E., lat. 53 10 N. Thomond, county of Ireland, also called Clare ,- which see. Tliompson, town, Windham co., Connecticut, in the NE. angle of the State, and adjoinihg Rhode Island and Massacbasetts, Tp., Sulhvan co., N. Y., on Neversink creek, 34 miles N W.« by W. 883 THO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. THU from Newburg Tp., Sandusky county, Obio. J'p., Delaware county, Ohio, W. from Scioto river. One Of the eastern townships of Geauga county, Ohio. Post office, Fairfield co.. South Carolina, 25 miles from Columbia. Thompson's Creek, creek, Louisiana, in New Feliciana, rises in Ibe SE. corner of Wilkinson county, flows S., and falls into the Mississippi river opposite Point Coupee, after a course of 25 ms. Thompson's Cross Roads, posl office, Perry co., Pennsylvania, 28 miles NW. from Harrisburg. Postoffice, Louii=aco., Virginia, 60 ms. NW, from Richmond. Thompson's Store, post office, 33 miles from Richmond. Thompson's Tan Yard, York district, Soulh Carolina, by post road 91 miles N. from Columbia. Thompaontown, village, Mifflin co., Pennsyl vania, on tbe left bank of the W. branch of Sus quehannah river, 10 ms. by land below Mifflin. ThompSonville, village, Culpeper county, Vir ginia, by posl road 90 miles S W. from Washing ton cily. Villnge, Chesterfield district. South Carolina, 57 ms. NE. from Columbus. Thonon, town of Savoy, capilal of Chablais, with a palace and several convents. Il is seated on the Lake of Geneva, at tbe mouth of the river Drama, 13 ms. SVV. of Lausanne, and 16 NE. of Geneva, Lon. 6 44 E,, lat. 46 19 N. Thorn, or Thoren, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Liege, 7 ms. SW. of Ruremonde. Thorn, city of western Prussia, formerly a Han seatic lown, on the Vistula, over which is a re markable bridge, 67 miles S. of Dantzic, and 105 NW. of Warsaw. Lon, 18 42 E., lat. 55 6 N. Town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in a marshy soil, near the river Don, 10 miles NE. of Doncaster, and 167 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 2 W., lat, 53 39 N. Tp. in tbe NW. corner of Perry county, Ohio, in which is situated the town of Thornville. Pop. in 1820, 1,031. 'Phornsburg, small village in Spotlsylvania co., Va., lying on the NE. side of Mattapony river, 18 milea S of Frederickaburg, on the Rappahan nock, and 74 from Waahington. Thornbury, town of England, in Gloucester shire, 24 railes SW. of Gloucester. Small tp,, Delaware co,, Pa,, situaled on Chester creek, be tween Egmont and Birmingham, 18 miles WSW. of Philadelphia. Thorney, village of England, in Cambridge shire, 6 miles NE. of Peterborough Small is land, in a bay of the Enghsh channel, near the coast of Sussex, with a village of the same name, al the raouth of the Levant, 7 ms, SW. of Chichester. Thomhill, town of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, where fairs are held, chiefly for woolen yarn antl coarse woolen stuffs. It is situaled on an elevaled plain, on the E. side of the river Nith, 15 ms. N. by W. of Dumfries. Thomtm, town, Grafton county. New Hamp shire, 48 milea N. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 794 ; in 1820, 857. Thornton's Ferry, post office, Hillsborough co.. New Hampsbire, by post road 50 miles ftom Con cord, Thornton's Gap, in the Blue Ridge, post office, 884 Culpeper county, Va., 50 ms. NW. by W. from Fredericksburg. Thornton's River, SW. branch of the Rappa hannock, rising in the Blue Ridge, near Thorn ton's Gap, and flows nearly E. through Culpeper CO., Va., inlo the Rappahannock. Thornville, village in the NW. angle of Perry county, Ohio, 35 miles a liltle S. of E. from Co lumbus. " TflOT, or Thoth." This god, according to Hodgson, was the Egyptian Hermes, or Mercury. Theut, thut, or Ihol, in the Berber language, sig nifies the eye. Thouars, considerable town of Fr., in the dep. of two Sevres, and lale province of Poitou. It is sealed on a hill, by the river Thoue, 32 ms. SE. of Angers, and 162 SW. of Paris. Lon. 0 15 W., lal. 46 59 N. Thrapsion, town of England, in Norlhamplon- shire, on the Nen, over which is a bridge, 7 miles N. of Higham-Ferrers, and 75 NNW. of Lon don. Lon. 0 36 W., lat. 52 26 N. Three Springs, post office, Huntingdon counly, Pennsylvania, by posl road 84 miles from Harris burg. Three Hills Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the,South Pacific ocean, lying lo the south of Mal- licnllo. Three Sisters, — See Kuriles, ThroopsvillCf Cayuga counly, New York — See Troupsville, Thuin, town of Hainaull, on the Sambre; 8 ms. SW. of Charleroy, and 15 SE. of Mons. Lon. 4 22 E., lat. 50 21 N. Thule.— See Fula. TJiule, Southern. — See Sandwich Land, Thun, lake of Swilzerland, in the canion of Bern, 5 leagues long and 1 broad. Its borders are richly variegaled, and covered wilh numerous vil lages, and the river Aar passes ihrough it. — '— Town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern. It is seated on the NW. extremity of this lake, where the river Aar issues from il, partly in a small is land and partly on a hill, 15 miles. SSE. of Bern. Lon. 7 20 E., lat. 46 45 N. Thunder Bay, bay, 9 ms. broad, at the NW. corner of Lake Huron, in North America. It re ceives this name from tbe supposed continual thun der that is beard there. Thunes. — See Tunis, Thur, river of Switzerland, which has its source in the S. part of Ihe county of 'Toggenburg, and enters the Rhine 7 ma. SSW. Schaffhausen. Thurgau, formerly a bailiwick, now a canion, of Swilzerland. which Ues along the river 'Thur, bounded on Ihe E. and N. by the lake, town, and bishopric of Conslance, on the S. by tbe territory ofthe abbot of St. Gallen, and on the W. by the canton of Zurich. Frauenfifid is tbe capilal. Thuringia, formerly a landgravate of Germany, in Upper Saxony, bounded on the E, by Misnia, on the S. by Franconia, on the W. by Hesse, and on the N. by the duchy of Brunswick and the principality of Anhalt. Thurman, now Athol, town, Warren co., N. Y., 75 ms. N. of Albany. Pop. in 1810, 1,330; and in 1820, 570. Thurso, borough of Scotland, in Caithness- shire, at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the W. TIG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TIN aide of Dunnet buy. It haa a considerable trade, and a manufaclure of woolen and linen clolh j and salmon fisheries employ a number of bands. Lon. 3 16 W., lat. 58 36 N. Tiagar, town of Hindooslan, in tbe Carnatic, 50 ma. WSW. of Pondicherry, and 75 S. of Ar cot. Lon. 79° E.. lat. 11 25N. Tiano, lown of Naplea, in Terri di Lavora. It is 15 ms. NW. ofCapua. Lon. 14 8 E., lat. 41 14 N. Tiber, river in Ilaly, which rises in the Appe nines, in tbe Florentine, It passes inlo tbe Ec- clcsiaalical State, washes Borgo, St. Sepulcro, Oitla-di-Castella, Orto, and Rome, 10 ms. from which it falls into tbe Mediterranean sea, belween Ostia and Porto. Tivere is its modern name. Tiburoon, cape, at tbe most westerly extremily of the island of St. Domingo. Ticarte, — See Tecort, Tickill, town of Eng., in tbe West Riding of Yorkshire, 5 raa. S. of Doncasler. Lon. 1 1 1 W., lat. 52 27 N. Tickely, town of the peninsula of Hindooatan, in the circle of Cicacole, 30 ma. NE. of Cicacole, and 70 SW. of Ganjam. Lon. 84 30 E., lal. 43 .50 N. Ticonderoga, villago, Essex co., N. Y,, built by the French in 1756 on the narrow passage or communicatiou between the Lakes George and Champlain. Itis UO ms. S. of Montreal, and 185 N. of New York. Lon. 73 23 W., lat. 43 45 N. Tiddenham, village of Eng., in Gloucester shire, 7 ms. S. of Colford. Tideswell, town of Eng , in Derbyshire, on the S, ponfines of the Peak, 22 ms. NW. of Derby, and 158 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 46 W., lat. 53 15 N. Tidor, one of the Molucca islands, in the East Indies, lying to the E. of Gilolo, and lo tbe S. of Ternate. It is 17 me. in circumference, and pro duces cloves and flax. The Dutch are masters of the island, though it bas a king of ils own. Tbe woods and the rocks that surround it render il a place of defence. Lon. 126° E., lal 0 50 N. Tic/.— See Thiel, Tiengen, lown'of Germany, in the circle of Su abia, situated on the Wutacb, 29 ms. E. of Basle, and 36 W. of Constance. Lon. 8 5 E,, lat. 47 40 N, Tierra del Espirtu Santo, — See Terra del Es- pirtu Santo, Tierra del Fuego. — See Terra del Fuego. Tiffn, village, Seneca co,, O., about 100 ms. N. from Columbus. Tiffin's river, or Bean creek, rises in tbe State of Michigan, beading wilh the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan and the river Raisin of Lake Erie, flows S., enters Obio, crossing Henry, and falls inlo Maumee IJ mile above Fort Defiance, in the SE. corner of Williams co. It is navigable 'for boats into Michigan, 70 or 80 ms. above its moulh. Channel very circuitous. The land watered by this stream is of the first-rate quality, limbered with Uriodendron lulipifera, various species of oak, lin, clen, black and white walnut, sugar ma pie, &c. Tiffin, tp., Adams co., O. Pop. 1820, 1,028. Tigre. — See Africa, p. 10. Tigris, river of Turkey, in Asia, which bas its source near that of the Euphrates, in the moun lain of Tchilder, in Turcomania ; aftcrwnrda, it separates Diarbeck from Erzerum, and Khuaiatan from Irac Arabia, and, uniting the Euphralea, falls into the gulf of Persia, under the name of Schal- al-Arab. This river passes by Diarbekar, Gezira, Mousal, Bagdad, and Bussorah. Tbe Tigris de rives ils name fiom tbe rapidity of its current; it was called 'Tigo in tbe Median language, Diglito in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew— ^all of which terms signify "the flight of an arrow." Though the Euphrates bas the longest course, some trav ellers seem to suppose that in volume the Tigris equals or excels its rival. Taken together, these two rivers would, lo a civilized and comnjercial nation, aflord noble and extensive lines of inter course. Tilbury, East, village of Eng., in Essex, near the mouth ofthe 'Thames, E. of Tilbury Fort. Tilbury, West, village of Eng., in Essex, situ aled on the Thames, N. of Tilbury Fort. Tilbury, fort of Eng , in Essex, on the Thames, opposite lo Gravesend, a regular fortification, which may be termed tbe key of London. It is 28 ms. E. by S. of London. Tillieres, town of Fr,, in tbe dep. of Evere, and late province of Normandy, 6 ms, NE, of Vernouil, and 12 W. of Dreux. Lon. 1 3 E,, lal. 48 46 N. Tilsit, lown of Prussia, in Lithuania, with a considerable trade in Unseed, butler, and olher ar ticles. It is situated on the Memel, 50 ms. NE. of Koningsberg, and 95 SSW. of Mittau. Lon. 22 8 E., lat. 55 8 N. Timana, town of 'Terra Firma, in POpayan, capital of a territory of the same name, which abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on a river, 130 ms. ESE. of Popayan. Lon. 73 55 W., lat. 1 3 N. Timballier, bay al tbe moulh of Lafourche, in La. ' Thia bay is about 30 ms. in lengih, and from 3 lo 8 wide. The adjacent islands and shore are low grassy or sandy flats. Timerycotta, town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Golconda, 64 ms. SE. of Hy drabad, and 95 W. of Masulipatam. Lon. 79 26 B., lal. 15 20 N. Timor, island in the Indian ocean, between Ce lebes and New Holland. It ia 150 ms. long and 37 broad, and abounds in sandal wood, wax, and honey. 'The Dutch have a fort here. Lon, of the SW. poinl 123 59 E., lat. 10 23 S. Tina, lown of 'Turkey, in Europe, in Bosnia, on iheriver 'Tis, 37 ms. iVW. of Spalatro. Lon. 17 9 E., lat. 44 28 N. Tina, or Tinos, the ancient 'Tenos, and island ofthe Archipelago, oneof tbe Cyclades, lo the W. of Nicaria. It is 17 ma. long and 8 broad. 'The fortress stands on a rock ; Nicoli is the prin cipal town. Lon. 25 24 E,, lat. 37 30 N. Tindelsville, village, Montgomery co., N. C, on the right bank of Yadkin river, 90 ms. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Tineveily, — See Palamcotia. Tinian, island of the Pacific ocean, one of the Ladrones, 12 ms. in length and 6 in breadth. Tinicum, island, creek, and town, Bucks co.. Pa. The towh is on the Delaware river, between 885 TIO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TIR Plumstead and Noxamixon, 25 ms. NW. from Trenton, in N. J., and 38 ms. a little E. of N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1820, 1,249. Tp., Delaware co., Pa. It lies on the Delaware, be low the mouth of Darby creek, about 6 ms. from Philadelphia, and consists principally of grazing farms. Tinmouth, seaport of Eng,, in Northumber land, at the mouth of the Tyne, 9 ma. E. of New- caatle. Here ships take in their loading of coal and of goods brought from Newcastle, Lon. 1 6 W., lal. 56 6 N Town, Vt., in Rutland Co., 15 ms. S. of Rutland, and 26 N. of Bennington. Pop. about 1,200. Tinos. — See Tina. Tintagel, viUage of Eng., in Cornwall. Here are the remains of a remarkable fortification, called King Arthur's Castle. Tinto, river of Spain, which has its source in the province of Seville, and its name from its wa ters, which are tinged of a yellow color. Near its apring it bas a petrifying quality, no trees or plants growing on its banks. It falls inlo the .At lantic about 18 ms, below Niebla. Tinzeda, lown of Barbary, in Biledulgerid. It is sealed on a river of the same name, in a couniry fertUe in dales and barley, and abounding in indigo. Lon. 6 13 W., lal. 27 30 N. Tinzulie, sirong town of Barbary, in Biledul gerid, seated ou Iheriver Dras. Lon. 5 43 W., lal, 28 15 N. Tioga, or Chemung, river of N. Y. and Pa., formed of three branches of 'Tioga proper, Canisteo, and Chemung. It is the northwestern branch of Susquehannah, which it joins at Tioga point, in Pa., after a comparative course of about 80 ms. Tioga, CO. ofN. Y,, bounded by Bradford co , Pa,, S., Steuben co,, N. Y., W,, Tompkins N,, and Broorae E. Length 36 ms., mean width 28 ; area about 1,000 sq. ms. Surface billy, but in a peculiar degree well watered. The main branch of Susquehannah crosses ils SE. angle. Its S W. is in a similar manner traversed by Tioga river. Cayu ga and a number of other large creeks drain the cen tral parts, and flow S. inlo the Susquehannah and Tioga rivers. The northern side of the county is drained by creeks falling into Seneca and Cayuga lakea. By the channel of Newtown creek, along the weatern side of Tioga, a canal haa been pro. jected, to connect the Susquehannah and St. Law rence basins. Chief towns, Owego, Newtown, Spencer, and Smithsborough, Pop. in 1840, 20,627. Central lot. 42 12 N., lon. W. C. 0 30 E, Tioga, town in Tioga CO., N. Y., on Susque hannah river, 10 miles below Owego. Pop. in 1820, 1,816. Tioga, CO. of Pa,, bounded by Sleuben co., N. Y., N,, Bradford, Pa,, E,, Lycoming SE. and E., and Potter W. Length 36 ms., breadlh 31 ; area 1,108 sq, ms. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. The main southern branch of Tioga river rises in the SE, angle, and traverses this county, flowing N. into N. Y. Its SW.^ an gle 18 drained by the sources of Pine creek. Chief town, Wellsborough. Pop. 1840, 3,371. Tioga, town, Tioga co.. Pa., on Tioga river, 10 ma". NB. from Wellsborough. Pop. in 1810, 803; in 1820, 246. 886 Tioughnioga, western branch of Chenango river, rises in Onondaga and Courtland cos,, N. Y., and, flowing SE,, joins Chenango river at tbe village of Chenango, on the W. border of Broome cd., after a comparative course of 50 ms. Tiperah, or Tiprah, kingdom of Asia, lying to the E. of Hindoostan proper. Tipitapa, river or strait, uniting tbe Lakes Ni caragua and Managua, or Leon, in the province of Nicaragua, Cenlrai America. "The river Tipi tapa has been represented as navigable the whole length for the largest ships ; but no survey was ever made until Mr, Bailey's, according lo which it is 30 ms. in length. Above Lake Nicaragua, for 24 ms,, the water is from 1 to 3 fathoms in depth ; above this there are rapids, and, at tbe dis tance of 4i ms., a fall of 13 feel. The whole rise wilhin the 6 ms, is 28-J feet." Tbe Lake Mana gua is about 45 ms. long and 100 in circumfer ence. " There is nol," says Stephens, " a sin gle stream on the contemplated line of the canal from this lake to the Pacific, and it would be ne cessary for this lake to furnish tbe whole supply of water for communicalion with both oceans." — See Nicaragua province, N, lat. 12 30 passes over Lake Leon. Tippecanoe, one of the northern branches of Wabash, la, Tipperary, co. of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 60 ms. long and 40 broad, bounded on the N. by King's co., on the E. by Queen's co, and Kilkenny, on the S. by Waterford, and on the W. by Galway, Clare, Limerick, and Cork. Ca shel is tbe capital. Tipperary, town of Ireland, in the co. of the same name, 9 ms. SSW. of Cashel, Tipton, CO. of 'Ten,, bounded by tbe Misaiasip pi river W., Shelby co, S,, Fayette SE., Hay wood E., and Lauderdnle N. Length from E. to W. 28 ma,, mean width from N, to S. 14; area 400 sq. ms, 'The Mississippi river in front of this counly is very winding, but general courae about SW, Chief town, Covington. Pop. in 1840, 6,800. Tiptori; 0. H, and town, Tiplon co., 'Ten., by post road 240 ms. from Murfreesborough. Tirano, townof the country of the Grisons, cap ilal of the Upper Terzero. It is 17 ms. SW. of Bormio. Lon. 9 46 E,, lat. 46 12 N, Tiree, one of the Hebrides, or Western islands of Scotland, lying to the SW. of Col. Il is a small, rich island, and noted for ils marble quarry, and a handsome breed of lillle horses. Tii-eh, town of Turkey, in the Asiatic province of Natolia, situaled on the Meander, 32 ms. SSE. of Smyrna, Lon. 27 30 E., lat. 28 10 N. Tirlemont, village of the kingdom of tbe Neth erlands, in Brabant, formerly one of tbe most con siderable places in that duchy, but ruined by the wars. Lon. 4 41 E., lat. 50 48 N. Tirnau, strong and considerable lown of Upper Hungary, in the co, of Neitra. It ia sealed on the 'Tirna, 5 ma. W. of Leopoldsladt, and 22 NE. of Presburg. Lon. 17 39 E., lal. 48 24 N. Tirol, or Tyrol, country of Germany, in Aus tria, and part of the hereditory dominions of that house. It is 150 ma. long and 120 broad, bound ed on the N. by Bavaria, on the E. by Carinthia and Saltzburg, on the S. by the territory of Ve- lUH GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TOD nice, and on the W. by Swilzerland. 'Though a mountainous country, it produces as much corn and wine aa the inhabitants have occasion for, and haa rich mines of gold, silver, and copper. It is divided into four parts — Tyrol, properly ao called, the biahopric of Trent, the bishopric of Brixen, and four provinces of Suabia, which are united to Ty rol. Inspruc is tbe capital. Tisbury, tp.. Duke's co,, Mass., on tbe N. aide ofthe island of Martha's Vineyard. Pop. in 1810, 1,202; in 1820, 1,223. Titan, or Cabaros, island of Fr., tbe most east ern of IheHieies, in the .Mediterranean. Titicaca, or Chucuito, lake of Peru, in the au dience of Los Charcos. It is one of the largest in S. America. Titchfield, village of Eng., in Hampshire, seat ed on a small river, 6 ms. E. of Southampton. Titlisberg, one of the highest mountains in Swilzerland, at the foot of which ia tbe grealest part ofthe valley of Engelberg. Tittmaning, town ol Germany, in Saltzburg, on the Saltza, 24 ms. N W. of SalUburg. Lon 12 46 E,, lat, 47 54 N. Titul, town of Upper Hungary, in tbe co. of Bodrog. Lon. 20 30 E., lat. 45 30 N. Tiver. — See Tiber. Tiverton, borough of Eng., in Devonshire, bn the Ex, over which ia a stone bridge. This town has been noted for ita great woolen manufactures, and is 14 ms. NNE. of Exelor, and 161 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 3 38 W,, lat. 50 44 N Tp., Newport co., R. I., lying about 14 miles from the city of Newport. Pop. in 1810, 2,837 ; in 1820, 2,875. Tiumen, town of Siberia, in the province of To bolsk, on tbe Tura, 125 ms. W. of 'Tobolsk. Tivoli, celebraled lown of Italy, in Campngna di Roma. Near Tivoli is the remarkable Lake of Solfalara. Tivoli is seatad on the .Teverone, 12 ms. ENE. of Rome, and 15 NNE. of Frescati. Lon, 12 43 E,, lal. 41 59 N.—See Solfalara and Teverone. Tlascala, formerly a republic, and al present a lown of Mexico, aboul 70 ms, E, from the city of Mexico. Pop, 4,000. Tlemesen. — See Tremesen. Tqbago, the most southward of the islands in the West Indies, and the moat eastward, except Barbadoes, Itis 32 ms. long and 9 broad; 120 ma. S. of Barbadoes. Lon. 59 0 W., lat. 11 10 North. Tobago, Little, island near the NE. extremity of Tobago, (in tbe W. Indies,) 2 ms long and 1 broad. Tobolsk, government of Russia, which compre hends the W. part of Siberia. It is divided into the two provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Cap ital of Siberia, and ofthe government of Tobolsk, sealed on a hill, at tbe confluence of the Tobol and Irtyah, 1,400 ma. E. by N. of Moscow, and 1,500 SE. by E. of Pelersburgh. Lon. 68 12 E., lat. 58 12 N. Toby, NW.^p., Armstrong co., I'a., on the E. aide of Alleghany river. Pop. in 1810, 611; in 1820, 1,1.56. Toby's Creek, river. Pa., rising in McKean, flowing SW., enters and traverses JeflTerson co., and from Ihence belween Armstrong and Venango cos,, and falls into Alleghany rivor al the village of Foxburg, — See Clarion river. Tocantin, large river of S. Americo, in Brazil. It is composed of two large branches, tho 'Tocan tin proper to the SE., and the Araguay lo the SW. The latter is the main stream, rising in Go ias and Mattagroaso, lat. 20° S., and flowing a lillle E. of N. about 1,000 ms., hy comparative courses, joins tbe Tocantin. Tho latler has ils source in Goias, lat, 16° S., and, by comparalive courses, a little W. ofN. 800 ms,, meels the Ara guay at lat. 6° S. Below their junction, the unit ed waters flow N. 300 ms., and are finally lost in the channel of Joanne, or Para. Tocat, town of Turkey in Aaia, in Natolia, and Paschalic of Siwas; it is the capital of a province of the same name. The houses are handsomely built, and the streets are pretty well paved, which is an uncommon thing in these parls ; but the town makes a very odd appearance, and is in the form of an amphitheatre. 'There are two rugged per pendicular rocks of marble, with an old castle upon each ; and so many streams that each house haa a fountain. 'There are 12 mosquea, and a vast num ber of chapela ; the Armenians have 7 churches and the Greeks only 1. Besides the silk of this country, they manufacture much of that of Persia, and make it into sewing silk ; their chief trade is' in copper vessels, such as kettles, drinking cups, lanterns, and candlesticks. They also prepare a great deal of yellow 'Turkey leather. Tocat may be considered as the centre of trade in Natolia, for caravans come hither from several parts. Its 'ter ritory abounds in fruits and excellent wine. It is 210 ms. W. by S. of Erzerum, and 283 N of Aleppo. Pop. 35,000 Turks, 4,000 Armenians d 1,000 Greeka. Lon. 37 15 E., Iat, 39 50 N Tocayma, town of New Grenada, seated on the Pali, in a country abounding in fruils and sugar. Here are hot baths between two cold springs ; and near the town is a volcano. Lon. 73 50 w' int 4 3 N. Tockay, strong town of Upper Hungary, in the CO. of Zimplin, with a castle. It is celebraled for its excellent wine, but being produced only by one vineyard, it is scarce even in Vienna. At some distance from it are large salt works. It is seated at the confluence ofthe Bodrog and 'Teisse, 75 ms NW. of Great Waradin, and 90 NE. of Buda' Lon. 21 25 E., lat. 48 10 N. Tockoa falls, Franklin co., Georgia. It is in a branch of Tugaloo river. The fall near 200 feet. -See article Tallulah, for a more ample notice of Tockoa. Tocori, or Tuggurt, town of the kingdom of Algiers, in Africa, 240 ms, SSE. of Algiers f rtn 4 40 E., lat. 32 40 N. ' Todd., CO., Ky., bounded by Robertson co Tenn., S., Christian W., Muhlenburg N. antl Logan E. Lengih 30 ma., mean width 15'area 450 sq. ms. It is drained by Red river, branch o'f Cumberland, and Muddy fork, a branch of Green • river. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. in 1820 5 089- and in 1840, 9,901. Central lat. 36 55 N ' lon' W. C, 10° W. Todi, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Spoletto on a hill, near the river Tiber, 22 ms. S. of Pela' gia, and 50 N. of Rome. Lon, 12 32 E., lal, 42 SS7 TOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TOM Toggenburg, co., Switzerland, depending on the abbey of St. Gallen, between high mountains. It is fertile in corn and fruit, and is divided inlo the Upper and Lower. It contains upwards of 46,000 inhabitants, the majority of whom are Pro- teatanta. Toissey, town of Fr., in the dep., of Ain, 25 ms. N. of Lyons. Lon. 4 52 E., lal. 45 20 N. Tolag,a Bay, bay of the island of New Zealand, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 178 33 E , lat. 38 21 S. Toledo, commercial city of Spain, in New Castile, of which it was formerly the capital. It is advantageously aeated on a mountain, on the river Tagu, which surrounds il on two sides ; and on the land side it has an ancient wall built by a Gothic king, and flanked wilh 100 towers. Il has a royal castle, a famous university, and several manufactures of silk and wool. Itis 37 ms. S. of Madrid. Lon. 3 20 W., lal. 39 5,1 N. Tolen, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Zea land, on an island of the aame name, separated by a narrow channel from Dutch Brabant. It ia 5 ms, NW. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Lon. 4 20 E., lat. 51 SON. Tolentino, town of Italy, in the marquisale of Ancona, on the river Chiento, 8 ms. SE. of St. Severino, and 88 NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 11 E , Iat. 43 14 N. Toleaburg, town of Russia, in the Governmeni of Riga, with a harbor, seated on the Gulf of Finland, 60 ms. W. of Narva. Lon. 26 4 E., lat. 59 38 N. Talfa, town of Italy, in the dominions of the Pope.' In the neighborhood are mines of alum and iron, warm baths, and quarriea of alabaater and la pis lazuli. It is 25 ms. NW. of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 42 ION. Talhuya, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Guelderland, on the Rhine. It is 8 ms. E. of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 0 E., lat. 51 56 N. Tolland, town, Hampden co., Mass., on the right bank of Connecticut river, 20 ms. below Spring field. Pop. in 1810, 800; in.l820, 692. Tolland, co. of Ct,, bounded by New London S., HarUbrd W., Hampden, Mass., N,, and Wind ham, Ct,, E. Lengih 30 ra::., mean width 15; area 450 aq. ms. It lies on the dividing ground between the sources of the 'Thames, and various creeks fiowing SW. into Connecticut river. Sur face generally b'Hy ; ''"il of middling quabty. Pop. in 1820, 14,330; and in 1840, 17,980. Central lat. 41 48 N., Ion. W. C, 4 40 E. Tolland, town and seat of jusiice for 'Tolland CO,, Ct., 17 ms. NE. of Hartford, and 19 W. of Pomfret. Tolmezzo, town of Ilaly, in Friuli, 30 ms. NE, of Belluno. Lon. 12 50 E , lat. 46 30 N. Tolmino, town of Germany, in Carniola, 12 ms. N. of Goritz. Tolna, lown of Lower Hungary, capilal of a county of the same name. Il is seated on the Dan ube, in a couniry producing excellent wine, 8 ms, SW. of Colocza, and 45 S. of Buda. Lon. 19 28 E., lal. 46 33 N. Tolnani, town of Hindooslan, 70 ms. W. of Burhampour, and 124 E. of Sural. Lon. 75 3 E., lal. 21 15 N. Tolosa, town of Spain, tbe capilal of Guipuscoa, 888 in a vaUey, between the Araxis and Oria, over which are two bridges, and near them several nat ural cascades. It is inhabited by a great number of artists, who make sword blades in high esteem. It is 37 ms. SW. of Bayonne, and 47 SE. of Bil boa. Lon. 2 5 W., lat. 43 10 N. Tolu, town of South America, in Carthagena, famoua for the balsam of Tolu, brought hence to Europe, and produced from a tree like a pine. It ia .seated on a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, 60 ma. S. of Carthagena. Lon. 75 22 W., lat. 9 30 N. Tomar, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, on the river Naboam, 40 ms. SE. of Coimbra, and 65 NE. of Lisbon. Lon, 7 55 W., Iat. 39 30 N. Tombec, town of Brabant, 8 ma, S. of Louvain, and 10 E, of Brussels. Lon, 4 49 E,, lat 50 45N, Tombelaine, smaU island of Fr,, with a town of tbe same name, on tho coast of Normandy, in a small gulf between Avanches and St. Malo. This islanil, as well as that of St. Michael, in which there Is a monaatery, is every day joined, al low water, to the main Und, Tombigbee, western or rather NW. branch of Alabama, riaes on the NE. angle of Mississippi, runs SE., reciving numerous tribut-iries from the spurs of the Alleghany mounlains, which are bere scattered in groups over the country. At Cotton Gin Port, about 70 ms. S VV. of the Muscle Shoals, the various branches unite and form a fine naviga ble stream ; thence, assuming a course E. of S., it crosses into Ala., receiving several creeks from the Choctaw country on Ihe W., and the Sipaey river on the E. It uniies wilh the 'Tuckaloosa, or Black Warrior, at N. lat. 32 30, after a course of 150 ms., and thence, turning S. 130, unites with Alabama, forming the Mobile. 'The 'Tombig bee is navigable by schooners lo St. Stephen, where rapids first occur, but barges and keel boats ascend to Cotton Gin Port, 220 ma. higher, following the bends of the river. — See Mobile. Tombuctoo, kingdom of Nigritia, which lies to the SE. of the great deaert of Sahara, aiid W. of the empire of Cashna. It produces great plenly of corn, cattle, milk, and buller. The king has 300 horsemen, besides a great number of fool, who frequently take captives, and sell them to the mer chants for slaves Capilal of a kingdom of the same name, in Nigritia. — See Africa, p. 22. Tomebambo, town of Peru, in the audience of Quito, where was a temple of the sun, whose walls, as ihe Spaniards assert, were covered with gold. It ia 120 ms. S. of Quito. Lon. 77 50 W., lat. 2 16 S. Tomhannock, village, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 19 raa. from Albany. Tomina, government of S. America, in Buenos Ayres. Tomini, town of the island of Celebes, in the E. Indies, in a bay to which it gives name. Lon. 119° E., lal, 45' S. 'Ihmlinaon'a, postoffice, Alleghany co., Md., on tbe U. S. road, 25 ms. W. from Cumberland, and 156 NW. of W. C. Tompkina,co,, N, Y., bounded by Seneca lake W., Seneca and Cayuga cos. N., and Courtland E. Lengih 35 ms. , mean width 15, area about 500 sq. railes. Surface generally very billy, and soil productive. It is in great part watered by the confluent creeks of Cayuga lake. Chief town. TON GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TOP Ithaca. Pop. 1820, 20,681, Central lal, 42 26 N,, lon. W. C. 26' E. Town, Delaware en., N, Y., 27 ms, SW, from Delhi. Tompkinsville, village and seat of justice, Mon roe CO., Ky., about 40 ms, a lillle S. of E. from Russelville. Lat. 36 44 N., lon. W. C. 8 30 W. Tom's river, and post office, Monmouth co., N. J,, 60 ms. E. from Philadelphia, and by post road 90 SE. from Trenton. Tomsk, large government of Russia, in Asia, on the Obey and Jeniesey rivers. The province of 'Tomsk preacnts, on ils northern extremity, tbe vast cold and sterile dislrict of Manguseiak, or, as it is more frequently called, 'Turukbansk. 'To the 8. ofthe latler extends the district of Jeniesey, on the river of the same name and tbe Upper Tungus- ka. 'The districts of Narym, 'Tcboulym, Tom.ik, and Kainsk, spread to the SW. from 'Turnkhansk and Jeniesey. Tbe dislrict of Kainsk includes a part ofthe vast steppe of Barrabin. Kolyvan, for raerly a separate government, is now the southern part of Tomsk, or western Siberia. Semipalatnoi lies between the Irtyah nnd Oby. 'The district of Kutyneak, with a lown of the same name, is- situ ated neor the sources of the 'Tom, and extends to the Jeniesey. To the E. of the former, on the Upper Jeniesey, extends the district of Abakansk, Near Abakansk the temperature is sufficiently mild for the culture of watermelons. Kasnoiarsk, on the Jeniesey, closes the province of the gov ernment of Tomsk. This very exiensive govern raent reaches from tbe Allain mountains, N. lat. ,50°, to the utmoat frozen extremity of Aaia, lat. 78° N — See Siberia. Tomsk, town on the Tom, a small eastern branch of the Oby, is tbe capital of the government of tbe same name, and ranka the third in size of the towna of .\sialic Russia. Ils pop, amounts to from 12,000 lo 15,000, and is increasing. This city is a kind of entrepot, and is the residence or resort of .great numbers of Rus.'sian, Tartar, Buk- barian, and Kalmuk merchants. Lal. 56 30 N., lon. 84 59 E. Tonderen, town of Denmark, in the ducby of Sleswick, witb a fort, seated in a fertile country, on tbe German ocean, 25 ins. SE. of Ripen, and .30 NW. of Slewich. Lon. 9 40 E„ lat. 54 58 N. Tonga, group of islands in the S. Pacific ocean. See Anamooka and Thngaiaboo, Tongataboo, one of the Friendly island.^, in the S. Pacific ocean, about 20 leagues in circuit, somewhat oblong, broadest at tbe E . end, and its grealest length from E. to W. Lon. 176 46 E,, lat. 21 9 S. Tongres, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, on the Neckar, 12 ms. SW. of Maestrichl, and 15 W. of Liege. Tong tchang, city of China, in the province of Chang-tong. It is 150 ms. S. of Peking. Lon. 115 25 E., lat. 36 30 N. Tong-chuen, fortified city of China, in the province of Se-tchuen. 'The inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed the profession of arms from father to son. It is 867 ms. SW. of Peking. Lon. 101 30 E., lat. 25 56 N. Tongusians, people who inhabit the E. part of Siberia, and are subject to tbe Russians. They are all pagans, and chiefly subsist by grazing and bunting of sables, 112* Tonnewanto, amall river or creek of N. Y,, rises in the SW. angle of Genesee, flows N. about 20 ras. to Balavia, Here it abruptly turns W,, nnd continues that courae 40 ms. inlo Niag- river opposite Grand Isle. The channel of this stream, for a diatance of about 1 1 ma., forma a part of the Ei-ie canol. From the weatern border of Genesee, it forms tbe limit between Niagara and Erie cos. Tonna, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, 6 ma. N. of Golha. Tonnay Boulonne, town of France, in the de portment of Lower Charenle, seated on the river Boutonge, 17 ma. N. of Saintes. Lon. 34' W,, lat. 44 56 N. Tonnay Charenle, town of Ffance, in tbe de partment of Lower Charenle, witb a castle and a small port. It is seated on the Charenle, 3 ma. from Rochefort and 253 SW, of Paris. Lon. 46' W., lat. 45 56 N. Tonniens, town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, sealed on the Garonne, 2 ms. frora its junction witb the Lot, and 7 E. of Marmande. Tonnierre, town of Fr., in the department of Yonne, and lale province of Burgundy; famous for ils good wines. Il is seated on the Arraancon, 27 ms, from 'Troyes, and 102 E, of Paris, Lon. 4 4 E., lal. 47 61 N. Tonningen, town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, capital of a territory of the same name. It is sealed on a peninsula formed by the river Eyder, where there is a commodious harbor, 26 ms. SW. of Sleswick, and 58 NW. of Hamburg. Lon. 9 10 E., lat. 54 30 N. ' Tonquin, kingdom of .^sia, bounded on the N. by China, on the E. by China and tbe Gulf of 'Tonquin, on the S. by Cochin China, and on the W. hy Laos. It is about 1,200 ms. in length and 500 in breadlh, and ia one of the finest and most considerable kingdoms of the east, as well on ac count of the number of inhabitants as the riches it contains and the trade it carries on. 'The natives in general are of a middling stature, and clean limbed, witb a tawny complexion. Tbeir faces are oval and flaltiah, and tbeir noses and lips well proportioned. Their hair is black, long, lank, and coar-^e. This kingdom is an absolute mon archy. Cachao is the capital. Tonsberg, seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, 30 ras. W. of Frederickstadt. Lon, 10 20 E., lat. 58 50 N. Toobonai, small island in tbe South sea, dis covered by Captain Cook, being in aby direction not above 5 or 6 ms. Lon. 149 23 W., lat. 23 25 S. Tholumba, on the Ravee, city of Hindoostan, now subject to the Seika, standing about 40 ms. above the junction of the Ravee and Chenaub. Here Tamerlane passed the Ravee in his invasion of Hindooatan. Topayos, river of S. America. — See Tapajos, Topcliff, town of Eng., in the N. Riding of Yorkahire, seated on a considerable ascent, on the Swale, 24 ma. N. of York. Topel, or Topi, lown of the kingdom of Bohe mia, 24 ms. NW. of Pilaen, and 56 W. of Prague. Lon. 14 10 E., lat. 60 10 N. Toplitz, lown of Bohemia, in the oiicle of 889 TOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TOR Lon. I.eutmeriiz, 14 ms. WNW. of Leutmerilz. 14 10 E., lat. 50 36 N. Topoliaa, — See Copaia, Topolitza, town of Turkey in Europe, in Mol davia, 12 ms. SW. of Niemecz. Lon, 26 9 E., lat. 46 5 1 N. Topoltzau, lown of Hungary, 68 ms. E. of Vienna. Lon. 17 30 E., lal. 48 35 N. Topsfield, town, Essex co , Mass., 9 ms. N, from Salem, Topsham, lown of Eng,, in Devonshire, on tbe Ex, 5 miles SE. of Exeter, (of which it is the port,) and 170 SW. of London, Lon. 2 26 W.,lat. 50 39N. Town, Lincoln co., Maine, situated at tbe moulh of the .Androscoggin river. Tbe Ip. contains a number of manufactures, mills, «&c. Town in the NE. part of Orange co., Vt., 22 ms. SE. from Monlpelier. Tor, or Eltor, town of Arabia Petrea, with a good harbor, in the gardens of which are fountains of bitter water, on the Red sea. Lon. 33 45 E., lat. 28 27 N. Torbay, bay of tbe English channel, on the coaat of Devonshire, to the E. of Dartmouth, formed by two capes called Bury Point and Bob's Nose. In gales of wind it is often tbe station of the Channel fleet. Torbia, lown of Piedmont, in the co. of Nice. Il is 7 ms. E. of Nice. Torbole, town of Italy, in the Trenlino, 14 ms. SE. of Trent. Lon. 11 39 E., lat. 45 56 N. Torcello, town of Italy, on a small island, 7 ms. N. from Venice. Lon. 12 9 E., lat. 45 32 N. Tarda, or Torenburg, town of Transylvania, in the neighborhood of which are extensive salt works. The Hungarian language is said to be spoken with tbe greatest purity in this town. It is 15 ms. WNW. of Clausenburg, and 48 NW. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 23 12 E., lat. 46 50 N. Tordesillas, town of Spain, in Leon, in a coun try fertile in corn and wine, on tbe river Douero, 84 ms. W. of Valladolid, and 75 SE. of Leon. Lon. 4 56 W., lat. 41 48 N. Torgau, town of Upper Saxony, in Saxony proper, 27 ms. NE. from Leipsic, and 35 NW. of Dresden. Lon. 13 3 E., lal. 51 34 N. Torigny, town of France, in tbe department of the Channel, and late the province of Normandy, sealed on a rivulet 7 ms. SE. of St. Lo. Lon. 42' W., lat. 49° N. Tormes, river of Spain which rises in the moun tains of Avila, in Castile, passes by .\lva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and falls into the Douero below Mirande-de-Douero. Tbrna, or Tomaw, town of Upper Hungary, capilal of a co. of tbe same name. It is a fortified place, and is seated on an eminence on the river Sajo, 22 ms. W. of Cassovia. Lon. 20 43 E., lat. 48 60 N. Tbrne, river of Sweden which has it source in tbe mountains of Norway, forms a lake of tbe saipe name, and, taking a SE. course, enters ihe gulf of Bothnia at Torneo. Tomeo, town of Sweden, iu W. Bothnia, cap ital of a territoiy of tbe same name, with a good li^rbor. It is situated at the mouth of the river of ihi same name, on a sraall island formed by it at (he N. extremity af Bothnia. It ia a place of some trader because all the Laplanders in those 890 parts come and exchange their skins and olher ar ticles for what they want. The houses areJow, and tbe cold so severe lhat sometimes the people lose their fingers and toes. It is 180 ms. NE. of Uma, and 420 NNE. of Stockbobn. Lon. 24 17 E., lat. 65 51 N. Tumova, episcopal town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna. It is seated at the foot of Mount Dra- goniza, on the river Salempria, 10 me. NW. of Lariasa. Lon. 22 36 E., lat. 39 52 N. Toro, town of Spain, in Leon, seated on a bill, on tbe river Douero, in a country fertile in corn and fruits, and whose vineyards yield excellent red wine. It is 37 ms. N. by E. of Salamanca, and 100 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 2 W., lat. 41 39 Norlh. Torella-de-Mongris, seaport of Spain, in Cata lonia, near the moulh of the Ter, in the Mediter ranean, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 19 ms. E. by S. of Gironna, and 62 NE. of Barcelona. Lon. 3 18 E., lat. 41 55 N. Torperley, town of Eng,, in Cheshire, 9 ms. E. of Chester. Torquay, village in Eng., in Devonshire, on the N. side of 'Torbay, 7 ms. SE. of Newton Bushel. Thrre-del-Greco, town of Naples, in Terra-di- Lavora, at ihe foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the bay of Naples, 5 ms. SE. of lhat city. It was de stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 1631 ; and again in 1794 was overwhelmed by a torrent of lava. 'The inhabitants, however, escaped wilh their Uvea, aboul 15 excepted. Torre-deMoncorvo, town of Portugal, in the province of Tra los Monies, 27 ma. SE. of Miran dela, and 42 SSW. of Braganza. Lon. 5 55 W., lat. 41° N. Torre de las Salinas, town of Spain, in Valen cia, near tbe coast of the Mediterranean, which carries on a great trade in salt, procured from a small lake formed by saline springs. Tbis ia the most considerable salt work in all Spain. It is 20 ms. SE. of Origuela, and 37 NNE. of Carthage na. Lon. 60' W., lat. 37 58 N. Torrejo, town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 ms. S. of Madrid. Lon. 3 21 W., lat. 40 10 North, Torres, maritime town of Spain, in Granada, sealed on the Mediterranean, 45 ms. SW. of Granada. Lon. 3 56 W., lat. 36 39 N. Torres Novas, strong town of Portugal, in Es tramadura, on a fertile plain, on iheriver A Imonda, 56 ms. NE. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 8 W., lat. 39 ION. Torres Vedcas, town of Portugal, in Estrama dura, near the Atlantic, in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and good wine, 17 ms. S. of Lisbon. Torriglia, town of Italy, 10 ms. N. of Genoa', Lon. 8 44 E., lal. 44 34 N. Torringford, town, Litchfield co.. Conn,, in the SE. angle of Torrington, 23 ms. a liltle W. of N. ftom Hartford. Torringtcm, corporate town of Eng., in Devon shire, on the 'Towridge, over which is a bridge 1 1 ms. S. by W. of Barnstable, and 194 W. by 8. of London. Lon. 4° W., lat. 61 4 N. Tp , Litchfield CO., Conn., 26 ma. N. nf W. from Hartford. It has one of the largest woolen cloth factories in the State. I OS (iEOGKAl'IlICAL DICTION.AKY. TOU Torsil, town of Sweden, in Sudermania, nn the S. bank of the Lake Maeler, 43 miles from Stock holm. Lon. 17 20 E., lat. 69 20 N. Tortola, principal of the Virgin islands, in the West Indies, 18 miles long and 7 broad. In this island almost all the trade is carried on ; it is near 5 miles long and 2 broad, but badly watered, and reckoned unhealthy. 'They cultivate colton here, which is much esteemed by the manufacturers, likewise rum and sugar; it has of late years un Totne'ss, borough of England, in Devonshire, on the liver Dart, on the side of a bill ; bas a inanu laclure of serpes. It is 27 miles SW, of Exeter, and 196 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 44 W,, lat, 50 24 N, Tottenham High Cross, village of England, in .Middlesex, 5 iniks N. of London. It is so called from a cross which bas existed here from lime im memorial, Totteridge, village of England, near Middlesex, dergonc great improvements, 'The entrance into near Chipping Barnet, 10 ma. NNW. ofLondon the harbor is at tho E. end nf the island, Lon. G3 0 W., lal, 18 33 N, Tortona, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Milan, capital ofthe Torlones, on the Scribia, 28 ms. SE, of Casal, and 27 SW. of Milan. Lon. 8 58 E., lat. 45 8 N. Tortorella, town of .\aples, in Principato Cite riore, S ms. Pilacastra. Tortosa, city of Spain, in Catalonia, with a university. It is situated in a country ferlile in corn and fruits, and abounding wilh quarries and mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers colors, and stones wilh veins of gold. Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine poller's ware, which resembles porcelain. Il is seated on a plain, and partly on a hill, 35 miles SW. of Tar ragona, and 180 K. of Madrid. Lon. 0 35 E., lat. 40 53 N. Tortuga, uninhabiled island near the coast of 'Torra Firma, 40 miles W. of the island of Mar garetla, and about 30 ms. in circumference. Lon. 62 20 W., lat. 11 30 N. Island in the West Indies, near the N. coasl of ihe island of Hispa niola. It is about 80 miles in circumference, and bas a safe harbor, but difficult of access. Lon. 75 10 W., lat. 20 10 N. ToBT, derivation uncertain, supposed from the Keltic, tor, a bush, and metaphorically, or figura tively, a robber. It is a lerm of reproach, seldom expressed wiih much definite meaning by those who use it, and applied in Great Britain to those who advocate bigb restrictive principles in Church and Stale. In American history, it is incorporated as descriptive of those native citizens who opposed the Revolution. Tvsa, seaport in Spain, in Catalonia, scaled at the botloin of a bay, which forms a good harbor, where vessels are sheltered from all winds except the SW. Itis 37 ms. NE. of Barcelona. Lon. 2 54 E., lal. 41 42 N. Tosanlu, ancient Lycus, river of Natolia, Asiatic 'Turkey. It passes 'Tocat, and falls inlo the Je|{il Ermak. Toscanella, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 35 miles N. of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E., lat. 42 29 N. Tosena, small lown of Sweden, in West Goth land, 20 miles WNW. of Uddervella. Lon. 12 2 E., lat. 58 33 N. Thsso, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, 42 miles NNE. of Uddervella. Lon. 12 15 ¥.., lat. 58 51 N. Tostar, or Shustar, the Shusban of the Scrip tures, town of Persia, in Khosistan, on the banks of the Ahwas, ancient Euleus of the Greeks, and Ulai of the Scriptures. It is a place of some man ufactures and commerce, about 300 ms. SE. from Bagdad. Toul, town of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, and late provinco of Lorraine, on the Moselle, in * plain, almost surrounded by mountaina, 10 railea W. of Nancy, and 167 SE, of Paris. Lon. « 2 E., lat. 48 40 N. Toula, river of Chinese Mongolia, one of tb« eastern branches of tho Solenga, which takes ita course from E. to W., and is abroad, deep, and rapid river, and its banks arc surrounded with woods and beautiful meadows. The mountains which hang over it on tbe northern side are cov ered with forests of aged firs, and have tbe sanin effect upon tbe eyes its an immense amphitheatre. This river, after having received the waters of the Sclingue, loses Itself in tbe Baikal. Toulomea, or Tulmabine, town and fortress of Hindooslan, in Lahore, sealed on the Rauve, 70 ms, ENE. of Moultan. Toulon, cily and seaport of France, capilal ol the department of Var, and late province of Pro vence. Tbe inhabitants are computed al 80,000. The harbor is dislinguiahed by tbe names of the Old Port, or Merchant's Port, and the New Port, or King's Port. The new haven was conatruct- ed by Louis XIV., as were tbe fortifications of the city. In the front of this haven is an arsenal, con taining all the places necessary for the construction and filling out of vessels; the first object that ap pears is a ropewalk, entirely arched, extending as far as the eye can reach, and built after the designs of Vauban ; here cables are raade, and above is a place for the preparation of hemp. Here, likewise, is the armory for muskets, pistols, halberts, &c. In the park of artillery are cannons placed in piles, bombs, grenades, mortars, and balls of various kinds, ranged in wonderful order. The long sail room, the foundry for cannon, the dock yards, the basin, &c., are all worlbby of observation. In a word, the basins, docks, and arsenal, at Toulon, warranted the remark of a foreigner who visited them, lhat the king of France was greater there than at Versailles. 'Toulon is the Only mart in the Mediterranean for the re-exporlalion of tbe pro ducts of the East Indies. I'oulon is seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 37 miles SE. of Mar seilles and 317 SSE. of Paris. Lon. 5 56 E., lat. 43 7 N. Toulouse, city of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc. Il contains 56,000 inhabitants, although ils pop ulation bears no proportion to its extent. Here are many monuments of antiquity, and it was one of tbe most flourishing cities of the old Gauls, and a Roman colony ; in process of lime, it became tbe melropolis of the Visigoths, afterwards of Agui- lain, and, at length, one of tbe most considerable governments of France, and the scat of a parUa ment. Communicating with the Atlantic on one 891 TOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRA side by the river Garonne, and with the Mediter ranean on the other by tbe canal of Languedoc, Toulouse might have been a very commercial city ; but the taale of the inhabitants has been princi pally for the sciences and belles-lettres. Of course, there are two college.';, two public libraries, and three academies. The little commerce they have consists in leather, drapery, blankets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hardware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne is at least equal to those of Tours and Orleans; it forms the communica tion between the city and suburb of St. Cyprian. Toulouse is 37 ms. E. of Auch, 125 SE. of Bor deaux,, and 350 S. by W. of Paria. Lon. 1 21 E , lat. 43 35 N. Tbulouse, city of France. The paper entitled " France Meridianale," stales that tbe result of the late census in lhat city shows the population to be 79,937— inciease since 1836, 2,585. The floating part of the population, (schools, garrison, &c,,) 10,431. ¦^ Tour, town of France, in tbe dep. of Puy de Dome, 22 miles S. of Clermont. Lon. 3 10 E., lat. 43 25 N. Tour de Rousillon, town of France, in tbe dep. of Easiern Pyrenees, and lale province of Rousil lon, seated on a hill near the river Tel, 2 railes be low Perpignan. Tour du Pin, lown of France, in the dep. of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny, sealed on a Kiver ofthe aame name, ,34 ms. S. of Vienna. 'Pour la Blanche, town of France, in the de partment of Dordogne, 15 miles Northwest ofPer- igneaux. Longitude 0 40 Easl, latitude 45 18 Norlh. Tour la Ville, lown of France, in the dep. of Charenle, and late province of Normandy, sepa raled from Cherburg by a river. Tourrain, late province of France, 58 miles long and 55 broad, now forming tbe department of Indre and Loire, bounded on the N. by Maine, on the E. by Orleannois, on the S. by Berry, and on tbe W. by Anjou and Poitou. 'The river Loire runs through tbe middle, and it is in general so pleasant and fertile a couniry, that it was called tbe Garden of France. Tourancourchy, town of Hindoostan, 35 miles SSW. TiitcbinopoU. Longitude 78 36 E., lati tude 47 50 N. Thurine, town of Germany, in Liege. Lon, 5 0 E., lat. 50 36 N. Tournan, lown of France, in the dep. of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isleof France, 22 miles E. by S. of Paris. Lon. 2 45 fc., lal. 48 43 N. Tournay, considerable city of Flanders, capilal of the Tournaysis, is a large trading place, witb several fine manufactures, and is particularly fa mous for good stockings. It is seated on tbe Scheldt, which divides it into two parts that are united by a bridge, 14 ms. SE. of Lisle, 30 SW. of Ghent, and 135 .N. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 28 B., lat. 50 33 N. Tournehem, town of France, in tbe department of the Straits of Calais, 9 miles Northwest of St. Omer. Toumon, lown of France, in the dep. of Ar deche, and late province of Languedoc, wilh a fine college. It is sealed on the aeclivity of a moun- 898 lain, near the river Rhone, 40 miles W. of Greno ble, and 280 S, by E. of Paris. Lon, 4 50 E., lat. 45 6 N. Tournus, town of France, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, and lale province of Burgundy, seated oh the Saone, in a country ferlile in corn and wine, 15 ms. S. of Chalons, and 202 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. 5 0 E., lat. 46 34 N. Tours, considerable cily of France, capital of the department of Indre and I,oire, advantageously seated on the Loire, near the Cher. Over tbe for raer is one of the finest bridges in Europe, con sisting of 16 elliptic arches, each 75 feet, diameter. It is a large and well-built cily, and the streets very clean, by reason of several fountains in it, with a fine mall above 1,000 paces long. Under the ministry of Cardinal Richelieu, 27,000 persons were here employed in tbe silk manufacture ; but now tbe whole number of inhabitants is only 22,000. The red wines cf Tours are much es teemed. In one of Ihe suburbs is the lale abbey of Marmoutier, reputed the most ancient in the W. Near the city is Plessis-les-'Tours, a lale roy al palace, built by tbe profligate and superstitious Lewis XL, who died here in 1483. Tours is 52 ms. NNE. of Poitiers, 54 E. of Angers, and 12'< SW. of Paris. Longitude 0 47 E., latitude 47 24 North. Tousera, town of Barbary, capilal of Biledul gerid, seated in a country abounding in dates, and dependent on the kingdom of 'Tunis. Lon. 10 55 E., lat. 32 30 N. Towamensing, village, Northampton co,, Pa. Towanda, tp , viUage, and seal of justice, Brad ford CO., Pa., on the right bank ofthe Susquehan nah river. Pop. of the tp. in 1820, 1,024. In June, 1823, I visited Towanda, and was theic in formed that bituminous coal of tbe best quality, and in great quantity, had been discovered in the mounlain valleys SW. from that place. Pop. in 1840, 1,002. Towcesler, lown of Eng., inNorlhamiitonshire, on a small river, 52 ins. HE. of Coventry, and 60 NW. ofLondon, Lon. 1 15 W., lal. 52 4 N, Townsend, tp,, Middlesex co., Mass. 'Town of Windham CO., Vl., between Sexton and West rivers, about 15 ras. NW. of Brattleborough. Village, Cape May co,, N. J. 'Tp., Huron co., 0. Tp., Sandusky co., 0. Towridge, river of Eng., in Devonshire, which rises near the source of the 'Tamar, nol far from the Brisiol channel, runs SE. to Haiherly, and then, joining the Oak from Oakhampton, turns short to the N,, and, passing by 'Torrington and Biddeford, enters the Bristol channel al Barnsta ble bay. Towton, village of Eng,, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, SB. of 'Tadcaster. Il is famous for that bloody bailie between the forces of the houses of York and Lancaster, in which 3.5,000 are said lo have fallen on both sides. It was fought in 1461. Towy, river of S. Wales, which rises in Car diganshire, enters Carmarthenshire at its NE. ex tremity, and, passing by Carmarthen, enters the Bristol channel. Trachenburg, or Drachenburg, town of Ger many, in Silesia, and capital of the principality of Trachenburg. It is seated on the Barlch, 12 ms. 1 tt/V lili;uUKAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRA NE. of Wolaw, and 26 N. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 15 E., lat. 51 SON. Tracy's Landing, and post office. Anno Arun del CO., Md. , 7Va/a/^ar,. promontory of Spain, in .\ndalusin, at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar, 30 ms. SE. of Cadiz. Lon. 6 1 W,, lal. 36 1 1 N. Trajanapoli, town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, on the Marizza, 37 ms. SW. of Adrian ople, and 112 NW. of Conslanlinople. Lon. 26 18 E., lat, 41 15 N. Trajettu, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, buUt on the ruins of tho ancient Minlurna, near the moulh of the Gariglitino, in the Mediterrane an, 25 ms. NW. of Capua. Lon. 14 4 E., lat. 41 20 N. Traiti, town of Germany, in Upper Bavaria, on the Ainbs, 5 ms. S. of Abensberg, and 20 E. of Ingolstadt. Lon. 1 1 52 E., lat, 48 40 N. Trai'ia, town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, on a high mountain, at tbe sourceof the river 'Traina, 22 ms. W. of Mount Etna, and 70 SW. of Mes sina. Lon. 14 30 E., lat. 37 46 N. Tra los Monies, province of Portugal, beyond the mountains with regard to the other provinces of this kingdom, whence it has its name. Il is bounded on the N. by Gallicia, on the W. by En- tre-Douero-c-Minho, on the S. by Beira, and on the E. by Leon. It is fertile in wine and oil, and abounds in cattle. 'The Douero divides il into two parts, and Miranda is the capital. Tralee, maritime town of Ireland, Kerry co., seated near the bav of 'Tralee, 7 ms. SSE. of Ard fert. Lon, 9 36 W., Iat. 52 12 N. Tralleborg, raarilime town of Sweden, in Ihe province of Schonen, near the Baltic, 19 ma. S. of Lund. Lon, 13 5 E,, lal, 55 20 N, Tranchin, town on the Waag, 50 ins. NE. of Presburg, Lo;i, 17 50 E., lat. 49 56 N. Traticou, lown of Poriugal, in Tra Ins Monies, in a ferlile couniry, 14 ins. W. by S. of Pinnel. Lon. 7° E., lat. 49 56 N. Trani, cily of Naples, in 'Terra di Bari, and the u.=ual residence of the governor of the province, which is sometimes called Terra di 'Trani, on the gulf of Venice, 26 ms. W. byN. of Bari, and 125 N, by E. of Naples. Lon. 16 36 E,, lat. 41 18 N. Tranquebar, teaport nf Hindooslan, in the couniry of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be longing to the 'Danes, who pay an annual rent to the rajah. 'The town is surrounded by a wall and bastions, and coniains three Christian churches, a large mosque for the Mahometms, and several pa. godas for the Gentoos. It is sealcl at the mouih of the Cavery, 165 ras S, of Madras. Lon. 79 53 E., lat. 11 1 N. Tranquebar wis granted hy the rajah of 'Tanjore, in 1621, to the Danes, and has remained ever since in their possession. Transit, to go beyond, or pass over. Applied astronomically to the passage of Venus and Mer cury over the face of the sun, as seen frora the earth. Transit duly, money paid for the ship ment of goods frora oue port to another. Pransylvania, country of Europe, formerly an nexed to Hungary, bounded on the N. by Hun gary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Wallachia, and W. by Hungary. It is 160 ms. long and 150 broad, and surrounded by high mountains, which, how ever, aro not barren. It produces as inUch corn and wine aa is wanted, and there are rich miiiet. of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. It has undergone various revolutions, and now be longs lo Austria. The inhabilanls are of various religions, ns Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvin ists, Socinians, Arminians, Greeks, and Mahom etans. 'The government is aristocritical, and, since the year 1722, rendered hereditary lo the princes and princesses of the house of Austria. Hermanstadt ia the capilal, Transylvania University. — See Kentucky and Lexington, Ky, Transylvania, village, Jefl'erson co., Ky., on Ohio river, on the point above tho mouth of Ha- rod's creek, 8 ms. above Ijouisville. Trapani, ancient Drepanum, seaport on the NW. coasl of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent harbor in the forra of a sickle, whence its ancient name, Drepanum. It is a tra ding place, famous for ils salt works and fisherifis of tunnies and coral. It stands on a small peninsu la. 30 ins, N, ol Mazara, and 45 W. of Palerm3. Lon. 12 20 E., lat. 38 10 N. Trap, vill,, Montgomery co,. Pa,, 9 ins, NW. from Norristown Villnge, Somerset co., .Md , on a small branch ol Wicomico river, 6 ms, N. from Princess Ann. -Village, Talbot co., Md., 10 ms. S, from Easton, Trapollizza., lown of European 'Turkey, near the centre of Ihe Morea, 30 ms. nearly N. from Misitra, and 20 SSW. from Corinth, Trarbach, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, on the Moselle, 47 ms, W. by S. of .Mentz. Lon. 7 6 i:., lal. 49 58 N. Trasmaur, town and castle of Austria, sealed onatbe 'T rasen, 12 ms. W. of 'Tnln. Trau, seaport of Dalmatia, on the Gulf of Ven ice, in a small island joined lo the main land by a long bridge of wood, and to the isle of Bau by another of stone, 22 ms. SE. of Sebenico, Lon, 17 52 E,, lal, 44° N. Travancore, province of the peninsula of Hin doostan, extending along the coasl of Malabar from Cape Comorin lo the province of Cochin, 140 ms, in lengih by 70 in breadth at the N. extremi ty, and contracting gradually lo the S. poinl. It is subject to a rajah, who is an ally to the En glish. 'Town of Hindooslan, capital of a prov ince of the same name. It is surrounded by strong and extensive lines, 110 ms, SSW. of Madura, and 230 SSE. of Calicut, Lon, 77 15 E., lat. 8 25 N. Trave, river of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, which fiows by Segeber, Oldeslo, and Lubec, and enters the Baltic at Travemunde. Traveller's Repose, post office, Pocahontas co., Va., by posl road 190 ras. NW. from Richmond. Traveller's Rest, posl office, Shelby co., Ky., by post road 8 ms. from Frankfort Poat of fice, Greenville district, S. C , by post road 125 ms. NW. from Columbia. Travemunde, strong town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated on tbe Baltic, al the mouth of the 'Tiave. It is tbe port of Lubec, to which il belongs, and is 12 ms. NE. of that city. Trovers, town of Swilzerland, in thu leititory of Neufchatel, 11 ms. W. of Neufchatel. Traunstein, town and castle of Bavaria. Great 893 TRE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRE quantities of salt are made bere, from water brought above 14 ms. over mountains, by means of engines and pipei, from Reichenhall. It is seated on the river 'Traun, 16 ins. WNW. of Saltzburg. Trantenau, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Konigihgratz, 21 ins. N. of Konigingral-i. Trayguera, town of Spain, in Valentia, 30 ms. WW. of 'Tortosa. Trebbin, lown of Brandenburg, in ihc Middle- mark, 22 ms. SW. of Berlin. Treasury Islands, a group of Australasia. Lat. 7 25 S. Trebia, river of Italy, which rises in the terri tory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese, and joins the Po above Placentia. Trebignia, town of Turkish Dalmatia, on the Gulf of Venice, al the mouth of the Trebenska, 14 ms. N. of Ragusa. Trebisacda, town uf Naples, in Calabria Cite riore, on the Gulf of Tarento, 10 ms. ENE. of Caasano. Trebisond, province and seaport of Asiatic 'Tur key. 'The harbor is at the E. end of tbe town, and the mole built by the Genoese is almoat de stroyed. Il stands at the foot of a very steep hill, on tbe Black sea, 104 ms. NNW. of Erzerum, and 440 E. of Constantinople. Lon. 40 25 E., lat. 40 45 N. — See Asia, p. 83. Trebilz, town of Moravia, wilh manufactures of clolh, iron, and glass, seated on the Igia, 21 ms SE. of Iglau. Trtbnitz, town of Silesia, in the principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery, 12 ms. J\. of Breslau. Trebsen, lown of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, aeated nn the Mulda, 14 ms. E. by S. of Leipsic. Treffurt, town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, with a castle, 36 ms. ENE. of Cassel. Tregarron, town of W'ales, in Cardiganshire, on a branch ofthe 'Tivy, 15 ms. S. by E. of Abe rystwith, and 204 W. by N. ofLondon. Tregony, borough of Eng., in Cornwall, seated on Ihe Fale, 6 ms. E. of 'Truro, and 253 W. by S. ofLondon. Treguier, seaport of Fr , in the dep. of Coles du Nord. Il is seated on a peninsula, near the English channel, 22 ras. NW. of St. Brieux Lon. 3 13 W., lat. 48 47 N. Trelleborg, town of Sweden, in Schonen, seated On the Baltic, 26 ms. S. of Lund. Trelo-Vouni, ancient Hymettus, mountain of Greece, in Attica. 'Trelo-Vouni is more particu larly that ridge which rises from the plains of Athens, and so much celebrated in classic writings. SE. from Athens, and distant from that cily 3 nis„ the country is intersected by Mount Hymettus, and divided into two ranges ; the first running from ENE. to WSW, and the second forming an obtuse angle with the first, and having a direc tion from VVNW. to ESE. 'The fiist range next to Athens, Hymettus proper, ends about 4 ms. from the promontory Zoster, now Halikes; bul the hills on the other side of a gap, through which runs the road leading to the Sunian promonlory, seem ing liko a continuation of the same mountain, has been named the leaser Hymettus. The great range is now called 'Trelo-Vouni ; that on the SE. side of the gap Lambro-Vouni, from tbe ruins of one of the ancient villages called Lampros. 894 Hymettus is neither a high nor a pictoresque mounlain, being a flat ridge of bare rocks. 'The sides ol it, about half way up, are covered with shrubs and heath, whose flowers scent the air witb a delicious perfume. The wild thyme is still in great abundance, though very little of the once sn much celebrated honey is now to bo procured, though atill retaining its reputation for flavor and aromat c odor. — Hobhouse. Tremesan, or Tlemsan, city of Algiers, in Ihn province of Mascara. It is surrounded by sirong walls, and inhabiled by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the lime of the Arabs, it was the resi dence of powerful princes, but is now dwindled to scarce a fifth part of the ancient city. Its once flourishing manufactures of carpets and woolen coverlets arc in a slate of decay ; and the former masterpieces of architecture have disappeared, for there is not a single building- ol excellence now to be seen. It is 100 ms. SSW. of Oran. Lon. 1 2 W., lat. 34 56 N. Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in the Gulf of Venice, 15 ms. from the N. coast of Capilanata. Tbey are called 'Tremili or St. Nicoli, St. Domino, and Capraria. 'The first, which is tbe principal of tbcin, has a Benedictine convent and a castle. Lon. 15 30 E., Iat. 42* 10 N. Trenwuille, town of Fr., in the department of Vienne, seated on the Beiinaile, 35 ms. E. by S, of Poitiers. Tremp, town of Spain, in Catalonia, 20 ms. N. of Balaguer.Trenschin, lown of Hungary, capital of a co. of its name, witb an ancient castle' on a rock. It has celebrated hot baths, and is seated near tbe Waag, 70 ms. NNE. of Presburg. Lon. 18° E., lal. 48 58 North. Trent, principality of Germany, in tbe S part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by 'Tyrol proper and the territories of Venice. It produces excellent wine. Fortified city of Germany, cap ital of tbe Trenlino. It was formerly a free impe rial city, and is faraous for a council held here, which began in 1545, and ended in 1563. It is seated at the foot of the Alps, in a ferlile valley, on the river .\dige, 67 ms. N W. of Venice, and 260 N W. of Rome. Lon. 11 27 E., lat. 46 8 N. Trent, or Trenlino, formerly a biahopric of Ger many, ill the CO. of 'Tyrol, sealed among the Alps, which divide Italy from Germany. It is bounded on the N. by 'Tyrol proper, on the E. by Fellrino and Bellunese, on the S. by Vicenlino and the Ve ronese, and on the W. by the Bresciano. Trent, large river of Eng., which, issuing from three springa between Congleton and Leek, in Staffordshire, flows southwards through the midst of the countiy, continually augmented by rills from the same region ; and at length, having received the 'Tame from the S., acquires a new direction, and wilh a NE. course penetrates into Derbyshire, just after ils junciion with tbe Dove. Afler form ing, towards the N. part, ihe-boundary between Notlingbamshire and Lincolnshire, a corner of which it crosses, it falls into the Humber below Gainsborough. Parallel with the course of this river runs a canal, forming a communication be tween it and tbe Mersey, and joining it at Wilden. It is navigable through the whole of Notlingbam shire. River, N. C, in Duplin, Jones, and IKIU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRI Lenoir COS., which falls into the Neus ut New- Ihtu, where it is three-quarters of ii mile broad. It is navigable for vessels 12 ms. above ita moulh. Trenton, town, Hancock co.. Me., 30 ms. NE. from Castine. Pop. in 1840, 1,062. 'Town, Oneida co., N. Y., on the W. side of West Can ada creek, about 12 ms, NNE. from Utica. Pop, in 1840, 3,178, Village and seat of jusli«e for Mercer co., N. J., and seat of government in thai State, situated on a fine acclivity from Dela ware river, al the head of tide water, 30 ms. NE, from Philadelphia, 12 ms. SSW. from Princeton, and 26 SW. from New Brunswick. Lat. 40 13 N., lun. W. C."2 19 E. 'The Delaware is navi- are many mnunlains and forests; but near the Rhine and Moselle the aoil is fruitful, abounding in corn and wine. A small part of this territory Ilea on the E. side of the Rhine, and in 1800 was given as an indemnity to the prince of Naasau- Weilburg, and now belongs to Pruaaia. City of Germony, formerly the capilal of an archbish opric of the same name. It haa a university, nu merous remains of antiquities, and many fine churches and palaces, but has greatly auffiered by war, and is now neither large nor populous. It is sealed on tbe Moselle, (over which ia a bandaome bridge,) between two mountains, covered with vineyards, 20 ms. NE, of Luxemburg, and 55 S. gable thus far for sloop.-. 'Trenton contains a Slale jby E. of Cologne. Lon. 6 43 E., lat. 49 47 N. house, two banks, an academy, two very extensive cotton, and several other manufactories. A very elegant and substantial bridge crosses the Delaware al the foot of tbe falls, opposite this town. Popu lation — In 1810— Whiles - - - 2,547 Free colored persons - - 272 Slaves - - 181 Total - 3,000 In 1820— Whites Free colored persons Slaves - 3,342 . 515 85 Total 3,942 In 1840 4,036 Trenton, village and seat of justice, Jones co., N. C, on Trent river, about 25 ms. by waler above its mouth, 20 ms. a little S. of W. from Newbern, and by post road 139 ms. SE. from Raleigh. Lat. 35 3 N., lon. W. C. 27' W. Gibson co., Tennessee. Village, 'Todd co., Ky., by post road 209 ms., SW. from Frankfort. Village, Butler co., Ohio, by post road 98 ms, SW. by. W. from Columbus. Trents Bridge, post office, Jones co., N. C. Treptow, town of Prussian Germany, in Easiern Pomerania. It has a manufacture of stockings and woolen stuffs, and is seated on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, forty-two ms. NE. of Stetin. Lon. 15 19 E., lat. 54 10 N. Town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Anterior Pome rania, 60 ms. S. of Stralsund, and 50 WNW. of Stetin. Lon. 13 12 E., lal. 53 39 N. Tresen, or Trosa, seaport of Sweden, in Suder mania, seated on the Baltic, 35 ms. S W. of Stock holm. Lon. 17 29 E,, lat. 59° N. Treshanish Isles, four ofthe W. ialands on the W. coast of Scot., belween the island of Col and that of Mull. They are very fertile in corn, &c. Prethimrirw, town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on the Dniester, 45 ms. below Kiof. Trexichenbrietzen, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, 20 ms. S. of Brandenburgh, and 34 SW. of BerUn. Lon. 12 43 E., lat. 62 6 N. Treves, late archbishopric and electorate of Ger many, in the circle of Lower Rhine,, bounded on the N. by the electorate of Cologne, E. by Wet teravia, S. by the palatinate of the Rhine and Lor rain, and W. by Luxemburg. It is 100 ms, in- lengtb, but tbe breadth is very different. There Trevi, lown of Ilaly, in Umbria, 25 ras. SE. of Perugia. Lon. 11 51 E,, lal, 42 .54 N. Treviglio, lown of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 17 miles ENE. of Milan. Lon. 9 28'E,, lat. 45 35 N. Trevigo, town of Naples, in Principato Ulte riore, with a bishop's see, 23 ms. E. of Benevento, Lon. 15 20 E,, Iat. 42 6 N. Trevino, town of Spain, in Biscay, on a hill, near the river Aguda, 10 ma. SW. of Vittoria. Lon. 3 4 W., lat. 42 48 N. Trevisano, marquisale of Ilaly, bounded on the E. by Friuli and the Gulf of Venice, on tho S, by that gulf, the Dogado, and the Paduano, on theN. by the Fellrino and the Bellunese, and on the W. by the Vicenlino. The soil is fertile, and produces corn, wine, and wood ; and they export cattle, silk, and woolen cloth. Treviso is the capital. TVeviso, or Trevigio, large cily of Ilaly, capital of Trevisano, on the SiUa, 20 ms. N W. of Venice. Lon. 12 25 E., lal,' 45 44 N. Trevoux, town of Fr., in the dep. of .\in, and late province of Bresse. The printing press bere celebrated for tbe literary journals composed by the Jesuits ofthe College of Louis le Grand. Trevoux is seated on the side uf a hill, on the river Saone, 12 ms. N. of Lyons, and 188 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 4 61 E,, lal. 45 67 N. Trexlerstown, village, Lehigh co.. Pa., on Lit tle Lehigh river, 8 ms. SW. from Allentown, and 50 NNW. frora Philadelpbia. Treysa, town of Germany, in Hease, capital of the CO. of Ziegenheim. It is seated on a hill, near tbe river Schwalm, 17 ms. N. of Marpug. Lon. 9 16 E., lat. 50 50 N. Trezzo, town of Italy, in the Milanese, aeated on the Adda, on the frontiers of Bergamasco. Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 45 45 N. Triadelphia, cotton-spinning factory and post office, on Patuxent river, Montgomery co., Md., 29 ms. N. from W. C, and 62 by post rood .NW. from Annapolis, Triadelphia, neat village, Ohio co., Va., on North WheeUng creek and National road, 10 ms. E, of Wheeling, and 20 W. of Washington., Pa. Triana, village, Madison co., Ala., on Tennes see river, at the mouth of Indian creek, 18 ms. SW. from HuntsviUe. Triangle, town, Broome co., N, Y., 135 ms, SW. by W. from Albany. Triberg, town of Germany, Suabia, 15 ms. NE, nf Friburg, and 15 S. of Freudenstadt. Lon. 8 20 E., lat. 4ai2N. Tribeaera, town of Germany, in the circle of Up- 895 TRI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRO per Saxony. It is seated on the river Trebel, 22 ms. SSW. ofStralaund, and 30 ESE. of Rostock. Lon. 13 8 E., lat. 54 1 N. Tribstadt, town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Points, 18 ma. NW. of Landau. Lon. 8 2 E., lat. 49 22 N. Tricala, town of Turkey, in the European prov ince of Macedonia, 50 ms. ENE. of Salonichi. Lon. 23 45 E., Iat. 41 10 N. 'Town of Tur key, in tbe European province Janna, 21 ms. S. of Larissa. Tricarico, town in the kingdom of Naples, 13 ms. SE. of Acerenza, and 21 SW. of Matera. Lon. 16 14E ,lat. 40 12 N. Triceto, town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na ples, in Calabria Citeriore, 14 ms. ESE. of Scala. Tries. — See Treves. Trieste, town of tbe empire of Austria, in Carni ola. It is a strong place ; tbe harbor is spacious, but not good, being open to the W. and SW. winds. Tbe inhabilanls have a good trade in salt, oil, almonds, iron, &c., brought from Laubach; and they make good wines. It is seated on tbe side of a hill, on the Gulf of Venice, 8 ma. N. of Capo d'Istria, and 80 NE. of Venice. Lon. 14 4 E., lat. 45 56 N. Trieste, in some degree, bas taken the place of Venice in regard to commerce. In his statistics of Italy, Professor William Spalding, at page 308, New York edition, observes: "Not withstanding the attempt to save Venice by erect ing it into a free port, the returns for its rival, Tri este, prove that there is a great and increasing bal ance of trade in favor ofthe latter." Trieste is liable to destructive inundaiions from the casual swell by winds of the walers ofthe Gulf of Venice. This caiastrophe occurred on October 8th, 1829, when the waves reached the highest part of the ground on which the city stands, and produced ruinous consequences in cellars and mag azines. Trigg, CO. ofKy., bounded by Ten. SE., Ten nessee river SW., Livingston co. NW., and Cald well and Christian NE. Length 45 ma., mean width 10; area 450 sq. ma. Cumberland river winda obliquely through this county to the NW. Surface low and flat in general. Pop. in 1820, 3,874. Trim, tbe county town of East Meath, in Ire land, seated on the Boyne,. 23 miles NW. of Dublin. Trimo, town of Indostan, on the point above the junction of the Chenaub and Jbelum rivers. Here is a famous ferry, where the great mercantile road paaaes, along which merchants from Khorasan tra vel to India, traversing tbe Indua at Dera Ismael Khan, and thence by 'Trimo and 'Toolumba into India. Trincomale, town on the E. side of the island of Ceylon, wilh a harbor reckoned the finest in the E. Indies, 100 ma. NE. of Candy. Lon. 81 52 E., lat. 8 45 N. Tring, town of Eng., in Hertfordshire, 22 ms. W. of Hertford, and 31 WNW. ofLondon. Lon. 0 36 W., Iat. 51 45 N. Trinidad, island on the NE. coast of Colombia, separated ftom Paria on the S. by a strail about 10 ms. over, and from Cumana on the W. by the Gulf of Paria. It was discovered by Columbus in 1498 ; it is 62 ms. long and 46 broad ; produces 890 sugar, cotlon, Indian corn, and fine tobacco, and fruit ; but tbe air is unhealthy. The capital is Port d'Espagne, in the Gulf of Paria, near the Boca. Lon. 61 30 W., lat. 10 0 N. Trinidad, town of Guatemala, on the Pacific ocean. It is an open town, but very important, there being no other barboi; on this coast. A mile and a half hence is a place which the Spaniards call one of tbe Mouths of Hell, because it is con tinually covered by a thick smoke, and emits flame from time to time. It is 70 m». SE. of Guatemala. Lon, 89 30 W., Iat. 12 50 N. Trinidad, town of New Granada, seated on tbe Rio de la Madalena, 58 ms. NW. of Santa Fe de Bogota. Lon. 73 45 W., Iat. 4 45 N. Trinity, or La Trinite, town of .Martinico, with a spacious and safe harbor. It carries on a con siderable trade. Lon. 61 8 W., lat. 14 53 N. Trino, town of Italy, in Montferrat, subject to the king of Sardinia. It is seated near the Po, 8 ms. NW. of Caaal, and .35 NE. of Turin, Lon, 8 30 E,, lat. 45 26 N. Trinomaly, lown of Hindoostan, in the Carna tic, near which the troops of Hyder Ally were de feated by the British in 1768. It is 45 ms. SSW. of Arcol, and 52 WNW. of Pondicherry. Lon. 78 35 E., Iat. 12 2 N, Tripe's Hill, post office, Montgomery co,, N. Y., opposite the mouth of Schoharie creek, 20 ms. NW. by W. from Scheneclady. Triplet, village, Fleming co , Ky., by posl road 80 ms. eaalward from Frankfort. Troublesome Iron Works, post office, Va., 120 ms. by post road NW. frora Richmond. Tripoli. — See Africa, pages 16 and 17. Tripoli, ancient and considerable town of Syria, on the Mediterranean, defended by a citadel. The inhabitants are near 60,000, consisting of Tutks, Christians, and Jews. About it there ia a greot number of mulberry trees and other fruits, which enable them to carry on a silk manufacture in the town. It is 90 ms. NW. of Damascus, and 120 R. of Scanderoon. Lon. 36 20 E., Iat. 34 50 N. Trist, small, uninhabited island of Mexico, It is situated on the coast of Tabasco, in the Bay of Campeachy, and is separaled by a narrow channel on the E. from the Isle of Port Royal. It is 5 ma. in length, and alraost as much in breodlh, but not inhabited. Lon. of the E. point 92 45 W,, lat. 18 0 N. Tristan d'Acunha, lofty island in the S. Atlan tic ocean, 15 ms. in circumference. Lon. 11 43 W., lat. 37 8 S.— See Africa, p. 31. Tritchinopoly, strong town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 208 ras. SSW. of Madras. Lon. 78 46 E., lat. 10 49 N. Trivento, episcopal town of Naples, in Molise, seated on a hill, near the river 'Trigno, or Trino, 15 ms. N. of Bogano, and 62 E. of Naples. Lon. 15 37 E., lat. 40 50 N. Trochtelfingen, imperial town of Germany, in tbe circle of Suabia, 16 ms. NW. of Buchau, and 29 S. of Stutgard. Lon. 9 7 E., lat. 48 18 N. Trogen, town of Swilzerland, and the chief place of the Protestant part of the canton of Appenzel. It carries on an extensive manufactory of cloth, for which it has been long celebrated. It is 7 ms. N. of Appenzel, and 7 SE. of St. Gall, JYija, town of Naples, in Capitanala, at tbe TRO GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TRO foot of the Appennines, on tho rivor Chilaro, 32 ms. NE. of Benevento, and 60 NW. of Naples. Lon. 15 15 E., lat. 41 31 N. TVois Rivierea, town -of U. C, on tbe river St- Lawrence, 35 ms. SW. of Quebec. Lon. 71 20 W., Iat. 46 35 N. Troki, town of Lithuania, capital of palatinate of the same name. It ia seated among morasses, 15 ms. W. of Wilna, and 85 NNE. of Grodno. Lon. 25 13 E., lal. 54 38 N. Tron, St,, town in Germany, in Liege, 21 ms. WNW. of Liege. Lon. 5 22 E., lat. 50 48 N Tropea, populous town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, on the lop of a rock, on the E. coast, 10 ms. NW. of Nicolera, and 45 N. by E, of Reggio. Lon. 16 24 E., Iat. 38 42 N. Tropes, Si. , seaporl of Fr, , in the dep. of Var, and lale province of Provence, with a citadel. It is seated on the bay of Grimauld, in tbe Med iterranean, 12 ms. SW. of Frejus, and 58 E. of Marseilles. Lon. 6 44 E., lat. 43 16 N. 'Tbobic, Greek, trepo, to return. Two circles which pass round the earth at 23 27 from tbe equator on each side, to which the sun comes and returns annually. 'This apparent advance and re cession of tbe sun ariaes from the obUquity of the earth's axis to the plain of its motion. The space between tbe tropics is called tbe torrid zone, over some part of which the sun is constantly vertical. The width of the torrid zone must of course be double that of the inclination of tbe axi.«. Troppau, town of Austrian Silesia, capital of a ducby of the same name. It is seated on a pleas ant plain, on the rivers Oppa and Mohra, 40 ras. N. by E. of Olrautz, and 72 S. bv E. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 40 E., lat. 50 1 N. Troup, a western co. of Ga., bounded N. by Heard, by Meriwether E., Harris S., and tbe State of Alabama W., about equal lo a square of 18 ras. each way ; area 324 sq. ms. N. lat. 33° and Ion. 8° W. 'W.C. intersect within the co., and near its E. border. Pop. 1840, 15,733. It is traversed by Chattaboochie river. Troupsburg, town in the S W. angle of Steu ben CO., N. Y., 30 ms. SE. from Angefica, 35 SSW. from Bath, and by post road 305 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. 'Troupsville, village, Ontario co., N. Y., on the W. side of Sodus bay, and on the Lake Ontario. Trout Run, branch of Lycoming creek, Pa., on which is a post office, 1 5 ms. N. from Williams port, and by post road 117 ms. a little W. of N. from Harrisburg. TroUBABOUII, TnOMBADOTTR, 'Thouveoub, Trbuteuh, or 'Trouvebe, from trompc, French, trumpet ,- name formerly given, and yet retained, to designate a species of wandering poets of the south of France and north of Italy. 'The Trouba dours rose into a distinctive body early in the 12tb century. In 1144 they were caressed and hon ored by Louis VII, and by all the princes and no bility of southern France. With them commenced French poetry ; but court favor infused corruption, and, sirailar to the Bards and Scalds of the North, the Troubadours sunk to contempt, and finally ceased to exist. Trowbridge, town of Eng., in Wiltshire. The inhabitants consist chiefly of clothiers, who make superfine broadcloth and kerseymere, in a great de- 113* giie by machinery. Il is seated on a hill, 23 ms, SW. of Marlborough, and 98 W. ofLondon. Lon. 2 6 W,, lot. 51 19 N. Troy, town in the aouthern part of Cheshire CO., N. H., on a branch of Aehuelot river, 10 ma. SSE. from Keene, and 69 SW. from Concord, 'Town, near the norlhern boundary of Or- leana co., Vt,, on the head of Missisque river, 50 ma. a lilllo E. of N. from Monlpelier. Town, Bristol CO., Mass., 50 ms. S. from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,296; in 1820, 1,300. 'Froy, cily of N. Y., and seat of justice for Rensselaer co. It stands on tbe E. side of Hud son, 5 ms. above Albany. 'The site is a plain, bounded by bills rising pretty abruptly. It con tains tbe CO. buildings, 6 churches, and in the vi cinity 8 or 10 fiour mills, an extensive colton and woolen cloth factory, one for fire arms, a paper mill, a rolling and sUtting mill, saw mills, &c. It contains a considerable number of wholesale and re tail stores. This city has increased rapidly in population, trade, raanufactures, and commerce. Before the year 1794, it was a very trifling vil lage ; in 1810, tbe pop. was 3,895; and in 1820, bad risen to 5,264, Of these there were — Engaged in agriculture - - - 70 Do. raanufactures - - - 704 Do. commerce - - 275 Distributive population of 'Troy, 1840. ¦Whites.— Ages. Males. Females. Oto 3 1,467 I'lJ 5 to 10 1,131 1,063 10 to 15 830 920 15 to 20 827 1,241 20 to 30 2,194 2,394 30 to 40 1,493 1-3^ 40to50 - 728 663 60 to 60 323 392 60 to 70 126 11^5 70 to 80 51 er 80 to 90 12 17 90 to 100 - 3 100 and upwards. 9,203 9,630 Total 9,-20S 18,833 Colored.— Ages. Males, 66 Females. OtolO 33 lOtoM 56 72 34 to 36 65 78 36 to .55 43 .19 53 to 100 9 24 too and upwards 2 243 258243 Tolal 501 SUMMARY, Whites . 18,833 Colored 301 Tolal 19,334 Troy, village, Bradford co,. Pa., 192 ms. a lit tle E. ofN. from Harrisburg. Village and seat uf justice for Miami co., 0. Itis situated on the W. bank of the Great Miami river, in Concord 897 TRU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TSO tp., 8 ms. S. from Piqua, and 21 N. from Day ton. It contains 50 dwelling-houses, and aboul- 400 inhabitants. Pop. 1840, 1,351. Lon. 7 8 W., lat. 40' N. NW. tp. of Cuyahoga co., 0 Tp., Geauga co., 0. Tp., Delaware CO., 0 River, village, and tp., Athens co., C, immediately above the moulh pf Hockhocking river. Tp., Richland co., 0. Town and seat of justice. Perry co , la., on the Ohio river, above the moulh of Anderson's creek, 50 miles above the mouth of Green river. Lat. 38 2 N., lon. W. C. 9 41 W. Village, Lincoln co.. Mo., on Cuivre river, about 35 ms. NW. from St. Charles, and 53 in a similar direction from St. Louis. Village and seat of jusiice, Obion CO., Tenn. ; by post road 147 ras. NW. by W. from Murfreesborough, Troyes, considerable city of Fr., in the dep. of Aube, and late province of Champagne. Its com merce, once very flourishing, now consists only in some linens, dimities, fustians, wax-chandlery, candles, and wine. It is seated on tbe Seine, 30 ms. ENE. of Sens, and 90 ESE. of Paris. Lon. 4 10 E., lat. 48 13 N. Trucksville, village, Richland co., O., 79 ms. NNE. from Columbus. Ti-ugillo, town of Venezuela, 120 ms. S. ofthe Lake .Maracaybo. Longitude 7 40 W., lat. 9 46 North. Trumansburg, one nf the northweslern towns of Tompkins co., N. Y., extending along the west ern side of Cayuga lake, 15 ms. NW. from Ith aca. Trumbauersville, post office, Bucks co.. Pa, Trumbull, town, Fairfield Co., Ct., between Stratford and Huntingdon, 65 ms. SW. from Hariford, and 15 a little S. of W. from New Haven. Trumbull Long Hill, post office in Trumbull tp , Fairfield co., Cl. This and the preceding are different post offices, though in the aame tp. Trumbull, town, Fairfield co., Ct. Pop. in 1810, 1,241; in 1820, 1,232. Co., Ohio, bounded by Mercer co.. Pa., E., Columbiana S., Portage and Geauga VV., and N. by Ashtabula. Length 35, mean width 25 ras. ; area 875 sq. ms. Surface billy, and soil fertile. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, butter, salted provisions, and whiskey. Chief town, Warren. Pop. in 1820, 15,546; and in 1840, 38,107. Cent, lat. 41 16 N., Ion. W. C. 3 50 W. Truna, town of the country of the Grisons, where the independence of the Gray League was first ratified, and an alliance concluded between the chiefs and coramunilies. It is seated on the Rhine, 7 ma. W. of Hantz. Truro, borough of Eng., in Cornwall. It has the benefit of tbe coinage of tin". Ils chief busi ness is in shipping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in ils neighborhood. Truro is seated on a vale, between the livers Kenwyn and Sl. Al len, and at the bead of Falmouth haven, 10 ma. N. of Falmouth, and 257 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4 55 W,, lat. 50 16 N. Town, Barn stable CO., Mass., lying near Cape Cod, 38 miles N. of Chatham, and 126 SE. of Boston, along the post road. 'The inhabitants, who are about 1,300, are principally the families of fishermen. 'Tp., Franklin co., 0. Pop. in 1820, 693. 898 Town of Nova Scolia, 40 ms. N. by W. of Halifax. Truxillo, considerable lown of Spain, in Estra madura, noted for being the birthplace of Pizarro. Il is sealed among mountains, on the side of a hill, at the flop of which is a strong citadel. It is situaled near the river Almont, 65 ms. SW. of Toledo, and 117 SE. of Madrid. Lon. 5 23 W., lal. 39 6 N. Rich commercial seaport of Pe ru, in the audience of Lima, and in the valley of Chimo, built by Francis Pizarro, in 1535. It is seated in a fertile couniry, nn a small river, near the Pacific ocean, 380 ms. NW. of Lima. Lon. 78 35 W., Iat. 8 1 S. Strong seaporl in Hon duras, seated on a gulf of Ihe same narae, between two rivers, and surrounded by thick groves. Lon. 85 50 W , lat. 16 20 N. Truxillo, or Nuestra Senora de la Paz, town of Venezuela, 220 ms. S. of Maracaybo. Lon. 69 15 W., lat. 9 21 N. Truxton, NE. town of Cortland co., N, Y., 35 ms. NE. from Ithaca, and 50 SW. from Utica. Trydriffen, tp.. Cheater co., Pa., belween Charlestown and Radnor tps., and joining Mont gomery CO. on the NE. Pop. in 1810, 1,253-; in 1820, 1,449. Tschopa, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the circle of Erzegeburg. Ilia celebrated for ils blue manufactures. Tschoulyms, nation of Tartars, who occupy the country lying between tbe upper part of tbe rivers Ob and Yenisei. The country which they in habit is, for Ihe moat part, fertile, wilh large for ests, and mountainous only about the hanks of the two Yiousses, which take tbeir sources among the mountains of the province of Yeniseisk, near tho river of that name. In imitation of the Ostyaks, fishing and hunting are the principal occupations. The latler furnishes them with the means of pay ing their tribute, which is in marten skins. Tichutaki, country of theE. extremity of Asia, opposite the NW. coast of America, bounded by the Anadir on the S. The cliraate is cold, the soil raarshy, abounding in rocks, barren, bare of woods, and extremely wild and savage. It, bow- ever, abounds in vast flocks of reindeer. The in habitants live partly in caverns amongst tbe rocks. 'The Tchooktches differ essentiaUy from tbe con tiguous .Asiatic nations, but resemble tbe savages ofthe NW. part of North -America. Tshetshen, — See Kisti, Tsi-nan, celebrated cily of China, the capilal of Chang-tong. It is seated S. of the river 'Tsi, or Tsing-bo, 160 ras. S. by E. ofPeking. Lon. 117 25 E., lat. 36 30 N. Tsi-ning-tcheou, city of China, in tbe province of Chang-tong, and district of Yentcheou. Tshin-icheou, commercial city of China, in Chang-tong. Tsong-ming, island of China, 15 ms. long and 10 broad, lying al tbe raouih of tbe Kian-ku, and separated from the province of Kiang-nan by two channels 13 ms, broad. Its principal revenue ari ses from sail. Which is made in such abundance, on the N. side of the island, lhat it can supply most of the neighboring countries. It contains only one city of tbe third class, but villages are very numerous, 'The country is delightful, and intersected by many canals. 'The cily, of the TUC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TVE same name, is situated at it SE. end. Lon. 121 55 E., lat. 30 15 N. Tsongrad, town of Hungary, capital of a co. of the same name, sealed on the 'Tiesse, opposile the influx ofthe Koros, 26 ms. N. of Segedin. Tuam, city of Ireland, in the co. of Galway. Tbe cathedral serves as a parish churcb. It is 20 miles NNE. of Galway, and 25 WSW. of Ros common. 'Tuaricks. "Tuaricks, of norlhern Africa, are a white people, of the Berber race, and are Mo hammedans of the sect of Molek. The Tuaricks inhabit lhat extensive portion of tbe Sahara cir cumscribed on tbe E. by Fezzan and Tibboo, S. by the negro nations of Bournoo, Haoussa, Gou ber, and Tombuctoo, and on the W. by the oases of 'Teedeekels and Twat. 'The country of the Mo- zabis, Engoussab, and Ghadamcs, are their north ern limils, beyond which they never proceed." — Hodgson, 'These limits would give lo the Tua ricks a country exceeding n million of sq. miles. Like most of the other African Iribes, tbey are a commercial people ; their kafilas or caravans carry on the commerce of Fezzan, Ghadames, Twat, and Soudan. Amongst the most valuable of 'Tuarick staples are slaves. " As Nomadic tribes, they are found in the vicinity of all the negro popula tion, from 'Tibboo lo Tombuctoo. The number of slavea sold in the northern markets of Mourlzouk, Ain-Lalal, Ghadames, and Mozab, by these An- thropoklepbts must be very great. This word, (Tuarick,) in the Berber language, signifies tribes. To one man tergi is applied, and Tuarick to the nation. 7^«i 4iu}a<, (bird ofthe bittern kind.— /fo(%sora.) Country or oasis of norlhern Africa, about 700 ms southward of Algiers, N. lat. 26° to 28°, and a litlle E. ofthe meridian of London. 'The limits of this tract imperfectly known. Tuban, one of the strongest towns of Java, with a harbor, and a king of ils own. Il is seated on tbe N. coast of the island. Lon. Ill 51 E,, lal. 6°N. Tubingen, lown of Suabia, in tbe kingdom of Wirlemberg, wilh a celebrated university. Here are good snuff manufactories. It is sealed on the Neckar, in, a couniry abounding in corn and wine, 20 riis. S. of Stutgard, and 50 E, by S. of Stras burg. Lon. 9 10 E,, lat. 48 32 N. 'Puckaseeking, Effingham co., Ga. — See Spring field, Effingham co., Go. Tucker's Island, or Flat Beach, Burlington CO., N. J., 4 ms, long, and from half a mile to a mile wide, 6| ms, S, of the village of Tuckerlon, separated therefrom by the bay of Litlle Egg Har bor, which, in the best channels, is navigable for shallops, is said to be tbe finest bathing upon the coast, on account of ibe gradual descent into tbe surf; it is much frequented by the citizens of Phil adelpbia and the adjacent parts of N. J. 'Puckersville, village and seal of justice, Wayne CO., Ga., 25 ms. a little N. of W. from Darien, about 70 SW. from Savannah, and by post road 169 SSE. from Milledgeville. Lat. 31 26 N., lon. W. C. 4 51 W. Village, Crawford co., Ia., 126 ms. a litlle W. of S. frora IndianapoUs. Tuckerlon, village and port of entry, in the tp. of Little Egg Harbor, Buriington co., N. J., on the Atlantic ocean, at the head of Tuckerlon Mill creek, which crapties inlo Ihe bay of Lillle Egg Harbor. 'This creek is navigable for small cralt, 'The village contains about fiO dwelling houses, and Methodist ahd Friends' nieeling-houses, and tp of Liltle Egg Harbor; 1840, pop. 1,875. The dwelling-houses, wilh the exception of one brick, are all frame, and generally painted ; it is band- soraely laid out, streets crossing at right angles, and shaded wilh poplar and willow trees. The village is a port of entry for the district of Little Egg Harbor, which extends from Barnegat to Brigantine inlet. Distance from Philadelphia, 52 milea. Tucopia, called Barwell island in many charts. S. Iat, 12 15, E. lon. 169° from W. C. ft is one of the southern islands of the group of Queen Charlotte islands. Tucuman, extensive province of S. America, lying belween Chili and Paraguay, to the E. of Ihe Andes, and W. of Rio de la Plata. Tbis pro vince, wilh tbe country S. of the river Plata, forms an exiensive plain, almost without a tree. The soil is a deep fertile mould, watered by many streams from the Andes, and clothed in perpetual verdure. In this rich pasturage the horses and cattle imported from Europe have multiplied to an almost incredible degree. Tbis has enabled the inhabitants not only lo open a lucrative trade with Peru, by supplying it with cattle, horses, and mules, but lo carry on a commerce equally benefi cial, by the exportation of hides to Europe; not withstanding which, the towns in tbis country are no belter than paltry villages, to which the Spaniards have endeavored to add some dignity, by erecting them into bishoprics. Tudela, town of Spain, in Navarre, with a cas tle. It is sealed in a couniry that produces good wine, on tbe river Ebro, 44 ms. S. of Pamplona, and 100 E. of Burgos. Lon. 1 38 W., Iat. 41 12 N. Tver, government of Russia, formerly a province in the government of Novogorod. It was the first province modelled according to the code of laws of Catharine II. 'The country produces abundantly all kinds of corn and vegetables. Ils forests yield the most valuable timber. The quadrupeds and the feathered race are the sarae as in all the N. of Europe. Besides tbe fish comraon to most lakes and rivers, there is one peculiar lo the waters of these norlhern regions, called the sterlet, the ari- penser ruthenus of Linnaeus, and is a species of sturgeon, highly esteemed for tbe flavor of its flesh and for its roe, of which the finest caviar is made. Tver, city of Russia, capital of a government of tbe aame name. It is a place of considerable com merce, being seated at the conflux of the Tverza and Volga, along which is conveyed all the mer chandise sent by waler from Siberia and the S. pro vinces, towards Petersburg. It is divided into the old and new lown ; tho former, situate on ihe op posite side ofthe Volga, consists almost entirely of wooden cottages. Catharine II, at ber own ex pense, raised the governor's house, the episcopal palace, the courts of justice, the exchange, the prison, and some other public edifices ; and lo ev ery person who engaged lo build a house of brick, she offered a loan of .£300 for 12 years, without interest. The streets are broad and long, extend ing in straight lines, from an octagon in the cen- 899 TUM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY TOR tre ; tbe houses of tbis octagon and of the princi pal streets are of brick, stuccoed white, and make a raagnificent appearance. Here is an ecclesiasti cal seminary, which admits 600 students. In 1776, the empress founded a school for the instruc tion of 200 burghers' ^children ; and in 1779 an academy for the education of 120 of the young no bility of the province. Tver is 99 ms. NNW. of Moscow. Lon. 36 5 E., lat. 56 7 N. Tuftonhorough, tp., Strafford co., N. H., on the Winnepisseogee. Tugeloo, river, one of the constituents of Sa vannah river, and which for some distance sepa rates S. C. from Ga. Tuggsville, Clarke co., Ala. Tuggurt, town of Africa, in Barbary, capital of a country ofthe same name, 310 ms. SSE. of Al giers. Lon. 5 10 E., Iat. 33° N. Tuggurt, as written by Hodgson, is the capital of Wadreag — See Wadreag and Wurgelah. Tuggurt, Tegart, (Berber,) signiy cullivated ground ; thegarth signifies a garden, same lan guage. — Hodgson. Tukuat, mountain of northern Africa, near Bo na. Hodgson states that the name means, in tbe Berber language, perpetual snow. Tula, government of Russia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow, containing 13 dis-' tricts. Its capital, Reaan, is seated on tbe Tu- besh, 118 ms. SE. of Moscow. Lon. 40 45 E., lat. 55 25 N. Tulebras, town of Spain, in Navarre, situated on the river Queois, 7 ms. W. of Tudela. Tullamore, town of Ireland, in King's co., sit uated on a river of the same name. Tulles, episcopal and commercial town of Fr., in tbe departraent of Correze, and late province of Guienne. It is seated at tbe confluence of tbe Correze and Solane, partly on a mountain and partly below it, in a country surrounded by moun - tains and precipices, 37 ms. SE. from Limoges, and 62 SW. of Clermont. Lon. 1 42 W., lat. 45 23 N. Tullow, town of Ireland, in tbe county of Car- low, 38 ms. SSW. of DubUn. Tully, town, Onondaga co,, N. Y., belween Sempronius and Fabius, equidistant from both. Pop. 1820, 1,194. Tullytown, village, Greenville district, S. C, 98 ms. NW. from Columbus. Tumbling Shoals, of Reedy river, in the west ern part of Laurens dislrict, S. C, 90 ms. NW. from Cofumbus. Tuln, town of Germany, in Austria, near tbe Wienarwald, or wood of Vienna, and near the river Tuln, in a country abounding in corn and wine, 18 ras. W. of Vienna. Lon. 16 6 E., lal. 48 14 N. Tulpehocken, creek. Pa., which rises in Dau phin CO. ; general course SE., till it falls into the Schuylkill, about half a mile above the borough of Reading. The Union Canal Company has chosen the valley of this creek as part of a water commu nicalion between tbe rivers Delaware and Susque hannah. Township, Berks counly, Pennsyl vania, lying on the waters of the above-mentioned creek. Tumbez, lown of S. America, in Peru, in the audience of Quito. It was formerly a place of 900 some note, wilh a magnificent temple, and an in- ca's palace. The Spaniards first landed here, on discovering the country. It is seated on the Paci fic ocean, 270 ms. S. by W. of Quito. Lon. 79 51 W., Iat. 3 40 S. Tumel, rapid river of Scolland, in Perthshire, which, after exhibiting many beauliful cataracts, forras ilself inlo a lake, called Loch Tumel, and I then fall? inlo the Garry. Tumen, town of Siberia, in the province of Tobolsk, 125 ms. W. of Tobolsk. Tumpach, town of Germany, in Bavaria, 17 ms. NNW. of Amberg, and 32 ENE. of Nurem berg. Lon. 11 65 E., lat. 49 40 N. Tunbridge, town of Eng., in Kent, on the Tun, One of tbe five branches of the Medway, over each of which is a stone bridge. It is 12 ms. WSW. of Maidstone, and 30 SSE. ofLondon. Lon. 20' E., lat. 51 14 N. Tunbridge Wells, town of Eng., in Kent, 5 ms. S. of Tunbridge. It is much resorted to in the months of June, July, and August, on account of its chalybeate waters, discovered in 1606 by Dudley Lord Norlh. The Wells are 35 ms. SSE. of London.Tunbridge, lown. Orange county, Vt., belween Strafford and Randolph,, and joining Windham CO. in the S. Tunkhannock, a mountain ridge of Pa., in the northern part of Luzerne. It rises from the Sus quehannah river, at the moulh of Tunkhannock creek, and extends to the northeastward, towards the SE. angle of Susquehannah co. Tunkhannock, small river, Penn., rising in Susquehannah, and, flowing SW. into Luzerne CO., falls into Susquehannah river 55 ms. above Wilkesbarre. Tp., Luzerne co.. Pa., on theE. branch of Suaquehannab, and watered by Tunkhannock creek. Tunkinskoi, town of Russia, situated on the Irkut, 80 ms. SW. of Irkutsk. Lon. 103 15 E,, lat. 51 18 N. Tunja, town of New Granada, in S. America, capital of a district of tbe same name. It is seated on a high mountain, in a country where there are gold and emeralds, 30 ms. SW. of Trux illo. Lon. 73 5 E., Iat. 5° N. Tunis, — See Africa, p. 17. Tunis, city of northern Africa, occupying the site of ancient Carthage. Hodgson renders it probable that tbe name or term Tunis preceded that of Carthage, and that the former was the an cient as it is the modern name of the city by tbe aboriginal inhabilanls of the country. Tunis, says Hodgson, signifies " a foreigner in peace and safety, " Tunkerstown, — See Ephrata, Tura, town of Germany, in the country of Ty rol, 24 ms. SW. of Trent. Turbot, norlhern tp., Northumberland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehannah river. Pop, in 1820, 2,752. Turchheim, town of France, in tbe depart ment of Upper Rhine, and lale province of Al sace. It is seated near the river Colmar, 1 mile JVW. of Colmar. Turcoin, town of France, in the dep. of Nord, 6 ras. NNE. of LiUe. Turcomania, general name for tbe easiern TUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TUR shores of the Caspian sea, from the Trukmenes or Turcomans, who are its inhabitants. Turcomania, ancient Armenia major. The modern Tartar name was imposed by the Turco mans, a Tartar nation from the eastern shores of the Caspian sea. 'Turcomans, inhabitants of Turcomania. 'They are pastoral, ignorant, and contented wanderers, 'They have adopted the Turkish language, and a rude form of Mahometanism. They support themselves on the produce of their flocks, and live under tents of felt. The careless indifference of European geographers confound tbe free noma dic, but in many respects a respectable nations of Asia. Tbe 'Turcomans and Koords have been Ihus mistaken and blended, though radically distinct. They are both shepherds and wanderers, and both occupy parts of Armenia, but the Turcomans speak the Turkish, the Koords the Persian lan guage. The Turcomans are recent emigrants ; the Koords are the Carduchi, Gordyaei, or Kyrti of the ancients, and have occupied their present residence on the waters of the Tigris since, and no doubt ages before the age of Xenophon. The Turcomans give marriage portions with their daughters; the Koords receive a high price from their bridegroom. The Turcomans pay no re spect to distinctions of birth ; the Koords set a high value on extraction. Tbe Turcomans are not addicted to thieving; tbe Koords are robbers. — See Asia, p. 6. Turenne, town of Fr., in the dep. of Correze, 16 ms. SSW. of Tulle. Turin, fortified city of Piedmont, capital of the dominions of the king of Sardinia. It stands in a fertile plain at the confluence of the Doria witb the Po. Here is a citadel deemed the strongest in Europe, and a university, founded in 1405 by Amadoe, duke of Savoy. Most of tbe streets are weU built, uniforra, straight, and terminate on some agreeable object. The Slrada di Po, tbe finest and the largest leads to the royal palace, and is adorned wilh piazzas filled shops, as are various others of the best streets, all of which are kept clean by means of a canal from the Doria, with sluices that flow through them into the Po. Tbe inhabitants are computed to be 80,000. The cita del is a regular pentagon, and comprehends an extensive and well furnished arsenal, a cannon foundry, a chemical laboratory, &c. There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of the city, fine gardens on tbe side of the river Po, and a charm ing public place called the Corfo, where many peo ple assemble in an evening to exhibit themselves and their equipage. Near tbis city, on tbe banks of the Po, is the beautiful castle of Valentin, the garden of which is applied lo botanical studies. In 1814 it was restored to the king of Sardinie. Turin is 68 ms. NW. of Genoa, and 80 SW. of Milan. Lon. 7 40 E., Iat. 45 4 N. Turinge, town of Sweden, in the province of Sudermanland, 24 ms. WSVV. of Stockholm. Turinsk, town of Russia, in the governraent of Tobolsk, with a port, 190 uis. W. by S. of To bolsk. Lon. 63 44 E., lat. 58 5 N. Turivacary, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, consisting of an outer and inner fort, strongly de fended by a dilch and mud wall, and an open su burb at a Utile distance. Here are two small tem ples of curious workmanship. It is 34 ms. S. of Sera, and 50 N. of Seringapatam. 'Turk, this very ancieni, important, and ethno graphical term, has been strangely confounded with the lerm Tartar, The country to E. and SE. of the Caspiansea is named Tyrkland, in tbe Ynglinga- Saga of Snorre Sturlesson, an Icelandic historians who flourished from A. D. 1213 lo 1241. Those na tions which we wilh any propriety call Tartars call themselves Turks. The Byzantine writers called tbe Huns Turks. It is now amongst histor ical established facts that the Huns, Finns, and Turks, are branches of one great family of nations. During the middle ages of the countries now called independent Tartary, and tbe southeastern part of European Russia, beyond the Volga and Karro, were called Tyrkland by the Icelandic wri ters, Joungouria by Russian writers, and Great Hungary by Rubriquis and other writers of wesiern Europe. Turkestan, a Persian term, raeaning "country of ihe Turks," has superseded the former. It was not until in tbe 12th century of our era that the lerm Tartar or Tatar became fa mous in Europe. The Turkish author Abul Ghazi, informs us that the Tartars were, in fact only part of the Turks. The Chinese, it appears, give the name 'Tata to the nomade nations of cen tral Asia. It is, therefore, doubtful whether tho original term applies most correctly to tbe Turks or Mongols ; but it is certainly improper if applied nationally to bolh, as the Turkish nations west of the Belur (ancient Imaus) differ as much from the Mongol as the Moors do from the Negroes. Tbe probability is, Ihat^tbe Chinese term 'Tata applies to the Nomadic mode of life, and nol to any par- ticalar nation, which is not the case with the prim itive term Turk. 'Turkestan, country of western Tartary, bound ed on tbe N. and E. by the couniry of the Kal- mus, S. by Bokharia, and W. by the lake Aral. Tbe chief of this country is generally called the khan of tbe Karakalpahs. The capital is Taraz. The name Turkestan has been known lo European writers since the 5th century, and siraply means " the country of the Turks or 'Tartars," Its ex tent has varied with the political revolutions of cen tral Aaia. Turkey, large empire extended over part of Eu rope, Asia, and Africa, Turkey in Europe is bounded on tbe N. by Croatia, Sclavonia, Hun gary, Transylvania, and Poland, E. by New Rus sia, the Black sea, the sea of .Marmora, and the Archipelago, S. by the Meditefranean, and W. by that sea and the Venetian and Austrian territories. It contains Moldavia, Bessarabia, Walachia, Bul garia, Servia, Bosnia, part -of Croatia, and Dalmalia, Romania, Macedonia, Albania, Janna, Livadia, and the Morea. These countries lie be lween 17° and 40° E., Ion., and 36° and 49° N. Iat. 'Turkey in Asia is bounded on the N. by the Black sea and Circassia, E. by Persia, S. by Ara bia, and W. by the Mediterranean and the aea of Marmora. It lies belween 27° and 46° E. Ion., and 28 and 45 N. lat., and contains the countries of Irac-Arabi, Diarbeck, Kordistan, Armenia, Car amania, Natolia, and Syria, wilh Palestine. In Africa the Turks have Egypt, part of Nubia, and Barca; and the Slates of 'TripoU, Tunis, and Al giers are under their protection. 901 TUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TUR The following tabic exhibits a synoptic view of the Turkish erapire at the beginning of the present century, and, nominally, at the present epocha : Turkey in Europe, Servia, Bosnia, and 'Turkish Dalmalia Walachia - - Moldavia, including Bessarabia Bulgaria Romania proper Macedonia - - . Albania . - . . Greece, continental, with Epirus Morea - . - - - Candia - . . Euboea and other Grecian islanda in Eu rope - - . - Sq. ms, 31,40023,100 26,640 27,17025,700 21,150 16,640 14,900 7,200 4,600 3,800 Total in Europe - - -202,300 Asia Minor to the Euphrates - 200,300 Syria ----- 51,800 Turcomania or .Armenia - - 64,000 Diarbekir, Mesopotamia, &c. - - 144,600 Total - - - 460,600 Turkey in Africaj exclusive of Barbary 152,300 Total in Europe and .\sia - -662,800 Tolal area of the Ottoman empire - 815, 100 | This vast empire may, in general terms, be con- sidered as extending from the northern tropic in Africa, to the Carpathian mounlains in Europe, and in Aaia from the Mediterranean to the Elwend mountains from W. lo E., and from S. lo N., from the sands of Arabia to the mountains of Cau casus. A single glance upon a map of the world ia sufficient to carry conviction to any mind, that no other empire of tbe eastern continent ever pos sessed so pre-eminent a position as that of the Ot toman Turks ; and a very slight acquaintance wilh their history exhibits an unequalled disregard of every advantage afforded by naiure to secure com mercial, scientific, and political aggrandizement. " It is well for them," says Montesquieu, " that God permitted the Turks and Spaniards to exist ; tbe two nations who have most uselessly possessed a great empire." There was, indeed, no material dissimilarity between tbe various tribes which, for nearly 1,000 years successively, poured on Europe and southwestern Asia, from the regions of the N. and E. Rude, ferociously warlike, and unac quainted with tbe arts of civil policy, the Goths, Huns, and Turks were, in the first instance, de stroyers. The latler, in the Romano-Greek em pire, found no great civilized community to mix with and soften their manners. On the contrary, what litlle of science remained amonst tbe Greeks, was lost to the 'Turks from religious and political animosity. The Turks are, however, it is proba ble aa far advanced as were the European nations previous to the promulgation of the art of print ing ; and the Pachaliks of the Ottoman empire not worse governed at this moment than were the prov inces of France, Germany, Poland, and Rus.^is during the middle agea, 'This empire bas always 902 been ralher an assemblage of nations, violently and nominally formed into one Stale, than a regu lated sovereignty united by law and policy. Tbe recent revolt of the Greeks is only one of a series of revolts almost coexistent with the empire itself; hut in the present condition of Europe it is very impi-obable that the wounds of Turkey can be left to heal by the slow operations of nature as in former instances. Turks. — In the ignorant admixture of nations, reUgion, and language, too common in our books, Turk and Mahometan are used as synonymous or correlative terms j and, wilh the sarae precision, might Christian and French, EngUsh or German, be confounded. 'The Turks are a Mahometan na tion, bul they are only one of tbe many nations who profess that system of religious credence. The Turks, from tbe beat authorities, were a Tar tar tribe. The former is, however, more ancient, in our literature, than the latter. The name Turk occurs in Pomponius Mela and in Pliny, whilst it was not until tbe twelfth century that the Tartars became famous in Europe. All the Tai;lar nations acknowledge the appellation of Turks as belonging^ to them in common. Those nations called Turks by Abul-Gbazi-Khan, according lo that author, contained one sub-tribe, designated Tartars. In the progress of migration and conquest, two great branches of the Turks or Tartars have reached and obtained permanent settlement in Europe. These are the Hungarians and Ottoman Turks. 'Though inhabiting, it is probable, from very re mole antiquity, the great cenlrai slope of Asia, the 'Turks did not become formidable as conquerors, known to European writers, until the middle of the sixth century, though their name bad been intro duced some centuries previous to that era. In 569, in the reign of Justinian, an embassy from that people reached Conslanlinople ; and in 582 their embassy was returned, and, for the first time, the silks of China reached Europe by the N, side of tbe Caspian. At that period, the Turks or Tartars were dominant in central Asia, under the name of tbe kingdora of Touran. On the SW. they pressed on Persia, and were known as the Turks of Trans- oxiana, or Turks beyond the Oxus. The white Huns, or Epbthalites, so called by the Persians frora Ap- telah, their name for the Oxus, were alao, it is probable, merely the Turks resident on that river. What is generally, in our hooka, called Independent Tartary, was then, and by the Turkish nations is still colled Turkestan, or country of the Turks. Taraz and Otrar were successively capitals of Tou ran or Turkestan. This first Turkish empire grad ually declined, but the nation continued numerous, and migrated to the W. Naturally divided by the Caspian sea, this tide of nations was broken. One wave rolled northwards and thence westward, first ravaged and finally settled in Pannonia, or which, under the name of Ugri, Ungri, or Igours, they imposed the name of Hungary, The Hun garians adopted the Christian religion, and for many ages were the guards of Europe against their Mahoraetan counlryraen. It is a very sin gular instance of tbe mutations of notional appel lations, that two names so different as Hungari an and 'Turk should have sprung from the same root. At the same period in which Ihe Turks, who TUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TUR migrated north from tbe Caspian seo, were min gling with the Christian nations of Europe, and were adopting tbe Christian religion, their brethren, who bad passed westward between the Caspian sea and Indian ocean, became the disciples of Ma homet. Their agency produced tbe most exten sive revolutions. The empire of the Khalifs sunk before them. Early in tbe eleventh century Mah- moud, of Gazna, founded an empire, embracing great part nf Hindooslan and Persia. The empire of the Gaznavides was followed by that of the Sel- jukian Turks in Persia. 'This was a most impor tant era in human affairs. In their various revo lutions, the Mahometan nations had hitherto made but little impression on the Romano Greek prov inces in Asia Minor; but, in 1050, the 'Turks rushed in a destructive torrent into the Greek prov inces. At various subsequent advances and par tial regressions, this fierce horde gradually over spread the fine regions of Aaia Minor and Greece, and in 1453 gained possession of Conslantinopje. Thrace, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Servia, Wallachia, Mol- davio, the Crimea, Greece, and her islands in Eu rope, becarae subject to their arms. Moat of these provinces tbey yet retain, and present to the slates man and philosopher, tbe singular spectacle uf a nation of strangers, who, afler a residence five cen turies, continue hostile aliens in Europe. Suffered to bang a portentous cloud on the borders of Chris tendom, from tbe conflicting interests of Christian nations, the Turks remain Asiatics in manners and appearance. Admixed with Caucassian blood, this 'Tartar race has, in person, tbe majestic atliludeof the European, wilh the agile movements of their Scy thian ancestors. Tbe Turks are generally robust, well-shaped, and of good mien. 'They shave their beads, but wear long beards, except those in the seraglio or palace, and military men, who wear only whiskers. The turban worn by the men is white, and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up together in several folds. The very existence of such an empire as that of the Mahometan 'Turks, on the verge and within the reach of the powerful Christian Stales, may he viewed as a paradox, and so raay be considered many of the interior regulations of tbe 'Turks. " Nothing," says Hobhouse, "attracts tbe atten tion of a traveller in the Levant raore tban tbe con sular eslabUshments, which the Turks, so haughty and despotic, so averse to every thing Christian, have long suffered, and still suffer to exist, in al most aU the principal towns of their empire. At Smyrna, the Frank town, no inconsiderable place of itself, may be said to be under the complete ju risdiction of the foreign Powers. 'The consuls dis play the standards of their respective nations; they have their prisons, and their soldiers who wait al their gales, and precede them when they walk or ride ; and their houses are sanctuaries which not even the Turk attempts to penetrate." — Hobhouse, vol. 2, p. 73. 'The first residents, under the narae of consuls, or mercantile representatives, were, it is supposed, appointed by the republic of Florence in the tirae of the first Cosmo de Medicis, and called consules niaritimi, and were permitted to exercise their functions in 'Turkey, from the pride and indolence rather than from any consideration of their utility in the minds of the 'Turks. It was, however, a fortunate circumstance for the Christian partof the empire lhat a body of privileged Europeans were adinilted, os hy that means a communicalion, though limited in ils extent, waa preserved with the civilized part of tbe world. Severe and re served oven to one another, mutual intercourse ia very defective in 'Turkey, but between Mohome- tana and Christiana all asaociation is closed, " A stranger at Constantinople, says Hobhouse," "would naturally wish to live among the 'Turks as he would amongst the French at Paris and the Aus trians at Vienna ; bul the difference of manner, custom, and language, render it absolutely impos sible to become domesticated in a Mahometan family, or, at a short residence, even to join in the very little social intercourse enjoyed amongst tbe natives themselves." These obstacles are more numerous and formi dable over every other part of the Ottoman em pire, and have left tbe 'Turks a barbarous horde of strangers, without the smallest tie of senti ment, kindred, or cultivated association with the European nations ; and what renders the situation of this people in a pecuUar manner striking, is, that they are ever still more invelerately set apart from their Mahometan than ftom their Christian neighbors. If their political power was broken, the very nation would seem to vanish from the earlh. 'The government of Turkey is like tbe people, foreign to Europe, and undefinable by any general terms used amongst Christians. It may be assum ed as a postulate, that in the very nature of man, no actually unlimited despotism can exist. That of the Grand Sultan, though nominally absolute, is in reality restricted by religious institutions, by the indispensable distribution of power, but, more than all, in Turkey, by tbe mental imbecility superin duced by secluded education. Tbe administration of government and juttice in that empire retains all the rude simplicity and consequent anarchy of a nomadic military band. Though 12 centuries have elapsed since their original removal from tbe central plains of .isia, they have prpfited litlle by their contact with civilized nations. The Goths first trampled on, and then adopted, Ihe Roman juris prudence. Tbe Mandscburs followed a similar routine in China, But the inflexible 'Turk sur rounded by and actually visited commercially by the raost enlightened and active nations of the earlh, remains a Scythian. These notes on Turkey were written upwards of 20 years past, since which some important changes have been effected ; the janisaries have been sup pressed ; Greece has been severed from Turkey, and formed inlo a kingdom, &c, — See page 374. The body of tbe article is, bowever, relained,_as histori cal. Turkey, as an independent nation, cannot be regarded as in existence, as, wilhout the consent of the great Christian Powers, the Turkish nation cannot perform an act evincing national sover eignty. Turkey, tp , Essex co,, N. J., 14 miles NW, from Elizabethtown. Turkey Foot, post oflice in the SW. part of So merset co.. Pa., 18 ms. SW. frora the borough of Somerset, and 35 NW. by W. from Cumberland, in Maryland. The name Turkey Foot, was ira posed from the peculiar courses of Youghiogany 903 TUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. JUS river and Castleman's river with Laurel Hill creek, at their junction. 'Turkey Point, Cecil co., Md., between North East river and Elk rivor. Turkheim, — See Durkheim, Turkin, town of Russia, in the government of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian sea, 140 ms. S. of Astracan. Lon. 47 16 E., lot. 44 15 N. Turnagain Cape, cape on the E. side of the northern island of New Zealand. Lon. 176 56 E., Iat, 40 28 S. Tumau, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau, on the river Iser, 12 ms. NNE. of Jung Buntzlau. 'Turner, town, Oxford counly, Maine, on tbe W. side of Androscoggin river, 18 miles E. from Paris. Village in 'Turner tp., Oxford counly, Maine. Turner lown and Turner village are sep arate post offices, though in the same township. 'Turner's Cross Roada, post office, Bertie co., N. C, by post road 144 ms. a litlle N. of E. from Raleigh. Turnersville, village, Robertson co., Tenn., 72 ms. NW. from Murfreesborough. Turnhout, town of the kingdom of the Neth erlands, in Brabant, 24 miles NE. of Antwerp. Lon. 5 OE,, lat. 51 22 N. Tursi, town of Italy, in Naples, sealed on tbe river Sino, 50 ms. of SW. Bari. Lon. 16 50 E., lat. 40 36 N . Turtle Creek, creek of Alleghany county. Pa., falls inlo the Monongahela 12 miles above Pitts burg. Tp., Shelby county, Ohio, containing the village of Sydney. Tp., Warren co.,Ohio, containing tbe village Of Lebanon. Turtle Island, island in tbe Pacific ocean. Lon. 177 5 W., lal. 19 48 S. Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior, tbe principal branch of Tombigbee, rises in the spurs of Alle ghany mountains, 20 or 25«mile3 S. of the great bend of Tennessee, about 34° N. Iat. It is form ed by the union of tbe Big and Liltle Warrior rivers, having a general course to tbe SW. 230 ms , falls into tbe Tombigbee. The Tuscaloosa is navigable for boats of requisite tonnage 160 miles from its mouth. j j a u Tuscaloosa, county, Alabama, bounded S. by Perry and Greene, W. by Pickens, N. by Jeffer son and E. by Shelby and Bibb ; lengih 40 miles, mean width 30, area 1,200 sq. miles. Tuscaloosa river winds across thia counly from N. to S. Chief town, 'Tuscaloosa. Pop. in 1820, 8,229 ; and in 1840 16 583. Central latitude— see luacalooaa village, , . r - .¦ r m Tuscaloosa, village and seat of justice for Tus caloosa county, Alabama, and seat of government in that State, is situaled on the bank of Tuscaloo sa river about 60 ras. above Us mouth, 120 SSW. from Huntsville, and 200 a litlle E. of N. from Mobile Lat. 33 13 N„ lon. W. C. 10 37 W. Tuscany, sovereign State of Ilaly, with the title of a grand duchy, bounded on the N. by Roraagna, the Bolognese, the Modenese, and tbe Parraesan, on tbe S by tbe Mediterranean, on the E. by the duchy of Urbino, the Perugino, tbe Orvietano, tbe natrimony of St. Peter, and tbe duchy of Castro, ^1 nn the W. by the Mediterranean, theteriilory :rLucca, and that of Genoa Itis 150 ras. long and 100 broad, anil watered by several rivers, of 904 which the Arno is the chief. There are several monntains, in which are mines of iron, alum, and vilriol ; also, quarries of marble, alabaster, and por phyry, besides hot baths and mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and pro duce plenty of citrons, oranges, pomegranates, and other "fruits. The inhabitants are dislinguished by their attachment to commerce, and have established various manufactures, particularly of silks, stuffs, earthenware, and gilt leather. They are much visited by foreigneTs, on account of their politeness, and because tbe Italian language is bere spoken in its greatest purity. Tbis ducby is divided into three parts, namely, tbe Florentino, the Pisano, and the Sienese. It is now an independent duchy, governed by an Austrian prince. Chief cities, Florence, Leghorn, and Pisa. According to Mr. Bowring, the grand duchy of Tuscany, in 1836, contained a population of 1,436,785, and an area of 7,686 sq, ms. Eng. This would give a distri butive population to the sq. m. of 186. Tuacarawaa, river, Obio, rises in Wayne, Me dina, Portage, and Stark cos., and, forming a large navigable creek in the latler, flows SSE. 30 ms., receives Sandy creek ftom the E., and 12 ms. still lower Sugar creek from the W., near New Phila delphia. Below the latter place, the 'Tuscarawas curves gradually SE. and SW., and finally W., flows 50 ms. to its junction with Whitewoman s river at tbe town of Coshocton. The two rivers at tbeir confluence are nearly of equal size, and are bolh lost in the general name of tbe Muskingum. Assuming a soutbern course cf 10 ms.. Wills creek enters frora the SB., and winding more lo the W., 30 ms. fuilher, receives Licking creek, a large tri butary branch, at the town of Zanesville, in Mus kingum CO. Here the river is precipitated over its only foils, or ralher rapid, 30 or 40 feet entire de pression. Below the falls, Muskingum turns to the SE. 80 ms., to its junction with Ohio river, at Marietta, in Washington co. , , , , From this sketch, we find this inland channel lying in nearly a N. and S. direction. Advancing from Cleveland, on Lake Erie, up the Cuyohoga 40 ms., we reach the portage from the stream to the Tuscarawas ; thence, 10 ms. over that portage, and again down the Tuscarawas and Muskingum 212 ms. to Marietta, exhibils an entire line of 262 ras. A canal extends now from Zanesville, up the Muskingum valley, to Dresden, where it unites with the central trunk. Below Zanesville, the Muskingum bas been made navigable by dams and locks to its Influx into Ohio. , „ , „ , Tuscarawas, co., Obio, bounded N. by Stark, E. by Harrison, S. by Harrison and Guernsey, and W. by Coshocton cos. Il is 30 hy 29 ras. in ex tent, containing 680 sq. ms. The principal walers are the 1 uscarawas, Sandy, Conoten, Stillwater, and Sugar creeks. Chief town. New Philadel phia. Pop. in 1820, 8,328 ; and in 1840, 25,631. Central lat. 40 28 N., Ion. W. C. 4 30 W 'Tuscarawas, Ip. in tbe wesiern borders of Stark CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 735. Small village on the W. bank of the Tuscarawas river, apd in the CO. of the same name, Obio, 9 ms. southerly ftom New Philadelphia. _ Tuscarora, valley and town, Mifflin co,, Pa., by post road 63 ras. NW. by W. from Harrisburg. Tuscaroras.-See Oneidas. TYB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. TYR Tuscumbia, village, Franklin Co., Ala., by post road 249 ma. NNW. from Cahaba. Tusis, town of the couniry of the Grisons, 18 ins. S. by W. of Coire. Tutbury, town of Eng., in Staffordshire, 15 ms. E, of'Staftbrd, and 34 NE. of London. Lon, 1 40 W., lat. 53° N. Tutacorin, town of Hindooslan, with a Dutch factory. It is 00 ms. NE. of Cape Comorin. Lon. 76 40 E., lot. 8 15 N, Tutura, town of Russia, situated on tbe Lena. Lon. 106 40 E., lal. 54 40 N. Tuxford, town of Eng., in Nottinghamshire, 13 ms, NNW. of Newark, and IS7 N. by W. of London. Lon. 50' E., lal. 53 16 N. Tuy, town of Spain, in GaUicia, 62 ms. S. of Compostella, and 254 W.of Madrid. Lon. 8 12 W., lat. 42 4 N. 'Tuzla, town of 'Turkey in Asia, situated on a lake ofthe aame name, 28 ms. N. of Cogni. Lon. 35 55 E., Iat. 38 20 N. Tweed, river of Scot., which rises from innu merable springs in tbe mountainous tract of Pee blesshire, called Tweedsrauir. It divides England from Scotland, and falls into the Gerraan ocean at Berwick. Tweeddale. — See Peeblesshire. Tweedsmuir, rugged and healthy mounlain, in the S. part of Peeblesshire, Scotland. Twenty -mile Stand, post office, Warren co,, Ohio, by post road 89 ms. SW. from Columbus. Twickerham, village of Eng., Middlesex, seated on the Thames, 3 ras. SSW. of Brentford. A branch ofthe Coin here falls into the Tharaes, on which are erected some powder and oil mills. Twiggs, CO., Ga., bounded W. by the Oakmul gee river, or Monroe co., Jones co. NW., Wilkin son NE., and Pulaski SE. Lengih 27 ms., mean width 15; area about 400 sq. ms. Chief town, Marion. Pop. in 1840, 8,422. Central lat. 32 40 N., lon. W. C.6 25 W. Twin, tp.. Dark co., Ohio. 'Tp., Ross co., Ohio, 8 ms. W. from ChiUicolhe. Tp., Preble CO., Ohio. Twinsburg, village. Portage co., Ohio, by post road 185 ms. NE. from Columbus. 'Twitchell's Mills, and post office. Pope co.. III., 115 ms. SSE, from Vandalia. Twyman'a Store, and post office, Spotlsylvania CO., Va., by posl road 94 ms. norlhward fr'om Richmond. 'Twunt, name of a river. This word means portion, or division, and is here parlicularly appro priate, for this river separates the dominions of Al giers from those of Morocco. — Hodgaon. Tye, small river, Va., gaining importance from forming, by its main branch. Pine river, a common boundary, belween Nelson and Amherst cos. It rises in the Blue Ridge, and drains part of the two cos. which it separates, and, after a comparalive course of 30 ms., falls into James river, 25 ras. by land below Lynchburg. Tye River Mills, post office. Nelson co., Va., about 20 ras. N. from Lynchburg. Tye River Warehouse, and post office. Nelson CO., Virginia, by pojt road 95 ms. W. from Rich mond. Tybee, island of Georgia, at the mouth of Sa vannah river. 114* Tyboine, SW. tp,, Perry co., Pa., joining the 9E. side of tbe Tuscarora mountain. Tycokzin, town of Polond, in Polachio, witb a casile and a mint. It is seated on the Narew, 22 ms. NW, of Bielsk. Lon. 23 40 E., lal. 53° N. Tydore, one of the Molucca islands, three leagues S. of 'Ternate. Tyler, co., Va,, bounded by Ohio river NW., Ohio CO. N., Harrison SE., and Wood SW. Lengih 30 ms., mean width 20; area, 600 aq. ms. Surface very broken, but soil generolly ferlile. Pop. in 1840, 6,954. Central lal. 39 32 N., Ion. W. C. 3 50 W. Tymotchie, creek and post office, Delaware co,,. Ohio, by post road 73 ras. northwardly from Co lurabus, Tyne, river of Eng., in Northumberland, formed by a branch from the co. of Durham, and another from the bills on the borders of Scotland, 'Theae, uniting a litlle above Hexam, form a large river, which flows by Newcaslle, and enters tbe German ocean at Tinmouth. River of Scot., which rises in the mountains in the S. of Haddingtonshire, waters Haddington, and enters the German ocean to tbe W. of Dunbar. Tynemouth. — See Tinmouth. Tyngsborough, lown, Middlesex co., Mass., 28 ms. NW, from Boston. Pop. in 1810, 704; and in 1820, 808. Tyre, seaport of Syria, in that part formerly called Pbcenicid, now a heap of venerable ruins. It has two harbors, that on the N. side exceedingly good ; the other choked by the ruins of tbe city. It ] is 60 ms, SW. of Daraaxus, and now called Sour I or Sur. Lon. 35 50 E., Iat. 33 18 N, j 'Tyringham, town, Berkshire co., Mass., 15 'ms. SSE, from Lenox. Pop. in 1810, 1,682; and in 1820, 1,443. j Tyrnaw, town of Upper Hungary, in the pala tinate of Trentschan, 30 ms. NE. of Presburg. jLon. 17 33 E., lat. 48 23 N. I Tyrone, co. of Ireland, in tbe province of Ulater, 46 ma. long, and 37 broad, bounded on the N. by i Londonderry, on tbe E. by Armagh and Lough ' Neagh, on tbe SW. by Fermanagh, and on the 1 W. by Donegal. It is a rough country, but toler ably fruitful ; coniains 30 parishes, and sends 10 I members to Parliament. The capilal is Dun gannon. i Tyrone, one of the eastern lowns, Sleuben co., I N. Y., lying E. from Mud lake, 15 ras. NE. from Bath, and 30 W. from Ithaca. Tp., Perry co.. Pa., between Big Buflalo and Sherman's creek, , ] with Rye tp. in the E., and Tyboine in the W. IPop. in 1810, 2,604; and in 1820, 2,236. One ofthe northern tps., Fayelleco., Pa., between Youghiogany river and Jacob's creek. Pop. in 11810, 989; and in 1820, 1,058. Tp., Hun tingdon CO., Pa., on Sinking creek, 14 ras. NW. frora Huntingdon. Pop. in 1610, 753; and in : 1820, 813. Tyrrel, co., N. C , bounded by Albemarle I sound N., Roanoke sound E., Pamlico sound SE., Hyde co. S., and Washington W. Lengih 40 ms., mean width 18 ; area, 720 sq. ms. Surface j level, and soil generally poor, aandy, or marshy. j Alligator river or bay puts up from Albemarle ! sound, and divides the co. into two nearly equal i parts. Chief town, Elizabeth. Pop. in 1820, 905 UCK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. lUKR 4,319; and in 1840,4,657. Central lat. 35 45 N., lon. W. C. 1° E. Tyson's Store, and posl office, Moore co., N. C , by post road 95 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Tysted, town of Denmark, in the province of North Jutland, wilh a citadel, on the Gulf of Lim- ford, 44 ms. NW. of Wiburg, and 46 W. of Al burg. Lon. 8 25 E., lat. 56 54 N. TPyvy, or Teivy, river in Wales, which, issuing from a lake on the E. side of tbe country, enters tbe bay of Cardigan, below the town of Cardigan. Tywappity, extensive flat, along the Mississip pi river. Mo., partly in New Madrid, and partly in Cape Girardeau cos. Tzadurilla, town of Natolia proper, near the river Sangar, or Aclu, 63 ms. SE. of Isnic. Lon. 31 8 E,, Iat. 39° N. Tzaritzyn, lown and fortress of Russia, in the government of Saratof It is seated on the Volga, 122 ms. NW. of Astracan. Lon. 45 25 E., Iat. 48° N. Tzernitz, town of Turkey in Europe, in Ro raania, near a river of the same name, 32 miles NNE. of Adrianople. Lon. 26 40 E., Iat. 42° North. Tziv'ilsk, lown of Russia, in the government of Kasan, 57 ms. W. of Kasan. Lon. 47 25 E., lat. 65 40 N. U. Ubeda, town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated in a ferlile country, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and fruila, especially figs. It is 5 ms. NE. of Baeza, and 158 SE. of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 W., lat. 37 48 N. Uberlingen, city of Suabia, in the co. of Fur slenburg, and grand ducby of Baden. The in habitants, who are partly Roman Catholics and partly Protestants, carry on a great trade in corn, which they send to Swilzerland, and not far hence j are very famous baths. It is seated on a high rock, near tbe Lake of Conslance, 12 miles N. of Con stance. Lon 9 10 E., lat. 47 .50 N. Ubes, St.,. or Setubal, fortified town of Portu gal, in Estramadura, with a good harbor, defended by the fort of St. Jago. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Setobriga, at the head of a bay, near the mouth of the Zatlaen. It is 22 ms. SE. of Lisbon. Lon. 8 54 W., lat. 38 82 N. Ubigau, town of Prussia in Upper Saxony, in Germany, 28 ms. SB. of Wiltemburg. Lon. 13 12 E., lat. 51 34 N. Uby, or Pulo Uby, island in the Indian ocean, at the entrance of bay of Siam, 20 ms. in circum ference. Il yields good water and plenty of wood. Lon. 106 56 E., lal. 8 25 N. Uchland. — See Uwchland. Ucayale, the principal of the main sources of tbe Amazon, formed by several sireams, rising Shout lat. 1 6° S,, and lon. W. C. 4° E, It flows gener ally N, and joins the Paro, at lon. W. C. 4° E., and lat. 11° S. This great river has its remole sources about S. lat. 18°, interlocking wilh those of Pilcomayo and Madeira, amongst the highest mountains of S. America. Ucker, river of Germany, which has ils source in a lake of the same name, near Prenzlo, in the 906 Ucker marche of Brandenburg, runs N. through Pomerania, and, being joined by the Rando, en ters the Fri>h Haf, a bay of the Baltic. Uckermunde, lown of Germany, in Upper Sax ony, on the Frish Haf, a bay of the Baltic, 25 ms. NW. of Stetin. Lon. 14 12 E., Iat. 53 53 N. Uddevala, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, situated in a bay of the Cattegate, at the bottom of some sleep rocks, at tbe extremity of a small but fertile valley. It exports iron, planka, and her rings, and ia 50 ms. N. of Golheborg. Pop. 3,000. Udenskoi, town of Siberia, in Ihe governraent of Irkulzk, seated on Ibe SE. side of the Lake Balkul, on the road from Tobolsk to China, 1,000 ms. NW. of Peking, and 1,200 E. of Tobolsk. Lon. 96 30 E., lal. 53° N. Udina, or Udine, city of Italy, capital of FriuU. It is sealed in a large plain, near the rivers 'Tagle- mento and Lisenzo, 10 ms. N. of Aquileia, and 55 N. by E. of Venice. Pop. 16,000. Lon. 13 3 E., lat. 46 12 N. Udskoi, town of Russia, in the government of Irkulzk, near tbe Udda, 1,100 ms. ENE. of Ir kulzk. Lon. 135 30 E., lat. 55 16 N. Ufa, governraent of Russia, formerly included in tbe government of Orenburg. It is divided into the two provinces of Ufa and Orenburg. Town of Russia, capilal of a government of the same narae. It is 760 ms. E. of Moscow. Lon. 57° E., lat. 54 40 N. Uffenheim, town Germany, in Fianconia, 23 ms. NNE. of Anspach. Ugento, town of Italy, in Naples, in Terra d'Otranlo, with a bishop's see, 8 ms. W, of Alessa- no, and 20 SW. of Olranto. Ugliani, town of Italy, in Piedmont, 16 miles SE. of Austa. Lon. 17 47 E., lat. 45 30 N. Ucocz, town of Upper Hungary, capilal of a co. of the same narae, with a castle, seated on a sraall river that faUs inlo the Neisse, 15 ms. N. of Zal- mar. Lon. 22 34 E , lat. 48 5 N. Ugogna, town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, seated "on the 'Tosa, 16 ms. N. of Varailo, and 45 NW. of Milan. Lon. 8 24 E., lat. 45 62 N. Uist, North and South, two islands of the Heb rides, on the W. coast of Scotland, viz : Uist, North, which lies to the southward of Har ris, separaled by a channel of about 9 ms. over, is somewhat more considerable, being about 30 ms. in circumference. North Uist is 15 ms. S. ol the isle of Skye. And Uist, Soulh, is about 21 ras. in length.and 3 or 4 in breadth, 20 ms. W. of the tele of Skye. Ukase, Russian lerm for an imperial edict. A proclamation having the force of law is, in tbe English language, the instrument most nearly equivalent to ukase. Ukensoi, town of Russia, in the governmeni of 'Tobolsk, at the junction of the Irtysh and Oby. Lon. 69 15 E., lat 61 10 N. Ukraine, large country of Europe, lying on the borders of Turkey in Europe, Poland, Russia, ond Liltle 'Tartary. Its name properly signifies a fron tier, and lies along tbe Dneiper, and belonged many ages to Russia. Kiel was one of the origi nal capitals of that empire. After a series of rev olutions, it has again entirely fallen under the Rus sian sceptre. The principal town is Kief,— Sec Co-^sacs. ULS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UMR Vladimir. — See Volodimir. Ulala, town of Hindoostan, in Cannro, 3 ms SW. of Mangalore. Ulapool, town of Scotland, in Roas.shire, on tbe E. side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at the mouth of a river of its name, with a good harbor, and commodious road. It is a great fishing sta tion, and situate in the midat of a wool country, 48 ma. W. hy N, of 'Tain. Lon. 5 5 W,, lat. 57 50 N. Ulea, or Ulabm-g, seaport of Russian Finland, ond the largest town in East Bothnia, wilh a com modious harbor, at the mouth uf a river of the same name, 340 ms. N, by E, of Abo. Lon. 24 40 E., lal. 65 30 N. Vlieland. — See Vlie. Ulitea, one of tbe Society isles, in the Pacific ocean. It has a harbor called Obamaneno. Lon. 151 38 W., lat. 16 45 S. Ullswater, lake of Eng., on tbe borders of Westmoreland and Cumberland, 10 ms, N'. of .Ambleside. It is 8 ma. long. 'The river Eamont flows through this lake, and by Penriih to the Eden, forraing that part of the boundary line be tween the two COS. Ulm, city of the kingdora of Wirlemberg, in Suobia. It is a fortified, large, and handsome place, in which the archives of the late imperial towna of Suabia were preaerved, and the diet of the circle was generally held. Here is an ex cellent college, with a theological seminary an nexed. Ils other most remarkable buildings are the abbey of St. Michael, comraonly called Wen- gen, tbe town house, tbe arsenal, tbe magazines, and the valuable town library. The inhabitants are Proteatanls, and estimated at 15,000. They have a good trade in linens, fustians, paper, wine, and wool. It is seated at the confluence of the Blau wilh the Danube, opposite the influx of the Her, 38 ms. W. by N. of Augsburg, and 40 SE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 56 E., lot. 48 24 N. Ulmen, town of Germany, in the territory of Treves, 28 ms W. of Coblentz. Ulotho, or Vlothow, town of Westphalia, in tbe CO. of Ravensburg, near which is a medicinal spring. It is 6 ras. S. of .Minden, Ulrichstein, town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, witb a fortified castle, 25 ms, SE. of Marburg. Ulrichshamn, town of Sweden, in West Goth land, formerly called Bogesund, tbe present name being given it in 1741, in compliment to Queen Ulrica Eleanora. It bas a considerable trade in cattle, provisions, tobacco, &c., and is 50 ms. E, of Gotheburg. Ulster, province of Ireland, 1 1 6 ms, long and 100 broad, bounded on the E. by the Irish sea, N. by tbe Northern ocean, W. by the Atlantic ocean, SW. by the province of Connaught, and S. by that of Leinster. It contains the cos. of Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, 'Tyrone, Ferman agh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down, and Cavan. Tbe principal place is Londonderry. Co., N. Y., bounded by Hudson river E., Orange co. S., Sullivan W., Delaware NW., and Greene N. Length 40 ms., mean width 30 ; area about 1,200 sq. ms. Surface highly variegated by mountain, bill, dale, and valley. Its front on tbe Hudson is rocky and precipitous, but most of ils vales highly productive. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, &c. It is watered by tbe Wallkill and Kingston creeks. Chief town, Kingston. Pop. 1820,30,934; and in 1840, 4,5,822. Cent. lat. 41 52 N., lon. W. C, 2 45 E. Town, Bradford co.. Pa., on the right sideof Susquehannah river, above 'Towanda. UiTiMATUM, Latin, ultimus, last ; diplomatic term, used to express the final conditions as base of a treaty or convention, and from which the potty laying down the ultimatum expresses a determina tion not to swerve. Ullzen, or Veltzen, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg. Il has a trade in flour and wool, and is sealed on the Ilmenau, 20 ms. SE, of Lunenburg, Ulverston, town of Eng., in Lancashire, at the foot of some bills, near a shallow arm of the Irish sen, and has a canal to the estuary of the Leven. It is the port of the district of Furness, and exports much corn, limestone, iron ore, and blue slate. It is 18 ms. NVV. of Lancaster, ond 261 NNW. of London. Lon. 3 12 W., lat. 54 14 N. Ulysses, tp., Tompkins eo., N. Y., containing Ithaca. Pop. 1810, 3,250; in 1820, 6,345. Uma, or Umea, seaport of Sweden, in West Bothnia, at tbe moulh of the river Uma, in tbe Gulf of Bothnia. The houses are built of wood, and it was twice burnt by the Russians. It is the reaidence of the governor of West Bothnia, and 310 ms. N. by E. of Stockholm. Lon. 19 18 E., lat. 63 5 N. Umago, seaport of Venetian Istria, seated be lween the Gulf of Largena and the mouth of the river Quielo. Umbagog, lake mostly in Maine, but extending into Cooa co., in N. H. It is above 30 ms. long, and from 1 to 10 ms. wide, and is discharged into the Androscoggin river. Umbriaticer, lown of Ilaly, in Naples, though now reduced lo a small place, having only about 50 housea. It ia aeated on tbe Lipuda, 16 ms. N. by W. of St. Severina. Lon. 17 10 E., lat. 38 29 N. Ummerapoora, one of the most flourishing and best built cilies of Asia, tbe metropolis ofthe Bir man empire, with a spacious and regular fori, completely fortified after the eastern manner. It was founded in 1783 by the emperor Minderagree, 4 ras. to the NE.'of Ava, tbe ancient capital. A peninsula formed by the Irawaddy on the W., and a narrow channel branching E. from the river, which soon lakes a N. direction, and expands to a lake on the E. side of that city ; 7 ms. lo;ig and 1| broad. It is 520 ms. SE. from Calcutta, and 620 NNW. of Siam. Lon. 76 7 E., lat. 21 57 N. Umritsir, city, Hindooslan, in the Punjaub, and one of the capitals ofthe Siks or Seiks. It is situ aled on the Beas river, 30 ms. E. of the cily of Lahore, and about 280 ms, NW. from Delhi. N. lat. 31 20, lon. 75° E. Il is a greot internal mart of trade and place of manufacture. Umritsir is 30 ms. to tbe east of Laho|^, tbe inlermediate dis tance richly cultivated. 'The great canal, or "nuhr," bringing the water upwards of 80 ma., passes by this city, and runs parallel to tbe Lahore road. It is very shallow, and sometimes does not exceed a depth to admit only small boats, which still navigate it. Umritsir is a larger city tban Lahore, and the former is the great emporium of commerce between India and Cabool. 907 UNI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, UNI Unadilla, river, rises in tbe southern sides of Oneida and Herkimer cos., N. Y., and, flowing SSW., aeparatea for about 10 ms. Madison from Olsego, and, thence to ils mouth, Otsego from Chenango. It faUs into the Susquehannah, after an entire course of about 40 ms. Town, Otse go CO., N. Y., lying on the right side of Susque hannah river, 5 ms. above ita junction witb Una dilla river. Pop. 1810, 1,426; in 1820, 2,194. Uncasville, village. New London co., Ct., 45 ms. SE. from Hariford. Underswen, or Underseen, handsome town of Switzerland, in the 'canton of Bern, near which ia the famoua cavern of St. Pat. It is seated on the Lake Thun, 25 ras. SSE. of Bern, and 30 SE. of of Friburg. Lon. 7 32 E., lat. 46 32 N. Underwalden, canton of Switzerland, the sixth in rank, bounded on the N. by the canton of Lu cerne and the Lake of the Four Cantons, on the E, by high mountains, which separate it from the canton of Uri, on the S. by Mount Brunich, which parts it from the canton of Bern, and on tbe W. by that of Lucerne, It takes its name from a wood, which runs nearly in the middle of the country, from N. to S. Il is 23 ms. long and 17 broad, and is divided into two parts — that above the wood and that below it — called Oberwald and Underwald. The inhabitants are Roman Cotho- Ucs. Slanlz is the capital. Underwood's, post office, Herkimer co., N. Y., by post road 86 ms. NW. from Albany. tjnghwar, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a CO. of the same name, in an island formed by the Ungh. It is strong, from, its situation among the mountains of Crapach, and ia 47 ms. E. of Cassovia. Lon. 22 23 B., Iat, 48 48 N, Ungh- war stands not far from a direct line from Buda, in Hungary, to Lemburg, in Austrian Poland, 150 ms. SW, ofthe latter, and 180 NE. by E. of the former city. Union, river of Hancock county, Maine, fails into the Blackhill bay. 'This stream is followed advancing NE. by several minor rivers, which are included in this article. Narraguagus into Pigeon- hill, or Narragaugus bay ; Pleasant river into the bay of the aame name; Chandler's river into Eng lish bay ; and Machias and East rivers inlo Ma chias bay. None of those streams hove sources 60 miles inland, and, though in a very remarka ble m.inner supplied wilh convenient harbors, the inland commerce of the country is very confined .Uriion, counly, Pennsylvania, bounded by Sus quehannah river E,, or Northumberland county E., Mifflin S. and SW., Centre W., and Lycom ing N. ; length 26 ms., mean width 21, area 551 square miles. 'This is a raountain county, a;id of course much broken, but the river and creek lands are highly productive. This counly is washed in ils greatest length by Susquehannah river, and drained by White Deer, Buffalo, Penn's, and Ma honing creeks. Chief town. New Berlin. Pop. in 1820, 18,619 ; and in 1840, 22,787. Cenlrai lal, 40 53 N,, lon. W. C. 0 8 W. Union, district. South Carolina, bonnded by Broad river, or York, Chester, and Fairfield districis E., Ennoree river or Newberry and Laurens dis tricts SW., and Spartanburg W. and NW.; length 45 ms., mean width 1.6, area 676 sq. ms. Beside the two bounding rivera, il is' drained by Pacolet 908 and 'Tyger rivers. Chief, town Union. Pop. in 182Q, 14,126; and in 1840, 18,936. Centrallat. 34 42 N., Ion. W. C. 4 34 W. Union, county, Ohio, bounded by DelavvareE., Madison and Champaign S., Logan W., and Har din and Marion N. ; lengih 27 railes, breadl(i 17, are* 500 sq. miles. It is drained by the sources of Darby and Mill creeks. Soil generally fertile. Chief lown, Marysville. Pop. in . 1820, 1,996. Central lat. 40 20 N., Ion. W. C. 6 32 W. Union, county of Kentucky, bounded by Ohio river W. and NW., Henderson county NE., Hop kins SE., and Tradewater river or Livingston co. SW. ; length 30 miles, mean width 16, area 540 sq, miles. This county lies opposite to the mouth of Wabash river. Chief lown, Morganfield. Pop, in 1820, 3.470 ; and in 1840, 8,422, Central lat. 37 35 N., Ion. W. C. 10 45 W. Union, county, Illinois, bounded by the Mis- s'ssippi river W., Jackson and Franklin counties N,, and Johnson E. ; lengih 24 ms,, breadth 18, area 430 sq. milea. Chief towns, Hamburg and .lonesburg. Pop. in 1820, 2,363 ; and in 1840. 2,362. Central latitude 37 28 N,, longitude W, C, 12 10 W. Union, town, Lincoln co.. Me,, 30 ms. NE. from Wisci^saet. Town, Tolland CO., Conneciicut, 33 ma. NE. from Hartford. Pop. in 1810, 752; and in 1820, 757. Town, Broome county, N. Y.,6 raa. below Chenango, on the Susquehannah.^ Pop. in 1820, 2,037. Village in Washington' CO., N. Y., on the righl bank of Batlerhill, 6 ms, above its mouth. It ia the seat of an academy ftnd extensive manufaclure of cotlon goods. 'Town, Essex CO., New Jerse). 'Tp., Erie co.,Pa., 5 ms. E. from Walerford. 'Tp., Huntingdon co.. Pa., in 'Trough creek valley, 15 miles nearly S. ftom Huntingdon. Pop. in 1820, 1,U78.-^ Tp., Luzerne co.. Pa., extending from the Susquehan nah river to the E, bmil of Lycoming county, 13 ms, below Wilkesbarre. Town, borough, and seat of justice, Fayette co,. Pa,, on both aides of Redstone creek, 12 milea SE. from Brownsville. — See Uniontown, Fayetle co.. Pa. Tp., Fay ette county. Pa., aronnd the borough of ihe same name, 'Pp., Mifflin co.. Pa., adjoining Centre and Huntingdon cos. Village, Loudon county, Va., by post road 49 ms. N W. by W. from W. C. - — ^-Village, Monroe co., Va., 240 miles W, from Richmond. Villageand seat of justice. Union dislrict, Soulh Carolina, 60 ins. NNW. from Co lombia, Tp., Union co., Ohio. Tp,, Bel mont CO,, Ohio, containing the village of Morris town, Tp., Washington co,, Ohio. Tp,, Lawrence co,, Ohio. Tp., Knox co., Ohio. One of the norlhern townships of Ross counly, Ohio. NW. tp.. Highland counly, Ohio. 'Tp,, Champaign co., Ohio. 'Tp,, Logan co , Ohio, Tp., Madison county, Ohio, in which is situated the townof London. 'Tp., Fayelleco., Ohio, containing the lown of Washington. Tp , CUnton cu,, Ohio, containing the town of Wilmington. NW. tp., Scioto counly, Ohio. Tp., Warren CO., Ohio. Tp , Butler co., Ohio. Eastern tp. of Muskingum co., Ohio, through which the road passes from Zanesville to WheeUng. Wesiern tp., Clermont co., Ohio. SW. tp., Miami co., Ohio. Tp., Mont gomery CO., Ohio, 12 ms. NW. from Daylon. UJNl GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI Union, West. — See West Unio?i, Union, or Shakerstown, seltlement of Shakers, in VVarren co,, Ohio, 4 ma, W. of Lebanon. Union Bridge, village, Carroll county, Mary land, 62 milea a liltle W. ofN. from Washington city. , Union C, H., poat office. Union diatrict. South Carolina, about sixty five miles Northwest from Columbia. Union Mills, post office, Erie counly, Penn sylvania. Union Mills, post office on Little Pipe creek, NE. part of Carroll county, Maryland, 74 miles a little W. of N. from Washington cily, and 20 miles NE. from Fredericktown. Union Mills, post office, Amherst county, Vir ginia, one hundred and fifty-six miles NW, from Richmond. Union Mills, post office, Fluvanna county, Vir ginia, by post road seventy miles No ith west from Richmond, Union Society, village. Green county. New York. Union Springs, village, Cayuga county, New York. Union Springs, village, Fayette county, Penn ey vani a. Union Square, post office, Oswego co,, N. Y,, 117 ms. NW. by W. from Albany. Uniontown, village in the NE. part of Frederick counly, -Maryland, near the rood from Baltimore to Chambersburg, 35 ma. NW. from the former city. Uniontown, village and seat of jusiice, Fayeite county, Pennsylvania, on both sides of Redstone creek, about 4 ms, from the western foot of Lau rel Hill, 186 miles a liltle S. of W. from Harris- burg, 276 W. from Philadelphia, and 12 SE. from Brownavdie, It is a tolerably compact vil lage. Pop. in 1840, 1,710. Lal. 39.54 N., lon W. C. 2 45 W. Uniontown, village, Belmont county, Ohio. Uniontown, village on the SW. border of Musk ingura county, Ohio, 18 ms. SW.from Zanesville and 74 miles a liltle S. of E. from Columbu*. Unionville, village. Orange county. New York Unionville, village, Chester co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles SW. fro.Ti Westchester, and 35 SSW. from Philadelphia. Unionville, village, Geauga co., Ohio, 5iy post road 224 miles NE. from Columbus. Unionville, village. Union tp., Broome co., N Y,, on Susquehannah river, 15 miles E from Os wego, and by postroad 148 ma. SW. by W. from Albany. Uniled Provinces of the Netherlands, formerly a repubUc of Europe, consisting of seven provinces. which extended 150 ms. from N. to S., and 100 from E. to W. 'They were bounded on the W and N. by the German ocean, on the S. by Bra bant and the bishopric ofLiege, ond on the E. by Germany. 'Tbey were ranked in the following or der : Guelderiand, HoUand, Zealand, Utrecht, 'Friesland, Overyssel, and Groningen. They now form the two kingdoms of Belgium and HoUand ; which see, under their proper beads. Uniled States, country of North America, bound. ed by the Atlantic ocean E. and SE., Gulf of Mex ico S., the Spanish or .Mexican provinces SW., Pacific ocean W., and N. by the Russian and Bril ish territories in Norlh America. 'Thia exiensive region has the following limits : IMiles. Commencing on Pasaomaquoddy bay, at the moulh of St. Croix river, and ihence along the Atlantic ocean lo Florida poinl - - . 1,800 Thence along the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Sabine - - ] loo From the mouth ofthe Sabine, in coramon wilh the Spaniah or Mexican provinces, lo the Pacific ocean - .2 300 Along tbe Pacific ocean from Iat. 42° to 49° N., or about . 500 Due E. from the Pacific ocean, on lal. 49° N., on the Russian territories to the Rocky or Chippewayan mountains QoO 'Thence, in common with Cabotia, or Brit ish Nnrth America, to the mouth of St. Croix 3,000 Having an entire outline of 9 300 The longe.st direct line which can be drawn over this great region atretcbes from Cape Canaver.-il, in East Florida, to the Northern cape of Queen Char lotte's island, on Dixon's entrance, 3,214 atatute miles. Assuming this line as base, the mean breadth is fibout seven hundred mile.?, and area in square statute miles, in round numbers, two mil lions two hundred and fifty thousand. 'The whole territory of the Uniled States is di vided into three natural sections. Eastern section, the Atlantic slope, or surface drained into the Atlan tic ocean; Central section, between the .^Appalachian and Chippewayan systems of mountains, and drain ed generally intolheGulf of .Mexico, though a minor northern section inclines towards and is drained into the Canadian lakes, or the Red river source of Saskatchawaine ; and the Western Oregon, or Pa cific section, watered by the numerous confluents of Ciilumbia river, and by a few sireams of minor importance, chiefly towards the northwestern an gle. As to the relative extent of these ibree sections, and also the aggregate extent compared with olher parls of the earth, and parlicularly wilh that of Europe, very erroneous statements have been raade by several writers in the Uniled States. By a line sUghlly curving, the greatest length of Atlantic slope is 1,750 m.. from Cape Sable, in Florida, to the norlheasternmost angle of Maine. Including witb the Atlantic slope all Florida and the basins ofthe Appalachicola and Connecuh rivers, I find, on careful remeasurement, that the eastern section ofthe Uniled Stales coniains 293,500 sq. ma., and a mean breadth of 170, very nedrly. Assuming, however, 300,000 sq. ma. for this section, we pro ceed to lhat of the cenire, what may he called the .Mississippi region. The following are the already organized States ofthe centre, and such fractions of those of ihe Atlantic border as extend into Ihe cen tral section : Sq. ms. - 23,180 - 15,666 ' - 35,000 - 5,000 909 New York (one-half) Pennsylvania (one-third) Virginia (one-half) North CaroUna (one-tenth) UNI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.' UNI Ohio Kentucky Tennessee Alabama (two-thirds) MississippiLouisiana Arkansas Missouri IllinoisIndiana MichiganWiscunsir. loiva Tolal of organized centre Sq. ms. 44,000 ¦ 40,68042,800 34,600 46,60048,220 52,000 64,000 53,48036,67056,610 80,000 64,260 742, 4 6P It may be premised lhat under the name of Iowa in the above ia included the space which wiU be probably designated aa its limits and area as a State. SUMMARY. Sq. mS- .4llantic slope - 300,000 Organized Stales and Territories of central basin - 742,466 Tolal organized 1,042,466 Remarks. — It is not the least remarkable cir- cuinatance in our statistics, that the enlire territory of the United Stales, from ocean lo ocean, is di vided into two not very unequal great sections by a line drawn as follows : commencing on tbe Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Sabine river, and Ihence along the western border of the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, what probably will be Iowa, to the mouth ofthe STancton Sioux river, and thence due north along lon. 20 0 W. of Washington to our norlhern border. Limiting tbe western section to 1,000,000 sq. ms., would leave a territory of 640,000,000 acres. In regard to soil the western is not equal to the eaatern, but there is no apace of the former which would not support five or six more than the mean population ofthe east ern, as shown by our general summary. If we assume ao high a mean as 60,000 sq. ras. for each Stale, slill 16 or 17 States moy, no doubt will, be formed westward of the dividing line we have de Uneated. By actual calculation, it is N. 76° W., and within a very small fraction of 1,700 statute miles from the mouth of the Kanzas, on the west ern border ofthe Slate of Missouri, to the mouth of Coluriibia river. As another illustration of the immensity of the territory of the United Stales, taken in its utmost exient we moy observe that the bearing of the mouth of the Columbia river from Washington is a very little above N. 80° W., and distance 2,500 1118, ;' and the mid distance is near thff great bend of Missouri river, and by air diatance 550 ms. above St. Louis. In order to show the real exient ot the cenlrai section, we have above stated the aggregaie space alreody organized— to which We-now add : Sq. ma. Northward of the Red river, westward of the States of Arkanaas and Mis souri, and as far northward aa where the western boundary of the Uniled States comes to Arkansas river 105,000 910 Northward of a line drawn from tbe mouth of St. Peter's river, ofthe Mis sissippi, to that of Sioux river, of ^Missouri, and including the inter mediate space between tbe Missis sippi and Missouri rivers - 90 000 Northward of Arkansas river, west ward of the Missouri river, eastward of the Rocky mountaina, and south ward of N. Iat.49° - - 365,000 Total of unorganized territory west ward of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, and eastward of the Rocky, or Chippewayan mountaina 560,000 To which add the extent of central sec- , tion organized - - 742,466 Total area of tbe central valley section of the United States 1,302,466 To close thia condenaed view of the territory of the United Stotea from ocean to ocean, we have now to add the great extreme western or Columbian territory, bounded by treaty on the south side by N. lat. 42°, and on lhat of the north hy N. lat. 54°, and including all between those latitudes and between the Chippewayan mountains and Pa cific ocean Tolal Uniled Slates territory, exclusive of Atlantic slope SDMMART. Atlantic elope Central valley Oregon or Pacific or Western terri tory Total territory of the Uniled States of North America 560,000 1,862,466 Sq. ms. 300,000 1,302,466 560,000 2,162,466 " The reader will note a discrepancy in theae tab ular views between the aggregaie assumed at the commencement and that deduced from the differ ent parts; but an excuse must be valid from Ibe exireme difficulty of measuring to exactness, with the best mapa, spaces so intricate in outline. Combining the two aggregates, the mean comes out so near 2,200,000 square miles lhat we adopt it as sufficiently near for all general purposes — sup posing that the discrepancies will fall nearly in equal proportions on the parts, leaving compara tive extent not essentially affected. With our element we find the surface of the At lantic section not quite the one-seventh of the whole area ; tbe centrol volley or basin occupying nearly fifty-nine parls in one hundred ; and the western the Pacific ; or Oregon comprising near the one-fourth of the enlire area. A very interesting question bere arises — that is, what proportion does the whole United States territory bear lo the other natural and political sections of the earth 1 When making up tbe matter for tho article Earth, in my Geographical Dictionary, I found that, rejecting tbe irreclaimable deserts of the old continent, as also the polar extremes of Asia, Eu- UIM GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI rope, and America, the surfaces admitting any se rious density of populalion would be fully estima ted at 30,000,000 squore miles. The zone of Norlh America embraced by the domain of tho United States lying altogether in temperate lati tudes, and reaching neither extreme of the north ern lemperale zone, having no irreclaimable tracts, may be confidently considered fully equal in hab itable facility to its comparative extent. These data admitted, the Uniled States comprise within an indifferent fraction one-fourteenth part of the really baoitable earth. Such natural and decided facts, it might be aup- poaed, would preclude exaggeration ; but such has not been the uniform result To say lhat the uniled central region contains nearly as many square miles as continental Europe, is a too com mon but gross error. 'The excellent Atlas of Adam and Charles Black, by Sydney Hall, of Edinburgh, is now under my band, and under tbe tabular head of "Europe" the exient in square statute miles, reduced from the geographic miles, comes out 8,042,739. Malte Brun gives to Europe 500,000 aquare leagues of twenty-five to an equa torial degree ; an exaggeration, no doubt, though in-lbe Compendium of Laenaudiere, Balbi, and Huot, the aggregate area of Europe is very little less ; and all authorities give an area to that part of the earlh above three millions of square Eng lish miles. I have long since regarded Europe and the United States as bearing very closely the relations of three to two. It must be granted, un less we disregard all accredited data, that, so far from the central valley of the Uniled Slates nearly equaling Europe, the enlire territory ofthe former, from ocean lo ocean, does not much exceed the two -thirds of the latter. 'There is again a still more mischiovous error, which too many persons in the United States labor under in regard to Eu rope. " Worn out" is worse than misplaced. . Neither in soul nor aoil is Europe worn out; bnt tbe reverae. In no former aloge of human pro gress in that quarter of the world haa an approach been made to the moral and physical improvements now advancing in Europe. That fine region pos sesses one advantage, in coramon with the United States, in having no deserts to break the continuity of civilized aosiety ; whilst the possession of a common language will secure to the United Slates an advantage ages alone, if even time itself, can bestow on Europe. The articles Germany, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, and many others in the Geographical Dic tionary, will serve to show bow unfounded ia the idea that Europe is worn out. It is, it may be added, a very destructive error to suppose lhat such regions as Europe and that of the United Stoles can be worn out. On the contrary every part of both, when under the action of even moderately well-conducted industry muat improve, and the re sources of life increase. In making tbe matter for many European articles, I was anxious to pro cure and careful lo insert all well-authenticated documenls in regard lo the very important fact of human increase. In order to afford materiel for comparison, and to illustrate the history of popu lalion in the United Stales, the following tables are inserted : TABLE No. I. No. 1 — Exhibiting the total population of the several States at each oj the four national enumera tions, with the increase and rate of increase between ihe different periods. Popu ation. Rate of increase. Increase from Slates. In ir90. In 1800. In 1810, In 18-20, 1790 to From 1790 From 1800 From 1811' 1820. to 1800 to 1810. to 18-20. Maine 96,540 151,719 ia8,705 298,335 201,795 57.2 p. c. 50,7 p. c. 30.4 p,c. New Hanipatiire 141,885 183,858 214,460 244,161 1(B,276 29.6 16,6 13.8 Vermont 85,539 154,465 217,895 235,764 150,225 80.5 41,0 8.2 Massachusetts 378,737 4-2-2,845 473,040 523,287 144,500 115 11,6 10.9 Rhode Island fiR,R?,5 69, IK 76,931 83,059 14,234 0.4 114 8.0 Connecticut 2.37,946 251,002 261,942 275,248 37,202 5.5 4,3 51 New York 340,120 686,050 959,049 1,37-2,812 1,03-2,692 72.0 63.6 43 1 New Jersey 184,139 211,149 245,562 277,575 9d,436 14.3 16.3 13.0 Pennsylvania 434,373 602,548 810,091 1,049,458 615,085 38.6 34,4 29.5 Delaware 59,094 64,273 72,674 72,749 13,645 8.7 13.0 0.1 Maryland 319,728 349,692 380,546 407,350 87,622 6.8 11,4 7.0 Virginia 747,610 886,149 974,622 1,065,366 317,756 17,6 10.7 9.3 North Carolina 393,751 478,103 555,500 638,829 245,078 21,4 16.2 11.4 South Carolina 240,073 345,591 416,115 502,741 250,568 38,6 20.1 18.1 Georgia 82,548 162,686 252,433 340,989 258,441 97,0 55.1 35.1 AlabamaMississippi " ^- 8,850 31,502 127,901 75,448 " ^366.0 545.0 Louisiana - - 76,556 153,407 - - - 100.0 Tennessee 35,691 105,602 261,7-27 4-22,813 387,122 196.0 147,8 61.0 Kentucky 73,677 220,959 406,511 564,317 490,640 200.0 8S,9 39.0 Ohio 3,000 45,365 230,760 581,434 578,434 140O.O 4U9,0 152.0 Indiana - 4,875 24,520 147,178 - - 408,6 500.0 Illinois 215 12,282 55,211 - 5609,0 331.0 Miasouri Arkansas Territory j 20,845 66,58614,-273 - |28S.n Michigan Territory 551 „^'S? 8,896 76r4 83,0 District of Columbia 14,093 24,023 33,039 70 0 37,6 Grand Total - • 3,929,326 5,305,035 7,239,903 9,638,226 5,708,900 35.1 34.6 32.9 911 UNI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI No. 2 — Exhibiting the different claaaes of popu 'ution according to the census of 1820. t \ Persons engaged in ¦Whites, Slaves, Free Total,* Foreigners not natu states. blacks. ralized. Agricul ture, Com merce, Manufac- ^ lures. Maine 297,340 None, 929 298,3^ 1,680 55,031 4,297 7,643 New Hampshire - 243,'236 None, 786 244,161 124 52,384 1,063 8,699 Vermont 234,846 None, 918 235,764 935 50,951 776 8,484 Massachusetts 516,419 None. 6,740 5-23,287 3,425 63,460 13,301 33,464 Rhode Island 79,413 48 3,554 83,059 237 12,659 1,162- 1 6,091 ¦ 17,541 Connecticut , . 267,181 97 7,870 275,248 568 50,518 3,581 New York 1,33-2,744 10,083 29,279 1,37-2,812 15,101 247,648 9,113 60,038 New Jersey 257,409 7,557 12,460 277,575 1,5-29 40,812 1,830 15,941 Pennsylvania 1,017,094 211 30,202 1,049,468 10,728 140,801 7,083 60,215 Delaware 65,282 4,509 1-2,958 72,749 , 331 13,259 633 2,821 Maryland 260,-2-22 107,398 39,730 407,350 3,776 79,135 4,771 13,640 Virginia 603,074 425,153 36,8S9 1,065,366 2,142 276,422 4,509 32,336 North Carolina 419,200 205,017 14,612 638,829 415 174,196 2,661 11,844 South Carolina 237,440 258,475 6,826 502,741 1,205 453 161,560 2,688 6,488 Georgia 189,566 149,656 1,763 340,989 101,185 2,139 3,657 Alabama 85,461 41,879 571 127,901 162 30,642 452 1,412 Missisaippi 42,176 32,814 458 75,448 181 22,033 294 650 Louisiana 73,383 69,064 , 10,476 153,407 3,145 53,941 6,251 6,041 Tennessee 339,925 80,097 2,739 422,813 312 101,919 882 7,860 Kentucky 434,644 126,732 2,759 564,317 529 1S,161 1,617 11,779 Ohio- 676,572 None, 4,723 581,434 3,495 110,991 1,459 18,956 Indiana 145,758 190 1,230 147,178 833 61,315 429 3,2-29 Illinois 53,788 917 457 55,211 598 1-2,395 233 1,007 Missouri. 55,988 10,222 347 66,586 497 14,247 495 1 1,952 Michigan Territory 8,591 None, 174 8,896 656 1,463 392 196 Arkansas Territory 12,579 1,617 59 14,273 34 3,613 79 179 District of Columbia 22,614 6,377 4,048 33,039 564 853 612 2,184 Grand Total 7,861,935 1,533,118 2,33,557 9,638,a!6 53,655 2,065,499 72,397 349,247 * Besides the persons enumerated in the preceding colurans, the numbers in thia column include those who are en tered in the census under the description of " all other persons, except Indians, not naturalized," amounting only to 4,631 for the whole United States, No. 3. — CiTiL Divisions and Popuiatioit. The Confederacy originally consisted of 13 members ; but by the formation of new States the the number is now increased lo 24 ; the names, exient, and population of which are given in the following lable. Tbe 13 original States are N. H., Mass., R. L, Cl., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., Va.,N. C, S. C, and Ga. Maine New Hampshire VermdnlMassachuset'8Rhode Island Connecticut - New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware MarylandVirginia North Carolina South Carolina GeorgiaAlabama MississippiLouisianaTennesseeKentucky Ohio Indiana IllinoisMiasouri Territories, MichiganArkansasDistrict of Columbia Total - Sq. ma. Pop. in 1820. 32,000 92-^0 10,212 7,8001,360 4,674 46,000 6,900 43,950 2,068 10,8064,00043,800 30,06058,200 60,80045,3511 48,22040,0110 39,000 39,00036,25059,000 60,300 64,000 121,000 100 298,335 244;i61 235,764 623,287 83,059 275,248 1,372,812 277,575 1,049,458 72,749 407,350 1,065,366 638,829 50-2,741340,989 127,901 75,'' - 153,40742-2,813564,317 581,434 147,178 65.211 66,636 8,896 14,27333,039 9,638,226 Pop,< aaq. Slaves in 1820. 330 None.None.None.None, 48 97 10,088 7,557 211 4,509 107,398 425,153205,017 258,475 149,656 41,87932,814 69,06480,097 1-26,732 None, 190 917 10,M2 None. 1,617 6,377 An abstract of a " careful revision of ihe, enumer ation of the United States, for the years 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, and 1830," compiled at the Department of State agreeably lo law ,- and an abstract from the aggregate returns of the sev eral marshals of the U, States of the " Fifth Censua. " States, MainsN. Hampshire MassachusettsRhode Island Connecticut - Vermont New York - New Jersey - PennsylvaniaDelaware Maryland Dist. Columbia Virginia N, Carolina - S, Carolina - GeorgiaKentuckyTennessee ¦ OhioIndiana Mississippi - Illinois Louisiana. - .Vlissouri Alabama , - Michigan ' - Arkansas Florida 1790. 96,540 141,899378,717 69,110 238,141 85,416 340,120 184,139434,373 59,096 319,728 748,308393,751 249,073 8-2,543 73,077 35,791 180a 1310, 161,719 183,762423,245 69,122 251,002 154,465 686,756211,949 602,365 64,273 341,543 14,098 830,200 478,103 345,591 162,101 %20,555 105,6I>2 45,365 4,3758,850 - 1,538,118 Toul -3,929,827 5,305,9257,280,314 9,638,13112,356,407 228,705214,360 472,040 77,031 262,042216,713 959,049 245,555 810,091 , 72,674 380,546 24,0-22 974,622555,500415,116252,433406,511281,727230,760 24,52040,350 12,28376,55620,845 4,762 1820. 293,335244,161523,237 83,059 275,202 236,764 1,37-2,312 277,575 1,019,468 72,749 417,350 33,039 1,065,379 338,8-29 602,741 340,987564,317 422,813 531,434 147,178 75,458 55,211 153,407 66,586 127,901 8,896 14,273 1830. 399,469 269,533 610,014 97,210 297,711280,679 I,913,6(B .320,779 1,347,672 76,739 446,913 39,588 1,211,266 738,470 581,458 516,504 688,844 684,8J4 937,679 341,582 13S,80S 167,575 215,791 141,034 309,206 31,158 30,38334,725 912 UJNl GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI Abstract ofthe populaiion ofthe United Stales by the census of 1830. Statea, ice. Maine , New Hampshire MassachusettsRhode laland Connecticut VermontNew York New Jersey Pennsylvania DelawareMarylandVirginia , North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Tenneaaee Ohio Louiaiana Indiana , MiaaissippiIllinois Alabama , Missouri , Michigan Territory Arkansas Territory Florida Territory . Dist, of Columbia . Total U. S, and-) Territories 3 Aggreg'te of each Slale, Free pop, of each State, 399,437 269,328 610,J0t- 97,199 297,675280,657 1,918,608 320,^3 I,3la,-233 76,748 417,0411 1,211,405 737,987 581,185 516,82,S637,917 68l,9il3935,384 215,739343,031 136,621 157,445 309,5-27 140,455 31,63930,r-- 34,730 39,83-1 1-2,853,670 10,819,6-20 399,431269,3-23610,404 97,185 297,630 280,637 1,918,532 318,569 1,347,830 73,456 344,046741,646 492,386 265,784 299,292 5-22,704340,300 935,878106,151 343,028 70,962 156,698 191,973115,364 31,607 25,81219,-229 33,716 Slavea. Fed'l No, of each State, 6 399,434 5 269,3-26 4 610,406 M 97,193 25 297,665 — 28»,657 76 1,918,577 2,254 319,9-22 ina 1,348,072 3,292 75,431 102,994 403,842 469,757 1,0-23,302 245,601 639,747 315,401 453,025 217,531 429,810 165,-213 6-21,832 141,603 623,263 6 933 382 109,,5S8 171,904- 3 343,030 65,659 110,358 747 167,147 117,5-49 262,508 23,091 130,419 32 31,6-25 4,576 28,557 15,501 28,529 6,119 37,389 Progressive population ofthe Uniled States, Stales, Sec. 2,009,030 12,033,030 iMiiiue New Hamp, Maas, Connecticut U. Inland Vermont Now York New Jersey - PennsylvaniaDelawareMarylandD, Columbia VirginiaN. Carolina S Carolina GeorgiaFlorida AlabamaMisaiaalppi Louisiana Tenneaaee KentuckyOhio MichiganIndiana IllinoisMissouriArkansasWisconsin Iowa - Pop, in 1830. 399,468 269,533610,014 297,711 97,210 280,679 1,913,608 320,779 1,347,672 76,739 416,913 39,688 1,211, -266 738,470 581,458 516,,504 34,726 309,206 136,806 216,791 634,822 688,844937,679 31,128 341,582137,575140,084 30,383 Pop. in 18-10. 601,793284,674737,699309,978 108,830 291,9-13 2,428,921 373,306 ,724,033 78,083 460,232 43,712 1,239,797 753,419 594,398691,392 54,477 690,756375,651352,411829,210779,828 1,519,467 212,267635,866 476,183 383,702 97,574 30,945 43,112 Ratio of increaae 10 years. 1.25,06 1.05.531.20.091.04.121.11.951.-10.041.26.93 1.16.371.27.921.01.75 .02 76 1,10.41 .02.35 1.021.02.22 1.33.83 .56,09 Remarks,. o as- " sg c s i I i. Of the preceding were- White males White females Total whites - Free colored males Free colored females Total free colored Slaves, males Slaves, females Total slaves - 5,357,102 - 3,172,942 133,443 166,133 10,530,014 United Slates, Whites,— Ages. - 1,012,8-22 - 996,228 Tolal population ofthe U, S, in 1830 Progressive population of the United States. 319,376! Oto 5 I 5 to 10 I 10 to 15 2,009,050 j 15 to 20 120 to 30 -12,858,670 30 to 40 40 to 5' I States, &c. Maine New Hampshire Maaaachiiaetis , ConnecticutRhode Island Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania , Delaware Maryland Dist, of Columbia VirginiaNorth Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louiaiana Tennessee Kentucky Ohio . MichiganIndiatia IllinoisMiasouriArkanaas Pop, in 1920. 298,335 241,161623,287 276,-202 33,059 235,764 1,372,312 277,575 1,049,438 72,749 407,350 33,039 1,065,379 638,829 502,741 340,987 1-27,901 75,448 153,407 42-2,813564,317581,434 8,896 147,178 55,21166,58614,273 Pitp. in 1B30. Ratio of incr'se. 399,468269,533 610,014 297,711 97,210 280,679 1,913,508 320,779 1,347,672 76,739 446,913 13,588 1,211,-266 738,470581,458 516,504 34,723 309,-206 136,808 215,791 684,822 688,844937,679 31,1-28 341,582 157,575140,034 30,383 1,341.11,07 1.11.06 1.08.01 1.171,19 1,39,381.15,56 1,28,41 1 05,03 1,09.07 lrl9.05 1.13.691.16 1.16,69 1,51,47 2,411.81.19 1.04 1.61,09 122 1,61,27 1.052.32 2.85.04 2.122.1-2 87 Aggregate, 1 18-20, 1,656, 1308; 1830,1, ',944,615 ;from fwhich joint I ratio of iiicr, J 1,11.33. LSoSS |-aa2.-3 •=-B.s - isS I < !>i3 = 2c 0(2) — ts * In the period of ten years the population of the wholo Atlantic States had increased from 7,417,727 to 9,116,712, which gives a ratio ef 1,22,9. 115* 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 SO to 90 . 90 to 100 - lUOand upwards Total whitea Males. Females. 1,270,790 1,0-24,072 879,499756,022 1,3-22,440 866,431536,568314.605 1741226 80,06121,679 2,507 476 7,249,266 1,203,549 986,921836,588 792,163 1,263,395 779,097502,143 304,810 173,299 80,56223,964 3,231 316 6,939,8427,249,266 14,189,108 Free colored. Slaves, Males. Fem'a Malea. Fem's. 0 to 10 10 10 2-4 24 to 36 36 to 55 63 to 100 . too and upwards 56.3-23 52,799 35,30828,253 13,493 286 55,069 66,562 - 41,673 lM,38515,723 361 422,599391,131235,373 145,264 51,288 763 421,470 390,075239,787139,201 49,692 580 186,467 199,778 186,467 1,246,408 1,240,8051,246,40a Total 386,245 2,487,213 SUMMARV, Whites - Free colored Slaves - . . . . Persons on board bf ships of war belonging to tho United States, 1840 - Grand tolal - . - 14,189,103 386,243 2,487,213 6400 17,068,666 913 UNI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI AU persons inthe foregofhg employed in- Mining - - . . 15,203 Agriculture - - . - 3,717,756 Commerce . . . 117,575 Manufacturea and trades - - 791,545 Navigation on the ocean 56,0-25 Bo. canals, lakes, and rivera 33,067 Learned profusions - - . - 65,-236 Pensioners for revolutionary or military services - 20,797 Universities or colleges - - 173 Do. students in - - - 16,23. Academies and grammar schools 3,242 Do. students in - ¦ 164.169 Primary and common schools 47,209 Bo. scholars in - - 1^45,244 Scholars at public charge - - - 468,264 'White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read or write • - ¦ 549,693 Whites, deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. ftom 14 to 25 - - - 2,056 Do. above 25 ¦ . 2,707 Total whitea deaf and dumb 6,682 White persons blind - - - 5,0-24 Insane and idiots at— Public charge 4,K9 Private charge • 10,179 Total white persons inaane and idiota - 14,508 Colored persons, free and slaves, in the foregoing, who are — Deaf and dumb - - - - 977 Blind - ... 1,892 Do. insane and idiota at— Private charge - - 2,093 Public charge - - 833 Tolal insane and idiots amongst the colored caate ----- 2,926 By tbe census of 1840, tbe proportion of tbe sexes appears tn be as follows : Whites (males) about 44 in 1,000 excess over females; on tbe contrary, in tbe colored casle, free and slaves, females exceed something above 50 in 1,000. By turning to the general tables under tbe bead of whites, we discover that beyond 70 years of age longevity is in favor of females ; and it would appear as a standing law of life in tbe Uniled States. Tbe sexes in aggregate beyond 70 stood thus: 18301840 Males. 75,920 104,712 Females. 78,531 108,072 From tbe manner of taking the respective enu meralions of the races, the census tables do not ad mit decided comparisons of age except those beyond 100 years; but beyond lhat age the law of life above stated holds witb tbe free and is re versed araongst the slave colored : 1790 1800 1810 18201830 1840 Progreaaive populaiion of while peraona. Ratio of increase. 3,227,046 \. „„ 4,429,881 \ 5,862,093 ^ '• 51.33.75 7,840,713 10,530,044 ^ 1.34.3 - 14,189,108 } 1.35.474 Progreaaive population of the colorearace, 137 1,377,810 112809 1,764,834 I 2,328,626 I '¦''^^ Jl.319 2,873,458 ¦ 18001810182018301840 Note. — It appears from the two preceding tables that frora 1810 to 1840, inclusive, every 1,000 whites bad increased to 2,418 7.10; whilst in tbe same period of 30 years tbe colored race, free and slaves, bad increased only as 1,000 to 2,085. The increase of the whole aggregaie population in tbe above stated period of 30 years was as 1,000 to 2,357. Assuming the whole aggregates at the two ex tremes of 50 years from 1790, when the first cen sus was taken, to 1840, when by the last enu meration a population of 17,068,666 was found, tbe ratio of increase comes out 4.343. Applying Ibis latter ratio to 17,068,666, the aggregate for the next period of 50 years, terminating in 1790, comes out 74,149,216. There is every concomi tant principle to support the conclusion that tbe people of the United States will considerably exceed 70,000,000 in 1890. Again: if in 1890 we only suppose 70,000,000, and apply tbe pre ceding ratio 4.343, at the end of a century, or in 1940, the aggregate will exceed 300,000,000. Whitea,— \U0, Deaf and dumb BlindInsane and idiots - 1 in 2,123 - 1 in 2,804 - 1 in 971 Colored, free and slave f. Deaf and dumb BlindInsane and idiots - 1 in 2,941 . 1 in 1,518 . 1 in 981 Whiles, Between 80 and 1 00 years - 1 00 years and upwards 1 in 2,204 1 in 17,938 Free colored. Malea. Femalea. leso1840 - Slaves, 269 286 Malea. 386361 Females 18301R40 - - 748 753 676680 Colored, free and slaves, 100 years and upwards - - I in 1,451 In order. to show that tbis enormously greater number in proportion ol colored persons over 1 00 years Iban white persons of similar age is not alone supported by the census of 1840, the fol lowing table was constructed, including under tbe bead of colored persons, both free and slaves : 100 years and upwarda. Whites. Colored. 1830 ' - - - - 539 2,077 1840 - - - - 791 1,980 From this tabular view it appears that in 1830, when the whites amounted to 10,530,044, those 914 UiNl GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI above 100 years of age were as 1 in 17,681, whilst the colored amounted only to 1,328,626, and those of that caste above 100 were as 1 to 539. These very remarkable effects, as has been re marked by Mr. Knapp and others, may in part be accounted for from mere uncertainly in the case of the colored ; but tbe general results are too steady to be resisted, and a very great superiority in longevity must be conceded to the colored over the white race. There are some very remarkable phenomena at tending tbe increase of population in the United Slates. If we take 3,929,827, the amount by the census of 1790, and divide by three, and add the quotient to the dividend, we have the subjoined results ; 1800 - - - 5,239,802 1810- - 6,986,402 1820- - 9,315,902 1830- - -12,420,269 1840- - -16,560,359 Tbis method gives only 508,307 less on'five operations than the actual returns of the respective enumerations ; and, commencing wilh the amount By the censua, 5,305,925 7,280,314 9,638,131 12,856,407 17,068,666 for 1800, the final result yields only a deficiency of 296,660. This rule is evidently safe, applied lo the future, as it differs from actual enumerations hy giving a less aggregate. Let us, therefore, assume the result, 16,560,359, as deduced by di viding by 3, commencing with 3,929,827, aud carry on the synthesis to 1890, and we have for— I860 - - . 22,080,478 1860 .... 29,107,304 1870 . . . 38,809,739 1880 .... 51,846,319 1890 - - - 69,128,426 The ratio of increase for the whole mass, de duced from 3,929,887 in 1790, and 17,068,666 in 1840, comes out 4.34, and, applied lo 17,068,666, yields an aggregate of 74,149,986 al the fifth cen sus from 1840. We may therefore, with full con fidence, regard tbe conclusion safe that the inter mediate numbers and final results will rather ex ceed the real enumerations. The distribution of the fractions of the mass of population is again a matter of intense interest. The relative extent of the three physical sections' — the A tian tic slope. Central basin, and Pacific slope. 'Tabular statement of ihe population ofthe United States. States and Territories, ber ofwhite per- B, of both sexes, in Uniled Stales,by censusof 1840, un- 20 yearsofage. ber ofwhile per- s,of bolh sexes, in UniledStales,by censuaof 1840, r 20 yearsof age. -fs a? ber ofwhiteper- 1 in the U,Slates, he census of 1840, could neitherread write. ittion to 1,000 ofthe rewhilepop,ot the ed States of those le 20 yearsofage could neither read write. irtionof whiteper- iabove the age of earswho,asshown he census qf 1840, .d neitherreadnor e. 1 Num aoni the the der Num aoD! the the ovei an W ¦ Num sons by t who nor pglls Propc sons 20 y by I coul writ Maine New Hampshire 267,-270 134,123 233,108 149,911 600,438 234,036 3,241 942 6,4 3 14 nearly. 6.2 Massachusetts Rhode Island 323,269 48,752 403,761 50,835 729,030 105,687 4,448 1,614 6 14 1128.4 Connecticut 138,013 163,643 301,856 626 1,74 3.2 ¦Vermont New York 147,082 144,136 291,218 2,270 8 nearly 15.7 l,2-,!3,368 1,155,5-22 2,.378,S90 44.452 18,6 33.46 New Jersey 184,6-i4 166,964 351,588 6;383 17,6 38 Pennsy) vania 910,198 763,917 1,676,115 33,940 20 44 Delaware - 30,933 27,620 58,561 4,832 82 176 Maryland - 163,630 164,087 317,717 11,605 36 73.33 District of Columbia 15,642 15,015 30,637 1,0:33 33 68.8 Virginia - 410,901 330,067 740,968 68,73 J 79 178 North Carolina 275,183 209.685 484,870 66,609 116,77 269.5 South Carolina 147,421 Ili;663 239,084 20,615 79 183.5 Georgia 246,738 160,957 407,695 30,717 76.33 190 . Alabama - 204,-283 130,900 333,185 22,592 69 172' Mississippi 105,236 73,638 179,074 8,360 46.6 113 Louisiana - 79,457 79,000 138,457 4,861 30 61 Tennessee 339,295 301,332 640,627 58,531 90 194 Keniucliy - 347,279 24-2,974 690,233 40,018 67.75 164.5 Ohio 863,382 638,740 1,502,122 35,394 23.5 55 Indiana 410,649 268,049 678,698 38,100 57 5 142 Illinois . 273,841 198,413 472,-234 27,502 68 138.3 Missouri 192,209 131,679 3-23,888 19,437 60 147.75 Arkanaas 46,619 30,555 77,174 6,667 85 216 nearly. Michigan 115,371 96,189 211,561 2,173 10 22.5 ^ Florida - 13,999 13,944 27,943 1,303 46.5 93.4 'Wiacousin 13,776 16,973 30,749 1,701 55 100 Iowa 23,468 19,456 4-2,924 1,118 26 67 Total - 7,749,409 6,439,699 14,189,108 549,693 38.7 85.33 The elements of this table are in a peculiar manner interesting, as by them we find: 1st. That between the llth and 12th part of the while pop. of the U. S. could not, in 1840, either read or write. If we were to ,-illow of any excess in the estimates, whirh, however, we do not, such excfsa would be compensated amply by the number of thoae who can read and write, and aliosether neglect to use the formei art. 2dly. The enormous disproportion ofthe sections of the U, S., in regard to reading and writing, must excite very serious reflections in the mind of every one whose thoughts are awa kened on the subject. 3dly. We are disposed to regard the age of 20 as too far advanced to yield entirely conclusive data. In the present inatance the distinction was made intellectually, and aa, in that respect, many are more advanced at 18, or even earlier in life, than others long years iheir elders. 4ihly. There are very important facts disclosed in thrtable, in regard to human life. If we assume birth and 80 years as the exlremes of man's period of life, and divide these SO years into four sub-periode, we find more than one-half in the first 20 years. 915 UNI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UNI Ihefollowijig table, taken from the late censua, exhibits the number of the inaane and idiots, the deaf and dumb, and also the number of blind, in each State and Territory, It is believed, how ever, to fall short of the real number of each. States. MaineN. Hampshire MassachusettsRhode Island Connecticut Vermont New Yoris New Jersey Pennaylvania Delaware Maryland'Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Alabama Louiaiana Tenneaaee Kentucky OhioIndianaIllinois Miasouri ArkansasMichigan Florida Wisconsin IowaDistrict Colamb 5,37486 1,071 203498357 2,146 369 1,946 368389 1,048 661376 243231116 53 699682 1,195 493 1S7 209 17 43 11 10 7 14 9419 200 13 44 7 194 73 187 28 139384 219 137109113 8246 15216116: 7540 69 11 26 12 3 47 Total 631303 1,271 216542394 2,340 442 2,331 1,432 760313352 344 198 98 851833 1,360 568227278 2369 23 13 11 21 6,346 2,926 8,272 17,062,566, 501,793284,574 737,699 108,830310,01291,948 2,428,921 373,3i 6 1,724,0-22 78,085 499,233 1,239,797 753,110394,398677,197 669,645 375,651 351,176 829,210777,397 1,319,467 683,314 474,404 381,102 96,642 211,705 54,207 30,732 43,068 43,712 I to 1 to 1 10 1 to 1 to 1 to 795 563 976 603 672 . w 740 1 to 1,0,38 1 to "" 1 to Ito 1 10 1 to I to 965 Uo 1,168 1 to 1,923 1 to 1,656 1 to 1,892 1 to 3,692 1 to 962 1 to 934 1 to 1,117 1 to 1,203 1 to 2,089 1 to 1,370 1 to 3,416 1 to 3,033 1 to 2,336 1 to 2,365 1 10 3,915 1 to 2,081 180 153 308 63 143101 875 126 540 1 165 426223133 136 113 4337 256 236372 135 868226 Total 13 2 9126 9t 18 91 466 167 156161 9669 36 99 141 33 1910 42 190 136 330 64 156103966162636 33 256852 390289287 209 112 73 354377 405 164 96 124 34 29 19 9 6 15 it 5,024 1,892 6,916 1 to 2,641 1 lo 1,S24 1 to 2,302 1 to l,57r I to 1,98, 1 to 2,834 1 to 2,335 I to 2,456 1 to 2,710 1 to 2,366 1 to 1,833 1 10 1,456 1 to 1,931 1 to 2,036 1 to 2,668 1 to 2,725 1 to 3,346 1 to 4,824 1 to 2,320 1 to 2,062 1 to 3,731 1 to 4,436 1 to 4,941 1 to 3,073 1 to 3,106 1 tn 7,031 1 to 2,835 1 to 3,408 I to 7,011 1 to 2,247 222 181 273 74 399 135 1,039 164 781 45 178 453280140195173 64 42 291 400659297 155 126 4031 14 5 10 Total, 0 S , .2 = 0 e-o,2 g rt n 225 1 to 2,135 190 1 to 1,479 290 1 to 3,8-22 77 Ito 1,491 317110 978 137 1 to 2,131 1,1071 10 2,194 179 1 to 2,086 832 I to 2,072 63 1 to 1,473 2441 10 1,923 603 1 to 2,056 354 1 to 2,102 218 I to 2,268 259 1 to 2,614 226 1 to 2,520 92 1 to 4,083 59 1 to 5,962 358110 2,316 4771 to 1,629 592 1 10 2,566 312 1 to 2,190 179110 2,639 153 1 10 2,491 6,682 977 7,659 1 to 2,267 1 to 6,415 1 to 3,388 1 to 6,160 1 to 3,076 1 to 3,642 By this table it will be seen that there were in 1840 in the U. S, 8,272 inaane and idiots ; of these, 2,926 were colored, and 6,346 were white peraona : that the average prtfportion of insane and idiots lo the whole population of the Q, S. was 1 10 2,062; that there were 4,^29 white insane and idiots at public charge, aud 10,179 at private charge. There were 2,093 colored insane and idiots at private charge, and 833 at public charge. There were 5,024 white blind persona, and 1,892 blind colored peraona ; and the average proportion of blind to the general populatiou of the U. S, was 1 to 2,467, There were 7,659 deaf and dumb persons in the U, S, : of these, 6,682 were while, and 977 colored ; ofthe white deaf and dumb, 1,919 were under 14 years of age, 2,056 over 14 and under 25, and 2,707 over 25 years of age.; and the average proportion of the deaf and dumb to the general population of the U. S, was 1 to 2,227. Tbe following statement ofthe annual amounts of deposites of gold for coinage, at tbe mint of the U. S. and its branches, from mines in tbe U. S,, is taken from the last annual report of Dr. R. M. Patterson, director of the mint, dated January 19, 1842. Statement of the annual amounts of deposites of gold for coinage, at the mint of the U, S. and its branches, from mines in the U, S., taken from the last annual report of Dr, R, M. Patterson, director of the mint. Deposited at the Uniled States mint. Periods. From Vir. ginia. From N. Carolina, From S, Carolina. From Georgia, From Tenn, From Ala, From various aources. Total at U.S. mint. 18241825 1826 1827 18281829 18301831 183218331834 1835 1836 18371838 1839 . ¦ • ¦ 1840, i84r J2,soo 24,00026,000 34,000 104,000 62,000 60,400 62,00052,10055.00057,600 ¦38,995 25,736 85,000 17,000 20,000 21,00046,000 134,000 204,000 294,000 458,000475,000380,000263,500 148,100116,900 66,000 , 53,500 36,804 76,431 $3,50026,000 22,000 45,000 66,00038,000 42,400 55,20029,400 13,000 6,300 5,3193,440 $212,000 176,000140,000 216,000415,000319,900201,400 83,600 36,000 20,300 91,113 139,796 « 1,000 1,000 7,000 3,000 100 300 1,500 300 104 1,212 9500 4,431 1,863 $1,000 12,200 200 $5,000 17,000 20,000 21,00046,000 140,000 466,000520,000678,000 868,000898,000 698,500 467,000282,000 171,700138,500 176,766 248,478 Tolal • • • " 604,331 2,815,235 355,559 2,051,109 15,516 6,794 - 13,400 5,861,944 916 UiM UEUURAPHICAL DICTIONARY.' UNI COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION OP THE UNITED STATES. Slatiatical view of the commerce of the United States, exhibiting ihe value of imports from and ex- porta to each foreign country ; also, the tonnag'. of American and foreign veasela arriving from and departing to each foreign country, duriiig the year ending on the 30th September, 1843. COMMERCE. NAVIGATION. VALUE OP EXPORTS. AMERICAN TONNAOE, FOREIGN TONNAGE. COUNTRIES. Value of imports. Domeatic Foreign Total, Entered Cleared Entered Cleared produce. produce. the Unit ed Slates. from the U, Slates. tho Unit ed States. from the U. Stales. Russia 31,350,106 $316,026 $520,567 $836,593 8,068 6,691 1,597 1,699 Prussia 18,192 149,141 7,647 166,688 603 - - 2,063 Sweden 890,934 238,948 105,970 344,918 3,394 1,311 13,291 6,161 Swedish West Indies 23,'i42 1-29,727 3,320 133,047 1,266 2,663 73 726 Denmark 70,766 27,819 98,685 463 795 231 917 Danish West Indies 684,321 791.828 157,260 949,033 21,680 26,740 5,334 700 HoUand 1,067,438 3,236,338 336,988 3,623,326 24,502 33,689 2,906 18,804 Dutch Eaatlndiea 741,048 85,678 193,58- 279,158 4,861 794 Dutch West Indies 331,270 261,650 16,581 267,231 8,974 4,254 708 628 Dutch Guiana 74,764 101,055 - 101,055 3,900 5,454 Belgium 619,588 1,434,038 176,646 1,610,684 12,132 12,949 7,810 12,875 Hanse Towns 2,274,019 3,814,994 749,619 4,564,613 14,125 16,779 40,988 54,060 England 33,446,499 36,681,808 2,932,140 39,613,948 307,243 285,479 141,989 139,054 Scotland 656,050 1,522,735 80,279 1,603,014 4,736 6,390 27,778 10,045 Ireland im,TOO 49,968 - 49,968 3,369 631 20,797 Gibraltar 1-2,268 466,937 115,961 582,898 3,297 12,115 - 1,758 Malta 7,300 11,644 8,261 19,905 621 756 British East Indies 1,530,364 399,979 233,825 683,804 10,099 9,079 285 ' 1,129 Mauritius - - - - 565 362 Australia 28,693 52,651 - 52,651 1,206 1,787 Cape of Good Hope 23,815 British African porta - - - 312 312 - 117 British West Indies 826,481 3,204,346 23,367 3,227,713 64,363 86,691 37,466 16,670 British Guiana 15,004 115,991 2,462 118,463 2,445 5,334 7,010 3,945 Honduras 2(i2,S6S 127,339 36,648 163,987 5,271 5,679 274 17 Brilish American colonies 1,762,001 5,950,143 240,166 6,190,309 334,634 323,315 359,830 417,409 Other British colonies - _ - - - - 68 France on the Atlantic 16,015,380 15,340,728 1,076,684 16,417,412 116,356 130,865 11,877 16,042 France on the Mediterranean - 958,678 1,674,670 73,868 1,748,438 16,527 21,944 2,095 ^>'£ Bourbon _ - - - - 98 French African ports . 3,899 80 3,979 - - - 559 French West Indies 199,160 495,397 23,609 519,006 13,326 29,790 6,120 1,180 French Guiana 50,172 44,063 1,03 46,093 1,986 ''^^ 392 267 Miquelon and French fisheries - o.*/^^ - 4,932 - 2,002 446 Hayti 1,266,997 844,452 55,514 899,966 ¦26,531 21,115 419 363 Spain on the Atlantic - 79 735 333,2^ 1,2 0 334,422 11,948 11,656 628 2,398 Spain on the Mediterranean Teneriffe aud other Canaries 1,065,640 221,898 16,578 238,476 16,587 5,319 2,884 90 91,411 12,7-23 618 13,241 1,856 426 1,035 473 Manilla and Philippine islands - 772,372 235,732 100,444 336,176 7,817 4,797 214 Cuba 7,660,4-29 4,197,468 572,981 4,770,449 170,797 182,456 10,757 9,719 Other Spanish West Indies PortugalMadeira 2,617,001 610,813 19,718 630,531 66,635 29,565 1,304 1,134 142,587 72,723 l,38o 74,111 8,290 3.306 1,921 787 146,182 43,054 1,930 44,984 1,-244 2,253 Fayal and other Azores 41,049 49,183 19,600 68,783 '^'?I 1,6-22 100 100 Cape de Verd islands - 17,866 103,557 11,5-29 115,086 448 3,219 Portuguese African ports Italy SicilySar^.inia 987,628 616,677 304,940 820,617 4,560 198 7,367 1,031 1,402 539,419 237,861 195,797 43.3,658 18,360 1,272 6,167 3,016 40,208 - 40,208 314 1,163 255 776 Ionian Islands Trieste 14,294 413,-210 748,179 136,626 884,705 315 4,547 10,520 332 361 Turkey 370,-248 1-25,5-21 76,515 202,036 4,2,57 1,816 Morocco, &c. • Texas 4,779 480,392 278,978 127,951 405,929 22,490 24,316 1,768 1,369 Mexico 1,995,696 969,371 564,862 1,534,233 13,481 16,912 1,586 1,226 Venezuela 1,644,342 499,380 166,832 666,212 12,287 9,742 2,796 3,211 New Granada 176,216 67,363 46,361 103,724 1,837 1,615 744 161 rifinlrMl Amprira 124,994 46,649 22,817 69,466 2,-281 „i'^^ - 165 Brazil 5,948,814 2,225,571 376,931 2,601,602 37,058 ^'VI 6,693 2,643 Argentine Republic Cieplatine Republic Chili 1,835,623 681,918831,039 265,356 201,999 1,270,941 145,905 67,968 368,735 411,-261269,967 1,639,676 11,617 6,1043,072 2,120 14,215 7,092 2,260 938 812694 PeruSoulh America generally China - - - 204,768 4,934,645 147,2-22 737,509 1,200 706,888 148,422 1,444,397 316 12,125 1,587 7,1^9 .363 364 Europe generally Asia generally Africa generally West Indies generally 979,689 539,468 294,914 51,135 1,790 19,290 678,2815-.'3,971 207,703 3,2618,1-25 9,88! 6,155 6,462 16,92(1 9,056 396 71 117 710 Atlantic ocean South seas - 41,747 128,856 17,524 146,350 39,946 799 60,481 510202 Sandwich islands Northwest cuaal of America _ 2,370 2,370 Uncertain places 10,144 Total 100,162,087 92,969,996 11,721,638104,691,534 1,510,111 1,536,451 732,775 740,497 9 17 UNZ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. URA Apportionment of Congresa by the cenaua of 1840 States. Maine New Hampshire No, of Reps. 7 MassachusettsRhode Island - Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania - Delaware Maryland VirginiaNorth Carolina South Carolina GeorgiaAlabamaMississippiLouisianaTennessee. KentuckyOhio - • - Indiana Illinois Missouri Arkansas Michigan Total 4 10 2 44 34 5 24 1 6 15 97 8 7 4 4 11 10 21 10 7 5 1 .3 223 The average insane and idiots to tho popula- tion of ihe United States is - 1 The average blind to the population of to 2,063 to 2,467 1,919 2,056 2,707 4,329 10,179 833 2,093 aboul 3U the United States is The average deaf and dumb to the population ofthe United States is - 1 to 2,227 White deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age - - - White deaf and dumb, over 14 years and under 26 years of age White deaf and dumb, over 25 years of age ¦ " " ." Insane and idiots (while) at public charge Insane and idiots (white) at private charge - - - - Insane and idiots (colored) at public charge - - - Insane and idiots (colored) at private charge Unity, village, Montgomery co,, Md , ms. N. from W. C. Tp., Columbiana co., 0 Pop. 1,200. University of Virginia, and post office, Albe- marie co,, 'Va., in the vicinity of Charlottesville, 80 ms. NW. from Richmond, and 120 SW. from Washington City. Unna, Marck co., Hanseatic town, 10 ms. NE. from Dortmund, and 35 S. from Munster. Lon. 7 49 E,, lat. 51 28 N. River of European Turkey, in Croatia, falling into the Save after having passed Wihitch and Dubitza. Unsi island, raost northwardly of the Shetland, 8 ms. long and 4 broad. Lat. 61° N. Unsteraeen, village of Switzerland, in Berne. Lat. 46 35 N., lon. 7 28 E. Unza, or Unsha, lown of Russia, in the govern ment of Kostroma, Lat. 57 56 N. , lon. 44 1 5 E. 918 Upland, province of Sweden, which is a sort of peninsula, bounded on the W. by Westmania and Geslricia, on the NE. by the Baltic, and on the S. by the sea of Sudermania. It is 70 ms. long and 45 broad, enriched with inexhaustible mines of copper, iron, and sliver j and the peasants are chiefly employed in the manufacture of those metals. Stockholm is the capital. Upminster, village of Eng., in Essex, sealed on a lofty eminence, 3 ms. SE. of Rumford. Upper Dublin, tp., Montgomery co.. Pa., be tween Horsham and Whitemarsh, 6 ms. NW. of Jenkintown. Upper, SW. tp., Lawrence CO., Ohio. Upper Freehold, tp., Monmouth co., N. J., on the S. side of the river Shrewsbury, 13 ms. S. of Amboy. Upper Hunting Creek, post office, Caroline co., Md., 12 ms. SE. by E. from Easton. Upper Lisle, village, northern part of Broome CO., N. Y. Upper Marlborough, village. Prince George co., Md., 18 ms. E. by 8. of Washington, and 20 SW. of Annapolis. Upper Peach Tree, village, Wilcox co., Ala. Upper Red Hook, village, Dutchess co., N. Y., 43 ms. S. from Albany. Upper Sanduaky, village and seat of justice, Crawford co., Ohio, on Sandusky river, about 80 ms. a lillle W. ofN. from Columbus. ' Lat. 40 49 N., lon. W. C. 6 22 W. Upperville, village, Loudoun county, Va. Uppingham, town of Eng., in Rutlandshire, on an eminence, 6 ms. S. of Oakham, and 90 N. by W. of London. Lon. 45' W., Iat, 52 36 N. Upaal, town of Sweden, in Upland, vi'ilh a fa mous university. It stands In an open plain, fer lile in grain and pasiure, is a small hut very neat town, containing, exclusive of the students, about 3,000 inhabitants. The university is the most an cient in Sweden, and the 1st seminary in the N. for academical education. The Royal Sociely here is likewise the oldest literary academy in the N. Here is an observatory, planned by the celebraled Celsius, from which the Swedish geographers com pute the longiiude ; also, a botanical garden, of which the famous Linnseus was superintendent. Upsal is 35 ms. NNW. of Stockholm. Lon. 17 39 E., lat. 59 .53 N. Upaon, CO., Ga. C. H. and town, Upson CO., Georgia. Upton, town of Eng., in Worcestershire, on the Severn, 11 ms. S. of Worcesler, and 11 1 WNW. of London.— —Town, Worcester counly, Massa chusetts. Urach, town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wir lemberg. It has a great trade in paper, damasks, and linen, and is 21 ms. SSE. of Slutgard. Uraguay, province of Paraguay, so named from a large river, which unites wilh the Parana 70 ms. above Buenos Ayres, and forms the famous river Plata. — See Parana. Ural, river of Russia, which rises in Mount Cau- casps, flows by Orenburg, Uralsk, and Gurief, and enters the Caspian sea by 3 mouths. Ural, forraerly the Saik, river has its exireme source in that nucleus of the main Ural mountains from which flow to the SW. the higher fountains of the Bielaia, eastward the Uis branch of the To- UKA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. URS bol, and soulhward the Ural itself, which, pursuing a southern course 250 ms., inflects Ihence westward 150 ms, to the influx from the N. ofthe Sakmaro, at the town of Orenburg, where inflecting, Ihough slightly, to the southward, flows on 200 ms. to the lown of Uralsk, and thence, by a general southern course of 300 ms., to its influx into the Caspian, having a comparative course of 900 miles. — See Gourif. Ural, or Uralian, mounlains, separating, by common consent of geographers and politicians, Europe from Asia, belween laliludes 50° and 60 30 N,, and following the inflections of the system 1,200 ms. The breadth varies across the chains from 50 to 100 m5. Al the extreme norlhern ele vation, or where this system rises from the flat and raarshy plains towards the Frozen ocean, the moun tains are of moderate heighl. Extending thence 350 ms. to the SW., giving source on one side to confluents of the Oby, and on the other to the Ousa, or main constituent of the Petchora. At the southern termination of this range, the Urals ap proach wilhin 60 ms. of the main stream of the Petchora, but, inflecting al an angle of about 100°, the system assumes a direclion of a little E. of S,, which it preserves to its bifurcation at the sources ef the Tobol, a branch of the Oby, those of the Ural flowing into the Caspian sea, and those of the Bielaia into the Wolga river. About from the 58lh to the 60lh degree of lat., near Solikamsk and Wertchoturia, these chains rise to considerable heighl, but depress near Ekaterinburg, though rising again in the Baskeeis country, N. lat. 54° and 55°. The Pawdinskoi Kamen was found by trigonometrical measurement lo be 6,819 feet above the Caspian. Several summits of the Wertchotu- rian part of the syslem, about N. lat. 60°, are co vered wilh perpetual snow. Taken as a whole, tlie Ural forms a long plateau, 4,000 or 5,000 feel in height, and on which stand peaks of 1,000 to 1,600 feet elevalion above their bases on the pla teau. The principal part of the system is divided by the Russians inlo the ranges of Wertcholurian, Ekaterinburg, and Boshkeer. The Urals are re markably melaliferous, producing iron, copper, pla- tina, gold, and lead, with several kinds of precious stones, marbles, serpentine, &c. About N. lat. 53° the great mass of the Urals becomes broken, and bifurcations protrude themselves in different direclions ; the Obslchei-Syrt, westward inlo Eu rope, between the Ural and Bielaia rivers ; the Su- berlinski, embranching from the Boshkeer moun tains, and joining on tbe eastern side the moun tains of Ulu-Tan ; and Algydim Shalo, separating the steppes of Issim on the north from that of Kir guis south, and forming a connecting chain be tween the Urals and the Altaian of central Asia. Uralian Cosaaca, a tribe lhat inhabit the Rus sian province of Orenburg, on the S. of the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended from those of the Don, and were formerly called the Cossacs of the Yaik ; but the name of the river and people was dhanged in 1771, on the suppression of the rebel lion of Pugatchef. The river Yaik was from thence called the I Tral ; the Yaik Cossacs were de nominated Uralian Cossacs; and the town of Yaitsk was named Uralsk. Uralsk, town of Russia, in the government of Caucasus, and province of Orenburg. It was for merly called Yaitsk, and is scaled on the river Ural, 375 ms. NNE. of Astracan. Tho cily of Uralsk, pronounced Ooralsk, is a fine cily, present ing European features, on the borders of Asia. Lon. 50 10 E., lat, 53° N. Uraniburg, once a magnificent castle of Den mark, in the island of Huen. Il was built by Ty cho Brahe, the celebraled astronomer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle of the Heavens, and here made his observations. It is now in ruins. Lon. 12 43 E,, lal. 55 55 N. Urbania, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Urbino, built by Urban VIII,, on the Metro, 7 ms. SSW. of Urbino. Urbanna, village, Steuben co., N. Y., by post road 227 ras, westward from Albany,— — Seaport and village in Middlesex co., Va,, on the SE. side of Rappahannock river, 12 ms. SW. of Lancasler, and 47 N. of York, and 60 N. by W. of Williams burg. Lat. 37 38 N., Ion. W. C. 21' E. Urbano, village and seat of justice. Champaign CO., Ohio, containing a printing office, a court house and a jail, a bank, a Methodist meeting house, a market house, and 644 inhabilanls. Dis tance 43 ms. W. by N. from Columbus. Lat. 40 3 N., Ion. W. C. 6 4 W. Pop. in 1840, 1,070. The name of a tp. in which is silualed the above-described village. Urbino, duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical Stale, 55 ms. long and 43 broad, bounded on the N. by the Gulf of Venice, on the S. by Perugino and Spoletto, on the E. by Ancona, and on the W. by Tuscany and Romagna. The air is not very wholesome, nor is the soil fertile Town of Italy, capital of the duchy of l/'rbino, between the livers Metro and Foglia, 18 ms, S. of Rimini, 58 E. of Florence, and 20 NE. of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 46 46 N. Ureden, town of Germany, in the circle of West phalia. Lon. 7 8 E., lat. 52 8 N. Urganiz, or Jurganiz, lown of the country of the Turcomans, formerly a considerable place, 4 ms. in circumference, but now in ruins. It is 240 ms. E. of the Caspian sea, and 70 S. of the Lake Aral. Lon. 60 25 E., lat. 40 SUN.-See Andorra. Urgel, ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, capital of a co. of the same name, on the river Sagra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains, planted with vineyards, 60 ms. W. of Perpignan, and 75 N. by W. of Barcelona. Lon. I 44 E., lat. 42 33 N. Uri, ibe most southern canton of Switzerland, and the fourth in rank. It is bounded on the N. by the canton of Schwitz and the Lake of the Four Cantons, on the E. by the country of the Grisons and the canton of Glatus, on the S. by the baili wics of Ilaly, and on the W. by the cantons of Underwalden and Bern. It is 30 ms. long and 12 broad. — See Schweitz. Uri, Lake of. — See Waldsiselter Sea. Urmund, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Urquhari's Store, and post office, Southampton CO., Virginia. Ursel, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 18 ms. NE. of Mentz. Lon. 8 28 E., lat. 50 9 Norlh. Urseren, town of Switzerland. Lon. 11 20 E., lat. 49 8 N. 919 uss GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. UTR Ursitz, Sl,, town of Switzerland, in the bishop ric of Basle, seated on the Doubs, over which is a stone bridge, 7 ms. S. of Porentru. Urutia, (ancient Spanta,) lake of Persia, in Aderbijian, which, similar to many others in Asia, has no visible outlet. Urutia Ues belween Zab, branch ofthe Tigris; and the Kizil Ozein. Lat. 37° N. Usbeck Tartars, a grand division of the vast Turkish race, possess a large region of wesiern Asia, forming once the kingdoms of Bukharia, Khoaresm, and Ferganna. The Usbecks are gen erally short and stout men, with broad foijeheads, high cheek bones, thin beards, small eyjes, clear and ruddy complexions, and generally black hair. They speak the Zagatayan language. Religion, Mahometan. Government, despotic. Usbeck Tartary, kingdom or rather region of Asia, inhabited by the Usbecks. The limits of this naturally fine couniry are indefinite, hut generally considered as limited on the N. by Asiatic Russia, E. by the Beloor mountaina, S. by Afghanistan, SW. by Persia, and W. by the Caspian sea. Usbeck Tartary is a very diversified country. The eastern part is mouniainous, the norlhern and western level, and in part sandy plains, but tbe cenlrai regions, watered by the numerous bra'nches of the Oxus and laxartes, are in a peculiar manner ferlile,'well watered, and salubrious, and when in habited by a civilized race of men equal to any por tion of the eastern continent. The country pecu liarly called Usbeck Tartary is the southern part of what is usually called Tartary. Central lat, 40° N. Chief cilies, Bucharia, Samarcand, Khiva, and Badakshan. The governmeni is a pure and unqualified despotism. Pop. in the aggregate un certain ; in detail, the couniry is thinly peopled. and 5,000,000 would prohably be too large an es timate. Uscapia. — See Scopia. Usedom, island of Prussian Pomerania, at the moulh of the river Oder, in the Baltic sea, between which and the island of Wollin is a passage called the Swin. It had formerly a considerable town of the snme name, which was almost reduced to ashes in 1473. Lon. 14 HE., lal. 54 6 N. Uaerche, town of Fr., in the dep. of Correze, and late province of Lorraine, sealed on a craggy rock, al the foot of which flows the Vezere, 37 ms. SE. of Limoges, and 217 S. of Paris. Lon. 1 37 E., lat. 5 27 N. Ushant, island of France, on the coast of the dep. of Finisterre, and late provinco of Brittany, opposile to Conquet. It is 8 ms. in circumference, and coniains several hamlets and a casllc. Lon. 5 4 W., Iat. 48 28 N. Usingen, lown of Germany, in the circle of Up per Rhine, and princij)alily of Nassau Weiburg, 32 miles NE. of Mentz. Longitude 8 25 E., lat itude 50 10 N. Usk, town of England, in Monmouthshire, on the river Usk, 12 miles SW. of Monmouth, and 140 W. by N. of London. Lon. 2 36 W., lat. 51 41 N. River of Soulh Wales, which rises on the W. side of Brecknockshire, divides Mon mouthshire inlo unequal portions, and falls into the Bristol channel. Uasel, town of Fr., in the dep. of Coneze, and lale province of Limosin, 32 ms. NE. of Tulles, Lon. 2 15 B,, lal, 45 32 N. 920 Ustanio, town of Italy, in the Cremonese, seated on the Oglio, 13 ms, NE, of Cremona. Lon, 10 8 E., lat. 45 17 N. Usiiug, town of Russia, in the governmeni of Vologda. Lon. 16 30 E., lat. 61 16 N. Utica, incorporated city, Oneida county. New York, on the left bank of the Mohawk river, on tho site of Fort Schuyler. The banks of the river rise by a gentle acclivity from the water, and the sireets are laid out at right angles to each olher. It is the marl of a highly fertile and well-cultivated country, and the most commercial place between Schenectady and Buffalo. The Erie canal passes through the lower part of this town A fine wood en bridge unites il to the opposite side of the river. It is 96 ms, by land from Albany, 93 from Sack- jstl's Harbor, and 220 from Buffalo. Lal. 43 6 N. Pop. in 1820, 2,972; and in 1830, 8,320. Few places in the interior of New York have exceeded the rapid prosperity of Utica. In 1840, population 13,782 — exceeding a four-fold increase in twenty years. Population in 1840. 'Whiles,— Agrs, Males, Femalea. 0to5 860 839 5 to 10 759 779 10 to 15 688 758 15 to 20 720 961 20 to 30 1,370 1,303 30 to 40 831 739 40 to 60 640 543 50 lo 60 258 277 60 to 70 85 121 70to80 30 61 80 to 90 11 14 9010 100 - 2 100 and upwards 1 6,163 6,387 Tolal 6,153 12,640 Colored,- Ages. Males, Females. 0 to 10 36 I0io24 28 34 24 to 36 24 29 36 to 65 27 24 55 to 100 7 9 100 and upwards 1 • 109 133 Total 109 242 SUMMARY. Whites 12,540 Colored - 242 Total . - 12,782 Utica, village, Clarke county, Indiana, on Ohio river, opposite Transylvania, in Jefferson county, Kentucky. Utoxeter, lown of England, in Staflfordshire, on a rising ground near the river Dove, 13 miles NE. of Stafford, and 136 NNW. of London. Lon. 1 50 E., lat. 53 10 N. Utrecht, province ofthe kingdom ofthe Nether lands, 30 miles long and 20 broad, baunded on the N. by Holland and the Zuider Zee, E. and S. by Guelderland, and W. by Holland. The soil is fer tile, and there are no inundations to fear, as in tbe aiJOGKAPHlCAL DICTIONARY. VAL olher provinces. Fortified city of the kingdom of Holland, capital ol a province of the same name, with a university. It is sealed on the Rhine, 18 ins, SE. of Amsterdam, and 35 NNW. of Nime guen. Lon. 5 8 E., lat. 52 6 N. Tho city of Utrecht is tho Trajectuin Ulpii of the emperor Tra jan, and is amongst the most ancieni of that part of Europe in which it stands. It was the seat of a bishopric early in the 8th century. Utrera, lown of Spain, in Andalusia, near which is a salt spring. It is 21 ms, S. of Seville. Uttoxeter, town of Eng., in Staflfordshire, wilh manufactures of hardware. It is seated on a rising ground, nearthe river Dove, 13 ms. NE. of Staf ford, and- 135 NNW. of London. Uiznach, town of Swilzerland, capilal of a bail- wick, belonging to the cantons of Schweitz and Cla ris. It is 3 miles E. from the Lake of Zurich, and 15 N. by W. of Glaris. Uwchlan, village, Chester co., Penn., on'the N. fork of Brandywine creek, comraencing two miles above Downingstown. Pop. in 1810, 1,178 ; and in 1820, 1,198. Uxbridge, town of England, in Middlesex, with a great trade in corn and flour. The Coin flows through it in two sireams, and the Grand Junction canal passes close by. Uxbridge is 15 ms. W. by N. of London. Town, Worcester co., Massa chusetts, 16 miles S. by E. of Worcester, and 40 SW. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1,404; and in 1820, 1,551. Uxbridge, South, lown, Worcester co., Massa chusetts, on Pawtucket river, 34 miles SW. from Boston. Uzeda, lown of Spain, in New Castile, capilal of a duchy of the same name, wilh a castle. It is seated on the CogoUuda, 26 miles NNE. of Mad rid. Lon. 3 13 W., lat. 40 46 N. Uzel, town of France, in the department of the North Coast, and late province of Bretagne, 17 miles S W. of St. Brieux. Lon. 2 52 W,, lat. 48 16N. Uzes, town of France, in the dep. of Gard, and late province of Languedoc, sealed in a couniry abounding in corn, oil, silk, and good wine, 12 ms. N. of Nismes, and 20 SW. of Orange. Lon. 4 27 E., lat. 44 2 N. Vaast, St., town of France, in the department ofthe Channel, and late province of Normandy, 5 ms. from Harfleur, and 8 from Valogne. Vabres, town of France, in the department of Aveiron, and lale province of Roergue, 30 miles SE. of Rodez, and 32 E. of Alby. Lon. 2 55 E,, lat. 43 57 N. Vacasausa, bay of Florida, extending in a cir cular form, 20 miles E. from the mouth of the Su wannee river, and, opening SW. into the gulf of Mexico, between Pagoi and Cedar Keys. The shores around Vacasausa are generally low and swampy- The cenlrai part in N. lat. 39 24, lon. W. C. 6 5 W. Vacha, town of Germany, in the landgravate of Uesse Cassel, 40 ms. SE. of Cassel. Lon. 10 13 E., lat. 50 55 K. Vache, one of the West India islands, lying to the S. of St. Domingo, opposite St. Louis. 116* Vacheluse, one of the Lipari islands, in the Med iterranean, near the coast of Naples. Vada, town of Ilaly, in Tuscany, sealed on Ihe Tuscan soa, 30 ma. S. of Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 E,, lat. 43 15 N, Vadagary, town of the peninsula of Hindoos lan, in the provinco of Madura, 64 miles SSW. of Madura. Vadin, lown of Turkey, in the European pro vinco of Bessarabia, silualed on the Danube, 32 miles W. of Nicopoli. Longiiude 25 0 E,, lalir lude 14 25 N. Vado, seaport of Ilaly, in the territory of Ge noa, wilh a fort, taken hy the French in 1795. ft is 3 miles W. of Savona, and 24 SW. of Genoa. Lon. 8 8 E., lat. 44 15 N. Vadslein, town of Sweden, in Eat Gothland, on the side of the Lake Wetter, near the river Mo tala, 32 miles W. of Nordkioping. Lon. 15 55 E., lat. 58 12 N. Vadutze, town and castle of Austrian Germany, in Suabia, 26 miles S. of Lindau, and 34 SSE. of Constance. Lon. 9 22 E., lal. 47 7 N. Vaena, town of Spain, in Andalusia, sealed at the source of the Castro, 23 ms. SE. of Cordova. Lon. 3 50 W., lat. 37 40 N. Vaihingen, town of the kingdom of Wirlem burg, in Suabia, on the Neckar, 24 ms. SW. of Habliron. Lon. 9 3 E., lal. 48 58 N. Vaiseaux, small island of the Stale of Missis sippi. — See Ship Island. Vaivod. — See Way Wode. Valais, co. of Swilzerland, extending 100 ms. from E. lo W., and divided into Upper and Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount Furca lo the river Murge, below Sion ; and the latler from that river to St. Gingou, on the Lake of Geneva. Population 120,000. Val, village of the kingdom of tho Netherlands, 3 miles W. of Maestrichl. Val di Demona, province of Sicily. It means the valley of Demons, and is so called, because Mount .^tna is situated in this province, which occasioned ignorant and superstitious people, at the time of its fiery eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of hell. This province is said to con- lain upwards of 300,000 inhabitants. The capital is Messina. Val di Mazara, province in the W. angle of Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. It con- . tains the town of Palermo, the capilal of the whole island. Val di Nolo, province of Sicily, so called from the Nolo, which is ils capital town. Val Ombroaa, celebrated monastery of Tuscany, in the Appennines, 15 ms. E. of Florence. Valckowar, town of Sclavonia, seated on the Walpo, near its confluence wilh the Danube, be tween Esseck and Peterwaradin, 70 ms. NW. of Belgrade. Lbn. 19 51 E., Iat. 45 55 N. , Valdai, town of Russia, in the government bf Novogorod, on the side of a lake of the same name. Its environs abound with beautiful lakes, sprinkled with woody islands, and skirted by forests, corn fields, and pastures. Valdai, Lake of, in the government of Novogo rod, in Russia. It is about 30 miles in circumfer ence. In the middle of it is an island, on which there is a convent. 9^1 VAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VAL Valdai Hills, hills of Russia, in the governments of Novogorod, Tver, and Vologda. They separate tlie sources of the Volga from those of the Masta, Volkof, and other strearas flawing into the Baltic and Lake Ladoga. — See Volga. Valdttsnes, town of Portugal, in the province of Tra los Monies, 9 ms. ESE. of Mirandola. Valdeburon, town of Spain. Lon. 4 55 W., lal. 43 5 N. Valdecona, town of Spain, 15 miles S. of Tor- toso. Lon. 0 35 E., lat. II 15 N. Valdigem, town of Portugal, in Beira. Valdivia. — See Baldivia. Valence, episcopal city of France, in the de partment of Drome, and late province of Dauphi ny, on the Rhone, 30 miles N. by E. of Vivers, and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 4 52 E., lat. 44 56 N. Valence, town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, and lale province of Guienne, situated on tbe Garonne. Valenca d'Alcaniara, considerable town of Spain, in Estramadura, 15 ms. SW. of Alcanta ra, and 37 N. of Badajoz. Lon. 6 30 W., lat. 39 26 N. Valencey, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre, and late province of Berry. Valencia, province of Spain, formerly a king dom, bounded on the E. and S. by the Mediterra nean, on the NE. by Calalonia, on the NWi by .'Vrragon, and on the W. by New Castile and .Vlurcia. It is 162 ms. long and 62 broad, and is the most pleasant and populous couniry in Spain, for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is wa tered by a great number of streams, which render it fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits and wine; and in the mountains are mines of gold, silver, and alum. City of Spain, cap ital of the province of the same name, with a uni versity. It is a very populous place, and has sev eral good manufactures of cloth and silk, carried on with great success and industry ; for even tho Very children are employed in spinning silk. -It is seated on the Guadalvia, (over which are 5 bridges,) near the Mediterranean, 130 ms. ESE. of Mad rid. Lon. 0 10 E., lal. 39 23 N. Valencia, New, town of Caraccas, seated on the Lake Tocaragea, 57 ms. SW. of Porto Cavello. Lon. 65 30 W., lat. 9 50 N. Valenciennes, ciiy of Fr., in the dep. of the North. It contains aboul 20,000 souls, and the Scheldt divides it inlo two parts. It is 20 miles WSW. of Mons, 28 SE. of Lisle, and 120 NNE of Paris. Lon. 3 37 E , lat. 50 21 N. Valentia, an island of Ireland, lying in the At lantic ocean, and forms a part of Kerry co. It ii about 6 ms. by 1 J, exiending from the Kerry coasl SW. into the ocean, and separaled from the main land by a narrow channel. Town of Ireland, Kerry cO., and on the island of the same name. Lat. 51 40 N., lon. from London 10 30, W. * Valentine, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Garonne, 9 ms. NE. of St. Bernard. Lon. 0 57 B., lat. 43 1 N. Valenza, or Valencia, sirong town of Italy, in the Milanese, capital of the Lomeline, and subject to ihe king of Sardinia, on a mountain near the river Po, 12 ms. E. of Casal, nnd 35 SW. of Milan. Lon. 8 66 E., lat. 44 68 N. 922 Valenzo-do-Minho, town of Portugali in the province of Entre-Minho e-Douero, seated on an eminence, near the river Minho, 3 ms. S. of Tuy. Lon. 8 11 W.,lal. 42 2 N. Valestra, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode na. Lon. 10 53 E., lat. 44 36 N. Valette, town of Fr., in the dep. of Charenle, and lale province of Angoumois, 10 ms. S. of An- goleme. Lon. 0 15 E., lat. 45 30 N. Valkenburg, or Fauquemont, town of Dutch Limburg, on the Guele. Lon, 5 50 E,, lat. 50 53 N. Valladolid, city of Spain, in Old Caslile. The environs of this cily nre a fine plain, covered wilh gardens, orchards, vineyards, meadows, and fields. It is seated on the Escurva and Pisuerga, near the Douero, 53 ms. SW. of Burgos, 80 SE, of Leon, 95 N. by W. of Madrid. Lon. 4 35 W., lat. 41 50 N. Town in the peninsula of Yucatan, near the coasl of the bay of Honduras, 94 ms. E. by S. of Merida. Lon. 88 30 E., lal. 20 33 N. — -^ Town of Peru, in the audience of Quito, situated near the Andes. Lon. 75 5 W., lat, 6 2 S. Formerly an intendancy of Mexico, now Stale of Mechoacan, the ancient name of the country hav ing been restored. — See Mechoacan, '¦ Valladolid de Mechoacan, capital of the Slate of Mechoacan. Itis elevated 6,396 feet above the level of the ocean, al lal. 19 42 N. Snow has been kpown to fall in ils streets. The aqueduct which supplies this cily wilh potable water cost upwards of ?900,000. — See Mechoacan, Valee Mines, and post office, Jefferson co.. Mo. Vallelonga, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri ore. Lon. 16 40 E., lat. 38 44 N. Vallemont, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and lale province of Normandy, with a caS- ile, 16 ms. N. liy W. of Caudebec. Lon. 1 25 W., lat. 49 46 N. 'Vallencay, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre. Lon. 1 26 E., lal. 47 10 1^. Vallengin, town of Swilzerland, capital of a co. of the same name, in the principality of Neufcha tel. It is sealed near the lake of Neufchatel, 26 ms. NW. of Bern. Lon. 6 40 E., let. 47° N.— See Neufchatel, Vallers, town of Fr., in the dep. of Indre and Loire, wilh some mineral waters. Lon. 0 41 E., lal. 47 24 N. Vallery, St., commercial town of Fr., in the dep. of Somme, and late province of Picardy, at the mouth of the river Somme, whose entrance is very' dangerous. It is 10 ms. NW. of Abbeville, and 100 N. by W. of Paris. Lon. 1 37 E., lat. 50 11 N. Vallery, en-Caux, Sl,, seaport of Fr., in the dep. of Lower Seine, and late province of Nor mandy, 15 ms. W. by S. of Dieppe, and 105 NW. of Paris. Lon, 0 41 E., lat. 49,58 N. Valetta, — See Malta, Valley, post office, .Mifflin co.. Pa. Valley Forge, village on the Schuylkill river, in the NE. part of Chester co.. Pa., 20 ms. NW. from Philadelphia. Valley Towns, village in the Cherokee territory, Tenn., 166 ms. SE. from Nashville. Vallier, St., town of Fr., in the dep. of Ar deche, and late province of Normaindy, 7 mp. NE. of Toumon. Lon. 3 5 E., lat. 49 10 N. VAN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, VAR Valogne, town ofFr., in the dep. ofthe Chan nel, and lale province uf Nurmamly, noted for cloth ami leather. It is seated on a brook, 3 ms. from the sea, and 158 W. by N. of Paris. Lon. I 36 W., lat. 49 30 N. Vallona, ancient Aulon, town ol European Turkey, in Upper Albania, on the N. side of a gulf of tho same name. It supplies Upper Alba nia with Italian arlicles of commerce, and exports the wool, galls, oil, and timber, ofthe surrounding country. Lat. 40 34 N., lon. 20° E. Vallona _ ftands on the site of tho ancient Aulon, opposite to the Acroceraunian promontory, now Cape Len- guetta. The bay between Cape Lenguelta and Vallona is the ancient Oricum, and very nearly opposite Brindisi in Italy. Il is in great part land locked by the projecting capes and by the Sasso- na islands. The breadlh of tho sirait between Italy and Albania is in this place about 30 miles, and the distance from Brindisi to Aulon 75 ms. Valonia, village, Jackson co., Ia. ; by post road 64 ms. S. from Indianapolis. Valparaiso, town of Chili, with a well-fre quented harbor, defended by a strong fort. It is sealed on the Pacific ocean, at the foot of a high mountain. Lon. 72 14 W., lal. 33 3 S. Since the revolution in Spanish America has opened this port, (1817,) il has become a place of very exten sive trade; but the enormous importation of Brit ish goods affords no sale criterion lo estimate the solid prosperity of its inhabitants. According to Mr. Morse, from February, 1817, to July, 1818, $3,300,000 worth of Brilish mannfactured goods entered Valparaiso, Valrees, townof Fr., in the Venaissin, 12 ms. E. of St. Paul Trois Chateaux. Vals, town ofFr., in the dep. of Ardeche, and late province of Dauphiny, remarkable for a mine ral spring. It is seated on tbe Ardeche, 3 ms. N, of Aubenas. Lon. 4 26 E., lat. 44 48 N. Valteline, called by the inhabitants Valle-telino, fertile valley of Swilzerland. subject to the Giisons, It is about 50 ms. in lengih, extending from the confines of Bormio to the lake of Chiavenna, and is enclosed between two chains of mountains. It is separated by the N. chain from the Grisons, by the S. chain from the Venetian territories ; on the E. it borders on the co. of Bormio, and is bound ed on the W. by the duchy of Milan. The Val- telines export wine, silk, planks, cheese, butter, and cattle. The inhabitants are computed to be 63,000, and are all Roman Catholics. It now forms a part ofthe Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. Valverde, town of Portugal, in Beira, on the confines of Spain, 30 ms. N. by W. of Alcantara, and 38 SSE of Guardia. Lon. 6 19 W., lat. 39 44 N. Town of Spain, in Estramadura, and 8 ms. from Badajoz. Van, lake of, ancient Mantiavus, lake of Asia, near the city of Van, It is one of those lakes wilhout visible outlet, so common in Asia. Lake Van, in lat. 38J° N., is very elevaled, and lies be tween the source.? of the Aras, Euphrates, and Tigris. Van, town of Turkey in Asia, in Armenia, near the frontiers of Persia. It is a populous place, de fended by a castle, seated on a mountain. It is likewise a beglerbegic, under which there are nine sangiacates, or particular governments. The Turks always keep a numerous garrison in the castle. Lon. 44 30 E,, lal. 38 30 Norlh. Vanceburg, villaqe, Lewis co., Ky., near tho Ohio river, 35 ms. NE. by E. from Washington. There are suit works near thia place. Vancouver's Island, — Seo Quadras and Van- couver'a Island, aa also Queen Charlotte's laland. Vandalia, seat of governmeni, Fiiyelte CO., Ill , on the right bank of Kaskaskias river, about 55 ms. from St. Louis. It was chosen whilst oc cupied by a wilderness as the seat of government for III,, and is now rapidly assuming the aspect of a flourishing village, with the ordinary Stale and cu. buildings found in those places in the Uni ted Stales, in which the Slate Legislature and co. courts ara held. Lon. W. C. 12 1 W., lat. 39 5N. Vandenburgh, co., Ia., bounded by Ohio river S., Posey W. und N.,and Warwick E. Length 20 ms., mean width 13 j area 240 sq. ms. It is drained by Big Pigeon creek. Chieflown, Evans ville. Pop. 1820, 1,798; and in 1840, 6,850. Cent. lal. 38 6 N., lon. W. C. 10 28 W. Van Dieman's Land, long considered as a part of New Holland, but in 1797 was determined lo be a separate island by Mr. Boss, surgeon to Cap tain Flinders. It is now colonized by the British, and divided into two cos., Buckingham and Corn wall. Capilal, Hobanown. Lat. 43° S., lon. 147° E.— See Australia, p. 112. ' Van Dieman's Road, road of the island of Ton gataboo, one of the Friendly islands. Lon. 178 56 W., lat. 21 4 S. Vanhook's Store, and post office. Person co., N. C. Vannes, seaport of France, in the department of Morbihan, formerly a bishop's see, seated on the Gulf of Morliihan. Its principal trade is in wheat and rye for Spain ; and it has a trade also in pil chards and sea eels. Il is 3 ms. from the Atlantic, 56 W. of Rennes, and 255 W. by S. of Paris. Lon. 2 46 W., lal. 47 39 N. Vansvitle, town. Prince George's co., Md., 13 ms. NE. Irom W. C. Van Syckle's Store, and post office, Hunterdon CO., N. J., by post road 38 ms. from Trenton. Vanwert, co. in the NW. part of O., bounded by Paulding N., Putnam and Allen E., Mercer S., and Slate of la. W. Lengih 24 me., width 18, area 432 sq. ms. Var, department of Fr., including part of the late province of Provence. River which has ils source in the co. of Nice, and falls into the Medi terranean 4 ms. W. of Nice. It gives name lo the above department. Vardari, ancient ,4a;ius, river of European Tur key, ill Macedonia, is formed by numerous conflu ents rising in and flowing from the mountains of Scaidius See Macedonia, Varollo, strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 47 ms. WNW. of Milan. Lon. 8 25 E., lat. 45 43 N. Varrambon, town ofFr., in the dep. of Ain, 14 ms. NNW. of Bourge. Lon. 3 15 E., lal. 48 33 N. Varella, cape on the E. coast of the kingdom of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, remarkable for having a high rock on its summit. Lon. 109 17 E., lat. 12 50 N. 923 VAU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VED Varendore, fortified town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the river Embs. Varennea, town of France, in the department of AMier, seated on an eminence near the river Allier, 14 ms. SSE. of Moulins. Lon. 3 31 E., lat. 46 22 N.. Town of France, in the department of Meuse Uis 13 ms. of Clermont.. Village on Rocky river, in the SE. part of Pendleton district, S. C, by post road 143 ms. NW. by W. from Columbia. Varhely, town of Transylvania, 60 ms. E. of Temeswar. Lon. 17 10 E., lat. 45 40 N. Variety Mills, village. Nelson co., Va., by post road 102 ms. westerly from Richmond. Varinas, province of Colombia, SW. from Ca raccas, on the head walers of the Apure river. Varna, considerable seaporl of Turkey in Eu rope, in Bulgaria, capital of the territory of Dro- bugia, near the inouth of the Varna, in the Black sea, 22 ms. N. of Mesembria, and 145 NW. of Constantinople. Lon. 28 28 E. lal. 42 44 N. Varzey, town of France, in the dep. of Yonne, wilh a castle, 32 ms. from Auxerre. Vasil, town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, situaled on the Volg?, 60 miles E. of Novogorod. Lon. 45 44 E., lal. 56 16 N. Vasilipotamos, or Royal river, (anoienl Euro tas,) river of Greece, in the Morea. Though so much celebrated in ancient history, the Eurotas is a mere mountain torrent, formed by two branches flowing from Mount Taygetus. Pursuing a course nearly S:, the two streams unite 6 or 7 ms, from the Gulf of Laconia, now Colokythia. The enlire length of the Vasilipotamos is short of 40 miles ; dry in summer and autumn, and only swelled by winter rain. Vassalborough, town, Kennebec co., Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec river, 7 ms. S, of Fori Halifax, 40 N. of Wiscasset, and aboul 83 NE. of Portland. Pop. 1810, 1,188; in 1820, 2,484. Vaaaerburg, town of Bavaria, It is surrounded by high mountains, and seated on the river Inn, 28 ms. E. of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E., lal. 48 10 North. Vassi, lown of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, seated on the Blaize, 10 ms. NW. of Join ville, and 115 E of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E., lat. 48 27 N. Valan, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Indre, seated in a fine plain, 8 ms. NW. of Issoudun. Lon. 1 66 E., lat. 47 3 N. Vathi, village of Greece, in Livajia, on the straits of Negropont, 5 ms. SW. from the town of Negropont. Vatica, seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, silualed in a bay of the same name, 44 ms. SE. of Misitra. Lon. 33 2 E., lat. 36 38 N. Vaucoleures, town ofFr., in the dep. of Meuse, scaled on the side of a hill, near the river Meuse, 10 ms. W. of Toul, 32 SW. of Nancy, and 150 E. of Paris. Lon. 5 40 E., lat. 48 30 N,— See Domremy la Pucelle, Taucluse, department of France, which includes the CO. of Venaissin and territory of Avignon. Village and fountain of France, in the dep. to which it gives name, 13 ms. E. of Avignon, cele brated by Petrarch. Vaud, Pays de, country of Swilzerland, in tbe canton of Bern. It extends along the lake of Ge 924 neva, rising gradually from the edge of lhat lake, and is richly laid out in vineyards, corn fields, and meadows, and checquered with continued vil lages and towns. Lausanne is the capital. Vaudables, town of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, 5 ms. from Isloire, and 240 S. by E. of Paris. Vaudemont, town of France, in the dep. of .Meurthe, with a casllc. It is seated in the most fertile couniry for corn in all Lorraine, 15 ms SE. of 'loul, and 18 SW. of Nancy. Lon. 5 57 E., lat. 48 26 N. Vaudois, Valleys of, in Piedmont. They lie N. of Ihe marquisale of Saluzzo, and the chief town is Lucerna. The inhabitants are called Vaudois, also Waldenses, from Peter Waldo, a merchant at Lyons, who exposed the superstitions of the church of Rome, in 1160, and, being ban ished from France, came here wilh his disciples. The Vaudois underwent the most dreadful perse cution in the 17th century, particularly in 1663, 1656, and 1696. Vaudrevange, decayed town of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, seated on the Sare, near the sirong fortress of San Louis, 50 ms. NE. of Nancy, Lon. 6 36 E,, lal. 49 28 N. Vauxhall, village of Eng , in Surry, sealed on the Thames, 2 ms. SW. ofLondon. Vecht, rivor that has ils source in Westphalia, near .Munsler, crosses Ihe cos. of Stenford and Benthiem, and, entering Overyssel, passes by Om men, Haffelt, and Swarlsluys, below which it falls into the Ztiydef Zee, under the name of Swartwa- ter — that is, Blackwater. River of the Nether lands, which branches off from the old channel of the Rhino, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuyder Zee al Muyden. Vechta, foriified lown of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Munsler, 30 ms. N. of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 24 E,, lat. 52 54 N. Vectoh Radius, line supposed to be drawn frora the centre of the sun to lhat of any planet re volving round that luminary. It is from Latin veho or vectum, to carry, as, apparently, this line attaches the planet to the sun, and by which it is carried round as a stone in a sling, Vedas, or Gueat Shastras, the Hindoo sa. ered books, consisting of one class, called- " The Four Vedas." These are regarded as not revela tions lo inspired men, and by them communicated to mankind generally, but as proceeding direct out of the mouth of the Creator. Second class, " The Four Upa Vedai," given to mankind by Brahma ; these and the following are revelations. Third class, " The Six Ved-Angas " Fourth class, " Up-Angas," which ie the most copious, and contains ihe Puranas, or sacred poems. Afler staling the above, the Foreign Missionary Chroni cle for November, 1840, contains the following observations: " These works are in great part composed in a kind of blank verse or measured phrase. Their number and bulk are not easily described. The Four Vedas form eleven large folio volumes. The Puranas and two olher poems contain two and a half millions of lines, whilst an octavo bible, in large print, contains less than one hundred thou sand lines, and these are but a small part of the whole. The longest life would not suffice for a VEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VEN single perusal of the books claiming to be a divine revelation to direct man in the worship of his Cre ator, and his duty to his fellow-man. Vedenskoi, town of Russia, in the governmeni of Archangel, on the Vokscha, 200 ms. ESE. of Archangel. Lon. 46 44 E., lat. 58 45 N. Veere, — See Tervere, Veglia, island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, wilh a good harbor, Il ia the most populous island on this coast ; it abounds in wine and silk. The only town, of the same name, is seated on the sea, on a hill, commanded by two mounlains, 17 ms. NW. of Arbe, and 110 SE. of Venice. Lon. 14 64 E., 46 22 N. Vagliana, town of Italy, in Piedmont, in the marquisale of Susa, seated on the eminence, near the river Doria, 12 ms. NW. of Turin. Lon. 7 34 E., lat. 45 7 N. Veiros, town of Portugal, in .\lentejo, wilh a castle, seated on the Anhaloura, 10 ras. SSW. of Porlalegre. Lon. 7 34 W., lat. 38 57 N. Veil, St,, strong lown of Germany, in Austria, seated at the confluence of the Glan and Wanich, 8 ms. N. of Clagenfurt, and 173 SW. of Vienna. Lon. 14 20 E., Int. 47 1 N. Strong seaport of Istria See Fiume, Vela, sape of S. America, on the N. coasl of Terra Firma, 160 ms ENE. of St. Martha. Lon. 71 25 W., lat. 12 50 N. Velay, lale province uf France, bounded on the N. by Forez, on the W. by Auvergne, on the S. by Gevauden, and on the E, by Vivarez. It is full of high mountains, covered wilh snow the greater part of the year, but abounds in cattle. It now forms the departmept of Upper Loire. Velden, town of Germany, in the circle of Ba varia, 22 ms. NW. of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 50 E., lat, 40 10 N. Veldentz, town of Germany, in the palalinale of the Rhine, sealed on the Moselle, 13 ms. NE. of Treves. Lon. 7 3 E., lat. 49 52 N. Veleki Usiiug, province of the Russian govern ment of Vologda. Usiiug is the capilal, Veletri, or Velleiri, town of Ilaly, in Campagna di Roma. It is a very pleasant place, and there are large squares adorned with fine fountain.^. It is seated on an eminence, surrounded by hills, 8 ms. ESE. of Alliano, and 20 SE. of Rorae. Lon. 12 36 E., lat, 4146 N. Velez, town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, 45 ms. NE. of Toledo, and 50 SE. of Madrid. Lnn. 2 23 W., lat. 40° N. Velez de Gomara, town of Africa, in the king dom of Fez, wilh a harbor, sealed belween two high mountains, on the Mediterranean, 130 ms. NNE. of Fez. Lon. 4° W., lat. 35 10 N. Velez Malaga, town of Spain, in Granada, seat ed in a large plain, near the .Mediierranean sea, 12 ms. NE. of Malaga, and 52 SW. of Granada. Lon, 3 34 W.. lat. 36 42 N. Velika, town of Sclavonia, seated on the river Bakawa, 10 ms. E. of Cruelz, and 60 NW. of Posega. Lon, 16 50, lat. 46 18 N. Velino, small river of Italy, flows past Terni, and near that town falls over a precipice 300 feet. This is the cataract so poetically described by By ron. — See Terni, Velore, town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic. It is a jkost of great iraporlance, commanding the great road frum Mysore into the Carnalic. It consists of three sirong forts, on as many hills, and is deemed impregnable to an Indian army. It is 90 miles W. of, Madras, and 214 from Seringa patam. Veltzen. — See Ultzen, Vena, or Monti-delta- Vena, mountains of Car niola, on the confines of Istria, on the S. of Ihe Lake Czernic. Venafro, tpwn of Ilaly, in Naples, in Terra-di- Lavora, wilh a bishop's see, sealed near the VoU turno, 27 ms. W. of Capua, and 43 N. of Naplea. Lnn. 14 19 E,, lat. 43 32 N. Venaissin, small bul fertile territory of France, lately depending on the Pope, but now decreed a part of France, and included in the department of Vnucluse. It Is of small exient, but pleasant and fertile. * Venango, co, of Pa., bounded by .Armstrong SE., Butler SW., Mercer W., Crawford NW., Warren NE., and Jefferson E. Length 38 ms., width 29 ; area 1,114 sq. ms. Surface generally broken, though much good soil lies along the wa tercourses. Alleghany river winds through and receives French creek in this county. Chieflown, Franklin. Pop. in 1820, 4,915; and in 1840, 17,900. Central lat. 41 24 N,, lon. W. C. 2 40 W. Venango, NE. tp., Butler co.. Pa. One of the northern tps, of Crawford co,. Pa., NW, from French creek, 6 ms. N, from Meadville. Pop. in 1820, 630. Venant, St,, town of Fr,, in the dep. of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois. It can be laid under water at any lime, which is ils chief defence, and is 27 miles SE. of Dunkirk, and 23 NW. of Arras. Lon. 2 39 E., lal. 50 38 N. Venasque, town of Spain, in Arragon, in a vql. ley of the same name, with a sirong castle. It is seated on the Essara, in a couniry producing good wine, 35 ms, E. of Balbastro. Lon. 0 25 E., lat. 41 58 N. l/enetighery, town of the peninsula of Hindoos tan, 51 ms. E. of Bangalore, and 54 W. of, Ar cot. Lon. 78 38 E., lat. 13 5 N. Verice, lown of Fr., in the dep. of Var, and lale province of Provence, 8 ms. from the Mediterra nean, and 10 W. of Nice. Vendee, dep. of Fr , including port of the lale province of Poitou. It is so called from a small river of the same name. Fontenay-le-Compe is the capital. Venden, town of Russia, in the government of Riga, 36 ms. NE. of Riga. Lon. 25 15 E,, lat. .57 12 N. Vendome, town of Fr,, in the dep, of Loir and Cher, and late province of Blaisois, sealed on the river Loier, 30 ms, NE. of Tours, and 95 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1 8 E,, lat. 47 50 N. Vendrell, town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 ms. WSW. of Barcelona.- Lon. 1 50 E., lat. 41 12 N. Venezuela, province of Colombia, bounded on the N. by the Caribbean sea, on the E. by Carac cas, on the S. by New Granada, and on the W. by St, Martha. When the Spaniards landed here in 1499, they observed some huts buill upon piles, in an Indian village, in order to raise them above the stagnated waler lhat covered the plain, and 925 VER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VER this induced them to give it the name of Venezu ela, or Little Venice. Near the sea coast are high mountains, the tops of which are barren, but the lower parts in the valley are ferlile, producing plenly of corn, rich pastures, sugar, tobacco, and fruits. There are also plantations of cocoa nuts, which are exceedingly good ; and gold is found in the sands of rivers. Venezuela, or Coro, capilal of the province of the same name, in Colombia, seated on a penin sula', on the Gulf of Venezuela, 70 ms. NE. of Mar'acaybo. Lon. 70 15 W., lal. 10 43 N. Venezuela, gulf on the N. coast of Terra Firma, which communicales with the Lake of Maracaybo by a narrow strait. Venice, late celebrated republic of Ilaly, which comprehended the Dogado, Paduano, Vicenlino, Veronese, Bresciano, Bergamo, Cremasco, I'ole- sinodi Rovigo,'Trevisano, Fellrino, Bellunese, Ca dorino, and part of Friuli and Istria. The Vene tian territories on the continent, enumerated above, (and which, by way of distinction, are sometimes called the Terra Firma,) are described in their re spective platJes. This once powerful Slale, since 1814, has formed one of the great sections of Aus trian Ilaly ; area 9,950 sq. ms. Pop. 1,930,000. Venice, city of Italy, one of the most celebraled in the world, and capilal of a republic of the same name, with a patriarchate and a university. It stands on 73 litlle islands, in the Gulf of Venice. The approach to the cily is marked by rows of stakes on each side, which direct vessels of a cer tain burden to avoid the shallows. These shal lows are a better defence than the strongest Ibrtifi- catiopa. Venice is included in the province called the Dogado, and is 73 ms. E. by N. of Mantua, 115 NE. of Florence, 140 E. of Milan, 312 N. of Rome, and 300 N. by W. of Naples. Lon. 13 10 E., lat. 45 36 N. The trade, opulence, and population of Venice are slill respectable. The inhabitants amount to about 140,000. Venice, Gulf of, sea between Italy and part of Turkey in Europe. It is the ancien^ Adriaticura Mare, and is stiir somelimes called the Adriatic. It extends from SE. to NW., between Italy lo the SW., and Albania, Herzigowina, Dalmalia, and Illyria, NE., reaching from lal. 40° to 46° N.^ Venice, village belween Genoa and Scipio, Cay uga CO., N. Y., 30 ms. N. from Ithaca, and 15 S. from Auburn. „ , , . , c.i. m ,u Venlo, strong town of the kingdom ofthe Neth erlands 'in Guelderland, formerly in alliance wilh Ihc Hanseaiic Towns, 19 ms. N. of Ruremonde, and 35 NW. of Juliers. Lon. 5 50 E., laU 51 20 N. Venosa, town of Italy, in Naples, on Basilicata, a ferlile plain at the foot of the Appennines, 13 ms. NW of Acerenza, and 72 NE. of Naples. Lon. 15 52E., Iat. 40 54 N. . Venta-de-Cruz, town of Colombia, in Darien, on the river Chagre. Here the Spaniards-used to embark the merchandise of Peru on that river for I'orio Bello. Lon. 79 0 W., lat. 9 20 N. Venzone, town of Italy, in Friub, 32 ms. ENE. of Belluno. Lon. 13 40 E., Iat. 46 32 N. Vera town of Spain, in Granada, wilh a har- „r It is 43 ms. NE. of Aimeria, and 32 SW. brCarthagena. Lon. 1 30 W., lat 37 15 N. o Vera Cruz, formerly an intendancy, now a 926 Slale of the republic of Mexico. Il is a long, nar row slip exiending on the Gulf of Mexico 450 ms., with a mean widih inland of 60 ms. ; area 27,000 sq. ms. ; lying belween N.Jat. 17° and 22° 20', lop. W. C. 17 5 to 22 0 W. In all its great line of sea coast, not one really good harbor exists. Ve ra Cruz itself is a mere roadstead. There are few, if any other regions of the world where transition of soil, elevation, and vegetable life, are more rapid and striking. The western part rise.-i on the de clivity of Anahuac. In one day tbe traveller as cends from the parched plains near the Mexican gulf to the region if perpetual snow. Asi ending from the city of Vera Cruz to the table land of Pe rote, we see the physiognomy of liie countiy, the aspect of the sky, the form of plants, ihe figure of animals, the manners of the inhahitants, and their modes of cultivation, assume a diflerent aspect at every step. Staples, vanilla, cocoa, tobacco, cot ton, sugar, and rice. This intendancy coniains the two great volcanic summits of Orizaba and Coffre de Perote. In it, near Papantla, are found very well preserved remains of ancient monuments. — See Pyramids of Mexico. lis cilies are Vera Cruz, Xalapa, Perote, Cordoba, Orizaba, and Tla- cotlalpan. It is drained by the Sumasinta, Gua sacualco, Alvarado, and some sireams of lesser consequence. Vera Cruz, city of Mexico, and capital of the Slate of the same name. This city, beauliful and wealthy from art, owes nothing to nature. It stands nn the low, sandy, and insalubrious coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The harbor, if it ought to be so called, is in some measure protected by the small island of St. Jean d'Uloa, but is in reality very in secure. The winter population of Vera Cruz is about 17,000, bul in summer the yellow fever drives the wealthy to Xalapa, and other places of the interior. Arid sands environ this city, which depends on foreign commerce for its very existence. Lat. 19 11 N., lon. W. C. 19 9 W. Vera Paz, province of Guatemala, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, E. by the bay and province of Honduras, S. by Guatemala proper, and W. by Chiapa. It is full of mounlains and forests, but there are many ferlile valleys, which feed a great number of horses and mules. There are also many lowns and villages of the native Americans. The capital, of the same name, or Cohan, is a bishop's see, bulls inconsiderable. It is 120 ms. NE. of Guatemala. Lon. 90 55 W., lat, 15 30 N. Veragua, province of Colombia, on the isthmus of Daiien, bounded on the N. by the Caribbean sea, E. by the province and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific ocean, and W. by Cosla Rica. Il is 125 ras. long and 40 broad, and is a raountainous and barren couniry, hut abounds in gold and sil ver. Sl. Jago is the capital. Verberie, town of Fr., in the dep. of Oise, on the river Oise, 10 ms. NE. of Senlis. Vercelli, city of Piedmont, capital of a lordship of the same name, and a bishop's see. Tbe in habitants are estimated al 20,000. It is sealed at the conflux of the Cerva wilh the Sesia, 40 ms. NE OfTurin. Lon. 8 24 E., lat. 45 31 N. Verchilensk, town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena, 130 ms. N. of Ir kutsk. Lon. 105 35 E., lat. 54 0 N. 1 Verchotura, town of Russia, in the govern- vii:k GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VER ment of Perm This was the first town the Rua sians built in Siberia. Il is situated near the river Tura, 120 ms. N. of Catharinenburg. Lon, 60 15 E., lat. 58 45 N. Verd, Cape, promonlory on the W. coast of .Af rica, 145 ms. NW. of the mouth ofthe Gambia. Lon. 17 31 W., lat. 14 44 N. Verd Islands, Cape, islands in the Atlantic, above 300 ms. W. of tbe coast of Africa, between 13° and 19° N. lat. They are said lo have been known to the ancients under the name of Gorgades, but not visited by the modorns till they were dis covered, in 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, and received their gen eral name from their situation opposite Cape Verd. They are len in number, Jying in a semicircle. The names are St. Antonio, St. Vincent, St. Lu cia, Sl. Nicholas, Sal Bonavista, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. Sl. Jago is the principal. Verden, duchy of Germany, in the kingdom of Hanover, 28 ms. long and nearly as rauch broad, bounded on the W, and N. by the duchy of Bre men, and E. and S. by the duchy of Lunenburg, It consists phiefly of heaths and high dry lands, but there are good marshes on the rivers Weser and Aller. It now forms part of the kingdom of Hanover. Verden, town of Hanover, capital of a duchy of the same name. It contains four churches, and is seated on a branch of the Aller, 18 ms. ESE. of Bremen. Longitude 9 20 East, latitude 52 58 North. Verdon, village, Hanover co., Va., 32 ras. from Richmond. Verdun, town of France, in the dep. of Meuse. The ciladel, which is a regular fortification, was constructed by Vauban, who was a native of this place. It is seated on the Meuse, 28 ms. N. by E. of Bar le Due, and 140 E. by N. uf Paris. Lon. 5 23 E., lat. 49 9 N. Verdun, town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, seated on tbe Saone, at the in flux of the Doubs, 80 miles East by South of Autun, Verdun, town of France, in the dep. of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 ms. NNW. of Toulouse.Verea, town of European Turkey, in Macedo nia, 48 ms. W. of Salonica. Vergennes, lown of Vt., in Addison co., seated on Otter creek, 6 ms. from its mouth in Lake Champlain, and 10 N. of Middlebury. Verina, town of Colombia, in the province of Cumana, celebrated for its tobacco. It is situated on a gulf the Atlantic, 45 ms. E. of Cumana. Lon. 63 44 W., lat. 10 8 N. Vermandois, territory of France, in Picardy, which, with the lale Territory of Soissonnois, is tiow included in the department of Aisne. It abounds in corn and excellent flax. Vermejo, or Rio Grande, river of South Amer ica, rising from the eastern valleys of the Andes, in the province of Salto, and falling into the Par aguay from th6-W., a little above the mouth of the Parana. — See Rio Grande. Vermillion, small river of Ohio, rises near the northern boundary of Richland, and, flowing N. over Huron co., falls inlo Lake Erie, afler a com parative course of 30 ms. Town, Huron co., Ohio, on Vermillion river. Tp., Richland co., Ohio. River of Illinois and Indiana, rises in the former, and, flowing SE. by coraparative courses 60 ms., enters tho lalter Stale and falls into the Wabash at lal. 39 58 N,, in Vermillion CO. River of Illinois, heading with the Ver million branch of Wabash, but, flowing NW. by comparalive course 60 ms., falls into Illinois river at Vermillion rapids. River and branch of the Mississippi, entering that stream above the falls of Pegagama. C. H. and post office, Vermillion CO., Illinois, about 120 ms. NE. fronl Vandalia, and 100 a httle N. of W. from Indianapolis, in Indiana. Vermillion, co. of Indiana, and Vermillion co,, Illinois, bound on each other,, and are bolh crossed by the river of the same name and by N. lat 40°. Newport is the co. seat of that of Indiana, and Danville of that of Illinois. Pop. of Vermillion, Indiana, in 1840, 8,274; pop, of Vermillion, Illi nois, in 1840, 9,303. Co., Illinois, on Ver- million of Wabash, and N. from Edgar co. It ia traversed by lal. 40° N. Vermillion, river of La., rises 3 ms. NW. from the town of St. Landr6, in Opelousas, by Bayou Bourbee. After continuing lo flow to the S. a lillle E. 12 ms., an interlocking stream, the Fu silier, unites the Vermillion and Teche, forming the limit belween Opelousas and .\ttacapas al lhat place. The Vermillion continues Ihrough St. Martin's, the upper parish of Attacapas, in nearly a S. direction 60 ms., having an entire course of a lillle more than 70 ms. The arable lands along the Vermillion are extremely fertile, and, as the stream flows S. ot lat. 30°, sugar can be culti vated on its banks ; considerable forests clothe ths banks bf the Vermillion near the limits 0|f the Opelousas and Attacapas ; but in proceeding to wards the sea trees gradually diminish, and near the bay, except a few clumps of cypress, live oak, &c., the prairie or sea marsh extends on all sides. The lide rises in the Vermillion 15 ur 20 ms. ; but the bar at the mouth only admits vessels drawing 4 or 5 feet of water. Vermillion, and Cdte Blanche Bays, Louisi ana, are only parls of the same sheet of waler in dented by Point Cypi-iere Mori, and limited on the S. by a chain of low marshy islands. The depth of waler over the two bays is 10 or 12 feet, though no vessels drawing more than 5 feel can enter. The coast along the shores is low and marshy, except the two small elevated spots of Cdte Blan che and Grand Cole. Small clumps of trees are scattered along the lagunes, but the general sur face grassy marsh. The grand or western pass into Vermillion bay ' is the main outlet of Vermillion river, and is about one mile wide and three long. Morrison's cut or eastern pass is merely a strait belween two small islands, each pass having about 6 feet water. Vermillion Bridge, and post office, St. Martin's parish. La., 15 ms, NW. from Sl. Martin's, and 25 a liltle E. of S. from St. Landre,^ in Ope lousas. Vermillion Sea. — See Gulf of California. Vermont, State of the Uniled States, bounded by L. Canada N., Conn, river or N. Hampshire E., Maes. S., and N. Y'ork and Lake Champlain West. » 927 VER GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VER Having an outline along Connecticut river, in common with N, Hampshire Along the N. boundary of Massachusetts - In common wilh N. York and along Lake Champlain .\long L. Canada, on lat. 45° N. - Miles. 170 43 160 90 Whole outline - - . 463 Length from N. to S. 160 ms., mean width 52; area, 8,000 sq. ms; lying between lal. 42 44 and 45° N. A chain of high mountains, running N. and S., divides the State nearly in the centre, between the river Connecticut and Lake Cham plain. The natural growth upon this chain is hemlock, pine, spruce, and olher evergreens ; hence they are called the Green mounlains, and give name to the State. The country is generally hilly, but not rocky, and the soil is fertile. It has nu merous sireams and rivers, which all riso in the Green mountains ; the largest are on the W. side, and the chief are Otter creek. Onion river. La Moelle, and Mischiscou ; the most numerous are on the E. side, and the largest are West river. White river, and Passumpsic. Vermont is subdivided inlo the counties of — Counties. Sq, ms. Population. 1820. To sq, ra. Addison 500 20,469 41 Bennington 630 16,125 24 Caledonia 500 16,669 33 Chittenden 630 16,055 25 Essex 728 3,284 4 Franklin 810 17,192 21 Grand Isle 90 3,527 39. Orange 600 24,681 41 Orlean,'» 800 6,976 8j Rutland 720 29,983 41 ¦Washington 480 14,113 30 ¦Windham 640 28,457 44 ¦Windsor 732 38,233 38 8,000 235,764 29 Population in 1810. Free while males Free while females 'I'olal whiles All other persons, except Indians, not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 Population 'in 1820. Free white males Free white females All other persons, except Indians, not taxed - - - - Tital whites - Free peisons of color, males - Free persons of color, females Total population iu 1820 928 109,951107,194 217,145 750 0 217,895 117,310117,536 15 234,861 438 465 336,764 Of these : . Foreigners not naturalized - 935 Engaged in agriculture 50,960 Do manufactures - 8,484 Do commerce - 776 Pop. lo the sq. mile, 38. Distributive population of Vermont, from the census of 1840. Whites. — Ages. 0 to 5 6 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 lo 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwards Total whitea Males. Famalps. 21,78619,06917,551 16,999 23,00617,59612,817 7,982 5,4543,137 884 84 13 146,378 20,379 18,877 16,67715,744 24,225 18,163 12,807 8,6125.423 2,876 951 100 7 144^40146,373 291,218 Free colored peraons.— Ages. OtolO 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 100 and upwards Tolal free colored Slavea Aggregaie IMales. Females. 7S 106 65 76 43 0 366364 730 0 White persons ofthe foregoing who are — Deaf and dumb, und6r 14 years of age 27 Do. from 14 to 25 - - 19 Do. above 25 - 89 Do. lotal deaf and dumb 135 Do. blind - 101 White persons i'nsaue and idiots at — Public charge - 144 Private charge 254 Do, total insane and idiota - 398 Free colored persons who are- Deaf and dumb 2 Blind . 2 Do. inaane and idiots - 13 Number of persons employed in- Mining ¦ - - 77 Agriculture 73,150 Commerce - - 1,303 Manufactures and trades 13,174 Navigation on the ocean 41 Do, canals, lakea, and rivers 146 Learned professions - - - 1,563 Pensioners for revolutionary br military «ervicea 1,320 Universities or colleges ,- ¦ - , - 3 Students in do ^- , - - .. _ - 233 Academies and grcimmar achoola^ -- - 46 Students in do, --..¦. .? ¦ 4,113 Primary and common 'schools, - .--, 2,402 Scholars in do. ' " - ' - - 82,817 Scholars at public charge - . - - 1 4,701 Number of while jjersons, ovQr 20 years of age, who cannot read or. write -,.,-¦ ¦ 2,270 ViiiK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VER Population of Vermont, by counties, from the census of 1840. Wliites, Free col. Slaves, peraons Counties, t S ID Total, i "ri S "2 i "5 a S —* B §. s s £ Chittenden 11,557 11,338 39 •13 22,977 Franklin 12,420 12,053 31 27 21,531 Caledonia 10,941 10,936 3 11 2t,9»l Grand lale 1,959 1,924 - _ 3,883 Orleans 6,371 6,752 5 6 13,634 Washington - 11,742 H,7J3 11 10 23,506 Essex 2,121 2,097 6 2 4,226 Onmge Winoham 13,882 13,970 10 11 27,873 13,713 13,695 16 18 27,442 Lamoille 5,351 5,121 - 3 10,475 16,872 Bennington - EuUaad 8.503 8 268 55 46 15,414 1.5,155 61 69 30,699 Windsor 20,108 20,112 73 63 40,356 .Addiaon 11,796 11,676 54 57 23,583 Total Vermont 14ti378 144840 364 366 291918 Progressive pop ulation. In 1790 _ 85,539 1800 . - 154,465 1810 217,865 1830 - 235,764 1830 . 280,667 1840 - - 29 1,948 Pop. to the sq. mile in 1840, 38^. The principal products of Vermont are small grain, pot and pearl ashes, beef, pork, &c. The opening ofthe Champlain canal must be of incal culable advantage to the wesiern section of Ver mont, in opening to the inhabilanls the markets of the Hudson. There are two colleges in Vermont, located at Burlington and Middlebury. Vermont, village, Chautauque co., N. Y. Vernal, village, Gqnesee co., N. Y. Vernet. — See Issoire. Verneuil, town ofFr., in the dep. of Eure, and late province of Normandy, seated on the Aure, 22 ms. SW. of Evreux, and 65 W, by S, of Paris. Lon. 59' E., lat. 48 43 N. Town of France, iu the department of Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois, 3 ms. from the river Allier, and 15 S. of Moulins. Lnn. 3 25 E., lal. 45 20 N. Vernon, town of France, in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy, 27 ms. SE. of Rouen, and 42 NW. of Paris. Lon. 1 42 E., lat. 49 6 N. Vernon, tp., Windham co., Vt.,on Connecticut river. Pop. 600. Town, Tolland co., Ct., 12 ms. NE. from Hartford, Town, Oneida co., N. Y., 18 ms. W. from Utica. It is the seat of a glass factory. Town, Sussex co., N. J., 21 ms. NE. from Newtown. Village, Kent co., Del., by post road 43 ms. from Dover, Village, Montgomery' county, Georgia. — See Mount Ver non, Montgomery county, Georgia.- Southeast township, Clinton county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1,383. Town, Trumbull county, Ohio. The village is 20 ms. NE. from Warren Town and seat of justice, Jennings co., Ia., 64 ms. SSE. from Indianapolis. Lat, 39 1 N., lon. ¦W.C. 8 30 W. Town and seat of justice, I 117* Hickman co.,Tenn., on the left bank of Duck river, 45 ms. SW. from Nashville. Lat, 36 48 N., lon. W, C. 10 34 W Village, Autauga CO., Alabama, on Alabama river, 34 ms. E. from Cahaba. Vernon Centre, post office, Orteida co., N. Y,, 18 ras. W. from Utica. Veroli, town of ItalJ, in Campagna di Roma, on the Cosa, at the foot of the Appennines, 45 ms. SE. of Rome, Lon. 13 15 E., lal. 41 38 N , Verona, city of Italy, capital of the Veronese, wilh an academy, 17 ms, NE, of Mantua, and 62 SW. of Venice. Lon. 11 24 E,, lat. 45 26 N, Town, Oneida CO., N. Y., on the Erie canal, 10 ms. W. from Rome. Veronese, province of Austrian Ilaly, in the former territory of Venice, bounded on the N. by tbe Trenlino, on the E. by the Vlncentino and Paduano, on the S. by the Mantuan, and on the W. by the Bresciano. It is 35 ms. long and 27 broad, and one of the most ferlile countries in Italy, abounding in corn, wine, fruits, and cattle. Area 1,330 sq, ms,, and population 285,000. Vernois, considerable town of Russia, in tho government of Rozan, seated on a mounlain, near a river of the same name, which, a little lower, falls into the Don. Lon. 42 29 E., lat. 53 15 N. Verplank's, post office, Dutchess co., N. Y., 11 ms. E. from Poughkeepsie. Verrez, town of Italy, in Piedmont, with an impregnable forlress. • Verriers, lown of Switzerland, 6 ms. ENE. of Pontarlier, and 20 WSW. of Neufchatel. Versailles, lown of France, in the department of Seine and Oise. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, and since the revolution has been created a bish- op's see. In the reign of Louis XIII it was only a small village, till Louis XIV built a magnificent palace here, which was the usual residence of the kings of France till 1 789. The gardens, wilh the park, are 5 ms, in circumference, and surrounded by walls. Versailles is 10 ms. WsW. of Paris. Lon. 2 12 W., lat. 48 48 N. Versailles, village and seat of justice, Ripley CO., Ia., on Loughery creek, 45 ms. W.' from Cincinnati, and by post road 89 ms. SE. from In- dianapohs. Lat. 39 6 N., lon. W. C. 8 11 W. Pop. in 1840, 1,044. Villageand seat of jus tice, Woodford co., Ky., 12 ms, W. from Lex ington, and 12 SE. from Frankfort. Lat. 38 5 N., lon. W. C. 7 26 W. Vershire, tp.. Orange co., Vt., on the W. side of the Connecticut river, 20 ms. E, of Ran dolph. Versio, village of France, in the departraent of Ain, near the river Versio. Vertus, lown of France, in the department of Marne, and lale province of Champagne, on a plain at the foot of a mountain, on which are vine yards, producing very good wines, 17 ms. SW. of Chalons, and 78 NE. of Paris. Lon. 4 2 E., lat. 48 53 N. Verue, or Verrua, town of Italy, in Piedmont, in the co. of Asti. It is sealed on a rill near th^ river Po, 20 ms. W. of Cassah, and 23 NE. of Turin. Lon. 8 2 E,, lal. 45 13 N. Verviers, town in the kingdom of Belgium, in the bishopric of Liege, seated on the Wese, 4 ms. SW. of Limburg, and 17 SE. of Liege. 929 VIA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIC Vervins, town of France, in the department of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, on the Serre, 110 ms. NE. of Paris. Lon. 4° E., lat. 49 50 N. Verulam, the vesliges of a celebrated Roman town in Hertfords'hire, close by Sl. Albans. In the time of Nero il was a municipium or town, the inhabitants of which enjoyed the privileges of Roman citizens. By Tacitus, il is called Veru- lamium ; and by Ptolemy, Urola.mium. Verzuolo, town of Italy, in Piedmont, with a Castle. Vesley, town of France, in the department of Aisi^e, and late province of Soissonnois, sealed on the river Aisne. Vesoul, lown of France, in the department of-Upper Saone, and lale province of Franche Compte, at the foot of a mountain called Motte de Vesoul, near the river Durgeon, 33 ms. N. of Besangon, and 300 SE. of Paris. Lon. 6 8 E., lal. 47 36 N. Vesperin, or Wesibrain, town of Lower Hun gary, capital of a co. of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Lake Balaton, at the raouth of the river Sarwise, 50 ras. SW. of Stri- gonia, and 83 SE. of Vienna. Lon. 17 57 E., lat. 47 14 N. Vesuvius, celebrated volcano of Italy, 6 ms. E. ot Naples. This mountain has two tops, one of which only goes by the name of Vesuvius, the other being now called ^omma ; but Sir Wil liam Hamilton is of opinion that the latter is what the ancients called Vesuvius. The perpendicular height of Vesuvius is only 3,978 feet, though the ascent from the foot to the top is 3 Italian miles. One side of the mounlain is well cultivated and fertile, producing great plenty of vines ; but the S. and W. sides are entirely covered wilh cinders and ashes, while a sulphureous smoke constantly issues froiii the top, sometimes attended wilh the most violent explosion of stones, the emission of great sireams of lava, and all the other attendants of a most formidable volcano. The top of the moun tain fell in 1634, and the mouth is now litlle short of 3 ms. in circumference. Veteran, postoffice, Tioga co.,N. Y. Vevay, town of Swilzerland, capilal of a baili wick of the same name, in the canton of Berne, It stands on a small plain, on the edge of the Lake of Geneva, 37 ms. SW. of Berne. Lon. 7 4 E., lat. 46 28 N. Vevay, village and seat of jusiice, Swilzerland county, Indiana, on an elevaled bank of the Ohio river, 65 miles by water and 45 by land below Cincinnaii. The original settlers were emigrants from the canion of Berne, in Switzerland. Lat, 38 47 N. Veude, town of Fiance, in the department of Allier, and lale province of Bourbonnois, sealed on the river Allier, 17 ms. N W. of Moulins. Vezelay, town of France, in the department of Nievre, and late province of Nivernois. Theodore Beza was born in this town. It is seated on the top of a mounlain, near the river Cure, 20 ms. S, of Auxerre, and 117 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E., lat. 47 36 N. Vezelize, town of Fr., in the dep. of Meurthe. Lon. 6 10 E., lat. 48 39 N. Viadana, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, 930 seated on the Po, 8 miles N. of Parma, and 17 S. of Mantua. Lon. 10 36 E., lat. 44 68 N. Viana, lown of Spain, in Navarre, seated near the Ebro, 3 miles N. of Logrono, and 46 SW. of Pampeluna. Lon. 3 20 W., lat. 42 32 N. Town of Portugal, in Enlre-Douero-e-Minho, seat ed at the moulh of the river Lima, with a good harbor, defended by a fort, 15 miles W. of Araga, and 36 N. of Oporto. Longitude 8 29 W., lati tude 41 39 N. Vianden, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in the duchy of Luxemburg, capital of a coun ty of the same name. It is divided into two towns by the liver Uren. In the one is a castle built on a steep mountain. It is 22 miles N. of Luxemburg, and 22 NW. of Treves. Lon. 6 13 £., lat. 49 55 N. Vianen, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Holland, on the Leek, 7 ms. S. of Utrecht. Lon. 5 8 E., lat. 52 0 N. Viatka, government of Russia, which was for merly a province of Kasan. It takes its name from the river Viatka, which runs through it. Town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, with a bishop's see ard a castle. It was formerly called Khivnof, and is seated on the rivej Viatka, 100 miles N. of Kasan. Lon. 54 15 E., lat. 57 25 N. Vic, town of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, and late province of Lorraine, seated on the Seille, 12 miles ENE. of Nancy, and 197 E. of Paris. Lon. 6 38 E., lat. 48 47 N. Town of France, in the dep. ofthe Upper Pyrenees. Lon. 0 9E., lat. 43 24 N. Vic, or Vicq, town of Spain, in Calalonia, on a small river lhat falls into the Tar, 30 miles N. of Barcelona, and 265 ENE. of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 E,, lat. 41 56 N. ViCAB, Latin, vicarius, one who supplies the place of another. Under the Roman empire, Italy was governed by two vicars, one at Rome and the other at Milan. Under the German empire, in case of the death or deposition of the emperor, and when no king of the Romans was in office, the count palatine of the Rhine and dukes of Saxony and Bavaria were imperial vicars. In the Roman Catholic church, the apostoUc vicar is a clergyman appointed by the Pope to represent him in coun tries not catholic. Assistant clergy are vicars. Vic-Fezensac, town of France, in the dep. of Gers, and late province of Armagnac, seated on the Douze, 15 ms. W. of Auch. Vichada, river of South Ameiica, in Colombia, flowing from the plains between the Mela and Ua, NE. by E. 300 ms. by comparative courses, and falling into the Orinoco immediately above the cataract of Atures. Vic-le- Compte, town of France, in the depart ment of Puy-de-Dome, and late province of Au vergne, 230 ms. S. of Paris. Lon. 3 23 E , lat. 46 26 N. Vicegrad, or Vizegrad, sirong town of Lower Hungary, on the S. side of the Danube, 8 miles SE. of Gran, and 16 NW. of Buda. Lon. 19 7 E., lat. 47 35 N. Vicenlino, territoiy of Austrian Italy, bounded on the N. by Trenlino and Fellrino, on the E. by Trevisano and Paduano, on the S. by Paduano, and on the W. by the Veronese. It is 33 miles VIE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIE long and 27 broad, and so very pleasant and fer tile that it is called the Garden of Venice. The wine is excellent, and the butter and cheese very good. Here are also great numbers of mulberry trees, for silk worms ; and there are mines of sil ver and iron, and quarries of stone almost as fine as marble. Vicenza, town of Italy, the capital of Vicen lino. It is seated between the rivers Bachiglione and Rerone, and two mountains, in a fertile plain, 13 miles NW. of Padua, 31 W. of Venice, and 135 N. of Rome. Longiiude 11 43 E., lati tude 45 26 N. Vichy, town of France, in the dep. of Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois, famous for the mineral woters near it. It is seated on the Allier, 16 ms. SE. of Gannat, and 180 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3 32 E., Iat. 46 0 N, Vickshurg, village, Fairfield Co., Ohio. '\'^illage, Warren co., Miss., about 60 ms. NNE. from Natchez. I ico, town of Italy, in Naples, in Terra di Lavora, wilh a bishop's see. It was almost ruined by an earthquake, in 1694, for there were only 40 houses left. It is seated near the Bay of Naples, 15 ras, S. by E. of Naples. Lon. 14 28 E., lat. 40 38 N. Town of Corsica, 15 ms. SW. ofCorte. Lon, 9 16 E., lat. 41 55 N Town of Italy, in Naples. Lon. 14 30 E., lat. 40 43 N. Vicovaro, town and principality of Ilaly, in the province of Sabina, seated near the Teverone, 8 ms. E. of Tivoli, and 40 NE. of Rome. Lon. 13 8E,, lat. 42 30 N. Victoria. — See Vittoria, Victor, town, Ontario co., N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 2,084. Victory, tp. in Essex co., Vl., 45 ms. NE. from Monlpelier. Town in the NW. part of Cayuga CO., N. Y., 12 ms. a lillle N. ofE. from Montezuma. Vidalia, village, ^rish of Concordia, Lou,, on fhe right bank of the Mississippi, directly opposile Natchez. Itis a small village in a single street, parallel to the river, and within the levee. Vidin, — See Widden, Vielleborough, village in the norlhern part of Caroline co,, 'Va., by post road 71 ms. SSW. from W. C, and 52 NNE. from Richmond. Vielsk, town of Russia, in the government of 'Volog-da, situate on the Vaga, 156 ms. NNE. of Vologda. Lon. 41 45 E., lat. 61 40 N. Vienna, city of Germany, capilal of the Em pire of Austria. It stands in a ferlile plain, on the right bank of the Danube, at the influx of the little river Vien. The cily ilself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged, being hmited by fortifications ; but it is populous, and coniains 78,000 inhabitants. The streets in general are narrow, and the houses high ; but there are several fine squares, and in that called Joseph square is a collossal equestrian statue in bronze of Joseph IL Some of the public buildings are magnificent; thechief of them are the imperial palace, the pal aces of the princes Lichlenstei'n, Eugene, &c,, the imperial chancery, the extensive imperial ar senal, the city arsenal, the mint, the general hos pital, the town house, the custom-house, the bank, the library, and the museum. No houses within the walls are allowed to be built nearer to the glacis than 600 yards; so lhat there is a circular field of that breadlh all around the cily, which has a beautiful and salutary effect. The eight su burbs aro said to contain 220,000 inhabilanls ; but they are not populous in proportion to their I size, for many houses have exiensive gardens. JThe circumference of the city and suburbs is up wards of 18 ms. Many families who live during the winter wilhin the fortifications spend the summer in the suburbs. The cathedral is built of freestone, and the steeple contains a bell of un- I common magnitude. 'The archducal (now im- j perial) library is much frequented by foreigners, [as it contains above 290,000 printed books and 10,000 manuscripts. The archducal treasury, and a cabinet of curiosities of the house of Aus- j tria, are great rarities. The Danube is here very wide, and coniains several woody isles, one of which is the prater, or imperial park; it also forms a sort of harbor, where are magazines of naval stores, and ships have been fitted out to serve on that river against the Turks, The trade of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of silk stuffs, gold and silver lace, tapestry, looking- glasses, &c. It is 50 ms. W. of Presburg, 350 NNE. of Rome, and 570 E. of Paris. Lon. 16 16 E., lat. 48 13 N.— See art. Germany, p, 349. Vienna, town, Kennebec co.. Me., 26 ms. NW. from Augusta. Town, Oneida co , N. Y , on Oneida kike. Pop. in 1820, 1,307 Port of entry and village in Dorchester county, Mary- on the W. side of Nanticoke river, 13 miles northwest of Salisbury, on the Wicomico, and 33 from Snow Hill, in the same direction. Village, Trumbull counly, Ohio, 8 ms. NE. from Warren, and by post road 221 ms, NE. from Columbus, Village and seat of justice, Johnson CO,, Illinois, on a small branch of Cash river, aboul 40 ms. NE. from the mouth of Ohio, and by post road 156 ras. S. from Vandalia. Small village on Green river, in the southern part of [Davies co., Ky., 22 ras. SSW. from Owings- burg. I Vienne, considerable town of Fr., in the dep. jof Isere, and lale province of Dauphiny, 15 ms. S. ,of Lyons, and 365 SE. of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E., lat. 45 31 N. I Vienne, dep. ofFr., farmed of part of the lale province of Poitou. It takes its name from a river which rises in the dep, of Correze, and falls into the Loire between Chinon and Saumur. Poitiers is ihp capital. Vienne, Upper, dep. of Fr., eomprising the late province of Liraosin. Limoges is the capilal. Vierarden, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the Vesle, near its con fluence with the Oder. Lon. 14 30 E., lat. 53 2 N. Vierzon, ancient town of Fr., in the dep. of Cher, and late province of Beam. It is seated on the Cher and Yevre, in the most ferlile part ofthe dep., 17 ms. NW. of Bourges, and 100 SW. of Paris. Lon, 3 10 E , Iat. 47 12 N. Viesti, town of Italy, in Naples. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, in the place called the Spur of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Garden, 25 ms. NE. of Manfredonia, and 117 of Naples. Lon. 16 43 E., lat. 41 51 N. 931 VIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIL Vigan, town of Fr., in the dep. of Gard, and late province of Languedoc. Vigevano, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Milan, capilal of the Vigevanasc®. It was formerly the residence of the dukes of Milan, and is seated near the Tesino, 12 ms. SE. of Novara, and 15 SW.of Milan. Longitude 8 64 E., lat. 45 22 Norlh. Vignamont, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, 2 ms. N. of Huy. Lon. 5 22 £., lat. 50 44 N. Vignot, town of Fr., in the dep. of Meuse. Lon. 6 25 E., lat. 48 46 N. Vignuola, town of Ilaly, in the duchy of Modena. Vigo, seaport of Spain, in Gallicia, situate on a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an eminence and an old castle. It has a good har bor, and slands in a fruitful country, 14 ms. WNW. of Tuy, and 47 S. of Compostella. Lon. 8 40 W., lat 42 14 N. Vigo, CO., Ia., bounded by the State of Illinois W., Parke N., Putnam E., and SuUivan S. Lengih 20 ms., width 18, area 360 sq. ms. It is traversed by the Wabash river from N. to S. The chief town, Terre Haute, is situated on the left bank of the Wabash, 60 ms. by land above Vin cennes. Pop. in 1820, 3,390 ; and in 1840, 12,076. Central lat. 39 30 N., lon. W. C. 10 15 W. Vihiers, tovvn of Fr., in the dep. of Mayenne and Loire, 20 ms. S. of Angers, and 20 W. by S. of Saumur. Vilaine, river of Fr., which rises in the dep. of Mayenne, passes by Vilre and Rennes, divides the dep. of Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Biscay below Roche Bernard. Villa de Conde, town of Portugal, in Enlre- Douero-e-Minho, at the mouth of the Ava, 20 ms. N. of Oporto. Villa Flor, town of Poitugal, in Tra-los-Mon tes, 28 ms. S. by W. of Braganza. Villa Franca, seaport of Ilaly, in the co. of Nice. The , harbor is capacious, and the moun tains which enclose it extend inlo the sea like pro montories. It is 3 ms. E. of Nice. Villa Franca, town of Ilaly, in the Veronese, with a silk manufacture, 10 ms. S. of Verona. Town of Portugal, in Estramadura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 ms. NE. of Lisbon. Villa Franca, town on the S. coast of St. Mi chael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort and other works. Opposite this place, halt a mile from the shore, is a small island, which has a basin wilh a narrow entrance, where fifty vessels might anchor in security. It is 16 ms. E. by N. of Punla del Guda. Lon. 25 30 W., lat. 37 SON. Villa Franca de Panades, town of Spain, in Calalonia, 18 ms. W. by S. uf Barcelona. Village Green, village, Delaware Co., Pa., 5 ma. W. from Chester, and 20 SW. from Phila delphia. Village Springs, village, Blount co.,. Ala., 181 ms. N. from Cahaba. Village Hill, Nottaway co., Va. Villa Hermoaa, town of Spain, in Valencia, near the rivor Millas, 58 ms. N. of Valencia. Villa Hermoaa, town of Mexico, in the pro vince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 ms. ,8W. of Tabasco, and 70 NE. of Chiapa. 932 Villa-Joioaa, or Joysa, town of Spain, in Va lencia. Lon. 0 15 E , lat. 38 52 N. Villa-Nova-da-Cervera, town of Portugal, in the province of Enlre-Douero-e-Minho. Lon. 8 40 W., lat. 41 56 N. Villa-Nova-de-Porta, town of Portugal, in the province of Entre-Douero-e-Minho, seated on the river Douero, opposite Oporto, (on which it de pends,) and defended by several forts. Pop. about 3,000. Villa- Nova-di-Portimao, seaport of Portugal, in the province of Algarva. Lon. 8 41 W., lat. 37 5 N. Villa-Nuova-d'Asti, town of Piedmont, in the CO. of Asti, 10 ms. E. ofTurin. Lon. 7 59 E., lat. 45 50 N. Villa-Panda, town of Spain, in Leon, with an arsenal, and a palace belonging to the constable of Caslile. It is 26 ms. N. of Toro. Lon. 6 0 W., lat. 42 5 N. Villa-Real, town of Portugal, in the province of Tra.los-Montes, and capital of Comarca, in a very pleasant situation, at the confluence of the Corgo and Ribera, 15 ms. NE. of Lamego, and 45 SE. of Braga. Lon. 7 20 W., Iat. 41 9 N. Town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, 26 ms. N. of Valencia. Lon. 0 30 E., lal. 39 46 N. Town of Spain, in Guipuscoa. Villa-Rica, seaport of the State of Vera Cruz, in the republic of Mexico, seated on the gulf of Mexico, 200 ms. E. of the city of .Mexico. Lon. 97 15 W., lat. 20 26 N. Town of Chili, seat ed on the Lake Malabaugen, 62 ms. from the Pa cific ocean. Longitude 72 41 W., latitude 39 15 South. Villa-Viciosa, town of Portugal, in Alenlejo, 16 ms. SW. of Elvas, and 83 SE. of Lisbon. Lon. 7 16 W., lal. 38 36 N. Seaport of Spain, in Asluria d'Oviedo, sealed on the bay of Biscay, 22 ms. NE. of Oviedo. Lon. 6 24 W., lat. 43 22 N. Town of Spain, in New Castile, 6 miles NE. of Brihuega, and 49 NB". of Madrid. Vilhic, town of Austrian Germany, in Carin thia, about one hundred and sixty miles southwest of Vienna, and eighty miles N. of Trieste. It is seated at the confluence of the Drave and Geil, surrounded by mountains, 12 ms. SW. of Cla genfurt, and 88 NE. of Brixen. Lon. 14 3 E., lat. 46 50 N. Ville Dieu, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Chan nel, and late province of Normandy, 12 miles NNE. of Avranches, and 11 SE. of Coulances. Lon. 1 8 W., lat. 48 52 N. Villeforf, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lozere, 18 ms. E. of Mende, and 19 N. of Alais. Villefranche, townof Fr., in the dep. of Rhone, surrounded by walls, and seate'd on the Saone, 18 ms. N. by W. of Lyons. Townof Fr., in the dep. of Easiern Pyrenees, with a fort, seated on the rivor Tet, 25 ms. WSW. of Perpignan. Town of France, in the dep. of Aveiron, wilh a great trade in linen cloth, sealed on the Aveiron, 20 ms. W. of Rodez. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Garonne, on the canal royal, 22 ms. SE. of Toulouse. Villejuive, town of Fr., in the dep. of Paris, 4 ms. S. of Parisi Villemoni, village, Chicot co.. Ark. Villemur, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper VlIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIR Garonne, sealed on the Tarn, 12 ras. NNE. of Toulouse. Villena, town of Spain, in Murcia. In the neighborhood is a raorass, from which salt is made. It is 18 ms. SSE. of Almanza, and 50 N, by E. of Murcia. Villeneuve, town of Fr., in the dep. of Lot and Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 ms. N. of Agen. Town of Fr., in the dep. of Gard, 'on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, 21 ms. ENE. of Nis mes, Town of Swilzeiland, in the canton of Berne, situate al the B. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, 3 ms. from the influx of the Rhone, and 14 ESE. of Lausanne. Villeneuve de Berg, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ardeche, 13 ms. S. of Privas. Villers Coierets, town of Fr., in the dep. of Aisne, 12 ras. SVV. of Soissons, and 44 NE. of Paris. Villingen, town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, 20 ms. E. by N. of Friburg. Vilseck, town of Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, near which are several foundries. It is seated on the Vils, 20 ms. N. of Amberg. Vilshofen, town of Lower Bavaria, on the Dan ube, al the influx of the Vils, 11 ms, W. by N. of Passau.Vilvorden, town of the kingdom of the Nether lands, in Brabant, seated on the Senne, 7 miles NNE. of Brussels. Vimieiro, town of Portugal, in Alenlejo, 12 ms. W. by N. of Estreraos. Vimiera, village of Portugal, in Estramadura, 30 ms. N. of Lisbon. Vimioso, town of Portugal, in Tra-los-Montes, 16 ms. WNW. of Miranda, and 17 SE. of Bra ganza. Vincennes, village and seat of justice, Knox CO., Ia., on the E. bank of Wabash river, 160 ras. NE. of Kaskaskia, and 136 NW. of Louisville, in Ky. As this lown lies in the bosom of a fertile country, it must still progress rapidly in pop., and improvement. Lat. 38 42 N., lon. W. C. 10 24 W. Vincent, lown, Chester co.. Pa., on the SW. side of Schuylkill, between Pikeiand and East Nantiliill. French creek runs. neariy through the middle of it. Pop. 1810, 1,630; in 1820, 1,918. Vincentown, village, Burlington co., N. J., 6 ms. S. from Mount Holly, and 20 E. from Phila delphia. Vindhia, mountains of Hindoostan, The central chains, which run parallel to the course of the Ner buddab river, one on the north side and the other on the south, generally pass under the Sanscrit name of the Vindhia,- their exient uncertain, and often very vaguely extended, though Arrowsmith confines the term to the mountains near the Ner buddab and parallel to ita course. It is very proh able, judging from analogy, that the Sanscrit Vindhia and the Hindoo Sanyah and Sookhian mountains are only generally the extreme buttres ses of the respective table lands projecting towards the deep valley of the Nerbuddab. Vineyard, tp.. Grand Isle co,, Vt,, on the small island of Motte. Post office, Mecklenburg co,, Va. Vingoria, Dutch settlement in the peninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, a little N. of Goa. Lon. 73 23 E., lat. 15 57 N. Vingoria Rocks, rocks lying in the Indian ocean, possessed by the Malwane, a tribe of pirates. Lon. 73 16 W., Iat. 15 52 N. Vintimiglia, town of Italy, with a small har bor, on the Mediierranean, al the mouth of the Rotta, SO ms. ENE. of Nice, ond 70 SW. of Ge noa, Lon. 7 37 E., lal. 43 63 N. Vire, town of Fr., in the dep. of Calvados, and lale province of Normandy, with several manufac tures of coarse woolen cloths. It is seated on the Vire, 30 ms. SE. of Courance.", and 150 W. of Paris. Lon. 0 45 W., lat. 48 48 N. Virgil, town, Courtlandt co., N. Y., on the W. side of Chenango, 10 ms. S. from Homer. Pop. in 1810, 913 ; in 1820, 2,411. Virgin Cape, eape of Patagonia. Lon. 67 54 W., lat. 52 23 S. Virgin Gorda, — See Virgin Islands, Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys in the West Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Ri co and the Leeward Caribbee islands. They are possessed by the Englsh and Danes. In the first division, belonging to the English, is Tortola, the principal, to which belongs Just Van Dyke's and Little Van Dyke's, Guana Isle, wilh Beef and Thatch islands. In the second division is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anegada, or Drowned Isle, Nicker, Prickly Pear, and Musquito islands, the Commanoes, Scrub, and Dog islands, the Fal- ler City, (two rocky islels close together, al a disr lance resembling ruins,) the Round Rock, Gin ger, Cooper's Salt island, Peler's island, and the Dead Chest. Of the Danish division, the princi pal islands are St. Thomas and St. John. Lon. from 63 45 to 64 55 W., lat. from 17 10 to 18 30 N. Virginia, State of the U. S., bounded by the Atlantic ocean E., N. C. and Tenn. S., Ky. W., Ohio river or the State of Ohio NW., Pa. N., and Md. NE. Miles. Having an outline on the Atlantic ocean of 110 In common wilh Md. from the Atlantic ocean, across the easiern shore peninsula and Chesapeake bay, to the moulh of Po tomac river - - - 65 Up Potomoc river to its source 200 Thence due N. to the S. boundary of Pa. 36 Thence due W. to the SW. angle of Pa. 53 Thence due N. along W. boundary of Pa. to Ohio river - - - 64 Down the Ohio river, following ils course, to the moulh of Big Sandy river - 355 From the mouth of Big Sandy river, in common wilh Ky., to the N. boundary of Tenn. . - - 170 Thence E., along Tenn. and N. C, to the Atlantic ocean - 440 Entire outline 1,483 Breadlh from N. C. to Pa. 233 ms. Belween lat., 36 30 and 40 37 N. From its great extent, and from being so muchi intersected by mountains, Va. presents a very marked diversity of soil and climate. It possesses the main southern nucleus of the Appalachian sys tem, spreading also into the widest base upon which that system rests. — See art. United States, 933 VIR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ViR In point of soil, Va., like Md., presents three distinct tracts. The first, that of the alluvial sea sand, inland to the falls of the rivers, and general ly to the head of tide water. This region is flat, and in part marshy along the sea coast, but rising imperceptibly, inland, into the second or hilly tract. The latter again merges gradually inlo the third or mountain section. The subjoined tables will exhibit the relative density of pop. on the respect ive sections. The middle section of Va. is markable for its rich scenery, and generally for good soil and the production of elxcellent grain. The narrow zone between the Blue Ridge and Al leghany mountain is generally considered as the most productive region of Va. In order to give the reader means of estimating correctly the present locality of population in Vir ginia, the counties in the respective zones, as far as their outlines would admit, are given sepa. rately. No. 1 Eastern or alluvial Virginia, Table— Continued. Counties. Countiea. AccomacCaiulineCharles City - Elizabeth City EssexGloucester Greensville - lale of Wight James City, including Williams burg King and -Queen King George - King William Lancaster Mathews Middlesex Nansemond - New Kent Norfolk, including Norfolk bo rough NortlTampton Northumberland Princess Anne Prince George's Prince William Kichmond - SouthamptonHurrySussex Warwick WestmorelandYork Total • Sq. ms. 240 600 200 64 280 SO 300450 184- 400160480230 SO 210 660 230 600 240240 300312 .300 160 500360560 105 15012U Pop. 1820. 15,96918,008 5,255 3,7899,909 6,6786,858 10,139 4,563 11,798 6,116 9,697 6,517 6,920 4,057 10;494 6,630 23,943 7,705 8,0168,767 8,0309,4195,706 14,170 6,594 11,884 1,608 6,901 4,384 8,875 262,524 Tosq. mile. 66 3023 59 3530232217 29*38 20 27i86i 1916 29 403233, 29 29 31 36 28 18 21 16 46 364 No. 3 Middle Virginia, Counties. AlbemarleAmelia - Amlieral - AugOala - BathBedford - Berkley - Botel'iurt Brunswick ' BuckinghamCampbell (harloueChi'Si'^rlieldCulpeperCumberland Diuwiddie 934 Sq. ms. 700300418900900 660 500 1,120 . 570 680 560 600 480 540 mo 600 Pop. 1820. 19,750 11,106 10.426 16,724 5,237 19,305 11,211 13,589 16,68717,57016,569 13,29018,003 20 942 11.053 20;4S2 Tosq. mile. Fairfax FauquierFluvanna FranklinFrederick Goochland Halifax - Hampshire HanoverHardy - Henrico, including Richmond Henry - JefferaonLoudoun - Louisa' Lunenburg MadisonMecklenburgMorgan • NottawayNelson • Orange - Patrick Pendleton Pittsylvania Prince Edward Powhatan Pocahontas.Rockbridge RockinghamShenandoah Spotlsylvania Stafford - Total Sq, ms. the city of 450720414 670 736236630 1,250 640 700 30040030O 400660220784600 450264345600600 1,000 1,000 250 700770 900450 240 .Pop. ISM. 11,40423,103 6,704 12,017 24,706 10.00719,060 10,88915,-267 6,730 23,657 6,624 13,087 22,702 13,746 10,662 8,490 19,786 2,5009,668 10,137 12,913 6,0894,836 21,313 12,577 8,292 11,943 14,78418,9-26 14,234 9,517 Toaq. mile. 243216 18 m 30 20 8 23i 78J 14 4358 24i 48} lOi 33 6i 36}30%\ 44 2114025 1719 21m43 24,277 655,266 No. 3. — The surface of West Virginia is still more broken than that of West Pa, In one respect the two sections are equal ; the air and water of bolh are pure and healthful. Strenuous exertions are making by the Legislature and people of Va. to open an uninterrupted water communication from James river to the Great Kanawha, and down that stream to the Ohio. Should such an under taking be carried i"'" effect, and nature appears to have opposed no obstacle insuperable to genius, wealth, and indiistry, to remove, then will a new and most important commercial line be added to connect and cement the two opposing slopes of the Ohio river and .Atlantic ocean. fVest Virginia, Countiea, Brooke CabellGilesGrayson Greenbriar Harrison Kanawlia LeeLewisMaaonMonongalia, E, and W. ivionroe MontgomeryOhio Nicholas Preston RandolphRussel ScottTazewellTyler v^ ashington - WoodWythe Total Sq, ms, Populalion. To sq. m, 150 1,750 1,900 900 1,200 1,125 2,400 780 1,400 S30 660 450 950440 900 640 2,800 1,575 1,100 2,400 600850 1,3001,030 28,130 6,611 4,789 4,921 5,593 7,041 10,932 6,3994,2564,247 4,868 11,060 6,6208,7339,1822,8533,4223,357 5,536 4,-i633,9162,314 12,444 5,860 9,692 147,514 212 6 6 nearly. 9n 53 6 nearly. 1613 9 20 2 5H 4 16 nearly. 44 liii.uuitAi'iilCAL DICTIONARY. VIR The entire population of West Virginia were classed by the census of 1820 — Foreigners not naturalized - - 235 Engaged in agricullure 34,314 Engaged in manufactures - 3,878 Engaged in commerce - - 343 Total 39,314 We perceive, by the foregoing table, that a very scattered population of a liltle more than 5 lo the sq. m. spreads over a surface, in West Virginia, of 28,130 sq. ms. This includes also the two ex treme.', and eomparaiively thickly populated cos. of Brooke and Ohio, W. from Pennsylvania, the two Monongiilias, on Monongahela river, S. from Pa., and Washington, on the waters of Tennessee. The superfices and population of these cos. are, if taken together, 2,100 sq. ras., and 39,297 inhabitants; leaving for the residue 26,030 sq. ms., and 107,817 inhabitants. This presents a surface, in West Virginia exceeding, 26,000 sq. ras.; upon which there exists a population of within a trifling frac tion of 4 persons to the sq. mile. Of these— Foreigners not naturalized 2,142 Engaged in agricullure - - 276,422 Engaged in manufactures - 32,336 Engaged in commerce - 4,609 Pop. to the sq. m., 17J. Progreaaive population. In 1790 - - 747,601 In 1800 .... 886,149 In 1810 and in 1820, as in the preceding lable. The following tables show the populalion of Vir ginia by the census of 1840 : Sectiona. Eajt -Virginia Middle Virginia West 'Virginia Total Sq, ms. 8,875 24,297¦23,130 Population, Tosq. m. 282,524 655,266 147,514 1,065,304 30 26 5 We here behold the interesting results, lhat al though the large towns of Richmond, Petersburg, and Lynchbuig are all included in the middle sec tion, and though comparatively inferior in soil, that the alluvial portion of Virginia contains the most dense populalion of any of the great sections of that State. The following table exhibits the entire population at the respective censuses of 1810 and 1820. Population in 1810. Free white males - c - 280,038 Do. do. females 271,496 Total whites - All others persons, except Indians, taxed Slaves Total pop. in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Do. do. females All other persons, except Indians, taxed Total whites Free persons of color, males - Do. do. females - Slaves, males - Do. females Total slaves and free colored persons Total pop. in 1820 not 551,534 30,570 392,518 974,622 - 304,731 - 298,343 not 250 603,334 17,849 19,040 218,274206,879 462,042 1,065,366 East Virginia, Whiles.— Ages. OtooStolO . 10 to 15 • 1510 20 - 20 to 30 - . 30lo40 - 40 to 50 - 50 to 60 - 60 to 70 • 70 to 80 80 to 90 - 90to 100 - 100 and upwards Tolal whites Males. Females. 32,16125,32222,051 18,907 31,09421,283 14,259 8,9305,082 2,-262 61Q 89 14 182,074 30,10824,733 21,639 21,40034,174 21,873 14,692 9,6095,6672,481 681120 25 187,324 182,074 369,398 Ages. OlolO 10lo24 2418 36 36 10 55 55 to 100 100 and upwards Total Free colored. Males. 6,703 6,082 3,303 2,620 1,369 17 20,094 Fem's. 6,671 6,490 4,-227 3,021 1,758 33 22,200 20,094 42,294 Slaves. Males, 67,446 59,628 35,21927,240 11,265 76 200,874 Fem's. 66,63367,334 33,964 24,85211,480 108 194,376200,874 395,250 SUMMARY, Whites Free colored Slaves Total 369,398 42,-394 395,250806,942 While persona ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. from 14 lo 25 Do. above 25 - - • Do. total deaf and dumb Do. blind - Insane and idiots at — Public charge Private charge Total white peraona insane and idiots . Colored persons, free and alaires, who are- Deaf and dumb Do, blind .... Do. inaane and idiuta al— Public charge Private charge 4995 212256 176 336 125 417 39 267 935 VIR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIR AU persons tn tho foregoing employed in- Mining . . - - - 1,412 Agriculture . . - - 222,^7 Commerce . - - • - 4,800 Manufacturea and trades - • 37,471 Navigation on the ocean - - 1 574 Do. 'canals, lakes, and rivers - . 2,288 Learned professions - - 2,5i6 Universities or colleges • - -,. 10 Do. studenta in - - - 754 Academiea and grammar schools 323 Do. students in -, - . 8,764 Primary and common schools 978 Do. scholars in - - - 20,763 Scholars at public charge - 6,070 Fenaioners for revolutionary or military services • 623 While persons over 20 years of age who cannot read or write - - • 29,808 Commerce Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean - Do, canals, lakea, and rivera Learned professions Penaionera for revolutionary or military services . Univeraities or colleges • * Do. students in - Academies and grammar aobools Do, students in - Primary and common schools Do. acholara in • Scholars at public charge - White peraona over 20 yeara of age who .cannot read or write - 1,561 16,676 8 664 1,330 370 3 343 59 2,319 583 14,568 3,724 28,924 All Virginia, East and West, West Virginia, Whites,— Ages, Oto5 5 to to 10 to 15 is to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 100 and upwards Total Males. 37,14728,16323,771 19,366 32,371 19,858 13,206 7,7404,^912,196 631107 12 189,149 Females. 35,17827,53122,35721,07531,623 18,207 12,236 7,2564,2991,987 576 8215 18-3,421 189,149 371,670 Agea. OtolO 10 10 24 2410 36 36 to 65 65 U) 100 100 and upwards Total Free colored. , Males. Fem's. 1,235 1,083 595505 3,734 3,8243,724 Slaves, Males. 1,228 9,401 1,126 9,123 644 4,975 535 3,140 288 1,133 3 15 27,787 Fem'a. 3,065 WTiiles.- Ages, 0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 16 15 to 20 20 to 30 . 30 to 40 - 40 to 50 50 to 60 - 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 - 100 and upwarda Total whitea Males, 69,308 53,485 45,82238,26363,465 41,14127,466 16,670 9,673 4,4381,241 196 26 371,!S3 Females, 65,286 52,26443,996 42,47666,79740,08226,92816,865 9,9864,4681,256 202 40 359,745371,223 740,968 0 to 10 10 to 24 21 to 36 36 to 65 „.,„„ 55 to 100 8,«0 100 and upwards 2!929 1,1.56 I 12! 23,950 27,787 Total 53,737 SUMMART. Whites Free colored Slavea Total 371,570 7,548 53,737 4M,855 While persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. from 14 to -2y Do. over 25 Do. total deaf and dumb Do. blind Do. insane and idioU! at— ' Public charge - Private (Jiarge - Colored persons, free aud slaves, who are- Deaf and dumb Do. blind Do. insane and idiots at— Public charge - Private charge - All peraons in the foregoing employed iu— Mining Agriculture 936 6562 114241 170 141 339 583 95,944 Free colored. Malea. 7,9387,1633,898 3,139,1,652 20 23,828 Fem's. 7,899 7,616 4,8713,5562,016 36 26,024 23,828 49,852 Slaves'. Males. 76,817 68,75140,194 30,380 12,398 91 228,661 Fem'ff. 75,703 65,814 '38,372 27,781 12,636 120 2-20,4-26 228,661 449,087 SUMMARY. Whites Free colored '• Slaves Total - 740,968 49,852 449,087 1,239,847 While persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 yeara of age Do. from 14 tu 25 Do. above 25 - Do, total deaf and dumb Do, blind While persons insane and idiota at— PuJDlic charge Private charge Do, total insane and idiots - Colored persona, free aud alav s, who arc- Deaf and dumb BlindDo, iuaane and idiota at— Public charge Private charge Number of peraona employed in^ Minin«: Agriculture r Commerce - Manufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean Do. canals, lakes, and rivers ia3 IU209 463 4'26 384 150 466 58 326 1,995 318,771 66,36154,147 682 2,952 VIR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VIR Laarned professions - . - 3,866 Fensiouers for revolutionary or miliiaryservices 993 Universities or colleges - - .13 Sludemalndo • . 1,097 Academies and grammar schoola 382 Studenta la do, - 11,083 Primary and common achoola 1,561 Scholars in do. - 35,:131 Scliolara at public charge - - - 9,791 Number of white persons, over 20 yeara of age, who cannot read or write - - 68,787 Population of Virginia, by counties, from the census of 1840. Countiea. B. VIKalNIA AccomacAlbemarleAmeliaAmherat Bedford BrunswickBuckingham Campbell CaroUneCharlea Cily CharlotteChesterHeld Culpeper Cumberland Dinwiddie .Eliz'h City Esaex FairfaxFauquierFluvannaFrankUn Gloucester GoochlandGreensville Green Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Isle of Wight James City - King George King William King &. Que'u Lancasler . Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg - Mad leun Mathews - Mecklenburj Middlesex - Nansemond Nelson New Kem . Norfolk Northampton Norihum'nd Nollaway - Orange fatrick Pittsylvania Powhatan - Princ'ss.4niiePrince Edw'd Prince Geo, Prince Wrn. Rappahan'ck Richmond - SoulliamplonSpotlsylvania StaSord Surry Sussex Warwick Westmore'nd York ;. Tolal E. Va. Whitea. 4,673 5,354 1,496 a, 279 5,600 2,459 3,643 6,2013,227 829 2.4503,6902,412 1,6114,987 97i 1,865 2,6735,1472,2145,1842,214 1,74S 934 1,262 5,533 2,9408,516 2,146 2,367 B99 1,063 1,521 2,120 939 6,792 2,948 1 ,99B 1,807 1,861 3,878 996 2,3743,172 1,227 7,413 1,647 2,024 1.236 i;747 3,0507,0681,1902,027 2,445 1,329 2,407 2,396 1,517 2,9603,210 2,165 1,2381,690 323 1,768 997 182074 4,9455,158 1,578 3,147 5,416 2,619 3,680 5,0118 3,498 842 2,5804,1692,531 1,652 4,860 982 2,091,2,7946,3342,2315,316 2,198 1,822 994 1,196 5,6103,322 8,3842,097 2,561 626 1,-2061,629 2,306 974 7,048 3,099 2,136 1,922 2,1083,8761,043 2,484 2,S96 l,-345 8,031 1,694 2,010 1,254 1,8283,037 7,21 1,-3421,969 2,478 1,363 2,4602,7111,5763,191 3,576 2,334 1,311)1,894 281 1 '961 1S7324 Free col. 1,356 297 llr2 ISO 174 292231362 362336147 249 17: 185 1,285 23 280211 338103 S3 292 348 79 2U 290 149 1,333 111604 229 133 136 254 Ul 638173 103 3672 314 70 669 73 160 1,059 3i(9324 70 9754 238 174106 293230235140238838310 194501 401 9 434 32U Slavea. 1,492 3U6 121 193 149 271 218 410 412 ' 334 158 338 214 170 1,479 21 318237360 US 91 320 343 57 25 285 163 1,581) 1-39 . 664 278 144173 245136680203 113 34 92 341 7: 738 79 213 1,331 41333 88 89 49 299189 96 273 239275 147 262 961443175669 411 12 509 330 -20094 22200 2,355 6,0-22 3,535 2,9034,5544,480 6,811 5,176 4,956 1,-255 4,7684,5933,068 3,5565,019 935 3,347 1,71.- 5,369 2,113 2,462 2,8532,906 2,-203 843 7,30il 4,1717,110 1,369 2,064 1,019 1,686 2,7432,926 1,'2U7 2,6684,3-253,3872,240 1,594 6,1-36 1,073 2,:«7 3,0311,613 4,609 1,838 1,609 3,5562,682 873 5,9122,70a 1,604 4,607 2,083 1,398 1,803 1,143 3,443 3,6771,942 1,492 3,586 ¦ 398 1,832 1,U64 -300874 Total. 2,2765,76b3,4882,8714,3104,3-335,-20o4,870 5 358 1,178 4,3024,1073,0013,-2234,928 783 3,409 1,738 5,3392,033 2,696 2,836 2,394 2,09a 895 6,9134,223 6,1-271,1,733 928 1,6963,0373,011 1,2,-1 2,6054,4853,3-302,06s 1,715 6,7o91,1372,173 2,91(i 1,7?2 3,126 1,783 1,6343,5153,682 964 5,64b2,434 1,483 3,9l)ii 1,9311,3691,8611,220 3,112 3,913 1,634 1,3613,248 433 1,768 1,048 194376 806942 17,096 2-2,924 10,320 12,676 -20,-203 14,34618,786 21,030 17,813 4,774 14,595 17,148 11,3-J3 10,399-32,358 3,706 11,309 9,730 21,897 8,812 15,833 10,715 9,7606,3664,232 25,936 14,968 3-3,076 7,333 9,9723,779 5,927 9,258 10,662 4,6-28 20,431 15,433 11,1135 8,1077,442 20,724 4,392 10,795 12,387 6,230 -27,569 7,7157,9-349,7199,1-258,0 12 26,398 7,9247,-285 14,069 7,1738,144 9,-257 5,965 14,52615,161 8,454 6,480 11,229 1,436 8,019 4,730 Tabib — Continued. Counties. Whitea, Free col. Slavea. !R !! m -(5 Ji 2 !1 "3 U ¦3 a Q s & & & S. £ W, VIROUIIA, Tyler 3,499 3,365 3 2 31 64 Logan 2,167 l,b9a - 7a 71 Wythe 3,788 3,844 66 60 832 786 Jacl£son 2,547 2,-266 - ii 46 Greenbriar - 3,673 3,614 lUO 94 63U 684 Montgomery 3,000 2,8-36 42 45 763 740 Pocahontas - 1,336 1,349 11 1: 114 105 Pendleton . 3,269 3,176 15 It 334 238 Bath 1,601 1,669 43 41 6Uc 539 Scolt 3,476 3,436 26 22 166 179 Augusta 7,649 7,433 188 233 2,161 1,974 Frederick - 6,379 5,540 4UIJ 431 1,14b 1,16b Shenandoah 5,160 6,160 13b 129 677 456 Harrison 8,418 8,433 tl •/5 31b 377 Nicholaa . l,26;i 1,177 I 2 38 34 Siles 2,356 2,328 31 lb 278 296 Monongalia 8,442 8,530 73 ¦/4 131 12a Russell 3,673 3,6'/7 11 lb 331 369 3,728 3,739 41 bb 440 438 Wood 3,745 3,498 33 24 317 307 ECanawha - 5,834 6,0/B 61 3b 1,519 1,041 Rockingham 7,487 7,457 248 '333 984 916 Dhio 6,679 6,-363 118 136 81 131 Moi-g.^n 2,463 1,651 4 2 62 72 Warren 1,963 1,898 160 183 7U0 734 Smylhe 2,711 2,838 63 93 4ia 419 Berkeley - 4,631 4,129 167 136 981 93f Rockbridge 6,308 5,140 159 167 1,878 1,63-. Washington 6,336 5,395 104 108 1,031 1,0-37 Page - 2,625 2,572 114 1U3 431 350 Roanoke ¦ 1,934 1,911 56 41 80b 74; Randolph - 2,954 2,845 100 93 97 US Clarke 1,4-30 1,447 73 88 i,7'-;i 1,554 Brooke 3,9,53 3,836 3a 38 43 4b Leo 3,949 3,880 1/ lb 273 307 Pulaski \;m i,3a5 t 9 491 4b3 Mason 3,076 2;847 23 23 416 392 Grayson 4,367 4,175 29 24 240 252 Hardy 3,069 3,031 188 203 591 540 Fayette 1,969 1,81)4 7 11 65 68 Braxton 1,281 1,228 1 1 29 35 Alleghany - 1,121 1,031 27 33 318 229 Preston 3,445 3,298 15 17 43 4b Floyd 2,037 2,086 3 6 143 17t Cabell 3,853 3,721 12 IL '374 293 Lewis 4,067 3,932 21 17 56 6t Boteto\u-t . 4,157 4,220 19L 187 1,611 1,414 Jelfersou 4,981 4,3J2 299 3Ui 2,202 1,955 Mercer 1,067 1,060 4 4 60 41- Tazewell - 2,755 2,711 2U 18 4Ut 386 Marshall . 3,417 3,43/ 17 30 F 20 Hampshire - Total W, Va, 5,706 4,997 98 91 75l 67S 189149 182421 3,724 3,824 27,787 25,950 Total. 6.9&44,3099,375 4,89U 8,69S 7,405 2,92-26,9404,3007,303 19,6-38 14,242 11,618 17,669 2,31S 6,307 17,368 7,8788,422 7,9-23 13,567 17,344 13,337 4,263 5,6276,522 10,972 14,284 13,001 6,194 6,499 6,2086,3637,948 8.441 3,7.396,777 9,087 7,6223,9-342,5752,749 6,8664,453 8,1^8,181 11,67914,082 2,233 6,2906,937 12,293 432355 US* In the alluvial and middle counlies enumerated in sections Nos. I. and II. there vvere, by the cen sus of 1820, free whites 452,930, and slaves and free colored persons 424,370. In the cos. of West Virginia there were, by the census of 1830, 6,728 male and 6,.568 female slaves, amounting to 13,396. There were free per sons of color, 551 males, 487 females, amounting to 1,028. The slaves and free persons of color, united, making an aggregate of 13,296, and leaving free whites 132,790. The interests of education have received ample consideralion from the Legislature of Virginia. The Univeisity of Virginia is located at Charlottesville, The most ancieni college of that S ate, William and Mary, is at Williamsburg. — See Williams burg, Washington college at Lexington, — See Lexington. Hampden Sydney college slands in Prince Edward county. — See Prince Edward. 937 VIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VOG The funis appropriated by the Legislature of Virginia for literary purposes are about 1,200,000 dollars, received from the Uniled Slates for military services, and olher sums arising from escheats, fines, &c. — the whole estimated to yield annually $90,000; of which, about one-half is appropria ted to primary schools, and 815,000 to the Stale university. The actual commercial relations of Virginia may be seen by reference to the arlicles Alexandria, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Richmond, ils four prin cipal ports. The most valuable staples of this State are wheat and tobacco, but a con.siderable quantity of cotlon is cultivated inthe SE. counties. Small grain, fruit, and pasturage, abound, where due attention has been paid to agriculture. Iron, lead, gypsum, salt, and mineral coal, are its most valuable and abundant metallic productions. Virnenberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. It is 30 ms. W. of Coblentz. Lon. 7 5 E., lat. 60 37 N. Virion, town of Belgium, in Luxemburg, 23 ms. W. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 41 E., lat. 49 36 N. Visagapatam, town of the peninsula of Hin dooslan. Lon. 83 40 E., lat. 17 45 N. Visalia, village, Campbell co,, Ky. Vischma, lown of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk. Lon, 61 22 E., lat, 62 36 N. Viset, town ofthe Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liiege, seated on the Maese, 7 ms. N. of Liege. Lon.' 5° E., lat. 50 44 N. Vishnei-Volotchok, town of Russia, in the gov ernment of Tver. Lon. 35° E., lat. 57 23 N. This place is situated on the canal which unites the Masta lo the Tver, and takes ils name from the Russian noun Volok, signifying the space between two navigable rivers. Visiapour, or Bejapour, considerable city of the Deccan of Hindoostan, formerly ihe capital of a large kingdom of the same name, now subject to the Poonah Mahratlas. It ia l"d6 ras, E, of Poo nah, and 234 SE. of Bombay. Lon. 75 19 E., lat. 17 26 N. Vtsogorod, town of Poland, in Masovia, with a castle, seated on the Vistula, 50 ms. NW. of Warsaw. Vistula, Urge river which rises in Mount Cra pach, on the confines of Silesia and Hungary, crossea Poland and Prussia, and falls by three mouths into the Baltic, \ below Danlzic. It is foimed by the Vistula proper, the Bug, and Narew, and passes Cracow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienherg, and Danlzic. The Vistula is a very important river in the general commercial con nexion of Europe; ils basin, 400 by 180, extends over 72,000 sq. ms. Canals of considerable mag nilude unite the Vistula with the basins of the Dnieper and Oder. That of Thorn joins the War ta to the Vistula, and that of Pinsk unites the Bug and Prypec. The Vistula is navigable from Auctrian Gallicia to the Baltic at Danlzic, nearly 400 ms.; its branch, the Bug, nearly 400 ms., and as much by the Narew. By these the produce of Poland passes down to Dantzic in sloops and flat-bottoilied barges of from 30 to 60 tons. Below Marienwerder the river divides into various chan nels. That to the NW". passes Dantzic, and en ters the Baltic at Weichelmunde by an artificial cut. The main body enters the Friche Haff, by 938 which the inland navigation is prolonged to Ko nigsberg, on the Pregel. The della of the Vistula, as high as Marienwerder, is an embanked country. Vitesa-Gemot, " Meeting of ihe wise men," Anglo-Saxon, Legislature, parent of the British Parliament. This council was otherwise called " .Mycel-getheaht," Gueat Tho-dbht. Viterbo, episcopal town of Italy, in the patri mony of St. Peter, containing 10,000 inhabitants, seated at the foot of a mounlain, from the top of which the city of Rome and the Mediterranean sea may be seen ; the lalter at a distance of near 50 ms. It is 20 ms, SE. of Orvieto, and 35 N. by W. of Rome. Vitre, town ofFr., in the dep. of Isle and Vi laine, and late province of Brittany, wilh a trade in linen clolh and knit stockings and gloves. It is seated on the Vilaine, 20 ms. NE. of Rennes. Vitri-le-Brule, village of France, in the dep. of Maine, and late province of Champagne. Vitri-le-Prancois, town of France, in the dep. of Marne, and late province of Champagne. It has a great trade, particularly in grain, and is seated on the Marne, 15 ras. SE. of Chalons, and 100 E. of Paris, Lon. 4 38 E , lat. 48 44 N. Viiring, town of Germany, in Austria, on Lake Wordstee, 4 ras. SW. frora Clagenfurt. Vitteaux, town of Fr., in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy, on the river Braine, where there are quarries of marble, 12 ms. SE. of Semur, and 27 W. of Dijon. Vittoria, or 'Victoria, town of Spain, in Biscay, capilal of the province of Alaba. It has a great trade in hardware, parlicularly in sword blades, which aru raado here in great quantities. It is seated on an eminence, at the end of a plain fer tile in corn and giapes, 32 railes SE. of Bilboa, and 155 N. of Madrid. Lon. 2 56 W., lat. 42 55 N. Vivarais, late small province of Fr., and now included in the dep. of Ardeche. Viveroi town of Spain, in Gallicia, seated at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Landrova, whose moulh forms a large harbor in the Atlantic, 30 ms. NW. of Mondonnedo. Lon. 7 34 W., lal. 43 50 N. Viviers, town of Fr., in the dep. of Ardeche, and late province of Languedoc. It is sealed among rocks, (on one of which the cathedral is built,) on the river Rhone, 20 ms. N. of Orange, and 70 NE. of Monlpelier. Lon. 4 46 E., lat. 44 20 N. Viza, town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, at the foot of a mountain, at the source of the river Glicenero. ViziE, from Arabic, wazara, or wazir, to sus tain, carry, bear the burden, or perform the duly of another. The Grand Vizir in Turkey repre sents the Sultan, and is the highest dignitary un der that monarch. Vizir-Azem, or Grand Vizir, was created by Amurath I., in A. D. 1370. Voerden, town of the kingdom of Holland. It is sealed on the Rhine, 10 miles W. of Utrecht, and 20 S. of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 58 E., lat. 52 6 N. Voghera, fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of .Milan, and territory of Pavia. It is pleasantly seated on the Staflfora, 14 ms. SSW. of Pavia, and 30 S. by W. of Milan. Lon. 9 10 E., lat. 44 59 N. Voglabruck, town of Germany, in the archduchy of Austria. Lon. 13 40 E-, lat. 58 1 N. VOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. VOL Vogouls, people in Asia, subject to Russia, who have estabhshed their habitations in tho foresis, on the N. side of Mount Oural, extending themselves lo the W., and slill further on the plains to the E. of this chain of mountains. Hero they have dwell from tirae immemorial, and are possessed of tradi tions which have a great conformity wilh history, Some authors pretend lhat they are the brethren of the ancient Ougrians, or of the present Hunga rians, and found their conjecture on the situation of the Vogoul territory, and the striking resem blance there is between the language of the two nations. Void, town ofFr., in the dep. of Meurthe, and lale province of Lorraine. VoisT, or VoGT, Gerraan, and having the same signification as prsefectus, Latin, piesident of a dislrict. The ancient family of Hunelstein retains the honorary title. The eldest male heir is styled Voigt Von Hunelstein. Vioghtland, territory of Germany, in Upper Saxony, on the four circles of the marquisale of Misnia. It is bounded on the E. by Bohemia, on the N. by the duchy of Altenburg, and on the W by Thuringia and Franconia. Plawen is the cap ital. This, like raany olher terms in German ge ography, is in a great part obsolete. Voigtsberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with a citadel. Vokelmark, or Wolickmark, town of Germany, m the circle of Austria. Lon, 14 56 E'., lat. 46 45 N. Volano, seaport of Italy, in the Ferrarese, seated on the Gulf of Venice, at one of the mouths of the Po, 40 ms. E. of Ferrara. Lon. 12 36 E., lat. 44 52 N, VoLCAjro, in geography and geology, a fiery eruption from the bowels of the earth. Of the mat ter ejected, lava and scoria have been reduced to their respective conditions by the action of exces sive heat ; lava is the matter which has been com pletely fused, and scoria the same, though less act ed upon by heat ; and pozzolana, or puzzolana, is the ashes or earth thrown out of volcanoes. Mud and water have been also ejected from some American volcanoes. Mountains are almost invariably asso ciated with volcanoes, and all known volcanoes are in mountain systems ; bul when we carefully ana lyse the phenomena of those furnaces, we are jus tified to regard volcanic cones, at least, as the effect ofthe internal force, whatever may be its cause. Into the theory of volcanoes we cannot enter in this treatise, and may only observe, that most ac tive volcanoes are near the sea. The number of active volcanoes amount to some hundreds, but are few,' however, when compared with those the fires of which are extinct. Volcarw, one of the Lipari islands, in the Medi terranean, 12 ms. in circumference, ll is a volca. no, in the form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only. Volcanello, small volcanic island in the Mediter ranean, between that of Lipari and Volcano. Volga, largest river in Europe, which has ils source in two small lakes, in the government of Pleskof, in Russia, about 80 ms. W. of Tver. It begins to be navigable a few miles above that town, and is considerably augmented here by the junc tion of the Tverza, which is a broader, deeper, and more rapid river. By means of the Tveiza, acom municalion is made between tho Volga and the NevD, or, in other words, between the Caspian and Ihe Baltic. This river walers some of the finest provinces in the Russian empire, passes by Yaros laf, Kostroma, NisneiNovogorod, Kasan, Sim birsk, and Saratof, entering the Caspian sea, by several mouths, below Astracan. The Volga is formed by two immense branches, the Volga pro per flowing from the W., and the Kama from the E. These two great sireams unite at lal. 65 10 N., lon. 50 0 E. from London. Below their junc iion, the united walers assume a general course a little W. of S. 800 ms. to the Caspian. Esti-- mating by comparalive courses, and following the Volga proper, the entire length is aboul 1,600 ms, ; by the Kama, 1,300 ms. Below Saratov, the Volga receives no branches of any consequence in a distance of 400 ms. Rejecting, therefore, this prolongation, the basin of this fine river is in length, from the Ural mountains to the sources of the Oka, 1,100 ms., and in breadth frora N. to S. 500 ms. Area 550,000 sq. ms., or about the one-sixth part of all Europe. The usual fertilily of the deltas of large rivers has an exception in that of the Volga, which river does not bring with it a rich alluvial deposite. The adj-acent country to the raouthof, and not inundated by the waters of the Volga, con sists chiefly of heaths and downs, which, though not entirely sterile, are ill adapted to agriculture. As it seldom rains in that part of Russia, the peo ple are obliged lo waler artificially every field that is cultivated on the banks of the river. The sum mer heal over the Volga della is most oppressive ; the thermometer ofFahrenheil rises at times to 103°. The winter cold is equally oppressive ; the north winds often sink the mercury to 22° below zero. This stream, taken in exlenso, however, includes the most expanded uninterrupted navigable basin on the eastern continent, and is, in nearly all its parts, exempt from falls, or even rapids. On the northern side, the Valday hills separate the basin of the Volga from the great slope, inclining towards the Baltic and White seas. Through the Valday hills three passes have been examined for canal erection. One to theSW., by the Emsta, Lake Ilmen, and river Volchoff ; the fall to the Gulf of Finland is about 570 feet, and to the Caspian about 890 feel. The second route is by the Lake Ladoga and rivers Sass and Fiffin ; the fall towards the Gulf of Finland is about 920 feet, and into the Caspian 1,240. The third, or NE. route, is the lowest depression between the Caspian and Baltic seas. It rises from the latter by the river Neva, Lake Ladoga, river Swire, Lake One ga, and the river Whilegra, about 460 feet, and falls in tho opposite direclion 780 feet. For the cause the different descents towards the Caspian and Bal tic seas, see art. Caspian, Through' the south weslern route, a navigable canal has been in ope ration above a century. 'Volhynia, palatinate of Russian Poland, 300 ms. long and 150 broad, bounded on the N. by Polesia, on the E. by Kiof, on the S. by Podolia, and on the W. hy Austrian Poland. It consists chiefly of plains Watered by a great number of rivers. Lucko is the capital. Vollenhoven, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Overyssel^ ' capital of a territory of the same 939 VOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAB name, on the Zuyder-Zee, 8 miles SW. of Sleen wich, and 13 NW. of Zwol. Lon. 5 42 E., lat 53 44 N. Volney, tp., Oswego county, N< Y. Pop. in 1820, 1,691. Volo, town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, on a gulf of the same name, where there is a good hatbor, 30 ms. SE. of Larissa. Lon. 22 55 E., lat. 39 31 N. Volodimir, or Vladimir, government of Russia, formerly a province of Moscow, containing 14 districts. Volodimir, or Vladimir, town of Russia, capi tal of the government of that name, and once the metropolis nf the Russian empire. It is seated on the Kliasma, 1 10 ms. E. by N. of Moscow. Vologda, government of Russia, formerly the largest province of Russia, divided into the two provinces of Vologda and Veliki-Usliug, and con taining 12 districts. - Vologda, town of Russia, capital of a province of the same name, seated on a marsh, on the river Vologda. Longitude 39 46 Easl, latitude 59 40 North.. VoLOTCBOK, a Russian term, signifying a space of land belween two navigable riveis, over which a commercial route extends, and means the same as " a carrying plare." Volta, river of Africa, which runs from N. to S., and falls into the Atlaniic. Volterra, town of .Italy, in Tuscany, 30 ms. SW. of Florence. Lon. 10 42 E., lat. 43 36 N. Voltei, town of Ilaly, in the territory of Genoa; 6 niB. W. of Genoa. Vollurno, river of Italy, in Naples, which rises in the Appennines, passes by Isernia and Capua, and falls inlo the Gulf of Gaieta. Vollurara, town of Naples, in Capilanata, seat ed at the foot of the Appennines, 30 ms, W. of Lucera, and 52 NE. of Naples. Lon. 15 14 E., lat, 41 26 N. Volvic, town of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, There are immense quantities of lava in its vicinity, which is formed into quarries, and is used instead of stone in building the adjacent towns. Voluntown, town, Windham co., Ct. Pop. in 1810, 2,016; in 1820, 1,116. Vonitza, town of European Turkey, in Albania, or rather in Carnia, on the S. side of the Gulf of Arta, 12 or 13 ms. SE. from Prevesa. It is in habited chiefly hy Greeks, who trade in bonteroga, or roe of fishes. Voorn, fort of Guelderland, on an island formed by the junction of the Wahal and the Maese. Island of South Holland, between the mouths of the Maese. Briel is tbe capital. Voornlaad, territory of Soulh Holland, consist ing of the islands of Voorn, Goree, and Over- slackee. VararHerg, or Voralberg, district of Upper Aus tria, comprising the four counties of Feldkirch, Sreg^ntf, Pludentz, and Sonnaberg. Vorden, town of Germany, in the circle of West phalia. Lon. 8 24 E., lat. 52 29 N. Voringen, town of Germany, in Suabia. Lon. fl 12 B., lat. 48 16 N. Voronetz, government q{ Rnssia, containing 15 district*.— —Town of Rustiaj the capital of a gov ernme nt .of the same name. It is sealed on the Vo- 940 ronelz, below ils junction wilh the Don, 317 ms. S. by £. of Moscow. Lon. 39 40 E.,.lat. 51 36 N. Vosges, department of France, including that part of Loiraine which was lately a province of the same name. It is so called from a chain of moun tains, covered wilh wood, that separates this de partment from the departments of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. Vostibza, (supposed to be the ancient Egium,) village of Greece, in the Morea, on the gulf of Lepanto, 24 ms. E. from Patras, and 86 NW. by W. from Corinth. "The post of Vostibza," says Poqueville, " is much frequented by a num ber of small vessels which take in cargoes of raw silk, cheeses, raisins of Corinth, undried skins of oxen, &c." Votiaks, name of a people who inhabit the land between the rivers Kama and Viatki; they are commonly of a middling stature, and thin. The color of their hair is various, but for the most part reddish ; and they resemble the Finns in their make more than any other nation that derives its origin from them. Voughine, village, Chicot co., Arkansas. Vou-hou-hien, cily of China, in the province of Kian-nan, and jurisdiction of Tay-pin^-fou, the most considerable in point of riches in that ju risdiction. It is 52 ms. SW. of Tay-ping-fou. Vouille, village of France, where was fought the memorable battle between Clovis and Alaric, king of the Visigoths, A. D. 508, by which the power of the Goths was destroyed, and that of the Franks established in Gaul. Vou-tchang-fou, city of China, and capital of a province of Hou-quang. Vou-lheou, or Fou-ihceou, city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, 250 ms. S. by W. of Nan king. Lon. 110 25 E,, lat, 25 60 N. Vraona, name of two villages of Greece, in Atlica. They are distinguished as Apano- Vraona, and Kata-Vraona, and situated on the sea cpast be tween Keralea and Marathon. Vulgate, from Latin, valgus, people, common. That eilition of the Jewish scriptures declared ca nonical by the Council of Trent, and used by tha Roman Catholic churches. w. Waag, river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopoldsladt, and joins the Danube below Comorin. Waal, river of Holland, being the left branch from the Rhine below Schenk. It flows W. through Guelderland, passes by Nimeguen, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and joins the Meuise at Briel. Wabash, river of the United States, in Indiana. It rises near some small lakes lo the S W. of Lake Erie, and, taking a SSW. course of 400 ms,, enters the Ohio 128 me. above the confluence of that river with the Mississippi. The Wabash is navigable 340 ms., and it approaches within 9 ms. of the naviga ble waters of Lake Erie. Wabaah, co., Indiana. By the census of 1840, this CO. is named with a population of 2,756; it lies N. from Vigo ; Parke and t'utnani cos. have been WAG GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAL subsequently formed out of the country it cm- braced. Co. of Illinois, on the waters of Wabash river. C. H. and post office, Wabash co., Illi nois. Wachenheim, town of Germany, in the palati nate of the Rhine, 17 ms SSW. of Worms. '^achitau, — See Washitau, Wachovia, a ralher obsolete name for a tract of land in N. Carolina, belween the rivers Dan and Yadkin, in theco. of Surry, consisting of 100,000 acres, purchased hy the Moravians in 1751, and named by them, from an estate of Count Zinzen- dorf, in Austf-ia. In 1755, by an act of Assem bly, it was made a separate parish, called Dobb's parish. It coniains several settlements, of which Salem is the principal. Wachiendonck, town of Prussian Guelderland, seated in a morass, on the river Niers, 5 ms. S. of Gueldres. Lon. 6 7 E., lat. 51 23 N. Wad, an Arabic term, signifying an inhabited, or, perhaps, more comprehensibly, a habitable tract surrounded by desert. Oasis has the same mean ing, but, being derived from a Greek corruption of Arabic, does not enter inlo names of places as do Ihe Arabic, wad, and Berber, egzer, extensively in northern Africa. Waddle's Ferry, in the northern part of Moote CO., N. Carolina, by post road 69 ms. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Waddington, village, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., by post road 250 ms. NNW. from Albany. Wadesborough, village and seat of justice, An son CO., N. C, on the S. side of Brown creek, a branch of tho Great Pedee river, 22 ms. W. of Rockingham, and 70 W. of Fayetteville. Lat. 35 3 N., lon. W. C. 3 8 W. Wading River, and posl lown, Suffolk co., N, York. Wadreag, Wadreagans, names of a country and its people in norlhern Africa, on the southern slope of the Atlas raountains. Wad-reag means oasis, or egsir of Ereag, hence the name is de scriptive of the country. "The Wadreagans and Wurgelans are a black people, possessing the moral traits of the Berber, and some of the physical trails of the Negro. They have woolly hair, skin of a bronze or dark brown color, short nose, raoderately depressed, wilh some cartilage in the apex. They are, doubtless, the same race as the Brebers and Nubians of Browne." — Hodgson Tuggurt, the capilal or principal town, is situaled on or near the Adjida river, one of the streams which rise in, and, flowing from the .Atlas moun tains, is lost inthe Saara or desert. Tuggurt, as laid down in our best maps, is silualed about 300 miles SSE. from Algiers, N. lat. 33° On some maps it ia designated Wadreag. Wadstena, town of Sweden, in the province of E. Gothland. Il is seated on the lake Welter, 160 ms. S W. of Stockholm. Lon. 15 37 E., lal, 58 18 N, Wadsworth, one of the soulhern tps. of Medina CO., Ohio. Wageningen, town of Dutch Guelderland, sealed on the Leek, (10 ms. NW. of Nimeguen, Lon. 5 31 E., lat. 52° N. Wageria, or Wagerland, ferlile territory in the duchy of Holstein, 20 ms. in lengih, and 15 in breadth, bounded on the NG. by the Baltic sea, on the 8, by the river Trave, and on the W. by Proper Holstein and Stormaria, It is very fertile in corn, and Lubec is the principal town. Waidsborough , "village, Callaway co, , Kent., by post road 263 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort. Waigats, straits between Nova Zembla and Russia, through which the Dutch attempted to find a NE. passage to China, and sailed as far as 75° E. Ion,, in lal. 72 25 N. Waihlingen, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Wainfieet, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, near the sea, in a fenny part of the country, and on the river Wilham, 14 ms. NE, of Boston, and 130 N. by E. ofLondon. Lon. 20' E., lat. 63 10 N. Waitsfield, town, Washington co,, Vt, 12 ms. SW. from Monlpelier. Waitzen, or Waitz, town of Hungary, on tho Danube, 72 ms. ESE. of Presburg. Lon. 18 38 E., lat. 47 29 N. Wakatomaka, village, Coshocton co., Ohio, 80 ms. NE. from Columbus. Wake, CO. of N. C, bounded SW. by Cum berland and Chatham, W. by Chatham and Orange, N. by Granville, NE. by Franklin, and SE. by Johnson ; length 37, mean width 28 ms., area about 1,000 sq. ms. Neuse river winds through it from N. to S., and the great body of the CO. is drained by the various branches of that stream. Chief town, Raleigh. Pop. in 1820, 20,102; and in 1840, 21,118. Cll, lat. 35 47 N., lon. W. C. 1 36 W. Wake Forest, post office. Wake co., N. C, 18 ms. frora Raleigh. Wakefield, town of Eng., in the W. Riding of Yorkshire. It has a trade in while cloths and tammies, and is 28 ms. SW. of York, and 184 NNW. from London. Lon. 28° W., lat. 53 41 N. Tp., Strafford co., N. H., situated about 50 ms. NW. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1810. 1,166; in 1820, 1,518. Village, Washington CO., R. I., 40 rns, from Providence. Wahichia, ancient Dacia, province of Turkey in Europe, 225 rns long and 125 broad, baunded on the N. by Moldavia and Transylvania, on the E. and S. by the river Danube, and on the W. by Transylvania. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Greek . church. Tergovists, or Tervis, is the capilal. Walcheren, principal island of Zealand. It is separated from the islands of N. and S. Beveland by a narrow channel, and from Flanders by tho mouth of the Scheldt, being bounded on the other sides by the German ocean. It is 9 ms. long and 8 broad, and, being low, is subject to inundations,, but has good arable ahd pasture lands. The cap ilal of this island and of the whole province is Mid dleburg. Wdlcour, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in the county of Namur, on the confines of Hainault, between the Meuse and Sambre, It i* seated on the Heura, 12 ms. S. of Charleroy, and 27 SW. of Namur. Lon. 4 30 E., lat. 50 10 N. Waldborough, town and port of entry, Lincoln. CO., Maine, 22 ms. NE. by E. from Wiscasset, — See Waldoborough, Lincoln co., Maine. Waldeck, principality of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 30 ms, long and 30 bri>ad, bound)- 941 WAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAL ed on theE. and S. by Hesse-Cassel, and on the W. and N. by Westphalia. It is a mountainous country, covered with woods, and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver, and alum. "Waldeck, towh of Germany, capital of a prin cipality of the same name, with a strong castle, seated on the Steinbach, 26 ms. WSW. of Cas sel. Lon. 9 4 E., lat. 51 10 N. Walden, or Saffron Walden, town of Eng., in Essex, on an ascent among pleasant fields of saffron, which is here cultivated, 27 miles NNW. of Chelmsford, and 42 N. by E. of London. Lon. 0 20 E., lat. 52 4 N. Walden, town on a small branch of Lamoille river, Caledonia co., Vt,, hy post road 74 ms, NE. from MontpeUer. Village, Orange co., N. Y. Waldenburgh, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, situated on the Muldau. Lon. 12 30 E., lat. 50 49 N. Waldenburgh, Old, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, famous for ils brown and earthen ware. Waldenburg, or Wallenburg, town of Switzer land, in the canion of Basle, "Waldenburg, town of Franconia, in the princi pality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle on a mountain, 6 ms. E. by N. of Obringen. Waldheim, lown of the kingdom of Saxony. Here was formerly a monastery, now converted into an orphan-bouse and house of correction, in which various manufactures are carried on. It is s'tuate on the Zscbopa, 30 railes southeast of Leipsic. Waldmanchen, town of Bavaria, on the river Schwarza, 32 ms. SSE. of Amberg. Waldo, village, Hancock co., Maine, 1 10 ms. NE. from Portland. Waldoborough, town on Muscungus river, Lin coln CO., Maine, 22 ms. NE. by E, from Wiscas set, and 72 in a similar direction from Portland, It is the same as Waldborough. Waldsussen, town of Bavaria, near which is a rich Cislerlian abbey, whose abbot was formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 ms. NNE. of Amberg. Waleshut, strong lown of Suabia, in the grand duchy of Baden, one of the four Forest towns, seated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the en trance of the Black Forest, 19 ms. WSW. of Schaffhausen. Waldstadt, or Waldstetter Cantons, name giv en to the Swiss cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. It signifies forest towns ; these cantons containing a great numlier of forests. Wales, town, Lincoln co.. Me., 48 ms, NE. from Portland. Town, Erie co , N. Y., on Seneca branch of Buffalo creek, 20 ms. SE. from Buffalo. Pop. in 1820, 903. Wales, principality in theW. of Eng., 120 ms. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Irish sea, W. by that sea and St, George's chan nel, S. by the Bristol channel, and B. by the cos. of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It coniains 5,200,000 acres, and the number of in habitants was in 1801, 541,546 ; in 1811, 611,788; and in 1821, 717,141. The country is moun tainous, but not barren, producing all the neces saries of life i the cattle and sheep arc numerous, but small, and it is particulary famed for goats. It 942 is watered by many rivers, the principal of which, and other particulars are noted in the different cjs. — See Great Britain, Wales, New South, country ofN. America, in New Britain, lying SW. of Hudson's bay, and subject to Great Britain , — See Britain, New, Hud son's bay, and Labrador, Wales, New South, the east coast of New Holland, extending from 43 49 to 10 37 S, lat., being the N. and 8. extremities of that vast island. This coast was first explored by Captain Cook, in 1770. A vast chain of lofty mountains runs nearly in a N. and 8. direction furiher than the eye can trace, about 60 ms. inland. — See Aus tralia, Walheim, village, Caldwell co., Ky., by post road 236 ms. SW. by W. from Frankfort. Walhof, lown of Poland, in the duchy of Court- land. Lon. 24 36 E., lat. 66 35 N. Walhonding, Indian name of While Woman's river, O, — See White Woman's river, Walkenreid, lown of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, sealed on the Sorge, 20 ms, SW. of Halberstadt. Lon. 21 5 E., lat. 51 53 N. Walker, town. Centre co.. Pa. in Niltany valley, commencing about 5 ms. NE. from Belle- font. Walker,co., Ala., bonnded by Marion and Fayette W., Franklin, Lawrence, and Morgan, N., Blount E., and Jefferson and Tuscaloosa S., length from S. to N, 50 ms., mean width 35, and area 1,850 sq. ms. It is 'drained by the higher branches of Tuscaloosa river. N. lat. 34° and lon. W. ol' W. C. intersect near its cenire. Pop. 1840, 4,032. Walker's, post office, Colleton district, S. C, by post road 141 ras. SSE. from Columbia. Walkertown, Centre co.. Pa. — Sec Walker tp,. Centre co.. Pa, Walkertown, King and Queen co., Yt^., 40 ms. NE. from Richmond. Wallabout, bay of East river, N. from Brook lyn, and opposite N. Y. The United States have a navy yard on a point of land extending from Brooklyn to the N,, having East river to the N., and the Wallabout to the S. Wallensladt, town of Swilzerland, in the can ton of Appenzal, 9 ms. W. of Sargans, and l.'J NW. of Coire. Lon. 9 14 E., lat. 47 1 N. . Wallensladt, lake of Switzerland, aboul 16 ras. in lengih, and 2 in breadth ; it is bounded by ex ceeding high mounlains, except lo the E. and W. Through this lake flows the Mai, which soon after joining the Linth, forms the river Limmat. Wallerstein, town of Suabia, wilh a castle be longing to the counts of Oetlingen, 6 ms. SW. of Oettingen. Wallingford, borough of Eng., in Berkshire, on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge, 14 mi. N W.of Reading, and 46 W. ofLondon, Lon. 1 I VV., lat. 51 36 N. Town, New Haven, CO,, Conn,, 13 ms. N. from New Haven, 37 SW. by W. from Hartford, and 21 NE. from Derby. Town, Rutland co., Vt., on the E. side of Otter river, about 15 ms. S. from Rutland. Wallkill, town. Orange co., N. Y., on the W. side of Hudson river, 66 ms. NNW. frora New York. Pop. in 1820, 4,887. Wallkill, small river, N. Y. and N. J., rises iu WAL. GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAN Sussex CO., of the latter, and flowing thence NNE. over Orange and part of Ulster cos. ofN. Y,, falls into the Hudson river 3 ms. SE. from the village of Esopus or Kingston, after a comparative course of 60 ms. This stream is remarkable from being the drain of an elevated marshy tract called the Drowned Lands. — See Drowned Lands, Walloons, name formerly given lo the inhabi tants of a considerable part uf the Netherlands, and a part of Flanders and Brabant. Walloostook, river of Me., is the Upper Sl. John's, interlocking sources with those of Penob scot and Chaudiere rivers, atN. lal. 46°, and lon. 7° E. of W. C. Where the name Walloostook is superseded by St. John is uncertain, but probably where joined by the St. Francis. Thus far the Walloostook pursues first a northern course of 60 ms., and thence winding lo NE. by E. 50 ms., receives the St. Francis from the N. The St. Francis rises in the highlands, or dividing ridge belween the St. Lawrence waters and those of St. John's, at not more than 10 ms. from the forraer, at N. lat. 47 45; thence flowing SSE,, by comparative course, 50 ms., joins the Walloos took. , The sourceof ihe St. Francis is about 130 ms. NE. from Quebec. This river was proposed by the kir.t of the Netherlands as part of the bound ary betveen the State of Me. and Canada. WalFs Old Fori, post olfice. Green co. , Geo. Walney, island of Eng., on the coast of Lan cashire. Walnut, NE. lown, Fairfield co., 0 Tp., Pickaway co., 0. Ono of the southern tps. of Gallia CO., O. Walnut Branch, postoffice, Fauquier co., Va., by postroad 56 ms. from W. C, and 111 from Richmond. Walnut Grove, post office, Kanawha co., Va., by postroad 387 ras. SW. by W. from W. C, and 340 NW. by W. from Richraond, Post office, Cabarras CO., N. C, by post road 145 ms, SW. by W. from Raleigh. Postoffice, Spar tanburg dislrici, S. C, by posl road 135 ms. N W. from Columbia. Village, in the norlhern part of Mercer co„ Ky., between Salt river and Ken tucky river, 20 ms. S. from Frankfort. Post oflice, Montgomery co., Tenn., 108 ras. NW. from Murfreesborough. Walnut Hill, village, Jefferson co.. Ill,, 19 ms S. from Vandalia. Walnut Hills, high bluff or bank of the Mis sissippi river, Warren co.. Miss., 13 ms, below the raouth of the Yazoo. Walpach, tp., Sussex co., N. J., on the Dela ware river, at the mmith of Flatkill, 38 ms. above Easton, Pa. Pop. in 1820, 832. Walpo, town of Sclavonia, capilal of a co. of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the river Walpo, 30 ms. W. of Esseck, and 110 S. of Buda. Lon. 19 32 E., lal. 45 35 N. Walpole, town, Cheshire co., N. H., lying on the E. side of Connecticut river, opposite to Westminster, Vt., 14 ms. NW. of Keene, 10 NE. of Poultney, and 38 S. by E. of Windsoi', (the two last being in Vt.) Town, Norfolk co., Mass., between Stoughton and Medway, 23 ms. SW.-of Boston. Pop. in 1830, 1,366. Walpole Centre, town, Walpole ip., -Norfolk CO., Mass., 20 ms. SW. from Boston. Walsall, corporate town of Eng., in Stafford shire. It has several raanufactures in iron, si(oh as nails, bridle bits, stirrups, spurs, buckles, &c. and is governed by a raayor. It is scaled on the side of a hill, 1 5 ms. S. of Stafford, and 1 1 6 N W. of London. Lon. 1 36 W., lat. 53 46N. Walsham, North, towii of Eng., in Norfolk, 10 ms, E. of Norwich, and 133 NNE. of Lon don. Lon. 1 31 E., lat. 52 40 N. Walsingham, town of Eng., in Norfolk, 26 ms. NW. of Norwich, and 116 NNE. ofLondon. Lon. 0 63 E., lat. 52 6fi N. Walstadter See, or Lake of the Four Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switzerland. It consists of three principal branches, called the Lakes of Lucern, Schweitz, and Uri. The river Reuss flows through thislake. Walterborough, village, Colleton district, S. C, on a branch of Ashpoo river, by postroad 46 ms. a little N. of W. from Charleston, and by post road 178 ms, SSE. from Columbia. Wallham, town, Middlesex co., Mass., lying N. from Charles river, 10 ms. NW. by W. from Boston. This tp. contains very CTler^jiive manu factories of cotton and woollen cloths. Wallham, or Bishop Wallham, town of Eng , in Hamp-«hirp, 8 ms, S. of Winchester, and 65 W. by S. of London. Lon. 1 20 W., lal. 50 57 N. Wallham Abbey, or Waliham Holy Cross, lown of Eng., in Essex, on the river Lea, which here forms several islands, 12 ms. N. by E. of London. Lon 0 3 E,, lat. 51 43 N. Waliham Cross, or West Waliham, village of Eng., in Hertfordshire, which takes its first ap pellation from a cross erected here by Edward I. It is sealed near the river Lea, 13 ms. N. by E. of London. Wallham on the Would, town of Eng., in Lei cestershire, 19 ms. NE. of Leicester, and 113 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0 46 W., lat. 52 51 N. Waltinbruch, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the river Aich. Walton, considerable village of Eng., in Surry, seated on the Thames, over which at this place is a handsome bridge, 6 ms. 'vV. by S. of Kingston. Town, Delaware co., N. Y., on the NW. side of Mohawk river, 98 ms. SW. of Albany. Walton, CO., Ga., bounded SW. by Newton, W. by Gwinnet, NW. by Hall, NE. by Oconee river, or by Jackson and Clark, and SE. by Morgan and Jasper. Length 25, mean widih 22 ms., area 550 sq. ms. It is principally drained by the sources of Oconee and OaKmulgee rivers. Chief town, Monroe. Pop, in 1820, 4,192; and in 1840* 10,309. Central lat. 33 50 N,, lon. W C 6 45 W. Wampsville, village, Madison co., N. Y. Wanborough, post office, Edwards co.. III. Wandersleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Wandiwash, town of Asia, in Hindoostan, in the Carnalic, 37 ms.SSE. of Arcot, and 38NNW. of Pondicherry. Wandeworth, large village of Englan'd, in Sur ry, seated on the Wandle, near its confluence with the Thames, 5 ms. WSW. ofLondon. Wangen, town of Bavaria, in Suabia. The 943 WAR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAR inhabitants carry on a great trade in paper and hardware. Itis sealed on the Orerarg, 17 miles NE. of Lindau, and 30 E. of Constance. Lon. 9 56 E., lat. 47 38 N. Town of Switzerland, in Upper Argau, seated on the river Aar. Lon. 7 30 E., lat. 47 16 N. Town of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seated on the side of a raountain, and surrounded by a wall. It is 8 ras. NW. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 42 E., lat. 48 38 N. Wangfried, town in the circle of Upper Rhine, in Gerraany. Lon. 9 58 E., lat. 51 5 N. Wanlockhead, village of Scotland, near the lead mines of Dumfriesshire; on that account, it has a considerable number of smelting houses. Wanstead, village of England, in Essex. Wantage, town of England, in Berkshire, fa mous for being the birthplace of King Alfred, is seated on a branch of the Ock, 12 ms. S. by W of Oxford, and 50 W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 16 E., lat. 51 35 N. Township of Warren counly. New Jersey. Wantzenau, town of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace. Thi Austrians took this place in 1793. Wanzleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Magdeburg, 10 ras. WSW. of Magdeburg. Wappatoo, island in Columbia river, opposite the mo^ith of Colurabia river. Wappinger's Creek, creek of Dutchess county. New York, rises in the northern part of the county, and flows SSW. into Hudson river, about 7 railes above Newburg. Town, Dutchess co., N, Y., on Wappinger's creek, 81 miles S. frora Albany, and 6 SE. from Poughkeepsie. Waradin, Great, town of Upper Hungary, cap ital of a county of the same name, on the river Sebes Keres, 117 railes NE. of Peterwaradin, and 150 ESE. of Buda. Longitude 21 50 E., lati tude 47 5 N. Waradin, Little, sirong town of Sclavonia, cap ital of a counly of the sarae narae, on the Drave, 28 miles WSW. of Kamist-a, and 34 N. by E. of Zagrad. Lon. 16 15 E., lal. 46 48 N. Warangole, the Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golconda, in the Deccan of Hindoostan. It Is 62 miles NNE. of Hydrabad. Lon. 79 30 E., lat. 18 6 N. Warburg, seaport of Sweden, in West Goth land, and province of Holland, with a castle, 30 ms.S. of Gottenburg. Lon. 1 1 46 E., lat. 57 12 N. Town of Germany, in Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, formerly imperial and Hanseaiic. It is seated on th^ Dymel, 20 ms. SE. of Paderborn. Lon. 0 19 E., lat. 51 33 N. Warcop, village of Eng., in Westmoreland. Ward, village, Worcesler co,, Mass. Warde, lown of Denmark, in Norlh Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 ms. N. of Ripen. Wardhuya, seaport of Danish Lapland, seated on a small island of the same name, near the eon linent, 120 ms. SE- of the North Cape. Lon, 31 6E., lal. 70 22 N. 'Wardshorough, lown, Windham county, Vt., 40 ms. S. from Windsor. Wardsbridge, town. Orange co., N. Y., on the E. side <*f Walkill river, 10 ms, N. of Goshen, 27 944 ms, W. by N. of Newburg, and 70 N. by W. of the city of New York. Wardsburg, village, Christian county, Ky., 200 ms. SW. from Frankfort. Ware, town of England, in Herefordshire, on the river Lea, by which a great trade is carried on to London in corn — 5,000 quarters being frequent- ly sent in a week. Here are sluices and weirs in the river, to preserve it from floods. It is 21 miles N. of London. Lon. 0 3 E., lal. 51 50 N. Town, Hampshire counly, Massachusetts, on the E. side of Ware river, 16 ras. NE. of Springfield. Pop. in 1810, 996; and in 1820, 1,154. Warbridge, or Wardbridge, town of Eng., in Cornwall. It has a bridge over ihe river Camel, which is the handsomest in the eounty, and sup ported hy 20 arches. It is 13 ms. SW. of Camel- ford, and 241 W. by S. of London. Lon. 5 9 W., lat. 50 36 N. Wareham, town, Plymouth county, Massachu setts, at the head of Buzzard's bay, 13 ms. NW. of Barnstable, 16 NE. of New Bedford, and 61 8. by E. of Boston, in lat. 41 48 N., and lon. 70 40 W. Pop. 1820, 952. Borough and seaport of England, in Dorselshire, 20 ms. E. of Dorchester, and 114 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 16 W., lal. 50 43 N. - Warehouse Point, 12 ms. above Hartford, Con necticut. — See South Windsor. Warka, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, seated on the river Pilfa. Lon. 80 15 E., lat. 51 35 N. Warkworth, village of England, in Northum berland, 5 miles SE. of Alnwick, on the river Cocket. Warminster, town of England, in Wiltshire, at the source of the Willybourn, 32 miles NW. of Salisbury, and 97 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 15 W., lat. 51 11 N. Town, Bucks counly, Pennsylvania, between the tps. of Southampton and Warrington, 10 miles SW. from Newton. Village, Nelson counly, Virginia, on James river, 30 miles by land below Lynchburg, and 89 miles by post road a litlle N. of W. from Rich mond. Warm Springs, village on French Broad river, in the NW. part of Buncombe co.. North Caro hna, 73 miles a little S. of E. from Knoxville, and by post road 234 miles W. from Raleigh Clarke county, Arkansas, on a small creek fiowing into Washitau river. They are situated in an ele valed, heallhy, but barren country, and have been found highly medical. Lat. 34 30 N. Wamemunde, seaport of Germany, in Mecklen burg, on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Warne, 26 railes NE. of Wismar. Longitude 13 26 E., latitude 65 4 N. Warner, town, Merrimack co., N. H,, 16 ms. NW. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 2,246. Wamenton, town of Flanders, on the liver Lis, 8 ms. NW. of Lisle. Longitude 3 4 E., latitude 50 45 N. Warnersville, village, Hardeman county, Ten nessee. Warren, town, Lincoln county, Maine, 30 ma. E. from Wiscasset; Town, Grafton co., N. H. 50 ms. N. from Concord. Pop. in 1810, 506 ; and in 1820, 644. — —Town, Bristol co., R. Island, on Warren river, 4 railes N. of Bristol, and 13 S. by VVAJK GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAR E. of Providence, in lat. 41 42 N., and lon, 71 18 W Town, Litchfield county, Connecticut, Pop. in 1810, 1,026; and in 1830, 875. ; Extreme easiern town, Addison co., Vt!, 18 ras. SW.from Monlpelier, Town, Herkimer co,, N. Y., 10 ms. S. of Herkimer. Pop. in 1810, 3,974; and in 1820, 2,013. Tp,, Somerset co,, N. J. Population in 1820, 1,453. Village and seal of jusiice, Warren county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Alleghany, on the point below the mouth of Connewango creek. Pop. in 1820, 182 ; and in 1840, 740. Lat. 41 50 N., lon. W. C. 2 15 W. SW. township, Franklin county. Pa. Village, Albemarle co., Virginia, on the left bank of James river, 20 ms. a litlle W, of S. from Charlottesville Tp. in the SE. quarter of Jef ferson co., Ohio. Tp., Belmont county, Ohio, in which is situated the village of Bamesville. Tp., Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Tp., Washing ton CO., Ohio. Village and seat of jusiice for Trumbull co., Ohio. It is situated on the easiern bank of Mahoning river, 45 miles SE. from Fair- port, at the raouth of Grand river, 70 ms. N. from Steubenville, and 180 NE. from Columbus. Lon. 3 56 W., lat. 41 17 N. Pop. in 1840 1,996. Warren, county of New York, bounded by Sa ratoga S., Hamilton W., Essex N., and Lake George and Washington counly E. ; length 38 m*., mean width 38, area about 1,000 sq. miles. It is drained generally by the Hudson, and partly by Sacondago river. Surface mouniainous, and soil rocky and mostly barren. Chieflown, Caldwell. Central lat. 43 33 N., lon. W. C. 3 10 E. Pop. in 1830, 9,453 ; and in 1840, 13,422. Warren, county of Pennsylvania, bounded by Chautauque and Cattaraugus cos. N., McKean co. E., Jefferaon and Venango S. , and Crawford and Erie W. ; length 32 miles, breadlh 36, area 833 sq. ms. Il is a remarkably well-watered county ; Alleghany river winds obliquely through il, and wilhin it receives the discharge of Chautauque lake, or Conewango creek, Brokenstraw creek, and several olher large creeks. Surface hilly, but much of the soil good, and some highly ferlile. Chief town, Warren. Pop. in 1830, 1,976. Cenlrai lat. 41 50 N,, lon. W. C. 3 32 W. Warren, county of North Carolina, bounded by Mecklenburg and Brunswick cos., Va., N., by Northampton and Halifax cos., N. C, E., Frankhn S., and Granville W. ; length 33 miles, mean width 15, area 346 square miles. Roanoke river traverses its NE. angle, and it is drained by sev eral creeks flowing into that stream, and by Fish ing creek, branch of Tar river. Chief town, War renton. Pop. in 1820, 11,158; and in 1840, 12,929. For central lat. and lon,, see Warrenton, Warren eo., N. C. Warren, county of Georgia, bounded by Jeffer son SE , Great Ogeeche river, or Washington and Hancock, SW., Wilkes N., and Colurabia NE. and E. ; length 38 miles, breadth IS, area about 700 sq. ms. Chief town, Warrenton. Pop. in 1840, 9,789. For central lat. and Ion., see Warrenton, Warren co^ Georgia. Warren, county of Ohio, bounded S. by Cler mont and Hamilton, W. by Butler, N. by Mont gomery and Greene, and E. by Clinton; length 20, breadth 19J miles, area 400 sq. mites. Litlle Miami traverses it obliquely from NE. lo SW. 119* Surface hilly, bul with a soil highly fertile. Sta ples, grain and flour. Chief town, Lebanon. Pop. in 1820, 17,837; and in 1840, 23,141. Cenlrai lat. 39 26 N., lon. W. C. 7 8 W. Warren, counly of Kentucky, bounded by Al len SE., Simpson S,, Logan SW,, Buller NW., Green river, or Grayson and Hurl, N., and Bar ren E. ; length 35, mean width 3,0 ms., area about 700 sq. miles. Big Barren river passes through this county, dividing it inlo two nearly equal sec tions. Chief town. Bowling Green. Population in 1820, 11,770; and in 1840, 15,446. Central lat. 37 0 N., lon. W. C, 9 16 W. Warren, counly of Tennessee, bounded by Franklin S., Rutherford W., Wilson and Smith NW., Caney Fork river, or Whito NB., and Bledsoe SE., ; length 40, mean width 20 miles, area 800 sq. ms. It is principally drained by the creeks of Caney fork river. Chief town, McMin- ville. Population in 1820, 10,348; and in 1840, 10,803. Central latitude 35 50 N., longiiude W. C. 8 40 W. Warren, counly, Mississippi, bounded by Mis sissippi river W,, Yazoo river N., New Purchase E., and Big Black river, or Claiborne county, S,; length 30, mean width 1 1 ras., area 330 sq. miles, Slaple cotton, and soil highly ferlile. Chief town, Warrenton. Pop. in 1820, 2,693 ; and in 1840, 1.5,820. Cenlrai lat. 32 18 N,, lon. W. C. 14 5 W. Warrenburg, tp., Warren co.. New York, on the Hudson, 7 miles W. from Caldwell. Pop. in 1810, 887; and in 1820, 956. Village, in the W. angle of Green co., Tenn., 70 ms. a liltle N. ofE. from Knoxville. Warrensville, tp., Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Warrenton, village and seat of jusiice, Fauquier CO., Va., 40 ras. WSW. of Washington city. Lat. 38 41 N., lon. W. C. 0 44 W. Village and seat of justice, Warren co., N. C, 56 ms. NNE. from Raleigh, and 85 nearly 8. from Petersburg, in Va. It is the seat of two academies. Lal. 36 31 N., lon. W. C, I 10 W. Village and seat of jusiice, Warren county, Georgia, about 40 ms. W. from Augusta. It is the seal of an academy. Lal. 33 32 N., lon. W. C. 5 35 W,- — Village and seat of justice, Warren counly, Mississippi, on Mississippi river, 10 ma. below Walnut Hills. It is a place of considerable trade. Lat. 33 17 N., lon. W. C. 14 2 W. Warrenatown, tp., Somerset co., Maine. Warrentown, village, Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio river, above the mouth of Indian Short creek, 14 ms. below Steubenville. Warrington, lown of England, in Lancashire. It has large and considerable manufactures of sail clolh, cotton, pins, glass, and other arlicles. It ig seated on the Mersey, over which is a bridge, 18 miles E, of Liverpool. Tp., Bucks co.. Pa., on the NE. limit of Montgomery co., between New Britain and Warminsier. Tp., York co.. Pa., on the NW. side of Conewango creek. Pop. in 1820, 1,274, Warriorriiarka, village, Huntingdon co., Pa., by post road 105 ms. W. from Harrisburg. 'Warsaw, cily of Poland, lately the metropolis of lhat country, and in the palatinate of Massovia. It is built partly ina plain, and partly on a gentle rise from the Vistula, exiending with the suburbs of 945' WAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAS Kraka and Praga over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 90,000 inhabilanls. Warsaw is 160 ms. SE. of Dantzic, 130 NNE. of Cracow, and 300 NE. of Vienna. Lon. 31' 0 E., lat. 52 14 N County lown of Gallatin county, Ken tucky, situated in the norlheastein partof the co,, 45 miles nearly due N. from Frankfort. Pop. in 1840, 600 Town, Genesee co., N. York, on Allen's creek, 30 miles S. from Batavia. Pop. in 1810, 1,317; and in 1820, 1,658. Warta, town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, seated on the river Warta, 13 ms. NE. of Siradia, ani 57 SE. of Posnamia. Lon. 18 0 E., lat. 51 19 N. SE. branch of the Oder, rises near the Cracow, and joins the Oder at Custrin. Wartcnburg, lown of Germany, in Silesia, cap ital of a lordship of the same name. It is 33 ms. NE. of Breslaw. Warwick, county of Indiana, bounded by Ohio river S., Vanderburg and Posey W., Pike and Dubois N., and Spencer E. and SE.; lengih 30, width 13 ms., area 410 sq. ms. It is drained by Big and Little Pigeon, and some olher creeks. Chief town, Booneville. Pop. in 1820, 1,749 ; and in 1840, C,321. Central lat. 38 5 N., lon. W. C. 10 10 W. Warwick, the co. town of Warwickshire, in Eng., on the river Avon. All the passages to it are cut through the rock, over which is a stone bridge, 15 ms. SSW. of Coventry, and 93 NW. of London. Lou. 1 30 W., lat. 52 18 N. Warwick, co. of Eng., 47 ms. long and 30 broad, bounded on the N. by Derbyshire, NE. by Leicestershire, E. by Northamptonshire, SE. by Oxfordshire, SW. by Gloucestershire, W. by Wor cestershire, and NW. by Staffordshire. It con tains 639,760 acres, is divided into four hundreds and one hberly, and 193 parishes; has one city and 12 market towns. Pop. in 1810, 308,190; in 1811, 228,735; and in 1820, 274,392. Warwick, town in the NE. part of Franklin CO,, Mass.. 33 ms. NE. from Northampton, and by post road 86 ms. NW. by W. from Boston. Town, Kent co., R. 1 , 10 ms.S. from Prov idence. This is one of the most manufacturing sections of R I. It possesses numerous cotton factories, two banks, and an academy. Pop, in 1830, 3,643; and in 1840, 6,736. Town, Orange CO., N. Y., on the E. sideof Walkill river, 10 ms. S. of Goshen, 11 N. of Hamburg, N. J., and 70 NW. of the city of New Y'ork. 'Pp., Bucks CO., Penn., on the SE. sideof Neshaminy creek below Doyleslown. Pop. in 1810, 1,387; in 1820, 1,115. Tp., Lancasler CO,, Pa., between Elizabeth and Raphe tps., and joining Dauphin co. Pop. in 1810, 3,439; in 1820, 3,777 Village, Cecil co., Md., between Sassafras and Bohemia rivers, 18 ms. 8. of Elk ton, 27 SW. of Newcastle, Del., and 61 SW. of Philadelphia. Central tp,, Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Warwick, co,, Va., by James river SW,, James co., NW., York NE., and Ehzabeth co. SE; Length 15, width 8 ms., area 120 sq. ms. Pop. in 1820, 1,108; and in 1840, 1,456. Cll. lat. 37 8 N. Washington, SE. co. of Maine, bounded by the Atlantic ocean S., Passamaquoddy bay, St. Croix 946 river, and New Brunswick E., and Hancock and Penobscot COS., Maine, W. This co. includes a strip along the whole E. side of Maine, and is about 250 ms. in length from N. to 8,, but the really inhabiled part is confined to about 1,000 sq. ms. along the seacoast. Its front is very rauch indented by fine bays. Chief towns, Machias and Eastport. Pop.in 1820, 12,744; and in 1840, 28,327. Ctl. lat. 44 45 N., 'lon. W. C. 9 20 E. Waahington, co., Ver., bounded SE. by Cale donia and Orange, SW. by Addison, NW. by Chittenden, and NE. by Orleans and Caledonia; lengih 24 ms., width 20, area 480 sq. ms. It oc- cupies-the fine valleys drained by the sources of Onion river. Surface, Ihough mouniainous, afford ing much excellent soil. Chieflown, Monlpelier. Pop. in 1820, 14,113; and in 1840, 23,606. For cll. lal. andjon,, see MontpeUer. Washington, SW. co. of R. I., bounded by the Atlantic ocean 8., New London co.. Conn., W., Kent CO., R. l.rN-s and Narragansett bay E. It is about 20 ms- sq., with an area of 400 sq. ms. Il is chiefly drained by the Pawcaiuck river. Surface moderately hilly. Chief town, Soulh Kingston. Pop. in 1820, 15,687; and in 1840, 14,324. Cll. lal. 41 28 N., lon. W. 0, 5 25 E. Washington, co., N, Y.', bounded by Ver. E., Pawlet river and Lake Champlain NE., lake George NW., Warren co. and Hudson river W., and Rensselaer co. 8. ; length 60 ms., mean width 15, area 900 sq. ms. The face of ihis co. is very diversified and picturesque. Much of the soil is excellent. It is peculiarly well watered, having Hudson river at one extreraily. Lake Champlain at the other, and drained by their confluents. The canal uniting Hudson river and Lake Champlain traverses Washington co. Chief towns, Sandy Hill, Whitehall, Union, &c. Pop. 1830, 38,831 ; and in 1840,41,080. Cll. lat. 43 35 N., lon. W. C. 3 35 E, Washington, tp., Hancock Co., Maine, 30 ms. above Castine. Village, Cheshire co., N. H. Pop. in 1830, 993. Town, Orange co., Ver., 43 ms. N. from Windsor. Pop. in 1820, 1,100. The hifibest summit of the White mountains, N. H., 7,300 feet above the level of the ocean. Tp. Berkshire co., Mass., 8 ms, E. from Lenox. Pop in 1810, 942; in 1830, 760, Village, Lilchfield eo.. Conn., 40 ms. SW. by W. from Hartford, and 10 SW. from Lilchfield. Pop. in 1810, 1,675; in 1820, 1,487. There are in this tp. two forges, one slitting mill, two marble saw mills, and several grain raills, and other machinery. Town, Dutchess co., N. Y., on Washington creek, 12 ms. NE. from Pough keepsie. Pop. in 1810, 2,854; in 1820, 2,882. It is the seat of a very respectable boarding school belonging to the sociely of Friends. Village of Albany co,, N. Y., on IheHudson, oppositeTroy, and 5 ms. N from Albany. It is the seat of an arsenal belonging lo the U. S. Village, Guern sey CO., Ohio, on the road between Wheeling and Zanesville, 45 ms. W. from the former. Tp., Licking CO., Ohio. Tp., Richland co.,_ Ohio. Tp., Miami co., Ohid, containing the village of Piqua. Tp,, Montgomery co , Ohio, con taining the villajes of Centreville and Woodburn. Tp., Pickaway co., Ohio, containing the vil- lage of Circleville. Tp., Preble co., Ohio, WAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAS containing the village of Eaton. Tp., Scioto CO., Ohio, containing the village of Alexandria, on Ohio river Tp., Warren co., Ohio. Vil lage and seat of justice, Davis co., Inda., belween the two main branches of White river, 20 ms. SE. by E. from Vincennes, and by posl road 103 ms. SSW. from Indianapolis. Lat. 38 40 N., lon. W. C. 10 4 W. Town, .Morris co., N. J. Pop. in 1820, 1,876. Tp., Burlington co., N. J., adjoining Lillle Egg Harbor tp. The soil is generally sandy and covered wilh pines. There are in il at present two blasting furnaces, Batslo and Martha, in operalion, and two forges; there were formerly five blast furnaces, several forges, and one slitting mill. Tbe low lands abound in bog oie, lhat mixed with mountain ore is manu factured into all kinds of iron and castings. Washington, co., Penn., bounded by Va. W., Beaver CO., Penn., N., Alleghany NE., Monon gahela river or Westmoreland and Fayette E., and Green S. ; lengih 32 ms., mean width 38, area 888 sq. ras. ; surface generally hilly, but soil ia generally productive. This co occupies the height of land between Ohio and Monongahela rivers, and the creeks flow from its central parts like radii from a common centre. Chief town, Washington. Pop. in 1830, 40,038; and in 1840, 41,379. Cll. lat. 40 14 N., lon. W. C. 3 20 W. Washington, village, borough, and seat of jus tice, Washington co., Penn., on Chartiers creek, 26 ras. SW. from Pittsburg. Pop. in 1810, about 1,200; in 1820, 1,687; and in 1840, 2,062. This is a very flourishing couniry town, with a steam fiouringmill, and several other manufacturing establishments. Washington college, in this town is under the direction of a president and two pro fessors, and contains a library and philosophical ap paratus. The college edifice slands to the E. of the town, is constructed of stone, three stories high, and suiBciently spacious to accommodate 150 students. Washington, village, Columbia co., Penn NW. tp„ Fayette CO., Penn., between Mononga hela and Youghiogany rivers. SE. tp., Frank lin CO., Pa." It contains the borough of Waynes burg, and lies oh the heads Antietam creek. Tp., Union CO., Pa., 8. from Middle creek. Pop. in 1810, 438; in 1820, 1,427. Tp., Lycom ing CO., Pa., in the great bend of the W. branch of the Susquehannah, opposile Williamsport. Pop, in 1810, 675; in 1830, 1,743. Village, Lancaster co.. Pa. Tp., York co.. Pa., on Ifae W. boundary of the co., and on Conewago and Bermudian creeks. Pop. in 1810, 441 ; in 1820, 1^061. Tp., Westmoreland co.. Pa., on Kia- keminitas river, 12 ms. N. from Greensburg. P.ip. in 1810, 1,695; in 1820, 1,478. Tp., Inda. CO., Pa., lying NW. from the borough of Indiana. Pop.in 1810, 756; in 1820, 1,057; and in 1840, 28,850. Washington, co., Md., bounded by Potomac river or Va. S., Alleghany co., Md,, W , Pa. N., and Frederick co., Md,, E ; length 40 ms., mean width 12, area 480 sq. ms. It is a very well wa tered country; it is traversed hy Connolaways, Licking, Conococheague, Anlielam, and other large creeks flowing from Pa. into Potomac river; surface very much broken by mountains and hills, though much of the river and creek alluvial soil is excellent. Chief towns, Hagerstown, Hancock, and Williamsport. Pop. in 1820, 23,075 ; and in 1840, 28,860. Cll. lat. 39 36 N., lon. W.C. 1 50 W. Washington City, capital of the United States and of the D, C. The following description is from the pen of Mr. John Sessford, and extracted from the National Intelligencer : Washington cily, in the District of Columbia, the metropolis of the U. S. is silualed on the left bank of the Potomac and the right bank of the Anacoslia, in lat. 38 63, lon. 0°, being intended for a first meridian. The Tyber runs Ihrough the middle of the city, and raay be conveyed to the high ground on which the Capitol stands, and the waler of the Tyber and Reedy branch may be con veyed to the Capitol and the President's house. The buildings belonging to the United Slates are — The Capitol, a large and massy building of the Corinthian order, of freestone, composed of a central edifice and two wings ; the whole front of the building is about 360 feel; the wings were nearly corapleled when the British army, under General Ross, (who was afterwards slain in a bat tle near Baltimore,) in August, 1814, made a sud den incursion, gained possession of the city, set- ling fire to the Capitol, President's house, public offices, &c., not connected with the operations of war, reducing the whole lo ashes, together with a val uable and extensive library belonging lo Congress ; the wings are rebuilt, and the cenire nearly com pleted. The foundation of the north wing was laid in the presence of President Washington, on the 1 6th of September, 1793, and Ihatof the centre on the 24lh of August, 1818, being the anniversary of its destruction by the British. The President's house, built of freestone, 3 stories high, of the Ionic order, and covered with copper, and distant from the Capitol about one milo and a half. Four buildings, erected in a line E. and W. of the President's house, for the accommodation of the principal departments of Government and su bordinate offices ; the whole were of brick, two stories high, with freestone basements, and covered wilh slale. Of tho four original buildings erected E. and W. of the President's house, the two western or Navy and War offices remain, as also does the northeastern or Slate house ; but that plareJ at the SE. angle, the Treasury, having been consumed by the fire, was replaced by an edifice of stone and fire proof It is about 300 feet in length, 3 stories above the basement. The General Post Office and Patent Offices have been replaced for a like reason wilh the Treasury edifice, with edifices fire-proof. The Treasury building is on 16lh street W., with its centre and main entrance opposile F street. The General Post Office faces E and 7lh street W., and between 7th and 8th and E and F. The Patent Office stands belween 7lh and 9th streets W., and belween F and G. Those three buildings are as architectural speci mens ornamental to the cily, but their material be ing fire proof is of infinitely more importance than their elegance as mere structures. A very extensive navy yard, completely en- 947 WAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAS closed wilh a lofty brick wall, wilh a handsome gate-way, wilh guard rooms, a neat dwelling for the commandant, and others for different officers of the yard, exiensive warehouses, shops for black smiths, &c. A comfortable marine barrack sufficient for 1,600 men, well enclosed, having a handsome parade, and a neat and commodious residence. for the com mandant of the corps, and good houses for the sub altern officers, an armory, and shops for the re pair of arms, &c. A substantial navy magazine, with a houso for the keeper. A fort at the extreme soulhern point of the land in the city, commands the channel of the Poto mac and the Eastern branch. The improvements at this place are extensive and substantial, with storehouses, anarmory, shops in which are made gun carriages, fixed ammunition, &c., with an extensive open space, belonging lo the garden. The Capitol square is enclosed by a sirong and handsome iron railing, and in part planted wilh trees and shrubbery, and will, in a short time, afford a delightful promenade. Similar improve ments are making al tho President's house and public offices. An extensive window glass manufactory, which supplies the market, and exports lo a considerable amount, five very extensive taverns, wilh accom modations equal to any of a similar nature, three banks, a branch of the U. States Bank, a fire in surance company, ninp printing offices, two daily papers, two tri-weekly and two weekly. A sleam boat runs regularly lo Aquia creek, one to Alexan dria, and another from Norfolk to the city. Five stages depart daily to Baltimore, and several others to other places. The seat of Government was removed here in the year 1800, during the Presidency of John Adams. The cily was incorporated" by an act of Con gress passed on the 3d of May, 1802, by which act the appointment of mayor was vested in the Pres ident, yearly ; and Ihe two branches of the coun cil elected., by the people in a general ticket. In a supplementary act passed .May 4, 1812, the corpo ration was made lo consist of a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a board of common council ; the board of aldermen to consist of eight members, elected for two years, two to be residents of and chosen from each ward ; the board of common council lo consist of twelve, three from each ward ; the may, by the joint ballot of the two boards, to serve for one year. By a new charter, granted by Congress on the 15th May, 1820, it is provided that the mayor shall be elected by the people, to servo two years from the 2d Monday in June ; the board of aldermen to consist of two members from each ward, elected for two years, and are ex-officio justices of the peace for the whole county ; the board of common council to consist of three mem bers from each ward, lo serve one year ; and every free white male citizen of the U. Stales of lawful age, having resided in the city one year previous to the election, being a resident of the ward in which he offers to vole, and shall have been as sessed on the books of the corporation for the year ending on tbe 31st day of December preceding the election, and shall have paid all taxes legally as- 948 sessed and due on the personal properly, when le gally required to pay the same, shall be entitled to vole at any election for a mayor or members of Ihe two boards. The city is, by an act of the council, divided into six wards. Tbe number of inhabitants were at different periods, as follows, ascertained by the official enumeration, viz : In 1800- • 3,210 . 1803 - - - - 4,352 1807- .... 5,653 1810 - - - 8,208 1817- - - 11,299 1820- - - 13,247 The number of dwellings, exclusive of public buildings and shops, was, on the 1st of January, 1822, 2,229, of which 1,036 were brick, and 1,184 wood; and the assessed valuation of real and personal property, on the 1st of January, 1821, wasS6,568,726, affording a revenue of $32,842 63; in addition to which there is a revenue of 810,000, arising from the licenses of taverns, hackney coaches, &o., which is appropriated to the support of the poor, of public schools, and markets, and to pay the officers of the corporation. The classified population of Washington is ex hibiled in the following table : Population in 1810. Free while males - 2,895 Do. do. females - . 3,009 Tolal whites - 5,904 All other persons, except Indians, nol taxed - 867 Slaves . - 1.437 Total population in 1810 8,208 Population in 1820. Free while males - 4,786 Do. do. females - - 4,820 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed ... 0 Tolal whiles 9,606 Free persons of color, males - 750 Uo. do. females 946 Slaves, males 880 Do. females 1,065 Tolal population in 1820 13,247 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized 293 Engaged in agriculture - 16 Do. in manufactures . 866 Do. in commerce - 125 For population in 1840 see pages 334 and 235. See Columbia, District of. The following matter was published in one of the public prints of Philadelphia, December 20th, 1822, as a communication from the editor of this gazetteer to the editor of that print. Il is here sub joined lo the article Washington city, as it may give some aid to the future disquisition on the question by which it was produced ; lhat is, the occupation of the mouth of the Columbia river by a colony from the U. States : WA"? GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAS Washington is situaled al N. lat. 38 54 N. and 77° W. from London. Tho mouth of Columbia river is situaled at lat. 48 15 N., and within a trifling fraction of 48° W. from W. C, 125° W. from London. The differ ence of lat., therefore, 7 21, and difference of lon. 48 0. By a calculation on Mercalor's plan, the two places bear from each olher N. 78 15 W., and S. 78 15 E., distant in geographical miles 2,162, and in English ras. 2,486. From Wash ington city to St, Louis, by Pittsburg and the Ohio and Mississippi rivors, 1,396 ms. Prom Sl. ; Louis to the mouth of Columbia, by tho Missouri I and Columbia rivers, 3,548 ms. Enlire distance] from Washington to the mouth of Ihe Columbia, , 4,944 ms. The distance from St. Louis to Wash- i ington, by Shawaneetown and Knoxville, 1,029 ms . By Lexington, Ky., 1,006 ms. By Vin cennes, Cincinnati, and Pittsburg, 1,011ms. St. Louis is 38 36 N. lat., 12 58 W. longitude. Mouth of Columbia, 46 15 N. lat,, 47 67 W. lon. These Iwo places bear from each other at an angle from the meridian 73 28, are conseqtlently 73 28 NW,, and 73 28 SE., respectively ; distant 1,714 geographical, and 1,861 English ms. The several distances, as given by Messrs. Lewis and Clark, are no doubt over calculated ; their aggregate distance exceeds the direct line al most two to one, an excess hardly credilde. In most instances, where the lengths of rivers have been estimated by persons ascending their currents, the space passed through has been overrated, and the error has in most instances borne some propor tion to the violence of the stream. Washington, NW. co. of the D. C, bounded SE. by the city of Washington and Georgetown, SW. by Potoraac river, W. and N. by Md., and E. by East Branch, or Anacoslia river. It ap proaches to the form of a right angled' triangle, 7 ms. base, by 6 perpendicular, and with an area of 21 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Pop. 1820, 2,729; and in 1840, in cluding the city of Washington, 23,745. Cenlrai lat. 38 66 N , lon, W. C. 3^' W. Washington, village at the SE. fool of the Blue Ridge, and at the head of Thornton's river, in the NW. part of Culpeper co., Va., 65 ms. WSW. from W. C. Washington co., Va,, bounded S by Tenn., W. by Scolt CO., Va., NW. by Russel, N. by Tazewell, NE. by Wythe, and SE. by Grayson. Lengih 50 ms., mean width 17, area 860 sq. ms. This CO, lies in the various valleys of the two great branches of Holston river, and is drained by those streams and their numerous confiuents. Though generally hilly, the soil is ferlile. Chief town, Abingdon. Pop. 1820, 12,444; and iu 1840, 28,850. Central lat. 36 40 N., lon. W. C. 5° West. Washington, co., N. C, bounded by Hyde and Beaufort S., Martin W., Roanoke river and Albe marle sound N., and Tyrrell co. E. Lengih 20 ms., width 18, area 360 sq. ms. Surface level, and in part marshy. Soil generally thin and ster ile. Chief town, Plymouth. Pop. 1820, 3,986 ; and in 1840, 4,525. Ctl. lat. 35 46 N., lon. W. C. 22' E. Washington, village, Beaufort co., N. C, on the left bank of Pamlico or Tar river, about 60 ms. below Tarborough. This is a place of considera ble commercial importance. Washington, co., Ga,, boundid by Oconee riv er, of Wilkinson co., SW., Hancock NW,, Ogee- chee river, or Warron, NE., Jefferson E,, and Emanuel and Laurens SE, Length 30 rns., width 23, area 690 sq. ms. Chieflown, Sanders ville. Pop. 1820, 10,627; and in 1840, 10,865. Central bit. 32 56 N., lon. W. C. 5 48 W. Washington, village and seat of jusiice, Wilkes CO., Ga., containing, beside the ordinary co. build ings, an academy, and about 700 inhabitants. About 60 ms. "WNW. from Augusta, and by poat road 70 ms. NE. from Milledgeville. Lat. 33 41 N., lon. W. C. 5 41 W. Washington, cu., Ohio, bounded by Ohio river SE. and S., Athens co. SW. and W,, and Mor gan and Monroe cos N. Length 43 ms., mean vvidlh 14, area 600 sq. ms. Except near the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, the surface of this co. is hilly, and the soil sterile. Muskingum river en ters the Ohio nearly at equal distance from its NE. and SW. angles. Chief lown. Marietta. Pop. 1820, 10,425; and in 1840, 20,823. Ctl. lat. 39 30 ."V., lon. W. C. 4 30 VV. Washington, tp., Columbiana co., O. Vil lage and seal of justice for Fayetle co,, Ohio, 40 ms. SW. from Columbus. Lat. 39 33 N Oneof IheNW. tps., Franklin co., 0 One of the western tps.. Dark co., O. Tp., Clermont CO., 0., on Ohio rivor. Washington, co., Ia., bounded by Floyd SE , Harrison S., Orange and Lawrence W., White river or Jackson N,, and Scott E. Length 24 ms , width 20, area 480 sq. nis. Big Blue river rises in this co , and flows S. into Ohio river. Chief town, Salem. Pop. 1820, 9,039; and in 1840, 15,269. Central lat. 38 36 N., lon. W. C. 9° W. Washington, co,. III., bounded by Randolph S., Sl. Clair W., Madison and Bond N., and Jef ferson E. It is 30 ras. square, consequently, area 900 sq. ms. Kaskaskias river passes obliquely through it. Chief town, Covington. Pop. 1820, 1,517; in 1840, 4,810. Of these there were en gaged in agriculture 77, in manufactures 39, and in commerce 18. Pop. to the sq. ra., 1^. Cll. lat. 38 32 N., lon. W. C. 12 22 W. Washington, co., Mo.,.S. from Franklin, and SW. from Jefferson and St. Genevieve. Il lies on the heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and St. Francis rivers. It includes a great part of the lead mines of Mo., hut is too vaguely defined to admit the insertion of ils area or comparative pop. The surface is mountainous, hilly, and bro ken, ihough much very ferlile soil lies in detached places wilhin ils limits, particularly along the banks of the Merrimac, Big river, and Fourche k Cosurtois. The mine tract in the northern part ofthis CO. is traversed by lat 38° N., and lon. W. C. 13 50 W., and lies SSW. about 50 ms. from Sl. Louis. Pop. 1840, 7,212. Washington, co., Ky., bounded by Green S., Nelson W. and NW., Salt river, or Franklin, N., Mercer E., and Casey SE. Length 32, mean width 17 ms., area 550 sq. ms. It is drained by the various sources of Salt river. Chief town, Springfield. Pop. 1820, 15,947. Ctl. lat. 37 40 N., lon W. C. 8 16 W. 949 WAS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAT Washington, co., Tenn., bounded by N. C. 8., Greene co., Tenn., W., Sullivan N., and Carter E. Length 22, mean width 17 ins., area 640 sq. ms. Its southern part is drained by Nola chucky river, and the northern by Holston. Sur face hilly and broken. Chieflown, Jonesborough. Pop. 1820, 9,657; and in 1840, 11,761. Ctl. lat. 30 11 N., lon. W. C. 5 33 W. Washington, co., Ala,, bounded by Miss. W., Choctaw country N., Tombigbee river E., and Baldwin co., Ala., S. Length 50, mean width 20 ms., area 1,000 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and soil, except in a few places near the streams, sterile, ond covered generally wilh pine. Chief town, St. Stephen's. Central lal. 31 40 N., Ion. W. C. 11 20 W. Pop. 1840, 5,300. VVashington, village. Mason co., Ky., 4 miles NE. from Maysville, containing an academy, two churches, and a printing office. Lat. 38 40 N^, lon. W. C. 6 46 W. Village and seat of jus tice, Rhea co„ Tenn., on the right bank of Tenn. river, about 100 ms. below Knoxville, and 80 ms. SE. by E. from Murfreesborough. Lal. 35 38 N., lon. W. C. 7 48 W. Village and seat of justice, .Autauga co. tp., Ala., on the right bank of Alabama river, at the mouth of .Autauga creek, 23 ms. above Cahaba. Lat. 32 34 N., lon. W. C. 9 33 W. Washington, parish of La., bounded by Miss. N., Pearl river E., parish of St. Tamrnany S., and Tangipao river, or St. Helena, W. Length 45, mean width 22 ras., area about l,00ff sq. miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil generally sterile, and covered wilh pine timber. It is principally watered by ihe Bogue Chitto and Chifuncte rivers. Pop. 1820, 3,517; and in 1840, 2,649. Central lat. .30 50 N., lon. W. C, 13 10 W. Washington, village, and recently the seat of government of the Stale of Miss., stands on a high, dry, and healthy site, on the left bank of St. Cath arine creek, 6 ms. E. from Natchez. Pop. about 1,000. Jefferson college was incorporated in 1802, and located in this town. A large frame building, capable of accommodating about 70 students, was erected, but it has not flourished as a Uterary in stitution beyond the ordinary effects of an acade my. Lat. 31 35 N., lon. W. C. 14 16 W. Waahington, court house and post office, on the small river Sinla Bogue, Washington co., Ala., 12 ms. NW. from Fort St. Stephens, and 75 N. from Mobile. Lat. 31 39 N., lon. 11 18 W. Washington Hollow, village, Dutchess co., N. Y., on Wappinger's creek, 12 ms. NE. from Poughkeepsie. Washington Point, cape formed by the two branches of Elizabeth river, about one mile above Norfolk, Va. Here the United Stales have a ma rine hospital. Washitau, or Ouachitau, NE. parish of La., boiinded by the Mississippi river NE,, the parish oi Concordia and Ocatahoola SE., Rapides S., Natchitoches W., and the territory of Arkansas N Length 85, mean widih 50 ms. ; area 4,000 sq. ms. That part W. from Washilau river is hilly, with a sterile soil covered with pine timber. A similar characterislic is continued E. of that stream, in the norlhern section of the parish, to within 10 or 12 ins. from Mississippi river, E. from Washilau river, and in the 8. and SE. part 950 of the parish, except along the margins of the streams, the surface is liable to annual submersion. The only arable land of considerable extent is fouhd along the Washitau, Bartholomew, Bayou Siard, and the rivers Bon Idee and Bceuf. There are, however, distant from the watercourses two small but very productive prairies, Mer Rouge and Jefferson. Except those, and a few other small prairies, the whole not amounting to 35 sq. ms., the whole parish of Washilau, in a state of nature, was covered with a very heavy forest — pine W. and NW., and a mixed mass S., SE., and E. The arable river alluvion very productive. Sta ples, cotton and lumber. Pop. in 1820, 2,896. Cent. lat. 32 35 N., lon. W. C. 16° W. I Washitau, river of Ark. and La., great NE. branch of Red river. This stream rises by three large branches between Arkansas and Red river, about 15° W. from Washington, and at lat. 34 30 N. It thence flows nearly E., the three bran ches uniting above the Hot Springs. 0.pposite j the latler place the Washitau turns 8, enters j La. at lat. 33° N., and continues in that direction I to lat. 31 39 N., where it receives the Tensaw from the SE., and Ocatahoola from the NW., and takes the name of Black river. — See Black river, Ocatahoola, and Tensaw. The Washitau is nav igable, during spring floods, as high as the Hot Springs, and, except in very dry seasons, at all times to the upper settlements in La. Below the springs, it is augmented from the W.^by the Cad do fork, Lillle Missouri, Saluier, and Derbane, and from tbe E. by the Saline, Barthelony, and Boeuf rivers, Wassana, city of Africa, on the Niger, lying, according to the best information, at lat. 11° N. and lon. 17'^ E. from London. This is probably the aame place menlioned by Ptolemy under the name of Gano, and raarked on the various mapa of Africa as Gano, Gana, Wangara, and Gangara. — See Africa, Wassenburg, lown of Germany, in Westphalia. Wasserburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, with a casile. Lon. 12 13 E., lat. 48 4 Norlh. Watauga, SE. branch of Holston river, rises by two sub-branches: one, the main and northern, rises in Smith co., Va., and, flowing southwest erly through Washington co., enters Tennessee, and, flowing across Sullivon county, receives the Watauga proper from the SE. ; the latter rises on the high table land of Ashe counly, N. C, and, pursuing a NW. course, passes through ihe Iron mountain inlo Carter co., Tenn., unites wilh the North branch, and below their junction coniinues northwesterly to join the main Holston at Boat- yorkingsport, on the border between Sullivan and Hawkins Cos. Watchet, town of Eng., in Somersetshire, on the Bristol channel, nt the mouth of a good har bor, much frequented by coal ships, which are freighted hence wilh limestone and various other arlicles. It is 14 ms. NW. of Bridgewater, and 153 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 25 W., lat. 61 12 N. Wateeoo, island in the Soulh sea, discovered by Captain Cook. It is about 6 leagues in circuit, is a beautiful spot, with a surface covered wilh ver dure, and composed of hills and plains. From utiuirKAPHlCAL DICTIONARY WAX every circumstance, it may be considered aa indu bitable, lhat the inhabitants of Wateeoo derive their descent from the same stock which has so re markably diffused itself over the immense extent ofthe Southern ocean. Lon. 158 15 W,, lat. 21 1 S. Waierborough, town, York co.. Me., on the NE. side of the river Mousin, 16 ms. NW. of Kennebunk, 41 N. by E. of Portsmouth, in N. H., and 47 W. of Portland. Pop. 1820, 1,762. Waterbury, town on Onion river, Washington CO., Vt.,12 ms. NW. from Monlpelier, Town on Naugatuck river. New Haven co., Ct,, 19 ms, NNW. from New Haven, and 25 SW. from Hartford. Pop. 1820, 2,882. Wateree, river, 8. C, NE. constituent of San tee. — See Catawba river. The Wateree enters 8. C. in York dislrict, flows SSE. by compara tive courses 120 ms., and joins the Congaree 40 ms. SE. from Columbia. WaierJ'ord, co. of Ireland, 46 ms. long and 25 broad, bounded on the S. by St. George's chan nel, on the W. by Cork, on the N. and NE. by the river Sure, which separates it from Tippe rary and Kilkenny, and on the E. by Waterford Haven, which parts it from Wexford. City and seaport of Ireland, in a co. of the same name. Il is the second place in the kingdom, and has an excellent harbor, where ships of the greatest bur den may ride at the quay. It stands on the river Sure, 8 ms. N. of Sl. George's channel, 26 8. of Kilkenny, and 75 S. by W. of Dublin. Lon. 6 54 W., lal. 52 18 N, Town of Eng.,. in Hert fordshire, on the river Coin, 7 ms. S. by W. of St. Albans, and 14 NW. of London. Lon. 0 17 W.. lat. 51 41 N Town, Oxford co.. Me., 12 ms. SW. from Paris. Town, Caledonia CO., Vt., on Conneciicut river, 22 ms. E, from Monlpelier. Town, New London Co., Cl., between the Thames and Nautick rivers, adjoining New Londdon lo the NW. Town, Saratoga CO., N. Y., lying -on the W. side of Hudson and N. side of Mohawk 'river, opposile to Lansing burg, 6 ms. above Troy, and 1 1 above Albany- It is joined to Lansingburg by a fine wooden bridge, is regularly laid out; the site rises by a gradual acclivity from the Mohawk, and the build ings have generally a neat and some an elegant appearance. Pop. 1820, 1,184. Tp,, Glou cester co., N. J. Pop. 1810, 2,105; in 1820, 2,447. Formerly Le Bceuf, village, Erie co,. Pa., between Le Bceuf creek and lake, 15 railes SSE. from Erie. At high waler, the Le Boeuf creek is navigable lo this place. Township, Erie CO., Pa., including the foregoing village. Vil lage at the NW. foot of Tuscarora mountain, and on Tuscarora creek, Mifflin co,. Pa., 20 miles a little S. of W. from Lewistown ; and by posl road 62 ms. NW. by W, from Harrisburg. Village In the norlhern part of Loudon co"., Va., 10 ms, N, from Leesburg, and by post road 42 ms. NW, from W. C. Two tps., Washington co., O., on Muskingum river, opposile to each olher, 10 ms. above Marietta. Waterloo, village of the kingdom of Belgium, in Brabant, 12 ms. 8. from Brussels, about mid. way between the two small rivers Dyle aud Senne, and on the road from Brussels to Namur. Village and seat of justice, Seneca county, N. Y., on Seneca river, at its falls, 5 ms. NE. of and below Geneva. It is a thriving village. Lot. 43 55 N., lon. W. C. 0 6 E. Posl office, in the exireme SW. angle of Mifflin CO., Pa. ; by post road 105 ms. W. from Harrisburg. Tavern and postoffice, Anne Arundel co., Md,, on the road from Baliimore lo W. C, 25 ms. from the latler. Village, Laurens district, S, C, 12 ms. S, from Laurensville, and by post road 86 miles NW. by W. from Columbia. Village, Fay etle CO,, la. Post office, Lauderdale co., Ala. Walersay, one of the wesiern isles of Scotland, separated from S. Uist hy Chisamuel bay, Watertown, town, Middlesex co.. Mass,, on Charles river, 8 ms. N. by W. of Boston. It is the seat of several extensive raanufactures. Town, Litchfield co,, Ct., on the E. side of Nau gatuck river, 10 ras. SE. of Litchfield Village and seat of justice, Jefferson co., N. Y., on the left bank of Black river, 81 ms. NNW. from Uti ca, and 8 ras. E. from Sackett's Harbor. Il is a fine fiourishing village, built on a swelling emi nence, in a broken but fertile country. Il is the seal of a State arsenal, printing office, &c. In 1810, pop. of Che tp. 1,841 ; in 1820, 2,766 ; and in 1840, 5,027. Waterville, town Kennebec co.. Me., on the right bank of Kennebec river, 20 m."!. above Hal lowell. The principal village is at Teconick falls, at the head of boat navigation, and is the seat nf several mills and manufacturing establishments, and also a theological Baptist seminary. Pop. in 1810, 1,314; in 1820, 1,719; and 1840, 2,971. Village, Sangerfield, Oneida co., N. Y., 18 ms. SW. from Utica. Village, Delaware co., N. Y., about 50 ms. W. from Hudson. Watervliet, town, Albany co., N. Y. It is about 9 ras. N. from Albany, and contains the Shaker's village of Niskayuna. Pop. 1820, 2,806; and in 1840 the village and tp. 10,141. Wafkins's Store, and post office, Pittsylvania CO., Va. ; by posl road 200 ms, SVV. from Rich mond. Watkinsville, village, Goochland co., Va., 33 ms. NW. from Richmond- Village, Clark co., Ga., 63 ms. N. from Milledgeville. Watson's Store, and post office, Columbia co., Ga. ; by post road 98 ms. NE. by E. from Mil ledgeville. Watlington, town of Eng., in Oxfordshire. It i^ seated under the Chiltern Hills, on a brook which, with tbe conlinued ridge, divides the coun ly from Buckinghamshire, It is 14 ms. SE. of Oxford, and 46 W. of London. Lon. 1 0 W., lat. 51 37 N. Watten, town of Fr., in the dep. of the North, and late province of French Flanders, seated on tho river Aa, 5 ms. from Sl. Omer. Walton, town of Eng., in Norfolk, 18 ms. SW. of Norwich, and 95 NNE. ofLondon. Lon. 0 53 E.,-Ial. 52 36 N. Watlsborough, village, Lunenburg co., Va,, about 50 ms. SW. from Richmond. Waverly, post office, Lincoln co.. Mo., by post road 93 ms. NW. frotn St. Charles. Wawarssing, post office, Ulster co., N. Y., by post road 77 ms. from Albany. Waxholm, fortress on the coast of Sweden, in the Baltic, silualed on a small island, at the en- 951 WAY GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WAY trance of the Lake Malar, where all homeward bound ships are searched.' It is 16 ms. E. of Stock holm. Wayne, town, Kennebec co.. Me,, 20 ms. W. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 1,051. Town, Steuben co,, N. If., between Seneca and Crooked Lakes, 30 miles SSW. from Geneva. Tp., Wayne co., Ohio, immediately N. of Woosler. In the SW. corner are salt springs. — see Wooster, SE. tp., Ashtabula co., Ohio. Tp., Co lumbiana CO., Ohio. Tp., Jefferson co., Ohio. Tp. in theSW. quarter of Belmont co., Ohio. Tp., Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Tp., Mus kingum CO., Ohio. Tp., Knox co., Ohio. Tp., Pickaway co., Ohio. Tp., Scioto co., Ohio, in whioh is silualed the village of Ports mouth. Tp , Adams CO., Ohio. Tp., Cham paign CO., Ohio Northern Ip., Darke co., Ohio, Tp., Fayeite co., Ohio. Tp. in the NE. corner of Montgomery co., Ohio. Tp., Buller CO., Ohio. Tp., Warren co., Ohio. Wayne, co. ofN. Y., bounded by Seneca and Ontario cos. 8., Monroe W., Lake Ontario N., and Cayuga CO. E. Length 35 ms., mean width 16; area 660 sq. ms. This county is traversed from W. to E. by a ridge of hills, from which a number of small creeks are discharged into Lake Onlario. Tbe southern side is traversed by Mud creek, along the valley of which the Erie canal has been formed. The soil, though in the central parls broken, is generally ferlile. Staples, grain, flour, salted provisions, and some lumber. Chief town, Lyons. The population of this counly was in cluded in that of Seneca and Onlario in 1820. Central lat. 43 7 N. The meridian of W. C. passes through Lyons, the seat of justice, and di vides Wayne into two not very unequal sections. Pop. in 1840, 42,057, Wayne, NE. co. of Pa., bounded by N. Y. N., Delaware river, or Delaware co,, in N. Y., E,, Pike CO. SE., and Luzerne and Susquehannah cos. W. Length 46 ras., mean width IS; area 720 sq. ras. It is drained by the Lackawaxen and Olher creeks of the Delaware. Surface hilly and broken. Soil generally thin and poor. Chief town, Bethany. Pop. in 1830,4,127; and in 1840, 11,848. Cenlrai lat. 41 40 N., lon. W. C. 1 43 E. Wayne, co. ot N. C, bounded by Duplin S., Sampson SW., Johnson NW., Nash and Edge comb N., and Greene and Lenoir E. Length 30 ms., mean width 20 ; area 600 sq. ms. It is tra versed by Neuse river. Chief town, Waynesbo rough. Pop. in 1820, 9,040; and in 1840, 10,891. For central lat. and lon., see Wayneaborough, Wayne co., N. C. 'Wavne, co. of Miss., bounded by Ala. E., Greene ro., in Miss., S., Covington W., and the Choctaw country N. Lengih 32 ms., width 30 ; area 960 sq. ms. It is drained by Chickasawhay and other branches of Pascagoula river. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. in 1820, 3,323 ; and in 1840,3,120. Wayne, co. of Ga,, bounded by Glynn SE., Camden and Appling S., Appling and Tatnall W., and Altamaha, or Elbert and Mclnlosh cos., ne'. Length 40 ms,, mean width 26 ; area 1,000 sq. ms. Turtle river rises in this county, andit ii traversed by Great and Liltle 'St 952 Ilia Chief town, Tuckerville. Pop. in 1820, 1,010 ; and in 1840, 1,258. Central lat. 31 25 N., lon. W. C. 5° W. Wayne, co. of Ten., bounded by Lauderdale co., in Ala,, S., Hardin co.. Ten., W., Perry N., and Lawrence E. Length 24 ms., width 31 ; area 500 sq. ms. It lies encircled by the great bend of Tennessee river, where that streara turns N. on entering the State of Ten. ; and ihough in no place actually reaching Tennessee river, ihe creeks of this county are discharged from it like radii from a centre. Chief town, Waynesborough. Pop. in 1830,3,459; and in 1840, 7,705. Central lat. 35 14 N., Ion. W. C. 10 50 W. Wayne, co. ofKy., bounded by Ten. 8., Cum berland CO., in Ky., W., Cumberland river, or Adair and Pulaski cos,, N., and Whitely E. Length 44 ms., mean width 33 ; area 970 sq. ms. It is principally drained by Big Sinking creek, branch of the Cumberland. Chief town, Monti cello. Pop. in 1820, 7,961 ; and in 1840, 7,399. Wayne, co. of Mich,, bounded by Detroit river and St. Clair lake SE., McComb co. NE., Oakland NW., and Monroe SW. and 8. As it is now de fined, it is about 30 ms. long and 20 wide, wilh an area of 600 sq. ms. Surface generally level, ris ing by a very genlle acclivity from Lake Sl. Clair and Detroit river, and gradually becoming flat, re ceding from these waters. Soil highly productive. It is principally drained by the Riviere Rouge. Chief lown, Detroit. Pop. in 1820,3,674; and in 1840, 24,173. Cenlrai lal. 42 25 N., lon. W. C. 6 15 W. Wayne, co. of la., bounded by OhioE., Union CO., Ia., S,, Fayeite SW., Henry W., and Ran dolph N. It is 20 ms. square ; area 400 sq. ms., and is drained by the sources of Whitewater river. Chieflown, Centreville. Pop. in 1820, 7,961^ and in 1840, 23,290. Central lat. 39 50 N., lon. W. C. 7 56 W. Wayne, co. of III., bounded by Johnson and Unioa S., Jackson and Randolph W., .lefferson N., and 'White and Gallatin E. Length 36 ms., width 24 ; area 864 sq. ms. It is drained by the W. branch of Litlle Wabash. Pop. in 1820, 111; and in 1840, 5,133. Cenlrai lat. 38 30 N., lon. W. C. 11 22 W. Wayne, co. of Mo., W. from Washington and Franklin, and on the sources of Gasconade river. Its limits are too vague to admit of specification. Pop. in 1820, 1,443 ; and in 1840, 3,403. Cen tral lal. 37° N. Wayne, co. of Ohio, bounded by Medina N., Stark E., Cochocton S., and Richland W. Length 30 ms., width 29 ; area 720 sq, ms. It is gene rally elevaled, with exiensive prairies. Soil of middling quality. It is principally drained by Mo- hicon, Kilbuck, and Sugar creeks. Chief tpwn, Woosler. Pop. in 1820, 11,393; and in 1840, 35,803. For central lat. and lon., see Wooster, ? Wayne Hotel, posl office, Steuben co., N. Y. Waynesborough, village, Augusta co., Va., 12 ms. E. by S. of Staunton, and 30 NW. of Char- lotlesvillo, Village and seal of justice, Waype CO., N. C, on Neuse river, immediately below the moulh of Little river, 50 ms. SE. from Raleigh. Lat. 35 20 N., lon. W. C. 1 1 W. Village and seat of justice, Burke co., Ga , on Briar creek, 30 ms. S. from Augusta. It is the seat of an aca- WEE GhJOGKAl'lIICAL DICTIONARY. WEI demy. Lal. 33 5 N., lon. W. C. 4 55 VV. Village and seat of jusiice, Wayne oo.. Ten,, on Reinses branch of Indian creek, 120 miles SW, from Nashville. Lat. 35 11 N., fon. W. C. 10 bS W. Waynesburg, village, Franklin co.. Pa., on the E. branch of .\ntielain creek, 15 ms. SE. from Chambersburg, and 10 NNE. from Hagerstown, in Md. Village and aeat of justice, Greene co.. Pa., on the S. fork of Ten Mile creek, 26 ms. S. from Washington, 25 SW. from Brownsville, and 25 NW. from Morgantown, in Va. Lat. 39 54 N., lon. W. C. 3 16 W Village, Honey- brook tp,, Chester co.. Pa,, 11 ms. NW. by W. from Downingstown. Village, Stark Co., Ohio, by post road l56 ms. NE. from Columbus, Waynesville, village, Wayne co,, Ga., about 150 ms. SSE. from Milledgeville. Village and seat of jusiice, Haywood co., N. C, on the head of Big Pigeon river, 60 ms. WNW, from Rulh erfordton, and 293 a very little S, of W. from Raleigh. Lat. 35 28 N., lon. W. C. 5 50 W. Village, Warren co., Ohio, on Little Miami, 68 ms. SW. fioip Columbus. Il is a settlement principally made by a society of Friends. Wai-wod, Fr. , Vayvode, I'llerally, governor gen eral, title given particularly to the governors of Walachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania. Several of the provinces of Poland were called Way wodats This tille answers to the Turkish Hospodar. Weakly, co. of Ten., posilion and exient un certain. Weakly, C. H. and post oflice, Weakly co.. Ten., 112 ms. from Murfreesborough. Wear, river of Eng., which rises in the W. part of the CO. of Durham, and divides it into two parts, flowing SE. by Stanhope lo Bishop Auckland, and ihence NE. by Durham, receives numerous tribu tary rills from the mountains, and falls into the German ocean at Sunderland. Weare, town, Hillsborough co , N. H., 55 ms. W. from Porlsraoulh. Pop. in 1820, 2,781. Wearmouth, village of Eng., in Durham, op posite Sunderland. This place is famous for a bridge, which has the largest arch in England, is built of iron, and the span of the arch is 236 feel. Weaihersfield, town, Windsor co., Vt,, 7 ms. SW. from Windsor, and by posl road 70 ms. S. from M-onlpelier, Town, Trumbull co., O., 5 ms. SE. from Warren. It contains a village, and a forge and furnace. Weaver's Mills, and post office, Alleghany co., Md. Webb's post office, Stokes co., N. C, by post road 135 ms. NW. by W. from _Raleigh. Webb's Store, and post office, Pendleton dislrict, S. C, 148 ms. N W. from Columbia. Webster' s Store, and post office, Lancaster co., .,_Penn. Wedenschweil, lown of Switzerland, in the canion of Zuric, 10 ms. SE. of Zuric. Weert, town ofthe kingdom of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 12 ms. W. of Rureraonde. Lon. 5 38 E., lat. 51 7 N. Weed's Port, or Weed's Basin and post office. This is a port or basin in the Erie canal, 9 ms. E. from Montezuma, and 9 ms. N. from Auburn, and in Cayuga co., N. Y. Weever, river of Eng., which -rises in the N. 180* part of Shropshire, runa across the middle of Che shire, and, receiving the Dane from the E, dis charges itself into the estuary of the Mersey. It is navigable to Windford, some ms, above Nor wich, in Cheshire. IVeibstadl, town of Germany, in the duchy of Baden, 20 miles SE. of Jleidelburg. Lon, 9 23 E., lat. 49 19 N, Weichlerbach, lown of Germany, in Wetteravia, and in the co, , of laenberg, seated on the river Kinlz. Weiclen, lown of Germany, in Bavaria; seated on the Naab, 10 ms. NW. of Leuchtenberg. Lon. 12 10 E.. lat. 49 24 N. Weil, or TVyl, town of Germany, in Wirtem- berg, on the Worm, 12 ms. W. of Stutgard, and 20 N. of Tubingen. Lon. 8 50 E., lal. 48 46 N. Weilburg, town of Germany, in the county of Nassau, on the Lahn, 22 ms. NE. of Nassau, 32 NW. of Frankfort, and 29 E. of Mentz. Lon. 8 26 E,,lat, 50 18 N. Weile, or Wedel, seaporl of Denmark, in the province of North Jutland. Lon. 9 30 E., lat. 55 46 N. Weilheiin, town of Germany, in Wirlemburg, seated on the river Lauter. Weiltingcn, town of Gerraany, in the circle of Suabia. Lon. 10 21 E., lat. 48 68 N. Weimar, town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia. — See art. Saxe Weimar, Weimar, grand duchy of Saxe, consisting of Weimar Proper and Eisenbach. Weingartin, town of Germany, in the palati nate of the Rhine, seated on the Printza, 4 ms. NE. of Dourlach, and 9 ms. S. of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 30 E., lat. 49 5 N. T'J''einheim, town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, 10 ms. N. of Heidelburg. Lon. 8 45 E., lat. 49 35 N. Weinsberg, town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirlemberg, famous for its wines. Lon. 9 IS E., lat. 49 15 N. Weisbaden, lown of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, where there are hot baths in high esteem. It is 8 ms. NE. of Meniz, and 16 W. of Frank fort. Lon. 8. 20 E., lat. 49 56 N. Weisbrain, — See Vesperin, Weiselmunde, fortress of western Prussia, seated at the mouth of the Vistula, below Danlzic, whose harbor it defends. Lon. 18 40 E., lat. 54 24 N. Weisesburg, village, Baltimore co . Md. — See Wisesburg, Baltimore co,, Md. Weissemburg, town of Fr., in the dep. of the Lower Rhine, on the Lauter, 10 ms. SW. of Lan dau, and 22 NE. of Strasburg. Lon. 8 HE., lat. 48 53 N. Weissemburg, town of Bavaria, in the bishop ric of Aichsladt. The inhabitants arc Piotestanlii. It is seated on the Rednilz, 5 ms. N. of Pappon- heim, and 30 SW. of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 2 E., lat. 49 4 N. Town of Prussian Gerraany, in Saxony, 20 ms. N. by W. of Wittemburg, and 20 NE. of Deslaw. Lon. 12 31 E., lat. 52 8 N. Weissemburg, or Alba Julia, city of Transyl vania, capital of a co. of the same name, and a university. It is sealed on the side of a hill, near the river Ompias, 35 ms. W. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 34° E., lat. 46 26 N. 953 WEL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WEN Weissemburg, or Stuhlweissemburg, town of Lower Hungary, seated al the E. end of the Flatten sea, 36 ms. SW. of Buda. Lon. 18 30 E., lat. 47 22 N. Weissemberg, tp., Lehigh co.. Pa., between Lynn and Macungy tps., and joining the co. of Berks. , Weissenfels, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, the residence of the Duke of Saxe- Weissenfels. It is seated on the Saale, 17 ms. SW. of Leipsic. Lon. 12 15 E., lat. 51 9 N. Welby, village. Prince George's cp., Md., nearly opposile .Alexandria, and aboul 4 m>. be low W. C. Weldon, village, Halifax co., N. C, by post road 78 ms. NE. from Raleigh. Welland, river of Eng., which rises in Noith- amptonshire, and separates that co. from Leicester shire, Rutlandshire, and Lincolnshire, it passes by Market Harborough to Stamford, and is thence navigable to the Fosdike Wash, which it enters below Spalding. * Welland canal. — The Welland canal (says a correspondent of the New York Coraraercial) has now about 1,000 raen employed in the con struction of the new locks and making the en largement. During the past winter some 4,000 were employed, and as soon as the navigalion ceases it is expected 6,000 raen will find occupa tion. A greater number than is now employed cannot work to advantage without slopping navi gation. The entire work will probably be com pleted in 1846, but in 1845 ii will be navigable on the enlarged plan. At the present lime there are 32 locks; when the enlarged work is finished, there will be only 32, with a lift of from 12^ to 14 feet. The locks on the old canal- are made of wood ; the new ones are of granite, made in the best manner. Those at each entrance from the lakes are to be 185 feet long, and 45 feet wide ; the olher twenty, 150 feet long and 26^ feel wide. The length of the canal will be 28 miles. The vessels which will pass through the canal are to be 146 feet long and 26 wide, including all projections. The schooners will generally be of the burden of 450 tons. It is expected that the chief portion of the trade will be done by the new-fashioned steamers called " pro pellers." — See Rideau river and canal, p. 768. Welfleei, town, Barnstable co.. Mass,, lying on Barnstable bay, 10 ras. N. of fiaslham, 23 N. of Chatham, and 105 SE. of Boston, by land. Bos- Ion market is supplied with fish, particularly oysters, from this small seaport town. Wellingborough, town of Eng., in Northamp tonshire, on the side of a hill, on the liver Nen, 12 ras NE. of Northampton, and 68 N, by W. of London. Lon. 0 59 W., lat. 62 16 N. Wellington, town of Eng., in Shropshire, seated near Wrekin Hill, 12 ms, E.of Shrews bury, and 152 NW. ofLondon. Lon. 3 30 W., lal. 52 40 N. Town of Eng., in Somerset shire, on the Tone, 15 ms. NE. of E.xeler, and 147 W. by S. ofLondon. Lon. 2 25 W,, lat. 5Q 57 jy. ^Town, Bristol co., Mass., 3 ms. 8, from Taunton. Village, Medina co., O., by post road 186 ms, NE, from Columbus. Wella, seaport of Eng., in Norfolk, which has 954 a considerable corn trade. It is 27 ms, N. of Swaffham., and 21 NNE. of London. Lon. 1 E., lat. 53 1 N. If ells, city of Eng., in Somersetshire. It is sealed at the foot of a hill, and bas ils name from the wells and springs about il ; and is the centre of a great raanufacture of knit worsled stockings. It is 16 ms. 8. of Bristol, and 120 W. of London. Lon. 2 37 W., lat. 51 12 N. Town of Ger many, in Upper Austria, seated on the Trawn, 18 ins. S. of Lintz. Lon. 13 53 E., lat. 48 4 N. Town, York co.. Me., situated on the seashore, 6 ms. 8. of Kennebunk, 16 N. of York, and 26 N. by E. of Portsmouth, N. H. Vfellsborough, village, Tioga co.. Pa,, on the height of land between the sources of Pine creek, of the West Branch of the Susquehannah, and Crooked creek of Tioga river, about 60 ms. a litlle W. of N. from Williamsport. Wellsburg, formerly Charlestown, town and seat ofjustice, Brooke co.,Ya,, on the bank of the Ohio liver, above the mouth of Buffalo creek, and 15 ms, above Wheeling. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, and some manufactories. Lat. 40 7 N., lon. W. C. 3 39 W. Wells River, post office. Orange co., Vt., 48 ms. northeasterly from Monlpelier. Wellsville, village, Columbiana co,, 0., by post road 171 ms. NE. from Columbus. Welshfield, southern tp., Geauga co,, 0. Welshpool, town of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, It is the principal trading town in the co,, being the great mart for Welsh cotton.", flannels, &c. It is seated in a rich vale, on the river Severn, 9 ms. N- of Montgomery, and 169 NW. of Lon don, Lon. 3 6 W., lat. 52 33 N. Weltenburg. — See Abach. Welwyn, village, of Eng., in Hertfordshire, of whioh Dr. Young was rector; and here, were written his celebrated Night Thoughts. Wem, town of Eng., in Shropshire, on the Roden, 9 ras. N. of Shrewbury, and 164 NW. of London. Lon. 2 40 W., lat. 52 50 N. Wendlingen, town of Gerraany, in tbe circle of Suabia. Longitude 9 18 East, latitude 48 38 North. Wendel, tp., Cheshire co., N. H,, 30 ms. NW/ from Concord, Pop. in 1810, 447; in 1820, 603. Town, Franklin co.. Mass,, 15 ms. E. fiom Greenfield, Pop. in 1810, 983, in 1820, 968. Wendover, borough of Eng,, in Buckingham shire, 7 ms, SE. of Ailesbury, and 35 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3 35 W., lat. 51 46 N. Wenham, lown, Essex co., Mass., on the road from Salem lo Newburyport, 2! ms. NNE. from Boston. Wenlock, borough of Eng., in Shropshire, 12 ms. SE, of Shrewsbury, and 147 NW. of Lon don. Lon. 2 30 W., lat. 52 36 N. IVenncr, the largest lake of Sweden, in West Gothland, NW. of the Lake Wetter. It is 100 ms. in lengih, and in some places 40 in breadth. The canal of Trolhattan opens the trade of ibis fine sheet of water to Gothenburg, by Wenners- burg. Wennersburg, town of Sweden, in West Goth land, which is the staple for all the iron sent from the province of Wermeland to Gotheborg. Il is WES GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WES seated at the SW. extremity of the Lake Wen ner, 15 ms. E. of Uddevalle. Wensyssel, peninsula of Denmark, which makes the N. pari of North Julland, bounded on the S. by the canal of .Alburg, on the E. by the Catte gate, 9nd or, ihe N. nnd W. by the Geiman ocean, Town of Denmark, in North Julland, capi lal of a prefecture of tbe same name. It is seated on the Ryna, 17 ms. NW, of Alburg. Lon. 9 40 E.,lat. 57 4 N. Wentworth, village of England, in Yorkshire, 3 ms. SW. of Rotherham Town, Grafton co., N. H,, between Stewart's mountain and Baker's river, 60 ms. NW. by N.from Concord. Villnge, Rockingbara co,. North Carolina, 10 ras, E. from Danbury, and by post road 126 miles NW. from Raleigh, Weobly, borough of England, in Herefordshire, 8 ms, NW. of Hereford, and 141 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 2 41 W., lat. 52 9 N. Werben, town of Prussian Germany, in the old Marche of Brandenburg, formerly a strong passage on the river Elbe, but now all the fortifications are ruined. It is seated al the place where the Havel falls into the Elbe, 60 ms. NW. of Berlin. Lon. 12 12 E., lat. 53 5 N. Werchteren, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in Brabant, seated at the confluence ofthe Demer and Dyle, 9 ms. E. of Mechlin. Lon. 4 49 E., lat. 51 0 N. Werden, lown of Prussia, in Westphalia, in the county of Marck, The inhabitants are Protestants, under the protection of Prussia. ' It is seated on the Roer, 10 m.s. NE. nf Dusseldorf, and 10 E. of Duisberg. Lon. 7 1 E., lat. 51 17 N. Werdenburg, town of Swilzerland, subject lo the canton of Glarus, and capital of a country of the same name, with a sirong cattle, seated on an eminence, commanding a beautiful prospect. It is 16 ms. NE. of Glarus. Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 46 68 N. Werdenfelds, town of Germany, in Bavaria. Werdohl, town of Germany, in ihe circle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 22 E,, lat. 51 14 N. Werle, town of Prussian Germany, in West phalia, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the river Seisk, 30 ms. 8. of Munster. Lon, 7 20 E., lat. 51 35 N. Wermeland, or Warmeland, province of Swe den, in West Gothland, 100 miles long and 50 broad, bounded on the N. by Dalecarha, on the E. by Westmania and Nericia, on the 8. by the lakes Wenner and Dalia, and on the W. by the moun tains of Norway. Carlstadt is the capital. Wem, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munsler, with a monastery, seated near the Lippe, 28 ms. 8. by W. of Munster. Lon. 7 30 E., lat. 51 35 N. Wernigerode, town of Prussian Gerraany, in Upper Saxony, wilh a trade in brewing and man ufactures of clolh and stuff. Lon. 11 10 E., lal, 52 2 N. Werra — See Weser. Wertheim, town of the duchy of Baden, in Franconia, capital of a counly of the same name. It is seated al the confluence of the Tauber and Maine, 30 ms. W. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 53 E., lat. 49 46 N. Wesel, lown of Prussian Germany, in Westpha lia, in the duchy of Cleves, with a sirong ciladel, near the confluence of the Rhine and Lippe. It was formerly an impeiial and Hanseatic town. It ia 26 miles SE, of Cleves, and 46 N. of Cologne. Lon. 6 37 E,, lal. 51 27 N. Town of Prus sian Gerraany, in the archbishopric of Treves, 20 miles S. of Coblentz, and 46 ENE. of Treves. Lon. 7 30 E., lat. 50 4 N. Wesenburg, foriified town of Russia, in tbe gov ernment of Esthonia, seated on the Wyss, 65 ms. SE, of Revel, and 55 NW. of Narva. Lon. 35 48 E., lat. 59 10 N. ^ Weser, considerable river of Germany, which rises in tbe country of Henneberg, being then call ed the Werra. It passes by Smalkald, crosses a corner of Thuringia, enters the duchy of Bruns wick, and receives the Fulde at .Munden. It then assumes the name of Weser, runs along the con fines of the circles of Westphalia and Lower Sax ony, waters Hamelin, Minden, and Hoye, receives the Aller below Verden, and, passing by Bremen, enters the German ocean between the kingdom of Hanover and duchy of Oldenburg. Wesley, wesiern tp. of Washington county", Ohio, West, one ofthe eastern tps. of Huntingdon CO., Pa., on the W. branch of Susquehannah, 5 railes above Huntingdon. Tp., Columbiana county, Ohio. Wesi Alexandria, small village on the Uniled Stales road, Washington co.. Pa., 16 miles W. from Washington, and 14 a little N. of E. from Wheeling. The situation of this village is re markable, as being on the extreme height of land passed by the National road between the .Monon gahela and Ohio rivers. Elevalion about 1,800 feet above the ocean. West Almond, post office, Alleghany county. New York. West Barnstable, post office, Barnstable county, Mass., 68 ms. SSE. from Boston. West Becket, town, Berkshire county, Massa chusetts, 30 ms. W. from Northampton, and 153 W. from Boston. West Bedford^ village, Coshocton co., Ohio, 84 ms, NE. from Columbus. West Bloomfield, village, Ontario county. New York, 12 ms. W. from Canandaigua. Weslborough, town, Worcester county, Massa chusetts, 13 ms. E. from Worcester. West Boyleston, post office on Nashua river, Worcester co, , Massachusetts, by post road 49 ms. W. from Boston. West Bradford, town, Essex co., Massachu setts, 29 ms. N. from Boston. West Brewster, lown, Barnstable co,, Massa chusetts, 20 ms. SE. from Plymouth and 60 from Boston. West Bridgewater, town, Plymouth co,, Mas sachusetts, 34 ms. S. from Boston. Westbrook, tp., Cumberland co., Maine, 3 ras. W. from Portland. Village, Middlesex county, Connecticut, 43 miles SSE, from Hartford. Village, Bladen Co., North Carolina, by post road 135 ms. S. from Raleigh. West Brookfield, town, Worcesler co., Massa chusetts, between the two main branches of Chick- opee river, 68 ms. W. from Boston. West Buffalo, tp.. Union county, Pennsylva- 955 WES GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WES nia, between White Deer mountain and Penn's creek. West Cambridge, town, Middlesex co., Massa chusetts, 6 ms. N W. from Boston. Wesi Canaan, village, in Canaan tp., Madison CO., Ohio, about 12 miles NE. of London, the co. seat, and 35 W, uf Colurabus. West Carlisle, village, Coshocton co., Ohio, by post road 87 ms, NE. from Columbus. Westchester, county. New York, bounded by Hudson river W., Putnam co., N. Y., N., Fair field CO., Connecticut E,, and Long Island sound and Harlem river S, ; length 40, raean width 12 ms., area 480 sq. miles. Besides the Hudson, the Croton and Bronx are its principal streams. Sur face generally hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil in most places productive in grain, pasturage, and fruit. Chief towns. While Plains, Croton, Peekskill, and Bedford. Pop. in 1820, 32,638; and in 1840, 48,686. Westchester, village in the NW. part of New London co., Connecticut, 30 ms. SE. from Hart ford. Town, Westchester CO,, N, Y., 12 ms. from New York. Pop. in 1810, 1,969; and in 1820, 3,163. Village, borough, and seat of justice, Chester co.. Pa., 33 ms. W. from Phila delphia. Population in 1820, 663; and in 1840, 2,162. This borough may vie wilh any olher in the Uniled States, of equal population, in neat ness of its buildings, beauty of site, and healthful position. It is connected wilh Philadelphia by a railroad, affording daily intercourse. Lat. 38 58 N., lon. W. C. 1 28 E. Village, Perry tp., Tuscarawas counly, Ohio. West Dedham, town, Norfolk co., Massachu setts, 13 ms. SW. from Boston. West Deering, town, Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, by post road 28 miles SW. from Concord. Wesieras, town of Sweden, capilal of Westma nia, wilh a famous college. Il carries on a con siderable coraraerce with Stockhoira, particularly in copper and iron from the neighboring mines. Wesieras is seated on the Lake Maeler, 45 railes NW. from Stockholm. Lon. 17 0 E., lat. 59 38 N. Weaterham, town of Eng., in Kent. This place had the honor of producing Gen. Wolfe, who is in terred in the church. It is seated on the river Da rent. Lon. 0 6, lai. 61 18 N. Weaterloo, town, Albany co,. New York. Pop. in 1820, 3,458. Westerly, village, Merrimack county, N. H. Town, Washington CO., Rhode Island, on the E, side of Pawcaiuck river, opposite lo Ston- ington, in Connecticut, and 13 W. of Charleston, 34 of Newport, and 20 E. of New London. ¦ Western, town, Worcester co., Massachusetts, 2,2 miles SW. from Worcester. Pop. ii^ 1810, lj014; and in 1820, 1,113. Town, Oneida county. New York, on the Mohawk, 6 ras above Rome. Western Star, post office, Medina co., Ohio, 168 ras. NE. from Columbus. Westernport, or Westport, village, Alleghany CO., Md., on the left bank of Potomac river, be tween George's creek and Savage river, 20 ms. by land above Cumberland. Weaterwick, seaport of Sweden, in Smoland, 956 seated on the Baltic, 60 miles N. of Calmar and 120 SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 16 0 E., lat. 67 40 N. Weai Fairlee, tp.. Orange co., Vt., 36 ras. SE. from Monlpelier. Westfall, tp., Pickaway county, Ohio,*on the righl bank of Scioto river, nearly opposite Cir cleville. West Farms, village, Westchester co., New York, on Bronx river, 10 miles NE. from N Y. West Feliciana, parish of Louisiana, bounded W. and SW. by Mississippi river, separating it from Point Coupee, E. by Thomp.^on's creek, sep arating it from East Feliciana, and N. by Wilkin son county, Mississippi. It lies in the form of a triangle — base, general course of the Mississippi river 30 ms., perpendicular 30 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. It is traversed by the Bayou Sara creek. Easiern part rolling, or rather hilly ; but near the Mississippi river flat, and subject to overflow. Cen tral lat. 30 50 N., lon. 1*30 W. of W. C. Chief town, St. Francisville. Westfield^ tp., Orleans county, Vermont, 45 ms. N. from Monlpelier. Town, Hampden co., Massachusetts, lying on the 8. side of a river of the same name, 11 ms. W. of Springfield, 34 E. of Siockbridge, and 35 N. by W. of Hariford, Con necticut. Tp., Richmond co., Siaten Island, New Yoik. Village, Chautauque co., N. Y., by post road 358 railes SW. by W. from Albany. Town, Essex county. New Jersey, 6 ms. W. Elizabethtown. One of the southern ips. of Medina co,, Ohio. Village, Delaware counly, Ohio, 37 ms. northwardly from Columbus. Westford, town, Middlesex co., Mass,, on the E. side of Stony river, 28 ras. NW. from Boston. Town on Brown's river, in the norlhern part of Chittenden co., Vt., 35 ms. NW. from Monl pelier. Tp., Otsego CO., N. Y., 10 ms. SE. from Cooperstown. West Friendship, village, Anne .\rundel co., Md., raarked in the post office hst 58 ras. from W. C, and 50 from Annapolis. West Galway Church, post office in the eastern part of Montgomery CO., N. Y., 43 ms. NW. from Albany. West Greenwich, SW. tp., Kent co., R. I., 18 ms. SW. from Providence. Westhampton, town, Hampshire eo., Mass., 10 ms. W, from Northampton. West Hampton, town on the 8. side of Long Island, Suffolk co., N. Y., 80 ms. a little N. of N. from N. Y. West Hanover, town on Swalara river, Dau phin CO., Pa., 15 ras. NE. by E. from Harris burg, and 15 W. from Lebanon. 'West Hartford, town, Hartford co., Ct., 5 ras. from Hartfird. West Harlland, village in the NW. part of Hartford co., Ct., 35 ms. NW. from Hartford. West Haven, town, Rutland co., Vt., 50 miles W. from Windsor. West Hebron, town between Moses Kill and Fort Edward, Washington co., N. Y., 48 ms, W. from Albany. West Hill, village, Suffolk co., N. Y. West Hofcn, town of Germany, in the circle of the Rhine. Town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace. WES GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WES West Indies. — See Indies, West. Westland, village, Mecklenburg co,, Va., by post road 137 ms. SW. from Richmond, Tp., Guernsey co , 0. West Liberty, village on the head of Short creek, Ohio CO., Va., 14 ms NE. from Wheeling, and 30 W. from Washington, Pa. Village, Logan CO., 0. Village, Henry co,, la., 40 ms. NE. by E. from Indianapolis. Village, Morgan co., Ky., 76 ms. SE. by E.from Frankfort. Wesi Lowville, village, Lewis co,, N. Y., 30 ins. NE. from Sackett's Harbor, and 55 NNW from Utica. Westmania, or Weslmanland, province of Swe den proper, belween Sudermania, Geslricia, Neri cia, and Upland. It is 76 ms. l«ng and 45 broad, and abounds in iron and copper raines. The face of the country is diversified like Werraeland. Westerns is the capital. West Martinsburg, lown, Lewis co., N. Y., 35 ms. NE. from Sackett's Harbor, and 50 NNW', from Utica West Mendon, town, Monroe co,, N. Y., 12 ms. 8. from Rochester. West Meredith, town on Oleant creek, Dela ware CO., N. Y., 30 ras. S. from Cooperstown, and 104 SW. by W. from Albany. Wesi Middleburg, lown, Schoharie co,, N. Y., 36 ras. W. from Albany. West Middletown, village, Washington co,. Pa — See Middletown, Washington co.. Pa., p. 660, 2d column. West Minot, town in the NW. angle of Cum berland CO., Me., 46 ms. N. from Portland. Westminster, city of Eng., in Middlesex, the residence of the monarchs of Great Britain, the seat of the Parliament and of the high courts of justice, and constituting, wilh London and Soulh wark, the metropolis of the British empire. This city had its name from the situation of its abbey, anciently called a minster, in respect of that of St. Paul, — See London. Tp., Vi^orcester county, Mass., between the heads of Miller's and Nashua rivers, 50 ms. NW. from Boston. Pop. 1820, 1,634. Town, Windham co., Vt., on the W. side of Connecticut river, opposite Walpole, 29 nis. S. from Windsor, and 18 N. from Brattlebo rough Village in the NE. part of Frederick CO., Md., on the road from Baltimore to Cham bersburg, 30 ms. NW. from Baltimore, and a sim ilar distance NE. from Frederick. Westmoreland, _co. of Eng., enclosed between those of Cumberland, York, and Lancaster, the first bounding it on the N. and NW., the second on the E., and the last on the S. and SW. Il has the natural boundaries of lakes, streams, and mountains, almost every where, except to the S., where it sinks undislinguishably into Lancashite. From the sea it is excluded by tbe detached part of Lancashire, and only just touches upon the bot tom of that wide sandy wash which separates the two parls of that co. The principal rivers are the Eden, Lone, and Ken. It has also several fine lakes, the principal of which is Winnandermere, or Windermere waler. In the forest of Martin- dale, to the 8. of Ullswater, the breed of red deer still exists in a wild state. Appleby is the counly town. Pop. in 1801,41,617; in 1811, 45,922; and in 1831, 61,359. Wealmorclund, town, Cheshire co., N, H., op. posite Putney, Vl., 10 ma. NW, by W. from Keene, and 45 SW. from Concortl Town, Oneida co,, N. Y., 12 ras. E. of Oneida, and about the same distance W. of Utica, or old Fort Schuyler. Westmoreland, co. of Pa., bounded by Somer set S,, Washington W,, Alleghany NW., Arm strong and Indiana N., and Bedford E. Lengih 37 ms., width 29, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Il is a well watered co. The Monongahela forms its ex trerae western border, near which it is traversed by the Youghiogany. Ils entire northern limit is formed by the Kiskiminitas, and ils norihwestern by the Alleghany, whilst ila surface is drained by the numerous confluents of these rivers. The face of the country ia hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil generally productive in grain, pasturage, and fruil. Chief town, Greensburg. Pop. 1820, 30,540; and in 1840,42,699. Cll. lal. 40 18 N,, lon. W. C. 2 32 W. Westmoreland, co, of Va., bounded by Potomac river NE,, King George co. NW., Rappahanock river and Richmond S., and Northumberland SE, Length 30 ras., raean width 5, area 150 sq. ms. Chief town, Leeds. Pop.. 1820, 6,901; and in 1840, 8,019. Ctl, lal. 38 9 N,, lon. W. C. 12' E. C. H. and posl office, Westmoreland co., Va., by post road aboul 90 ms. SSE. from W. C. Lal. 38 9 N., lon. W. C. 15' E. West Nantmill, town, Chester co,. Pa, — See Nantmill, West. West Newburg, town, Essex co , Mass., by post road 46 ms, NE, from Boston. Weston, town, Middlesex co., ]Vla.ss,, 14 miles W. from Boston. Town, Fairfield co,, Ct., 7 ms. N. from Fairfield, and by post road 68 miles SW.from Hartford. It is the seat of an academy. Pop. 1820, 2,767- -Village and seat ofjustice, Lewis CO., Va., by post road 247 ms. W. from W. C, and 345 NW. frum Richraond. Westown, town. Orange co.. New York Township, Chester county, Penn., about 4 ms. E. frora West Chester, containing a Friends' boarding school. Pop. 1820, 765, Westphalia, formerly one of the circles of Ger many, bounded on the E. by Lower Saxony, on the S. by Hesse, Westerwald, and the Rhine, on the W. by the United Provinces, and on the N . by the German ocean. The principal .fivers are the Weser, Embs, Lippe, and Roer. It contained the sovereign-" bishopiics of Osnaburg, Munsler, and Paderborn, the principality of Minden, the COS. of Ravensburg, Tecklenburg, Ritburg, Lippe, Lemgow, Spigelburg, Shauenburg, Hoye, i)ie- pholt, Delmenhorst, Oldenburg, Embden, or Easl Friesland, Bentheim, and Lingcn, These are to the N. of the river Lippe. To the 8. of it are tbe abbies of Essen and Verden, the town of Don mund, the cos. of Marck and Homburg, and the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, and Cleves. Mun sler is the most considerable cily. Westphalia, formerly duchy of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, 40 ms. long, and 26 broad ; bounded on the N. by the bishoprics of Munster and Osnaburg and the co. of Lippe, on the W. by lhat of Marck, on the S. by the territories of Nas sau, and on the E. by the cos. of Wilgenstein, Harlsfeld, Waldeck, and the landgravate of Hesse. 957 WES GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WEX Arensburg is the capital. Seo the various sections of the circle and duchy, under their respective heads. West Point, village and military school. Orange CO., N. Y , on the S. bank ot Hudson river, at the lower verge of the highlands, 7 ms. from New burg. During the revolutionary war it was a mil itary posl of rauch consequence. In 1802, the General Government of the U. S. made it the seat of a miliiary academy. It is now under the super intendence of a professor and assistant professor, on each of the three branches of mathematics, nat ural and experimental philosophy, and of the art of engineering. A chaplain, instructor on each of the branches of tactics and artillery. A sur geon, who is also professor of chemislry, and a teacher ofthe French language, a teacher of draw ing, and a master of sword exercise. The number of students, termed cadets, is limited to 250, West Point, village, Hardin co., Ky., 72 miles from Frankfort. Wes^pori, seaport of Ireland, inlheco. of Mayo. Lon. 9 22 W., lat. 53 48 N. Westport, lown and seaport, Bristol co., Mass., near the raouth of Acoakset river, 11 ms. SW. from New Bedford, 22 ms. NNE. from Newport, in Rhode Island, and by post road 73 ms. 8. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 2,633; and in 1840, 2,820. Town, Essex co.. N. Y., on Lake Champlain. Town on the Ohio river, Oldham CO., Kent., by posl road 61 ms. NW. by W.from Frankfort, and 22 NNE. frora Louisville. Wesi Poultney, town on Poultney river, Rut land CO,, Vt., 70 ms. NNE. from Albany, in New York, and by post road 96 ms. SSW. from Monl pelier. West Prospect, town, Hancock co., Maine, 10 ms. NE. from Belfast, and 112 NE. from Port land. Westra, one of the Orkney islands, 8 ms, long, and from 1 lo 3 broad. We.U River, ar rather a small creek of Chesa peake bay, in Anne Arundel co., Md., 8 ms. S. from Annapolis, Village on "West river, Anne Arundel CO., Md., by post road 15 ms, SSW. from Annapolis. Wesi Rutland, town, Rutland co., Vt., near to and W. from Rutland. West Springfield, town, Hampden co., Mass., on the W. side of Connecticut river, opposite Springfield, 1 8 ms. S. of Northampton, 30 ms. W. by S. of Brookfield, and 29 Nf of Hartford, Conneciicut. West Siockbridge, town, Berkshire co,, Mass., 10 ms. SSW. from Lenox. Pop. in 1820, 1,034. West Stockholm, town between Racket and St. Regis river, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 30 ms. E. from Ogdensburg. West Townsend, town on West river, Wind ham CO., Vt., 35 ras. SSW. from Windsor, and 94 S, from Monlpelier. West Union, post office on the ITnited States road, 8 ms. E. frora Wheeling Village and seat of justice, Adaras co., Ohio, 53 ras. SW. from Chillicothe. Lal. 38 51 N, Tp., Colum biana CO., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 722. Westville, village, Simpson co., .Miss., 83 ms. from Jackson. Westrogothia.—See Gothland. 958 West Whiteland., town, Chester co.. Pa., 25 ms. W. from Philadelphia, and 5 E. from Down ingstown. Wesi Woodstock, town in the northwest part of Windham co., Conneciicut, 39 ms. NE. from Hariford. Wetherby, lown of Eng., in Yorkshire. Lon. 1 20 W.,lat. 53 57 N. Wethersfield, town, Hartford co., Ct., on the W. side of Conneciicut river, 3 ms. 8. of Hart ford, 11 N. of Middletown, and 43 N. by E. of New Haven. Pop, 3,961. Il is the seat of an academy. Town, Genessee co., N. Y, Weter, lake of Sweden, in Gothland, SE. of the lake Wenner, It is 100 ms. in length, and in some places 20 in breadth. Above 40 small streams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping inlo the Baltic, Wetteravia, or Weteraw, an extensive district of Germany, lying between tbe territories of Treves and Mentz on the 8., and the duchies of Berg and Westphalia, the landgravate of Hesse, and bishopric of Fulda on iheN,, having the Rhine to the W,, and Fuldeno the E, It is divided into two parls by the river Lahn ; the -southern parts or Wettaiavia proper belongs lo tbe circle of Upper Rhine and the northern or the Westerwald belongs to the circle of Westphalia. It contains severol small cos. This is one of those territorial division^'of Germany, rendered in a great measure obsolete, and was never very definite, Wettin, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a mounlain, seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry, 9 ms. NNW. of Halle. Wettingen, town of Switzerland, in the co. of Baden, celebrated for ils wooden bridge, 240 feet long, of a siiigle arch, over the river Limmat, It is one mile 8. of Baden. Wetumpka, lown and village, situaled at the extrerae norlhern angle of Montgomery co., Ala., and on the Coosa river a few miles above its junc tion with Tallapoosa, to form the Alabama river, and by posl road UO ms. SE. by E. from Tusca loosa, N, lat. 32 33, lon, 9 20 W. of W. C. It is described as a flourishing village at the head of sleamboat navigation, and in a healthy and fertile section of country. Wetzlar, lown of Prussian Germany, about 30 English railes north from Frankfort on the Maine, and at the confluence c^ the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen. Longitude 8 37 E., latitude 50 33 North. The Chamber of Wetzlar was the Su preme Court of Germany, formed A. D. 1473 by the Emperor Frederick IV, at Augsburg. This court was ambulatory in ils first age, but having been alternately held at Augsburg, Nurembogrg, Ratisbon, Worms, Frankfort on the Maine, and Spire, was finally made stationary at Wetzlar. It was the civil court in the last resort of the erapire, and had concurrent jurisdiction with the AuUc Council at the iraperial residence. Wevelshurg, town and cily of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, 9 ms. S. of Pa derborn. Wexford, co. of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 38 ms. long and 24 broad, bounded on the N, by Wicklow, E, by St. George's channel. WHE GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WHi S. by the Atlantic ocean, W. by Waterford and Kilkenny, and NW, by Catherlough. It contains too parishes, and ia fertile in corn and grass. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. , Borough of Ireland, capital of the co. of the same name. It haa a spacious harbor at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. George's channel, hut the water is nol deep enough for large vessels. Much woolen cloth is manufaclured here and in the neighborhood. The inhabitants are estimated at 9,000. It is 33 ms. ENE, of Waterford, and 75 S. of Dublin. Longitude 6 30 W., latitude 52 23 North. Wexio, town of Sweden, in Smoland, seated on the lake Helga, which contains a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's see, Ihough small, and is 50 ms. W. of Calmar. Wey, river of Eng,, which rises in Hampshire, flows through Surry by Godalming and Guil ford, and enters the Thames at Weybridge. Weybridge, village of Eng., in Surry, seated on the Wey at its entrance into the Tharaes, 2 ms. E, of CherLsey. Weyhill, village of Eng., in Hampshire, 3 ms, W. of Andover, famous for an annual fair on the lOlh of October, for sheep, leather, hops, and cheese. Weymouth, town, of Eng., in Dorselshire, in corporated wilh that of Melcomb Regis. .\ few plain and striped cottons are made here. Wey- mouih is 130 ms. WSW. of London.— See Mel comb Regis. .; Weymouth, town, Norfolk co., Mass., 100 ms. 8E. from Boston. Tp. of Gloucester co., N, J, At the village or furnace, called Weymouth Furnace is a post office, Village, Medina co,, Ohio, 186 ms. NNE. from Columbus. Whalen's Store, and post office, Saratoga co., N. Y, Wharton, tp., Fayelleco,, Pa., adjoining Va., and between Laurel Hill and Sugar Loaf moun tain, commencini; 5 ms. SE, from Uniontown. Wharionville, village, Fauquier co, Va, about 40 ms. from W. C. Whaiely, town, Franklin co , Mass., 10 ms. above Northampton. Whealfield, SE. tp. of Indiana co.. Pa. Wheeler, town Sleuben co,, N. Y,, 8 ms. NNW. from Bath. Wheeler's Springs, Charlotte co., Va,, 109 ras. SW, from Richraond, Wheeling, large creek rising in Greene and Washington cos,, Pa,, and, flowing NW. into Ohio CO., Va., falls into Ohio river below the townof Wheeling. City and post town and seat of justice, Ohio co., Va , stands on the bank of Ohio river, immediately above^and below the moulh of Wheeling creek, Il stands on a first and second bottom, principally in one street, par allel lo the river. Il contains the co. buildings and several factories. Pop. in 1820, 1,567; in 1830, 5,311 ; and in 1840, 8,793. The U. S. turnpike road reaches the Ohio river al Wheeling, contributing greatly to its increase and prosperity, which is still raore secured by ils advantageous position on the Ohio. By posl road this city is 266 ras. westward of W. C, 57 by land and 100 by the river from Pittsburg 'Pp. of Belmont CO., Ohio. Wheelock, village Caledonia co,, Vl,, by post road 79 ms. from Monlpelier. Whida, kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave coasl, exiending about 10 ras. along the Atlantic, under 6 29 N. lat. Their trade consisted of slaves ele phants' teeth, wax, and honey. The English fac tory is 200 ms. E, of Cape Coast Castle, within land. Xavier or Sabi is the capUifl, Whitby, seaport of Eng,, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, near the mouth of the Esk. It is a considerable lown, with a great traffic in the build ing of ships and the carrying business. Its har bor ia the best on this coast, and is protected by a fine pier; but it has no river communication wilh the interior country. White, CO. of Tenn,, bounded by Bledsoe SE,, Warren W., or Caney Pork river SW., Smith NW,, Jackson N,, and Overton NE. ; lengih 40 ms., mean width 19, area 750 sq. ms, Il is drained by the eastern branches of Caney Fork river. Chief town, Sparta. Pop. in 1820, 8,701 ; and in 1840, 10,747. Central lat. 36° N., lon. W. C. 8 .30 West. White, CO. of Illinois, bounded by Wabash river E,, Gallatin co., S., Franklin and Jefferson W., and Wayne and Edwards N. ; length 42 ms , width 20, area 800 s.q ms. It is chiefly drained by Litlle Wabash river. Chief town, Carmi. Pop. in 1820, 4,828; and in 1840, 7,919. Ctl. lat. 38 8 N., lon. W. C. 115 W. White Chimneys, village, Caroline co., Va., 30 ras. NNE. from Richmond. White Clay Creek, rises in Chester co.. Pa,, flows SE inlo Newcaslle co., Del , and joins Red Clay creek near their joint influx inlo Christiana. .Hundred of Newcaslle co., Delaware. White Creek, town, Washington co., N. Y. It is the seat of ap academy, 36 ms, NE. from Albany. while Day, postoffice, Monongahela co., Va,, 320 ms. NVV. from Richmond. White Deer, village, Lycoming co , Pa., 10 ms, SSE. from Williamsport, and by post road 84 ms, N. from Harrisburg. NE. tp.. Union co.. Pa,, on the Susquehannah river. White Deer Mountain. This small detached ridge extends in a direction from E. to W. from the Susquehannah river, along the southern side of Lycoming co,, and separates the two tps. ofthe same names, and for 4 or 5 ms. from the Susque hannah forms the boundary between Union and Lycoming cos. White Eyes Plains, post office, Coshocton co., 0, ; by posl road 1 12 ms NE. from Columbus. Whitefield, lown, Lincoln co , Me., 15 ms. N- from Wiseasaet. — — Tp. of Coos co., N. H. Whitehall, town, Washington co., N. Y,, at the head of Lake Champlain, 22 ms. N. of Fort Edward, and 41 W. of Rutland. This place was formerly called Skeonesborough, from Maj. Skeene, of the British array. Whitehall is a flourishing village, at the head of sloop navigalion on V/ood creek. It is a place of much business ; it has the exterior appearance of a crowded and active port. The importance of this lown is much enhanced by being the place of outlet inlo Lake Champlain of the canal from the Hudson lo Wood creeli. Pop. 1810,2,110; in 1820, 2,341; and 1840, 3,813. Whitehall, North, tp., Lehigh co.. Pa., bn Le- 959 WHI GEOGR.APHICAL DICTIONARY. WHI high river, heiween Heidelburg and South While- hall. Whitehall, Soulh, tp., Lehigh co.. Pa., on Le high river, below North Salisbury. Whitehall, village, Columbia co,. Pa,, 12 ms, N. from Danville, and 81 ms. a little E. of N. from Harrisburg. White Hall, village, Frederick cj., Va., 92 ms, westerly from W, C. Village, Mecklenburg CO., N. C, ; by posl road 169 ms. SW. from Ra leigh Village, Abbeville dislrict, S. C, 100 ms. W. frora Columbia. Whitehaven, seaport of Eng., in Cumberland. It is sealed on a creek of the Irish sea, on ihe N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the W. side, where there is a large whitish rock, and a sirong stone wall that secures the harbor. Near il are some coal mines, some of which run a con siderable way under the sea, and are the great source of its wealth ; but its trade is now extended to foreign parts. A packet boat sails hence weekly to Douglass, in the isle of Man. Here are six yards for ship building, an extensive canvass man- ufaclure, three large roperies, and several copperas works. The town is defended by batteries, and has three neat churches. Itis 37 ms. SW. of Carlisle, and 294 NNW. ofLondon. Lon, 3 35 W., lal. 54 25 N. Town, Soraersel co., Md., on Wicomico river, 10 ms. NNE. from Princess .4 nne. Whitehom, royal borough of Scotland, in Wig tonshire. This place is said to have been the first bishop's see in Scotland. White House, village, Hunterdon co., N. J., 9 ms, NW. by W. fiom Somerville, and by post road 39 ms, N. from Trenton. White Lake, village on the Newburg turnpike road, SulUvan CO., N. Y., 50 ms. NW. by W. from Newburg, and by post road 122 ms, NW. from Albany. Whiteland, East, Ip,, Chester co.. Pa., on the head of Valley creek, 10 ms. ENE. from Dow ningstown. Whiteland, /West, tp., Chester co.. Pa., 5 ms. E. from Downingtown. Whitely, cO., Ky., bounded by Tenn. S., Wayne co., Ky., W., Rockcastle river or Pulaski CO. NW., Knox NE. and Harlan E. Length 40 ms., raean width 14 ; area 560 sq. ms. Cumber land river traverses il from SE. to NW. Chief town, Williamsburg. Pop. 1820, 2,340; and iu 1840, 4,673. Cent. lat. 36 50 N., Ion. W. C. 7° W. Court house and village, Whitely CO., Ky., 78 ras. SSE. from Hartford. Whitelysburg, village, Kent co., Del,, 22 ms. SE. from Dover. 'Whitemarsh, village, Montgomery co.. Pa., about 12 miles N. from Philadelphia. While- marsh has long been noted for its elegant and va riegated marble. White Mounlains, the highest part of a ridge of mountains in N. H., in N. America. They extend NE. and SW. to a length not yet ascer tained- The height of these mountains above an adjacent meadow is reckoned, from observations made in 1784, to be 8, 600 feet ; and the meadow is 3,500 feet above the level of the sea. The snow and ice cover them 9 or 1 0 months in the year, during which lime they exhibit that bright 96a appearance frora which they are denominated the White Mountains. Although they are 70 miles within land, they are seen many leagues offal sea, and appear like an exceedingly bright cloud in the hoiizon. Their highest summit is in lat. 44° N. Post office, Coos CO., N. H., 117m3. NNE." from Concord. White Oak, post office, Rutherford co., N. C. White Plains, village, Westchester co., N. Y,, 15 ms. N. of Kingsbridge, and 30 of the city of New York Village, Jackson co., Tenn. ; by post road 66 ras. NE. from Murfreesborough. White Post, vlihge, Frederick co,, Va., 10 ms. SSE. from Winchester, and by post road 78 ms. a litlle N. of W. from W. C. "Wliite River, post office, Lawrence co.. Art., 125 ms from Little Rook. White river, la., is the great SB. branch nf Wabash. Il is formed by two branches, bolh ri sing about lal. 40° N., and lon. W. C. 8° W-, and near the W. boundary of the Stale of Ohio. Flowing by a general course SW. about 70 ms., the two branches unite, and, continuing below their junction 30 ms., joins the Wabash, between Knox and Gibson cos., at lat. 38 27 N. The valley of White river is a real curiosity in the hy drography of the IJ. 8. The extreme eastern sources of Croghan's Fork rise within one milo from the bank of Ohio river, opposite Gallatin co., Ky. A ridge of hills winds at no great distance from its banks, and nearly parallel to the Ohio, from the Great Miami to the Wabash. The north western streams of this ridge are discharged intp either the While river or Wabash. The valley of White river is in form of an ellipsis, 180 miles long, wilh a mean width of 60, embracing an area of 10,800 sq. ms., and comprising about one- lhird part of the Slate of la. There are but few, if any, equal sections of tho U, S. exceeding in natural advantages this tract. In fertility of soil and mildness of climate il is a really desirable re gion. The sireams without falls are, except in seasons of drought, navigable almost to their sources. "White river, rivor of Ark. and Mo,, rises in the southern part of the latter and northern part of iho former by two large branches — White river proper, or N W. branch, and Black river, or NE. branch. Bolh these rivers are navigable in seasons of high waler, far above their junction. They unite in .Ark., N. lat, 35 30, and the uniled streams flow thence nearly S., by comparative courses, about 120 ms,, and fall into Mississippi river 30 rniles above tbe mouth of Aikansas. While river is at all seasons navigable below the mouth of Black river. The entire length of this stream, following either branch, is, by comparalive courses, about 350 ms. White Sand, village, Lawrenceco., Mississippi, 46 ms. from Jacl(son. Whitesborough, or, as called in the post office list, Whilestown, village and seat ofjustice, One ida CO., N. Y., on the 8. side of Mohawk river, 4 ms. NW. from Utica, 26 E. of Oneida lake, 44 NW. of Canajoharie, and 85 of Schenectady. Pop. of the tp. in 1810, 4,912 ; in 1820, 5,219 ; and in 1840, 5,156. 'White sea, hay or gulf of the Frozen ocean, in the N. of Russia, silualed between Russia, Lap- liHiUliKAPHlCAL DICTIONARY. WIE land, and Samojede, at the bottom of which stands Archangel. This was the only communication which the Russians had wilh the sea, before the conquest of Livonia frora the Swedes, in the be ginning of the 18th century, by czar Peter the Great. The White sea opens inlo the Arctic ocean at N. lat. 68°. Into this sea are discharged the Onega, Dwina, and Mezen rivers. By the Dwina an extensive coraraerce is carried on with southern and central Russia. White's Store, and post office, Chenango CO,, N.Y,, 238 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Post offices with like name are, one Sullivan co., Tenn., and one in Anson co., N. C. 'White Sulphur Springs, and post office, water ing place, Greenbrier co., Va., 205 ms. W. from Richraond. There is a po.-t office in .Meriwether CO., Ga., of same name. IVHiteaville, village, Anson co., N. C. ; by post road 145 ms. SW. from Raleigh. Village and seat of jusiice, Columbus co., N. C, on the Beaver Dam, branch of Waccamaw river, 60 ms. S.from Fayetleville, and 118 S. frora Raleigh. Lat. .34 14 N., lon. W. C. 1 46 W. Whitewater, river of la. and 0., is the SW. branch of Great Miami, into which it is discharged 5 ms. above the junction of ihe latter with Ohio. — ¦ — Also, the narae of a tp., across the raiddle of which runs the above-described river, in the west ern hraits of Hamillon co., 0. Pop. 1820,1,661. Post office. Dearborn co., Ia. White Woman's river, or Walhonding, one of the raain branches of Muskingura river. It is forraed by the confluence of Mohiccan and Owl creeks, in the western pari of Coshocton co., O. , runs E. by S. 16 ras., receiving in its progress Kilbuck creek from the N,, and forras its conflu ence wilh Tuscarawas river, opposile the town of Coshocton. Whiting, town, Addison co., Vt., 70 ras. from Monlpelier. Whitingham, village, Windham co., Vt. ; by post road 132 ms. S. from Montpeher. Whitley, tp., Gieen co.. Pa., on the waters of Whitely and Dunkard creeks. Pop. 1810, 1,264; in 1820, 1,801. County of Ky., bounded by Wayne W., Pulaski and Laurel N., Knox E., and Claiborne and Campbell cos., of Tenn., S. Length 30 ms., mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. N. lat. 37° and lpn. 7° W. W. C. inter sect in the northern part of this co. Pop. 1840, 4,673. Whitpaine, tp., Montgomery co.. Pa., on the W. side of Wissahiccon creek, 15 ras. NNW. from Philadelphia. Whittedsville, town. Buncombe co., N. C. 'Wiburg, or Viborg, government of Russia, for merly Russian Finland, and comprised in Kex holm and Carelia. It was ceded by the Swedes lo the Russians, partly by the peace of Nystadf, in 1721, and partly by the treaty of Abo, in 1743. Besides pastures, the country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not sufficient for the inhabitants. Wiburg, seaport of Russia, capital of a govern ment of the . same name. 'The houses are almost, entirely built of stone. The chief exports are planks, tallow, pitch, and tar. The surrounding country is pleasant ; and near il, at Imalra, is the famous cataract of the Woxa, which makes a noise 121* more stunning than that of the Rhine at Lauffen. Wiburg stands on the NE. point of the Gulf of Finland, 110 m.'i. NNW. of Pelersburgh. Lon. 29 10 E., Int. 60 56 N. City of Denmark, in Norlh Julland, capilal uf a diocess of tho same name, and the sent of tho chief court of jusiice in the province. Il is senled on a lake, in a penin sula, 95 ms. N. of Sleswick. Lon, 9 50 E., lat. 56 20 Norlh. Wjo, or Wtch, as a prefix, or as a termination of names of places, seems lo have come from an original lerm for a bay, and signifies a lown on a bay ; this is shown from the posilion of most places having this prefix or lermination to their names. Wick, town of Scolland, in Caithness-shire, vi'ith a harbor, seated on an inlet of the German ocean. Lon. 3 3 W., lat. 58 30 N. Town of Lim burg, seated on the Maese. It has a communica tion with Maestrichl by a bridge. Lon. 5 41 E,, lat. 50 62 N. Wich-by-Duerstede, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Utretcht, seated at the place where the Leek branches off from the Rhine, 9 ras. W. of Rhenen, and 16 SE. of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 E., lat. 52° Norlh. Wickford, town, Washington co., R. I., lying on the W. side of Narragansett bay, 24 ras. S. of Providence, and 9 W. of Newport. Wicklow, CO. of Ireland, in the province ot Leinster, 33 ras, long and 20 broad, bounded on the N. by Dublin, on the E. by the Irish sea, on the S. by Wexford, on the W. by Cateilough and Kildare, and on the NW. by Kildare, Il is indif ferently fruitful, contains 54 parishes, and sends 10 members lo Parliament. Capital of a co. of the same name, in Ireland, sealed on the Irish sea, wilh a narrow harbor, at the mouth of the river Leilrira, over which stands a rock, instead of a castle, surrounded bv a strong wall, 24 ms. S. of Dublin. Lon. 6 7 W., lat. 52 55 N. Wiekware, town of Eng., in Gloucestershire, 17 ms. NE. of Bristol, and Ul W. ofLondon. Lon. 3 16 W., lal. 61 26 N. Wicomico, small river, or rather small creek, of Chesapeake bay. It rises near Bridgeton, Nor thumberland CO., Va., and falls inlo Chesapeake bay 10 ms, S, from Smith's point. Wicomico Church, and post office, on Wicom ico river, Northumberland co., Va., by post road 111 ms. SSE. from W. C, Widdin, town of Turkey in Europe, on the Danube, 88 ms. NE. of Nissa, and 150 SE. of Belgrade. Lon. 24 27 E., lat. 44 12 N. Wied, principaUly of Gerraany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, i Wiedenbruck, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Longitude 7 60 E., Iatitude51 48 North. Wieiun, town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, on a liver which falls into the Warta, 20 ms. S. of Siradia. Lon. 18 55 E., lat. 61 13 Norlh. Wieliiska, village of Poland, lately included in the palatinate of Cracow, but now comprised in Ihe Austrian kingdom of Lodomeria. It is cele brated for its salt mines, which lie 8 ms. SE. of Cracow. These mines have been worked above 600 years. Before the parlilion of Poland, in 1773, they furnished a considerable part ofthe revenue of 961 WIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIL the king, who drew from them an average profit of about $430,000. Wieaenteig, lown of Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Lon. 10 3 E., lat. 48 30 N. Wigan, borough of Eng., in Lancashire. That most elegant species of coal, called Cannel, is found in plenty and great perfection in the neighborhood. The small stream, the Douglas, is made navigable hence lo the Ribble ; and il is joined by a canal from Liverpool. Wigan is 30 ms. 8. of Lancasler, and 196 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 3 50 W., lal. 53 34 North. Wight, island of Eng, , on the coast of Hamp shire, from which it is separated by a narrow chan nel. It is in length about 13 ms., and in breadlh 31. It is nearly divided into two equal parts by the river Cowes, which, rising in the S. angle, discharges itself at 'the N. inlo the channel, oppo site the mouth of Southampton bay. Its principal town is the borough of Newport; it likewise con tains the two small boroughs of Newton and Yar- mbuth. Wighlon, town of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, at the source of the Skelsler, 16 ms. SE. of York, and 193 N. by W. of London. Lon. 40' W., lat. 53 53 N, "Wigton, town of Eng,, in Cumberland, among the moors, 13 ms. SW. of Carlisle, and 304 NNW. ofLondon. Lon. 3 4 W., lat. 64 30 N. Borough and seaport of Eng,, the co, town of Wigtonshire, on a hill which overlooks the Bay of Wigton. Lon. 4 43 W., lat. 56° N. Wigtonahire, co. in Scot,, comprehending th? W. part of Galloway, and the Regality of Glenluce, extends about 31 ras. in length from E. to W., and as much from N. to 8., is bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, and on the W. by the Irish sea. This part of it streiches into the sea in the form of a pe ninsula, indented on both sides by two inlets, called Lochrain, and the Bay of Glenluce. Pop. in 1801, 33,918; in 1811, 26,891 ; and in 1831, 33,340. Wihitsch, fronlier town of Turkey in Europe, in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river Un na, 40 ms. SE. of Carlsladt. Lon. 16 10 E.,lal. 45 34 Norlh. Wilbad, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, wilh warm baths. Lon. 8 35 E., lat, 48 43 Norlh. Wilbraham, town, Harapshire co., Mass., situ ated on the W. side of Ware river, 6 ms. NE. of East Springfield. Pop. 3,0Q0. Wilderneaa, village on the NW. border of Spolt sylvania CO., Va,, 18 ms. W. from Fredericksburg, and 78 SSW. from W. C. Wilcox, CO., Ala., bounded by Butler SE., Monroe S., Clarke and Marengo W., Dallas N., and Montgomery NE. Lengih 66 ms., mean width 30; area, 1,100 sq. ms.' Alabama river winds through it from N. to S. nearly. Chief town. Canton. Pop. in 1830, 2,917; and in 1840, 15,378. Central lal. 33° N., lon. Washington City 10 26 W. Wilfong'a Mills, and post office, Lincoln co., N. C, by post road 184 ras. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Wildberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, situated on the Nagold. Lon. 8 38 E., lat. 48 38 N. Wildehauaen, town of Westphalia, capital of a 962 small bailiwick, united to the duchy of Bremen, It is seated on the Hunde, 18 ms. SW. of Bremen. Lon, 8 27 E,, lat. 52 56 N. Wilkes, CO., N. C, bounded Dy Iredell SE., Burke SW., Ashe NW. and N., and Suny E. Lengih 40 ms., width 20; area, 800 sq. ms. It occupies a valley between mountains, and is drained by the sources ofthe Y'adkin river. Chief town, a small village at the court-house. Pop. in 1820, 9,967; and in 1840, 12,577. Wilkes, CO., Ga,, bounded by Columbia and Warren SE., Greene SW., Oglethorpe NW., Broad river, or Jefferson co. and Lincoln E. It is about 22 ms. square ; area, 484 sq. ms. Chief lown, Washington. Pop.in 1820, 16,913 ; and in 1840, 10,148. Wilkesbarre, town, borough, and seat of jus- lice, Luzerne co.. Pa,, stands upon a level plain on the eastern bank of the Susquehannah river. It was laid out about the year 1776, by Colonel John Durkee, from whom it received its narae, in cora- pliraenl to Wilkes and Barre, two celebrated mem bers of the British Parliament, favorable to the American cause during the Revolution. The streets are laid out at right angles, having a square of about four acres in the centre of the plot, the sides of which form an angle of 45° with the streets, so that the four principal streets enter the public square at its corner. The public buildings aie within the square. From the raain .street, a bridge crosses Susquehannah, connecting Wilkesbarre and Wyoraing, or Kingston. Pop. of Wilkes barre borough in 1840, 1,718. Lat. 41 13 N., lon. W. C. 1 7 E. ; 120 ms. NNW. from Phila delphia, and by post road 117 NE. from Har risburg. Wilkesbarre, valley of, commonly called the valley of Wyoming, is a real natural curiosity. The Susquehanna river enters the Appalachian syslem of mounlains at Towanda, by breaking the western chain. Pursuing a SE. course of 50 ms. from Towanda, the great volume of waters in its rocky bed rolls ihrough several chains in rapid succes sion, and finally enters the Wyoming valley, by a very raarked raountain pass, above the mouth of Lackawannock creek. Here the river turns at right angles, and fiows SW. 70 ms. to where the two great branches unite belween Northumberland and Sunbury. The particular valley of Wyoming is a continuation of that of Lackawannock, and comraences about 35 ras. NE. from Wilkesbarre, exiending 7 or 8 ms. SW. of lhat village. It is therefore something above 33 ms. long, with a mean width of 2J. -After winding down this vale 9 ms., the Susquehannah passes Wilkesbarre, and below the village 6 ms., again breaks through the sarae ridge by which it entered. The lalter pass, or gap, has been evidently first formed, and gradu ally lowered by abrasion. Above and below Wilkesbarre, extensive alluvial fiats, of different elevations, extend, having every appearance of once forraing the bottom of standing water. Wilkes barre itself slands on one of these alluvial plains, 18 or 30 feet above the ordinary level of the ad jacent stream. The plains indeed, here, as every where else along the upper Susquehannah, though differing in elevation, are generally in two stages. The lower, and more recent, is still exposed to oc casional submersion, and is composed of soil but ujiiUUKAin-llCAL DICTIONARY. WIL little admixed wilh rounded pebble. The second stage is elevated above any rise that can now lake place of the waters of the Susquehannah, and is formed by a congeries of rounded and amorphous stones and sand. From these plains the mountains rise abruptly, though very seldom in precipices, nnd are mostly clothed wilh timber lo their summits. Bald peaks and precipices, though not frequent, do, however, present themselves, and give variety lo this truly picturesque region. Appalachian scenery, every where richly deserv ing more attention than it has received, prescnis in the Wyoming valley an assemblage of natural beauties that cannot be viewed without the most intense interest. Here, at one coup-de-ceil, aro combined, the river winding its fine volume throush meadows and fields; alluvial plains relieved by swells of all forms, and on all sides mounlains rais ing their broken and sleep sides to the clouds, I he mineral wealth ofthis mountain valley is as remarkable as ils natural attractions. Iron and mineral coal abound. The formation is seconda ry ; the rocks inclining lo the SE. The species of coal (anthracite) lies imbedded in inclined strata, from two or three to twenty feet in thickness, and no doubt but very imperfectly and partially ex plored. Wilkeaboro', or Wilkesville, village and seat of justice, Wilkes co., N. C, on the Upper Yadkin river, 50 ms. N. from Lincolnton, and by post road 304 ms. NW. by W. from Raleigh. Lal. 36 7N., lon. W. C. 4 12 W. Wilkesville, town, Gallia co., Ohio, by post road 104 ms. SE. from Columbus. Wilkinson, co. of Ga., bounded by Oconee riv er, or Washington, NE., Laurens SE. J Twiggs SW., and Jones NW. Lengih 24 ms., width 20 ; area 480 sq. ras. Chief town, Irwinton. Pop.in 1820, 6,992; and in 1840, 6,842. Wilkinson, SW. co. of Miss., bounded by New Feliciana, in La., S,, Mississ'ppi river W., Ho mochillo river, or Adams co,. Miss., NW., Ho mochilto river, or Franklin co., NE., and Araile E. Length 30 ms. , raean width 20 ; area 600 sq. ms. Chieflown, Woodville. Pop. in 1820, 9,718 ; and in 1840, 14,193. Wilkinsonville, village, Chesterfield co., Va., 25 ms. SW. from Richmond, and 25 NNW. from Petersburg. Village, Johnson co.. III., on Ohio river, about 20 ms. above its mouth. Wilkomier, town of Poland, in Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, seated on the Sweila, 45 miles NW. of Wilna. Lon. 24 54 E., lat, 55 1 9 N. Willett, southeastern lown of Cortlandt co., N. Y., 30 ms. NE. from Owego, and 20 SW. by W. from Norwich. William, Fort, — See Calcutta, William, Fort, fort of Scotland, in Inverness shire. Williams, NW. co. of Ohio, bounded N. by Mich., E. by Henry co., S. by Paulding, and W. by the State of Indiana. It is above 35 ms. long from N. to S., by 34 broad from E. to W., and contains above 600 eq. ms. It is not settled. The principal waters are the St. Joseph's and Maumee rivers. Il was constituted in February, 1820, out ofthe New Purchase. Pop. in 1840, 4,465. Williamsborough, village, and formerly seat of jusiice for Greenville co., N. C , on the W. side of Nulbush creek, a branch of the Roanoke, 17 ms. W. from Warrenton, about 37 W. by N. of Hali fax, and 49 NE. of Hillsborough. Lat. 36 21 N., lon, W, C. 1 18 W. Williamsburg, lown, N. from Sebec river, Pe nobscot CO., Me., 65 ms. N, from Belfast, 40 NNW. from Bangor, and by post road 176 ms NNE. from Portland. Town, Hampshire co , Mass., 10 ms. NW. from rCorthampton, and 108 W. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1,087. Vil lage, Huntingdon co.. Pa , on Frankstown branch of Juniata, 15 ms. W. from Huntingdon, and by post road 99 ras. NW. by W. from Harrisburg. Village, Northumberland eo.. Pa. Small village and post office, called Independence in the posl office list, on the road from Washington, the counly seat, lo Wellsburg, 17 ms. westward of the former, and 7 eastward of the latter, Village and seat of justice, James Cily co,, and formerly the metropolis of Virginia. It is situated on tbe E. side of a small creek that runs into James river, ia lat, 37 16 N,, and lon, 76 48 W., and af the dis tance of 12 ras. W. frora York, 32 E, by S. from Richraond, and 175 8. by E frora W. C. This ancient city was raade the seal of colonial govern ment in 1698, and continued lo enjoy this privilege till the Revolution. The streets are laid out wilh great regularity, and the piibUc edifices exhibit the ruins of comparalive grandeur, particularly the cap ilal and college. The college, called the College of William and Mary, was endowed by the royal Goveinmimt with a clear and certain revenue of £3,000 per annum ; though built to accommodate 100 pupils, it has seldom more than 40. Attempts have recently been made lo revive the former pros perous state of this institution. Pop, in 1820, 1,402, Village, Iredell co,, N. C, by posiroad 170 ras. W. from Raleigh. Dislrict, S. C, bounded by Santee river SW., Sumler dislrict NW., Lynch's creek, or Marion dislrict, NE., and Georgetown SE. Lengih 40, breadth 30 ms. ; area 1,200 sq. ras. It is drained by Black river, branch of Great Pedee. Chief towns, Kingstree and Williamsburg. Pop. in 1820, 8,716 ; and in 1840, 10,327. Village, Clermont co., Ohio. It is situated on the E. branrfh of Litlle Miami river, 28 ms. E. from Cincinnaii, and 8 E. of Ba tavia, the county seal. Lat. 39 2 N,, lon. 6 52 W. Post office, Beaver tp., Guernsey co., Ohio, situated on the road from Sl. Clairsville to Mc Connellsville, county seat of Morgan co,, 18 ms. SE.of Cambridge, and 25 SW. by W. of St. Clairsville. Village in the easiern part of Ma son c.:i, Ky., 78 ms. NE. from Frankfort, and 60 SE. from Cincinnaii. Village and seat of jus tice, Jackson co.. Ten,, on the right bank of Cum berland river, aboul 70 ms. ENE, from Nashville. Lat. 36 24 N., lon. W. C. 8 38 W. Village, Maury co.. Ten., 52 ms. westwardly from Mur freesborough. Williamsfield, village, Ashtabula co., Ohio, 242 ms. NE. from Columbus. Williamsport, village, borough, and seat ofjus tice, Lycoraing co.. Pa,, standing on the N. side of the W. branch of Susquehannah, 65 ms. 8. of Tioga, 36 N. by W. of Northumberland, and 160 NW. of Philadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 624; and 963 WIL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIL in 1840, 1,353. Formerly Parkinson's Ferry, village, Washington co.. Pa., on Monongahela river, al the moulh of Pigeon creek, 18 ms. E. from Washington. — See Monongahela city. Village, Washington co., Md., on the E. side of Potomac liver, 6 ins. SW. of Hagerstown, 32 NW. of Fredericktown, and 78 frora Baltiraore. Village, Pickaway co,, Ohio, 34 ras. from Co lumbus. Village, Morgan co., Ia. Williamsth, co. of Ten., bounded by Bedford 8E., Duck river, or Murray S., Dickson W., Da vidson N., and Rutherford NE. Length 35 ms., mean width 20 ; area 700 sq. ms. Harpeth river, branch of Cumberland, rises in Ihis county, and drains its northern side ; the southern is watered by Duck river and ils branches. Chief town, Frank lin. Pop. in 1820, 20,640 ; and in 1840, 20,006. Williams's Store, and post office, Butler co,, Ohio, 112 ms. SW. from Columbus. Williamstadt, strong seaporl of Holland, buill by William I., Prince of Orange, in 1585. Williamston, town. Orange co,, Vt., belween Washington and Norihfield, 14 ms, N. of Ran dolph, about 46 N. of Windsor, and about the sarae distance SE. of Burlington, on Lake Cham plain. Pop. 1,650. Village and seat of jus tice, Martin co,, N. C, lying on the S. side of Roanoke river, 25 ms. W. of Plymouth, 53 NW. of Washington, on Pamlico river, and about 45 SE. of Halifax. Lat. 35 49 N., lon. W. C. 0 8 W. Williamstown, town, Berkshire oo., Mass., in the NW. angle of the State, about 30 ms. N. from Lenox. Williams college, located in this counly, was incorporated in 1793, and received its narae in honor of Colonel Ephraira Williams. This insti tulion is in a prosperous stale, under the direclion of a president, two professors, and three tutors. Tbe library, philosophical apparatus, and build ings, are ample. Student?, about 90. Pop. in 1840, 3,153. Village, Oswego co., N. Y., 30 ms. NW. by W. from Rome, and 30 E. from Oswe go. Post office, Lancasler co,. Pa,, 48 ms. from Harrisburg. Martinco., N. C. — See Williams ton, Martin CO., N. C. Village, Grant CO., Ky., 44 ms. a lillle E. ofN. from Frankfort. Williamaville, town, Windhara co., Vl. Village, on Ellicott's creek, Erie co., N. Y., 12 ms. NE. from Buffalo. Village, Chesterfield CO, Va,, 43 ms. from Richmond. Village, Person co., N. C, by post road 83 ms. NNW. from Raleigh. Willington, town, Tolland co., Ct., 8 ms. E. from Tolland, and 26 NE. from Hariford. Village in the southern part of Abbeville dislrict, 8. C, 20 ms. a Uttle W. of 8. from Abbeville, and by post road 102 ms. W. from Columbio. Willink, village in the southeastern part of Erie CO., N. Y., 30 ras. SE. from Buffalo. Willia'a island, rocky island at the N. end of the island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered in 1775, and is covered wilh the nests of raany thousand shags. Lon. 38 29 W., lat. 54 0 S. Williaaw, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, seated among high mountains on the river Wiger, 25 ras. NW. of Lucerne. Williaton, lown, Chittenden co., Vt., on the SW. side of Onion river, about 10 ms. SE. from Burlington. 964 Willistown, tp., Chester co.. Pa., between Go shen and Easton. Willoughby, formerly Chagrin, extrerae north eastern tp. of Cuyahoga CO., Ohio. Willow Grove, village, Montgomery co.. Pa., 12 ms. N. from Philadelphia. Willow Grove, post office in the eastein part of Sumter district. South Carolina, 20 miles (NE. by E from Sumtervilie and 67 E . from Columbia. Willsborough, village in Essex county. New York, on the W. side of Lake Champlain, and commanding an extensive view of that water, 9 ms. NE. of Elizabethtown. It supports a regular communication, across the lake, with Burlington arid Vergennes, in Vermont, being 15 ms. NW. ofthe latter, and about 25 SW. ofthe former, and 214 N- of the city of New York. Population in 1840, 1,658. Willshire, village. Van Wert co,, Obio, by post road 131 ras. NW. from Columbus. Willstown, post office and Indian village, on Wills's creek, a branch of Coosa river. The vil lage, as laid down in Tanner^s map, is at N. lat. 34 29, lon. W. C. 8 55 W. It is wilhin that part of ihe Cherokee territory included in Ala bama, about 50 ms. a litlle S. of E. from Hunts ville, Wilmanstrand, town of Russia, in the govern raent of Wiburg. Lon. 27 54 E., lat. 61 20 N. Wilmington, city and port of entry, in Newcas tle counly, Delaware, being the largest town in that State. It is seated on the N. bank of Chris. tiana creek, near ils entrance inlo the Delaware, 28 miles SW. of Philadelphia, 74 NE. of Balti more, and 117 from Washington city. The town is incorporated, and governed by two burgesses and six assistants, who are elected annually. It is regularly buill, the houses are mostly of brick. The principal foreign trade of the State passes through tbis porl-^lhe exports in 1802 amounting lo 440,500 dollars, and thoso chiefly in domestic produce. The vicinity ofthis town is remarkable for Ihe number, magnilude, aild value of ils man ufactories; consisting of colton and woolen cloth factories, flour mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills, &c. The principal public edifice is a poor house and hospital, 120 feel wide by 40 deep, and three stories high, built on a considerable emi nence and a very healthy situation. Lat. 39 43 N., lon. 75 32 W. Pop. in 1820 about 6,000 ; and in 1840, 8,367. , Wilmington, lown, Windham co,, Vermont, 15 railes W, of Brattleborough and 21 E, of Ben nington, at the foot of the Green raountains, Town, Essex co., Vermont, aboul 160 miles N. from Albany. — ^-Village, Fluvanna co., 60 miles NW. by W. frora Richmond. Seaporl, vil lage, and seal ofjustice. New Hanover co.. North Carolina, situaled on the eastern side of Cape Fear river, about 30 ms. N. from Cape Fear, about 80 ras. SE. from Fayetleville, and by post road 146 ms. SSE. frora Raleigh. Lat, 34 19 N., lon. W. C. 1 0 E. Village and seat of justice, Clinton CO., Ohio, on Todd's fork of Lillle Miami river, aboul 45 ms. NW. frora Cincinnaii, and by post road 75 SW. from Columbus. Lat. 39 28 N., lon. W. C. 6 45 W. Wilna, commercial city of Lilhuania, in a pala tinate of the same name, wilh a university. The WIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIN houses are all built of wood. It was taken by the Russians in 1794, and is seated at the confluence ofthe Vilia and Wilna, 15 miles E. of Troki and 215 NE. of Warsaw. Lon. 35 39 E., lut. 54 38 N. Village, Jefl'erson co.. New York, by posl road 176 ras. NW. frora Albany. Wilsdruf, or Wilsdorf, town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony. Longitude 13 28 E., lat itude 51 5 N. Wilshoven, town of Germany, in Bavaria, seat. ed at the confluence of the Wils and Danube, 30 ms. NW. of Passau. Wiknach, town of Prussian Germany, in the margravate of Brandenburg, seated on a rivulet that falls nol far from il into the Elbe. Wilson, county of Tennessee, bounded N-W, by Sumner, or Cumberland river, E. by Smith, SE, by Warren, SW. by Rutherford, an'd W. by Davidson; lengih 30 miles, mean width 15, area 460 square miles. Chief town, Lebanon. Pop. in 1820, 18,730; and in 1840, 24,460. Wilson, town in tbe northern part of Niagara CO., N. Y,, 30 ms. NNE. from Buffalo. Wilson Hill, village, Shelby co., Alabama, by post road 133 ms, NNE. from Cahaba. Wilsonville, village, Bath co , Va., by post road 220 ras. NW. by W. frora' Richmond. Wilton, borough of England, in Willshire. Il was formerly the capilal of the county, and has a manufacture of carpels and thin woolen stuffs. It is seated at the confluence of the Willy and Nad der,' 7 ras. NW. of Salisbury and 85 W. hy S. of London. Lon. I 52 W., lat. 51 5 N Oneof the northwestern towns of Kennebeckco., Maine, by post road 66 ras. N. from Portland. -Town on Souhegan river, Hillsborough co.. New Hamp shire, by post road 42 miles SSW. from Concord. Town on Norwalk river, Fairfield co,. Con neclicut, 10 ms. NW. by W. from Fairfield, and by post road 77 miles SW. from Hariford. Town, Saratoga co.. New York, 15 ms. NW. from Ballston Spa. This township was formerly part of Northumberland. Pop. in 1820, 1,293. Wilts, county of England, so called from the lown of Wilton, once ils capital. It is 53 miles long and 38 broad, bounded on the NE. by Berk shire, on the E. by Berkshire and Harapshire, on the W. by Soraersetshire, on the S. by Dorsel shire and Hampshire, and on the N. and NW. by Gloucester. The land in this counly is of various quality, but is generally dry and elevated. The principal rivers arc tho Upper and Lower Avon, the Nadder, Willy, Bourne, and Kennet. This county lies in the diocess of Salisbury, and coniains 29 hundreds, one city, 24 market lowns, and 30-1 parishes, and sends 34 members lo Parliament. Salisbury is the capital. Pop. in 1801, 185,107; in 1811, 193,828; and in 1821, 222,167. Wimbleton, village of England, in Surry, on an elevaled heath, whence may be seen 19 parish churches, exclusive of those ofLondon and West minster. Wimmis, town of Swilzerland, in the canton of Berne, sealed on the Sihnen, 18 ms; S, Berne Lon, 7 8 E,, lat. 46 34 N. Wimpfen, town of Germany, in Suabia, seated on the Neckar, 8 ras. N. of Hailbron and 22 E. of Heidelburg. Lon. 9 25 E., lat. 49 30 N. Winborn, ot Winborn Minster, town of Eng., in Dorselshire. Il is a pretty large, well inhabiled place, belween the Stour and Allen, 6 miles N. of Poole and 102 SW, of London. Lon. 2 1 W. lat. 50 47 N. ' Wincaunton, town of England, in Somerset. shire, on tho side of a hill, 34 milea 8. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2 18 W,, lal. 51 1 N, Winchcomb, lown of England, in Gloucester. shire, in a deep bottom, 16 ms. NE. of Glouces ter and 93 WNW. of London, Lon. 3 0 W., lat. 61 55 N. Winchelsea, town of England, in Sussex, one of the Cinque ports, 71 ms. SW. ofLondon. Lon. 0 44 E,, lat, 60 68 N. Winchendon, lown, Worcesler co., Massachu setts, 35 miles NW. of Worcester and 05 W. by N. of Boston. Winchester, city of England, in Hampshire, sealed a valley, on the river lichen, 31 ms. NW. of Chichester and 63 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1 31 W., lat. 51 5 N. Town, Cheshire co.. New Harapshire, on Ashmelot river, by post road 86 ras. SW. from Concord. Populalion in 1820 1,849. Village, Lilchfield county, Connecti cut, 22 railes NW. from Hartford. Village, Guernsey co , Ohio, 33 miles NNE. frora Zanes ville and 45 W. from Wheehng Village and seat of justice, Randolph co., Indiana, on oneof the sources of White river, 80 miles NNW. from Cincinnaii, and aboul 80 NE. from Indianapolis. Lat. 40 11 N., lon. W. C. 8 2 W Village and seat of justice, Clark co., Kentucky, on the height of ground between Slroad's and Iloward's creeks, 20 ms. E. from Lexington and 40 SE. by E. from Frankfort. Lat. 38 4 N., lon. W. C. 7 8 W. Pop. in 1840, 1,067 Village and seat of jusiice, Franklin co., Tennessee, on Elk river, 60 ms. SSE. from Mnifreesborough. Lal. 35 16 N., lon. W. C. 9 6 W Village and seat of jusiice, Wayne co., Mississippi, on Oaktibbehau, branch of Pascagoula river, 180 miles E. from -Xatcliez and 150 NE. from New Orleans, Lal 31 39 N., lon. W. C. 11 50 W Villago in the SE. part of Preble county, Ohio. The post office of this village is named Gratis ; which see. Winchester, lown and seat of justice, Frederick CO., Virginia, on a branch of Opequan creek, 75 ms. NW. by W. from Washington citv. Lat 39 10 N., lon. W. C. 1 10 W. By a census taken in June, 1826, this village contained a population of 3,489 ; but by the census of 1840 the popula tion was found 3,454. This town is silualed in a very productive part of Virginia, and possesses for its relative population much solid wealth. It is situated 74 miles a little N. of W. from Washing ton city, and 146 a little W. of N. of Richmond. fl appears from the post office list that there are post villages of the same name in Cheshire, New Hampshire ; Litchfield, Connecticut ; Guernsey, Ohio; Clark, Kentucky; Franklin, Tennessee; Randolph, Indiana; Scott, Illinois; Van Buren, Iowa; Wayne, Mississippi; and Clarke, Mis- sotiri. Wincliester, Cenire village in Winchester tp,, Litchfield co., Connecticut, 16 miles NE. from Litchfield and 26 NW. from Hartford. Windaw, town of the duchy of Courland, with a castle and a harbor, at the mouth ofthe Wetaw, 965 WIN GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIN in the Baltic, 70 miles NW. of Mitlaw and 100 N. of Memel. Lon. 22 5 E., lat. 57 20 N. Windermere-water, or Winander-mere, the most extensive lake in Eng., lying between West moreland and Lancashire. It extends 10 ms. from N. to S., but in no part broader than a mile ; and exhibits a greater variety of fine landscapes than any lake in Eng. Not one bullrush or swampy reed defiles the margin of this lake. Wind Gap, post office, Northampton co.. Pa., 12 ms. NNW. from Easton, and 63 a little W. of N. from Philadelphia. Windham, village, Cumberland co., Maine, 14 ms. NW. from Portland. Town, Rockingham CO., N. H;, 8 ms. 8. by E. of Londonderry, 43 SW. of Portsmouth, and 29 W. of Newljury- port. Vil!age, Windham co., Vt., by post road 90 ms. 8. from Monlpelier. Town, Windhara CO., Conn., 30 ms. E. from Hariford, and 12 N. by VV. from Norwich. Town, Greene co., r>f. Y., containing the highest summits of the Kaats bergs, or Catskill mountains. Village, Portage CO., Ohio, hy post road 220 ms. NE. from Co lumbus. I Windham, co. of Vt., bounded E. by Connecti cut river, 8 by Mass., Bennington W., and Windsor N. ; lengih 35 ms., mean width 20, area 640 sq. ms. Chief town, Newfane. Pop. in 1820, 28,457; and in 1840, 37,443. Windham, NE. co. of Connecticut, bounded by Mass. N,, R. Island E., New London co. in Conn. 8., and Tolland W, ; length 30 ms , mean breadth 30, area 600 sq. ms. It is almost entirely drained by the various branches of the Thames ; surface finely diversified by hill and dale. Chief town, Brooklyn. Pop. in 1820, 31,684; and in 1840, 28,080. Windismerk, territory of Germany, forming the E. part of Carniola. Metling is the capital. TVindlingen, town of Germany, in Suabia, in duchy of Wirlemburg, sealed on the Neckar, 12 ras, frora Stutgard. Windtheim, imperial town of Germany, in Franconia. Lon. 10 35 E., lat. 49 25 N. Windsor, considerable borough of Eng., in Berkshire. It is pleasantly seated on the banks of the Thames, on a beautiful eminence. Windsor is 17 ms. E. by N. of Reading, and 22 W. ofLondon Lon. 36' W., lat. 51 30 N. Town, Kennebeck CO., Maine, 36 ms. from Portland. Village, Windsor co., Vt., on the W. side of Connecticut river, 40 ms. E. by S. of Rutland, and 22 S. by E. of Darlmoulh college, N. H. The seat of government alternates between this town and Rut land. Lat, 43 27 N,, lon. W. C. 4 36 E. Town, Berkshire co., Mass., 18 ras. NE. frora Lenox. Town, Hariford co., Cjonn., ly ing on the W. side of Connecticut river, 7 ras. N. of Hartford, and 22 S. by W. of Springfield, Mass. Pop. in 1810, 2,868; in 1820, 3,008. Village, Broome co., N. Y., by postroad 156 ms. SW. by W. from Albany. Town, York CO., Pa., on the SW. side of Susquehannah river, 10 ms. E from York. Pop. in 1820, 3,096. Village and seat of jusiice, Bertie co., N. C, on Cashie river, aboul 100 ms. SW. from Norfolk, in Va., and by post road 194 ms. NE by E. from Raleigh. Village in the southeaslern angle of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 100 ms. NNW. 966 from Pittsburg, in Pa., and by post road 250 ms. NE. from Columbus. Pop. in 1840, 876. Windsor, co. of Vt., bounded by Conneciicut river E., Windham co. 8., Eutland W., and Orange N. ; length 40 ms., mean width 18, area 732 sq. ms Chief town, Woodstock. Pop. in 1820, 38,233. Cll. Iat. 43 35 N., lon. W. C. 4 30 E. Windward Islands, such of the Caribbean isl ands, in tbe West Indies as commence at Marti nico, and extend to Tobago. Windward Passage, sliail belween Point Maizi, at the E. end of the Island of Cuba, and Capo St. Nicholas, at the NW. extremity of St. Do mingo. Winfield, village, Herkiraer co , N. Y., by post road 91 ms. NW. from Albany. Winhall, town, Bennington to., Vt., about 60 ms. NE. from Albany, N. Y., and 25 ms. W. from Bellows falls. Winnenden, town of Germany, in Suabia, 12 ms. ENE. of Stutgard. Lon. 9 16 E,, lat. 48 49 N. Winnicza, sirong town town of Poland, in Po dolia, capilal of a territory of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the river Bog, 35 ms, N. of Bracklow. Longiiude 28 12 E,, lat. 49 23 N. 'Winnipisiogee, lake, is a very irregular sheet of water, Strafford co., N. H. The general range of this lake is NW. and SE., about 22 ms. in lengih. The mean width is difficult to estimate, from the projecting capes and deep bays by which it is in dented. The discharge is to the SW. into Mer rimack river, which it enters about 20 ms. above Concord. Mr. Hayward, in his New England Gazetteer, does not give the length of this outlet, but states its fall from the level of the lake to that of Merrimack river, al 232 feet. The outlet is not navigable, and a project of a canal from the lake lo the tide water of Piscataqua river has been formed. Winnsborough, village and seat of jusiice, Fairfield district, S. C, 30 ms. N.from Colum bus, and 143 ms. NW, from Charleston. Lat. 34 23 N., lon. W. C. 4 2 W. Winschoten, town of Groningen. It is 6 ms. NW. of Dollart bay, and 16 SE. of Groningen. Lon. 6 58 E., lal. .53 3 N. Winscn, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the ducby of Lunenburg, seated at the conflu ence of the Elbe and Ilmenau, 13 ras. NW. of Lunenburg. Longiiude 10 11 E,, latitude 53 24 North. Winsheim, town of Germany, in Franconia, in Ihe margravate of Anspach. It is seated on the Aisch, 30 ms. NW. of Nureraburg. Lon, 10 31 E., lal. 49 32 N. Window, town of England, in Buckingham shire, 7 ms. NW. of Ailsbury, and 50 WNW, of London. Winslow, town, Kennebec co,. Me., situated at the confluence of Kennebec and Sebasticook rivere, 27 ms. W. of Pittston, and 45 N. of Wiscasset. Pop, 1820, 935. Winsler, town of Eng,, in Derbyshire, 5 miles NW. ol Derby, and 152 NNW. ofLondon. Winterberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Lon. 8 16 E,, lal. 51 6 N. Winierburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine. > VVIR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIS Winteringham, town in Lincolnshire. Winterthur, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zuric, where there is a rich library and a min eral spring. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Ulach, 15 ras. NE. of Zuric. Lon. 8 45 E,, lat. 57 31 N. Wintertonnes, NE. cape of Eng., in Norfolk, 5 ms. N. of Yarmouth. Winthrop, town, Kennebec co.. Me., 10 miles W. of Augusta, 5 NE. of Monmouth, and 00 N. by E. of Portland. Pop. 1830, 1,619. Winton, village and scat ofjustice, Horlford co,, N. C, on Chowan river, about 3 ms. below the junciion of Meherin and Nottaway rivers, by post road 163 ms. NE. from Raleigh, and 60 NW. from Norfolk, Va. Lat. 36 33 ;\., lon. W. C. 1' E. Wintonbury, viUage, Hariford CO., Ct., 9 ms. from Hartford. Winyaw Bay, 8. C. 'Wipperfurt, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, sealed near the source of the Wipper. Wipra, town of Germany, in the circle of Up per Saxony. Lon. 11 30 E., lal. 61 30 N. Wirkswort, populous town of Eng,, in Derby shire. It is seated in a valley, near the source of the Ecclesborn, and remarkable for having the greatest lead market in Eng. It is 13 ms. N. by W. of Derby, and 1 39 NN W. of London. Lon. 1 30 W., lat. 53 6 N. Wirtemberg, kingdom of Europe in Germany, bounded on the E. by Bavaria, and nearly on all other sides by the Grand Duchy of Baden. The two small duchies of HohenzoUern are nearly en. closed by Wirlemberg. This kingdom, about the middle of the lllh century, formed a county in the circle of Suabia ; it was erected into a duchy in 1495, but, contrary to most duchies of Germany, possessed a free representative governraent, which was destroyed when erected into a kingdom by Na poleon, but subsequently restored ; and Wirtemberg may now proudly boast of having one of the very best organized governments of the earlh. There is secured liberly of conscience and of the press, equality in rights of religious sects, and individual liberty founded on protection in property and in the performance of duty and restraint from injury lo others. The extreme soulhern part is drained inlo the lake of Conslance by two small rivers, Aach and Argen. The Danube rising in Baden, and, flow ing across HohenzoUern, traverses Wirlemberg in a NE. by E. direction to Ulm. The cenlrai and northern parts, indeed more than two-thirds of tho kingdom, are drained by the confluents of the Neckar. On the southwestern and wesiern bor ders, Wirlemburg is mouniainous, but the body of the country is agreeably diversified and gener ally ferlile. In lal. Wirtemberg lies between 47 35 and 49 35 N. Politically it is divided into Ihe following circlesj Circles Pop. Chief towns. Pop. Neckar . Jam.Danube - Black Forest 427,000343,000360,000392,000 Slutgard - Elwangen Ulm ' ¦ Reutlingen 33,000 2,500 15,000 10,000 Total ¦ 1,522,000 The entire territorial surface of the kingdom of Wirtemberg is only aboul 7,600 sq. ms. ; it is con sequently one of the best peopled countries of Eu rope. Two.lhirds of the people follow the re formed doctrines in religion, bul all sects are free to pursue their religious rites, if done peaceably. It is a fine country, happy in ils government and sociely, and abounding in vegetable and mineral wealth. Il is, in fine, a model to show what the world raight be. Wisbaden, town of Gerraany, in the principal ily of Nassau, capilal of a lordship of the same narae, subject to the prince of Nassau Saarbruck. Il is faraous for its warm baths and raineral waters, and is 5 ms. N. of Menlz. Lon. 8 20 E., lat. 49 56 N. Wisbeach, town of Eng., in Cambridgeshire, in a fenny couniry, in the lakes of BIy, belween two rivers, and possesses a considerable trade in the export of corn and of oil pressed from seeds at mills in its neighborhood. Barges only can curae up its river, large vessels slopping 6 ms. below. It is 89 ms. N. by E. of London. Lon. 6' E., lal, 52 38 N. Wisby, seaport of Sweden, in the isle of Goth land. It is seated un the side of a rock un the Baltic, 88 ms. SE. of Stockholm. Lon. 18 41 E., lat. 57 36 N. Wiscasset, port of entry and posltown, in Lin coln CO,, Maine, lying on IheE. side of Sheepscut liver, 13 ms. NE. of Bath, 18 S. of Pittston, and 55 NE. of Portland, in lat. 43 28 N,, and lon. 69 32 W, It coniains a bank, and annual ex ports araount to i(S23,000. Pop. in 1810, 2,083; in 1820, 2,138; and in 1840, 2,314. Wisconsin, Territory of the U. 8., if taken in extenso, is bounded on the N. by the British terri tories, by Miss, river W., lUinois 8,, and by Lake Michigan, the northweslern part of the State of Michigan, and Lake Superior, E. In lat. it ex tends from 42 30 lo 49 0 N., and in lon. from 10 0 lo 18 30 W. W. C. Measured by the rhombs, the area comes out so near that we raay assume 80,000 sq. ms This region coraprises the north western part of the original U..S. domain by the treaty of 1783. From SE. to NW., by a diago nal lin, the length falls bul liule short of 600 ras. Thebreadlh vaiies from 200 to 60 or 70 ras.; raean breadth about 130. The interior featuies of the unorganized partsare in fact too little known lo admit any specific description deserving inser tion. Wisconsin, organized and subdivided inlo cos., is bounded E, by Lake Michigan, NW. by Green Bay, Fox, and Wisconsin rivers, W., or rather SW., by Mississippi rive/, and S. by the Stale of Illinois. In lal. it extends frora 42 30 to 45 30, and in lon. from 10 0 to 14 5 W. W. C. From the SW. angle, on Mississippi river, to the NE. point between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, the length is 280 ms. The breadth varies from near 100 to a mere point; area about 11,500 sq. ms. The face of the country ralher waving than either hilly or flat, ihough bolh exlremes exist. It is a territory in a remarkable manner supplied with navigable streams. Fox river, flowing into Green Bay, and Wisconsin into Mississippi river, ap proach each other so near as to leave but a short porlage belween their channels. The higher 967 WIS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WIT branches of Rock river rise in Wisconsin, and flow into the Stale of Illinois. It has a coast of about 300 ms. on Lake Michigan, over which flow some sraall streams, but the shallowness of the water of the lake precludes any harbor admilling vessels of more than very moderate draught. The rivers af ford much more exiensive navigable facilities than does the lake. The town of Madison, on what is called the Four Lakes, is the capital of the Territo ry. This town is situated at N. lat. 43 5, and lon. 13 13 W. of W. C, and almost directly S. of the porlage between Wisconsin and Fox rivers ; distance about 40 ms,, and about 140 ms. a liltle N. of NNW. frora Chicago, Cook co.. III. Populaiion of Wisconsin, by claaaea, from the censua qf 1840. 'Whites. —Ages, Males. Females. 0 to 5 '^ 2,627 2,528 1 5 lo 10 1,793 1,692 10 10 15 1,303 l,-i89 15 to 20 J,S44 l,-2no 20 to 30 6,328 2,713 30to40 3,348 1,423 40 to 50 1,191 '612 50 to 60 554 360 60 to 70 201 1-28 70to80 "55 37 80 to 90 10 7 90 to 100 ; 2 2 100 and upwards 1 ' 1 18,767 11,992 18,757 Total whitea 30,749 Colored, -Ages, Males, 16 Feraales, 0 to 10 21 10 to 24 32 27 24 to 36 28 20 36 to 55 19 12 ,55 tj 100 6 4 lOOand upwards • 0 0 ed 101 84 101 Total free color 183 Slaves ersons 11 Total colored p 196 Aggregate 30,945 Population of Wisconsin, by counties, from the census q/" 1840. Whit© persons ofthe foregoing who are- Deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age Do. from 14 lo 25 - - Do. total deaf and dumb • Do. blind Insane and idiots at— Public charge - Private charge - - . Colored persons insane or idiots All persons in the foregoing employed in- Mining Agriculture CommerceManufactures and trades Navigation on the ocean - ¦ - Do. canals, lalees, and rivers Learned professions Pensioners for revolutionary or militafy services - Universities or colleges, Academies and grammar schools Do. students in ... Primary and common schools Do schula'S in • Scholars at public charge - White persons over 20 years of age who cannot read or write 968 14 5 91 7 3 794 7,047 479 1,814 14 209 259 9 2 65 77 i,93r 315 1,701 Free white Free col. Slaves. persons. persons. Counties, Si ^ t Total. Si "S S Ill a g -(5 Ol s ¦ s & s i£ s & Calumet 130 119 14 12 275 Fond du Lac ¦ HS 47 1 2 . . 139 Crawford I,03i 464 1 4 . 1^03 St, Croix 51C 295 ;- 1 809 Racine 1,910 1,557 i 6 . . 3,476 Kock 969 741 1 1,701 Brown 1,161 922 1.5 9 2,107 Washington - 197 146 . 343 Manitouwoc - 141 85 1 . 235 feheboygan - 92 41 . 133 "Winnebago - 7t 67 - . 135 Marquette - 14 4 . - 18 Dadge 46 17 2 2 . 67 Portage 1,607 112 4 1,6-a Dane IHS 130 1 314 Sank ,56 44 . 102 Green W 410 . 933 Iowa 2,655 1,390 21 11 1 3,978 Jefferson sm 377 • 1 914 Walworth - 1,475 i,m 1 . 2,611 Milwaukie - 3,10< 2,473 16 16 . 6,605 Grant 2,452 1,420 19 19 3 7 3,926 Total 18,757 11,992 101 84 4 7 30,945 Wisconsin river, — See Ouisconsin. Wisesburg, village, Baltimore co., Md., 35 ras, NW. from Baltimore. Wiset, small fortified town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Liraburg, seated on the Maese, 7 ms. N. of Liege, and 30 NW. of Liraburg. Lon. 5 40 E., lat. 50 41 N. Wlsehgrod, town of I'oland, in the palatinate of Plocksko, seated on the Vistula, 58 ras. NW. of Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 E,, lal. 52 44 N. Wisloche, town of Germany in the palalinale of the Rhine, seated on the Elsatz, 8 ras. S. of Heidelburg. Lon. 8 48 E., lat. 49 18 N. Wismar, sirong seaport ol Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated at the bottom of a bay of the Baltic, 30 ms. E. of Lubec, and 66 W. by S. of Stralsund. Lon. 11 44 E., Iat. 53 54 N. Wiaton, corporate town of Wales, in Pem brokeshire, 10 m. N. of Pembroke, and 335 WNW. of London. Lon. 4 53 W., lat. 51 53 N. Wltena, — Sec Vetina Gemote. Witepski, town of Lithuania, capilal of a pa latinate of the same name, wilh a castle. It is'sealed in a raorass, at the confluence of Dwina and'Wid- sha, 65 ms. E. oi Polotsk, and 80 WNW. of Smo lensko. Lon. 29 40 E., lat. 55 43 N. IVitham, lown of Eng., in Essex, 8 ms. NE. of Chelmsford, and 37 ENE. of London. , Lon. 41' E., lal. 51 51 N. River of Eng., in the dislrict of Kesteven, in Lincolnshire, which, rising in_lhe SW. corner, flows by Lincoln, and enters the German ocean below Boston, It is but a shal low stream, and abounds in vast quantities of pike. Frora Lincoln it has a communication fwilh the Trent by a navigable canal, called the Fosdike, cut by King Henry I. Witlisth, town of Prussian Germany, in the archbishopric of Treves, with a castle, sealed on the river Leser. wun GEOGR.VPHICAL DICTION.VRY. WOM Witney, town of Eng., in Oxfordshire. Here are raanufactures of the tinest blankets and other thick woolens, called bearskins and kerseys. It is 8 ms. NW. of Oxford, and 64 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 1 18 VV., lal. 51 62 N. JVitshausen, town of Germany, capital of a territory of the same name, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel. Longitude 9 46 E., latitude 51 34 North. Wittemberg, strong town of Prussian Germa ny, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and capital of the duchy of Saxony, with a famous university. It is the place where the general assemblies of the circle of Upper Saxony were held. It is famous for being the place where Martin Luther was pro fessor in the university, and is buried in a chapel belonging to the castle, ll is seated on the Elbe, SO tns. NW. of and below Dresden, and 60 SW. of BerUn. Lon. 12 47 E., lat. 51 49 N. Wittenbergen, town of Prussia, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 11 48 E., lat, 53 3 N. Wiltenaiein, town of Russia, in the govern ment of Livonia, 40 ras. S. of Revel. Lon. 34 39 E., lat. 58 47 N. Wittimund, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, seated near the German ocean. Lon, 7 4 E,, bit. 53 41 N. Wutlesea-Mere, lake in tbe NE. part of Hunt ingdonshire, 6 ins. long and 3 broad. It is 4 ms. 8. of Peterborough Wtiilich, town of Prussian Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and eleciorate of Treves, 38 ms. SW.of Coblentz, Lon. 6 37 E., lat, 50 7 N. Wittslock, town of Prussian Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 65 ms. N W, of BerUn. Lon. 13 30 E., lat, 53 10 N. I^(j;/escom6, town of Eng., in Somersetshire, 20 ms. NNE. of Exeter, and 155 W. by S. of London. Lon 3 38 W., lat. 51 4 N. Wlosimeitz, town of Little Poland, capilal of a duchy of the same name, in Volhinia, wilh a cas tle. It is sealed on the Luy, which falls inlo ihe Bug, 36 ms. W. of Lucho, and 56 N. of Lem burg. Lon 34 30 E., lat. 51 3 N. Woahoo, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagues NW. of Morotoi. From the appearance of the NE and NW. parls, it is the finest island of the group. Lon. 1.57 51 W,, lat. 31 43 N. Wobum, town of Eng,, in Bedfordshire, on a rising ground, has a free school and a charily school, founded by the Duke of Bediord. Near it is found great plenty of fuller's earth. It is 12 ms. S. of Bedford, and 42 NNW. of London. Lon. 33' W., lal. 52 3 N. Town, Middlesex co., Mass., 8 ms. S. of .-Vndover, 33 SW. of New buryport, and 11 NW. of Boston. Wodnay, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pracb, sealed on the Bianilz, 12 ras. NW. of Budweis, and 56 S. of Prague. Lon. 14 50 E. lat. 42 9 N. Woerden, town of Holland, seated on the Rhine, 18 ms. S. of Amsterdam. This town was taken by the French, in 1794. Lon. 4 51 E., lat. 52 6 N Wohlau, town of Prussia, in Silesia, capital of a duchy of the same name. The greatest part of the inhabitants are employed in a woolen manufac ture. It is seated near the Oder, 30 ms. NW. of 122* Breslaw, and 33 SE. of Glogaw. Lon. 16 S4 E,, lat. 51 18 N. Wokingham, — See Okingham, Wolbeck, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Wolcott, town, Orleans co., Vt., by post road 63 ms a lillle E. of N. from Monlpelier Tp., New Haven co., Ct, about 35 ms. N. from New Haven. Pop, 1820, 943. Town in the east ern part of Wayne co., N. Y., 15 ms. NE. by E. from Lyons. Wolcottsville, village, Litchfield county, Con necticut. Woler, town of England, in Notthumbarland. Lon. 1 46 W., lat. 55 34 N. Wolfborough, town, Stratford co., N. H., on Smith's lake, 45 ras. NE. from Concord. Wolfenbutlle, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony and duchy of Brunswick, with a castle, where the Duke of Brunswick Wolfen buttle resides. It is one of the strongest places in Germany. Here is an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities relating to natural history. It is seated on the Ocker, 7 ms. S. of Brunswick, and 30 W. of Halberstadt. Lon. 10 43 E., lat. 53 18 N. Wolferadike, island of the Uniled Provinces, in Zealand, between N. Beveland and S. Beveland. Wolf River, a stream of the soulhwestern angle of Tenn., rises in Hardiman, and, flowing nearly a western course, enters and crossea Shelby co., and joins the Loosahalchie at their coramon en trance in the Mississippi at Memphis. Post of fice on Wolf river, Hardiman co , Tenn., by phat road 349 ms. SW. by W. from Murfreesborough. Wolfsperg, lown of Gerraany, in Lower Carin thia, 36 ms. E. of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 10 E., lat. 46 56 N. Wolgast, considerable town of Prussian Ger many, in Pomerania, capital of a territory of the same name, with one ol the best and largest har bors on the Baltic. It is seated on the Psin, 13 ms. SF/. of Gripswald, 35 SE. of Stralsund, and 45 NW. of Stetin. Lon. 14 4 E., lat. 54 1 N. Wolkoskoi, town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, 100 ms. SE. of Novogorod. Lon. 34 30 E., lat. 57 30 N. Wolkowska, town of Lithuania, in the palati nate of Novogrodeck, seated on the Ros, 33 miles SE, of Grodno. Lon 34 46 E., lal. 53 4 N. Wollin, seaport of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Prussian Pomerania, capital of an island of the same name, in the mouth of the Oder. Il is 10 ms. W. of Cammin. Lon. 14 3Sl E., lat. 54 4 N. Wolmar, town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, seated on Ihe Aa, 38 ms. N. of Riga. Lon 34 35E,, lal. 57 32 N. Wolverhampton, town of England, in Staflford shire. It is chiefly noted for a great iron manufac lure, consisting of locks, hinges, buckles, cork screws, and japanned ware. It is seated on a hill, 13 ras. S. of Stafford, and 134 NW. ofLon don. Lon. 3 0 W., lat. 53 47 N. Wolvey, village of Eng, in Warwickshire, 5 ms. SE. of Nuneaton. Here Edward IV was surprised and taken prisoner by Richard Nevil, earl of War wick. Womeldorff,(Loarahxng village, Berks co.. Pa., 969 woo GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WOO "n the E. side of Tulpehocken creek, about 18 ra<. NW. from the borough of Reading. Wood, CO., Va., bounded by Ohio river NW"., Tyler co., Va., NE., Lewis co. SE., and Mason S\V. Length 38, mean width 30 ms., area 1,140 sq. ms. It is chiefly drained by the Little Kana wha river. Chief town, Beltville. Pop. 1820, 5,860; and in 1840, 7,933. Wood, CO. of Ohio, bounded N. by Maumee liver, E. by Sandusky and Seneca, S. by Han cock, and W. by Henry co. It ia 30 miles long from N. to S., by a mean of 16 from E. to W., containing about 480 sq. ms. Il is watered by Maun^ee river. Carrying river. Swan, and several other creeks. Wood co. was constituted and or ganized in February, 1830, but in August follow ing, when the national census was taken, it con lained but 733 inhabitants. Chief town, Perrys burg. Pop. 1840, 5,357. Woodbridge, town of Eng., in Suffolk, seated on the E. side of a sandy hill, on the river Deben, 8 ms. fiom the sea. It has docks for building ships, carries on a great corn trade, is famous lor refining salt, and much lime ip burned here from fossil sea shells. It is 7 ms, ENE. of Ipswich, and 76 NE. of London. Lon. 1 35 E., lat. 52 11 N. Tp,, New Haven CO., Conn,, about 7 ms. NW. of the city of New Haven. Pop. in 1820, 1,988. Village, Middlesex co., N. J., 10 ms. NE. from New Brunswick. Woodbury, village in Litchfield co.. Conn., 10 ms. S. of Bethlehem, and 19 N. by W. of New Haven. Village and seat of justice, Gloucester CO., N. J., 10 ms. S. frora PhUadelphia. Pop. in 1820, 700. Lat. 39 48 N., lon. W. C. 1 56 E. Woodchester, village in Gloucestershire, where some antiquities have lately been discovered. Woodford, co. of Ky., bounded by Kentucky river W., FrankUn NW., Scott NE,, Fayeite E., and Jessamine SE. Lengih 20 ras., mean width 8, area 160 sq. ms. Chief town, Versailles. Pop, in 1820, 12,307; and in 1840, 14,740. For centrallat, and lon., see Versailles, Woodford co,, Ky. Woodlawn, post office, Edgefield district, S. C. 'Woodruff's, post office, Spartanburg disirict, S. C, by post road 105 ras. NW. frora Columbia. Post office, Washtenaw district, Mich. Woodsborough, village, near the centre ol Frederick co., Md., 10 ms. NNE. from Frede ricktown, and by post road 56 ms. NW. from W. C. Wood's Cross Roads, postoffice, Gloucester co., Va., 83 ms. E. from Richmond. Woodsfield, village and seat of justice, Monroe CO., 0., on the head of Liltle Muskingum, 25 ms. NE. from Marietta, and by post road 154 ms. E. from Columbus. Lat. 39 47 N,, lon. W. C. 4 9 W. Woods, Lake of the, lake of Norlh America, 90 ms. long, and 30 where broadest, but very irregular in ils shape. It lies between the Win nipeg and Lake Superior, chiefly in U. C, but the 8. part is in the territory of the U. S. 'The lands on its banks are covered wilh oaks, pines, firs, &c. Woodpecker's Level, post office, Franklin co., Va. Woodstock, borough of Eng,, in Oxfordshire. 970 It is chiefly noted for giving birth to Chaucer the poet, who was born, lived, and died here. It is 8 ms, NW. of Oxford, and 63 WNW. of Lon don. Lon. 1 15 W., lat. 51 53 N. Town, Oxford CO,, Me., by post road 56 ms, a Utile W. ofN. from Portland. Town, Windsor co., Vt,, IS ins., NW.from Windsor, and by post road 79 ms. S. from Monlpelier. Town, Windham CO., Conn., 30 ms. N. from Windham, and by posl road 48 ms. NE. by E. frora Hartford. Pop. in 1830, 3,017. Village and seat of justice, Shenandoah co., V«.,' near the N. fork of Shenan doah river, 33 ras. SW. from Winohester, and by post road 100 ms. W. from W. C. Lat, 38 39 N., lon. W. C. 1 32 W. Wuodsiown, village, Salem co., N. J,, 11 ms. N. by E. frora Salem, and 36 S. from Philadelpbia. Woodville, village, Jefferson co., N. Y., 158 ms. NW. from Albany. Village in the west ern angle of Culpeper CO., Va., by post road 9 8 ms, SW, by W. from W. C, and 128 NNW. from Richmond. Village on Pamunkey river, Hanover co., Va., 30 ms. a litlle W. of N. from Richraond. Village, Perquimans co , N. C., by post road 331 ms. NE. byE. from Raleigh. Village, Warren co., Tenn,, about 20 ms. E. frora Murfreesborough. Village and seat of jusiice, Decatur co., Ala. Woodville, villageand seal of jusiice, Wilkinson CO., Miss,, 38 ms. a Utile E. of S. from Natchez, The vicinity of Woodville, watered by the branches of Buffalo and Bayou Sara, is one of the most productive colton iracls in Aliss. or Lou. The face of the country rolling, though not abruptly broken by hills, except along tho Mississippi bluffs. Lat. 31 7 N,, lon. W. C. 14 37 W. Woolsthorpe, a village of Eng., in Lincolnshire, about 6 ms. S. of Grantham, and about 12 E. from Melton Mowbray. In this obscure village, not marked on tbe map of Eng. published in Bees' CyplopsBdia on 25th December, 1642, was born Isaac Newton. The birlhplace of tbis ornament of human naiure was indeed rather a manor house than a village, his father, John Newton, was lord of the manor of Woolsthorpe. Newton procured the first rudiments of his edu cation at Grantham school, and on 5lh of June, 1660, was admitted inlo Trinity college, Cam bridge, in his 18th year. The mind of Newton raust have received an early and unconquerable bias for analytical malhemaUcs, which led him lo neglect the ancient geometry. This neglect was subsequently severely regretted by himself. In 1664, he procured a prism, and wilh its aid made such discoveries in optics as almost to have first raised that subject lo the rank of a science. In 1666, Newton was elected a fellow of Trinity College, and in the same year look his degree of Masler of Arts. On the lllh of January, 1673, the Royal Society did ilself the honor to enrol the name of Newton as one of ils raerabers. Dr. Brewster, in his eagerness to do honor lo Newton, ascribes to him the discovery of the first and second laws of Kepler. The propositions containing those laws had been in print before Newton was born ; this illustrious English as tronoraer demonstrated their principles, but it is barefaced imposition lo make him their discoverer. According to Brewster himself, in the art. Astron. WUK GEOGR.VPHICAL DICTIONARY WOR qmy p. 560, Kepler's Rudolphine tables were pubUshed in 1636, and states expressly, lhat these tables were founded on the true laws of planelary motion; that the planets moved in elliptic or bits, wilh the sun in one ofthe foci ; and lhat the Radius Vector described equal areas in equal por tions of lime. In 1687, Newton's Principia were published by the Royal Society, under the protection of Dr. Halley, and placed the name of its author amongst the greatest of those who have contributed lo exalt human naiure. In 1699, he was made warden of the mint; and on the resignation of John Lord Somers, president of the Royal Society, 30th Nov., 1703. Both these offices he held until his death. Many of his important works were published afler the Principia, but rather involved him in con troversy than added lo his fame. The evening of tho life of Newton was not so tranquil as is too commonly supposed, nor did his own temper al ways remain unmoved by attack or contradiction, ihough he attained the great age of 84 jcars anil some months. He died 30lh March, 1727. With great inconsistent pageantry, his remains were laid in Westminster Abbey. His fame demanded a more dignified and less showy mausoleum. His name alone would have been the most sublime of all epitaphs. JVoolpit, town of Eng,, in Suffolk, famous for the manufaclure of white bricks, Woolwich, town of Eng., in Kent, Here are Several fine docks, rope-yards, and spacious maga zines, this place being wholly taken up and raised by the works erected for the naval service. The largest ships ride here safely, and even at low water. Sorae hulks are moored off this town, for the reception of convicts, who are eraployed in raising gravel from the river. It ii 10 ms. E. of London, Lon. 0 10 E,, lat, 51 30 N rTown, Lincoln co., Me., 6 ms. a litlle S, of W, from Wiscasset, and 40 NE, from Portland, Wooster, village and feeat ofjustice, Wayne co., O., on Killbuck creek, 60 ms. N. (rom Zanesville, aild by post road 93 ms, NE, frora Colurabus, pop. of tbe village, exclusive of the corporation in 1840, 1,993, corporation 1,913, aggregate 3,906, As laid dowi by Bradford, N. lat, 40 50 lon. 5° W. W, C, Worcester, city of Eng,, in Worcestershire, capital of that co. Worcester is seated on a gentle ascent, on the Severn, 36 ms. NNE. of Bristol, and 1 18 WNW, ofLondon. Lon. 2 W., lat. 53 9 N. Worcester, co. of Eng., 30 ms. long, and 30 broad, bounded on the N. by Shropshire and Staffordshire, on the E. by Warwickshire, on the W, by Herefordshire, on the SE, and S. by Gloucestershire, being in circuit 134 ms,, and contains 600,000 sq. acres. Its chief manufac tures are carpeting, china and earthen ware, woolens, and stockings. The principal rivers are the Severn, Teme, or Tend, and Avon. Pop. in 1801, 139,333; in 1811, 160,546 ; and in 1821, 184,434. .Worcester, co., Mass., bounded on ^hc E, by Middlesex and Norfolk cos,, on the N, by New Hampshire and Vt., on the W. by Franklin, Hampshire, nnd Hampden cos., and on the S. by the States of R. I. and Conn. The principal lown is Worcesler. It crosses tho Slate from N. lo 8., area 1,500 sq, ms. Pop. fn 1820, 73,635; in 1880, 82,887, and in 1840, 95,313, Central lat. 42 33 N., Inn, W. C, 5 8 E. iJ'orceater, village and seatof justice, Worces ler CO., Mass,, 46 ms, W. of Boston, 34 N. by W. of Providence, R, 1,, and 50 NE. of Spring field, Mass. Pop. in 1830, 4,172; and in 1840, 7,346. This is esteemed one of the largest in land towns in the State, and carries on some manufactures, parlicularly printing, wilh great spirit. Isaiah Thomas, of tbis town, has published as many books as any bookseller in the U. S, Il coniains the greatest population of any inland lown in New England, The principal sireets ex ceed a mile in lengih. Beside the co. buildings, are a bank, two printing offices, from each of which is issued a «-eekly newspaper. A commo dious building was erected in 1819, for the cabi net and Ubrary of the American Antiquarian Society. The building, society, ond cabinet, raay be considered as productions of Isaiah Thomas, Esq , President of the society. Worcester, village, Olsego co,, N, Y., 74 ras. W. from Albany, Tp,, Montgomery co,. Pa., belween Guined and Norristpn, on the E. side of Skippack creek. Pop. 1820, 977. SE, co. of Md , bounded hy Del. N,, Atlantic ocean E., Eastern shore of Va. S,, and Somerset co., Md., W. Lengih 25 ms.. mean width 30; area 500 sq. ms. Il is chiefly drained by Pocomoke river. Chief lown, Snow Hill. Pop, in 1830, 17,521 ; and in 1840, 18,377. Cent, lat, 38 16 N., Ion. W- C. 1 38 E. Worcum, town of the kingdom of Holland, in Norlh BrabanI, seated on the Maese. Lon. 4 52 E., lat. 51 52 N. Seaport of Holland, in Friesland, on the Zuider-Zee, 18 ms. SW. of Le warden. Lon. 5 15 E., Jat. 53° N, Warden, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. Wordingberg, seaport of Denmark, in the is- land of Zealand. Longitude 11 58 E., lat, 65 3 North. Woringen, town of Prussian Germany, seated on the Rhine, 188 ms. /\W. from Cologne. Workington, seaport of Eng-., in Cumberland, seated on the Derwent, over which is a stone bridge. In its neighborhood is a large iron found ry, Workington is 7 ms. W. of Cockermouth, and 307 N. of London, Lon, 3 35 W., lat. 53 42 N. Worksop, town of Eng., in Nottinghamshire. Quantities of liquorice are grown in its vicinity, and there are a great many noblemen's seats near it. The canal from the Trent to Chesterfield passes by this place. It is 34 ms. N. of Notting ham, and 146 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1° W., lat. 53 30 N. Worms, city of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt. Il is famous for a diet held in 1521, at which Lu ther assisted in per.«on. The Protestants have a church here, where Luther is represented as ap pearing at the diet. Il is seated on the W. bank of the Rhine, 30 ms. above and nearly due S. of Mentz, and 42 SSW. of Frankfort. Lon. 8 29 E., lat. 49 33 N. Worsted,/towu of Eng., in Norfolk, noted for being the place where worsteds were first made. It 971 WUR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. WYE is 12 ms. N. of Norwich, and 130 NE. of Lon don. Lon. 1 36 E., lat. 52 52 N. Worihington, town, Hampshire co, Mass., 10 ms. W. from Northampton, 19 E. from Pitts field, and 44 NE. from Brookfield. Pop. 1820, 1,376 Village on Whetstone creek, Franklin CO., 0., 9 ms. N. from Columbus. Wotion Bosaet, borough of Eng., in Willshire. It is sealed near the forest of Brandon, and is 30 ms. N. of Salisbury, and 89 W. ofLondon. Lon. 1 54 W., lat. 51 31 N. Wolton Under-Edge, town of Ehg , in Glou cestershire, 30 ms. NE. of Bristol, and 108 WNW. of London. Lon. 2 11 W., lat. 51 40 North. Wraghy, town of Eng., in Lincolnshire, 11 ras. ENE. of Lincoln, and 144 N. of London. Lon. 0 10 W., lat. 63 18 N. Wrath Cape, vast proraontory of Scotland, in Sunderland, which forms the NW. point of Great Britain. It is the dread of mariners ; for against ils rugged and lofty cliffs the rapid tide bursts wilh incredible fury. Wrentham, town, Norfolk co., Mass., 26 ms. S. by W. from Boston, and 19 NE. frora Provi dence. Pop. 1830, 3,801. Wexham, town of Eng., in Denbighshire. It is the most populous town in all North Wales, and is a place of considerable traffic in Welsh flan nels. In the vicinity of Wexham is a large found ry for cannon and olher articles. It is seated on a river, in a country affording plenty of lead. Lon, 3 10 W., lat. 53 2 N. Wrightsborough, village, Columbia co., Ga. ; by post road 104 ms. NE. by E. frora Milledge ville. Wrightsburg, village, 330 ms. NE. from Co lumbus. Wrightaiown, village, Burlington co , N. J., 21 ms. SSE, from Trenton, and 30 NE. by E. from Philadelphia. Wrighiaville, village, on Susquehannah river, opposite Columbia, 11 ms. W. from Lancaster. ^Village, Duplin co., N. C, 89 ras. SE. from Raleigh. Wrinton, town of Eng., in Somersetshire. It is the birthplace of Mr. Locke, is noted for cala mine, and seated among the Mendip hills, 1 1 ms. WNW. of Wells, and 136 W. ofLondon. Lon. 8 8 W., lat. 51 31 N.— See Laver. Wrnthum, townof Eng., in Kent, 11 miles WNW. of Maidstone, and 24 SE. of London. Lon. 0 24 E., lat. 61 18 N. Wunnengburg, town of Prussian Germany, in the circle ot Westphalia. It is 14 ras. S. of Pad erborn. Lon. 8 15 '^., lat, 51 26 N. Wunsidel, town of Germany, in Bavaria, in the circle of Franconia, wilh mines of copper ami quar ries of marble in ils vicinity. Lon. 12 34 E., Iat. 50 10 N. Wunatorf, town of Prussian Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. Wurgela {Oorgelara, meaning "don't fly") and Wurgelans, names of a country and people of Norlh Alrica, situated southwestwardly of the Wadreagan country, but in the same physical section, and, as shown under tbe bead of Wadreag, the people of both countries are similar in language and olber characlerisiics,— See Wadreag. "Their 972 dialects are identically tbe same, presenting only modifications of the great language of the Atlas, such as are in all countries produced by habitudes and climale. The Kabyles, who are tbe higbland- ers of Africa, call a man ergaz ; the inhabitants of the lowlands of the Saara adopt the soft sound of g, and say erdjaz. Themis (fire) they pronounce temis. But, amid these various pronunciations, the Berber language is always to be recognised." — Hodgaon. Wurtemburg. — See Wirlemburg. Wurtzburg, late bishopric of Germany. Il was formerly bounded by the co. of Henneburg, the ducby of Coburg, the abbey of Fulde, the arch bishopric of Menlz, the raarquisate of Anspach, bishopric of Bamberg, snd ihe co. of Wertheim, being about 65 ms. in length and 50 in breadth. The soil is very ferlile, and produces more corn and wine than the inhabitants consume. This couniry, by modern changes, has been parceUed out, and shared by Bavaria, Hesse, Baden, &c. Cily of Germany, in Bavaria, on the Maine, 40 ms. SW. of Bamberg, and 200 NW. of Vi enna. Lon. 10 13 E., lat. 49 46 N. Il is the seat of one ofthe Gerraan universities. Wurzace, town of Germany, in Suabia. Lon. 10 5 E., lat. 48 6 N. Wurzen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leipsic, wilh a citadel. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 51 19 N. Wusierhausen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 13 30 E., lat. 52 53 N. Town of Prussian Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, 11 ms. SSE. of Berlin. Wyalusing, large creek of Susquehannah and Bradford cos.. Pa., rising near Montrose, and flowing thence SW. by W. into Susquehannah river. Town, Bradford co.. Pa., adjacent to and including ihe mouth of Wyalusing creek, 50 ms. NW. from Wilkesbarre, and 30 SW. by W. from Montrose. Wycby Duerslede, town of the kingdora of Holland, situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Old and New Rhine sepa rate, lat. 51 58 N., lon. 6 20 E. of London. This town is in the province of Utrecht, 16 Eng. ms. SE. of the cily of Ulrecht, and about 40 me. up the Rhine from Rotterdam. Wye, town of Eng., in Kent, on the Stour, 10 ms. 8. of Canterbuiy, and 56 SE. of London. Lob, 1 4 E., lat. 51 10 N. River of Wales, which rises on the confines of Cardiganshire, and, running SE., divides the cos. of Radnorand Breck nock ; thence crosses Herefordshire, passes Here ford, and, turning directly S., runs by Monraouth, and falls into the mouth of -the Severn at Chep stow. River of Eng., in Derbyshire, which ri ses in the NW. part, above Buxton, and, flowing SE., falls into the Derwent below Bakewell. Town of Swilzerland, in a territory of the abbey of St. Gallen, witb a palace. It is built on an eminenee, 16 ras. SSW. of Constance. Lon. 9 4 E., lat. 47 34 N. Creek of Md., separating Queen Ann from Talbot co., and faUing into Chesapeake bay opposile tbe south end of Kent is land. Wye Mills, and post office, on the Eastern Shore, Talbot co., Md. ; by post road 54 ms. SE. by E, from Annapolis. AA 1 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. YAK Wyl.—See Weil. Wylliesburg, on Roanoke river, Charlotte co., Va , 133 ins. SW. from Kichmond. Wynendale, town of the kingdom of Belgium, in Flanders, 8 ras. ENE. of Dixraude. Wyoming, valley of. — See Wilkesbarre. Wyoming, or Kingston, villago, Luzerne co.. Pa,, un Susquehannah river, one raile from and directly opposite Wilkesbarre. Pop. about 300 ; and in 1840, in the tp., 3,004. Tbis village stands, similar tn Wilkesbarre, on an elevated alluvial plain ; they are in full view from each other. WyrCf river of Eng., in Lancashire, which ri ses near Wyresdale, 6 ms SE. of Lancaster, and, passing by Carstang, enters the Irish sea below Poulton. Wysox, email creek of Bradford co.. Pa,, fall- into the Susquehannah 5 ms. below Towanda Town on Wysox creek, Bradford ce., 25 ms. W. from Moptrose Wythe, CO. Va., bounded by Grayson SE. and S., Washington SW., Tazewell NW , and Giles and Montgomery NE. Lengih 46, mean wiilth 25 ms. ; orea 1,150 sq, ms. It occupies the di viding country between the head walers of Tenes- sce and Great Kanawha. Chief town, Evanshara. Pop. in 1820, 9,692; and in 1840, 9,375. Wythe Court House, or Evansham, village and seat of justice, Wythe co,, Va,, 58 ras. NE. of Abingdon, 31 SW. of Inglisville, and 351 from Washington. Lat. 36 50 N., lon. 4 10 W, X. Xabea, seaport of Spain, in Valencia, Lon, 0 25, lat. 38 40 N. Xacca, or Sacca, seaport of Sicily, with an old casile. Il is seated on the S. coast of the island, at the foot of a mountain, 20 miles SE. of Mazara and 41 SSW. of Palermo. Longitude 13 2 E., latitude 37 41 N. Xagua, seaport on the 8. coast of the island of Cuba, one of the finest in .America, 84 miles SE. of Havana. Lon. 80 45 W., lat. 22 10 N. Xalapa, town of New Spain, in the province of Tlascala, wilh a bishop's see. Lon. 98 20 W., laU 19 32 N. Xalisco, pronounced by the Spaniards Halisco, and written, according to the orthography of the Spanish language, indifferently, Xalisco, or Jalis co. That part of New Spain called New Gallicia was designated by the .Aztecas Xalisco, and was for civil purposes, under the vieeroyalty, subdivid ed into the intendancies of Guadalaxara and Za catecas. Guadalaxara has again received the an cient name, and is now the Stale of Xalisco. It is bounded W, by the Pacific ocean, NW. by the Slale of Sonora y Cinaloa, N. by Durango, NE. by Zacatexas, E. by Guanaxuaio, and SE. and S. by Mechoacan, Length 300, mean breadlh 240 ms., area 72,000 sq. ras. — See Jalisco. Xalisco, lown of Mexico, in Guadalaxara pro per, seated on the Pacific ocean, 400 miles W, df .Mexico. Lon. 110 5 W., lat. 23 30 N. Xativa, town of Spain, in Valencia. Il is seat ed on the side of a hill, at the foot of which tuns the Zucar, 32 ms. SW. of Valencia and 50 NW. of Alicant, Lon 0 14 W,, lat, 59 4 N, Xavier, or Sabi, the capilal of the kingdora of Widah, on the Slave coasl of Guinea. Xavier, town of Spain, in Navarre, 35 ms. SE. of Pampeluna. Xavier, St., lown of Paraguay, in the provinco of La Plata, 200 ms. W, of Rio Janeiro, Lon. 50 6 W., Int. 24 0 8. Xenia, villageand seat ofjustice, Greene co., Ohio, 30 ms. 8. frora Urbanna and 50 NE, from Cincinnati. Besides the counly buildings, il con tains an academy. Lat. 39 39 N., lon. VV. C. 6 53 W. This is amongst the most neat and pleas ant counly lowns of Obio. In 1840, the township contained a populalion of 4,913.' It stands 16 ms, lillle S. of E. from Daylon, 18 ms. a litlle W. of S. frora Springfield, and 61 ms. ., little S. of W. of Columbus. N. lal. 39 38, lon. 6 50 W. of Washington city. Xerea-de-Badajoz, lown of Spain, in Estrama dura, and in the territory of Trala Guadiana, seat ed on the rivulet of Ardilla, 27 miles SE. of Ba dajoz. Lon. 6 32 W., lat. 38 9 N. Xeres de- Guadiana, lown of Spain, in Andalu sia, seated on the Guadiana, 18 miles N. of Aya monte. Lon. 7 15 W., lat. 37 30 N. Xerea-de- la- Frontera, town of Spain, in Anda lusia, famous fur excellent wine ; and hence is de rived the name of lhat wc call Sherry. It seated on the Guadalela, 5 ms. N. of Port Sl. Mary and 110 S. by W. of Madrid. Lon. 5 50 W., lal. 36 43 N. Town of New Spain, in the audience of Guadalaxara. Longiiude 104 25 W., latitude 22 35 N. Xicoco, an island of Japan, belween Niphon and Saikoka Ximo, island of Japan, the second in size and eminence, to the SW. of Niphon, from which itis divided by a narrow channel. Il is 300 miles in circuraference. Xingu. — See Paranatinga, Xixona, lown of Spain, in Valencia, and in the territory of Segura, with a strong castle. It is sealed araong monntains, in a country that pro duces excellent wine, 15 miles SVV, of Alicant. Lon. 0 10 W., lal. 38 6 N. Xucar, river of Spain, which rises in New Cas tile, in the Sierra de-Cuenza. It passes by Cuen za, and, entering the province of Valencia, runa into the gulf of Valencia at the lown of Cullera, Xudnogrod, town of Turkish Croatia, 17 milea N, of Sebenica and 37 E. of Kzara. Lon 16-51 E , lat. 40 34 N. Y, arm of Zuider Zee, which enters that ses 5 milss E. of Amsterdara. Il forms the boundary belween North and South Holland, and is pro nounced Ey, Yadkin River. — See Pedee. Yaik. — See Ural. Yaik Cossacks. — See Cossacks. Yaitsk.— ^See Uralsk. Yakutsk, one of the four provinces of the Rus sian government of Irkutsk, in the eastern part of Siberia. Town of Siberia, capital of i Russian province of tbe same name, seated on the river Lena, Lon. 129 53 E., lat. 63 1 N, 973 YAZ GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. YEN Yale, capital of a province of the same name, in tbe island of Ceylon. Yambo, seaport of Arabia, with a castle, on the coast of the Red sea, 60 railes SW. of Medina. Lon. 40 10 E,, lat. 23 40 N. Yamburg, town of Russia, in the governraent nf Petersburg. Lon, 28 16 E,, lat. 59 15 N. Yancey's Mills, post office, Alberaarle co , Ya., by post road 138 ms. NW. from Richmond. Yanceyville, Louisa counly, Virginia, 14 railes river at lat. 32 24 N. This river has interlocking sources with those of Tombigbee, some small creeks of Tennessee, and Big Black. Its valley lies between the Big Black, Tombigbee, and Mis sissippi, and in lat. between 32 24 and 34 50. Yazoo, county, .Mississippi, on the Yazoo river. Yazoo C. H, post office, Yazoo counly, Mis sissippi. 'Yell, one of the Shetland islands, to the N. of that called Mainland, It is 12 miles long and 8 S. of Louisa C, H., 14 N. of Caroline C. H., and broad, and bas several good harbors 60 NW. from Richraond. VUlage, Caswell Yellow Creek Furnace, town, Montgomery co., CO., Norlh CaroUna, 263 ms. from W, C, and 87 ¦ Tennessee, by post road 118 ras. NW. frora Mur- frora^ Raleigh. j freesborough. Yang-tcheou, populous city of China, in the , Yelloio River, or Hoang-Ho, lai-ge river of Asia, province of Kiang-nan. It is 45 miles NE. of | which, after a course of nearly 600 leagues across Nanking. l Tartary and China, enters the Eastern sea to the Yang-ise kiang, great river of China, which N. ofthe moulh of Yan-lse-kiang. ' It is very rises in the province of Yunman, and, having j broad and rapid, and so shallow that it is scarcely crossed Hou-quang and Kiang-nan, enters the navigable. Itis called the Yellow river because Easiern ocean opposile the Isle of Tsong-ming, ; the clay and sand which il washes down, espe- which is formed by the sand accumulated at its i dally in time of rain, makes ils water appear of a mouth. j yellow color. This is amongst the greatest rivers Yare, river in Norfolk. in Asia. Rising on the high table land of Mon- Yarkan. — See Ireken. Yarmouth, borough of England, in Norfolk, at the mouth of the Yare, and bas long been known golia, interlocking sources wilh those of the Blue river and May-kiang., Fed by numerous conflu ents, and, by a very winding course, eastward of as one of the principal seaports of England. Off at least 2,000 ms. along about tbe raean latitude of the moulh of the harbor is a bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large burden ; there are many sand banks off the coastj at a distance from the Yarmouth roads, so noted for frequent shipwrecks. Yarmouth is 27 ms, E. of Norwich and 112 NE. of London. Longitude 1 55 E., latitude 52 45 N. Borough of England, in Harapshire, on the W. coast of the Isle of Wight, sealed on a creek, 8 ms. W. of Newport and 123 SW. of London. Lon. 1 28 W., lat. 50 40 N. Town, Barnsta ble CO., Massachusetts, 5 ms. E. by N. of Barn stable and 76 SE. of Boston. Population in 1810, 1,727; and in 1820, 2,332. Yaroslaf, government of Russia, formerly a pro vince of the government of Moscow. Town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, seated on the right bank of the Volga. Lon, 38 59 E., Int. 57 35 N. 35° N, Yellow Sea, Gulf of China, between the pro vinces of Pe-tcheli and Cbang-tong on Ihe W,, and the peninsula of Corea on the E. Yellow Springs, watering place, Pikeiand tp., Chester co.. Pa., 30 ms. NW. from Philadelphia, Village, Huntingdon co., Po., 56 ras. W. frora Harrisburg. Village near tbe norlhern boundary of Green co., O., 12 ms. NNE. from Xenia, and by post road 65 ras. SW. by W. from Columbus, Besides those here named, there are samename post offices in Claiborne co., Tenn., wilh the Johnson co,, la., and Hampshire co., Va, Yellow S'.one river, river of the Western Ter ritory of the Uniled Stales, the great SE, branch tbe Missouri. — See Missouri river. Yellow Waler, river which rises in Alabama. runs nearly S. into Florida, falls inlo Pensacola Yarriba. — See Africa, p. 35. ' bay, after a course of aboul 70 ms. It is a fine, . Varum, town of England, in the North Riding ! clear, and beautifiil stream, rising in pine woods. of Yorkshire. Il is seated on the Teves, over Yenisei, or Jenisa, river of Siberia, which which is a stone bridge, 40 ms, NNW. of York i running from S. to N. enters the Frozen ocean and 231 N. by W, of London. Lon. 1 S W., to Ihe E, of the Bay of Oby. The Yanisei is a lat. 54 31 N, river of the first class, rising on the vast plateau Yaruki, village in Soulh America, in I'eru. of .4sia, It is composed of three great branches. Here Ulloa and the French matheraaticians raea- the Yenisei proper. Upper Tongouska, and Lower sured an arc of the meridian, Yates, county of New York, bounded S. by Steuben, N. by Onlario, E. by Seneca lake, and W. by Onlario and Canandaigua lake; length 21 miles, width 12, area 210 square miles. Surface generally hilly, s"il fertile and well wooded. The discharge of Crooked lake is in the SK. part of this county. Chieflown, Penn Yan. Centrallat. 42 45 N., lon. W. C, 0 10 W, Pop. in 1840, 30,444. Yates, post office, Geneseo co.. New York. Yavari. — See Araza. Yazoo, river of Mississippi, rises on the south ern border of Tennessee, and, flowing SSW. by comparative courses 200 ras., fallsinto Mississippi 974 Tongouska. The former by the name of Szisz- kit, rises about lat. 50° N., pierces the Altaian, and, flowing northwardly, joins the I.Tpper Ton gouska at lal. 57° N. The Upper Tongouska is in reality the main stream ; its higher source, tha Selenga, rises in the country of the Kalkas Mon gols, N. lat. 49°. Composed of numerous branches, and taking the narae of Selenga; this elevaled river falls into the .^ral sea, from which it is again precipitated in the Angara. Aug mented by innumerable smaller streams, and changing its name to Tongouska, Ihis main arm of the Yenisei reaches above N. lat. 60°, where it abruptly turns SW. 300 ms,, and receives from the S,, near Kemska, the Yenisei proper. The uji^ubiKAPlilCAL DICTIONARY. YOR now imraense volurao rolls northwardly lo above lat. 60°, where it receives from the SE- Lower Tongouska, and inclining to NNW., the Yenisei, at lat 66°, is finally augmented by ils last great tributary, the Ingouska. Crossing the Arctic cir cle, and advancing into the regions of perpetual frost, this great river reaches lat. 72° N., after a comparalive course, from the sources of the Se lenga of 2,100 ms. Wilhout estimating the soli tary prolongation below the Ingouska, the basin of the Yenisei is 1,400 ms. long, wilh a mean width of 600 ras., area 840,000 sq. ras. This basin is again reraarkable for ils great difference of level. It is probable that the country of the Kalkas Mongols is at least 5,000 feel above Ihe level of the ocean.,: — See Angara, Tartary, Mongolia, Si beria, 4-c. Yeniseisk, or Jeniskoi, large and populous lown of Silieria, in the province uf 'lorask, sealed on the river Yenisei, Lon. 92° 35 E,, lat. 57 46 N. Yen-ping, city of China, in the province of Fo-kien, 275 ms. S. of Nan-king. Yen-tcheou, city of China, in the province of Chang-tong, 375 ms, SE. ofPeking. Yen-tching, city of China, in the province of Chang-tong, and jurisdiction of Tsi-nan fou, where a kind of glass is made, so delicate and brittle that it cracks when exposed to the sraallest injuries of the air. Yeovil, or Ivel, town of Eng., in Somerset shire. Here is a manufacture of cloth, but the principal one is of gloves. It is sealed on the Ivel, 30 ms. 8. of VVelU, and 123 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3 37 W., lat. 50 55 N. Yesd, town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, on the road from Kerman to Ispahan. It has a sUk manufacture ; and here are made the finest car- peis in the world. It is 300 ms. ESE. of Ispa han. Lon. 56 50 E., lat. 33° N. Yonguesville, Fairfield district, S. C, 43 ms. N. from Columbus. Yonkers, village, Westchester co., N. Y., 11 ms. N. ofthe city ofN. Y., and 353 from W. C. Pop, in 1810, 1,365; in 1830, 1,586. Yonne, depr. of Fr., containing part of the late province of Burgundy. It is so called from a river that rises in the dep. of Nievre,'and passing by Chateau, Chinon, Qlamenci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, falls into the Seine. Auxerre is the capital Yoriman, province of Guiana, about 150 ms. in length, on the river Amazon. York, city of Eng., the capital of Yorkshire. It is the Eboracum of the Romans, and many of their coffins, urns, coins, &c., have been found here. It has always been considered as the capi tal of the norlh, and, in point of rank, as the se cond city in the kingdom. York is 70 ras. S. by E. of Durham, and 198 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1 1 W., lal. 53 59 N. York, CO. of Eng., double in size to any of the others, bounded on the N. by Durham and Westmoreland,- on the E. by the German ocean, on the W. by Westmoreland and Lancashire, and on the S. by the cos, of Chester, Derby, Notting ham and Lincoln. Its most remarkable natural inland boundaries are, the river Tees lo the N., the ridge of hills called the English Appennines to the W., and the arm of llie sea named the Hum ber to the SW. This county is 100 ms. in lengih, and above 80 in breadlh. From ils great extent it has been distributed into three raain divisions, called Ridings. The seacoast, except the soulh ern part of it, is in general noked and dreary, con- sisiiiig of wide extended moors and barren hills. This CO. is extreraely well watered, and ils rivers aie disposed in a singularly beauliful manner. They rise, in general, in the mountainous skirls of the CO., from tbe NE. around to the SW. ; and, uniting as they proceed towards its centre, like the veins of a spreading leaf, at length terminate in one main trunk, which issues in the Humber. The principal branches are the Ouse, Don, Der went, Calder, Aire, Warf, Nidd, Ure, and Hull, all which terrainale in the Huraber, which falls into the German ocean between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Pop. in 1801, 858,893; in 1811, 97.3,113; and in 1831, 1,175,341. York, cily of U. C, is in aboul 43 36 N, lat., and is the present seat of the government of U. C. It is most beautifully siluoted wilhin an excellent harbor of the same tiame, made by a long penin sula, which confines a basin of water sufficiently large lo contain a considei able fleet. Pop. about 3,000. York, SVV. CO., of Me., bounded by the At lantic ocean SE., Piscataqua river, or New Hampshire, 8 W., New Hampshire W., Oxford CO., Me., N., and Cumberland NE. Length 50, raean width 30 ras., area 1,000 sq. ras. Ils princi pal river, Saco, Chief town, York. Pop. in 1820, 46,283. Cenlrai l-it. 43 25 N., lon. W. C. 6 15 E. York, town andseat of justice, Yotk, CO., Me., on York river, near the ocean, 10 ms. NE, of Portsraouth, 16 8. of Wells, and 22 of Kenne bunk, in lat. 43 12 N., and lon. 70 49 W. Pop. in 1810, 3,776; in 1820, 3,324. Town, on the W. side of Genesee river, Livingston co., N. Y., 25 ms. SSW. from Rochester, and 40 W. frora Canandaigua. York, CO., Pa., bounded by Md. 8., .Adams CO,, Pa., W., Curaberland co. NW., and Susque hannah river N!B. Lengih 31, mean width 29 ms., area 900 sq. ms. It is principally drained by Connewago and Codorus creeks. Surface gene rally hilly. SoU varied. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, live stock, &c. Chief town, York. Pop. in 1820, 38,759. For cenlrai lat. and lon,, see next article. York, viUage, borough, and seat of justice, York CO., Pa., on bolh sides of Codorus creek, 21 ms. SW. by W. from Lancasler, and U ms. nearly W. from Columbia, on the Susquehannah. Il is laid out on a plain, wilh streets at right angles lo each other, and contains the co. build ings, jail, academy, and alms-house. Pop. in 1820, 3,545. Lat. 39 57 N., lon. W. C. 0 17 E. Township, York co.. Pa., SE. from the borough of York. Pop. in 1830, 3, 107. York rivtr, river of Va,, formed by the Pa munky and Mattapony, 30 ms. above Yorktown, below which place it enters Chesapeake bay. York, CO., Va., bounded by York river N. and NE-, Elizabeth cily and Warwick cos. 8., and James city co. SW. and NW. Length 40, raean width 5 ms., area 300 sq. ms. Chief town, York,. 975 YOU GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. YUN Pop. in 1820, 14,384. Central lat. 13 67 N., lon. W. C. 0 20 E. York, dislrict of 8, C; bounded by Lincoln and Rutherford cos., N. C. N., Catawba river, or Lancaster district E., Chester 8., and Broad river, or Union and Sparlanburg districts SW. Lengih 35 breadlh 22 ms. ; area 770 sq. ms. Chief town, Yorkville. Pop. in 1830, 14,936. For central lat. and lon. see Yorkville, or York C.H. York, C. H., York district S. 8.— See York ville. York Haven, post office York co.. Pa. , on the Susquehannah river, at the foot^of the Conewaga falls, 15 ms. below Harrisburg, and 13 ms. N. from York. York Springs, on Bermudian creek, village Adams co.. Pa., 33d ms. W. from York, and 33 SW. from Harrisburg. Yorktown, village, Westchester co., N. Y. Yorktown, village and seat of justice, and port of entry York co,, Va., on the 8. sideof York river 13 ras. E. of Williamsburg, 65 E. by 8. of Richmond, and 39 NW. of Norfolk, in lat. 37 32 N., and lon. 76 52 W. Pop. 700. Yorkville, village and seat of jusiice, York dis trict 8, C, about 80 ras. N. from Columbia. Lat. 34 58 N., lon. W. C. 4 14 W. Yo-tcheou, commercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang, which may be reckoned one of the wealthiest cilies of China. Ils district contains one city of the second, and seven of the third class, it is seated on the Yang-tse kiang, 275 ms. SW. of Nanking. Youghall, town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Munster. It bas a manu- facluie of earthenware, and is sealed on the side of a hill, at the raouth of tho river Blackwater, 28 ras. E. by N. of Cork. Lon. 47 6 W., 51 59 N. Ymtghiogany, river of Pa., and Md., rises in the extrerae southweslern angle of Md., between the sources of the Potoraac and Cheat rivers. Pursuing a northern course over Md., into Pa., and augmented by Castleman's river, its norlhern branch the Youghiogany, turns to NW., and breaking through Chesnut Ridge and Laurel Hill, joins the Monongahela at M'Keesport, 18 ms. above Pittsburg. This is a fine mountain stream, which in all seasons, except in periods of long draught, contains raore than suflScient waler for a supply of the most capacious canal ; general com parative course, about 100 ms., 30 in Md., and 70 in Pa. The Youghiogany heads with the Cheat branch of Monongahela, wilh the N. branch of the Potomac, and by Castleman's river with Juniala and Kiskiminitas. Should the Chesa peake and Ohio canal be seriously undertaken, the channel ot the Youghiogany, from relative posi tion, presents the most direct route to unite the waters of tbe Potomac wilh those of Monongahela. Yough Glades, post office, Alleghany co. Md. Young's Ta/vern, and post office, Frederick co., Md. Youngstown, village on Niagara river, Niagara CO. N. Y., 5 ms. N. from Lewiston, and 20 ras. NW, by W. from Lockport. Village, West moreland CO., Pa., at the western foot of Chesnut Ridge, 11 ras. E. from Gieensburg, and 158 W. from Harrisburg. Village in TrumbuU co., 0., 976 on a branch of Big Beaver river, 8 ms. NE. of Canfield, and about 90 N. by W. of Pittsburg. Youngaville, village, Warren co.. Pa., by post road 328 ms. NW. from Harrisburg. Ypres, large city of the kingdom of Belgium, in Flanders. It has a considerable manufacture uf cloth and serges; and every year in lent there is'a well-frequented fair. It is seated un the Yperlfee, •12 ms. W. of Courtray, 15 NW. of Lisle, and 130 N. of Paris. Longitude 2 48 E., lat. 60 61 North. Ysendyck, small but strong town of the king dom of Belgium, in Flanders, and in the isle of Cadsand, sealed on a branch of the river Schi-ldl, called BUe, 8 ras. E. of Sluys, and 18 NW- of Ghent. Lon. 3 .38 E , lat. 51 20 N. Yssel. — See lasel. Ysselburg, town of the kingdora of Holland, in Guelderland, 12 miles East nf Cleves, and 22 NE. of Gueldres. Lon. 6 15 E,, lat. 51 42 N. Ysselmonde, island of the kingdom of Holland, in the province of Holland, between the Merwe and a branch of the Maese, Ysselstein, town of the kingdom of Holland, in the province of Holland, on the river Yssel, 5 ma, SW. of Ulrecht. Lon. 5 5 E., lal. 52 7 N. Yssengeaux, town of Fr., in the dep. of Upper Loire, and lale the province of Languedoc, 10 ms, NE. of Puy. Ysstadt, or Yssdadt, seaporl of Sweden, in the province of Schonen, 26 ras. SE. of Lund. Lon. 13 44 E., lat. 55 22 N. Ythan. — See Eithan. ' Yucatan — See Jucatan. Yucatan, peninsula and State of Mexico, desig nated the intendancy of Meridia, under the vice- royalty. Yucatan is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico NW. and N., by the Caribbean sea E., by Central America 8., and by Chiapa and Tobasco SW. — See art. America, p. 55, 2nd col. Yuen-yano, city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. Its dislrict coniains one city of th^ second and six of the third class. It is 300 ms. W. of Nanking. Yverdun, town of Swilzerland, iri the Pays de Vaud, capilal of a baiUwick of the same name. It is seated in a flat situation at tl^e 8. end of the lake of Yverdun or Neufchatel, on the rivers Orbe and Thicle, 30 ms. SW. of Berne. Lon. 6 60 E., lat. 46 60 N. Yverdun, Lake. — See Neufchatel. Yvetot, town of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, and lale province of Norraandy, 5 ms. NE. of Caudebec. Yu-hing-fou, city of China, in the province of Hohan. Its district Coniains two cities of the 2d and 12 of the 3d class. It is 176 ms. NW. of Nanking. Yuma, one of the Bahama islands, in the W. Indie-^, to the N. of Cuba, 55 ms. in length and 17 in breadth, Yumeto, one of the Bahama isl ands, the West Indies, to the N. of the isle of Yuma, lying under the tropic of Cancer. It ia 37 ms. in length. Yun, largest canal in China, called also The Imperial Canal. This celebrated canal, which extends frora Canion lo Peking, forras a commu nicalion between the N. and S. provinces. ZAC GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ZAN Yung ping, cily of China, in the province of Pe-tcheli, 87 ras. E. of Peking. Yun-nan, one of the most ferlile and opulent provinces of China, bounded on the N. by Se- tchuen and Thibet, on the E. by Quang-si and Koei-tcheou, on the 8. by the kingdoms of Laos and Tonquin, and on the W. by those of Burmah and Pegu. Yun-nan, capilal of the province of Yun-nan, in China, once remarkable for ils extent and tbe beauty of its public buildings, all which have been destroyed by the Tartars, in their diflerent inva sions. It is 430 ms, NW, of Canton. Yurba. — See Araza. Yurcup, lown of Turkey in Asia, in Cara- mantia. Lon. 34 30 E., lat. 39 40 N. Yutaay. — See Araza. Yooy, town of Fr., seated on the Cher. Lon. 5 4 E., lat. 49 33 N. Zabern, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 15 ms, W. of PhiUpsburg. Lon, 8 10 E., lat 49 U N, Zabola, town of Transylvania, on the confines of iMoldavia, 5 ms. SW.of Neuraark. Zaburn, town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 15 ms. N. of Strasburg. Lon. 7 50 E., lal. 48 60 N. Zacapa, a large and flourishing town of Central America, in the dep. of Chinquimula, famous for the number of ils fine mules, coniains about 5,000 inhabitants, the major part Indians, situaled on a sandy elevated bluff, whose base is washed by tbe majestic river Motagua, ten leagues from Gualan, on the high road, and 42 ms. nearly due N. from Guatemala, the capital. N. lat. 15 20, Lon. W. C. 14° VV. Zacaiecas, formerly an intendancy, now a Stale of Mexico, is bounded NW. by Durango, NE. by New Lemi, E. by San Louis Potosi, S. by Guanaxuaio, andSW. and W. by Xalisco; length 200 ras., rae.in breadth 87, area 17,400 sq. ras. It is a mountainous and arid tableland, the central parls rising to 6,500 feet above the oceanic level. i'he geographical features bear a strong resem blance to those of central Asia — sandy plains are broken by lakes without outlets, and abounding with coramon salt, soda, and epsora salt. " The central table land, of Asia," says Hura bolJt, " is not raore rich in soda than is Mexico," Zacatecas is, next lo Guanaxuaio, the principal mining dislrict of the Mexican republic. The principal mines are near the capital of the same name, and at Fresnillo and Sombrerete ; but, be sides these three places, the State contains the metalliferous seams of Sierra de Pinos, Chalchi- guitec, San Miguel del Mezquilas, and Mazapil In the mine of Sombrerete, the richest mass was found ever yet discovered in America or in the earth. The pop. of this region, 330,000, 13 to the sq. m,, depends rauch on mining. Zacatecas, City of, capital of the Slate of the same name, wilh a pop. of 33,000, stands on the table land of Mexico, at an elevation of 6,661 feet, by the road 390 ms. NNW. from Mexico Lat. 33 5 N., lon. W, C, 34 35 W. 123* Zachan, or Sochan, lown of Gerraany, in the circle of T.Ipper Saxony. Lon, 16 16 E., lat. 53 18 N. Zafra, town of Spain, in Estramadura, willi a castle. It is seated at tho foot of a mounlain, near the rivor Guadaxiers, 80 ras, SW. of Medina. Lon. 6 12 W., lal. 38 19 N. ZBg-u/aWa, town of Mexico, 300 ras. SW. of lhat city, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lon. 104 35 W., lat, 17 50 N. Zagara, famous mountain of Turkey in Eu rope, in Livadia, on the Gulf of Corinth, near Mount Parnassus, and almost always covered wilh snow. It is the ancieni Helicon, from which is sued the fountain Hippocrene. Zagrad, sirong town of Sclavonia, capilal of a CO. of the same name, on the Save, 35 ms. NE. of Carlstadt, and 137 SW. of Buda. Lon. 51 41 E., lat. 46 30 N. Zahara, strong town of Spain in Andalusia, seated on a craggy rock, and defended by a cita del. Itis 47 ms. SE. of SevUle. Lon. 4 55 W., lat. 36 53 N. Zahara, or The Deaert, v«st countries of Afri ca.— See Africa, pp. 18, &c., 36, and 38. Zahna, town of Germany, in the circle of Up per Saxony. Lon. 12 40 E., lat. 51 53 N. Zaire, large river of Africa, which rises in the kingdom of Morocco, divides the kingdoms of Loan- go and CJongo, and falls into the Atlantic ocean below Sogno, — See Africa, page 36. Zambezi, river — See Africa, p. 28. Zamora, sirong town of Spain, in Leon. In its environs fine t^urkois stones are found. It is sealed on a biU, on the river Douero, over which is a bridge of 17 arches, 135 ras. N. of Salamanca, and 150 NW. of Madrid. Lon. 5 18 W,, lat. 41 41 N. Town of Peru, in the audience of Quito. In its neighborhood are rich mines of gold, and it is seated near the Andes, 230 ms. S. of Quito. Lon. 75 55 W., lat, 5 6 S.; Town ol Mexico, in Guadalaxara, 30 ms. SE. of Guadalaxara. Lon. 104 30 W., lal. 20 30 N. Town of Al giers, in the province of Constantine, 250 ras. W. of Hamamet. Lon. 6 35 E., lal. 36 30 N. Zamoski, strbng town of Poland, in Red Russia, now the Austrian kingdom of Lodomeria. It has a citadel, and is 37 ras. NW. of Lemburg. Lon. 33 36 E., lat. 50 53 N, Zumpango, town of Mexicb proper, 35 ms. N. of Aeapulco. Zane, tp., Logan co., Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 545. Zanesfield, village, Logan co., Obio. Zanesville, village and seat of jusiice for Musk ingum county, Ohio, containing a court-house and public offices. Zanesville slands on the E. bank of Muskingum river, iramediately adjoining tbe falls, which are passed by a canal and locks, and on the dam of which are erected numerous mille, among which are several flouring mills, saw mills, &c. Across the river, adjoining the town, are built two bridges, within a half raile of each other, the lower connecting this town with Putnam, 80 miles W, from Wheeling, in Virginia. Latitude 40 0 N., longitude 5 2 W. By the census of 1840, the population of Zanesville is set down at 4,766, but which was certainly too low, as, frof the houses and compactness of the place, th»a could not then have been less than 6j000, *n" 977- ZEA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ZEiM with Putnam on the W. side of the falls, and W. and 8. Zanesville, there are now no doubt be lween 6,000 and 7,000 inhabitants. Ztxnfara, kingdom of Negroland, to the W. of the kingdom of Zegzeg. The inhabitants are tall in stature, of a very black complexion, wilh broad faces and savage dispositions. It is very lillle known to Europeans. - Zanguebar, country on the E. coast of Africa, between 3° N. and 18 8. lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguese have' settlements. The principal territories are .Momba za, Lamo, Melinda, Quiola, Mosambique, and So fala. The productions are rauch the same as in other parls of Africa, between the tropics. — See Africa, page 38. Zante, island of the Mediterranean, near the coast of the Morea, 17 miles southeast of the is land of Cephalonia. Itis 34 miles long and 13 broad, and very ferUIe. There are about 50 vil lages, but no other large town than Zante, which is seated on the E. side of the island, and has a good harbor. Itcontainsnear 20,000 inhabitants. All the houses are low, on account of the frequent earth quakes. The English and Dutch have each a fac- tory and consul here. Longitude 313 E,, lati tude 37 53 N. Zanzibar, island of Africa, oi^ the coast of Zan guebar, between the islands of Pemba and Monsia, with the tille of a kingdom, tributary to Portugal. Il abounds in sugar canes and citrons. Tbe in habitants are Mahometans. Lon. 38 35 E., lat. 6 0 fid— See Africa, page 38. Zara, sirong. cily of Dalmatia, (it is the an cient Jadesa,) now capital of a county of the same name, with a citadel and a harbor, on a small pen insula, in the gulf of Venice, 80 ms. SW. of Jaic- za aud ISO SE. of Venice. Lon. 16 6 E,, lat. 44 30 N. Zamate, lown of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, agreeably seated on an eminence, 30 miles W. of Misitra. Zarnaw, town of Little Poland, in the palali nale of Sandomir, 63 ms. N. of Cracow. Lon. 19 60 E., lat. 65 13 N. Zaslaw, town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on the Horin, 15 miles SE. of Ostrog. Lon. 37 11 E., lat. 50 30 N; Zatmar, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a small lake formed by the river Samos, 50 miles E. by S. of Tockay and 130 E. of Buda. Lon. 33 34 E., lat. 47 50 N. Zator, town of Poland, capital of a starosty of the same name, in the palatinate of Cracow. Il is sealed on an eminence, near the river Vistula, 20 miles SW. of Cracow and 50 SE. of Ratisbon. L,on. 19 43 E,, Iat 49 64 N. Zaweh, town of Persia, situated 30 miles from th;, Caspian sea. Zawih, — See Zueela, ZharaZt, town of Poland>,in Podolia, 70 miles N. by W. of Kaminieck. Zborow, town of Auslriaij Poland, in the pa ginate of Lemburg, 35 miles W. of Zbaraz and 2 E, by 8. of Lemburg. Lon. 25 46 E., lat. 49 4vN. ''.p.land, island of Denmark, almost of a round form, 700 miles in circumfeience, and the largest, 978 except Iceland, of the isles belonging to the king of Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, having the Cattegat--sea on the N., the Sound "on the E;,~the "Baltic on the S., and the Great Belt on the W. It is exceedingly fertile, pro ducing grain of all sorts, and in great plenty, and abounding with excellent pasiure. Copenhagen is not only tho capilal of this island, but of the whole kingdom. Zealand, one of the provinces of the kingdom of Holland, bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, on the E. by Dutch Brabant, on the 8. by Dutch Flanders, and on Ihe W. and NW. by the German ocean. It is composed of several is lands, the principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, North and South Beveland, Tolen, Duy veland, and Wolfersdyke. The inhabitants are at a great expense to defend themselves from the en croachments of the sea, and in keeping up their dikes. The river Scheldt forms most of these is lands ; and the soil of them is fruitful, but the air is unhealthy, especially for strangers. The inhab itants are excellent seamen. The principal towns are Middleburg and Flushing. Zealand, New, island in the Pacific ocean, dis covered by Tasman in 1642. Lon. 181° lo 194° W., lat. 34° to 68° 8.— See art. Auatralia. Zebid, city of Arabia. Lon. 43 16 E., lat. 14 13 N. Zebu, or Cubu, one of the Philippines, 140 ms. long and 30 broad. Zedic, town of the kingdom of Barbary. Zegedin, or Seged, lown of Hungary, 68 miles N. of Belgrade. Lon. 2 1 5 E., lot. 46 8 N. Zeighenheim, town of Germany, in the land gravate of Hesse Cassel, 30 ms. 8. of Cassel. Lon. 9 19 E., lat. 50 52 N. Zeil, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 70 ms. S. of Ulm. Zeitgu, town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna. It is a small place, and sealed on a hill, by the gulf of the same name, near the river Ealayda, 50 ms. SE. of Larissa. Zeitun, or Zeitoun, is the ancient gulf of La- raacus. This sheet of water extends between the NW. partof Negroponle and the continent of Greece. It has two outlets : one, the celebraled Euripus, now Negroponle ; and the olher, the an cient Arlemisiura, into the Archipelago. Zeitun, village of Greece, on the Gulf of Zei tun, near the mouth of the Sperchius, aud norlh from the straits of Therraoplyss. Zeitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Naumburg, with a weU-frequenled college. It is sealed on the Ester, 35 ms. SW. of Leipsic, and 45 E. of Erfurt. Lon. 13 8 E., lat. 50 59 N. Zell, town of Germany, in the kingdom of Han over, capital of a duchy of the same name, seated on the Aller, 31 ms. NW. of Brunswick, and 47 8. by W. of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 13 E., lat. 53 49 N. Imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia., Lon. 8 8 E., lat. 48 13 N. Zellany. — See Jeso. Zellerfeld, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the Hartz forest, 6 ras. SSW. of Goslar. Zembla, Nova, large island in the Northern ocean, to the N. of Russia, from whioh it is sepa- taled by the strait of Waigate. It is a desert. ZOA GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ZOL fVozen, and uninhabited country, visited in sum mer by fishermen and hunters. Zemlin, or Zemplin, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a co. of the same narae. It is seated on the Bodrog, 35 ras. SE. of Cassovia, and 37 NE. of Tockay. Lon. 21 35 E., lat. 48 36 N. Zenguia, town of Turkey in Asio, Lon. 37 60 E., lat. 36 25 N. Zehith, from Arab., sempt, or semiarraa, ver tical. The zenith is the point in the heavens di rectly over our heads, and is tlie line of the nadir produced upwards ; it is also the pole ol the hori zon. Zenta, town of Hungary, where the Turks, un der Muslapha II, were defeated by Prince Eugene. Lon. 21 30 E., lat. 46 5 N. Zerbi, — See Gerbea. Zerbst, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a district of that name, in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle, where the princes commonly reside. The inhabitants are partly Lutherans and partly Calvinists, and are famous for brewing good beer. It is 27 ms. NW. of Wittemberg. Longitude 12 13 E., lat. 52° North. Zeriga, town of Persia, in Irac-Arabia, seated in a narrow plain, between mounlains. It has produced several very famous Arabian authors, Zia, island of the Archipelago, one ofthe Cyc lades, to the SW. of Negroponle. Il is 15 ms. long and 8 broad, and well cultivated. It is the ancient Ceos. Zibit, territory in Arabia FeUx, exiending frora the principalily of Mecca to that of Mocha, being bounded on the E. by the principality of Teharaa, and on the W. by the Red sea. The Turks were formerly raasters of this country, but it now be longs to an Arabian prince. Trading town of Arabia Felix, capital of a territory of the sarae name. It is seated on the Zibit, 150 ms. NW. of Aden. Ziget, town of Hungary. It has been oflen taken and retaken by the 'Turks and imperialists. Lon. 17 42 E., lat. '46 31 N. Ziriczee, lown of the kingdom of Holland, in Zealand, and the principal of the isle of Schowen, 13 ras. NE. of Middleburg, and 18 SW, of Briel. Lon. 4 10 E., lat. 51 36 N. Zittaw, town of Gerraany, in Lusalia, subject to the king of Saxony. It is seated on the Neisle, 17 ms. SW. of Gorlitz, and 35 SE. of Dresden. Lon. 15 5 E., lat. 50 59 N. Zitza, village of European Turkey, in Albania, 14 ms. NW. of Ionia. According to Hobhouse, the natural scenery and the condition of its people are complete and melancholy contrasts. The sce nery is truly grand and delightful, whilst, amid these charming landscapes, the poor peasants, un der Turkish oppression, employed in the cultiva tion of a fertile eoil and superintendence of numer ous flocks, have, to raise an exorbitant tax, to sell' their wine, their oil, corn, their fleeces, and even milk. Surrounded by the benefactions of na^ ture, the wretched human being is degraded and starving. Znaim, strong town of Austrian Germany, in Moravia. It is seated on the river Teya, 34 ms. SW. of Brinn, and 33 N. of Vienna. Lon. 16 ¦40 B., lat. 48 38 N. Zoara, Inrtified town on the coast of Barbary, with a good harbor, 60 ras. W. of Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 E., lal. 33 45 N. Zoblitz, town of Gerraany, in the circle of Up per Saxony, The chief subsistence of the inhab itants is working the serpent slone which is found in the neighborhood into tea and coffee cups, &c. A red species of this stone is also found here, which is considered as the finest, and therefore claimed by the sovereign as his properly. It is 17 ms. S, of Freyburg. ZoiiiAc, Gr. root, zoon, an animal, because most of the signs in the zodiac are under the fanciful names and figures of animated beings. Il is that zone of the heavens, of about 18° in breadth, which contains the paths of the planets, except the four small ones between Mars and Jupiter. Zoffingen, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a public li brary, containing several curious manuscripts. It is seated near a large forest, which contains the best pine trees in all Switzeriand, 3 ms. from Ar burg. Lon. 7 6 E., lat. 47 5 N. Zoll Verein, or Zoll Verbanele, (Toll Associa tion,) or, as frequently expressed in English, Cus toms Union ; sirailar to raost leagues, for it is one. This one rose from small and isolated beginnings. It is called by tbe more unassuming tiUe of Com mercial Union ; but the effect, if not the aim, of such an association will be to realize, what waa long a fondly cherished theory in Germany, tbe political cement of a people the same, from all known ages, in langiiage and name, into a real nation. The Zoll Verein bas already brought the sentiment of German nalionality out of the regions of hope and fancy into those of positive and mate rial interests. Representing, as it does, the popu lar feeling of Gerraany, it raay become, under en lightened guidance, a bond of union at home, and of peaceable and profitable foreign intercourse. " It was not hostile foreign tariffs which originated the Zoll Verein, but the former, particularly the timber and corn laws of Great Britain, which raised the latter from local and detached conven tions belween minor States to a great national com bination. "Mr. Robinson's resolutions in 1815," says Karke, a German writer, "had, in fact, ex cluded our corn from the ports of Great Britain ; she told us we were to buy, but not to seU. We were not willing to adopt reprisals ; we vainly hoped that a sense of her own interest would lead to reciprocity. But we were disappointed, and we were compelled to take care of ourselves." The Zoll Verein produced two effects : first, de fence against tbe hostile legislation of other na tions ; and, in the second place, opened unrestrict ed internal communication between the States of the Union. In a brief sketch of the history of the Customs Union, it wiU be found that the first steps were not taken by Prussia alone. Formed, as that mo narchy has been, of different smaller States, there did not, until recently, exist, even within its own Umits, a regular system of imposts. During 1816 and 1817, steps were taken to introduce a more simple and uniform systera of custom-house legis lation. On the 36th of May, 1818, a new tariff was published, which formed the groundwork to the Zoll Verein. Before this time, provincial dif- 979 ZOL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ZUG ferences existed in the Prussian monatthy, bolh as to the mode of levy and amount. The tendency of Germany was towards union. On the 38lh of July, 1824, a commercial league was formed be tween Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Hohenzollern-Sig- maringen, and Hohenzollern-Heckingen. 7'he Government of Prussia, appreciating and following its course, directed public opinion, by entering into various treaties, from 1819 to 1830, with Grand Ducal Hesse, Lippe Detmolil, and other smaller Slates. On March 3, 1833, a treaty was concluded belween Prussia, Bavaria, Wur temburg, Electoral and Ducal Hesse. On the 30th of March, same year, the kingdora of Saxony joined the jVssociation ; on the lllh of May, An halt and Ducal Saxony united themselves. The Zoll Verein might now be regarded as formed ; and it may be remarked that Germany has been and remains in progress to acquire, as far es uniform customs are concerned, what the United States of North America obtained by the Federal Constitu tion half a century past. I'he preceding observations were excited by and the facts obtained frora John Bowring's re port on the Prussian Coramercial Union. That statist, wilh an apology, introduces the following reflections ; and I will borrow his excuse for re introducing them here : " It will ill become me in this report," says Mr. Bowring, " lo discuss, though I cannot pass over in absolute sUence, the probable political ciin- sequences of the establishment of the Zoll Verein. They certainly were not lost sight of by ils found ers. The intimate connexion belween commer cial and poUlical interests is obvious ; and the ad vocates ofthe League did not fail to perceive that no polilical aUiance would be so strong as that based upon a community of pecuniary and social interests. The jarring of differently constituted institulions, the local jealousies which slill exert their influence, the clashing of personal and priv ileged inleresls wilh the public weal, have prevent ed to a certain extent, the fusion which would otherwise have taken pluce ; so that the political and commercial policy are nol always identified, Bul it cannot be denied that, under a wise direc tion, the machinery of the Zoll Verein would be come a very mighty political engine, which would be brought to bear with great power on the future concerns of Enrope and the world at large."— Vide Bowring's Reporl, p,l._ Mr. Bowring writes as a Briton, but with the lone and candor of o man of sense, who did not suffer his national feelings to cloud his judgment or distort his faets. Long, however, before, Mr. Bowring wrote, or could write, on such a subject, (because years before the Zoll Verein had exist ence,) the writer of this article expressed his con viction that the union, politically, sooner or later, ofthe Teutonic nations was the most important of all the coming revolutions, which was to change the destinies of Europe ; and that amongst the curious changes in human affairs were the coales cing in the southwest of the mingled Celtic and scattered German tribes, and in the northeast the similar union of the Sclavons, whilst the Teutons remained divided. . , , . a But we must for the present close with briefly noticing the new coinage of the Customs Union. 980 It has been decided that from the 1st of January, 1841, al latest, there shall be no olher legal stand ard than that of 14 Ihalers (9 dollars 74 cents, very nearly. Federal money) in the Prussian Stales. Saxe Royal, eleciorate of Hesse, grand duchy of • Saxony, the duchies of Saxe Allenberg, Saxe Co bourg and Gotha, the seigniory of Schwarlzburg- Rudoldstadt, the signorol Stales of Schwartzburg- Sonderhausen, the States of bolh branches of Re uss ; and of 24J florins (same in amount as 14 Prussian ihalers) jn the kingdoms of Bavaria and Wurtemburg, grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, ducby of Saxe Meiningen, ducal principalily of Saxe Cobourg and Gotha, duchy of Nassau, prin cipality of Schwarlzburg-Rudoldstadt, and Frank fort-on-the-Maine. There may have been raany important additions ond changes effected in the Zoll Verein since Mr. Bowring wrote; but we have introduced the arti cle into our Dictionary on such authority as we regarded the most authentic. The following toble shows the component Slates, and exient and population, respectively, of " the Customs Union," 1840 : S3 Pop, accord ine to the census agreecl upon. "s Designation ofthe States, S,SS 1834, 1837, Prussia, and the Statfs which have come to an agreement wilh her - 108,297 13,692,825 14,318,250 Bavaria 31,017 4,251,118 4,319,887 Saxony, the kingdom - 5,691 1,595,668 1,662,114 Wurtembei-g d:> 8,085 1,627,122 1,667,901 Grand duchy of Baden - 5,860 1,231,657 1,264,614 Electorate of Hesse (Cas sel) 3,822 640,674 652,761 Grancl duchy of Uesse, (Darmstadt) • 3,759 769,691 791,736 Thurinsian Stales 5,943 908,478 931,340 Duchy of Nassau 1,750 37-3,601 383,730 Frankfort-on the-Maine - IS 174,242 63,936 64,000 25,164,374 26,046,333 Zolnock, town in Upper Hungary, capital of a counly of the same name. It is seated on the Teyesse, where the Sagelia falls into it, 62 miles NE. of Colocza and 62 E. of Buda. Lon. 20 60 E,, lat 47 10 N. ZoS-E, Greek, zbne, a band. Geographically speaking, the surface of the earth is divided into three zones and two spherical circles. First, the torrid zone, about 47 degrees in breadlh, or double the inchnation of the earth's axis, and having the equator as middle circle. Secondly, the two tem perate zonci", belween the tropic and polar circles. Usually, but very erroneously, those two portions of the spheroid beyond the temperate zones and around the poles are called the frigid zones. Zore, village, Erie co.. New York. Zorndorf, village of Prussian Germany, in the new marche of Brandenburg, faraous for a battle between the king of Prussia and the Russians, in 1758. Zug, small canion of Switzerland, bounded on the E. by that of Zuric, on the W. by that of Lucern and the Free Provinces, and on the 8. by that of Schweitz. It is rich in pasturage, and has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit. Town of i&un GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ZYT Switzerland, capilal of u canion of the same name, and the oQly walled town of all the popular ones, stands delightfully upon the edge of a beauliful lake, in a fertile valley, abounding in corn, pas ture ground, and fruit trees. Zug is 12 ms. NE, of Lucern and 42 SE, of Basil. Lon. 8 16 E., lat. 47 10 N. Zuider-Zee, great bay of the German ocean, which extends from S. to N. in the kingdom of Hol land, belween Friesland, Overyssel, Guelderland, and Holland. Zullickhau, town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on a plain near the Oder, 37 ms. SE. from Frank- fort-on-the-Oder. Zulpha, town of Persia, almost close to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of a suburb, and separated frora it by tbe river Zanderoud. It is peopled by a colony of Arraenians, who were brought into Persia by Shah .Abbas. Zulpitch. or Zulch, town of Prussian Germany, in the duchy of Juliers. It is seated on the Nas- sel, 20 miles 8. of Juliers and 20 W. of Bonn. Lon.. 6 40 W., lat. 60 46 N. Zuric, canton of Switzeriand, 50 miles long and 30 broad, bounded on the N. by the Rhine, which separates it from the canion of Schaffhausen, on the 8, by lhat of Schweitz, on the E. by Thurgaw and the county of Tockenburg, and on tbe W. by the canion of Zug and the Free Provinces. It was admitted a member of the Swiss confederacy in 1351. Zuric, considerable city of Swilzerland, capilal of a canton of the same name. It stands at tbe N. end of Lake Zuric, and occupies bolh sides of tbe rapid and transparent Limmat, which issues from the lake, and divides the town into two une qual parts, which communicate by three bridges. Here are several manufactures, parlicularly mus lins, cottons, linens, and handkerchiefs. Zuric is 35 miles SW. of Conslance, 40 SE. of Basle, and 55 NE. of Bern. Longiiude 8 30 E., latitude 47 20 N. Zuric, lake of Switzerland, near ten leagues in length and one in breadth. In tbe vicinity of Zu ric, the edges of tbe lake are skirted wilh a con tinued range of valleys, which, being intermixed among vineyards and pasiure grounds, produce a most pleasing effect. The adjacent country is fine ly cultivated and well peopled ; and the soulhern part of the lake appears at some lillle distance bounded with the high stupendous mountains of Scheitz and Glarus; the scenery altogether is pic turesque, lively, and diversified. The river Limmot runs through the whole lengih of tbis lake to the cily ol Zuric. Zurita, town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a castle, sealed on the Tajo, very near Toledo. -Lon. 3 17 W., lat. 39 50 N. Zurzach, town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, sealed on the Rhine. Zutphen, strong and considerable town of Dutch Guelderland, capUal of a counly of the same name. It is sealed at the confluence of the Berkel and Yssel, 9 railes S. by E. of Derventer and 65 E. by 8. of Amsterdam. Longitude 6 0 E., latitude 52 10 N. Zuyat, village of the kingdom of the Nether lands, 5 ras. from Ulrecht. The Moravian brethren are employed here in various kinds of manufac lure, and their workmanship far excels lhat of any olher part of HoUand. Zwickau, town of Germany, in the circle of Up per Saxony, formerly iraperial, but now subject to the king of Saxony. The place where the inhab itants are buried is in Voiglland ; and therefore it is commonly said that they are Misnians while alive, but Voigtianders after they are dead. Zwi- chau is seated on the Muidaw, 15 miles 8. of Al lenburg and 20 NE. of Plawen. Lon. 12 26 E., lat. 50 45 N. Zwingenburg, town of Germany, in the landgra vate of Hesse Darmstadt, 8 railes S. of Darmstadt and 13 N. of Worms. Zwoll, town of Overyssel, and in the district of Zailant. It is defended by some fortifications ; and the canal, which begins neor this place and extends tn the river Yssel, is defended by several forts. Near it is tbe mountain of Sl. Agnes, where there was forraerly an Augustine convent, in which Thomas Kempis lived seventy-one years, and died in 1471. It was formerly an imperial and Hanseaiic town, and is seated on an eminence, on the rivers Aa and Yssel, 5 miles S. of Hasselt and 8 SE. of Campen. Longitude 6 10 E., lati tude 52 33 N. Zygeth, strong lown of Lower Hungary, capi tal of a counly of the same name, wilh a ciladel. It is sealed in a morass, made by the river Alma, 50 miles NW. of Esseck. Longitude 18 68 E., latitude 46 17 N. Zytomierz, town of Poland, in Volhinia, seat ed on the Ciecirief, 70 railes W. of Kiof and 120 E. of Lucko. Longitude 29 22 E., latitude 50 35 North. 981 ADDENDA COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. GOLD COINS. Table of the principal gold coins of the countries and States with which the United States have com mercial intercourse, from Kelly's Cambist Vide report of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United Slates, March 29, 1842. Fine gold. Value in money of account in the -Value in Countries, Coins, grains. countries where coined. U,S, dol lars and cents. Austria Sovereign 78,3 6 2.3 florins 93 33 Ducat 53,1 41 florins 10 florins 2 29 Belgium William 93,1 3 01 Bremen Ducats 52,3 2i rix dollars - 225 Denmark Ducats, specie 52,3 14 marks 13 skillings 22S England Guinea 118,35 1 pound 1 shilling 20 francs 5 09 France Louis 89.35 385 Genoa Genovina 357.35 96 lira 15 40 Hamburg Ducat 52,45 6 marks banco 2 26 Holland Ducat 53.1 5 florins 5 stivers 2 29 Kyder 140.1 14 florins 6 04 Naples Oncetta 68.05 3 ducats 2 50 Portugal Half Johannes • - 101,25 6,400 rees 4 36 Prussia Frederick 92,1 5 rix dollars - 3 97 Itussia Imperial 181,45 10 rubles, say - 7 73 Sardinia Carliano 219.4 25 lire 9 44 Sicily Once, doubloon, 1751 58.1 30 tari 2 50 Spain Doubloon 372, 320 reals 16 47 Pistole, 1801 - 90,05 80 reals 388 Sweden Ducal 51,45 94 skillings, or 1 rix dollar, 48 skillings 2 22 Sequin 53,3 13J lire 2 29 Venice Sequin 5a 3 22 lire 2 29 Ducat 33,15 14 lire 1 43 TMe of the principal silver coins of the countries and States wiih which the United States have commercial intercourse, ro- vince of Fuhkeen, and about 350 ms. a little «. of E. from the city of Canton. OSS t^i^^tAi'veH^aa^cir^^jDaiffimBHn