Ell .^^8^ S9 1 ' !l or/A ./USr A UNIVERSAL PBONOUNCING GAZETTEER; CONTAINING TOPOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTIIER INFORMATION, OF ALL TFIE MORE IMPORTANT PLACES IN THE KNOWN WORLD, FROM THE MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES* BY THOMAS. BALDWIN, ASSISTED BY SEVEEAL OTHER GENTLEMEN SEVENTH EDITION. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING MORE THAN TEN THOUSAND ADDITIONAL NAMES. ACCOMPANIED BY A MAP, Exhibiting the Cmials and Hailroads ofthe United States. PHILADELPHIA : LINDSAY & BLAKISTON. 18.18. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by THOMAS BALDWIN, in the clerk's office of tbe District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. B. M. DaSENBERY, 8TERE0TYPER. u. SHERMAN, TRINTER. ADVERTISEMENT TO THB THIRD EDITION. Encouraged by the extraordinary marks of favour with which the first and second editions of the Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer have been received, the authors have spared no pains nor expense in order to render the present edition still more worthy of the public pa tronage. They have carefully revised the whole work, and made u. number of corrections, which, though for the most part minute to appearance, they carmot but regard as important in a work of this kind ; because, if the period allotted to educatiqn is too short, as all will admit, to learn what is really useful, surely no time or labour should be wasted in acquiring erroneous habits or ideas, which can ordy be corrected afterwards by an additional and perhaps far greater expenditure of time and labour.* An Appendix has also been added, containing more than ten thou sand additional names, comprising all the small towns, rivers, &c., in the United States; the cities, viUages, and counties of Te.xas, be sides a great number of places in Mexico and California, to which oiir existing relations with those countries give at the present time great interest and importance. It may be observed that we have rarely given in the Appendix the pronunciation of the names of places in the United States, partly because a large portion of them can readily be pronounced by any one who knows how to read, and the insertion of the pronunciation in these cases would often materially interfere with that condensation and brevity at which we have so studiously aimed ; and partly on account of the inherent difficulty of the subject, there being frequently no settled pronunciation of the names of places even among the inha bitants themselves. This is perhaps necessarily the case when the * It may not be improper here to call the attention of our readers to the great advantage possessed by a stereotype work, from the facilities it affords for attaining absolute accuracy. All persons who have any acquaintance with the subject must be aware of the difficulty or rather impossibility of print ing any work which shall at first be entirely free from typographical errors. This difficulty is greatly increased in a book like the present, in which many signs and figures are employed, to mark the pronunciation. In a stereotype work the errors may be corrected in the plates as they are discovered, while those parts which are already correct remain undisturbed. In this way any conceivable degree of accuracy may be gradually attained. 1* vi ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION. name is of foreign origin (e. g. Terre Haute) and the inhabitants are of different nations or from different sections of the country ; as then some will probably conform to the foreign proni:nciation, \\hile others will adopt various modes of anglicizing it. We believe that the determining of such questions must be left to time, which will doubtless gradually bring about the same uniformity in the pronun ciation of those names as now obtains in the pronunciation of the names and words adopted into the English language at the Norman conquest. In the Gazetteer, which frequently contained articles of some length, and in which a great many figTired vowels and other marks were necessary in order to indicate the pronunciation of the more difficult names, a very small type would have been extremely incon venient, not to say inadmissible ; but there being in the Appendix little occasion to use any such marks, type of a small size has been em ployed. By this means, and by having recourse to some additional abbreviations, we have generally been able to condense the notice of the smaller places into a single line ; so that, without greatl}' in creasing the size of the work, there has been a most important and extensive, addition to its matter. These, and other considerations already alluded to (see note on the preceding page), will, it is hoped, be deemed a, sufficient apology for having recourse to an appendix, which, if an evil, is almost an una voidable one in works describing a country so full of changes as ours. *^* Let the inquirer bear in mind that all the more important places, including the towns of 6,000 inhabitants and upwards, and all the counties (except those of Texas), are noticed in the bodv of the work ; but that the small towns, rivers, post -STUages, post townships, the counties of Texas, the different Mexican states and towns (except a few of the largest), are given in the Appendix. In a few instances, where some of the most inaportant of the small to^vns are described in the Gazetteer, the name is inserted in the Appendix, with a refer ence to the body of the work. CE?" We would particularly invite the attention of teachers to the Table at the end of the Introduction, exhibiting the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing geographical names ; — and likewise to the explanations and remarks on pages 50, 51 and 52, as a perusal of these is indispensable to a correct and fuU understanding of the plan of the work. PIIEFACE. In offering to the pubhc a book like the present, which, as respects some of its more important characteristics, is quite new, the authors feel themselves called upon to explain briefly the object and nature of the work, as well as the motives which induced them to undertake it. They had themselves often felt the want of a geographical dictionary, to which they might refer for the pronunciation of the names, as well as for the description, of places. They were also convinced by the concurrent testimony of a number of teachers of the lughest respectability and of great experi ence, that the want of such a work was extensively felt ; the absence of any standard of geographical pronunciation, ren dering it extremely difficult to determine the proper mode of pronouncing many names which are found in the elementary works used in our schools. On inquiring more particularly among persons of different classes and occupations, they were led to the belief that a pronotmcing gazetteer, if properly executed, would he generally acceptable to the community. To fix upon the most ehgible system of pronunciation, was a point of the highest importancg, but it did hot appear to be one of extraordinary difficulty. They determined, in accord ance with what they believed to be the prevailing sense of the more intelligent, and the prevailing practice of the better educated, to give the pronunciation of all geographical names, ds nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the well educated people of the respective countries to which they Vlll PREFACE. belong, with the exception of those well known foreign names which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation, as Paris, Naples, &c. In these cases, it has been their aim to give the English pronunciation according to the usage of the best speakers: at the same time the pronunciation of the people of the country has been added, for the satisfaction of those who might feel any curiosity on the subject. Thus they have given Par'-is, as the proper mode for an Englishman or an American to pronounce this name, at the same time adding the name as spoken by the French, which might be written Par-ree : and so with respect to most other well known names in foreign countries. It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it is impossible to convey, with any great degree of precision, the native pronunciation of other coimtries by means of Eng hsh letters ; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an approximation to the true sound, as would enable one more readily to understand, and to be understood by, those who are familiar with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants themselves. Some have indeed maintained the propriety of pronouncing foreign names as they are written, giving to every letter its proper English sound. But this system appears to be attended with greater difficulties than any other, since different persons would differ with regard to the proper English sound of many letters or combinations of letters. Thus the river Seine might be pronounced seen or sane ; — we have heard those, we think, unacquainted with French, more frequently call it seen, and it is doubtful whether, even among the better educated, there is one in fifty who could say without some reflection, to which pronunciation the scale of analogy would incline. A few probably would call it sine, and others might pronounce the final e. This one instance out of a multitude may perhaps serve to PREFACE. IX show the endless diversity and confusion into which such a system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead. -But this is not all ; there are innumerable cases wherein it is very difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce the names of other countries according to the Enghsh sound of the letters, e.g., Czernigow, Csongrad, Szegedin, Ljusne, &c., while there is no difficulty whatever, in pronotmcing them according to the native sound. Many instances also occur, in which the English manner of pronotmcing names, though not difficult, is far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the cotmtry to which such names belong. Minho (meen'-yo,) a river, and Batalha (ba-tal'-ya,) a town of Portugal, and Bacchiglione (bak-keel-yo'-na,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples. As a further confirmation of the propriety of the system which we have adopted, it may be remarked that it agrees (as will be seen from the first part of the Introduction,) with the mode of pronunciation generally employed by all our most distinguished poets. Nothing in their mental culture is perhaps so important to be taught early to children, as a habit of correct pronuncia tion. It need not occupy any additional time, since a faulty pronunciation is no more easily learned in the first instance, than a correct one, but when once acquired it can be changed only with the greatest difficulty. Erroneous habits, — as those engaged in the business of education well know — are far more difficult to eradicate than erroneous opinions. In order, how ever, to teach pupils to pronounce correctly, a system of pronunciation is indispensable. it^ Most persons who have reflected at all upon the subject, will doubtless admit, that it is highly desirable that : there should be some fixed mode of pronouncing geographic names, as weU as ordinary Enghsh words, in which all should at least generally agree. If this be conceded, and the scholar be i-equired to conform to a system at all, it appears cleai. preface. that that system should be preferred, which, without placing any serious difficulty in the way of the learner, approaches most nearly to the usage of those, who, whether natives or travellers, seem entitled, by their superior knowledge of places, to determine the proper manner of speaking their names. It may be remarked that the recently increased facihties of com munication, and consequent increase of intercourse between different parts of the world, render an acquaintance ¦with the native geographical names of other countries, at the present time, additionally important. Particular pains have been taken in the present work, with the European, and the better known of the Asiatic languages, not only to give the accent correctly, but also to notice all important peculiarities of pronunciation. In performing this, it ha,s been our anxious aim to consult, in every instance, the very best authorities in each of the different languages. ^Ye flatter ourselves that in this aim we have been singularly suc cessful ; and esteem ourselves most fortunate in being able to cite in our list of authorities, the names of so many gentlemen of distinguished reputation in their respective departments. In our Introduction we have thought it proper to state the general principles of prommciation of each of the more important European languages, as well as to explain the mode of writing and pronouncing the geograpMcal names of Asia, Africa, &c. With respect to the four great languages of conti nental Europe, viz : the French, German, Italian, and Spanish, it seemed requisite to tre|| the subject somewhat more fully, both on account of their intrinsic importance, and because it has been foimd convenient to employ them as standards of comparison, to which other languages less known might he referred. It may be proper to state, that in the present work the adjective, and the appellation of the inhabitants, derived from preface. XI the names of countries, cities, &c., have been added, whenever these appeared to be sanctioned by common usage, or by the authority of some writer of established reputation. Thus from Denmark are derived the adjective Danish, and the noun Dane designating the inhabitant of the country; — frora Swe den, Swedish and Swede ; &c. In most instances the adjective and inhabitant are expressed by the same word, as Algerine, JYeapolitan, &c. These have never been given, that we are aware of, in any former gazetteer, and it is hoped they will form no unimportant addition to the value of the present work, at least as a school book. While we have dictionaries of almost every description, and adapted to every stage of intellectual development, to which the pupil may refer for the definition,, correct spelling, and pronunciation, of ordinary English words, it is somewhat remarkable, that there has hitherto been no work of any authority which one might consult respecting the proper mode of spelling and pronouncing this numerous class of words, the use of which, with the progress of geographical knowledge, is daily becoming more extensive. It may be further stated, that the ancient Greek or Roman names of places on the old continent, and occasionally their signification, have been carefully given from the best authori ties. This we trust will be found useful and interesting, not only to the classical scholar, but likewise to the ordinary reader, more especially as in many instances it points out the derivation of the present name, and at the same time, perhaps, associates it with some important historical or .topographical fact, as in the case of Tripoli, Trapani, Maestricht, [Jtrecht, &c. We have also given the signification of modern foreign names, or those of foreign origin, whenever it seemed that this would teach or impress any useful fact, as Porto Bello, i. e.," beautiful port ;" Bombay, i. e., "good harbour;" Innspruck, (originally Innsbriicke) i. e., the "Bridge of the Inn," &c. PREFACE. Independently of the advantage, whatever it may be, resulting from this work, considered merely as a system of orthoepy, another may be mentioned, which, it is hoped, will be found not an unimportant one, viz : Such a pronouncing gazetteer would dispel the perplexity and error into which the learner is constantly liable to fall, in consequence of the diversity which prevails in the Tnode of spelling many foreign, especially oriental, names. There is a town of some note in Upper Egypt, which is usuaUy spelled in our gazetteers after the French manner, Aboutige, while on some of our maps it is written Abootish, which is the English mode of expressing the same sound. Abootizh, however, jvould represent it more exactly. Is it probable that any mere Enghsh scholar, however well educated, would know, unless he were expressly taught, that by these two words was indicated one and the same place ? or that Tchemigoff, and Czernigow, are hut different spellings of the same name, and represent, in fact, the same sound ? We find the capital of Afghanistan frequently spelled in three different ways, usually Cabul, according to the German, Itahan, and Portu guese, more seldom Cabool, after the English, and Caboul, after the French mode. Oorfa, an important town of Asiatic Turkey, is often written in works of the highest character, TJrfa, and Ourfa, the first being the English, the second the Italian or German, and tlie last the French mode Innumerable instances of a similar kind might be adduced. As might be expected, this diversity in spelling geo graphical names frequently leads to important errors. In some of our gazetteers we find the same name introduced twice, the authors naturally supposing the different spellings to represent the names of different places. We may cite a single instance, which occurs in one of our most popular geographical dictionaries. Schirvan (more properly Schir wan,) the German, and Shirvan, the English spelling of the PREFACE. Xlll name of a Persian province, are given under different heads, as designating two distinct territories. It happens, also — probably in consequence of a discrepancy in the works from which the compilation was made — that the boundaries, as well as the latitude and longitude, are laid down differently, so that it is impossible that any one should know, without referring to some other work, that Schirvan and Shirvan, are properly one and the same name. It will be seen, from the fifteenth section of our Introduc tion, that the plan which we have pursued, precludes the possibihty of any mistakes of this kind, at the same time that it furnishes an easy clue to the labyrinth of perplexity, into which the various modes of writing the same geographical names, must, of necessity, lead the inexperienced reader. With regard to the descriptive, statistical and historical portions of this gazetteer, it may be remarked, that we have endeavoured to consult, on every subject, the best authorities with which we are acquainted. We have aimed to make, as far as practicable, Balbi's celebrated Abrege de Geographie (last edition — 1842,) a production of unequalled merit, the basis of our work. We have, also, drawn largely from the geographical department of the Penny Cyclopaedia, which, at least, so far as regards the correctness of the information it conveys, is unquestionably the best work on geography in the English language. McCuUoch's New Geographical Dic tionary, Malte Brun's Geography, and the Edinburgh Gaz etteer, have likewise been extensively consulted. The accompanying map of the United States, besides show ing the position of the states, and of the principal towns, rivers, &c., will, it is believed, exhibit, more satisfactorily than could be done in any other mode, the situation, length, &c,, of all the different canals and railroads in the Union, these not having been described in the body ofthe work. 2 PREFACE. In a work so hmited as the present, when so much must be omitted, and so little, comparatively speakuig, could he inserted, it has been a point of the highest importance to make a judicious selection of matter. Without 'claiming to have made such a selection, we may, as an act of justice to ourselves, affirm, that it has been our sincere endeavour, to comprise the greatest possible amount of useful information in a small compass; and should it appear that some impor tant subjects are omitted, while to others of less consequence, a place has been given in our dictionary, we doubt not that the candid reader will bear in mmd, that there must always he some difference of judgment in matters of this kind, and that even among the most intelligent and enlightened, per haps no two individuals can be found, who will assign to a number of different subjects, the same relative importance. It will be seen that a smaller proportion of names belonging to our own country, is inserted in this work, than is usual in gazetteers published in the United States. We admit that, generally speaking, it is more important to possess information about places in our own country, than those in distant parts of the globe, but as in this instance the great object has been to give the pronunciation of geographical names, it seemed proper, in a book of so limited a compass, to prefer the difficult names of foreign countries, to those of our own which might be readily pronoimced without the aid of a dictionary. AUTHORITIES. To the following gentlemen we are chiefly indebted for our information respecting the pronunciation of the names of places in foreign countries, as well as for the general princi ples of pronunciation of the different foreign languages noticed in our Introduction. Justice, however, requires us to state distinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise responsible for any errors that may occur in our gazetteer ; it being impossi ble in a work like the present (in which the names of each country are scattered through the entire volume), to avail our selves of the benefit which might result from their revision. Geokgf, R. Gliddon, Esq., <.„.„.. „„„ , t, . ^ „. ., z. . > arabia. and egypt. Formerly United States consul for Cairo. > Dr. a. Bournonville, > Denmark. Graduate of the University of Copenhagen. ^ M. Felix Drouin, ) Formerly professor of rlietoric in the University of r FRANCE. France. 3 Prof. C. MiNNIGEEODB, Professor of ancient languages in William and .Mary College, Va. }.GEttMA.Ny. J. C. OEHLSCHLiGER, Professor of modern languages in Philadelphia. G. A. Perdicaris, Esq., Formerly United States consul at Athens. C. S. Buxton, Esq., Many years an officer in the British service in India. L. S. De Bibort. Hungary. John MoIntyre, Esq. Ireland. Pieeo Maroncelli, ¦) Professor of Italian in New York. G. C. L. Abate Minichini, Professor 01 modern languages in Philadelphia. 2* s dia. S hindostan. *• ITALY. xvi AUTHORITIES. John C. Delprat, Esq. t John C. Zimmerma.n, Esq., ^Netherlands. Consul of the Netherlands at New Vork. 3 A. B. Engstrom, Esq., Norway. Josiah Harlan, Esq., I Persia. > POLAND AND RUSSIA. Nearly twenty years a resident of that country. Henry Kalussowski, Formerly professor in St. Paul's College, Long I. Horatio Hale, Esq., 1 Polynesia, and the isl- •hilologist to theu. states Exploring Expedition. I ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ EASTERN W . S. W. RuSCHENBERGER, M. D. SEAS. Of the United States Navy. •" Chevalier J. C. De Figaniere e Mor.ao, i Portugal. Minister Resident of Portugal. i The late Marmaduke Burrough, M. D. "j Dr. William Colesberrt, I- south America. Many years a resident in different parts of that 1 continent. J Felix Merino, Esq., ) Formerly professor of Spanish in the University of r SPAIN. Pennsylvania. j Richard Seldener, Esq., i sweden. Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia. S William B. Hodgson, Esq., f turkey and the barbary Formerly acting consul at Algiers and lately rfra^-o- t STATES. mfln or oriental interpreter at Constantinople. j For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the various colonies of the British empire, as well as of the anghoized forms of well-known foreign names, and for other important information of a more general character, we cannot forbear to express our great obU gations to William A. Dobbynj Esq., Formerly an officer m the British service The Rev. William P. Hinds. William Peter, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty's consul for Ihe State of Pennsyh-ania. We should do injustice to our feehngs, did we not express om warmest thanks to John K. Townsend, Esq., for his valuable inform ation respecting the names of Oregon and of the Indian tribes west of the Blississippi, and other subjects noticed in the Appendix. INTRODUCTION. It is proposed, in this portion of our work, to set forth more fully some of the arguments alluded to in the preface, by which the propriety of our system of pronunciation is supported, as well as to explain the particular method in which this system has been carried out, in thc dictionary before us. I. It has already been intimated, that not only the present practice of the best speakers, but the usage of our more distinguished poets, is clearly in favour of the system which we have chosen. If any might be allowed to pronounce foreign names without regard to the peculiar sounds of the letters, or to the accents, which prevail in other coun tries, this privilege might surely be claimed by the poets, who, in the use even of English Words, are considered to enjoy a special license. It is very evident, however, — as every one who will take the trouhle to examine the works ofthe better class of them, niust admit — that, as a body, they have neither claimed nor used this privilege. On the contrary, our more distinguished poets have usually exhibited a classi cal — we might almost say a punctilious — accuracy, in the employment of foreign names, whether of places or persons. To illustrate hy exam ples, — Granada,* and Genoa,! are pronounced by all the great poets *"In Lithuania had he served and Russe; No Christian man so oft of his degree. At Algezi'ras, in Granada, he Had joined the siege; " — Chaucer. " The Moorish king rides up and down Through Granada's royal town " " And Granada must be won And thyself with her undone." — Byron. " Granada caught it in her Moorish hall, Galicia bade her children fight or fall." — Scott. " There was crying in Granada when the sun was going down," "Farewell, farewell, Granada, thou city without peer." — Lockhart. t " Signior Baptista may remember me Near twenty years ago, in Genoa, where We were lodgers at the Pegasus." — Shaksfi:are. 2* W) 20 INTRODUCTION. who use these names, from Chaucer and Shakspeare down to the present time, with the native accentuation ; that is, Granada has the accent on the penultima, and Genoa on the antepenultima, though the generality of English— or at least of American— speakers, who. have not heard these names pronounced, but merely follow analogy, or their own notions of propriety, reverse the accentuation, making Granada rhyme with Canada, and Genoa with hoa. No poet, perhaps, employs foreign names so frequently as Byron, and yet — though he often writes very carelessly-r-it would be difficult, in all the poetry he has written, to point out half a dozen instances where he has not conformed to the foreign accentuation, excepting always, those few well known names which have acquired an estab lished EngUsh pronunciation, and in these cases he appears invariably to adopt the pronunciation of the best English speakers. The same may be said of Scott ; though he writes with great freedom, he rarely, if ever, violates the strictest rules of geographical pronuncia tion. In the poetry of Rogers, Southey, Moore, Campbell, and Montgomery, we have met with scarcely a solitary example of departure from the native accentuation of names, which does not properly come within the exception above stated. Wordsworth takes the liberty of changing the accent in a single instance — Chamouny — but acknowledges the authority of the law by apolo gizing in a note for its violation, (see Descriptive Sketches of a Tour among the Alps.) What has already been said respecting the usage ofthe poets, refers principally to accentuation, which, for the most part, can be readily determined by the metre of the poetry. Their manner of pronotmcing the letters of a foreign name, is far less easily ascer tained, since it can only be known when the name ends a line in rhyme, and even then it is often extremely uncertain, as they appear to consider themselves entitled, in such cases, to much greater license than in the accentuation of words. Thus we oft;en see associated in rhyme, words which correspond but very imperfectly in sound, as "Were Genoa's galleys riding in the port, "— Bvron. "How quick they carved tbeir victims and how well, Let Saxony, let injured Genoa tell." — Moore. "That noble haven, where, when Genoa reigned, A hundred galleys sheltered " — Rogers. " My native Genoa, if with tearless eye Prone inthe dust thy beauteous form I see," — Montgomery. INTRODUCTION. 21 enemy and lie, mourn and burn, &c. Nevertheless, by comparing a number of examples, and especially by observing the usage of those poets who are most remarkable for the correctness of their rhymes, we shall frequently be enabled to ascertain the true pronunciation of a word or name. Now it will be found that the system which we have adopted, is supported by the practice of the poets in this respect also. In other words it will be found, that while foreign names that are in familiar use in our own language, have an English pronunciation, those not very well known are generally pronounced with the native sound of the letters, as will be seen from the following passages : " Not now to while an hour away. Gone to the falls in Valomhre'" — " 'T is Jacqueline t 't ia Jacqueline,'^ Her little brother laughing cried, " I know her by her kirde green. She cornea along the mountain side.'' " De Courcy, lord of Argentiere ! Thy thirst for vengeance nought the snare." — Rogers . "Winding between Alpine trees; Spiry and dark around their house of prayer. Below the icy bed of bright Argentiere." — Wordsworth. . " Sure there never was hero so civil — lie Saw us safe home to our door in Rue Rivoli." — Moore. "And though to-morrow's tempest lower, 'Tis calmer than thy heart, young Giaour.^' "This circumstance may serve to give a notion Of the high talents of this new Vauban,* But the town ditch below was deep as ocean, The rampart higher than you 'd wish to hang." — Byron " For many an age remembered long Shall live the towers of Hougomont,* And fields of Waterloo." — Scott. It would be easy to cite a multitude of such examples : but these will perhaps be sufficient to illustrate our position. *In these names the letter n is similar in sound to ng. The t at the end of Hougomont is silent. The rhymes, however, are not quite perfect; the o in the last syllable of Hougomont should be sounded like o in won't. The latter syllable of Vauban sounds like bong. — Vauban was a noted French military engineer, who flourished in the reign of Louis XIV. 22 INTRODUCTIOK. On the other hand we shall find the poets pronounce foreign names of some celebrity, such as Nile, Paris, Lyons, Cadiz, Poitiers or Poictiers, &c., with the English sound of the letters, as may be seen from these and similar examples : " Deep in those solitary woods Where oft the genii of the 6oods, Dance round the cradle of their NUe And hail the new-born Giant's smile." — Moore. "Oh never talk again to me Of northern climes and British ladies ; It has not been your lot to see Like me, the lovely girl of Cadiz." — Byron. "And Courtenay's pride and Percy's fame — Blazed broader yet in after years At Cressy red and fell Poitiers." — Scott. " So the shaft Of victory mounts high and blood is quaffed In fields that rival Cressy and Poictiers — Pride to be washed away by bitter tears." — Wordsworth. II. Instead of saying that the poets conform to the native accentuatioi of proper names, except in cases when these are well known, we might, perhaps, with more propriety say, that they merely follow the prac tice of the best speakers, of which their own may generally be regarded as the written representation. With this view ofthe subject, we have occasionally cited in the body of our work, passages fi-om the poets in support of the pronunciation there given. These citations, for the most part, are'not intended to be decisive of any doubtfiil question, but rather to illustrate and confirm what is believed, on other grounds, to be the correct pronunciation. The supreme tribunal to which we would on all occasions appeal, is the authority of the best speakers* in England and this country. To the former we generally give the preference when the question relates to names belonging to the old continent — to the latter when it relates to those of America. But since it is impossible to produce oral evidence in a book, we have availed ourselves of the authority of the poets, as the only one at our *By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their superior knowledge and judgment on general subjects, may be presumed to be qualified to decide questions of orthoepy. In order to deserve a place among the best speakers, it is not enough that one should have wbat ia commonly termed a good education and good sense, he must have paid particular atte7ition to tfie subject, qf pronunciation. unless he has been surrounded dnring the whole period of his education with none but correct speakers, which is seldom or never the case, at least in this country INTRODUCTION. 23 command, to prove or illustrate what we have, in all cases, studiously endeavoured to learn by actual hearing, from those who are considered best qualified to determine questions of orthoepy. III. It may bo further observed, that all those works (so far as we are acquainted) which attempt to give the pronunciation of geographi cal names, show at least u, tendency towards the system that we have adopted. The Penny Cyclopisdia, which gives the accentuation of a considerable number of proper names, appears always to follow the native mode. In the list of geographical names appended to Worces ter's " Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary — Boston, 1841" — which is certainly one of the most creditable and suc cessful attempts towards supplying the deficiency in this important department of orthoepy that has ever been made — the native pronuncia tion of names not extensively and familiarly known, is almost invaria bly given. Stewart's " Compendium of Modern Geography — seventh edition — Edinburgh, 1843," gives the pronunciation of the principal geographical names on the globe, and though the work contains many errors,* it is evident that it aims generally to conform to the native accentuation of the names of other countries, and frequently to the native sound of the letters. Several other works, of less importance, exhibit the same general tendency. IV. There is one difficulty in carrying out the system of geographi cal pronunciation adopted by us, which it may be proper to notice here, viz : that of drawing the line between foreign names which are, and those which are not, well known. With respect to the more obvious in each division there canuot be the slightest hesitation ; but the two classes meet and pass into each other by imperceptible gradations, so that sometimes the question whether they should be pronounced ac cording to the foreign, or the English mode, can only be settled by arbi trary decision. In these doubtful instances, we have spared no pains in order tb ascertain the prevailing practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets : when these have been found unsatis factory, nothing has remained for us but to decide according to the best of onr ability. We have, in these cases, usually given both the pro nunciations, placing that first, which, in our judgment, is to be pre ferred. * This remark is intended to apply to the pronunciation only. In other respfecls, this " Compendium" appears to be an accurate and highly valuable littie work. 24 INTEODUCTION. V. It should be observed, that though we have endeavoured to give the native pronunciation of the names of other countries, with mmute accuracy, yet, in accordance with the advice of a number of our most intelligent and judicious friends, loe have been careful to avoid as much as possible, on all occasions, the use of sounds which cannot readily be uttered by the mere English scholai more especially in the pronunciation of those geographical names which are commonly taught in schools. VI. In those cases where it is impossible 'to express the sounds of other languages by means of English letters, we have endeavoured to employ a mode of indicating those sounds, which, if it does not afibrd any effectual assistance to the mere English scholar, may at least be in no danger of embarrassing or leading him astray. Thus we have represented the sound of the German ch by k, distinguished by bSing a small capital. Perhaps a strongly aspirated h — which might be in dicated by hh — would convey a nearer idea of the German sound, but it seemed less eligible than the other mode, both because persons might differ in the pronunciation of it, or, perhaps, be at a loss to pronounce it at all, and because the established mode of anglicizing the German ch, seems to be to change its sound to that of Jc, as in the instances, Blumenbach, Metternich, &c. The Scotch and Dutch sounds ofch, so similar to the German, when anglicized assume invariably, if we mistake not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of pronouncing the Greek x tends to the same result. We have not, however, represented the sound of the German g at the end of a syllable in the same manner as the ch, though it has precisely the same sound, because it is not customary to anglicize it by k, except in a few instances. Were the pronunciation of such a word as berg, represented by berK, it would have the effect to lead the English scholar to pronounce it diiferently from the ordinary mode, while he would be in no respect nearer the German than those who pronounce the word according to the English sound of the letters. Another consideration may, perhaps, be allowed to have some weight, viz., that though the more approved mode of German pronunciation requires that ^, when it does not begin a word, should be pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Germany it is pro nounced in every case likeg- hard in English. In a similar manner, and for similar reasons, we have usually represented the German w by a W -distinguished as a capital, and not by a v, tliough this is nearer the sound of the German letter. INTRODUCTION. 25 VII. With regard to French names, howevSt, a different plan has been pursued, both because it is less easy, so to speak, to anglicize the French letters, and because, from the circumstance of this being far more studied than any other foreign language, it is much more usual to adopt all the peculiar sounds of the letters, in pronouncing PVencli words or names. Even here, however, it will he found that very few, if any, of those geographical names which are taught in our common schools, will require the use of sounds that cannot readily be pro nounced by the mere English scholar. VIII. In giving the pronunciation of the geographical names con tained in the present work, we have adhered, in the main, to the method of Walker, not only from a desire to avoid all unnecessary innovation upon a system which has been so generally received, but also, because we regard it, on the whole, as superior to any other sys tem which has hitherto been given to the public* As, however, a multitude of instances occur, wherein the ordinary spelling of geo graphical names indicates very nearly the proper manner of pronouncing them, it has been thought unnecessary, in these cases, to give a differ ent spelling in order to show the exact pronunciation. At the same time, that no part of the work might be incomplete, it has been requi site to assign to some of the letters, sounds, which Walker has not attributed to them. Thus, in giving the pronunciation of such names as Boston, Pennsylvania, &c., we have not re-written them, as Walker would have done — pen-sil-vi'-n^-a, bos'-tfin, or bos-t'n, but merely given Bos'-ton, Penn-syl-va'-nj-.a ; the point under the vowels in the final syllable of each name, denoting that these have an obscure sound like short u, or like e in the word battery ; while the two points under the I in the latter name indicate that this is to be sounded like e. In like manner Berks is written Berks — the e in this name approxi mating the sound of short u. This mode of marking the pronunciation, is recommended by other considerations than that of brevity. As some * It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to actual pronunciation we have differed from Walker in a number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce Asia, a'-she-a, according to the practice of the best English speakers, though Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation. (See Principles of Pronunciation, 453.) In a fewjnstances we have departed from his practice in the accentuation of classical names, e. g., we have, witti the sanction of the highest authorities of the present day, given the name of the ancient capital of Egypt with the accent I on the penultima, thus — Alexandri' a — though Walker accentuates the .intepe- nultima, as we do, in pronouncing thc modern Ai.EXANDaiA. (See Alexavdria, in the body of this v/ork ) 26 INTRODUCTION. of our most celebrated orthoepists make a decided distinction between the sounds of e and tj in a syllable ending with r,* it might be deemed improper to represent the pronunciation of Berks by burks. On the other hand, were we to follow the metho 1 of Walker in similar cases, ind pronounce it b&rks, we should be still wider from the mark. The mode adopted by us will, it is hoped, be found sufiiciently definite, at the same time that it obviates both of the difficulties just mentioned. IX. With a view to simplify as much as possible, we have rejected Walker's second and third sounds of o (the former being equivalent to oo, the latter to cm), and his third sound of u (corresponding with oo in good, a sound which we have represented by oof). From the same motive we have dispensed with ihe figured vowels, -whenever their use has not appeared to bo necessary in order to avoid ambiguitv. Thus we write simply Til'-sit, and not — Tii.sit, til'-sit, — as Walker would have done. All marks or figures which are not needed, in order to indicate the exact pronunciation, must tend rather to embarrass than to aid the learner. X. In the pronunciation of names belonging to England, or to those countries where the English language is spoken, a ending a syllable with the accent, should always have its first sound ; in an accented syl lable before a single r it usually takes tlie second, and before rr, or any other consonant, the fourth sound. Accordingly, in giving such names as Pennsylv a'nia, Sa'rum, Far'mington, Cah'boll, Manchester, it has been deemed unnecessary to mark thc a in the accented syllables, as scarcely any one in tlie least acquainted with the principles of English pronunciation, could mistake its true sound. In all cases which depart from these simple and general rules, it has been thought best to mark the sound, as Dil'ton, Mdl'wah, Par'is, &c. XI. The Latin names of foreign countries are nearly always to be pronounced with the Enghsh sounds of the letters. Thus, m Bav.a'rla, Bulga'ria, Lusa'tia, and Transylva'nia, the accented a should have its first sound. * Walker says that " Derby is pronounced nearly as if written Durby" — and that "fir, a tree, is perfectly similar [in sound] to the first syllable in fer ment, though often corruptly pronounced like fur, a sldn." (See Principles of Pronunciation, 100 and 109.) t Wc have, however, retained his third sound of a, (though precisely similar to aw), in order to indicate the broad sound of the a in such names as Dalton, Calder, &c., without writing the pronunciation separately. INTRODUCTION. 27 Obs. In Prussia and Russia, however, the u instead of being pro nounced short, as it would unquestionably have been done in ancient Latin names of this kind, is usually sounded like oo, assuming in these instances the character of the German or Russian u. In like manner tho first syllable of Bulgaria is to be pronounced bool and not bill. XII. In the anglicized forms of foreign names, and in most well known names of foreign countries, the same rules of pronunciation, generally speaking, obtain, as in genuine English words, e. g., Spain, It.aly, Naples, &c. Obs. 1. At the same time, we may observe a general tendency to adopt those sounds of the English vowels, whieh appro.ieh most nearly to the foreign sounds : thus the a in the first syllable of Adriatic, and Paris, has its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the French and Italian a, than its first sound, though this would probably be given to these names by the mere English scholar, who should be guided by analogy solely. In like manner the i in Milan is made short, so as nearly to correspond to tbe Italian i, which is like our e. Obs. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign names that have become thoroughly anglicized, it is interesting to observe the tendency of our language, to throw the accent as far as possible from the termination. Thus Paris is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, though the French appear to place it on the last, and the Germans, who have not the same aversion to the ultimate accent, that we have, lay the stress of voice distinctly on the final syllabic, thus Par-is'. HANOVER,which might be pronounced with the native accentuation (Hano'ver,) without the slio-htest ofience to the genius of our tongue,* has become irrecover ably Han'over. Thus, also, we pronounce Andalu'sia, (in Spanish Andaluci'a,) Ar'agon (in Spanish Aragon'), &c. So in our own coun try, the old Niaga'ra has become unalteraWy fixed as Niagara ; and Huron', though still sometimes hoard, is fast giving place to Hu'ron. XIII. It may be observed that with respect to foreign names, not only in tbe French, Italian, and other languages that are written in the Roman letters, but also in Germanf and Greek, (the characters of which may be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters), it is generally customary in English to retain the literal spelling, e. g., Anspach, (German Sin^^ad)), Konigsberg, (German fidnig«BcV(>). Chios, (Greek x.ss,) Sic, excepting a very few well known names, as Lyons, (French Lyon), Naples, (Italian Aapoli,) Munich, (German mnnciitxt), Da.ntzic, (German Sattjtfl,) Leipsic, (German Sct. d'dotne. 5 The sound of the French u has no equivalent in English. It may be said to be intermediate between ee and oo ; but it can be learned from an oral instructor only. In the present work it is represented by the German u (or ue). Obs. U, before n, nasal, has its second English sound nearly, un being pronounced almost iviig. 6. Y is similar to the French i. 7. Ai is like e or e open. 8. Au " " 6. 9. Ei " " e. 10. Eu is similar to the English u in tub, but the sound is mere pio- longed, nearly resembling u in fur. ^ Obs. Eu in the different parts of the verb avoir, "to have," always has the sound of simple u. 11. Ie is like ee in English, or i. 12. Oi usually sounds like tea, e. g. moi is pronounced mwi or mwoh. Obs. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the French verbs, e.g. avois, avoit, avoient; also, in the final syllable of -a number ot adiectives, as Polonois, "Polish," and Lyonnois, "belonging to Lyons." The oi in these words,— which are now usually written avais, avait, avaient, Polonais, Lyonnais,— sounds like at (or e). 13. Ou sounds like oo in English. 14. B, c,* d, f, k, p, t, V, and z, are the same as in English. 15. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word gap ; before e, i, and y, it is soft:, having the sound of zh, or of s in plea sure. Gu sounds like g hard ; thus, gue', guide, are pronounced ^, gheed. 16. H is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in English. Some orthoepists say that h has no sound in French, t 17. J sounds like soft;g- in French, oi-zh in English. 18. L has usually the same sound as in English ; but when it ends a word, being preceded by i, or when ll follows t, in any situation, il usually has what is called its liquid sound. This may be said to * C, with a cedilla (g), before a, o, and u, sounds like s^ thus, ga, go, gu, are pronounced sa, so, su. t See Bolmar's Fables — Remark on the letter h, page 4. INTliODUCXiON. 35 answer nearly to the sound of Hi in million, the sound of I in such cases being blended with that ofy (consonant) ; e. g. papillon is pronounced pi'-peer-yix'; Ch.antillv, shiN'-teer-ye', &c. It should, however, be observed that, according to the present practice of the more polite French speakers, the sound of I is scarcely heard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might rather be indicated thus — p-r-pe"- y6N'; sh,\N'-te'-ye'. 19. M and N, when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the same sound as in English ; but when at the end of a word (not imme diately followed by another word beginning with a vowel), or when followed by another consonant in the middle ofa word, they have what is termed the nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, &c., but is somewhat softer ;* thus, m and n are nasal in such words as comparer, coyte^te, but have their natural sound in such as commune, connu. Melun, before a consonant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost mHung ; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the sentence, Melun a six mille habitans, " Melun has SLY thousand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn : the pronoun sien, when not followed immediately by a vowel, is pronounced nearly se-'.ng'; but when it takes the feminine termination, the n being doubled, has the same sound as in English, so that sienne is pro nounced se-enn'. 2'.). M or n, nasal, when preceded by e, usuaUy causes tliis vowel to assume the broad sound ofa; thus, dejits, sens, arc pronounced like tlic French words dans and sans, almost as if written in English, dong and song. 21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en preceded immediately by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling tliat of ang in the English word pang. In snch cases in, im, ain, aim, ein, and en, are pro nounced alike, ang ; the o in oin has the sound of our w, so that loin and soin are pronounced almost Iwing, swiing. 22. In om and o)i, nasal, the o is long, as in won't. . Ons. The French nasal sou'jd is represented in the present work by N or M distinguished as a small capital, e.g. Chaumont, sho~-in6N'; Quimper, kaM^-paRe'. 23. Q or qu, in French, always sounds like k ; e. g. quel is pro nounced kel ; qui, kee, &c. * In uttering this sound, care should be- taken not to press thc back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pronouncing thc English vg. 36 INTRODUCTION. Obs Q, in French words, (except when termmal, as in coq and cinq,) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes employed with out this letter, in writing certain foreign names. Thus Balbi and several other authors, both French and English, write Qene for Keneh ; Qoum for Koom, &c. In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like that of k, but somewhat more guttural. 24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as in i;eRtu, puniR : in similar cases the English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is indicated by a small capital r. 25. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like z : in other cases, it is the same as in English. 26. X generally has the same sound as in English, but is sometimes sounded like s-; e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and BruxeUes (Brussels), pronounced brii'-seU'; and occasionally like z, as in dixieme, i^-ze'-ame'. 27. Ch is like sh in English: f/j is like t. 28. Gn (the same as in Italian), has a sound which blends that of n and y (consonant), or in other words is equivalent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, Ayignou is pronounced S'-veen^-yAN'. Obs. This sound is represented in Spanish by ii, and bears the same relation to n that the liquid I (l) does to the ordinary I. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portuguese by nh. When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by n and y, as in the example above given ; but when it stands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be expressed by any letter or combination of letters in English, it has been indicated by the Spanish fi : accord ingly the French pronunciation, of such names as Cologne and Bou logne, are thus given — ko'-loii', boo' -loii'. SILENT LETTERS. 29. The vowel e at the end of a word, wlien not marked witli an accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, contente,* &lc. 30. The French consonants, wlien occurring at the end of a word are generally not pronounced, unless they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel; c. g. in content, Bordeaux, and dents. If, however, they are followed by a mute e, or any other vowel, they must always be articulated, e. g. in contente, dente, &c. * Tbe particles Ic, nc, and the pronouns je, nie, te, . (lambda) " I. 18. M |tt (mu) " m. 19. yt V (nu) " n. 20. S S (xi) " X. INTRODUCTION. 41 21. n rt (pi) is usually like the English p; but after /t (m), it is like b ; c. g. ifiAopoi is pronounced em'-bo-ros. 22. p p (rho) is similar to the German r. 23. S (J ; (sigma) is like the English s. 24. T t (tau) is usually like the English*; after f (n), however, it is sounded like d ; e. g. ivTo; is pronounced en-dos'. 25. T V (consonant) when before a vowel, or the liquids I, m, n, r, is like our v ; e. g. avfp-.'u is pronounced Ju-i-rfi'-o, aixos, kv-los', a'upiop, iv'-re-on : in other cases it is likey"; e. g. AsvxaSla (Leucadia) is pro nounced lef-ki-THe'-ii. 26. * ijj (phi) is equivalent toour/. 27. X X (chi) is similar to ch in German. 28. Ip 4/ (psi) is like ps in English. Obs. Recently it has become the practice to give to all, or nearly all, the islands, towns, &c., of modern Greece, their ancient names, and it is probable that, at no distant period, such modern corruptions as Theaki for Iihaca, Scio for Chios, may be regarded as obsolete. But, as the modern naines are employed in nearly all our books on geogra phy, and in the writings of theEnglish travellers and poets, it has been thought proper in a work like the present, wliich is intended for popu lar use, to assign to them their accustomed place. HUNGARIAN. , XXII. 1. A, unaccented, is like o in not ; with an accent (a), it haa the oound ofa in far, and is always long; thus, Aba Uj-var, the name of a town, is pronounced 6b-6/j oo-e vi&R. 2. E, unaccented, is like e in met ; with an accent (e),* it has a sound intermediate between e in met and i in pit, but more prolonged 3. I, and y when a vowel, are similar to e in me, or i in fg. 4. O, without an accent, is the same as in English ; when accented (6),* it has a longer and deeper sound. 5. V, without an accent is like oo in English, with the accent (vl,)* its sound is fuller and deeper. * The peculiarity of these sounds cannot be indicated by English letters ; in giving the pronunciation of Hungarian names, we have merely distinguished them as being long. 42 INTRODUCTION. 6. Oe or 6, and ii, are the same as in Germ.an. 7. The consonants b, d,f, h, k, I, m, n, p, t, v, z, are like the English. 8. C is not used without being joined with some other consonant cs is sounded like ch in English ; cz like ts. 9. G, except when followed by _; or y, is always hard, as in the Eng lish word gel. Gh sounds like a simple g. 10. J is usually like e in English ; vj is pronounced oo-e. Dj and gj are equivalent to dy and gy, and tj to ty. (See 16, 17, and 20, of this Section.) 11. jR is like the German; in other words, ia to be trilled more strongly than the English. 12. S is like the English sh. 13. Sz is like s sharp, or «s. 14. Ts is equivalent to cs, or ch in English. 15. Tz is like cz, cr ts in English. 16. y, in Hungarian, is nearly always a consonant. When it fol lows d, g, I, n, and (, it seems to be blended with these letters, so as to form but one consonant sound. 17. Dy and gy are alike. Magyar is pronounced mod-yoR. 18. Ly is like l in Spanish, or Hi in the English word million. Viisdrhcly is pronounced in three syllables — v4a-shaiR-htT. 19. Ny is like the Spanish n, or ni in minion. Martony is pro nounced in two syllables — mMR-ton. 20. Ty approximates the sound of our ch, bearing the same relation to t, that dy does to d. 21. Zs sounds like the French _;, or zh in English. Obs. The Hungarian language cannot be said to have any accent, in the sense in which we employ this term : the syllables of words, however, are distinguished from each other by quantity As quantity in Latin and Greek is converted into accent by the usage of English pronunciation, so, in giving Hungarian names which are ordinarily used in geographical works, we have placed the accent according to the quantity; e.g. Csongrad, chon-griid'; but when the name is not in common use, but is merely given in a parenthesis, the quantity only of the vowel has been indicated, as this mode of marking the pronun ciation is more strictly accurate; t.^. Hungary (Hung. Magyar Orszag, mod-yoR 0R-si4g). INTRODUCTION. 43 ITALIAN. XXIII. 1. A, in Italian, is like the English a in far, though its sound varies somewhat in different situations.* 2. E has two sounds: (1.) close, as a in fate; (2.) open, like e in met. 3. I is like e in me, or i in _/?§•. 4. O has two sounds; (1.) close, as in nofe; (2.) open, similar lo o in not, but rather broader. 5. V is like oo in English. 6. Ai and a«, in Italian, are proper diphthongs. (See XX., 13, Obs.) Accordingly, Cairo is to be pronounced ki'-ro, and Ausa, ou'-sj, &c. 7. The consonants 6, d, f, I, m, n, p, q, s, t, and v, are similar to the English. Obs. K, id, x, and y, are not used by the Italians, except in spelling foreign names. 8. C and cc, before a, o, and u, are sounded like k; before e, i, and y, like ch or tsh. Oes. Cc should be pronounced more strongly than a single c. This remark will apply to all double letters, in Italian, as well as in most other languages. 9. As c, when immediately before a, o, or u, is never pronounced like ch, in order to express this sound in such cases, the vowel i is inserted ; thus, cia, cio, ciu, are pronounced chi., cho, choo. (See table at the end of this Section.) 10. Ch is employed lo express the sound of k before e and i. 11. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word get; before e, i, and y, it sounds like the English j ; gia, gio, giu, are pro nounced ji, jo, joo. (See table at the end of this Section.) * Of all the European tongues, the Italian has, probably, been brought to the greatest degree of perfection. There are, however, a number of niceties in this language, which, however interesting to a thorough linguist, cannot properly be noticed in a work like the present. The difficulty of giving a brief, and, at the same time, a satisfactory exposition of the principles of Italian pronunciation, is incie.ised by the ezistenc^of dilTerent dialects in different parts of Italy. It has been deemed sufficient, in this synopsis, merely to explain those principles of pro nunciation which appear lo be recognized by the Italians generally. 4* 44 INTRODUCTION. 12. Gh is used to express the sound of hard g, before e, and i. 13. Gli has the sound of the liquid I (l), oif of Hi in million; thus, BoGLio is pronounced bole'-yo. 14. Gn has the same sound as in French ; or, in other words, is like the Spanish fi ; c. g. Bologna is pronounced bo-lone'-yi. 15. H is never sounded in Italian. 16. J, at the beginning of a syllable, is like the English y (conso nant) ; at the end of a word, it is equivalent to ii (Italian). 17. R resembles the French, but is trilled somewhat more strongly. (See XIX., 24). 18. Sc, before e, and i, is like the English sh ; e. g. Scio is pro nounced Shee'-o. 19. Z commonly has the sound of dz in English ; zz is pronounced like ts. The following table will, perhaps, enable the reader more readily to understand the mode in which c and ch, g and gh are employed by the Italians. ca is pronounced ki ga is pronounced gi che ki ghe gA chi " ke ghi ghe CO (( ko go go cu i( koo gu goo cia It chi gia J4 ce It chi ge ji ci tt che gi je cio tt cho gio jo ciu (( choo giu ' joo Obs. It may be observed, that, in consequence of the position of Italy, and its former extensive and intimate commercial relations with the Levant, a great number of the geographical names of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, as well as many of those along the southern shore of the Mediterranean, are written in the Italian mode, and should be pronounced according to the principles of tliis language ; f . g. Cobtv, Tripolizza, Scio, Jaffa, -Cairo, &c. NORWEGIAN. XXIV. As a written language, tlie Norwegian may ke said to be identical with the Danish, since not only the grammar, but. with very few excep INTRODUCTION. 45 tions, tlie words of both, are precisely the same. In pronunciation, however, the Norwegians differ widely fi'om the Danes, while these again difti^r considerably araong themselves. Under Section XVIL, we have given the elements of Danish pronunciation, as the language is spoken by tlie educated classes in Copenhagen. The principal points of diflerence between this and tbe Norwegian, appear to be the follow ing : (1.) d, in the latter tongue, always has its proper sound, while in Danish it is often pronounced like the English th ; (2.) g, at the end of a word, in Norwegian, is to be sounded distinctly as g hard in Eng lish ; (3.) 0, ending a syllable, is pronounced like our oo ; (4.) e, at the end of a word, always retains its distinct sound ; thus, Odense would be pronounced oo'-den-seA, and not o'-den-seA, as in Danish. POLISH. XXV. 1. A sounds as a in the English word far. 2. E, without an accent, like e in met ; with an accent (e), like a in fate. 3. J as in marine. 4. O, unaccented, as in note ; with an accent, like oo, as in good, or 66. 5. V is like oo in ?noon. 6. y resembles e in me, but is more guttural, being similar to i in pin. 7. The consonants b, d, f, g (always hard), h, k, I, m, n, p, s (always sharp), t, and z, are essentially the same as in English. 8. C is like the German c, or ts in English ; cz is equivalent to our ch ; ch is like the German ch. 9. J is like the German, being equivalent to y (consonant). 10. R is like the German. 11. W is similar to the German, resembling our v.. 12. JV, with an accent over it (n'), sounds like the Spanish n. 13. iS, marked in a similar manner (s') has a sound blending that of s and y (consonant). S'c' has a sound which cannot be given in Eng lish , its nearest approximation in our language is sts. 14. Sz is equivalent to sh in English. 15. Z, with a point over it, is like the French j, or zh in English. 46 INTRODUCTION. 16. Z, with an accent (z'), is somewhat similar to the above, but hafl no equivalent in our language. Obs. The sounds of the letters in Slavonian, Bohemian, and Illyrian, correspond, with very slight exceptions, to those of the Polish language. PORTUGUESE. XXVI. 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, u, and y, and the diphthongs ai, ay, au, ei, and ey, are essentially the same as in Spanish. 2. AO is pronounced almost oung. 3. The consonants 6, d, f, I, m, n, p, s, t, v, and z, are similar to the, English. 4. C is the same as in French, difiering from the English only by sometimes having the cedilla. 5. Ch is the same as in French ; or, in other words, is like our sh. 6 G and j are the same as in French. (See XIX, 15 and 17.) 7. H, in Portuguese, is always silent When, however, it follows I or n, it renders these letters Uquid ; thus, filho (son), is pronounced feel-yo; senhora (lady), sane-yo'-ri, &c. 8. M, frequently, and n, sometimes, has a nasal sound. Sam, like SAO, is pronounced almost soung ; alem or alen sounds like a-leng'. 9. Qu is pronounced as in French, the u in this case not being sounded. 10. R is like the French. (See XIX, 24.) 11. X is sounded like ch in Portuguese, or sh in English. RUSSIAN. As the Russians neither employ Iloman characters, nor those which can be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters, we have, in writing tbe geographical names of Russia, followed the mode adopted with respect to oriental names. (See XIV and XV.) SPANISH. XXVII. 1. The Spanish a sounds as in the English word /ir; e like a in ale, i like e in mete ; o as in English ; u like oo ; and y like Spanish t. 2. Ai and ay are like long i in English. Au sounds like ou in our. (See XX, 13, Obs.) Ei and ey are pronounced i'-e. INTRODUCTION. 47 3. The consonants / I (single), m, n, p, s, t, and v, are pronounced nearly as in English. 4. B, at the beginning ofa word, sounds as in English ; but when it occurs between two vowels, its sound resembles that of d, with this dif ference — v is pronounced with the upper teeth placed against the under lip, while the sound of the Spanish b is formed by bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. This sound seems to be "between that of v and the English w. 5. C, before a, o, and u, is pronounced as in English ; before e and i, it has the sound ofth in the word thin. In the Catalan dialect it is the same as in English. 6. Ch has the same sound as in English, except in the dialect of Catalonia, where it is pronounced like k. 7. D, at the beginning of a word, is sounded nearly as in English, but is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, while in pronouncing the English d, the tongue is made to touch the roof of the mouth. At the end ofa syllable, or between two vowels, d, in Spanish, sounds like the English th in this, but is somewhat softer. This sound is usually represented, in the present work, by a small capital D. 8. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English. 9. G, before e and i, and j before every vowel, are pronounced like a strong guttural /;, similar to the German ch in ach. This sound is indicated by h distinguished as a small capital. 10. Gua and guo sound somewhat like gwi, gwo, but the g is so soft that it is scarcely perceived ; so that in these cases the sound of ^m seems to approximate very nearly to that of the English w. Gii, before e and i, is usually sounded like g hard ; thus, Guiana is pronounced ghe- in'-i. When, however, the u is marked with a diseresis ; thus, gui ; these two letters have the same sound as when before a or o, and con sequently giii is pronounced gwe or toe. (See table at the end of this Section.) 11. H, in Spanish, is never pronounced, except in words beginning with hue, and then very slightly. 12. Ll (now sometimes written l), has a sound which combines that of I and y (consonant), and is similar to the liquid I in French ; e. g. villa or viia is pronounced veel'-ya ; Llerena, lyi-ri'-ni. 13. N, in a similar raanner, unites the sounds of ra and y, and is like gn in French ; thus peTia is pronounced pane'-yi. 14. Q, in Spanish, is always followed by u. Qu, before a and o, is 48 INTRODUCTION. sounded as in English ; or, in other words, is equivalent to kw ; before c and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the u be marked with a diteresis, in which case it is like kw. (See table at the end of this Section.) 15. R is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly. (See XIX., 24.) 16. T is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 17. A' is usually sounded like the Spanish 7', which letter, according to the present mode of spelling, has been generally substituted for it; thus, instead of the old spelling, Ximenes, Xucar, &c., we now see Jimenes, Jucar, &c. X, before a consonant, or before a vowel marked with this sign a, is sounded as in English: Example — Exte rior, Exkminar. 18. Z is to be pronounced like th in thin. The following table will, perhaps, serve to show more clearly the manner in which c, g, j, q, x, and .6, are used in Spanish. ca — is pronounced ki cua or qua is pronounced qui que " ki cue or qiie " qui cui or qtii " que cuo or quo " quo gua is pronounced gwi or wi giie " gwi or wi gui " gwe or we guo " gwo or wo za — is pronounced thi ze or ce " thi zi or ci " the zo — " tho zu — " thoo Obs. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico, differs, in some points, materially from the true Spanish. Thus, z and c, before e and i, instead of having the sound of th, are generally pronounced like s. Among the uneducated classes, ll is universally sounded like y ; thus, villa is pronounced vee'-yi. It will be perceived that this is similar to the fashionable pronunciation ofthe liquid I in French. In most coun tries of South America, the Spanish tongue is spoken in greater purity, though the above-mentioned corruptions prevail, in some parts, to a greater or less extent. — qui CO — cu " ueko " koo ga is pronounced gi gue " gi gui " ghe go " go gu goo ja or xa — is je, xe, or ge pronounced ni Hi ji, xi, or gi He jo or xo — " HO ju or xu " HOO INTRODUCTION. 49 SWEDISH. XXVIII. 1. The vowels a, e, i, a, and 6, are similar to the German. 2. X sounds like the English o. 3. O, at the end of a syllable, is like our oo ; in other cases, like o in not. 4. V appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo, being some what similar to b'-oo. It has been represented, in the present work, by 00 ; this sound being the nearest to it of any in our language. 5. Y is the same as in Danish ; or, in other words, is similar to the French u. 6. The Swedish consonants are for the most part pronounced like the EngUsh, with the exception of j, and g before e, i, a, o, and U, which are equivalent to y consonant, and of z, which sounds like ts. 7. Kj sounds like the Enghsh ch ; thus, Kjoping (written, also, simply Koping) is pronounced chop'-ing. The following Table is intended to exhibit the Elrlkin^ discrepancy in the mode of writing the same geographical names, which occurs in the works of respectable auliiors. (See i'refacc, page xii,, and I-ntroductiori, page SS.) Small capitals are used lo denote the mode of spelling which occura in the Gazetleer, and which the authors coDs:< dered lo be ihe preferable orthography. An asterisk denotes that ihe proouncialionof the ep^lling to wbich it is appended is difierent from that ofthe olhera. Bul when a name occurs wilh two or more different bpellinga, not marked by an asterisk, it is to be imderstood that the pronunciation of all these is esscniially the »ame. If the reader will bear in mind ihal oo in Enghuh, cm in French, and u in Italian and German, have the same Bound ; (hat i in all Ihe languages of continental Europe is siixjilar to ec in English ; that j. in two-thirds of thc European lan- """ — ¦- like our y: that di In French, aii'i sch in German, is equivalent liJ our «A,aiid thatj (and g" before e and »j m like our zh — or z m azure — and nearly like tt>e German tch; a clue will be furnished to nany of the per plexities wilh which geographical spelling and pronunciatiou bo much abound. Isome other di£BciJtiGs are explauied in (he Table by reference lo the Introduction; e.g. Ilabanaj Havana; Xingu^ Chmgti, (App.) placed after a name, indicates that it is to be found in the Appendix. fr; Abookeer, Aboukir. Abooshehr, Abuschehr. Abouchehr. Writ ten also Bushire (boo-sheer'). Abootizh, Abootish, Abutisch, Aboutij. Aboutige, Abutige. Acheen. Atcheen. Achmouneyn, Oshmooneyn. Aichstadt, Eichstadt. Akhmym, Achmim, Ekmim. Alen tejo, Alem-Tejo. Amarapoura, Ummerapoora. Amasera, Amasreh. Amoo, Amu, Amou. Amoor, Amour, Amur. Amretsir, Ainrelseer, Umritseer. Anadeer, Anadir. Anatolia. See Natolia. Andujar, Anduxar. Angora, *Engoor, *Enguri. Anzooan, Anzouan, *Anjouan. Arkekko, Arkiko. Argoon, Argoun, Argun. Ass^VAN, Assouan, A^uan. Atcheen, Acheen. Atfe, Atfih. AxooM, Axum, Axoum. Ayasoolook, Ayasalouk, Ayasaluk. Azof, Azoph, Azov. Badakhshan, Budukhshan. Bairout. See Beyroot. *Balfurosh, Balfroosh. Balfrouch. Baschkirs, Bashkeers, (a race of Tartars, dwelling south of the r. Irtish in Siberia.) Bassora, Bussora, Basrah, (XIX. 1 Obs.) Bedouin, Bedoween, Beduin. Beyroot, Bairout, Beirout, Berut. Berezof, Berezow, Berezov. Bermudas, *Bermoothes. [the Euplirntes.) Bir, Beer, (a sraall town of Asia Minor, oti Birma, Burma. BoRNOO, Bornou. liRAnMAPOOTRA, ^Burrampootcr. J3UDUKUSHAN, Budakhshaii, (XIX. 1 Obs ) Burma, Birma. *Eurrompooter, Brahmapootra. Bursa, Boursa, Boorsa, *Brusa. Bu.sliire. See Abooshehr. CABOOL, Cabul, Caubul, Caboul. Cachoeira, Caxoeira. Cairo, ^Kahira, *Qahera. Camanche, Comanche, (App.) Cambodia, Cambodja, *Camboge. Campbachy, Campeclic. Candahar, Kandahar.J I The casns in which C is interchanged with ZT are very numBroiis, eipecially in Gonimn, Ruwian, and Asia- tjc names. Canton, *Quangtong. [mire, Kashmire. Cashmere, Cachemir, Kashmeer, Kachc- Catalosia, ^Cataluna. Catmasdoo, IChaimandn, Katmandon. Caxof.ira. Cachoeira. Caubul, See Cabool. Celle, Zelle, (XX. 18 and 30.) Charkow, ICharkow, Khabkof, Kharkov Chat-el-Arab, Shatt-el-Aeab. Cheboygan, Sheboygan. Chienne, Cheyenne. Shienne, (App.) Chingu, Xingu, (XXVI. 11.) Co.^nuiLA, Cohahuila, (App.) Comanche. Camanche, (App.) Cordova, Cordoba, (XXVII. 4.) Corunna, *Coru5a. Courland, Koorland, Kurland. Dantzic, Danzig. Darfoor, Darfur, Darfour, Dar Foor. Dezfool, Dezphoul, Dezfoul, Dezi'ul. Djidda or Djeeda. See Ju>da. *DouRO, *Duero. Dovrefield, Daavre[jeld. Dofrafield. Drohobicz. Drohovitsch. DaoNTHEi.M. Trondhiem, Trondjem. Dunkirk, Djiilccrqae Ebora, Evo?.a. \XXVII. 4.) JiDlNDCRGH, Kiluiuorough. Eichstadt, Aichstadt. *Elatma, Yelatma, Iclatma. Ekaterinburg, lekaterinbourg. ELisABETGitAD, Velisavctgrad. Erzroom, Erzeroum, Erzrum, Ardzroom, Arzerum, Arzeroum. Ferro, ^-Hierro. Fiesole, =vFesole. Fiji, Feejee. Fontarabia, ^Fuenterabia. Geldcks, Guelders. Gheezeh, Gizeh. ^Jizeh. Ghent, (icnt. #Gand. Gloucester, Gl. ister. Gooldsha. Guld.^eha, Gmildia, *Kuldsha. Gottingen, Goellingen, (XX 3.) Guelder?, GeldeHj:. Haarlem, Haerlem. Harlem. Havana, Habana, (XXVH. 4,) H uvAii, Owhyhee. [dostan. Hindostan, Hindustan, Hlmlooslan, ^^lu- HiNDOo, Hirtdu. HiM-vLAVA, *Himmaleh. laroslav. Jaroslaw, Yaroslaf. Indnstan. S^'o Hindostan. iNNsnu-cK. Innsbruck. Irkootsk, Irkouisk, Iikutsk. *Iskendoi o.tn, S(-.vndkroon IviffA, Il.iza. (XXVH. 4, 5.)' Jakutsk .,r hikouisk. See Vakoutsk. TABLE OF DIFFERENT SPELLINGS. Jalisco, Xalisco, (App.) Janina, Yanina, Joannina. Jaroslaw. See Yaroslaf. Jeddo, Yeddo. Jesso, lesso, Yesso, Yeso. Jeypoor, Jyepoor, Jypoor. Jidda. Djidda, Djeeda. Jitomir, Zitomir, Zhitomeer. Joodpoor, Joudpoor. Jorullo, Xorullo. [Russia.) Ju"-, Yoo", r. (a branch of the Dwina, in Kahira. See Cairo. Kalooga, Kalouga, Kaluga. Kamtchatka, Kamtschatba, (See Note, p. 2ii'2.) Kharkof, Khnrko"w, Charkow^, Kharkov. Khartoom, Khartum, TCliartoum. Rhiva, Kheeva. Kief, Kiew, Kieff, Kiev. KiRMANSHAH, Kirmaushaw. *KisTNA, Krishna. Klagenfurth, Clagenfurth. KoAHOMA, Coahoma. KooE, Kur, Kour. Koorland, Kurland, Courland. Koordistan, Kurdistan. Curdistan. Koorsk, Koursk, Kursk. Koorile, Kurile, Kourile. Kuldsha. See Gooldsha. KuTAiYEH, Kootaiah, Koulaieh. La Baca, La Vacca, (App.) Lancerota, Lanzarota, (XXVII. 5, 18.) IjEIPsic, Leipzig. Leyden, Leiden. Libadia, Livadia. Lisle, Lille. Lintz, Linz. Livadia, Libadia, (XXI. 11.) Lucerne, *Luzern. Maas, Maese, *iVIeuse. Maastricht, Maestricht. IMaelaren, Malaren. Majorca, *MaIlorca. Manchooria, Mantchooria, Mandshuria. Maranham, Maranhao. Maravi, Maravee. Mardeen, Merdm. Marmora, Marmara. JMaeosch, Maros, (XXII. 12.) Matareeyeh, Malaria. Matar^-eh. *Mathuba. Muttra, (XIX. 1 Obs.) Mekinez, Mequinez, Meknas. Mergui, Merghi. Meshed, Mesfiid, *Mushed. Mexico, Megico, Mejico, (XXVII, 9 & 17.) Minho, Mino. Moorzook, Mourzouk, Murzuk. Natolia, *Anatolia, *Anadoli, *Anatoli. Nezheen, Nejin, Neschin. Nizhnee, Nijni, Nischnei. Olivenza, Olivenga. Oorfa, Urfa, Ourta. Ooroomeea, Urumiya, #Ourmiah, Urmia. OoosTiooG, Ustiug, Oustioug. Otaheite, Tahiti. Owhyhee, Hawaii. Oshmooneyn, Achmouneyn. Ouachita, Washita. Ouisconsin, \Yisconsin 5 Oural, Ural. Ourghendj, Oorghendj, Urghendj, *l i ghenz, Urgantz. Seu Khiva, Gazetteer Petic, Pilic. Rhine, Rhein, Rhyn. Roomelia, Roumelia, Rumelia. Room Elee, Rum Ili, Roum Ili. Saree, Sari. ' Scanderoon, *Iskenderoou Schoa, SuoA, Xoa. *Schonen, Skaone. (XXVIII. 2.) Shoa, Schoa, Xoa (XXVI. 11), *Shwa. Sioot, Siout, =ii=Osioot, *Esioot. Sivas, Seevas. *Sleswick, Slesvig, ^Schleswig. Siwah, Seewah. Soodan, Soudan, Sudan. Soormool, Sounnoul, Surmul, (a small luwn of Persia.) Sooltaneeyeh, Sultanieh, Soultaiiia. Soorabaya, Surabaya, Sourabaya. Suez, Sooez, Soueys. Suabia, Swabia. Tahiti, Otaheite. Tabreez, Tabriz, *Tauris. Tabareeyeh, Tabarieh. Tarsoos, Tarsous, Tarsus. Tchernigof, Czernigow, Tchernigoff Tibet, Thibet. *TiMBUCToo, Tombuctoo, Tombooctoo, Tombouctou, *Tenbocto. Toola, Toula, Tula. Toorkistan, Turkistan, Tonkin, Tonquin. Torzhok, Torschok, Torjok. Trondjem or Trondhiem, Drontheim. Truxillo, Trujillo. Torneo, Torucao, (XXVIII. 9.) Tver, Twer. Ural, Oural. Urfa. See Oorfa. Urmiah. See Ooroomeea. Usbeck, Oozbek, Ouzbek. Viborg, Wiborg. Vitebsk, Vitepsk, Witebsk. Volga, Wolga. Voronezh, Voronege, Voronej, Woro nesch, *Voronetz, Woronetz. Washita, Ouachitta, Wisconsin, AViskonsan, Ouisconsin. WlIrtemberg, Wirtemberg. Xalapa, Jalapa. Xalisco, Jalisco, (App.) Xeres, Jeres. Xingu, Chingu, (XXVI. 11.) Xoa. See Shoa. Yakootsk, lakoulsk, Jakutsk, Yakutsk. Yanina. See Janina. Yarkund, Yarkand, (XIX- 1 Obs.) Yaroslaf, laroslav, Jaroslaw. Yeddo, Jeddo. Yesso, Jesso. Zahara, Sahara. Zaragoza, ^Saragossa. Zebu, Cebu, (XXVII. 5 and 18.) Zelle, Celle, (XX. 18 and 3.) Zhitomeer, jitomir, Schitomir, Zytomir, *Zitomirz. Zuyder Zek. Zuider Zee. EXPLANATION ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC., EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK. Adj. adjective. Mass. Massachusetts. Ala. Alabama. M.B. Malte-Brun. Anc. anciently. Md. Maryland. Arab. Arabic. Me. Maine. Ark. Arkansas. Mich. Michigan. B. Balbi. Miss. Mississippi. cap. capital. Mo. Missouri. CO. county. Mt. Mount or mountain. Conn. Connecticut. N. north. Dan. Danish. N.C. North Carolina. Del. Delaware. N.H. New Hampshire. dep. department. N.J. New Jersey. E. east. n.y. New York. E.G. Edinburgh Gazetteer. Norw. Norwegian. Flem. Flemish. Pa. Pennsylvania. Fr. French. P. C. Penny Cycloptedia. ft. feet. Pop. population. Ga. Georgia. Port. Portuguese. Ger. German. ppov. province. gov. government or province. pron. pronunciation. Gr. Greek. r. river. Hung. Hungarian. R. I. Rhode Island. i. island. Russ. Russian. inhab. inhabitant. S. C. South Carolina. 111. Illinois. Sp. Spanish. Ind. Indiana. sq. m. square miles. Int. Introduction. Sw. Swedish. Ky. Kentucky. t. town. La. Louisiana. Tenn. Tennessee. I,. Lake. Turk. Turkish. Int. Latitude. U. S. United States. Lon. Longitude. Va. Virginia. in. mile or miles. Vt. Vermont. I\I. McCulloch. W. west. 1 The vowels a, e, ,, o, marked with a point underneath (v ora, E or r, &c.) have nn obscure sound, similar to short u, thus, Merton should be pionounced almost mur -tun or mur'-fn. (See Introduction, VIII.) 2. X with two points underneath sounds like {>. (50) EXPLANATION, ETC. 51 3. 6 has a sound similar to the French eu or nearly like that of e in her. It may be anglicized by e. (See Introduction, XX., 8.) 4. ij is like the French u, being intermediate between ee and oo. (XIX., 5.) 5. A letter when it has a line underneath, or when italicised, is silent; e.g. in Wai.ker, Greene, 6h-dh.* 6. tp, sma.ll capital, in the pronunciation ofa name, indicates that its sound is similar to th in this. 7. to and k, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German ch or one similar to it. (VI. and XX., 19.) 8. TH, small capital, has a sound nearly similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h. 9. 1 (I liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million : it blends the sounds ofl and y consonant. (XXVIL, 12.) 10. M and N, small capitals, are nasal, being similar in sound to ner. (XIX, 19.) 11. R, small capital, has the sound of rr in terror. (XIX., 24.) 12. u, small capital, indicates the sound ofthe French eu. It is pro nounced nearly as u in tub or in fur. 13. +"\v, capital, has a sound similar to our v. 14. y and ey, at the end of an unaccented sylable, sound like e in me. 1.9. Ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in fate. 16. Au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 17. ee indicates a sound similar to i in pit or in spirit. 18. Ow, when the o is not marked long (ow), is to be pronounced like ou in hour. 19. Gh is sometimes employed in pronunciation for g Kara. 20. g is to be pronounced more softly than simple g. {XVIL, 13, and XXVIL, 10.) 21. .5 sounds like z. inr The sounds ofthe figured vowels are explained at the top ofthe page, in the body of the work. OBSERVATIONS. I. Every letter, or combination of letters, occurring in the pronunciation ofa word or name, is to be pronounced witb its proper English sound ; e.g., ou is to bo sounded as in our, sour, &.C., and not like oo, as in tcur, and some other words of French origin : g must be hard, as in get, give, &c. ; ch, as in chill, choose, unless tbe h be marked as silent, in which case ch ' has the sound of k. 2. Iu the pronunciation of foreign European names, care should be taken not to allow 4 to fall into the third or broad sound of this vowel — an error to which American and English speakers are very prone — it would be much less a fault, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It should, however, be observed, that a preceding the nasal n in FrencIi, is usually broad, almost like o in not. (See Int. XIX., 19, 20, and 21.) A, in some names, appears to have a sound intermediate between I, and A. •The h, in this and similar instances, is employed in order to enable the learner more readily to pronounce the vowel short, as in not: were it omitted, thus, ob-o, the inexperienced pupil might be in danger of pronouncing tha o long, as in no, or indistinctly, as we often hear it in piano. t It is intended thai the mere English scholar shall pronounce these letters with their proper English sound. (See Introduction, VI.) 53 EXPLANATION, ETC. Thus the a in the penultimate syllable of Alabama, is somewhat longer than in fat, though not so broad as in far. It may be remarked that some orthoepists assign such a sound to a in certain English words, e.g. in /ast. 3. When e and o end a syllable in the pronunciation of a word, tbey are always to be pronounced distinctly with their first sound (as in me oi no.) 4. E is io.Te\y fgured when occurring in a syllable with the primary accent (IX.); in other cases e, and also the other vowels, are frequently thus marked, in order to guard against their being pronounced indistinctly. 5. O marked long (6), though often employed in English names, in order to show merely that this letter has its first sound, when it occurs in the pro nunciation of foreign words or names, always indicates that the sound-of the vowel is to be prolonged. In like manner, 6 indicates th^t this letter has a sound like o, in not, to be pronounced distinctly but very short. 6. The sound of u before a vowel, in Spanish words, is usually repre sented by w. Thus nuevo is pronounced nwa'-vo, which is nearly equiva lent to noo-a'-vo. In Italian, the u before a vowel appears to be so'inded more distinctly : accordingly, wc havo indicated the pronunction of nuoco, duomo, by noo-o'-vo, doo-o'-mo. In these cases, however, noo-o and doo-4i are to be pronounced almost in one syllable. 7. When two or more geographical names, with the same spelling, occur in succession, and the pronunciation ofthe first only is given, it is intended that all shall be pronounced alike. 9. The pronunciation ofa name is distinguished from tbe name itselij by its not beginning with a capital. In examples like the following, Bars -lau or hres'-lou, the latter spelling has reference to pronunciation only, while the former gives tbe true mode of writing the name and tlie pronunciation at the same time. Had we written Breslau, bres'-lau or brcs'-lou, the same end would have been attained, but at tbe expense of brcvlt}'. 9. The number of syllables in a word or narae is indicated by the hy phens ; e.g. Smitiie not being divided by a hj^phen, is to be pronounced in one syllable; pane'-ya in two: the e, in such syllables as panr, is silent, being only Uicd to render the preceding a long, as In fate. In some few cases, how. ever, where a mme of two or more syllables is necessarily familiar to all, we have not divided it by hyphens, nor indicated the pronunciation in any way; e.g., Henrv, Willi.mi, &C. In Latiu names, the accent only has been marked. JO. When thc right or left bank of a river is spoken of, tbe reader is sup posed to bo looking down tbe stream, or, in other words, going with the current. 11. It may be remarked, respecting the adjective and appellation of the inhabitants, derived from the names of places (see Pref.ice, pages vi. and vii.), that, if the latter has man for its termination, in tbe singular, tlie plural is often expressed by the adjective; e.g., singular, Fre.nch.\ia\; plural, tub French: singular, Scotciimax; plural, the Scotch, &c. We sometimes hear also "the Spanish," instead of " the SpA.xiARns;" but such expres sions are not to be approved. 12. When no date is given, the population of places in this country has reference to the census of IS-JO; tho population of Great Britain to tho census of 1841, and that of France to the census of 1836. 13. When, immediately after a geographical name, there occur one or more names beginning with acapital, cncloiicd in a parenthesis, these are to be understood as different modes of writinsj the first, but if thc word enclosed begins with a small letter, it is merely tho pronunciation of the first name. UNIVERSAL PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. Fite, fir, fiUl, felt; m^, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66, as in good ; ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, eis in this ; n, nearly like ng. Aa, ii, the name of several small rivers of Europe, in France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany. Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Aalborg, oU-boRg, a t. of Denmark ; cap. ofa bishopric of the same name, in Jutland, on the S. side of the extensive arm of the sea called Lymfiord. Lat. 57° 2' N., Lon. 9° 57' .E. Pop. estimated at about 9,000. (B.) Aar or Aare, 44r, a r. in the N. part of Switzerland, which rises near the E. extremity of the canton of Berne, and, traversing the lakes of Brienz and Thun, passes through the cantons of Soleure and Aargau, and falls into the Rhine, 28 m. E. of Bale. Length, about 170 m. It becomes navigable at its egress from the lake of Thun. Aargau, 4aK'-gou, (Fr. Argovie, aR^-go^-ve'; Lat. Argo'via), a, can ton in the N. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area, 505 sq.m. Pop., in 1836, 182,755. (M.) Aarhuus, OR'-hooce, a seaport t. of Denmark, in Jutland ; cap. of a bishopric of the same name, on the E. coast. Lat. 56° 9' 35" N., Lon. 10° 14' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Abakansk, 4-bi-kinsk', a t. of Siberia, on the Abikan/, an affluent of theYenisei, in the prov. of Kolyvan, remarkable fjr the ancient tombs discovered in its vicinity, which contain ornaments of silver and gold, and on which are to be seen statues of men fro n seven to nine feet high, with carved work of an extraordinary character. It appears that this country, at present so imperfectly civilized, was once inhabited by a people acquainted with writing and other arts. (B.) Lat. about 54° N., Lon. 91° 15' E. Abancay, 4b-4n-ki', a t. of Peru, 60 m. W. by S. from Cuzco. Lat. 13° 40' S., Lon. about 73° W. Pop. about 5,003. (B.) Abano, 4-bi'-D0, a t. of Italy, near Padua, noted for its hot sul phurous baths. Permanent pop. 2,600. (B.) 5 * 53 54 AEA— ABO Fite, fir, fall, fat ; m\ m't; phie or pine, pin ; n^ nut; 66, as in good; Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'-c-a, a country of Russia, E. of, and bor dering on, the Black Sea. Adj. and inhab., Abascian or Abassian, ab- ash'-e-an. Abbeville, ab^-vill', a fortified manufacturing town of France, in the dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 25 m. N. W. of Amiens. Lat. 50° 7' N., Lon. 1° 50' E. Pop. 13,842. (M.) Aii'-BE-viLLE\ a dist. of South Carolina, on the Savannah. Pop. 29,3-j1. Seat of justice, Abbeville. An'-cR-BROTH^-ocK, or Ar'-eroath, a seapart t. of Scotland, in For farshire, 48 m. N.'N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56° 34' N., Lon. 2° 32' W. Pop. 7,218. Ab'-kr-deen', a city of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, consisting of two parts; or, more properly, forming two distinct towns. Old Aberdeen, on the right bank of the Don, was a place of some importance in the 12th century. It has a. university called King's College, founded by James IV., in 1494. New Aberdeen, the cap. of Aberdeenshire, stands on the left bank of the Doe (which forms ils harbour), 91 m. N. N. E. nf Edinburgh. It has a universitv named Marischal College, in honour of Earl Marischal, who founded it, in 1593 or 1594. Lat. 57° 9' X., Ixin. 2° 6' VV. En tire population of the burgh, including both towns, 63.2*?. Ab^-er-deen'-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on tlie sea. Pop. 192,387. Abergavenny, aW-er-gi-ne, a small t. in England, in Monmouth shire, 11 m. W. from Blonmouth. Ab^-er-ist'-with (with) or Aberystwith, a seaport t. of Wales, Car diganshire. Lat. 52° 24' N., Lon. 4° 5' W. Pop. 4,975. Ab'-ing-don, a t. of England, in Berkshire, on the Thames, 56 m. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,-585. Abo, 5'-bo, (Sw. .abo, 6'-boo), formerly the cap. of Finland, situated on a promontory, between the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Pop., formerly, 12,500. (P. C.) Lat." 60° 27' N., Lon. 22° 17' E. It was almost utterly destroyed by the dreadful conflagration of 1S2.5, but is now slowly rising from its ruins. (B.) Abomey, ab'-o-mV, a populous t. of .Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Dahomey. Lat. about 7° 30' N., I^n. 1° 45' E. Pop. 24,0:0. (B.) Ab-oo-keer' (Aboukir), a t. of Egypt, with a castle, 13 m. N. E. of Alexandria. Lat. 31° 20' N., Lon. 30° 7 E. Abooshehr, 4-boo-shaih'r', (Abuschehr or Aboushehr, also written Bushire, boo-sheer'; and Bender or Bunder Boshavir, bo-shS-veer',) a seaportt. of Persia, on a peninsula in the Persian Gulf, 10 m. W. S. W. of Shiraz. Lat. 28° 57' N., Lon. 50° 52' E. Pop. formerly estimated as high as 12,000, and even 15,000, but now reduced by pestilence war, and other causes, to 1,500. (B.) Ab-oo-tizh' or Abootish (written usually Aboutij or Abutige), a t. in Upper Egypt, on the W. bank ofthe Nile, celebrated for its excellent opium. Lat. 27° 5' N., Lon. 31° 20' E. ABR— ACR 55 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Abrantes, i-brAn'-t's, a t. of Portuguese Estreraadura, 74 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Abrolhos, 4-brole'-yoce dangerous sand-banks and rocks on the coast of Brazil, in about 18° S. Lat., 30° 20' W. Lon. Abrud Ba'nya, 6b' -rood' bian'yoV, a small t. of Transylvania, remarkable for its gold mines. Lat. 46° 28' N., Lon. 22° 10' E. Abruzzo, -i-broot'-so, an extensive territory forming the N. E. portion of the Neapolitan dominions. It is divided into Abruzzo Ultra (ool'-tri), and Abruzzo Citra (chee'-tri), or, farther and nearer Abruzzo. Abuschehr. See Aiiooshehr. Abutige. See Abootizh. Ab-ys-sin'-i-a, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the E. by the Rod Sea, N. by Sennaar, VV. and S. by Sennaar, Kordofan, and barbarous regions; about 770 m. long, and 550 broad. The ranges of mountains, with which it is everywhere intersected, preserve the air cool, and afford a sufficient supply of water. In consequence of this physical structure, Abyssinia is exceedingly fertile, and is exempted, in a great measure, from that sand which dooms so large a portion of Africa to sterility. The chief alimentary plants are, millet, barley, wheat, maize, and teff.* All travellers concur in praising the fine wheaten bread of Abyssinia; but it is eaten only by people of rank. Teff grows on every oil, and affords the bread which is in universal use. This once powerful kingdom, which during so many ages preserved i..s independence against the efforts of paganism and the sword of Ma homet, is now a prey to anarchy, and completely dismembered. Among the various kingdoms into which it has been divided, the following are the principal : The kingdom of Amhara, of Tigre, and of Shoa or Shwa. 'Phese will be spoken of in their respective places. — The Abyssinians profess Christianity, but their religion is filled with Judai- cal observances. — Adj. and inhab., Ab-ys-sin'-i-.an. Acapulco, ic-S-pool'-co, a t. of Mexico, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its port is the finest in Mexico, and has few equals in the world. Lat. 16° 50' N., Lon. 99° 49' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Ac'-co-mack\ a county of Virginia, on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 17,096. Seat of justice, Accomack c. h. Acheen. See Atcheen. Achmim. See Akhmym. Achmouneyn. See Oshmooneyn. AcQUi. See Aqui. Acra, S'-kra, or Ac'-cra, a kingdom on the gold coast of Africa, about 26 m. in length, and from 12 to 20 in breadth. — Also the chief t. of the above kingdom. Lat. 5° 30' N., Lon. 0° 15' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) Acre, i/-k'r or 4/k'r, (Turk, and Arab. Ak'ki,) an ancient city and seaport of Palestine, in a pashalic of its own name, on a bay of the *"The tejf or tafo is a grain smaller than mustard seed, and well tasted Bliiinenbach thinks that it is the sarae with the Poa Abyssinica." (IW. B.) 56 ADA— ADI Fiitc, f^r, fill, fit ; mi"', m^ I ; plue or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Mediterranean, in a situation rendered unhealthy by the neighbouring marshes. It is small, but very populous and well fortified. This city has been celebrated from remote antiquity. Strabo calls it Ake (Axri). Another appellation is, St. Jean D'Acre, which it probably acquired from the knights of St. John, eo distinguished for their valour against the Mahometans. It is 23 rn. N. N. VV. of Jerusalem. Lat. 32° 54' N., Lon. 35° 6' E. Pop. estimated at near 20,OUO. (B.) A-dair', a co. in the S. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 8,466. Co. t. Columbia. Adair, a co. in the N. part of Mo., near the border of Iowa. Adalia, 4-di'-le-4, or Satalia, a seaport and commercial t. of Asiatic Turkev, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 36° 53' N., Lon. 30° 45' E. Pop. variously estimated from 8,000 to 30,000. (B.) Ad'-am,<;, a CO. in the most westerly part uf 111., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 14,476. Co. t. Quincy. Adams, a co. in the E. part of Ind., a little S. ofthe Maumee r. Pop. 2,264. Co. t. Decatur. Adams, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 19,434. Co. t. Natchez. Adams, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop. 13,183. Co. t. West Union. Adams, a co. in the S. part of Pa., a little W. ofthe Susqnehanna r. and bordering on .Md^ Pop. 23,044. Co. t. Gettysburg. Adana, i'-di-nS, a t. of Asiatic Turkey in Caramania, on a river ofthe same name. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. 35° 6' E. Pop. estimated by M. Kinneir at near 3 ',C00 ; but during the heat of summer it is almost deserted. (B.) Adda, id'-di, a river of Italy, which runs through the Valtellina into Lake Como, and joins the Po near Cremona. Ad'-dj-son, a CO. of Vermont, bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 23,583. Co. t. Middlebury. Adel, 4-del', a territory of Africa, immediately S. E. of Abyssinia. Zeila is the chief town. Aden, i'-den or i'-den, a seaport t. of Arabia, on a gulf at tlie N. extremity of the Indian Ocean, to which it gives its name. The pop. ofthis place, said to have been 30,000 in the 17th century, had become reduced a few years since to about 800 (M.), when it was taken pos session of by tho British, and made a commercial depot, and a station for the steamers running from Suez to Bombay. It is now represented as being in a very flourishing state, the pop. being estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000. Lat. 12° 45' N., Lon. about 45° E. Adige, ad'-e-je, * (It. pron. i'-de-ji; Ger. Etsch; Anc. Ath'esis:) a r. ofN. Italy, which rises in the country ofthe Grisons, on the borders of Tyrol, and flows into the Gulf of Venice, near the mouths ofthe Po. It is a rapid stream, and navigated with difficulty. - Like him wayworn And lost, who by the foaming AdicS, Descending from the Tyrol .' RoGEEs's Jlalv, Part first, VIII. ADI— ^T 57 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan. Ad'-i-ron'-dack, a name recently given to a cluster of mountains in N. Y., S. W. of L. Champlain. The highest summit, Mt. Marcy, has an elevation of about 5,46 ) feet above the sea. Adlerbeug, i'-dler-biKG or arl'-bfRG, one ofthe largest mountains of Suabia, properly a branch of the Tyrolese Alps, which separates Suabia from the Tyrol. Ad'-mi-r.\l-ty, a large island on the W. coast of North America. Lat. 5S- N.', Lon. about 134° VV. About 180 m. in circuit. Adour, id'-ooR', a. r. in the S. W. of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs into the Bay of Biscay near Bayonne. Adow.ah, i'-do-wlh or i'-do-vi, the cap. of Tigre, in Abyssinia, and the place of the greatest trade in all that country. (B.) Pop. 8,(:00. Lat 14° 12 N., Lon. 39° 5' E. Adramiti, id-ri-mee'-te, (Anc. Adramyt'tium), a t. of Natolia, near the E. extremity of a gulf of the same name. Lat. 39° 34' N., Lon. 26° 50' E. Adria, i'-dre-i (Anc. Had'ria or At'ria), a t. of Italy, 30 m. S. S. VV. of Venice. It was an important commercial city, and a station for the Roman fleet under the emperors, but is now greatly reduced, and, in consequence of the sea having receded, is situated about 2 1 m. inland. Lit. 45° 3' N., Lon. 12^ 4' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Adrianople, ad~-dre-an-o'-p'l, (Anc. Adrianop'olis, i. e. the " city of Adrian ;" Turk. Ed'rcn-ih"), the second city of European Turkey on tlie Maritza, in a rich plain, 135 m. N. VV. of Constantinople. It was the seat of the Turkish dominion in Europe from the year 1366 to 1453, when the residence of the Sultans was transferred to Constantinople. Adiianople is the residence of a grand rnollah and of a Greek arch- bisljop. It contains some interesting Roman antiquities and several remarkable Moslem buildings, among which may bo mentioned the mo=que of Selim II., regarded as the most magnificent edifice of the kind that has ever been erected. Its dome is said to be even higher than that of St. Sophia's, at Conslantiiinple. Pop. estimated by Balbi at lOO.COO. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 26° 40' E. Ad'-rj-at'-ic SE.i, or Gulf of Venice, (Anc. Marc Adriat'icuni, or Mare Su'perum,) a great arm ofthe Mediterranean, extending in a N. W. direction between the coasts of Italy on the W., left, and Albania and Illyria on the right. It lies between 39° 40' and 4.5° 50' N. Lat, and 12° 10' and 19° 40' E. Lon. Length about 50O m. ; greatest breadth 130 m. The Adriatic derives its name from the once important seaport t of Adria. jE-ge'-.?n Sea is that portion of the Mediterranean which lies between Asia Minor and Greece. .(Eroe, i'-ro-e, a Danish island S. of Funen, about 14 m. long, with an area of 32 sq. m., and above 7000 inhab. (P. C.) jEt'-na or Et'na, a celebrated volcanic mountain of Sicily, situated near the S. E. coast. Height 10,873 feet. Lat 37° 37' N., Lon. 15° 5-E 58 AFG— AGR Fito, fir, fill, fdt ; mc, m&t ; pine or pine, pin ; n"i, n5t ; 66, as in good ; Afghanistan, if-gin'-is-tin', called also the Kingdom of Cabool, a kingdom of S. Asia, between 28° and 36° N.Lat, and 59° and 72° E.Lon. Bounded on the N. by Toorkistan, E. by the kingdom of Lahore, S. by Beloochistan, and W. by Persia. Its actual limits, however, are very uncertain. The area is estimated by Balbi at near 150,000 sq. m. : thc pop. at 4,200,0110. A large portion of the country is mountainous, or consists of high table land. In character the Afghans resemble the Arabs ; they are hospitable, brave, rapacious, and revengeful. Maho metanism is the prevailing religion. Cabool is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Afghan, af-ghin', or Af-ghaun'. Afium-Kara-hissar. See Kara-hissar. Afragola, if-ri-go'-li, a t. of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of the capital, remarkable for its manufacture of hats. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) Af'-ri-c.j, one of the five grand divisions of the globe; bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, while its S. touches the great Southern Ocean. Its most northern point, Ras el Kroon, or " Cape Horn," is in about 37° 21' N. Lat. ; its most southern. Cape Agulhas (i-gool'-yis), or Cape Needles, is about 34° 50' S. Lat Tbe distance between these two points is nearly 5,000 m. Cape Guardafui, in Ixm. 51° 22 E., is the most eastern point of Africa; and Cape Verde, in Lon. 17° :32 W., the most western. The distance between these capes is above 4,500 m. It contains an area of about 11,650,000 sq. ra. (Hassel.) On the whole, Africa seems to be less liberally supplied with moisture than either of the other great divisions of the globe. But while in some parts it has immense tracts of burning desert, in others it is marshy and flooded with water. In those regions whicli are exempt from these extremes, animal and vegetable life appear inTeniarkable variety and luxuriance. Of the central portion of this continent, little or nothing is known. — Adj. and inhab. Af'-ric-.\n. Agde, igd (Anc. Agatha), a t. of France, in the dep. of Herault 29 m. S. W. of Montpellier. Lat 43° 19' N., Lon. 3° 28' E. Pop. 7,200. Agen, i^-zhdN'* (Anc. Agin'num), a t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Lot and Garonne, on tlie river Garonne, 75 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Lat. 44° 12' N., Lon. 0° 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Aggershuus, ig'-gers-hoos\ a. dist in the S. part of Norway. Chris tiana is the capital. Agnone, 4n-yo'-ni, a t of Naples, celebrated for its copper manufac tures, which are considered the best in the kino-dom. Lat 41° 44' N , Lon. 14° 20' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Agosta, i-gos'la, or Auoi's'-ta. a fortified seaport t of Sicilv. on the E. coast, 12 m. N. of Syracuse. Lat 37° 14' i\., Lon. 15° 24' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) Agra, S'-grij., an extensive prov. of Hindostan, bounded on the N. by • This is a rare exception in which en, not preceded bv j", has the sound of the French in. (See Int. XIX, 20 and 21.) AGR— AIX 59 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. the province of Delhi, S. by iMalwah, E. by Oude and Allahabad, and VV. by Ajmeer, being about 250 m. in length and 180 in breadth. It lies between 25° 3.5' and 2S= 18' N. Lat. Agra, called also Ak-bar-.-s-bad', the cap. of the above prov., and formerly the imperial seat of the Mogul government Three miles from this city is a superb mausoleum, probably the finest in the world, built by Shah Jehan, as the cemetery of his favourite wife. It is kept in excellent order by the British government, together with its beautiful garden of trees and flowering shrubs. The town itself is in a ruinous state. Lat 27° 12' N.^ Lon. 78° 5' E. Agram, 6g'-T6m\ an important t. of Croatia, on the r. Save. It is the residence ofthe ban or viceroy of Croatia, and has an acaderay, which may be regarded as a sort of university. Lat. 45° 50' N., Lon. 16° E. Pop., including that of its environs, 17,000. (B.) Ahanta, a-hin'ta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending from Ancobra to the Chama ; bounded on the W. by ApoUonia, and on the E. by the Fantee territories. It is the richest, and in every respect, the most improved district on this coast. (B. G.) It is now, like the whole ofthe Gold Coast, subject to the kingdom of Ashantee. Ahmedaead, i^-med-a-bid', an ancient city and fortress of Hindostan, in the prov. of Guzerat.' Lat about 23° N., Lon. 72° 40' E. Estimated pop. 103,000. (P. C.) Atf -med-nug'-gur, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. Lat 19° 5' N., Lon. 74° "50' E. Pop. about 20,000, exclusive of the garrison. (M.) Ajaccio, a-yich'-cho, or Ajazzo, i-yit'-so, the chief t. of Corsica, remarkable for having been the birth place of Napoleon. Lat 41° 55 N., Lon. 8° 44' E. Pop. 9,00,1. (B.) Aichstadt. See Eichstadt. 'Ajan, a-jin' or i-zhin', the name of the E. coast of Africa frora Cape Guardafui to Magadoxa. Ain, Sn, a small r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the Rhone. Ain, a dep. in the S, E. part of Prance, bordering on Savoy and Swit zerland. Pop. 346,188. (B.) Capital, Bourg. Aintab, ine' -tab', a flourishing and vv*ell built t of Syria, 60 ra. N. of Aleppo. Pop. about 20,000. (B.) Aisne, ine, a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Oise. Aisne, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by tKe above river. Pop. .527,095. (B.) Capital, Laon. Aix, aix, (Anc. A'quae Sex'tio?, named from C. Sextius Calvinus, a Roman proconsul, by whom it was founded, 123 B. C.,) a handsome archiepiscopal city of France, formerly cap. of Provence, now in the dep. ofthe mouths 0.'" the Rhone, 17 m. N. of Marseilles. It has an acade mic universitaire, a public library of 80,000 volumes, and other literary institutions. The name of Aix is a corruption of the Latin Aquce, which was given to the place on account of its warm medicinal springs. Lat 43° 32' N., Lon. 5° 27' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) 60 AIX— ALA Fite, fir, fill, f Jt ; mtS mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Aix, a small t. of Savoy, celebrated for its warm baths, 12 m. N. of Chambery. Lat. 45° 40' N., Lon. 5° 48' E. Pop. about 2,000. Aix la Chai'Elle, aix li shi'-pell', (the Aachen, ii'-Ken, ofthe Ger mans, and Aquisgranum of the ancient Romans,) a t. of the Prussian states, in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It was the second cap. of the empire of Charlemagne, and its name is derived ftom his having built a chapel there, which was frequently resorted to for his own devotions. Its baths, seven in number, are much celebrated. It now belongs to Prussia. Distant 25 m. N. E. of Liege. Lat 50° 47' N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop. 37,i 0 J. (B.) Akerman, i'-ker-miif, a t. and fortress of European Russia, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, important on account of ita port, its coramerce, and extensive salt works. Lat. 46° 12' N., Lon. 30° 23' E. Pop. estimated at 13,€00. (P. C.) Akhissar, ik'-his-sar', (i e. " white castle,") a t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the site of the ancient Thyati'ra. Lat 38° 50' N., Lon. 27= 55' E. Pop. estiraated at 5,C00. (M.) Akhmym or Ekhmim, aK'-meem', (Anc. Chem'mis and Panop'olis,) a t of Upper Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile. I^t 26° 40' N., Lon. 31° 50' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Akshehr, ak^ -shaih'r', (i. e. " white city,") an archiepiscopal t of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situated on the eastern base of the moun tain Akshehr, from which the waters descend so as to fbrm a rivulet in almost every street From this town are exported to Smyrna, fine carpets, wool, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. Lat about 38° 20' N., Lon. 31° 40' E. Kinneir estimates the number of houses at 15,000. (B.) ALV<-BAM'-A,*oiieof the U. S., between 30° 10 and 35= N. Lat, and 85° an'd 88° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia, S. by Florida, and the Gulf of iMcxico, and W. by Mississippi; and divided into 50 counties.! Length from N. to S. about 330 m. ; greatest breadth from E. to W. about 300 m. Area estimated at above 51,000 sq. m. Pop. 590,756, of whom 335,1S.3 are whites, 2,039 free coloured persons, and 2.53,532 slaves. .Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. Tuscaloosa is the scat of ffcvernment Alabama, a r. in Ala. formed by the union of the Coosa and Talla poosa, and, flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, to form thc Mobile r. Al-acii'-u-.\, a CO. in the N. eastern part of Florida, bordering on tho Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,282. Co. t NewnansviUe. .^LAND, i'-land, (Sw. .Xland, o'-land,) an island of thc Baltic, belong ing to Russia, situated near the point of meeting of the Gulfs of Both- * See Observation 2, pages 61 and 52. + .Aiii.iiiga, Baldwin, Barfiour. Benton, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Chambers, Chcro kee, Clair, St., Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Cnvington. Dale, Dallas, Dc Kalb, FayoltR, Frankhn, Greene, Henry, Jackson, JefTerson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limeslonp, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marenso, Marion, M.irshall, Mobde, Monroe. Montgomery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Randolpli, Russell, Shelby Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa. Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washinglon Wilcoi ALA— ALB 61 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. nia and Finland, intersected by the parallel of 60° 20' N. Lat, and the 20th raeridian of E. Lon. It is 35 m. long and 23 m. broad, and con- tilns about 9,000 inhabitants. (M.) Alais, d^-l'i', a t of France, in the dep. of Gard. It is about 40 m. N. of Montpellier. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lat 44° 8' N., Lon. 4° 5' E. Al.ashehr, i'-L\-shaih'r', (Anc. Philadelphi'a: See Alexandria — note,) an important trading t. of Asiatic Turkey, on one ofthe principal roads to Smyrna, from which it is distant 85 ni. E. Lat 38° 25' N., Lon. about 28= 40' E. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 18,000. (M.) Alba, il'-bi, a t. of Italy in Piedmont, on thc Tanaro r., 32 m. S. S. E. of Turin. Pop. 7,000. (M.) Albacete, il-bi-thi'-tj, a t of Spain, in Murcia, remarkable as giving name to a canal in its vicinity. Lat about 39° N., Lon. 1° .55' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Alba Julia. See Karlsburci. Al-ba'-nj-;,* (pronounced 41-bi-nee'i by the modern Greeks; Turk. Arnioodlik or Arnaootleek,) a prov.- of European Turkey, extending along the coast of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea. The limits of this country are not well defined ; it appears, however, to extend from about 39° to 43° N. Lat A chain of mountains near the 21st degree of E. Lon. may be considered to form its eastern boundary. It is 130 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in breadth. — Adj. and inhab., Al-ba'-nh-.\n and Al^B-Anese'. (Turk. Arnaoot, aR'-ni-oot'.) Albano, il-bi'-no, a t of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, resorted to on pleasure excursions by the inhabitants of Rome in spring and har vest It is 14 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Pop. 4,200. (M.) Alban's (St.), aul'-banz, a small t of Hertfordshire, England, 20 m. N. N. VV. of London. It derives its name from ^i magnificent monas tery founded by Offa, in the eighth century, in honour of St. Alban, reputed the first British martyr. He is said to have suffered in the time of Diocletian, and to be entombed within the church. Albany, aul'-ba-ne, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Hudson r. Entire population 68,593. Albany, the cap. of the above co., and of the state of INTew York, on the VV. bank of the Hudson, 160 in. N. of the city of N. York, i.-^, in point of population, trade, and wealth, tho second city in the state. It is finely situated for commerce, at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson, and communicates by canals with L. Erie, L. Ontario, and L. Champlain. It is also connected by railroads with Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo, and with the principal towns of Massachusetts. Steamboats are constantly passing between Albany and New York. The first settlement of this citv was made about the year 1612. Lat 42° 39' N., Lon. 73° 44' 49" VV.' Pop. 33,721. Albany, a r. of North America, which falls into James's Bay, near 52° N. Lat, and 83° VV. Lon. This river has communication with a ' See Int. XL 62 ALB— ALE Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good, vast chain of small lakes lying in a S. W. direction, to the south end of L. Winnipeg. There is a fort of the same name on the river near its mouth. Al*-bemarle', a co. of Virginia, near the centre of the state. Pop. 22,021. Co. t Charlottesville. Aluemarle SouNn, on the coast of N. Carolina, in the N. E. part of the state ; about 60 m. long, and from 4 to 1.5 wide. Albuquerque, il-bco-ki^R'-ki, a t. of Estremadura, Spain. Lat 39° 12' N., Lon. 6= 48' W. Pop. 5,.500. (M.) Al'-by or Albi (Fr. pronunciation, ir-be',) an archiepiscopal t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Tarn, on the r. Tarn ; is 44 m. N. E. of Toulouse. Lat 43° 55' N., Lon. 2° 10' E. Pop. 11,800. (B.) Alcala db Henares, il-ci-li'-di-?n-i'-res, a t of New Castile, Spain, 15 ni. E. of Madrid, remarkable for its university, founded in 1499, by Cardinal Ximenes, which was formerly, afler Salamanca, the seminary of the greatest repute throughout Spain. This town was the birth-place of Cervantes. Lat. 40° 27' N., Lon. 3° 25' W. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Alcala la Real. il-ci-Ii'-ll-r\-il', a t of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m. S. W. of Jaen. Lat 37° 33' _N., Lon. 4° 14' W. Pop. 4,374. (M.) Alcamo, il'-ci-mo, a t. of Sicily, 25 ra. S. VV. of Palermo. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) AlcaiIiz, il-cin-yeeth', a t. of Arragon, Spain, on the river Guada lupe. Lat. 41° 10' N., Lon. 0° 11' W. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Alcantara, il-cin'-ti-ri, a t. of Estremadura, Spain, remarkable for a bridge over the Tagus, erected in the time of the emperor Trajan. Lat. 39° 40' N., Lon. 6° 43' W. Pop. 3,000. (B.) Alckmaer. See Alkmaar. Al-co'-na (Negwegon), a co. in the E. N. E. part of JMicb., bordering on L. Huron. Alcoy, il-co'-e, a t. of Valencia, Spain, witli flourishing manufac tures, 20 m. N. of Alicante. Pop. estimated at 18,000. (B.) Alderney, aul'-der-ne, an island in the English channel, belonging to Groat Brjtain, about 10 m. in circuit, and 18 m. N. E. of Guernsey. Pop. 1,030. Alem-Tejo, i-l^ng-ti'-zho, or Alentejo, (i. e. " beyond the Tagus,") the largest of the provinces of Portugal ; bounded on tlie N. by Estre madura and Beira, on the E. by the Spanish frontier, on the S. by Algarve, and on the W. by the Atlantic. It is about 150 m. in length, and nearly the same in breadth. Alenqon, al-en'-son,* (Fr. pronunciation, i^-liN^-siN',) a manufacturing t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Orne ; 110 m. S. W. of Paris. Lat. 48° 25' N., Lon. 0° 5' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) • This name, so celebrated in the history of England and of France, appears to have become thoroughly anglicized. Shakspeare and Sonthey always accentuate it (111 the penultima, as here given. ALE— ALE 63 ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Al-ep'-po, (Arab. Hi'-leb or Hi'-lep ; Anc. Beros'a ; — not the Bercea mentioned in the New Testament : this was in Macedonia — its modern name is Kara Veria, ki'-ri ver-ee'-a.) A city of Syria, and cap. of a pashalic of the same name. It was a few years since the third city of the Ottoman empire, yielding only to Constantinople and Cairo; but more than one-half of it was laid in ruins by the earthquake of 1822. Previously to this dreadful catastrophe, ils commerce had raised it to tlie first rank among Asiatic cities, and procured for it the name of the modern Palmyra. Its population, together with that of its immediate environs, before 1822, is estiraated by Balbi to have been near 200,000. Lat 36° 11' N., Lon. 37° 10' E.— Adj. and inhab. Aleppine, al-ep-peen'. (Arab. Hi'-ltb-ee.) Alessandria, 41-es-sin'-dre-i, a t. and, formerly, important fortress of the Sardinian states; cap. of a prov. of the same name on the Tanaro, in Upper Italy, 48 m. S. W. of Milan. Lat. 44° 55' N., Lon. 8° 36 E. Pop. 36,000. (M.) Aleutian (i-lu'-she-an), or Aleu't.vn Islands, an insular chain in the North Pacific, stretching from the peninsula of Kamtchatka, in Asia, to Cape Alaska, in N. America, belonging to the Russian govern ment of Irkootsk. They are about forty in number, and contain among them several volcanoes. In 179.5 a volcanic island rose from the sea, which in 1807 was found to be enlarged to about 20 m. in circuit, and the lava was then flowing down its sides. Aleutian is derived from the Russian word aleut (or aleool), signifying a "bold rock." (P. C.) Al-ex-an-dret'-t.v (called by the Turks Is-ken-der-oon' or Scan- der-oon'), a seaport of Syria, on the Gulf of Scanderoon, 30 m. N. of Antioch. Its road is the only one in Syria which affords good anchor age. The air of the place is very insalubrious, so that it is never exerapt from pestilential fevers. Lat. 36° 36' N., Lon. 36° 10' E. Al-ex-an'-dri-a, aco. of Va. Pop. 9;967. See Columbia. Dis trict OF. Alexandria, a city and port of entry ; cap. of the above co., on the Potomac, 7 m. S. of Washington. It has a commodious harbour, suf ficiently deep for the largest ships. Lat 38° 49' N., Lon. 77° 4' W. Pop. 8,459. Alexandria, (Anc. Alexandria ;* called Is-kin-der-ee'-yeh by the Arabs and Turks,) a large and celebrated city : the ancient capital of Egypt; founded by Alexander the Great, in the year 332 B. C. It is situated at the W. extremity of the Egyptian coast, on the borders of the desert, upon a neck of land between the Mediterranean and L. Mareotis. It was once the centre of science as well as of commerce. Its library, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, surpassed all others of which antiquity could boast. Even after its subjection to the Roman * The accent should be placed upon the penultima of Alexandria whenever the ancient city is referred to. This accentuation is supported not only by the best authorities of the present day, but by the ancient Greek spelling. AXtloK^pna (Alexandria. The same may be said of the ancient name of Philadelphia, which was written by the decks iuXaitMeia (Philadelpheia). 64 ALG— ALG Fite, far, fill, fit ; lii^, m't ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good; empire, Ale.xandria scarcely lost any of its splendour. It was consi dered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it had done before, the trade of India : goods being brought up the Red Sea, landed at Berenice, and carried acro.-;s to the Nile, were conveyed down the river and through a canal to the city. After it was reduced by Omar, in 610, and subjected to the Saracen yoke, the caliphs transferred the seat of government to Cairo, and Alexandria was no longer the capital even of Egypt. The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by turning the commerce of India into a different channel, completed its downfall. Lat 31° 13' N., Lon. 29° 55' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Alexan'drian. (Arab. Skin-der-i'-nee.) Algarve, il-gar'-vi, or Al-gar'-bj-.j, once an indepsndent kingdom, now the most southern province of Portugal ; bounded on the W. and S. by the Atlantic, E. by Andalusia, N. by Alem-Tejo. Length, 85 m. ; greatest breadth, about 30 m. Alg-ez-i'-ras or Algeciras, (Sp. pron. il-ni-tbee'-ris,) a town of Andalusia, Spain, on the Gulf of Gibraltar. Lat 36° 8' N., Lon. 5° 26' W. Pop. about 9,900. (P. C.) Algiers, al-jeerz', or Al-ge'-ri-a (Arab. Al-Jez-air,) a territory of northern Africa, forrning one of the principal of the Birbiry States, between 31° and 37= 7' N. Lat, and 8° 40' E. and 2° VV. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Meiiterranean, E. by Tunis, S. bythe Atlas, which separates it from the Beled-ool-Jereed, or Country of Dates, and on the VV. by Morocco, from which it is divided by the desert of Angrab. It comprehends the greater part of the Numidia and Mauri tania Tingitana of the ancients. In the sixteenth century, the cele brated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and became its ruler. The utmc^t efforts of the emperor, Charles V., proved abortive against the power thus founded ; an J .\lgiers, under enterprising chiefs, became a great naval state, which continued for three centuries the terror of Christendom. More recently, however, from a want of intel ligence in the rulers, and from not sharing in the rapid iniprove^nents of the European states, she had lest much of her relative importance and power; and finally, in the year 1830. was conquered by the French army, under Marshal Bourmont nnd subjected to the dominion of France. — Adj. and inhab.AuGERiNE, al-jor-een'. Algiers, a celebrated city, and cap. of the country of the same name, is situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, upon the declivity ofa hill, on which the houses rise gradually in the form of an amphi theatre, and terminate nearly in a point at the summit It is not above a mile and a half in circuit The largest street is said to be 1200 paces long, and not more than 12 feet wide. The population, previous to the French conquest had been variously estimated, from 80,000 to 200,000, and even 300,000 ; but it is probable that even the first estimate was much beyond thc truth. Accordinn- to a census taken by the French in 1833, the whole number of inhabitants, exclu sive of the garrison, amounted only to 23,7.53. (B.) Lat 36°49N. Lon. 3° 25' E. ^ * ALH— ALL 65 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Alhama, il-hi'-mi, a t of Spain, in Andalusia, 25 m. S. W. of Gra nada, celebrated for its batlis. Pop. 6,300. (B.) Alicante, il-e-can'-ti, or Al^-i-cant', a seaport and commercial t. of Spain, in Valencia, with a strong citadel. It is 78 m. S. of Valen cia. Lat. 33= 20' N., Lon. 0° 28' W. Pop. 25,000. (B.) Alicata, i-le-ki'-ti, a fortified t. on the S. coast of Sicily, 20 m. E. S. E. of Girgenti. Lat 37° 5' N., Lon. 13° 55' E. Pop. 13,465. (M.) Alkmaar, ilk-mar', a well-built and strongly fortified t. of Holland, 20 m. N. N. W. of Amsterdam. Lat 52° 38' N., Lon. 4° 45' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Allahabad, il^-la-ha-bid', (i. e. " city of God,") an ancient city of Hindostan ; cap. ofa prov. ofthe sarae narae. At the distance of about two miles from the town, is situated, at the junction 6f the rivers Ganges and Jumna, the celebrated fortress of Allahabad, founded by the emperor Akbar, in the year 1583, one of the most esteeraed places of Hindoo worship and ablution. Every summer multitudes of pilgriras resort thither from all parts of India, and, encamping on the sands be tween the two rivers, perforra their purifications and other ceremonies for nearly two months. This fortress stands in Lat 25° 27' N., Lon. 81° 50' E., being, by the course of the Ganged, 820 m. from the sea. Pop. 20,000. (B.) Alle, iV-\eh, a r. of Prussia, which flows into the Pregel, about 30 m. E. of Konigsberg. Al^-le-gha'-nv* Mountains, a, chain of mountains, stretching from Maine to the N. part of Georgia. In New England they are less than 100 ra. from the Atlantic coast, but gradually diverge as they advance southward, so that near their southern extremity, they are more than 300 xn. from the sea. They divide the waters which flow into the Atlantic frora those that flow into the Mississippi. Sorae writers on geography describe the Alleghany mountains as commencing in Georgia and terminating at the Hudson. But there appears to be no sufficient reason why the Green Mountains of Vermont, and White Mountains of New Harapshire, should not be included unjier the sarae general appellation with the rest of this chain. They are also sometimes called the Ap^-pa-la'-chj-an Mountains. Alleghany, a r. which rises in Pa., and after raaking a circuit into N. Y., returns again into Pa., and, uniting with the Monongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. Alleghany, a co. in the W. part of Pa., surrounding the niouth of the Alloghany r. Pop. 81,235. Co. t Pittsburg. Alleghany, a co. in the S. W. part ofN. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 40,975. Co. t Angelica. • We regret to perceive that it is becoming customary, even in works of a respectable character, to write this name Allegheny. It is diiiicult to conceive of any sufficient motive for departing from the ordinary spelling, which gives the true pronunciation, in order to adopt another, which contradicts the pronunciation. We are compelled, therefore, to place this in the list of retrograde innovations. 6* 66 ALL— ALP Fite, f3(r, fall, fit ; mi, mk ; p'ne or pine, pin; ni, nit; 66 as ingood, Alleghany, a co. forming the W. extremity of Maryland. Pop. 15,690. Co. t Cumberland. AtLEGHANY, a CO. in the central part of Virginia, near the source of James r. Pop. 2,749. Co. t. Covington. Al'-lbn, a CO. in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, a little W.of the Cumberland r. Pop. 7,329. Co. t Scottsville. Allen, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal. Pop. 9,079. Co. t Lima. Allen, a co. in the N. E. part of Indiana, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 5,942. Co. t Fort Wayne. Allier, il'-le'-i', a r. of France, flowing into the Loire, 3 m. below Nevers. Allier, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 309,270. (B.) Capital, Moulins. Al'-lo-.*, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmannan co., on the N. bank ofthe Forth, 27 rn. W. N. VV. of Edinburgh. The harbour is safe and commodious. Lat. 56° 7' N., Lon. 3° 46' W. Pop. 5,434. Almaden, 41-rai-den', a. t. of Spain, in New Castile, 55 m. N. of Cordova. Its mines of quicksilver are regarded as the richest in Europe. Pop. about 10,000. The raines of Almaden have lieen long known, and are supposed to have been wrought by the Romans ; a few years ago they yielded, annually, about 22,000 quintals of mercury. (B.) Almansa, il-min'-si, a t of Spain, 60 m. S. W. of Valencia. Pop. 5,000. (M.) Almeida, il-mi'e-di, one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated in the prov. of Beira, on the Spanish frontier. Lat. 40° 87' N., Lon. 6° 52' W. Pop. 1,150. (P. C.) Almeria, il-mi-ree'-i, a rich maritime t of Spain, in the prov. of Granada, near the mouth of the r. Almeria, 77 ra. S. E. of Granada, with a good harbour. Lat 36° 44' N., Lon. 2= 31' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Almunecar, il-moo-ni-cir', a small seaport t of Spain, with a good harbour and a castle, 38 m. S. of Granada. Lat 36° 42' N., Lon. 3° 47' W. Alnwick or Alnewick, an'-nik, a t of England, in the co. of North uraberland, 32 m. N. by VV. of Newcastle. At the N. entrance of tht town stands Alnwick Castle, a magnificent mansion, belonging to the duke of Northumberland. The original building is supposed to have been a stronghold in the time of the Romans. Lat 5.5° 25' N., Lon. 1° 42' W. Pop. 4,945. Al-pe'-n.4. (Anamickee), a co. in the N. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron. Alps, ilps, mountains of Europe, wliich divide Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany. Their general form resembles that of a crescent Beginning near the mouth of the Var, on the Gulf of Genoa, they terminate, after many windinffs, near the Gulf of Trieste, on the Adriatic. The highest summit is Mount Blanc. (See Blanc, Mount.) Alps, Lower, (Fr. Basses- .-Vlpes, hiss ilp,) a dep. near the S.E. ALP— AMA 67 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. extremity of France, bordering on Italy. Pop. 159,045. (B.) Capital, Digne. Alps, Upper, (Fr. Haulee- Alpes, ote zilp,) a dep. in the S. E. part of France, N. of, and bordering on the preceding. Pop. 131,162. (B.) Capital, Gap. Als.ace, if-siss', a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Upper and Lower Rhine. Als, ils, usually, though improperly, written Alsen, il'-sen, a fertile island iu the Baltic, lying between Ftinen and the E. coast of Sleswick. It is about 20 ra. long and 8 broad. Pop. abont 15,000. (P. C.) Altai 41-ti'-e or il-ti', mountains of Asia, which commence near the sea of Aral, and terminate at East Cape, on the Pacific Ocean, in the 170th degree of W. Long. They traverse, under different names, an extent of near 5,000 miles. The highest part ofthe chain is computed at 11,512 feet (1,800 toises) above the level of the sea. (B.) Altamaha, aur-ta-ma-hau', a r. of Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee. It runs S. E., and empties into the sea about 60 m. S. W. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons as far as Blilledgeviile, on the Oconee branch, about 300 ra. from the sea. Altamura, il-ti-moo'-ri, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari. Lat. 40° 47' N., Lon. 16° 33' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) Altenburg, il'-ten-burg\ (Ger. pron. al'-ten-b66RG\) a t of Ger many ; cap. ofthe duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse, with seve ral important literary institutions. Lat. about 51° N., Lon. 12° 30' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Alton, aul'-ton, a flourishing t of 111., in Madison co., on the Missis sippi, 3 m. above the mouth of the Missouri. In commercial advan tages, it is second to no other place in the state. Pop. 2,340. Altona or Altena, il'-ton-i\ a city of Holstein, the second town of the Danish dominions, as regards industry, commerce, and population; on the Elbe, about 2 m. W. of Hamburg. It is a free port, and con tains a mint, besides several important literary and scientific institu tions. The Observatory is in Lat 53° 32' 51" N., Lon. 9° 56' 50" E. Pop. estimated at above 27,000. (B.) Altorp, if-toRf, or Altdorf, (i. e. " Old Village,") the cap. of the Swiss canton of Uri, about 2 m. from the S. E. extremity of the lake of Lucerne. Here the tyrant Gessler proceeded to thgse indignities which, through the patriotism of William Tell, laid the foundation of Swiss independence. Lat 46° 5-3' N., Lon. 8° 38' E. Pop. about 1,500. (B.) Altzey or Alzey, ilt'-si, a t. in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darm stadt 14 m. N. W. of Worms. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Amager, i'-mi-ger, a small island in the Baltic, lying opposite to Copenhagen, with which it is connected by two bridges. It is about 9 m. long, and, on an average, 3 broad. It supplies the neighbouring town with garden vegetables, milk, butter, and cheese. A part of Copenhagen, called Christiansbavn, is built on this island. 68 AMA— AMB Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi^, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good , Amalfi, 4-mil'-fe, a t of Naples, 10 m. S. W. of Salerno. It was quite celebrated in the middle ages, and possessed no inconsiderable commerce. Present pop. scarcely 3,000. (B.) Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 14° 35' E. Amarapoora. See Ummerapoora. Amasia or Amasieh, i-mi'-see'-a, (Anc. Araasi'a or Amassei'a,) a t of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the Yesheel (Ye.-hil) Ermak, 39J m. E. of Constantinople. It is an extensive and populous place, but the streets are narrow and dirty. The greater portion of thc houses are of wood, though many are built of stone and covered with tiles. The river here is large and rapid, and the water is raised in buckets by means of large wheels turned by the stream. These buckets empty themselves into reservoirs, whence the water is conveyed to the baths and fountains of the city. This town was the birth-place of the famous geographer, Strabo. Pop. 60,000 or 70,000. (E. G.) Lat 40= 30' N., Lon. 36° 25' E. Amasera, i-mi'-ser-a, or Amasreh, (Anc. Ames'tros,) a t of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on a point of land projecting into the Black Sea, 150 m. E. N. E. of Constantinople. Lat 41° 46' N., Lon. 32= 24' E. Am'-.^-zon, (Sp. Maranon, mi-rin-yone': called by the Indians Am-is'- so-na, i. e. "boat destroyer,") a r. of S. Araerica, the largest in the world, forraed by the union ofthe Tunguragua and Ucayali. It empties itself into the Atlantic, under the equinoctial line, after a course of more than 4,000 m. The mouth of this river is 180 ni. wide, and it flows into the ocean with sucli violence that it carries its own waters unmixed into the sea to the distance of 80 leagues. In the fi^eshets, the country, for several hundred miles, is laid under water. This river is also called the Orellana (o-rfl-yi'-ni). Am-a-zo'-ni-.a, a region in the central part of S. America, discovered in 1539, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down the Araazon to the Atlantic. Observing, as he states, companies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and the river Amazon.* Amberg, im'-bfRG, a t. of Bavaria, 32 m. N. of Ratisbon. It has a castle, arsenal, and mint, and various manufacturing establishments. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lat 49° 25' N., Lon. 11° 50' E. Ambert, iM^-baiR', a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, on the Dore, possessing above 100 paper-mills, besides various other manufactories. Lat 45° 33' N., Lon. 3° 48' E. Pop. 8,016. (M.) Amboise, iMb^-vviz', (Anc. Amba'cia,) a t of France, in the dep. of Indre and Loire, 14 m. E. of Tours. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 0° 58' E. Pop. 4,695. (M.) Am-boy', a sraall t. of Middlesex co., N. J., at the mouth of the Raritan, about 30 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York, with an excellent harbour. It is a port of entry. Am-boy'-na, an island of Malaisia, intersected by the parallel of • It is not improbable that the Indian name ofthe river may iave suggested this account of the armed women. AMB— AMI 69 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. 3= 40' S. Lat, and the 128th meridian of E. Lon. It is the chief of the Moluccas, all the others being dependent on its jurisdiction. Length about 55 m. The vegetable productions are numerous, but the clove tree is the principal object of attention. — Adj. and inhab. Am-boy-nesb'. Amboyna, the cap. of the above, is situated on a large bay, which divides the island into two unequal peninsulas. It is neat and regularly built though, its streets are unpaved. Lat. 3° 40' S., Lon. 128° 15' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Ameland, i'-mel-int\ a sraall island belonging to Holland, off the coast of Friesland. Lat. 53° 27' N., Lon. about 5° 50' E. Am-e'-lj-.j, a CO. of Va., on the Appomattox i'., S. W. of Richraond. Pop. 10,320. Seat of justice, Amelia c. h. Amelia, an island on the coast of Florida, about 50 m. N. of St. Augustine. It is 13 m. long, and 2 broad ; is very fertile, and has an excellent harbour. Am-er'-i-ca, one of the five grand divisions of the globe ; bounded on the E. by the Atlantic, which separates it from Europe and Africa ; and on the VV. by the Pacific, which separates it from Asia. Towards the N. its limits are but imperfectly known. At the S. it termi nates in a point called Cape Horn. It is more than 9,000 m. long, and, on an average, about 1,.500 broad, and extends from about 35° to 168° W. Lon., and from 71° N. to 56° S. Lat. According to Hassel, it contains about 16,500,000 sq. m. America is remarkable for the size and grandeur of its mountains, lakes, and rivers. A range of moun tains runs from N. to S. through its whole length. This continent is divided by the isthmus of Panama into North and South America. — Adj. and inhab. Am-er'-i-can. Amersfort or Amersfoort, i'-mers-fort', a manufacturing and commercial t. of Holland, in the prov. of Utrecht, on the navigable r. Eem (aim), which flows into the Zuyder Zee, 25 m. E. S. E. of Am sterdam. Lat 52° 12' N., Lon. 5° 22' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Amhara, im-hi'-ri, a general division and kingdom of Abyssinia, comprehending tho provinces VV. of the Tacazze. Its cap. is Gondar. — Adj. Amharic, am-hi'-ric. Am'-herst, a CO. in the central part of Va., N of, and bordering on, James river. Pop. 12,.576. Seat of justice, Amherst c. h. Amherst, a township of Hampshire co., Mass., 76 ra. W. of Boston, with a flourishing college, founded in 1821. A.m'-berst-eurg\ the cap. of Essex co.. Upper Canaim, on Ij. Erie, near the mouth ofthe Detroit r. There is a safe and commodious har bour, with a good anchorage, in 3i fathoms water. Lat. 42° 5' N., Lon. 83° 5' W. A.m'-i-ens, (Fr. pron. i^-me^-aN',) formerly the chief t. of Picardy, and no\v"the cap. of the dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 40 m. frora the sea, and 75 m. N. of Paris. It has a number of literary and scientific institu tions, and various manufactories. Amiens was the birth-place of Peter the Hermit, and the astronomer Delambre. Lat. 49° 53' N., Lon. 2° 17' E. Pop. 45,000. (B.) 70 AMI— AND Fite, far, f3.ll, fit; mi, mJt ; pine orpine; pin; ni,nit; 66 as ing-oofZ. Amite, ara-eet', a co. near the S. W. extremity of Miss., bordering on La. Pop. 9,511. Co. seat. Liberty. Amlwch, am'-look, a seaport t of Wales, in the N. E. corner of Anglesey. There are extensive copper-mines in the vicinity. Pop. of parish, 6,217. Am'-mon-oo'-suck, Upper and Lower, two rivers of N. H., rising in the White Mountains, and flowing into the Connecticut Amoo or Amu. See Oxus. Am-oor' (Amur or Amour), called also the Saghalian, sig-hil'e-an, a large r. in the E. part of Asia, formed by the union of the Argoon and Shilka, in about 53= N. Lat and 121° E. Lon. Its general course is easterly, and it empties itself into the Gulf of Saghalian, between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, in Lat 52= 30' N., Lon. ahout 140° E. Entire length, including the Argoon, its principal branch, above 2,000 m. Amretsir, ira^-ret-seer', or Um-rit-sebr' (the pool of immortality , an important commercial t of Hindostan, in Lahore, on the high road between Cabool and Delhi, Cashmere and the Dekkan. Tne name is derived from a sacred basin, immersion in which is supposed by many tribes ofthe Hindoos to cleanse from all sin. Pop. 100,000. (B.) Lat 31° 33' N., Lon. 74° 50' E. Am'-ster-t>am^ (Dutch pron. im'-ster-dim'), the largest, richest, and most populous city of the Netherlands, situated on the Y. It was, in former ages, a simple village, meanly built, and inhabited by fisher men, having first acquired the name of a commercial town about the year 1370 ; it was. encompassed with walls and other fortifications in 1482, and in the 17th century arose to the first rank among the trading cities of Europe. The river Amstel divides it into the old or eastem, and new or western towns. It is intersected throughout by canals, which cross each other in a thousand different ways. The name is said to have been derived from Amsteldam, i. e. "dam or dyke of the Amstel," which was afterwards softened into Amsterdam. Lat 52° 22' N., Lon. 4° 53' E. Pop. above 201,000. (B.) An-.4^-deer' (Anadir), a r. in tlie E. part of Siberia, which flows into a gulf of the same name, near 64° N. Lat, and 178° E. Lon. Ancona, in-co'-ni, a seaport t. in the Papal state, and the cap. of a delegation or prov. situated on a point of land running into the .-Vdriatic Sea. It is the most commercial place in the Papal state. In 1732 it was declared a free port, and became the rival of Venice. Lat 43° 38' N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. about 3 i.OOO. (B.) Andalusia, an-da-lu'-she-a, or Vandalusia, (Sp. Andalucia, in-Ja- loo-thee'-i,) a prov. or division of Spain, comprising tlie four Moorish kingdoms, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Granada. It is bounded on thc N. by La Mancha and Estremadura, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediter ranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic, and VV. by Portugal. Length, from E. to W., 300 in. ; greate.st breadth, from N. to S., about 150 m. The name, it is supposed, was gi\en to it by the Vandals, who AND— AND 71 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. established themselves here about the beginning of the 5lh century. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Andalusian, an-da-lu'-she-an. An-da-man' Islands, a group on the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, consisting of four large islands and several small ones. Three of these are almost contiguous, being separated only by very narrow straits, so that they are usually regarded as one island, and named the Great Andaman. The other of the four is called the Little Andaman. The former, including all its parts, is about 150 m. in length, and 20 in breadth. The latter, lying 30 m. S. of it, is 28 m. lono-, and 17 broad. Lat. from 10= 30' to 13° 40' N., Lon. about 93° E. Andelys, Les, laze iNd^-le', a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the right side of the Seine, about 50 m. N. W. of Paris. It consists properly of two towns, the Great (Grand), and the Little (Petit) Andely. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Andernach, in'-der-niK, (Anc. Antunacum,) a small t. of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Coblentz, with a considerable trade in millstones and trass, a substance which, when pulverized and mixed vvith water, becomes as hard as stone. Andes, an'-diz, (called by the Spaniards Cordillera de los Andes, koR-deel-yi'-ri di loce in'-dts,) the southern portion of the mountain chain which, under various naraes, extends through the whole length ofthe American continent The principal ridge follows, in general, the windings of the Pacific coast, from which it is distant from 50 to 150 m. The highest peaks of the Andes are the Nevado de Sorata, the Nevado de Illimani, and Chimborazo. (See Sorat.a, Illimani, and Chimborazo.) Andorra, in-dir'-rS, a little republic of Catalonia, Spain, under the protection of France, intersected by the parallel of 42° 30' N. Lat. and the meridian of 1° 30' E. Lon. Area, 192 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Andorra, the cap. ofthe above, has a pop. of about 2,000. An'-do-ver, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 20 m. in a straight line N. of Boston, on the railroad which connects this city with Portland, in Maine. A Theological Seminary, under the direction of the Congre gationalists, was established here in 1808. It is richly endowed, and enjoys a high reputation. Phillips' Academy, of this place, is one of the best endowed and most flourishing institutions of the kind in the country. An'-drew, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Mo. An'-drews, St., an ancient city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the German Ocean, 31 m. N. E. of Edinburgh. The University of St Andrews is the oldest in Scotland, having been founded in 1411. It is attended by about 800 students, and has a library of 40,000 vols. I^at. 56° 20' N., Lon. 2° 48' W. Pop. 3,959. Andro, in'-dro, (Anc. An'dros,) an island ofthe Grecian Archipelago, about 8 m. frora the S. E. extremity of Eubcea. It is 25 ra. long, and 8 broad, and contains a pop. of about 18,000. (P. C.) An''-dbos-cog'-gin, a r. of Maine, which, rising'from Umbagog Lake, 72 AND— ANG Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not ; 66, as in good , after passing into N. H., returns into Me., and empties itself into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. from its mouth. Anduxar or Andujar, in-doo'-HdR, a t of Andalusia, Spain, on the Guadalquivir, 18 m. N. W. of Jaen. Lat about 38° N., Lon. 4° W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) angermanland, ong'-er-min-lind\ a prov. of Sweden, bordering on tbe Gulf of Bothnia. Angers, an'-jerz or iN^-zhh', formerly sometimes written Angiers, an'-jeerz*, (Anc. Juliom'agus, afterwards Andeca'vi,) a t of France ; cap. ofthe dep. of Maine and Loire, formerly ofthe prov. of Anjou, on the Mayenne, 165 m. S. W. of Paris. In the neighbourhood are exten sive slate quarries, which give employment to 3,000 workmen, and furnish annually 80,000,000 slates. Lat. 47° 28' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop. 35,900. (B.) Anglesey or Anglesea, an'-g'l-se', an island and co. of Wales, in the Irish Sea. It is about 27 ni. long, and 17 broad. Pop. 50,890. AN-Go'-L.\,t a country oh the W. coast of Africa, extending from the r. Danda, in about 8° 20', to the r. Coanza, in 9= 20' S. Lat. The name Angola is often used to comprehend tlie whole extent of coast from Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, in Lat 0° 44' S., to S. Felipe de Benguela, Lat. 12° 14' S. The chief, and almost sole object for which it is visited, is the trade in slaves. An-go'-r.a or An-goo'-r.\, (Anc. Ancy'ra, Turk. En-goor',) a city of Asiatic Turkey, noted for its manufactures, particularly of shawls, made from the hair of a species of goat, which derives its name from this town. Opium is extensively cultivated in the neighbouring terri tory. Ancyra was an important place under the Roman empire, and afterwards fell successively into the possession of the Persians, Arab?, and Turks. For somo time it was the cap. of the Turkish dominion, but was lost in the celebrated battle -fought between Tamerlane and Bajazet, in 1402. Mohammed I. recovered it in 1415, and since that period it has always belonged to the Ottoman erapire. Lat 39= 52 N., Lon. 32° 46' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 35,000 or 40,000. Angostura, 4n-gos-too'-ri, a t of S. America, in Venezuela, on the Orinoco, about 240 m. frora its niouth. Lat S° S N., Lon. 63° 55 VV The pop. iri 1807 araounted to more than 8.000, but is said at present not to exceed 3,000. (P. C.) AngoulSme, iN^ -goo' -lame', a t. of France : cap. of the dep. ot Cha rente, on the r. Charente, 65 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. Lat 45° 39' N., Lon. 0° 10' E. Pop. 16,910. (B.) Angra, in'-gri, the cap. of Terceira, one of the Azores, situated on * " You men of Angieus, open wide your gates — " " And lay this Angiers 'even with the ground." Kino Joh.v, Act II., Scene 2. t " Undamped by time the generous instinct glows, Fai' as Angola's sands or Zembla's snows." RoGER.s' Pleasures qf Memory. ANG— ANS 73 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. an inlet on the S. coast From this situation the town derives its name, angra signifying " inlet" in Portuguese. It is fortified and well built Lat. 38° 38' N., Lon. 27° 13' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Anguilla, in-ghil'-l^, (Sp. Anguila, in-ghee'-li,) or Snake Island (.so called ftom its figure), one ofthe Antilles, about 20 m. long, and 6 broad. Lat. 18° 10' about N., Lon. 63° 20' W. Angus. See Forfarshire. Anhalt, in'-hik, an ancient principality of Germany, enclosed almost on every side by the Prussian territories, being bounded N. by Brandenburg, E. by Prussian Saxony, S. W. by the county of Mans- feld, and N. W. by Brunswick, Halberstadt, and Magdeburg. It is now divided into the duchies Dessau, Bernburg, and Coethen. Betvveen 51° 35' and 52° 6' N. Lat., and 10° 55' and 12° 36' E. Lon. Anholt, in'hilt, a small island in the Cattegat, belonging to Den mark. Lat. about 56° 40' N., Lon. 11° 35' E. Anjou, an'-joo,* (Fr. iN'-zhoo',) formerly a prov. of France, now dis tributed among the deps. of Maine and Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Vienne. Anklam, in'-klim, a sraall commercial t of Pomerania, 21 m. S. E. of Greifswald. Lat 53° 50' N., Lon. 13° 48' E. Pop. 6,286. (P.C.) An-ko'-ber, a t. of Abyssinia ; cap. of the fertile prov. of Efat (Ifat). near 10° N. Lat, and 40° E. I^n. Annaberg, in'-ni-bJRG\ a t in the Erzgebirge (ore-mountain district), in the kingdom of Saxony, 2,800 ft. above the level of the sea, and about 48 m. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.) An-nam. See Cochin China. An-nap'-o-lis, the cap. of the state of Maryland, and of the co. of Ann Arundel, on the S. bank of the Severn, 25 m. S. by E. of Balti more. It is a port of entry. Lat. 38° 58' 35" N., Lon. 76° 33' W. Pop. 2,792. Annapolis, a t. of Nova Scotia ; the seat of the provincial govern ment until 1750, when Halifax was founded, and became the cap. of the prov. Lat 44° 40' N., Lon. 65° 37' W. Ann Arun'-del, a co. of Maryland, on the W. side of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 29,532. Co. t Annapolis. An'-ne-cy or inn'-se', a t of Savoy, on the N. bank of L. Annecy, 22 m. N. N. E, of Chambery. It is the principal seat of manufacturing industry in Savoy. Lat 45° .54' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. between 5,000 and 6,000. (P. C.) An^-no^-nay', a t. of France ; the busiest and most populous in the dep. of Ardeche, 34 m. N. of Privas, celebrated for its manufacture of paper, which is esteemed the best in France. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Anspach, ins'-piK, or Ansbach, a t. of Bavaria ; cap. of a circle of • This accentuation of Anjou, when anglicized, is sanctioned by the authority of Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the genius of our language. "Command in Anjou what your honour pleases." " Upon condition I may quietly Enjoy mine own, the county Maine and Anjou." He.vrv VI., Part First, Aet V., Scene 3d 74 ANS— ANT Fite, fSr, fill, fjt; m'-, m't; p'^ne or pine, pin; ni, nit; 66 as in g-ood ; the same name, at the confluence of the Rezat with the Holzbach (holts/-biK), about 30 m. S. W. of Nuremberg. Lat. 49° 20' N., Lon. 10° 28' E. Pop. between 16,000 and 17,000. (P. C.) An'-son, a co. of N. C, bordering on the Yadkin r. and S. C. Pop. 15,077. ' Co. t. Wadesborough. Anteciuera, in-tJ-kV-ri. a t of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m. N. N. W. of Malaga. Lat. 37° 9' N., Lon. 4° 35' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Antibes, iN^-teeb/, (Anc. Antip'olis,) a fortified t and port of France, in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, near the frontier of the Sar dinian dominions. Lat 43° 33' N., Lon. 7° T E. Pop. about 5,003. (P. C.) Anticosti, an-te-cos'-te, an island lying in the mouth of the St Lawrence, above 120 m. long, and about 30 m. broad. It is unculti vated and uninhabited, with the exception of two families, who have been established here for the purpose of assisting persons cast away on the coast. (P. C.) Antigua, an-tee'-ga, one ofthe Caribbee Islands, belonging to Eng land, about 20 m. long, and 12 ra. broad. St. John, the cap., is m Lat 17° 10' N., Lon. 61° 57' \N. Total pop. of the island, 35,714. (P. C.) Antilles, an-teel', a name given to certain West India islands. The Greater Antilles comprehend Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico ; the Lesser Antilles, all the Caribbean group, with those lying along the coast of S. America. Antioch, an'-te-ok, (Anc. Antiochi'a, Turk. Antakia, in-td'-kee*-a,) a decayed city of Syria, on the S. bank of the Orontes, 46 m. W. of Aleppo. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who named it Antiochia, in honour of his father, Antiochus. It became the residence of tbe Syrian monarchs, and grew to be one ofthe largest cities in tbe world. Lat. 36° 8' N., Lon. 36° 12' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 10,00:). Antioquia, in-te-o-kee'-i, a prov. of New Granada, in the dep. of Cundinamarca. Also, a. small t of this prov. Antisana, in-te-si'-ni, a summit of the Andes, in Quito, the highest volcano in the world, having an elevation of 19,130 feet Also, a vil lage on the side of the above mountain, formerly regarded as the high est inhabited place on the globe, being 13,450 feet above the level of the sea ; but it ia now ascertained to be some hundred feet lower than the highest parts of the mining region, near Potosi. (B.) See Thibet. An'-trim, a co. forming the N. N. E. extremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 323,306. (P. C.) Antrim, a t of the above co., near the N. E. extremity of Lough Neagh, and about 15 m. N. W. of Belfast It was once a place of great importance, but in 1831 had a population of only 2,655. (P. C.) Antrim (Megissee), u co. in the N.N. W. part of Mich., bordering on an arm of L. Michigan. Ant'-werp, (Dutch, Antwerpen, int'-wfr-pcn, Fr. Anvers, iN'-vaiR',) a t of Belgium, on the right bank ofthe Scheldt, 36 m. N. of Brussels. It IS strongly fortified on the land side, and has a large citadel on the ANZ— APU 75 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; tii, as in this; n, nearly like ng. S. The commerce of Antwerp is still considerable, though but the shadow of what it was in the 16th century, when its population amounted to raore than 200,000, and when, if we may believe the con current testimony of different writers worthy of credit, 500 vessels daily entered its port, and about 2,500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. It is estimated that this great emporium put into circulation every year 500,000,000 florins, and that the annual receipts from the imposts amounted to 2,000,000. (B.) Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop. in 1831, 77,199. (P. C.) Anzin, Jn'-zIn', a village of France, near Valenciennes, in the dep. of Nord, and the seat of the most extensive collieries in the kingdom. The number of pits amounts to 40, and some of them have been sunk to the depth of 1,476 feet (450 metres) ; 16,000 workraen are em ployed here. (B.) Pop. ofthe village, 4,000. (P.O.) An-zoo-an' (Anzuan or Anjouan), commonly called Jo-han'-na, the first in importance, though the second in size, of the Comoro Islands. The most southern point is in 12° 25' S. Lat. ; the most eastern, 44° 34 E. Lon. Its circumference is estimated at from 70 to 80 miles. The pop., much reduced of late, was formerly rated at 100,000. (P. C.) Aosta, i-os'-ti, a t of Piedmont ; cap. ofa duchy ofthe same name, situated nearly 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and about 65 m. S. E.of Geneva. Lat. 45° 45' N., Lon. 7° 16' E. Pop. 5,500. (P.C.) Ap'-EN-NiNEg\ the general name for the great mountain system of Italy. This chain, beginning near Mount Appio, in the territory of Genoa, traverses Italy in its whole length. VVhen near the end of its course, it divides iuto two branches, one of which runs S. E. towards the Capo di Leuca, while the other advances S. to the Strait of Mes sina. Mount .(Etna, which may justly be regarded as forming a part of the Apennine system, and Mount Corno, in Abruzzo Ultra, are the highest points of the chain ; the forraer having an elevation of about 10,870 feet (1,700 toises), the latter of 9,520 feet (1,489 toises). (B.) Ap-pa-lach-i-co'-la, a r. formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, in Ga. : it flows through Florida into a bay of its own name, coraraunicating with the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 70 m. Appalachicola, a port of entry of Florida, cap. of Franklin CO., at the mouth of the above r. Appenzell, ip'-pfent-sell', a canton in the E. N. E. part of Switzerland. Area, 153 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. (B.) — Inhab. Appenzeller, ip^-pent- sel'-ler. Appenzell, a t. of the above canton, on the Sitter, 40 m. E. by S. of Zurich. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Ap'-pling, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., S. of, and bordering on the Altamaha. Pop. 2,0,52. Seat of justice, Appling c. h. Ap^-po-mat'-tox, a r. in the S. E. part of Va., flowing into James r. Apt, ipt, (Lat. Ap'ta Ju'lia,) an ancient t of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, about 30 m. E. by S. of Avignon. Lat. 43° 53' N., Lon. 5° 25' E. Pop. 5,433. (M. B.) Apure, i-poo'-ri, a r. of S. Araerica, in Venezuela, which flows into 76 AQU— ARA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good; the Orinoco. Length estimated at 650 m. It is navigable through nearly the whole of its course. ' Aqui, i'-que, a t of the Sardinian states, 47 m. E. S. E. of Turin, noted for its warm sulphurous baths. Pop. 6,700. (M.) Aquila, i'-que-li, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, .57 m. N. E. of Rome. It is surrounded by walls, which are above 3 m. in extent, but a great portion of the enclosed space is now occupied by gardens. This town holds a conspicuous place in histor)', and was long considered as the first city ofthe kingdom, after Naples. During the acme of its prosperity it could muster, it is said, 15,000 armed men at the sound of the alarm bell. The period of its greatest glory may be reckoned from about the middle of the 13th, to the beginning ofthe 16th century. Lat. 42° 20' N., Lon. 13° 28' E. Present pop. about 8,000. (B.) Aquino, i-quee'-no, (Anc. Aqui'num,) a decayed t of Campania, in the kingdom of Naples. It was a large and populous city in the time of Strabo; the Via Latina passed through it. Juvenal, the Roman poet, was born in or near Aquinum. This town suffered greatly from the invasions of the barbarians, on the fall of the Roman empire, and was at last utterly destroyed, during the wars of the emperors Conrad and Manfred against the popes. At present it.contains scarcely 1,000 inhabitants. Lat. 41° 33' N., Lon. 13° 40' E. Ar-a'-bi-a; an extensive country in the S.W. part of Asia, bounded on the N. by Syria and the river Euphrates, E. by the Persian Gulf, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Red Sea. Length from the north ern extremity, on the Euphrates, to Cape Bahelmandel, about 1,500 m. ; breadth on the southern coast, from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, 1,200 m. ; ftom Basrah to Suez, 900 m. It is commonly divided into three parts, Arabia Felix, or happy; Petrsea, or stony; and Deserta, or desert. Arabia Felix borders on the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the S. part of the Red Sea ; Arabia Petrsea lies on the Red Sea, N. of Arabia Felix ; Arabia Deserta includes all the northern part of the country. Among the Arabians, these names are not known. They call Arabia Deserta, Nedjed or Nej'd; Arabia Pe- trasa, Hedjaz ; Arabia Felix is divided into Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, and Lahsa ; which will be treated of under their respective heads. This vast country contains but two rivers worthy of the name, the Meidam (mi^e-dim'), and the Shab, which descend ftom the plain of Yemen into the Indian Ocean. All the other streams either entirely disappear in summer, or descend from the raountains and are dried up before reaching the sea. (B.) Arabia has long been celebrated for the abundance of its odoriferous plants. Coffee, of a superior quality, is cultivated in Yemen. Grapes, maize, wheat, barley, beans of differ- ent kinds, tobacco, &c., are produced in this country. The gum Ara bic is obtained from an indigenous tree called by naturalists the acacia vera. Arabia is remarkable in history for having almost uniformly main tained its independence against the different conquering powers which ARA— ARA TT ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. in ancient or modern times, have successively extended their sway over the neighbouring kingdoras. For this independence it has been chiefiy indebted to those peculiar means of defence, with which it has been fur nished by nature. Its vast and parching deserts have stood as a " wall of tire" against the encroachments of foreigners ; at the sarae time the general sterility of the soil has afforded no sufficient raotive for under taking the conquest of a country, in which so many formidable, not to say insurmountable, difficulties must be encountered. This country is also remarkable as the birth-place of Mahomet, and the cradle of the Moslem religion, which, in a few years, extended its dominion over a large portion of Asia, the northern regions of Africa, and thence over the greater part of Spain. — Adj. Ar-a'-bi-an, Arabic, ir'-a-bik, and Ara besque, ar^-a-besk'. — Inhab. Arab, ar'-ab, and Arabian. Aracan. See Arracan. Arad, 6r'-6d\ the name of two small towns of Hungary, situated in a county of the same narae. Old Arad, (Ger. Alt-Arad, ilt i'-rit ; Hung. O' Arad ;) is on the r. Marosch. Lat. about 46° 10' N., Lon. 21° 20' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) New Arad, (Ger. Neu-Arad, noi i'-rit; Hung. Uj Arad, oo-e 6r-6d ;) an important fortress, on the opposite side of the Marosch, 2i m. ftom the old town. Aragon, ar'-a-gon, (Sp. pron. iR-i-gone',) a large prov., formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on tbe N. by the Pyrenees, E. by Catalonia and a part of Valencia, S. by Valencia, and W. by Navarre and Old Castile. Length, from N. to S., about 200 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 130 m. — Adj. and inhab. Ar^-a-gpn-e§e'. Araguay, ir-a-gwi', a r. in the central part of Brazil, which flows into the Tocantins. Aral (ar'-al). Sea op, a great inland lake of Asia, situated E. of the Caspian Sea, between the 43d and 47th degrees of N. Lat, and the 58th and 62d of E. Lon. Its length is about 290 m. from N. to S., its breadth varies ftom 130 to 250 m. The southern extremity is studded with innumerable small islands, at the mouth of the r. Amoo ; and ftom this circumstance it has received the name Aral, which, in the Tartar language, signifies island. It has no communication with the ocean, and though it receives several rivers, among which are the Amoo and Sihon, the level of this lake is constantly lowering. The waters are saline, but the exact proportion of salt has not been ascertained. (P. C.) Aranjuez, 4-rin-Hweth', (Lat. A'ra Jo'vis, " altar of JoTe,") a t. and royal palace of Spain, on the Tagus, 25 m. S. by E. from Madrid. It is the residence of the court ordinarily from Easter till the end of June. Permanent pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lat 40° 2' N., Lon. 3° 36' W. Ararat, ar'-a.-rat\ a celebrated mountain of Armenia, situated to the S. W. ofthe t. of Erivan, about 5 m. from the river Aras. It rises from the midst of a great plain, in two conical peaks, one of which ascends far above the limit of^ eternal snow, its height being about 17,260 feet above the level of the sea. It does not, however, rise to this great elevation, immediately from its base, but stands on the table land of 7* 78 ARA— ARD Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Armenia, which is stated by Ritter to be 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. The smaller cone is separated from the greater by a plain of considerable extent, and is much lower. The surrounding people regu late their agricultural operations by the melting of the snow on the little Ararat, from the summit of which it entirely disappears in summer. Aras, ir'-as, (Anc. Arax'es), a r. of Armenia, which rises about 20 m. S. of Erzroom, and, flowing easterly, empties itself into the Koor (Kur). I..ength estimated at above 500 m. Ar-au-ca'-ni-.\ns, a nation of Indians of S. America, inhabiting a country bounded on the N. by the r. Bio-bio, E. by the great Cordillera ofthe Andes, S. by Valdivia, and W. by the Pacific Ocean ; extending along the coast about 180 jn-, with a breadth, from the sea to the crest of the Andes, of perhaps 150 m. They are a brave and hardy people, very jealous of tbeir honour, hospitable, honest, grateful, generou.s, and humane; but when not at war, indolent, haughty, and addicted to intoxication. Tbe Araucanians have sustained an almost uninter rupted war against the Spaniards from the first invasion in 1537, until the presen.t time. Their independence was formally acknowledged by Spain in 1773, and they were allowed to send an ambassador, who should reside at Santiago de Chili. (P. C.) Arbe, aR'-bi, an i. in the Gulf of Venice, containing an area of abont 29 sq. m., and between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. Also, a small t oa the above island. Lat 44° 45' N., Lon. 14° 50' E. (P. C.) Arbroath. See Aberbrothock. Archangel, ark-ane'-jel, (Russ. pron. iRK-ing'-gel,) a prov. the most northern and the most extensive of Russia in Europe. Its super ficial extent is estimated at 300,000sq.m. Pop. perhaps 280,000. (P.C.) Arch.angel, an archiepiscopal t ; the cap. of the above, on tiie Dwina, with a fine harbour, which, however, is ordinarily free from ice only from July to September. It was the only town in Russia of any commercial importance, previously to the founding of St. Petersburgh, in 1703; since whieh time its trade has diminished, though it is still the depository of foreign merchandise destined for Siberia. Pop. 19,262. (B.) Lat. 64° 32' N., Lon. 40° 43' E. Ar^-cot', a decayed city of Hindostan ; the Mahometan cap. of the Carnatic. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once an important Indian fortress. Lat. 12° 54' N., Lon. 79° 22' E. Ardeche, aRMaiSh', a small r. of France, which flows into the Rhone,, Ardeche, a dep. in the S. E. of France, VV. of, and bordering on the Rhone. Pop. 353,752. (B.) Capital, Privas. Ardennes, aR^-denn',* (Lat. Arduen'na Sil'va,) a celebrated forest of France, wbich gives name to the dep. of Ardennes. • In the works of some of the poets, this name is spelled Arden, in which case it is to bo accentuated on the former syllable. "Beyond old Arden, in his sister's home" — '* The warrior who from Arden's fated fount Drank of the bitter waters of aversion." Southey's Joan of Arc, Books I. and IV ARD— ARK 79 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Ardennes, a dep. in the N. of France, bordering on Belgium. Pop. 306,861. (B.) Capital, Mezieres. Ar'-dr.ab, a small kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea. — Also, the cap. of the above. Lat. near 7° N., Lon. 2° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 20,0i:0. (B.) Arequipa, ir-i-kee'-pi, cap. of a prov. of the sarae name, and, after Lima, the largest and finest city of Peru, near the r. Quilca (keel'-ki), about 50 m. from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1539. The houses are built chiefly of stone ; low and very substantial, with a view to resist the shock of earthquakes. Its manufactures and trade are considerable. Pop. estimated at above 30,000. (B.) Arezzo, i-ret'-so, (Lat. Arre'tium,) an ancient and still considerable t of Tuscany, 40 m. S. E. of Florence. Arretiura was one of the most wealthy and populous cities of ancient Etruria, and has ever since held an important place in the history of Italy. Arezzo is remarkable for having been the birth-place of many distinguished men, among others, Guido, the first restorer of modern music, and the celebrated Petrarch. Lat 43° 28' N., Lon. 11° 52' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Argentan, aR^-zhiN^-tis', a t of France, in the dep. of Orne, 23 m. N. of Alencon. Lat 48° 44' N., Lon. 0° 1' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Argenteuil, aR'-zhaN^-tui', a t of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, on the right bank of the Seine. Lat. 48° 56' N., Lon. 2° 14' E. 'op. 4,700. (P. C.) Argentiere, aR^-zhiN^ -te-aiR', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ardeche, 20 ra. S. W. of Privas. It derives its name from tire raines of silver (argentum), wrought here in the l"2th century. (M.) Argoon or Argun. See Amoor. Argostoli, ar-gos'-to-le, the chief t. of Cephalonia, with tbe best harbour in the island, and considerable commerce. Lat 38° 10' N., Lon. 20° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Arg-yle' (often written Argyll), a shire in tho W. of Scotland, bor dering on the sea. Pop. 97,371. Argvro-Castro, ar'-ghe-ro-cas'-tro, (Mod. Gr. Arguro'-kastron, Turk. Ergree Kastree,) an inland t. of Albania. Lat 40° 7' N., Lon. 20° 13' E: Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000. (P. C.) Arica, i-ree'-ki, a. seaport t of Peru, once a flourishing and popu lous place, but now a miserable village. It has suffered much from earthquakes, particularly in 16118. During the war of independence, it was entirely desolated. Present pop. not above 400. ^. C.) Ariege, r-re-aizh', a small r. of France, tributary to the Garonne. Ariege, a dep. in the S. of France, on the sources of the above r., and bordering on Spain. Pop. 260,536. (B.) Capital, Foix. Ar-k.an'-sas or Ar'-kan-saw\ a r. of N. America; next to the Mis souri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of more than 2,000 m., flows into the Mississippi, in Lat. 33° 54' N., Lon. 91° 10' W. It is navigable almost 10 its source. Arkansas, one of the U. S., between 33° and 36° 30' N. Lat, and 80 ARK— ARM Fite, far, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as ingood; 89° 50' and 94° 40' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi r., which separates it from Tennessee and the state of Mississippi, S. by Louisiana, and W. by the Indian Territory ; and divided into 41 counties.* Length, frora E. to W., 264 m. ; breadth, from N. to S., about 240. Area estimated at 54,500 sq. m. Pop. 97,574 ; of whom 77,174 are whites, 465 free coloured persons, and 19,935 slaves. Arkansas was admitted into the Union in 1836. Little Rock is the seat of government. Arkansas, a co. in the E. part of Arkansas, intersected by the Ar kansas r. Pop. 1,346. Co. t. Arkansas. Ar-kee'-ko (Arkiko), a seaport on the W. coast of the Red Sea. Though a small and miserable place, it is the point through which all the maritime intercourse of Abyssinia is carried on. (P. C.) Lat 15° 38' N., Lon. 39° 37' E. Arles, arlz, (Fr. pron. rrI ; Lat Arela'te,) an ancient t of France, on the left bank ofthe Rhone, about 50 m. W. N. W. of Marseilles. It formerly held a conspicuous place among the cities of Europe, but has fallen greatly to decay. The numerous existing ruins attest its former magnificence, and constitute its principal claims to our attention. Lat 43° 40' N., Lon. 4° 38' E. Pop. 13,-342. (M.) Armagh, ar^-mi', an inland co. in the N. of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 220,651. (P. C.) Armagh, a city of Ireland, and cap. ofthe above co. In the middle centuries it was celebrated as a place of learning, and, according to the Irish historians, had, at one time, 7,000 students at its college. At present it possesses several establishments for education, an observa tory, a lunatic asylum, and a fever hospital. Armagh is the residence of an English archbishop, who is styled Primate of all Ireland. The Observatory is in 54° 21' 12 " N. Lat, and 6° 38' 52" W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 10,764. (M.) Armagnac, iR^-min^-yik', formerly a county of Gascony, in Fiance ; now chiefly comprehended in the dep. of Gers. — Adj. and inhab. Ar magnac. Ar-me'-ni-a (Turk. Erminee'yeh), a country of Asia Minor. It is not defined by any permanent natural boundaries. In the course of its history, we find its limits exposed to continual changes. In its widest application, it may be said to embrace the country from L. Ooroomeeyeh (Ourmiah), and the junction of the rivers Koor and Aras, on the E., to the upper course of the Kizil Ermac, on the W. ; and from the upper course of the rivers Tchorak and Koor, on the N., to the Taurian Mountains, in the direction of Beer, Mardeen and Nisibis, on the S. The country, in general, is mountainous, and, owing to its hsight • Arkansas, Benton, Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clarke, Conw.iv. Crawford, Crit tenden, Desha, Francis, St., Franklin, Greene, Hempstead, Hot' Spring, Indepea- -dence, Izard, Jackson, Jefi'erson, Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, White. ARM— ARR 81 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. above the level of the sea, is colder than might have been expected from its geographical position. (See Ararat.) The principal produc tions are wheat, barley, cotton, hemp, tobacco, and manna, besides va rious fruits. Many ofthe Armenians are engaged in trade, and bear a high character for integrity in their dealings. They form the chief class of traders in the Persian empire, and are found scattered over various other parts of the world. "Their religion is a species of Chris tianity. — xVdj. and inhab. Ar-me'-ni-.\n. Armentieres, aR^-miN^- te-aiR', a t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, near the Belgian frontier, on the Lys, 10 m. N. N. W. of Lille. Lat 50° 41' N., Lon. 2= 5'2' E. Pop. 7,700. (M. B.) Arm'-strong, a co. in the VV. part of Pa., N. E. of Pittsburg, and intersected by tho Alleghany r. Pop. 28,365. Co. t. Kittaning. Arn'-hem (supposed to bo tbe Roman Arenacum), a fortified city of the Netherlands; cap. of Guelderland. It was formerly one ofthe Hanse towns. Lat 52° N., Lon. 5° 52' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Ar'-no (Lat. Ar'nus), the principal river of Tuscany, rises in the Apennines, and, passing through Florence and Pisa, flows into the sea, about 5 m. W. of the latter town. Length about 150 ra. It is naviga ble to Florence. Arnsberg, aRns'-btRo, or Aeensberg, a t. of the Prussian States ; cap. of a circle of the same name; the largest of the three circles which form the prov. of Westphalia. Lat 51° 24' N., Lon. 8° 1' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) Arnstadt, aRn'-stitt, a t of Saxony, on the Gera, 11- m. S. of Erfurt Lat 50° 49' N., Lon. 10° 57' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Ar-oos'-took, a CO. forming the N. E. part of Maine. Pop. 9,413. Co. t. Houlton. Arpino, aR-pee'-no, (Anc. Arpi'num,) a city of Naples, near the con fines of the kingdora, about 60 m. S. E. of Rome. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Cicero and Marius, to which circumstance it was once indebted for its preservation. In the wars between the houses of Anjou and Aragon, for the possession ofthe kingdom of Naples, Arpino took part with the French against the Aragonese and the Pope. The pontiff (Pius II.) generously commanded Orsini, his successful captain, to " spare Arpino for the memory of Caius Marius and Marcus Tullius." It has manufactories of parchment, leather, paper, and ofthe best cloth made in the kingdom. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 13° 37' E. Pop. esti mated at above 8,000. (B.) Ar^-r.4-can' or Aracan (called by the natives Rakhaing), a country of Chin-India, lyino' along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, between 17° and 21° 30' N. Lat., and 92° 20' and 94° 30' E. Lon. It formerly belonged to the Burmese empire, but in 1826 became one of Ihe pos sessions ofthe East India Company. Its extreme length, from N.N.W. to S. S. E., is, perhaps, 230 m., and its average breadth about 50 m. (P. C.) Arracan, the ancient cap. ofthe above prov., on a small river ofthe same name. It was once a flourishing and populous city, so that the 82 ARR^ASH Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit; 66, as in good, number of its inhabitants was estimated at above 100,000, but at pre sent it does not probably amount to a third of that number. (B.) Lat 20° 43' N., Lon. 93° 25' E. Ar'-r.}.n, a mountainous and romantic i. on the W. coast of Scotland, forming a part of Buteshire. It is more than 20 m. lone, and about 12 wide. Pop. 6,241. Ar'-ras (Fr. pron. ir'-ris'), a fortified and important t of France ; formerly the cap. of Artois, and now of the dep. of Pas de Calais, on the S. bank of the river Scarpe, which begins here to be navigable, 108 m. N. by E. of Paris. It was the cap. of the ancient Atreba'tes, from which it derives its name, and was a manufacturing t in the time of St Jerome, about the beginning of the 5th century. Robespierre was a native of Arras. Lat 50° 17' N., Lon. 2° 46' E. Pop. 23,485. (B.) Arroe. See ^Eroe. Ar'-ta (Anc. Ambra'cia, Turk. Nar'-di), a t of Albania, on a river of the same name. It was a few years since a flourishing place, with a population estimated at above 9,000, (B.) ; but it suffered greatly in the struggle for Grecian freedom. Lat 39° 13' N., Lon. 21° 4' E. Artois, aR^-twi', a former prov. of France, now comprehended in the dep. of Pas de Calais. It takes its name from the Atreba'tes, a nation ofthe ancient Gauls, who inhabited this region, and ftom whose name Arras is also derived. Arundel, Sr'-un-del, a t of England, on the Arun, in the co. of Sus sex, 50 ra. S. S. W. of London. Lat 50° 51' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop. 2,624. Asaph (az'-af) St., an ancient city of Wales, in Flintshire, about 5 m. from the sea. Pop. of the parish, 3,338. Ascension, as-sen'-shun, an i. in the S. Atlantic, between Afnca and Brazil. It is 7i m. long, and 6 m. wide. It owes its name to the cir cumstance of its having been discovered on Ascension-day, in 1501. It was then barren and entirely uninhabited by men. In 181.5 the British took possession of the island, as a military station, and established a garrison there. Lat of the- fort, 7° 56' N., Lon. 14° 24' W. Ascension, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi. Pop. 6,951. Seat of justice, Donaldsonville. Asch-af'-fen-burg^ or i-shif'-fen-b66RG\ a principality of Germany, now belonging to Bavaria. — Also, a t in the above principality, 25 m. S.E. of Frankfort Lat 50° 1' N., Lon. 9° 7' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Aschersleben, ish^-ers-li'-ben, a t. of Germany, in a circle of the same name, 18 m. S. E. of Halberstadt Lat 51° 46' N., Lon. 11° 27 E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Ascoli, is'-ko-le, (Lat As'culum), a t of the Papal State, 15 m N. W. of Teramo. It was a place of importance in tlie time of the Romans, and we find it often mentioned both in ancient and modern history. Ascoli is one of the best built and most pleasant towns in the Papal State. Lat. 42° 50' N., Lon. 13° 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) Ash-an'-tbe, a powerful kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast, founded during the last century, by Sai Tootoo. Little is known to ASH— ASS 83 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Europeans respecting the internal geography of this country ; along the coast, it is considered as extending from the r. Volta, or Aswada, which separates it from Dahomey on the E., to the r. Assinee on the W. But its actual extent, including the tributary kingdoms, appears to be somewhat greater. The Ashantees are a brave, and, to a consi derable degree, may be regarded as a civilized people. Their military enterprises have been attended with the most wonderful success; and a multitude of different states, amounting to near fifty, according to one writer, have been either incoporated into the empire or reduced to the condition of tributaries. Even the English, on the coast, were at one time compelled to purchase, with liberal presents, the peace of this warlike and powerful nation. — The Ashantees have schools, where the pupils are taught to read and write Arabic, and appear also to possess sorne skill in sculpture and other arts. They manufacture cloths of cotton, and sometimes of cotton and silk interwoven. Many of these cloths are of great fineness of texture, and their colour of the highest brilliancy. They also make earthenware, tan leather, and work in iron. The pop. of the erapire of the Ashantees is estiraated by Balbi at 3,COO,000. The capital is Cooraassie. Ashe, a co. forming the N. W. extreraity of N. C. Pop. 7,467. Co. t. Jefi'ersonton. Ashtabula, ash'-ti-bu'-la, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop. 23,724. Co. t Jefferson. Ash'-tcn-under-Lyne, a manufacturing t. of Eng. in Lancashire, 64 m. E. of Manchester. It is a well built and rapidly increasing town. The pop. in 1831 exceeded tbat in 1821 by more than 5,000, and the last census gives 7,841 more than that of 1831. This great increase is attributed, in part, to the employment of labourers on the Sheffield and Manchester railroad. Present pop. 22,678. Asia, i'-she-a, one of the five grand divisions of the globe, bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the Indian Ocean, W. by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, the river Ural, the Ural Mountains, and lastly, by the river and sea of Kara. The most northern point of this continent is Northeast Cape, near 78° N. Lat., and 104° E. Lon. . the most southern is formed by the extremity ofthe Malay Peninsula, which extends to about 1° 20' N. Lat. Cape Baba, in Asia Minor, in Lat. about 39° 30' N., Lon. 26° 5' E., forms its west ern, and East Cape, in 66° 5' N. Lat. and Lon. 169° 40' W.* its eastern extremity. The extreme length of this continent, from the Isthmus of Suez to Behring's Strait, is above 7,000 m. ; the greatest breadth, frotn N. to S., about 5,300. The area is estimated by Hassel, at about 16,700,000 sq. m. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at above 525,000,000.— Adj. Asiatic, a^-she-at'-ik, and Asian, a'-she-an (poetical). Inhab. Asiatic As'-sam', a. country of Asia, lying beyond the Ganges, bounded on the N. by the mountains of Bootan and Thibet, E. by the countries tri butary to Ava and China, S. by the Garrow Mountains, and W. by 84 ASS— AST Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good; Bengal. Of the early history of Assam, little is known. It has more recently been under the dominion of the Burmese, till in 1824, when they were expelled by the English, and it is now a dependent of the East India Company. Present pop. estimated at 2(X),000. (P. C.) Assen, is'-sen, a little t. of Holland ; cap. of the prov. of Drenthe, 15 m. S. of Groningen. Pop. 1,200. (B.) Assisi, is-see'-se, (Anc. Assi'siura,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State and prov. of Umbria. Lat. 43° 4' N., Lon. 12° 35' E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) Assouan or Assuan. See Asswan. Assumption, as-sump'-shun, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, W. of New Orleans. Pop. 7,141. Seat of justice, Assumption c. h. Assumption (Sp. Asuncion, 5-soon-the-one' or i-soon-se-one/), the cap. of Paraguay, in South America, situated on the E. bank of the r. Para guay. Lat 26° 22' S., Lon. 57° 40' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) As-s wAn' (Assuan or Assouan), a small t of Upper Egypt, on the right bank ofthe Nile, remarkable for its coramerce, its picturesque situation, and the monuments of antiquity which are found in its neighbourhood. Close to it, on the south, may be seen the ruins ofthe town built by the Arabs, on the site of the ancient Syene. Lat 24° 5' N., Lon. 32° 55' E. — Adj. and inhab. As-swIn'-ee. Asterabad, is^-ter-i-bid', or Astrabad, a small prov. in the N.E. part of Persia.— Also the cap. of above. Lat 36° 50' N., Lon. 54° 35' E. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.) Asti, is'-te, (Lat. Ast'a.) a t of Piedmont, cap. of a prov. of the same narae on the N. bank of the Tanaro, on the high road from Turin to Alexandria. This place has been distinguished both in ancient and modern historv, and is remarkable as being the birth-place of the great Italian poet, A'lfieri. Lat 44° 57' N., Lon. 8° 1 2'E. Pop. 22,000. (P.C.) Astorga, is-toR'-gi, (the Astu'rica Augus'ta of the Romans,) a t of Spain, in Leon. It was once the capital of Astu'res, and is called by Pliny a magnificent city. It contains some interesting remains of anti quity. Lat. 42° 27' N., Lon. 6° 10' VV. Pop. 4,000. (M.) As-to'-ri-a, a settlement at the mouth of the Columbia r., made by the American Fur Company, so called frora Mr. Astor, of New York. Lat. 46° 14' N., Lon. near 126° W. As^-tr.Ji-kban', (Russ. pron. is-tri-Kin',) a t of Russia, in Europe, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an island formed by the Volga at its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It has a fine citadel, called Krem, or Kremlin, and numerous churches, with steeples and minarets ; but the houses are generally ofa mean appearance, and built of wood ; the streets unpaved, irregular and dirty. Astrakhan is reraarkable for its manufactures as well as its commerce; its harbour is the most fre quented of any on the Caspian. It is the seat both of an Armenian and Russian archbishopric. Lat 46° 21' N., Lon. 48° 3' E. Permanent pop. about 40,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. As'-tr-A-kban-E'e'. Asturias, is-too'-re-is, a prov. in the N. of Spain; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Old Castile, S. by Leon and W. by ATA— ATH 65 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Galicia. Length, ftom E. to W., about 150 ra. ; breadth, from N. to S., 50 m. — Adj. and inhab. Asturian, Is-too'-re-an. At-Acama, it-i-ci'-mi, a district of S. Araerica, belonging to Bolivia, and coraprehending all the country of that republic which lies between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the N. by the r. Loa, between 21° and 22° S. Lat., and on the S. by the Salado, near 26° S. Lat; so that it extends along the coast perhaps 250m., while its breadth is from 25 to 40 m. It is divided into the Upper and Lower country. The latter is in almost every part an uninhabited desert No rain ever falls on this coast, but in some places the soil is occasionally lefreshed by mists and dews. (P. C.) Atchafalaya, ach-af-a-li'-a, (an Indian word, signifying "lost wa ter,") a large bayou in La., which detaches itself from the right bank of the Red r., near its confluence with the Mississippi ; and, after re ceiving the waters of L. Chetimaches and the r. Plaquemines, flows into Atchafdlaya Bay. Its whole course is about 200 m. Atch-een', or Acheen, a kingdoin on the N. W. part of the island of Sumatra. Also, the chief city of tlie above kingdom. Lat 5° 36' N., Lon. about 95° 20' E. It contains about 8,00;) houses, built chiefly of bamboo. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. ATCB-iN-EgE'. At^-fe', sometimes written Atfih, (Anc. Aphroditop'olis, or "city of Venus,") a town of Egypt, on the right side of the Nile, 45 m. S. of Cairo. Lat. 29° 28' N., Lon. 31° 28' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Ath of A.ath, iit, a commercial t. of Belgium, in the prov. o*" Hain ault, on the Dender, 32 m. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat 50° 42' N., Lon. 3° 46' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Ath-.a-pes'-c6w or Athabasca, the name of a river and lake in the N. W. part of N. America. The river rises near the Rocky Moun tains, and flowing, for the most part in a northerly direction, falls into the lake of the same name, by several channels. Athapescow Lake, also called the Lake of the Hills, is situated about 170 m. S. E. of the great Slave Lake ; it is nearly 200 ra. long, but its averao-e width is not more than 20 m. Fort Chipewyan, at the W. S. W. extremity of the lake, is in Lat. 58° 42' N., Lon. 111° 18' W. Ath-boy', a t. of Ireland, in Meath, 30 m. N. W. of Dublin. Ath'-ens, (Lat. Athe'nae, Gr. AOrjvai,,) a celebrated city of Greece, the capital of ancient Attica, founded, according to common account, by Cecrops, about 1550 B. C. It is situated about 5 m. frftm the sea- coast ; the little river Ilissus flows near the city, on the S. E., and the Cephisus on the N. W. — Passing over the well-known epoch in whicli Athens was the most powerful and most illustrious of all the Grecian states, we shall briefly mention that it was captured by the Romans under Sylla (86 B. C). This was the first tirae the fortifications of Athens had been forced by an enemy. After reraaining several centu ries in a state of inglorious repose, it shared the fate of the rest ofthe empire, in being ravaged and plundered by the barbarians. Soon after the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, it was completely incorporated with the Turkish dominions; in which condition it remained till the late R 86 ATH— ATR Fite, fir, fill, f -it ; m \ m.'t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; successful struggle for Grecian freedom. Notwithstanding all the vicissitudes which Athens has undergone, there still remain ample monuments to attest its former grandeur. The ruins of the temple of Theseus, the arch of Hadrian, and the buildings of the Acropolis, espe cially the Parthenon, may be mentioned as among the most remarkable. The walls of this once magnificent city are entirely demolished, but their foundations have been traced, by late travellers, under the shrubs which cover the plains. Athens is situated in Ijat 37° 58' N., Lon. 23° 46' E. The pop., before the late insurrection which threw off the Turk ish yoke, was estimated frora 12,000 to 15,000, but, at the termination of the war, did not probably amount to a third of the number. (B.) In 1834, it was declared the capital of the new kingdom of Greece, and it seems likely to recover, in tirae, some share of its former importance and prosperity. — Adj. and inhab. Ath-e'-ni-.\n. Athens, a t. of Ga., in Clark co., on the Oconee, 92 m. W. N. W. of Augusta : it is the seat of the University of Georgia. Athens, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio. Pop. 19,109. Athens, a small t of Ohio, cap. of the above co., with a college called the University of Ohio, founded in 1821. Athens, New, a small place in Ohio, 18m. N. W. of Wheeling: it is the seat of Franklin College. Ath-lone', a borough of Ireland, on the Shannon, being partly in the CO. of West Meath, and partly in that of Roscommon, about 70 m. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 11,406. (P. C.) Ath'-os, Mount, (It Monte Sacro, Gr. Hagion Oros, i. e. Holy Moun tain, so called from the number of monasteries, chapels, &c., on its sides,) a celebrated mountain of Macedonia, on a peninsula W. of the island of Lemnos, and rising abruptly from the sea to the height of 6,349 feet Lat 40° 9' N„ Lon. 24° 20' E. Athy, ath-i', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, about 38 m. W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,494. (P. C.) Atina, i-tee'-ni, an ancient t of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 10 m. N. of Aquino. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) It is mentioned under its present name by Virgil (jEneid. Lib. VII. 630), as at that time an im portant city. At-lan'-tic Ocean, that part of the ocean which separates the old from the new world : it washes the eastern shore of America and tlie western shores of Europe and Africa. Its width may be estimated at 3,000 m. The name was given on account of its vicinity to the Atlas mountains. Atlantic, a co. in the S. E. part of N. J., bordering on the sea. Pop. 8,726. Co. t May's Landing. At'-l.4s, a chain of mountains running through the north-western part of Afi-ica, and separating the cultivated country from the great desert The highest summits are estimated to be 2,003 toises (B.), or about 12,790 English feet above the level of the sea. Atooi. See Atui. Atri, i'-tre, (anciently Hat'ria Pice'na,) a t of Naples, in the prov. ATT— AUG 87 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. of Teramo, about 4 m. from the coast of the Adriatic, and 12 m. S. E. of Teramo. Hatria was once a place of considerable importance, but the present town is a small and poor place, and partly in ruins. At'-ta-lj, a CO. in the central part of Miss. Pop. 4,303. Co. seat, Kosciusco. Attigny, it -teen' -ye', a small t of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, on the Aisne, 31 m. N. E. of Rheims, anciently one of the sumraer resi dences of the kings of France. At'-tock', or Attock Benares (ben-i'-rez), a city and fortress on the E. bank of the Sinde or Indus, belonging to Lahore. Lat. 33° 52' N., Lon. 72° 10' E. Atui, i-too'-e, one of the Sandwich islands, in Lat. 21° 57' N., Lon. 160° W. Aube, 6be, a small r. of France, flowing inlo the Seine. Aube, a dep. in the N. E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. and by the Seine. Pop. 253,870. (B.) Capital, Troyes. Au'-BURN, the chief t of Cayuga co., N. Y., about 170 m. W. of Al bany, on the outlet of the Owasco lake, a fine streara, with numerous mill seats. It is incorporated, and contains a theological seminary, founded by the Presbyterians in 1821. It is chiefly remarkable for the state prison established here, and conducted on a peculiar system of prison discipline. Pop. 5,626. Aubusson, 6' -hiis' -siN', a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. o Creuse,onther. Creuse, 23 m. S.E. ofGueret Pop. above 4,000. (P.C; Auch, osh, an archiepiscopal t of France ; cap. of the dep. of Gers, on the r. Gers.' Among its buildings the ancient cathedral deserves to be mentioned. Lat 43° 38' N., Lon. 35' E. Pop. 10,461. (B.) Aude, ode, (Anc. A'tax,) a r. in the S. of France, rising in the Py renees, and flowing into the Mediterranean. Aude, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on the Mediterranean. Pop. 281,088. (B.) Capital, Car- cassone. Aubrback, ou'-er-biK, a t of Saxony, 70 m. W. S. W. of Dresden, famous for its manufactureof a metallic coraposition, called Rodewisch, which eraploys about 2,500 persons frora the neighbouring villages. Pop. 3,000. (B.) Auas/-BURG (Ger. pron. ouGs'-b66RG), the cap. of the circle of the Upper Danube, in Bavaria, at the confluence ofthe Wertach and Lech. It has numerous scientific and literary institutions, and is distinguished for its works in gold and jewelry, its manufactures of clocks and watches, and of philosophical and mathematical instruments. Lat. 48° 21' N., Lon. 10° 54' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) The Roman emperor Augustus planted a colony here about 12 years before the Christian era, which was called Augus'ta Vindelico'rum. Augsburg appears to be a contraction of August-burg ; i. e. the " castle of Augustus." Augusta. See Agosta. Au-ous'-TA, the cap. ofthe state of Maine, and of Kennebeck co., on 88 AUG— AUS Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; p'me or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good; the r. Kennebec, about 52 m., in a direct line, N. N. E. of Portland. Lat 44° 19' N., Lon. 69° 50' W. Pop. 5,314. Augusta, a t. of Ga., on the right bank of the Savannah r., about 80 m., in a straight line, E. of Milledgeville. Lat 33° 28' N., Lon. 81° 54' VV. Pop. 6,403. Augusta, a t. of Ky. ; cap. of Brecken co. It has a college, under the direction ofthe Methodists, founded in 18'25. Augusta, a co. in the centre of Virginia. Pop. 19,628. Co. t Staunton. Augustine, St., sent au-gus-teen', a city and port of entry of Florida; cap. of St. John's co., on an inlet about 2 m. from the main ocean. The harbour is defended by a fort This place is much resorted to during winter, bv invalids from the northern states. Lat 29° 48' 30" N., Lon. 81° 35' \V. Pop. 2,459. Aurungabad, 6-rung'-ga-bid', a prov. of Hindostan, situated in the Dekkan. — Also, the cap. of the above, formerly called Gurka, but, becoming a favourite residence of Aurungzebe (pronounced 6-rung- zeeb'), it received from this circumstance its present name. The palace of that monarch, now in ruins, covers an extensive space. The whole city is rapidly falling to decay, but in 1P25 was said still to con tain a population of 60,000. (P. C.) Lat 19° 54' N., Lon. 75° 33' E. Aus'-TER-LiTz' (Ger. pron. ous'-tor-lits), a t of Austria, in Moravia, about 13 m. E. of Briinn, celebrated for a great victory obtained by Napoleon over the emperors of Austria and Russia, in 1805. Pop. about 2,000. (B.) Australasia. See Oceanica. Aus-tra'-li-.\. (See Int. XI.) A term sometimes employed like -Aus tralasia, to designate the fifth grand division of the globe, but more generally restricted to that portion of Oceanica « hich is situated imme diately S. and S. E. of Malaisia, between 1° N. 55° S. Lat, and 110° and 180° E. Lon., including New Holland,(the Australian continent) the islands of New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, the Solo mon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, Papua or New Guinea, besides many sraaller islands. — Adj. Aus-tra'-li-.\n. Australian Continent, or New Holland, is situated in the South Sea, between 10° 30' and 39° N. Lat., and 113° and 153° 20' E. Lon. Length, from E. to W., about 2,400 m. : greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 2,000. Area estimated at 3,500,000 sq. m. New Holland is dis tinguished from all other parts of the globe by the general character of its plants and animals, as well as by the nature of the country. Per haps the raost reraarkable feature of this continent is the total absence of permanently navigable rivers. The Murray, which, with its differ ent affluents, is estimated to drain a surface of 400,000 sq. m., dis charges its waters into the sea by a mouth so miserably small as to be overlooked by the first explorers ofthis portion ofthe Australian coast. There are mountains whose summits are covered with perpetual snow but a very large portion of the country appears to be flat land, which is Bometimes marshy and flooded with water, and at other times so parched AUS— AUX 89 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. as to be a perfect desert. The aboriginal inliabitants of this continent are classed in the same grand division of the human race with the African negro, but appear to be decidedly inferior both in their physical constitution, and in their intellectual and moral faculties. They arc the only people, of whom we have any knowledge, that go completely naked. — Inhab. New Hollander, or Australian. Aus'-TRI-A (Ger. Oestreich, ost'-riKe), an empire of Europe, lying between 42° and 51° N. Lat., and 8° 30' and 26° 50' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Saxony and Prussia, N. E. and E. by the re public of Cracow and by the Russian and 'Turkish provinces, S. by Turkey, the Gulf of Venice, the territories of the Pope, Modena, and Parraa, and W. by the Sardinian States, Switzerland, and Ger many. The length is estiraated at 870, the breadth at 690 ra. The superficial extent, according to Balbi, is about 259,300 sq. m. The pop. in 1826 was estimated by the same writer at 3"2,000,000. The empire of Austria is coraposed ofthe kingdoras of Bohemia, Galicia, Hungary, Illyria, Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, and the govern ments of Lower and Upper Austria, Styria, Trieste, Tyrol, Transylvania, the Military Frontier, and Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, besides some smaller districts, such as Great and Little Cumania, &c. These will be treated of under their respective heads. The name Oest reich, which signifies " eastern empire," arose frora this territory having been the eastern part of the dominions of Charlemagne. The area of Austria at that time scarcely exceeded that of the present archduchy. Vienna is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Aus'-tri-an. Austria, Archduchy of, which constitutes the principal part ofthe hereditary dominions of the house of Austria, is bounded on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Styria, Illyria, and Tyrol, and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria. Area about 14,881 sq. ra. It is divided into Lower and Upper Austria. The former occupies the eastern, the latter the western portion ofthe archduchy. Au-TAu'-6A, a CO. in the central part of Ala., N. of, and bordering on the Alabama r. Pop. 14,342. Co. t Washington. Autun, 6'-tuN', a city of France, on the r. Arroux, in the dep. of the Saone and Loire, 164 m. S. E. of Paris. This town existed before the Roman conquest under the name of Bibrac'te ; after the time of Au gustus, it was called Augustodu'num, of which Autun is a corruption. A number of interesting ruins may be seen here. Lat. 46° 57' N., Lon. 4° 18' E. Pop. 10,000. Auvergne, 6^-vcm' or 6^-vaiRn', formerly a prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Cantal and Puy de Dome. The name is derived from the Arverni, an ancient nation who inhabited this part of Gaul. Auxerre, o'-saiR', (Anc. Autissiodu'rum,) a city of France; cap. of th^dep. of Yonne, on the r. Yonne, 92 m. S. E. of Paris. Lat 47° 48' N , Lon. 3° 34' E. Pop. 10,989. (B.) Auxonne, 6x'-onn', or Aussonne, 6' -sonn', a fortified t. of Franoe, in 8* 90 AVA— AVI Fite, fir, fSU, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; the dep. of Cite d'Or, on the Sadne, 19 ra. S. E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1832, about 5,000. (P. C.) Ava. See Birma. Avallon, i'-vif-loN', a t. of France, in the dep. ofthe Yonne, 120 m. S. E. of Paris. Pop. above 5,000. (P. C.) Aveiro, i-vi'e-ro, a city of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira. Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Avella, i-vel'-li, a t in the kingdom of Naples, 20 m. N. E. of the capital. Near to it are the ruins of the ancient Abel'la, ftom which its name has been derived. Pop. 5,000. (M.) Avellino, i-vel-lee'-no, a manufacturing and commercial t of Naples ; cap. of the prov. of Principato Ultra, 30 m. E. by N. of Naples. Lat 40= 55' N., Lon. 14° 45' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Avenches, a'-viNsh', (Lat. Aven'ticum,) a little t of Switzerland, about 3 m. from the Lake of Morat, and 20 m. W. S. VV. of Bern, remarkable for the Roraan antiquities found in its vicinity. Averno, i-vcR'-no, (Anc. Aver'nus,) a celebrated lake in the vicinity of Naples, about 24 ra. N. W. of Pozzuoli. It is circular, and about IJ ra. in circumference. Aversa, i-vtR'-si, a t. in the kingdom of Naples, 12 m. N. by W. of the capital. It contains a large foundling hospital, and a lunatic asylum, which ranks among tlie best establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat 40° 57' N, Lon. 14° 11' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.3 Avesnes, i'-vain', a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Nord, 123 m. N. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,0(10. (P. C.) Aveyron, i'-vi'-riN', a r. in the S. of France, flowing into the Garonne. Aveyron, a dep. in the S. of France, on the above r. Pop. 370,951. (B.) Capital, Rodez. Avezzano, i-vftt-si'-no, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, about 20 m. nearly S. of Aquila. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Avignon, av-een'-yiN, or i'-veen'-yiN-', (Anc. Ave'nio,) a celebrated ' city of France; cap. of the dep. of Vaucluse, on the left bank of the Rhone, just above the mouth of the r. Durance. Avenio was a very ancient city ; it appears to have been a town of some impor tance before the Roman conquest, and holds a conspicuous place in the history of the middle ages. About the year 1308, Pope Clement v., himself a native of France, removed his court from Rome to Avig non, which continued to be the papal residence till 1376, when Gre gory XI. left it, to return to Rome. It afterwards became the residence ofthe anti-popes Clement VII. and Benedict XIIL Lat 43° 57' N., Lon. 4° 48' E. Pop. 31,0C0: in the 14th century it amounted to 100,000. (B.) Avila, i'-ve-li,* a t. of Old Castile, Spain ; cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a university. Lat 40° 42' N., Lon. 4° 50' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) • " Lerma ' the generous,' Avila ' the proud.' " — Rogers' Voyage of Colwniu* AVL— AYR 91 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. AvLONA, iv-lo'-ni, or Valona, (Anc. Au'lon,) a town of Albania, on a gulf lo which it gives its name, formed by the celebrated Acrocerau- nian promontory. Lat. 40° 29' N., Lon. 19° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Avon, i'-vcn, the name of several small rivers of Great Britam. The principal and most interesting is that which rises at a source called Avon-well, in Northaraptonshire, and, flowing by the village of Strat ford, the birth-place of Shakspeare, empties itself into the Severn, in Gloucestershire, after a course of about 100 in. Av^-OY-ELLEg', a parish of La., on the S. side of the Red r. Pop. 6,616. Seat of justice, Marksville. Avranches, iv^-riNsh', (Anc. In'gena, afterwards Abrinca'tui and Abrin'cE,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche, 195 m. nearly W. from Paris. Lat 48° 41' N., Lon. 1° 25' E. Pop. 7,000. (P. C.) A-wats'-ka or Av-atch'-k.\, a bay on the E. coast of Kamtchatka. Also the name of a r., which flows into this bay, and of a small village situated at its mouth. Awe, Loch, a fresh water lake of Scotland, in the co. of Argyle. It is about 24 m. long, while its average breadth is only about 1 ra. Ax-oom', written also Axoum and Axum, (Gr. Ajon^ts,) a t. of Abys sinia ; formerly cap. of a powerful kingdom ofthis name, which appears to have extended its dominions over a great part of Abyssinia, a part of Arabia, and even to have received tribute from the Byzantine empe rors. There are at this place several remains of antiquity, which show that the Axumites were highly skilled in tbe art of sculpture, and acquainted also with the Greek language. The town at present con tains about 600 houses. (B.) Lat. 14° 7' N., Lon. between 38° and 39° E. Ayamonte, i-yi-mon'-ti, a fortified t of Spain, in the kingdom of Seville. Lat. 37° 12' N., Lon. 7° 14' W. Pop. 6,347. (P. C.) Ayasoolook, i'-yi-soo-look', (Fr. spelling Ayasalouk,) a miserable village of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a mosque, castle and aqueduct, constructed out of the ruins of that once magnifi cent city. Here have been discovered, among other antiquities, the remains of the great temple of Diana, which is mentioned in the 19th chapter of the Acts. Lat. 37° 55' N., Lon. 27° 20' E. Aylesbury, ailz'-ber-re, a t of Buckinghamshire, England, on the road from London to VVarwick, 38 m. from London. It is a very ancient place, and is said lo have been one of the strongest garrisons of the Britons, in their struggle against the Saxons. Pop. of the borough, with an area of about -5 sq. m., 5,429. Ayr, air, a r. of Scotland, which rises in Ayrshire, and, after a course of about 30 m. nearly due VV., falls into the sea at the t of Ayr, where its estuary forms a fine harbour. Ayr, a sea-port t. of Scotland, cap. of Ayrshire, on the above r., near its mouth; 67 m. S. W. of Edinburgh. Entire pop. ofthe parish, 8,264. Ayr'-shiee, a CO. in the S. W. of Scotland, bordering on the sea. Pop. 164,3567 92 AZE— BAD Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not ; 66, as in good; Azerbaijan, iz-er-bi'-jin\ a prov. in the N. part of Persia, lying around L. Ooroomeeyeh. Tabreez is the capital. Az'-OF or Azov, (Anc. Pa'lus Maso'tis,) a sea of Russia, forming a part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, and connected with the Black Sea by the Strait of Yenicale. Its greatest length is about 200 ra.; the breadth varies exceedingly, but perhaps, on an average, may be estimated at about 70 m. The only considerable river which it receives is the Don. Azores, az'-6rz,* or az-6rz', (Port. Acores, i-so'-r?s,) called also the Western Islands, are situated in the Atlantic, about 800 m. W. of Por tugal. They consist of nine islands, in three distinct groups, lying in the direction of W. N. W. and E. S. E., and extending about 330 m. The north-western group contains the small islands of Corvo and Flores ; the central, Terceira, St. George, Pico, Fayal, and Graciosa : the south-eastern, St. Michael and St. Mary. They are included be tween the parallels of 36° 57' and 40° N. Lat, *id the meridians of 25° and 31° 15' W. Lon. The several islands will be treated of under their respective names. As these islands, when first discovered by the Portuguese, were entirely destitute of human inhabitants, as well as of beasts, they called them A()ores (the plural of acor, a hawk or bird of prey), from the number of this kind of birds found here. — Adj. and inhab. Az-o'-rji-an. Ba'-bel-man'-del, (see Int XII.,) or, more correctly, Bab-el-man- deb, the strait which connects the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, lying between Arabia and Abyssinia. The width of this strait is esti mated at about 16 m. Bacchiglione, bik-keel-yo'-ni, a r. in the Venetian States, which rises in the Alps, and, flowing S. E., passes through the t of Vicenza, and afterwards by the walls of Padua, 30 m. below which it enters the Adriatic at Brondolo. Its entire course is about 90 m. Bad-ag'-ry, a t on the Slave Coast of Guinea, cap. of a small king dom of the sarae narae, about 6° 15' N. Lat, and 2° 50' E. Lon. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (P. C.) Badajos, bid-a-hoce', (Sp. Badajoz, bi-ni-Hith'; Lat Pax Angus' ta,) a fortified t of Spain, cap. of Estremadura, on the Guadiana. The bridge over the Guadiana, 1,874 feet in length, is one ofthe finest in Europe. Lat 38° 52' N., Lon. 6° 48' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.) • This accentuation, though perhaps not the most prevalent, is sanctioned b} the general tendency of our language, (see Int. XII., Obs. 2,) as well as by the practice of many of the best speakers. The second pronunciation may be objected to as being neither native nor English. ]f we would pronounce like the natives we must follow the example of Milton, and divide the name into three syllables (See Paradise Lost, Book IV., line 592.) The authority of Cowper is in favour of the first pronunciation. 'Those Ausonia claims. Levantine regions these: the Azores send Their jeBsamine." The Task, Book W. BAD— BAG 93 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Badakhshan. See Budukhshan. B.ADEN, bi'-den, a grand-duchy of Germany, extending along the right bank of the Rhine, and situated between 47° 30' and 49° 50' N. Lat., and 7° 3J' and 9° 50' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt, E. by Wiirtemberg, S. by Switzerland and the Lake of Constance, and VV. by the Bavarian circle of the Rhine and by France, from which it is separated by the Rhine. Length near 190 m. ; greatest breadth about 100. The afea is estimated at 5,973 sq. m. Pop. 1,130,000. (B.) Carisruhe is the capital. Baden (the Ci'vitas Aure'lia Aquen'sis of the Romans), a t. situated in the centre of the grand-duchy of Baden, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. Hence originated the name, Bad in German signifying a " bath." Lat 48° 46' N. Lon., 8° 15' E. Pop. 4,'20.l. (B.) Baden (Anc. Ther'maj Ce'tite), a t. in the arch-duchy of Austria, about 15 m. S. of Vienna. It is annually visited by many thousand strangers, on account of its warra springs and baths. Permanent pop. about"'3,000. (B.) Baden, a t in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, on the Limmat (the outlet of the Lake of Ziirich), 1.3 ra. N. W. of Ziirich, celebrated for the warm raineral springs and baths in its vicinity, known to the Romans by the name of Ther'niEe Helve'ticse. Pop. 1,700. (B.) Badenweiler, bi'-den-wi'-ler, a small village in the grand-duchy of Baden, 5 m. E. of Brisach, remarkable for the remains of a vast Roman bathing establishment, arranged for both cold and warm, as well as vapour-baths. It contains 50 chambers, furnished with all the con veniences for bathing, and an altar, still existing, dedicated to Diana Anoba. (B.) Baeza or Baega, bi-i'-thi, (Anc. Bea'tia,) a t of Spain, in Jaen. Lat 37° 57' N., Lon. 3° 28' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Baffa, bif'-fl, a sraall seaport t. on the W. coast of the island of Cyprus, with a castle. Its name is a conuption of the ancient Paphos, the ruins of which are still to be seen here. Lat 34° 54' N., Lon. 32° 30' E. Baf'-fin's Bay, a large gulf on the N. E. coast of America, between that continent and Greenland. It is comprised between the parallels of 68° and 78° N. Lat and the meridians of 51° and 80° W. Lon., ex tending in « N. N. W. direction. It is about 780 m. long, and, on an average, about 280 wide. The name is derived ftom William Baffin, by whom it was discovered in 1616. Bagdad, big-did',* or Bag'-dad, a large and celebrated city of Asia- * Southey appears always to place the accent on the last syllable of this name, which accords with the native pronunciation. ** The old man answered, ' To Bagdad I go.' " ** stands not Bagdad Near to the site of ancient Babylon ?" "At length Bagdad appeared, The city of hia search." — 'Fhalaba, Books IV. and V. 94 BAG— BAH Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good; tic Turkey, formerly the capital of the empire ofthe Caliphs, and now ofa pashalic of its own name, situated on both sides ofthe Tigris, about 200m. in a direct line above the junction of that river with the Eu phrates. It stands in a forest of date trees, and is surrounded by a high and thick wall of brick and raud, which is flanked at regular dis tances with round embattled towers. The whole wall of the city ia about five miles in circumference. The citadel is on the E. bank ofthe Tigris and on the N. side of the town. Bagdad was formerly a great emporium of eastern coraraerce ; besides the traffic with its own manu factures, it was the entrepot for the commodities of eastern and west ern Asia. But its trade has recently much declined. This city was founded by the Caliph Aboo Jaafer al Mansoor, in the year 763, and was afterwards greatly improved by the celebrated Haroon-er-Rasbeed (Hariin al Raschid). Little, however, of its ancient magnificence now remains. Though, to the approaching stranger, its numerous minarets and domes, seen by glimpses through the date trees, present an inte resting and even imposing spectacle, the meanness of the buildings within, miserably disappoints the expectation which the exterior view may have raised. Lat. 33° 19' N., Lon. 44° 25' E. Pop. estimated at about 100,000. (B.) Bagneres de Bigorre, bin^-yaiR'd'be^-gOR', (Lat. Vi'cus Aquen'sis,) a t. of Prance, in the dep. of Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm springs and great bathing establishment : 16,000 strangers are said to visit this place annually. Lat 43° 3' N., Lon. 0° 8' E. Pop. 5,633. (P. C.) ^ Bagneres de Luchon, bSn^-yaiR'd'lii^-shiN', (the A'qus Convena'rum of the Romans,) a bathing t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Garonne. Lat 42° 47' N., Lon. 0° 34' E. This is a small, but constantly improv ing place. Pop. in 1826, near 2,000. (P. C.) Bagnols, bin^-yole', a t of France, in the dep. of Gard, 26 m. N.N.E. of Nimes. Lat 44° 9' N., Lon. 4° 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,800. (P.C.) — Also a t in the dep. of Lozere, remarkable for its warm mineral waters. Lat. 44° 30' N., Lon. 3° 38' E. Bahama Channel is between Florida and the Bahamas. Ba-ha'-mas, or Lucayos, loo-ki'-yoce, a chain of low islands, stretch ing, in a north-westerly direction, ftom the N. side of St Domingo to the coast of E. Florida, and comprised within the parallels of 20° and 27° 40' N. Lat, and the meridians of 68° 40' and 79° 20' W. Lon. They belong to the British crown. Some ofthe largest islands, as the Great Bahama, and Lucayo (now called Abaco), with many smaller ones, remain without inhabitants. Entire pop. in 1831, 16,788. (P. C.) Bahar, bi-har', an extensive prov. of Hindostan, lying on both sides of the Ganges, and bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by Ben gal, S. by Gundwana, and W. by Gundwana, Allahabad and Oude. It is computed to contain about 50,000 sq. m. It belongs to the presi dency of Bengal. Bahar, a t. of the above prov., situated in 25° 13' N. Lat, and 85° 85' E. Lon., with about 5,000 houses. (P. C.) BAH— BAL 95 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Bahia, bi-ee'-i, an important maritime prov. of Brazil, between 9° and 16° S. Lat, and 37° and 45° W. Lon. Bahia or San Salvador, sin sil-vi-doRe', an archiepiscopal city of Brazil; cap. of the above prov., and, next to Rio Janeiro, the most commercial and most populous town in S. America, is situated on the strait which leads from the Atlantic to All Saint's Bay (Bahia de Todos OS Santos), whence both the city and province of Bahia derived their name. It has one of the finest harbours in America, and is moreover the principal fortress of the empire. The chief scientific and literary institutions of Bahia are — the School of Surgery, the College, and the Public Library, with ftom 60,000 to 70,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 13° S., Lon. 38° 30' W. Perraanent pop. estimated by Balbi at about 120,000. Bahrein. See Lahsa. Bahrein, bih-rane', a small i. in the Persian Gulf, 27i m. long, and 10 m. across. (P. C.) Lat 26° 14' N., Lon. 50° 36' E. It gives its name to a group of sraall islands, noted as the centre of the pearl fish ery. Total pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.) Baikal, bl'-kil, a great mountain lake of Asia, situated between 51° and 56° N. Lat., and between 104° and 110° E. Lon. Its length is said to be about 400m. ; its mean breadth, between 30 and 40 m. The superficial extent is estimated at 14,800 sq. ra. This lake is very deep; in some places the bottom has not been reached by a line of a hundred fathoms. Its surface is about 1,793 feet above the level of the sea. Among other smaller streams, it receives the Selenga and Upper An gara : the Jjower Angara is its only outlet, and, though a very rapid river, is said not to carry off the tenth part of the mass of waters brought into it by the other streams. — Adj. Baikalean or Baikalian, bi-kal'-e-an. Baireuth, bi'-riith, (Ger. pron. bi'-roit), a well-built t of Bavaria ; cap. of the circle of the Upper Main, 125 in. N. of Munich. Lat 49° 57' N., Lon. 11° 37' E. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Bairout. See Beyroot. Baja, bi'-yi, (Anc. Bais,) Gulp of, is situated on the S. E. coast of Naples, between Cape Misenum and Pozzuoli. Ba'-ker, a CO. in the S. VV. part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 4,226. Co. t. Newton. Bakoo, bV-koo', or B.vdku, a walled t. of Asiatic Russia, in the prov. of Shirvan, situated on the shore of the Caspian. Lat. 40° 22' N., Lon. 49° 40' E. Pop. between 3,500 and 4,000. (P. C.) Bal'-a-ohauts', an extensive district in the S. of India, so called from its being situated "above the Ghauts." It forms a part of the presidency of Madras. Balaruc bi^-li^-riik', a village of France, in the dep. of Herault, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. Lat. 43° 28' N., Lon. 3° 41' E. Bal'-a-sore\ an important seaport of Hindostan, belonging to the Danes, in the prov. of Orissa. Lat. 21° 32' N., Lon. 86° 56' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (P. C.) Balaton. See Flatten See. Bal'-bec or Biil'-bec\ an ancient city of Syria, situated at the foot of 96 BAI^BAL Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; the mountain range called Anti-Libanus. The Greek name of this city, Heliop'olis, signifies the same as Baalbec ; i. e. " city of the sun." Only a small part of the town is now inhabited ; it is chiefly interest ing for its ruins. Lat near 34° N., Lon. 36° E. BAld'-win, a CO. in the central part of Ga. Pop. 7,250. Co. t. Mil ledgeville. Baldwin, a co. in the S. part of Ala., E. of, and bordering on the Mo bile r. Pop. 2,951. Co. t Blakely. Bale. See Basel. Bal-b-ar'-ic Islands (Anc. Balea'res), situated in the Mediterranean Sea, off the E. coast of Spain. They consist of Majorca, Minorca, and Iviga, besides the two very small ones of Formentera and Cabrera. Balfurosh, bir-fur-6sli', or Bal^-froosh', the third t. of the king dom of Persia, is situated in the prov. of Mazanderan, about 12 m. ftom the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Lat 36° 33' N., Lon. 52° 45' E. Pop. estimated at 100,000. (B.) Balize, bi-leez', (Mex. Sp. Baliza, bi-lee'-si,) a r. of British Hon duras, Mexico, which flows into the Bay of Honduras. Balize is a corruption of Waliz, a narae given by the Spaniards to this place, from its having been discovered, and resorted to by an English pirate named Wallice. Balize, a t. situated at the mouth of the above r. Lat 17° 29' N., Lon. 88° 8' W. Pop. in 1833, 3,794. (P. C.) 'Balkan, bil-kin', (Anc. Has'mus,) a chain of mountains in European Turkey, between Bulgaria and Rumelia, which commences near the Adriatic, and terminates at the Black Sea. Balkh, bilK, (Anc. Zarias'pa and Bac'tra,) one of the most ancient and, formerly, one of the largest and most populous cities of Asia, situated in the kingdom of Bokhara. Lat 36° 40' N., Lon. 67° 18' E. Present pop. only about 2,000. (B.) Bal'-lard, a co. at the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Ballina, baf-lin-i', a small t. of Ireland, in Mayo co., 6 m. S. by E. of Killala. Bal*-hn-as-l6e', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 80 m. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,140. (P. C.) Ballston Spa, bills'-ton spi, a village of Saratoga co., N.Y., situated 30 m. N. of Albany, famous for its mineral springs. Bal'-ly, or Bali, or Little Java, an i. separated from the E. ex treraity of Java by a strait called the Strait of Bally. Its length is above 90 m. ; its greatest breadth about 50 ra. It is intersected by the pa rallel of 8° 30' S. Lat., and the meridian of 115° E. Lon. Bal^-ly-shan'-non, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Donegal, 11"2 m. N.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,775. (P. C.) BAl'-tic, a sea in the N. of Europe, which separates Sweden and the Danish islands frora Germany, Prussia, and Russia, extending from 54° to 66° N. Lat., and from 10° to 30° E. Lon. It is about 900 m. long The superficial extent is estimated at above 160,000 sq. m. Towards the northern extremity it forms two large branches, the Gulf of Both BAL— BAN 97 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. nia, which runs nearly N., and thc Gulf of Finland, extending in an easterly direction. It is connected with the ocean by the gulf called Cattegat. BAl'-ti-more, a co. of Md., on the W. side of the Chesapeake Bay, N. of the Patapsco r. Entire pop. 134,3T9. Baltimore, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of the above co., on the N. side ofthe Patapsco r., 14m. from its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay; about 38m., by the railroad, N.E. of Washington, and 93m. W.S.W. of Philadelphia. This town is admirably situated both for foreign and internal comraerce. It is built round a basin, which affords a secure and spacious hariiour; and it has communication by railroads not only with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis, Cumberland, Frederick City, York, Lancaster, and Harrisburg. Among the reraarkable buildings of Baltimore may be noticed the Washington Monument, on the summit of which stands a colossal statue of Wash ington, at a height of 163 feet frora the ground. This city is the seat of a raedical school, called the University of Maryland ; and of St. Mary's College, a flourishing institution under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It is also the residence of a Catholic archbishop. All strangers agree in extolling the agreeable society of Baltimore, ivhich is said to resemble, more than any other of our cities, the gay and polished capitals of Europe. Lat 39° 17° N., Lon. 76° 37° W. Pop. 102,313.— Inhab. BAl-tj-mo'-re-.an. BAl-ting-glass,' a small t of Ireland, in the co. of Wicklow, 33 m. S. W. of Dublin. Bam-bar'-e.4, an extensive country in the interior of N. Africa, the exact botmdaries of which are not known. On the N. it borders on the Great Desert ; and it extends to 5° W. Lon. Bamberg, bira'-bcRO, an archiepiscopal t of Bavaria, on tbe Regnitz, about 3 m. above its influx into the Main, and 30 m. W. of Baireuth. Besides its medical and surgical schools, it has a lyceum, in which a complete course of divinitv and philosophy is given. Lat. 49° 56' N., Lon. 11° E. Pop. 21,000r (B.) Bam^-book', a country of Africa, extending between 12° and 14° N. Lat, and 8° and 11° W. Lon., containing mines of gold, silver, and iron. It is esteemed one of the richest gold regions on the globe. The inhabitants are Mandingoes. Ban'-ca, an i. near the N. coast of Sumatra, between 1° 30' and 3° 8' [5. Lat., and 10.5° 9' and 106° 51' E. Lon. Its greatest lengtii is 135 m. ; its breadth, 65 m. Banca owes its importance to its inexhaustible tin mines, first discovered about the year 1710. Ban'-da Islands, a group of small islands in the eastern seas, be tween 4° 20' and 4° 40' S. Lat. and 129° 40' and 130° 10' E. Lon. Banff, sometimes written and always pronounced Bamff, the cap. of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Doveron, 39 m. N. N. W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of the burgh and parish, 3,202. Banffshire, bamf-shir, a co. in the N. of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 49,679. 9 98 BAN— BAR Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m '¦, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Bangalore, bang^-ga-lore', an important fortified t. of Hindostan, in Mysore. Lat 12° 57' N. Lon., 77'= 36' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (P. C.) Bang'-kok', the present cap. of Siam, situated on both sides of the r. Meinam, about 30 m. from its mouth. Both banks of the river are lined with floating houses for the whole length ofthe town, amounting to 3 or 4 miles. "Towards the river, these houses have covered plat forms, where the various productions of China and of the country are exposed for sale; so that this portion of Bang-kok maybe called a float ing bazaar. The greatest number of the inhabitants are Chinese and their descendants. The houses, with few exceptions, arc built of wood. Lat. about 13° 30' N., Lon. 1(!0° 3;)' E. Pop. estimated at 90,000. (B.) B.ANGOR, bang'-gcr, a city in Caernarvonshire, Wales, near tbe N. entrance of Menai Strait, 9 m. N. E. of Caernarvon. Pop. 7,2.32. Ban'-gor, a city of Me., cap. of the co. of Penobscot, on the W. bank of r. Penobscot, 30 m. in a straight line N. of Castine. It has a theo logical seminary, established in 1816. Pop. 8,627. Bann, a r. of Ireland, which rises in the co. of Down, and flowing N. W. through Lough Neagh, enters the North Sea about 4 m. N. W. of Coleraine, after a course of near 80m. Ban'-ncck-burn', a village of Scotland, in the co. of Stirling, 29 m. W. N. W. from Edinburgh, celebrated for a great victory gained by Robert Bruce over Edward II. of England, in 1314. Pop. 2,206. Ban^-tam', a t of Java, in a prov. of the same name, on the N. E. coast of the island. Lat 6° 2' S., Lon. 106° 9' E. It was formerly a great and populous city, but is now falling in ruins and almost deserted on account pf the putrid miasmas which prevail here. (B.) Ban'-try, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, at the head of aii ex tensive bay to which it gives its name. This bay contains three har bours, one near its entrance, secure and spacious, with water sufficiently deep for the largest ships. Pop. 4,275. (P. C.) Bapaume, bi^-pome', an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Pas de Calais, 94 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 50° 6' N., Lon. 2° 52' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,071. (P. C.) Bar-ba'-d^S, or Barbadoes, the raost eastern of the Caribbee islands, belonging to the English, who established a colony here in 1624. It is about 20 in. long and 10 m. broad. Area 166 sq. m. Entire pop. in 1830, 91,887. (P. C.) Bridgetown, the cap., is situated on (.'arlisle Bay, at the S. W. end of the island. Lat. 13° 5° N., Lon. 59° 40' W. — Inhab. Bar-ba'-di-an. Bar-le-Duo, baR^-lc/i-diik', a t. in the N. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Meuse, or the Ornain, (oR^-naN',) a branch ofthe Marne, which IS navigable to this place. It has various. manufactures, but is particu larly celebrated for its sweetmeats. Lat 48° 47' N., "Lon. 5° 10' E. Pop. 1'2,383. (B.) Bar'-b.j-ry, an extensive country, lying along the N. coast of Africa ; bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Egypt, S. bv the Great Desert, and W. by tho Atlantic. It embraces four great states or BAR— BAR 99 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. divisions, viz., the empire of Morocco and the regencies of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. Barbary appears to have been derived from Berber, a name by which the Arabs designated the people of this region before the Saracen conquest Some, however, derive it from barbarus (barbarian). A more particular description of this country will be found under the names of the respective states. Bar'-bour, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the head waters of the Monongahela. Barbour, a co. in the E. part of Alabama, bordering on the Chatta hoochee r. Pop. 12,024. Co. t. Clayton. Barbuda, bar-boo'-da, ene of the Caribbean islands, situated 27 m. N. of Antigua. It is 15 ra. long and 8 m. broad, and I ,as a castle in 17= 38' N. Lat, and 61° 51' W. Lon. Barcelona, baR-cil-o'-ni, (Lat. Bar'cino, Gr. Bapxtrui/, ) a fortified city and port of Spain, the cap. of Catalonia, on the Mediterranean, in the midst of a delightful and highly cultivated country. It is well built, and contains eight colleges, besides several other scienti ic and literary institutions. Lat. 41° 21' N., Lon. 2° 10' E. Pop. 120,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Bar-cel-o'-ni-.\n. Barcelona, a t of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, and cap. of a province ofthe same narae. Lat 10° 6'N., Lon. 64° 44' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Bareilly, bar-i'-le, a t of Delhi, Hindostan, and cap. of q, district of the same name. Lat 28° 23' N., Lon. 79° 16 E. Pop. above 66,000. (B.) Bar'-gain-town\ a small village and port of entry of N. J., in At lantic CO., about 4 m. from Great Egg Harbour. Bari, bi'-re, (Anc. Ba'rium,) an archiepiscopal t. of NapleSj the cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, with a harbour on the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 8' N., Lon. 16° 55' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Barinas. See Varinas. Barletta, baR-lef-ti, a t of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, on the coast of the Adriatic, 112 m. E. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41° 20' N., Lon. 16° 18' E. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) Barnaul, bar^-noul', an important mining t. of Russia, in the govern ment of Tomsk. Lat 53° 20' N., Lon. 83° 26' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Barn.s'-ley, a t. of England, in the co. of York, 13 m. N.©f Sheffield. Pop. of the chapelry, with an area of about 6 sq. m., 12,310. Barn'-st-A-bi-e, a co. of Mass., comprising the whole peninsula of Cape Cod, tfae Elizabeth and some other islands. Pop. 32,548. Barnstable, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on a little bay to which it gives its name. Lat 41° 42' N., Lon. 70° 19' W. Pop. of the township, 4,301. Barn'-sta-ple, a seaport t of England, in North Devon, 34 m. N. W. of Exeter. ' Lat. 51° 5' N., Lon. 4° 4' W. Pop. 7,902. Baen'-well, a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C, bordering on the Savan nah r. Pop. 21,471. Seat of justice, Barnwell c. h. 100 BAR— BAT Fite, fSr, fall,Lt; m.', m't; pne or pine, p.'n ; n^n't; 66 as ingood; Baroach, bl-roch', a city of Hindostan, cap. of a ditt of same name in the prov. of Guzerat, on the Nerbudda r., 25 m. from its mouth. Lat 21° 46- N., Lon. 73° 14' E. Pop. in 1812, 32,716. (P. C.) Ba-ro'-da i a ii>rtified city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name; in the prov. of Guzerat Lat. 22° 21' N., Lon. 73° 23' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,000. (B.) Barreues, bar'-raizh', a village of France, in the dep. of the Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. It is 4,259 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 53,' N., Lon. 0° 4' E. Bar'-ren, a co. in the S. central part of Ky. Pop. 17,288. Co. t Glasgow. Bar'-row, a r. in the S. E. of Ireland, which flows into St George's Channel. Bar'-ry, a co. in the south-westerly part of Mich., a little N. of the Kalamazoo r. Pop. 1078. Co. t. Hastings. Barry, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., borderin'r on Ark. Pop. 4,795. Bar-thoiZ-o-mew, a co. iu the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 10,046. Co. t Columbus. Basel, bi'-zel, (Fr. Bale or Basle, bil,) a canton in the N. of Switzer land, bordering on the Rhine. Area 185 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 54,000. (B.) Basel or Bale, the largest t. of Switzerland, cap. ofa division ofthe above Canton, on the Rhine, by which it is divided into two parts. It has a university, which is by far the oldest in Switzerland, having been founded in 1460, and several other important literary institutions. Lat 47° 34' N., Lon. 7° 35' E. Pop. including the suburbs, 22,204. (B.) Bassano, bis-si'-no, a manufacturing and trading t of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Vicenza, on the E. bank of the Brenta, 24 m. N. by VV, of Padua. Pop. 10,0U0. (B.) Basseterre, biss^-taiR', the cap. of St. Christopher's, in the WesI Indies, situated on the S. side of the island. Lat I'T" 19' N., Lon. 62° 49' W.— Also, a t on the W. side of Guadaloupe. Lat 15° 59' N., Lon. 61° 45' W. Bassora, .bis/-sq-ri, or Basra, a fortified city of Asiatic Turkey, situated on the right bank of the Shatt-el-Arab. Lat. 30° 25' N., Lon, 47° 35' E. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.) Bastia, bis-tee'-i, the largest and most commercial t of the island of Corsica, of which it was formerly the cap. ; on the E. coast Lat 42° 41' N., Lon. 9° 26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) B.}.-ta'-vi-a. (See Int XI.) A city and seaport of Java, on the N. coast. It is the cap. of all the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, and the first coraraercial t. of all Oceanica. (B.) Lat 6° 12' S., Lon. 106° 53' E. Pop. in 1824, 53,861. (P. C.) Batavia, the cap. of Genesee co., N. Y., on tiie Albany and Buffalo railroad, 30 m. W. S. VV. of Rochester. Pop. ofthe township, 4,219. Bates, a co. in the W. part of Mo., bordering on the Indian Ter ritory. Bath, the chief city of Somersetshire, and one ofthe most beautifiil BAT— BAY 101 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. towns in England, on the Avon, about 108 m. from London. It has long been celebrated for its hot mineral springs, which attract hither multitudes of strangers. This placeappears to have been known to the Romans under the name of Aqute CaJidse. An interesting collection of Roman remains, found in this town and its vicinity, is deposited in the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. Lat 51° 22' 32" N., Lon. 2° 21' 30" W. Pop. 38,304. Bath, a port of entry, in Lincoln co.. Me., on the Kennebec, 16 m. ftom tbe sea. .Pop. of tlie township, -5,141. Lat. 43° 54' N., Lon. 69° 47' W. Bath, a co. in the central part of Va. Pop. 4,300. Co. t. Bath. Bath, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 9,763. Co. t. Owingsville. Baton Rouge (baf -gn roozh), East, a parish of La., on the left side of the Miss. Pop. 8,138. Seat of justice. Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge, West, a parish of La., on the right side of the Bliss. Pop. 4,638. I5ATTAGLIA OT La Battaglia, li bit-til'-yi, a t. of Austrian Italy, 10 ra. S. by W. of Padua, celebrated for its sulphurous baths. Perma nent pop., 2,700. (B.) Bautzen, bout'-sen, a t. of Saxony, situated on the Spree ; cap of thc circle of Upper Lusatia. Lat 51° 12' N., Lon. 14° 25' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Ba-va'-ri-a (Ger. Baiern, bi'-ern), a kingdom of Germany, consisting of two distinct portions. The one situated to the E. ofthe Rhine, con stituting above seven-eighths ofthe whole kingdom, and commonly called the territory of the Danube and the Main, extends from 47° 18' to 50° 41' N. Lat, and ftom about 9° to 13° 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on the N. and N. W. by the principalities of Reuss and the states of Ducal Saxoiiy, N. E. by the kingdom of Saxony, E. by Bohemia and Austria, S. by Tyrol and Vorarlberg, W. by Wiirtemberg, Baden, Hesse Darm stadt, and Hesse Cassel. The other portion ofthe Bavarian dominions, the territory of the Rhine, is situated on the W. bank of that river, and is completely disjoined from the preceding by the territories of . Baden and Hesse Darmstadt It extends frora 48° 57' to 49° 50' N. Lat, and ftora 7° 6' to 8° 31' E. Lon. The total area of Bavaria is 29,493 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 4,187,390. (P. C.) Munich is the capi tal. — Adj. and inhab. Ba-va'-rj-an. Bayazid, bi'-a-zeed', a t. of Arraenia, at the base of Mount Ararat. Lat 39° 28' N., Lon. 44° 13' E. Pop. estimated at above 15,000. (B.) Bayeux, bi^-yuft', a t of Fraiice^ in the dep. of Calvados, 17 m. W. by N. of Caen. Lat 49° 17' N., Lon. 0° 42' W. Pop. in 1832, 9,954. (P. C.) Bayonne, bi*-yoim', a fortified and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees and Landes, at the junction of the Adour and Nive, 2 or 3 m. above their entrance into the Bay of Biscay. The weapon called bayonet derived its name ftom this town, where it was 6rst made. Lat. 43° 29' N., Lon. 1° 28' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.) 9* 102 BAY— BEE Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good, Bayou, bi'-oo, or more usuaUy bi'-o, a term confined chiefly to the state of Louisiana, signifying properly any stream which is derived from some other stream, or from a lake; in other words, any stream which is not fed by fountains. The word is supposed to be a corruption of the French boyau — a derivation which is rendered more probable by tbe prevalent pronunciation, bi'-o. Bearn, bV-aR', formerly a prov. of France, now forrning a part of the dep. of Lower Pyrenees. Beaufort, bu'-furt, a co. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by the Pamlico r. Pop. 12,'225. Co. t. Wasliington. Beaufort, a dist forming the S. extremity of S. C. Pop. 3.5,794. Seat of justice, Coosawatchie. Beaufort, a port of entry ; cap. of Carteret co., N. C, on the Atlan tic coast, with a good liarbour. Lat. about 34° .50' N., Lon. 76° 50' \V. Pop. 1,100. Beaufort, a port of entry of S. C, in the dist. of Beaufort, on a small arra of the sea called Port Royal r. Beauley, bo'-le, a small r. of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, flowing into Murray Frith. — Also a village at the rnouth ofthe above r. Beaumaris, bo-mi'-ris, a small t. of Wales ; cap. of the co. of An glesea, on a bay to which it gives its name, 3J m. from Bangor. Pop. 2,299. Beaune, b6ne, a t of France, in the dep. of C6te d'Or, famous for its wine. Lat 47° 2' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. in 1832, 9,272. (P. C.) Beauvais, b6^-vi/, (Anc. Bellov'acum, and Caesarom'agus,) a t. of France; the cap. of^ the dep. of Oise, 41 m. N. by W. of Paris. Lat 49° 26' N., Lon. 2° 5' E. Pop. above 13,000. (B.) Beaver, a co. in the VV. of Pa., bordering on Ohio, and intersected by tbe Ohio r. Pop. 29,368. Co. t. Beaver. Bec'-cle,s, a t. of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 98 m. N. E. of Lon don. Pop. of the parish, 4,086. Bed'-ford, a t. of England ; cap. of Bedfordshire, on the r. Ouse, 48 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop. ofthe borough, with an area of above 3 sq. m., 9,178. Bedford, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop.'29,335. Co. t Bedford. Bedford, a co. in the S.' central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 20,203. Co. t Liberty. Bedford, a CO. in the S. central part of Tenn. Pop. 20,546. Co. t Shelbyville. Bed'-fcrd-shire, an inland co. of, England, N. N. W. of London. Pop. 107,936. Bedouin, bid'-66-in, or Bed'-o-wben\ (Arab. Bed'-i-wee'.) The Bedouins are tribes of wandering Arabs, dispersed over Arabia, Egypt, and Barbary. Bee'-der, a t. of Hindostan ; cap. of a prov. ofthe same name, now much decayed, and chiefly interesting for its magnificent ruins. Lat 17° 55' N., Lon. 77° 34' E. BKH— BEL 103 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Be'-bring's Strait, a strait which connects the Pacific with the Polar Ocean, situated between Asia and America. In the narrowest part it is about 50 m. wide. Lat. between 65° 30' and 66° 30' N., Lon. between 168° and 170° W. Beira. See Beyra. Beja, bV-zhi, an ancient t of Portugal, in Alentejo; cap. ofa dist. of the same name. Lat 38° 5' N., Lon. 7° 40' W. Pop. about 5,(1011. (B.) Be'-j.\-poor', formerly written Visiapour, a considerable prov. of Hindostan, lying between 15° and 18° N. Lat., and 73° and 76° E. Lon. — Also, a t., the former cap. of the above prov., now in ruins. Beith, beeth, a small t of Ayrshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. of Irvine. Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed' (often written Beled-el-Jerid, or -Djeryd), usually pronounced bel-ed'-ool-jer-eed', "the country of dates," a name given to a region of N. Aftica, lying S. and E. of the Atlas Moun tains. Bel-fast', a seaport, the principal .t ofthe N. of Ireland, on the bay of Carrickfergus, -about 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin. It has a college and several other institutions for^the promotion of le'arning. Belfast has increased very rapidly during the last half century. The census of 1831 gave a pop. greater than that of 18"21 by moie than 16,000. Lat. 54° 36' N., Lon. 5° 56' W. Pop. 53,313. (P. C.) Belfast, a port of entry ; cap. of Waldo co.. Me., at the mouth of the Penobscot. Pop. of the township, 4,180. Belfort, bif-foR', more usually Befort, bi^-foR', a t. of France, in tbe dep. of Upper Rhine. Lat. 47° 39' N., Lon. 6° 50' E. Pop. in 1832, 4,537. (P. C.) Belgium, bel'-je-um, (Fr. La Belgique, li bif-zheek',*) a kingdom of Europe, situated between 49° 32' and 51° 28' N. Lat., and between 2° 36' and 6° 6' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by the prov. of Liraburg, North Brabant, and Zealand, E. by the grand- duchy of Luxemburg and that of the Lower Rhine, S. and S. W. by France, and N. W. by the North Sea. Its length is 170 ra. ; its greatest breadth 110 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. ra. Pop. in 1830, 4,(164,235. (P. C.) The territory which forms the present kingdom of Belgium, previously to 1830, belonged to the crown of Holland. In tbe month of August of that year, a revolution began at Brussels, which resulted in establish ing the independence of Belgium as a limited monarchy. The choice of the national representatives fell upon prince Leopold, (rf Saxe Co burg, who ascended the throne in July, 1831. — Belgium is divided into 9 provinces ; viz., Antwerp, Brabant (South), East and West Flanders, Hainault, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Namur. — Adj. and inhab. Bel'-gj-an. * It may be proper to observe, that Frrnrh is spoken by the educated Belgians generally. The language of the lower classes is, for the most part, either Flemish, or a corrupt dialect of the French. 104 BEL— BEN Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mi t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good; Bel^ -grade'* (Lat Singidu'num, Turk. Bil-griid), an ancient, fortified t. of European "Turkey, cap. of the principality of Servia, at the junc tion ofthe Save and Danube, on the right bank of both of these rivers. It is one of the strongest places in Europe, and has long been renowned in the railitary annals of Turkey. Belgrade is the principal entrepot between Constantinople and Salonica on the one side, and Vienna and Pesth on the other. Lat 44° 50' N., Lon. 20° 32' E. Pop. estimated at about 30,000. (B.) Bel'-knap, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., on L. V.'innipisseo- gee. Pop. 17,988. Co. t Guilford. Bel-lin-zo'-n.}, a sraall t of Switzerland, cap. of the Canton of Ti cino, on the r. "Ticino, 14 m. N. of Lugano. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Belluno, Wl-loo'-no, a t. of Austrian Italy, 55 m. N. N. E. of Padua. Lat. 46° 10' N., Lon. 12° 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Bel-mont', a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 30,9;)1. . Co. t St Clairsville. 13BLOOCHISTAN, be]-oo^-chis-tin',t a country in the S. of Asia, borddr- on the Indian Ocean, between 24° 50' and 30° 40' N. Lat., and 47° 50 and 69° 10' E. Lon. Area estimated at 150,000 sq. ra. Pop. 2,000,000. (B.) A large portion of this country is mountainous or desert It is estimated that less than one-tenth of the whole is fit for pasture, and that not one-hundredth part is actually under cultivation. Few portions of it can be said to be well watered, as nearly all the streams, none of which are very large, become dry during the heat of summer. The Beloochees are for the most part pastoral in their mode of life, though some of them are engaged in agriculture. In character, they are hospitable, and generally faithful to their promises, but avaricious, rapacious, and revengeful. The prevailing religion is Mahometanism. The government is a confederacy of several small territories, each having its own chief All the others recognise the supremacy of him who resides at Kelat — Adj. and inhab. Bel-oo'-chee. Benares, ben-i'-riz, a large city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist of the same name,on the N. bank of the Ganges. It is celebrated as having been in ancient times the seat of Brahminical learning, and hence has been styled the Athens of India. It may also he regarded as the Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropolis of this vast country. The fame for sanctity which it possesses, draws hither annually a mul titude of pilgrims from different parts of India. Lat 25° 18' N., Lon. 83° 1' E. Pop. estimated at above 630,000. (B.) • " In that day of desolation, Lady, I was captive made, Bleeding for my Christian nation, By the walls of high Belgrade." — Campbbll. t We are informed, on good authority, that the native pronunciation of thi* name is bel-oo^-khis-tan', but general usage appears to have affixed to the ch its soft sound ; even the French pronounce the name in this manner. Balbi writer it Bi' levlchislan. BEN— BER 105 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Benevento, ben-i-ven'-to (Lat. Beneven'tum), an archiepiscopal t of Italy, belonging to the Papal State, though situated within the limits of the kingdoin of Naples. This town held an important rank in the middle ages> when it was the seat of a dukedom. After the time of Charlemagne, the duchy of Benevento maintained itself, for a consi derable period, as an independent state, and its dukes assumed the title of princes. Lat 41° 7' N., Lon. 14° 43' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Ben-gAl', a large prov. of Hindostan, between 21° and 27° N. Lat. and 86° and 93° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by the Burmese empire, S. by the Bay of Bengal and Orissa. and W. by Bahar. Its length, from E. to W., may be estiraated at 350 m., its average breadth at near 300 m. Area estimated at 97,244 sq. m. The soil of Bengal is very fertile, and the country is intersected in every direction by navigable streams; among others, the Ganges and Brah mapootra. The annual inundations occasioned by the swelling of the rivers in the rainy season, leave a deposit of decayed vegetable raatter, and thus renew the productiveness of the soil. This province is the seat of the supreme government in British India. Pop. in 18'22, esti mated at 23,358,750. (P. C.) Capital, Calcutta. — Adj. BEN'-oA-LEaE/ and Ben-gAl'-ee. Inhab. Bengalese. Benguela, ben-gi'-li, a district on the W. coast of Africa, S. of Angola. Benin, bin-een', a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, in Nigritia. — A r. ofthis country, flowing into a gulf of the same name. — Also, a t ; the cap. of the kingdom of Benin. Pop. estimated at 15,0(:0. (B.) Ben'-ning-tcn, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 16,87"2. Co. towns, Bennington and Manchester. Bensheim, bens'-hime, a small t of Hesse Darmstadt, 8 m. S. of Darmstadt Pop. 4,000. (B.) Bentheim, bent'-hime, a small district of Germany, comprised within the limits of Hanover, with a t. ofthe same name. Ben'-ton, a co. in the N. E. part of Alabama, bordering on Ga. Pop. 14,260. Co. t. Jacksonville. Benton, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ark. Pop. 2,228. Co. t. Osage. Benton, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., W. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 4,772. Benton, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind., bordering On 111. . Benton, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 4,205. Seat of justice, Benton c. h. Berar, bi-rar', a prov. in tbe S. of Hindostan, between 17° and 23° N. Lat, and 75° and 81° E. Lon. Berat, ber-it', an important t. of European Turkey, in Albania. Lat. 40° 48' N., Lon. 19° 52' E. Pop. 9,(100. (B.) Beresina or Berezina, bir-ez-ee'-na, a r. of Russia, flowing into the Dnieper, Ber-ez-of' (Berezow), a small t of Siberia; cap. of a ciicle of the same name. Lat. 63° 56' N, Lon. about 67° E, Pop. about 1,500. (P. C.) 1C6 BER— BER Fite, fir, fill, fit ; rai, mil ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good, Bergamo, b!R'-gi-mo, (Anc. Ber'gomura,) a t of Austrian Italy, in a prov. of the sarae name, 27 m. N. E. of Milan. It possesses several scientific and literary institutions ; among others, a public library of 45,000 vols. Lat. 45° 4-2' N., Lon. 9° 40' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) Bergen, biRg'-en, an ancient and commercial t. of Norway, situated on a bay of the North Sea. Lat 60° 24' N., Lon. 5° 21' E. Pop. 21,000. (B.) Berg'-en, a co. in the N. E. part ofN. J., bordering on the Hudson r. Pop.' 13,223. Co. t. Hackensack. Berg-op-Zoom, biRG' op zome', (Berg on the Zoom,) sometimes incorrectly written Bergen-op-Zoom, a fortified t of Holland, in N. Bra bant, on the little river Zoom, and near the E. branch of the Scheldt, 19 m. N. by W. of Antwerp. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Bergues, b°Rg, a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Nord, about 5 m. S. E. of Dunkerque. Lat. 50° 58' N., Lon. 2° 24' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,962. (P. C.) Berk'-ley, a CO. in the N. E. part of Va., on the Potomac r. Pop. 10,972. Co. t. Martinsburg. Berks, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., intersected by the Schuylkill. Pop.' 64,569. Co. t Reading. Berk'-shire, formerly written, and still often pronounced Barkshire, an inland co. of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 161,147. Berkshire, a co. forraing the western extremity of Mass. Pop. 41,745. Co. t Lennox. Ber'-lin (Ger. pron. beR-leen'), the cap. of the Prussian dominions, and, next to Vienna, the largest and finest city of Germany, situated on the banks of the Spree, in the prov. of Brandenburg. The part called New Town (Neu Stadt, noi' stitt), is built with great regular ity. The streets are wide, and adorned with a multitude of magnifi cent buildings, both public and private. The royal palace is one ofthe finest in Europe. Berlin is celebrated as a seat of literature, science, and the arts ; among the multitude of institutions lor the promotion of which, may be named — the University, founded in 1810, which is one of the first in Europe ; it has 120 professors, and about 1,700 students : the Royal Library, containing more than 400,000 vols., besides manu scripts : and the new Museura, with a superb collection of paintings, coins, and other works of art In trade, extent, and population, it sur passes every other city of the Prussian dominions. The old Observa tory is in 52° 31' 13" N. Lat., and 13° 23' 52" B. Lon. Pop. above 240,000. (B.) Berlin, a t of Conn., in Hartford co., 11 ra. S. of Hartford, remark able for its tin manufactures. Pop. ofthe township, 3,411. Bermudas, ber-raoo'-daz,* or Sommers' Islands, are situated in the * This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been pronounced after the Spanish mode, Bermoothes, as we find it thus written in the Tempest, Act I. Scone 2. (See Int. XXVII., 7.) BER— BEV 107 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. N. Atlantic, 645 m. N. E. of Atwood's Keys, the nearest of the W. India Islands, and 580 m. from Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina. These islands are very numerous: the principal are St. George's, St. David's, Long Island (or Bermuda), Somerset, and Ireland. They belong to Great Britain. The climate of the Bermudas is that of perpetual spring. The name is derived from the supposed discoverer, Bermudez, d. Spaniard wbo is said to have touched here in 1522. Wreck Hill, the western part of the group, is in 32° 15' N. Lat., and 64° 50' W. Lon. Total pop. in 1832, 12,228. (P. C.)— Inhab. Bermudian, ber-moo'- de-an. Bern or Berne (Ger. and Fr. pron. beRu), the most populous and next to the largest canton of Switzerland, is situated in the central part of this country. Area 2,577 sq. m. Pop. in 1831, 380,000. (P. C.) —Adj. and inhab. Ber-neje'. Bern, the cap. of the above, on a peninsula formed by the r. Aar. Its trade is considerable, and it possesses several good establishments for education, with a richly endowed museum of natural history, and a public library of 30,000 volumes. Lat 46° 57' N., Lon. 7° 25' E. Pop. of the town, with its environs, 20,000. (B.) Bern'-.4rd, St., a mountain pass between Switzerland and Italy, on which the celebrated Hospice or monastery of St. Bernard stands, at the height of about 7,963 feet, being the most elevated fixed habitation in Europe, and close upon the limits of perpetual snow. Above it, tre mendous rocks rise to the height of 4,240 feet, or about 12,200 feet above the level of the sea. Bernard, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering ou Lake Borgne. »Pop. 3,237. Ber'-r{-en, a CO. forming the S. W. extremity of the state of Mich., lying on L. Michigan. Pop. 5,011. Co. t. St. Joseph. Ber-tie', a co. in the N. E. part ofN. C, bordering on the Roanoke. Pop.' 12,175. Co. t. Windsor. Berwick, usually pronounced ber'-rick,a seaport and garrison t. of the CO. of Northumberland, Eng., on the road from London to Edinburgh, on the N. bank of tbe Tweed, about half a mile from its mouth, and 48 m. E. by S. from Edinburgh. Lat. 55° 46' N., Lon. about 2° W. Pop. of the parish, including an area of 8 sq. m., 8,484. Berwickshire, bir'-rik-shir, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Scotland. Pop. 34,433. Besanqon, bez-iN^-siN' or b'ziN^-siN', (the Vesan'tii of the .Romans,) a very ancient fortified t of France, cap. of the dep. of Doubs, on the r. Doubs, 20.5 m. S. E. of Paris. Its trade and manufactures are consi derable; it possesses a number of establishments for education, and is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 47° 14' N., Lon. 6° 3' E. Pop. 29,000. (B.) Bes^-s.a-ra'-ei-a, or bes^-si-ri'-be-i, a prov. forraing the S. W. extre mity of the Russian empire, lying between the Pruth and Dniester, between 44° 45 and 48° 40' N. Lat., and 26° 10' and 30° 25' E. Lon. Bev'-el-and (Dutch pron. bi'vflint,) a dist. of Holland, including 108 BEV— BIL Fite, f5i!, fall, fit ; mi, mlt ; p'.ne or pine, p^n ; ni, nit ; 66 as in ^ootf ; two islands called N. and S. Beveland, situated in the great estuary of the Scheldt. Bev'-e-ren (Dutch pron. bi'-ver-en), a t of Belgium, 7 m. W. of Antwerp. 'Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Bev'-er-ley, a t. of England, cap. of the E. riding of Yorkshire, 28 m. E. by S. of York. Entire pop. of the town and liberties, 8,671. Bev'-er-ly, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 16 m. N. N.E. of Boston. Pop. of the township, 4,689. Bewd'-ley, a t of England, in the co. of Worcester, 13 m. N. by W. of Worcester. Pop. 3,400. Beyra or Beira, bi/e-ri, a prov. of Portugal ; bounded on the N. by the r. Douro, which separates it from the provinces Entre Douro e Min ho and Tras os Montes, E. by Spain, S. by the provinces of Algarve and Estremadura, and W. by the Atlantic. Length from N. to S., 130 m.; breadth, from E. to W., about 110 m. Beyroot or Bairout, bV-root, (Turk. pron. bi-root; that of the Arabs corresponds with the English, as already given : Gr. Bjjpvfoj, Lat Ber'ytus,) a very ancient city of Syria, in the pashalic of Acre, on the Mediterranean, once celebrated for its school of jurisprudence. It now possesses few traces of its former splendor. Lat. 33° 49J' N., Lon. 35° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 6;O0O. (P. C.) Bbat^-gong' or b'hit-gong', a t. of Nepaul, about 6 m. S. E. of Kat mandoo, celebrated as a seat of Brahminical learning. Bhop.al, See Bopaul. Bburt^-poor' or b'hurf -poor', a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Agra ; cap. of a dist. ofthe same name. Lat. 27° 12' N., Lon. 77° 30' E. Bi-al'-ys-tok, an elegantly built t.of Westem Russia ; tap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 53° 7' N., Lon. 23° 18' E. Pop. above 6,000. (P. C.) Bibb, a co. in the central part of Ga., intersected by tlie Ocmulgee. Pop. 9,802. Co. t. Macon. Bibb, a co. in the central part of Ala., intersected by the Cahawba. Pop. 8,284. Co. t. Centreville. Bid'-e-ford or Biddeford, a seaportt. of Devonshire, England, 36m. N. by W. from Exeter. Lat. 51° 2' N., Lon. 4° 12' W. Pop. 4,830. Bielefeld, bee'-leA-felf, a manufacturing t of Prussia, in West phalia. Lat. 52° 2' N., Lon. 8° 29' E. Pop. 5,200. (B.) Big-Black River, a r. in the state of Miss., flowing into the Missis sippi. Bio Horn River, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows into the Yellow Stone. Bilbao, bil-bi'-o, often written and pronounced in English Bil'-bo-.\, a t. in the N. of Spain ; cap. of Biscay. Lat. 43° 15' N., Lon. 2° 56 W. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) BiLLs'-TQN, a manufacturing t of England, in Staffordshire, 107 m. N. W. from London. Pop. ofthe township and chapelry, with an area of about 4sq. m., 20,181. BIN— BIR 109 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BiNo'-EN, a t of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine. Lat 49° '55' N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 4,100. (B.) Bing'-bam-ton, or Chenango Point, the cap. of Broome co., N. Y., on the New York and Erie Railroad, 20 m. E. of Owego, and con nected by the Chenango, with the Erie, Canal. Pop. of the township, 5,465. Bio-Bio, bee'-o-bee-o, a r. of Chili, which falls into the Pacific in 36° 50' S. Lat Birket-bl-Keroon, more properly Birhet-el-Koorn, been'-ket-el- kooRu' (i. e. the " lake ofthe horn," so named from its peculiar shape) ; 11 considerable lake of Middle Egypt, bounding the prov. of Faioom on the N. W., and situated between 29° 35' and 29° 15' N. Lat, and 30° 10' and 30° 40' E. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is ralher more ''.han 30 m. ; its greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. It is the Lake Moeris of 'he ancients. Birket-el-Marioot, beeR'-ket-el-mi-re-oot', (the Lake Mareo'tis of the ancients,) a lake in the N. E. part of Lower Egypt, S. E. of Alex andria. It had become entirely dry within the last three centuries, but IS the bottora is several feet below the level ofthe sea, the English, in 1801, in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut across the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from the lake of Aboo keer (Aboukir), when the sea-water flowed in, and covered an extent of 30 m. in length, and 15 in breadth. This isthmus has since been restored by Meheraet Aii. Bir'-m.\, Burm.a, or Brah'-ma, called also the kingdom of Ava, an em pire of Chin-India, in the S. E. of Asia. Its exact boundaries on the N. and E. are not known. On the S. it extends about 240 m. along the gulf of Martaban ; the country of Arracan bounds it on the W. The Bir man empire consists of Birma proper, Pegoo, Martaban, and the Birman Lao. The climate is said not to exhibit the extremes of boat and cold which are found in India, and is supposed, therefore, to be more healthy to the European constitution. It varies, however, greatly in different parts of the country. The soil produces almost every kind of grain and vegetables, as well as the different tropical fruits ; the pine apple is said to grow here spontaneously. The Birraans are much less civil ized than the Hindoos. In religion they are Boodhists ; neither Ma hometanism nor Christianity has made any progress among theni. The government is an absolute despotism, their sovereign being the lord of the life and property of all his subjects. — Adj. and inhab. Bir'man and Bir-mese', or Burmese. Bir'-ming-bam, a large t. of England, in Warwickshire, 98 m. N. W. of London. It has increased astonishingly within a century, and has become the principal hardware manufacturing town of G. Britain. By means of canals and railways it is connected with all the more im portant places of the kingdom, and thus enjoys every facility for trade, and is enabled to distribute the productions of its industry to all parts of the globe. Lat. 52° 29' N., Lon. 1° 52' W. Pop. 182,922. 10 110 BIR— BLA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m.'t; pue or pine, p^n; n'',nit; 66, a.s in good; Birr or Par'-sons-town\ a t. of Indian 1, in Kings co. Lat. 53° 7' N. Lon'. 7° 51' W. 'Pop. in 1831, 6,594. (P. C.) Bis'-CAY, (Sp. Biscaya, bis-ki'-i or Viscaya,) a small prov. in the N. of Spain, lying on the Bay of Biscay. Adj. and inhab. Bis-cay'-an. Biscay, Bay of, is that portion ofthe Atlantic Ocea n which washes the northerii coasts of Spain, and divides them from the western coasts of France. Black Mountain, near the N. W. extremity of N. C, remarkable as being the most elevated point of the Appalachian system, and the highest mountain-suramit in the United States, E. ofthe Rocky Moun tains. Height, 6,476 ft. Lat. about 36° 10' N., Lon. 81° 40' W. Black River, a r. in the northern part of N. Y., which flows into L. Ontario, near Sackett's Harbour. Its whole length is about 120 m. Black Rock, a village of Erie co., N. Y., on Lake Erie, at the com mencement of the Niagara r., 2 m. from Buffalo, Pop. of the township, 3,625. Black Sea,'* called also the Eu'-xine, (Anc. Pon'tus Euxi'nus; Turk. Ki'-ri' Deng'-is,) lies between 40° 50' and 46° 40' N. Lat, and 27° 20' and 41° 50' E. Lon., and divides the southern provinces of European Russia from Natolia. It communicates with the Mediterranean by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont Throughout its whole extent there is but one sraall island. This is uninhabited, and lies in 4-5° 15' N. Lat, at a considerable distance from the westem shore. The waters ofthis sea are much less saline than those ofthe ocean. Their specific gravity, compared with that of fresh water, is 1142 to 1000. 'The water of the Atlantic is 1288. This difference is probably owing to the great quantity of fresh water which the numerous rivers pour into the Euxine ftom the surrounding country. The waters ofthe Baltic, however, are considerably less saline than those of tlic Black Sea, their specific gravity being not above 1042. (P. C.) Black Warrior, a r. of Alabama, which flows into the Tombigbee. It is navigable for steamboats to Tuscaloosa, nearly 500 m. by water, from Mobile. Black'-ford, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the Wabash and Erie canal. Pop. 1,226. Bla'-den, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C, intersected by the Cape Fear r. iPop. 8,022. Co. t Elizabethtown. Blanc, Mount, (Fr. Mont Blanc, miN bliw, i. e. " white mountain,") ' The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks, who, being accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago, where the numerous islandsjind their convenient ports, offered many places of refuge in case of dan ger, found the traversing such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accord ingly expressed Iheir fears by the epithet ¦' black" (kara). Partly on the same account, and partly because the shores of this sea were occupied bv barbarous nations, the ancient Greeks first called it ofti-os, (axenos,) i. e. " inhospiiable ;" but afterwards, when they hod become better acquainted with the art of navigation, and had established numerous colonies on the shores, they ch.inged thc name to cufiMs or cv^cifos, (euxenos or euxeinos,) i. e. "hospitable." BLA— BOG 111 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the highest mountain in Europe, situated in the kingdom of Sardinia, on the boundary line between Savoy and Piedmont The highest point is 2460 toises, or 15,533 English feet above the level of the sea. (B.) Lat. about 45° 50' N., Lon. 6° 50' E. Blan'-co Cape, on the W. coast of Africa, in 20° 46' 26" N. Lat, and 17= 4' 10" W. Lon., is the W. extremity of a rocky ridge extend ing into the Sahara, called the White Mountains. Blan'-ken-burg' or blin'-ken-b66RG\ a principality in the N. of Ger many, belonging to the dukes of Brunswick. — Also the chief t of the above. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 10° 57' E. Pop. 3,200. (P. C.) Bled'-soe, a CO. in the E. central partof Tenn., W. of the "Tennes see r. Pop. 5,676. Co. t. Pikeville. Bleiberg, bli'-beRo, i. e. " lead mountain," a village of the Austrian empire, on the Drave, in Carinthia, with one of the richest lead mines in Europe. Pop. including that of the environs, near 4,000. (B.) Blenheim, blen'-ira, (Ger. pron. blen'-hime,) a village of Bavaria on the Danube, where, in 1704, Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a great victory over the French and Bavarian forces under Marshal Tal- lard. Blois, Bloi, or, more correctly, blwi, an important city of France, on the Loire, cap. of the dep. of Loir-et-Cher. Here is an ancient aque duct cut in the rock, supposed to have been made by the Rorhans, which is still used for supplying the town with water. Lat 47° 35' N., Lon. 1° 20' E. . Pop. 13,000. (B.) Blount, a co. in the northern part of Ala., S. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,570. Co. t. Blountsville. Blount, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 11,745. Co. t. Marysville. Blue Mountains, the eastern range of the Alleghanies, extending ftom the highlands, on the Hudson, to N. C, where it joins the main range. In Va. it is called the Blue Ridge. Bo'-bbr, a r. of Prussian Silesia, flowing into the Oder, at Krossen. Length about 140 m. Bocage, bo'-kazh', a dist. of France, in the former prov. of Normandy, now situated in the dep. of Calvados. The inhabitants are distinguished by their sraall stature, and are remarkable for the patriarchal simpli city of their mode of life, for industry, and for attachment to their na tive soil. Capital, Vire. BcEUP, bif, the name of a bayou in L?., which coraraunicates witn the Red r. and the Atchafalaya. (See Bayou.) Bodensee. See Constance, Lake. Bod'-min, a t. of England, in the co. of Cornwall, ahout 210 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 4,205. Bog, sometimes written Boug (Anc. Hyp'anis), a r. in the S. part of European Russia, flowing into the Dnieper. Length about 470 m. B6'-gli-poor', a t. of Hindostan ; cap. of a dist. of the same name, 112 BOG— BOK Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; on the right bank of the Ganges. It is the seat of a celebrated Maho metan college. Lat. 25° 13' N., Lon. about 87° E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) Bogota or Santa Fe de Bogota, sin'-ti fi di bo-go-ti', an archiepis copal t. of S.America, formerly the cap. of the Spanish vice-royalty of N. Granada, at present the metropolis of the republic of this name, situated 9 or 10 ni. distant from the small r. of Bogota, at the foot of two lofty mountains, at an elevation of about 8,640 feet above the level of thc sea. It was founded by Quesade, in 1538. Like many other towns built by the Spaniards in America, Bogota presents the figure of a cross, of which the principal square and church form the centre. Aa this place is subject to frequent earthquakes, most of the houses con sist of one or two stories only. Bogota has three colleges; and twenty- six churches, the interior of which is resplendent with gold. It also contains nine monasteries, and three nunneries. Lat. 4° 36' N., Lon. 74° 13' W. Pop. estiraated at 40,000. (B.) Bo-he'-mk-a (Ger. Bohmen, bo'-men, or Boheim, bb'-hime), derivea its name frora the ancient Boii, who occupied the country about tha sources ofthe Elbe and Moldau. It now constitutes a kingdom belong ing to the empire of Austria, comprising Boheraia Proper, the margra viale of Moravia, and a sraall portion of Upper Silesia. Bohemia Proper occupies an irregular quadrangle in the S. E. of Germany, between 48° 33' and 51° 5' N. Lat, and 12° and 16° 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on the N. W. and N. by Saxony, N. E. by Prussian Silesia, S. E. and S. by Moravia and Austria, and S. W. by Bavaria. It contains about 20,000 sq. m. Pop. about 3,932,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Bo- he'-mi-.\n. Bois-le-Duc, bwi^-le/j-diik', a fortified manufacturing t. of Holland ; cap. of North Brabant! Lat. 51° 42' N., Lon. 5° 16 E. Pop. esti mated at 13,000. (B.) BojADOR, boj*-a-dore', (Port pron. bozh-i-doRc',) a cape on the W. coast of Africa. Lat. 26= 12' N., Lon. 14° 27' W. Bokhara, bo-Ki'-ri, or Bu-kha'-ri-.4 , (Anc. Sogdia'na and Tran- soxia'na,) called, also, Usbekhistan, ooz-beK^-is-tin', a country in Cen tral Asia, between 36° and 42° N. Lat, and 62° and 7-2° E. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by an extensive desert called Kizil Koom, and on the S. by Budukhshan and Afghanistan. The climate of Bokhara ia regular and constant, and the soil produces a great variety of vegeta bles and fruits proper to the temperate latitudes. Area estimated at 90,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,500,OCO. (B.) The prevailing languages are the Persian and 'Turkish. Tbe former is spoken by the better edu cated generally. The government is despotic, but as it is regu lated on the laws of the Koran, the authority of the sovereign, in fome measure, is controlled by the priests and lawyers. The khan of Bokhara is the most powerful of tho princes of Toorkistan, and main tains a standing army of about 25,000 men, of which not more than 4,000 are infantry. — Adj. and inhab. Bokharian, bo-Ki'-re-an, and Bu-kha'-ri-an ; also Bokharese, bo^-Ki-rese'. (M.) Bokhara, the cap. of the khanat of the sarae name, and the most BOL— BOL 113 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. commercial t of Central Asia, is situated in a rich plain, surrounded by gardens and trees. It is the centre of communication between seve ral countries, and carries on, by means of caravans, an active trade with Russia, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, India, and China. Bokhara is a celebrated seat of Mahometan learning. It is coraputed that about 10,000 persons attend the different schools and colleges of this city at one time. Lat 39° 48' N., Lon. 64° 26' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,080. (B.) Bol'-bec', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 110 m. N. W". of Paris. It has increased astonishingly within the last 20 years. Lat 49° 35' N., Lon. 0° 28' E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) BoLi or Bo'-lee, a flourishing manufacturing t of Asiatic Turkey. Lat. 40° 42' N., Lon. 31° 44' B. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) Bol'-i-v.\r, a CO. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the Missis sippi r. Pop. 1,356. Co. t. Bolivar. Bo-Liv'-i-A, or bo-lee'-ve-i, a republic of S.America, situated be tween about' 10° and 25° 40' S. Lat, and 57° and 70° 44' W. Lon., bounded on the N. E. and E. by Brazil and Paraguay, S. by Buenos Ayres and Chili, W. and N. W. by the Pacific and by Peru. Length about 1,100 m. ; greatest breadth, 800 ra. Area estimated at about 400,000 sq. m. No recent census of Bolivia having been taken, the pop. is variously estimated frora 630,000 to 1,300,000. Balbi gives the latter number. This republic dates from the battle of Ayacucho (i-yi- koo'-cho), 1824, in which the patriots, under Sucre, completely defeated the royalists. The new republic was naraed Bolivia, in honour of General Bolivar. The seat of government is Chuquisaca, formerly called La Plata. — Adj. and inhab. Bo-liv'-i-an. Bologna, bo-lone'-yi, (Lat Bono'nia,) a city of Italy, in the Papal Slate, next to Rome in population and importance, 26 m. S. S. W. of Ferrara, with which it is connected by a canal (Naviglio, ni-veel'-yo), navigable for large boats. From Ferrara, by raeans of the Po, Adige, and intermediate canals, the water communication extends to Venice. This town is one of great antiquity. It was the principal city of the Etruscans north of the Appenines, and was then called Felsina. Af terwards the Romans changed its name to Bononia. Bologna abounds in churches, raost of which are rich in paintings. It is also jeraarkac ble for its public institutions for the promotion of literature, science, and the fine arts. The university of Bologna is the oldest, "and still one of the principal in Italy. There is a public library, containing 83,000 vols. Lat 44° 30' N., Lon. 11° 21' E. Pop. above 71,000. (B.)— Adj. BoLOGNBSE, bo^-lo-neze', and Bolognian, bo-lo'-ne-an. — Inhab. BoLOGNESE. Bolsena, bol-si'-ni, a lake of Italy, in the Papal State, about 50 m. N. N. W. of Rorae. Its form is nearly oval, and it covers an area of about 70 sq. m. Near the northern bank stands the t of Bolsena, with about 1,500 inhabitants. Bol'-ton-le-Mooes', a manu&cturing and coraraercial t of England, in Lancashire, 11 m. N. W. of Manchester. This town has increased 10* 114 BOM— BOO Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; very rapidly in population and importance within the last half century. By means of canals and railways, it is connected with all the more important places of the kingdom. The weavers of Bolton probably produce a greater variety of fabrics, than those of any other single town in England. The institutions for education are numerous. Lat 53° 33' N., Lon. 3° 34' W. Pop., including Great and Little Bolton, with an area of above 3sq. ra., 49,763. Bom-bay', an i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, a little more than 8ra. long, from N. to S., and about 3 m. in its greatest breadth. Its harbour is unequalled for safety, throughout the British empire in India, and hence the narae Bom Bahia* (good' harbour), given to it by the Portuguese, which is now corrupted into Bombay. (P. C.) The town of Borabay is situated at the S. E. extremity of the island, and is tole rably well built. It is second only to Calcutta in commercial impor tance. Borabay possesses several institutions for the promotion of knowledge, among which is a fine observatory. Lat 19° 57' N., Lon. 70°40'E. The permanent pop. in 1816 amounted to about 162,000. (B.) Bombay is the seat of one of the three presidencies into which the British empire in India is divided. Together with the presidency of Madras, it is subordinate to the governor-general of India, whose resi dence is at Calcutta. The territory under the immediate jurisdiction of the governor and council of Bombay, is situated between the 14th and 24th degrees of N. Lat, and the 71st and 77th degrees of E. Lon. Bo'-NA (Anc. Hip'po Re'gius), a seaport t of Algiers. Lat. 36° 53' N., Lon'. 7° 47' E. Bo'-N.A Vis'-TA, or Boa Vista, bo'i vis'-ti, the most easterly of the Cape de Verde Islands, about 16 m. in length. There is a little town of the same name on the W. side of the island, in 16° 9'N. Lat and 22° .58' E.Lon. Bond, a co. in the S. central part of 111., W. of Vandalia. Pop. 2,333. Bonifacio, bo-ne-fS'-cho, a fortified t on the S. extremity of the island of Corsica, with a good harbour. Lat 41° 23' N., Lon. 9° 9' E Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Bonn (the Bonna of the Romans), a t belonging to Prussia, in the circle ofthe Lower Rhine, on the left bank ofthe Rhine. At the head of its numerous literary instilutions, stands the University, one of the most celebrated in Germany. Lat 50° 42' N., Lon. 7° 4' E. Pop above 12,000. (B.) Boom, b6me, a t of Belgium, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Boone, a co. in the N. of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 10,034. Co. t Burlington. Boone, a co. in the central part of Ind. Pop. 8,121. Co. t Lebanon. Boone, a co. in the N. part of 111., bordering on Wisconsin. Pop. 1,705. * More correctly Boa Bahia, pronounced bo'-a bah-ee'-a. It should be remarked that baliia, being a feminine noun, cannot properly have the masculine adjective bom prefixed to it. — Bahia signifies strictly a " bay," or " natural harbour." BOO— BOR 115 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Boone, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 13,561. Co. t Columbia. Bootan, boo-tin', or Bhootan, the narae of a tract of country lying N. E. of Hindostan. Its exact limits do not appear to be ascertained. On the N. it is bounded by Thibet, on the S. by Bengal and Bahar. — Inhab. Boo-tee'-.a, sometimes written Botiya. Bo-paul', written also Bhopal, a small independent principalitv in the central part of India, between 22° 32' and 23° 45' N. Lat, and '76° 2' and 78° .52' E. Lon.— Also, the cap. ofthe above. Lat. 23° 17° N., Lon. 77° 27' E. Borcette. See Burscheid. Bordeaux, boR'-d6',*orbor'-d6, formerly written Bourdeaux, booR'- do', (Gr. BovpSi/yaT.a,, Lat Burdig'ala,) an ancient and celebrated city of France; cap. of the dep. of Gironde, and one ofthe finest most com mercial, and most populous towns in the kingdom, on the W. bank of the Garonne, 310 m. S. W. of Paris. The city is connected with its suburb La Bastide (li bis^-teed'), on the other side of the river, by a bridge 532 yards in length, resting on 17 arches, and constituting one ofthe noblest structures ofthe kind that exist. Burdigala was an im portant place as far back as the middle or latter end ofthe fourth century, when it was made the capital ofthe Gallic province Aquitania Secunda. Even at that time it had a great reputation as a seat of learning. At present it is distinguished among the towns of France, not only by the extent and variety of its manufactures, and its active commerce, but also by its literary and scientific institutions, and its numerous and im portant establishments for public instruction, among which there is an academie universitaire, and a public library of 110,000 vols. Bordeaux is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat 44° 50' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop. 110,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Bordelais or Bordelois, bor^-d'li' ; feminine, Bordelaise, bor^-d'laze'. BoRSNE, a lake or rather bay in 'the S. E. part of La., connected with L. Pontchartrain by the Rigolets, and coramunicating on the E. with the Gulf of Mexico. Length about 60 m. : greatest breadth 26 m. Bor'-ne-o, the largest island ofthe globe, with the exception of New Holland,situated between about 4° S. and 7° N.Lat, and 119° 30' andl09° 30' E. Lon. Its greatest length is about 850 m. ; its breadth about 680 m. ± • The accent is usually placed on the last syllable ofthis name, in ordinary dis course. But the poets, we believe, almost invariably accentuate the penultima. This is evidently the mode in which Shakspeare pronounced Bordeaux. Scott, whose authority may have more weight, as being more modern, follows his example. " — England's hope and France's fear, Victor of Cressy and Poitier, In Bordeaux dying lay." Lines on the Black Prinee. Roi Roy. " That venison free and Bordeaux wine Might serve the archery to dine." Lady of the Lake, Canto V. 116 BOR^BOS Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m&, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good, The area is estimated at 286,000 sq. m. Our knowledge of this island is limited, for the most part, to the shores. The climate, as far as it is known, is very hot and moist, and is particularly destructive to Eu ropeans. Borneo is divided into a great number of small states. Some of these are subject to the sultan of the Tooloo Islands; others to the Dutch, who have possessions on the western, southern, and eastem coasts. Most of them, however, appear fo be independent. The com mercial intercourse of Borneo with China, is much more extensive than with Europe. Among European nations, the Dutch, who exercise authority over one-third of the coast, carry on the most active com merce, exporting pepper, gold, and other products. Borneo produces a great variety of vegetables and trees common to tropical countries. It also contains rich gold and diaraond mines. Born'-holm, an i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, 90 m. E. of Zealand. It is about 26 ra. long, and 12 wide. Area estimated at 216 sq. m. Bor-noo', (Bornou,) a kingdom in the N. central part of Africa, be tween 10° and 1.5° N. Lat, and 12° and 18° E. Lon.— Adj. andTnhab. Bor^-noo-esb'. Borodino, bor-o-dee'-no, a village of Russia, about 70 m. W. of Mos cow, the scene ofa desperate battle between the French and Russians, in 1812. Lat. 55° 33' N., Lon. 35° 40' E. Bosna-SeraI, bos'-ni-ser-i', or Serajevo^ ser-i-yi'-vo, a manufac turing and commercial city of European Turkey, on the Migliazza (meel-yit'-si) or Miliaska, near its junction with the Bosna. It is considered the cap. of Bosnia, although the pasha has for the last few years resided at Trawnik. Lat. 43° 54' N., Lon. 18° 26' E. Pop. about 70,000. (B.) Bos'-Ni~.4, (called Bos'-ni by the Turks,^ the most westerly eyalet or prov. of European Turkey, derives its name from the r. Bosna, an affluent of the Save, by which it is intersected. It is bounded on the N. W. and N. by Croatia and Slavonia, E. by Servia, and S. and W. by Albania and Dalraatia. Area variously estimated from 16,000 to 22,000 sq. m. — Adj. and inhab. Bos'-nj-an and Bos'-ni-ak : the latter is more properly applied to that portion of the inhabitants of Bosnia who are descended from the orginal Slavonic nation that established itself here during the decline of the Roman empire. Bos'-POR-us, commonly but incorrectly written Bosphorus, the strait between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, called also the Channel of Constantinople. It is about 1 m. or 14 m. wide, and 20 m. long. BosRAH. See Bassora. Bos'-ton, a port of entry, cap. of Mass., and the largest city in New England, is situated in Suffolk Co., on a peninsula 2ra. long and about 1 m. wide, at tbe W. side of Massachusetts Bay. Its harbour is one of the best in the United States. It has always a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and is accessible at all seasons of the year. The Middlesex canal, .30 m. in length, connects this harbour witli the Merrimack. Besides the advantages which Boston possesses for BOS— BOU 117 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. maritime trade, it communicates, by means of railroads, with all the principal places in Mass., and with most of the important towns in the adjoining states. It is the second commercial city of the United States. The tonnage of this port, in 1843, araounted to 210,324. The total value of the imports, for the same year, was $20,662,567, and of the exports, $7,365,712. It is probable that the amount of imports and exports, during the present year (1844), will be rauch greater. The number and excellence of her institutions for education, and the zeal and success with which literature and science are cultivated by her citizens, appear fully to justify the distinguished reputation which Boston enjoys, as a seat of learning. Ainong the nuraerous literary establishments of this city, may be mentioned the Athenaeum, wilh a library of 34,U0U vols. Lat of the State House, 42° 21' 22" N., Lon. 71° 4' 9" W. Pop. 93,383.— Inhab. Bos-to'-nj-an. Boston, a seaport t of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m. N. of London. Lat 53° N., Lon. 0° 2' VV. Pop. of the town and parish, with an area of above 8 sq. m., 12,942.* BoT-.A-NY Bay, situated on the E. coast of New Holland, was named by Cook, ftom the great quantity of plants found there. Near it is Sydney, the chief town of the colony of convicts from Great Britain. See Sydney. Botetourt, bot'-e-tort, a co. in the S. centralpart of Virginia, W. of the Blue Ridge. Pop. 11,679. Co. t Fincastle. Both'-ni-a, a country in the N. of Europe, formerly divided into E. and W. Bothnia ; but the prov. called E. Bothnia bas been ceded to Rus sia, and now forms a part of the government of Uleiborg. S. Bothnia extends from about 63° 30' to 68° N. Lat. On the S. E. it borders on the Gulf of Bothnia. — Adj. Both'-nj-.an and Both'-nic Bothnia, Gulf of, the most northern partof the Baltic Sea, extends from 60° to near 66° N. Lat. Its whole length is perhaps 450 m. Botz'-en, (It Bolzano, bol-si'-no,) a t of Tyrol, 32 m. N. by E. of Trent Pop. 8,000. (B.) Bouches du Rhone. See Mouths of the Rhone. Boulogne, boo-lone', (Fr. pron. boo^-loii'; Anc. Gesoriacum, afterwards Bono'nia or Bolo'nia,) a seaport t of France, in the dep. of Pas de Ca lais, 138 m. N. by W. of Paris. It contains, among other institutions, a public library of above 22,000 vols. Lat. 50° 44' N., Lon. 1° 35' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) Bourbon, boor'-bpn, (Fr. pron. booR^-b6N',) an i. belonging to France, situated in the Indian Ocean, E. of Madagascar. The t. of St. Denis, at the N. W. extremity, is in 20° 51' S. Lat, and 55° 30' E. Lon. This island is nearly 50 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about 35 m. wide. The soil is very fertile in the vicinity of the coast, but the interior is decidedly sterile. Alarge portion of the island is mountainous; one • McCulloch gives the population of thia town, without mentioning the area included. 118 BOU— BRA Fite, far, fill, fit; mfj, mlt ; pne or pine, pb ; ni, n5t ; 66 as ingood, of the peaks rises to the height of near 9,600 ft above the level of the sea. Pop. in 1822, about 6-^,000. (P. C.) See Mauritius. Bour'-bon, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., N. E. of l.£xington. Pop- 14,478. Co. t Paris. Bourbon Lancy, booR^-b jn' liN^-se', a small t of France, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. This place was known to the Romans under the name of Aquae Nisi- nei. Lat 46° 37' N., Lon. 3° 46' E. Bourbon l'Archambault, booR^-BiN'-laR'-shim'-bo', a t of France, in the dep. of Allier, which appears to have been known for its warm mineral waters, to the Romans, under the name of Aquse Bormonis. It is a place of considerable resort during the months of summer. Lat. 46° 36' N., Lon. 3° 1' E. Pop. about 3,0C0. (P. C.) Bourbon Vendee, booR^-b6N'viN'-di', a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Vendee. Lat. 46° 41' N., Lon. 1° 29' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux. BouRBONNE-LES-BAiNS, booR'-bonn' li^-baN', a t of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, remarkable for its hot mineral springs and for the military hospital established here. Lat. 47° 57' N., Lon. 5° 46' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Bourg, booR, a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Ain, 50 m. by the road N. N. E. of Lyons. Lat 46° 13' N., Lon. 5° 12' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Bourges, booRzh, (Anc. Avar'icum, aflervvards Bitur'iges,) an archi episcopal t of France, cap. of the dep. of Cher, 125 m. due S. ftom Paris. This city may vie, in antiquity and ancient importance, with almost any in France. It was, in the time of Csesar, the capital of the Bituriges, and one of tho finest cities in Gaul. At present, it is chiefly remarkable as a seat of leaming. Besides other institutions for educa tion, of less importance, it possesses an academie universitaire and n royal college. Lat 47° 5' N., Lon. 2° 23' E. Pop. 20,000. (B.) Bourgogne. See Burgundy. BoYLE, a CO. in the E. central part of.Ky., a little S. W. of Ken tucky r. Brabant, liri'-bant,* (Dutch pron. bri'-bint) The duchy of this name was formerly one of the most important provinces in the Netherlands. It was divided into Dutch (now North) and Spanish or Austrian (South) Brabant. In the revolution of 1830, the S. portion joined in the revolt, and bas since formed a part of the kingdom of Belgium ; while N. Brabant still continues a province of Holland. Brussels is the capitaJ of South, and Bois-le-Duc, of North Brabant. Brack'-en, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio, and E. of Licking r. Pop. 7,053. Co. t. Augusta. •* We sometimes hear this name accentuated on the latter syllable, by respecta ble speakers ; but the authority of the poets, as well as the native pronunciation, is against this practice. BRA— BRA 119 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Brad'-fcrd, a CO. in the N. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y., and in tersected by the Susquehanna. Pop. 32,769. Co. t. Towanda. Bradford, a manufacturing t of England, in the W. riding of York shire, 10 m. nearly W. from Leeds. Pop. 34,560. Br.adford, Great, a t of Wiltshire, England, near the Kennet and Avon canal, about 90 ra. W. of London. Total pop. ofthe parish, 10,563 ; that of the town is about one-third of the whole. Brad'-ley, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ark., bordering on La. Bradley, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ga. Pop. 7,385. Braga, bri'-gi, (the Brac'ara Augus'ta of the Romans,) a t. of Por tugal, in the prov. of Minho, about 15 m. from the sea. Lat 41° 33' N. Lon. 8° 23' W. Pop. above 14,0ti0. (B.) Brah'-m.a-poot'-r.\, one of the largest rivers of Asia, rises in the raountains N. of the Birman empire, and E. of Assam, and, afler hav ing traversed the kingdom of Assam and eastern Bengal, and received several tributaries, among them a branch of the Ganges, it takes the name of Megna, and finally joins the Ganges a liltle below Luckipoor, in Lat '22° 45' N., Lon. 90° 40' E. Yet, though their streams appear to unite, the great body of their waters continues separate, and forms two currents, even after they have reached the sea. 'The whole length of the Brahmapootra is estimated at 1,500 m. Bran'-den-burg, (Ger. pron. brin'-den-b66RG\) a prov. of the king dora of Prussia, extending from 51° 48'' to 53° 37' N. Lat, and 10° 50' to 16° 12' E. Lon. The area is about 15,330 sq. m. Branch, a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. Pop. 5,715. Co. t Branch. Bran'-dy-wine Creek, a stream in the S. E. part of Pa., flowing inlo the Christiana, below Wilmington. A noted battle was fought on its banks, between the British and Americans, in 1777. Braunseerg, brouus'-btRG, a t of Prussia, 36 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. It contains a college, a lyceum with the faculties of theology and phi losophy, and several other institutions. Pop. 7,300. (B.) Brax'-ton, a co. in the N. W., or N. W. central part of Va., a little N. E. of the Kanawha r. Pop. 2,.575. Seat of justice, Braxton c. h. Brazil, or braz-il', or bri-zeel', a vast empire in the E. part of S. Araerica, extending from about 5° N. to 34° S. Lat, %nd from about -35° to 73° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Ecuador, Vene zuela, Guiana ; N. E., E., and S. E. by the Atlantic, and S. W. and W. by Monte Video, La Plata, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Its vast extent brings it in contact with all the countries of S. America, except Pata gonia, Chili, and New Granada. The area has been estimated at 3,000,000 sq.m. Pop. 5,000,000. (B.) As might be supposed, the vegetable productions ofa country of so great extent, lying within such latTtudes, and, for the most part, plentifully supplied with water, are extremely abundant and various. Nor does animal life appear in less variety and luxuriance. Many of the Brazilian birds are remarkable for the brilliancy of their plumage; the insects, for their size and the 120 BRA— BRE Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mh ; pine or pine, pin ;nA,n5t; 65, as in gooc^ ; beauty of their colours, especially the butterflies. The mineral wealth of this country is considerable, but liraited to a few articles, of which the chief are gold, diamonds, topazes, iron, and salt Brazil was for merly a colony belonging to the crown of Portugal. But^.on the 12th of October, 1822, it was declared an independent state, and Pedro, the son of the king of Portugal, whora his father had appointed- regent of Brazil, yielding to the torrent of public opinion, adopted the title of eraperor, and, on the 1st of December, was crowned. Soon afler, the Portuguese troops, who had been stationed in the towns of Bahia, Ma ranham and Para, were compelled to sail for Europe, and the indepen dence of the new empire was established, with scarcely any loss of blood. The government of Brazil is a limited monarchy. The cap. is Rio Janeiro. — Adj. and inhab; Brazilian, bri-zil'-yun. Braz'-os, a r. of Texas, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, in about 28° 50' N. Lat, and 95° 20' W. Lon. The enture length, fol lowing its windings, is estimated at near 1,000 m. Brazza, brit'-si, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Austria, inter sected by the parallel of 43° 15' N. Lat, and the meridian of 16° 30 E. Lon. It is nearly 30 ra. long, and ftora 6 to 9 broad. Pop. 15,000. (E. G.) Breatthitt, breth'-it, a co. in the E. part of Ky., on the head waters of the Kentucky r. Pop. 2,195. Brechin, broK'-in, a t of Scotland, in Forfarshire, about 34 m. S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 3,951. Breck'-en-ridge, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 8,944. Co. t Hardinshurg. Brec'-on or Breck'-nock-shire, an inland co. in the S. of Wales. Pop. 55,603. Brecon or Brecknock, a t of Wales ; cap. of Brecknockshire, situated on the r. Usk, 167 m. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,701. Breda, bri-di', a. fortified t. of Holland, in N. Brabant on the Aa, with a royal military academy. Lat 51° 35' N., Lon. 4° 47' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Breisach, bri'-ziK, (Fr. Brisach, bre^-zik',) an ancient and impor tant fortress of Gerraany, belonging at present to the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Rhine, 12 m. W. of Freiburg. Lat 48° 2' N., Lon. 7° 35' E. Pop. above 3,000. (B.) Brem'-bn (Ger. prpn. bri'-men). The free Hanseatic state of, in the N. W. of Germany, intersected by the Weser, is situated between 53° 1' and 53° 11' N. Lat, and 8° 35' and 9° E. Lon. Area about 67 sq.m As an independent power it forms one of tlie 38 constituent members of tbe German confederation. Pop. in 1823, 55,453. (P.C.) The city of Bremen, the cap. of the above state, is situated on the Weser, and divided by it into two unequal parts, the larger, called the Old Town (Alt-stadt), is on the right ; the other, called the New Town (Neu stadt), on the left bank of the river. Its commerce is very extensive. Among the various literary and scientific institutions of Bremen, the observatory of Dr. Olbers, from which he discovered the two planets BRE— BRI 121 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Pallas and Vesta, deserves to be particularly mentioned. Lat 53° 4' 36" N., Lon. 8° 48' 58" E. Pop. about 41,500. (P. C.) Brenta, bren'-ti, a r. in the N. of Italy, which rises in the moun tains of Tyrol, and flows into the Adriatic, near Venice. Its whole course is nearly 100 m. Brescia, bresh'e-i, or bresh'-i, (Anc. Brix'ia,) a manufacturing and commercial t of Austrian Italy; cap. ofa prov. of the same narae. It is u bustling, lively, well-built town, with many fine edifices. The churches are adorned with numerous paintings by great masters, prin cipally of the Venetian school. Next tg Rome, Brescia has the great est number of fountains of any town in Italy. Its raanufactures of cut lery and fire-arms deserve particular notice. Lat 45° 32' N., Lon. 10° 13' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) Bres'-lau or hres'-lou, a large manufacturing and commercial t of Prussia; cap. of the prov. of Silesia, at the confluence ofthe Ohlau (o'-lou), with the Oder. It has, among many other literary and scien tific institutions, a fine university, founded in 1702, containing a library of above 100,000 vols. Lat 51° 7' N., Lon. 17° 5' E. Pop. upwards of 90,000. (B.) Brest (Fr. pron. the same as the English), the most important naval port of France, in the dep. of Finistere, situated on a bay called the Jload of Brest Lat 48° 23' N., Lon. 4° 29' W. Pop. 30,000. (B.) Bretagne, bre-tiii', (usually named by the English, Brit'tany,) an old prov. in the W. part of France, now divided into the five deps. of Ille and Vilaine, Lower Loire, Cotes du Nord, Morbihan, and Finistere.— Adj. and inhab. Breton, brif-on. Breton, Cape. See Cape Breton. Brianqon, bre^-iN*-s6N', a small t of France, in the dep. of the Up per Alps, situated on the Durance, near its source. Fortified as it is, both by nature and art, Briangon may be regarded as one of the strongest fortresses in the world. One of the forts, comprised within its system of fortifications, is situated 1,229 toises, or 7,860 English ft., above tbe level of the sea, and, next to the Hospice of St Bernard, is probably the most elevated habitation in Europe. Lat 44° 54' N., Lon. 6° 38' E. Bridge'-north, a t of England, in Shropshire, situated on the Se vern, 118 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,770. Bridge'-port, a citv and seaport of Conn., in Fairfield co., situated on Long Island Sound, 17J m. S. W. of New Haven. It is a neatly- built, flourishing town, with a good harbour. Pop. 3,294. Bridge'-town, a small t. and port of entry; cap. of Cumberland co., N. J., on Cohansey creek, about 10 m., in a straight line, from the light house at its raouth, and 35 m. S. ftom Philadelphia. Bridgetown. See Barbadoes. Bridge/-wA-ter, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Parret, 29 m. S. W. of Bristol. It is reraarkable as the birth-place of Adrairal Blake. Pop. 9,899. Bridlington or Brellington, commonly pronounced Bur'-ling-ton, a t of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, situated about a milo 11 122 BRI— BRI Fite, fir, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; nb, n5t ; 66 as in good; from the sea-coast, and 32 m. N. of Hull. Lat 54° 7' N., Lon. 0° 13' W. Pop. of the township, including Bridlington-Quay, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 5,162. , io= i Brid'-p6rt, a t of England, in Dorsetshire, about 135 m. nearly W. S. W. from London. Pop. 4,787. _ Brieg, breeo, a manufacturing and commercial t of Prussian Sde- sia, about 26 m. S. E. of Breslau. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Briel, breel, a fortified seaport t of Holland, with a commodjgjis harbour. It was the birth-place of the Admirals Van Tromp and Dewit Lat 51° 54' N., Lon. 4° 10' E. Pop. 4,195. (P. C.) Brieux or Brieuc (Saint), siN'-bre'-uA', a t of France; cap. ofthe dep. of Cotes du Nord, situated near the coast of the Channel, on a small bay of the same name. It possesses several public institutions, and a library of 24,000 vols. Lat 48° 31' N., Lon. 2° 43' W. Pop. 11,38-2. (B.) Brighthelmstone, commonly written and pronounced Brisb'-to:;, a seaport t and fashionable watering-place of England, in the co. of Sussex, 46 ra. S. of London. This town contains many fine, and some magnificent edifices. Its suspension, or chain-pier, which extends into the sea to the distance of 1,136 ft, is justly an object of general admi ration. The pop. of Brighton has increased with astonishing rapidity during the present century. In 1801 it was 7,339 ; in 1841, 46,661 ; , but during summer the residents araount soraelimes to near double that number. Brindisi, brin'-de-se, (Gr. BpcDteaiov, Lat Brundi'sium or Brundu'- siura,) a commercial t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra d'Otranto, well known in Roman history for its capacious and safe harbour, wbich was the chief port of embarkation from Italv to Greece. It is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 18° E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Brioude, bre^-ood', a sraall t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Loire. Near it there is a magnificent bridge, over the r. Allier, of about ISO ft. span, supposed to have been built by the Romans. Brioude was the birth-place of the illustrious La Fayette. Lat. 45° 17' N., Lon. 3° 24' E. Pop. 5,052. (P. C.) Bris'-tol, a manufacturing and commercial city and seaport in the W. of England, on the Avon, about 7 m. above its entrance into the Bristol Channel, and 108 m. W. of London. Together with its sub urbs, Bristol forras a little county of itself, which, however, is now usually regarded as a part of Gloucestershire. In the old portion of the city, the streets are irregular and narrow, and the houses present a gloomy appearance ; but the newer parts are well built, and have many fine edifices, especially the western quarter ofthe town, or rather of the suburbs, called Clifton, which is the principal resort of the gentry. Here is a warm mineral spring (the Hotwell), celebrated in consump tive cases. The scener)- around Clifton is exquisitely beautiful. The erection of a great susppnsion bridge over the Avon, at Clifton, was commenced several years ago, but it is still unfinished. The span is to be 700 ft., the height 240 ft. ; so that vessels ofthe largest size may pass beneath with outspread sails. Of the numerous institutions for educa- BRI— BRO 123 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. tion ofthis city, we may mention the Bristol College, founded in 1830, and the Bristol Medical School, established on its present efficient scale in 1834. Bristol appears to have been a place of importance in the 5th century. The name seems to be derived frora Bricstow, an old Saxon name ofthis city, which may be literally translated "breach place ;" i. e. the place or town of the breach or chasm through whioh the Avon finds a passage to the sea. The ancient British name was Caer Odor, the " city ofthe breach." Lat. 51° 27' N., Lon. 2° 35' W. Pop., including the hundred of Barton Regis with a total area of about 16 sq. ra., 122,296. Bristol, a co. in the S. E. part of Mass., bordering on Buzzard's Bay. Pop. 60,164. Co. towns. New Bedford and Taunton. Bristol, a co. of R. I., bordering on Narragansett Bay. Pop. 6,476. Bristol, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on the E. side of Narragansett Bay, 14 m. in a straight line S. S. E. of Providence. Pop. of the township, 3,490. Bristol Channel. See Severn. Britain. See Great Britain. Brittany. See Bretagne. Brix'-bam, a seaport t of England, in Devonshire, situated on the S. side of Torbay, 22 m. S. of Exeter. Lat. 50° 24' N., Lon. 3° 30' W. Pop. of parish, 5,684. Broad River, a r. which rises in N. C, and, flowing in a southerly direction, unites with the Saluda in S. C, to form the Congaree. Brock'-en, one of the Hartz Mts., in Gerraany, near Halberstadt. Bro'-dy, an important trading t. of Galicia. Lat. 50° 7' N., Lon. 25° 18' E. Pop. above 22,000, five-sixths of whom are Jews. (B.) Broek, br66k, a village of N. Holland, 6 m. N. of Amsterdam, fa mous for its neatness and cleanliness, and for the wealth of its inha bitants, the number of whora amounts to about 1,200. (P. C.) Bromberg, brom'-bJRG, a t. of Prussia, in a circle ofthe same name. Lat 53° 7' N., Lon. about 18° E. Pop. 6,500. (B.) Bromley, brum'-le, a sraall t. of England, in the co. of Kent, 10 m. S. S. E. of London. Bron'-do-lo, a small t. of Austrian Italy, at the mouth of the rivers Brenta and Bacchiglione, 16 ra. S. of Venice. Brooke, a co. forming the N. N. W. extremity of Va., nnd bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 7,948. Qo. t Wellsburg. Brook'-lyn, a finely-built city of Kings CO., Long I., opposite to New York, and separated frora it by the East River, is the third town in point of population in the state of N. Y. It may properly be regarded as one of the suburbs of the raetropolis, with which it has comraunica tion by raeans of steamboats plying constantly at four diff'erent ferries. The U. S. Navy Yard is situated in the N. part of the town. Pop. 36,233. Broome, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 22,338. Co. t Bing hamton. 124 BRO— BRU Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, m't; pine or pine, pin; nb, nut; 66 asingood; Brown, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 22,715. Co. t. Georgetown. Brown, u. co. in the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 2,364. Brown, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 4,183. Brown, a co. forming the E. N. E. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 2,107. Bruchsal, br66K'-sil, a t of Gerraany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, 12 m. N. E. of Carisruhe. Lat 49° 7' N., Lon. 8° 26' E. Pop. above 7,010. (B.) Bruges, bru'-jez, (Fr. pron. briizh, Dutch, Brugge, brug'-geA,) an ancient fortified city of Belgiura, the cap. of VV. Flanders, situated about Ora. from the sea, and 55 ra. N. W. fro.-n Brussels. Its name, Brugge, is derived from the number of bridges which cross the canals. From four to five hundred years ago, this city was the principal em porium of Europe ; at present, it exhibits but the shadow of ils former glory. Still, its commerce, raanufactures, and public institutions, give it a distinguished rank araong the towns of Belgium. Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 3° 13' E. Pop. 41,914. (P.C.) BriJnn, (native name Brno, i. e. " ford,") an archiepiscopal t, the cap of Moravia, situated in the centre of a circle of its own name, near the confluence ofthe Schwarza and Zwiltawa, (which run on each side of it,) and about 70 m. N. of Vienna. Its woollen manufactures are considered the most important in the empire. Briinn has a number of literary and scientific institutions, and several handsome edifices. Lat 49° 12' N., Lon. 16° 36' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.) Bruns'-wick (Ger. Braunschweig, broun'-shwio.) Two distinct so vereignties have sprung frora the house of Brunswick. The possessions of the elder line are confined to the grand-ducby of Brunswick- Wol- fenbiitlel. The younger possesses Hanover, and is called the Bruns- wick-Lilneburg, or the Hanoverian line. The duchy of Brunswick consists principally of three large uncon nected districts, lying in the N. W. part of Germany, between about 51° 35' and 52° 32' N. Lat, and 9° 20' and 11° 7' E. Lon. Area about 1,525 sq. m. Pop. '242,000. (B.) Brunswick, the cap. of the above, situated on both sides of the r. Ocker, a branch ofthe Aller. Among its institutions for education, we may mention the Collegium Carolinum, and the College of Anatomy and Surgery. Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 10° 32' E. Pop. about 36,000. (B.) Brunswick, a t of Cumberland co.. Me., on the Androscoggin, about 25 ra. N. E. of Portland. It is the seat of Bowdoin (boZ-d^n) College, a flourishing institution, vvhich was founded in 1794, and derives its name from the Hon. James Bowdoin, by whom it was munificently endowed. Lat. 43° 53' N., Lon. 69° 55' W. Pop. of the township, 4,259. (B.) Brunswick, a co. in the S. part of Va., N. E. of the Roanoke, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 14,346. Co. t. Lawrenceville. BRU— BUD 125 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Brunswick, a co. forraing the S. extremity of N. C, bordering on the sea. Pop. 5,265. Co. t Smithville. Brusa. See Bursa. Brus'-sels, (Dutch Brus'-sel, Fr. BruxeUes, brii^-sell',) the cap. of Belgium, situated in S. Brabant, on the little r. Senne, an afHuent of the Scheldt, about 23 m. S. of Antwerp. It is surrounded by a brick wall, with eight gates. The origin of Brussels dates as far back as the 7th century. In 1044, it was enclosed with walls, and has since held an imporiant rank among the towns of the Low Countries. Previously to the revolution of 1830, Brussels was the cap. of the Austrian Ne therlands; and, after the separation of Belgium from Holland, towards which this town had made the first movement, it became the seat of government of the new kingdom. Among the public edifices of Brus sels, we may mention the Hotel de Ville, one of the finest Gothic buildings in the Netherlands, the tower of which is stated to be 364 ft. high. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be cited the Academy of Science and Belles-lettres, the Royal Society of Fine Arts, and the High School of Commerce and Industry. The Observatory stands in Lat. 50° 51' 11" N., Lon. 4° 22' 15" E. Pop. in 1829, 106,000. (B.) Bry'-an, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ogeechee and the sea. Pop. 3,182. Co. t Bryan c. h. Brzesc or Brzesc-Litewsky, bzhests lit-ev'-ske, a fortified com mercial t of European Russia, in tbe prov. of Grodno, on the Bug r., where there is a celebrated synagogue of the Jews. Lat. 52° 6' N., Lon. 23° 35' E. Buc-ban'-an, a CO. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Mis souri r.. Pop. 6,237. Buchanan, one of the most north-westerly counties of Iowa. Bucharia. See Bokhara. Bu'-CBO-REST^, or, more correctly, Boo'-ki-resht', i. e. " the city of enjoyment," an important commercial t. of European Turkey, the cap. of Wallachia, on the E. bank of the Dumbovitza, in the raidst ofa fer tile and delightfiil country. The town itself, however, does not by any means justify its name, being composed, for the most part, of miser able brick or mud cabins, and withal very dirty. Buchorest is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 44° 26' N., Lon. 26° 8' E. Pop. esti mated frora 60,000 to 80,000. (M.) Buck'-ing-bam, the cap. of Buckinghamshire, on the Ouse, 50 m. N.W. of London. Pop of the entire parish, 4,054. Buckingham, a co. in the S. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 18,786. Seat of justice, Buckinghara c. h. Buck'-ing-bam-shirb, or the co. of Bucks, a co. in the S. central part of England, N.' W. of London. Pop. 155,983. Bucks, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 48,107. Co. t Doylestown. Bti'-DA, (Hun. pron. boo-doA, Ger. O'-fen, Slav. Budin, boo'-deen,) an ancient city, the cap. of Hungary, situated nearly in the centre of 11* 126 BUD— BUL Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66, as in good ; this kingdom, on the right bank of the Danube, and connected with Pesth, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge of boats, 3,800 ft in length. It is said to derive its name -from Buda, a brother of Attila, who made this town his residence, and much enlarged it. The trade of Buda consists principally in the wines produced by the vineyards of tho neighbouring country. The Royal Observatory, situated 516 ft. above the level of the Mediterranean, and 300 ft. above thc waters of the Danube, at this place, is in 47° 29' 12" N. Lat, and 19° 3' E. Lon. Pop. above 33,000. (B.) Budukhshan, bud^-uK-shin', (Badakhshan,) one of the principalities into which Toorkistan is divided, between 36° and 38° N. Lat, and 69° and 73° E. Lon. The ruby mines, so often alluded to by tbe Per sian poets, are in this country, at a place called Gharan (gi-rin'). The inhabitants of Budukhshan speak the Persian language. Their religion is Mahometanism. Budweis, bood'-wice, a manufacturing and commercial t of Bohe mia ; the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated on the Moldau, and connected by a railway with Linz, in Upper Austria. Lat. 49° 59' N., Lon. 14° 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Buenos Ayres, commonly pronounced bo'-nosi'-riz(Sp. pron. bvvi'- noce-i'-res,) a city of S. America ; cap. of the republic of La Plata, on the S. bank of the estuary of the r. La Plata. It is one of the most important commercial towns, as well as one of the principal seats of civilization and learning on the American continent (B.) It is, in general, regularly and handsomely built, and is defended by n. castle, the walls of which are mounted with cannon. The literary and scien tific institutions of Buenos Ayres are numerous and respectable ; the University, in particular, enjoys a distinguished reputation, both on ac count of its plan of instruction, and the number and talent of its pro fessors. It bas a library of 20,000 vols. This place was founded by tho Spaniards, in 1535. The name Buenos Ayres (good air), was given bv its founder, Mendoza, and is justified by the healthiness of the cli mate. Lat. 34° 36' S., Lon. ,58° 10' W. Pop. estimated at 80,000. (B.) Buf'-f.a-lo\ a city arid port of entry ofN. Y. ; cap. of Erie co., situ ated at the E. end of L. Erie, near the commencement of the Niagara r., and at the mouth of Bufl&lo Creek. The growth ofthis town has been very rapid. In 1810 the pop. was only 1,508 ; in 1840 it amounted to 18,213. This increase may be attributed chiefly to its position. Situated at the termination of the Erie Canal, and of the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, it has, necessarily, become the great entrepot for the merchandise of the east and the agricultural productions of the west. Buflklo is the port whence persons going to the northern part of the western states ordinarily embark upon the lakes. Lat. 42° 53' N., Lon. 78° 55' W. Bug, boog, a small r. of Poland, flowing into the Vistula. Bulgaria, bool-gi'-re-a, a large prov. of European Turkey, bounded on the N. by Wallachia, E. by the Black Sea, S. by Rumelia, and W by Servia. Length above 300 m.; greatest breadth perhaps 100 m BUL— BUR 127 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. The Bulgarians are descended frorn a Slavonic horde who established theraselves here in the 7th century. The present race have laid aside the military character of their ancestors, and are represented as hospi table and benevolent : the woraan are said to be handsorae, industrious, and neatly dressed. — Adj. and inhab. Bulgarian, b661-gi'-re-an. Bullitt, bool'-it, a co. in the N. part of Ky., S. of Louisville. Pop. 6,334. Co. t. Shepherdsville. Bullock, b661'-luk, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ogeechee. Pop. 3,102. Co. t. Statesborough. Buncombe, bunk'-um, a co. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop. 10,084. Co. t Ashville. Bunker Hill, a hill in Charlestown, a suburb of Boston, faraous for the battle fought in ils vicinity, June 17, 1775. A magnificent monu ment has recently been erected here in commeraoration of that event. It consists of an obelisk of granite, 30 ft. square at the base, and 221 ft. in height. From its summit is obtained one of the finest and most ex tensive views in the United States. Burd~-wAn', a t. of Bengal ; cap. ofa dist. ofthe same narae. Lat. 23° 15' N., Lon. 87° 57' E. Pop. 54,000. (B.) Bureau, bu'-ro, a co. in the N. part of 111., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 3,067. Burg, b66RG, a manufacturing t. of Prussian Saxony, surrounded by ;. wall, with five gates, about 65m. S.W. of Berlin. Pop. above 12,000. (B.) Burgos, booR'-goce, an ancient archiepiscopal city of Spain, situated 136 m. N. of Madrid. It is nominally the cap. of Old Castile, but since the seat of royalty was transferred to Madrid, by Charles V., in the beginning of the 16th century, its prosperity has greatly declined, and the pop. has dwindled to less than one-third of ils former number. Lat 4-2° 21' N., Lon. 3° 43' W. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Bur'-gun-dy, (Fr. Bourgogne, bboR^-goti',) an old prov. of France, now principally divided among the departments of Saone and Loire, Cote d'Or, and Yonne. — Inhab. Bur-gun'-di-.4n. Burke, a co. in the W. part of N. C, lying on both sides ofthe Ca tawba. Pop. 15,799. Co. t Morgantown. Burke, a co. in the E. part of Ga., between the rivers Ogeechee and Savannah. Pop. 13,176. Co. t Waynesborough. Burlington (England). See Bridlington. , Bur'-ling-ton, a port of entry, the most commercial t of Vt, cap. of Chittenden co., on L. Champlain, a few miles S. of the mouth of the Onion r. It is the seat ofthe University of Vermont, founded in 1791. Lat 44° 27' N., Lon. 73° 10' W. Pop. of the .township, 4,271. Bur'-ling-ton, a co. of N. J., stretching across the state, from the Delaware to the Atlantic. Pop. 32,831. Co. t. Mount Holly. Burlington, a t of N. J., in the above co., situated on the left bank of the Dela ware, 12 m. below Trenton. Lat. 40° 5' N., Lon. 74° 52' W. Pop. about 2,600. Burma. See Birma. 128 BUR— BYZ File, fir, fill, fit ; me, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66 as in good; Burn'-ley, a t of Lancashire, England, 40 m. E. N. E. of Liverpool. Pop. 10,699. BuRRAMPOoTER. See Brahmapootra. Bursa, boor'-si, or Brusa, broo'-si, (Ane. Pru'sa,) a flourishing raanu facturing and commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, once the cap. of Bithy- nia, beautifully situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in Asia Minor. It is abundantly supplied with the purest water, so that every house has ifs own fountain. Most of the streets are very clean, and well paved. The most remarkable edifices in the place, are the thermal baths; the mineral waters which supply them, range in temperature from 167° to 190° Fahrenheit Bursa is the residence of a Greek me tropolitan and an Armenian archbishop. Lat 40° 11' N., Lon. 29° 12' E. Pop. 100,000. (B.) IJurschbid, booR'-shite, (Fr. Bor^-cette',) a t of the Prussian states, in the immediate vicinity of Aix-la-Chapelle, reraarkable for its warm springs and baths. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Burs'-lem, a t of Staffordshire, England, 2J ra. N. N. E. of Newcas tle, with extensive potteries. Pop. of the township, 12,631. Bury, ber'-re, a manufacturing t of England, in Lancashire, 9 m. N. N. W. of Manchester. Pop. of the township, including an area of near 4 sq. m., 20,710. Bury St. Edmund's, a t of England, in the co. of Sufi'olk, 62 m N. E. by N. from London. The narae is derived from Edmund, king of East Anglia, who was, in 870, cruelly put to death by the Danes, then pagans. His remains were deposited in the monastery of this place. Pop. of the borough, including an area of near 5sq. ra., 12,538. Bushire. See Abooshehr. Bute, an i. of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, 16 m. long and 5 wide. Bute'-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, consisting of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inchmarnock, and the Cumbraes. Pop. 15,740. But'-ler, a co. in the W. part of Pa., N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 22,378. Co. t. Butler. Butler, a co. in the S. part of Ala. Pop. 8,685. Co. t Greenville Butler, a eo. in the W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop 3,898. Co. t Morgantown. Butler, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Great Miarai r., and bordering on Ind. Pop. 28,173. Co. t. Hamilton. But'-ter-mere, a beautiful lake of England, in the co. of Cumber land, about li m. long, and 4 m. broad. Butts, a co. in the central part of Ga., W. of and bordering on the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 5,308. Co. t Jackson. Bux'-TON, a small t. of Derbyshire, England, 20 m. S. of Manchester, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. It is visited by from 12,000 to 14,000 persons annually. (P. C.) Buz'-zard's Bay, on the S. coast of Mass., is situated between the countries of Bristol and Barnstable. Byzantium, biz-an'-she-ura, (Gr. Bvf oxttov or 'Bvsavtiov,) on ancient CAB— CAD 129 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. city on the site of the modern Constantinople. (See Constantinople.) — Adj. and inhab. Byz-an'-tine, and Bvzantian, biz-an'-she-an.* C.a-bar'-r.\s, a CO. in the S. W. part of N. C, between the rivers Catawba and Yadkin. Pop. 9,259. Co. t Concord. Cab'-ell, a co. in the W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 8,163. Seat of justice, Cabell c. h. C.\B-ooL',t (Cabul or Caubul), an important city of Asia, the cap. of Afghanistan, situated on the Cabool r., in a large, well-watered plain, and surrounded with beautiful gardens. The town, though not large, is handsome and compact ; the houses are mostly built of wood, to avoid the consequences of the frequent earthquakes. It is surrounded with walls, and strongly fortified. Lat. 34° 26' N., Lon. 69° 5' E. Pop. formerly estimated at 81.1,000, but it does not probably at present amount to more than 60,000. (B.) Cabool or Cabul, a r. of Afghanistan, flowing into the Indus. Caceres, ki'-thi-ris. (Lat Cas'lra Ctecil'ia,) an ancient t of Spain, in Estremadura. Lat. 39° 25' N., Lon. 6° 15' W. Pop. 10,0G0. (B.) Cachoeira. See Caxoeira. Cad'-do, a parish forming the N. W. extreraity of La. Pop. 5,282. Cadiz, ci'-diz, (Sp. pron. ki'-nith,) the principal commercial city of Spain, situated in the prov. of Andalusia, on the S.W. coast. It stands on a tongue of land, projecting from the island _pf Leon. This town was founded by the Phoenicians, many centuries before the Christian era; the exact time is not known. It was called by them Gadir or Gadeira, wbich was afterwards changed to Gades by the Romans, under whom it became a municipium, or free town, and one of the richest provin- cial cities in the empire. Nature and art have combined to render this place one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Lat. 36° 31' N., Lon. * These are sometimes employed to designate an inhabitant of the modern Turkish capital. The eastern Roman empire, the seat of which was at Constan tinople, is frequently called the Byzantine empire. t The French write this name Caboul, while the Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese, write it Cabul, but pronounce the latter syllable bool. Neverthe less, we are assured, on the best authority, that the native inhabitants write and pronounce it without any vowel between the b and I, which might be represented in English thus — Kab'l, The European pronunciation, however, seems unaltera bly fixed; and we ought, perhaps, to acquiesce the more willingly because the ori ginal name could not be restored without some loss of euphony. Moore writes the name Caubul, but accentuates the last syllable. . "Pomegranates full Of melting sweetness, and the pears ."Vnd sunniest apples that Caubul In all its thousand gardens bears." — Lalla Rookh. Rogers adopts the same accentuation. "From Alexandria soulh^^ard to Sennaar, And eastward through Damascus, and Cabul, And Samarcand, to thy great wall, Cathay." Italy, Part Second, X 130 CAE— CAH Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nbt; 66, as in good; 6° 17' W. Pop. estiraated at 53,€00. (B.)— Inhab. Gad'-h-ta'-ki-an. (Borrow.) Caen, kiN, a t of France; cap. of the dep. of Calvados, situated on the Orne, 127 m. W. by N. of Paris. Among its numerous scientific and literary institutions, we may mention the Academie Vniversilaire, the Royal College, and the Public Library, containing 40,000 vols. Lat. 49° 11' N., Lon. 0° 22' W. Pop. 39,000. (B.) Caer.marthen, ker-mar'-THen, a t of Wales, cap. of Caermarthen- shire, is about 190 m. nearly W. from London. There is here a Pres byterian college, for the education of young raen for the ministry. Caermarthen forms a little co. of itself, of which the entire pop. is 9,526. Lat 51° 51' N., Lon. 4° 19' W. Caermarthenshirb, ker-mar'-THcn-shir, a co. of S. Wales, on a bay of the same name. Pop. 106,326. Caer-nar'-von, a t of Wales ; the cap. of Caernarvonshire. Lat 53° 9' N., Lon. 4° 14' W. Caer-nar'-von-shire, a co. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering on the sea, and the Menai Strait. Pop. 81,093. Caf-fra'-rh-a or Caf'-fre-land, a name given by Europeans, to a country in the S. E. part of Africa, extending about 600 m. along the coast from the Great Key r. to Lagoa Bay. 'The name is derived from the Arabic word Kafir, which signifies " unbeliever." This country is occupied by four principal nations, originally of one stock. Oue of these, the Zoolas or Vatvahs, are a fine athletic race, and very war like, and have overpowered, dispersed, or destroyed all the surrounding tribes, from King George's r. to Port Natal, a tract of above 300 m. in length, from N. to S. The Caffres acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being, but have no form of worship. Some tribes are indus trious, and cultivate millet, beans, pumpkins, sweet potatoes or yams, maize and tobacco. The complexion of the Caffres varies from a cop per hue to a deep black. Their nose is arched : they have thick lips and curly Jiair, but less woolly than the negroes. The Caffre women are considered to be araong the handsomest in Africa. — Adj. and inhab. Caf'-fre. Cagliari, kil'-yi-re, (Anc. Cal'aris), a fortified archiepiscopal city, the chief port of Sardinia, and cap. of the vice-royalty of Ssirdinia, is situated in the S. part of the island, on a bay of the same name. It has a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce : also a university, with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, philosophy and belles- lettres. Lat. 39° 13' N., Lon. 9° T E. Pop. in 1825, 27,300. (P. C.) Ca-haw'-ea, a r. of Ala., which flows into the Alabama r. At its influx is situated the town of Cahawba, the former cap. of the state. Cahir or Caher, Kali'-hor or kare, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Tip perary, on the Suir, 40 m. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 3,408. (P. C.) Cahors, ki^-OR', (Divona Cadurcorum,) a city of France ; cap. of the dep. of Lot, on the right bank of the r. Lot. This town is very an cient ; it was the cap. of the Cadurci, under the Romans, and after wards ofthe prov. of Querci, which name, as well as Cahors, is derived CAI— CAL 131 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. frora Cadurci. Many ancient ruins are found in it and its vicinity. Lat. 44° 25' N., Lo;i. 1° 27' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Caicos (ki'-koce) Islands, one of the groups comprehended under the general name of Bahamas, situated between 21° and 2"2° N. Lat, and 71° and 73° W. Lon. Cairo, ki'-ro, a celebrated city, the metropolis of modern Egypt. situated about half a raile from the right bank of the Nile, and about 100 ra. in a straight line from the entrance of the E. branch into the Mediterranean. The Arabs forraerly called it El-Kahira, el-ki'-he-ri, i. e. " the victorious," but Musr (or Misr) is the narae by which it is now commonly known among the natives. The streets of Cairo are winding, narrow, and unpaved. The houses, not being lighted except from windows opening on the courts in the interior, present, frora the street, the appearance of prisons. But, though the exterior of the houses is gloomy, many of them exhibit, within, conveniences and luxuries suitable to the cliraate. Here everything is arranged with a view to coolness ; the floor is inlaid with marble and coloured earth enware, and fountains spring up into marble basins. The coramerce of this city is very extensive. Through it the productions of Asia and the East Indies, and partly also those of Europe, are transmitted into the vast regions of interior Africa. Boolak (boo^-lik'), the principal port of Cairo, is on the right bank of the Nile, N. N. W. of the metro polis. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) "The other port. Old Cairo, is situated on the Nile, S. S. W. of New or Great Cairo. The Egyp tian capital is in about 30° 3' N. Lat, and 31° 18' E. Lon. Pop. esti mated at 330,000, previously to the recent ravages of the cholera and plague ; but, at present, it probably does not exceed 270,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Cairine, ki-reen'. (Arab. Mus'-ree.) Caith'-ness, a co. occupying the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland. Pop. 36,343. C.4-la'-bri-.a, or ki-li'-bre-i, a territory of the kingdora of Naples, occupying the southern extremity of Italy. It extends from 37° 56' to about 40° N. Lat, and is divided into Calabria Citra (chee'-tri), which forms the N., and Calabria Ultra (ool'-tri), the S. part of the territory. — Adj. and inhab. C.4-la'-eri-.4n. Calahorra, ki-li-or'-ri, (Anc. Calagur'ris,) a t of Spain, in Old Ca.s- tile, remarkable for the ruins which attest its ancient |plendour. Ca- lagurris was the birth-place of Quintilian. Lat. 42° 15' N., Lon. 2° W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Calais, kal'-is, (Fr. pron. ki'-ii/,) a fortified seaport t of France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, situated on the Pas-de-Calais or Strait of Dover, 150 m. nearly N. from Paris. A steamboat runs daily ftom this place to Dover, which is about 25 m. distant. Calais was taken by Edward III. in 1347, and remained in the possession ofthe English till 1.558. Lat 50° 58' N., Lon. 1° 51' E. Pop. in 1832, 10,437. (P. C.) Calais, Strait of. See Pas-de-Calais. Calatayud, ki-li-ti-yooo', a t of Aragon, Spain. Lat 41° 25' N., Lon. 1° 36' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) 132 CAL— CAL Pile, fir, fill, fit; mi, m't; pine or pine, p!n ; ni, n^t; 66, as in good; Calcasieu, kil'-ka.~shu\ or kul'-ka-shu\ as it is commonly pro nounced, a 1. in the W. part of La., which, after flowing through a lake of the same name, empties itself inlo the Gulf of Mexico. The lake is about 30 m. in length, and 10 m. in breadth. Calcasieu, a parish forming the S. W. extremity of La. Pop. 2,057. Cal-cut'-ta, the cap. of Bengal, and the seat of the supreme gov ernment in British India, is situated on the E. side of the Hoogly, an arm of the Ganges, about 100 m. from the sea. In the beginning of the last century, Calcutta was only an insignificant village, and a great part of its present site was completely covered with jungle. The spot appears not to have been wisely chosen, as it is surrounded by a marshy and unhealthy country; and, though soraething "has been done to remedy the evil, by draining the water off" the surface, near the town, and by clearing away the surrounding jungle, the air is still far from being salubrious. The city may be considered as con sisting of two distinct parls; that portion vvhich is inhabited bythe Hindoos and Mahometans of the lower classes, is, in general, badly built, with narrow and dirty streets, the dwellings being, for the most part, mud hovels, and the walls frequently consisting of mats and bam boos; while that quarter where the English and other Europeans reside, presents a very different aspect. This is finely, and even magnificently built, so that the houses are said to resemble palaces. The citadel, called Fort William, stands on the bank ofthe Hoogly, about a quarter ofa mile below the city. The Europeans of Calcutta have established a number of literary and scientific institutions; among others, a Ma horaetan, a Sanscrit, and an Anglo-Indian college. About one-third of the native inhabitants of this town are Mahoraetans, and nearly all the remainder Hindoos. The number of Christians, in 1822, was stited to be 13,138. The commerce of Calcutta is very extensive; through it nearly all the external trade of the prov. of Beno-al is carried on. "l.at 22° 34' N., Lon. 88° 26' E. Pop. estimated al 625,000. (P. C.) Caldas da Rainha, kil'-dis di ri-een'-yi, a small t of Portuguese Estremadura, much resorted to on account of its warm sulphurous baths. Lat 39° 22' N., Lon. 9° 5' W. Permanent pop. 1,5! 0. (B.) Caldas, signifying " warm baths," is ,i name given to a number of other places in Portugal and Spain. CAl'-der, a small r. of Yorkshire, England, which flows into the Aire at Castleford, near Pontefract CiLD'-wELL, a parish in the N., or N. central part of La., intersected by the Washita. Pop. 2,017. Caldwell, a co. in the W. part of Ky., E. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 10,365. Co. t Princeton. Caldwell, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo. Pop. 1,458. • Cal-e-do'-ni-a, the ancient and poetical name of Scotland.— Adi. and mhab. Cal-e-do'-nj-^an. Caledonia, a co. in the N. E. part of Vt, bordering on the Connec ticut r. Pop. 21,891. Co. t. Danville. CAL— CAM 133 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Calhoun, kal-hoon', a co. in the W. part of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 1,142. Calhoun, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Kalama zoo r. Pop. 10,599. Co. t Marshall. Calhoun, a co. in the VV. part of 111., situated in the fork formed by the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Pop. 1,741. Co. t. Guilford. Cal'-i-cut', u. seaport t of Hindostan, in the prov. of Malabar. Lat. 11° 15' N., Lon. 75° 50' E. It is estimated to contain 5,000 houses. (P.C.) Cal-j-for'-ni-a, Lower, a peninsula of Mexico, dn the Pacific, sepa rated ftom the main land by the Gulf of California. Upper California extends from the extremity of the gulf to the territory of the U. S. California, Gulf of, on the W. coast of Mexico, extends from about 23° 30' to 32° N. Lat. Its length is above 700 m. ; its breadth varies from about 40 to 150 ra. Call.ao, kil-li'-o or kil-yi'-o, on the coast of Peru, is the seaport of Lima, from which it is 7 ra. distant, by a good level road. It ia the best fortress and the raost convenient and safest port in Peru. Lat 12° 3' S., Lon. 77° 14' W. Before the war of independence, it had a pop. of 4,000. (B.) Cal'-la-way, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ky., Imrdering on the Ten nessee r. Pop. 9,794. Co. t. Wadesborough. Callaway, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 11,765. Co. t Fulion. ¦ Calmar, kil'-mir, or Kalmar, a coraraercial t. of Sweden, in the ancient prov. of Srailand. Lat about 56° 40' N., Lon. 16° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Calne, kin, a t of England, in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of London. Pop. 2,483. , Caltagirone, kil-ti-je-ro'-ni, a manufacturing and. trading t in the interior of Sicily. Lat. 37° 14' N., Lon. 14° 32' E. Pop. estimated at about 20,000. (B.) Caltanisetta, kil-ti-ne-set'-ti, an important inland t of Sicily. Lat. about 37° 26' N., Lon. 14° 4' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Cal'-u-met\ a CO. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Win nebago. Pop. 275. Calvados, kil-vi'-d6s or kif-vi^-dos', a dep. in the,N. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 501,77.5. (B.) Capital, Caen. CaiZ-veet, a CO. in the S. central part of Md., between the r. Patux ent and the Chesapeake. Pop. 9,229. Co. t. Prince Frederick. Cam, a small r. of England, which flows by Cambridge, and falls into the Ouse. Cam-bay', an ancient t on the N. W. coast of Hindostan, on a gulf of the same name. Lat. 22° 21' N., Lon. 72° 48' E. Cam-bo'-di-a, Cam-bo'-dja or Cam-boge', an extensive country of Asia, in Chin-india, a part of which is now subject to Cochin China, 12 134 CAM— CAM Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m't ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good : the remainder to the Siamese. The Chinese call it Kan-phu-tche, from which the European name is derived. Cambodia, called also Meinam-Kong, a large r. of S. Asia, flowing into the China Sea. It is navigable for the largest vessels, 40 leagues from its mouth. Length estimated at 1,700 m. Cam-boge' oi' Cambodia, one ofthe chief cities of Cambodia, situated on the r. Meinam-Kong, above 150 m. from the sea. Lat 12° 30' N., Lon. 105° 4' E." Cam'-bray or Cambrai, (Fr. pron. kiM^-bri', Lat Camaricum,) a forti fied coraraercial t of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the E. bank ofthe Escaut or Scheldt, with a college and a school of anatomy. Lat 50° 10' N., Lon. 3° 14' E. Pop. 17,000. (B.) Cam'-bri-a, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Pa., near the sources of the Juniata. Pop. 11,250. Co. t Ebensburg. Cambridge, kame'-brij, (Lat. Canta'bria,) the cap. of Cambridgeshire, England, on the r. Cam, about 48 m. N. by E. from London, is the seat of an ancient and celebrated university. This consists of 17 colleges, 4 of which are termed halls. The observatory is in Lat .52° 12'52"N. Lon. 0° 5'53"E. Pop. including that ofthe university, ^4,453. — A student at the university is called a Can'-tab, which is evidently an abbrevia tion of Cantabrian, derived from the Latin name of Cambridge. Cambridge, a t. of Middlesex co., Mass., about 3 m. W. N. W. of Boslon, the seat of Harvard University, which is the oldest and most richly endowed collegiate institution in the U. S. It was founded in 1638, has numerous professors, and contains a library of 61,000 vols. In connexion with the collegiate department, there are schools of law nnd medicine, and a theological serainary. Lat. 42° 22' 21" N., Lon. 71° 7' 38" W. Pop. 8,409. Cambridgeshire, kame'-brij-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, N. of London. Pop. 164,4.59. Cam'-den, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 5,663. Co. t. New Lebanon. Camden, a co. forraing the S. S. E. extremity of Ga .-, Ixirdering on the sea and St. Mary's r. Pop. 6,075. Co. t Jeffersonton. Campagna di Roma, kim-pin'-yi de ro'-mi, a prov. of Italy, in the S. part ofthe Papal State, nearly corresponding in limits vvith the an cient Latium. Campbell, kam'-el, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 21,030. Seat of justice, Campbell c. h. Campbell, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 5,370. Co. t Campbellton. Campbell, a co in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on the Clinch r. and Ky. Pop. 6,149. Co. t. Jacksborough. Campbell, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohior. Pop. 6,214. Co. t. Newport Campbelltown, kam'-el-town, a seaport of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 65 m. W. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,028. Campeachy, kam-pee'-che, (Mex. Campeche, kim-pV-chJ,) a forti- CAM— CAN 135 ou, as ill oiir; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. fied t of Yucatan, Mexico, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 20° N., Lon, 90° 30' W. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.) Campo-Basso, kim'-po-bis'-so, an important commercial and manu facturing t. of Naples ; cap. of the prov. of Molise (mo-lee'-si). The best cutlery made in the kingdom is produced here. Lat. 41° 37' N., Lon. 14° 27' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Can'-.4-d.\, an extensive country of N. America, belonging to Great Britain, extending frora 64° 15' to near 91° W. Lon. Its southern ex tremity (the S. point of Pelee Island, in Lake Erie), is in about 41° 45' N. Lat. On the N. its limits are not defined. It is usual to con sider all the territory N. of the great lakes, which is drained by the rivers that fall into the St. Lawrence, as belonging to Canada. It is bounded on the N. by the British possessions round Hudson's Bay and by Labrador, E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, S. by New Brunswick and the United States, and W. by the British territories, between which and Canada the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. Canada was formerly divided inlo Upper and Lower, but the two pro vinces were united in 1841, by an act of the British parliament. As, however, this country has been so long known by the names of the former provinces, it may not be improper to give these a passing notice. Upper Canada (now called Canada West) is situated on the right of the r. Ottawa, by which it is separated from Lower Canada, and extends westward along the chain ofthe great lakes. Area vaguely estimated at 140,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 336,461. Capital, Toronto. Lower Canada (Canada East) lies chiefly on the left of the Ottawa, and extends on both sides of the St. Lawrence, to its mouth, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Area estimated at 200,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1830, 511,917. (M.) More than three-fourths ofthe inhabitants of Lower Canada are of French descent, and French is the prevailing language. Quebec was formerly the capital of this province and of all the British posses sions in N. America. The entire pop. of Canada, according to the re cent census, is about 1,300,000. Montreal is the present seat of go vemment. — Adj. and inhab. Can-a'-di-an. Can^-.a-jo-harZ-ie (-har'-re), the cap. of Montgomery co., N. Y., on the Erie Canal, 50 m. W. of Albany. Pop. of the township,. 5,146. Can^-an-dai'-gua, tt beautiful village, of N. Y. ; cap. of Ontario Co., 208 m. "W. of Albany. It is situated near the N. extremity of a lake of the same name, which is about 17 m. long. Pop. of the township, 5,652. Can'-a-ra, a prov. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between 12° and 15° N. Lat', and 74° and 76° E. Lon. Ca-na'-ries (Sp. Canarias, ki-ni'-re-is), a group of islands belonging to Spain, in the Atlantic, lying off the coast of Africa, between 27° 40' and 29° 30' N. Lat, and 13° 30' and 18° 20' W. Lon. The principal islands are Canary, Teneriffe, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Fuertaventura, and Lanzarote, which will be treated of under their respective names. — ^Inhab. Ca-na'-ri-an. Canary, Grand, (Sp. Gran Canaria, grin ki-ni'-re-i,) the second in 136 CAN— CAN Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nit; 60 it of the Canaries. The epithet Oratid may h.ive been given to it, before the relative size ofthe different islands was accurately known. Teneriffe exceeds it in BU|icrficial extent by nearly 150 sq. m., and in population by above I6,U00. CAN— CAP 137 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. still the principal port for foreign trade. Lat 23° 8' N., Lon. 113° 2' E. Pop. estimated at 500,000. (B.) Can-tyre' or Can-tire'* sometimes writien also Kintyre, a penin sula in the S. W. part of Scotland, forming the southern extremity of Argyleshire. Cape Breton, kape brit'-on, an i. of British N. America, E. of Nova Scotia, between 45° 27' and 47° 4' N. Lat, and 59° 45' and 61° 38' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m.; its greatest breadth, 85 m. The area is about 3,125 sq. m. Pop. in 1827, 18,700. (P. C.) Cape Coast Castle, a t. and fortress of Aftica ; the cap. of the Bri tish possessions on the Gold Coast. Lat. 5° 6' N., Lon. 1° 14' W. Pop. estimated at 8,000. (B.) Cape Cod, a peninsula of Mass., on the S. side of Massachusetts Bay. It lies S. and E. of a bay of the sarae name. Cape Fear, the S. extremity of Smith's Island, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear r. Cape Fear River, the largest and raost important r. in N. C, rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 33° 55 N. Lat, and 78° 5' W. Lon. Its whole length is near 300 m. It is navigable for steamboats lo Fayetteville, about 90 m. Cape Girarde4u (je^-rar-do'), a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., border ing on the Mississippi r. Pop. 9,359. Co. t Jackson. Cape of Good Hope, at the S. extremity of Africa, was discovered in 1493, by Diaz, the Portuguese navigator, who called it Cabo Tor mentoso, or Cape of Storms. On his return home, the king of Portu gal gave it the name of Cape of Good Hope, as an omen that the Por tuguese had now a fair prospect of reaching India, the great object of their maritime expeditions. It is in Lat 34° 22' S. — A colony in S. Africa takes its name from the above cape. It belonged originally to the Dutch, but was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1815. The cli mate ofthis region is subject to great extremes; though the country is deluged with rains during the cold season, in the hot months nearly all the springs are dried up. The -rivers are two shallow, or their current is two rapid for purposes of navigation. Nearly two-thirds ofthe land is destitute of vegetation, during the greater part of the year. The country, however, contains spots of extraordinary fertility. The prin cipal productions are wheat, barley, and wine. Cape Town, the cap. ofthe colony, founded by the Dutch, in 1650, is situated on Table Bay, and has a castle of considerable strength. Lat. 33° 55' S., Lon. 18° 21' E. Pop. in 1834, 19,387. (P. C.) Cape Hai'-tj-en, (Fr. Cap Haitien, kip f-te-iN',) once an import ant seaport t of St IJomingo, the cap. of the former kingdom of Haiti. It was entirely destroyed, May 7, 1842, by an earthquake, in which * " Lest, rounding wild Cantire, they meet The southern foeman's watchful fleet," — Scott's Lord of the Teles. Canto IV 12* 138 CAP— CAR Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mfet ; pine or pine, phi ; ni, n6t ; 66, as in good ; 7,000 persons are supposed to have perished ; but it has since been par tially rebuilt. Lat. 19° 46' N., Lon. 72° 16' W. Pop. formerly esti mated at near 10,000. (B.) Cape Horn, u. cape regarded as the S. extremity of America. It is, however, not a part of the continent, but the most southern point of a small island belonging to the group commonly called Terra del Fuego. Lat. 55° 58' 30" S., Lon. 67° 21' W. Cape May, a co. forming the S. extremity of N. J. Pop. 5,324 Seat of justice. Cape May c. h. Cape Pal'-m.4S, a cape of W. Africa, on the coast of Guinea, near 4° 20' N. Lat, and 7° 40' W.. Lon. Here is a missionary station. Cape Verd Islands (Ilhas Verdas, eel'-yis vfeR'-dis), so called by the Portuguese, because the sea to the W. of them is covered with gulf- weed, so as to present sorae resemblance to extensive meadows. This group is about 300 m. from the W. coast of Africa, between 14° 17' and 17° 19' N. Lat, and 22° 10' and 25° 30' W. Lon. There are 14 islands; 9 of them are inhabited, of which Sam-Tiago, S. Nicolao, Bba Vista, and S. Antao are the most important They belong to Portugal Cape Vin'-cent, a village and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson CO., on the St. Lawrence, near the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario. Capri, ki'-pre, (Anc. Ca'preie,) a beautiful rocky island in the Medi terranean, 8 or 9ni. in circuit, and about 20 m. due S. from Naples. Among other curiosities, it contains a singular and romantic grotto, which appears lo have been a favourite resort ofthe emperor Tiberius, who resided a long time in Caprese. This cave can be entered only from the sea, by a very narrow opening. For a full description of it, we would refer the reader to No. 147 of the Penny Magazine. Lat. 40° 32' N., Lon. 14° 14' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Cap'-u-.j, or ki'-poo-i, a strongly fortified archiepiscopal t of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, situated on the left bank of the Volturno, 15 m. N. W. of the capital. The modern Capua does not occupy ths same sito as the ancient, but tbat ofa much inferior t, called by the Romans Casilinum. . The ruins of the ancient Capua are to be seen in the neighbourhood. Lat 41°7'N., Lon. 14° ll'E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Caqueta. See Japura. Car-ac'-as or ki-ri'-kis, the cap. of Venezuela, S. America, is dis tant 20 m. by the road, from its port. La Guayra, on the Caribbean Sea. In tbe early part of the present century, the pop. of this t was esti mated at 50,000 ; but the great earthquake of 1812, in which 12,000 persons are said to have perished, and tlie subsequent war and civil dis sensions, have so reduced the number of the inhabitants, that it does not probably, at present, much exceed 30,000. (P. C.) Lat 10° 31' N„ Lon. 67° 4' 4.5" W. Car-.\-ma'-ni-a or Karamania, an extensive territory in tne S. part of Asiatic Turkey, which reaches from the Gulf of Scanderoon, along the Mediterranean, to the Gulf of Maori. It is upwards of 400 m. in length : but the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. Accord ing to Captain Beaufort, the appellation Caramania is neither used by CAR— CAR 139 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the present inhabitants nor recognized at the seat of government. It seems to be derived from Karaman, who founded a kingdom here in the middle ages, which was conquered by the Turks, about 1485. — Adj. and inhab. Car-a-m.a'-ni-an. Car'-bon, u. co. in the E. part of Pa., intersected by the i. Lehigh. It abounds in coal. Co. t. Mauch Chunk. Carcassonne, kdR^-kis^-sonn', (Lat. Car'caso,) an ancient, manufac turing and commercial city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude and the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), which unites the Garonne with the Mediterranean. Lat. 43° 13' N., Lon. 2° 22' E. Pop. 17,000. (B.) Car'-diff or Caerdiff, a commercial t of Wales, forraerly the cap. of Glaraorganshire, situated on a canal of its own narae. Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. 3° 10' W. Pop. 10,077. C.ar'-di-gan, a seaport t of Wales, cap. of Cardiganshire. Lat 52° 5' N., Lon. 4° 38' W. Pop. 2,925. Car'-di-gan-shire, a co. of S. Wales, bordering on Cardigan Bay. Pop. 68,766." Car'-ib-be'-.4N Sea, that part ofthe Atlantic which lies between the principal W. India Islands and S. America. Car'-ib-bee^ Islands, are a series of small islands, extending from Porto Rico to Trinidad, which is included. The name is derived frora the Car'-ibs or Car'-ib-bees\ a tribe of S. Araerican aborigines, who, when Columbus discovered America, were in possession of tbe smaller W. India Islands ; from which, however, they have been nearly extir pated by tbe Europeans. Car-in'-thi-a, (Ger. Karnthen, kaiRn'-ten,) a country in the S. part ofthe Austrian empire, intersected by the r. Drave. It is about 120 m. in length, and 40 m. in breadth. — Adj. and inhab. Car-in'-thi-an. Carlisle, kar-lile', an ancient city and port of England, cap. of Cum berland CO., on the liltle r. Eden, 260 ra. N. N. W. from London. It is connected,'by a ship canal, with Bowness (bo-ness') on Solway Frith, by which vessels of 100 tons can come up to the town. It comrauni cates also witb Newcastle by a railroad. Pop., including an area of 10 sq.m., 23,012. Carlisle, a t of Pa., the cap. of Cumberland co., and the seat of Dickinson College, founded in 1783. Pop. 4,351. Car'-low, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 81,649. (P. C.) Carlow, a t of Ireland, cap. of the above Co., 43 m. S. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. 10,612. (P. C.) Carlowitz or Karlowitz, kar'-lo-vits, (Hung. Karlovacz, kaR-lo- viits,) an archiepiscopal t ofthe Austrian empire, in the military fron tiers of Slavonia. Lat. 45° 12' N., Lon. 20° 3' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Carlsbad or Karlsbad, kaRls'-bit, a t of Bohemia, celebrated for its warm springs and baths, said to have been founded about the year 1370, by Charles IV., whence its narae, which signifies " Charles's bath." Lat 50° 13' N., Lon. 12° 52' E. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.) 140 CAR— CAR Fite, fir, fill, fit; m^, mJt; pine or pine, pin; ni, n6t; o& as in good, Carlscrona, karls-kroo'-ni, frequently written in English Carls- croon, a fortified seaport t. of Sweden : cap. of the district (or litn) of Blekingen (blek'-ing-en), remarkable for its admirably built citadel, its extensive dry-docks, and its fine harbour, which is the station of the Swedish navy. Lat 56° 10' N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Carlsruhe or Karlsruhe, kaRls'-roo,. the cap. of the grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, situated about 4 m. fVom the E. bank ofthe Rhine. It has flourishing manufactures and considerable commerce. Among its numerous literary institutions is a public library of 70,000 vols. Lat 49° N., Lon. 8° 27' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Car-nat'-ic, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 8° and 16° N. Lat, and 77° and 81° E. Lon. It borders on the Bay of Bengal, and extends along the coast 560 ra. Car-ni-o'-la (Ger. Krain, krine), formerly a duchy in the S. part of the Austrian empire, N. E. of, and bordering on the Gulf of Venice. — Adj. Car-ni-o'-l.a,n and Car'-nic — Inhab. Carniolan. Carolina, kir-o-li'-na, the name ofa colonial settlement in N. Ame rica, made by theEnglish, about the middle of the 17th century. North and South Carolina originally constituted but one colony ; they were, however, divided in 1729, and since the Revolution have formed two separate states. — Inhab. Car-o-lin'-i-an. North Carolina extends from 33° 50' to 36° 30' N. Lat, and from 75° 25' to 84° 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee, and divided into 74 counties.* Extreme length, mea suring from Cape Hatteras on the E., about 500 m. ; greatest breadth, 180 m. The area is estimaled at 50,000 sq. m. Pop. '753,419, of whom 484,870 are whites, 22,732 free coloured persons, and 245,817 slaves. Raleigh is the seat of government. South Carolina extends frora 32° to 35° 8' N. Lat, and from 78° 24' to 83° 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on tbe N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. and W. by Georgia, and divided into 29 districts.t Length about 260 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 215 m. Area estimated at 33,000 sq.m. Pop. 594,398, of v-shora *Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarras, Caldwell, Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Chowan, Cleveland, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duphn, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates, Granville, Greene, Guilford, Halifax, Haywood, Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Johnson, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, Macon, Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Norlhampton, Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wdkes, Yancey. t .Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Ker shaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough. Newberry, Orange burg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York CAR— CAR 141 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 259,084 are whites, 8,276 free coloured persons, and 327,038 slaves. Columbia is the capital. Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Md., bordering on Del. Pop. 7,806. Co. t. Denton. Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahan nock. Pop. 17,813. Co. t Bowling Green. Car-pa'-thi-.an Mountains, a chain which bounds Hungary on the N. W.,N., and N.E., and Transylvania on the N. E., E., and S.E. Mount Ruska (roos'-ki), in that branch of the chain, which separates the above countries, is the highest of the Carpathian system, and has an elevation of 1,550 toises, or 9,913 English fl. (B.) Carpentras, kaR^-paN^-tris', a walled city of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse. Lat 44° 3' N., Lon. 5° 4' E. Pop. 6,294. (P.C.) Carrara, kir-ri'-ri, a small t and territory in the N. of Italy, bor dering on the Mediterranean, which belongs at present to the Duke of Modena. It is important on account of its extensive and valuable mar ble quarries. Car'-rick-on-Suir (-shure), a t of Ireland, situated on the r. Suir, partly in the co. of Tipperary, and partly in that of Waterford, about 8om.S. S.W. from Dublin. Pop. 9,626. (P.C.) Car'-rick-fer'-gus, the cap. ofthe co. of Antrim, Ireland, on the W. side of the little bay called Belfast Lough, 9 m. N. N. E. of Belfast This town, together with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Carrickfergus. The castle stands on a rocky penin sula, whence the name, which signifies the " rock of Fergus" — an Irish king, who was drowned there. Pop. of the co. in 1831, 8,706. (P. C.) Car'-roll, a co. in the E. part of N. H., bordering on Me. Pop. 19,973. Co. t. Ossipee. Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. Pop. 17,241. Co. t Westminster. Carroll, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Carroix, a CO. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. and the r. Chattahoochee. Pop. 5,252. Co. t. Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the N.W. central part of Miss., on the Yalabusha r. Pop. 10,481. Co. seat, Carrollton. Carroll, a parish forming the N. E. extremity of La. Pop. 4,237. Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 2,844. Co. t Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Ten nessee r. Pop. 12,362. Co. t. Huntingdon. Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 3,966. Carroll, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and Beaver Canal. Pop. 18,018. Co. t Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 7,819. Co. t Delphi. ' 142 CAR— CAS Fite, fir, fill, fit ; ra^, mc' t ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in gooa ; Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Mis souri. Pop. 2,423. Co. t Carrolllon. Cartagb:na, kar-ta-je'-na, (Sp, pron. kan-ti-Hi'-ni, Anc. Cartha'go No'va,) a fortified seaport t of Spain, in Murcia, with one ofthe finest harbours on the Mediterranean. Lat 37° 36' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop. estimated at 37,000. (B.) Cartagena, a seaport in the republic of New Granada, on the north ern coast of S. America, with one of the safest and most convenient harbours in all America. The entrance is so narrow that only one vessel can corae in at a time. It is defended by two strong castles. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned a university, a. school of navigation, and a college. Its commerce is considerable, though less than it was before the war of independence. Lat. 10° 25' 48" N., Lon. 75° 30' W- Pop. about 18,000. (B.) Carter, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 5,372. Co. t. Elizabethtown. Carter, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 2,9(S. Co. t Grayson. Car'-ter-et, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, bordering on the sea. Pop. 6,591. Co. fBeaufort Casale, ki-si'-li, a fortified t of the continental Sardinian states ; cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, on the S. bank ofthe Po, 35 m. E. of Turin. Pop. 16,000. (P. C.) Casal Maggiore, ki-sil' mid-jo'-ri, a t. of Austrian Italy, on the left bank of the Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cremona. Lat. about 45° N., Lon. 10° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) CAg'-BiN* or Kazbin (Pers. pron. kis^-been', whence the name is sometimes wrillen Casbeen), a manufacturing and commercial city of Irak, Persia, situated in the midst ofa country rendered very fertile by an extensive system of irrigation, which is carried on by means of sub terranean aqueducts. The grapes of Casbin are considered to be the finest in Persia. Lat 36° 12' N., Lon. 49° 33' E. Pop. 60,000. (B.) Caserta or Caserta Nuova, ki-sfeR'-ti nwo'-vi, a t. of Naples, with a royal palace, one of the most magnificent in Europe, and a superb aqueduct, 27 m. long. It is 17 m. N. by E. of Naples. Pop. aliout 5,000. (B.) Ca'-.sey, a CO. in the central part of Ky., intersected by Green r Pop. 4,939. Co. t Liberty. Cash'-el, an ancient city of Ireland, in the co. of Tipperary, 108 m S. W. of Dublin. It was formerly the residence of the kiugs of Mim ster. Pop. in 1831, 6,971. (P. C.) • " And Casbin's luscious grapes of amber hue." SouTHKv's Thalaba. Book VI. " With grapes of gold, like those that shine On Casbin's hills" Moore's LaUa Rookh. C'LS— CAS 143 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Cash-mere'* or ICashmire, an extensive valley in the southern part of Asia, surrounded by high mountains of the Himalaya ran"-e, between 33° 20' and 35° 40' N. Lat, and 74° 30' and 77° E. Lon. This coun try is remarkably well watered and productive. As it is 6,000 or 7,0C0 feel above the level of the sea, the cliraate is cool for the latitude. Cashmere was not long since in the possession of the Afghans, but more recently formed a part of the extensive dominions of Runjeet Sing, the sovereign of the Seiks. (See Lahore.) The chief t is Sirinagur. — Adj. and Inhab. Cash-me'-ri-.4.n. Cas'-pj-.^n Sea (the Kaarcta. Ba.'ka.aaa of the Greeks), a large inland sea, situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia, extending ftom 47° 20' to 30° 40' N. Lat, and ftom 54° 10' to 46° 50' E. Lon. Its length, following the curve of the sea, is about 900 m. ; its average breadth about 210 m. The waters of this sea are much less salt lhan those of the Atlantic. Gmelin estimates the proportion as 1 to 4. Though it receives the waters ofthe Volga and several other rivers of considerable magnitude, the Caspian has no outlet The surface of this sea is stated to be more than 300 ft below that ofthe ocean. Cass, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r. Pop. 9,390. Co. t. Cassville. Cass, a co. in the S. W. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. Pop. 5,710. Co. t. Cassopolis. Cass, a CO. in the N. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 5,480. Co. t. Logansport. Cass, a co. in the W. central part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 2,981. Co. t. Beardstown. Cas'-sel, a t of Gerraany, the cap. ofthe electorate of Hesse-Cassel, on the Fulda, about 108 m. N. E. of Coblentz. It has numerous institu tions for the promotion of the arts and sciences, among vvhich we may mention the Museum, one of the finest buildings in the place, the Ob servatory, the Academy of Antiquities, the Academy of Painting, Sculp ture, and Architecture, and the Lyceum. Lat. 51° 18' N., Lon. 9° 30' E. Pop. above 26,000. (B.) Castelnaudary, kis^-tfef-no^-di^-re', a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude. Lat. about 43° 19' N., Lon. 1° 53' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,471. (P. C.) Castel Vetrano, cis-tel' vi-tra'-no, a t of Sicily, remarkable for its * In familiar discourse, we very often hear this name accentuated on the first syllable; e.g. in the phrase, " a Cashmere shawl." Cashmere, in such cases, may be considered simply as an English word, having become thoroughly angli cized. (See Int. XII., Obs. 2.) When, however, the country itself is spoken of, the almost invariable pr.actice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets, will, we believe, be found to justify the pronunciation abo've given. " Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere, With its roses the brightestthat earth ever gave? Its temples, and grottos, and fountains as clear As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave ?" Moore's LaJla Rookh. 144 CAS— CAT Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, rati ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nfet ; 66 as in good ; manufactures of coral, and for the ruins ofthe ancient Selinus found in its vicinity. Lat. 37° 40' N., Lon. 12° 46' E. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Castiglione, cis-teel-yo'-ni, a t of Austrian Italy, about 20 m. N.W. of Mantua. Pop. above 5,000. (B.) Castile, kas-teel', (Sp. Castilla, kis-teel'-yi,) an ancient kingdom of Spain, which has been divided into Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja, li ve-i/-Hi), and New Castile (Castilla la Nueva, -nwi'-vi). Old Castile borders on the Bay of Biscay, and extends in a south-westerly direction about 250 ra. Its greatest breadth is about 110 m. Burgos is the capi tal. New Castile is S. of, and borders on the above ; it is aliout 200 m. from N. to. S., and 230 m. from E. to W. Capital, Madrid.— Adj. and inhab. Castilian, kas-til'-yun. Castine, kas-teen', a. port of entry of Me., in Hancock co.. on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, with an excellent harbour. Lat 44° 22' 30" N., Lon. 68° 45' W. Pop. of the township, 1,188. Castlebar, kas^-sel-bar', a t of Ireland, the cap. of Mayo CO., 128 m. W. N. W. from Dublin. Pop. in 1830, 6,373. (P. C.) Castleton, kas'-s?l-ton, a village of Rutland co., Vt, the seat ofthe Vermont Academy of Medicine, founded in 1818. Pop. of the town ship, 1,769. Castres, kistr, the largest and raost important town, thotigh not the capital, of the French dep. of Tarn. Lat 43° 37' N., Lon. 2° 15' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Castro Giovanni, kis'-tro jo-vin'-ne, (Anc. En'na,) a t of Sicily, nearly in the centre of the i., remarkable for its situation on the sum mit of an almost inaccessible mountain, more than 4,000 ft above the sea. Enna was celebrated, in ancient times, as the birth-place of Ceres, and the site of her most sacred temple. Lat 37° 31' N., Lon. 14° 18' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Casween. See Casbin. Cas'-well, a co. in the N. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 14,693. Co. t Yanceyville. Cat-V-hoo'-l.a or Catahoula, a parish in the N. E. part of La., in tersected by the r. Washita. Pop. 4,955. Co. t Harrisonburg. Cat-a-lo'-ni-a, (Sp. Cataluiia, kit-i-loon'-yi,) a prov. occupying the E. extreraity of Spain, bordering on Franco and the Mediterranean. It is about 190 m. in length, and 126 m. in breadth. Capital, Barce lona. — Adj. and inhab. Cat'-a-lan and Cat-alo'-ni-.an. Catania, ki-ti'-ne-i or ka-tiZ-ne-a, (Gr. Katavtj, Lat. Cat'ana,) the cap. of a prov. of the same name, and the handsomest t in Sicily, is situated on the sea-coast, S. of Mount jEtna, near its base. Here may be seen the remains of an ancient amphitheatre, the largest of which we have any knowledge. It has a circumference greater, by neariy one-third, than the famous Coliseum of Rome. (B.) Catania has a university and several other public institutions. Lat 37° 29' N Lon 15° 5' E. Pop. about 40,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Ca-ta'-ni-an. Catanzaro, ki-tin-zi'-ro, a t. of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. Lat 38° 57' N., Lon. 16° 31' E. Pop. estimated at 11,000. (B.) CAT— CAY 145 . ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Cat^-t.\-rau'-gus, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 28,875. Co. t Ellicottsville. C.\-taw'-ba, a r. which rises in N. C, and flowing inlo S. C„ takes the name of Wateree, and joins the Congaree to form the Santee. Catawba, a co. in the W. part of N. C., on the above river. Cathay. See China. Cat-man'-doo or Kat.viandoo, the cap. of the kingdom of Nepaul, in Northern Hindostan. It stands at an elevation of 4,784 ft. above tbe level of the sea. Lat. 27° 42' N., Lon. about 85° E. Pop. estimated at -20,000. (P. C.) Cats'-kill, the cap. of Green co., N. Y., situated on the W. side of the Hudson, 34 m. below Albany, on a creek of the same name. Pop. of the township, 5,339. The inhabitants of the village of Catskill may perhaps amount to half this number. Catskill Mountains, a branch of the great chain of the Allegha nies, situated in the E. part of N. Y., W. of thc Hudson. The highest summit. Round Top, is about 3,800 ft. above the level of the sea. Cat'-te-gat^ or Kattegat, a large gulf which separates Denmark from Sweden on the north. This name is of Dutch origin, and signi fies " cat's hole." Cau'-c.js-us, (Gr. Kauxaso;',) an extensive mountain system, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The general direction of the range is from W. N. W. to S. S. E. The highest summit, Elbrooz, is 2,800 toises, or about 17,908 English ft. above the level of the sea.— Adj. Caucasian, kau-ki'-she-an or kau-ka'-shun. Caubul. See Cabool. Cava, ki'-vi, a I. of Naples, 5 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. estimated at 19,000. (B.) Near it is the celebrated Benedictine Convent of La Trinita. with a fine library. Cav'-an, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in 1831, 228,040. (P. C.) Cavery, sometimes written, and always to be pronounced Cau'-ver-y, a r. in the S. of Jlindostan, which rises aniong the Western Ghauts, and, flowing S. easterly, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by seve ral raouths,°near Tranquebar. Its whole course is about 450 m. Cax-4.-mar'-ca, kin-Hi-maR'-ki, a t of Peru, at the height of 9,363 ft. above the level (5f the sea. Lat about 7° 9' S., Lon. 78° 3.5' W. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (B.) Caxias or Cachias, ki-shee'-is, a t cf Brazil, in Maranham. IM. 4° 52' S., Lon. 43° 25' W. Caxoeira or Cachoeira, ki-sho-i'e-ri, a t of Brazil, 60 m. N. W. ot Bahia, with a flourishing inland trade. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) Cayenne, ki-enn', an island, river, and town of S. America, in French Gniana. The town is situated on the i., in Lat 4° 56' N., Lon. 52° 15' W. Pop. about 2,000. (P. C.) Cay-u'-ga, a co. in the western part of N. Y., bordering on the Cay uga Lake and L. Ontario. Pop. 50,338. Co. t. Auburn. Cayuga Lake, situated in the W. central part ofN. Y., is about 38 m. 13 146 CAZ— CEP Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, phi; n'., n6l; 66 asingood; long, and frora 1 to 4 broad. Near ils N. extremity it is crossed by a bridge, more than a mile in length. In the summer season, steam boats ply constantly between this bridge and the town of Ithaca, at the S. end of the lake. Caz-en-o'-vi-a, a village of Madison CO., N. Y., 40 m. W. of Ulica. Pop. of the township, 4,153. Cecil, sis'-sil, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Md. Pop. 17,232. Co. t Elkton. Ce'-dar^ a co. in the E. part of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 1,253. Cefalu, chfef-i-loo', a seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast. Lat 38° N., Lon. 14° 5' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Cel'-e-bes, a large i., of singular shape, in the eastern seas, be tween 2° N., and 6° S. Lat, and 119° and 125° E. Lon. Its ex trerae length, frora N. to S., is near 500 m. . Celebes is divided into a number of small independent states. The inbabitanCs are included in the great Malay race, though the dift'erent nations exhibit great diver sity in character and language. The Bugis (boo'-ghees) are the most numerous and powerful in the i., and are the most commercial people in all Oceanica. They have the character of being very fair dealers, and are said to possess a high degree of enterprise and intelligence. The Dutch haye an extensive establishment, which they call the gov ernment of Macassar, on the S. W. coast of Celebes ; and their influence e.xtends to a great part of the island. Celle or Zelle, tsel'-leh, a t of Gerraany, in Hanover, situated near the Aller. Lat 52° 37' N., Lon. 10° 3' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Central America comprehends 'che countries vvhich, under the dominion of Spain, were known by the name of the kingdom of Guate mala. It forms the central portion of the long isthmus which unites N. and S. Araerica, and extends from about 8° to 17° 30' N. Lat, and from 8'2° to 94° W. Lon. Its length is estimated at 1,000 m. ; its breadth varies from 100 to 300 m. Area estimated at 185,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,650,000. (B.) It is bounded on the N. by the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Chiapa, and Yucatan, and by the Caribbean Sea, E. by thjs sea and the territory of New Granada, and S. and S. W. by the Pacific Ocean. Exclusive of British Honduras, Central America forms a re public, divided into six sections, as follows: The Federal District Capital, New Guatemala. The state of Guatemala, ... " Old Guatemala. " " Salvador, . . " San Salvador. " " " Honduras, . . " Coraayagua. " " " Nicaragua, ... " Leon. " " " Costa Rica, . . ¦ " San Jose de Costa Rica. The capital of the Federal District is also tlie seat of ihe general government. Centre, a co. occupying the central part of Pa. Pop. 20,492. Co. t Bellefonte. Ceph-.}-lo'-ni-\ (It pron. chi'f-i-lon'-e-i, Mod. Gr. Kt^aJtwi'a, kef-i- CER— CHA 147 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. lo-nee'-i, Anc. Gr. 'K.i^a.VKrjvi.a, Lat Cephalle'nia), the largest of the Ionian Islands, situated near Ihe W. coast of Greece, between 38° 4' and 38° 29' N. Lat, and 20° 20' and 20° 47' E. Lon. Length, ftom N.N.W. to S. S. E., 31 m. Area about 348 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 56,447. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Ceph-a-lo'-ni-an. Ce-ram' (Port pron. si-roung) or Ser-ang', after Gilolo, the largest of the Molucca Islands, situaied between 2° 50' and 4° S. Lat, and 127° 50' and 131° 10' E. Lon. Its length is 185 m. ; its average breadth about 30 m. CER^Go, cher'-e-go, (the ancient Cythe'ra ; Gr. KuSjjpa,) one of the Ionian Islands, lying S. of the Morea, 25 m. E. of Cape Matapan. Length about 20 m. ; greatest breadth about 10 ra. Cervera, s?R-vi'-ri, a t of Spain, in Catalonia, 38 m. N. by E. of Tarragona, with a university. Pop. 6,000. (M.) Cervia, cheR'-ve-i, a t of Italy, in the Papal Slate, on the Adriatic, about 12 m. S. E. of Ravenna. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) Cesena, chi-si'-ni, a t of Italy, in the Papal State, 34 ra. N. N. W. of Urbino. Pop. estiraated at 12,000. (B.) Cevennes, si^-venn', (Anc. Ceven'na or Ceben'na,) a chain of raoun tains in the S. of France, in the deps. of Lozere, Gard, Upper Loire, and Ardeche. Ceylon, sil-one' or see'-lon, (called by the natives Sin-ghi'-li ; by the Portuguese Ceilao, sie-loung', of which the English narae Cey lon is a corruption : Anc. Taprobane,) a large island on the coast of Hindostan, belonging to Great Britain, between 5° 54' and 9° 50' N. Lat, and 79° 50' and 8'2° E. Lon. It is separated, on the N. W., from the continent of India by the Gulf of Manaar. Its length is about 270 m. ; ils greatest breadth 145 m. Area 24,664 sq. m. The vegeta ble and aniraal productions of Ceylon, for the mosl part, resemble those of the neighbouring continent. This island contains numerous useful minerals and valuable gems. Iron is generally diffused. Plurabago abounds, and is exported in considerable quantities. The inhabitants of Ceylon are composed of the Singhalese, the original possessors of the island, the Malabars, who carae as invaders from the opposite coast, the Mahometans or Moors, and a small proportion of Europeans and other foreigners. The pop., according to the census of 1833, was 1,126,808. (P. C.) Colombo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sin'- gbla-le§e' or Cingalese, and Ceylonese, sir-o-neze'. .The former is more properly applied to the primitive inhabitants, and to that portion ofthe island which is at present occupied by tbem ; the latter to the inhabitants and the island, in general. Chalons-sur-Marne, shi^-lfeN' siln maRU, (Anc. Catalau'ni and Du- rocatalau'ni,) a t of France; cap. of the dep. of Marne, on the river Marne, about 90 m. E. of Paris. Lat 48° 57' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop. 12,930. (B.) Chalons-sur-Saone, sha^-lfeN' siir sone, a t. of France, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, on the Saone, at the termination of the Central Canal (canal du Centre). It is the most commercial and populous 148 CHA-CHA Fite, fir, fill, fit; rafe, m't; pine or pine, p^n ; n\ n't ; 66 as in ^oofZ, place in the department Lat. 46° 46' N., Lon. 4° 5S E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Chambers, chame'-berz, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 17,333. Co. t. La Fayette. Chambersburg, chanie'-berz-burg^ a thriving t of Pa.; cap. of Franklin CO., 46 m. S. W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 3,239. Chambery, shain'-bfer-re, or shiM'-bi'-re', an archiepiscopal town, the most iraportant in all Savoy, and the cap. of Savoy proper, is situ ated about 12 ra. frora the left bank of the Rhone. Among its public institutions we may mention the Royal College, and the Academy of Sciences, called the Academy of Savoy. Lat 45° 39' N., Lon. 5° 53' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P.C.) Chambly, sham'-ble, or So-relle', a r. of Lower Canada, which forms the outlet of L. Champlain. Length above 80 m. It is navigable for river barges through its whole course. Ch.amouny, shi'-moo-ne\ sometimes written Chamonix, (Fr. pron. sh^^-moo'-ne',) a celebrated and romantic valley of Savoy, situated at the foot of Mont Blanc, and containing a village of the same name. Lat 45° 56' N., Lon. 6° 47' E. Champagne, shaM^-piii', a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Aisne, Ardennes, Aube, Marne, Upper Marne, and Yonne. Champaign, sham-pane', a co. in the W. central part of^ Ohio. Pop. 16,721. Co. t Urbana. Champaign, a co. in the E. part of 111., on the sources ofthe Kaskas kia r. Pop. 1,475. Co. t Urbana. Ch.amplain, shara^-plane', a lake of the U. S., lying between New York and Verraont Length 1'28 m. ; greatest breadth about 20 m. The superficial extent is between 600 and 700 sq. ra. Its outlet is the Chambly r. Chandeleur (shan'-d?l-oor') Islands are situated off the S. E. coast of La., and separated from the main land by Chandeleur Bay. Chantilly, shiN^-teef-ye' or shiN^-te^-ye' (see Int XIX., 18), a small t of France, in the dep. of Oise, 23 m. N. of Paris. Chap'-el Hill, a t of N. C, in Orange co., 27 m. W. N. W. of Raleigh, the seat ofthe University of North Carolina, founded in 1789. Ch.arente, shi^-RiNt', a r. in the S. W. of France, which flows into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the i. Oleron. Its whole length is 184 m. Charente, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 365,126. (B.) Capital, Angouleme. Charente, Lower (Fr.Charente-Inferieure,shi'-riNt' an'-fi'-re-UR'), a dep. of France, adjoining the above, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 449,649. (B.) Capital, La Rochelle. Chariton, char'-re-ton, a co. in the N. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 4,746. Co. t Keytesville, keets'-vill. Charkow. See Kharkof. Charles, a co. in the S. W. part of Md., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 16,023. Co. t Port Tobacco. CHA-CHA 149 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Charles City, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of, and bordering on James r. Pop. 4,774. Seat of justice, Charles City c. h. Charles River, in Mass., flows into Boston harbour. Charles, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., W. of New Orleans, and bordering on L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 4,700. Charles, St., a co. in the E. part of Mo., on the N. side ofthe Mis souri r., at its mouth. Pop. 7,911. Co. t St Charles. Charles'-ton, a dist. of S. C, S. of the Santee r., bordering on the sea. Pop. 82,661. Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city of S. C. ; cap. of the above dist, on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, which unite immediately below the town, and forra a spacious harbour, comraunicating with the ocean at Sullivan's Island, 7 m. be low. The town is regularly built, and many of the streets present a handsome appearance. Charieston is connected with Hamburg, on the Savannah, by a railroad, 135 m. in length. Among the numerous charitable establishments of Charleston, may be cited the Orphan Asy lum, which is amply endowed, and is one of the most remarkable buildings in the place. Of the literary institutions, vve may raention the Charleston College, founded in 1795, and the Charleston Library, which contains about 1.5,000 vols. The citizens of Charleston are dis tinguished for their hospitality and refineraent, and perhaps no place in the United States affords more agreeable society. In winter this city is particularly pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted to by per sons from other parts of the Union. Lat. 32° 46' N., Lon. 79° 57' W. Pop. 29,261. Chakles'-town, a t of Middlesex co., Mass., near Boston, with which it is connected by three bridges. It may not improperly be regarded as a suburb of that city. Pop. 11,484. Here is a U. S. navy yard. Charleville, shaRf -vii', a t of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, in the immediate vicinity of Mezieres. Pop. in 1832, 7,400. (P. C.) Charlevoix, shar^-le-voi', (Kishkawkee,) a co. of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan, near its N. extremity. Charlotte, shar'-lot, a co. in S. part of Va., bordering on Staunton r. Pop. 11,595. Seat of justice, Charlotte c. h. Charlottesville, shar'-lcts-vil , a t of Va. ; the cap. of Albemarle CO., and the seat of the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. This institution was planned by Jefferson, and is munificently endowed by the state. Distant 86 m. W. N. W. of Richmond. Chartres, shantr, (Lat. Au'tricura,) an ancient city of France, the cap. ofthe dep. of Eure and Loire, situated on the Eure, 46 m. S. W. by W. of Paris. Its cathedral is the largest in France, and one of the most magnificent gothic edifices in Europe. The spire rises to the heio-ht of 378 French ft., or 402 English ft. from the ground. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 1° 29' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) CnA-TAu'-quE, a co. on L. Erie, forming the S. W. extremity of N. Y. Pop. 47,975 Co. t. Mayville. 13* 150 CHA— CHE Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n'j, not ; 66, as in good ; Chateauguay, shit''-6-gay', a small r. which rises in N. Y., and joins the St Lawrence in Lower Canada. Chvteaudun, sha^-t6'-duN', a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 48° 5' N., Lon. 1° 18' E. Pop. in 1832, 6,461. (P. C.) Chateau-Gonthier, shi'-t6'-g4N^-te'-i', a t of France, in the dep. of Mayenne, on the r. Mayenne. Lat 47° 5J' N., Lon. 0° 41' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,143. (P. C.) Chateauroux, shi^-to^-roo', a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Indre, on the r. Indre. Lat. 46° 48' N., Lon. 1° 40' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Cii.vt-el-Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab. Ch.atellerault, sha'-telf-ro', a t of France, in the dep. of Vienne, on the r. Vienne, celebrated for its manufactures of cutlery. Lat 46° 50' N., Lon. 0° 32' E. Pop. in 183'2, 9,437. (P. C.) Chat'-8.4m, a t. of England, in Kent, about 30 in. E. by S. from lyon- don. In that part called Brompton (brurap'-ton) are extensive naval and military establishments, with an immense arsenal, and a dock-yard nearly a mile in length, and capable of receiving vessels of the largest size. Pop. of the t, including Brompton, 21,431. Ch.atham, a CO. in the central part of N. C, on the head streams of the Cape Fear r. Pop. 16,242. Co. t Pittsborougb. Chatham, a co. forming the E. extremity of Ga., between the Sa vannah and Ogeechee rivers, and bordering on the sea. Pop. 18,S01. Co. t. Savannah. Chat^-ta-hoo'-chee, a r. of Ga., which joins the Flint river, to form the Appalachicola. Its whole course is 450 ra., and it is navigable for steamboats about 3(i0 m. Chat-too'-ga, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ga., bordering on Ala. Pop. 3,4.38. Chaudiere, sh6^-de^-aiR', a r. of Lower Canada, which joins the St Lawrence on the right, a few miles above Quebec. Near its moulb there is a beautiful fall, staled to be more than 100 ft in height Chaumont, sho^-raAN', the cap. of the dep. of Upper Marne, in France, situated on the Marne. Lat 48° 7' N., Lon. 5° 8' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Chaumont, commonly pronounced sho^-mo', a village of N. Y., in Jefi ferson co., on a bay of the same name, on L. Ontario. Chblms'-ford, the cap. of the co. of Essex, England, 28 m. N. E. by E. from London. Entire pop. of the parish, 6,789. Chelsea, chel'-se, forraerly a village, but now constituting a portion of the suburbs of London, is situated on the N. bank of the Thames. Here is the Royal Hospital for invalid soldiers. Cheltenham, chelt'-num, a beautiful t of England, in Gloucester shire, 88 m. W. by N. from London, celebrated for its mineral springs. Pop. ofthe parish, with an area of 6 sq.m., 31,411. The increase, since 1831, is upwards of 8,000. CHE— CHE 151 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin , th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Chemnitz, Kem'-nits, an important manufacturing t. of Germany, in Saxony. Lat 50° 50' N., Lon. 12° 52' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) Chemung, she-mung', a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the Tioga r., and bordering on Pa. Pop. 20,732. Co. t. Elmira. Chenango, she-nang'-go, a co. in the S. central part of N. Y., inter sected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 40,785. Co. t Norwich. Chep'-st6w, a commercial t. and port of England, in Monmouth shire, on the Wye, 110 ra. W. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,366. Cher, shaRO, a dep. nearly in the centre of France. Pop. 276,853. (B.) Capital, Bourges. Cherbourg, sher'-burg, or shaRe^-booR', a fortified city and seaport of France, on the N. coast of the dep. of Manche, and one of the princi pal stations ofthe French navy. Lat. 49° 38' N., Lon. 1° 40' W. Pop. above 18,000. (B.) Cher^-o-kee', a CO. forming the W. extremity ofN. C. Pop. 3,427. Cherokee, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r. Pop. 5,895. Co. t Canton. Cherokee, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 8,773. Cher^-o-kees', a noble and once powerful tribe of Indians, who for merly possessed the southern portion ofthe Appalachian mountains and a large tract of country on both sides of this range. In 1809 their number amounted to 12,359; bul it had since considerably diminished, when, at length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Georgia, con stituting a large majority of those who still remained, were removed to the W. of the Mississippi, by the order of the U. S. governraent The Cherokees have been considered the most civilized of all the A.merican Indians. They have a written language; the alphabet, which was invented by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previously lo their expulsion from Georgia, some of them are said to have become excellent and thriving farmers, so as lo bear an advantageous compari son wilh the most skilful antl industrious of this class, in the south western states. Cherry Valley, a village of Otsego co., N. Y., 53 ra. W. by N. from Albany. Pop. of township, 3,923. Cherso, ktR'-so (Anc. Crepea) and Osero, o'-si-ro, (Anc. Absorus,) two islands in tbe Adriatic, belonging to Illyria, situated between 44° 28' and 45° 12' N. Lat, and 14° 16' and 14° 32' E. Lon. TJnited area, 95 sq.m. Pop. 14,€00. (M.) The two islands are connected by a bridge. Ches'-.a-peake, a large bay situated in the E. part of Md. and Va. It is neariy 200 m. in length ; its average breadth is perhaps about 18 m. The Susquehanna enters it at the N. extremity, and the Potomac about 70 m. from its junction with the Atlantic. Chbsh'-ire, a CO. in tbe W. of England, celebrated for the excel lence of its cheese. The name is an abbreviation of Chester shire, or county of Chester. Pop. 395,660. 152 CHE— CHI Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as in g'ooJ; Cheshire, a co. forming the S. W. extremity ofN. H. Pop. 26,429. Co. t Keene. Ches'-tbr, an ancient walled city of England, the co. t. of Cheshire, situated on the Dee, near its mouth. It was probably an important military station, under the Romans, as a great many Roman reraains have been discovered here. The name is derived frora the Latin, Cas tra, a " camp," and there is reason to conclude that the present fortifica tions rest upon a Roman basis. Lat 53° 11' N., Lon. 2° 53' W. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. ra., 23,115. Chester, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Schuylkill ¦and on Maryland. Pop. 57,515. Co. t Westchester. Chester, a dist in the N. part of S. C, on the- Catawba r. Pop. 17,747. Seat of justice, Chester c. h. Ches'-ter-field\ a t of Derbyshire, England, 132 ra. N. by W. from London. Pop. of the parish, 6,212. Chesterfield, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo mattox and James rivers. Pop. 17,148. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. Chesterfield, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C, W. of and border ing on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 8,574. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. Che-sun'-cook, a lake of Maine, coramunicating with the Penob scot r. Che^-tim-ach'-es, or shet^-mish', a lake in tho S. part of La., above 30 m. in length, communicating with the Atchafalaya r. Cheviot, chiv'-e-ot The Cheviot Hills run from N. E. lo S. W., and forra part of the boundary between Scotland and England. The highest suramit is 2,658 ft. above the sea. Chiari, ke-i'-re, a t of Austrian Italy. Lat 45° 32' N., Lon. 9° 55 E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Chiav.ari, ke-i'-vi-re, a t of the Sardinian states, in a prov. of the same narae. Lat. 44° 21' N., Lon. 9° 23' E. Pop. 9,800. (P. C.) Chicago, she-kau'-go, a t of 111., the cap. of Cook co., on L. Michi gan, at the raouth of a river of the same name. It is the most com mercial and populous town in the state. Lat 42° N., Lon. 87° 35' W. Pop. 4,470. Chic'-.\-pee', a r. of Blass., which flows into the Connecticut, about 4 m. above Springfield. Chich'-es-ter, an ancient walled city of England, the cap. of the CO. of Sussex, 56 ra. S.W. by S. from London. The name is said to be a contraction of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa, an Anglo- Saxon chief who repaired and partly rebuilt it, after it liad been de stroyed in a siege. Pop. 8,512. Chick' -A-SAW' a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Oktib- bewba r. Pop. 2,955. Co. seat, Houston. Chickasaws, a tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern part of Miss, and Ala., who have made considerable progress towards civilization. CHI— CHI 153 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Chicot, shee'-ko, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ark. Pop. 3,806. Co. t. Columbia. Chiem See, Keem si, a lake in the S.E. part of Bavaria, 45m. E.S.E. of Munich. Il is about 10 m. in length. Chieti, ke-i'-te, an archiepiscopal t of Naples, the cap. of Abruzzo Citra, on the Pescara. Lat 42° 22' N., Lon. 14° 9' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Chihuahua, che-wi'-wi, a large and handsome t of Mexico, the cap. ofa state ofthe same name, with a flourishing military acaderay. Lat. 28° 37' N., Lon. 105° 4' W. Pop. about 30,000. (B.) Chili, chil'-le, (Sp. Chile, chee'-li,) one ofthe new republics of S. America, lying along the coast of the Pacific, between 25° and 42° S. Lat ; but the archipelago of Chiloe, which belongs to it, extends about two degrees farther S. It is bounded on the N. by the desert of Ata cama, vvhich belongs lo Bolivia, E. by the republic of La Plata, from whicli it is divided by the Andes, and on the S. by Patagonia. But the southern limit of Chili, properly speaking, is the r. Bio-bio, by which it is separated from Aiaucania, which is still independent. Length near 800 m.; breadth varying from 90 to 200 m. Area esti mated at 130,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,400,000. (B.) The climate ofthe central part of Chili may, wilh respect to temperature, be compared to that of Italy; though it varies much in different districts, it is every where healthy. This country, however, is subject to strong periodical gales. In the beginning ofthe rainy season (May and June), the wind often blows with great violence ftom the N. W. During eight or nine months it blows from the S., and frequently with great force, espe cially in autumn, that is frora February to April. The vegetable pro ductions of Chili do not, for the most part, materially differ from those of other countries vvithin similar latitudes; the extreme dryness, how ever, of the air in the northern districts is unfavourable to the sugar cane and to raost intertropical plants. Probably no country is raore subject lo earthquakes than this. In the northern district slight shocks are felt almost every day ; they occur more frequently along the coast than in the interior. This republic became independent in 1818. The cap. is Santiago. — Adj. and inhab. Chil'-i-.an. The Spanish appella tion Chilenos, che-li'-noce, is also employed by some English writers lo designate the inhabitants. Chil-h-coth'-e, the cap. of Ross co., Ohio, situated on the Scioto r. and the Ohio and Erie Canal, 85 ra. E. by N. from Cincinnati. Pop. 3,977. Chiloe, cheel-o-i', almost chil-way', an i. on the W. coast of S. America, belonging to Chili, between 41° 48' and 43° 50' S. Lat, and 73° 20' and 74° 30' W. Lon. Its length is about 120 m. ; its greatest breadtii 60 m. Chimborazo, cheem-bo-ri'-so, a mountain in Ecuador, till recently regarded as the highest in S. America; but it is now ascertained that the Nevado de Sorata exceeds it by nearly 4,000 ft. The Chimborazo is about 3,350 toises, or 21,426 English ft. above the level of the sea. Lat about 1° 30' S., Lon. 79° 5' W. 154 CHI Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, m't; p'.ne or pine, pin; n\ n't; 66 as in ^ooi; Chi'-na, an extensive country in Eastern Asia, bordering on the Pacific, and constituting the principal portion of the Chinese empire. It lies between 18° and 41° N. Lat, and 98° and 124° E. Lon. Its length, from S. E. to N. W., is above 1,400 m.; breadth ftom 900 lo 1,3U0 ra. The area is estimated al about 1,298,000 sq. ra. On the northern frontier, China is inclosed by the great wall, about 1,400 long, and 20 fl. high ; it is believed to have been built about 200 years before the Christian era. Before tbe arrival of Europeans, the norther portion of China was called by the neighbouring nations of central Asia, Cath-ay', under which name it became known to the Russians, while the inhabitants of India called the southern part Chin, whence is de rived the ordinary European narae. The Chinese name it Chon-Koo, or the "centre of the world." The cliraate of this country differs greatly from that of Europe within the same latitudes. The mean tem perature is considerably lower, while the extremes of heat and cold in the different seasons are much greater. In this respect, the climate of China may be considered as bearing a general resemblance to that of the United States. If the difference in temperature in the same lati tudes between the E. and W. coast ofN. America, is less striking than between China and the western part of Europe, it may, perhaps, be attributed to the greater breadth of the eastern continent, in conse quence of which, those influences that cause thc western sides of continents to be warmer than the eastern, manifest themselves in their fullest force. The gulf stream, also, in all probability contributes something towards moderating the temperature of our cliraate, espe cially along the coast. The soil of China is, in general, productive, and some parts are extremely fertile. The country is watered by nu merous rivers. The Imperial Canal, a work which excites the admira- ration of travellers, commences in about 30° N. Lat, at Hang-lcheoo- foo, and extending, in a northerly direction, perhaps 700 m., terminates at Lin-tchin-cheoo. It appears to have been constructed both for the purpose of internal navigation and of draining, and irrigating some parts of the adjacent country. The vegetable productions of China are highly interesting ; among them we may mention a superior species of orange, which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached from the fruit; the Nelumbium, a beautiful flower, of which the seeds resemble, in form and size, acorns without their cups, and have the fla vour of nuts, while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; and the tallow tree, the Croton sebiferum, from the seeds of which the vegetable oil is obtained ; it is like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy white ness. Silver mines are abundant in China, but are liltle worked ; gold is obtained from the sands of some of the rivers, but no gold or silver money is coined. (M. B.) Tho government of China is an absolute despotism. The emperors ofthe present or Mantchoo dynasty, sprung from a union of the eastern Tartars and ]\!ongols, have been in posses sion ofthe sovereignty since the year 1644. Ofthe population of this great country, the estimates vary exceedingly. According to a census which is stated to have been taken by the Chinese government in 1812, CHI— CHR 155 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the entire population of the empire amounted to more than 360,000,000. Balbi estimates it at 170,000,000. The Chinese empire comprises, besides China proper, Chinese Tar tary, including the countries of Mongolia and Mantchooria, Little Bucha ria, Thibet, and the peninsula of Corea. Peking is the capital of China proper, and ofthe whole empire. — Adj. and inhab. Chi-nere' and Cath- ay'-.an (poetical). Chin India, a name given to the region situated between China and Hindostan, comprehending the Birman empire, the kingdoms of Ton quin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of Ma lacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their political divisions and boundaries are very uncertain. Chinchilla, chin-cheel'-yi, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia. Lat 33" 56' N., Lon. 1° 47' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Chippenham, chip'-num, a small t. of England,- in Wiltshire, 86 ra. W. from London. Chippewa, chip'-pe-wi\ a large co., forming the N. extremity of Mich., and bordering on L. Superior. Pop. 534. Co. t. Sault St. Mary. Chip'-pe-way\ a r. of Wisconsin Territory, flowing into the Mis sissippi. Chippeways, written also Ojibbeway, a nuraerous tribe of Indians, chiefly inhabiting Wisconsin. Chiquitos, che-kee'-toce, a tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting the E. part of Bolivia. Chit'-ten-den, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt, bordering on L. Cham plain. Pop. 22,977, Co. t. Buriington. Choc^-taw, a CO. in the N. central part of Miss., intersected by the Big Black r. Pop. 6,010. Co. seat, Greensborough. Choc'-taws, a tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the middle por tion af Miss., on both sides of the river Yazoo. They have raade con siderable progress towards civilization. CiioLULA, cho-loo'-li, a t of Mexico, about 20 ra. from Puebla. Lat. 19° 2' N., Lon. 98° 15' W. Pop. estimaled at 16,000. (B.) Chor'-ley, a t. of Lancashire, England, 22 ra. N. W. frora Manches ter. Pop. of the parish, wilh an area of above 4 sq. ra., 13,139. Cho-wan', a r. ofN. C, formed by the union of the Nottaway, Me herrin, and Blackwater rivers, which falls inlo Albemarle Sound. Chowan, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Chowan r. and Albemarle Sound. Pop. 6,690. Co. t Edenton. Christian, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 1.5,.587. Co. t Hopkinsville. Christian, a co. near the centre of III. Pop. 1,878. Christi-an'-.^ Creek, in the S. E. part of Pa., flows into the Dela ware, below Wilmington. Christiania, kris-te-an'-o-i, the cap. of Norway, situated in a prov. of Ihe sarae name, on Christiania Fiord (fe-ord'), a bay which extends 1.56 CHR^CIR Fite, fSr, fall, f3t ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nfe, n5t ; 56 as in good about 60 m. inland. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1811, which has a library of 10,000 vols., and about 500 students. Lat of the Observatory, 59° 54' 5" N., Lon. 10° 44' 57" E. Pop. above 21,000. (B.) Christiansand, kris/-to-in-sind\ a t. of Norway, situated on the N. coast of the Skager Rack. Lat 58° 10' N., Lon. 8° 20' E. Pop. in 1826, 7,488. (P. C.) Chuquisaca, choo-ke-si'-ki, formerly called La Plata, the cap. of Bolivia, situated in a plain at an elevation of 9,300 ft. above the sea. Lat about 19° S., Lon. 64° 40' W. Pop. 13,000. Cienfuegos, se-en'-foo-i'-g6s, or fwi'-goce, a flourishing t on the S. coast of Cuba, on a bay called Xagua (ni'-gwi), which forms one of the finest harbours in the world. It vvas founded about the year 1818, and named in honour of Cienfuegos, who was then captain-general of Cuba. Lat. about 22° 15' N., Lon. near 81° W. Pop. 3,500. Cin-cin-nat'-i,* the largest t in Ohio, cap. of Hamillon co., on the right or N. bank of the Ohio r., 20 m. above the mouth of the Great Miarai. Since the beginning of the present century, its growth has been very rapid.* The pop. in 1800 scarcely exceeded 500; in 1840 it araounted lo 46,338. 'Phe city is well built, principally of brick, and the streets cross each other at right angles. By the Ohio and Missis sippi rivers, it has connexion with Pittsburg on the one hand, and New Orleans on the otber ; it also communicates, by means of canals, with L. Erie. It has two colleges, the Cincinnati College, founded in 1819, and the Woodward College, recently establis.hed. I.iat 39° 6' N., Lon. 84° 27' W. Distant from Washington, 497 m. Cinque Ports, sink port'', ports on the S. eastern coast of England, which, in return for the enjoyment of certain peculiar privileges, were to furnish a certain number of ships, equipped and manned, to be at the disposal of the sovereign in any emergency. As their name implies, there were originally but five; viz., Dover, Sandwich, Hithe, Romney, and Hastings. To these. Rye, Winchelsea, and Seaford, were after wards added. Cin'-tr.\ or seen'-tri, a small t of Portugal, 15m. W.N.W. of Lisbon, celebrated for ils fine air and beautiful situation. It is a place of great resort in summer for the citizens ofthe capital. Many of the nobilitv and wealthy merchants have villas in the vicinity of Cintra. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) CiR-CARg', Northern, a large maritime prov. of Hindostan, between 15° and 20° N. Lat, and 80° and 86° E. Lon., extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal. Circassia, sir-kash'-e-a, (Russ. 'PchiR-kis'-ci,) is situated along the N. declivity of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the whole of this tract, from the Black' Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian. It belongs nominally to Russia. The beauty of the Circassian women is much celebrated. — Adj. and inhab. Circ.\ssian, sir-kash'-e-in. Cirencester, comnionly pronounced sis'-e-t?r, a t of England, in * This is frequenily pronounced, contrary to all principles of correct pronuncia lion sin-sin-al'-luh, au error which cannot be too carefully avoided. CIT— CLA 157 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; iu, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Gloucestershire, 17 ni. S. E. of Gloucester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 9 sq. m., 6,014. CiTTADELLA, chit-tl-del'-li, a t of Austrian Italy. Lat 45° 37' N., Lon. 11° 50' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) Ciudad Real, the-oo-Dio' ri-il', a t of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of La JMancha. Lat. 38° 57' N., Lon. 3° 49' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-Din' roD-rec'-go, a fortified t. of Spain, in the prov. of Salamanca. Lat. 40° 31' N., Lon. 6° 26' W. Pop. 4,300. (R) CiviTA Vecchia, chee'-ve-ti vek'-ke-i, a fortified t. and seaport of Italy, in the Papal Slate, 36 ra. N. \V. of Rome. Lat. 4'2° 5' N., Lon. 11° 4.5' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Clack-man'-n.}N-shire, a small co. in the E. part of Scotland, bor dering on the r. Forth. Pop. 19,1.55. Clagenfurth or Klagenfurth, kli'-gen-fo6Rt\ a t. ofthe Austrian empire, in Carinthia, the cap. of a circle of the sarae name, with seve ral important institutions for education. Lat 46° 36' N., Lon. 14° 20 E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Clai'-bcrne, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Big Black and the Mississippi rivers. Pop. 13,078. Co. seat. Port Gibson. Claiborne, a parish in the N. part of La., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 6,18.5. Seat of justice, Russelville. Claiborne, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Va. and Ky. Pop. 9,474. Co. t. Tazewell. Clair, St., a lake between Mich, and Upper Canada, about 27 m. long, with a mean breadth of perhaps 15m. It receives the waters of L. Huron by the r. St. Clair, and discharges itself into L. Erie by the Detroit r. The r. St. Clair is about 40 m. long, J ra. wide, and is navi gable for large vessels. Clair, St., a co. in the N. E. central part of Ala., W. of and bor dering on the Coosa r. Piip. .5,638. Co. t. Ashville. Clair, St., a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on the r. and L. St Clair. Pop. 4,606. Co. t Palmer. Clair, St., a co. in the S. W. part of 111., on the Kaskaffkia and Mis sissippi rivers. Pop. 13,631. Co. t Belleville. Clair, St., a co. in the W. S. W. part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. v Clamecy, klim'-se', a t of France, in the dep. of Nievre. Lat. 47° 27' N., Lon. 3° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.) Clare, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. in 1831, 258,322. (P. C.) Clarke, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenan doah. Pop. 6,353. Clarke, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., on the Oconee r. Pop. 10,52-2. Co. t Watkinsville. Clarke, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Pop. 8,640. Co. t. Clarkesville. 14 158 CLA— CLE Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Clarke, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,986. Co. seat, Quitman. Clarke, a co. in the S. part of Ark., intersected by the Washita r. Pop. 2,309. Co. t. Greenville. Clarke, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 10,802. Co. t. Winchester. Clarke, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little E. of the Great Miami r. Pop. 16,882. Co. t Springfield. ¦ Clarke, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,595. Co. t Charlestown. Clarke, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 7,453. Co. t Marshall. Clarke, a co. forming the N. E. extreraity of Mo. Pop. 2,846. Co. t. Waterloo. Clarke's River, in Oregon, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows into the Columbia r. Its length is about 460 m. Clausthal or Klausthal, klous'-tiil, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, remarkable for the silver and lead mines in its vicinity. It is the seat of administration for the mining districts of Hanover. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 10° 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) The mines of Clausthal yield annually about 160,000 ounces of silver, 2,400 tons of lead and litharge, and 4 tons of copper. They eraploy upwards of 2,000 work men. Clay, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the S. E. fork of the Ken tucky r. Pop. 4,607. Co, t Manchester. Clay, a co. in the W. part of Ind., intersected by the Eel r., and a little E. of the Wabash. Pop. 5,567. Co. t. Bowling Green. Clay, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., intersected by the Little Wa- ba.sh. Pop. 3,228. Co. t. Maysville. Clay, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 8,282. Co, t. Liberty. Clay'-ton, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,101". Clear'-pield, a co. in tbe W. central part of Pa. Pop. 7,834. Co. t. Clearfield. Cler-mont', a CO. in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering on thc Ohior. Pop. 23,106. Co. t Batavia. Clermont-Ferrand, klaiR^-mfeN' ffer^-riN', (Anc. Augustonemelum, afterwards Clarus Mons,) the cap. of the French dep. of Puy-de-dome, and formerly, of the prov. of Auvergne. It contains a nuraber of lite rary and scientific institutions; among which we may mention the Academie Vniversilaire and the Royal College. Lat 45° 46' N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Cleve'-land, a port of entry of Ohio, the cap. of Cuyahoga CO., situ ated on L. Erie, at the termination of the Ohio canal. Pop. 6,0'71. Cleves, (Ger. Kleve, kli'-VQ/i ; Fr. Cleves, klave,) a walled t ofthe Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 0° 7' E. Pop. 7,400. (B.) CLI— COB 159 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Clifton. See Bristol. Clinch, a r. of Tenn., which unites with the Holston to form the Tennessee. Clin'ton, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of N. Y. Pop. 28,157. Co. t. Plattsburg. Clinton, a co. in the N. central part of Pa., on the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 8,323. Clinton, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 3,863. Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, N. E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 15,719. Co. t. Wilmington. Clinton, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. Pop. 1,614. Clinto.n, a CO. in the N. W. central part of Ind., a little S. E. ofthe Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 7,508. Co. t Frankfort . Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskas kia r. Pop. 3,718. Co. t. Carlyle. Clinton, a co. in the N. W. part of JIo., a liltle E. ofthe Missouri r Pop. 2,724. Co. t Plaltsburgh. Clinton, a. co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 821. Clinton, a village of N. Y., in Oneida co., about 9 m. W. S. W. of Ulica. It is the seat of Hamilton College. Clitheroe, kliTH'-er-6\ a small t. of England, in Lancashire, 21 ra S. E. of Lancaster. Pop. of the township, 6,765. Clogher, klOH'-Hor, a small I. of Ireland, in the co. of Tyrone^ 2'2 ra. W. by N. of Armagh. Cloghn.akilty, kl6H^-na-kil'-te, or Clon^-.\-kil'-ty, a t of Ireland, in the CO. of Cork, situated on a bay of the sarae narae. Lat 51° 38' N., Lon. 8° 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 3,807. (P. C.) Clon-mell', the chief t of the to. of Tipperary, Ireland, situated on the r. Suir. Lat. 52° 19' N., Lon. 7° 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,134. (P.C.) Clyde, a r. of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Lanarkshire, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, enters the Frith of Clyde. Its whole course is upwards of 70 m. Though the third in magnitude, it is, as respects navigation, the most important river of Scotland. Co-A-Ho'-M.A, a CO. in the N. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mis sissippi r. Pop. 1,290. Cobb, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on the dliattahooohee. Pop. 7,539. Co. t Marietta. Cob'-lentz,* (Ger. Coblenz, ko'-blfents ; Fr. Coblence, ko^-bliNce',) a * We often hear Coblentz accentuated on the last syllable, but this is contrary to the tendency of our language, {see Inf. XII., Obs. 2,) ag well as to the native pronunciation. Byron is right, as usual — " By Coblentz, on a rise of gentle ground, There is a small and simple pymmid." Childe Harold, Canto III. 160 COB— COD Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in good ; t of the Prussian states, cap. of a circle of the same name, and ofthe whole prov. of the Lower Rhine; situated at the confluence ofthe Mo selle and Rhine, whence the city obt lined its ancient name, Confluens or Confluentes, of which Coblenz is probably a corruption. This place is strongly fortified, and is an important inilitary post (See Ehren- BaEirsTEiN ) Lat 50° 21' N., Lon. 7° 30' E. Pop., exclusive of the inilitary, above 1-2,000. (B.) Co'-BURG (Ger. pron. k6'-b66RG) or Saxe-Coburg, the most southern ofthe independent principalities of Saxony, forming a partof the duchy of Saxe-Coburff Gotha, and situated between 50° 9' and 50° 24' N. Lat and 10° 40' an'd 11° 1-5' E. Lon. Its area is about 200 sq.m. Pop. '38,000. (P. C.) Coburg, the cap. of the above, is a walled t, and has about 8,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 50° 15' N., Lon. 10° 58' E. Cochabamba, ko^-chi-blra'-bi, a t of Bolivia, the cap. of a dep. of the same name. Lat. 17° 25' S., Lon. 65° 50' W. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.) ; by others, at 20,000. Cochin, ko-cheen', a prov. on the S. W. coast of Hindostan, between 10° 10' and 10° 50' N. Lat Co'-chin China, or the empire of An-nam, is situated in Chin-India, of which it forms the eastern portion. It extends from 8° 40' to about 23° N. Lat, and ftora 102° to 109° 20' E. Lon. Ils length, from N. to S., is about 980 m.; ils breadth varies from ICO m. to 300 ra. Area estimated al 147,000 sq. m. The name Cochin China is unknown to the inhabitants, having been bestowed by the Portuguese. The natives call il Drang-Trong, ?. e. " the central country." This appellation, how ever, is restricted to Cochin China Proper; Tonkin is called the " ex ternal country." These two countries are named by the inhabitants An-nam or Anam. Tonkin occupies tlie northern, and Cochin China Proper the southern region ; the boundary line between them is in about 19° N. Lat. The most southern portion of Cochin China Proper once formed a separate country, under the name of Tsiampa, tse-im'-pi or Chiampa. The erapire of An-nam comprehends a part of Cambodja and several other territories. Little, however, is known respecting them. Tlie pop. is estimaled, by Balbi, at 12,0(10,000. The inhabit ants of Cochin China belong to the same race as the Chinese and Mon gols. They have made some progress in most ofthe arts of civilized life, and, in their mode of living and general character, appear to resemble the Chinese. They are said to e.vcel in naval architecture, and the lacker-ware made at Tonkin is considered by some as preferable to that of Japan. Hue is the cap. of Cochin China and of the whole empire. Adj. and inhab. Cochin Chinese, which, however, should be restricted to Cocliin China Proper. An-nam-ese' or Anamese is the more gene ral appellative. Cocke, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,992. Co. t Newport. CoDOGNo, ko-done'-yo, a t of Austrian Italy, in tlie prov. of Lodi, COF— COL 161 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. 35 ra. S. E. of Milan, noted as a market for the Parraesan cheese. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) Cof'-fee, a co. in the S. central part of Tenn., on the head waters of Duck r. Pop. 8,184. Cognac, kone'-yik', a t of France, in the dep. of Charente, on the r. Charente, famous for its manufacture of brandy. Lat 45° 42' N., Lon. 0° 19' W. ,Coim'-b.).-toor' or Coimbatore, a prov. in the S. of India, about the llth degree ofN. Lat, S. of, and bordering on Mysore. — Also the cap. of the above, containing about 2,000 houses. Lat 10° 52' N., Lon. 77° 5' E. Co-im'-bra or ko-eem'-bri, a t of Portugal, in Beira, of which it is considered the cap., situated on the right side ofthe r. Mondego, about 120 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has a richly endowed university, vvith the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, besides the academical department The lectures are generally gratuitous. The average nuraber of academical students is said to he about 1,200. The palace of the university, once the residence of the kings, is one of the finest buildings in the place. — Conim'brica, the ancient Coirabra, was situated at some distance from the site of the present town. Lat. 40° 12' 30" N., Lon. 8° 24' W. Permanent pop. about 15,000. (B.) , Coire, kwiR, (Ger. Chur, koor,) a t. of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Grisons, near the right bank of the Rhine. Lat 46° 51' N., Lon. 9° 81' E. Pop. 4,750. (P. C.) CoLBERG, kol'-bfeRG, a scaport and fortress of Prussia, in Pomerania, situated on the Persante (pfeR-sin'-te^), about a mile from its entrance into the Baltic. Lat 54° 9' N., Lon. 15° 34' E. Pop. nearly 6,000. (B.) Col'-ches-ter, a t of England, in the N. E. part of the co. of Essex, 51 m. N. E. by E. ftom London. Pop. of the borough and liberties, 17,790 ; that of the town may be estimated at about 14,000. Cole, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on tbe Missouri r. Pop. 9,286. Co. t. Jefterson city. Coles, a co. in the E. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 9,616. Co. t Charieston. Colleton, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, intersected by the Edisto r. Pop. 25,548. Seat of justice, Walterborough. CoL-Lu.Mp'-TON, a sraall t. of England, in Devonshire, 11 m. N. N. E. of Exeter. C6LNE, a r. of England, in Hertfordshire, which flows into the Thames. Cologne, ko-lone', (Fr. pron. ko^-lon', Ger. Koln,) an archbishopric of Rhenish Prussia, the cap. ofa government ofthe sarae narae, and of the prov. of the Rhine, situated on the left bank of the Rhine. It is enclosed by a lofty wall, about 6 m. in circuit, defended by 83 tow ers, and surrounded wilh ramparts and deep ditches, and has 24 gates. Cologne was a Roman station, and afterwards a colony named Colonia Claudia Agrippinecisis. Frora Colonia the modern name is derived. Co logne was formerly one of the most wealthy and powerful cities of the 14* 162 COL— COL Fite. fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66, as in good ; Hanseatic league, when its pop. araounted to 1.50,000. It ceased to be a free town in 1792. A bridge of boats, 1,250 paces in length, con nects Cologne with Deutz (doits), which is regarded as one of ita suburbs. The town has been declared a free port, and carries on an active commerce. Besides other articles, it manufactures, on a very extensive scale, the aromatic water which bears its narae. Lat 50° 5.5' N., Lon. 6° 55' E. Pop., including tbat of Deutz and the military, 65,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Colognese, kor-o-neze'. Colombia, ko-lora'-be-i is the name which was adopted by the north ern countries of S. America in 1819, when New Granada and Vene zuela united, and established one central government, for the purpose of resisting the power of Spain. In 1829, Venezuela renounced the union, and constituted itself a separate republic. After the resignation of Bolivar, in 1830, it again joined New Granada, but this union lasted only a short time. In November, 1831, a new separation took place : at the same time it was decided that the former prov. of Quito should con stitute a separate government under the name of Ecuador. Thus Co lombia was divided into the three republics, Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Co-lom'-bo or Columbo, the cap. of the i. of Ceylon, situated on the W. coast. It is, for the most part, well built, and resembles a European ^rather than an Indian town. Though its harbour is very insecure during some seasons of the year, it is the centre of the foreign com merce of the whole island. Lat. 6° 59' N., Lon. 79° 55' E. Top., ac cording lo the census of 183'2, 31,519. (P. C.) Col'-on-sa or Col'-on-say\ a small i. on the W. coast of Scotland, N. of Isla. Colorado, kof-o-ri'-do, a r. of Mexico, which flows into ihe N. ex tremity ofthe Gulf of California. Its length, according to Humboldt, is 230 leagues, or about 640 English miles, but the quantity of water carried down its channel, during the dry season, is extremely small. It is called Rio Colorado, or Red River, because, owing to the fall of rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters often assume that colour. Colorado or Cobu ko-boo', a r. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, which flows into the Atlantic, near 40° S. Lat, and 62° W. Lon. Its length is above 600 ra. Colorado (Texas). See Rio Colorado. Co-lum'-bi-.\, Dlstrict of, a tract, 10 m. square, lying on both sides of the Potoraac, 120 m. from its mouth. It is the seat of the federal government, and under the particular jurisdiction of Congress. This district was till recently divided mto two counties, AVashington and Alexandria. Il was ceded lo the general government by the stales of Maiyland and Viririiiia, in 1790. Pop. 43,71 '2. Ale.xandria city iind county, includiiiL;- ths wliole of that portion of the District lying on tlij right sid;; of llie Potomac, were retrocoded to Viiij-mia, during tlv Co,ic;Tfsa of 1845-(i. Columbia, a co. in the E. S. E. part ofN. V., E. of, and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 43,'2r)2. Co. t. Hudson. Columbia, a co. in the N. E. central part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. -24,-207. Co. t Danville. COL— COM 163 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Columbia, a co. in Ihe E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 11,356. Co. t. Applingville. Columbia, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the Suwanee r. Pop. 2,102. Columbia, the cap. of S. C, and seat of justice of the dist of Rich land, situated at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is the seat of the South Carolina College, founded in 1804. Lat. 33° 57 N., Lon. 81° 7' W. Pop. 4,340. Columbia River. See Oregon. Co-lum-bi-an'-a, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 40,378. Co. t New Lisbon. Co-lum'-eus, a CO. in the S. part of N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop. 3,941. Co. t Whitesville. Columbus, the co. t of Franklin co., Ohio, and the cap. ofthe state. It is situated on the Scioto r., about 100 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Cincinnati, and 350 ra. from Washington. Lat. 39° 57' N., Lon. 83° 3' W. Pop. 6,048. Columbus, the cap. of Muscogee co., Ga., situated on the Chattahoo chee, at the head of steamboat navigation. Il is a flourishing and ra pidly increasing town. The pop. in 1830 was only 1,152 ; in 1840, it amounted to 3,114. Comayagua, ko-mi-i'-gwi, called also New Valladolid, the cap. of the state of Honduras, in Central America. It has a college, and about 18,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 14° 32' N., Lon. 87° 35' W. Co'-Mo (Lat. Co'mum), a manufacturing and coraraercial t of Aus trian Italy, the cap. ofa prov. of the same name, situated at the S. W. extremity of the Lake of Como, 22 m. N. by W. of Milan. Its cathe dral, built in the middle ages, is regarded as one of the finest churches in the N. of Italy. Comum was the birth-place ofthe two Plinys. Lat 45° 48' N., Lon. 9° 6' E. Pop., including that ofthe suburbs, 16,000. (B.) Como, Lago di, li'-go de ko'-mo, or Lake of Como, (Anc. La'rius,) a lake in the N. of Italy, intersected by the 46lh parallel of N. Lat It is long, narrow, and of very irregular and tortuous shape. Com'-o-rin' Cape, the S. extremity of Hindostan. Lat. 8° 4' N., Lon. 77° 37' E. Co'-MORN or Komorn (Hung. Komarom, ko-mii-rora,) a royal free t and fortress of Hungary, the cap. ofa co. ofthe same name, situated on the i. of Scbutt, at the entrance of the Waag into the Danube. Lat. 47° 45' N., Lon. 18° 8' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Com'-o-ro Islands are situated in the channel of Mozambique, be tween 11° 20' and 13° 10' S. Lat, and 43° 10' and 45° 30' E. Lon. They are four in number, of which Comoro is the largest. The most important, and the only one visited by European vessels, is Anzooan, which see. Compiegne, kfeM'-pe-aiii', a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the r Oise, 43m. N.N.E. of Paris, with a magnificent royal ch&teau. Lat 49° 25' N., Lon. 2° 47' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,879. (P. C.) Compostela, Santiago db, sin-te-i'-go di kom-po-sti'-li, an archi- 164 CON— CON Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pta ; nb, nut ; 66 as in good; episcopal t. of Spain, cap. of Galicia. Its university ranks araong the first in Spain. Lat 42° 49' N., Lon. 8° 27' W. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Concan, konk'-kan, a dist. of Hindostan, extending along the Mala bar coast, between 15° 50' and 20° 15' N. Lat, and divided into North ern and Southern Concan. Conception, con-sep'-shun, (Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep-the-one',) a t of Chili, situated about 7 m. from the shores of^an extensive bay ofthe same name. In 1835 the whole town was laid in ruins by an earth quake. Previously to this catastrophe, the pop. was estimated at above 10,000. (B.) Lat. 36° 49' S., Lon. 73° 5' W. Concord, kong'-kord, the seat of justice of Merrimack CO., N. H., and the cap. of the state, is situated on the W. bank ofthe Merrimack r., 62 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Lat. 43° 12' 29" N., Lon. 71° 29' W. Pop. 4,897. Con-cor'-di-a, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 9,414. Seat of justice, Concordia. Conde, kon'de or kiN^-di', an important fortress on the northern frontier of France, in the dep. of Nord, situated on the Escaut (Scheldt), 124 ra. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 50° 28' N., Lon. 3° 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,498. (P. C.) ConHcuh, ko-nee'-kah, a co. in the S. part of Ala., intersected by a river ofthe sarae name, and bordering on Florida. Pop. 8,197. Co. t. Sparta. Congaree, kong^-ga-ree', a r. of S. C, forraed by the union of the Saluda and Broad rivers, which unites with the Wateree to form the Santee. Congleton, kong'-g'l-ton, a t of England, in Cheshire, 30 ra. E. of Chester. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,222. Congo, kong'-go, a name which, in its most extensive application, comprehends the whole region lying along the W. coast of Africa, including Loango, Congo Proper, Angola, and Benguela. Congo Pro per extends from the r. Congo, in about Lat 6° S., to the r. Dando, in Lat 8° 20' S. Its interior limits are not known. The climate of this country, though soraelimes very fatal to the European constitution, ap pears not to be subject to great extremes of teraperalure. The soil, in sorae parts, is represented as very fertile, and produces yams, maize, sugar-cane, and other tropical plants. Congo, otherwise called the ZaIre, zi-ee'-ri, a large r. in the S.W. part of Africa, flowing into the Atlantic, in about 6° S. Lat It was partially explored by Captain Tuckey in 1816. Its breadth, for some distance frora the sea, is not less than 5 or 6 ra. ; at the mouth, no bot tom was found in the middle of the stream with a line of 160 fathoms. He ascended it lo the distance of about 280 ra., and was surprised to find tbat it did not receive the water of any other stream in tbe whole distance along which the survey extended ; he was inclined to believe that there must be some under-ground communication, by which it was supplied with water. Connaught, kon'-naut, a prov. in the W. of Ireland, comprising the CON— CON 165 ou, as in our; th, as n thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitrim, and Sligo. Pop. in 1831, 1,340,914. (P. C.) Connecticut, kon-net'-e-kut, the largest r. of New England, rises on the borders of Canada, and, running S., divides New Hampshire from Vermont, then passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, flows into Long Island Sound. Ils whole length is about 400 ra. ; it is navigable for sloops to Hartford, about 50 m. Connecticut, one of the thirteen original states of the Union, situ ated between 41° and 4-2° 3' N. Lat, and 71° 55' and 73° 50' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York ; and divided into 8 counties.* Its length, from E. lo VV., is about 93 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. lo S., about 68 m. Area, 4,664 sq. m. Pop. 301,015. The seat of go vernment is divided between Hartford and New Haven. Con'-st.4nce, (Ger. Constanz, kon'-stints ; Lat. Constan'tia,) an an cient fortified t. in the S. of Germany, belonging to Baden, situated on the S. bank of tbe Lake of Constance. It vvas a very important place in the middle ages, but is now much decayed. The name is derived from Constantius (father of Constantino the Great), by whom it is said lo have been founded. Lat. 47° 36' N., Lon. 9° 9' E. " Pop. 5,300. (B.) Constance or Constanz, called also Bodensee, b6'-dcn-si',i. e. the lake or sea of Bodmann, (an ancient castle on its banks,) a large lake lying between Switzerland and Germany, extending from 47° 28' to 47° 47' N. Lat, and from 9° 2' to 9° 45' E. Lon. Ils length is about 45 m.; its greatest breadth about 13 m. It is 1,283 ft. above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is stated at 964 ft. It was anciently called La'cus Briganli'nus, from the Brigan'lii who dwelt on its banks. There was a Roman station near the S. E. extremity of the lake, called Bri- gantium or Brigantia ; the modern name is Bregenz (bri'-gfents). CoN-STAN-Ti-No'-PLE, (Turk. Slim-bool' in common language, and Constantinieh, kon-stin-te-nee'-eA, in documentary writing ; Gr. Kav- otoAittvoTioXi,; ; Lat Constantinop'olis; i. e. the " city of Constantino;") a great and celebrated city, the iraperial seat of the Ottoman govern ment, situated between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, on a trian gular promontory which projects from Europe into the Bosporus. Its situation combines the advantages of great strength as a fortress, with great convenience and security as a seaport, and is, at the same time, healthy and beautifully picturesque. Constantinople is built upon the site of the ancient Byzantium, having been founded about the year 328, by Constantino the Great who made it his own residence and the cap. of the Eastern Empire. It was taken by the Turks, under Mahomet IL, in 14.53, since which time it has been the cap. of the Ottoman dominions. Araong a great number of magnificent edifices which this city contains, the Mosque of St Sophia is perhaps the most deserving * Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tol land, Windham. 166 CON— COP Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66, as in good ; notice. It was a church, founded, more than 13 centuries ago, by the emperor Justinian, but afterwards, when the Turks acquired possession of Constantinople, was conveited inlo a mosque. It is an iraraense building, and will conveniently contain, it is said, 100,000 persons. Its cupola has served as a raodel for those which have since been erected at Venice, Pisa, and Rome. The mosque, however, of the sultan Ahmed surpasses that of St. Sophia, both in beauty and grandeur, and is regarded as altogether the most magnificent structure in the Turkish metropolis. Constantinople is protected on the land side by walls, which are so lofty, that from the road, which passes under them, the, eye can scarcely catch a glimpse of the mosques and minarets of the city. On this side there are six gates. The town was formerly de fended, it is said, by 180 towers, of which not more than 120 are now standing. The harbour of Constantinople, called the port of the Golden Horn, is safe, capacious, and beautiful. It is formed by an arm of the Bosporus, which projects on the European shore, between the city and its suburbs, Galata (gi'-li-li), and Pera (pi'-ra). The Mosque of St. Sophia is in Lat 41° 1'27" N., and Lon. 28°-5.5' 24" E. Pop. esti maled by Balbi at 600,000. — Adj. and inhab. Con-stan-ti-no-pol'-i- TAN, Byzantine, and Byzantian. (See Byzantium.) (Turk. Stim^- bool-lee'.) Constantinople, Strait of. See Bosporus. Con'-way or Con'-wy, a r. of Wales, which flows into the Irish Sea, at Aberconway, in Lat. 53° 18' N., Lon. 3° 50' W. Conway, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,892. Co. t Lewisburg. CoocH Bahar (bi-har'), a principality of Hindostan, occupying the N. E. extremity of the prov. of Bengal. Cook, a co. in the N. E. part of 111., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 10,201. Co. t Chicago. Coo-mas'-sje, a large t in the W. of Africa, cap. of the empire of Ashantee. It is nearly 4 ni. in circuit. The streets are wide, regular, and very clean, but the houses are for the most part built of reeds. Lat. 6° 51' N., Lon. 1° 42' W: Pop. estimated by the Ashantees at above 100,000, but this is probably an exaggeration. (P. C.) Cooper, a co. in the W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Mis souri r. Pop. 10,484. Co. t Booneville. Coos, a CO. forming the N. extremity of N. H. Pop. 9,849. Co. t Lancaster. Coo'-sA, a r. of Ala., which unites with the Tallapoosa to form the Alabama r. Coosa, a co, in the E. central part of Ala., bordering on the r. Coosa. Pop. 6,995. Co. t Rockford. Co-pen-iia'-gen (Dan. Kjobenhavn, ky6'-b?n-houn'; Lat. Haf'nia) ; the metropolis of Denmark, is situaied partly on the E. coast of the i. of Zealand, and partly on thc N. coast of the i. of Amager. This por tion is called Christiansbavn (kris'-te-ins-houn'). That on the i. ot Zealand, called Kjobenhavn, or Copenhagen proper, is divided into the COP— COR 167 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Old and New Town. The latter, named also Frederikstad, is truly superb, and may be compared to the mosl magnificent portions of the finest capitals of Europe. Among the raultitude of remarkable build ings which Copenhagen contains, we may cite the royal palace of Christiansborg, equally extraordinary for its architecture and its vast dimensions. It contains a magnificent palace.-church, the royal galle ries of paintings, natural history, &c., and a library of 400,000 vols. Among the great number of literary and scientific institutions, for which the Danish capital is distinguished, may be mentioned its cele brated university, one of the most richly endowed and raost flourishing in Europe. It is attended on an average by"700 students. Copenha gen is well fortified, being surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and defended by 24 bastions, besides outworks, and on the side towards the sea by a very strong citadel. It has an admirable harbour which is the great naval station of Denmark, and is capable of containing above 500 ships. Kjobenhavn signifies "buying or trading port;" this place, however, no longer possesses that coraraercial distinction which for raerly rendered its name so appropriate. Its general trade has much declined of late, principally in consequence of Altona being a free port, vvhich Copenhagen is not. The observatory ofthe university is in Lat. 55° 40' 53" N., Lon. 12° 34' 57" E. Pop. above 115,000. (B.) Co-pi'-AH, a CO. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 8,945. Co. seat, Gallatin. Co^-PI-A-po', a t. in the N. part of Chili, with rich copper-mines. Lat 27° 20' S., Lon. 70° 30' W. Copper Mine River, a r. of N. America, which flows into the Arctic Ocean, in Lat. 65° 50' N., Lon. near 116° W. Coquet, kok'-et, a small r. of England, in Northumberland, which rises on the Scottish border, and flows into the German Ocean, oppo site a little island ofthe same name. C0QUI.MB0, ko-keem'-bo, a commercial t of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name. Il is somelimes called La Serena (li si-ri'-ni). Lat. 29° 55' S., Lon. 71° 19' W. Pop. estimated ftom 7,000 to 12,000. (B.) Cor-dil'-ler-.js or koR-deel-yi'-ris, the name given to the Mexican portion ofthe great mountain chain which traverses the American con tinent from N. to S. The highest summits are Popocatepetl and tho peak of Orizaba, which see. Cor'-do-va* (Sp. Cordova or Cordoba, koR'-do-vi; Anc. Cor'duba ' the regal seat Of Abdalazis, ancient Coiidoea.' — *' till they saw I'he temples and the towers of Cordoba Shining majestic in the light of eve." Southey's Roderick. Book V. " And strangers were received by thee Of Cordova the chivalry." Byron. 168 COR— COR Fite, fir, fill, fit ; rafe, rafet ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66 as in good : and Colo'nia Patri'cia, or siraply Patricia); an ancient and celebrated city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the N. bank ofthe Guadalquivier,180m. S. S. W. of Madrid. While in the possession of the Moors, from 755 to 1234, it was a distinguished seat of learning, and the terror and ad miration of Europe. It then contained 300,000 inhabitants. It was also the centre of an extensive trade, and noted for the preparation of the goat skins called cordoban.* Since the expulsion of the Moors, Cordova has fallen into decay, though it still ranks among the impor tant places of Spain. Corduba was the birth-place of the two Senecas, and ofthe poet Lucan. Lat 37° 52' N., Lon. 4° 45' W. Pop. 57,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Cor'-do-vese' ; and Coe^-du-bese', when the ancient town is referred to. Cordova, an important t of S. America, nearly in the centre of the republic of La Plata ; cap. of a prov. of ils own name, on the r. Primero (pre-mi'-ro). It is the centre of an extensive trade. Lat. about 31° 20' N., Lon. 64° W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) Co-re'-.\, a large peninsula on the E. coast of Asia, whose sovereign is tributary to the emperors of Cliina and Japan, but otherwise inde pendent The country subject to the sovereign of Corea extends from about 34° to 43' N. Lat, and from 124° to 134° E. Lon. Its length, from N. to S., is near 630 m. ; tiie average breadth may be about 150 m. Kino-kitao (king-ke-ti'-o), the cap , is said to be a large city. Lat. about 37° 15' N., Lon. 1-27° 25' E.— Adj. and mhab. Co-re'-.an. Corfu, kor^-foo' or kor'-fu, (Mod. Gr. Kop^oi, korphoi, pronounced kor-fee'; Anc. Gr. Kopxvpa, ; Lat. Corcy'ra ;) an i. which lies off the coast of Albania, extending from 39° 51' to 39° 21' N. Lat, and 19° 36' to 20° 8' E. Lon. The length is about 38 m. ; greatest breadth nearly 20 m. The area is about 227 sq. m. Corfu, the cap. of the above, as well as of the whole Ionian repub lic, is situated on a promontory, on the E. side of the island. It is surrounded with walla, and strongly fortified. This town is the resi dence of an archbishop, and the seat of a university, first opened in 1824, with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, and fourteen professors. The lectures are given in modern Greek. The harbour of Corfu is one of the best in the Levant Lat. 39° 38' N., Lon. 19° 56' E. Pop. of the town and suburbs, 15,800. (P. C.) Cor'-intii, (Anc. Corin'thos,) a small t. of Greece, near the isthmus which connects the Morea with the main continent In the early part of the present century, its population and commerce were considerable, but it was almost destroyed during the war. A few scattered ruins are the only relics of that magnificence vvhich was once the admiration of the civilized world. Lat. 37° 56' N., Lon. 22° 53' E.— Adj. and inhab. Cor-in'-thi-.\n. Cork, a co. occupying the S. extremity of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster. Pop. in 1831, 703,716. (P. C.) ¦* This word has been corrupted into our cordwain, whence shoemakers in Eng land derived their old name of cordwainers, and in France that of cordonniers. COR— COS 169 ou, tis in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Cork, one ofthe most commercial cities of Ireland, cap. ofthe above CO., on both sides of the Lee, 4 ra. from its entrance into Cork harbour, and 138 m. S. W. of Dublin. Lat 51° 54' N., Lon. 8° 30' W. Pop. in 1831, including the liberties, 107,016. (P. C.) Corn'-w.all,* a CO. occupying the S. W. extremity of England. Pop. 341279. — Adj. Cor'-nish; inhab. Cor'-nish-m.an. • Cor^-o-man'-del, a name applied to the E. coast of Southern Hindos tan, extending from Point Caliinere, in 10° 18' N. Lat, to the mouth of the r. Krishna, in 1.5° 45' N. Lat. Correze, kor^-raze', a dep. in the S. central part of France, which derives its narae from the r. Correze, a branch of the Vezere, which is a tributary of the Dordogne. Pop. 302,433. (B.) Tulle is the capitaL Cor'-rib, a L. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 22 m. in length, con taining numerous islands. Cor'-si-c.4, (Fr. Corse,) an i. in the Mediterranean, between Sardi nia and the Genoese coast, extending from about 41° 21' to 43° 1' N. Lat, and from 8° 32' to 9° 34' E. Lon. Its length is 116 m. ; its great est breadth about 51. Area about 3,380 sq. m. Pop. 207,889. (B.) The i. of Corsica forms one of the departments of France. Ajaccio is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Cor'-si-can. Corte, koR'-ti, a t. of Corsica, nearly in the centre of the i., which, during the short period of Corsican independence, about the raiddle of the last century, was the seat of governraent. Lat 42° 18' N., Lon. 9° 9' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,282. (P. C.) Cort'-land, a co. in the central part of N. Y., S. W. of Utica. Pop. 24,61)7. Co. t. Corllandville. Cortona, koR-to'-ni, (Anc. Cor'ytura,) a t of Italy, in Tuscany, re markable for its public and private collections of Etruscan antiquities. Corytum was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria. Lat. 43° 17' N., Lon. 11° 59' E. Pop. 3,-500. (B.) Co-run'-n.a (Sp. Coruna, kojoon'-yi; Anc. Adro'bicum and Coro'- nium), a fortified coraraercial and raanufacturing t of Spain, in Galicia, at the entrance of the Bay of Betanzos, near the N. W. extreraity of the Spanish peninsula. The name is said to be derived from the ancient columna, or tower of Hercules, which still exists, having been, in 1791, converted into a light-house. The harbour of Corunna is spacious, and one of the best in Spain. Lat 43° 23' N., Lon. 8° 20' W. Pop. ahout 23,000. (B.) Cor'-vo, the smallest i. of the Azores, situated near 40° N. Lat, and intersected by the 31st meridian of W. Lon. Length only about 5 ra. Cosenza, ko-sen'-zi, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. of Cala bria Citra. Lat 39° 20' N., Lon. 16° 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) CcsH-oc'-TON, a CO. in the E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Oliio and Erie Canal. Pop. 21,590. Co. t Coshocton. « Corrupted from Cornu Gallim, i. e. the " the horn or extremity of Gaul." In like manner, Wales (called Galles hythe French) is derived from Gallia; the Welsh nation being a remnant ofthe ancient Gauls. See page 233 : note, 15 170 COS— COV Fite, fir, fill, f Jl ; mfe, met ; pine or pine, p5n ; ni, nbt; 66 as in good, Coslin, Coeslin or Koslin, kos-leen', a walled t of Prussia, in Po merania, the cap. of a circle ofthe same name, and of the principality of Camin (kl-mocn'). Lat 54° 13' N., Lon. 16° 12' E. Pop. near 6,030. (B.) Cosne, kone, (Anc. Conda'te,) a t of France, in the dep. of Nievres, remarkable 9t its manufactures in iron. Lat 47° 24' N., Lon. 2° 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,123. (P. C.) Cos'-SACKS, a' people inhabiting the southern parts of the Russian empire, particularly those bordering on Poland, Turkey and Tartary. The name is supposed to be derived from the Tartar word Kasak, or Kaisak, signifying light-armed mercenary horsemen. They are very warlike, and are extensively employed in the Russian military service. They are said to be, in general, very honest and hospitable. Cosseir, kos-sare', a small t of Egypt, on the Red Sea, vvith exten sive storehouse:-!, where the caravans which trade with Aratiia deposite their goods. Lat. 26° T N., Lon. 34° 13' E. Costarica, kos'-ti-ree'-ki, or "rich coast," the most southerly ofthe united stales of Central America. Its territory borders on New Gra nada. S. Jose is the capital. C6te d'Or, kole doR, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the r. Sadne. Pop. 385,6-24. (B.) Capital, Dijon. C6tes du Nord, kole dii noR, (». e. literally "coasts of the north,") a dep. in the N. W. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 605,563. (B.) Capital, St Brieux. Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'-e or ko-to-pi'-ne, a celebrated volcanic moun tain of S. Araerica, in the territory of Ecuador, nearly 40 m. S. by E. from Quito. In 1738, the flames rose 900 metres (nearly 3,000 Eng lish ft.) above the sides of ils crater ; and, in 1748, its 'roaring was heard at Honda, in New Granada, at the distance of near 500 m. Height, 2,9.50 toises, or 18,833 English ft. (B.) Lat. 0° -14' S., Lon. 78° 40' W. CoTTBUS or Kottbus, kott'-boos, a walled t of Prussia, on the Spree, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 45' N., Lon. 14° 22' E. Pop. 6,600. (B.) Courland. Seo Koorland. Courtray or Courtrai, kooR'-tri', (Flem. Kortryk, kort'-rike,) a fortified manufacturing t of W. Flanders, cap. of a dist of the sarae narae, situated on the r. Lys, 25 m. S. of Bruges. This town existed in the tirae of the Romans, under the name of Cortoriacum. Lat. 50° 50' N., Lon. 3° 16' E. Pop. neariy 19,000. (B.) Coutance, koo'-tiNce', (Lat. Constan'tia,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche. This town is said to have been built by the emperor Constantius, (father of Constantine the Great,) and called afler his own name, Constantia, of which Coutance is a corruption. L"t. 49° 3 N. Lon. 1° 26' W. Pop. in lSo2, 8,957. (P. C.) Coventry, kuv'-?n-tre, a city of England, situaied wilhin the units of Warwickshire, but constituting, with several adjacent vil lages, a separate county, r.^lled the County ofthe City of Coventry; the COV— CR.V 171 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. area of which is above 23 sq. m. The town is situated nearly in the centre of the kingdom, 10 ra. N. N. E. of Warwick. Coventry has been the seatof two parliaments, one held during the reign of Henry IV., in 1404, the other in tjje tirae of Henry VI., in 14.59. Pop. ofthe city, with an area of 8 sq. m., 30,743; that ofthe co., exclusive of the city, 10,664. Covington, kuv'-ing-ton, a co. in the S. part of Ala., bordering on Florida. Pop. 2,43-5. Co. t Montezuma. Covington, a co. in the S. part of Miss., a little E. of Peail r.. Pop. 2,717. Co. seal, Williarasburg. Cowes, kouz, a seaport t of England, in the Isle of Wight, on the W. side of the r. Medina, at its mouth, with a safe and coraraodious harbour. It. is soraetiraes called West Cowes, to distinguish it ftom a hamlet on the opposite side of the Medina.' Lat 50° 46' N., Lon. 1° 18' W. Pop. 4,107. Cow-e'-ta, a CO. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoo chee r. Pop. 10,364. Co. t Newman. Cracow, kri'-co, a republic of Europe, formerly constituting a part ofthe kingdora of Poland. Its existence, as an independent state, dates from the congress of Vienna, in 1815, when the three great powers, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, not being able to agree lo which of them it should be assigned, determined to forra it into an independent repub lic, under their joint protection, guaranteeing to it perpetual neutrality and inviolability of ils territory, except in the case of its affording an asylum to deserters, or offending against any of the three protecting powers. It lies on the northern bank of the Vistula, and contains an area of about 490 sq.m. Pop. 114,000. (B.) Cracow (Polish, Krakow, kri'-koof; Lat Craco'via) ; the chief t of the above, is situaied on the Vistula, at ils confluence wilh the Radeva (rS-di'-vi). This ancient capital of Poland received its name from Kracus, duke of the Poles and Bohemians, who is said to have founded it, about the year 700. Formerly the liraits of the city were much more extensive than now, and the pop. amounted to thrice the present number. The most striking of it? ancient monuments is the cathedral, the finest in Poland. Here the kings of Poland were crowned, and here are the tombs of most of the Polish monarchs and heroes ; among others, we may mention those of Sobiegki and Kos ciusko. Lat of the Observatory, 50° 3' 49" N., Lon. 19° 58' 6" E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Cra-co'-vj-.an. Cra'-ven, a co. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by the Neuse. Pop. 13,438. Co. t Newbern. Craw'-fqrd, a CO. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 31,724. Co. t Meadville. Crawford, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 7,981. Co. t. Knoxville. Crawford, a co. on the western border of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 4.266. Seat of justice, Crawford c. h. 172 CRA— CRO Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, m't; pine or pine, pn ; n's n't; 66 as ingood; Crawford, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the San dusky r. Pop. 13,152. Co. t Bucyrus. Crawford (Shawano), a co. in the N. or N. central part of Mich. Crawford, a co. in the S. part of Ind., borttering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,282. Co. t Fredonia. Crawford, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 4,422. Co. t Palestine. Crawford, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mo., intersected by the Maramec r. Pop. 3,561. Co. t Steelville. Crawford, a co., or ratber territory, in the N. central part of Wis consin. Pop. 1,502. Creek Indians, formerly a numerous and powerful tribe dwelling in Ga. and Ala. Their number, was much reduced by the war of 1814; and of those who survived, most have removed beyond the Mississippi. Some of thera have made considerable progress in civilization. Crefeld, kri'-Klt, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. ofa circle ofthe same name. It is a handsome and flourishing place, and has extensive manufactories. Lat. 51° 20' N., Lon. 6° 32' E. Pop. about 19,000. (P. C.) CREMA,kri'-mi, a coraraercial t of Austrian Italy, 25m. E. S.E. of Milan. Lat 45° 21' N., Lon. 9° 42' E. Pop. near 9,000. (B.) Cre-mo'-na (It. pron. kri-rao'-ni), an ancient t of Austrian Italy, the cap. ofa prov. of the same name, is situated on the N. bank of the Po, and surrounded by walls, flanked with towers. This town was known to the ancient Romans under its present name, and is mentioned by Virgil in his Bucolics (Eclogue IX.) If was the birth-place of the poet Vida, who flourished during the reign of Leo X. Lat 45° 8' N., Lon. 10° 2' E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Crem'-o- nese'. Creuse, kruz, a dep. in the S. central part of France, deriving its name frora the r. Creuse, a sraall stream vvhich rises near the S. border, and, flowing through almost the whole length of the dep., falls inlo the Vienne. Pop. 276,234. (B.) Capital, Gueret Creutznach. See Kreuznach. Crim-e'-.\ (Russ. Krim ; Anc. Chersone'sus Tau'rica) ; a four-sided peninsula in the S. E. part of European Russia, formed by the Black Sea and the See of Azof, between 44° 22' and 46° 10' N. Lat, and 32° 36' and 36° 30' E. Lon. Its extreme length is above 190 m. ; its great est breadth about 130. The area is estimated at 8,600sq.m. Pop. estimated at near 300,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Crim-e'-.\n. Crit'-ten-den, a co. in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mis sissippi I. Pop. 1,561. Co. t Marion. Crittenden, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Croatia, kro-i'-she-a, (called by tbe natives Horvath Orszag, hoR- viit OR-siig,) a country of Europe, belonging to the empire of Austria, and constituting the S. W. division of Hungary. It lies between 44° 5' and 46° 25' N. Lat, and 14° 20' and 17° 25' E. Lon. The Croatians are a rude and warlike people, but are said to possess great fidelity CRO— CUL 173 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. towards their sovereign. — Adj. Croatian, kro-i'-she-an. -Inhab. Croa tian and Cro'-at. Croix, St. See Santa Cruz. Croix, St., sent-kroi', or Pas^-sa-m.\-quod'-dy, a r. which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. Croix, St., a co. in tbe N. part of Wisconsin, on a river ofthe same name, which flows into the Mississippi. Pop. 809. Crom'-.\r-ty, a CO. of Scotland, formed of several detached portions vvithin the co. of Ross, which see. Cromarty, a seaport I. of Scotland, cap. ofthe above, on the S. side of a ftith of the same name, about 16 ra. N. N. E. of Inverness. Pop. 1,938. Cronstadt, kr6n'-stitt, or KrOb'-nen, the largest and most commer cial t in Transylvania, and the cap. of a co. ofthe same name. It is well built and strongly fortified, being surrounded with towers, walls, and ditches. Lat 45° 41' N., Lon. 25° 33' E. Pop. above 2-5,000. (B.) Cronstadt, a town, fortress, and port of Russia, situated on an island in the Bay of Cronstadt, about 20 m. W. by N. of St Petersburg. It is the great naval station of the Russian fleet ; and vessels vvhich are too large to ascend to St. Petersburg, here unload their cargoes, to be transported in smaller craft. Lat 65° N., Lon. 29° 49' E. Pop., during the summer, upwards of 40,000, (P. C.) ; but the town seems almost deserted in winter. Crooked Lake, a small lake in the W. central part of N. Y., situ- ted in the counties of Steuben and Yates. Cro'-ton, a r. of N. Y., which rises on the borders of Conn., and, running south-westerly, falls into that part of the Hudson which is called the Tappan Sea. The waters of this stream have been recently employed for supplying the city of New York. (See New York.) Crov'-don, a manufacturing I. of England, in the co. of Surrey, 10m. S. of London. Pop. of thc parish, 13,627. Csaba, ch6b'-b6A\ a large and flourishing market t. of Hungary, 63 m. S. S. W. of Debreczin. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Csongra'd, chon-griid', a t of Hungary, formeriy cap. ofthe county of this name, 31 ra. N. of Szegedin. "Pop. 10,613. (M.) Cu'-BA (Sp. pron. koo'-bi), the largest of the West India islands, is situated'between 19° 47' and 23° 9' N. Lat, and 74° and 85° W. Lon. Length, following the curve of the island, about 79(^m. ; greatest breadth 127 m. 'The area is computed at 42,21-2 sq. m. Cuba was dis covered by Columbus, on his first voyage, in 1493 ; in 1511 the Spaniards made their first settlement, since which time it has remained in their possession. Pop. in 1831, 830,000. (P. C.) Havana is the chief t, and seat of government. — Adj. and inhab. Cu'-ban. (Sp. Cubano, koo- bi'-no.) Cuenca, kwen'-ki, a walled t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 40° 4' N., Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Culm, k661m, a walled t of West Prussia, cap. of a circle of the 15 • 174 CUL— CUM Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n\ nit ; 66, as in good ; sarae name, situated near the right bank of the Vistula. Lat 53° 21' N, Lon. 18° 25' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Cul'-pep-per, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the head waters of the Rappahannock. Pop. 11,393. Seat of justice, Culpepper c. h. CuL-Ross', a small t of Scotland, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 5 m. VV. of Dunfermline. Cumana, koo-mi-ni', a fortified t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Maturin. It is situated above a mile from the sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cariaco, with a capacious and safe harbour. Lat. 10° 28' N., Lon. 64° 9' VV. Though it is much decayed, its pop. still amounts to near 10,000. (B.) Cu-ma'-n-ia, Great, (see Int XI.) or Kumania, (Hung. Nagy Kunsag, n6dy* koon-shiig,) an independent dist of Hungary, in the prov. " beyoncl the Theiss," between 47° and 47° 40' N. Lat, and 20° 30' and 21° 10' E. Lon. (P. C.) Tbe area is about 424 sq. m. The whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by the inundations of tho river.=, that nearly one-half of Cumania is a mere bog. There are here no large land proprietors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary; the people have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send representatives to the Hungarian diet. The Cumanians are a robust athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and are altogether a rich,, happy, and independent people. The pop. amounts to about 43,000, of whom 37,000 are Protestants. Great Curaania contains one market town, Kardzag-uj-Szallas (k6Rd-z6g-oo-e-siil-lias). Lat. 47° 20' N., Lon. 20° 55' E. Pop. 11,100. (P. C.) Cumania, Little, (Hung. Kis Kunsag, kish koon-shiig,) * dist of Hungary, in the prov. " this side the Theiss." It consists of several detached portions of land, with an aggregate area of about 1,000 sq. m., so that it is more than twice as large as Great Curoania-f Pop. about 53,000. (P. C.) The general character of tho country, as well as of the inhabitants, corresponds with that given under the head of Great Curaania. Their largest town is Felegyhaza (f?i-lidy*-hii-z6A). Lat, about 46° 43' N., Lon. 19° .54' E. Pop. 12,970. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, Cu-ma'-ni-.an. Cum'-ber-l.\nd (Lat. Cum'bria), a co. in the N. of England, bordering on Scotland and Solway Frith. Pop. 178,038. — Adj. and inhab. Cum'- BRI-AN. Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part of Me., bordering on the sea. Pop. 68,660. Co. t Portland. Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part ofN. J., bordering on the Dela ware Bay. Pop. 14,374. Co. t Bridgetown. Cumberland, a co. in the S. part of Pa., l)ordering on the Susque hanna r. Pop. 30,903. Co. t. Carlisle. * See Introduction, XXII., 16 .and 17. t "The origin of the distinctive epithets of Little and Great, as applied to these districts, is not known. The relative size ofthe two territories may possibly havf changed since the names were first bestowed. CUM— CUY 175 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. Cumberland, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., on the Appomattox and James r. Pop. 10,399. Seat of justice, Cumberland c. b. Cumberland, a co. in the central part of N. C, intersected by Cape Fear r. Pop. 15,284. Co. t Fayetteville. Cumberland, a co. in the S. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumber land r., and bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,090. Co. t Burkesville. Cumberland Mountains, a chain which extends along the S. E. border of Kentucky, forming a part of the boundary between that state and Virginia, and afterwards running across Tennessee, terminates near its southern border. It divides the state into two sections, called E. and W. Tennessee. Cumberland River rises in the Cumberland Mountains of Ky., and, passing inlo Tenn., makes a circuit, and, returning into Ky., empties itself into the Ohio. It is about 600 ra. in length, and is navigable for steamboats of the largest size to Nashville. Small boats can ascend 300 m. further. Cupar, koo'-per, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Fifeshire. Lat. 56° 19' N., Lon. 3° W. Pop. 3,567. CuRAgoA comm.only pronounced in English, ku^-ra-so';(Sp. Curagao, koo-ri-si'-o); an i. in the Caribbean Sea, situated in Lat. about 12° 6' N., and Lon. 69° W. Its length is 35 m. ; its greatest breadth 6 m. Curagoa was originally settled by the Spaniards, but at present it be longs lo Holland. Curische Haff. See Kurische Haff. Cur'-ri-tuck, a CO. forming the N. E. extremity of N. C. Pop. 6,703 Co. t Currituck. Curzola, koord-zo'-li, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia. The area is about 231 sq. m. : the pop. 6,500. Curzola, the chief town, is in 42° 57' N. Lat, and 16° 50^ E. Lon., and has about 1,800 inhabi tants. (P. C.) CDstrin or KifSTRiN, kiis-treen', a t and fortress of Prussia, in Bran denburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated at the con fluence of the WartAa and Od.=r, and encompassed on all sides by marshes and water. Pop. 4,700. (B.) Cutch, a principality in the W. part of Hindostan, between 22° and 25° N. Lat, and 68° and 72° E. Lon., and bordering on a gulf of the same name. Cut' -tack', (from the Sanscrit Citik, a " royal residfence,") a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Orissa, cap. of a dist. of the same narae. Lat. 20° 25' N., Lon. 85° 51'E. Pop. in 18-22,-40,000. (P. C.) Cuxhaven, k66x^-hi'-fen, a small t. of Germany, belonging to the free city of Hamburg, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its entrance into the German Ocean. It is chiefly important on account of its secure and capacious harbour. It has, by means of packets and steamboats, regular communication wilh England. Lat. 53° 52' N., Lon. 8° 43' E. Pop. about 800. (B.) Cuyahoga, ki-a-ho'-ga, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 26,506. Co. t Cleveland. 176 CUZ— DAC Fate, fir, fill, fat ; rafe, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good , Cuzco, koos'-ko, an ancient t. of S. America, in Peru, atioul 2.50 m. frora the coast of the Pacific. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it was the cap. of the extensive empire of the Incas, and is said to have been built by the founder of the empire, Manco Capac, in the lOlh or llth century of our era. Upon a lofty hill, a little N. of the city, are the ruins of a great fortress erected by the Incas, for the protection of their capital. Many parts of it are still in a state of perfect preserva tion. They consist of stones of extraordinary size, placed one upon another, without cement, but fitted with such nicely as not to admit the insertion of a knife between them. It would appear that Cuzco exceeds Arequipa in population, though sorae of the most respectable geographers call the latter the second town of Peru. It is the seal of a university. Lat. 13° 33' S., Lon. 72° 4' W. Pop. above 40,000. (P. C.) Cv'-PRUs, (Gr. KvTC^oi ; Turk, Kib^-ris',) a large i. in the Mediterra nean, situated near the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor, between 34° 32' and 35° 44' N. Lat, and 32° 16' and 34° 41' E. Lon. Its length is about 140 m. ; its greatest breadth about 56 m. In 1571, Cyprus was wrested ftom the Venetians by the Turks, in whose possession it has remained ever since. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Christians, who are cruelly oppressed by their Turkish masters ; under whom, Cyprus, from being one of the most fertile and beautiful spots in the world, has been converted almost inlo a desert. , Pop. estimaled at above 60,000. (E. G.) — Adj. and inhab. Cyp'-rj-an and Cyp'-ri-ot\ The former should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to. Czernigow. See Tchernigof. Czernowice, cheR'-no-vit'-sfeA, or Tschernowitz (chtR'-no-wits', sometimes improperly written Czernorvicz), a I. of Austrian Galicia, cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, on the Pruth. Lat. 48° 15' N., Lon. 26° 10' E. Pop. about 7,300. (P. C.) Czirknicz or Zirknitz, tseeRk'-nils, a small t of Elyria, near a lake of the same name about 20 ra. in circumference, and intersected by the parallel of 45° 45' N. Lat, and the meridian of 14° 23' E. Lon. This lake is remarkable for the great variation in the Jieight of its waters. The bottom, which is formed of limestone rock, is full of clefls and fis sures, through which the water passes at about forty different openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and goes to supply tbe neigh bouring streams. Frequently, during tbe dry season, the bottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage, vvhich is made into hay. Sorae parts are sown with millet and buckwheat. The depth of the Lake of Czirknicz, in the deepest part, is only about 56 ft In Jan., 1834, the waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835 ; an occur rence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is said to be unpre cedented. Dac'-ca, a large manufacturing t of Hindostan, formerly the cap. ot Bengal, on a branch of the Ganges, called Booree Gunga or Old Gran ges. Lat. 23° 44' N., Lon; 90° 29' E. Pop. estiraated by Hamilton DAD— DAM 177 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. at 200,000 ; but the Missionary Register, of 1828, states it at 150,000. (B.) Dade, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 1,364. Dade, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Florida. Pop. 446. Dade, a co. in the S. VV. part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage r. Dahomey or Daho.\iay, dah'-Ho-mi\* a celebrated and formerly pow erful kingdora of VV. Aftica, situated inland ftom that part ofthe coast of Guinea called the Slave Coast It is separated from the kingdora of Ashantee on the VV. by the r. Volta. — Adj. and inhab. Dah'-o-man. Dahl, dii, a r. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, in Lat about 60° 40' N. Dale, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala., bordering on Florida. Pop. 7,397. Seat of justice. Dale c. h. Dalecarlia, di-lfe'-kar'-le-i, or Dalarne, di'-lar-ni, a prov. of Swe den, lying between 60° 55' and 62° 12' N. Lat, and bordering on Nor way. (P" C.) — Adj. Dal-e-car'-h-.jn, inhab. D.ilecarlian, Dal'-e- carl\ Dal'-l.4s, a CO. in the S. central part of Ala., intersected by the Ala bama r. Pop. 25,199- Co. t Cahawba. Dalm.vtia, dal-mi'-she-a, a kingdom belonging to the crown of Au.s- tria, situaied between 42° and 45° N. Lat, and 14° 31)' aud 19° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E. and E. by Turkey, and S. W. by the Adriatic. The area is estimaled at 5,098 sq. m. Pop. 320,000. (P. C.) Zara is the seat of government — Adj. and inhab. Dalmatian, dal-mi'-she-an. Dal'-ton, a small t. of England, in Lancashire, about 18 m. W.N.W. of Lancaster. Da-mas'-cus, (Arab. Shim-el-Kebeer, i. e. Damascus the Great,) a celebrated city of Syria, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situated in the fertile plain at the E. base of that chain of mountains called the Antilibanus Mountains, about 190 m. S. by W. ftom Aleppo. It is one of the raost ancient towns in the world, having existed in the time of Abraham (Gen. xiv. and xv.). Besides the title of kebeer (great), that of sher-eeft (venerable or holy) is soraetiraes given to it.f Its ancient name was Damesk. Damascus is celebrated for the nuraber of its orchards, and the abundance of exquisite fruits which they produce; whence the Arabs regard it as one of their four terrestrial paradises. * " Rash adventurer, bear thee back. Dread the spell of Dahcmay, Fear the race of Zaharak, Daughters of the burning day.'' Scott's Bridal af Triermain, Canto III. This, as we are informed, corresponds to the native accentuation. t In this and similar cases, the article el is changed in sound to es, so as to cor respond with the initial letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; accordingly, Sham-el-Shereef is to be pronounced sham-es-shereef. When Sham is used to designate the country of Syria, the article is usually employed, e.g.. El Sham, pro nounced es-sham. 178 DAM— DAN Fate, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nfet ; 66, as in good ; The streets are well paved and furnished with foot-walks on each side. The houses, though plain externally, being built of earth or of brick, often exhibit great magnificence wilhin, and nearly all of them are refreshed by fountains. Damascus is the residence of a Greek patri arch. Lat 33° 33' N. ; Lon. 36° 20' E. Pop. estimated at above 140,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Dam'-.as-cene' (Arab. Shi'-mee). Dam-i-et'-ta, (Arab. Di-mi-il' or Dum-yil',) a t. of Lower Egypt, on the right bank of one of the principal branches of the Nile, about 6 m. above its mouth. The name is derived from Thamiatis, which was a small town under the Byzantine emperors. After the conquest of the Saracens, it was surrounded with strong walls, and became one of the most commercial and wealthy towns of Egypt It was thrice taken by the Christians in the middle ages, (once by Roger, of Sicily, and twice by the crusaders,) and as often recovered. At last to prevent any other attacks from this quarter, the sultans of Egypt razed it to the ground and removed the inhabitants about 4 m. further inland. Hence arose New Damietta. This place, though much decayed, is one ofthe best built towns in Egypt; and its manufactures and commerce are still considerable. Lat 31° 26' N., Lon. 31° 50' E. The pop. is esti mated by Balbi at about 20,000, though many others make it much higher. Dam'-pier's Bay or Shark Bay is situated on the W. coast of New Holland, near 25° S. Lat, and 114° E. Lon. Danbury, dan'-ber-re, a t of Conn., in Fairfield co., 29 m. in a straight line VV. by N. of New Haven, noted for its manufacture of hats. Pop. of the township, 4,311. Dane, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Wisconsin r. Pop. 3,114. Dant'-zic, (Ger. Danzig, dint'-sio ; Polish, Gdansk,) a city of Prus sia, the cap. of a large circle of the same name, situated on the lefl: bank of the principal arm of the Vistula, about 3Jm. from the shores of the Baltic. Dantzic is the seat of a number of literary and scien tific institutions, aniong which vve raay raention the academical gymna sium, wilh seven professors, and the public library, which contains 30,000 vols. Its raanufactures are considerable. It is one of the strongest fortresses, and is the first emporium of maritime commerce, in the Prussian dominions. Lat. 54° 21' N., Lon. 18° 38' E. Pop. above 62,000. (B.) Dan'-ube or Dan'-aw, (Gr. Ifffpoj; Lat Danubius and Ister; Ger. Do nau, d6'-nou ; Hung, Duna, doo-noA ;) a large r. of Europe, second only lo the Volga. Il originates on the E. declivity of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), about 24 ni. from the banks of the Rhine, in 48° 6' N. Lat, and 8° 9' E , al an elevation of near 300011. above the level of the sea. Its general course, to near Waitzen, in Hungary, is easterly , from Waitzen to the influx of the Drave (Lat 45° 33'"N., Lon. 18° 58- E.) it is almost due S. ; thence nearly E. by S. till it reaches the 28th degree of E. Lon., where it suddenly changes its direction to the N., and, after a course of about 90 m., again flows easterly and empties DAR— DAR 179 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. itself into the Black Sea, by several raouths. Its whole course is esti mated at about 1,770 m. It is navigable for large ships as far as Silis- tria ; but there are rapids near New Orsova, where it leaves the Austrian dorainions, which it is impossible for any vessel to ascend, although those drawing not more lhan 2^ ft. water may sometimes descend. The navigation is also impeded in the upper part of ils course, by a great number of rocks, and, lower down, by sand banks. This river is re raarkable for its winding course and for the raultitude of its islands. - The Danube" — " winds from realm to realm. -And like a serpent shows his glittering back, Bespotted with innumerable isles.'' Wordsworth's Excursion, Book VII. Dar^-dan-elles'. The Dardanelles are fortifications erected on each side of the Hellespont, which is called, from tliem, the Strait of the Dardanelles. These fortifications originally consisted of four castles, two on each side of the strait, but, since the beginning of the present century, they have been iraproved and increased in number. Some of the guns are very large ; one of them takes, for a single charge, 330 lbs. of powder. The na.me Dardanelles is in all probability de rived from Dardanus or Dardania, an ancient town near the Hellespont, bnilt by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam. The Strait of the Dardanelles or Hel'-les-pont\ which con nects the Sea of Marmora wilh the jEgean Sea, is above 50 m. in length, and from 2 lo 10 ra. in breadth. Dar'-foor' (Darfur), a country of central Africa, situated between 10° and 16° N. Lat, and between 26° and 30° E. Lon. Its extent and real boundaries arc very imperfectly known. It may be considered as a large oasis, lying in the S. E. part of Sahara. Foor appears to be the proper name, as dar, in the native language, signifies country in gene ral. Darpoor, however, seems to be established by universal usage. — The inhabitants are negroes; in religion they are Mahometans. The government is a despotism. Cobbe is the capital, and has a pop. of about 6,000. (B.)— Inhnb. Foor'-i-^n (Furian). Darien fdi'-re-an), Gulf of, the most sonthern portion of the Ca ribbean Sea, between 7° 56' and 10° N. Lat, and 76° and 78° W. Lon. Darien, a small but flourishing t. and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Mcintosh CO., on the N. side of the Altamaha, about 12 ra. from the sea. Darien, Isthmus of. See Panama. Darke, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 13,282. ,Co. t Greenville. Dar'-ling-t-n, a I. of England, in the co. of Durham, 17m. S. of Durham. Pop. including the hamlet of Oxneyfield, 11,033. Darlington, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C, W. of, and bordering on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 14,822. Seal of justice, Darlington e. li! Darmstadt, daRm'-slilt, a walled t of Germany, the cap. ofthe grand- duchy of Hes-^e and of the prov. of Starkenburg, is situated on thc 180 DAR— DEA Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, m't; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not; 66 as in good, banks of the small r. Darra. Il contains a nuraber of institutions for education, and a library of about 100,000 vols. .Lat 49° 56' N., Lon. 8° .35' E. Balbi gives about 20,000 for its pop., but the P. C. stales it al 24,50(1. Daht'-mouth, a seaport t of England, in Devonshire, situated on the coast at the raouth of the r. Dart, 30 ra. S. by W. from Exeter. Pop. 4,417. Dar'-war\ a fortified I. of Hindostan, in Bejapoor, cap. of a dist. of the sarae name. Lat. 15° 28' N., I/in. 7-5° 8' E. Dau'-phin, a co. in the S. E. central part of Pa., bordering on the Susquehanna r. Pop. 30,119. Co. t Harrisburg. Dauphine, do^-fe'-nV, formerly a prov. of France, bordering on the S. E. frontier. It now forms the throe deps., Isere, Drome, and the Upper Alps. Davids, St., an ancient city of Wale-s in the \V. extremity of Pem brokeshire, situated near a rocky promontory, called St. David's Head, 21 m. N. VV. of Pembroke. It vvas once large and populous, but it now presents the appearance of a poor village. Da'-vid-S'.n, a CO. in the VV. central part of N. C, bordering on tbe Yadkin. Pop. 14,606. Co. t Lexington. Davidson, a co. in the N. N. VV. part of Tenn., intersected by the Cumberiand r. Pop. 30,509. Co. t Nashville. Da'-vie, a co. in the N. VV. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin. Pop. 7,574. Co. I. Mocksville. Da'-viess, a CO. in the N. VV. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio and Green rivers. Pop. 8,3^31. Co. t Owensborough. Daviess, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., between the E. and W. forks of the While r. Pop. 6,7-20. Co. t Washington. Daviess, a co. in the N. VV. part of Mo., intersected by a branch of the Grand r. Pop. 2,736. Co. t Gallatin. Da'-vis's Strait, between Greenland, on the E., and Cumberland Island, on the W., unites Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic. In the nar rowest part it is about 200 m. wide. Dax, dix, (Anc. A'qute Augus'tie,) a t of France, in the dep. of Landes, on the Adour, celebrated for its warm springs, the tempera ture of which is above 180° Fahrenheit; but they appear to possess no medicinal virtues. They are sometimes used for washing clotlies. In the raiddle ages the town was called Civitas Akensis ot Aquensis; i. K. the " city of Aquse," whence the French Ville H Acqs (town of Acqs), or simply d'Acqs, d'Ax, or Dax. Lat 43° 43' N., Lon. 1° 4' VV. Pop. 4,776. (M.) Day'-ton, a t of Ohio, the cap. of Montgomery co., situated on the Miami r., 46 m., in a direct line, N. by E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 6,067. Dead Sea (Anc. La'cus Asphalti'tes; Arab. Bihr Loot; i.e. the "Sea of Lot"); is situaied in Palestine, between 31° 8' and 31° 47' ,SQ" N. Lat, and 35° -25' and .35° 3S' 30" E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m. ; ils greatest breadth 12 m. The towns of Sodom and Gomorrha are said to have been on its western bank, whore some few ruins occur. DEA— DEK a81 ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. The waters of the Lake Asphaltites are pungent and bitter. Asphal tum floats upon its surface, and covers the whole extent of ils shores. The Jordan flows inlo il at its N. extremity, but the lake has no out let Near the southern portion of the Dead Sea is a low mountain ridge, about 150 feet high, which is one mass of solid rock-salt, covered wilh layers of soft limestone and marl. Several of the streams which flow into the sea in this part, are salt as the saltest brine. It appears from tbe researches of a late writer, Russegger, that the Dead Sea is 1,341 French, or 1,429 English feet belovv the level of the Mediterra nean ! (P. C.) De.\l, a t and seaport of England, in the co. of Kent, 15 m. S. E. of Canterbury. Pop. 6,688. Dear'-born, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. and the state of Ohio. Pop. 19,327. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. Debreczin, di-brets'-in, (Ger. Debretzin,) a royal free t. of Upper Hungary, the cap. ofthe co. of Bihar, and with the exception of Pesth, the largest t in the kingdom. It is situated in the centre of an exten sive sandy plain, which being almost destitute of stone, the streets are unpaved, and the foot-passenger is obliged lo wade either through mud or sand, according to the season of the year, with the aid of a few planks laid down for crossing the streets. Debreczin is the first manu facturing town in Hungary ; it is also a place of considerable trade. More than nineteen-twenlieths of its inhabitants are Protestants. Its Protestant college, vvith a library of 20,000 vols., is the principal insti tution ofthe kind vvhich the Calvinists possess in the Austrian empire. Lat 47° 32' N,, Lon. 21° 36' E. Pop. 4.5,370. (P. C.) De-ca'-tur, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 5,872. Co. t Bainbridge. Decatur, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., W. N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 42,171. Co. t Greensburg. Deccan. See Dekkan. Dee, a r. in the N. part of Wales, flowing into the sea, about 10 m. S. VV. of Liverpool. De Kalb, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., on the sources of the Ocmulgee. Pop. 10,467. Co. t, Decatur. De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 0,929. De Kalb, a co. in the N. central part of Tenn., bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 5,868. De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., borderine on Ohio. Pod. 1,968. ' De Kalb, a co. in the N. part of 111., a little E. of Rock r. Pop. 1,697. - ' Dek'-k.an or Deccan (from Daks-hina, i. e. " the south"), was an ciently understood to comprehend the whole of the peninsula of India S. ofthe r. Nerbudda, and the southern boundaries of Bengal and Bahar. At present it comprises those countries which lie between the limits just mentioned and the r. Krishna. 16 182 DEL— DEL Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; ni, nfet; 66 aaingood; Del'-a-ware, an iraportant r. of the U. S., vvhich rises in N. Y., on the western declivity of the Catskill Mountains, and afterwards, flow ing in a general southerly direction, forms the boundaries of the states ofN. Y. and N. J. on one side, and Pa. and Del. on the otfaer, and emp ties itself into Delaware Bay, about 40 m. below Philadelphia. Ils whole course is about 300 m. It is navigable for ships of the largest size to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenlon. Delaware Bay, a bay of the U. S., situated between the states of N. J. and Del. Ils entrance is about 20 m. wide, from Cape May to Cape Henlopen ; ils length is above 60 m. Delaware, tbe smallest of the U. S., excepting Rhode Island, bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Delaware r., Bay, and the Atlantic, S. and W. by Maryland. It lies between 38° 28' and 39° 50' N. Lat, and 7.5° and 75° 45' W. Lon. Length 96 m.; greatest breadth 37 m. Area 2,120 sq. m. Delaware is divided into three coun ties; viz., Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. Pop. 78,085, of whom 2,605 are slaves, and 16,919 free coloured persons. Dover is the seat of go vernment. Delaware, a co. in the S. E. part ofN. Y., bordering on the r. Del aware. Pop. 35,396. Co. t Delhi. Delaware, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Pa., borderiniT on the Delaware r. Pop. 19,791. Co. t Chester. Delaware, a co. in the centre of Ohio, N. of Columbus. Pop. 22,060. Co. t Delaware. Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Ind., on the White r. Pop. 8,843. Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis sippi. Pop. 168. Delawares, a once numerous and powerful tribe of Indians, whose territory occupied a portion of New York, Pennsylvania, and New .Tersey. They are now almost extinct Delft, an ancient t of S. Holland, situated on the high road between Rotterdam and the Hague, near the canal of Schie (sKee). It is noted as the seat ofthe manufacture of a species of pottery, to vvhich it has given its name. Delft vvas the birth-place of the celebrated Grotius Lat 52° N., Lon. 4° 21' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Delhi or Dehli, del'-le, a prov. of Hindostan, lying between 28° and 31° N. Lat, bounded on the N. by Lahore, E. by Oude and North ern Hindostan, S. by Ajmeer and Agra, and W. by Ajmeer and Lahore. Delhi, the cap. ofthe above, is situated on the Jumna. According to tradition, it vvas founded 300 years before the Christian era, by Delu. Il was formerly much larger than at present ; its pop., at the close of the 17tli century, is said to have amounted to two millions, and the ex tent of the ruins seems to justify, iu a great degree, this estimate. Among these ruins, there are a number of beautifiil mosques and mag- nificent mausolems, in good preservation. Lat. 28° 40' N., Lon. 77° 16' E. Pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) Del'-t-v, a triangular portion of Lowe- Egypt, comprised between DEL— DER 183 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the two main branches of the Nile ; so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter (a) of this name. It is also applied to sirailar tracts of country at tlie raouths of other rivers, as the Ganges, Indus, &c. Del'-vi-no, a t of European Turkey, in Albania, cap. of an inferior pashalic ofthe same narae. Lat. about 39° 55' N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop. estimaled, a few years ago, at 8,000. (P. C.) Dem'-be-.j, a large L. of Abyssinia, in a prov. ofthe sarae narae. Ils length is about 65 m. ^ Demarara, dem-er-i'-ra, a r. of S. America, m English Guiana, vvhich falls inlo the Atlantic, in about 6° 50' N. Lat, and 58° 7' W. Lon. Its length is above 200 m. Denbigh, den'-be, ihe cap. of Denbighshire, Wales. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 3° 24' VV. Pop. of the parish, 3,405. Den'-bibh-shire, a co. in the N. part of Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 88,866. Den'-der-.aij, (Anc. Ten'tyra,) a ruined t in Upper Egypt, celebrated for its teraple, vvhich is the best preserved and one ofthe most splendid in all Egypt. Here was discovered the celebrated zodiac which led several of the French savans to suppose that the temple must have been erected at a period immensely remote; not less, according to Du puis, than 15,000 years ago I (See Esne.) Dendermonde, den^-der-mfen'-deA, or Dendermond, den^-der-mfent', (Fr. Termonde, leR'-mfeNd',) a fortified t of Belgium, in the prov. ofE. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 16 m. E. of Ghent. Lat 51° 36' N., Lon. 3° 58' E. Pop. 7,652. (M.) Denis, Saint, often called, in English, sent den'-ne, (Fr. pron. saN d'nee,) a t of Prance, in the dep. of Seine, about 5 m. N. of Paris. It dales ils rise from the erection of a church over the tomb of St Denis (Dionysius), supposed to have been built by Dagobert, in the 7th cen tury. Pop. in 1832, 9,686. (P. C.) Den'-mark (Dan. Dan'-e-mark'), a kingdora of Europe, between 53° 20' and 57° 45' N. Lat, and 8° 5'. and 12° 46' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack, N. E. by the Cattegat, S. E. by the Baltic, S. by Liibeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg and Hanover, and W. by the N. Sea, It comprises continental Denmark, which may be termed the north-western peninsula of Germany, and the large islands of Zealand and Funen, besides several sraaller ones lying near thera. The length of tbe continental portion is about 304 ra. ; greatest breadth-about 106 ra. The eniire area of the kingdora is computed at 21,472 sq.m. Pop. 1,950,000. (B.) Capital, Copenhagen.— Adj. Da'-nish; inhab. Dane. Deptford, ded'-ford, a t. of England, in the co. of Kent, on the Thames, 4 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for its fine docks and royal dock-yard, and its numerous buildings for the manufacture and preser vation of naval stores. Pop. 2.3,165. Der' -bend' or dfeR'-bfend', a t ofthe Russian empire, in Georgia, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea. It is defended on the W. by a precipi tous raountain ridge, on the N. and S. by massive stone walls, not less 184 DER— DET Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; than 30 ft high, and, in raany places, 10 ft thick, which are continuous to the sea. "There are two large gales, (through which the road passes along the shore of the Caspian,) that raay be shut al pleasure. Hence the name of the town, which signifies the " shut-up gales." Lat. 42° 12' N., Lon. 48° -^0' E. Klaproth supposes it to contain 4,000 families (B.), but others estimate the population much lower. Der'-ey or dar'-be, (the latter pronunciation vvas formerly universal,) the cap. of Derbyshire, England, on the r. Der'-went, an affluent ofthe Trent, 114 m. N. N.^V. of London. Pop. 32,741! Derbyshire, der'-be-shir, a co. in the N. central part of England. Pop. 272,217. Derr, d'-R, a t. of Africa, in Lov/er Nubia, of which it is regarded as the capital, on the right bank ofthe Nile. Lat. 22° 47' N., Lon. 3'2° 20' E. Estimated pop. 3,000. (B.) In the vicinity are the ruins of an Egyptian temple, cut in the rock, the construction of which Champol- lion attributes to Sesostris. Db Ruyter, de-ri'-ter, a township of Madison co., N. Y. Desaguadero, dts-i-gwi-oi'-ro, i. e. "outlet" a r. of Bolivia, which forms the only outlet of L. Titicaca. Afler traversing a long valley of its own name, il loses itself, by evaporation, in a small lake called Lago del Desaguadero, or sometimes the L. of Ullagas (ool-ya'-gis). Desha, desli-V, a co. in the S. E. part of Ark., at the mouth of the Arkansas r. Pop. 1,598. Des Moines, de-raoin', a r. of lowa, vvhich flows into the Missis sippi r. Des Moines, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Missis sippi r. Pop. 5,575. De So'-to, a co. forming the N. VV. extremity of Miss. Pop. 7,002. Co. seat, Hernando. Des'-sau, (Ger. pron. des'-sou,) a t of Germany, the cap. ofthe duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulde, two miles above ils junclion with the Elbe. Dessau is well supplied wilh institutions for public instruction; among vvhich, we may mention ils college for young ladies, its admira ble gymnasium or high-school, and its school for tbe education of Jews, which is much celebrated. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 12° 17' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Detmold. See Lippe. De-troit', (Fr. Detroit, di'-trwi', i.e. "strait" or "narrow pass- "''Pfe>") 0- name given by the French to the river which connects L. St. Clair with L. Erie, and forras a part of the boundary between Mich. and Canada. Il is 28 m. long, and is navigable for large vessels. Detroit, the cap. of the slate of Michigan and of VV'ayne co., is situ ated on the Detroit r., from which it takes its name. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means ofthe connecting rivers and canals, it has a ready communication, by water, vvith all the more im portant places in the union. As might be expected, its growth ha£ recently been very rapid. Its pop. in 1819, was only 1,110; in 1830, about double that number ; in 1840, it amounted to 9,102. Detroit was DEU— DU 185 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. founded by the French, in 1670, and has ever since been a military post. It is also a port of entry. Lat. 42° 24' N., Lon. 82° 58' W. Deutz, doits, (the Tui'tium of the Romans,) a village on the right bank of the Rhine, connected, by a bridge of boats, with Cologne, of which it may be regarded as a suburb. Pop. 3,700. *(B.) Deux-ponts, duB^-piN', (Ger. Zweibrticken, tswi-bruk'-k?n,) a t of Germany, the cap. formerly ofa duchy, now ofa bailiwick of the same name, in the Bavarian prov. of the Rhine, about 50 m. W. of Speyer (Spire). The French name Deux-ponts, and the German ZwbibrDck- EN, signifying "two bridges," are derived from the circumstance of ils old castle beino- situated between two bridges. Lat. 49° 10' N., Lon. 7° 20' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Deventer or Dewenter, di'-ven-ter, a fortified t of Holland, in the prov. of Overyssel, on the r. Yssel, about 54 m. E. by S. from Am sterdam. Pop. 10,000. (B.) De-vi'-zes, a t. of England, in Wiltshire, 16 m. E. by S. frora Bath. Pop. 4,631. ¦ Dev'-on-portS a fortified seaport t of England, wilh a royal dock yard, in DevonshirOj \i m. W. of Plymouth, at the mouth of the river Tamar. The dock-yard, one of the finest in the world, comprises an area of 71 acres. Pop.; including Stone-house parish, 43,532. Dev'-on-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of England, bordering on the English and the Bristol channels. Pop. 533,460. De Witt, a co. near the centre of 111. Pop. 3,247. Diarbekir, dee-ar'-bek-eer', or Di-ar'-bekr, a walled t of Asiatic Turkey, in Mesopotamia, on the right bank of the Tigris. It was for merly much more flourishing than at present, and carried on an exten sive commerce with India, tiirouffh Bagdad, and vvith Europe, through Aleppo. Lat about 37° 5.5' N.^Lon. 39°54'E. Pop. estiraated at above 60,000. (B.) Dick'-son, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Cumberiand r. Pop. 7,074. Co. t Chariotte. Die or Diez, Saint, sSn de'-i', a small t of France, in the dep. of Vosges. Lat 48° 17' N., Lon. 6° 57' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,560. (P. C.) Dieppe, dyepp, orde-epp', a seaport t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the coast of the English channel (La Manche), 92 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine establishment for sea-bathing. l4t49°55'N., Lon. 1° 5' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) * Diest, deest, a t of Belgiura, in S. Brabant, 32 m. E. N. E. of Brus sels. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Digne, deen (Ane. Dinia), a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Alps, with a college. In its vicinity are warm raineral springs, which yearly attract to this place many strangers. Lat 44° 5' N., Lon. 6° 14' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Dijon, de'-zhfeN', (Anc. Dibio or Divio,) a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Cote d'Or, and formerly of the prov. of Burgundy, on the '. Ouche (oosh), a branch of the Sadne, 162 m. S, E. of Paris. Dijon 16* 186 DIL— DOA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, nfet ; 66, as in good , has long been eminent for the cultivation of literature and science. It has an academie universitaire, with the faculties of law, science, and literature ; also a museum of painting, and a botanic garden. Lat 47° 19' N., Lon. 5° 2' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) Dil'-ling-en, a t of Bavaria, on tbe Danube. Lat. 48° 34' N., Lon. 10° 30' E. Pop. 3,300. (B.) Dinan, de'-niN', a t of France, in the dep. of C6tes du Nord, on the r. Ranee, at the entrance of the canal of the Ille and Ranee, 200 m. W. by S. frora Paris. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 2° 4' W. Pop. in 1832, 8,044. (P. C.) Dinant, de'-niN', or de-nint', an ancient t of Belgium, in the prov. of Namur, on the Meuse, about 12 m. S. by E. ofthe city of Namur. Its name is supposed to be derived from a temple dedicated to Diana, which once stood on this spot Lat. 50° 15' N., Lon. 4° 54' E. Pop. about 4,(!00. (B.) Dingle, dinc'-cle, a seaport t of Ireland, in Kerry co., on a bay of the same name. Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 10° 16' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,3-27. (P. C.) Din-wid'-dib, a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo mattox r. Pop. 2-2,558. Seat of justice, Dinwiddie c. h. Dismal Swamp, a tract of marshy land, between Virginia and North Carolina. It is about 30 m. long and 10 m. broad. In the centre is Drummond's Pond, 15 ra. in circumference, in about 36° 35' N. Lat, and 76° 30' W. Lon. Dixmude, dix'-rallde', (Flem. Dixmuyden, dix-moi'-den or dix-moi'- de^,) a fortified t of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 20 ra. S. W. of Bruges. Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 2°. 52' E. Pop. 3,189. (P.C.) Dizier, Saint, sJn de'-ze-i', a t of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, situated on tlie r. Marne, which, at this place, begins lo be na vigable. Lat. 48° 38' N., Lon. 4° 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,957. (P. C.) Djidda. See Jidda. Dnieper, nee'-per, (Russ. pron. dnyep'-cr, or dne-i'-per; Anc. Borys'- thenes,) one of the largest rivers of European Russia, which rises in the N. part of the government of Smolensk, and, flowing in a general southern direction, unites with the Bog, and forms a large liman (le-min') or swampy lake at the N. N. VV. extremity of the Black Sea, nearly 50 m. long, and from 1 to 6 broad. The whole length of the Dnieper is perhaps 1 ,200 ra . Dniester, nees'-ter, (Russ. pron. dnyes'-ter or dne-ice'-ter: Anc. Ty'ras, afterwards Danas'tris,) an important r. of European Russia, which commences from a small lake in Austrian Galicia, in about 49° N. Lat, and 23° E. Lon., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direc tion, enters the Black Sea by a broad liman (see Dnieper), about 19 m. long and 5 in. wide. Its whole Irngth is not less than 510 m. Doab or Dooab, doo-ib', signifying " two waters," is employed in Hindostan, to denote any tract of land included between two rivers, and is equivalent to the Greek Mesopotamia. There are several Doabs in India, but tbe dist to which the name is raost generally applied, is situ- DOD— DON 187 ou; as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. ated between the Ganges and the Jumna. This tract is above 500 m. long, and, on an average, about 55 m. broad. Dodge, a co. in the S. E. part of -Wisconsin. Pop. 67. Dofrafield. See Dovrefield. Dole, a t of France, in the dep. of Jura, on the r. Doubs and the canal which connects the Rhone with the Rhine. It has a college and several other scientific and literary institutions. Lat 47° 7' N., Lon. 5" 28' E. Pop. in 183-2, 7,304. (P. C.) Dolgelly, dol-geth'-le, the largest t of Merionethshire, in Wales. Lat 52° 44' N., Lon. 3° 51' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,695. Dol'-lart, a small gulf, situated in the N. extremity of Holland, at the mouth of the r. Ems. Domingo, Saint. See Hayti. Do.MiNicA, dom'-in-ee'-ka, or, more usually, dom^-in-eek', one of the VV. India Islands belonging to the English. It is intersected by the parallel of 15° 18' N. Lat, and the meridian of 61° 28' W. Lon., and is 28 m. long. The area is coraputed at 260 sq.m. Pop. in 1833, 18,660. (P. C.) Don, (Anc. 'Tan'ais ; Tartar Doo'-ni ; Calmuck Ton-gool',) a r. of European Russia, which rises ftom a sraall lake in the government of Toola, in about 54° N. Lat, and, flowing in a general southerly course, empties itself inlo the N. E. extremity ofthe Sea of Azoph, by several mouths. Its whole length is estimated at 900 m. Don'-Cos'-sacks. The territory of the Don-Cossacks is a free coun try, which acknowledges the Russian sovereign as its chief, but is not reduced to the condition of a province, or organized as a government, like other parts of the empire. It lies between 46° 5' and 51° 12' N. Lat, and 37° 23' and 44° 42' E. Lon. Agriculture, c Itle-breeding, the fisheries, and the cultivation of the vine, constitute t le principal occu pation of the Don-Cossacks. Their mode of life is in general very simple and frugal, and the enjoyment of civil freedon has given them an independence of mind, which places them far hig ler in the social scale lhan the abject Russian. They are proverbial y hospitable and cheerful, but violent when excited, and, although tley consider the plunder of their eneray lawful in war, theft is almost unknown among them. Pop. 5-29,083. (P. C.) New Tcherkask is their capital. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 39° 57' E. Pop. between 11,000 and 12,000. (P. C.) Donaghadee, don^-a-ni-dee', a t of Ireland, in the co. of Down, on the coast of the Irish Channel, where packets are established for the conveyance of the mails to and ftom Port Patrick, in Scotland, which is 21 m. distant. Lat. 54° 38' N., Lon. 5° 34' W. Pop. in 1831, 2,986. (P. C.) DoNc'-.4s-TER, (Lat. Da'num ; Saxon Dona Coaster,) a handsome t of England, in the VV. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Don, a branch of the Aire, 32 m. S. by W. of York. Pop. 10,455. Don^-e-gIl', a CO. in the prov. of Ulster, occupying the N. W. ex tremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 289,149. (P. C.) 188 DON— DOU Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nbt ; 66, as in good ; Donegal, a t. ofthe above CO., situated near the head ofa bay ofthe same name. Lat. 54° 39' N., Lon. 8° 6' W. Don'-go-la, a prov. of Upper Nubia, extending along the banks of the Nile, from about 18° to 19° 30' N. Lat (P. C) Its length is about 150 m. ; its breadth raay be considered as extending no farther than the strip of productive land on each side ofthe river, which is frora 1 ra. to 3ra. wide ; beyond this is the desert. The principal town is Mar-ag'- g?. or New Dongola, in Lat. 19° 9' N. Old Dongola is farther S. ; it was forraerly a considerable town, but is now almost deserted. Dor'-ches-ter, (called by the Romans Durnovaria and Durinum ; Saxon Dornceaster, probably a corruption of Durini Castra, i. e. the " Station of Durinum,") a t of England, cap. of Dorsetshire, 112 ra. S. by W. from London. Lat. 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 26' W. Pop., including an area of 3 sq. m., 3,249. Dorchester, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on the Chesa peake Bay and state of Del. Pop. 18,843. Co. t Cambridge. Dor-dobne', (Fr. pron. doR^-don',) a r. in the S. of France, which rises in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and, flowing in a general westerly direction, unites wilh the Garonne, at Bourg (Boor), about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its whole length is nearly 2-50 m., for more than 130 of vvhich it is navigable. Dordogne, a dep. in the S. VV. part of France, deriving its name from the above river, by which it is intersected. Pop. 487,502. (B.) Capital, Perigueux. Dordrecht, doRt'-rfeKt, or Dort, an ancient city of S. Holland, on an i. formed by the Meuse, 12 m. S. E. of Rotterdam. It was the birth place of Gerard Vossius and the brothers Dewit Lat 51° 49' N., Lon. 4° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.) Dornoch, dor'-noK, a sraall t in the N. of Scotland, in the co. of Sutherland, on a frith of the same name. Lat. 57° 52' N., Lon. 4° 2' W. Dorpat, doR'-pit', or Dorpt, a t in the Russian government of Li vonia, the cap. of a circle of the same narae, on the Great Embach (em'-biK), vvhich is navigable from this place to its entrance into the Peipus. It has several institutions, among which may be cited its flourishing university, attended by about 580 students, and possessing a library of near 60,000 vols. Lat. 58° 22' N., Lon. 26° 43' E. Pop. in 1833, 10,802. (P. C.) Dor'-set-shirb, a co. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 175,043. DouAi or Douay, doo^-i', an ancient fortress and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Scarpe, a branch of the Scheldt and on a canal, by vvhich it communicates vvith the principal places of the dep. and of the Low Countries. It has an academie universitaire, a royal college, and several other institutions for education. Lat 50° 21' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Doubs, doobz, a r. in the E. of France, which rises in the dep. to DOU— DOW 189 ou, as in our; th, as m thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. which it gives its narae, and, after a very circuitous course of about 210 m., falls into the Sadne, at Verdun. DouBS, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the above r., and border ing on Switzerland. Pop. 276,274. (B.) Capital, Besangon. Doug'-las, a seaport, and the largest t. in the Isle of Man, on the S. E.' coast! Lat. 54° 10' N., Lon. 4° 26' W. Pop. 8,647. Douro, doo'-ro, (Port pron. do'-Ro; Sp. Duero, doo-i'-ro; the Du'- rius of the ancient Romans ;) one of the principal rivers of the Spanish peninsula, which rises in the N. part of the prov. of Soria, in Old Cas tile, and flowing, for the most part, in a westerly direction, passes througli Portugal, and empties itself into the Atlantic, in about 41° 10' N. Lat. Its whole course is nearly .500 m. Do'-ver (Lat. Du'bris ; Saxon, Dwyr ; Fr. Douvres, doovR) ; a t. of England, and one of the Cinque Ports, situated in the co. of Kent, 72 m. E. S. E. of London. From its proximity lo the continent, Dover has long been the usual port of embarkation or landing, for persons going to, or coming from France. (Soe Calais.) Lat. 51° 8'N., Lon. 1° 19' E. Pop. 13,872. Dover, the cap. of Strafford co., N. H., on the Coche'co r., an affluent of the Piscataqua, 12 ra. N. N. W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 43° 13' N., Lon. 70° 54' W. Pop. 6,4-58. Dover, the cap. of the state of Delaware, on Jones's Creek, about 9 m. from its entrance into Delaware Bay. Lat 39° 10' N., Lon. 75° 30' VV. Pop. 3,790. Dover, Strait op. See English Channel. D6'-vre-fi-bld' (Norw. Daavrefield, d6'-vre-fyeld'), a ridge of moun tains in JNforway, situated between 62° and 63° N. Lat Commencing on or near the boundary between Norway and Sweden, il runs south westerly, and, along wilh another chain, divides Norway into North and South. The narae is derived ftora Daavre (do'-vreA), a sraall vil lage, near 62° N. Lat, and 9° 20' E. Lon., and^eW ot fjeld, a " moun tain ridge." The appellation of Dovrefield is often incorrectly applied to the whole chain of mountains vvhich divide Norway from Sweden. The highest peak of these mountains, the Skagstols Tind, has an ele vation of about 8,400 ft. above the level of the sea. Dowlatabad, dou'-la-ta-bid', a strongly fortified t of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. The fort consists of an enormous insulated mass of granite, standing a raile and a half from any hill, and rising to the height of 500 ft. The passage into the fort is cut" out of the solid rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time, in a stooping posture. Frora this entrance, the passage, still cut through the rock, is winding and very narrow, and is obstructed by several doors. Al together, the place is so strong, that a very small number of persons wilhin, might bid defiance to a nuraerous army. Lat. 19° 54' N., Lon. 75° 5' E. Down, a co. in the N. E. part of Ireland, bordering on the sea. Pop. m 1831, 352,012. (P. C.) 190 DOW— DRO Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, rafet ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt; oo, as in good; Down-pat'-rick, a t of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., 72 ra. N. by E. of Dublin. Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 5° 43' W, Pop. in 1831, 4,784. Draguignan, dri^-gheen'-yiN', a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Var, about 60 m. E. N. E. of Marseilles. Lat 43° 32' N., Lon. 6° 30' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Drammen, drira'-men, a seaport t. of Norway, situated on a broad and irapetuous r. of the sarae name, which discharges its waters inlo the Gulf of Christiania. It has an extensive trade in timber, and a greater number of vessels enter ils port than any other in Norway. (B.) Lat. 59° 44' N., Lon. 10° 12' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Drave (Lat. Dra'vus ; Ger. Drau, drou ; Slavonian, Drava, dri'-vi) ; a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in the eastern part of Tyrol, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Danube, about 13 m. below Eszek, in Croatia. Its whole length is near 400 ra. Drenthe, dren'-teh, a sraall prov. in the E. part of Holland, border ing on the kingdom of Hanover. Dres'-den, the cap. of the kingdom of Saxony, and one of the hand somest towns of Europe, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, about 225 m. N. N. W. of Vienna, in the raidst of a rich and delightful coun try. It is divided into three parts; on the left bank of the Elbe is Dresden Proper, or the Old Town (Alt-stadt), and Fredericstown (Frie- derichs-stadt), separated from it by the Weiseritz (wi'-zer-its), a small stream which flows inlo the Elbe at this place : the New Town (Neu stadt), stands on the right bank ofthe river, which is here 480 ft. wide. Among the remarkable buildings which Dresden contains, may be men tioned the new Catholic church, which is regarded as the finest edifice in the place, and one of the handsomest churches in Germany. Dres den is distinguished by the number and character of its institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature. The gallery of paintings, in this city, is one of the most extensive and most costly in the world ; and the Royal Public Library contains more than 220,000 vols. There is also a college of medicine and surgery, founded in 1816; an academy of painting and architecture; a superb collection of precious stones, pearls, works in jewelry, &c., which is valued at nearly a million sterling; and a collection of ancient and modem wea- pons,'&c. Lat 51° 3' N., Lon. 13° 43' E. Pop. estimated at above 70,000. (B.) Dreux, drvh, (Anc. Durocas'ses, afterwards Dro'cee,) a t.of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, 41 m. W. by S. from Paris. Lat 48° 43' N., Lon. 1° 21' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,166. (P. C.) Drin, dreen, or Drino, dree'-nd, a r. of Albania, which flows into a gulf of the same name, on the S. E. coast of the Adriatic, in Lat 41° 42' N. lis length is about 150 m. Drogheda, drfeb'-Ho-da, a seaport t near the E. coast of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, situated on the Boyne, about 30 m. N. of Dublin. The town, wilh ils liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Drogheda. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, and many ofthe Irish parliaments were held here, particularly during the DRO— DUB 191 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; s, neany like ng. 15lh century. The pop. of the Co., which contains an area of above 9 sq.m., was, in 1831, 17,365. (P. C.) Drohobicz, dro'-ho-hich\ or Dro'-ho-vitsch\ a flourishing t. of Aus trian Galicia, with extensive salt-works. Lat 49° 22' N., Lon. 23° 35' E. Pop. in 1826, 11,290. (B.) Droitwich, droit'-ich, a small t. of England, in Worcestershire, 6 m. N. N. E. of Worcester, important on account of its salt springs. A canal, 6 m. in length, connects it with the Severn. Drome, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone, and intersected by a sraall stream of the sarae name. Pop. 305,499. (B.) Capital, Valence. Drontheim, dront'-ira, (Norw. Troniera, tro'-ne-fera, and Trondhiera or Trondjem, trfend'-yfera,) a city of Norway, formeriy cap. of a prov. of the same name, and once the residence of the Norwegian kings, on the bay of Trondhiem, by which it is almost surrounded. The houses are chiefly built of wood. Drontheim has a college, a royal academy of sciences, a public library, &c. Lat. 63° 26' N., Lon. 10° 23' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Dru'-ses (Arab. Dj-rooz'), a people who inhabit the chain of Libanus, in Syria, being under the governraent of their own chiefs, and possess ing a religion peculiar to themselves. Their vernacular tongue is Arabic. Little is known of their religion, as raany of its doctrines and rites are kept profoundly secret. Should any one of the Druses reveal the raysteries of his religion, he would incur the penalty of death. All agree in representing these people as industrious, brave, and hos pitable. Dub'-lin, a CO. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, and bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive ofthe city, 176,012. Dublin, (Anc. Ebla'na), the chief city of Ireland, forming, by itself, a county, called the county ofthe city of Dublin. It is situated on both sides ofthe r. Liffey, at ils entrance into the Bay of Dublin. This town may be ranked among the handsoraest in the United Kingdora, both as regards the character of ils buildings and its situation, which is in a high degree picturesque. Among the various scientific and literary instilutions of Dublin, may be mentioned the University, which is one of the most richly endowed in Europe; the number of students on the books in 1838, vvas about 2,000 : the School of Natural Sciences, in which six different professors give gratuitous lectures on various scien tific subjects : and the Royal Hibernian Society of paihting, sculpture, a^d architecture. 'There are few cities in which charitable instilutions are raore numerous, or better supported, lhan in Dublin. Besides the various establishments for the relief of the sick and indigent, there are 199 charitable schools, in 34 of which the scholars are lodged, boarded, clothed, &c. Dublin is the seat of an archbishopric both ofthe church of Rorae and of England. Lat. of the Observatory 53° 23' 13" N., Lon. 6° 20' 30" W. Pop. 204,155. (P. C.) _ DuBNO, doob'-no, a t of European Russia, in Volhynia, the cap. of a 192 DUB— DUM Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mtt; pine or pine, pin; n6, nfet; 66 as in ^ooi; circle of the same name. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 25° 40' E. Pop. about 5,700, of which a great number are Jews. (P. C.) Du-BOis', a CO. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 3,632. Co. t Jasper. Du Buque, du book', [oo as in moon,] a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on tbe Mississippi r. Pop. 3,059. Co. t Dubuque. Duck River, a r. in Tenn., which flows into the Tennessee r. from theE. Dud'-ley, a t of England, in Worcestershire, 26 m. N. N. E. of Wor cester. This town derives its origin and name from Dodo, a Saxon prince, who built here a strong castle, about the year 700. The prin cipal occupation of the inhabitants consists in the smelting and working of iron ore, with which the whole neighbourhood abounds, as well as with coal. Pop. 17,077. Duisburg, doo'-is-b66RG\ a t. belonging to the kingdom of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated near the right bank of the Rhine, which once washed its walls. It is said to derive its narae from the 'Teutones, who had a camp on this spot ; it vvas called, by the Romans, Castrum Deusonis. A forest, in the vicinity, is mentioned liy Tacitus, under the name of Saltus Teutoburgensis. Duisburg has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51° 26' N., Lon. 6° 46' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) Duke's, a co. of Mass., comprising Martha's Vineyard and the adja cent islands. Pop. 3,958. Co. t Edgartown. Dulce, Rio. ree'-o dool'-si, or dool'-thi, a r. of S. America, in the re public of La Plata, which flows into the Lake of Porongos, in about 30° 10' S. Lat, and 6-2° W. Lon. The name Dulce (sweet) is given to it in contradistinction to the neiglibouring salt rivers, the Salado and Saladillo (which see). Dulcigno, dool-cheen'-yo, sometimes writien Dolciqno, (Anc. Olcin'- iura ; Turk. Of -goon') a seaport t. of Albania, situated on the coast of the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 55' N., Lon. 19° 12' E. The pop., according to Balbi, is about 2,000, but some other writers estimate it much higher. Dulwich, dul'-ich, a village of England, in the co. of Surrey, 5 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for a college founded by Edward Allen, a comedian, in the reign of James I., which was opened in 1619. A costly collection of pictures was added to the college in 1810, by the bequest of the late Sir Francis Bourgeois. Dum-bar'-ton, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Dumbartonshire, is situ ated at the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde, 14 m. W. N. W. of Glasgow. It is defended by a strong castle, which is garrisonei. Pop. 3,782. Dum-bar'-ton-shire, a maritime co. in the W. of Scotland, consist ing of two detached portions. Pop. 44,296. Dumfries, dum-freece', a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, border ing on Solway Frith. Pop. 72,830. Dumfries, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the above Co., and tlie seat of a DUN— DUR 193 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. presbytery and synod, is beautifully situated on the r. Nith, about 9 m. frora its influx inlo Solway Frith. Pop. 10,069. Bun-bar', a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Haddington, situated at the niouth of the Frith of Forth, 27 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh. Il has a secure harbour, which is defended by a battery. The narae sig nifies the " Castle of Bar," and originated from its having been be- .¦stovved, in the 9th century, by Kenneth, king of Scotland, on Bar, a. valiant captain who had signalized hiraself in the war against the Picts. Pop. 3,013. Dun-dAlk', a seaport t. of Ireland, the cap. of the co. of Louth, on a bay of the same narae, 46 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. 10,078. (M.) Dun-dee', a seaport t and royal burgh of Scotland, in the shire of Forfar, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Tay,* about 36 m. N. by E. of Edinburgh. This town is the chief seat of },he British linen manufac ture ; the business comraenced about the middle of last century, from which time to the present, its increase has been astonishing. Lat 56° 27' N., Lon. 2° 58' W. Pop. 60,553, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 15,000. Dunfermeline, dum-fi r'-lin, a manufacturing t of Scotland, in Fife shire, 15 ra. N. W. of Edinburgh, and 24 ra. N. of the Frith of Forth. Pop. of the parish, 20,217, of which 7,865 belong to the town. Dun-gan'-non, a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co. Lat. 54° 31' N., Lon. 6° 46' E. Dunkeld, ordinarily pronounced dun-kell', a small t of Scotland, in Perthshire, situated on the N. bank of the r. "Tay, about 25 m. W. N. W. of Dundee. It is said to have been the capital of ancient Caledonia. Pop. 1,096. Dun'-kirk, (Fr. Dunkerque, duN^-kfeRk',) a seaport t of France, in the depi of Nord, about 1.50 m. N. of Paris. It is said to owe its origin to a chapel founded by St Eloi, which, frora its situation among the sandy downs ofthe coast, took the narae of Dun-kirk, i. e. the "church ofthe downs." This place was declared a free port in 1816, which has con siderably increased ils commercial prosperity. By means of the canal of Furnes, it communicates with the several canals which intersect Belgium. Lat. 51° 2' N., Lon. 2° 23' E. Pop. 25,000. (B.) Du Page, a co. near the N. E. extremity of 111., W. of Chicago. Pop. 3,-535. Du'-PLiN, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, intersected by the N. branch of Cape Fear r. Pop. 11,18-2. Co. t. Kenansville. Durance, diV-riNce', (Anc. Druen'tia,) a r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the Rhone a little below Avignon. Durango, doo-ring'-go, a t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the same name, situated in a wide plain. Lat about 24° 28' N., Lon. 105° W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) * The name is not improbably a corruption of Dun-Tay, or the " Castle of the Tay." Buchanan calls it, in Latin, Taodunum, which ia equivalent to Dun-Tay. 17 194 DUR— EAS File, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ^ Durazzo, doo-rit'-Eo, or Duras, doo-ris', (Anc. Dyrrach'ium,) a t. on the coast of Albania, in European 'Turkey. Lat 41° 194' N., Ixin. 19° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 5,000. Di)'-REN, formerly called Mark-DOren, (the Marcodu'rura of the Romans,) a walled t in the Prussian prov. ofthe Rhine, cap. ofa circle of the same name, with flourishing manufactures. * Lat. 50° 46' N., Lou. 6° 30' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Dur'-bam, a CO. in the N. E. part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop. 324,284. . Durham, a city of England, the cap. of the above, on the banks of the r. Wear, 67 m. N. N. W. of York. It is the seat of a university. Lilt 54° 46' N., Lon. 1° 34' VV. Pop., including an area of 16 sq. m., 14,151. Durlach, d66R'-liK, a^t of Gerraany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of a circle of its own name, formerly the residence of the Mar graves of Baden, is situaied about 4 m. S. E. of Carlsruhe. Lat 48° 59' N., Lon. 8° 30' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) Diis'-sBL-DORF\ a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and, formerly, ofthe grand-duchy of Berg, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Diissel flows into thalTiver, whence the narae Diisseldorf, i. e. " village of the Diissel." It was raised from the rank ofa village to that ofa munici pal town, by Adolphus V., duke of Berg, in 1288. It is one ofthe best built and handsomest towns on the Rhine, and possesses a number of literary and scientific institutions, besides a public library, containing about 30,000 vols. Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 6° 47 E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.) Dutch'-ess, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 52,398. Co. t Poughkeepsie. Du-val', a CO. in the N. E. part of Florida, bordering on the sea. Pop. 4,156. Co. t Jacksonville. Duyveland, doi'-vel-int, a sraall i. of Holland, forming a part of tlie prov. of Zealand, E. of Schouwen. Dvvi'-NA, (Russ. Dzwina or Dzvee'-ni,) a large r. in the N. of Rus sia, vvhich rises in the governraent of Vologda, and, flowing north westerly, empties itself into the White sea, below Archangel, by several mouths. Its whole length is coraputed at 736 ra. ; it is''navirypt; the only supply of water for the animal and vegetable kingdoms vvhich can be relied on, being derived from the Nile. In Lower Egypt^ alono- the EHR— EIC 199 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Mediterranean coast, showers are not unfrequent during the winter season. Without atterapting to give even an outline of the history of this country, the raost ancient abode of civilization respecting which we have any distinct and satisfactory information, and which holds so im portant a place in the history of all the more powerful nations of anti quity, we will merely state, that Egypt was conquered by the Saracens, under the caliphate of Omar, about the year 638 ; afterwards, in 1517, il fell into the hands of the Turks, to whora it was subject, at least nominally, lill the French invasion in 1798. Bonaparte took posses sion ofthe country, under the pretence of delivering it from the tyranny of the Meralooks. These constituted a sort of military aristocracy, formidable to their Turkish rulers, and most oppressive towards the comraon people. After the French were expelled by the English, in 1801; Egypt again came into the possession of the 'Turks, and again the Memlooks displayed their insubordination, and exercised their tyranny. At last the present pasha, Mehemet Aii, contrived to collect most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of Cairo, under pretence of an entertainment, where he had them all mas sacred, in March, 1811. The power of the present ruler, though founded in perfidy and violence, has, on the whole, been exercised with justice and wisdom. That ambition and those abilities which have raised him to the independent sovereignty of Egypt and the neighbour ing parls of Asia, have been laudably directed towards the political and intellectual amelioration of his people. He is said to administer impar tial justice to all his subjects, without regard to race or religion. He has established regular judicial courts and a good police, has done away with torture and other barbarous punishments, and has promoted instruction, by establishing schools and colleges for the arts and sciences, and for military and naval tactics. He has endeavoured, with some success, to reraove the prejudices of his subjects against the arts and learning of Europe, and to introduce the European improve ments in manufactures and machinery. The govel-nment of Egypt, however, is still absolute, in the strictest sense of the word, though the present pasha has chosen to govern, for the most part, according to forms and regulations which he himself has established. The pop. is estimated at '2,000,000. (P. C.) Cairo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Egyptian, e-jip'-shun; (Arab. Mus'-ree.) s Ehrenbreitstein, i/-ren-brite'-stine, an important and celebrated fortress of Gerraany, in the' Prussian prov. ofthe Lower Rhine, situated on the right bank of^ the Rhine, opposite to Coblentz, on the summit of a rugged and precipitous rock, vvhich rises 772 ft. above the level ofthe river. At its base stands the little t of Thal-Ehrenbreitstein (tiil i^-ren-brite'-sline) ; i.e. the "Ehrenbreitstein of the valley," with a pop. of 2,400. (B.) Ehrenbreitstein is connected vvith Coblentz, by a bridge of boats, and is usually regarded as one of the suburbs of that city. EichstXDt, iKe'-stfett, a walled t. of Bavaria, situated on the Alt- 200 EIL— ELB Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mil ; p'ne or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66 as in good : miihl. It is said to have been founded in the middle ofthe eighth cen tury, by St WiUibald, who, in order to erect the cathedral and the adjacent dwellings for his clergy, cleared an area covered with oaks; whence the name of Eichstadt, or Oaktown. Lat 48° 53' N., Lon. 11° 10' E. Pop. 7,00a (B.) Eilenburg, i'-lyn-b66RG\ a I. of Germany, belonging lo Prussia, situated on the Mulde (m661'-deA). Lat 51° 28' N., Lon. 12° 37' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Ei-MBECK, irae'-bek, a walled t of Gerraany, in Hanover. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Eisenach, i'-zen-iK, a walled t of Germany, cap. of a principality ofthe sarae name, belonging to the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar: it has a gvranasium and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50° 59'N.,Lon. 10°20'E. EisENSTADT, i'-zen-stitt^, (Hung. Kis-Mirtony, kish miaR-ton,) a royal free t. of Hungary, about 26 ra. S. E. of Vienna, reraarkable for the handsome palace of Prince Esterhazy, and for its magnificent botanic garden, one of the finest in the world. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 16° 32' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Eisleben, ice'-li-ben, a t of Prussian Saxony, formerly the cap. of the earldora of Mansfeld, situated about 40 ra. W. N. W. of Leipsic. Luther was born here, in 1483, and died here, in 1546 ; but neither his parents nor himself had a permanent residence in this place. Lat 51° 33' N., Lon. 11° 32' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Ekat.arinburg, fek-i'-ti-reen-booRg\ (Catharine's burg,) an important t. of Russia, in the government of Perra, founded by Peter tbe Great, in 1723, and named in honour of his consort It is on the high road frora Russia into Siberia. In the neighbourhood of this town are situated a great number of gold mines, which, together with those of tho govern raent of Orenburg, yield a greater quantity of this precious metal than the raines of any other country in the known world. (B.) Considerable quantities of platinura are also found in these regions. Ekatarinburg is fortified and regularly built, though the houses are mostly of wood ; it has several literary and scientific institutions, and a number of hand some stone edifices. Lat 56° 50' N., Lon. 60° 48' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.) Ekatarinoslaf, 6k-i^-ti-reen^-os-lif , an archiepiscopal t of Russia, cap. of a governraent of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Dnieper. The first stone was laid by the empress Catharine IL, in 1787. Lat 48° 27' N., Lon. 35° E. Pop. 12,000. (P.C.) Elatma, fel-it'-rai, or Yfel-it'-mi, a t. of European Russia, in the go vernment of Tambof, situated on the r. Oka. In its vicinity are exten sive iron works. Lat. about 54° 50' N., Lon. 41° 20. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) El'-ba (the Il'va of the Romans), an i. in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Tuscany, situated between 42° 43' and 42° 52' N. Lat, and between 10° 6' and 10° 27' E. Lon. Length about 18 m. ; great est breadth about 10 m. This island is remarkable for having been the ELB— ELI 201 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like 7ig. residence of Napoleon, after his first abdication, from May, 1814, tc February, 1815. Elba belongs to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. The pop. is about 13,500. (P. C.) Porto Ferrajo (fer-ri'-o), on the N. coast, the cap. ofthe island, is a strongly fortified town, and has about 2,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 10° 20' E. Elbe (Gerpron.el'-beft; Anc. Al'bis),a r.of Germany, vvhich rises in the Riesengebirge or Giant Mountains of Bohemia, and, flowing in a gene ral north-westerly direction, falls into the North Sea, in about Lat. 54° N., and Lon. 8° 40' E. Its whole length is about 710 m., and it is navigable about 470 m. The average breadth is computed at 900 ft.; near ils mouth, however, il is several miles wide. Elberfeld, el'-ber-ftlf , the cap. of a circle of the same name, and one of the most flourishing manufacturing and commercial towns in the Prussian dominions, is situaied on the Wupper, a tributary of the Rhine, 2-5 in. N. by E. ftom Cologne. Among its public instilutions, we may mention a gymnasium, a museum, a societv of the ans and sciences, &c. Lat. 51° 15' N, Lon. 7° 10' E. In the" middle of the last century, Elberfeld vvas an insignificant place; at present it contains a pop. of about 24,200. (P. C.) El'-bert, a co. ip the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 11,1-25. Co. t Elberton. Elbeuf, ef -buP, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the r. Seine. Lat 49° 17' N., Lon. 0° 59' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) El'-bing, a commercial t of W. Prussia, cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, is situated on tbe r. Elbing, about 6 ra. S. of its entrance into the Frische See, and 32 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. This town was founded by the Teutonic knights about the year 1229; and in the 14lh and 15th centuries it vvas a meraber of the Hanseatic leao-ue. Lat 54° 9' N., Lon. 19° 23' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Elche, el'-chi, (Anc. Il'ici,) a t of Valencia, Spain. Lat. 38° 15' N., Lon. 0° 44' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) El-e-phan'-t.a, a small i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between Bombay and tbe Mahratta shore, remarkable for a colossal image of an elephant, cul out of the solid rock. This image has been split in two, apparently by means of gunpowder. At some distance from it, a cave lias been discovered, which is, in fact, a temple cut oul of the rock. At what time, or by whora these works were executed, is not known. >¦ Elg'-in, a t of Scotland, cap. of Elginshire, situated near the little r. Lossie, about 5 m. above its influx into the German Ocean. Lat. 57° 39' N., Lon. 3° 22' W. Pop. 3,911. Elg'-in-siiire or Morayshire, a co. in the N. E. part of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 35,012. Elisabetgrad, i-liz^-i-bfet-grid', or Yel-is^-a-vet-grid', a t. of Eu ropean Russia, in the prov. of Kherson, cap. of a circle of the same name, important on account of its fortifications and arsenal. Lat. 48° 30' N., Lon. 32° 28' E. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.) 202 ELI— EMS Fite fir, fill, fit; mfe, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nftt ; 66 as ingood; Elizabeth City, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of James r. Pop. 3,706. Co. t. Hampton. Elizabeth City, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Pasquotank co., on the r. Pasquotank, 20 ni. from its mouth. Pop. about -2,000. Elk, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Pa., on the sources of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Elk'-hart, a co. in the N. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan. Pop. 6,660. Co. t Goshen. Ells'-wcrth, a port of entry of Maine, cap. of Hancock CO., on Union r., at the head of tide water, 22 m. in a straight line N. E. of Castine. El^ -sin-ore' or Elsineur (Dan. Her-sing-6'-er), an important seaport t. of Denraark, in the N. E. part of the island of Zealand, at the nar rowest part of the strait between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is al this place that the Danish government collects certain dues on every vessel passing through the sound. Lat 56° 2' N., Lon. 12° 33' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) El'-vas, a fortified t of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 11 m. W. of Badajoz, in Spain. Lat. 38° 53' N., Lon. 6° 57 W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) E'-LY, a small t named the City of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, in a fenny district called the Isle of Ely,* 16 ra. N. N. E. of Carabridge. E-man'-u-el, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee r. Pop. 3,129. Co. t Swainsborough. Em'-brun^ or aM^-bruN', (Anc. Ebrodu'nura,) a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Alps. Before the French revolution, it was the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 26' E. Pop. in 1832, 2,392. (P. C.) Em'-den or Embden, a fortified and walled t. of Hanover, a little below the entrance of the Ems into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean, and connected with that river by a canal two miles long, called the Delf canal. It is the principal commercial place in Hanover. Among its literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned a gym nasium and a society of natural history. Lat. 53° 22' N., Lon. 7° 11' E. Pop. about 12,500. (P. C.) Emesa. See Homs. Emmerich, era'-mer-iK, or Emrich, a walled t of Germany, belong ing to Prussia, on the Rhine. It was formerly in the Hanseatic league, and has recently been declared a free port. Lat 51° 50' N., Lon. 6° 15' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Emmet (Tonedagana), a co. at the N. extremity of the southem peninsula of Mich. Ems, a r. in the N. W. part of Germany, which flows into the Dollart. Its whole length is estimated at 210 m. * The name island appears to have formerly been applied to any spot elevated above the general level of the fens, in this and other parts of England. ENG— ERF 203 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. Enghien, iN^-ghe'-aN, a t of Belgiura, in the prov. of Hainault, 22 m. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) • England, ing'-gland, (originally, Engla-land, i. e. the land of the Angles, Aengles, or Engles,) the S. part ofthe island of Great Britain, situated between 55° 47' and 49° 57i' N. Lat, and between 1° 46' E. and 5° 42' VV. Long. ; bounded on the N. by Scotland, N. E. and E. by the North Sea, S. by the English Channel, and W. by the Atlantic, Wales, and the Irish Channel. Its length, from N. to S., from Ber wick to St. Alban's Head, is about 368 m. ; its greatest breadth, from Land's End to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 ra. The area amounts to 50,387 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, was 14,995,138. England is divided into 40 counties. The capi tal is London. (See Great Britain.) — Adj. English, ing'-glish : inhab. Eng'-lish-m.an. English Channel, the narrow sea which separates England from France. It is above 300 m. long ; at its narrowest part, in the strait of Dover, it is only about 20 ra. wide ; its greatest breadth is near 140 m. Enkhuizen, enk-hoi'-zen, a t of Holland, on the W. .shore of the Zuyderzee. Lat. .52° 43' N., Lon. 5° 17' E. The inhabitants, araount- ing to 7,000, are engaged, for the raost part, in the herring fishery. (B.) En*-nis-cor'-thy, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, about 60 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,955. (P. C.) En^-nis-kil'-len, the cap. of the co. of Ferraanagh, in Ireland, situ ated on an island in tbe narrow channel which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, 89 m. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 6,0.56. P.C.) Ens, a r. of Austria, which flows into the Danube. Ens, the provinces of tub, a name sometimes given to the arch duchy of Austria. (See Austria, Archduchy of.) Entre Douro e AIiniio, fen'-tri do-ro (or doo'-ro) i meen'-yo, i. e. " between the Douro and the Minho," a prov. in the N. W. part of Por tugal, named from ils situation, being bounded on the N. by the Minho, and S. by the Douro ; length 73 m. ; greatest breadth 46 m. It is sometimes simply called " the province of the Minho." Eperies, i-pfer'-e-fs, (Hung, jiron. i-pi'r-e-esh,) a fortified royal free t of Upper Hungary, cap. of the circle " on this side ofthe Theiss and of the CO. of Saros (shii'-rosh^). In its vicinity is a celebrated opal mine. Lat 48° 58' N., Lon. -21° 15' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Epernay, V-piE^-ni', a handsorae t of France, in the dep. of Marne, situaied on the r. Marne, 73 ra. E. by N. of Paris. The ancient name is said to have been Aqua3 Perennes, which was first corrupted into Aixperne, and afterwards inlo Epernay. Pop. in 1832, 5,318. (P.C.) Ephesus. See Ayasoolook. Erfurt, iR'-fb6Rt, a fortified t of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle ofthe same name, and fornierly of Thuringia,- situated on the Gera. It has a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention a Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, a high-school for girls (hohere 'Tochlorcchule), a royal academy of sciences, and a public 204 ERI— ERZ Fite, fir, fill, fit ; ra", mi't ; pine or pine, pin ; n j, nit ; 66, as in good ; library of about 50,000 vols. Lat 50° 59' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) Ericht, fr'-iKt a narrow lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, about 14 m. long- E'-RIE, a lake of N. Araerica, situated between 41° 2.5' and 42° 55 N. Lat, and 78° 55' and 83° 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 245 m. ; its greatest breadth is near 60 m. The circumference is com puted at 658 m. The surface of the lake is 565 ft. abo»e the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is about 100 ft. It is connected, by the r. Detroit, with L. Huron, and by the Niagara, with L. Ontario. Erie, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 62,465. Co. t Buffalo. Erie, a co. forming the N. W. extreraity of Pa., and bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 31,344. Erie, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., is situated on L. Erie, with a good harbour. Pop. 3,412. Erie, a co. in the N. partof Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 12,.599. Co. t Huron. Erivan, 6r-e-vin', a fortified t in the Russian government of Georgia, forraerly belonging to Persia, near the ftontiers of Persia and Turkey, situated on the Zanga or Zengin, the outlet of Lake Erivan, whicli flows into the river Arras. Lat 40° 5' N., Lon. 44° 30' E. Pop. esti maled at 14,000. (B.) Erlangen, tR'-ling-cn, a walled t of Bavaria, with a celebrated protestant university, founded in 1743. There are, connected with this, an ecclesiastical seminary, a polytechnic school, a fine chemical labo ratory, a library of above 100,000 vols., besides other literary and sci entific establishments. The newer portion of Erlangen may vie wilh the best-built towns of Germany. Lat 49° 36' N., Lon. 11° 4'E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Erlau, 6r'-1ou, (Hung. Eg'-er; Lat Ag'ria,) a fortified archiepisco pal t of Upper Hungary, cap of the co. of Heves (hev-esh), is situaied in the midst of a beautiful and richly- cultivated country, rather more than 70 m. N. N. E. of Pestb. Lat. 47° 55' N., I^n. 20° 23' E. Pop. above 17,(:00. (B.) Erne, Lough, 16h ern, a L. of Ireland, situated principally in the CO. of Fermanagh. It is usually considered as divided into the Upper and Lower Lake. The two are connected by a narrow channel, per haps 7 ra. long, which might properly be called the river Erne. The lower lake is about 10 m. long and 5 ra. wide ; the other is not above 14 ra. long. Erzroom (Erzrum) or Ardz-Room ; i. e. the " land of Rome,"* an • The name was probably given by the Turks, in contradistinction to other con quests m.ade near the same time, among nations who had no connexion with Rome. It will be recollected that the Byzantine empire, from which this part of Asia was wrested, was originally a portion ofthe great Roman empire; and it ap- pears to have been still regarded in that character by the surrounding nations. ERZ— ESN 205 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, neariy like ng. important commercial t of Turkish Armenia, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situaied in an extensive and fertile plain, not far from the Kara Soo, or VV. branch of the Euphrates. In the early part of the pre sent century, the pop. of this city was estimated at 100,000, bul, after being occupied by the Russians, a few years ago, il was almost deserted by its inhabitants. Since ils restoration lo the Turks, however, it has been gradually recovering its population and prosperity. Lat. 39° 57' N., Lon. 41° 15' E. Erzgebirge, fe_Rts'-ga-beeR'-Geli, i. e. " ore mountains," a chain of mountains in Germany, which extend along the boundary line between Bohemia and Saxony. Il is rich in metals of almost every kind. Sil ver is obtained in considerable quantities ; lead and cobalt are abundant 'The tin mines of Saxony, in this region, are the raost valuable on the continent of Europe, and yield annually 1411 tons. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth, manganese, calamine, copper, and mercury, are found here. Gold, also, occurs, but in vcry small quantities. The length of the chain is about 100 ra. Es-cam'-bi-a, a r. vvhich rises in Ala., and. passing into Florida, joins the Conecuh. The river thus formed, falls inlo Pensacola Bay. It is usually called the Escambia, though above the junction the Conecuh is the principal streara. Escambia, a co. forming the W. extremity of Florida, bordering on the above r. Pop. 3,993. Co. t Pensacola. Escurial, fes-koo-re-il', a small t of Spain, situated in the kingdora of Toledo, 27 m. N. W. of Madrid, remarkable for a vast and magnifi cent edifice, founded by Philip II., in commemoration of the victory gained over the French, at St Quentin, in 1557. It is laid out in the form of a gridiron; the royal residence forms the handle, which is at tached to a rectangle 6 JO ft. long, and 580 wide; in this part the ave rage height, to the roof, is 60 ft. At each angle, there is a square tower, 200ft. high. The whole number of windows in the establish ment is not less than 4,000. The Escurial comprises a royal residence, a monastary, a college, a rich library, and a noble church, of which the dome is 330 ft. in heiglit, besides several other minor compartments. It was built in the form ofa gridiron, it is said, because St Lawrence, on whose anniversary the victory was won, suffered martyrdom on an instrument of that kind. Lat. 40° 36' N., Lon. 4° 8' W. Esne, es'-nfeA^ or es'-ni', (Anc. Lalop'olis,) a commeiicial t of Upper Egypt, on the lefl bank ofthe Nile, remarkable for its ruins, especially for those of an ancient temple, vvith a supposed representation ofthe Zo diac, which (as the position of the constellations therein figured does not at all correspond to the present appearance ofthe heavenly bodies) has led some philosophers lo infer, that it must have been constructed at an extremely remote epoch. One celebrated savant, M. Dupuis, came to the conclusion that this temple, as well as that of Denderah, could not be less than 15,000 years old. It vvas, however, supposed that the Zodiac of Esne was the more ancient by several centuries. But M. ChampoUion, who is so justly distinguished for having unlocked 18 206 ESQ— EST Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, not ; 66 as in good; the mysteries so long concealed in the Egyptian hieroglyphics, consi ders himself authorized, by a number of facts, to infer that this, on the contrary, is tbe newest of all the ancient temples which still exist in Egypt It is probably not 2,000 years old. Lat. 25° 19' 39" N., Lon. 32° 34' 30 " E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) Esquimaux, es'-ke-ra6\ a nation consisting of various tribes, who inhabit the northern portions of America. They differ greatly from the other savage tribes of this continent, both in language and personal ap pearance. In stature they are dirainutive, seldom exceeding five feet Their faces are broad, and approach more to the rounded forra than those of Europeans. They have high cheek bones, large mouths, and thick lips. They are said not to be deficient in raecbanical ingenuity. Es'-SEN, a I. of the Prussian states. Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. about 7° E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Es'-sEX, a CO. in the E. part of Eno'Iand, N. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 344,979. Essex, a co. forming the N. E. extreraity of Vt. Pop. 4,226. Co. t. Guildhall. Essex, a co. forraing the N. E. extremity of Mass. Pop. 94,987. Co. towns, Salera, Newburyport, and Ipswich. Essex, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on L, Champlain. Pop. 23,634. Co. t Elizabethtown. Essex, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Passaic r. Pop. 44,621. Co. t Newark. Essex, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 11,309. Co. t. Tappahannock. £s-SiooT. See Sioot. Ess'-LiNG-EN, a manufacturing t of Wurtemberg, in Germany. Lat. 48° 44' N., Lon. 9° 19' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Es'-TE or es'-li (Anc. Ates'le), a t of Austrian Italy, 15 m. S. W. of Padua. This little place, the pop. of which does not exceed 9,000, (B.), is chiefly reraarkable for having given its name to the house of Este, whose princes subsequently resided at Ferrara, and acted so conspi cuous a part in the history of Italy.during the middle ages. ^ Es-THo'-Ni-A, a prov. of European Russia, bordering on the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic, and Lake Peipus. — Adj. and inhab. Es-tho'-ni-.an. Es'-TiLL, a CO. in the E. part of Ky., intersected by tbe Kentucky r. Pop. 5,535. Co. t Irvine. EsTREM.ADURA, es-tri-mi-doo'-ri, a prov. in the VV. part of Spain, bounded on the N. by Salamanca, E. by New Castile, S. by Andalusia, and W. by Portugal. Its length, from N. to S., is about 180 m. ; its average breadth about 90 m. Badajoz is tho capital. The name Es tremadura is said to be derived from the Latin extrema ora (extreme region), it being tbe farthest and latest conquest of Alonzo IX. over the Moors, in the 13th century. — Adj. and inhab. , Es-tre-me'-ni-an. The Spanish Estremeiios, es-tri-mane'-yoce, is also sometimes employed by English writers to designate the inhabitants. Estremadura, a prov. of Portugal, bounded on the N. by Beyra, E. EST— EUR 207 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. by Beyra and Alentejo, S. by Alentejo, and W. by the Atlantic. Length, from N. to S. about 140 ra. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W. 85 m. Capital, Lisbon. EsTREMoz, es^-tri-m6ze', one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated in Alentejo. Lat. 38° 54' N., Lon. 7° 24' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Eszek, es'rsek. (Anc. Mur'sa or Mur'sia,) a royal free t, the cap. of Austrian Sclavonia, on the right bank of the Drave, a liltle above its entrance into the Danube. Mursia vvas founded in the year 125, by tbe emperor Adrian. The present town is regularly fortified, and has barracks and casemates, capable, it is said, of lodging 30,000 persons. Lat. 45° 34' N., Lon. 18° 42' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Etampes, i^-tiMp'. a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, 28 rn. S. W. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 8,109. (P. C.) Etienne, Saint, saNt tf-e-enn', an important t of France, in the dep. of Loire. Its increase, of late years, has been very great. The town owes its prosperity to its situation in the coal district, though the colliers belong rather to the neighbourhood, than to the t itself The coal is abundant, and of good quality. St. Etienne has some iraportant manufactures, especially in hardware. Fire-arras are made here on a raore extensive scale than in any other town in France. Lat. 45° 26^ N., Lon. 4° 23' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, 52,000. (B.) Et'-o-wAb (generally called Hi'-tow-ah, and soraetiraes written Hightower), a r. in the N. W. part of Ga., one of the branches of the Coosa. Eu, vh, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 91 m. N. N. W. of Paris. In the raiddle ages it was a strong and flourishing place, but it has since sunk inlo decay. The massive ruins ofthe walls and towers still remain. Pop. in 1832, 3,356. (P. C.) Eupen, oi'-pen, (called Neau, ni'-6', by the French), a flourishing t. in the Prussian prov. ofthe Lower Rhine. Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. about 6° E. Pop. about 11,300. (P. C.) Euphrates, u-fri-tfez, (Turk. Frit) a large r. of W. Asia, which is formed near 39° N. Lat, and 39° E. Lon., by the union of two rivers, to both of which the name of Frat is occasionally applied ; viz., the Moorid (Murad), or S. branch, and the Kiri Soo (Su), or N. branch of the Euphrates. The Kara Soo, or the Frat, properly speaking, rises N. of Erzroora, in about 40° 30' N. Lat, and 41° 3(V E. Lon. The upper portion of the Euphrates has a very circuitous course, but its general direction is about S. E. It joins the Tigris in about 31° N. Lat, and 47° E. Lon., to forra the Shatt-el-Arab. Its whole length is estiraated at 1,360 m. One of the steamers in the Euphrates expedi tion of 1836, 7, and 8, ascended as far as Beer (Bir), about 37° N. Lat, and 38° E. Lon. Eure, ure, or ur, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Seine, and intersected by the Eure, one of the tributaries of that r Pop. 424,762. (B.) Capital, Evreux. Eure and Loir (Fr. Eure-et-Loir, UR-i-lwiR), a dep. in the N. W. 208 EUR— EXE Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, mfet ; p'me or pine, pin ; ni, nfet; 66, as in good; central part of France, on tbe sources ofthe Eure and the Loir, a tribu tary ofthe Sarthe. Pop. 285,058. (B.) Capital, Chartres. Europe, u'-rup, one of the grand divisions of the globe, forming the north-western part of the old continent, of which it occupies a little more than two-seventeenths. It is bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean ; the boundary between it and Asia is forraed by the r. Kara, the Uralian Mountains, the r. Ural, the Caspian Sea, Mount Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, the Strait of the Dardanelles, and the Grecian Archipelago; on the S. it is bounded by the TMediterranean, which separates it from Africa ; aud on the W. by the North Atlantic, which divides it from North America. Tbe most northern point of the European continent is Cape Nord Kyn, in Lat 71° 6' N. : Cape North, in 71° 10' N. Lat, commonly regarded as the northern extremity of Europe, is on the island Mageroe. The most southern is the point of Tarifa, in Spain, Lat 36° 2' N. ; the most east ern is on the Uralian Mountains. W. of Ekatarinburg, Lon. 60° 20' E. ; and the raost western is Cape Roca, in Portugal, Lon. 9° 30' W. Its extreme length, ftom Cape St Vincent, in Spain, to the niouth of the r. Kara, does not much exceed 3,000 m. A line drawn frora Cape Mutapan, in Greece, lo Cape Nord Kyn, would measure 2,400 ni. The whole area of this part of the globe is computed at 3,708,871 sq, m. ; the pop. at 233,884,800. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Eu-ro-pe'-.\n. EuTiN, oi-teen', a sraall t of Gerraany, in the grand-ducby of Olden burg, on a lake of the sarae name. Lat 54° 8' N., Lon. 10° 39' E. Pop. 2,700. (B.) IDuxiNE. See Black Sea. EvEg'-H.AM, a t of England, in Worcestershire, 15 m. S.E. of Wor cester. Pop., including an area of above 3sq. ni., 4,245. Ev'-o-R.4, or i'-vo-ri (Anc. Eb'ora), an archiepiscopal t. of Portugal, in Alentejo, interesting for its antiquity and historical reraembrances, Lat. 38° 38' N., Lon. 7° 38' E. Pop. 9.000. (B.) Evreux, fev^-ruTj' (Anc. Mediola'nura, afterwards Eburov'ices,) a t of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure, 57 m. V\'. by N. of Paris. I; was anciently the capital of the Aulerci Eburovices, whence it vvas afterwards called Eburovices and Ebroicae, from which the present name is derived. Here are the remains of an ancient aqueduct, and some other Roman antiquities. Lat. 49° 2' N., Lon. 1° 7' E. Pop 10,000. (B.) Ex'-E-TER (Anc. Is'ca), a city of England, the cap. of Devonshire, situaied on the liltle r. Ex. 44 m. N. E. of Plymouth. Il appears to have been a Roman station of some importance. In the reign of Alfred it was called Exan-cestre (the castle of the Ex), of vvhich the present name is a corruption. Before the Norman conquest, this place was the residence of the West Saxon kings. Exeter forms a county of itself, containing only 1,800 acres. Lat 50° 44' N., Lon. 3° 32' W. Pop. 31,312. Exeter, a t of N. H., in Rockingham co., 12 m. S.W. of Ports- EYA— FAL 209 ou, as in otir ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. mouth, on a river of the sarae narae, which flows into the Piscataqua. Lat. 42° 58' N., Lon. 70° 55' W. Eyalet, i-yi'-lfet, (soraetiraes written ejalet,) a Turkish name, equiva lent to a principality, used to designate a pashalic of the raost extensive kind. Faenza, fi-en'-zi, (Anc. Faven'tia) a t. of Italy, in the Papal Stale, 19 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna, connected by a naviglio (ni-veel'-yo), or navigable canal, with the soutbernraosl branch of the Po. Among its various manufactures, we raay raention a species of coloured and glazed earthenware, forraerly in great repute, called by the French Faience, from the natiie of this town. Lat 44° 17' 30" N., Lon. 11° &2' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Fahlun. See Falun. F.sr6e (fi'-ro, or fi'-ro-e) Islands, a group of small islands, about 200 m. N. W. ofthe Shetland Isles, between 61° and 63° N. Lat, and 6° and 8° W. Lon. There are in all 22, with an aggregate area of about 494 sq. m. Pop. about 58,000. (P. C.) FaIoom, fi-oom', a prov. of Egypt, between 29° and 30° N. Lat , bounded on tbe E. by the Valley of the Nile, and on the N. W. by Lake Birket-el-Keroon. Fair'-fax, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the District of Columbia. Pop. 9,370. Seat of justice, Fairfax c. h. Fair'-field, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Conn., bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 49,917. Co. towns, Fairfield and Dan bury. Fairfield, a port of entry and seat of justice of the above co., is pleasantly situated on Long Island Sound, 21 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. Pop. 3,294. Fairfield, a dist. in the N. central part of S. C., bordering on the Broad and Wateree rivers. Pop. 20,165. Co. t Winnsborough. Fairfield, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 31,924. Co. t Lancaster. Falaise, fS^-laze', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Cal vados. Lat 48° 53' N., Lon. 0° 14' W. Pop. 9,419. (P. C.) FAl'-kirk, a t of Stirlingshire, Scotland, 24m. W. by N.of Edin burgh. Pop. 8,209. FiiK'-LAND Islands are situated in the S. Atlantic, between 51° 10' and 52° 25' S. Lat, and 57° 40' and 61° 20' W. Lon. There are two large ones, and, it is said, above 90 smaller ones. They are in posses sion of the English. Fall River, a port of entry of Mass., in Bristol co., on Fall r., at its entrance into an arra of Narragansett Bay. FAiy-MQUTH, a seaport t. of Cornwall, England, situated at the mouth ofthe r. Fal or Fale, whence it derives its name. Lat 50° 8' N., Lon. .5° 3' W. Pop. 4,844. Fal'-ster, a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark. It lies 18* 210 FAL— FAY Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nfet; 66 asingood; S. of Zealand, between 54° 30' and 54° 58' N. Lat. and 11° 45' and 12° 11' E. Lon. It is about 25 m. long and 16 m. wide. Area 177 sq.m. Pop. about 17,500. (P. C.) Falun or Fahlun, fi'-loon, a t. of Sweden, the cap. of the prov. of Dalecarlia. In the middle of this town is the famous copper-mine of Falun, which is an immense abysS, 1,200 ft across, and as many in depth. The daylight from above is sufficient for the operations of the miners, so that they are not obliged to use laraps or candles, as in other deep mines. Not only copper, but also silver and gold are obtained here. Lat 60° 35' N., Lon. 15° 35' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Fano, fa'-no, a seaport t of Italy, on the Adriatic, with an extensive coramerce. . Lat. 43° 51' N., Lon. 13° E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Faro, fi'-ro, a seaport t. at the S. extremity of Portugal, in the prov. of Algarve. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. 7° 51' W. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) Faro. See F.;er6e. Fars or Farsist-4n, fars'-is-tin', a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. Shiraz is the chief town. Fauquier, fau-keer', a co. in the N.E. part of Va., W. of Washing ton. Pop. 21,877. Co. t Warrenton. Fayal, fi-il', one of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38° 35' N. Lat, and the meridian of 28° 40' W. Lon. It is about 15 m. long, and nearly as broad. Its chief town, Horta, sometimes, but im properly, called Fayal, is in 38° 31' N. Lat, and 28° 42' W. Lon., and has near 10,000 inhabitants. (B.) Fay-ette', a co. in the S. W. part of Pa., borderino- on Va. Pop. 33,.574. Co. t Union. Fayette, a co. in the W. part of Va., on the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 3,924. Seat of justice, Fayelte c. h, Fayette, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga.. on the sources of Flint r. Pop. 6,191. Co. t Fayetteville. Fayette, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 6,942. Seat of justice. Fayette c. h. Fayette, a co. in the S. VV. partof Tenn., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 21,501. Co. t. Somerville. Fayette, a co. in tbe N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 22,194. Co. t Lexington. Fayette, a co. in Ohio, S. W. of Colurabus. Pop. 10,984. Co. t Washington. Fayette, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., intersected bythe White Water r. P05. 9,837. Co. t Connersville. Fayette, a co. in the S. central part of 111., intersected by the Kas kaskia r. Pop. 6,3-28. Co. t Vandalia. Fayette, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis sippi r. Fay'-ette-ville', a flourishing t. of N. C, the cap. of Curaberiand CO., situated on Cape Fear r., near the head of navigation, about 50 m. S. by W. of Raleigh. Pop. 4,285. FAY— FEZ 211 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Fayoum or Fyum. See FaIoom. Feejee Islands. See Fiji. Feliciana, fe-lis'-se-an'-a. East, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 11,893. Seat of justice, Jackson. Feliciana, West, a parish of La., in the N. E. part of La., lying VV. of the above, and bordering on the Mississippir. Pop. 10,910. Seat of justice, St. Francisville. Fem'-ern, a small i. of Denmark, in the Baltic, opposite to the coast of Holstein, intersected by the parallel of 54° 3()' N. Lat. and the meridian of 11° 10' E. Lon. Pop. 7,600. (E. G.) Fen'-tress, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ken tucky. Po. 3,550. Co. t Jamestown. Fere la, li faRe, a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the Oise, with an ancient school of artillery, and an arsenal. Lat. 49° 40' N., Lon. 3° 20' E. Fer-man'-abh, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. W. part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. 149,763. (P. C.) Fermo, ffR'-mo, an archiepiscopal t of Italy, in the Papal State, built near the site of the ancient Firmum, with a university and 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 43° 10' N., Lon. 13° 42' E. Fer-moy', a t and military station of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, situated on the Blackwater r. Lat. 52° 8' N., Lon. 8° 18' W. Pop., including the garrison, 6,976. (P. C.) Ferrara, fer-ri'-ri, the most northern prov. of the Papal State, bor dering on the Adriatic. Pop. 205,000. .(P.C.) Ferrara, a fortified archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above prov., is situated on an arm of the Po. Among its scientific and lite rary establishments, the university, with its library of above 80,000 vols., deserves particular mention. Here are reposited the autographs of Ariosto, Tasso, and Guarini. The first of these celebrated poets was born in this town. Ferrara was fornierly the residence of the inde pendent princes of the house of Este, and was one of the most distin guished seals of literature in Italy. Ils population then exceeded 60,000. Lat 44° 50' N., Lon. 11° 36' E. Present pop. about 24,000. (B.) Fer'-ro (Sp. Hierro, yfer'-ro), a small i. belonging to the group of Canaries, with an area of about 10 sq. leagues. It is important from the circurastance that longitudes were formerly reckoned from a meri dian drawn through its western extremity. At present, however, what is called the raeridian of Ferro, is placed about 30' E. of the island of Ferro, and 20° W. ofthe meridian of Paris. Lat of the centre ofthe island, about 27° 45' N., Lon. 18° 10' W. Ferrol, ffer-role', a seaport t of Spain, in Galicia, on an arm of the bay of Betanzos. This place is one of the three royal dock-yards of Spain. The entrance of its harbour, which is one of the finest in Eu rope, is defended by strong batteries. Lat. 43° 29' 30" N., Lon. 8° 15' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Fez or Fas, a kingdom in the N. W. part of Africa, subject to Mo- 212 FEZ- FIN Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, phi ; n5, nut ; 66 as in good; rocco. Also the cap. of the above, the raost iraportant t in the erapire of Morocco, situated on a branch ofthe r. Seboo (Sebou). The houses are mostly of brick ; the streets are paved, but narrow, crooked, and very dirty. Its schools are much celebrated. The river Seboo is navigable for boats to the neighbourhood of Fez. Lat. 34° 6' N., Lon. 5° 1' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at 80,000. Fezzan, fez-zin', a prov. of N. Africa, belonging to Tripoli, situated between 24° and 31° N. Lat, and 12° and 18° E. Lon. It consists of an assemblage of oases, which present the largest population of any part of the Great Desert Moorzook is the capital. — Inhab. Fez'- zan-eer'. Fichtelgebirge, fiK'-tel-ga-beeR'-GeA,(i. e. Pine Mountains) an irre gular mountain mass, situated principally in the N. E. part of Bavaria. Fiesole, fyes'-o-li,* (Anc. Faj'sulse,) a small t. of Italy, in Tuscany, 4 m. E. of Florence, reraarkable for its magnificent view of the Val d' Arno, and for its reraains of antiquity. Fife'-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, between the Frith of Forth and ihe Frith of Tay. Pop. 140,140. Fiji, pronounced, and often written, Fee'-jee, but called, by the natives, Viti, vee'-tee. The Fiji Islands are a group in the Pacific, situated between 16° and 20° S. Lat and near the 180° meridian ; the largest is the Sandalwood Island. These islands abound in fruits and tiraber. The inhabitants, who are of mixed races, are represented as perfidious and daring. Finistere, fin^-is'-taRe', a dep. occupying the W. extremity of France, lying N. of the Bay of Biscay. The narae is ftom the Latin finis terrce, which is equivalent to the English "Land's-end." Pop. 546,955. (B.) Capital, Quimper. Finistere, (Sp. Finistierra, fin-is-te-ej:'-ri,) a cape forming the W. extremity of Spain. Lat 42° 54' N., Lon. 9° 16' W. The name Fi nistere is French, and should be pronounced like that of the above department. Fin'-land, a country in the N. W. part of Russia ; bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Finland, and on the W. by the Gulf of Bothnia. The Russian government of Finland extends considerably beyond the limits of Finland proper, and includes a part of Lapland. — Adj. Fin-nish and Fin'-nic : inhab. Fin, and sometimes Fin'-l.a,n-deb. Finland, Gulf of, an arm of the Baltic, which extends in an easterly direction. It is about 260 m. long ; its greatest breadth is about 75 m. * "And let us from the top of Fiesole, Whence Galileo's glass, by night observed. The phases of the moon, look round below. On Arno's vale ." Rogers' Italy, Part First, XXII. Milton writes it Fesole. See Paradise Lost, Book I., line 289. FIN— FLO 213 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Fin'-mark, a prov. occupying the N. extremity of the Scandinavian peninsula. Fish River, Great, a r. in the S. E. part of Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean, in Lat. about 33° 26' S., Lon. 27° 4' E. Fiume, fyoo'-mi, a i. and free port of the Austrian erapire, in Illyria, tbe cap. ofa cfrcle ofthe same name, is situated at the entrance ofthe Fiumara (fyoo-mi'-ri)_into the Gulf of Quarnaro, in the Adriatic. Lat 45° 20' N., Lon. 14° 26' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Flan'-ders, (Fr. Flandre, fliNdr,) a country of Europe, constituting the western portion of the kingdom of Belgium, and divided into two provinces. East and West Flanders. The latter borders on the North Sea. - It contained, in 1836, 615,904 inhabitants. Bruges is the chief town. East Flanders is E. of the above, and bordering on it ; its popu lation, in 1832, was 742,793. Capital, Ghent. — Adj. Flem'-ish, inhab. Flem'-ing. Flem'-ing, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 13,268. Co. t. Flemingsburg. Flens'-burg or Flensborg, flens'-boRg, a seaport t. of Denmark, situated on an arm of the Baltic, near the centre of the duchy of Sles- wig. Its raanufactures and coramerce are more flourishing than those of any other town in Jutland. Lat 54° 47' N., Lon. 9° 28' E. Pop. abont 16,000. (B.) Flint River, a r. of Ga., which unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola. It is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for boats about 50 m. Fi.int'-shire, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of Wales, and bordering on the r. Dee. Pop. 66,919. Flor'-ence, (It. Firenze, fe-ren'-zi, or Fiorenza, fe-o-ren'-zi : Anc. Floren'tia,) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. ofthe grand-duchy of 'Tuscany, is situated on both sides of the r. Arno, in the midst of the delightful and highly cultivated Valdarno (or Val d' Arno, i. e. " Vale of llie Arno"), about 145 m. N. by. VV. from Rome. It is, on the whole, one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, though many of the streets tire narrow, and the architecture of several of its palaces reminds one of the fortresses built in the raiddle ages. The churches of Florence are among the most magnificent in Christendom ; Sanla Maria del Fiore. (sin'-ti mi-ree'-i del fe-o'-ri) called also the Duomo,* (doo-o'- mo,) deserves particular mention. Its dome will bear a comparison with that of St. Peters, at Rome, and actually served as a model to Michael Angelo for erecting the raagnificent cupola of that far-famed cathedral. The Tuscan capital contains numerous instilutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature, among which we may cite tlie Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, the Medical and Surgical College attached to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova (noo-o'-vi), and the gallery of paintings and the library, in the palace Pitti (pit'-te), * i. e. " cathedral." 214 FLO- FLO Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nJ, n5t ; 66, as in good , the residence of tbe grand-duke. This library contains 70,000 printed vols, and 1,500 manuscripts; araong others, the correspondence of Ma- chievelli and Galileo. There is another library in the Palazzo Vech- chio* (pi-lit'-so vek'-ke-o) or the town-house, which was anciently the seat of the governraent of the Florentine republic, containing 150,000 printed vols, and 12,000 raanuscripts. In the sarae building there is contained one of the richest existing collections of sculptures, paint ings, medals, and other works of art. Florence holds a conspicuous place in the history of raodern Italy. It was founded by a colony of soldiers, sent out by Octavius, afterwards the first Roraan eraperor. It does not appear to have attained to any very great importance till in the early part of the 12th century, when, like tbe other towns of Tuscany, it began to govern itself as an independent republic. Soon after it became distinguished as the principle theatre of the famous contest between the Guelphs and Ghibelines. It reraained in the enjoyment of a precarious and turbulent liberty, interrupted occasionally by tem porary subjection to some ofthe more powerful neighbouring stales, til! about the year 1434, when the house of Medici began to exercise the chief authority in the commonwealth. The republican forms, however, continued to be respected during the administration of the first house of Medici ; but the foreign wars, which desolated Italy in the 16lh cen tury, at length effected the fall of the Florentine republic; and the first line having becorae extinct, a member ofa lateral branch ofthe Medici was placed by Charles V. as duke of Florence. The Observatory of Santo Giovanni (sin'-to jo-vin'-ne) is in 43° 46' 41" N. Lat, and 11* 15' 54" E. Lon. The pop. of Florence, including the whole commune, amounts to 95,927. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Flor'-en-tine, (It. Fioren- tino, fe-o-ren-tee'-no). Flo'-res, an i. belonging to the Azorian group, intersected by the parallel of 39° 36' N. Lat, and the meridian of 31° 7' VV. Lon. It is about 13 m. long, and 7 m. wide. Its narae is derived from the multi tude of flowers with which it abounds. Flores, sometimes called En'-de, an i. of Malaisia, situated between 8° and 9° 20' S. Lat, and 119° 30' and 123° E. Lon. It is above 200 m. long, and about 50 m. wide. Little is known to Europeans respecting the aboriginal inhabitants. The coast is mostly colonized by the Bugis and Malays. Flour, Saint, sSn^ flooR', (rhvming with poor,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Cantal. Lat. 45° 2' N', Lon. 3° 6' E. Pop. m 1832, 5,813. (P. C.) Flor'-i-da, lately a territory, but adraitted during the present session of Congress (1844-5) into the Union as a sovereign state, is situated between 24° 40' and 31° N. Lat, and 79° 56' and 87° 46' VV^ Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and • laterally, the " old palace." FLO— FON 215 ou, as in otir; th, as m thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. S. and VV. by the Gulf of Mexico ; it contains 21 counties.* Its length, from N. lo S., from Cape Sable to the mouth of St Mary's r., is about 400 m.; breadth of the northern part, 354 m.; greatest breadth of the peninsula, 172 m. The area is estimaled at 55,000 sq. m. Pop. 54,477, of whom "27,943 are whites, 817 free coloured, and 25,717 slaves. Ponce de Leon discovered this country in 1512, on Palm Sunday (called in Spanish Pasqua Florida), and from this circumstance bestowed upon it its present appellation. During a great part of the 16th century, the name was applied indefinitely lo the S. E. coast of N. America, but was finally restricted to what now constitutes the stale of Florida. That portion vvhich lies VV. of the r. Appalachicola, was formerly de signated West Florida ; the remainder, including the peninsula, East Florida. Floyd, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,453. Seat of justice, Floyd c. h. Floyd, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 4,441. Co. t Rome. Floyd, a co. near the E. extremity of Ky., intersected by the W. Fork of the Sandy r. Pop. 6,302. Co. t Prestonsburg. Floyd, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 9,454. Co. t New Albany. Flush'-ing (Dutch Vlis'-sing-en), a fortified seaport t of Holland, in the prov. of Zealand, on the S. side ofthe i. of VValcheren, remark able for its harbour, its extensive dock-yards, and its fine basins, one of which is sufficiently deep to receive the largest ships of war. Lat 51° 27' N., Lon. 3° 35' E. Pop. above 6,000. (P. C.) Flu-van'-na, a CO. in the E. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 8,812. Co. t Palmyra. Four, or Fobr'-de, a Danish i. on the W. coast of Sleswick, with an area of 25 sq. ra. and 5,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Foggia, foj'-j4, an important commercial t of Naples, the cap. ofthe prov. of Capitanata, situated in the midst of a vast plain, 78 ra. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41° 27' N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Pop. about 21,000. (B.) Foix, fwi, a t of France, the cap. of the dep. of Ariege, and the ancient residence of the counts of Foix, is situated on the r. Ariege. Lat. 42° 58' N., Lon. 1° 36' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Fond du Lac. a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, at the S. extremity of L. Winnebago. Pop. 139. Fondi, fon'-de, (Anc. Fun'di,) a t of Naples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro, remarkable for its antiquities. Parts of tbe pavement of the celebrated Appian Way (via Appia), which forms the principal street of fondi, are here preserved in their priraitive state. Lat. 41° 21' N., Lon. 13° 25' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Fontainebleau, ffeN^-tane^-blo', a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine • .Alachua, Calhoun, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Ha milton, Hillsborough, Jackson, JelFerson, St.John's, Leon, Madison, Monroe, Mos quito, Nassau, Santa Rosa, Walton, Washington. 216 FON— FOR Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good : and Marne, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris, situated in the midst of a noble forest, (called, from the name of the town, the Forest of Fontainebleau,) which occupies an extent of more than 41,000 acres. Here is a mag nificent royal chateau, erected by Francis I., and considerably embel lished by succeeding princes. Lat. 48° 24' N., Lon. 2° 42' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Fontarabia, fon^-ta-ri'-be-a, (Sp. Fuenterabia, fwen'-ti-ri-bee'-i,) a small fortified t of Biscay, in Spain, situated at the mouth of the river Bid-is-so'-i, which forms a part of the boundary between France and Spain. It is chiefly interesting on account of its historical associa tions. Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 1° 47' W.— Adj. Fon-t.a-ea'-bi-.an. Fontenay, foNf-ni', the largest and raost coraraercial t in the dep. of Vendee, in France, is situated on the r. Vendee. Lat. 46° 29' N., Lon. 0° 47' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,388. (P. C.) Foo'-l.4H (or Foulah). The Foolahs are a nation widely spread along the W. coast of Africa, occupying the countries N. of C. Palraas as far as the banks ofthe r. Senegal. Their principal kingdoms are Foota Toro, Bondoo, Fooladoo, Kaarta Ludaraer, and Casson. The Foolahs, especially those who inhabit the countries vvhich border on the Moorish territories, approach nearer to Europeans in their complexion and general features, than any ofthe other Iribes of VV". Africa, except the Moors. Those cf Bondoo are described as being of the middle size, well made, and very active, with hair less short and woolly than that of the negroes. In speaking of the negro nations, they always rank theraselves vvith the white people. For'-far, a t of Scotland, cap. of Forfarshire, situated in the great valley of Strathmore, 15 m. N. by E. frora Dundee. Lat 56° 39' N., LoQ. 2° 50' W. Pop. 8,362. For'-far-shirb, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, borderino- on the sea and the Frith oi Tay. Pop. 170,520. FoRLi, foH-lee', (Anc. Fo'rum Liv'ii,) a t of Italy, in the Papal Stale, cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat 44° 13' N., Lon. 1-2° 3'E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Formentera, foR-men-ti'-ri, (Anc. Ophiu'sa,) one of the Balearic islands, lying S. of Ivica, from which it is separated by a channel 5ni. broad. Its length is about 14 m. For-mo'-s.\ (called, by the Chinese, Tai-wan or Taywan, ti-win'), a large i. in the Chinese Sea, lying between 21° 50' and 25° 80' N. Lat, and 120° 20' and 122° E. Lon. Its length is about 250 m.; its greatest breadth about 70 m. It is important, on account of its fine harbours, its timber, and other productions. On the VV. coast is the Chinese town of Tai-wan; the eastern partis inhabited by independent savages. Forsyth, for-siTtt', a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat tahoochee. Pop. 5,619. Co. t Cumming. FORTAVENTURA. (See FUERTAVENTUR.V) F6rth, a r. of Scotland, vvhich rise.' in the mountains between Loch Katrine and Loch Lomond, and, flowing in an easterly direction, falls POR— FRA 217 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; K, nearly like ng. into the Frith of Forth. Its length, following all its sinuosities, is stated lo be above 60 m. Forth. Frith of. After the r. Forth is joined hy the Devon, on the N. it begins to widen, and gradually assumes the appearance of a bay. This bay, called the Frith of Forth, is about 50 m. long, and, where widest, is near 15 ra. broad. Foss-ANO, fos-si'-no, a walled t of Piedmont, situated near the r. Stura, on the Naviglio Nuovo (ni-veel'yo noo-o'-vo), or new canal, which connects the Stura with the Po. Il has a royal academy of Belles Lettres. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Fougeres, foo^-zhaRc', a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, 160 m. W. by S. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 7,446. (P. C.) Foulah. See Foolah. Foun'-tain, a CO. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 11,218. Co. t Covington. Fourche. See La Fourche. FowEY, foy, sometimes written Fawey, a small r. of England, in Cornwall, which flows into the sea. Fowey, a fortified seaport of Cornwall, situated on the above r., near its mouth. It was anciently a place of much greater importance than at present. Fowey furnished more ships to the fleet of Edward III., when he was besieging Calais, than any other port in England. Lat. 50° 20' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 1,643. Fox Islands. See Aleutian Islands. Foyers, often written, and always pronounced Fv'-ERg, a small r. of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which flows into Loch Ness, remarka ble for its stupendous fall of 207 ft. in perpendicular height. From the top of the adjoining rocks to the surface of the water in the abyss be low the fall, the depth is 470 ft. Foyle, Lough, 16h foil, a bay on the northern coast of Ireland, about 15 ra. long, and 8 m. wide in the middle, which is connected with the sea by a strait less than a mile in breadth. The r. Foyle, which flows into its southern extreraity, is navigable for vessels of 400 tons as far as Londonderry. France (Anc. Gal'Iia or Gaul ; Fr. La France, li friNce) ; one of the largest and most powerful kingdoms of Europe, occupying the W. part of the continent, is situated between 42° 20' and 51° 5' N. Lat, and 4° 49' W. and 8° 16' E. Lon. Bounded on the N. W. and N. by the English Channel and the kingdom of Belgium, E. by Germany, Swit zerland, and the Sardinian states, S. by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees, which separate it from Spain, and W. by the Bay of Bis cay and the Atlantic. Ils extreme length, from S. E. to N. W. is about 680 m. ; its greatest breadth, frora N. E. to S.W. is about 630 m. The area is computed at 200,925 sq. m.. and if we include the Island of Corsica, which is now incorporated with France, it will amount to about 204,711. The eniire population, according to the census of 1836, was 33,540,908. (B.) France is divided into 86 departments or prefectures, which are again divided into 363 sub-prefectures or arrondissements ; 19 218 FR.\— FRA Fite, fir, fill, fiit ; mfe, m't ; p'ne or pine, pin ; nb, nit ; 66, as in good ; these are still further sub-divided into cantons and communes. Each department is under the administration of an oflicer called a prefect (pre fet, pri'-fl') ; the arrondissements are under sub-prefects (sous-prefets, soo'-pri^-f i'). The government of France is a liraited raonarcby. Tho legislative power belongs to the king, jointly with the two great na tional assemblies, named the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies. The peers are not hereditary, but appointed by the king, who, however, in choosing thera, is under certain restrictions fixed by law. The deputies are appointed by electors chosen by the people. Paris is the seat of governraent. The narae of France is derived frora the Franks (i. e. freemen), a confederacy of various German nations, who overran Gaul, on the decline of the Roman povver, and who after wards were united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the 6lh century. — Adj. French ; inhab. French'-man. France, Isle of, (Fr. lie de France, eel deh friNce :) formerly a prov., is now divided inlo the deps. Aisne, Oise, Seine, Seine and Oise, and Seine and Marne. It received its appellation from the cir cumstance of its being almost surrounded by the rivers vvhich give name to the above deps., and by sorae other smaller streams. France, Isle of. See Mauritius. Francis, St., a r. vvhich rises in the E. S. E. part of Mo., and, flow ing southerly into Ark., joins the Mississippi, near 34° 40' N. Lat. Frakcis, St., a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the ajbove r. Pop. 2,499. Co. t Madison. Francis, St., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., on the sources of the r. St. Francis. Pop. 3,211. Co. t Farraington. Fran-cis'-co, St., a large r. of S. America, in Brazil, which rises near 20° S. Lat, and 47° W. Lon., and, flowing at first south-easterly, and then easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 10° 30' N. Lat, and 36° 20' W. Lon. Length above l,3f 0 m. It is navigable to Caninde (ci-neen'-di), more lhan 150 m. from its raouth ; above this point there are a number of falls, the mosl considerable of which is said to be .50 ft. in perpendicular height. Franche Comte, friNsh kfeN^-ti', or Upper Burgundy, a forraer prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Fran-co'-ni-.v (Ger. Franken and Frankenland, frink'-en-lind\ j. e. the " land of the Franks"), formerly a circle of the German empire, intersected by the r. Main. Nearly the whole of it has been trans ferred by various treaties to the crown of Bavaria. Franeker, frin'-ek-er, a manufacturing t. of Holland, in Friesland, on the canal from Leeuwarden to Haarlingen, formerly the seat of a university, which was suppressed some years since, and replaced by an alliena;um, or high school. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 5° 30' E. Pop. 4,200. (P. C.) Frankenstein, frink'-pn-stine\ a walled t of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 50° 36' N., Lon. 16° 50' E. Pop. 5,500. (B.) Frankenth.vl, frink'-pn-tiil', a I. in the Bavarian circle of the FRA— FRA 219 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Rhine, 16 m. N. by W. from Speyer. A sraall canal connects it wilh the Rhine. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Frank'-fort (Ger. Frankfurt, frink'-f66Rt,) on the Main, a cele brated city of Germany, the cap of a small republic of the same narae, and of the whole Germanic confederation, is situated about 270 ra. W. S. VV. frora Berlin, and 50 ra. E. by S. from Coblentz. It stands on the right bank of the r. Main, across which there is a bridge, connect ing it with Sachsenhausen (sik'-sen-hou'-zcn), one of its suburbs. Among the more reraarkable edifices of Frankfort, may be mentioned the ancient cathedral, where the German emperors were formerly crowned ; and the Rcemer (now usually writien Romer), in which is contained the Wahlzimmer (wiil'-lsim'-raer), or Hall of Election, where the electors were wont lo asserable for the purpose of electing the eraperors of Germany : next lo the Wahlziraraer, is the Kaisersaal (ki'-zer-siif), or Imperial Hall, in wbich the eraperor, after his elec tion, held his public dinner. Frankfort possesses a medical institu'te, founded in 1763, by the liberality of Dr. Senkenberg, to which is at tached a botanic garden ; the Senkenberg Society of Naturalists, with an extensive museum, is united to the above institution : a philosophi cal society : Stcedel's Institute of the Fine Arts, which contains a choice collection of paintings : a public library, of 60,000 vols., &c. The ter ritory of the republic of Frankfort contains an area of about 91 sq. m. The entire population is estimated at about 60,000 (B.) ; that of the town 51,00(), if we include the suburb of Sachsenhausen, with its 5,000 inhabitants. Lat 50° 7' 30" N., Lon. 8° 36' E. Frankfort or Frankfurt on the Oder, a walled t of Prussia, cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, about 48 m. S. E. of Berlin. It possesses a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat 52° 2-2' N., Lon. 14° 33' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.) Frankfort, the cap. ofthe state of Kentucky, and the seat of justice of Franklin co., is situated on the Kentucky r., 64 m., in a direct line, S. by W. from Cincinnati. Therailroad which is toconnect Lexington with the Ohio, at Louisville, passes by Frankfort Lat. 38° 14' N., Lon. 84° 40' W. Pop. 1,917. Franklin, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Me., bordering on Canada. Pop. 20,800. Co. t Farmington. Franklin, a co. in the N.W. part of Vt, bordering on L. Champlain and Canada. Pop. 24,531. Co. t St. Albans. Franklin, a co. in the N. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con necticut r., and bordering on Vt and N. H. Pop. 28,812. Co. t Green field. Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on Canada. Pop. 16,518. Co. t Malone. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Pa., S. W. of Harrisburg, and bor dering on Md. Pop. 37,793. Co. t. Chambersburg. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Va., on the head waters of the Staunton r. Pop. 15,832. Co. t. Rocky Mount 220 FRA— FRE Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mft; pine or pine, pin ; n'j, nfet ; 66 as in good; Franklin, a co. in the N. N. E. part ofN. C, intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 10,980. Co. t. Louisburg. Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Savannah. Pop. 9,886. Co. t. Carnesville. Franklin, a co. in Florida, at the mouth ofthe Appalachicola. Pop. 1,030. Co. t Appalachicola. Franklin, a co. in tho N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the state of Mississippi and the 'Tennessee r. Pop. 14,270. Co. t. Russellville. Franklin, a co. in the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 4,775. Co. seat, Meadville. Franklin, a port of entry of La., cap. of St Mary's parish, on the W. side of Bayou Teche. Franklin, aco. in the N.W. partof Ark., intersected by the Arkan sas r. Pop. 2,665. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., borderino' on Ala. Pop. 12,033. Co. t. Winchester. Franklin, a co. in the N. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r. Pop. 9,420. Co. t Frankfort. Franklin, a co. in the S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 25,949. Co. t Columbus. Franklin, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 13,349. Co. t Brookville. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of 111., about equidistant frora the Mississippi and Wabash rivers. Pop. 3,682. Co. t Frankfort Frankfort, a co. in the E. part of Mo., S. of, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 7,515. Co. t. Union. Frascati, fris-ki'-te, (Anc. Tus'culum,) a small but delightfully sitiiated t of Italy, in the Papal State, 12 m. S. E. of Rome. It is rauch resorted to in the hot season by the nobility of the capital. Permanent pop. about 4,300. (M.) Frauenburg, frou'-cn-b66Rg\ a small t of Prussia, reraarkable as containing the tomb of Copernicus, who died here in 1543. Lat. 54° 21' N., Lon. 19° 41' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) Fraustadt, frou'-stitt, a manufecturing t. of Prussia, in the grand- duchy of Posen, 46 ra. S. S. W of Posen. Pop. 5,800. (B.) Fred'-er-ick, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. and the r. Potoraac. Pop. 36,405. Frederick, formerly Fredericktown, a city of Md., the seat of jus tice ofthe above co., is 43 m.. in a straight line, N. N. W. of Washing ton. It is a pleasant and regularly built town ; its commercial pros perity will doubtless be considerably promoted by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which passes near it and with which it is connected. Lat. 39° 24' N., Lon. 77° 18' VV. Pop. 5,182. Frederick, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., a little to the left of the Shenandoah r. Pop. 14,242. Co. t Winchester. Fred'-er-icks-buhg, the cap. of Spottsylvania co., Va., situated on the Rappahannock, about 50 m.. in a straight line, N. of Richmond, FRE— FRE 221 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. with which it is connected by a railroad. Lat. 38° 34' N., Lon. '77° 38 W. Pop. 3,974. Fhed'-er-ic-ton, the cap. of New Brunswick, situated on the r. St. John, at the head of sloop navigation. It is the seat of the College of New' Brunswick. Lat 46° 3' N., Lon. 66° 45' W. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Freiberg, fri'-bfeRG, a walled t of Gerraany, cap. of the Saxon cir cle of Erzgebirge, or Ore-mountains, and the centre of administration for the Saxon mines. It is situated near the east branch of the r. Mulde (m661'-deft), about 1,200 ft. above the level of the sea. Frei berg has a raining academy of considerable celebrity, with a museum, which takes its name from the illustrious Werner, by whom it was founded, and a mosl valuable collection of models relative to the art of raining. Lat 50° 55' N., Lon. 13° 19' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) In 1540 il is said to have amounted to 40,000. (P. C.) Frei'-burg orfri'-booRG, an archiepiscopal t of Germany, in the grand- duchy of Baden, cap. of the circle of the Upper Rhine, and the seat of a celebrated university, is situated about 100 ra. S. VV. of Carlsruhe. One of the most remarkable objects in this town is the Miinster, or Cathedral, probably the most beautiful and perfect speciraen of Gothic architecture in Germany. Freiburg contains a great number of lite rary and scientific institutions, and several charitable establishments. Lat. 48° N., Lon. 7° 53' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Freising, fri'-zing, or Freisingen, fri'-zing-en, a I. of Bavaria, about 20 ra. N. N. E. of Munich, chiefly remarkable on account of its school for the blind, and other institutions for education. Lat 48° 24' N., Lon. 11° 4.5' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) Freistadt, fri'-slitt, a t of Upper Austria, iraportant on account of its position on the railroad which connects Gmund with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lat 48° 29' N., Lon. 14° 22' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) Fr^-jus, fri^-zhiice', (Anc. Fo'rum Ju'lii,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the r. Argens (aR'-zhiN'). In the lime of Augustus it was a large and handsome city, and was then the ordinary station of the Roman fleet in Gaul. There are some remains of the ancient ramparts, which ap pear lo have enclosed a site five or six times as large as that occupied by the present town. Two of the Roman gates still remain, besides many other ruins. The name, Frejus, is a corruption of Forum Julii; in the dictionary of Expilly, published in the middle ofthe last century, it is speiied Fryuls. Lat 43° 26' N., Lon. 6° 44' E. Present pop. about 2,500. In the time of the first Roman emperor it araounted to 100,000. (B.) French Broad River, one of the sources of the Tennessee, rises in N. C, and, passing into Tenn., unites with the Holston, a few miles above Knoxville. Freyburg. See Freiburg. Freyburg, fri'-b66Ro, in French Fribourg, fre^-booE', a canton in 19 » 222 FRE— FRI Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n^, nfet; 66 asingood; the N.W. part of Switzerland, bordering on the L. of Neufchitel. The area is computed at 588 sq. rn. Pop. in 1834, 89,192. (P. C.) Freyburg or Fribourg, the cap. ofthe above, situated on the Sarine (si'-reen'), or Saane (sii'-ne/i), a tributary of the Aat, about 17 in. S. W. of Bern. A part of the town is built upon a steep declivity of rock, where the roofs of several houses serve as a paveraent for the street above. There is an iron suspension bridge over the Sarine. 885 ft. in length, and 170 ft. above the level of the river. It was erected in 1834, and is one of the finest in the world. Among the scientific and literary institutions of Freyburg, the Lyceum with a pro fessorship of comraon and civil law ; the Gyranasiura ; the College ofthe Jesuits; the Public Library ; and the Cabinet of Natural Historv ; mav be mentioned. Lat 46° 48' N., Lon. 7° 9' E. Pop. in 1834,' 8,.53.5. (P. C.) Freystadt. See Freistadt. Friedland, freed'-land or freet'-lint, a small t in the N. extremity of Bohemia, from which the celebrated Wallenstein took the title of duke. Lat 50° 57' N., Lon. 15° 8' E.— Also, a town of E. Prussia, on the Alle, remarkable for a victory gained by Bonaparte over the Russians and Prussians, in 1807, which led to the peace of Tilsit Lat. 54° 26' N., Lon. 21° 1' E. Friendly or Tonga (long'-a) Islands, a group in the Pacific, situ- led between 18° and 23° S. Lat, and 173° and 176° W. Lon. The inhabitants belong lo the Malayan race. They are represented as an industrious, ingenious, and brave, but treacherous people. Their num ber is estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) The name of these islands vvas bestowed by Cook, because the inhabitants received bim in so friendly a manner, though it is now known that they intended to kill him, and seize his vessels. Friesland, freez'-land, or Vriesland, or Friesia, free'-zhe-a, a prov. occupying the IV. N. VV. extremity of Holland. It is sometimes called, though not by Hollanders, West Friesland, in order to distinffuish it from East Friesland, in Hanover. The area of Friesland is about 1,030 sq. m. The pop. is estimated at 221,000. (P. C.) Leeuwarden is the chief town. — Adj. Friesic, free'-zik, and Friesian or Frisian, free'- zhe-an ; inhab. Fries'-land-er, and Frisian* or Friesian. Friesland, East, or Aurich, ou'-riK, a principality in the N. W. part of Hanover. Emden is the chief town. Frio, free'-o, a cape on the S. E. coast of Brazil. Lat 22° 54' S. Lon. 41° 36' W. — . _ » Frisian properly relates to the nation who formerly inhabited this and the neighbouring regions, and who are mentioned by Tacitus under the name of Frisii. They appear to have been a tribe of Germans. Those of their descend ants who are settled among the small islands on the western coast of Sleswick, preserve not only the name of Frisians, but many vestiges of their customs and dress. The Friesic langu.age, which is quite distinct from the Dutch, in many points bears a striking resemblance to the English. FRI— FUN 223 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Frische Haff, frish'-?A biff, i. e. " fresh bay ;" or Frische See (say), i.e. "fresh sea," an arra of the Baltic, lying between 54° 14' and 54° 43' N. Lat, and 19° 10' and 20° 30' E. Lon. Its length is near 60 m. ; its greatest breadth is about 13 ra. A nuraber of rivers fall into this Haff, araong which are two arms of the Vistula. It is connected with the sea by a strait called the Gall, only about 12 ft. deep, and 3,000 ft wide, and is separated from the Baltic by a strip of land called the Frische Nehrung (n'i'-r66ng). Its name appears to have been given to it on account of the freshness of its waters — the necessary con sequence of its receiving so many considerable streams, while the pas sage by which it comraunicates vvith the Baltic is so limited that it is impossible for the salt waters of that sea to be mingled with the con tents of the Frisclie Haff to any considerable extent Friuli, fre-oo'-le,* (It pron. free'-oo-le,) the most eastern prov. of Northern Italy, forrning a part of the Venetian territory. Friuli ap pears to be derived from the ancient Forum Julii, a Roraan colony said to have been founded here by Julius Csesar. Frome or Frome Selwood, a t of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Frome, a branch of the Avon, 93 m. W. by S. frora London. Pop. ofthe parish, wilh an area of 10 sq. m., 11,849. Fuertaventura, fwfeR^-ti-ven-too'-ri, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel of 28° 30' N. Lat, and by tbe 14lh raeridian of W. Lon. It is about 60 ra. long, and contains an area of 79 sq. leagues. Pop. 13,885. (P. C.) Fulda, fo61'-di, a t of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, cap. of a prov. of tbe same name, on the liltle i. Fulda, a branch of the Weser. It has a lyceum, and several other establishments for education. Lat 5U° 34' N.. Lon. 9° 44' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Fulton, fool'-ton, a co. in the E. or E. central part of N. Y., N. W. of Albany. Pop. 18,049. Co. t Johnstown. Fulton, a co. in the N. part of Ind., a little N. of the Wabash r. Pop. 1,993. Co. t Rochester. Fulton, a co. in the N. VV. part of 111., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 13,142. Co. t Lewistown. Funchal, foon-shil', the cap. of the i. of Madeira, is pleasantly situ ated on the S. coast, and defended by several forts. Lat. 32° 37' N., I^n. 16°56'W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Its comraerce is ex tensive, but unfortunately it has no harbour, and its road is unsafe in winter. Fun'-dy, Bay of, situated between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, is about 180 m. long ; its greatest breadth is above 50 m. It is remark able for the height to which its tide rises, which soraetiraes amounts to 70 ft. Fo'-NEN (Dan. Fyen, fii'-en), a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Of glory streams along the Alpine height Of blue Friuli's mountains." — Childe Harold. Canto IV. 224. FUN— GAL Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, phi ; n6, nfet ; 66, as in good ; Denmark, situated between 5-5° 2' and 55° 40' N. Lat, and 9° 40' and 10° 51' E. Lon. Ils length is about 50 m. ; its greatest breadth near 40. The area is about 1,176sq.m. Pop. about 144,000. (P.C.) Odense is the capital. FttNFKiRCHEN, fiinf-kecR'-Ken. (Hung. Pecs, paich,) an ancient t. in the S. W. part of Hungary, io'5 ra. S. by W. from Buda. Lat. 46° 5' N., Lon. 18° 16' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Furnes, fiJRn, a small t of W. Flanders, situated at the termination of a canal, to which it gives its name. Lat 51° 4' N.. Lon. 2° 40' E. Pop. in 1830, 4,253. (P. C.) Furruckabad, fur^-ruk-a-bid', a t of Hindostan, cap. ofa dist. ofthe same name, which lies between the Jumna and the Ganges. Lat. 27° 24' N., Lon. 79° 27' E. Pop. estimated at about 67,000. (B.) Forth, ftiiit, a manufacturing and coraraercial t of Gerraany, in Bavaria, cap. of a circle of the same name, wilh a Jewish university, about 4 m. N. W. of Nuremburg. Lat 49° 29' N., Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop. estimated al 17,000. (B.) Fyne, Loch, Iok fine, a small bay on the W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire, communicating with the Frith of Clyde. Gads'-den, a CO. of Florida, E. of and bordering on the Appalachi cola r. Pop. 5,992. Co. t Quincy. Gaeta, gi-i'-ti, (Anc. Caieta,) a strongly fortified seaport t of Na ples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro. Lat 41° 13' N., Lon. 12° 34' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 3,000. (B.) Gaillac, gafe'-yik', a t of France, in the dep. of Tam, situated on the r. Tarn, 31 ra. N. E. of Toulouse. It is celebrated for its wines. Gaillon, gift^-yfeN', a t of France, in the dep. of Eure, 50m.W.N.VV^ of Paris, remarkable for its once magnificent palace, belonging to the archbishops of Rouen, vvhich is now converted into a prison. Gairloch, gare'-loK, a bay on the W. coast of Ross-shire, Scotland, which gives narae to a parish lying on it G.vle'-na, a sraall- 1 near the N. W. extremity of 111., the cap. of Jo Daviess co., reraarkable for the rich lead raines in its vicinity. The name is taken from galena, a species of lead ore. Galicia, gal-ish'-e-a, (Ger. Galizien, gi-lit'-se-en,) the kingdom of, forms the N. E. portion of the Austrian dominions, being situated be tween 47° and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 18° 54' and 26° 37' E. lon. Its length, from E. to W., is about 350 m. ; its greatest breadth, froih N. to S., near 230 m. The area is computed at 32,949 sq. m. Pop. about 4,600,000. (P. C.) Lemberg is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Galician, gal-ish'-e-g,n. Galicia, (Sp. pron. gi-lee'-the-i : Anc. Gallte'cia,) a prov. occupying the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 125 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to VV., 120 m. — Adj. and inhab. Gal-lb'-g.\n (from the Spanish Gallego, gil-li'-go) and Galician. GAll, Saint, (Fr. pron. sSn gill ; Ger. Sancte Gallen, sink'-t^A-gil'- GAI^GAN 225 ou, as iu our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. l?n,) a canton in the N. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine and Lake Constance. Area computed at 780 sq. m. Pop. in 1831, 165.740. (P.C.) Gall, St., an important manufacturing and coraraercial t of Switzer land, cap. of the above canton, situated about 7 ra. S. W. of Lake Con stance. It contains nuraerous literary institutions. Lat. 47° 26' N., Lon. 9° 22' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Gal'-la-tin, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 4,003. Co. t. Warsaw. Gali,atin, a CO. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio and Wabash rivers. Pop. 10,760. Co. t Equality. Gal'-h-a, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 13,444. Co. t Gallip'-olis. Gallipoli, gal-lip'-o-le, (Anc. Callip'olis,) an imporiant t of Eu ropean Turkey, situated at the entrance of the Hellespont, about 130 m. in a direct line, W. by S., from Constantinople. It is interesting in history, as the first place in Europe where the Turks acquired domi nion. Lat. 40° -26' N., Lon. 26° 38' E. The pop. is variously esti mated ftom 17,000 to 80,000. According to the P. C, it somewhat exceeds 20,000. Gallipoli, a fortifled seaport t of Italy, in Terra di Otranto. Lat. 40° 2' N., Lon. 17° 57' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Gal'-lo-way, a dist in the S. W. of Scotland, comprising the shire of Wigtown and parts of some other shires. The small horses known by the name of Galloways, are bred here. Gal'-ves-tcn, the largest t in Texas, situated ori an island of its own name. Its commerce is represented as very flourishing. Lat. 29° 10' N., Lon. 94° 50' VV. Pop. about 5,000. Galveston Bay, a considerable bay in the S. E. part of Texas, N. of the island of Galveston. GiiZ-WAY, a CO. in the W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught, borderino- on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive ofthe co. ofthe town of Galway, 381,564. (P. C.) Galway, the co. of the town of, lies in the above, and contains an area of near 36 sq. ra. The town of Galway, which is the cap. of this, as well as the preceding country, is situated on the outlet of Lough Corrib, near its entrance into Galway Bay. Its harbour is large, but not deep. It has a pretty extensive trade ; its chief manufacture is flour. Eniire pop. of the co. in 1831, 33,120. (P. C.) The pop. of the town is slated, by the Edinburgh Gazetteer, to be above 15,000. Gam'-bi-.*, a r. of W. Africa, which flows into tbe Alianlic, between 13° and 14° N. Lat, and near 16° W. Lon. Its upper course has not been explored by Europeans, but, from information obtained from the natives, it is probable that ils whole length exceeds 500 ra. It is navi gable to near Medina (med-ee'-ni), in about 14° W. Lon., a distance, by water, of perhaps 250 m. from ils mouth. Gand. See Ghent. Ganges, gan'-jfez, (Hindoo Gun'-ga,) a large r. of India, the two 226 GAP— GAR Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mtt ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; ni, n't ; 66 as in good , principal branches of which rise in the Himalaya Mountains, near 31° N. Lat, and between 78° 30' and 80° E. Lon. One of these, the Bag- haret'tee, which is considered the true Ganges, rises from the side of a mountain 13,800 ft above the level of the sea. In the first part of its course it runs south-westerly, but gradually changes towards the S. E., and, afler its union with the Jumna, in about 2-5° 2/ N. Lat, and 82° E. Lon., it flows easterly, and continues in this direction to near 88° E. Lon., when it again changes to the S. K, and falls inlo the Bay of Bengal, by many mouths. The whole length ofthe Ganges is estimated at near 1,500 ra. It is navigable, for sraall boats, almost to its source, during the rainy season, and the greater portion of it is navigable all the year round, but not for vessels ofthe same size. Even some of the principal branches are impassable for large boats during six months of the year. — Adj. Gangetic, gan-jel'-ik. Gap, gip, a city in the S. E. part of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Alps. It had, in the ]6th century, more than twice its present number of inhabitants. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Gard, gaR, a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Mediterra nean and the r. Rhone. Pop. 366.2.59. (B.) Capital, Nimes. Garda, gaR'-di, Lake of, (Anc. Bena'cus,) the largest lake in Italy, situated between 45° '26' and 4.5° 56' N. Lat, and 10= 32' and 10° 50' E. Lon. Its length is about 35 ra.; its greatest breadth about 10m. The r. Mincio forms its outlet. A steamboat plies between Desenzano (di-sfen-zi'-no) on its S. coast, and Riva (ree'-vi) at its N. extremity, in Tyrol. Gardon, gaR^-dfeN', a small r. in the S. of France, vvhich intersects the dep. of Gard, and flows into the Rhone. Over the valley of this stream" is the celebrated Pont du Gard (piN dii Gur), a magnificent Ronian aqueduct, 895 ft. long, and about 160 ft above the waters ofthe river, which was constructed for the purpose of supplying the ancient Nemausus (now Nimes) with water from the fountain of Aure. Gard'-iner, a flourishing t of Maine, in Kennebeck co., situated on the r. Kennebeck, about 8 ra. S. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 5,042. Garfagnana, gaR-fin-yi'-ni, a highland dist of the northern Apen nines, situated on the borders of the states of Tuscany, Genoa, and Modena. Garigliano, gi-reel-yi'-no, a small r. of Naples, which flows into the Mediterranean, about 10 m. E. of Gaeta. Gar'-onne' (the Garum'na of the Romans), a r. in the S. W. part of France, vvhich rises a little beyond tbe frontier, in the kingdom of Spain, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, unites vvith the Dor dogne, about 15 ra. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its length is about 360 ra. It is navigable above 200 m., though there are many impediments in the upper part of its course. Garonne, Upper, (Fr. Haute Garonne, 6te gi^-ronn',) a dep. in the GAR— GEL 227 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (Jf like j. S. of France, intersected by the r. Garonne. Pop. 454,727. Capital, Toulouse. Gar'-rard, a CO. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the r. Kentucky. Pop. 10,480. Co. t. Lancaster. Gar'-rows, a mountainous dist bordering on the N. E. frontier of Bengal, tributary to the British. Gas^-co-nade', a 1. of Mo., which flows into the Missouri r. Gasconade, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., intersected by the above, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 5,330. Co. t Mount Sterling. Gas'-co-ny, (Fr. Gascogne, gis^-coii',) forraerly a prov. in the S.W. part of France, now constituting the deps. of the Upper Pyrenees, Gers, and Landes, and part of the Lower Pyrenees, Upper Garonne, Lot and Garonne, and Ariege. — Adj. and inhab. Gas'-con. Gaspe, gis^-pV, a co. of Lower Canada, surrounding a bay of the same name in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Lat. of the latter, about 48° 47' N., Lon. 64° 20' W. Gates, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Va. and the Chowan r. Pop. 8,161. Co. t Gatesville. Gateshead. See Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Ga'-z.a, an ancient t of Palestine, situated near the borders of the desert which separates this country from Egypt, about 3 in. from the Mediterranean. Lat. 31° 27' N., Lon. 34° 27' E. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. (P. C.) (JJb-au'-g.a, a CO. near the N. E. extreraity of Ohio. Pop. 16,297. Co. t. Chardon. Geel, gheel, (Dutch pron. Hale,) a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Ant werp,' remarkable for the great number of persons afflicted with in sanity, who are sent thither from the surrounding country, to board in private families. The inhabitants, generally speaking, appear lo pos sess great skill in the treatment of this malady, which forms the prin cipal part of their occupation. Lat. 51° 10' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. fP. C.) Gefle, yev'-li, a seaport t of Sweden, situated at the raouth of a little streara which flows into the Baltic, important on account of its coramerce, its dock-yards, and the number of ils merchant vessel.s. It is regarded as the third seaport of Sweden. Here is a celebiated gymnasium. Lat 60° 40' N., Lon. 17° 8' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Gel'-der,'5 or Guelders, (Dutch, Geldern, nel'-dern,) called also Gel' der-land, a prov. in the E. part of Holland, bordering on the Prussian dorainions. The area scarcely exceeds 2,000 sq. m.. Pop. in 1824, 279,226. Capital, Arnliern. 'The ancient duchy of Gelders was con siderably larger lhan the present province. One division of it, called Upper Gelders, reraained subject to Spain after the successful revolt of the maritime provinces of the Netherlands; and a part of this, in- , eluding the town of Gelders, now belongs to Prussia. Geloers or Geldern, a small t and once an important fortress of tho Prussian dominions, in the circle of Diisseldorf, 48 m. N. W. of 228 GEN— GEN Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, m.'t; pine or pine, pin; n'l, not; 66 as in good; Coloo-ne. Frora it the above-mentioned duchy took its name. Lat. 51° 31' N., Lon. 6° 19' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) (JIen'-e-sbe', a r. which rises in Pa., and, flowing across the W. part of N. Y., erapties itself into L. Onlario. Its whole length is about 125 ra. Genesee, a co. in thc N. W. part of N. Y., a little to the W. of the above r. Pop. 59,587. Co. t Batavia. Genesee, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., S. of Saginaw Bay. Pop. 4,268. Co. t Flint. ^Ien^-es-e'-o, the seat of justice of Livingston co., N. Y., situaied on the r. Genesee, about 25 m. S. by VV. of Rochester. (^Ibn-e'-va, (Ger. Genf, ghenf; Fr. Geneve, zhen-ave' ; It. Ginevra, jin-i'-vri,) a celebrated city of Switzerland, the cap. ofa canton ofthe same narae, situated on both sides of the Rhone, where it issues from L. Leraan. The larger part of the town is on the S side, but a por tion is built on an island in the river, which is joined to the two banks by bridges. A smaller island, at the very point where tho Rhone issues from the lake, is planted wilh trees, and forms a public prome nade. A handsome suspension bridge has recently been thrown across the river. The town is regularly fortified, with raraparts, ditches, and bastions. As a seat of learning, Geneva holds a distinguished rank among the European cities. Its academy, or rather university, founded by. Calvin, has the four faculties of theology, law, science, and belles lettres, with forty professors. Tbe Botanic Garden is considered as the first establishment of the kind in Switzerland. Our limits will not permit us to raention even the principal among its numerous literary aind scientific institutions ; yet we may briefly notice the various collec tions in the sciences of mineralogy, entomology, botany, &c., especially the botanical library, and the magnificent herbarium of M. De Can- doUe, which contains not less than 58,000 different species, and may be regarded as the flnest collection ofthe kind which has ever been made. The manufacturing industry of Geneva is chiefly directed to the con struction of clocks and watches, and to works in jewelry. It would be difficult to name another town of equal size vvhich has produced so many distinguished persons as Geneva ; among these may be mentioned Saus sure, Rousseau, Madame de Stael, and Sismondi. Geneva is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe, and is mentioned under its present name, in Csesar's Commentaries on the Gallic war. (Lib. L, 7 and 8.) After the reformation, il became, under the auspices of John Calvin, one of the principal rallying points of the reformed communion, so as to be styled by some " the Rome of the Protestants." Much of its pre sent moral and intellectual elevation must be ascribed to the strong impression which Calvin stamped upon it three centuries ago. The Olv servatory is in 46° 11' 59" N. Lat, and 6° 9' 22" E. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 27,177. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. g^EN'-E-vEsE'. Geneva, Canton of, occupies the S. W. extremity of Switzerland. The area is computed at about 93 sq.m. The entire pop. in 1834 GEN— GEO 229 ou, as in our ,- th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q, \ikej. araounted to 56,655. (P. C.) This is the sraallest canton of the Swiss confederation. Geneva, Lake of. See Leman. Geneva, a village of N. Y., beautifully situated at the N. end of Seneca Lake. Pop. about 3,000. Genevieve (jen^-e-veev') St., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., bor dering on the Mississippi. Pop. 3,148. Co. t St. Genevieve. (^en'-o-.\* (the Gen'ua ofthe ancient Romans; It Geneva, jen'-o-vu; Fr. Genes, zhain) ; an archiepiscopal city in the N. W. part of Italy, frtrmerly tho cap. of the celebrated republic of this name, situated at the foot of the Northern Apennines, in the recess of a wide gulf on the Mediterranean, to which il gives ils name. It is strongly fortified on the land side, being enclosed by a double line of fortifica tions. Though, in general, irregularly and badly buiU, it contains raany fine edifices ; the palace Durazzo, and that of Andrew Doria are among the most remarkable. Genoa has several iraportant lite rary and scientific institutions; the University, with its twenty-nine professors, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, are perhaps the most deserving notice. The territory of the old republic now forms a partof the kingdom of Sardinia, under the name of the duchy of Genoa. The climate of this region is healthy, and the atmosphere remarkably pure. The Genoese are a shrewd, active, frugal, industrious, and still eminently commercial people. The town is in Lat. 44° 25' N., Lon. 8° 58' E. Pop. above 80,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. (^en^-o-ese'. George, Lake, a lake in the E. N. E. part of N. Y., situaied between the counties of Washington and Warren ; it is 33 ra. in length, and about 2 in breadth. Its outlet, which is 3 m. long, flows into Lake Champlain. It is studded with small islands, and its waters are re markably pure and transparent : these circumstances, together wilh the wild and lofty hills by which it is surrounded, render it almost un equalled for picturesque and romantic beauty. George, St., (Port Sara Jorge, soung zhoR'-zhi,) an i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat, and the 28th meridian of W. Lon. Length above 30 ra. ; mean breadth only 4 or 5m. George'-town, formerly Stabroek (sli'-brook), the cap. of British Guiana, situated near the mouth of tbe r. Deraerara. It forraerly be longed to the Dutch. Lat. about 6° 48' N., Lon. 58° 7' W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Georgetown, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, intersected by the Great Pedee r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 18,274. Co. t George town. Georgetown, a port of entry, cap. of the above situated on Win- yaw Bay, at the raouth of the Great Pedee r. Lat. 33° 21' N., Lon 79° 17' W. Pop. estiraated at about 2,000. * See Introduction, I. 20 230 GEO— GER Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; phie or pine, pin ; nfe, nfet ; 66, as in good ; Georgetown, a t and port of entry of Washington Co., in the Dist. of Columbia, situated at the confluence of Rock Creek with the Poto mac, 24 ra. above the capitol. Pop. 7,312. Georgia, jor'-je-a, (called by the Russians Grusia, groo'-se-i,) a con siderable country of Asia, situaied between the Black Sea and the Cas pian, and extending ftom 38° 18' to 43° 52' N. Lat, and ftom 39° 43 to 50° 14' E. Lon. These, however, are to be understood as the limits of the Russian prov. of this name. Georgia Proper is considerably less extensive. There is some diversity among geographers respecting its boundaries ; but it appears to have included originally nearly the whole of the southern declivity of the Caucasus, frora the Caspian to the Black Sea. The origin ofthe name is unknown: some derive it ftom tbe r. Koor (Kur), which intersects nearly the whole extent of this fine coun try. The Persians call it Goorgistan. The climate of Georgia is mild and, in general, very healthy. The Georgian girls, like those of Cir cassia, are celebrated for their beauty, though their complexion is said to he less delicate, and their figure less graceful. This country pro duces many excellent fruits, araong which are peaches, apricots, and figs. The vines are abundant, and ofa good quality ; the wine tbat is made from thera is mostly sent to Persia. The pop. of Georgia Proper is estimated at 300,000. (M. B.) Capital, Tiflis.— Adj. and inhab. Gbor'-gi-an. Georgia, one of the thirteen original U. S.. between 30° 21' and 35° N. Lat, and 81° and 85° 50' W. Lon ; bounded on tbe N. by North Carolina and Tennessee, N. E. by South Carolina, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama; and divided into 93 counties.* Length, frora N. to S., about 300 ra. ; greatest breadth, from E. to VV., near 250 m. The area is estimated at 62,000 sq. m. Pop. 691,392, of whora 407,695 are whites, 2,753 free coloured, and 280,944 slaves. Milledgeville is the seat of governraent Gera, gi'-ri, a t of Gerraany, the seat of government for the Reuss principalities, which are on tbe W. border of Saxony. It is also the seat of a Protestant consistory. Lat. 50° 53' N., Lon. 12° 4' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) (?er-main'. Saint, (Fr. pron. siN zheR^-maN'), a town of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, situated on the left bank of the Seine, about 14 m. W. by N. from Paris, with which it is connected by a rail- » Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts, Camden, Camp bell, Carroll, Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Cobb, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford. Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Glynn. Green, Gwinnett, Ha bersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, Madison, Marion, Mc Intosh, Meriwether, Monroe. Montgomery, Morgan, Mur ray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglelhorpe, Paulding, Pike, Pulaski, Pulnam, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Scriven, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall. Telfair, Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilkinson. GER— GER 231 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, n early like reg- ; (Jt, like j. road. It was formerly a favourite residence ofthe French kings. The fi^rest of St. Germain, in the vicinity, is still a frequent resort of tho royal family, with their hunting parties. To distinguish it from other places of this name, the town is often called St. Germain en laye (iN li), i. e. "in the lane or passage," probably referring to its position on one of the roads leading to the forest. Pop. in 1831, 10,671. (P. C.) German Ocean. See North Sea. (,Jer-m.\-ny (Lat Gerraa'nia ; Ger. Deutschland, doich'-lint ; Fr. AUemagne, ill'-miii') ; an extensive country of Europe, situated be tween 45"^ 30' and 55° 50' N. Lat, and 4° 45' and 2-2° 54' E. Lon. These liraits have reference to all the territories comprised in the Ger manic confederation, including sorae districts which do not belong to Gerraany Proper; e.g. Luxeraburg, and Friuli. According to the raore strict application of the name, Germany is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, E. by Poland, Galicia, and Hungary, S. by Croatia, Illyria, Italy, and Switzerland, and W. by France, Belgium, and Holland. Its length, from the Netherlands to the E. part of Prussia, is upwards of 700m.; its breadth is very unequal; measuring from N. lo S., from the Baltic to the southern limit of "Tyrol, it amounts to near 600 ra. The area is stated at 284,000 sq.ra. Before the French Revolution, the German empire was divided into nine circles; namely, those of Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia, in the S. ; Franconia, Upper Rhine, and Lower Rhine, in the raiddle ; and Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony, in the N. Other countries, however, were considered as forming parts ofthe empire, of which the principal were Bohemia, Silesia, Mora via, and Lusatia. The present Germanic confederation, as established by an act ofthe Congress of Vienna, on the Sth of June, 1815, consists of thirty-eight independent stales. The central point and organ of the confederation is the Federative Diet, which sits at Frankfort on the Main. It exercises its authority in a double form : 1st, as a general assembly, terraed Plenura ; and, 2dly, as a rainor council, called the Fede rative Diet Ordinary. The Plenura raeets only when an aflair relating to all the confederation is to be decided. It has seventy votes, of which four belong to Austria, and as many to each of the five Gerraan king doras; the other states, according lo their respective iraportance, have three, two or one vote each. The Federative Diet Ordinary possesses in all seventeen votes, out of which eleven principal states have each a single vote, and the reraaining twenty-seven only six joint votes. Austria presides in both assemblies, and decides in cftse of equality. The objects of the Germanic confederation are mutual defence against a common enemy, and the preservation of internal security and peace among the confederated slates, which have no right to declare war on each other, but must submit their differences to the decision of the Diet. The following is a list of the states, with the number of votes which each possesses in the general assembly. I States having each four votes : 1. Austria, 2. Prussia, 3. Bavaria, 4. Saxony, 5. Hanover, 6. Wurtemberg. 232 GER Fite, fir, fill, fat 5 mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ; II. Slates having each three votes: 7. Baden, 8. The electorate of Hesse, 9. The grand-duchy of Hesse, III. States having each two votes : 12. Brunswick, I 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, I IV. States having each one vote : 15. Saxe-Weimar, 16. Saxe-Coburg, 17. Saxe-Meiningen, 18. Saxe-Hildburghausen, 19. Mecklenburg-Strelilz, 20. Holstein-Oldenburg, 21. Anhalt-Dessau, 22. Anhalt-Bernburg, 23. Anhalt-Ccethen, 24. Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen, 25. Schwarzburg-Rudolsladt, 26. HohenzoUern-Hechingen, The following is a list of the Austrian, Prussian, Dutch, Danish possessions comprised in the Germanic confederation : Austrian. — The archduchy of Austria, the duchies of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Austrian Friuli, the territory of Trieste, the county of Tyrol, with Vorarlberg, the kingdom of Bohemia, the margraviale of Moravia, and Austrian Silesia. Prussian. — The provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Prussian Saxony, Westphalia, and the provinces of the Rhine. Dutch. — The grand-ducby of Luxemburg. Danish. — The duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg. Nothing is known of the early history of Germany, except what we derive from the Roraans. In the time of Julius Caesar, the Germans (Germani) were regarded as the most formidable and warlike of all the European barbarians. To this character they appear to have been indebted for the appellation by which they were known among the sur rounding nations. Wehrman, i. e. " war-man," was changed by the Romans into German, as they probably had no other mode in which they could indicate raore nearly the sound of the barbarian narae.* In the early part of the third century the Alemanni or AUemanni ap pear as one of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German na- 10. Holstein and Lauenburg, 11. Luxemburg. 14. Nassau. 27. Lichtenstein, 28. HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen 29. Waideck, 30. Reuss, elder branch, 31. Reuss, younger branch, 32. Lippe-Schauenburg, 33. Lippe-Detmold, 34. Hesse-Homburg, 35. Liibeck, 36. Frankfort, 37. Bremen, 38. Hamburg. and * It is curious to observe how often to, in a Teutonic language, is changed tc ^ina Romanic. Among many other instances, we m.ay cite the following: Ger. wchr. Sp. guerra, Fr. guerre ; Eng. ward, Sp. guarda, Fr. garde; Eng. waste, Sp guastar, Fr. galer (originally gasler); Eng. wager, Fr. gager; Eng. warrant, Fr garantir. (See note to Cornwall, page 109; also. Int. XXVII., 10.) GER— GHE 233 ou, as in our; tli, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng ; (fi, likeji. tions, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as their name (AUemannen, all men, or all sorts of men), would seem to imply. "Though often defeated, the AUemanni harassed almost continually the Roman frontier on the side of Germany, during the decline of the. Western empire. But having, in a sanguinary battle, been utterly roiited by the Franks, under Clodwig, in 496, they were afterwards united to the Suevi, and vvith them consolidated inlo a dukedom, called the Duchy of AUeniannia. From the AUemanni the French and Spa nish naraes of Germany, AUemagne and Alemania, are derived. The Germanic empire dales frora the tirae of Charleraagne, by whora it vvas founded, in the latter part of the 8lh century. Conrad, the first duke of Franconia, was elected eraperor about the year 911, from which time the crown of^ Germany remained elective till 1806, when Francis II. abdicated the imperial crown of Germany, and declared the dissolution of the Gerraanic empire. After the dethroneraent of Napoleon, in 1815, the new system of general government, called the Germanic confedera tion, was established, as already explained. — Adj. (^er'-m.an and (^er man'-ic ; inhab. German. Gerona, ni-ro'-ni, a t of Spain, in Catalonia, the cap. of a dist of the same narae, and formerly important on account of its fortifications. Lat 42° 2' N., Lon. 2° 47' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Gers, zhaRe, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a small r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne. Pop. 312,882. (B.) Capital, Auch. Gex, zhex, a small t of France, near the frontiers of Switzeriand, 11 m. N. by W. from Geneva, in a dist ofthe same narae, which forms a part of the dep. of Ain. Ghadamis, ghi-di'-mis, or gha-dims', a commercial t. of N. Africa, in an oasis of the same name, which is tributary to Tripoli. It is a rendezvous for caravans travelling from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. about 29° 50' N., Lon. near 11° E. Ghauts, Mountains of Hindostan, which are usually divided into the Western and the Eastern Ghauts. The Western Ghauts extend along the VV. coast of Hindostan, from the r. Tapty, on which Surat stands, to about 11° N. Lat, and form the boundary of the table land of the Dekkan on the side towards the Indian Ocean. The Eastern Ghauts, which separate the table land of the Dekkan frora the low and level country along the Bay of Bengal, extend frora about 12° to 18° N. Lat. To another mountain ridge, which bounds the table land«of the Dekkan on the S., and which has only been explored within the last twenty-five years, the name of Southern Ghauts has recently been applied. The word Ghaut literally signifies a "raountain pass." Gheel. See Geel. Ghee'-zeh (Gizeh or Jizeh), a small t. of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, chiefly remarkable for its vicinity to the pyraraids. Lat 30° 2' N., Lon. 31° 15' E. Ghent, (Flem. Gent or Gend, nent ; Fr. Gand, giN,) a city of Belgium, cap. of E. Flanders, situated at the confluence of the Lys with the 20* 234 GHO— GIB Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66 as in good . Scheldt, 31 m. W. S. W. from Antwerp, and 30 m. N. W. from Brus sels. It is intersected by a great number of navigable canals, through which it communicates with most of the iraportant towns of the Low Countries. The Sas-van-Ghent Canal (flrst opened for use in 18-28), which runs towards the N. inlo Zealand, connects Ghent with the W. Scheldt, and allows vessels frora the sea, drawing 18 ft of water, tc enter the city. In the centre of the town a raagnificent basin haa lately been excavated, which is connected with the above canal, and is capable of containing 400 vessels, of 900 tons each. Ghent is a handsorae and well-built city, and is surrounded by walls with seven gates. This town appears to have existed as early as the 5th century. It was formerly much more populous than at present. During the reign of the emperor Charles V., who was born here, Ghent con tained 175,000 inhabitants (P. C.) Towards the end of the 13th cen tury, it is said to have exceeded the capital of France, in extent and population. Besides the University and the College, Ghent possesses a royal academy of drawing, sculpture, and architecture; a royal society of agriculture and botany ; and various other establishments for the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. Lit 51° 3' N., Lon. 3° 44' E. Pop. 84,000. (B.) Ghool-ghoo'-lv, a valley in Afghanistan, 30 or 40 m. N. W. of Ca bool, remarkable for two rude colossal statues, one of a male, about 120 ft. in height; the other of a female, about 70 ft. Gibraltar, je-braul'-ter, (Sp. pron. He-bril-taa': Anc. Cal'pe,) a for tified rock in the S. extremity of Spain, which is connected with tbe continent by an isthmus of low sand, and almost surrounded by the waters of the Mediterranean, forming a promontory, 3 m. in length, from N. to S., and from 1,200 to 1,400 ft in height Towards the S., it terminates in vvhat is called Europa Point. In the early part of the Sth century, an army of Saracens, under the command of Tarif, landed here, and erected a castle on the shoulder of the rock, which was called by Ihe invaders Gibel-Tarif (i. e. the "mountain of Tarif"), whence, in all probability, the present name is derived. The ruins of the Moorish castle are still lo be seen. Al present, Gibraltar is perhaps the strongest and most remarkable fortress in the world. Besides other fortifications, of extraordinary strength, there are two excavations, called galleries, wrought in the solid rock, which are sufficiently capa cious to contain the whole garrison in time of siege. They are nar row, and extend from two to three iniles in length. Along these galleries, at intervals of every twelve yards, are port-holes, bearing on the isthmus and bay. Gibraltar is a free port, and forms a convenient entrepdt for merchandise destined for the neighbouring provinces of Spain and Africa. The Bay of Gibraltar, lying VV. of tlie proraontory, is coraraodious, and secure from all the more dangerous winds. It is near 8m. in length; its greatest breadth is about 5m.; its depth, in the centre, exceeds 100 fathoms. The town of Gibraltar is situated near the foot of the hill, at its N. W. side. Lat. 36° 6' 30" N., Lon. 5° 19' W. Pop. estimated at about 16,000. (P. C.) GIB— GLA 23o ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng ; (Jt like 7. Gibraltar, Strait of, situated between Spain and Africa, and con necting the Mediterranean wilh the Alianlic Ocean. In the narrowest place, its breadth does not exceed 12 ni. Its length, from Cape Trafal gar to Europa Point, is near 40 m. Gib'-son, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little E. of the Missis sippi r. Pop. 13,689. Co. t Trenton. Gibson, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash and White rivers. Pop. 8,977. Co. t. Princeton. Giessen, ghees'-sen, a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Hesse, about 33 m. N. of Frankfort on the Main. It has a university, attended by about 400 students. Lat. 50° 34' N., Lon. 8° 34' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Gihon or Jihon. See Oxus. Gijon, ne-Hone', a sraall t of Spain, on the coast of Asturia, re markable for its coUege or high-school, called the Instituto Asturiano Lat 43° 35- N., Lon. 5° 45' W. Gila, nee'-li, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the Colorado. (jJiLES, a CO. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River Pop. 5,307. Co. t Parisburg. Giles, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 21,494. Co. I. Pulaski. Gil'-mer, a CO. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 2,536. Co. t EUejay. Gilolo, je-lo'-lo, the largest of the Molucca islands, between 1° S. and 2° 10' N. Lat, and 127° and 129° E. Lon. In shape, it somewhat resembles a bird's foot; consisting of four lobes, of which the northern is considerably the largest. Its length, from N. to. S., is about 220 m. ; the greatest breadth ofthe northern lobe is near 50 ra. Like the other Moluccas, it is dependent on the Dutch. (See Moluccas.) GiRGEH, jeeR'-jeh (written by the French, Djirdjeh), a considerable t, forraerly the cap. of Upper Egypt, situated on the loft bank of the Nile. Lat. 26° 22' N., Lon. 31° 55' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Girgenti, jeeR-jen'-te (Anc. Agrigen'tum), a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated near the S. W. coast, about a mile from the ruins ofthe ancient Agrigenlum. Lat. 37° 19' N., Lon. 13° 34' E. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) On the sile of the ancient town, called, by the present inhabitants, Girgenti Vecchio (vek'-ke-o) or Old Girgenti, are to be seen a great number of interesting ruins; the tem ple of Concord, having been converted into a Christian church, is still almost eniire. Gironde, je-rond', (Fr. pron. zhe^-riNd'), a r. or estuary of Prance, formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, flowing into the Bay of Biscay. Its length is about 45 ra. ; its breadth varies frora about 2 to 7 m. Gironde, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, lying on both sides of the r. Gironde, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 555,809. (B.) Capital, Bordeaux. Gizeh. See Gheezeh. Glad'-win, a co. in the E. part of Mich., W. of Saginaw Bay. 236 GLA— GRO Fate, fir, fill, fit; rafe, mfet; pine or pine, phi; nA, not; 66 as ingood; Glam-or'-oan-shire, a co. in S. Wales, bordering on the sea. I'op. 171,188. Glar'-us, in Fr. Claris, gli'-reece', a canton in the E. part of Swil^ zerland, bordering on the lake of Wallenstadt and the Linth Canal, which connects the above lake with the lake of Ziirich. The area is about 469 sq.m. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Glarus, the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the r. Linth, which flows into the lake of Wallenstadt. It contains a Protestant col lege, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 47° 2' N., Lon. 9° 2'E. Glas'-gow, a city of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situated on the N. bank of the Clyde, 43 ra. W. by S. frora Edinburgh. In extent and population, as well as in comraerce and manufactures, it is the- first town of Scotland. Three different canals terminate in Glasgow; through one of them, the Forth and Clyde Canal, it has communica tion with Falkirk, Grangemouth and Edinburgh. The town is, in general, regularly and handsomely built ; the streets are large, clean, and well paved, and adorned wilh a number of fine edifices, both pub lic and private. The ancient cathedral stands in the highest part of the city, and is considered as the finest specimen of Gothic architecture among the churches of Scotland. Among the various scientific and literary institutions of Glasgow, we may mention the University, which was attended, in 18-26-7, by 1;027 students ; the Hunterian Museum, with a superb collection of anatomical preparations, and the institu tion founded by Professor Anderson, of which il is the object to fur nish, at a very moderate expense, a regular course of instruction, by popular lectures, to persons not wishing, or not able, to enter any of the universities. Glasgow exhibits an astonishing augmentation in the number of inhabitants, of late years. The pop. of 1841, which, in cluding the suburbs, amounted to 274,324, exceeded that of 1831 by more than 72,000. In 1780, the town contained only 42,832 inhabi tants. (E. G.) The Observatory is in Lat. 55° 51' 32" N., Lon. 4° 17' 54" W. (P. C.) Port-Glasgow is situated in Renfrewshire, on the Frith of Clyde, about 20 m. below Glasgow. The citizens of the latter town having experienced great inconvenience from the want of a seaport, founded a harbour here in 1668, and afterwards obtained a charter frora the crown, constituting it a free port. Pop. 6,973. Glatz (Polish, Klodz'-ko), a fortified t of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same narae on the Neisse (ni'-ccA). It is surrounded by a double wall. Lat. .50° 25' N., Lon. 16° 37' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 6,400. (B.) Glauchau, glou'-Kou, a t. of Saxony, in the co. of Schonburg, 6 m. N. of Zwickau. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Glogau, glo'-gou, a circle of Prussian Silesia, S. of Posen. Gross-Glogau, groce^-glo'-gou (i. e. Great Glogau), the chief town of the above, is a strong fortress, situated on the Oder. Lat. 51° 40' N., Lon. 16° 7' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, 11,000. (B.) GLO— GOL 237 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng ; Qr, like 7. Glommen, glum'-raen, the largest r. of Norway, rises in the high mountains to the S. E. of Drontheim, and flows into the Skager-Rack. It traverses several sraall lakes in its course. Gloucester, glos'-ter, (the Gle'vura ofthe Roraans; Saxon, Gleau- Cester, whence the present name is derived,) a city in the W. of Eng land, the cap. of Gloucestershire, is situated on the left bank of the Severn, 90 m. W. N. W. ftom London. There are two stone bridges, each of a single arch, over the two channels of the Severn. Glouces ter is remarkable for its superb cathedral, and for its immense manu facture of pins, which, however, was formerly much more extensive than at present Lat 51° 52' N., Lon. 2° 16' W. The city forras a little CO. of itself, with an area of only 680 acres. Pop. 14,152. Gloucester, a port of entry of Essex co., Mass., on the S. side of the peninsula of Cape Ann, about 27 ra., in a straight line, N. E. of Boston. It has a commodious harbour, and carries on extensive fish eries. Pop. 6,350. Gloucester, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela ware r. Pop. 25,438. Co. t Woodbury. Gloucester, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of York r. Pop. 10,715. Seat of justice, Gloucester c. h. Gloucestershire, glos'-ter-shir, a co. in the W. of England, inter sected by the r. Severn. Pop. 431,383. Gluckstadt, gliick'-stitt, a t and free port of Denmark, cap. of Holstein (see Kiel), situated on the Elbe. Lat. 53° 48' N., Lon. 9° 27' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Glynn, a. co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Altamaha and the sea. Pop. 5,302. Ca t Brunswick. Gmund, gm66nt, or GmOn'-den, a. small t of Upper Austria, iraport ant on account of its salt-works, and the railroad which connects it with Linz and Budweis. GmiJnd, graiint, a t of Germany, in Wiirteraberg, 28 ra. E. of Stutt gart, with an institute for the deaf and durab, and for the blind, and other establishments for education. Gnesen, gni'-zen, (Polish, Gniesno, gne-es'-no,) a t of Prussian Poland, 30 m. by E. by N. from Posen, considered as the most ancient town in all Poland. Pop. 5,600. (B.) Go'-.A, the cap. of the Portuguese possessions in India, situated in the prov. of Bejapoor, on an island formed by the r. Mandova. The ancient city is now almost deserted. The new town, which stands 5 ra. nearer the sea, is called Pandjim (pin-jeera'). (P. C.) Lat 15° 31' N., Lon. 73° 45' E. Pop. estiraated at from 18,000 to 20,000. Godavery, go-di'-ver-e, a large r. of India, which rises in the Western Ghauts, and flowing, at first easterly, and afterwards south easterly, erapties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by several mouths. Its length is estimated at 640 m. Goes, H66ce, a seaport t of Holland, on the island of S. Beveland. Lat 51° 30' N., Lon. 3° 53' E. Pop. 4,500. (B.) Gol-con'-D-j, an ancient and decayed t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of 238 GOL— GOO Fite, fir, fiU, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 asingood; Hydrabad, celebrated for its diamond raines. It appears, iiowever, th^t these mines, mentioned so frequently by geographers as well as others, have never had an existence. The "diamonds of Golconda" are thus designated, frora having been wrought in this town, which was, for many centuries, distinguished for its traffic in those precious stones. (B.) Golconda is situated a few miles to the W. of the city of Hydra bad. Lat. 17° 23' N., Lon. 78° 26' E. Goldberg, golt'-bfeRG, a manufacturing I. of Prussian Silesia. Lat. 51° 4' N., Lon. 15° 56' E. P9P. 6,400. (B.) Gold Coast, a part of Guinea, the limits of which are not exactly defined. In its most extensive application, the name comprises a mari time tract extending from the little r. Assinee (about 3° 20' W. Lon.) to the eastern mouth of the r. Lagos, (4° 20' E. Lon.) That portion, however, which lies E. of the r. Volta, is often called the Slave Co;ist Some writers describe the Gold Coast as limited on the W. by Cape Three Points (about 2° 10' VV. Lon.); olhers make Cape ApoUonia the western boundary. Of all parts of Guinea, and indeed of the African coast, this is the one where European settlements and trade have been carried to the greatest extent. Ils narae sufficiently indicates the cause. It appears, however, that the gold for which this region formerly en joyed an exaggerated celebrity, was chiefly procured from other por tions of Africa. GoLNow, gol'-nov, a t. of Prussia, in Poraerania, 18m. N.E. of Stet tin. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Gom-broon', called, also, Bun'-der Ab-bas'-si, ^ t. of Persia, situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, opposite to the far-famed island of Ormuz. Formerly it carried on an extensive trade, and its population is said to have amounted to 30,000 ; it is now reduced to 3,0(X) or 4,000. (P. C.) According to Balbi, it is still populous during the winter sea son. Lat. about 27° 12' N., Lon. 56° 3' E. Gomera, go-rai'-ri, one of the Canary Islands, situated between 2S° and 28° 13' N. Lat, and 17° 15' and 17° 35' W. Lon. It is about 20 m. long, and contains an area of lOJ sq. leagues. Pop. 11,742. (P. C.) GoNAlvEs, Les, li go^-nive', a small seapoirt t of Hayti, cap. of the dep. of Artibonite. Lat. 19° 20' N., Lon. 72° 30' W. Gon'-dar, a city of Abyssinia, formerly the cap. ofthe whole empire ; at present the chief town of the kingdom of Amhara, is situated in a plain between -20 and 30 m. N. of Lake Dembea. The houses are mostly covered with straw ; they are isolated, so that the city occupies a large space in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Lat. about 12° 30' N., Lon. 37° 32' E. Pop. 6,000 (B.) ; others, however, have estimated it much higher, but have probably been deceived by the ex tent of ground which the town occupies. Gooch'-lvnd, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. of, and border ing on James r. Pop. 9,760. Seat of justice, Goochland u. h. Goold'-sha (Guldscha), called, also, Ili, (ee'-le), an important com mercial t. of Central Asia, situated in Chinese Toorkistan. It is said GOO— GOT -239 ou, as iu our, th, as in thin ; iii, as xnihis , a, nearly like ng ; Q, like 7. to be well built, and to be surrounded by mud walls, wilh six gales ; and is estimated lo contain 10,000 houses. (B.) Lat. about 43° 30' N., Lon. 82° 30' E. Goom'-ty, a r. of Hindostan, which flows into the Ganges. Gor'-kum, a fortified t. of S. Holland, situaied on the Merwe. Lat. 51° 50' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Gor'-litz, a fortified t of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, situated on the Neisse (nV-ceh). It has a gymnasium and several other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51° 9' N., Lon. 15° 1' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) GoRTZ (It. Gorizia, go-rid'-se-i), an archiepiscopal t. of the kingdora of Illyria, cap. ofa large circle of the same name. It has an academi cal gyranasiura, a public library, and various other instilutions. Lat. 45° 57' N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. 9,700. (P. C.) Gos'-LAR, an ancient t of Hanover, in Hildesheim, celebrated for its mines of silver, lead, and copper, vvhich are possessed in coraraon by the king of Hanover, and the duke of Brunswick. Lat 51° 54' N., Lon. 10° 26' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Gos'-port, a fortified seaport t of England, in Hampshire, situated on the W. side of Portsmouth harbour, 68 ra. S. by W. from London. Pop. of the chapelry, 8,862. S. of the town stands the Royal Hospital of Haslar, containing accommodations for more than 2,000 patients. Gosport. See Norfolk. GoTUA, go'-ti, a handsome t. of Germany, formerly the cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is situ- ted 78 ra. W. by S. from Leipsic. Among its numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be raentioned the Gymnasium, one of the best in Germany ; the National Library, wilh 60,000, and the Ducal Library, with 20,000 vols. ; and the celebrated collection of coins, one of the finest in the world, contained in the palace of Friedenstein (free'- den-stine), besides various collections in natural history and in the arts. Pop. 12,000. (B.) The Observatory of Seeherg (sV-bfeao), in the vicinity of Gotha, is in Lat 50° 56' 5" N., Lon. 10° 44' 6" E. Gotha, Principality of. See Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Gotheborg, go'-te-borg, or Got'-hen-burg, an important t of Swe den, on the Gotha-elf (or " Gotha River"), about 3 m. frora ils entrance into tbe Cattegat Tlie river widens at this place to near a raile, and forms an excellent harbour. The Royal Academy of Sciences, the Gymnasium, and the School of Navigation, may be noticed among the literary and scientific institutions of Gotheborg. With lespecl to com merce, manufactures, and population, this town is the second in the kingdom. Lat 57° 4-2' N, Lon, 11° 58' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) Goth'-l.and (Sw. Gotaland, yo'-ti-Iind, or Gothland, yot'-lind, the "land of the Goths;" Lat Go'thia); a name formerly applied to the southern portion of Sweden, which was divided into East, West, and South Gothland. None of these appellations, however, are recognised in the recent distribution of Sweden into provinces. (E. G.) Goth'-land, or more properly, Gott'-land, (i. e. " good land,") an i. in thp Baltic, situated between 56° 55' and 58° N. Lat, and 18° IG 240 GOT— GRA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66, as in good : and 19° 13' E. Ion. It is near 80 m. in length ; its greatest breadth is above 30 m. The area is computed at 1,118 sq. m. The pop. in 1833 was estimated at 39,800. (P. C.) Gottingen or Gcettingen, get'-ting-en, a celebrated city of Germany, in Hanover, the cap. ofa principality ofthe same name, situated on the New Leine (li'-neA), a canal derived from the river Leine, an af fluent of the Aller. It is chiefly remarkable for its university, founded by George II., of England, in 1734, which is justly regarded as one of the very first in Europe, and vvhich contains a library of above 300,000 vols., considered the richest in the world with respect lo modern litera ture. Among the numerous other literary and scientific institutions of Gottingen, we may mention the Royal Society of Sciences; the Bo tanic Garden, one of the finest in Europe; the Academical Museum ; and the Veterinary School. Lat of the Observatory, 51° 31' 48" N., Lon. 9° 56' 37" E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Gou'-DA or How'-di, a t. of Holland, on the Yssel, 12m. N.E. of Rotterdam. The cliurch of St. John, of this place, is a handsome edi- flce ; its painted windows are esteemed araong the finest in Europe. Gouda, tbough not regularly fortified, is surrounded by wide and deep ditches ; and, by means of sluices, the surrounding country can be laid under water in a few hours. Lat 52° N., Lon. 4° 43' E. Pop. esti mated at 12,000. (B.) Goyaz, go^-yiz', a large prov. in the central part of Brazil, extending from about 6° to 21° 40' S. Lat. Goyaz, called, also, Vil'-l.v Bo'-.4, the cap. ofthe above, is situated on the r. Vermelho (vfen-mel'-yo), near its source, about 170 m., in a straight line, from its entrance inlo the Araguay. Lat about 16° 20' S., Lon. 50° 30' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Gozzo, gof-so, (Anc. Gau'dufe,) an i. in the Mediterranean, situated N. W. of Malta,, to which it belongs. It is intersected by the parallel of 36° N. Lat, and by the meridian of 14° 15' E. Lon. The area is near 40 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. Gozzo, the principal town, contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Gracias a Dios, gri'-se-is i dee'-oce, a cape on the E. coast of Cen tral America. Lat. about 14° 55' N., Lon. 83° 12' W. Graciosa, gri-se-o'-sa, one of the Azores, intersected by the 39th parallel of N. Lat, and 28lh raeridian of W. Lon. It is only about 20 m. in circuraference. Pop. 7,500. (P. C.) Gradisca, gri-dis'-ki, a small t in Austrian Italy, iraportant on ac count of its fortifications. Lat. 45° 53' N., Lon. 13° 25' E. GrjEtz. See GrXTZ. Graf'-ton, a CO. of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop 42,311. Co. towns, Haverhill and Plymouth. Grammont, gri^-rafeN', a t of E. Flanders, situated on the r. Dender, 18 ra. S. S. E. of Ghent Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 3° 50' E. Pop. in 1834, 7,349. (P. C.) Gram'-pi-.4n Hills, a chain of mountains in Scotland, which stretches like a raighty wall along the southern front ofthe Highlands, GRA— GRA 241 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng ; (fr, like 7. running from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aber deenshire, on the German tDcean, and then forming another ridge in a north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the bor ders of Inverness. There appears, however, to be considerable diver sity araong geographers respecting the application of the name Gram pian. The term is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It is derived from the Mons Grampius, raentioned by Tacitus in his Agricola. In its most extensive application, it appears to coraprehend all the raountain ranges N. ofa line drawn frora the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland. Ben Ne'vis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system, and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Mac Dhu, situated in the VV. part of Aberdeen shire, is second only to Ben Nevis, haviug an elevation of 4,305 ft above the sea ; Ben Cruachan (croo'-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch Etive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben L6'-mond, in ' Stirlingshire, is perhaps the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the level ofthe sea. Ben Ven-u', in Perthshire, extends along the south ern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the most striking features in the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so reraarkable. Ben Vorlich (vor'-liK) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only lo Ben Venu, araong all the raountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery. Gran, grin, (Hung. Esztergom, es-tfeR-gom,) an archiepiscopal and royal free t in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Danube. At the foot of the castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town by a fiyino- bridge, is an establishment for warra baths. Lat. 47° 47' N., Lon. 18° 45' E. Pop. about 10,950. (P. C.) Granada, gr?in-i'-da.,* (Sp. pron. gri-ni'-ni,) a kingdora or prov. of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia and the Mediterranean. It is soraelimes called Upper Andalusia. Granada, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is situated near the river Genii (Hi-neel'),in the raidst of a plain cele brated for its fertility and for its delicious cliraate. This town was built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow ofthe kingdom of Cordova, Granada becarae, in 1'238, the cap. of the new kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the close of the Moorish dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.), and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 100,000 men ; bul it vvas al last reduced, on the second day ofthe year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress of the Moslem kings, an edifice of almost unequalled magnificence, is * This ac'centuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by Ih'e usage of nearlv all our best poets (aee Int. I.) ; nevertheles.s, in the " carefnlly revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published at Edinburgh in 1843, the name is thrice given with the accent on thefirst syllable, 21 242 CRA— GRA Fite, fir, fiU, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin ; nfe, nfet ; 65 as in good : justly regarded as the finest existing monuraenl of Moorish architec ture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which the University stands pre-eminent. Lat 37° 17' N., Lon. 3° 50' W. Pop. computed at 80,000. (B.) Granada, New. See New Granada. Grand Isle, a co. forraing the N. VV. extremity of Vt. Pop. 3,883. Co. t North Hero. Grand River. See Ott-Awa. Grand River, a, r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan. Grand River, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri. Granger, grane'-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 10,572. Co. t. Rutledge. Gr^nt, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentucky r. Pop. 4,19-2. Co. t WUliarastown. Grant, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wa bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 4,875. Co. t. Marion. Grant, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 3,926. Grant'-bam, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, about l(X)m., in a straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683. Gran'-ville, a co. in the N. part of N. C, bordering on Virginia. Pop. 18,817. Co. Oxford. Granville, griN'-vill', an iraportant seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Manche. Lat. 48° 50' N., Lon. 1° 36' W. Pop. m 1832, 7,350. (l^C.) Grasse, griss, a t of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and pnnis other institutions. Lat 4:5° 39' N., Lon. 6° 55' E. Pop. in 183-2, 7,552. (P. C) Gratiot, grash'-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. GrXtz, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave, about 90 m. S. S.W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished rank among the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science. Ainong ils institutions may be mentioned the University, attended by from 300 to 350 students; the Public Library, one ofthe richest in the empire; and an inslitulion called the Johanneum, named in honour of the Archduke John, by whom it was founded in 1811. Lat 47° 4' N., Lon. 15° 27 E. Pop. above 40,000. (B.) Graudenz, grou'-dfnts, a t and fortress of Prussia, situated on the Vistula, 00 m. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., ex clusive of the military and the prisoners, 5,.500. (B.) Gravelines, griv^-leen', a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 2° 8' E. Graves, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on Tennes see. Pop. 7,465. Co. t Mayfield. Oraves'-end', a t of England, in Kent, on the right bank of the TlwmoF, about 20m. E.of London. It is the common landing place GRA— GRE 243 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (^, like j. for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be examined and obtain its clearance ; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river must be examined by the custora-house officers, a number of whom are constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414. Gray'-son, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River, and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 9,087. Seat of justice, Gray son c. h. Grayson, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a liltle N. of Green River. Pop. 4,461. Co. t Litchfield. Great Brit'-ain, (Anc. Al'bion, afterwards Britan'nia or Britannia Major — major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes Called Britannia or Britannia Minor, I. e. " Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the coun tries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern part, is in Lat. 49° 57' 30" N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most northern point in Lat 58° 41' N. The most eastern point is Lowest oft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46' E. Lon. The raost western, Aird- namurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13' W. Lon. The distance frora Lizard Point lo Dunnet Head, is about 608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's-end to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 ra. Area 83,827 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, amounts to 18,720,394. Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England,* 12 lo Wales,t and 32 to Scotland.t Great Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is the commander-in-chief of all the forces of tho erapire, both on land and sea. To him belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting par dons and of comrauting punishments. The bouse of lords consists oL the temporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords * Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Che shire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex. Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Not tingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, Southampton (or Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts. Worcester, York. tAnglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire), Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon. Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor. t Aberdeen, .Argyle (or .¦Argyll), Ayr, Banff. Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clack mannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray). Fife, Forfar, Had dington, Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown. ^U GRE— GRE Fit?, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pto ; n.J, not ; 66, as in good , spiritual. The house of lords is also the supreme court of appeal for Great Britain and Ireland. The house of commons consists of men elected by the different counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, lo represent them in parliament. It is required by law that the candi dates be possessed of a certain amount of property, excepting the sons of peers, and those who are to represent the universities. The number of members of the house of coraraons, at present, amounts to 658, of whora 471 are chosen by England, 29 by Wales, 53 by Scotland, and 105 by Ireland. — Adj. Brit'-ish ; inhab. Brit'-cn. Greece, (Anc. Gr. 'ETAas, Hellas ; Lat. Grae'cia,) a country in the S. E. part of Europe, once distinguished above all others as the seat of civilization, learning, and the arts. Passing over that period of Grecian history which was so brilliant and is so well known, we will raerely observe that, after undergoing various vicissitudes, dnring the decline of the Roman power, Greece at last became permanently incor porated with the Ottoraan empire, on the fall of Constantinople, 1453, and remained in this condition till 1821, when the last successful strug gle for Grecian freedom commenced. After a long and sanguinary contest, through the interference of England, France, and Russia, the independence of Greece was at length recognised by the Turkish sultan, in 1829. The present kingdora of Greece is situated between 36° 23' and 39° 14' N. Lat, and 20° 43' and 24° 35' E. Lon., including the island of Negropont. The northern boundary ofthe continental portion extends, in a somewhat tortuous Une, from the Gulf of Volo, on the E., to the Gulf of Arta on the W. A considerable part of it is formed by the mountain ridge called Othrys, which runs nearly E. and VV^., a liltle N. of the 39th parallel. All the principal islands of the jEgean Sea lying W. of the 26th meridian ofE. Lon., vvith the exception of Crete, belong also to the kingdom of Greece. Area estimaled at 18,500 sq. m. Pop. 700,000. (B.) The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. under the protection of England, France, and Russia. Athens is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Greek and Grecian, gree'-shun. Green, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 933. Green Bay, a large bay on the VV. side of L. Michigan, above 100 m. long, and from 15 in. to 35 ra. broad. Green Mountains, a range which coraraences in Vt, near the Canada line, and running S., through the western part of this state, Massachu setts, and Connecticut terminates at West Rock, near New Haven. Those portions situated within Massachusetts and Connecticut are not usually called by the general name. Green River, a r. of Ky., vvhich rises in the E. central part of the state, and, flowing westerly for more than half of its course, and after wards in a general north-westerly direction, empties itself into the Ohio r. It is navigable, for boats, about 200 m. Grebn'-bri-er, a r. in the VV. part of Va., flowing into New River. Greenbrier, a co. in the VV^ part of Va., ihtersocled by the above, and bordering on New River. Pop. 8,695. Co. t Lewisbur'^. GRE— GRE 245 ou, as in our; th, as m thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (fr, likej. Greene, a co. in the S. E. part ofN. Y., W. of and borderino- on the Hudson r. Pop. 30,446. Co. t Catskill. Greene, a co. forming the S. VV. extreraity of Pa. Pop. 19,147. Co. t Waynesburg. Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,232. Greene, a. co. in the E. central part of N. C, a little to the N. of Neuse River. Pop. 6,595. Co. t. Snow Hill. Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 11,690. Co. t Greensborough. Greene, a co. in the VV. part of Ala., intersected by the Black War rior, and bordering on the Torabigbee. Pop. 24,024. Co. t. Erie. Greene, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Alabaraa. Pop. 1,636. Co. seat, Leakeville. Greene, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ark., bordering on the St. Francis. Pop. 1,586. Greene, a co. near the E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on North Carolina and the French Broad r. Pop 16,076. Co. t. Greenville. Greene, a co. near the centre of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 14,212. Co. t Greensburg. Greene, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little to the E. of the Miami r. Pop. 17,5*28. Co. t Xenia. Greene, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ind., intersected by the W. Fork of the White r. Pop. 8,321. Co. t Bloorafield. Greene, a co. in the W. part of IU.,- bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 11,951. Co. t Carrollton. Greene, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo. Pop. 5,372. Co. t Spring field. Green'-land, (Dan. Gron'-land or Groenland, being the sarae in signi fication wilh the English narae.) It appears to be now ascertained that Greenland is not, as was formeriy supposed, a peninsula of the new continent, but an insular group, consisting of two or three large islands, surrounded by several other smaller ones. (B.) That portion which is tbe best known is situated between Iceland and the American conti nent The most southern point is Cape Farewell, Lat. 59° 49' N., Lon. 43° 54' W. A large portion of the eastern, as well as the whole northern coast, is still unexplored. The whole country raay be re garded as one enormous mass of rocks ; in many places it rises close to the water's edge into precipitous and lofly mountains, (Crowned with inaccessible cliffs. The climate, as might be expected, is extremely cold, but is considered very healthy. Generally speaking, July is the only month in which there is no snow. Graah observes that, on the eastern coast, S. of 65° -N. Lat, in 1830, the sea every night was co vered with a crust of new ice, as early as the close of August. He slates, however, that in February, the thermometer did not sink lower lhan 6° below the zero of Fahrenheit Vegetation must, of course, be very scanty in such a country and climate. Il appears that no kind of grain sutxeeds here. Potatoes are planted only towards the most 21* 246 GRE— GRE File, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mt-t; pine or pine, pin; ni, nfet; 66 as in ^-ood," southern extremity. The only domestic animal of the Greenlanders is the dog, which is used to draw the sledges. Rein-deer, hares, foxes, and white bears appear to be the only wild animals among quadrupeds. Land-birds are not numerou.?, but sea-fowl are exceedingly abundant as are also many kinds of fish. Greenland belongs lo the crown of Denmark. — Inhab. Green'-lvnd-er. Green'-ock, an important manufacturing and commercial t of Scot land, in Renfrewshire, on the S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 21 m. W. _by N. frora Glasgow. The harbour has sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and good anchorage. Steamboats run daily from this town to Belfast in Ireland. Lat 5.5° 58' N., Lon. 4° 44' VV. The pop., according to the last census, amounts to 36,13.5, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 9,000. Greens'-ville, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Meherrin r., and bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,366. Co. t. Hicksford. Green'-up, a CO. forming the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 6,-297. Co. t Greenup. Green'-ville, a dist. in the N. VV. part of S. C, bordering on X. C. Pop. 17,839. Seat of justice Greenville c. h. Greenwich, grin'-idge, a t. of England, in Kent situated on the right bank of the Tharaes, 5 m. E. S. E. of London. Here is a hospital for disabled seamen, which is considered one ofthe finest in the world, containing accommodations for about 3,000 penons. The money re ceived from visiters and from other sources is appropriated to the sup port ofa school, in which about 200 of the children of the inmates are instructed in those branches which relate to a seafaring life. Green wich is also distinguished as the seat of the Royal Observatory, from the meridian of vvhich, English astronomers and geographers com pute the longitude. Lat 51° 28' 39 ", Lon. 0° 0' 0 ". Pop., including an area of about 3sq. m., 29,755. Greifswalde, grifs^-Wal'-deA, formerly Gripeswold, a t of Prussia, in Pomerania, situated near a little bay which projects from the Baltic. Here is a university, the buildings of which constitute the chief orna ment of the town. It Jias thirtv professors, and a library of above 32,000 vols. Lat. 54° 4' N., Lon." 13° 33' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Grenada, gren-i'-d^, one of the Lesser Antilles, about 20 m. long and 9 m. broad. It is intersected by the 12lh parallel of N. Lat, and by the meridhin of 61° 45' W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 25,422. (P. C.) Gren*-oble', a fortified city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Isere, and formerly of Dauphine, on the r. Isere, 296 m. S. S. E. of Paris. This place is faraous for the raanufacture of gloves, which, according to official documents, amounts to 3,600,000 pair annually. Among the various literary and scientific institutions of Grenoble, may be men tioned the Academie Vyiiversitaire, the College Royal, and the Society of Science and Arts. In the time ofthe Romans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which vvas afterwards, in the fourth century, changed, in honour of the emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, of which GRI— GRU 247 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (?, like,;'. the modern Grenoble is a corruption. Lat. 45° 12' N., Lon. 5° 44' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) Grindelwald, grin'-del-Will\ a village of Switzerland, in the can ton of Berne, situated in a romantic valley of the sarae narae, vvhich is intersected by the parallel of 46° 39' N. Lat, and the 8th meridian of E. Lon. In the vicinity is the iraraense glacier of Grindelwald. Grisons, grc^-zfeN'; (Ger. Graubiindten, grou'-biint-en,) the largest* canton of Switzerland, occupying the S. E. extreraity of that country. Ils greatest length, from E. to W., is about 87 ra. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about 54 in. The area is computed at about 3,000 S(j. in. Pop. 96,000. (P. C.) Capital, Coire. Grisons in French sig nifies "gray," and Graubundten in German, the "gray allies." The name originated in the following circumstance. In the year 1424, the chief inhabitants of this portion of the country, having become weary ofthe oppression of their feudal lords, mel under a large maple, in a forest near the village of Trons, and entered inlo a solemn compact lo defend each other's properly and persons, and to oblige their lords to respect the same. This was called the Gray League (Grauhund, grou'-boonl), from their being dressed in gray frocks. The maple tree of Trons remained standing till near the close of-the last century: it was felled during the French invasion. Grod'-no, an ancient t in the S. W. part of European Russia, the cap. ofa gov. ofthe same name, situated on the Nieraen, 156 ra. N. E. of Warsaw. The Polish and Lithuanian Diets were formerly some times held here. Lat 53° 40' N, Lon. 23° 50' E. Pop. above 10,000. (P. C.) Gron'-ing-bn or Hr6'-ning-cn, a prov. occupying the N. extremity of Holland, bordering on the kingdom of Hanover and the German Ocean. The area is 770 sq. m. Pop. in 1824, 153,860. Groningen, the cap. of the above, and the most imporiant town in the N. of Holland, is situated on the Hun'-se, about 12 m. from its en trance into the Lauwer Zee (lou'-TVer zay). The great church of St. Martin is the mosl remarkable edifice. Among the literary and scien tific institutions of Groningen, the University and the Botanic Garden may be mentioned. Lat. .53° 12' N., Lon. 6° 31' E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.) Grundy, a co. in the N. E. part of IU., intersected by the Illinois r. Grundy, a co. in the N. part of Mo., on Grand r. Grcss VVardein, groce'-WaR-dine^, (Hung. Nagy VaraJ, n6dy viiR- 6d,) a t of Hungary, on the Koros (k6-r6sh), a tributary of the Theiss, with an academy (which is a sort of university), and other literary institutions. Lat. 47° 2' N., Lon. 21° 53' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GRtiNBERG, griin'-bfeRG, or GRiJ'-NB-BEHG\ a walled t in the N. part of Prussian Silesia, the cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, with flourish- • Balbi gives 1,938 geographical sq. m. for the area of Grisons, and 1,933 for that of Berne According to the P. C, Berne has the greater area. 248 GUA— GUA Fite, fir, fill, fat; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; nA, n5t; 66 as ingood; ino- manufactures. Lat. 52° 3' N., Lon. 15° 32' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, gwi^-Di-li-ni'-ri, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on tbe r. Henares, a branch of the Jaraara, 33 m. N. E. by E. of Madrid. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, a large and handsome city of Mf.\- ico, the cap. of the state of Xalisco, situated on the r. Santiago, 'i'he streets are regular and spacious ; there are fourteen squares and twelve fountains, and many fine edifices. The town contains several convents, and a nuraber of churches, among which the Cathedral is perhaps the most remarkable, being considered one of the most magnificent in Mexico. Guadalaxara has -a university and several other institutions for education. Four newspapers were published here in 1826. Lat. 21° 9' N., Lon. 103° 2' W. The pop. is variously estimated ; Balbi gives 45,000, but some rate it as high as 70,000. Guadaloupe, gau^-da-loop' or gi'-di^-loop', an island, or, raore cor rectly, two islands, divided frora each other by a very narrow channel, belonging to the group of Lesser Antilles. It is from 60 to 70 m. in length ; its greatest breadth is about 25 m. (P. C.) The most import ant town is Basse Terre, situaied near the S. W. point of the island. Lat 15° 59' N., Lon. 61° 45' W. Guadalquivir, coraraonly pronounced in English gau'-d"l-quiv'-cr, (Sp. pron. gwin-il-ke-veea'; Anc. Bte'tis;) or the ""Great River,"* a r. in the S. of Spain, which rises in the mountains on the N. E. confines of Granada, and, running in a very circuitous course, falls into the Atlantic, in about 36° 44' N. Lat, and 6°- 20' W. Lon. Its length is above 300 m. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Seville. Guadiana, gau-de-an'-a or gvvi-De-i'-ni, (Anc. Anas,) a i. of Spain, which rises in New Castile, and flowing easterly into Portugal, and afterwards forming a part ofthe boundary between Spain and Portugal, falls into the Atlantic, in about 37° 10' N. Lat, and 7° 14' W. Lon. Guanaxuato, g;wi-ni-Hwi'-to, a t of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same narae, situated on the table land, 6,835 ft. above the level of the sea, and surrounded by the richest silver mines in the worid, to vvhich it owes its origin and present magnificence. These mines from 1766 to 1820 produced not less than 225,935,736 Spanish dollars. Lat. 21° N., Lon. 100° 55' W. The pop. of this place was exceedingly reduced by the war of independence, but at present it is said to amount lo 60,000; including that of the suburbs. (B.) Guancavelica, gwing^-ki-vi-lee'-ki, also written Huancabelica, a. t. of Peru, situated at the height of 12,312 ft. above the level of the sea, • The name is of Moorish origin. Gtiad, which forms the prefix ofthe names of BO many streams in the S. of Spain, is essentially the same word as ^Ya4 or Wady (see Inl. XXVII., 10.), and signifies "river:" al-qmvir is merely a tor ruption of the Arabic al-kebeer (or alkebir); i.e. "the great." GUA— GUE 249 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (Jt, like 7. important on account of its rich mine of mercury. Lat. about 12° 53' S., Lon. 75° 6' W. Pop. near 12,000. (B.) Guardafui, gwir^-da-fwee'. Cape, the most eastern point of Africa. Guastalla, gw4s-til'-li, a fortified t of Italy, in the duchy of Parraa. Lat 44° 55' N., Lon. 10° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.) Guatemala, gau'-le-mi'-la or gvvi-l4-mi'-li, forraerly a prov. of Spanish Araerica, occupying the territory now included in the republic of Central America. Also, the name of two towns in this republic, distinguished as Ancient and New Guateraala. Ancient Guatemala, or Guatemala la Antigua, or siraply La. Antigua (li-in-tee'-gwi), the cap. of the slate of Guatemala, is built near the site of Old Guateraala (Guatemala la Vieja, — ve-i'-Hi), which vvas destroyed in 1541, il is said, by enormous raasses of water burst ing forth from a neighbouring volcano, called, from this circumstance, the Volcano de Agua (vol-ki'-no di i'-gwi), or the " water volcano." Guatemala la Antigua has suflered greatly from earthquakes, as well as from two neighbouring volcanoes. Ils pop., however, is still con siderable, amounting, according to Balbi, to 18,000. Lat. about 14° 26 N., Lon. 90° 23' W. New Guatemala or Guatemala la Nueva (nwi'-vi), the cap. of the federal district of Central America, and, provisionally, of the whole confederation, is situaied about 30 m. E. N. E. of the preceding. The streets are regular, crossing each other al right angles, and are 40 ft. in width. The houses have only one story, on account of the frequent earthquakes. Guatemala is the residence of an archbishop. It con tains several literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention the University, tbe Academy of Fine Arts, and the Public Library. Lat about 14° 35' N., Lon. 90° 10' W. The pop., including that ofthe immediate environs, is computed at about 50,500. (B.) GiAX.ACA. See Oaxaca. Gu.»YAciuiL, gwi-i-keel', an important seaport t of S. America, in EciiaLor, and the cap. of a dep. of the sarae name, is situated on the r. Guayaquil, about 40 ra. frora its entrance into the Pacific. Vessels of considerable size can readily sail up to the town, at high tide, which, at the full and change of the moon, rises 24 ft The harbour of Guayaquil is the ordinarv station for the navy of the republic. Lat. 2° 11' N., Lon. 79° 56' W.' Pop. estimaled at 22,000. (B.) Guayra. See La Guayr.a. Guben, goo'-ben, a walled t in the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg, the cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, is situated on the Neisse (nV-ceh). hat. 51° 57' N., Lon. 14° 44' E. Pop. 7,300. (B.) Guelderland. Sec Gelderland. Gueret, gi^-ri', the cap. of the dep. of Creuse, in France. It con tains a college or high-school, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 46° 1,0' N., Lon. 1° 50' E. Guernsey, gern'-ze, an i. off the N. coast of France, subject to the British crown, intersected by the paraUel of 49° 30' N. Lat, and the meridian of 2° 35' W. Lon. Ils shape is triangular ; its length is about 9 m. Pop. 26,649. 250 GUE— GUN Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nfet ; 66, as in good; Guernsey, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio i. Pop. 27,748. Co. t Cambridge. Guiana, ge-i'-na, Guyana or Guayana, a narae applied lo the N. E. portion of S. Araerica, extending along the coast from the r. Orinoco, or near il, to the r. Oyapok. It is divided into English, Dutch, and French Guiana. English Guiana lies the farthest west, and is separated from Dutch Guiana by the r. Corantyn (ko*-ran-tine'). On the side towards Vene zuela, the boundary has never been determined : it may perhaps be considered to lie about raidway between the Essequebo (es-se-lci'-bo — less correctly, Essequibo), and the Orinoco. Pop. in 1834, 96,.581. (M.) Capital, Georgetown. Dutch G. or Surinam, Boo*-re-nam', borders English Guiana on the E., and is divided from French Guiana by the r. Maroni (mi-ro- nee'). Pop. probably 65,000. (M.) Capital, Paramaribo. French G. or Guianb, ge^-in', lies E. of Dutch Guiana, and ex tends to the r. Oyapok. Pop. in 1837, 21,648. (M.) Capital, Cayenne. Guienne, ge'-enn', a former prov. in the S. W. of France, lying N. of Gascony, from which it was partly separated by tbe r. Garonne. It is now distributed chiefly among the deps. of Aveyron, Dordogne, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Tarn and Garonne, and Gironde. Guienne is sup posed to be derived from the ancient Aquitania, the name given to this country in the time of the Roraans. In the early periods of the French monarchy it was called Aquitaine. Guil'-fcrd, a CO. in the N.W. centre of N. C. Pop. 19,175. Co. t Greensborough. Guinea, gin'-e, an extensive country on tbe W. coast of Africa, be tween 4° and 10° N. Lat, and 5° E. and 13° W. Lon. The mterior is but little known ; the countries along the coast are known to Eu ropean sailors under six names. Sierra Leone, Grain Coast Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and Benin. Guingamp, gaN'-giN', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Cdtes du Nord. Lat 48° 34' N., Lon. 3° 8' VV. Pop. in 1*32, 6,100. (P. C.) Guipuzcoa, ge-poos'-ko-a, (Sp. pron. ge-pooth'-ko-i,) a small prov. on the N. coast of Spain, bordering on the Bay of Biscay, between 1° 40' and 2° 36' W. Lon., reraarkable for its raanufactures in iron. The metal is obtained frora native ore, of an excellent quality. — Adj. and inhab. Guipuzcoan, ge-poos'-co-an. Gujerat. See Guzerat. Gumbinnen, g66m-bin'-nen, a t ofE. Prussia. Lat. 54° 35' N., Lon. 22° 12' E. Pop. 6,200. (B.) GuND-wA'-NA, tt former prov. of Hindostan, situated partly in the present kingdom of Nagpoor. GUntzburg, giinls'-booRo, a sraall t of Bavaria, on the Danube, with a fine bridge over this river. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 10° 16' E. Pop. 3,000. (R) G-UR— HAG 251 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Gur'-wAl', a prov. in the N. of Hindostan, bordering on the Hiraa- laya Mountains. GOsTRow, giis'-trov, a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Meck lenburg-Schwerin. Lat. 53° 47' N., Lon. 12° 18' E. Pop. 8,400. (B.) Guyana or Guay.ana. See Guiana. GuYANDOTT,gi-an-dot', a r. in the W. part of Va., which flows into the Ohio. Guz^-er-at', a prov. in the W. of Hindostan, bordering on the sea, and situated partly between the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Cutch. Gwin-nett', a co. towards the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat tahoochee r. Pop. 10,804. Co. t. Lawrenceville. Gyula. See Karlsburg. Haarlem, Haerleih, or Harlem, hiiR'-lem, a city of the Nether lands, cap. of North Holland, situated about 11m. W. of Amsterdam, on the navigable river Spaaren (spiir'-en), which runs frora the lake of Haarlera inlo the river Y. It is fortified in the old style, and was for raerly considered a place of great strength. Haarlera was a flourishing manufacturing town in the middle of the 12lh century, and acted an important part in the wars between the Dutch and Frieslanders. It attained its liighest prosperity in the 17th century, since which time it has greatly declined. Its manufactures, once among the most cele brated in Europe, have fallen into decay. Il is still renowned for its gardens, the flowers from which constitute an important object of com merce. Haarlem possesses a number of literary and scientific institu tions, among which are an anatomical theatre, an academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture, a public library, and a fine botanic garden. Lat. 52° 23' N., Lon. 4° 38' E. Pop. about 22,000. (B.) Haarlemmer Meer, hiiR'-lem-mer mair, or the Lake of Haarlem, .=itualed between the town of Haarlem and Amsterdara, is about 18 ra. /'ong, and frora 4 to 7 wide, but is said to be only 6 ft. deep. Habana. See Havana. Hab'-er-sham, a co. near the N. E. extreraity of Ga. Pop. 7,961. Co. t. Clarksville. JJad'-ding-ton, the cap. of Haddingtonshire, situated about 17 m. E. of Edinburgh. Here the celebrated John Knox was born. Pop. 2,786. Had'-ding-tcn-siiire or East Lothian (lo'-THe-an), a co. in the E. part of Scotland, S. of, and bordering on the Frith of Forth. Pop. 35,886. Had-ra-maut', a prov. of Arabia, situated E. of Yeraen, and border ing on the sea. Haerlem. See Haarlem. Haff, hif, a name used on the German coast ofthe Baltic, for an ex panse of water communicating with the sea, but nearly enclosed by hind. Ha'-gers-town, the cap. of Washington Co., Md., 68 m. N. N. W. of Washington, situated at the termination of the Cumberland Valley 352 HAG— HAL Pile, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, m.'t ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66 as in good : Railroad, by which it is connected with Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 37' N., Lon. ¦'7° 35' W. Pop. 7,197; in 1830 it was only 3,371. Hague, haig, (Dutch, S'Gravenhaag, s'gri'-ven-hiig',) a large and beautiful town in the Netherlands, the cap. of South Holland, is silii- ated about 3 m. from the sea ; communicating, by means of canals, with all the principal places of the kingdom. It is not regularly fortified, but surrounded with a moat, with drawbridges over it Many of the streets are planted with rows of trees, and paved with coloured bricks. Among the remarkable buildings may be mentioned, the king's palace, distinguished rather for its great dimensions than for the beauty of ils architecture ; and the palace of the Prince of Orange. The Hague contains a royal museum, with a gallery of paintings, a royal library, and various other literary and scientific institutions, "rhis place, though traversed by a great number of canals, has but little commerce, and its manufactures are not numerous; its importance is chiefly owing to its having been the cap. ofthe Netherlands, and to its still being one ofthe residences ofthe king, and Iheseat of the supreme court of justice ofthe kingdom. S'GranereAaag- signifies literally "thc count's wood," and appears to have owed its origin to a hunting seat of the counts of HoUand, situated in a wood. This, however, became a palace as early as 1250, and around it many other houses were soon erected. The Hague is about 32 m. S. W.of Amsterdam. Lat. 52° 5' N., Lon. 4° 16' E. Pop. above 55,0, 0. (B.) Haguenau, ig'-n6', a t in the N. E. part of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, 17 m. N. of Strasburg. Pop. about 8,000. (M.) Hajar or Hadjar. See Lahsa. HaInan, hi'-nan', an important i. in the China Sea, near the S. ex tremity ofthe prov. of Canlon (Quang-tong), to which it belongs, and from which it is divided by the channel of the Junks, which is only 15 or 16 ra. wide. (P. C.) Il lies between 18° 10' and 20° 6' N. Lat, and 108° 30' and 111° 5' E. Lon. Length about 180 m.; greatest breadth about 100 m. The area is estimated at above 16,000 sq.m. Khioong-tcheoo (Ke-oong'-cheoo*), the cap., situated on the N. coast, is said lo contain 200,0()0 inhabitants. (P. C.) The interior is occu pied by independent savages. Hainault, i*-no', (Flera. Henegouwen, hen-e-Hou'-Wen,) a prov. in the S. of Belgium, bordering on France. The area is 1,433 sq. m. Pop. in 1830, 604,957. (P. C.) Halberstadt, hil'-ber-stitt\ a t of Germany, in the Prussian go vernment of Magdeburg, cap. of a circle of the sarae name. It has a number of instilutions for education, and a superb cathedral, dedicated to St Stephen. Lat. 51° 54' N., Lon. 11" 4' E. Pop. about 17,000. (B.) Haleb. See Aleppo. Hal'-j-fax, a t of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, situated near the junction ofthe Rochdale Canal vvith the r. Calder, 22 ra. N. E. of Manchester. It ranks next to Leeds and Bradford as a seat of the wooUen and worsted manufactures. Pop. of the borough, including HAL— HAM 253 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. the township of Halifax, and parts of the townships of N. and S. Owtam, 26,694. - Halifax, the cap. of Nova Scotia, situated on Chebucto Bay, vvith a harbour spacious, secure, and accessible at all seasons of the year. It is regularly built, with wide and straight streets, though the houses are mostly of wood. Among the public edifices, the most remarkable is the Province Building, said lo be the finest structure in British America. It contains chambers of meeting for the legislative bodies, the custom-house, the offices of the provincial government and the supe rior law courts. Halifax contains a well-appointed naval arsenal, and a harbour sufficiently large for 1,000 vessels to ride in safety, which is the ordinary station of the navy in lime of war. This town has a coUege and several other institutions for education. Lat 44° 40' N., Lon. 63° 37' W. Pop. in 1833, exclusive of the military, aborit 18,000. (M.) Halifax, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N C. and the r. Staunton. Pop. 25,936. Seal of justice, Halifax c. h. Halifax, a co. in the N. N. E. part ofN. C, bordering on the Roan oke. Pop. 16,865. Co. t Halifax. Hall, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee. Pop. 7,875. Co. t. Gainesville. Hall, hill, a t of Tyrol, with extensive salt-works. The rock-salt is brought from the Salzberg (silts'-bfeRo), i. e. " Salt-mountain," which is 10 m. distant, and above 5,000 ft. in height Lat 47° 18' N., Lefl. 11° 31' E. Pop. 5,(i00. (B.) Hall, Swabian, in the kingdom of Wiirtemberg-, formerly a free imperial city, is situated about 34 m. N.E. of Stuttgart It contains some valuable salt-works, and about 6,.500 inhabitants. (B.) Halle, hil'-le/j, the principal t in the government of Mersehurg, in Prussian Saxony, remarkable for its salt-works and other manufaotures, its commerce, and especially for its literary and scientific institutions, among which tlie University stands pre-eminent This has above 40 professors; the number of students fluctuates between 800 and 900; at one time it amounted lo 1,300. Of the numerous charitable establish ments of Halle, tha Orphan Asyluiu (Waisenhaus, wi'-zen-house^), founded by Francke, deserves to be particularly mentioned. The work men engaged in the salt-works are called Hal-l6'-ren (sing. Hallor), and are a peculiar race, distinguished by their physiognomy, costume, and customs, supposed to be descended from the aboriginal inhabi tants. They enjoy raany privUeges and immunities. Lat .51° 29' N., Lon. 11° 58' E. Pop. of Halle itself, about 17,000 (P. C.) ; including its immediate environs, 26,000. (B.) Hallowell, hol'-lo-well, a flourishing t. of Kennebeck co., Maine, on the r. Kennebeck, 2 m.-below Augusta. I^at. 44° 17' N., Lon. 69° 50' W. Pop. of the township, 4,6.54. Ham'-burg (Ger. pron. hira'-b66RG), the most iraportant emporium, and, after Vienna and Berlin, the largest city of Germany, situaied oh the N. bank of the Elbe, at ils confluence with the Alster (il'-ster), 22 254 HAM— HAM Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nbt ; 66, as in good ; about 75 ra. from the German Ocean. The origin of this town is attri buted to Charlemagne. It had attained to considerable commercial importance at the beginning of the 12th century. In the 13th, it con curred in the formation ofthe Hanseatic league. (See Hanse Towns.) It suflered exti'eraely from its occupation by the French, during the early part of the present century, especially in 1813 and 1814 ; in con- - sequence of which, its population was reduced to about 60,000, though it appears, at the present tirae, to have entirely recovered from the loss vvhich it then sustained. Like most of the old towns of Germany, Haraburg is well fortified. The greater part of the city is irregularly built, and presents but a glooray appearance, though, in the newer portion, there are several pleasant streets and fine buildings. The most remarkable edifice is, perhaps, the church of St Michael ; il is callable of accomraodating 6,000 persons (M.) ; the steeple is said to be 4-56 ft. in height. This city contains a nuraber of literary and scientific insti tutions, araong which are two gyranasia, an anatomical institute, a fine botanic garden, and a public library, called the City Library, with nearly 200,000 vols., besides 3,000 manuscripts. Our limits will not perrait us to mention even the principal araong the raultitude of chari table institutions which Hamburg possesses; suffice it to say, that they are on the most liberal plan, and managed in the most exemplary man ner. The city of Hamburg, with ils territory, constitutes a sovereign state, which is a member of the Germanic confederation. The govern raent is republican. The territory, vvhich contains about 150 sq. m., is bounded on the S. by the Elbe, on all other sides by the Danish posses sions of Holstein and Lauenburg. The entire pop., in 1826, according to Balbi, was 148,000. The present pop. of the city is above 12-2,00(). Lat. 55° 33' N., Lon. 9° 59' E. Hameln, hi'-meln, a t of Germany, in Hanover, on the Weiser, with a large house of correction. Lat 52° 5' N., Lon. 9° 20' E. Pop. 5,300r (B.) Ham'-il-ton, a manufacturing t of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, 10 ra. "S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. 8,876. Hamilton, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., on the head waters of the Hudson. Pop. 1,907. Hamilton, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the Suwanee. Pop. 1,464. Co. t Miccotown. Hamilton, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering' on the Ten nessee r. Pop. 8,175. Seat of justice, Harailton c. h. Hamilton, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 80,145. Co. t Cincinnati. Hamilton, a co. in the centre of Ind., intersected by the While r. Pop. 9,855. Co. t Noblesville. Hamilton, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., near the Little VV'abash r. Pop. 3,945. Co. t. McLeansboro. Hamm, himm, a t ofthe Prussian states, on the Lippe. Lat 51° 41' N., Lon. 7° 47' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Ham'-mer-smith, a village of England, on tlie N. bank of the HAM— HAN 255 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Thames, near London, with a Catholic boarding-school for young ladies (nunnery), and a fine suspension bridge over the r. Tharaes. Pop. of the parish, 9,888. Hamp'-den, a co. in the S. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con necticut r. Pop. 37,366. Co. t. Springfield. Hamp'-shire (i. e. the' county of Hants), called also Southampton, a CO. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel; it in cludes the Isle of Wight Pop. 355,004. Hampshire, a co. in the W. part of Mass., intersected by Ihe Con necticut r. Pop. 30,897. Co. t Northampton. Hampshire, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the Potomac. Pop. 12,295. Co. t. Roraney. Hanau, hi'-nou, the first manufacturing t in the electorate of Hesse- Cassel, Germany, and the cap. of a prov. ofthe same name, is situaied on the Kinzig (kint'-sio), near its junction vvith the Main. It is a flourishing place, and has an extensive trade. Lat 50° 9' N., Lon. 8° 52' E. Pop. estiraated at above 13,000. (B.) Han'-cock, a co. in the S. E. part of Maine, bordering on the sea. Pop. 28,646. Co. t. Ellsworth. Hancock, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee r. Pop. 9,659. Co. t Sparta. Hancock, a co. in the S. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. and L. Borgne. Pop. 3,367. Co. seat, Shieldsborough. Hancock, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., E. of Green r. and border ing on the Ohio. Pop. 2,581. Co. t Hawesville. Hancock, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, E. of the Miarai Canal. Pop. 9,986. Co. t Findlay. Hancock, a co. in the E. central part of Ind., E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 7,538. Co. t Greenfield. Hancock, a co. in the W. part of IU., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 9,946. Co. t Carthage. Hang-tcheoo (or -tcheou), a large commercial city of China, situ ated near the mouth of the r. Tsieri-tang, with a harbour ; it has for tifications, with a numerous garrison, and a population which is esti mated at between 600,000 and 700,000. (B.) Lat. about 30° IO' N., Lon. 119° 12' E. Han'-o-ver, (Ger. Hannover, hin-no'-ver,) a kingdom in the N. W. of Germany, situated between 51° 18' and 53° 52' N. Lat, and 6° 48' and 11° 40' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. W. by the Gelfman Ocean, N. and N. E. by the Elbe (wbich separates il from the territories of Hamburg, Denraark, and Mecklenburg) and by Mecklenburg, E. and S. E. by Prussia and Brunswick, S. W. by Hesse-Cassel, Lippe, and the Prussian territory of Westphalia, and W. by Holland. It may be re garded as consisting principally of three portions, the two larger of which lie within nearly the same latitudes, and are alraost, though not quite, divided from each other by the grand-ducby of Oldenburg; the third is much smaller, and is separated from the more easterly of the other two by the territory of Brunswick. The whole contains an area 256 HAN— HAN Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nfet; 66 as ingood; of 14,570 sq. ra. Total pop. 1,662,500. (P. C.) Tfie government is a limited raonarcby.- Adj. and inhab. Han-o-ve'-rji-an. Hanover, the cap. of the above kingdom, and of the principality of Calenburg, is situaied on the r. Leine (li'-neft), which is navigable from the town to ils junction with the VVeser. The city consists of three parls ; the Old Town, the jEgidian New Town, and the New Town on the left bank of the river. The walls, with five gates, were partly levelled in 1780, and laid out in streets. Among the numerous scientific and literary institutions of Hanover, may be cited the Lyceum, and the City Library with 40,000 vols. Lat. 52° 22' N., Lon. 9° 43/ E. Pop. above 28,000. (B.) Hanover, a t of Grafton co., N. H., the seat of Dartmouth College, which was founded in 1770, and received ils name from the Earl of Dartmouth, one of its principal patrons. It has a library of 16,.500 vols. ; number of students, 340. The New Hampshire Medical School, founded in 1797, is connected with the above. Hanover, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of Richraond. Pop. 14,968. Seat of justice, Hanover c. h. Hanse Towns, called also the Hansa and Hanseatic Le.ague, a celebrated commercial confederacy, which derives its name frora. the ancient German word Hanse, signifying, an "association for mutual support." In the middle ages, Hamburg, Liibeck, and after wards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great number of other towns, entered into an alliance, in order to defend their com merce against the numerous banditti and pirates, who then infested Germany and the neighbouring seas. This alliance was termed the Hanseatic League. 'The confederated or Hanse towns, were each bound to contribute towards maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual protection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also against the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the neighbouring nobles and kings. The number of towns coraposing the league fluctuated ; at one time it is said to have amounted to 85, ainong which were Ber gen in Norway, Berlin, Konigsberg, and Cracow. This powerful con federacy forraed the flrst systematic plan of commerce known in the middle ages. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing them duly free. Their alliance was coveted, and their hostility feared, by tbe greatest powers. Several kings were defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was de posed by them. Liibeck was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the regular assemblies of the deputies from all the cities, which were held once in lliree years; and also for the extraordinary assemblies generally held once in ten years. The epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated at 1630. However, Hamburg, Liibeck, and Biemen, still constitute an association ofa similar character, and, with Frankfort on the Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic con federation. — Adj. Hanse and Han'-sb-at'-ic. Hants. See Hampshire. HAR— HAR 257 ou, as in ov.r ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. Har'-dh-man, a CO. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Miss. Pop. 14,563. ¦ Co. t Bolivar. H4r'-din, a CO. in the S. W. part of- Tenn., intersected by the r. Tennessee, and bordering on Miss, and Ala. Pop. 8,245. Co. t. Savannah. Hardin, a co. in ihe N. or N. W. central part of Ky., S. of Louis ville. Pop. 16,367. Co. t Elizabethtown. Hardin, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the sources of the Sciota r. Pop. 4,598. Co. t Kenton. Hardin, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 1,378. Hard'-wick, a village and port of entry of Ga., in Bryan co., on the W. side of tbe Ogeechee r. Har'-dy, a CO. in the N. part of Va., intersected by the St branch of the Potomac. Pop. 7,622. Co. t Moorfield. Harfleur, haR'-fluR', a small t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 4 m. E. of Havre de Grace, with which it is connected by a canal. Har'-ford, a CO. in the N. E. part of Md., W. of, and bordering on the Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 17,120. Co. t Bel-Air. Har'-lan, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Va. Pop. 3,015. ' Co. t Mt. Pleasant Har'-ris, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoo chee r. Pop. 13,933. Co. t Harailton. Har'-ris-burg, the cap. of the state of Pa., and seat of justice of Dauphin co., is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehanna, about 94 m., in a straight line, nearly W. frora Philadelphia. It stands on the Penn sylvania Canal, and, by raeans of various railroads, is connected with Chambersburg, Hagerstown, Lancaster, York, Baltimore, and Phila delphia. Lat. 40° 16' N., Lon. 76° 50' VV. Pop. 5,980. Har'-ri-son, a CO. in the N. W. part of Va., on the head waters of the Monongahela. Pop. 17,669. Co. t ClaTkesburg. Harrison, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Lick ing r. Pop. 12,472. Co. t Cynthiana. Harrison, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio r. Pop. 20,099. Co. t. Cadiz. Harrison, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 12,459. Co. t Corydon. Har'-row-g.4.te, a vUlage of England, in the W. Ridfcg of York shire, celebrated for its mineral springs, situated about 20 m. nearly W. from York. This place is much resorted to, both on account of its sul phurous and its chalybeate springs. The forraer are regarded as the strongest sulphurous waters in England. Hart, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 7,031. Co. t MunfordsviUe. Hart'-ford, a CO. in the N. part of Conn., intersected by the Con necticut r. Pop. 55,629. Hartford, the cap. ofthe above co., and one ofthe seats of govern- 2-3* 258 HAR— HAV Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nfit; 66 as ingood; ment of the slate of Conn., is situated on the Connecticut r., at the head of sloop navigation, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country. Among the institutions, of this city, vve may mention a retreat fer the insane, a deaf and dumb asylum (regarded as the first institution of the kind in the U. S.), and the Washington College, founded in 1824. The State House is in 41° 45' 59" N. Lat., and 72° 40' 45" W. Lon. Pop. of the city and township, 12,793; of the city alone, 9,468. Harvard University. See Cambridge. Harwich, usually pronounced har'-ridge, a seaport t of England, in the co. of Essex, 66 m. E. N. E. of London, with a good harbour and a light-house. The name is derived from two Saxon words, here, signifying " army," and wic, a " fortification ;" whence it is inferred that it was once the station of a Saxon army. At present the town appears to be on the decline. Pop., including an area of 3sq. m., 3,829. Hasselt, his'selt, a t of Belgium, in the prov. of Limburg, 15 m. VV. N. W. of Maestricht. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Hastings, haste'-ings, an ancient seaport town of England, in the CO. of Sussex; 54 ra. S. S.E. frora London. It is one of the Cinque Polls, in importance second only to Dover. In the neighbourhood of this place, Harold IT. was defeated by WiUiam the Conqueror, in the year 1066. Lat. 50° 52' N., Lon. 0° 31' E. Pop. 11,617. Hav-an'-a (Sp. pron. i-vi'-ni), the cap. of Cuba, is situated on the N. coast of the island. Ils harbour, which is very spacious and one ofthe most secure and commodious in the world, comraunicates with the sea by a channel ralher raore than half a mile in length, and from 300 to 350 yards wide, with a depth varying from 8 to 10 fathoms. This channel is protected by two strong fortresses, and a series of fortifica tions along both shores. The harbour itself is surrounded by heights which shelter it from every wind. Seen from the entrance ofthe port Havana presents a beautiful and charming spectacle, but the interior of the town is far from fulfilling the expectations excited in the travel ler by the external view. The streets are narrow, crooked, and gene rally unpaved ; and, in the rainy season, they are full of mud. The town is defended by numerous fortifications, vvhich, with the advantage of its natural position, render it one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Havana possesses a university, a botanic garden, and various other literary and scientific institutions. In one of the churches ofthis town are deposited the remains of Christopher Colurabus. Lat. 23° 9' N.. Lon. 82° 28' W. The pop., including that of the suburbs, was, in 1827, 112,023. (B.) Hav'-er-ford-west', chief t of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lat 51° 47' N., Lon. 4° 56' VV. Pop. 5,941. Haverhill, commonly pronounced hi'-ver-il, a flourishing and handsome t of Masa, in Essex Co., situated on the N. bank of the Merrimack, at the head of sloop navigation, about -28 m., in a straight line, N. of Boston, and on the railroad which runs from the Lowel Rail road to Portland, in Maine. Pop. of the township, 4,3,36. Havre de Grace, hiv'r d^h gris, or simply Le Havre, lofe hiv'r, 8 HAV— HAY 289 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. fortified seaport t, and, after Marseilles, the most important commer cial t. of France (B.), is situated on the right bank of the Seine, at ils rnouth, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 110 m. W. N. W. of Paris. Before the time of Louis XIL, it was a mere fishing town, with a small chapel, dedicated to Notre Dame de Grace (our Gracious Lady), and was hence called Le Havre de Grace, or the " haven of grace." Louis laid the foundation of the importance of the place, since which time it has been gradually advancing to its present distinguished rank among the towns of France. Le Havre is the principal port of Paris; it has regular comraunication by packets wilh Southarapton, Hamburg, Lisbon,. New York, Vera Cruz, and Bahia. Steamboats ply between Le Havre, Rouen, and Paris. This place contains a public library, a museum of natural history, and various other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 49° 29' N., Lon. 0° 7' E. Pop. in 1836, 25,618. (P. C.) Havre de Grace, hav^-er-de-grass', a small t in Hartford co., Md., situated at the head of Chesapeake Bay, on the railroad between Phila delphia and Baltimore, about 34 ra., in a straight line, E. N. E. of the latter city. Hawaii, hi-wi'-ee, also written Owhyhee, the largest of the Sand wich islands, situated in the Pacific, between 18° 50' and 20° 20' N. Lat, and 154° 4-5' and 156° 10' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m. ; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The pop. is estimaled at 85,000. For the character and present condition of the inhabitants, see Sandwich Islands. — Adj. and inhab. Hawaiian, hi-wi'-yan. Haw'-kins, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., intersected by the Clinch and Holston rivers, and bordering on Va. Pop. 15,035. Co. t Rogersville. Hayti or Haiti, hi'-te, (Fr. Haiti, i'-e^-te',) called also St. Do mingo (do-ming'-go) and His-pan-i-o'-la, next to Cuba the largest of the VV. India Isknds, is situated between 17° 41' and 19° 59' N. Lat. and 68° 25^ and 74° 34' VV. Lon. Its extreme length, from E. to W., is about 410 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., is near 160 m. The area is computed at about 25,000 sq.m. The pop. in 1826 was, ac cording to Balbi, 800,000, but some olhers estimate it considerably higher. Hayti is justly considered the most ferlile island in the West Indies. There are several mountain ranges in the interior, the eleva tion of which has not been ascertained, but it is supposed the highest summits do not fall short of 8,000 feet This island was discovered by Columbus, in his first voyage, and from hira receive^ the narae of Hispaiiola (is-pin-yo'-li), i. e. " Little Spain." It was called, afterwards, St Doraingo, from the town of this name, which was one of the first settlements made on the island. The name of Haiti was given lo it by Dessalines, afler he had expeUed the French in 1803. It is said lo be the original Indian name of the island, and to signify " mountain ous." Hayti, till recently, formed a republic, with a president chosen for life, and assisted by a legislature, consisting of two houses, a senate and a house of' representatives. But on the expulsion ofthe late presi dent Boyer, the eastem or Spanish portion ofthe island separated itself 260 HAY— HEL Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nfet ; 66, as in good ; from the former governraent, and now constitutes the independent re public of St. Domingo. Port au Prince is the capital of the old, and St Domingo, of the new republic. — Adj. and inhab. Hai'-ti-an. Hay'-wood, a CO. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop. 4,975. Co. t Waynesville. Haywood, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., near the Mississippi r. Pop. 13,870. Co. t. Brownsville. Hazebrouck, iz^-brook', a handsorae t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 135 m. alraost due N. frora Paris. Lat 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 32' E. Pop. 7,674. (P. C.) Heard, hurd, a co. in the W. part of Ga., interseciod by the Chatta hoochee, and bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,329. Co. t Franklin. Hebrides, heb'-rid-^z, or the Western Islands, are scattered in the Atlantic, along the W. coast of Scotland, between 55° 35' and 59° N. Lat, and 5° and 8° W. Lon. Their whole number amounts to nearly 20()j^but raore than one-half are so small or so sterile as not to be inhabited. — Adj. and inhab. Heb-rid'-e-an (Scolt). Hechingen, heK'-ing-^n, a small t of Germany, cap. of Hohenzol'ern- Hechingen. Lat 48° 21' N., Lon. 8° 59' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Hecla. See Iceland. Hedjaz, hej-iz', sometimes written Hedsjaz, a country of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea, from Mount Sinai to the frontier of Yemen. Heidelberg, hi'-del-bfeRG\ an ancient city in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Neckar, in one of the most beautiful portions of Ger many. Over the river there is a covered stone bridge, 702 tt long, and 30 fl. wide, which rests upon nine arches. This town has, among other institutions, a celebrated university, founded in 1386, the oldest in Germany, except that at Prague. Its library is said to contain 120,000 vols. The pop. of Heidelberg, though at present increasing, is much less than il was. formerly. "Lat 49° 24' N., Lon. 8° 43' E. Number of inhabitants, about 12,000. (P. C.) Heilbronn, hile-bronn', a t. of Germany, in Wurtemberg, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, and named by him Heilbronn or tbe "spring of health," from a medicinal spring in the vicinity. Ijat. 49° 7' N., Lon. 9° 14' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Hel-e'-n.\, St.,* an i. in tbe Atlantic Ocean, about 1,200m. W. of the coast of Africa, chiefly interesting as the place of banishment of Napoleon, who was confined here from October, 1815, until his death, which occurred the 5th of May, 1821. Jaraes Town, the only towr * Some persons, aiming*to be more accurate than ordinary speakers, place the accent on the first syllable — Hel'-e-na. This is unquestionably the correct accentu ation ofthe name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; and though it is perhaps probable that the island derived its appellation originallv from her, the present pronunciation of its name is so thoroughly established that it would be idle to attempt to change it. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate, by other authority, what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our beet HEL— HEN 261 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in titis ; n, nearly like ng. and port in St. Helena, is in Lat. 15° 55' S., Lon. 5° 49' W. Tbe whole circumference of the island is about 28 ra. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, abont 5,000. (P. C.) Helena, St., a parish of La., lying a little E. of the Mississippi r. and bordering on the slate of Miss. Pop. 3,525. Seat of justice, St. Helena. Hel-mund', a considerable r. of Afghanistan, vvhich does not commu nicate with any sea, its waters being lost in the sand. (B.) Hel'-go-land or Hel'-j-qo-land, a group of small islands in the Gerraan Ocean, between 30 and 40 miles from the raouth of the Elbe. They belong to the English. Hellespont. See Dardanelles. Helmstedt, helm'-sttlt a t. of Gerraany, in the duchy of Bruns wick, forraerly the seat of a flourishing university. Lat. 52° 14' N., Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop. 6,300. (B.) He-l'-sing-fors\ the cap. of the Russian governraent of Finland, is situated on the N. side ofthe Gulf of Finland. The former University of Abo was transferred to this place in 1827. It had, in 1839, 22 pro fessors, and above 400 students. Lat. 60° 10' N., Lon. 25° E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Near Helsingfors is the fortress of Sweaborg or Sveaborg, regarded as the Gibraltar of the Baltic. A great part of its fortifications are cut in the rock. Hel-vel'-lyn, a mountain of England, in the co. of Cumberland, 3,055 ft. above the level of tho sea. Helvoetsluys, her-v66t-slois', a small t of S. Holland, situated on the S. side of the island of Voorne, imporiant on account of its fortifica tions, its dock-yards, and its fine harbour. Lat 51° 49' N., Lon. 4° 8' E. Hemp'-stead, a co. in the S.W. part of Ark., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 4,921. Seat of justice, Hempstead c. h. Hen'-der-son, a co. in the W. partof N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop. 5,129. Henderson, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Ten nessee r. Pop. 11,875. Co. t Lexington. Henderson, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 9,548. Co. t Henderson. Henderson, a co. in the W. N. W. part of III., bordering on the Mississippi r. . k speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages from two distin guished living poets. " ,'\rran !* a single^crested Teneriffe, A St. Helena next in shape and hue, Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue." — Wordsworth. " St. Helena's dungeon keep Scowls defiance o'er the deep ; 'There a hero's relics sleep." — Montgomery. ? See Arran. 262 HEN— HER Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nfet ; 66 as in good ; Hen'-dricks, a co. in the VV. central part of Ind., W. of Indianapo lis. Pop. 11,264. Co. t DanviUe. Hen-ri'-co, a CO. in the E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 33,076. Co. t Richraond. Henry, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 7,335. Co. t Martinsville. Henry, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc mulgee r. Pop. 11,756. Co. t McDonough. Henry, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 5,787. Co. t Colurabia. Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennes see r. Pop. 14,906. Co. t Paris. Henry, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 10,015. Co. t New Castle. Henry, a co. near the N. W. extreraity of Obio, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 2,503. Co. t Damascus. Henry, a co.in the E. part of Ind., intersected by the Blue r., a branch ofthe E. fork ofthe White r. Pop. 15,128. Co. t. New Castle. Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of III., bordering on Rock r. Pop. 1,260. Henry, a. co. in the W. part of Mo., N. of Osage r. Henry, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Skunk' r. Pop. 3,772. Herat, her-it' or her-it'h', a large fortifled city of Persia, situated in the midst of a populous and highly cultivated valley. The streets are narrow and irregular, and the houses mostly of brick. Herat is the centre of an extensive coraraerce, and possesses flourishing manufiic- tures. The rose-water made here is held in high estimation. This town is the capital of the kingdora of Herat, which is tributary to tbe king of Persia. Lat about 34° 30' N., Lon. 61° 10' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, estiraated at 100,000. (B.) Herault, i^-ro', a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Medi terranean, and intersected by a small river of the same name. Pop. 357,846. Capital, Montpellier. Herculaneum. See Pompeii. Her'-e-ford, an ancient city of England, cap. of Herefordshire, is situated on the r. Wye, 115 m. W. N. W. of London. Lat 52° 3' N., Lon. 2° 43' W. Pop., including the liberties, 10,921. Her'-e-ford-shire, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on Wales, Pop. 113,878. Her'-kim-er, a CO. in the N. E. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 37,477. Co. t llerkimer. Hermanstadt, hfen'-rain-stitt, (Hung. Nagy-Szeben n6dy si-bfen,) an important t, formerly the cap. of "Transylvania, is situated about 72 m. S. by E. from Klausenburg. It is the chief t of the Saxon set tiers in Transylvania, and contains a national museum, two gymnasia, and several other institutions. Lat 45° 48' N., Lon. 24° 7' E. Pop. above 18,000. (B.) HER— HIG 263 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. Herrnhut, heRRu'-hoot, a little t in the kingdom of Saxony, founded by count Zinzendorf, in 1722, remarkable as the earliest and most im portant settlement of the Moravian brethren. Hersfeld, bfeRs'-ftlt, a I. of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse- Cassel, situated on the Fulda. Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 9° 41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Hertford, har'-ford, the cap. of Hertfordshire, England, on the r. Lea, 21 m. N. of London. Pop., including an area of about 5 sq. m., 5,450. Hert'-ford, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the Chovvan r. ' Pop. 7,484. Co. t Winton. Hertfordshire, har'-ford-shir, a co. in the S. E. central part of England, N. of London. Pop. 157,-207. Hesse-Cas'-sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'-sen kis'-sel), an electorate of Germany, consisting of three distinct portions, the largest of which is situaied between 50° 6' and 51° 39' N. Lat, and 8° 25' and 10° 15' E. Lon. One of the others Hes a little to the E., intersected by the parallel of 50° 45' N. Lat, and by the meridian of 10° 25' E. Lon. ; the third is farther N., being intersected by a line drawn in 52° 20' N. Lat. ; it is surrounded by Hanover and Lippe. The area of the whole is 4,350 sq. m. ; entire pop. in 1835, 700,533. (P. C.) The go vernment of Hesse-Cassel may be styled a limited monarchy, of which the head still retains the title of elector, although there is now no em peror of Gerraany, so that the dignity is raerely norainal. Cassel is the capital. ^Hesse-Darmstadt, hess daRm'-stitt, a grand-duchy of Gerraany, consisting principally of two large portions, separated frora each other by a long strip of land, belonging to Frankfort and Hesse-Cassel, and situated between 49° 23' and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 7° 59' and 9° 36' E. Lon. The area ofthe whole is about 5,000 sq. m. Entire pop. 718,000. (P. C.) Darmstadt is the capital. Hesse-Hom'-burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hes'-sen hom'-b66RG), a landgraviate of Germany, consisting of two portions; viz., the lordship of Homburg, situated a little to the N. of P'rankfort on the Main, and containing about 750 sq. m., with 8,800 inhabitants; and the lordship of Meisenheim (mi'-zen-hinie*), lying on the other side of the Rhine, between the Bavarian territory of the Rhine and the dominions of Prussia, with an area of 126Eq. m., and a pop. of 1.5,200. (^. C.) Hom burg is the capital ofthe whole landgraviate, as well as ofthe lordship of this name. Hick'-man, a CO. in the W. central part of Tenn., intersected by Duck r. Pop. 8,618. Co. t Vernon. Hickman, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Ky. Pop. 8,968. Co. t Columbus. Higb'-land, a CO. in the S. part of Ohio, E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 22,269. Co. t Hillsborough. Hibh'-l.^nds (commonly pronounced in Scotland, hee'-landz), a natu ral divisiop of Scotland, comprehending the country to the N. and 264 HIG— HIN Fite, fir, fill, ftt ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66 as in good; N. W., in contradistinction to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S. E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the He brides or Western Isles. Highlands, a mountainous region of N. Y,, lying on hoth sides of the Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable for its picturesque and romantic scenery. Hightower. See Etowah. Hildburghausen, hilt'-b66RG-hou'-zen, a t of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, formerly the cap. of Saxe- Hildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 10° 40' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Hildesheim, hil'-des-hime\ a t of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a principality of the same name, containing a Roman Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat52°9'N., Lon. 9°56;E. Pop. 13,100. (P.C.) Hills'-bo-rqugb, a co. in the S. part of N. H., intersected by the Merriraack, and bordering on Mass. Pop: 42,494. Co. L Amherst Hillsborough, a co. in the W. part of the peninsula of Florida, bor dering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 452. HiLLg'-DALE, a CO. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio. Pop. 7,240. Co. t Jonesville. Himalayas, him^-a-li'-az, or Himalaya Mountains, extend along the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27° and 35° N. Lat, and 73° and 98° E. Ixm. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wil'-a-gher'- re), in about 29° N. Lat, and between 83° and 84° E. Lon., is supposed to be the highest of the Himalayas, and of all the mountains in the world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft. The Himalayas are also frequently called the Himmaleh (him-ini'-leA) Mountains. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the " abode of frost or snow." Imaus, the narae under which at least a part of this vast raountain range appears to have been known to the ancients, had, according to Pliny, a sirailar signification. Hin^-dos-tan', (i. e. in Persian, the " country of the Hindoos"), an extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8° 4' and 35° N. Lat, and 67° and 91° E. Lon., extending frora Cape Comorin, on the S., to the Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Ben gal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the VV. The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 1,400 and 1,500 m. The eastern boundary is not definitely fixed. If, as sorae propose, we allow the possessions of the East India Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled "the Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or " India beyond the Ganges." Malte Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in ques tions relating to geography, considers that region " which is watered by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belonging to Hindostan, HIN 265 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like n^. while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived that this is rauch the sarae as if he had made the head of the Bay of Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is esti mated at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number of inhabitants is com puted to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to Malte- Brun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,000,000; tbe P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,003 and 120,000,000. A large portion of this vast country is subject lo the English. 'The East India Company shares with the king of Great Britain the sovereignty over almost all the provinces which combine to form the Anglo-Indian em pire. This corapany, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the rights of royalty. Ils authority, however, is dependent on the British Parliament, to which the officers of the East India government are directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the company, is divided into three governments, designated as the presi dency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of Bombay. The inhabitants of Hindostan raay be divided into three principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction, and the Europeans. The first, or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of pecu liar custoras and institutions, many of which appear to have been in existence frora the most remote' antiquity. Of these, one of the most remarkable is the distinction of caste.* The Hindoo writers recognise four pure and original castes, viz. : the brah'-mins or priests ; the kshatri- yas (shit'-re-is) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the vaisyas (vi'-se-is), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds ; and the sudras (soo'-dris) or labourers. Besides these four original classes, there are a great nuraber of impure races which have sprung from the mixture of the pure castes. One of the best known is that of the pa riahs (pi'-re-is), who forra a very nuraerous class. They are among the most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected ter the most cruel and degrading servitude. 'The different races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, what ever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain mis demeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the eastes beneath him, but not frora those above hira. Thus a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter ofa Siidra, though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one ofthe mixed races. But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter ofa Brah min ; and children sprung frora such a union are considered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahrain and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion of the Hindoos is peculiar, and, in sorae respects, very remarkable ; but ^ From the Portuguese word casttf, i. e. "race." 23 266 HIN— HOB Fite, fir, fill, fU; rafe, mlt; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 asingood; we must refer the reader to other sources for information on this point. as our limits will not permit us lo enter upon a subject so intricate and extensive. We may, however, observe, that with the exception ofthe Brahmins, a majority of whom stUl adhere to the ancient faith, the sects into which the Hindoos are at present divided, are of compara tively modern origin ; and that the various political changes resulting formerly, from the Mahometan, and, more lately, from the European conquests, by diminishing the authority of the Brahmins, have greatly contributed to the rise of new systems of belief among the common people, as well as facilitated the introduction of the religion of other nations. The number of Mahometans in Hindostan may be vaguely estimated at about 10,000,000. Mosl of these are supposed to be the descendants of Asiatic foreigners. It appears, however, that many of the Hindoos, without fully erabracing the Moslem faith, have allowed their original doctrines and practices to be considerably modi fied by it. The two religions in sorae parls are on perfectly friendly terras, and the people apply frequently to one another's saints and dei ties, when their own appear to fail. 'The European inhabitants of Hin dostan may be estimated at about 2,000,000. They are chiefly the descendants of Portuguese. The British, though they are in actual possession of nearly one-half of the country, and dictate to more lhan three-fourths of it, are said not to exceed 60,000. — Adj. and inhab. Hin'-doo. Hindustani or Hindostanee, hin-dos-ti'-ne, is an epithet ap plied to the language adopted after the Mahometan conquest as the general means of coramunication between the Hindoos and Mahomet ans. It is based on an original Hindoo dialect with which, however, many Persian and Arabic words have become incorporated. Hinds, hindz, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Pearl and Big Black rivers. Pop. 19,098. Co. seat, Raymond. Hispaniola. See Haytl Ho-ang'-ho^* or whang'-ho', (i. c. the " Yellow River," so named from the colour vvhich the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters,) one of thejargest rivers of China, which rises near 35° N. Lat and 98° E. Lon., and, .ifter flowing in a very circuitous course, in vvhich it passes beyond 41° N. Lat, empties itself into the Yellow Sea, in about 33° 50' N. Lat, and 120° 10' E. Lon. Its length is estimated at 2,400 m. Ho'-BVRT Town (commonly pronounced by the colonists HoV-ar-tgn), the cap. of the British colony of Van Diemen's Land, is situated on the estuary ofthe r. Derwent, in the S. E. part of the island. Lat 42° .54' S., Lon. 147° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) Ho'-Bo-KEN, in the co. of Bergen, N. J., on the Hudson, opposite to New York, is chiefly remarkable as a place of resort for the inhabi tants of that city. * " By Oton-tala, like a sea of stars. The hundred sources of Hoanq-ho burst." Southey's Tlialaba. Book VI. HOC— HOL 267 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Hock'-ing, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by a river of the sarae name, which flows into the Ohio r. Pop. 9,741. Co. t Logan. Hof, a manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the r. Saale, near its source. Lat. 50° 17' N., Lon. 11° 53' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Hohenzollern, ho'-en-tsol'-lern, a sovereign principality of Ger raany, lying on both sides of the Danube, surrounded by Baden and Wiirtemberg, and intersected by the 48th parallel of N. Lat. and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. It is divided into HohenzoUern-Sigmar- ing'en, and HohenzoUern-Hechingen (heK'-ing-^n), which belong to two diffeTent branches of the house of Hohenzollern. The total area is 580 sq. ra. Pop. 64,4-20; about two-thirds of whom belong lo Hoh enzoUern-Sigmaringen. (P. C.) Sigmaringen, a little town on the Danube, with a pop. of 1,600 (B.), is the capital of this principality. Hechingen is the capital of the other division. H6l'-beach, a small t of England, in Lincolnshire, 90 m. N.of London. Hol'-l.and, (Dutch pron. hol'-lint; originally Ollant, i.e. "muddy or marshy land,") a kingdom in the W. of Europe, situated between 50° 45' and 53° 30' N. Lat, and 3° 20' and 7° 8' E. Lon., (not in cluding the province of Luxeraburg;) bounded on tbe N. by the North Sea, E. by Gerraany, S. by Belgiura, and W. by the North Sea. Its greatest length, frora N. to S., is about 185 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., is about 120 m. The area is about 11,000 sq.m. The pop., in 1839, was 2,-583,271. (P. C.) According to the census of 1844, it is stated lo be 2,953,618. The face of this country is reraarkably flat and low, some parts lying even below the level of the sea, against the inroads of which, they are protected partly by iramense dikes or artificial banks of earth, and partly by sand-hills cast up by the ocean. From this natural peculiarity the name Netherlands, i. e. " Lowlands," is derived. Holland is divided into twelve pro vinces ; viz., Brabant (North), Drenthe, Friesland, Gelders, Groningen, North and South Holland, Limburg, Ijuxemburg, Overyssel, Utrecht, and Zealand. The Hague is the ordinary residence of the king and court. — Adj. Dutch ; inhab. Dutch'-man or Hol'-l.^nd-er. Holland, an important prov. of the above kingdom, bordering on the North Sea, which has given its name to the whole country. It is divided into North and South Holland. Pop. of the foi-mer, 22,503 ; of the latter, 503,354. (P. C.) H6LMES, a CO. in the N. W. central part of Miss., boriltering on the Yazoo r. Pop. 9,452. Co. seat, Lexington. Holmes, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ohio. Pop. 18,088. Co. t Millersburg. Holstein, hol'-stine, a duchy in the N. of Germany, belonging to Denraark, situated between 53° 30' and 54° 26' N. Lat, and 8° 46' and 11° 7' E. Lon. Area, 3,250 sq. ra. Pop. in 1835, 435,596. (P. C.) Gliickstadt is the capital. H6l'-ston, a r. which rises in the Alleghany Mountains of Va., and flowing into Tenn., unites wilh the TennessE.2 r. 268 HOL— HOR Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mlt; pine or pine, pin ; nb, n&t; 66 as in good. Holt, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Mo. Holyhead, hol'-e-hed', a seaport t of Wales, situated on a small island of the same name, at the western extremity of the island of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge of cast iron. It is the station of the post-office packets, which sail daily between this port and Dublin. Lat. 53° 19' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 3,869. Hol'-y-well, a flourishing manufacturing t of Wales, in Flintshire, situated near the S. side of the estuary of the r. Dee, about 10m. E. of St Asaph. The machinery belonging to the manufacturing estab lishments of this place, is for the most part worked by a stream which issues from the Holy Well of St Winifred, once so celebrated for the healing virtue of its waters. This spring boils up out of the rock vvith violence, as from a cauldron, and is said to discharge above 20 tons of water in a minute. It was formerly resorted to by a great number of pilgrims. Pop. of the parish, 10,834. Homburg. See Hesse-Homburg. H6ms or Hums (Anc. Em'esa), a decayed t of Syria, situated near the Orontes. Lat. 34° 50' N., Lon. 36° 39' E. Honda, dn'-di, a t. of S. America, in New Granada, situated on the r. Magdalena. Lat. 5° 12' N., Lon. 74° 53' W. Pop. estimated at above 5,000. (B.) Honduras, hon-doo'-ris, one of the states of Central America, situ ated S. of, and bordering on the Bay of Honduras. Comayagua is the capital . Honduras, Bay of, is situated on the E. coast of Central America, between the Cape of Honduras, near 16° N. Lat. and 86° W. Lon., and Cape Catoche (ki-to'-chi), in about 21° 35' N. Lat, and 87° W. Ixin. Honfleur, feN^-fluR', a seaport t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, situated on the left bank of the Seine, almost at its mouth. Lat 49° 25' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,409. (P. C.) Honiton, hun'-e-ton, a small t of England, in Devonshire, 16 m. E. by N. from Exeter. Pop. of the parish, 3,895. Honolulu. See Oahu. Hoog'-ly, an iraportant arm of the Ganges, on which Calcutta is • situaied. It is navigable for ships only as far as the tide reaches: that is, about 30 m. above Calcutta. Near this town, its breadth is about three-quarters of a raile, but at its mouth it amounts to near 10 m. Hoorn, h6Rn, an important seaport t of North Holland, the cap. ofa dist. ofthe sarae name, with the best harbour on tlie Zuyder Zee. Lat 52° 38' N., Lon. 5° 1' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Hop'-KiNs, a CO. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 9,171. Co. t Madisonville. Horn, Cape. See Cape Horn. Hor'-ry, a dist forming the E. extremity of S. C. Pop. 5,'755. Sea of justice, Gonwayborough. HoRs'-BAM, a sraall t of England, in Sussex, 33 m. S. by W. from London. Horta. See Fayal. HOT— HUD 269 ou, as in oar; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; tt, nearly like ng. Hot Spring, a large CO. in the W. part of Ark. Pop. 1,907. Co. t Hot Spring. Hot'-ten-tots, a people of S. Africa, inhabiting the country border ing on the Cape Colony. They are represented as a mild, timid people, perfectly harmless, honest faithful, and capable of strong attachment. They are a good-natured, and, on the whole, a good-looking race, hav ing, many of them, finely-forraed foreheads and prorainent features. Their hands and feet are remarkably sraall, while their limbs are in general well proportioned. Their great defect, or rather vice, is indolence, accompanied by its alraost inseparable attendants, degrada tion and filth. The male Hottentots go nearly naked ; the females wear an apron attached to a girdle round the waist, which, however, does not reach to the knees. Their dress is formed ofthe skin of some animal, commonly of sheep-skin. They lead a wandering life, living chiefly on the milk of their cattle. Their huts are constructed of mats stretched over a frame of sticks, in the shape of a bee-hive, and are easily removed on their pack-oxen, as they migrate from place to place. But few, however, of the tribes have preserved their indepen dence and their original custoras, unaltered by the neighbourhood of European civilization, and, we may add, of European vice and cruelty. The state of servitude to which many of these people were forraerly subjected, particularly by tbe Dutch colonists, appears to have nearly deprived thera of the little energy and spirit which they derived from nature, and to have greatly reduced the number of those dwelling wilhin the limits of the colony. It is,"however, proper to state that slavery was abolished, in this part of the British possessions, by an act which went into operation on August 1st, 1834. Some of the Hotten tots, especiaUy the Griguas or Griquas (gree'-quas), have made consi derable progress in civilization, which they owe to the raissionaries established among them. HousATONic, hoo^-sa-lon'-ik, a r. which rises in Mass., and, flowing southward through Conn., falls inlo Long Island Sound, abotlt 14 m. S. VV. of New Haven. Houston, hews'-ton, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ocmulgee. Pop. 9,711. Co. t Perry. Houston, a t, formerly the cap. of Texas, on a small creek which fiows into Galveston Bay. Lat about 30° N., Lon. 95° 30' W. Pop. 4,.500. How'-ARD, a CO. in the N. central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri.' Pop. 13,108. Co. t Fayette. Hud'-der.s-field, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 24 ra. N. W. of Sheffield. It is situated on the Huddersfield Canal, by which it is put in communication vvith all the principal places of the kingdom. Where this canal passes under Stanedge Hill, there is a tunnel, which is 5,451 yards (above 3 m.) in length, and in one place 222 yards below the surface. The manu factures of Huddersfield are chiefly in wooUen. The pop. of this t in 23* 270 HUD— HUM Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, not ; 66 as in good : 1811 was only 9,671 (E. G.) ; in 1841 il amounted to 25,068. It includes an area of about 6 sq. m. * Hud'-son or North River, ono of the finest and most iraportant rivers in the U. S., vvhich rises in the N. E. part ofN. Y., and, fiowing nearly due S. in its general course, communicates wilh the Atlantic, about 10 m. below New York. Its whole length is estimated at abouv 300 m. It is navigable for the largest ships to the city of Hudson, about 130 m., and for sloops to Troy, 166 m. Hudson, a city ofN. Y., the cap. of Columbia co., is situated on the E. bank of the Hudson, al the head of ship naviontion, 130 m. above New York. Lat. 42° 14' N., Lon. 73° 46' W. Pop. 5,67-2. Hudson, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., borderino' on the Hudson r. Pop. 9,483. Co. t Jersey City. Hudson's Bay, a large bay, extending from the Atlantic westward nearly inlo the centre of British N. America, is situated between 51° and 64° N, Lat, and 76° and 95° 30' \V. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N. N. W., is neariy 1000 m.; ils greatest breadth, from E. to \V., about 600 m. It is connected with the Atlantic by Hudson's Strait which is more lhan 300 m. long, and in its narrowest part is perhaps about 60 ra. wide. The southern part, extending from about 51° to 55° N. Lat, is called James's Bay. Huelva, wel'-vi, a seaport t of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on a liltle bay projecting from the Atlantic. Lat- 37° 15' N., Lon. 6° 49' W. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Huesca, wes'-ci, (Anc. Os'ca,) a t of Spain, in Aragon, chiefly re markable for its university. Lat. 42° 6' N., Lon. 0° 19' VV. Pop. 9,200. (M.) Hull, or Kings'-tpn-upon-Hull, an important seaport t. of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, on the IV. side of the estuary of the Humber, where it is joined by the r. HuU, 34 m. S. E. of York. This town communicates, by means of canals and railways, with York, Man chester Liverpool, and all the other principal places of England. Its docks and basins are considered as among the finest in the kingdom. It is the great entrepot of the comraerce of the N. of England, and of that which this country carries on wilh the northern parts of Europe. The prosperity of this place has been greatly increased by the progress of steam navigation, of which it may be considered as the second great centre on the eastern coast Hull forms a co. of itself, which con tains an area of about 18 sq. m. Lat 53° 45' N., Lon. 0° 20' W. Pop. ofthe town, 41,629 ; ofthe co., exclusive ofthe town, 3,544. HuLST, a small fortified t of Holland, in Zealand. Lat 51° 17' N., Lon. 4° 3' E. Hum'-ber, a r. or estuary in the N. E. part of England, formed prin cipally by the junction of tlie Ouse and the Trent. At its commence ment, the Humber is rather more lhan a mile wide, but where it joins the sea it is above seven miles in breadth. Its whole length is near 40 m. HUM— HUR 271 ou, as in our ; th, as in /7jm ; th, tus in this ; n, nearly like ng. Humphreys, ura'-frfez, a co. in the N. VV. part of Tenn., E. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,195. Co. t. Reynoldsburg. Hungary, hung'-g-a.-re, (Hung. Magyar-Orszag, m5d-y6R oR-siig ; Ger. Ungarn, 66ng'-garn ;) an extensive country of Europe, forming a part of the Austrian empire, situaied between 44° 28' and 49° 36' N. Lat, and 16° and 25° E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and N.E. by Moravia and Galipia, E. by Transylvania, S. by Turkey, Slavonia and Croatia, and W. by Styria and Austria. Its extreme length, from E. to W. is about 420 m.; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about 330 m. The area is computed at 78,822 sq. m. Pop. uncertain, but esti mated at upwards of 10,000,000. (M.) The kingdora of Hungary includes, besides Hungary Proper, Slavonia, Croatia, and several dis tricts of less importance. The government is called a limited mo narchy, but aristocracy is predominant, and the nobles have great power, while the great mass ofthe peasantry are in a slate of extremo degradation. The kingdom of Hungary formerly included, besides its present territories, Transylvania, Dalmatia, and the Military Frontier ; which countries, since their annexation to the crown of Austria, still go under the general name of .the Hungarian dominions. The name, Hungary, is derived from the Hunni or Huns, a people of Asiatic origin, who invaded and took possession ofthe country immediaiely N. of the Danube, towards the close of the fourth century, during the reign of the Roman emperor Valens. The present Hungarians, however, are the descendants of the Magyars, another Asiatic nation, who estab lished themselves here in the ninth century, whence the country is called Magyar-Orszag, i. e. the " land of the Magyars." — Adj. and inhab. Hungarian, hung-gi'-re-an. Hun'-ter-don, a co. in tbe N. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delavvare'r. Pop. 24,789. Co. t. Flemington. Hunt'-ing-don, a t of England, the cap. of Huntingdonshire, is situated on the r. Ouse, about 60 m. N. of London. Pop. 3,507. Huntingdon, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the head streams of the Juniata. Pop. 35,484. Cd. t Huntmgdon. Hunt'-ing-don-shire, a co. in the E. central part of England, inter sected by the r. Ouse. Pop. 58,549. Hunt'-ing-ton, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 1,579. Co. t Huntington. HuNTs'-viLLE, a flourishing t in the N. part of Ala., cap. of Madison CO., situated at the termination of the Huntsville Canal, which corarau nicates with the Tennessee r., and is about 16 m. long. Lat. 34° 36' N., Lon. 86° 57' W. Pop. about 2,500. Hurd'-war', a t. of Hindostan, celebrated as one of the principal places of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the seat of the greatest fair in India. ft is said that soraelimes above a million pilgrims are assembled here at once. Lat. 29° 57' N., Lon. 78° 2' E. Hu'-rcn, a large lake ofN. America, lying between 43° and 46° 15' N. Lat, and 80° and 83° 40' W. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N. N. W., foUowing the curve, iS about 280 m. ; its greatest breadth 272 HUR— ICE File, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 {is in good ; frora E. lo W., exclusive of Georgian Bay, is near 100 m. Area esti mated at about 19,000 sq.m. The greatest depth is at least 1000 ft. Lake Huron is divided into two unequal portions by a long peninsula and the Manitoulin chain of islands; the parts to the N. and E. are called North Channel and Georgian Bay. Huron, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, near Lake Erie. Pop. 23,933. Co. I. Norwalk. Huy, hoi, a t of Belgiura, on the Meuse, 20 ra. S. W. of Liege. Pop, 7,000. (B.) Hyde, a co. in the E. part of N. C, on Pamlico Sound. Pop. 6,458. Co. t Lake Landing. Hyderabad, hi'-der-a-bid', or Hydrabad, a city of Hindostan, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat 17° 22' N., Lon. 78° 35' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at above 200,000. (B.) IIyderabad, a fortified t of Hindostan, in Sinde, cap. of a princi pality of the same name, is situaied in the delta of the Indus, about 90 m. from the sea. Lat. 25° 22' N., Lon. 68° 41' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Hythe, hiTH, a t, and one ofthe Cinque Ports, of England, in Kent, si uated on the Strait of Dover, about 60 m. E. S. E. of Ixindon, and 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover. Pop. 2,265. Laroslav. See Yaroslaf. Ibarra, e-bir'-ri, a t of S. America, in Ecuador, 50 m. N. E. of Quito. Lat. 0° 21' N., Lon. 78° 18' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) I'-BER-viLLE, a parish in the S. E. central part of Louisiana, inter sected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,495. Seat of justice, Iberville. Ice'-l.}nd (Is'-land in the native language), a large i. in the N. Allan- tic, belonging to Denmark, situated between 63° 30' and 66° 40' N. Lat, and 16° and 24° 30' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 250 m. ; its greatest breadth about 200 m. The area is vaguely estimated at 40,000 sq.m. The pop. in 1834 was 56,000. (M.) The interior of Iceland is a dreary desert without a single inhabitant One mass of icy mountains, called Klofa Jokul (yo'-kul), in the S. E. part of tlie island, is said to have an extent of not less than 3000 sq. m. The rocks and mountains of this country appear to be chiefly of volcanic origin. In the year 1783, a raountain naraed Skaptar Jokul poured forth an iraraense quantity of lava, which destroyed no fewer than 20 villages and 9,000 people, araounting to more than one-fifth of the then popula tion of the island. It was estimated tliat the whole of the lava dis charged would be sufiicient to cover an area of 1,400 sq. m. to the depth of 150 ft. Hecla, a celebrated volcanic mountain in the S. VV. part of Iceland, about 30 m. from the sea, is 5,530 ft. in height. The Oerafe J6kul is the loftiest mountain in Iceland, of which any accurate measurement has been made, having an elevation of 6,650 ft. (B.) Among the most remarkable natural curiosities of this country are the Geysers (gi'-s?rs) boiling springs, or rather water-volcanoes. One of these, called the Great Geyser, ie said sometimes to project its contents ICO— ILL 273 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. to the height of frora 100 to 200 ft. The cliraate of Iceland is said to be mild, considering the latitude. Dr. Henderson found the winter that he passed here not severer than the mildest which he experienced in Southertj Sweden and Denmark. It appears that corn vvas once culti vated to a considerable extent, but the inhabitants find it more lo their advantage to attend exclusively to the rearing of cattle. Hay is the great harvest of Iceland. The common food of the people is butter, milk, and fish ; fresh meal and rye bread are holy-day fare. Fish are very abundant The reindeer, which were at first introduced frora Norway, have greatly multiplied, and live in a wild state. Reikiavik (ri'-ke-a-vik), a liltle town on the VV. coast, is regarded^as the cap. of the island. Although ils permanent population scarcely exceeds 500, it contains a nuraber of institutions for education, three literary and scientific societies, and a library of .5,000 vols. In its immediate vici- nily there is an observatory. — Adj. Ice-lan'-dic; inhab. Ice'-l.\nd-er. Icolmkill. See Ion a. Idria, id'-re-i, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carniola, celebrated for its mines of quicksilver, which, after those of Almaden, in Spain, are considered to be the richest in Europe. The mine is rather more lhan 1,000 ft. in depth. Lat. 46° N., Lon. 14° 3' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Iekatarinburg. See Ekatarinburg. Iglau, ig'-lou, a manufacturing t of the Austrian erapire, in Mora via. Lat. 49° 23' N., Lon. 15° 36' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Igualada, e-gwi-li'-oi, (Anc. A'quoe La'tse,) a t of Spain, in Catalo nia, 37 m. N. V^. of Barcelona. Pop. 7,731. (M.) Il'-ches-ter, sometimes written Ivelchester (Anc. Ischalis), a lit tle t. of England, in Somersetshire, situaied on the Yeo or Ivel, 18 m. E. of Taunton. It appears to have once been a very important Roman station. Its- name signifies the " station of the Ivii." Ile de France. See France, Isle of. Ilfracombe, il'-fra-coom\ a seaport t of England, in Devonshire, situated on the Bristol Channel, 41 m. N. W. of Exeter. Pop. 2,855. Ille and Vilaine, (Fr. IUe et Vilaine, eel i ve^-lane',) a dep. in the N. VV. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 547,249. (B.) Capital, Rennes. Illimani, Nevado de, ni-vi'-DO di eel-yi-mi'-ne, a mountain sum mit of S. America, in Bolivia, next lo the Nevado de Sorata, the most elevated on the American continent. Lat. about 16° 40' N., Lon. 67° 40' W. Height, 3,753 toises, or about 24,000 English ft. ~^ ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. extensive lhan the former territory, is as follows : — Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi, al the mouth of Des Moines r., it e.vleuda up the latter lo the N. boundary of Mo., thence westwardly along tliis mie to the middle of Missouri r., thence up the middle of the same to the mouth of Big Sioux r., according lo fficoUet's map, thence up the Big Sioux tdl it is intersected by the parallel of 43" 38' N. Lat, thence eastward along said paraUel to the middle of the Mississippi, thence down the middle of this river lo the place of beginnmg. With these limits Iowa extends from about 40" 24' to 43° 38' N. Lat, and from 90° 20' to about 97° W. Lon. Length from E. to W. about 300 m.; breadth from N. to S. about 210 m. Iowa is divided iuto 31 counties.* Pop. ofthe territory, in 1840, 43,112. Iowa, a co. in Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 3,978. Ips'-wich, a t of England, cap. ofthe co. of Suffolk, on the Orwell, a branch of the Stour, 63m. N.E. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of nearly 11 sq. m., 25,384. Ipswich, a t and port of entry of Mass., in Essex Co., on a r. of its own name, and on the railroad connecting Boston with Portsmouth, 24 m. in a straight line N. E. of the former city. Lat 42° 41' N., Lon. 70° 46' W. Pop. of the township, 3,000. Irak Adjemi, e^-rik' ij'-e7i-me\ an extensive prov. in the N. W. central part of Persia, nearly corresponding to the Great Media of the ancients. With the Arabians, Irak signifies Babylonia; Adjemi is their name for the Persians; the appellation ofthe prov., therefore, sig nifies " Persian Babylonia." (M. B.) Ire'-dell, a co. in the W. part of N. C, E. of, and bordering on the Catawba r. Pop. 15,685. Co. t. Statesville. Ire'-l.and (Gr. Ii^vr; ; Lat. Hiber'nia ; Irish, E'-rin), a large i. in the N. Atlantic, lying W. of Great Britain, from which il is separated by the North Channel at the N., by the Irish Sea in the middle, and by St. Georcre's Channel at the S. It is situaied between 51° 25' and 55° 23' N. Lat, and 5° 27' and 10° 30' W. Lon. Ils length, from N. N. E. to S. S. W., is near 300 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. N. E. toW. N. W., 185 m. The area is estimated at 28,800 eq. m . The pop., according to the census of 183], was 7,767,401 (1^ C.) ; in 1841, it amounted to 8,175,273. (American Almanack.) Formerly, Irelaad had a parliament of its own, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain ; bul, in 1800, the two were united, and afterwards received the title of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, *hile the two countries, thus represented in one legislative assembly, were styled the United Kingdom. Ireland is divided inlo four provinces, viz.: Ulster in the N., Leinster in the E., Munster in the S., and Connaught in the W. These are subdivided into counties, of which Ulster contains 9, *Appanoose, Benton, Blackhawk, Buchanan, Cedar.Clayton, Clinton, Davis, De- iware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, JefFerson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Kishkeekosh, Loe, Linn, Louisa, Mahaska, Muscatine, Poweshiek, Scott, Tama, Van Buren. Wapello, Washington. 24 278 IRK— ISE Fite, fir, fill, f^t; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 aaingood: Leinster 12, Munster 6, and Connaught 5, amounting in all to 32. The administration ofthe government is vested chiefly in the lord-lieutenant and privy council, who are appointed by the crown. Dublin is the capital. — Adj. I'-rish, and Hi-bbr'-nh-an (poetical): inhab. I'-rish-m.an and Hibernian. Ir-kootsk' (Irkutsk), a city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a government of the sarae name, and of E. Siberia, on J.he Angara, which at this place is about 1,000 ft. wide. The houses are built chiefly of wood. Irkootsk contains a number of institutions for education ; it also pos sesses some iraportant manufacturing establishments and an extensive trade, being the great entrepot for the commerce of the N. E. of Asia. Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 104° 20' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at not less than 25,000. Ir^-o-quois', a CO. in the E. part of III., bordering on Ind. Pop. 1,695. Co. t Montgomery. Ir'-ra-wAd'-dy (or Irrawadi) i. e. the " great river," a large r. of Asia, which is supposed to have its source in Thibet, near the K extremity of the Himalaya Mountains. Its general course is S., and after traversing the whole length of the Birman empire, it empties itself into the Gulf of Martaban, by several mouths. The eniire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It may be ascended at all seasons of the year, by vessels of 200 tons, as far as Ava, near 2-2° N. Lat and 96° E. Lon., a distance of perhaps 450 m., and, during the rainy season, several hundred miles further. From the apex of the Delta to some distance above Ava, the breadth of the Irrawaddy is seldom less than 1 m., and is someliraes 4 in. Ir-tysh' or Irtish (Russ. pron. eeR-tish'), a r. in the N. W. part of Asia, which rises in the Chinese empire, and flowing through the lake Saisan or Dzaisan)^ falls into the Oby, in the Russian government of Tobolsk. Its whole length is perhaps 1,.500 ra. Ir'-vine, a seaport t of Scotland, in Ayrshire, situated on a r. ofthe same name, the estuary of vvhich forms its harbour. It is about 23 m. S. W. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parish, 5,214. Ir'-well, a r. of Lancashire, iu the N. W. of England, which flows into the Mersey. Ir'-win, a co. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 2,038. Co. t Irwinsville. I8-.\-bel'-l\, a CO. near the centre of Mich. Ischia, is'-ke-i, (Anc. ^Ena'ria, Inar'ime, and Pithecu'sBe,) a fertile and beautiful i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the kingdom of Na ples, situated scarcely 8 m. from tbe promontory of Misenum. It is about 7 m. long, and has an area of 21 sq. m. Pop. about 24,000. Ischia, the principal town, stands on the eastern part of the island, in Lat. 40° 43' N., Lon. 13° 56' E., and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (M.) Iser or Isar, ee'-z?r, a r. of Bavaria, which rises on tlie borders of Tyrol, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Danube. Ils whole length is perhaps 150 m. ISE— ISS 279 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Isere, e*-zaRe', a small r. which rises in Savoy, and, flowing through the French dep. of its own name, falls into the Rhone. Isere, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone and the duchy of Savoy. Pop. 573,643. (B.) Capital, Grenoble. Iserlohn, ee*-zer-l6ne', a t of Westphalia, about 45 ra. N. E. of Co logne. In ils vicinity are rich mines of calaraine, vvhich furnish the raaterial for several of ils numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Isis. See Thames. IsKENDEROON. See Alexandretta. IsLAM.\BAD, is-lim'-a-bid', a t of British India, cap. of the dist. of Chittagong, situaied near the E. coast ofthe Bay of Bengal. Lat. 22° 20' N., Lon. 91° 45' E. Pop. 12,000. (M.) Isla, i'-la, or Islay, i'-li, the most southern of the Hebrides. It is about 26 m. long, and 20 m. broad. This island, together with those of Jura and Colonsay, belong to Argyleshire, and form the disl. of Isla, the pop. of vvhich amounts to 18,071. Isle of France. See France, Isle of, and Mauritius. Isle of Wight, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r., near its raouth. Pop. 9,972. Co. t Smithfield. Isle of Wight. See Wight, Isle of. Ig'-LiNGk-TON, forraerly a village of Middlesex co., England, near Lon don. It is now entirely united with the metropolis. IsMAlL, is-mi-eel', an' important fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia, situaied on the Kilian arm of the Danube, about 43 m. from the Black Sea. It was taken frora the Turks by Suwarrow, in 1790. Lat 45° 21' N., Lon. 28° 50' E. Pop. 9,000. (P. C.) Ispahan, is'-pa-hin', or Isfahan, (commonly pronounced by the in habitants spi-h66n',) a celebrated city, formerly the cap. of Persia, situated on the Zenderood, which is said to be about 600 ft broad at this place, but which is afterwards lost in the sands of the desert Though still a large city, Ispahan has greatly declined since the tirae of Abbas tbe Great, in the 17th century, when its population is said to have amounted to 700,000. At present, however, it appears lo be rising slowly frora its decay. Balbi estimates the nuraber of its inhabi tants at about 200,000, though many others rate it considerably lower. It is still considered as the first manufacturing and commercial town in Persia. Among the interesling structures of Ispahan, vve may briefly notice, the royal palace, which contains vvithin itself several other remarkable edifices; and the numerous noble bridges boilt over the Zenderood, some of which are fallen into stately ruins, while others are still almost entire. This city is the seat of several colleges, among which, that of the Royal Mosque, which may be styled a Mahometan university, is especially distinguished. Lat. 32° 24' N., Lon. 51° 50' E. Issoire, is^-swiR', a sraall t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de D6me, 19 m. S. S. E. of Clermont Pop. 5,741. (M.) IssouDUN, is^-soo^-duN', the raost important t in the French dep. of Indre, 19m. N. E. of Chiteaurottx. Pop. 11,654. (P. C.) 280 IST— ITA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66 as in good , Is'-TRi-A, a peninsula of the Austrian erapire, in Illyria, formed by the Gulfs of Trieste and Fiume, bounded on the N. by Carniola. It'-a-ly (Lat Ital'ia ; It. pron. c-ti'-le-i); a ferlile and beautiful country of Europe, remarkable as the seat of the ancient Roman em pire, and as the nursery of learning and the arts in the middle ages, is principally formed of a peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, which extends from 37° 56' to about 45° N. Lat, and from about 9° to 18° 30' E. Lon. In figure it resembles a boot, of vvhich the heel forms the S. E., and the top the N. W. extremity. Its length is about 600 ra. ; its greatest breadth (measuring from Ancona to the little point of land S. W. of the mouth of the river Albegna, il- bane'-yi), is about 150 m. Besides the above peninsula, Italy includes a considerable territory N. of it, extending as far as 46° 40' N. Lat Considered according to its natural limits, the northern part of Italy comprehends all the southern declivity of the Alps, from the branch called the Cottian to that called the Julian Alps. Bul tliese national liraits have been raodified by political boundaries ; so that at present this country is considered to extend frora the Gulf of Trieste on the E. to the Rhone on the W. The boundary, however, does not follow this river farther S. than about 45° 38' N. Lat. Italy tben, in the most extensive application ofthe name, will reach from 37° 56' to 46° 40' N. Lat, and from about 5° 40' to 18° 30' E. Lon, The greatest breadth of the northern part, measuring nearly from E. to W., is about 380 m. The total area is estimated at about 100,000 sq. in. The population may be stated in round nurabers at 20,500,000. Italy, with its depen dent islands, is distributed, according to Balbi, into 13 political divi sions ; viz., Austrian Italy, Swiss Italy, the kingdom of Sardinia, the principality of Monaco, the duchies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, the republic of San Marino, the Papal Stale, the kingdom of the two Sicilies, French Italy (the island of Corsica), and English Italy (the islands of Malta, Gozzo, &c.) These will be treated of under their respective names. — Adj. and inhab. Italian, e-tal'-yun. Italy, Austrian, coraprehends the N. E. portion ofthis country, and includes what is termed the Lorabardo-Venetian kingdpra, and, ac cording to some geographers, the gov. of Trieste ; but the latter more properly belongs to Illyria, of which kingdom it forms a part Austrian Italy, in its strictest signification, extends frora about 44° 48' to 46° 40' N. Lat, and from 8° 32' to 13° 44' E. Lon., being bounded on the N. W. and N. by Switzeriand, Tyrol, and Illyria, E. by Illyria and the Adriatic, S., S. W., and W. by the Papal State, Parma, Modena, and the Sardinian territories. Length near 250 m.; greatest breadth above 120 m. The area is 18,063 sq. m. Pop. about 4,700,000. (M.) Milan is the seat of government Italy, Swiss, coraprehends that part of Switzerland in vvhich the Italian is the prevailing language; namely, the canton of Tessin or Ticino, and some portions of Grisons and Valais. Itapicuru, e-ti-pe-koo-roo', a r. in thc N. E. part of Brazil, which ITA— JAC 281 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. rises in about 6° 30' S. Lat, and 46° W. Lon., and, flowing north-east erly, falls into the Bay of San Jose, at the mouth of the r. Maranham, near 2° 40' S. Lat, and 44° W. Lon. Lengtii above 400 m. It-.v,-wam'-b.\, a CO. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,375. Co. seat, Fulton. Ithaca. See Theaki. Ith'-a-ca, a floiuisbing t of N. Y., cap. of Tomkins co., situated near the S. extremity of the Cayuga Lake, al the terraination of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad, about 34 m., in a straight line, S. of Auburn. During the summer season a steamboat plies daily between this place and the vUlage of Cayuga, near the N. extremity of the lake. Pop. of the township, 5,650. Ivica, Iviza, or Ibiza, e-vee'-si or e-vee'-tha, (Anc. Ebusus,) one ofthe Balearic Islands, situated about 46 m. S. W. of the nearest part of Majorca, between 38° 50' and 39° 7' N. Lat, and 1° 22' and 1° 46' E. Lon. It is about 25m. long; its greatest breadth is near 14ra. Iviga, the cap., situated on the S. E. coast, is fortified, has a good harbour, and contains a pop. of about 6,600. (P. C.) The two islands of Iviga and Formentera were anciently called Pityu'sae, a name sup posed lo be derived from the nuraber of pine trees growing on them ; Ttrivi (pitus) in Greek signifying a " pine." — Adj. and inhab. Iviqan, e-vee'-san. Ivory Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, extending frora ApoUo nia, in about 2° 30' to about 7° 30' W. Lon. It owes ils narae to the great quantities of elephants' teeth brought here frora the interior of the continent, to be sold lo the European traders. Ivrea, e-vri'-i, (Anc. Epore'dia,) a t of northern Italy, in the Sar dinian dorainions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Dora-Baltea (do'-ri bil-ti'-i), a branch ofthe Po, 30 ra. N. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Iz'-.ARD, a CO. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo., and inter sected by the White r. Pop. 2,244. Seat of justice, Izard c. h. Jaca, ni'-ki, (Anc. Jac'ca,) a Sraall t of Spain, in Aragon, important on account of its fortifications. Lat 42° 3P N., Lon. 0° 32' W. Pop. 3,000. (B.) Jack'-son, a CO. in the N. W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 4,89(). Seat of justice, Jackson c. h. Jackson, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of th© Oconee. Pop. 8,522. Co. t. Jefferson. Jackson, a co. in the N. part of Florida, W.of,. and bordering on the Apalachicola. Pop. 4,681. Co. t. Mariana. Jackson, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 15,715. Co. t. Bellefonte. Jackson, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Miss. Pop. 1,965. Seat of justice, Jackson o. h. .I.ACKSON, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the White r. Pop. 1,540. Co. t Litchfield. 24* 282 JAC— JAM Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good; Jackson, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky., and inter sected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 12,872. Co. t Gainesborough. Jackson, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ohio, a little E. ofthe Scioto r. Pop. 9,744. Co. t. Jackson. Jackson, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Central Railroad. Pop. 1.3,130. Co. t. Jackson. Jackson, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork ofthe White r. Pop. 8,961. Co. t Brownstown. Jackson, a co. in the S.W. part of 111., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,566. Co. t Brownsville. Jackson, a co. on the western frontier of Mo., bordering on the Mis souri r. Pop. 7,612. Co. t Independence. Jackson, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippir. Pop. 1,411. Co. t. Bellevue. Jackson, the cap. ofthe stale of Miss., is a small t situated in Hinds CO., on Pearl r. A railroad, 45 m. in length, connects it with Vicks burg. Lat 32° 23' N., Lon. 90° 8 W. Jack'-ssh-villb , the cap. of Morgan co.. 111., situaied about 31 m.W. of Springfield, with which town it is connected by a railroad. It Js the seat of the Illinois College, founded in 1829. Jaen, ni-en', a city of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, is situated on the Jaen, a tributary of the Guadalquivir, 37 ra. N. of Granada. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Jaf'-f.^, or, raore properly, yiP-fa, (Anc. Jop'pa,) a seaport t of Pales tine, 32 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. Il is said to have been utterly de stroyed by an earthquake in 1837. (B.) Frora the manner in which Joppa is spoken of in the Bible, it appears to have once been a place of considerable importance. Lat. 32° 3' N., Lon. 34° 46' E. Pop., pre viously to 1837, from 4,000 to 5,000. (B.) Jaf'-na-P-A-tam', a fortified t. on an island of the same name, which is situated at the N. extreraity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 36' N., Lon. 80° 9'E. Jago, St. See Santiago. JaJk or YaIk. See Ural. Jamaica, ja-rai'-ka, the largest and most valuable of the British W. India Islands, is situaied between 17° 44' and 18° 30' N. Lat, and 76° 12' and 78° 25' W. Lon. Ils length is about 150 ra. ; its greatest breadth is near 50 m. The area is estimated variously, but is proba- •jfitween 4,000 and 5,000 sq. m. As no complete census has ever been n, the population is not accurately known. It is, however, esti mated at near 400,000. In 1834 there were 297,186 negro slaves (P. C), all of whom were set free on the 1st of August, 1838. Spanish Town is the capital. James' Bay. See Hudson's Bay. James City, a co. in the E. part of Va., between James and York rivers. Pop. 3,679. Co. t Williamsburg. James River, a r. in Va., which rises in llie Alleghany Mountains, and flowing easterly, falls into the Chesapeake Bay, a little S. of the JAM— JAP 283 ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 37th parallel of N. Lat Its whole length is estimated at near 600 m. It is navigable for sloops 1-20 m. ; for boats, 230 m. farther. Jambs, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., N. of, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,548. Seat of justice, Bringiers. James'-town, the oldest European settlement in the U. S., situated on James r., in the co. of James City. It was founded in 1608, but is said to be now entirely deserted. Janina, yi'-ne-ni,* oflen written Yanina, forraerly an iraportant t of European Turkey, the cap. of Albania, sitnated on the W. bank of the lake of the same name, 80 m. W. by N. from Larissa. Twenty- five years ago, under the administration of the able, though tyrannical Aii Pasha, its population amounted lo 40,000 (B), but it is said to be now reduced to about 12,000. Lat. 39° 47' N., Lon. 21° E. Jap-an' (called Niph-on' by the Japanese ; Yang-hoo, and Je-pen or Je-poon by the Chinesef), an empire in the E. part of Asia, consisting of three large and a great number of smaller islands. It is situated between the 30lh and 48lh parallels of N. Lat, and the 129th and 1.50tb meridians of E. Lon. The three principal islands are Niphon or Nipon, Keooseoo (Kiousiou), and Sitkokf Keooseoo, the raost west ern, is perhaps 200 m. long, wilh an average breadth of about 80 m. It is"separated by the channel of Boongo, from Sitkokf This island is estimaled to be about 150 m. in length, and 70 ra. in ils average breadih. Niphon is by far the largest and raost important of the Japa nese islands. It is situated between 33° 30' and 41° 20' N. Lat, and 131° -20' and 14-2° 30' E. Lon. Its forra is soraewhat curved, and has been compared to the jaw-bone of an animal. Its length, following the curve, is nearly 900 m., and its mean breadth is estimated al above 100 m. Among the dependencies of Japan is the large island of Yesso (Jesso), lying N. of Niphon, between 41° and 45° 30' N. Lat, and 140° and 147° E. Lon. It is above 250 m. in length, vvith a mean breadth of perhaps 100 m. Balbi estiraates the area of the Japanese empire at about 240,000 sq. m., and the pop. at25,000,000. All these islands are very imperfectly known : not even the coasts are laid down with any degree of correctness. This is owing partly to natural and partly to political causes. Nearly all the coasts are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous rocks and islands, and by a very shallow sea. On the other hand, the Japanese governraent and laws are less favourable to intercourse with foreigners than those of any other country on the globe, China not excepted. The Chinese and the Du|ch are the only foreign nations with whom the Japanese have any coraraercial in tercourse. Of the three principal islands which constitute Japan Pro per, Niphon is the best known. It contains a regular mountain chain, of which the highest summit is said to rise more than 12,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, in a country extending over so • "Unseen is Yanina, though not remote." — Childe Harold, Canto II. t Yang-hoo signifiestthe "workshop of the sun;" Je-poon, the "country of the rising run." (M. B.) 284 JAP Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, »s in good ; many parallels of latitude, must of course vary extremely. As a gene ral remark, the weather in the Japanese islands may be said lo be exceedingly changeable ; rains are abundant all the year round, but especially so in the months of June and July. Violent gales and tlmn- der-slorms are comraon, and water-spouts are stated to be of frequent occurrence in the adjoining seas. Earthquakes have at different limes destroyed a great part of the raost populous towns. Only a few spots appear to be exerapt ftora these terrible phenomena. Japan abounds in mineral wealth. Gold appears to be very plentiful in some of the pro vinces. Copper is extensively worked, and supplies the most imporiant article of export In no part of the world is agriculture carried to a higher degree of perfection than in Japan. The raising of rice is the principal object, bul wheat, barley, and rye are also cultivated, though to a much smaller extent The orchards are slocked with the fruit- trees of southern Europe, such as oranges, lemons, figs, chesnuts, pears, peaches, cherries, and grapes. Apples are not raentioned among the number of Japanese fruits. In their physical character, the people of Japan resemble the Chinese, belonging to the Mongolian race. Their complexion is yellowish; their hair is black, thick, and shining, and their eyes are small, oblong, and deeply sunk in the head. In point of capacity and industry, they appear lo be inferior to none of the Asiatic nations. In education, especially in institutions for the instruction of the lower classes, they are perhaps equal to any people on the globe. Unlike the Chinese, whose unreasonable pride contemns all knowledge which has not originated wilh themselves, the Japanese adopt wilh willingness, and even avidity, the arts and sciences of Europe ; but, unhappily, the government seems lo do all in 'its povver to check 'this tendency in the people. The higher classes appear generally to understand tho Dutch language, and, through the newspapers of Hol land, they become acquainted with the iraportant occurrences as they transpire in Europe. The Japanese have adopted the European method in the projection and graduation of their maps and charts. They con struct excellent clocks and watches; they also make telescopes and thermometers. Their lacker-ware is superior to that of every other country, and hence the narae of "Japan," by which this manufacture is so geherally known. As an evidence ofthe superior civilization ofthe Japanese, we raay adduce the great attention which is paid to female education, and the general respect shown to that sex — a respect which is without a parallel araong the nations of Asia. In their raoral charac ter, the people of Japan are represented as manly, honest, and brave, and as entertaining a high sense of honour. The prevailing religion is Boodhisra, variously modified by other superstitions. The govern ment is despotic; but the emperor himself is considered as subject to the laws, which are of long standing and cannot be easily changed. Yeddo (Jeddo) on the island of Niphon, is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Jap^-an-ese'. Japan, Sea of, is situated between the Japanese islands and the E. coast of Asia, extending from about 34° to 52° N. Lat. (if we include JAP— JAV 285 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. the Gulf of Tartary, at the N. extremity), and from 127° 20' to 142° E. Lon. Its length is about 1,400 m. ; greatest breadth above 500 ra. Japura, ni-poo'-ri, (somelimes written Hyapura and Yupura ; called also, in the upper part of its course, the Caqueta, ki-ki/-ti,) a large r. of S. America, which rises in New Granada, and, flowing south-east erly into Brazil, empties itself into the Amazon, in about 3° 30' S. Lat, and 75° W. Lon. Its whole length may be estiraated at 1,200 m. Jaroslaw, yir'-o-sliv\ a raanufacturing and coraraercial t of Austrian Galicia, situated on the San, a branch of the Vistula, 16 in. N. N. W. of Przemysl. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Jaroslaw (Russia). See Yaroslaf. Jas'-per, a. co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocraulgee. Pop. ll,ill. Co. t. MonticeUo. Jasper, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss. Pop. 3,958. Co. seat, Paulding. Jasper, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on IU. Pop. 1,267. Jasper, a. co. in the S. E. part of IU., N. W. of Vincennes. Pop. 1,472. Co. t. Newton. Jasper, a co. near the S. W. extreraity of Mo., bordering on the In dian Territory. Jassy, yis'-se (Ger. Jasch, yish), a t. of European Turkey, cap. of Moldavia, situated about 12ra. W.of the Pruth, on a sraall streara which flows into that river. Before the late war, and the two confla grations of 1827, its population was estimated at near 40,000 (B.) ; at present it is said to araount to scarcely half this number. Jassy pos sesses considerable trade : it is, moreover, the seat of a Greek archbi- sho|jric. Lat. 47° 8' N., Lon. 27° 30' E. Jaszbereny, yiiss-bi-rain, a t. of Hungary, about 40 m. E. of Pesth. Pop. 15,530. (M.) Jauer, you'-er, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle of the sarae name. Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 16° 13' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.) Java, ji'-va, a large and ferlile i. of Malaisia, situated between 5° 50' and 8° 50' S. Lat, and 105° 10' and 114° 30' E. Lon. Its length is about 660m.; ils greatest breadth is above 130 ra. The island of Madura (mi-doo'-ra), near the N. E. extremity of Java, is comraonly included with the latter. It is about 90 m. long, and 30 m. wide, and is separated from Java by the Strait of Madura, which, in the narrow est part, is only 1 ra. wide. The area of both is estimated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. in 181.5, amounted lo about 4,620,000 (P. C.) ; at pre sent, it probably exceeds 5,000,000. The greatest part of Java is in possession of the Dutch. Batavia is their capital. The S. coast and the adjacent countries are subject to two native princes, whose domi nions occupy about one-fourth of the whole island. One of these sove reigns, called Soo-soo-hoo'nin, or emperor, has his residence at Soora kerta, a town containing about 105,000 inhabitants (P. C); Yugya kerta (or, as sorae write it, Djokjo-kerta), the capital of the other prince, or sultan, stands near the southern coast, in about 110° 20' E. Lon. Pop. 90,000. The native Javanese belong to the Malay race ; 286 JAY— JEF Fite, fir, fill, fit; mfe, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nfet; 66 as in g-ood; in civilization, they are much superior lo all other nations^of Malaisia. In sorae kinds of raanufacture, arid especially in agriculture, they possess considerable skill, though they are inferior, in these respects, to the Chinese, and perhaps lo the Hindoos. Their religion is a mixture of Mahoraetisra and Boodhism. Java is extremely well adapted for an extensive commerce. The island itself not only abounds in the various productions common to the tropics, but the northern coasts, which lie opposite lo the richest countries of Asia, are accessible to vessels all the year round. Besides this, the Dutch government has made it the centre of all the trade which Holland carries on with its extensive sel tleraents in the Indian Archipelago. Favoured by these circumstances, the commerce of Java has increased astonishingly within the last few years. From 1828 lo 1837, inclusive, the amount of almost every im portant article exported, augmented regularly and rapidly ; that of nut raegs and rice was more than doubled, that of coffee trebled, while there vvas more lhan 30 tiraes as much indigo, and about 26 times as' much sugar exported in 1837 as in 1828. — Adj. and inhab. Jav'-an-eje'. Jay, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 3,863. Co. t. Portland. Jean d'Angely, St., sSn zhaN diN^-zhi^-le', (Lat Angeriacum,) an ancient t of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente. It was, during the decline of the western Roman empire, the residence of the dukes of Aquitaine. Lat. 45° 57' N., Lon. 0° 31' W. Pop. 5,342. (M.) Jedburgh, jed'-bur-reA, a t of Scotland, cap. of the co. of Roxburgh, on the r. Jed, 2 m. above its junclion with the Teviot and 40 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,116. Jeddo. See Yeddo. Jef'-fer-son, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 60,984. Co. t Watertown. Jefferson, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., a little E. of the Alle ghany r. Pop. 7,253. Co. t Brookville. Jefferson, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 14,082. Co. t. Charleston. Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Ga., intersected by the Ogeechee. Pop. 7,254. Co. t Louisville. Jefferson, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the state of Ga. and the sea. Pop. 5,713. Co. t Monticello. Jefferson, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., on the Black War rior r. Pop. 7,131. Co. t Elyton. Jefferson, a co. in the S. VV. part of Miss., bordering on the Mis sissippi r. Pop. 11,650. Co. seal, Fayette. Jefferson, a parish in the S. E. part of La., extending from L. Pont chartrain to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 10,470. Seat of justice, La fayette. Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ark., intersected by tho Arkansas r. Pop. 2,566. Co. t Pinebluff. Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Holston and French Broad rivers. Pop. 12,076. Co. t Dandridge. JEF— JEY 287 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Jefferson, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 36,346. Co. t LouisviUe. Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 25,030. Co. t. Steubenville. Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 16,614. Co. t Madison. Jefferson, a co. in the S. part of IU., S. of Vandalia. Pop. 5,762. Co. t Mt. Vernon. Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,296. Co. t. Herculaneum. Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop. 914. Jeffbrso.n, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa. Pop. 2,773. Co. t. Fairfield. Jefferson City, the cap. of the state of Mo., and seat of justice of Cole CO., is a small town situated on the r. Missouri. Lat. 38° 36' N., Lon. 92° 8' W. Jen'-.}. (Ger. pron. yi'-ni) a t of Gerraany, in the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weiraar, wilh a celebrated university. It was in the neighbour hood of this town that the great batlle was fought in 1806, between the French and Prussians, which proved so fatal to the latter. Lat. 50° 56' N., Lon. 11° 37' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Jen'-nings, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ind., intersected by the railroad which runs frora Madison to Colurabus. Pop. 8,829. Co. t Vernon. jER'-gEY, an i. in the English Channel, belonging to Great Britain, situated about 13 ra. W. of the coast of France. It is above 1-2 ra. long, and has an area of about 62 sq. m., with a pop. of 47,544. Jersey, a co. in the W. part of IU., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 4,.535. Co. t Jerseyville. Je-ru'-s-A-lbm (also Kadushah in Heb. ; Gr. KaSvit; and 'IsfsoaoTM/ia; Lat Cady'tis and Hierosol'yma ; Arab. El-Kids) ; a celebrated city of Palestine, remarkable as tbe ancient capital of Judea, and as the cra dle of the Christian religion; and in mo-dern times as the second sanc tuary of Mahometanism, and as the object and principal theatre of the crusades, which have exercised so extraordinary an influence over the character and destinies of Europe, is situated on a hill, 128 m. S. S. W. of Daraascus. It is surrounded by walls of hewn stone, flanked vvith lowers. The edifices and localities within are chiefly interesling for their historical associations; onr narrow limit^wUl not permit us to notice Ihem in detail. Lat 31° 48' N., Lon. about 35° 20' E. Pop. estimated a I 30,000. (B.) jEsi,yi/-se, (Anc. iE'sis.) a walled t of Central Italy, 16m. W. S.W. of Ancona. Pop, about 6,000. (M.) Jes'-sv-mine, a co. in the N. E. central pari of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. "Pop. 9,396. Co. t Nicholasville. Jesso or Yesso. See Japan. Jeypoor, ji^-poor', also written Jyepoor, a walled city of Hindostan, the cap. of a principality of the sarae name, and one ofthe most regu larly buUt and handsome towns in all India, is situated in a barren 288 JID— JOL Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mfe, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nfet ; 66, as in good ; valley about 150 ra. S. W. of Delhi. Lat. 26° 55' N., Lm. 75° 50 E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.) Jid'-d.a or Djidda, tbe port of Mecca, and one ofthe chief entrepdts for foreign commerce, as well as one of the handsomest towns in Ara bia, is situated in the prov. of Hedjaz, on the coast of the Red Sea, about 55 m. W. of Mecca. The pop. is estimated by Riippell at 40,000 (B.) ; but it is said to vary greatly at different seasons of the year. Jidda is fortified, and contains a numerous garrison, dependent on the viceroy of Egypt Joannina. See Janina. Jo Da'-viess, a co. occupying the N. W. extremity of Ll. Pop. 6,180. Co. t. Galena. John Baptist, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., intersected by the Mississippi, and bordering on the W. extremity of L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 5,776. Seat of justice, Bonnet Carre. John, St., or St. John's River (called by tbe Indians Looshtook, or the "long river"), the principal stream in New Brunswick, and, after the St Lawrence, perhaps the finest in British America, rises ftora several sources near the northern border of Maine, and, flowing in a general south-easterly course, falls into the Bay of Fundy, in about 45° 10' N. Lat, 66° 3' W. Lon. The whole course is estimated at 380 m. It is navigable for vessels of 20 tons about 200 ra. John's, St., a city, and seaport of New Brunswick, situated on the N. side of St. John's r., near its mouth. Though not the capital, it is the largest and most important town in the colony. It is a free port. Lat. 45° 15' N., Lon. 66° 3' VV. Pop. in 1834, 12,885. (M.) John's, St., the cap. of the i. of Newfoundland, situated on the E. coast, is fortified, and has a fine harbour. The pop., during winter, is estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000 (B.), but in summer it is often not nearly so great, as then several thousand persons are sometimes absent on fishing expeditions. Lat 47° 33' N., Lon. 52° 40' W. Jobn'-scn, a CO. in the E. central part of N. C, intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 10,.599. Co. t Smithfield. Johnson, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkan sas r. Pop. 3,433. Seat of justice, Johnson c. h. Johnson, a co. in the S. central part of Ind., on the White r. Pop. 9,352. Co. t. Franklin. Johnson, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 2,658. Co. t Taylorsville. Johnson, a co. in the S. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 3,626. Co. t Vienna. Johnson, a. co. in the W. part of Mc, S. of Missouri r. Pop. 4,471. Co. t Warrensburg. Johnson, a co. in the S. E. of Iowa, intersected by Iowa r. Pop. 1,491. JonNs'-TQN, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Renfrew shire, 10 m. VV. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,824. Joliba. See Niger. JON— JUG 289 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Jones, a co. in the E. part of N. C, S. ofthe Neuse r. Pop. 4,945. Co. t Trenlon. Jones, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocraulgee. Pop. 10,065. Co. t Clinton. Jones, a co. in tbe S. E. part of Miss., intersected by Leaf r. Pop. 1,258. Co. seat, Ellisville. Jones, a co. in tlie E. part of Iowa, intersected by the Wapisipine- cone r. Pop. 471. Co. t Edinburg. Jonkoping or Jonkjoping, yon'-cho-ping, a t of Sweden in Goth land, the cap. of a gov. of the same narae, situated at the S. extremity of L. Wetter. Lat 57° 47' N., Lon. 14° 10' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Jood^-poor' or Mar^-war', a state of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, situ ated between 24° and 28° N. Lat, and 70° 20' and 75° 30' E. Lon. Joodpoor, the cap. and largest t of the above state, is situated about 100 ra. VV. of Ajmere. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.) Jor'-d.an, a celebrated r. of Palestine, which rises in the Anti-Liba nus, or Mount Hermon, and, flowing S. through the L. of Tiberias, empties itself into the Dead Sea. Its length is about 150 m. Jorullo, Ho-rool'-yo, often pronounced Bo-roo'-yo, a recently formed volcanic mountain of Mexico, about 70 ra. S. W. of Valladolid. In 1759, from the midst of cultivated fields of sugar cane and indigo, a mountain arose in one night 1,600 ft. above the previous level of the plain. Flames are said lo have issued from an extent of raore than half a square league, while fragraents of burning rocks were thrown up lo a prodigious height, and through a thick cloud of ashes, illumined by volcanic fire, the softened surface of the earth vvas seen to swell like an agitated sea. The numerous apertures of this volcanic mass, vvhich is 3 or 4 iniles in extent continue still, it is said, to erait smoke. Lat. 18° 45' N., Lon. 101° 30' VV. Joseph, St., a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind., and intersected by the St. Joseph's r. Pop. 7,068. Co. t Centreville. Joseph, St., a co. in the N. part of Ind., intersected by St, Joseph's r., bordering on Mich. Pop. 6,426. Co. t. South Bend. Joseph's, St., a r. which rises in the S. part of Mich., and flowing inlo Ind., afterwards returns inlo Mich., and empties itself into L. Michigan. — Another small r. of the same narae rises in the S. part of Mich.rnear Oie sources ofthe above, and flowing into Ind., unites with St Mary's r. to form the Maumee. Joudpoor. See Joodpoor. Juan, St. See San Juan. Ju'-AN Fer-nan'-dez (Sp. pron. Hoo-in' ffeR-nin'-deth), a group of islands in the S. Pacific, situated about 400 m. W. of the coast of Chili, near 33° 40' S. Lat, and 79° W. Lon. The largest one, called Juan Fernandez, from the name of the discoverer, is 10 or 12 m. in lenof the Mississippi, and, after a course of more than 90 m., falls into the Gulf of Mexico, near the E. extremity of Timbalier Bay. 304 LAF— LAH Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m'^, m't ; p'ne or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ; La P'ourche Interior, a parish in the S. part of La., intersected by the above r. Pop. 7,303. Seat of justice, Thibadauxville. La Grange, la/i-granj, a co. near the N. E. extreraity of Ind., bor dering on Mich. Pop. 3,664. Co. t Lima. La Guayra, li-gwi'-ri, the port of Caraccas, an important commer cial t of the rep. of Venezuela, in S. Araerica. Lat 10° 36' N., Lon. 67° 7 W. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) Laguna, li-goo'-ni, the cap. of Teneriffe, has an inland situation in the N. E. part of the island, about 6 m. W. N. VV. of Santa Cruz. Pop. estiraated al 8,000. (B.) Lfv Haye. See Hague. Lahn, liin, a r. of Gerraany, flowing into the Rhine, near Coblentz. Lahore, li-hore', a prov., or ralher kingdom, in the N. VV. part of Hindostan, lying between 29° 30' and 34° 40' N. Lat, and 71° and 78° E. Lon. This territory was till recently governed by Runjeet Singh, who was completely independent of the British government, and the most powerful of all the native princes of India. His kingdom is geo graphically divided inlo two parts : 1st, Ihe Punj.aub (or Pinj-ab), i. e. the " five rivers," so named from its lying araong the five great arms of the Indus ; viz., the Sind or Indus Proper, the Jhylum or Bebul (Anc. Hydas'pes), the Chenaub or Chen-ab (Anc. Acesi'nes), the Ravee (Anc. Hydrao'tes), and the Sutledge (Anc.Hysu'drus), which £akesthe name of Gharra (Anc. Hyph'asis), after having received the Beeas, which appears to have been considered by the ancients as the upper portion of the Hyphasis: 2d, Kohistan (ko-his-tin'), i.e. the "hill country." The Seiks, now the ruling power in this part of the world, first appeared as a sect of Hindoo religionists, about the raiddle of the 15th century ; but, stung by persecution frora the Mahometans, tliey turned their thoughts to warlike pursuits, and afterwards became a nation of formidable soldiers. Steel, from being an especial object of attention, was finally converted into one of their gods. Their supreme divinity was denominated by them "All Steel." Owing, however, to their continual dissensions, they were unable to make head against a powerful enemy, until tho early part of the present century, when Runjeet Singh, having subdued the other Seik chieftains, established an independent kingdom, which he ruled with great energy and wis dora. He maintained an array of 80,000 men, of whom ^,000 were cavalry, disciplined according to the European system. (P. C.) But since his death, which occurred in 1839, no successor adequate to the task of government seems to have appeared, and it is not improbable that this territory will, at no distant period, be incorporated with the other British dorainions of India. Lahore, the cap. of the above kingdom, situated on the Ravee, in the raidst of a fertile and well-cultivated plain. This city is one of high antiquity, and was the residence of the first Mahometan conquei ors of Hindostan, before they succeeded in establishing themselves in the central parts of the peninsula. Though greatly fallen from its an cient splendour, it is still a large and populous town, but nearly all tha LAH— LAN 305 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. noble or interesting buildings appear to have been the work ofa former age. The magnificent mosque erected by Aurungzebe has been con verted into a powder magazine. The private dwellings present, for the most part, but a mean appearance. Lat. 31° 30' N., Lon. 74° 20' E. Pop. estimated frora 80,000 to 100,000. (B.) Lahsa or Lachsa, lin'-si, or Hij'-ar, a prov. of Arabia, extending along the W. shore ofthe Persian Gulf That part immediately along the coast is soraelimes called Bahrein (bah-rane'). Laib.ach. See Laybach. Lake, a co. near the N. E. extreraity of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 13,719. Co. t Painesville. Lake (Aishcura), a co. in the W. part of Mich. Lake, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ind., and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 1,468. Lake, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of III., and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 2,634. Laland. ' See La.aland. Lamego, li-mi'-go, a t of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira, cap. of a coraarca of the same name, situated 2 or 3 m. from the S. bank of the Douro. Lat. 41° 13' N., Lon. 7° 43' W. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) La-moile', a co. in the N. part of Vt, intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into L. Champlain. Pop. 10,475. Co. t. Hyde Park. LanaK, li'-ni, or RanaK, one of the smaUer of the Sandwich Islands, near 21° N. Lat, and intersected by the 157lh meridian of W. Lon. It is near 20 m. long and 10 broad. Pop. 2,000. Lan'-.uik, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, cap. of Lanarkshire, situ ated 14 ra. from the right bank of the Clyde, and 30 m. W. S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 4,831. Li^N'-.AEK-sHiRE Or Clydes'-d.ale, an inland co. in the southern part of Scotland, intersected by the r. Clyde. Pop. 426,972. Lanc'-a-shire, or the County of Lancaster, a co. in the N. W. part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop. 1,667,054. Lanc'-as-ter, a seaport t. of England, the cap. of the above co., on the r. Lune, about 6 m. from its entrance into Lancaster Bay, and 46 m. N. by E. of Liverpool. It is situated at the termination of the Lan caster and Preston junction-railway, while the Lancaster Canal, which connects Kendal and Liverpool, skirts the town. Over the Lune there is a noble aqueduct-bridge, of five arches, erected at a cost of 48,000Z. sterling. Pop. 13,531. Lancaster, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the r. Susquehanna. Pop. 84,203. Lancaster, a city of Pa., the cap. of the above Co., is situated on a. branch of the Susquehanna, in the raidst of a fertile and highly culti vated country, about 62 m., in a straight line, W. of Philadelphia. Lat. 40° 2' 30' N., Lon. 76° 20' 30" W. Pop. 8,417. Lancaster, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of the Rappa hannock. Pop. 4,628. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h. 26* 306 LAN— LAN Fite, fir, fill, fit; m^, mh; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 as in ^oorf; Lancaster, a dist. on the N. border of S. C, E. of, and bordering on the Catawba r. Pop. 9,907. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h. Lan-cer-o'-ta or Lanzarote (Sp. pron. lin-thi-ro'-ti), one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the 29th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 13° 40' W. Lon. It is about 36 m. in length ; its greatest breadth is about 12 m. Area, 32 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1835, 17,434. (P. C.) Lanciano, lin-che-i'-no, an archiepiscopal t of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Citra, 6 m. from the Adriatic. Its manufactures and com raerce were during the middle ages far more extensive than at present ; but it is still regarded as the principal commercial place in all Abruzzo. Lat. 42° 14' N., Lon. 14° 24' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Landaff. See Llandaff. Lan'-dau or lin'-dou, a strong fortress of Germany, in the Bavarian territory ofthe Rhine, celebrated in history for having sustained several memorable sieges. Lat 49° 12' N., Lon. 8° 7' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Landes, liNd, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 284,918. (B.) Capital, Mont-de-Marsan. Lan'-dry, St., a parish in the S.VV. central part of La. Pop. 15,233. Seat of justice, Opelousas. Lands'-berg (Ger. pron. lints'-b?RG), a manufacturing and commer cial t of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Warthe or War'-ta, a tributary of the Netze, 38 ra. N. E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Lat. 52° 44' N., Lon. 15° 14' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Landscrona, linds'-kroo-ni, a strongly fortified t. of Sweden, in the prov.of Skftne (Skonen). Lat 55° 52' N., Lon. 12° 51' E. Pop. esti mated at above 4,000. (P. C.) Land's End, a promontory in Cornwall, remarkable as being the most westerly point of land in England. Lat 50° 4' N., Lon. 5° 42' VV. Landshut, lands'-hoot, (Ger. pron. lints'-hoot,) one of the prettiest and most agreeable towns in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Iser, in Ihe midst ofa delightful country, 38 m. N. E. of Munich. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Langeland, ling'-e-lind, an i.*of Denraark, situated in the Baltic, between Laaland and Funen, and intersected by the 55th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 10° 50' E. Lon. Its length is 32 m. ; its average breadth only about 2J m. Area, 80 sq. m. Pop. about 17,000. (M.) Langensalza, ling'-§n-silt'-si, a flourishing little t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the sarae name. Lat. 51° 7' N., Lon. 10° 38' E. Pop 6,000. (B.) Langholm, lang'-um, a little t. of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, 55 m. S. by E. of Edinburgh. Langres, liNgr, (Anc. Andematu'nura, afterwards Lin'gones), the largest t, though not the cap., of the French dep. of Upper Marne, 18 m. S. S. E. of Chaumont This place vvas one of great importance under the Romans. Many antique remains have been found here. It contains several institutions for education, and a public library of 30,000 vols. (P. C.) Lat. 47° 52' N., Lon. 5° 20 E. Pop. 6,191. (M.) LAN— LAR 307 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Languedoc, liNg^-gg/i-dok', formerly an extensive prov. in the S.W. of France, now distributed among the deps. of Ardeche, Aude, Gard, Upper Garonne, Herault, Upper Loire, Lozere, and Tarn. Laon, Un, a fortified t of France, cap. of the dep. of Aisne, 78 m. N. E. of Paris, with a public library of 12,000 vols., besides other insti tutions. Lat 49° 34' N., Lon. 3° 37' E. Pop. 7,826. (B.) Laos, li'-oce. The country ofthe Laos coraprehends tbe central por tion of Chin India, lying between 15° and 24° N. Lat, and 98° and 106 E. Lon. On the S. it borders on Siam and Cochin China, and W. on the Birraan empire. Little is known with certainty respecting the interior of this country. The Laos seem to be the original stock of a nation which is widely dispersed over Farther India. They reserable the Siamese in the form of their bodies, in language, and in religion. Lantchang or Lanl-Shang, the chief tow-n, is said to be surrounded by a wall of stone, and lo contain a garrison of 50,000 men, and a splendid court. Lap-eer', a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mich. N. of Detroit. Pop. 4,263. Co. t. Lapeer. Lap'-l.4ND, the most northerly country of Europe, occupying the N. and N. E. parts of the Scandinavian peninsula, the N. part of tne Rus sian prov. of Finland, and the N. W. portion of the gov. of Archangel. It is difficult to assign its limits, as they correspond with no natural or poUtical boundaries. Il appears that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries all the country N. of 64° N. Lat, between the While Sea on the E., and the Norwegian Sea on the W., was entirely in the pos session of the Laplanders or Lapps. The people who have given theu- name to this region constitute a distinct and remarkable variety of the human race ; they are of very short stature, seldom exceeding in height five feet and two or three inches ; their copper complexion is rather the result of habitual residence in smoky huts than the cha racter of the race. — Inhab. Lap'-land-er and Lapp. La Porte, lap-ort', a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan and Lake Michigan. Pop. 8,184. La Puebla, or La Puebla de los Anoeles, li pweb'-li di loce ing'- hSI-Js, (t. e. " the habitation of the angels,) a large and beautiful city of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, in an elevated plain re markable for its fertility and the salubrity of^its climate. Il contains many fine buildings, and is the seal of e.xlensive manufactures. Lat. about 19° N., Lon. 98° W. Pop. 70,000. (B.) The state of La Pue bla borders that of Mexico on the E. Area 21,000 sq.m. Pop. 820,000. Lar-is'-s.a (Turk. Yenishehr, yen'-e-shaih'r', i. e. " New Town"), an archiepiscopal t. of European Turkey, on the Selerabria (Anc. Pe- ne'us), which is here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. It is believed to occupy the sarae site as the ancient Larissa. Lat. 39° 38' N., Lon. 22° 30' B. Before the late war the pop. was estiraated at 30,000. (B.) Laristan, lir-is-tin', a. prov. in the S. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. Lar, the cap. of the above, though greatly fallen 308 LAR-LAU Fite, fir, fill, fil ; m^, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n\ n jI ; 66 as in good; from its former splendour, contains, it is said, above 15,000 inhabit ants. (B.) Lat about 27° 30' N., Lon. 54° E. Lar'-ni-ka, a seaport t on the S. E. coast of the i. of Cyprus. Lat 34° 54' 30 " N., Lon. 33° 41' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) La Salle, li/i-sal', a co. in the northern part of 111., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 9,348. Co. t Ottawa. Las'-sa or H'lassa, a city of S. Asia, the cap. of Thibet, on a tribu tary of the Sanpoo (or Dzangbo), in an extensive and fertile plain, sur rounded by lofty mountains. "The great temple of Boodha, which is likewise the residence of the Dalai Lama, the pontiflcal sovereign of Thibet, stands in the W. part of the city, and consists of an extensive range of square-shaped buildings, crowned in the centre with a gUded dome. The permanent pop. of Lassa is said to have araounted, in the beginning of the last century, to 80,000. (B.) The floating pop. is always very great, owing to the multitudes of pilgrims, who come from the remotest parts of Asia to visit this sanctuary of Lamaism. Lat about 29° 30' N., Lon. 91° 40' E. Latakia, lit-a-kee'-a, or Ladikia, (Anc. Laodice'a,) a seaport t. of Syria, on the Mediterranean, about 90 m. S. W. of Aleppo. Here are the remains of an ancient triumphal arch, which is still almost entire, supposed to have been erected in honour of one ofthe early Roman em perors. Lat. 35° 30' N., Lon. 35° 48' E. Pop. estimaled at frora 5,000 to 10,000. (M.) Lauban, lou'-bin, a t of Prussian Silesia, cap. ofa circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 6' N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.) Lauenburg, lou'-en-burg^ or lou'-en-b66RG\ or Saxe-Lauenburg, a duchy in Gerraany, subject lo the kings of Denmark, situated on the right side of the Elbe, between 53° 22' and 53° 48' N. Lat, and 10° 13' and 11° 5' E. Lon. Area, 420 sq. m. Pop. 37,500. (P. C.) Lauenburg, a t.jn the above duchy, on the Elbe, 30 m. S. E. of Ham burg. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Lau'-der-dale\ a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ala. Pop. 14,485. Co. t Florence. Lauderdale, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,258. Co. seat, Marion. Lauderdale, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on tlie Mis sissippi. Pop. 3,435. Launceston, lins'-lQn, a t of England, in the co. of ComwaU, 20 m. N. N. W. of Plymouth. Pop. of the parish, '2,460. Lau'-rel, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ky., a liltle N. E. ofthe Cumber land r. Pop. 3,079. Co. t London. Lau'-rens, a dist. in the N.W. part of S. C, bordering on thc Saluda r. Pop. 21,584. Seat of justice, I^aurensville. Laurens, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Oconee. Pop. 5,585. Co. t Dublin. Lausanne, 16-zann', a city of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Vaud 30 rn. N. E. of Geneva, and about a milo and a half from the N. shore of L. Leman. Among the literary and scientific institutions of tliia LAV— LAY 309 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. place, we may mention the Academy, which might be terraed a uni versity, the Cantonal Library, with 33,(300 vols., and a museura, contain ing collections in the various sciences. The penitentiary of Lausanne, established in 1822, is considered one of the finest in Europe. Lat. 46° 31' N., Lon. 6^ 4.5' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Laval, li'-vil', a manufacturing and commercial t of France, cap. ofthe dep. of Mayenne, is situated on the r. Mayenne, 150 m. W.S.VV. cf Paris. Lai. 48° 5' N., Lon. 0° 46' W. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Lavoro, Terra di, ter'-ri de li-vo'-ro, (literally, the " land of labour," but signifying, properly, good arable land, or that which is susceptible of being worked,) a prov. in the W. part of the kingdom of Naples, bordering on the dominions ofthe pope and the Mediterranean. .Law'-rence, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Ten nessee r. Pop. 13,313. Co. t Moullon, mole'-tpn. Lawrence, a co. in the S. part of Miss., intersected by the Pearl r. Pop. 5,920. Co. seat, Monticello. Lawrence, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 2,835. Co. t Jackson. Lawrence, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 7,121. Co. t Lawrenceburg. Lawrence, a co. in the E. part of Ky., bordering on Sandy r. Pop. 4,730. Co. t Louisa. Lawrence, a co. occupying the S. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 13,719. Co. t Burlington. L.AWRENCE, a CO. in the S. part of Ind., intersected by the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 11,782. ^Co. t Bedford. Lawrence, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 7,092. Co. t. Lawrenceville. Lawrence, St., one of the largest rivers of N. America, which issues frora L. Ontario, in about 44° 10' N. Lat, ai\^ 76° 30' W. Lon., and, flowing north-easterly, falls inlo the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in about 49° 30' N. Lat, and 64° W. Lon. Viewing this river in con nexion with the great western lakes, of which it forras the outlet, it raay be said to rise at the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into L. Superior. Receiving different nanies in different parts of ils course, between L. Superior and Huron, it is called the St. Mary ; between L, Huron and Erie, the St Clair and Detroit ; between L. Erie and Onta rio, the Niagara; between L. Onlario and the sea, it takes the name of St. Lawrence. Its whole length, including the chain of lakes, is estimaled at 2,200 ra. Lawrence, St., a co. in the N. part ofN. Y., bordering on the above river. Pop. 56,706. Co. t Canton. Laybach or Laibach, li'-biK, (III. Lublana, loob-li'-ni; Anc. ^Emo- na ;) the cap. of the kingdom of Illyria, situated on a navigable river of the same name, which flows into the Save. It contains a lyceum, a gymnasium, and many other excellent public institutions. Lat. 46° 2' N , Lon. 14° 47' E. Pop. above 10,000. (B.) 310 LEA— LEG Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi^, mlt ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; n'', n5t ; 66, as in good ; Leake, a co. in the centre part of Miss. Pop. 2,162. Co. seat, Car thage. Leamington, lem'-ing-tgn, a flourishing t. and watering-place of England, in Warwickshire, 2 m. E. of Warwick, and about 80 m. N.W. of London. The pop. ofthe parish in 1821 vvas only 2,183 ; in 1841 it amounted to 1'2,864. This extraordinary increase is to be ascribed to the growing celebrity of its mineral waters, and its many attractions as a place of fashionable resort. Leb'-a-non, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 21,872. ¦ Co. I. Lebanon. Lecce, let'-chi, a fortified t. of Naples, the cap. of the prov. Terra di Otranto, about 22 m. N. N. W. of Otranto. It is one of the best- built and liveliest towns in the kingdom, with wide streets, a hai)d- some market-place, several fine churches, a royal college, and about 14,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 40° 21' N., Lon. 18° 10' E. Lee, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Va. Pop. 8,441, Co. t Jonesville. Lee, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 4,520. Co. t. StarkviUe. Lee, a co. in the N. part of 111. , intersected by Rock r. Pop. 2,035. Leb, a CO. forraing the S. E. extreraity of Iowa. Pop. 6,093. Co. t Fort Madison. Leeds, a celebrated manufacturing and commercial t of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Aire, at the termination of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 23 m. W. S. W. of York. Besides the water coraraunication wilh Liverpool, already alluded to, Leeds is con nected with this and most of the other important towns of England, by raeans of railways. This town is not only the principal seat of the woollen raanufactures, but it is the great eraporiura of England for these articles. Lgeds contains a philosophical and literary society, a public library founded by Priestly, besides other institutions. Lat .53° 47' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop. of the township, 88,741 ; of the borough, 152,054. Leek, a manufacturing t of England, in Staffordshire, 134 m. N.W. of London. Pop. of Leek and Lowe township, 7,233. Leeuwarden, li-wiiR'-den, a t of Holland, the cap. of the prov. of Friesland, situated 32 m. W. of Groningen, and intersected by nume rous canals. Lat 53° 12' N., Lon. 5° &' E. Pop. estimated at above 17,000. (B.) Leg-horn' or leg'-horn, (It. Li-vor'-uo; Pr. Livourne, le^-vooRn',) a seaport t, the chief eraporiura of Italy, and one ofthe principal com mercial places in Europe, situaied in Tuscany, on the Mediterranean, 62 ra. W. S. W. of Florence. It is a neat, and, for the most part re gularly-built city, with a well-fortified harbour. The N. part of Leg horn is called Venezia Nuova (vfrn-ed'-ze-i noo-o'-vi), or New Venice, on account of the numerous canals by which it is intersected, and by means of which, as in Venice, merchandise is conveyed to the very LEG— LEI 311 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. doors of the store-house.-!. Lat. 43° 33' N., Lon. 10° 17' E. Pop., in cluding the suburbs, in 1836, 76,397. (M.) Leg.na.no, U"n-yi'-no, a fortified t. of Austrian Italy, on the r. Adi-e. Lat 4.j° 11' N., Lon. 11° 19' E. Pop., including its suburb, Porto-Leg- nano, near 10,000. (B.) Leh or LeK. See Ladakh. Le'-higb, a r. in the E. part of Pa., which flows into the Delaware. Lehigh, a co. of Pa., on the above r. Pop. 25,785. Co. t Allentown. Leicester, les'-ter, an important manufacturing t of England, cap. of Leicestershire, 87 m. N. W. of London. It is connected by a rail way vvith the London and Birrainghara line, and wilh the r. Trent by a canal. Lat 22° 38' N., Lon. 1° 8' W. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 6 sq. ra., 48,167. Leicestershire, les'-ler-shir, aco. nearly in the centre of Eno-land. Pop. 215,867. Leiden. See Leyden. Leigh, lee, a manufacturing t of England, in Lancashire, 12 m. W. of Manchester. Pop. of West Leigh and Pennington townships, com prising the town of Leigh, 6,838. Leinster, lin'-ster, or leen'-ster, one ofthe four provinces into which Ireland is divided, occupying the E. portion of the island. It comprises the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's and Queen's, Longford, Louth, Meath, West Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow. Leipsic, lipe'-sik, (Ger. Leipzig, lipe'-tsio,) the second city of the kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a delightful plain, watered by the r. Pleisse and its branches, 60 m. W. N. W. of Dresden. Its streets are irregular and narrow, though well paved, and adorned by numerous fine edifices, both. public and private. Leipsic possesses a multitude of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may name the University, founded in 1409, one of the most celebrated and flourishing in Europe, with a library of above 100,000 vols. ; it htis 120 professors and teach ers, and between 1,100 and 1,200 students: the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, which is the oldest establishment of the kind in Europe : the Academy of Fine Arts, &c. Leipsic is the centre of an extensive trade, being the most commercial town in the kingdom, and is regarded as the first book emporium in the world. The concentration ofthe Ger man book-trade here, has been in fact the principal cause of the cele brity and wealth of this city. Lat 51° 20' N., Lon. 12° 22' E. Fori. in 1.S37, 47,514. (M.) Leiria or Leyria. liii-ree'-i,* a small but ancient t of Portugal, in Estremadura, 72 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2,000. (B.) In its vici nity is the village of Marinha-grande (nii-reen'-yi grin'-di), with an extensive glass manufactory. ' Leith, leeth, a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Mid-Lothian, on » "Sustained by thoughts like these, from morn till eve Ife journeyed, and drew near Lkyp.ia's walls;" — Southey's Roderick, Book IU. 312 LEI— LEO Fite, f3r, fSIl, fat; mi, mh; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 as in good. a river of the same name, at its entrance into the Frith of Forth, 2 m. N. by E. of the centre of Edinburgh, with which it is connected by a small street called Leith Walk. It is irregularly built, and ill paved, hut contains many handsome houses of recent erection. Leith is considered as the port of Edinburgh. Pop. 26,433. Leitmeritz, lite'-m^r-its, a t. of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same narae, on the Elbe, which is here crossed by a bridge, 843 ft. in length. The neighbouring country is so fertile and well cultivated, that it is called the Bohemian paradise. Lat. 50° 30' N., Lon. 14° 5' E. Pop. 3,900. (B.) Near Leitmeritz, at the junction of the Eger and Elbe, is Theresienstadt (ti-ri/-ze-en-slilt^), an important fortress. Leitrim, lee'-trim, a co. in the N. W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught, and bordering on Donegal Bay. Pop. in 1831,141,524. (P.C.) Le'-man (Lat Lema'nus, or Leman'nus), otherwise called the Lakb CF Geneva, a L. in the W. part of Switzerland, situated 1,150 ft. above the sea. Its forra resembles a crescent. Length, about 50 m ; greatest breadth, 9 ra.; greatest depth, 906 ft It is traversed by a steamboat The Rhone flows through L. Leman. Lem'-berg (Ger. pron. lera'-beRo; Polish, Lwow Iwof; Lat Leop'- olis), a city of the Austrian empire, tbe cap. of Galicia, situated on the Peltew (pel'-tef), a tributary of the Bug. Ils streets, unlike those of most Polish towns, are wide, straight, well paved, and clean. Lem berg is the residence of a Roman Catholic, an Armenian, and a Greek archbishop : it contains a university, two gymnasia, and several other institutions for education. Lat 49° 5-2' N., Lon. 24° 3' E. Pop. above 60,000. (B.) Lem'-nos or Stal-im'-e-ne (called by the Turks Lim'-ho or Lim'-nee), an i. in the N. part of the jEgean Sea, intersected by the paraUel of 39° 50' N. Lat, and the meridian of 25° 10' E. Lon. Ils greatest length is above 20 m. Its area is estimated at 147 sq. m. Pop. 8,000. (P. C.) Le'-n.v (Siberian pron. li-ni'1, the principal r. of Eastern Siberia, rises in the mountains which skirt the N. W. shore of Lake Baikal, in about 53° N. Lat. and 106° E. Lon. It first runs nortlierly, and then in a general E. N. E. direction, till it reaches Yakootsk ; afler vvhich i^ flows N. to the Frozen Ocean, which it enters by several mouths, m about 73° N. Lat. and 127° 30' E. Lon. Near its termination, the river is very broad, and several of its numereus arms (among which are extensive deltas or islands) present the appearance of wide estua ries. The whole length of the Lena is estimated at 2,500 m. It is said to be safely navigable for the greater part of its course. Len'-a-wee\ a CO. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 17,889. Co. t Adrian. I.ENoiR, le-nore', a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 7,605. Co. t Kingston. Lentini, Ifn-tee'-ne (Anc. Leon'tiura), a t of SicUy, near a lake of the same name, 14 m. S. S. W. of Catania. Pop. in 1831, 7,276. (M.) Leom'-in-ster, a t of England, in Herefordshire, 11 m. N. of Here ford. Pop. 3,892. Le'on (Sp. pron. li-one'), a prov. of Spain, forming a part of the an- LEO— LES 313 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. cient kingdom of this name; bounded on the N. by Asturia, E. by Pa lencia, S. by Valladolid, Toro, and Zamora, and VV. by Galicia. It is about 140 ra. frora E. to VV., and above 50 ra. from N. to S. Leon (Anc. Le'gio Sep'tiraa), an old and decayed city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., and once tbe residence of the kings of Leon. Its cathedral is regarded as the finest in Spain. Lat. 42° 31' N., Lon. 5° 36' VV. Pop. 5,500. (B.) Leon, a regularly built and beautiful t of Mexico, in the state of Guanaxuato, 36 m. W. N. W. of Guanaxuato. Pop. estimaled at about 6,.500. (M.) Leon, a city of Central America, the former cap. of the state of Ni caragua.* It contains a university, established in 1812. Lat. about 12° 25' N., Lon. 86° 50' VV. The pop., a few years ago, amounted to 32,000 ; but the civil contentions within the town have reduced it to half that number. (P. C.) Leon, a co. of Florida, extending from Ga. to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 10,713. Co. t Tallahassee. Leon, Isle of (Sp. Isla de Leon, ees'-li di Ii70ne'), an i. close to the S. coast of Spain, about 11 m. in length. Cadiz stands on the N. W. ex treraity, and San Fernando (sin ftR-nin'-do), called also Isla de Leon, in the S. E. part ofthe island, in Lat 36° 28' N ., Im. 6° 12' W. This town contains a fine observatory, and about 18,000 inhabitants. (B.) It appears to have greatly declined from what it was in the early part of the present century ; ils great naval school is said to be quite deserted. Le-pan'-to (Anc. Naupac'tus), a small seaport t of Greece, on the gulf lo which it has given its name. Lat 38° 23' N., Lon. 21° 51' E. Lepanto, Gulf of (Anc. Sinus Corinthiacus or "Bay of Corinth"), extends frora near Patras, eastward, to within a few miles of the Gulf of jEgina. It is about '77m. in length, and more than 20 m. in its greatest breadth. At ils narrowest part, where it coraraunicates with the Gulf of Patras, it is scarcely a mile and a half wide. Lepanto has given its name to a celebrated naval battle between the Turks and Christians, fought on this gulf in 1571, in which the forraer were utterly defeated. Lerida, leR'-e-di (Anc. Iler'da), a fortified t. of Spain, in Catalonia. Lat 41° 39' N., Lon. 0° 30' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lerwick, ler'-rik, the chief I. of tbe Shetland Islands, is situated on Mainland. Lat 60° 11' N., Lon. 1° 10' W. Bop. 2,787. Lesina, les'-e-ni, (Anc. Pha'rus,) and Lis'-s.v (Is'sa), two islands in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia, near 43° N. Lat. and 17° E. Lon. United area, 280 sq.m. Pop. about 14,000. (M.) Leskeard. See Liskeard. • Balbi and the Penny Cyclopedia give Leon as the cap. of Nicaragua. McCul- locb however, calls il the farmer capital, and states that the seat of government has been removed to Grenada. The works previously cited, probably refer to a former dale. 27 314 LES— LEY Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mlt ; p'ne or pine, pin ; n'', nfjt ; 66, as in good ; Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. Leutschau, loil'-elijou, (Hung. Locse, lij-ch'i), a royal free t of Hun gary, cap. of the CO. of Zip.q. Lat 43° 57' N., Lon! 20' 33' E. Pop. in 1837, 5,17.1. (M.) Le-vant' (i. e. literally the "rising," hut like the Latin Oriens, signifying the " East"), a name of French derivation, usuaUy applied to the ea^lern coasts ofthe Mediterranean, extending from the western part of Greece round to the western border of Egypt. — Adj. and inhab. Levantine, lev*-an-teen',* (It Levantine, Uv-in-tee'-no). Lewes, lu'-is, a I. of England, in the co. of Sussex, on the Ou=e, 43 m. S. of London. Pop. 9,199. Lew'-is, tbe largest ofthe Hebride.-, is situated about 27 m. W.from the mainland of Ross-shire, Scotland, between .57' 42' and .53° 33' i\'. Lat, and 6° 10' and 7° 10' VV. Lon. Length, 60 m. ; greatest breadth, 30 ra. Area, including the subsidiary islets, 748 sq. m. The S. part of the island, forraing a peninsula, is called the Island of Harris, 'f his portion belongs to Inverness-shire; the remainder, usually denominated the Island of Lewis, to Ross-shire. Eniire pop. 21,466. Lewis, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., E. of L. Ontario, intersected by tho Black r. Pop. 17,830. Co. t Martinsburg. Lewis, a co. in the N. VV. part of Va. Pop. 8,151. Co. t Weston. Lewis, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 6,306. Co. t Clarkeshurg. Lewis, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 6,040. Co. t Monticello. Lew'-ish-.\m, a village of England, in Kent, .5 ra. S. E. of London. Pop. of the parish, 9,361. Lew'-is-ton, a port cf entry of N. Y., in Niagara co., on the Nia gara r., 7 m. above its entrance into L. Ontario. Lex'-ing-ton, the cap. of Rockbridge co., Va., and the seat of Washington College, founded in 1S12, situated on a branch of James r., about 110 m. VV. by N. from Richmond. Lexington, the cap. of Fayette co., and formerly the seat of thc stale government is the oldest and perhaps the handsomest town in Kentucky, situated at the E. extremity ofthe Lexington and Ohio rail road. Here is the Transylvania University, a flourishing institution, founded in 1798. Lexington is also the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum. Lat 38° 6' N., Lon. 84° 18' VV. Pop. 6,997. Lexington, a village and township of Middlesex co. Miss., 11 m. N. VV. of Boslon. Here the first blood vvas shed in the Revolutionary contest, April 19th, 1775. Leyden, li'-dcn, a celebrated city of the Netherlands, in tha prov. of 'he Perceived it was the Pyrrhic dance so martial. To which ihe Levantines are very partial."— Byron. Cowper, however, using a poet's license, places the accent on th ¦ penullima (See Task, Book III., lino .183.) LIB— LIE 315 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. S. HoUand, 10 ra. N. E. of the Hague. It is pleasantly situated on a branch of the Rhine, in a level part of the country, traversed by nu merous canals bordered wilh trees. The town is well built, and the principal streets are broad and weU paved. Leyden is chiefly reraark able as a seat of learning. Its university, founded in 1575, is justly renowned ; it was attended, in 1835, by 647 students ; and possesses a library of 60,000 vols., and 14,000 raanuscripts; an observatory, a botanic garden, and other subsidiary institutions. The most remarka ble event in the history of Leyden is the siege by the Spaniards, in 1573, which it successfully resisted, though 6,000 of its inhabitants perished by famine and pestilence. To reward the valour of the citi zens, an ofler vvas made them, either of an exemption from taxes for a certain number of years, or the foundation of a. university. Their choice is already known. Lat 52° 9' N., Lon. 4° 29' E. Pop. 36,000 (P. C.) Li-be'-ri-.a< a dist on the W. coast of Africa, lying on both sides of the r. St. Paul, which falls inlo the Atlantic in about 6° 20' N. Lat, and 10° 46' VV. Lon. A portion of this country was purchased by the American Colonization Sociely, in 1821, for the purpose of colonizing such of the African race as had been, or thereafter should be, raanu- mitled in different parts ofthe United States.* — Adj. and inhab. Li-be'- KI-AN. Liberty, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,241. Co. I. Riceboro. Libourne, le^-bnoRn', a t of France, in the dep. of Gironde, on the Dordogne, 18 ra. E. N. E. of Bordeaux. It vvas founded by Edward I., of England (at that tirae dukeof Guienne). Pop. in 1831, 8,046. (P. C.) Lich'-field, a city of England, in Staffordshire, 15 ra. N. of Bir mingham. The city forras a sraall CO. of itself II was the birth-place of Dr. Johnson. Pop., including an area of near 5 sq. m., 6,761. Lichtenstein, liK'-tcn-sline\ or Liechtenstein, leeK'-ten-stine\ Principality of, a sraall independent state of Germany, intersected by the paraUel of 47° 10' N. Lat, and the meridian of 9° 32' E. Lon. It is separated by the Rhine from the Swiss canton of St. Gall. Area, 53 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Lick'-ing, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 35,096. Co. t. Newark. Liege, leej, (Fr. pron. le-aizh'; Dutch, Luyk or Luik, loik ; Ger. Liit- tich, liif-tiK' ;) an important commercial and manufacturing city of * The most contradictory accounts respecting the present condition and pj-os- pects of thia colony, are to be found in works of a highly respectable character. McCulloch represents them in a very unfavourable light, while Balbi, who appears to base his statements on the testimony of impartial observers, says that they are tolerably prosperous (assez prospfere), and that the noble object for which the colony was established — that of diffusing civilization and Christianity among the benighted Africans — has, to a considerable extent, already been attained. If we turn from ihese works to the publications of our own country, vve shall find a still more striking discrepancy to prevail. 316 LIE-LLU Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi'', mi't ; pine or pine, pin ; n\ nU ; 66 as in good; Belgium, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situaied on the Meuse, 54 m. E. by S. of Brussels. In its vicinity are inexhaustible mines of coal, which have been worked since the year 1178. Liege contains a university, founded in 1817, a college royal, a mining school, and nuraerous other institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. 5° 32' E. Pop. 58,000. (B.) Liege, a prov. taking its name from the above city, in the E. part of Belgium, and bordering on the Prussian dominions. Pop. 371,000. (P. C.) Liegnitz, leeo'-nits, a t of Prussian Silesia, the cap. ofa circle and gov. of the same name, on the Katzbach (kils'-WiK), a branch of the Oder. It contains a gymnasium, a royal equestrian academy, and other instilutions. Lat 51° 12' N., Lon. 16° 12' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Lier, leer, (Fr. Lierre, le-aiu',) a manufacturing t of Belo-ium, 10 m. S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lille or Lisle, leel, an important raanufacturing and commercial city of France, the cap. ofthe dep. of Nord, situated on the canal ofthe Deule (vvhich communicates with the Lys), in the midst ofa fertile and highly cultivated country. The town is well laid out, with nearly thirty market-places or other open spaces, and most of the streets are wide. Ils admirable citadel, and other fortifications, render Lille one ofthe strongest cities of Europe. Of literary institutions, there are a considerable number, including a public library of 20,000 vols, a hio-h school, &,c. Lat. 50° 38' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 72,005. (B.) Lima, lee^-mi, an archiepiscopal city of S. America, formerly the cap. ofthe viceroyalty of Peru, and at present of the dep. of Lima and of the Peruvian republic. It is situated in a fertile and spacious val ley, cin a small r. called Rimac, which name has been corrupted by the Spaniards into Lima. The streets are regular and wide, but they are very badly paved. In the middle of the town is the Plaza Mayor (pli'-thi mi-ORe'), or " great square," one of the finest in America, in which is a large fountain, with a bronze statue of Fame in the centre. Lima possesses a university, founded in 1571, a college of medicine and surgery, a national library, and several other institutions. Lat 12° 2' 34" S., Lon. 77° 7' VV. Pop. 70,000. (B.) Lim'-burg (Fr. Limbourg, laM'-booR'), a prov. in the E. part of the Netherlands, bordering on the Prussian dominions, divided since the revolution of 1830 between Holland and Belgium. Area of the Belgian prov., 970 sq. m. Pop. 227,000. Area of the part belongino- toHoUand, 530sq.m. Pop. 156,000. (P.C.) Lim'-er-ick, an inland co. in the S.W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the estuary of the Shannon. Pop., exclusive of the CO. of the town of Limerick, 248,801. (P. C.) Limerick, an ancient city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., on the S. side of the Shannon. This town is the centre of nn extensive trade, but its manufactures are very limited. One of the most remark able objects of this place arc the hanging gardens, constructed in 1608 by Mr. Roche, which contain a surface of more than an Englisli acre. LIM— LIN 317 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. The CO. ofthe city of Limerick has an area of more than 41 sq. m. with a pop. (in 1831) of 66,554. (P. C.) Pop. of the town and suburbs, 44,100. Lat. .52° 40' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Limestone, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 14,374. Co. t Athens. Limoges, le'-mozh', (Anc. Augustori'tura, afterwards Lemov'ices,) a manufacturing city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Limousin, on the Vienne, 110 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. Il contains an academie universitaire, a royal college or high school, a school of anatomy, and various other literary and scien tific establishments. Lat. 45° .50' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) Limousin, le^-moo'-saN', or Limosin, one ofthe former provinces of France, now comprehended in the deps. of Correze and Upper Vienne. 'i'his name, as well as that of Limoges, is derived from the Lemovices, a people who inhabited this district in the time of the ancient Romans. LiMoux, le^-moo', a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude, 13 ra. S. S. E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 6,666. (M.) Lincoln, link'-pn, (Anc. Lin'dum,) a city of England, the cap. of Lincolnshire, 121 m. N. of London. Its cathedral is esteemed one ofthe most beautiful in England. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 0° 36' W. Pop. 13,896. Lincoln, a co. in the S. part of Me., intersected by the Kennebeck r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 63,512. Co. t Wiscasset. Lincoln, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C, bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 2.5,160. Co. t Lincolnton. Lincoln, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savan nah r. Pop. 5,895. Co. t. Lincolnton. Lincoln, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop, 21,493. Co. t Fayetteville. Lincoln, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., S. of Lexington. Pop, 10,187. Co. t Stanford. Lincoln, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri r. Pop. 7,449. Co. I. Troy. Lincolnshire, link'-on-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, border ing on the r. Humber and the sea. Pop. 362,602. Lin-lith'-gow or West Lothian (lo'-THe-an), a co. of Scotland lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 26,872. Linlithgow, the cap. of the above co., on tbe S. bank of a lake of the sarae name, 17 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 3,872. Linn, a co. in the N. part of Mo., E. of Grand r. Pop. 2,245. Linn, a CO. of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 1,373. Co. t. Marion > Lintz or Linz, lints, a beautiful city and fortress of the Austrian empire, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, which is here crossed by a bridge 280 yards in length. A fine railway (the first ever con structed in Germany) connects it with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lintz possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, and various other literary and scien- 27* 318 LIP— LIS Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin; n\ not; 66 asingood; tific instilutions ; it also has some extensive manufactures. Lat. 48° 19' N., Lon. 14° 17' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) Lip'--A-Rji, or lee'-pi-re lsLANDs,(Anc.iEo'liiE In'sul£B,)a group in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily, consisting of seven principal islands, besides several islets and rock.=. Lipari (Anc. Lip'ara), the largest intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat, and the meridian of 14° 55' E. Lon, is about 8 m. in length. Pop. 12.500. (P. C.) Among the others, Slrora'boli (Anc. Stron'gyle), an insular mountain, nearly 3,000 ft. in height, is remarkable for its constantly burning volcano, which serves for a light-house lo the sailors in that sea. Thc Lipari islands are evidently of volcanic origin. They were soraetiraes called Vulcania; by the ancient Roraans, frorn tho supposition, probably, that Vulcan had his workshops here as well as in jElna. Lippe, lip'-peA, a sraall r. of Germany, which flows into the Rhine on the right. Lippe-Detmold (-det'-molt), a principality of Germany, on the sources of the above r., from which circumstance it is supposed to take its name. It consists of the counties of Lippe and Sternberg, beino- situated between 51° 48' and 52° 12' N. Lat, and 8° 3.5' and 9° 10' E. Lon. Area, 435 sq.m. Pop. 80,000. (PC.) Detmold, the cap., situated on the Werra, contains 2,800 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 51° 56' N., Lon. 8° 50' E. LiPPE-ScHAUENDURG (-sliou'-cn-booRG Or shou'-cn-burg), often, though incorrectly, written Schaumburg, a small principality of Germany, in tersected by the parallel of 52° 20' N. Lat, and the 9tli meridian ofE. Lon. Area, 210 sq. m. Pop. 25,000. BUckeburg (buk'-ke*-b66RG), the cap., contains 2,100 inhabitants. (B.) Lat .52° 16 N., Lon. 9' E. LiRiA, lee'-re-i, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valen cia, 15 m. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Lig'-BON (Port. Lis-bo'-a : Anc. Olisipo),the cap.of Portugal,on the N. bank of the Tagus, about 9 ra. above ils entrance into the sea. The river at the W. end of Lisbon is but liltle raore lhan a mile in breadih, but opposite to the centre ofthe city it widens considerably, and above forms a bay several miles in extent, vvhich furnishes a safe and magni ficent harbour, capable of containing all the fleets of Europe. In the old portion ofthe town, the streets are irregular, narrow, ill-paved, and dirty. But in that part which has been rebuilt since the great earth quake of 1755, the houses are handsome, the streets regular and very clean. Perhaps the most remarkable edifice of Lisbon is the palace of Ajuda (i-zhoo'-di), which, when finished, will rank among the finest in Eiirope. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions of this city, we may mention the Royal Academy of Sciences, the College ofthe Nobles, the Royal Academy of Marine, with an observatory, and the Royal Military College. The commerce of Lisbon, though'much diminished since the loss of Brazil, is still considerable. .Among its manufactures, those in gold and jewelry are perhaps the most reinarka' ble. We may observe, that thc want of industry, as well as the igno rance, of the Portuguese, has been much exaggerated by travellers. LIS— LIV 319 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. The Observatory is in 38° 42' 24 " N. Lat, and 9° 8' 21" VV. Lon. Pop. about 260,000. (B.) Lig'-BURN, one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Ireland, in the CO. of Antrim, 8 m. S. S. W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1831, 5,745. (P. C.) LisiF.ux, le^-ze-uA', (Anc. Noviom'agus or Noeom'agus, afterwards Lexov'ii), a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 93 m. VV. by N. from Paris. Lat. 49° 9' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. 11,473 (P. C.) T, Lis-keard' or Les-keard', a sraall t of England, in Cornwall. Lat 50° 27' N., Lon. 4° 26 VV. Lisle. See Lille. Lis-more', a I. of Ireland, in the co. of Waterford, on the Blackwa ter r., 28 m. E. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 2,998- (P. C.) Lis'-SA (Polish, Leszno, lesh'-no), a raanufacturing t of Prussia, on the bord ers of SUesia. Lat 51° 52' N., Lon. 16° 36' E. Pop. 7,.500. (B.) Litch'-field, a co. forraing the N. VV. extremity of Conn. Pop. 40,448. Litchfield, the cap. ofthe above CO., situated about 33 m., in a straight line, N. N. VV. of New Haven. Here is a female seminary of distinguished reputation. Pop. of the township, 4,0.38. Lith-u-a'-ni-a (see Int XL), a country of Europe, vvhich constituted an independent and powerful stale, from about the year 1206 to 1385, when it was united with Poland, by the marriage of king Yaguellon wilh the Polish queen Hedvige. Olghord, the father of Yaguellon, and the most powerful of the Lithuanian princes, had extended his dorainions to the banks of the Don and the shores of the Black Sea, and thrice presented himself in triumph before the gates of Moscow. A great part of these possessions was afterwards lost under the reign of Casimir III., and of several succeeding princes. The territory which constituted the duchy of Lithuania, at the time of the first dis memberment of Poland, in 1772, now forms the Russian governments of Vilna, Grodno, Bialystock, Vitepsk, Mohelef, Minsk, and Auguslov or Augustow. — Adj. and inhab. Lith-u-a'-ni-an. Little Rock, the cap. of the state of Arkansas, on the right bank of the Arkansas r. Lat. 34° 40' N., Lon. 83° 10' W. Pop. about 3,000. Livadia or Libadia,* le-vi-Dce'-a, (Anc. Lebade'a,) a t. of Greece, which, under the Turkish government, gave its name to the prov. in which it was situated. Before the war of independence, the pop. vvas estimaled at 10,000 (B.), but it is said to have been entirely ruined in that contest. "The ancient town was remarkable as the seat of the fa raous oracle or cavern of Trophonius. Lat 38° 24' N., Lon. 22° 58' E. Liv'-er-pool\ a city of England, in Lancashire, and, next to Lon don, the' greatest commercial emporium of the British empire, is situ ated on the estuary of Mersey, 3 or 4 m. from the sea. Before the middle of the last century, the streets of this town were narrow and inconvenient, and the buildings wholly devoid of archileclual beauty ; but successive alterations have given it a degree of commodiousness and elegance not to be met with in any other coraraercial port in Eng- * See Introduction, XXI. 11. 320 LIV— LLA Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mil; pine or pine, pin; n6, nit; 66 as in good; land. By means of canals and raUways, Liverpool has ready commu nication with all the more important places in the interior of the coun try ; a circumstance which, wilh ils proximity to Manchester, has contributed, perhaps not less than ils maritime trade, to its extraordi nary commercial prosperity. Among the numerous literary and scien tific establishments ofthis city, we may mention the Royal Institution, founded in 1814, by the celebrated VVilliam Rcscoe, and containing an extensive museum of natural history, many valuable paintings, &c. ; courses of lectures are given on literature and the various branches of physical science. Like most ofthe great towns of England, Liverpool is furnished vvith water and gas, vvhich are distributed to the private houses. With the exception of London, this town is the most populous in Great Britain. Its growth has been extremely rapid; in 1700, its pop. was only 5,714; in 1801, it vvas 77,703; in 1831, 16-5,221 (M.), and in 1841, it amounted lo 223,003. The numbers here given for the pop. of 1831 and 1841 refer only to the parish of Liverpool.' The whole borough, vvith an area of scarcely more than 8 sq. m., conliined, at the last census, 286,487 inhabitants. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 2° 58' VV. Liv'-iNGS-TON, a CO. in the W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Ge nesee r. Pop. 35,140. Co. t Genesee. Livingston, a parish in the E. part of La., on the Amite r. and Pontchartrain L. Pop. 2,315. Livingston, a co. in the N. VV. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 9,025. Co. t. Salem. Livingston, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., VV'. N. VV. of Detroit. Pop. 7,430. Co. t. Howell. Livingston, a co. in the N. E. central part of III., a. little S. of Uie Illinois r. Pop. 759. Livingston, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., on the Grand r. Pop. 4,325. Li-vo'-Ni-.\ (Ger. Liefland, leef?-lint), a. gov. in the W. part of Eu ropean Russia, between the Gulf of Livonia and Lake Peipus. Capi tal, Riga. — Adj. and inhab. L](-vo'-ni-.4n. Livonia, Gulf of, a portion of the Baltic, situated S. of the Gulf ot Finland, between 56° 55' and 57° 30 N. Lat, and 22° and 24° 40' E. Lon. It is sometimes called the Gulf of Riga. Livorno. See Leghorn. Lizard Point, a bold headland in the British Channel, on the S coast of Corn.wall, forraing the most southerly part of Eno-land. Lat. 49° 57' 30" N., Lon. 5° 11' W. Ljusne, lyoos'-ne, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, near Lat 61° 10' N. Llan-dapf', a sraall decayed t. of S. Wales, in Glamorganshire, 27 ra. W. of Bristol, only remarkable for being a bishop's see, and for its ancient cathedral. Llanelly, lan-eth'-le, a seaport t of S. Wales, in Caermarthenshire, 13 m. S. E. of Caermarthen. Pop. of the borough, 6,818. LLA— LOF 321 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Llangollen, lan-goth'-l?n, a t of N. Wales, in Denbighshire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Denbigh. Pop. of the parish, 4,906. Llanidloes, lan'-id-less, a t of N. Wales in Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, near its source, 19 ra. VV. S. W. of Montgomery. Pop. 2,742. ^ y V Llanos, lyi'-noce, (i. e. in Spanish the "plains,") a name applied to the extensive plains of S. America, particularly to those lying between the r. Caqueta and the Orinoco, vvhich are comprised chiefly wilhin the republics of New Grenada and Venezuela. Lleren.\, lyi-ri'-ni, a t of Estremadura, Spain. Lat 38° 15' N., Lon. 6- 3' VV. Pop. 6,495. (M.) L6, SAi.NT(Fr. pron. saN 16), a raanufacturing I. of France, cap. ofthe dep. of Manche. Among its literary and scientific ins;titiitions, there is a public library of 5,000 vols. Lat 49° 8' N., Lon. 1° 5' W. Pop. 8,820. (B ) Loango, lo-ang'-go, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, lying be tween the equator and the r. Congo or Zaire, in about 6° S. Lat. The people of this country are very ignorant and superstitious; the govern ment is an absolute despotism. Loango, the cap., stands about 3 m. from the sea. Lat 4° 36' S., Lon. 12° 20' E. Pop. 1.5,000. Lock'-port. a flourishing t ofN. Y., cap. of Niagara co., on the Erie Canal, about 60 ra. VV. of Rochester. Il derives ils name from the locks where the canal descends a terrace called the Mountain Ridge: there is at this place about 60 ft. lockage. Pop. of township, 9,125. Lodeve, lo^-dave' (Anc. Lute'va or Lote'va), a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Herault Lat 43° 44' N., Lon. 3° 19' E. Pop. 11,071. (M.) LcDi, lo'-de, a t of Austrian Italy, cap. of a delegation of the same name, on the Adda, 18 m. S. E. of Milan. It contains a royal lyceum, two gymnasia, a college or high-school for girls, and other institutions. Lodi is memorable in history as the scene of one of Napoleon's most brilliant victories, which was gained over the Austrians on the 10th of JMay, 1796. Lat 4.5° 18' N., Lon. 9° 31' E. Pop. 1.5,000. (B.) LoF-Fo'-DEN* or Lofoden Isles, a group on the coast of Norway, between 07° 30' and 69° 30' N. Lat, and 11° and 16° 30' E. Lon. It consists of 5 principal islands. Hindoen, the largest, is about 50 m. long, vvith perhaps an average breadth of 25 m. The aggregate pop. is estimated at between 3,000 and 4,000. (M.) Near the southern extremity ofthis group is the Maelstrom (male'-slrunn),t a great whirl- * We frequ-^ntly hear this name pronounced with the accent on the first syllable; but the accentuation, as given above, is supported (as we are informed) by the practice of the people of Sweden and Norway. It is also sanctioned by the au thority of one of our most distinguished poets, *' Round the rocks, where loud Loffoden Whirls to death the roaring whale; Round thc hall, where Runic Odin Howls his war-song to the gale." — Campbell. t Literally, " mill-stream," eo named probably from its whirling like a mill-stone, and crushing or breaking whatever is thrown into it. 322 LOG— LOM Fate, fir, fill, fit ; hil-, ratt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n5t ; 66 as in good ; pool, a mile and a half in diaraeter, which soraelimes draws within ils vortex ships, as well as whales and other animals, and dashes them on the rocks beneath. An American captain who visited the Mael strom, some years since, says there " is evidently a subterranean pas sage." He adds, " I should not doubt that instant destruction would be the fate ofa dozen of our largest ships, were they drawn in at the same moment " (Goodrich's Pictorial Geography, page 782.) No satisfac tory explanation has yet been given of this wonderful phenomenon. Lo'-GAN, a CO. in the VV. part of Va., on the Guyandotte. Pop. 4,309. Seat of justice, Logan c. h. Logan, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 13,615. Co. t Russelville. Logan, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 14,015. Co. t Belle Fontaine. Logan, a co. near the centre of III. "Pop. 2,333. Co. t Postville. LoGRono, lo-grone'-yo, a t of Spain, in Old Castile. Lat. 42' 24' N., Lon. 2° 28' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Loir and Cher, IwiR and shaae, (Fr. Loir-et-Cher, IwaR i shaRe,) a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Loir and Cher, the latter of which flows into the Loire ; the former inlo the Sarthe. Pop. 244,043. (B.) Capital, Blois. Loire, IwiR, (Anc. Li'ger,) a r. which rises in the S. E. pari of France, in the dep. of Ardeche, and flowing, first in a general northerly and afterwards westerly course, falls inlo the Bay of Biscay, in about 47° 15' N. Lat, and 2° 12' W. Lon. It is the longest r. of France, its whole length being estimated at 670 ra. ; of which about 512 are navi gable. Loire, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on Upper Loire. Pop. 412,497. (B.) Capital, Monlbrison. Loire, Lowbr (Fr. Loire Inferieure, IwaR aN^-fi^-re^-UR'), a dep. in the W. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 470,768. (B.) Capital, Nantes. Loire, Upper (Fr. Haute-Loire, ote IwIr), a dep. in the S. E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, near its source. Pop. 295,384. (B.) Capital, Le Puy. Loiret, Iwia^-i', a dep. in the N. central part of France, on a little stream of the sarae narae, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 316,189. (B.) Capital, Orleans. Loja, lo'-ni, a. manufacturing t of Spain, in Andalusin, on the Genii (H-j-neel'), 26 ra. VV. S. W. of Granada. Lat 37° 10 N., Lon. 4- 18' W. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) Lokeren, lo'-kcr-on, a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in the prov. of E. Flanders, 12 m'. E. N. E. of Ghent Pop. 16,000. (B.) Lom'-b-vr-dy (It Lombardia, lom-ban-dee'-i), a country in the N. of Italy, of rather indefinite limits, which derives its name from the Lon- gobards or Longobardi, a nation of Gerraan extraction, who established themselves here in the latter part of the 6th century. It includes the greater part of the basin of tlie Po, consisting of a vast plain nearly LOM— LON 323 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; tii, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 200 ra. in length, and from 60 m. to 70 m. in breadth. This territory now belongs to Austria. (See Italy, Austrian.) Lo.vioND, Ben. See Grampian Hills. Lomond, Loch, Iok lo'-mond, the largest lake of Great Britain,* is situaied in Scotland, between the counties of Stirling and Dunbarton. Its length is about 22 m. ; its greatest breadth about 5 m. The greatest depth is about 120 fathoms. The superficial extent is staled to be 45 sq. m. London, lun'-d'n, (Anc. Londin'iura,) the cap. of the United King dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the most commercial and probably the most populous city on the globe, is situated on the Thames, about 45 m. above its entrance into the sea, and 15 m. below the highest tide way. The greater part of the town stands on a slight elevation, on the left bank of the r., in the co. of Middlesex; the remainder, on the right bank, in the co. of Surrey. London may be considered as con sisting of five principal portions, viz., Westminster and West-End, in the \V. part of the city; the city proper, which forms the central and mo.^l ancient quarter ofthe town ; East-End ; and Southwark. Six noble bridges cross the Tharaes ; the Waterloo, the London, the Westrain ster, Ihe Blackfriars', the Southwark, and the Vauxhall. Of these, tho Waterloo bridge, built of granite, and 1,242 il. in length, is the largest and most beautiful. The Southwark bridge, constructed of iron, and 70.S ft. in length, is remarkable for tho extent ofthe central arch, which has a span of 240 ft. The Thames is also traversed by a tunnel or sub terraneous passage, consisting of a brick cylinder or pipe, divided into two roadways, each 15 ft. high, and 12 ft. broad. This tunnel, vvhich is about 2 01. below the London bridge, has been constructed for the purpose of uniting the two banks without injury to the shipping inte rest, which could not have been eflfected by the erection of a bridge. Among the great number of public edifices vvhich adorn the metropolis of the British empire, the most remarkable are — the palace of St James, situated N. of a park of the same name ; since the year 1695, it has been the residence ofthe English kings; but, notwithstanding the rich ness and elegance of the interior, the building being only of brick, and irregular in ils form, the exterior exhibits none of that magnificence by-which many other of the palaces of Europe are distinguished : the 'i'ower, a vast and ancient fortress, founded by William tbe Conqueror, and formerly inhabited as a palace by several English sovereigns. Since the reign of queen Elizabeth, il has been employed as an arsenal, and a repository for the jewels, records, &c., belonging to the crown, and fometimes as a slate prison. It should be observed that extensive addi tions have been made to it at diiierenl limes, so that the original tower, vvhich is called the While Tower, at present forras but a small part of this vast edifice. Unhappily, on the 30th of October, 1841, that portion of the Tower of London, denorainated the Grand Store-house, and * The largest lake, properly speaking, but not the largest loch — it will be re collected that the latter term is often applied, in Scotland, to arms of the sea. 324 LON Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; m^ mi't; p'ne or pine, pin; nVn'jt; 66 as in good ; Small Armoury, wilh ils contents, an inestimable collection of trophies, antiquities. Sic, together with nearly 2.50,000 stand of arms, was re duced by fire to u. mingled heap of ruins: an occurrence the more to bo deplored, because, from the peculiar character of a large part of the articles destroyed, it is impossible that ihey should ever be replaced. Among the churches may be mentionel St Paul's Cathedral, which is regarded as the most remarkable work of architecture in Great Britain, and, as a temple, the most sumptuous and vast that has ever been erected in Protestant Christendom ; it was begun in 1675 and finished in 1710; one architect. Sir Chriotopher Wren, having super intended the work from its commencement to its completion ; the extreme length of the cathedral is 510 ft. ; height from the floor to the cop ofthe cross, 362 ft: and Westminster Abbey, one of the finest Go thic buildings in Europe, in vvhich repose the ashes of many of the English kings, and others of the royal faraily, as well as of those who, by their talents or exploits, have added to the glory of the British narae. — Among the almost countless multitude of institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts, of which London can boast, our limits will permit us to notice only a few ofthe raost remark able. These are: the University of London, founded on a new plan, excluding theological studies, and adraitting to its course, without dis tinction, all those who wish to attend it; this institution was incorpo rated in 1837: King's College, another university, which excludes students not professing vvith the established church : The Royal Society of London, instituted in the early part of the 17lh century, and incor porated in 1663, one of the most distinguished as well as one of the oldest associations of the kind in Europe ; its object is the promo tion of general science : tho Royal Institution of Great Britain, incor porated in 1800 ; it possesses a magnificent chemical laboratory, an extensive library, &c. — Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Humphry Davy, was connected with this institution, when, in 1807, he m.-ide the disco very of the composition of the fixed alkalies, a discovery wbich, viewed in all its relations, may be regarded as one of the most important, as well as one ofthe most brilliant, recorded in the annals of science : — the Linntean Society, incorporated in 1802, wilh a valuable librarv and one ofthe most extensive botanical collections in the world; the East India Company has recently presented to this society all those invaluable col lections, which have been made at different times by its agents in India (B.): the Zoological Society, incorporated in 1829, connected with which are the Zoological Gardens, vvith a menagerie stocked vvith animals frora every region ofthe globe: the Society for the Diffusion of UsefiU Knowledge, founded in 1826, incorporated in 1832; the great object of which is lo distribute, among the middling and poorer classes, works on science, &.C., at a low price ; this is in every respect a useful and ad mirable institution, and possesses among its numerous members a large share of the talent and learning, as well as some of the most distin guished names, of Great Britain : The Royal Geographical Society, founded in 18,30; an association which, though in its infancy, has LON 325 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. already done much towards advancing the interests of this important science. Another institution, of a diflerent kind, especially deserving the attention of a stranger in the metropolis, is the British Museum, a rich and almost unrivalled collection of books, manuscripts, statues, coins, and other antiquities, besides specimens in the various depart ments of natural history. — As regards extent and activity of commerce, London is without a rival among all the cities of the globe. In 1825, the tonnage of the ships belonging to this port amounted to 876,400 ; about the same time, that of all the merchant vessels of France was only 689,443 (B.); so that the tonnage of the British capital alone considerably exceeded all that of the third commercial power in the world! At the same time, the tonnage of New York, which, in this respect is the second city on the globe, amounted to only 304,500 ; Newcastle, the second port of the United Kingdom, and the third in the world, had only 193,100 tons. If we compare the value of the imports and exports of the most important coraraercial places in the world, vve shall find that in this respect, London is far before every other, while Liverpool holds the second and New York the third rank. ' Where haa commerce such a mart. Su rich, so thronged, so drained, and so supplied. As London — opulent, enlarged, and still Increasing London? Babylon of old Not more the glory ofthe earth than she, A more accomplished world's chief glory now. Now mark a spot or two Which so much beauty would do well to purge." " However imposing, however wonderful may be the picture pre sented to the thoughtless observer, or to him who contemplates Lon don only from a distance — when we reflect what multitudes of her citi zens are condemned to continual labour, which does not yield thera a sufficiency of the necessaries of life, bul whose efforts, like those of Sisyphus, are ever unsuccessful, and yet raay never be rerailted; and how many there are who have not the virtue, if they have the ability, to struggle raanfuUy with want but are supported by a charity which per haps fear alone inspires, or by those dishonest practices which are the last resource of the idle, we shall flnd far raore cause for abaseraent and sorrow, than for pride and exultation." It appears that, in 1838, there were in London 4,430 pickpockets and common thieves known to the police, 217 burglars and housebreakers, 2,29^ vagrants, 2,786 ha bitual disorderlies (M.), besides various other classes of offenders. It is estimated that more than 14,000 persons are supported by street alms; a large portion of these mendicants are among the worst class of impostors. "The pop. of London, as will be seen by the following statement, bas increased far more rapidly during the present than the past century. The total pop. in 1700 was 674,3,50 ; in 1750, 676,250 ; in 1801, 888,198; in 1831, 1,508,469; in 1841, 1,873,676. St. Paul's Cathedral, situated nearly in the centre of London, is in 51° 30' 48" N. Lat, and 0° 5' 48" W. Lon. — Inhab. Londoner, lun'-don-er. 28 326 LON— LOR Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asingood, Londonderry, lun'-don-dir'-re, a co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, bordering on the sea.- Pop. in 1831, 222,012. (P. C.) Londonderry, or simply Derry, a commercial city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., situaied on the r. Foyle, about 5 ra. above where it falls into Lough Foyle. Lat 54° 59' N., Lon. 7° 19' W. Pop. in 1831, 10,130. (P. C.) Long'-ford, an inland co., near the centre of Ireland, prov. of Lein ster. Pop. in 1831, 112,.558. (P. C.) Longford, the cap. of the above Co., situaied on a tribulary of the Shannon, 65 m. W. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,516. (P. C.) Long Island, an i. on the E. coast of the U- S., forming a part of the state of New York, situated between 40° 33' and 41° 6' N. Lat, and 72° and 74° 2' VV. Lon. Its length is about 115 m. ; its greatest breadth near 20 m. This i. is separated frora the continent by Long Island Sound, which, near the city of New York, is but three-quarters of a mile wide, and js there called the East River, but, opposite to New Haven, ils breadth is about 2.5 m. Lons-le-Saulnier, IAn \ch s6^-ne-i', the cap. of the French dep. of Jura. Lat. 46° 39' N., Lon. 5° 33' E. Pop. 7,684. (B.) Loo-Choo (or Lieou-Khieou) Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, E. of China, between 26° and 28° N. Lat, and 127° and 129° E. Lon. They are all small, with the exception of one called the Great Loo choo, which is about 70 m. in length, and from 12 to 1.5 m. in breadth. These islands are tributary lo China. Lo-rain', a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 18,467. Co. t Elyria. LoRCA, loR'-ki, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia, wilh raanufac tures of saltpetre, woollen, and linen cloths, &c. Lat 37° 42' N., Lon. 1° 53' W. Pop. stated at 40,366. (B.) Lo-ret'-to (It Loreto, lo-ri'-to), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, about 3ra. from the Adriatic, and 15 m. S. S. E. of Ancona, celebrated for its sanctuary of the Virgin Mary, called La Sanla Casa, i. e. the " holy house," said to have been the dwelling of Mary at Nazareth, and to have been transported, by supernatural power, to Italy, after the Mahoraetans had taken possession of Palestine, in the 13lh century. The town is annually visited by numerous pilgrims. Lat 43° 27 N., Lon. 13° 36' E Pop. about 8,000. (B.) L'Orient, lo^-re^-iN', or Lorient, a seaport t and fortress of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, situated at the head of the Bay of Port Louis. L'Orient is well built, with wide and well-paved streets, and may be ranked araong the handsomest towns of France. Its commerce, though much less than forraerly, is still considerable; and it is the seat of seve ral literary and scientific institutions, among which there are, a school for the special instruction of students destined for the navy ; and an observatory. Lat 47° 45' N, Lon. 3° 21' VV. Pop. 18,000. (B.) Lor^-raine', one of the largest of tbe former provinces of France, situated in the N. E. part of that kingdom, a small portion of which LOS— LOU 327 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. was ceded to Prussia in 1815; the reraainder constitutes the depart ments of Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, and Vosges. Lost-vvith'-iel or Lest-with'-iel, a small t. of England, in Corn wall, on the Fowey. Lat. 50° 24' 'N., Lon. 4° 39' VV. Lot, lot, a r. in the S. VV. part of France, vvhich flows into the Ga ronne. Its lengtii is about 2-20 m., for 70 m. of which it is navigable. Lot, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 237,003. (B.) Capital, Cahors. Lot and Garonne (Fr. Lol-el-Garonne, loli gir^-onn'), a dep. in the S. VV. of France, on the rivers from which it takes ils name. Pop. 346,000. (B.) Capital, Agen. Lothian, lo'-THe-an, an extensive and fertile district of 'Scotland, lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth, divided into the counties of East Lothian or Haddington, Mid-Lothian or Edinburgh, and West Lothian or Linlithgow. (See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire.) Lou'-DON, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 20,431. Co. t Leesburg. Loughborough, luff'-bur-reA, a manufacturing t in the central partof England, in Leicestershire, on a canal which communicates wilh Not tingham and Leicestershire, 10 m. N. by W. of the latter town. Pop. of the entire parish, 10,170. Loughrea, IStf-ri', a t of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, on a small lake of the same name. Lat .53° 12' N., Lon. 8° 35' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,007. (M.) Louis, St., sent loo'-is, or loo'-e, the principal t of Mo., seat of justice of a CO. of the sarae narae, and formerly cap. of the state, situated on the W. bank of the Mississippi, about 18 m. below the mouth of the Missouri. The position of this town, on one of the largest rivers in the world, near its union with the Missouri and Illinois, and in the centre of the most extensive system of internal navigation in America, is in the highest degree favourable to its coraraercial prosperity ; and, in all probability, it is destined to becorae, in a few years, one of the greatest emporiums on the New Continent The growth of St Louis has been astonishingly rapid: in 1816, the pop. vvas only about 2,000; in 1830, it was .5,852 ; and in 1840 it amounted to 16,469. This place is the seat of a Roman Catholic college, called the University of St. Louis, founded in 1829. Lat. 38° 36' N., Lon. 89° 36' W. The co. of St. Louis has a pop. of 3-5,979. Louis, Saint, (Fr. pron. saN loo*-ce',) a t of W. Africa, the cap. of the French possessions in Senegarabia, on an island of the same name, in the Senegal, near its raouth. Lat about 16° N-, Lon. 16° 30' W. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Louisa, loo-ee'-za, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N.W. of Rich mond. Pop. 1.5,433. Seat of justice, Louisa c. h. Louisa, a co. in the S, E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,927. Louisiana, loo^-e-ze-an'-a, one of the U. S., forming the S. W. ex- 328 LOU— LOW Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mtt; pine or pine, pin; n6, nit; 66 as in good; tremity of the Union, situated between 29° and 33° N. Lat, and 88° .50' and 91° 20' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Arkansas and Missis sippi, E. by Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, and divided into 39 parishes.* Length, from, E. to W., about 290 m. ; breadth, from N. to S., 230. Area, esti mated at 48,500 sq. m. Pop. 352,411, of whom 153,457 are whites, 25,502 free coloured, and 168,452 slaves. New Orleans is the capital. Louisiana, vvhich originally comprehended, besides the present state, all the territory N. of Texas between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was ceded by the French to the United States, in 1803. The state, was admitted inlo the Union in 1812. Louisville, loo'-is-vilf, a city of Ky., cap. of Jefferson co., on the S. bank of the Ohio. It is the largest town in the slate, and, one of the mosl flourishing in all the western states. A little above the .city, the Beargrass Creek falls inlo the Ohio, affording a harbour for steamboats and river craft. The Lexington and Ohio Railroad, when finished, will connect Louisville with Lexington. The Louisville and Portland Canal, passing round the falls of the Ohio, is one of the most iraportant works in the country. It is about 2 ra. long, and suflSciently wide and deep lo adrait the largest class of stearaers. There are four locks, constructed in the raost durable raanner, wilh a total lockage of 22 ft. Louisville, besides being one of the most important commercial places in the western country, is the seat of several extensive manu factures. Lat 38° 3' N., Lon. 85° 30' VV. Pop. 21,210. LouTH, louTH, a CO. in the E. N. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Lein ster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 107,431. (P. C.) Louth, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, 127 ra. N. of London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 5 sq. m., 8.848. Louvain, loo-vane', (Fr. pron. loo^-vdN', Flera. Leu'-vcn,) a L of Bel gium, prov. of Brabant, on the Dyle and on the railway between Brussels and Liege. Its pop. in the 14th century is said to have araounted to near 200,000, though it does not now exceed 26,000. (B.) Louvain is the seat of a celebrated and flourishing universitv, founded in 1426, and attended by about 500 students. Lat 50° 53' N., Lon. 4° 42' E. Louviers, loo*-ve-i', formerly Loviers, a t of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the r. Eure, 17 m. S. by E. of Rouen. Its manufactures of woollen cloths and kerseymeres, first introduced in 1631, are the most important ofthe kind in the kingdom. There are in all upwards of 40 factories. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 1° 9' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) L6w'-ell, a flourishing t of Mass., in the county of Middlesex, on ^ Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Baton Rouge, East, B.-itnn Rogue, West, Bernard, St., Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Cnrroll. Catahaula, Charles'! St.. Clai borne, Concordia, Feliciana, East, Felicii na. West, Helena, St., Iberville, James, St., Jefferson, John Baptist, St., Lafayelte, Lafourche Interior, Landry, St., Liv ingston, Madison, Martin's, St., Mary's. St., Nnlchiloches, Orlean.-!, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, Rapides, Tammany, St., Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Washington, Washita. LOW— LUC 329- ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. the Merriraack, at the influx ofthe Concord r., about 23 m., in a straight line, N. N. VV. of Boslon, remarkable for ils extensive cotton manufac tures. The sile on which the town stands had in 1820 only about 100 inhabitants ; in 1822 the first cotton-mill was erected ; in 1830 the pop. amounted to 6,474; and in 1840 lo 20,796! Lowell is situated on the railroad vvhich connects Boslon with Concord, in New Hampshire. Lat 42° 39' N., Lon. 71° 19' VV. Lowndes, lounz, a co. in the S. of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 5,574. Co. t. FranklinvUIe. Lowndes, a co. in tbe S. central part of Ala., bordering on the Ala bama r. Pop. 19,539. Co. t. Haynesville. Lowndes, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 14,.513. Co. seal, Columbus. LowosiTZ, lo'-vo-sits, a village of Bohemia, near Leitmeritz, remark able as the scene of an imporiant victory gained by Frederic the Great over the Austrians, in 1756. Loxa. See Loja. Lozere, lo^-zaRe', a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the r. Lot, near ils source. Pop. 141,733. (B.) Capital, Mende. Lt'-BBCK, an important commercial city of Germany, formerly the head of the Hanseatic League, and still the cap. of the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic confederation, is situaied on the Trave (tri'-ve/j), 36 m. N. E. of Hamburg. This town, with its territory, containing an area of about 117 sq. m., constitutes an independent republic, which is a member of the Germanic confederation. Among the edifices of Liibeck, the Senate-House (Rathhaus, riit'-house), in which the Han seatic deputies formerly met deserves especially to be mentioned. Lat. .53° 51' N., Lon. 10° 41' E. Pop. ofthe town, about 26,000 ; total pop. of the republic, 46,000. (B.) LuELiN, loob'-lin, a t. of Russian Poland, the cap. of a palatinate of the same name, 97 ra. S. E. of Warsaw ; it contains several respectable literary and scientific institutions. Lat 51° 16' N., Lon. 22° 36' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Lu'-CAS, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Mich, and L. Erie. Pop. 9,382. Co. t Toledo. Luc'-CA (It. pron. look'-ki). Duchy of, a small state of Italy, N. of Tuscany, and bordering on the Mediterranean. It is intersected by the 44th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 10° 30' E. Lon. Area about 416 sq. m. • Lucca (Anc. Lu'ca), an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above duchy, situated in a rich plain, near the r. Serchio (slR'-ke-o) about 12 ni. iVora the sea. This town holds an important place in the history of modern Italy, and was at one time, with Pisa, the head ofthe Ghibeline party. Lucca contains a lyceum, which may be regarded as a university : in the ducal palace there is a gallery of valuable paintings ; also a library of 25,000 vols. The female seminary of this place is said to be one of tbe very best institutions of the kind. Lat. 43° 51' N., Lon. 28* 380 LUC— LUD Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n5t; 66, as in good; 10° 31' E. Pop. estimated al 22,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Lucchese, luk-keze'. Lu-ce'-na (Sp. pron. loo-thy-ni), a t of Spain, in Andalusia. Lat. 37° 28' N.,'Lon. 4° 28' W. Pop. said to be 19,716. (M.) Lucera, loo-chi'-ri, (Anc. Luce'ria,) a t of Naples, in the prov. of Capitanata. Lat. 41° 29' N., Lon. 15° 16' E. Pop.^ 8,000. (B.) Lu-cerne' (Fr. pron. lii^-stRu'; Ger. Luzern, loot-seEu') ; a canton in the N. central part of Switzerland. Area estimaled at 657sq.m. Pop. in 1836, 123,407. (P. C.) Lucerne, the cap. of the above, is situated at the VV. extreraity of the L. of Lucerne, on both sides of the Reuss, which forms its outlet. The town is surrounded by old walls, flanked wilh towers. Lucerne contains a lyceum, a gymnasium, and numerous other institutions. One of the mosl remarkable things at this place is the topographic map, in relief, constructed by Gen. Pfyffer. This extraordinary work is 22 ft. long and 13 wide, and represents an extent of 180 sq. leagues, of which the L. of Lucerne forms the centre. The materials are paste board, wax, and resin. Gen. Pfyffer is said lo have spent more than 10 years in making this topographical model. In the vicinity of Lucerne is the monument erected in 1821 to the memory of the Swiss Guards who died in defence of the TuUeries against the mob of Paris, on the lOlh of August, 1792. Il is the image ofa wounded and dying lion of colossal size, sculptured in the side of a rock. Lat. 47° 3' N., Lon. 8° 18' E. Pop. 8,150. (P. C.) Lucerne, Lake of (Ger. Waldstalter See, ¦wilt'-stel-ter si), situ ated nearly in the centre of Switzerland^ is one ofthe most picturesque pieces of water in Europe. It is nearly cruciform, with an addition to its E. end, called the L. of Uri. Its entire length is about 25 m., but the breadth of any of its arms is seldom more than 2 or 3 m. The sur face is 1,380 ft. above the level of the sea. The greatest depth is stated to be near 900 ft. Lucia lu'-she-a, St., one ofthe British W. India Islands, intersected by the 14th parallel of N. Lat, and the 61st meridian of W. Lon. It is above 30 m. in length, and about 17 in its greatest breadth, and con tains an area of about 350 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 16,116. (P.C.) LucK^-Now', a large t. of Hindostan, since 1775 the cap. of Oude, is situated on the Gooraty r. It consists of three distinct portions : the ancient, and much the largest part of the city is badly built with dirty and narrow streets; another quarter, which contains the residences of the king and of the royal family, is comparatively new, and the houses are constructed and furnished after the English fashion ; the reraaining portion of the town is built in the oriental style, and has many fine houses and religious edifices. Lat. 26° 51' N.,* Lon. 80° 50" E. Pop. estimated at above .300,000. (B.) Liid'-l6w, a t of England, in Shropshire, 24 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and 126 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. .5,064. Ludwigsburg, lood'-wigs-burg^ or lood'-Wios-b66Ro\ a handsome t of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, the cap. ofthe circle ofthe Neckar, with LUD— LUT 331 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. a lyceum, an arsenal, and a military school. Lat 48° 53' N., Lon. 9° 13' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, estimated at 7,000. (B.) Ludwigslust, lood'-^viGS-166st\ or Ludwigsburg, a small t of Ger many, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about 18 m. S. of Schwerin: it is the ordinary residence of the grand-duke. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lugano, loo-gi'-no, one of the principal towns of the Swiss canton of Tessin, situated on a lake of the same name. Lat. 4.5° 59' N., Lon. 8° .57' E. Pop. near 4,0(i0. (B.) Lugano, Lake of (Anc. Cere'sius), is situated partly in the canlon of Tessin and partly in Austrian Italy. Its form is very irregular ; the whole length is perhaps about 20 m. ; the breadth varies from a half or three-quarters of a mile to about 2 m. Lugo, loo'-go, (Anc. Lu'cus Augus'ti,) a t of Spain, in Galicia, on the Minho, vvith warm mineral springs. Its walls were built by the ancient Romans. Lat. 43° N., Lon. 7° 35' W. Pop. 12,(:00. (B.) LuMP'-KiN, a CO. in the N. part of Ga., on the Etowah r. Pop. 5,671. Co. t Dahlonega. Lund, loond, a t of Sweden, in the prov. of Skine, with a celebrated university, established in 1668, and containing a library of near 40,000 vols. ; the number of students in 1830 vvas 632; tbe celebrated Puflen- dorf vvas appointed professor of law in this institution in 1670; Linneus was for some time a pupil here. Lat. 55° 42' N., Lon. 13° 13' E. Pop. 4,120. (M.) LuNEBURG, lu'-neA-burg\ or lu'-ne'j-b66BG\ a I. of Germany, in Han over, the cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, on the Ilmenau (il'-mQn-ou), with very productive salt works, an active commerce, and above 12,000 inhabilants. (B.) Lat 53° 15' N., Lon. 10° 24' E. Lunel, liV-nel', a t. in the S. of France, dep. of Herault 14 m.E. N.E. of Montpellier, famous for its wine. By the canal of Lunel, it commu nicates with the Rhone, the Mediterranean, and vvith the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi). Pop. 6,021. (M.) Lu'-nen-burg\ a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the Meherrin r., near its source. Pop. 11,055. Co. t. Lewistown. Luneville, lu'-ne-vilf, or Iti^-nJv^-ill', a t. of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, 16 m. S. E. of Nancy. The treaty of Luneville, between France and Austria, was signed here in 1801. Lat 48° 37' N., Lon. 6° 29' E. Pop. 12,661. (M.) Lusatia, lu-si'-she-a, (Ger. Lausitz, lou'-zits ; Fr. Lusace, lii^-ziss';) a former margraviale of Germany, between 50° 50' and 52° 16' N. Lat, and 13° 20' and 1.5° 15' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Brandenberg, E. by Silesia, S, by Bohemia, and W. by Saxony. Area, 4,336 sq. m. It is now divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia. The whole of the latter portion, and the half of the former, belong to Prussia : the remainder, forming the circle of Upper Lusatia, is possessed by Sax ony. (P. C.) LtJTZEN, lut'-sen or liit'-sen, a little t of Prussian Saxony, 12 m. W. S. W. of Leipsic, remarkable as the scene of two great battles; the 832 LUX— LYM Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi^, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ; first in 1632, between tbe Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, and the Imperialists, under Wallenstein, in wbich the former were victorious, though their king was slain ; the other in 1813, between the army of Napoleon and the allies, encouraged by the presence of the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, in which the French gained a dearly-bought victory. Lux'-EM-BURG (Fr. Luxembourg, liix'-iM^-booR'), a prov. or grand- ducby forming the S. E. extremity of the Netherlands, partitioned by the treaty of April, 1839, between HoUand and Belgium ; the E. por tion, with an area of about 1,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 160,000, beino- assigned to the former, and the reraainder, wilh an area of 1,700 sq. m°, and a pop. of 168,000, to the latter kingdom. The title of tbe grand- duke of Luxemburg, with the right of suff'rage in the Gerraani'c con federation, is enjoyed by the king of Holland. Luxemburg, a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the grand-duchy of this narae, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, situaied about 116 m. S. E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by strong walls and deep ditches, vvith a double line of outworks, in the form of^a heptagon. As a fortress, Luxemburg belongs to the Germanic confederation, and is occupied by their troops. Lat. 49° 33' N., Lon. 6° 10' E Pon about 11,000. (B.) ^' LuxEuiL, liix'-oi', (Anc. Luxo'vium,) a t of France, in the dep. of Upper Saone, remarkable for its warm mineral sprinn^s, which were resorted lo by the Romans. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 6"° 22' E Pod 3,628. (M.) ^' Luzern. See Lucerne. Lu-zerne', a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 44,006. Co. t. Wilkes'-bar-re. Luzon, loo-zone', or LugoN (Sp. pron. loo-thone'), the laro-est of the Philippine Islands, situated between 12° 20' and 19° N. Lat°, and 119° 30' and 124° 30' E. Lon. Its form is very irregular. The whole length, following the bend of island, is about 580 m.: the greatest breadth is about 1.50 m. Area estiraated at 50,000 sq. m! The pop is stated at 2,264,807. (M.) According to Balbi, the partof Luzon which is under the government of the Spaniards is divided inlo 16 provinces Manilla or Manila (mi-nee'-li), situated al the head of a considerable bay in tho S. W. part of the island, is the cap. of Luzon, as well as of all the Spanish possessions in the Philippine Islands. This town is regularly laid out, and some portions of it are said to be exceedinkip'-se, a flourishing and hand.=ome t of N. Y., cap. of Dutchess co.. on the E. side of the Hudson, 75 m. N. of New York. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 73° 55' W. Pop. 10,006. PouLTON, pole'-ton, a sraall t of England, in Lancashire, 17 ra. S. S. W. of Lancaster. Powhattan, pou-hat-tan', a co. in the S. E. part of Va., between the Apporaatlox and James rivers. Pop. 7,924. Co. t Scottsville. Pozzuoli, pot-soo-o'-le, a t of Naples, on the sea coast about 6 in. W. ofthe capital, remarkable for its delightful situation and ils antiqui ties. Pop. S,000. (B.) Prague, praig, (Ger. Prag, prao,) an archiepiscopal city, the cap. of Bohemia, situated on both sides of the Moldau, nearly in the centre of the kingdom. The two banks of the river are connected by a bridge, more than 1,800 fl. long, which is one of the handsomest in Europe. The town is surrounded by fortiflcations, with 8 gates, is generally well built, and contains a great number of fine edifices. There are 48 churches and 68 palaces, besides other important buildings, tho effect of which, when viewed from a distance, wilh the commanding position of the city, is singularly grand and imposing. The university of Prague is the oldest in Germany, having been founded by Charles IV. in 1348. It has, at present, 53 professors and above 2,000 students. The medi cal department, in particular, is most liberally endowed. The library ofthe university contains 130,000 volumes and 4,000 rare manuscripts. The Bohemian National Museum contains a magnificent collection of specimens in the different natural sciences. Prague is the seat of numerous important manufactures, and the centre of an extensive com merce. The observatory is in Lat. 50° 5' 18" N., Lon. 14° 25' 28' E. Pop., including the garrison, above 120,000. (B.) Prato, pri'-to, a manufacturing t of Italy, in Tuscany, on an affluent of the Arno, 10 m. N. W. of Florence. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Praya, Porto, por'-to pri'-i, a seaport t, cap. of the Cape Vere islands, on the S. coast of St Jago (Sam Tiago). Lat. 14° 55' N Lon 23° 3,5' W. Pop. only 1,200. (B.) Pre'-ble, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pot 19,482. Co. t Eaton. ^ PRE— PRI 439 ou, as in our ; th, as rn thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Preg'-el or pri'-oel, a r. of E. Prussia, which falls into the Frische Haff belovv Konigsberg. Prenzlow, prents'-lov, a t of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 28 m. W. S. W. of Stettin. Pop. 8,800. (B.) Pres'-burg or Press'-burg (Ger. pron. press'-b66RG ; Hung. Posony, po-shoii; Anc. Poso'niura); one ofthe handsomest towns, and formerly the cap. of Hungary, situaied on the left bank ofthe Danube, 34 ra. E. by S. of Vienna. It contains an acaderay, which is a sort of univer sity, an archigyranasium, a library, belonging to Count Appony (ip-poii), of 50,000 voluraes, which is open to the public, and several other im portant literary instilutions. Lat. 43° 8' N., Lon. 17° 11' E. Pop. above 41,000. (B.) Pres'-ton, an iraportant and flourishing raanufacturing t of England, in Lancashire, 28 m. N. N. E. of Liverpool. The Lancaster Canal, and the Lancaster and Preston, and other railways, pass through the town. Pop. in 1831,33,871, in 1841, 50,131. Preston, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Va., bordering on Md. and Pa. Pop. 6,866. Co. t Kingwood. Prev'-e-S-), or prd'-vi-si,'* a decayed seaport t of European Turkey, in Albania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. formerly esti maled at above 8,000, (B.) Lat 38° .58' N., Lon. 20° 45' E. Pri.nce Edward, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., on the sources of the Appomattox. Pop. 14,069. Seat of justice. Prince Edward c. h. Prince Edward's Island, an i. in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, be longing lo Great Britain, between 45° 56' and 47° 5' N. Lat, and 62° and 64° 25' W. Lon. Length ofa curved line passing through its centre, about 140 m. ; greatest breadih, 37 m. Pop. about 33,000. (M.) Prince George, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., S. of, and bordering on James river. Pop. 7,175. Seat of justice. Prince George c. h. Prince George, a co. in- the S. W. part of Md., E. of, and border ing on the Potomac and District of Colurabia. Pop. 19,539. Co. t. Upper Marlborough. Prince William, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 8,144. Co. t Brentsville. Princess Anne, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Va. Pop. 7,285. Seat of justice. Princess Anne c. h. Prince'-ton, a t of N. J., situated partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset co., 11 m. N. E. of Trenlon. Il is the seat of a celebrated coUege, under the direction of the Presbyterians, founded in 1746, and styled the College of New Jersey. Lat 40° 21' N., Lon. 74° 39' W. Principato, prin-che-pi'-to, a prov. of Naples, lying E. and S. E. of the metropolis. It is divided into Principato Citra (chee'-tri), and Principato Ultra (ool'-tri), or " nearer and farther Principato." Prip'-ets or Prip'-et, (in Polish, Prypec, prip'-ets,) a r. of Russian » " Remember the moment when Prevesa fell. The shrieks of the conquered and conqueror's yell." Childe Harold, Canto II 440 PRO— PRU Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, raft ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as m good ; Poland, which rises near 51° 30' N. Lat, and 24° E. Lon., and, flowing easterly, falls into the Dnieper, 44 in. N, of Kief Provence, pao^-viNce', one of the former provinces of France, now divided into the deps. of Lower Alps, Upper Alps, Mouths of the Rhone, Var, and Vaucluse. Provence is derived from provincia, a name given by the ancient Romans lo countries or districts beyond the limits of Italy which they had brought under their dominion. — Adj. and inhab. Pkovbnqal, pro'-viN'-sil'. Prov'-i-dence, a manufacturing and coraraercial cit-y and port of en try, the semi-capital of R. I. is situated at the head of Narragansett Bay, 42 ra., in a direct line, S. W. of Boston, with which city it is con nected by a railroad. Its distance from the sea is 35 m., but the largest merchant-ships can come up to the wharves. It is the largest town in the state, and the second in New England. Though irregu larly built, il contains many fine ediflces. The Arcade is considered to be the handsomest building ofthe kind in the United Stales. A line of stearaboats keeps up a daily coramunication between Providence and New York, through Long Island Sound, during the whole of the open season. Brown tfniversity, in this city, a_ flourishing institution, under the direction of the Baptists, was founded in 1764. Lat 41° 49' N., Lon. 71° 25' W. Pop. 23,171. Providence County, of which the above city is the seat of justice, has a pop. of 58,073. Prussia, proo'-she-a or prush'-e-a, (Ger. Preussen, prois'-sen,) an ira portant kingdom of EuropOi situated between 49° 50' and 55° 52' N. Lat, and 5° 50' and 22° 54' E. Lon. It consists principally of two parts ; the larger of which is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, N. E. and E. by Russia and Poland, S. by the dominions of Austria, and VV. by Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg, by wh^ch states it is separated frora the other principal portion. The latter ia situated on both sides of the Rhine, and is called Rhenish Prussia (Rhein-Preussen). It has Hanover on the N., the Netherlands on tho N. W. and W., and France on the S. W. On the S. and S. E. it bor ders on the territories of Bavaria, Nassau, and several of the sraaller German states. Lengtii of the larger portion, from N. N. E. to S. S.W., 600 ra. ; greatest breadth about 340 m. Area about 90,000 sq. m. Area ofthe smaller portion, about 17,000 sq. m. Area ofthe whole Prussian monarchy, including, besides the above, the canton of Neufchatel, in Switzerland, and several other small detached pieces of territory, about 108,000 sq. in. Total pop., at the end of 1337, 14,154,198. (P. C.) The government of Prussia is a limited monarchy. The royal frimily belong to the reformed religion, but all denominations of Christians are tolerated, and enjoy nearly the same rights and privileges. — Adj. and inhab. Prussian; proo'-shun or prush'-e-an. Prussia Proper, or the Province of Prussia, an extensive prov. forming the N. E. portion of the Prussiaji monarchy. It was formerly divided into E. and W. Prussia. Area, 24,780 sq. m. Pop. 2,152,873 (P. C.) Capital, Konigsberg. PRZ— PYR 441 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Przemysl, pzhera'-isl, a t of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle ofthe siiine name. Lat. 49° 48' N., Lon. 22° 53' E. Pop. 7,800. (P. C.) Pskof (Pskow), a decayed archiepiscopal city of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on a river which flows into L. Pskof. This town, which holds so conspicuous a place in the history of Rus sia, has now a pop. of only 12,000. Lat. 57° 48' N., Lon. 28" 20' E. Puebla. See La Puebla. Puerto Principe, pweR'-to prm'-se-pj, or Porto del Principe, i. e. "the Pr,~tce's Port," an inland t. of Cuba, 350 E. S. E. of Havana. Il has a pop. of 49,000, but its appearance is;. anything but inviting, the streets being narrow, crooked, and extremely- dirty. (B.) Nuevitaa (nwi-vee'-tas), the port of the above town, on the N. coast of Cuba, appears formerly to have been caUed Puerto Principe. Pu-L.As'-Ki, a CO. in the S. S.W. part of Va., intersected by the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 3,739. Pulaski, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., intersected by the Oc mulgee. Pop. 5,389. Co. t Hawkinsville. Pulaski, in the E. central part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas 1. Pop. 5,350. Co. t Little Rock. Pulaski, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., N. of, and bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 9,620. Co. t Somerset. Pulaski, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., a little N. W. of the Wa bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 561. Pulaski, a co. in the S. central part of Mo., intersected by the Gas conade r. Pop. 6,-5'29. Co. t Waynesville. Punjab. See Lahore. Put'-nam, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of, and bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 12,82.5. Co. t. Carrael. Putnam, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 10,260. Co. t Eatonton. Putnam, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, on the Miarai Canal. Pop. 5,189. Co. t Kalida. Putnam, a co. in thc W. part of Ind., a little E. of the Wabash r. Pop. 16,843. Co. t Green Castle. Putnam, a co. in the N. part of IU., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 2,131. Co. t Hennepin. Puy, Le, ich pwee, a manufacturing t of France, cap. ofthe dep. of Upper Loire, situated not far from the left bank ofthe r. Loire. It has a royal college and some other literary instilutions. Lat 45° 2' N., Lon. 3° 52' E. Pop. 14,738. (B.) Puy de Dome, pwee d'dorae, a dep. in the S. central part of France, intersected by the r. Allier. Pop. .589,438. (B.) Capital, Clerraont. Pyr'-en-ees^ (Anc. Pyrenae'i Mon'tes), a chain of raountains in the S. W. part of Europe, which extends from the Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay, constituting a natural barrier between France and Spain. The Pic de Nethou (peek d'ni'-loo') of Mount Maladetta, the highest summit in the whole chain, has an elevation of 11,318 ft. above the level ofthe sea. Mount Maladetta is in about 42° 37' N. Lat, and 0° 45' E. Lon. Pyrenees, Eastern (Fr. Pyrenees Orientales, pe^-ri'-ni' zo'-re^- 442 PYR— QUI Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; iN*-tal'), a dep. forming the S. extremity of France, bordering on the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. Pop. 164,325. (B.) Capital, Per pignan. Pyrenees, Lower (Fr. Basses Pyrenees, biss pe*-Ri^-ni'), a dep. forming the S. W. extreraity of France. Pop. 446,398. (B.) Capital, Pau. Pyrenees, Upper (Fr. Hautes Pyrenees, ote pe^-ri*-ni'), a dep. in the S. W. part of France, E. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 244,170. (B.) Capital, Tarbes. QuE-BEc' (Fr. Quebec, ki^-bek'), a city and fortress of Canada, for raerly the cap. of the British possessions in Araerica, is situated pn the left bank ofthe St. Lawrence, where it receives the St Charles, about 400 m. frora its mouth. It occupies the extremity of a ridge, termi nating at the junction of the two rivers, which rises near 340 ft. above the surface ofthe water. On the sumrait ofthis promontory stands the citadel, and the town extends from it down to the water's edge. The coramanding position of the city, together with its vast and beautiful harbour, presents, at a distance, a picturesque and raagnificent view to the approaching spectator. The town itself, however, is not very at tractive ; the streets are narrow and irregular, those in the lower por tions are dirty and conflned. Quebec is strongly fortified, and has been justly called the Gibraltar of America. Among the numerous literary institutions of this town, we may name the French College, and the Public Library, which contains upwards of 6,000 vols, of valu able and standard works. Quebec is situated on the St. Lawrence, above the island of Orleans, where the river suddenly contracts, and is said to lake ils narae from Kebec, an Indian word, signifying '¦ narrow." Lat 46° 47' 30 " N., Lon. 71° 10' W. Pop. above 30,000. (B.) Qued'-lin-burg^ (Ger. pron. qued'-lin-b66RG,'), a t of Prussian Saxony, on a tributary of the Saale, 32 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. It was the birth-place of the celebrated German poet Klopstock. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 11° 8' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Queen Anne, a co. in the N. E. part of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake. Pop. 12,633. Co. t Centreville. Queen's County, a co. in tbe S. E. central part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1331, 145,351. (P- C.) Queens, a co. of N. Y., on Long Island. Pop. 30,324. Co. t. North Hempstead. Quen'-tin, Saint, (Fr. pron. sSn kiN^-taN' ; Anc. Augus'ta Veroman- duo'rura,) a manufacturing t in the N. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the r. Sorame. Lat 49° 51' N., Lon. 3° 18' E. Pop. 19,892. (M.) Queretaro, kir-i'-ti-ro, one of the handsomest towns of Mexico, cap. of a state ofthe same name, situated at an elevation of more than 6,000 ft. above the level ofthe sea. Lat 20° 37' N.. Lon. 100° 10' W. Pop., including tho suburbs, betvveen 30,000 and 40,000. (P. C.) Quilimane, ke-le-mi'-ni, writien also Quilimancy, a r. in the E. of Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean near 3° S. Lat QUI— RAM 443 ou, as in our ; 111, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. QuiLLOTA, keel-yo'-ti, a t of S. America, in Chili, on a r. of the same name, remarkable for ils rich mines of copper. Lat. 32° .55' S., Lon. 71° 15' W. QuiLOA, kee'-lo-i, formerly the cap. of a considerable kingdoin on the E. coast of Africa, but now a miserable village. Lat. near 9° S., Lon. 39° 30' E. Quimper, kaM^-paRe', or Quimper Corentin (ko'-riN^-taN'), a t in the W. of France, cap. ofthe dep. Finistere, on the river Odel (o^-di'), which here becoraes navigable. Lat. 47° 58' 30 " N., Lon. 4° 6' W. Pop. 9,715. (B.) Quito, kee'-to, a noted city of S. America, cap. of the republic of Ecuador, situated 9,500 ft. above the sea. The houses are usuaUy but one story high, on account of the frequent earthquakes. Quito ranks high among the Spanish American cities, as a place of education ; ils university is especially celebrated. Lat 0° 13' S., Lon. 78° 45' W. Pop. uncertain ; but it probably amounts to near 70,000. (B.) QuoRRA. See Niger. Raab, riib, (Hung. Gyor, dyoR,) an ancient t of Hungary, near the junction of the i. Raab with the Danube. It contains, besides other institutions, an acaderay, which is a sort of university. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Lat 47° 41' N., Lon. 17° 40' E. R.\'-BUN, a CO. forraing the N. E. extreraity of Ga. Pop. 1,912. Co. t Clayton. Racine, ras-seen', a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 3,475. Rad'-nor, a co. in the W. of Wales, on the r. Wyo, near its source. Pop. 25,356. R.AGUSA, ri-goo'-sa, or Raugia, ri'-oo-ji, (in Slavonian, Dubrownik, doo-brov'-nik), a fortified seaport t of Dalraatia, formerly the cap. of the republic of this name, now the cap. of the circle of Ragusa, is situ ated on a peninsula in the Adriatic. Tbough this town has greatly declined from the prosperity which it enjoyed in the 16th century, when it is said lo have had a population of 30,000 (P. C), it is still important on account of its commerce and ils fortifications. Lat. 42° 39' N., Lon. 18° 6' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Ragusan, ri-goo'-san. " Rajpootana, rij-poo-ti'-na, or Rajasthan, ri -ja-stin', (i. e. the ' country of princes,") an extensive territory of Hjndostan, between 23° 30' and 31° N. Lat, and 70° and 78° E. Lon. The greater part of this country is divided among the Rajpoot (rij-poot') princes, who are under the protection of Great Britain. Raleigh, rau'-le, the cap. of N. C, and the seat of justice of Wake co.,alittle W. of Neuse r., near the centre ofthe stale. Lat 35° 47' N., Lon. 78° 43' W. Pop. 2,244. ¦ RALLg, a CO. in the N. E. or E. N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,670. Co. t New London. Rams'-oate, a seaport t. and watering-place of England, in Kent, on 444 RAN— RAT Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; the E. coast of the i. of Thanet, 65 m. E. S. E. of London. Lat 51° 20' N., Lon. 1° 24' E. Pop. 10,909. Ran'-dolph, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the sources of the Mo nongahela. Pop. 6,208. Co. t Beverly. Randolph, a. co. in the W. central part of N. C, u. little E. of the Yadkin. Pop. 12,875. Co. t Ashboro. Randolph, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chatta hoochee r. Pop. 8,276. Co. t Cuthbert Randolph, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 4,973. Randolph, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 10,684. Co. I. Winchester. Randolph, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., bordering on the Missis sippi, at the mouth of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 7,944. Randolph, a co. in the N. central part of Mo., a little N. E. of the Missouri r. Pop. 7,198. Co. t Huntsville. Randolph, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 2,196. ^ Rangoon, rang-goon', a t and river port and the principal entrepot for foreign trade in the Birman empire, is situated in the prov. of Pegu, on the Rangoon r., one of the arras of the Irrawaddy, about 26 m. frora the sea. Lat 16° 45' N., Lon. 96° 20' E. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) Ran'-kin, a CO. in the S. VV. central part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 4,631. Co. t Brandon. Rapides, rap-eed', a parish in the N. VV'. central part of La., inter sected by the Red r. Pop. 14,132. Co. t Alexandria. Rap'-p.\-iian'-nock, a r. in the E. part of Va., flovving into Chesa peake Bay. Length estimated at 150 m. Il is navigable, for vessels drawing 10 ft. water, to Fredericksburg, about 110 m" from its mouth. Rappahannock, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the sources of tlie above r. Pop. 9,257. Raritan or Rariton, rar'-e-ton, a r. in tbe N. part of N. J., flowing inlo Rarilan Bay. Boats of 80 tons can ascend to Brunswick, 17 m. Raritan Bay, at the mouth of the above r., is situated betvveen Sta ten Island and Monmouth co., in N. J. Rastadt, ris'-titt, a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of the circle of the Middle Rhine, on the Murg (mooRo), not far from the Rhine, 13 ra. S. W. of Carlesruhe. Pop. 5,600. (B.) Rat'-is-bon\ (Ger. Regensburg, ri'-oens-b66Ro ; Anc Regi'num, or Castra Re'gia, afterwards Augus'ta Tibe'rii,) a noted city of Gerraany, in Bavaria, cap. ofthe circle of Regen (ri'-orn), on the Danube, which is here crossed by a stone bridge, 1,100 ft. in length ; it is irregulariy built and has rather a gloomy appearance. The mosl remarkable building is, perhaps, the Town House, (Rathhaus, riit'-house,) in which the German Diet held its assemblies, from 1662 until iU dissolution in 1806. Among the various manufactures, that of beer is rauch eele- RAV— REG 445 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tii, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. brated. Lat 49° 1' N., Lon. 12° 6' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) The P. C. gives 21,000. Rav-en'-n.j. or ri-ven'-ni, an archiepiscopal t of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the sarae name, situated about 44 ra. from tho Adriatic, and 43 in. E. S. E. of Bologna. This town, so flourishing in the time of the Romans, and so populous in the 6th and 7th centuries, when it vvas the residence of the Exarchs, who governed Italy in the name ofthe Byzantine emperors, contains, at present, only about 16,000 inhabitants. (B.) It is now chiefly reraarkable for its architectural re mains, and for containing the tomb of the imraortal Dante. Lat. 44'' a5' N, Lon. 12° 11' E. R.AY, a CO. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,553. Co. t. Richraond. Reading, red'-ing, a t of England, cap. of Berkshire, on the Kennet, near itsjunction with the Tharaes, 38 ra. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of about 3 sq. m., 18,937. Reading, a flourishing t. of Pa., cap. of Berks co., on the Schuylkill, about 45 ra. in a direct line VV. N. W. of Philadelphia. It is very ad vantageously situated for trade, being on thc Schuylkill Canal, where il is joined by the Union Canal, and having, besides, coraraunication wilh Philadelphia and Pottsville, by a good railroad. Pop. 8,410. Red River, one ofthe larger affluents ofthe Mississippi, vvhich rises in the mountains in the N. part of Texas, near 35° N. Lat, and 104° W. Lon., and, flowing at first easleriy and afterwards south-easterly, joins the " Great River," in Louisiana, in about 31° N. Lat, and 91° 50' \V. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at above 1,200 m. The navigation is impeded in several places by trees, which have floated down in great numbers and choked up the channel. Redruth, red'-riilh, a small t of England, in Cornwall, important ou account of its extensive copper and tin mines. Lat 50° 14' N., Lon. 5° 12' W. Red Sea, called also the Arabian Gulf, a large inlet or bay, com municating with the Indian Ocean bythe strait of Babel-Mandel and the Gulf of Aden, and extending from 12° 40' lo 30° N. Lat, and from 32° 20' to 43° 30' E. Lon. Length, about 1,400 m. ; greatest breadth, above 200 m. Ree, ri, a lake in the central part of Ireland, 17 m. in length, and perhaps 6 m. in its greatest breadth. Reggio, red'-jo, (Anc. Rhe'giuin,) an archiepiscoflBl t. of Naples, cap. of Calabria Ultra, at the S. extremity of the Italian peninsula, on the strait of Messina. Rhegium was, al an early period, one of the most flourishing commercial cities of Magna Grecia, in the S. of Italy, and is said to have been 'bunded about '700 years before the Christian era. This town has experienced great vicissitudes of fortune, both in ancient and modern tiraes. In the 16th century, it was thrice taken arid pillaged by the Turks. The earthquake of 1793 destroyed Reggio so corapletely, that not a single building remained entire. It has, how- 38 146 REG— REU Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, met; pine or pine, pta; ni, nit; 66_aB in g-Qoii,' — K * ; , ever, been since rebuilt on a regular plan, and now contams nearly 20,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat 38° 6' N., Lon. 15° 40' E. Reggio (Ane. Re'giura Lep'idi), a town of N. Italy, in the duchy of Modena, 16 m. W. N. W. of Modena. Among its literary and scien tific establishments, is a museum of natural history, vvhich belonged to the celebrated Spallanzani, who was born near Reggio. This town is also distinguished as the birth-place of Ariosto, one of the greatest of the Italian poets. Pop. 17,000. (B.) Reichenberg, ri'-Ken-beRG\ a flourishing t of Boheraia, the second in the kingdom as respects population, situated on the Neisse, near the N. frontier, with numerous imporiant manufactures. Lat. 50° 46' N., Lon. 15° 5' E. Pop. near 15,000. (P. C.) Reims or Rheims, reemz, (Fr. pron. raNZ ; Anc. Durocorto'rura, after wards Re'rai ;) an archiepiscopal city of France, in the dep. of Marne (of which, though not the cap., it is by far the largest town), 84 m. E. by N. of Paris. It is surrounded with old walls and entered by six gates. One of these, the gate of Mars, consisted forraerly ofa Roman triumphal arch, which is still standing, though now superseded by a gate of modern construction. Among tho reraarkable ediflces may be mentioned the Cathedral, one of the largest and most magnificent in Europe. It was erected chiefly in the 13th century, since which time the French kings have, wilh few exceptions, been consecrated here. Reiras possesses extensive manufactures, principally of woollens, or fabrics of wool combined with other materials. Lat. 49° 15' N., Lon. 4° 3' E. Pop. 33,359. (P. C.) Renaix, r'ni, (Flera. Ron'-so,) a raanufacturing t of Belgium, in E. Flanders, 20 ra. S. S. W. of Ghent. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Rendsborg, rends'-boRg, or Rends'-burg, a town and important fortress of Denraark, on the canal wbich connects the Baltic wilh the North Sea. It has a fine arsenal, -and about 3,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 9° 40 E. Ren'-frew, a small t of Scotland, cap. of Renfrewshire, 6 m. W. N. W. of Glasgow. Rbn'-frew-shire, a co. in the S.W. part of Scotland, bordering on the river and frith of Clyde. Pop. 155,072. Rennes, Renn, (Anc. Con'date, afterwards Red'ones,) a coraraercial and manufacturing t of France, cap. of the dep. of Ille-et- Vilaine, on the r. Vilaine. It contains a royal college, a public library of 30,000 volumes, vvith sorae valuable manuscripts, and numerous otiier literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 48° 7' N., Lon. 1° 41' W. Pop. 30,000. (B.) REiVSSELABR, ren'-SQl-gr, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on Vt. and Mass. Pop. 60,295. Co. t Troy. Reciuena, ri-k;V-ni, a t of Spain, in New CastUe, 43 m. W^. N. VV. of Valencia. Pop. 10,893. (M.) Reus, ri'-ooce, an important manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 5 ni. W. by N. of Tarragona. Pop. stated at 24,600. (B.) Reuss, ruce, (Ger. pron. roiss,) a territory of Germany, betvveen 50° REU— RHI 447 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. 20' and 51° N. Lat, and 11° 30' and 12° 20' E. Lon. ; divided by a part uf the possessions of Saxe-Weimar, inlo two portions. This terri tory forms two independent principalities (belonging lo two branches of the house of Reuss) ; viz., Reuss-Greitz and Reuss-Schleitz. The prince ofthe elder branch resides al Greitz (grites), a town on the El ster, with about 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 50° 39' N., Lon. 12° 10' E. The prince of the younger branch has his residence at Schleitz (shlites;, a little town, wilh a pop. of about 5,000 (B.), 15 ra. W. S.W. of Greitz. Reutlingen, roit'-ling-cn, a t of Germany, in Wurtemberg, cap. of tho circle of Schwarzwald (Black Forest), on a tributary of the Nee-. kar, 19 m. S. of Stuttgart Pop. near 12,000. (P.C.) Rev'-el (Russ. Kol-y-vin'; in Esthonian, Tallin or Tatleen) ; tho cap. of the Russian gov. of Estbonia, situaied on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, about 210 m. W. S. VV. of St Petersburg, -^t is very strongly fortified, and its harbour is one of the stations for the Russian fleet Lat. 59° 27' N., Lon. 24° 35' E. Pop. 15,000 (P. C), of whom a large propoition are Germans. Rhea, ray, a co. in the S. E. central part of Tenn., on the Tennes see r. Pop. 3,985. Co. t Washington. Rheims. See Reims. Rhine (Anc. Rhe'nus ; Fr. Rhin, riN ; Ger. Rhein, rine ; Dutch, Rhyn, rine) ; a celebrated i. of Europe, which has its sources in the Alps. The principal branch, called by the Germans, the Vorder Rhein (i. e. fore Rhine), rises a little N. E. of Mount St Gothard, in about 46° 33' N. Lat, and 3° 39' E. Lon. The general course of the river is northerly, to Mentz, thence nearly N.W., to the borders ofthe Netheriands, whence it takes a westerly direction, and divides inlo two principal branches ; the larger of these, called the Waal or Wahal (will), joins the Meuse ; the other, which retains the name of the Rhyn, falls iuto the N. Sea, in 52° 13' N. Lat AU that portion ofthe river which lies wilhin or along the boundary of Switzerland, is called the Upper Rhine ; from Bale lo Cologne it is denominated the Middle Rhine ; and the reraainder of the course to its mouths, the Lower Rhine. With respect to length, the Rhine is the fourth river of Europe, but it holds the first rank as a channel of commerce. Its whole course amounts to about 950 ra. The Lower Rhine raay be navigated by sea- vessels of 300 or 400 tons, though flat river-barges are generally used, on account of the nuraerous sand-banks.- In sorae parts of tbe Middle Rliine, the navigation is greatly irapeded bythe rapidity of the current, as well as by numerous small islands and sand-banks, which are subject , to sudden and frequent changes in their forra and position. Stearaboats have recently been resorted to, with great advantage, in navigating the Rhine. Near Schaffhausen, on the Upper Rhine, the river, running throuch a narrow channel, between lofty rocks, falls over a ledge of lime-stone, about 70 ft. in height, producing the celebrated " cataract if the Rhine." — ."^dj. Rhen'-ish. RniriE, Province of the, forms tJie more southern of the two grea* 448 RHI— RHO Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine, or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 56 as in good ; divisions of Rhenish Prussia. The prov. of Westphalia (constituting the other division) bounds il on the N. E. Capital, Cologne. Rhine, Lower (Fr. Bas-Rhin,biraN), a dep. forming the N. E. ex tremity of France, and bordering on the Rhine. Pop. 561,859. (B.) Capital, Strasbourg. Rhine, Upper (Fr. Haul-Rhine, 6 rdN), a dep. on the E. frontier of France, S. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 447,019. (B.) Capi tal, Colmar. Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original U. S., and the smaUest state in tbe Union, extending from 41° 17' lo 42° N. Lat, and from 71° 6' lo 71° 52' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Massachu setts, S. by the .'Mlanlic, and VV. by Connecticut and divided into 5 counties.* Length from N. to S., 46 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 37 m. Area, 1,225 sq. m. Pop. 108,830. Providence and New port are the capitals. — Inhab. Rhode Islander. Rhode Island, an i. of R. I., in Narragansett Bay, from which the state derives ils narae. Il is near 15 m. long, with an area estimated at .50 sq. ra. Newport is the principal town. Rhodes (Gr. 'PoSo;; Lat Rho'dus); a fertUe i. near the E. ex treraity ofthe Mediterranean, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the 36lh parallel of N. Lat, and the 28th meridian of E. Lon. Length, 46 m. ; greatest breadth about 16 m. Pop. estiraated at 25,000. (M.) — Adj. and inhab. Rho'-dj(-.4N. Rhodez or Rodez, ro^-di', (Anc. Segodu'num, afterwards Rute'ni,) a t in the S. of France, cap. ofthe dep. of Aveyron, on the r. Aveyron. Its cathedral is regarded as one ofthe flnest Gothic edifices in France. Among its literary institutions, raay be mentioned the Royal College, and the Public Library, containing 15,000 vols. Lat 44° 21' N., I^n. 2° 35' E. Pop. 9,153. (B.) Rhone (Fr. Rhdne; Anc. Rho'danus); a large r. of Europe, which rises in the central part of Switzeriand, in about 46° 35'. N. Lat, and 8° 20' E. Lon., and, flowing at first south-westerly, traverses L. Leman ; afterwards, having received the Sadne, its course is almost due S., to the Mediterranean, vvhich it enlers by several mouths, near 43° 25' N. I.,at, and 4° 30' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated at 590 m. The current of the Rhone and its larger tributaries is so rapid as to be H great obstacle lo navigation with ordinary boats, but the recent intro duction of steamers has, in a great measure, obviated that difficulty, and is said to have contributed vastly to the improvement of this portion nf France. Rhone, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, on the rivers Rhone and Saone. Pop. 482,024. (B.) Capital, Lyons. Rhone, Mouths of (Fr. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, boosh dii r6ne), a dep. in the S. of France, situated, as its name indicates, at the mouths of the Rhone. Pop. 362,325. (B.) Capital, Marseilles. » Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, Washington. RIA— RIM 449 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Riazan, re-i-zln', (formerly Per-es-livl',) an archiepiscopal t of European Russia, cap. ofa gov. ofthe same narae, on an affluent ofthe Oka. Lal.'54' 34' N., Lon. 39° 20' E. Pop. about 9,000. (P. C.) Rich'-l.\nd, a. dist in the centre of S. C, between the Wateree and Congaree rivers. Pop. 16,397. Co. t Columbia. Richland, a co. in the N. central part of Ohio, N. by E. of Colum bus, Pop. 44,532. Co. t Mansfield. Richland, a co. in the S. E. part of IU., a little W. ofthe Wabash r. RicHLiVND, a CO. in the S. W. part of Wisconsin, on the N. side of the Wisconsin r. Rich'-mond, a t of England, in Surrey, 10 m. W. by S. of London. Pop. of the parish, 7,760. Richmond, a city and port of entry of Va., the seat of justice of Hen rico CO., and the cap. of the state, is situated at the head of tide-water on James r., near 100 m., in a straight line, S. by W. of Washington. It is generally well built, and its appearance from a distance is striking and picturesque. This town is very advantageously situated for com merce. It communicates by railroads with the Potomac and Roanoke, and there is a boat navigation of 220 m. on the Jaraes r,, above Rich mond, a canal having been constructed round the falls, just above the city. Lat. (of the capitol) 37° 32' 17" N., Lon. 77° 27' 28" W. Pop. in 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153. Richmond, a co. of N. Y., comprising Staten Island, at the mouth of the Hudson. Pop. 10,965. Co. t Richraond. Richmond, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. E. of, and bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 5,965. Seat of justice, Richraond c. h. Richmond, a co. on the S. frontier of N. C, E. of, and bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 8,909. Co. t. Rockinghara. Richmond, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah. Pop. 11,932. Co. t Augusta. Ri'-GA or ree'-gi, an iraportant coraraercial t. of European Russia, cap. of Livonia, on the r. Dwina (or Diina), about 9 ra. from its entrance. into the Gulf of Livonia. The r. is crossed by a handsome bridge of boats, about 2,400 ft. long. Among the pu blic buildings, may be mentioned the Cathedral of St Peter, the tower of which is 440 ft. in height (M.) Riga is one of the raost important fortresses of the Russian erapire. Lat 56° 57' N., Lon. 24° 8' E. Pop. near 60,000, of whom more than one-half are Protestants, being chiefly Germans or their descendants. Riga, Gulf of. See Livonia, Gulf of. Rig'-o-let (the diminutive from rigole, a French word signifying a " ditch or channel"). The rigolets in La. are channels connecting L. Pontchartrain with L. Borgne. Rimini, ree'-me-ne, (Anc. Arira'inura,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Adriatic, at the month of the r. Marecchia (mi-rek'-ke-i), which is here crossed by a handsome raarble bridge. It has a public library of 30,000 vols., and other institutions, but is chiefly interesting on account of its antiquities. Lat. 44° 4' N., Lon. 12° 33' E. Pop. 13,450. (P. C.) 38 » 450 RIO— RIV Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit; 66, as in gooif; Ri'-o Co-LgR-AD'-o, i. e. " Red River," or simply Colorado, a large r. of Texas, which falls into Matagorda Bay, near 28° 40' N. Lat, and 96° W. Lon. Length estimated at near 1,000 m. Ri'-o DEL NoR-i-E, called forraerly the Rio Bravo or Rio Bravo del Nohte, (Sp. pron. ree'-o bri'-vo dii noa'-li,) i. e. the "rapid river of the North," a large r. of N. America, which rises near 41° N. Lat and 110 VV. Lon., and, flovving in a general soath-easterly direction, falls into the Gulf of Mexico, near 26° N. Lat. and 97° 20' W. Lon. Through a great part of ils course, il forma the boundary between Texas and Mexico- Length, above 2,000 m- Il is not navigable to any extent This river is frequently called the Rio Grande. Rio Janeiro, ri'-o jan-ee'-ro, or simply Rio, or more fully, Rio de Janeiro, (Port. pron. ree'-o di zhin-i'e-ro,) the cap. of the empire of Brazil, as well as of a prov. of its own nar.ie, and the largest and most commercial city in S. America, situated on a bay of the Atlantic, which forms, in every respect, one of the best harbours in the world. This bay is nearly 24m. in length, and 15 ra. in its greatest breadth; and, being surrounded by high hills, is protected from every wind. The entrance, which is scarcely a mUe wide, is defended by several forts. The town is regularly laid out, but the streets are generally narrow, and the houses not reraarkable for elegance. Among the literary and scientiflc institutions of the Brazilian capital, we may name the Pubhc Library, containing frora 50,000 to 70,000 vols. ; the School of Medi cine and Surgery, the Botanic Garden, and the Observatory. The trade of Rio is very extensive, and appeara^to be still rapidly increasing. The principal export is coffee; of which the quantity shipped at this place is said to be nearly equal to all the exports of coffee from all the other ports in the world. Lat 22° 54' S., Lon. 4'2° 45' W. Pop. above 200,000 ; about one-half of whom are negro slaves. RioM, re^-6N', a t of France, in the dep. of Puy-de-D6me, 8 m. N. by E. of Clermont. Lat 45° 53' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 11,0-50. (M.) Rip'-LEY, a co. near the S. E. extreraity of Ind., W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 10.392. Co. t Versailles. Ripley, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop 2,8-56. Co. t Van Buren. Rip'-oN or Rip'-ppN, a small t of England, in the N. Riding of York shire, on the Ure, 22 m. N. W. of York. It was formerly celebrated for its manufacture of spurs, which were in such high repute, that "as true steel as Ripon-rowels," became a proverbial expression for a man of fidelity and courage. Ritch'-je, a CO. in the N. W. part of Va., near the Ohio r. Rive-de-Gier, reev d'zhe-i', a rapidly-increasing t of France, in the dep. of Loire, 20 m. S. W. of Lyons. It has extensive manu&c- tures and very productive coal-raines in its vicinity. Pop. in 1836, 9,040. (M.) Rives, reevz, (now called Henry,) a co. in the W. part of Mo., on tho N. side of Osage r. Pop. 4,726. ROA— ROC 451 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Roane, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee and Clinch rivers. Pop. 10,948. Co. t Kingston. Ro'-anne', o. t. of France, in the dep. of Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 46° 2 N., Lon. 4° 4' E. Pop. 9,334. (M.) Ro^--4n-oke', a r. which rises in the southern part of Va., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direction, passes into N. C, and falls into Albemarle Sound, near 36° N. Lat, and 76° 40' W. Lon. Roanoke, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., E. of the Great Kana wha r. Pop. 5,499. Rob'-brt-son, a co. on the N. border of Tenn., N. of Nashville. Pop. 13,801. ¦ Co. t. Springfield. Rob'-e-son, a co. near the S. extremity of N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop. 10,370. Co. t Luraberton. Roch'-d.\le, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, on the Roch, an affluent of the Irwell, 11 in. N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop. about 25,000. Rociie'-fort or rosh^-foR',a fortified t and naval port of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente, on the r. Charente, about 12 m. (by water) from its mouth. The harbour is formed by the river, which, though not large, affords at all times sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. The arsenal is one of the raost extensive and finest in the kingdom. There is without the town a naval hospital, which ranks among the most extensive establishraents of the kind in Europe. Lat. 45° 56' N., Lon. 0° 58' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Rochelle, La, li ro^ -shell', a fortified seaport t of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Charente, on the Atlantic, 93 m. N. N. W. of Bor deaux. It is the centre of an extensive comraerce. Rochelle is re markable in history for the celebrated siege which it underwent during the reign of Louis XIIL, and the ministry of Richelieu, which resulted in the deraolition of the last refuge of the Huguenots, and the ruin of their parly. The conquest is said to have cost France 40,000,000 francs. Lat. 46° 9' N,, Lon. 1° 10' VV. Pop. 1.5,000. (B.) Roch'-es-ter, an ancient city of England, in Kent, on the Medway, 28 m. E. by S. frora I.K)ndon. Pop., including 4 parishes, 11,743. Rochester, a flourishing city and port of entry of N. Y., cap. of Monroe co., on the Genesee r., 7 ra. from Lake Ontario. The Erie Canal, and the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, pass through the town. Another railroad coraraunicates wilh Port Genesee, on L. Ontario. A sloop navigation extends frora the lake up the Genesee r. lo within 2 m. of the city. With these advantages, Rochester possesses a very ac tive and extensive trade, of which the iramense quantities of flour manufactured in ils numerous mills, form, perhaps, the most iraportant article. The site of Rochester was a wilderness in the early part of the present century, the first settleraent having been raade in 1812; in 1820 the population was only l,-50'2, but since the opening of the Erie canal, in 1324, the town has increased with astonishing rapidity; in 1830 the population was 9,269, and in 1840 it had amounted to 20,191 ; and, with its increased facilities "of intercourse with other important 452 ROC— ROC Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, raft ; pine or pine, pto ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; places, we may expect that its future advancement will not be less rapid than the past. There are several falls in the Genesee, near Rochester : the principal one is iraraediately below the town, where the river is precipitated over a ledge of rocks about 95 ft in perpendicular height Lat 43° 8' N., Lon. 77° 51' W. Rock, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on 111. Pop. 1,701. Co. t Rockport Rock River, a r. which rises in Wisconsin, and, flovving southerly into III, faUs into the Mississippi, near 41° 30' N. Lat, and 90° 30 W. Lon. Rock'-bridge, a co. in the S. W. central part of Va., on the head waters of James r. Pop. 14,284. Co. t Lexington. It derives its name frora the natural bridge of rock over Cedar creek, in this county. The bridge, which extends across a fearful chasra, 200 ft. in depth, is about 80 ft. in breadth, and covered wilh soil and trees. RocK-c.As'-TLE, a CO. in the S. E. central part of Ky., on a river of the sarae name, an affluent of the Cumberland. Pop. 3,409. Co. t Mount Vernon. Rock'-ing-bam, a CO. forming the S. E. extremity of N. H. Pop. 45,771. Co. towns, Portsmouth and Exeter. Rockingham, a co. in the N. E. central part of-Va., on the head waters of the Shenandoah. Pop. 17,344. Co. t. Harrisonburg. Rockingham, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 13,442. Co. t Wentworth. Rock Island, a co. in the N. W. partof IU., at the mouth of Rock r. Pop. 2,610. Co. t Stephenson. Rock Island is also the name of a little island, in the above river, at its entrance into the Mississippi. Rock'-land, a co. near the S. E. extremity of N. Y., W. of, and bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 11,975. Co. t Clarkstown. Rocky Mountains, called also the C'hip-pe-wy'-.\n Mountains, s chain in the western part of N. America, which commences in thc N. part of Mexico, and runs, nearly N. N. W., throngh the whole ex tent of the continent This chain, though forming a part of the vast raountain system, which extends through the whole length of America, is not, as was formerly supposed, continuous with the Cordilleras of Mexico. Wilh a large part of the Rocky Mountains we are but very imperfectly acquainted. Mount Brown and Mount Hooper, situated near 53° N. Lat, and between 11.5° and 117° W. I,on., are the highest of this chain that have yet been measured, the former having an eleva tion of near 16,000 ft., the latter of 15,690 ft. (P. C.)» Between 42° and 42° 40' N. Lat, and near 110° W. Lon., there is a break in this mountain chain, called the South Pass, or Fremont's Pass, through * The Rev. Mr. Parker states, that some of the highest mountain peaks [near the South Pass!] have been found, by measurement, lo be 18,000 ft. above the level of the sea. (See Parker's " Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moun tains," page 72.) ROE— ROM 453 ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. which there is an easy road, the ascent and descent being so gradual that it is scarcely preceived. Roermonde, rooii'-raind'-de/i, (Fr. Ruremonde, ruRe^-raiNd'), a for tified t of Holland, in the prov. of Liraburg, on the Meuse, where it is joined by the Roer (rooR). Lat 51° 12' N., Lon. 5° 59' E. Pop. 4,500. (B.) Romans, ro^-raiN', a t in the S. of France, in the dep. of Drome, 12 ra. N. E. of Valence. Pop. in 1831, 7,677. (P. C.) Rome (Latin and Italian, Roraa, ro'-rai), the most celebrated city of the world, either in ancient or modern times, the cap. of the Papal state, and the ecclesiastical metropolis of Catholic Christendom, is situated chiefly on the E. or left bank of the Tiber, about 16 ra. from its raouth. It is enclosed by walls which are generally understood to occupy the site of those constructed by Aurelian. They describe a polygon, of which the longest diaraeter (i. e. frora N. W. to S. E.) is 3 m. The whole circuit is between 14 m. and 1.5 m. ; but not half of the space included is occupied with houses. That portion of the city which is situaied on the left bank of the Tiber, constitutes Rorae Pro per : the other is called Translevere* (Irins-li'-vi-ri, i. e. " beyond the Tiber"): in this part are the palace of the Vatican and the church of St. Peter. These two divisions of the town are connected by three bridges. Of the 15 gales of Rorae the Porta del Popolo (por'-ti del po'-po-lo) on the N., and the Porta Maggiore (raid-jo'-ri) on the E., are the most remarkable for their beauty. At the head of the edifices of modern Rome, stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, which is not only the largest and raost beautiful church Ihathasever been erected, but is, without exception, the noblest work of architecture ever produced by the hands of raan.f There is some diversity in the statements of its dimensions, given by diflerent authors; but, it appears from the best authorities lo vvhich we have access, that its length considerably ex ceeds 600 ft., and that its greatest breadth is near 500 ft. : the height, from the cross to the floor (which covers an area of nearly 5 acres), is about 460 ft. The whole expense of constructing this vast edifice is estiraated at above $60,000,000 ! The work was begun in 1506, and finished in 1614, with the exception ofthe colonnade, vvhich was added in 1655-67. The celebrated dome,! which may be regarded as the boldest and most astonishing effort of human architecture, was chiefly constructed by Michael Angelo. Near the great Cathedral is the palace of the Vatican, containing above 4,000 different apartments ; it * This name is also, and perhaps most frequently, applied to a subdivision of Transliberine Rome. t Byron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, says — " But thou, of temples old, or altars new, Standest alone — wilh nothing like to thee." I "The vast and wondrous dome. To wbich Diana's marvel waa a cell." Childe Harold, Canto IV. 454 ROO— ROS Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; oo, as in g-QOi^ ; is the largest palace in Europe, but is not remarkable for architectural beauty. There are in Rome above 300 churches, many of which are noble and venerable structures, but there is none which merits to be named by the side of St Peter's. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among the raultitude of raagnificent ruins, vvhich, to the traveUer, constitute the great attraction of Rome : we raust not, however, leave the Colise'um (or Colosseum) without a pass ing notice. This structure, called also the Flavian Amphitheatre, which was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is now the most august and im posing ruin in the world, consists of a vast ellipse, 620 ft in length, and 513 ft. in its greatest breadih. In the centre is an open elliptical space or arena, about 290 fl. in length, and 180 ft. in breadth. Around this arena are the seats of the spectators, which rise, tier above tier, the higher ones still receding, till they almost reach the top of the outer wall, which is about 160 ft. in height This iraraense amphithe atre is said to have had seals for above 80,000 spectators, and standing room for 20,000 raore. Rome possesses a great number of literary in stitutions, among which we may name the University, one ofthe oldest in Europe, and the Roraan College, founded by the Jesuits, which may be regarded as another university ; to it are annexed a rich library, a collection of antiquities, of specimens in natural history, etc. The Ob servatory, connected wilh the Roraan College, is in 41° 53' 52" N. Lat, and 12° 23' 40 " E. Lon. Pop. above 154,000. (B.) Roo-me'-lj-a or Room'-E-lee' (Rum-Ili), the name of an eyalet of European Turkey, comprehending Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly. Tho pasha of Rooraelia ranks above all the other pashas of Turkey in Europe. Roos'-tchook' (Ruslchuk or Rutchouk), a fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is the residence of a Greek archbishop. Lat. 43° 50' N., Lon. about 26° E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) RosBACH, ros'-biK, a village of Prussian Saxony, 16 m. S. of Halle, celebrated as the scene ofa great victory gained by Frederic the Great over the French and imperialists, November, 1757. Ros-com'-mon, a. CO. in the N. W. central part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught on the r. Shannon. Pop. 249,613. (P. C.) Roscommon, the cap. of the above co., situated 78 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,306. (P. C.) Roscommon (Mickenauk), a co. in the N. central part of Mich. N. W. of Saginaw Bay. Ro.scREA, ros-cri', a t in the S. central part of Ireland, about 70 m \V. N. VV. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,512. (M.) Ro-set'-ta (Arab. Er R-i-sheed'), one ofthe most important towns of Lower' Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, 36 m. E. N. E. of .'Vlex.in dria. It is said to have been founded by a son of the celebrated Ha.- roon-er-Rasheed (Haroun-al-Rnschid), in about 875 A. D. Tho pop.. which was formerly estimaled al 40,000, is now reduced lo about l.'>,000. (B.) Lat 31° 25' N., Lon. 30° 28' E. ROS— ROU 455 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, neariy like ng. Ross and Crom'-ar-ty, two counties in the N. of Scotland, inti mately connected as respects situation, and also under the same sheriff. Their united territory extends from one side of Scotland to the other, besides including a part ofthe island of Lewis. Pop. 78,685. Ross, a CO. in the S. part of Oliio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 27,460. Co. t ChiUicolhe. Ros'-TOCK, a seaport and important coraraercial t ofN. Gerraany, in the grand-ducby of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow (Waa'- nov), about 9 m. above its mouth in the Baltic. It was forraerly a raember of the Hanseatic League, and for a long time ranked next to Liibeck among ihe ports of the Baltic. The dukes of Alecklenburg granted it great privUeges, raany of which it still enjoys, such as the right of choosing its own magistrates, of taxing itself, and of coining money. It is now the largest and most commercial town in the grand- ducby. It possesses a university, founded in 1419,'"and attended by about 110 students, with a library of above 80,000 vols. Lat. 54° 5' N., Lon. 12° 17' E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.) Ro'-TSEN-BURG^ (Gcr. prou. ro'-ten-b66RG*), a t of Bavaria, on the Tauber (tou'-ber), an affluent of the Main. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 10° 14' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) RoTHERHAM, roTH'-or-um, a sraall manufacturing t of England, in the VV. Riding of Yorkshire, 6 ra. E. N. E. of Sheffield. Rothesay, roth'-si, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of Buteshire, on the N. E. coast of the island of Bute. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Pop. 5,789. Rot'-ter-dam\ a celebrated coraraercial t of HoUand, next to Ara- Elerdam the most imporiant in the kingdom, situated on the N. or right bank of the Me-jse (iVlaa.o), 35 m. S. S. W. of that city. The numerous deep canals by vvhich it is interseciod, allow the largest merchantraen to come into the middle ofthe town, and unload at the very doors ofthe warehouses. Araong its scientific and literary institutions, may be mentioned the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Public Library. Rotterdam is remarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus. '1 he name of this city appears to be derived from a dam of the Rotte (rot'-toA), a little river vvhich runs through the city, and falls into the Meuse al this place. Lat 51° 5.5' N., Lon. 4° 39' E. Pop. in 1840, 78,098. (P.C.) Roubaix, roo^-bi', a. manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 7 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 13,4'26. (M.) Rouen, roo'-en, (Fr. pron. RwiN ; Anc. Rolhom'agus or Rotom'agus, afterwards Roloinum or Rodoraura); an archiepiscopal and noted city of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Seine, and formerly of tbe prov. of Normandy, on the river Seine, 70 m. N. W. of Paris. The river here is crossed by a bridge of boats, and another of stone, which con nect the town with its suburb, St Sever (scv-aia'). Rouen has been styled " the Manchester of France," from its being the great centre of the cotton manufactures of that country. Among its literary institu- 456 ROU— RUS Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; tions, may be mentioned the Academie Vniversilaire, the Royal Col lege, and the Public Library, in the low n hall, estimated to contain about 70,000 vols. Lat 49° 26' N., Lon. 1° 6' E. Pop. 9-2,083. (B.) Roulers, roo^-lV, a t. of Belgium, 26 ra. W. S. W. of Ghent Pop. 9,000. (B.) Roumelia. See Roomelia. Roveredo, ro-vi-ri'-do, (Ger. Rovereith, ro'-ver-ite\) a manufactur ing t of Tyrol, 13 m. S. by W. of Trent Lat. 45° 55' N., Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Rovigno, ro-veen'-yo, a seaport and flourishing coraraercial t. of Austrian Italy, on the Adriatic, 40 m. S. S. W. of Trieste. Pop. 10,00;). (B.) RoviGO, ro-vee'-go, a t of Austrian Italy, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, on the Adigetlo, or "little Adige," an arra of the Adige. Roxburghshire, rox'-bur-reA-shir, a co. in the S. of Scotland, border ing on England. Pop. 46,025. Roxbury, rox'-ber-re, a t or village of Mass., in Norfolk Co., on the Boslon and Providence Railroad, 5 ra. S. S. W. of Boston. Pop. ofthe township, 9,089. R6w-an', a CO. in the W. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin. Pop. 12,109. Co. I. Salisbury. Rt'-GEN (g hard), an i. in the Baltic, forming a part of the Prussian prov. of Pomerania, intersected by the parallel of 54° 30' N. Lat, and the meridian of 13° 30' E. Lon. Area, about 340 sq. m. It was formerly much larger, a part of the island, probably one-half, having been swallowed up in the middle ages by the sea. Pop. 29,000. (P. C.) Rum-Ili or Rumelia. See Roomelia. Ruppin, r66p-peen'. New, (Ger. Neu-Ruppin, noi r66p-peen',) a t of Prussia, on a lake of the same narae, 35 m. N. W. of Berlin. Pop. 8,600. (B.) Ruremonde. See Roermonde. Rush, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., E. by S. of Indianapolis. Pop. 15,456. Co. t Rushville. Rus'-sEL, a CO. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 7,878. Co. t Lebanon. Russel, a co. in the E. partof Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 13,513. Co. t Cusseta. Russel, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Cura berland r. Pop. 4,238. Co. t Jamestown. Ruf5siA, roo'-she-a or rush'-e-a, the most extensive empire, and one of the most powerful on the globe, comprehending the N. E. part of Europe, all the N. part of Asia, and a portion of N. America, situated between 38° and 78° N. Lat, and between 17"* 40' E. and 130° W. Lon. The length of its territory, on the Eastern continent is near 6,000 m. ; the greatest breadth is above 2,000. The area of this por tion, according to Balbi, is more than 7,390,000 sq. m. The population, RUS— SAA 457 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in 1826, was estimated by him at 60,100,000. This vast empire is divided into three great parts, viz. European, Asiatic, and American Russia. European Russia, though not comprising the greatest extent of territory, surpasses the others vastly in population and importance. It is situated between 40° 40' and 70° N. Lat, and 17° 40' and 66° E. Lon., and is bounded on the W. by the Baltic and Prussia, on the S. by the territories of Austria and Turkey, by the Black Sea, and the Caucasian territories of Russia, vvhich are coraprised within the limits of Asia. Its boundaries on the E. and N. are the same as those of Europe. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 1,900 m. ; its greatest estimated breadth, from E. to VV., is above 1,600 m. Area, 2,047,600 sq. m. .Pop. in 1826, 56,500,000. (B.)* [For an account of Asiatic Russia, see Siberia.] American Russia comprehends the N. W. part of N. America, between 54° 40' and 71° 20' N. Lat, and 130° and 168° W. Lon. Area estimated at 500,000 sq. m., including the Aleutian islands and several other groups. Pop. 50,000. (B.) The established religion of Russia is the Greek Orthodox, identical with that ofthe Greeks ofthe Ottoman empire. The government is an absolute and unliraited despotism. St. Petersburg is the capital of the empire. — Adj. Russian, roo'-shun or rush'-un ; Inhab. Rvssia,n and Russ, (poetical). Rustchuk. See Roostchook. Rutherford, ruTH'-er-ford, a co. iu the S. W. part of N. C, border ing on S. C. Pop. 19,202. Co. t Rutherfordton. Rutherford, a co. near the centre of Tenn., S. E. of Nashville. Pop. 24,282. Co. I. Murfreesborough. Rutherglen, pron. rug'-len, a t of Scotland, on the Clyde, 2J m. S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. .5,623. Rut'-land, the sraallest co. of England, situated on the Welland r., about 80 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. 21,302. Rutland, a co. in the W. part of Vt, bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 30,699. Co. t Rutland. Ryde, a seaport t and watering-place of England, situated on the N. E. side of the Isle of Wight Pop. 5,840. Rye, a t. and cinque port of England, in Sussex, 53 m. S. S. E. of London. Lat. 50° 57' N. ; Lon. 0° 44' E. Pop. of borough and parish, 4,031. Saale, sii'-lefe, a r. in the N. W. central part of Germany, flowing inlo the Elbe, near 52° N. Lat, and 12° E. Lon. Saalfeld, siil'-felt, a manufacturing t of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the Saale. Lat. 50° 37' N., Lon. 11° 24' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) SAARBRi)CK,siiR/-briik or Saar-brUck'-bn, a manufacturing t. of Ger- ^ Balbi appears not to include in the area and population of Rusaia in Europe, those portions of the provinces of Caucasus and Georgia, which belong to this section of the globe. .39 458 SAA— SAI Fite, fir, fill, fil ; rai, mi't ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good; many, in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, an affluent of the Moselle. The river is crossed by a stone bridge, whence the name of the town, which signifies " Saar-bridge." Lat 49° 14' N., Lon. about 7° E. Pop., including the suburb of St. John, on the other side of the Saar, 7,200. (B.) Saarlouis, siin-loo'-is, a t and fortress of the Prussian prov. of tbe Rhine, on the Saar, 12 ra. W. N. W. ofthe above town. Pop., includ ing the garrison, about 7,000 (P. C), of which 4,400 belong to the town. Sabine, sab-een', a r. which rises in Texas, and flowing, at first south easterly, then southerly, forms, through a great part of ita course, the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. Sack'-ett's Harbour, a t. and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson CO., on a bay at the E. extremity of L. Ontario. Lat 43° 55' N., Lon. 75° 57' W. Pop. ofthe township of Hounsfield, in which it is situated, 4,146. Saco, sau'-kp, a r. which rises in the E. part of N. H., and, flowing south-easterly into Me., falls into the Atlantic, 14 m. S. W. of Port land. Saco, a port of entry of Maine, in York co., situated on the E. side of the Saco r., 6 ra. frora its mouth. Pop. 4,408. Sagg Harbour, a port of entry of N. Y., in Suffolk co., situated on a bay of the same name. Pop. 3,500. Saghalien. See TarakaK. Sag^-in-aw', a CO. in the eastern part of Mich., on a river and bay of the same name. Pop. 2,103. Co. t Saginaw. Sahara, sa-hi'-ra, also written Zahara, i. e. the " desert," a region of vast extent which occupies the central parts of N. Africa. It extends from the Atlantic, betvveen Cape Noon (Nun), in 28° 46', and the mouths of the Senegal, in about 16° 30' N. Lat, eastward to the valley of the Nile. On the N. it is bounded by the Barbary states, on the S. by the countries watered by the Senegal r. and by Soodan. Of the actual limits, however, on the N. and S., very little is known. The length of the Great Desert from E. to W., is near 3,000 m. ; the breadth, from N. to S., may vary from 700 to 1,500 m. Tbe surface appears to be chiefly composed of sandstone or loose sand : every part is almost or entirely destitute of vegetation. SaId or Saeed. See Egypt. SaIda, si'-di, (Anc. Si'don,) a seaport t of Palestine, celebrated in remote antiquity as one of tho greatest emporiums on the Mediterra nean, and as being the parent city of Tyre. Lat 33° 34' N., Lon. 35° 20' E. Pop. al present estimated at only about 4,000 or 5,000. (M.) SaIgon, si-gon', or SaI-gong' (called by the natives Looknooee), the principal commercial t of the empire of An-nam, cap. of tlie prov. of Tsiampa, on a r. of its own name. Lat. 10° 47' N., Lon. about 107° E. Pop. estimated by Balbi nl 100,000. Saint Denis. See Denis, St. Saint Germain. See Germain, St., and so for all the other arti cles having the prefix o/ Saint. SAI— SAL 459 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Saintes, sSnI, (Anc. Mediola'num ; afterwards San'tones, a t of France ; formerly the cap. of Saintonge, on the r. Charente, which is here crossed by a stone bridge. Lat. 45° 45' N., Lon. 0° 38' W. Pop. 7,823. (M.) Saintonge, saN^-tiNzh', a former prov. of France, now included in the departments of Lower Charente and Charente. Il takes its name from the Santones or Sanloni, by whom it was anciently inhabited. Saladillo, Rio, ree'o si-li-oeel'-yo, i. e. the "Liltle Salt River," the name given lo several small streams of S. America, in La Plata. Salvdo, or Rio Salado, ree'-o si-li'-DO, i. e. " Salt River," the narae ofa nuraber of rivers of S. Araerica, in the republic of La Plata. The principal one rises in the N. W. part of this country, and flowing, at first, south-easterly, and then almost due S., joins the Parana, near 32° 20' S. Lat, and 61° W. Lon. Its whole length is probablv above 1,000 ra. Sal-.a-manc'-a or sil--i-ming'-ki, (Anc. Salraan'tica,) a noted city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Tormes (tor'-mis, — an affluent of the Douro), here crossed by a handsome stone bridge of 27 arches, about one-half of vvhich is the work of the ancient Roraans. At the head of the literary institutions of this town, stands ils cele brated university, founded aboutthe year 1200, vvhich, during the 15th. and 16th centuries, was regarded as the first in Spain, and one of the most distinguished ip Europe, and was attended, it is said, by from 10,000 to 15,000 students. It has of later times greatly declined, and is now but little frequented. Lat 41° 5' N. Lon., 5° 43' W. Pop. stated at 14,000. (B.) S.a'-lbm, a city and port of entry of Mass., and one of the seats of justice of Essex co., 13 m. in a straight line N. E. of Boston, situated on a tongue of land which projects into the sea. It has a fine museura and an athenseum wilh above 12,000 vols. Salem is the second town in Ihe state for wealth and commerce, and possesses, also, extensive manufactures. Lat. 42° 31' N., Lon. 70° 54' W. ' Pop. 15,082. Salem, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 16,024. Co. t Salem. Sal-er'-no or si-leR'-no, (Anc. Saler'num,) an archiepiscopal city of Naples, pleasantly situaied on a gulf of the same name, 23 m. S. E. by E. of the capital. Lat 40° 40' N., Lon. 14° 46' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Saline, sal-een', a co. in the S. central part of Ark., on a r. of the same name, which falls into the Washita. Pop. 2,06}. Co. t Benton. Saline, a co. in the N. W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri. Pop. .5,258. Co. t Jonesborough. Salisbury, saulz'-ber-re, or New Sa'-rum, a city of England, cap. of Wiltshire, on the Avon, 75 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. 10,036. Salonica, sal-o-nee'-ka, (called by the Turks Sel-i-neek'; Anc. Thessaloni'ca) ; a celebrated city and seaport of European Turkey, cap. of a sandjak of the same narae, situated at the N. E. extremity of the Gulf of Salonica. It is surrounded by high white-washed walls, with five gates, and defended by a fortress with seven towers. Its ap- 460 SAL— SAM Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; pearance, when approached from the sea, is very imposing, but the interior presents the irregularity and many of the deformities common to Turkish towns. There are in Salonica a number of highly interest ing monuments of antiquity. One of the gates of the city consists of an ancient triumphal arch. Salonica holds the second commercial rank among the towns of European Turkey, being inferior only to Constan tinople; and is also the seat of some important raanufactures. Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 22° 56' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 70,000. Salonica, Gulf of (Anc. Si'nus Therma'icus), is situated at the N. W. extremity of the iEgean Sea. Length about 70 ra.; greatest breadth above 40 m. Salop. See Shropshire. Salta, sil'-ti, a t. of S. America, in La Plata, cap. ofa stale of the same narae. Lat 34° 10' S., Lon. 64° 20' W. Pop. estimated at 9,000. (B.) SAlt'-coats, a seaport t of Scotland, in Ayrshire, on the Frith of Clyde, 24 m. S. W. of Glasgow. The narae is derived frora the salt works established for the production of salt frora sea-water ; but this business is now nearly abandoned. Pop. 4,238. Sa-lu'-da, a r. of S. C, uniting with the Broad r. to forra the Con garee. Saluzzo, si-loot'-so, a t. of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov. of the same narae, on an affluent of the Po, 34 m. S. S. W. of Turin. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Salvador, St. See Bahia. Sal-win' or Sal-wen' (called by the natives Than-Lyeng or Than- Lweng), a r. in the S. E. part of Asia, which is supposed to rise in China, near 27° N. Lat, and 99° E. Lon.; flowing southerly, it falls into the Gulf of Martaban, a little belovv the town of this name. Though it brings down a great volume of water, it is not navigable in the lower part of its course. The upper portion has not been explored. Salzburg or Saltz'-burg (Ger. pron. silts'-b66R6), an archiepiscopal city of Upper Austria, cap. of a circle — forraerly of a duchy — of the sarae name, on the Salza (sill'-si), an affluent ofthe Inn, 70 m. E. S. E. of Munich. It is surrounded wilh walls and bastions, and bas eight gates. Though irregularly built, tbe town contains several splendid edifices, chiefly in the Italian style. Salzburg has a lyceura (in the place of its former university), with a library of 30,000 vols. ; that belonging to the Monastery of St. Peter contains 40,000 vols. The duchy or principality of Salzburg vvas forraerly governed by archbishops, who possessed very great privileges. It was secularized in 1802, and con verted into an electorate of the German empire, and in 1814 it was united to Austria. Lat. of the town, 47° 48' N., Lon. 13° 1' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Salzwedel, silts'-wi'.d^l.a t of Prussia, cap. of a circle ofthe same name, on an affluent of the Elbe. Lat. 52° 51' N., Lon. 11° 17' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) Sam'-.\-rang' (or Sam'-i^-rang'), a seaport and coraraercial t. on the SAM— SAN 461 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. N. coast ofthe island of Java. Lat about 7° S., Lon. 110° 25' E. Pop. estiraated at from 36,000 to 38,000. (B.) Sam-ar', one ofthe Philippine islands, intersected by the 12th paral lel of N. Lat, and the 125tli raeridian of E. Lon. Length near 150 m. ; greatest breadth about 60 m. Sam^-ar-cand', a celebrated but now decayed city of Asia, in Inde pendent Tartary, situated in a fertile valley, about 120 m. E. of Bok hara. It vvas once the capital of the vast erapire of Taraerlane, when ils pop. is said to have araounted to 150,000. The tomb of that famous conqueror is still in excellent preservation ; his remains repose under a lofty dorae, the walls of which are superbly adorned wilh jasper and agate. Lat. 39° 50' N., Lon. about 6'7° E. Pop. variously estimated at from 10,000 to 30,000, and even 50,000. Sjvmbor, sim'-bor, a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of tbe eame name, on the Dniester. Lat. 49° 32' N., Lon. 23° 17' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Sa'-mos (called by the Turks Soo-sira'), a fertile i. of the Greek ar chipelago, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the parallel of 37° 40' N. Lat. and the 27th meridian of E. Lon. It is separated from the coast of Asia Minor by a strait not 2 ra. in breadth. Length about 30 ra. ; greatest breadth 17 m. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Samos contains several interesting monuments of antiquity ; among others, sorae re raains of the great teraple of Juno, who was worshipped with particular honour in this island, from ils having been (as the Samians raaintained) the place of her birth. — Adj. and inhab. Sa'-mi-an or Sam'-i-ot\ Samp'-son, a CO. in the S. E. central part of N. C, a little E. of Cape Fear'r. Pop. 12,157. Co. t Clinion. Sam-Tiago, soung-te-i'-go, or St. Ja'-go, also written San-Thiago, the largest of tbe Cape Verde Islands, intersected by the 15th parallel of N. Lat, and tbe meridian of 23° 40' W. Lon. Length 36 m. ; greatest breadih 18 m. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Praya is the cap. of this island and ofthe whole group. Sanaa or Sana, si^-ni', a walled city of Arabia, cap. of the prov. of Yemen Proper, about 150 m. N. N. E. of Mocha. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (M.) San-dus'-ky, a r. in the N. part of Ohio, which flows into a bay of the same name, on L. Erie. Sandusky, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 10,182. Co. t. Lower Sandusky. SaNdusky, a port of entry of Ohio, in Erie co., on the shore of San dusky Bay, near its opening into L. Erie. Pop. 1,200. Sand'-wich or sand'-widge, one of the original Cinque Ports of England, in Kent, on the Stour, about 2 m. from its mouth, and 65 m. E. by S. of London. Lat 51° 16' 30" N., Lon. 1° 20' E. Pop. only 2,913. Sandwich Islands, one of the Polynesian groups, situated in the Pacific, between 18° 50' and 22° 20' N. Lat, and 154° 40' and 160° 20' W. Lon. The principal islands are Hawaii, Oahu, Atui, Maui, 39' 462 SAN— SAN Pile, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; Molokai or Morotai,* Nihau, and Lanai or Ranai,* which are noticed under their respective names. The natives of the Sandwich Islands appear to be a branch of the great Malay race. They are of middle stature, and well formed, wilh muscular limbs and open countenances, and seem to possess a large share of intelligence and enterprise. When this group was discovered by Cook, in 1778, the inhabitants were ob served to have made greater progress in civilization than those of the other Polynesian islands. Since their conversion to Christianity, in 1819, the American missionaries have laboured among them wilh dis tinguished success. Books and newspapers are now printed in the na tive language at Honolulu, and even a map of Ihe islands has been engraved at Lahaina, in Maui. Many of the Sandwich Islanders now dress in the European fashion ; and vessels built at Honolulu, manned by natives, traverse the Pacific lo the N. W. coast of America, and lo Canton. — Inhab. Sandwich Islander. Sangamon, sang'-ga-mon", a co. in the centre of II!., intersected by a river of tbe same name, vvhich flows inlo the Illinois. Pop. 14,716. Co. t Springfield. San^-j(-lac', a CO. in the E. S. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron. San Juan. See Porto Rico. San Ju'-AN, or San Juan de la Frontera (Sp. pron. sin Hoo-in' di li fron-ti'-ri), i. e. " St Juan ofthe frontier," a t. of S. America, in La Plata, near the Chilian frontier, remarkable for its wines, which fbrm an imporiant article of commerce. Lat. 31° 4' S., Lon. 63° 57' VV. Pop. estimaled at 16,000. (B.) San Marino, sin mi-ree'-no, a little republic of Italy, under the pro tection of the pope, situated near 43° 55' N. Lat, and 12° 30' E. Lon. Area 22 sq. ra. Pop. 7,600. (M.) Sanciuhar, sank'-er, a sraall but ancienl t of Scotland, in Dumfries shire, on the Nith, 24 ra. N. N. W. of Dumfries. Santa Cruz, san'-ta crooce, or St. Croix, sent-croi',a fertile i. in the W. Indies, belonging to the Danes, near 30 m. in length, and about 8 in. in its greatest breadih. Lat. about 17° 40' N., Lon. near 65° W. Santa Maria, sin'-ti mi-ree'-i, a. t of Naples, in the immediate vicinity of Capua. Pop. estimaled al above 9,000. (B.) Santa Maria, one ofthe Azores or Western Islands, intersected by the 37th parallel ofN. Lat, and the meridian of 25° 10' VV". Lon. * It is stated as a curious fact that the inhabitants of both the Sandwich and Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing between the sounds of/ and r, and of t and k. This does not appear to arise so much from a defect in the organs of speech aa of hearing. It is said that they can utter correctly the sounds of the letters just named, but'that they cannot distinguish them either when spoken by themselves or by others. It appears that the English missionaries in the Sociely Islands first adopted the mode of writing nameslike those above cited with t and r; the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had recourse to a dif ferent orthography, whence arises the diversity of spelling which we find in the best works on the Polynesian islands. In connexion with this subject, it may bo remarked, that in other languages ( and c or k are sometimes changed for each other. Thus in Latin, we find nuncius or nuntius: Lutetia, the ancient name of Paris, appears to have been written also Lucetia (in Greek, Asmsria, Leuketia), and Loticia (AoriKta, Lotikia). SAN— SAP 463 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, neariy like ng'. Santa Marta, sin'-ti ra-iR'-ti, a fortifled seaport t of New Granada, on the Caribbean Sea, with a fine harbour. It is a free port Lat. 11° 20' N., Lon. 74° 8' W. Pop. estimaled at 6,000. (B.) Santa Maura, sin'-ti mou'-ri, (Anc. Leu'cas, or Leuca'dia pro nounced by the modern Greeks lif-k'i-nee'-i,) one of the Ionian Islands, intersected by the parallel of 38° 40' N. Lat, and the raeridian of 20° 40' E. Lon. Length 22 m. ; greatest breadth 9 m. Area about 130 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, including the troops, 17,385. (M.) San'-ta Ro'-gA, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Florida, bordering on Ala. San-tan'-der (Sp. pron. sin-tin-dain'), an iinportant commercial t and seaoort of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, on the S. side of the Bay of Biscay. Lat 43° 28' N., Lon. 3° 42' W. The pop., which has considerably increased of late years, may now be estimated at 30,000. (P. C.) Santarem, sin'-ti-riN', (almost siN'-t-i-reng',) an ancient tof Portu gal, on tbe Tagus, about 50 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has been the residence of several of the Portuguese kings. Lat. 39° 16' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Pop. estimated at about 8,000. (B.) San^-tee', a r. of S. C, forraed by the junction bf the Congaree and Wateree. It flows S. E., and falls into the Atlantic by two mouths, near 33° 6' N. Lat, and 79° 20' W. Lon. Steamboats ascend to Co lumbia, on the Congaree branch. San-Thiago. See Sam-Tiago. Santiago. See Compostela. Santiago, sin-te-i'-go, a city of S. America, cap. of the republic of Chili, situated in an extensive plain, about 50 m. frora the sea, on an affluent of the r. Maypu (mi-poci'). It is regularly and generally well built, and is in fact one of the finest cities in S. America. Il contains an institute, which may be regarded as a university, two high schools for girls, and other important literary establishments. Lat. 33° 25' S., Lon. 70° 40' VV. Pop. estimaled at 60,000. (P. C.) Santos, sin'-tis, a seaport and coraraercial t of Brazil, on the i. of St. Vincent. Lat. 23° 56' S., Lon. about 46° 10' W. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (M.) Saone, sone, a r. of France, which rises in the dep. of Vosges, and, flowing southerly, joins the Rhone at Lyons. SmaU steamboats ascend this river as far as Chalons. Sa6ne, Upper, (Fr. Haute-Saone, 6te sine,) a dep. in the E. N. E. part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 343,398. (B.) Capi tal, Vesoul. Saone and Loire (Fr. Sa6ne-et-Loire, s6ne i IwiR), a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Sadne and Loire. Pop. 538,507. (B.) Capital, Micon. Sap'-tin or Lewis River, a r. of Oregon, which falls into the Co lumbia, near 46° N. Lat. and 119° 40' W. Lon. Length estimated at 800 m. 464 SAR— SAR Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, rait ; pine, or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 56 as in good ; Sar^-a-gos'-s.v (Sp. Zaragoza, thi-ri-go'-thi; Anc. Salduba; after wards Cffisaraugus'ta), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of Aragon, on the left bank of tbe Ebro, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 600 ft. in length, resting on seven arches. This town formeriy contained a number of edifices, distinguished for their magnificence, but the greater part were much injured in the war with the French in the early part of the present century. The church of Nuestra Sefiora del Pilar (nwes'-tri sane-yo'-ri dii pe-laR'), which is still preserved, is a superb building; the principal altar, buUt entirely of alabaster, in tbe Gothic style, is greatly admired as a piece of ancient architecture.. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned the University, founded in 1474, now attended by about 1,500 students. Saragossa will be ever raeraorable for the heroic and alraost unparalleled bravery with which its citizens, under Palafox, resisted the French forces dur ing the peninsular war, in 1808-9. Having been once corapeUed to raise the siege, the eneray returned the ensuing year, with reinforce ments, and, aided by an epidemic wilhin the city, they at length in duced the inhabitants to surrender, by granting them honourable terms. Pop. 43,000. (B.) Sar-a-tof' (Saratow), a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same narae, on the right bank ofthe Volga. It is irregularly built and the houses are mostly of wood. Lat. 61° 31' N., Lon. about 46° E. Pop. *ted at above 41,000. (P. C.) Sak^-a-to'-ga, a CO. in the E. part of N. Y., between and bordering on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Pop. 40,553. Co. t. Ballston. The township of Saratoga, in the E. part of this county, on the Hud son, at the raouth of Fish creek, is raeraorable as the scene of the sur render of Gen. Burgoyne's army to the Americans, under Gen. Gates, on the 17lh of October, 1777. Saratoga Springs, the principal watering place in the U. S., situ ated in the above co., 28 m., in a straight line, N. of Albany. It is an incorporated village, consisting principally of one fine broad street, adorned with trees, with raany large and excellent hotels and boarding houses. A great quantity ofthe mineral waters of Saratoga is bottled and sent lo different parls of the world. Pop. of the township, 3,384. Sar-din'-i-a (It. Sardegna, saR-dane'-yi ; Fr. Sardaigne, saR^-dane'), an important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Sardinian states, between 38° 51' and 41° 17' N. Lat, and 8° 4' and 9° 50' E. Lon. Its form resembles a parallelogram, the longer sides running nearly N. and S. Extrerae length, about 168 ra. ; greatest breadth, near 90 m. Area estimated at 10,000 sq. m., being a trifle larger than Sicily, according to the estimate of some geographers. Pop. 524,633. (M.) The island is generally fertile, but exhibits a considerable va riety of soil : il produces almost all the fruits and vegetables of South ern Europe. A large portion of the surface is hilly and mountainous. The cliraate varies according to the locality: near the coast, the tem perature seldom, if ever, falls below the freezing point, while the sum mits of the mountains in the interior are often capped with snow in SAR— SAU 465 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng. winter. Sardinia is governed by a viceroy appointed by the king. Cagliari is the capital. — Adj. Sar-din'-i-.\n ; inhab. Sard or Sardi nian. Sardinian States (It Stall Sardi, sli'-te saR'-de), the name given to the dorainions of the house of Savoy. This kingdom comprehends, besides the Island of Sardinia, an extensive territory occupying the N. VV. portion of Italy, between 43° 40' and 46° 27' N. Lat, and 5° 38' and 10° 6' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Switzerland, E. by Austrian Italy, and the territories of Parraa, Tuscany, and Modena, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by France. Length, frora S. E. to N. VV., near 250 ra. ; greatest breadih, abova 200 ra. It includes the duchy of Savoy, Piedmont in ils more extensive sense, the duchy of Genoa, and the county or province of Nice. Total area of the kingdom, about 29,000 sq. ra. Pop. 4,650,363. (M.) Area of the continental portion, about 19,000 sq. ra. Pop. about 4,100,000. The prevailing religion of the Sardinian states is Roman Catholicism. The government is a mo narchy, hereditary in the male line ; and though the regal authority is soraewhat circurascribed by a supreme council in the Island of Sardi nia, it is absolute in the continental portion of the kingdom. Turin is the capital. Saree, si^-ree' (Sari), an ancient city of Persia, in the prov. of Maz anderan, a few raUes frora the S. shore ofthe Caspian Sea. Lat. near 36° 30' N., Lon. 53° 10' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) It is said, however, lo have been recently alraost depopulated by the plague. Sab'-no, a t of Naples, at the head of a river of the sarae narae, 13 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Sarthe, saRt, a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected by a r. ofthe same name, which falls into the Mayenne. Pop. 466,383. (B.) Capital, Le Mans. Sa'-ru.™, Old, an ancient and now totally ruined city of England, in Wiltshire, 2ra. N. of Salisbury or New Sarum. It is interesting, as affording a striking example ofthe rotten borough system. It sent two merabers to the house of commons in the tirae of Edward III., and after its total decay, without having a single house or inhabitant, the pro prietor of the land, on which it once stood, vvas still perraitted to exer cise this iraportant privUege, until the passing of the reform act. Sas-katch'-.a-wAn\ a large r. of British America, rising in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing into L. Winnipeg. The whole length, includ ing Nelson r. (the outlet of L. Winnipeg), which may be regarded as its lower portion, is estimated at above l,.500ra. Sassari, sis'-si-re, an archiepiscopal t, cap. of the N. division of the I. of Sardinia, on a sraall r. about 8 m. from the N. W. coast It has a university, besides other literary institutions, and about 20,000 in habilants. (P. C.) Lat. 40° 43' N., Lon. 8° 26' E. Satalieh. See Adalia. Sauk, a co in the S. W. central part of Wisconsin, on the N. W. side of the Wisconsin river. Pop. 102. Saumur, s6^-miiR', an ancient t of France, in the dep. of Maine and 466 SAV— SAV Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, ratt ; pine or pine, pin ; no, nit ; 66, as in good ; Loire, on the Loire (which is here crossed by a stone bridge, nearly 930 ft in length), 28 ra. S. E. of Angers. In the time of the Hugue nots, this town was one of the principal centres of Proleslantisra in France ; and for a time, commerce, learning, and the arts, flourished here. But its prosperity fell with the fall of the Huguenot parly, which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. Saumur was the birth-place of Madame Dacier. Pop. 11,.576. (M.) S.\-van'-nab, a r. of the U. S., which rises, by several branches, on the S. frontier of N. Carolina, where this state borders on S. Carolina and Georgia ; flowing south-easterly, it forms the greater part of the boun dary between S. C. and Ga., and falls into the Atlantic near 32° N. Lat, and 81° W. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 600 m. Il is navigable for large vessels to Savannah, for steamboats of 1.50 tons to Augusta (about 2.50 m. from the sea), and for smaUer vessels, 150 m. further. Savannah, a city and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Chatham Co., and the largest and most coraraercial t6wn in the state, is situated on the right bank of the river of the sarae narae, about 15 m. from its raouth. The streets are wide and regular, with spacious squares, and raany handsorae buildings. Lat 32° 5' N., Lon. 81° 8' W. Pop. 11,214. Save, (Ger. Sau, sou ; Anc. Sa'vus,) a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in Illyria, near 46° 30' N. Lat, and 13° 40' E. Lon. Its general direction is nearly E. S. E. ; after a course of abont 590 m. it joins the Danube, at Belgrade. It is navigable for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons, to the raouth of the Kulha (kool'hi), near 45° 30' N. Lat, and 16° 20' E. Lon. Savona, s-i-vo'-ni, a seaport t of N. Italy, in the Sardinian Slates, on the Mediterranean, 25 m. S. W. of Genoa. Pop. 15,500. (P. C.) Sav'-oy* or sav-oi', (It Savoia, si-voi'-i,) a country of N. Italy, with the title of duchy, between 45° 4' and 46° 25' N. Lat, and 5° 37' and 7° 8' E. Lon. On the N. it borders on L. Leman, and on the W. it is partly bounded by the Rhone, which separates it from France. Area, 4.270 sq. m. Pop. 564,137. (M.) Savoy forms the nucleus of the Sardinian monarchy. Il was governed as early as the 10th century by its own counts, whose descendants acquired Nice, in 1388, and Piedmont in 1418. In 1713, SicUy was added to the dominions of the house of Savoy, then flrst recognized as one of the royal houses of Europe. That island was soon after exchanged for Sardinia, which, at that time, belonged to Austria. — Inhab. Sav^-oy-ard'.-I- * " When the blithe son of Savoy journeying round. With humble wares and pipe of merry sound. From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hies, And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies." Rogers's Pleasures of Memory. t We very frequently hear this word pronounced Savoy'ard, but we believe that the accentuation given above, is generally adopted by the best speakers. " That stern yet kindly spirit who constrains The Savoyard to quit his naked rocks." Wordsworth's Excursion, Book 1. SAX— SCA 467 ou, as in our ; th, as m thiyi ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Saxe-Altenburg — il'-len-bui'g\ (Ger. Sachsen-Allenburg, s-ik'-sen- il'-ten-bo6RG\) a small duchy of Germany, between 50° 44' and 51° 6 N. Lat, and 11° 20' and 12° 40' E. Lon. It consists of two nearly equal portions, separated from each other by the territory of Reuss. Area, 483 sq. ra. Pop. 121,590. (P. C.) Altenburg is the capital. Saxe-Co'-burg-Gotha, (Ger. Sachsen-Coburg-Golha, sik'-sen ko'- b66RG go'-ti,) a duchy of Germany, consisting chiefly of two large por tions, viz. the principalities of Coburg (see Coburg), and Gotha. The latter is principaUy between 50° 35' and 51° 6' N. Lat, and 10° 20' and 11° E. Lon. Area about 590 sq. m. Pop. 96,658. Total area of the duchy, about 790 sq. ni. Total pop. near 138,000. (P. C.) Gotha is the capital. Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, sax-ml'-ning-en hill-booRQ-hou'- zen, a duchy of Germany, coraposed of the ancient duchy Meiningen, the principalities of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld, and some other dis tricts. It lies chiefly between 50° 12' and 50° 53' N. Lat, and 10° 7' and 11° 40' E. Lon. Area about 882 sq. ra. Pop. 144,294. (P. C.) Saxe-Weimar or Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, sax-wi'-raar-i'-zen-iK, (Ger. Sachsen-Weiraar, sik-sen-wi'-mar,) a grand-ducby of Germany, consisting ofthe two principalities of Weimar and Eisenach, composed of several detached portions, between 50° 25' and 51° 30' N. Lat, and 9° .50' and 1'2° 15' E. Lon. Area about 1,400 sq. m., ofwhich Eisenach occupies about 445. Total pop. 245,813. (P. C.) Weimar is the cap ital. Sax'-o-ny (Ger. Sachsen, sik'-sen), in its largest sense, is used to designate an extensive country in the N. of Germany, stretching from the Weser, on the W., to the frontiers of Poland, on the E. Its limits appear never lo have been definitely and permanently settled. It was formerly considered to include Westphalia. The name properly de notes the country of the Saxons ; and as the boundaries of their dorai- nion often changed with the changing tide of conquest, vve may readily understand why the appellation of Saxony has been so variously and vaguely applied. Saxony, Kingdom of, a slate in the central part of Germany, be- t. veen .50° 10' and 51° 28'N. Lat, and 11° 55' and 15° 3' E. Lon. Length above 140 m.; greatest breadih about 7.5 ra. Area 5,738 sq. ra. Pop. 1,65"2,114. (P. C.) The governraent is an hereditary limited monarchy. Dresden is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sax'-on. Saxony, Prussian, a prov. of the Prussian dominions, consisting of the Saxon territories formerly belonging to Prussia, together with those which were dismembered frora the kingdom of Saxony in 1815. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by the kingdom of Saxony, and W. by Hesse, Brunswick, and Hanover. Ils form is very irregular : the area falls but little short of 10,000 sq. m. Scan-der-oon', Gulf of, forms the N. E. extreraity of the Mediter ranean. It is near 40 m. long and 30 m. broad. Scanderoon or Iskenderoom. See ALEXANDRETrA. 408 SCA— SCH Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt; p'.ne or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Scan-di-na'-vi-an Peninsula comprehends the N.W. portion ofEu-_ '-ope, between 55° 20' and 71° 6' N. Lat, and 5° and 31° E. Lon. It is chiefly included between the Baltic, on the E., and the Atlantic, on the W. and N. W. Length near 1,200 m. ; breadth about 470 m. The greater portion of il is covered with sterile mountains, and it is in general thinly inhabited. The appellation is derived frora Scandina via, the ancient name of this country, or at least of that portion of it which was known to the Romans. Scania. See Skane. Scar'-bc-rouqh, a seaport I. of England, in the N. Riding of York shire, on the N. Sea, 36 m. N. E. of York. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 3 sq. ra., 10,060. Schaffhausen, shif-hou'-zen, (Fr. Schaffhouse, EhiP-ooz',) the most northern of the Swiss cantons, situated on the N. side of the Rhine. Area 116 sq. m. Pop. 31,1-25. (M.) Schaffhausen, a walled t of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton, on the Rhine, about 50 rn. E. by N. of Basle. It possesses a college, with ten professors ; a gyranasiura ; a town library, containing the books belonging to the celebrated Miiller, a native of this place ; and other instilutions. For the Falls of Schaffhausen, see Rhine. ScHAUMBURG-LlPPE. See LiPPE-SciIAUENBUHG. Scheldt, skelt, (Dutch, Schelde, sKel'-dc/j ; Fr. Escaut es^-k6'; Anc. Scal'dis ;) a r. that rises in France, in the dep. of Aisne, and, flowing into Belgium, with a general N. N. E. course, passes Antwerp, a few miles below which town it divides into two arms, called the East and the West Scheldt. Ils length is estimated at 210 m. Ships of war can ascend to Antwerp (where the tide rises 12 feet), and small boats to Cambray, which is only about 20 ra. from the source of the rjver. Schelestadt, shell-es-tid', (Anc. Elce'bus or Elce'bum,) a manufac turing t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the IU, an affluent ofthe Rhine, 26 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg. The invention of glazing earthenware is ascribed lo this town. Pop. in 1831, 9,384. (P.C.) Schemnitz, shem'-nils, (Hung. Selraecz Banya, shil-mtts biin-y6A,) an important mining town of Hungary, on a river of the same name, 46 m. N. by E. of Gran. Its gold and silver mines are considered as the richest in Hungary. Lat 48° 27' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Pop. above 22,000. (B.) Schenectady, sken-ek'-ta-de, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., inter sected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 17,387. Schenectady, a city ofN. Y., cap. ofthe above co., 16 m. N. W. of Albany. Lat. 42° 48' N., Lon. 73° .55' W. Pop. 6,784. Schenectady is the seat of Union College, a flourishing institution, founded in 1795. Schiedam, sKee-dim', a t of S. Holland, on the Schie (sKee), an affluent ofthe Meuse or Maas, 3 m. W. of Rotterdam . Ilhas acquired a celebrity not very creditable, from its being the great centre of the SCH— SCH i ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, neariy like ng. gin manufticture in the kingdora of HoUand. Lat 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 24' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Schirvan. See Shirvan. Schleswig. See Sleswick. Schoa. See Shoa. Schoharie, ^o-liar'-re, a co. in the E. S. E. or S. E. central part of N. Y., VV. of Albany. Pop. 32,358. Co. t Schoharie. Schouwen, skou'-Wqd, an i. of Holland, on the right side of the E. Scheldt, at ils niouth, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand. Schuyler, ski'ler, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 6,972. Co. t. Rushville. Schuylkill, skool'-kill, a r. which rises in the E. part of Pa., and flowing south-easterly, falls inlo the Delaware about 6 ra. S. of Phila delphia. Its whole length is estimated at 120 m. It is navigable for sloops to Philadelphia, but a little above ihat city there are falls ; yet by ' means of lockage, dams, and side-canals, boats may ascend to PurtCarr..^ bon, above Pottsville. ' Schuylkill, a co. in the E. part of Pa., on the sources of the above river. Pop. 29,053. Co. t Orwigsburg. Schwabach, shvvi'-baK, a thriving raanufacturing t of Bavaria, on a r. of tlie same narae, an affluent of the Regnitz, 9 m. S. S. W., of Nu remberg. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) ;•*;-, .- •Schwarzburg, shwarls'-burg or shvviRls'-b66Ra, a principality in the central part of Germany, consisting of , two principal portions,- the more southern of which is called the Upper County, the more north ern, the Lower County. The former lies between 53° 34' and 50° 55' N. Lat, and 10° 50' and 11° 23' E. Lon. The Lower County is situ ated between 51° 13' and 51° 27' N. Lat, and 10° 32' and 11° 16' E. Lon. The house of Schwarzburg is now divided into two branches, Rudolstadt (roo'-dol-stilt), and Sondershausen (son'-ders-hou'-z?n), each of which has a part both of the Upper and the Lower County. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt contains an area of 408 sq. m. Pop. 65,600. (M.) Rudolstadt, the capital, on the Saale, has a pop. of 4,000. (B.) Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen, possesses a territory of 360 sq. m. in ex tent and about .54,000 inhabitants. (M.) Sondershausen, witb a pop. of 3,600 (B.), is the capital. Schweidnitz, shwite'-nits, a fortified t of Prussian Silesia, on the Weislritz (wice'-trits), an afHuent of the Oder. Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 16° 27' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) '• Schwerin, shwi-reen', a t ofN. Gerraany, cap. ofthe grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the W. side of a lake of its own name. Among the remarkable buildings, we may raention the ducal palace, containing a fine picture-gallery and rauseum. Lat. 53° 36' N., Lon. 11° 30' E. Pop. above 13,000. (P. C.) Schwitz or Schwyz, shwits, a canton in the N. E. central part of Switzerland, which has given its narae to the whole confederation. It, is intersected by the 47tli parallel ofN. Lat, and the meridian of 8° 50' E. Lon., and borders on the L. of Lucerne. Area, 341 sq. m. Pop. 40 470 SCI— SCO Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; 40,650. (P. C.) Schwitz, the capital, stands about 3 m. N. E. of the L. of Lucerne, and has a pop. of about 4,000. Scil'-ly Islands, a group belonging to England, lying about 30 m. W. by S. from Land's End. There are a great nuraber of islets and rocks, but only a few islands ofany iraportance ; St Mary's, the largest, contains between 2 and 3 sq. m. The pop. ofthe entire group in 1831 was only 2,465. (M.) Sci'-o, or sliee'-o, (Mod. Gr. Chio (Xi.o),Hee'-o ; Anc. Chi'os ;) a firtile and beautiful i. belonging to Turkey, in the .Slgean Sea, inter sected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat, and the 26lh raeridian of E. Lon., and separated from Asia Minor by the Strait of Scio, which is about .5 m. wide. Length about 35 m.; greatest breadth 13 m. In 1820 the pop. was estimaled at 100,000, bul, in consequence of so many of the inhabitants having been massacred or carried into slavery, in the late Greek war, it has been reduced, it is said, to less than 20,000. (P. C.) The wine of Chios is celebrated as among the best in the Le vant, and it had the sarae reputation in ancient times. Chios claims the honour of having given birth to Homer. — Adj. and inhab. Chiot, kee'-ot ; or Chi'-.jn. when the ancient island is referred to. Sci-o'-TO, a r. of Ohio, which rises in the S. W. central part of the state, and, flowing at flrst south-easterly, and afterwards nearly S., falls inlo the Ohio r. at Portsmouth. It is about 200 ra. long, and is navigable for boats 130 m. Scioto, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, at the month of the above r. Pop. 11,192. Co. t Portsmouth. Scot'-lan'D, a country occupying the northern portion of the island of Great Britain, between 54° 38' and 58° 41' N. Lat, and 1° 46' and 6° 13' W. Lon. It is bounded on all sides by tbe sea, except on the S., where it is separated from England by Solway Frith, the Cheviot hills and the Tweed. Length, frora N. to S., about 280 m. ; greatest breadih above 170 m. Area 26,014 sq. m. Pop. 2,450,764; ofthe islands be longing to Scotland, 169,420 ; total, 2,620,184. The kingdom, with ils dependencies, is divided inlo 32 counties. Before the accession of ¦Tames VI. (afterwards James I. of England), to the English throne, in 1603, Scotland constituted an independent kingdom. Till the Union, which was consuramated in the reign of queen Anne, though under the same sovereign with England, it still had its own parliament. Ac cording to the Articles of Union, ratified Jan. 16, 1707, the peerage of Scotland is represented in the house of lords of the United Kingdom by 16 peers, chosen by the whole body of Scotch peers at the coramence ment of each parliament. The counties were to be represented by 30 members in the house of commons, and the boroughs by 15 members. This arrangement continued till 1832, when the borough representation received an addition of 8 members, making in all 53. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, and was formerly the residence of the Scottish kings. — Adj. Scotch or Scot'-tish ; inhab. Scot or Scotch'-m.\n. Scotland, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on Iowa. SCO— SEG 471 ou, as in our ; tb, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, neariy like ng. ScorT, a CO. near the S. W. extreraity of Va., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,.303. Co. t Estillville. Scott, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 1,653. Co. seat, HUlsborough. ScoTT, a CO. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on the Indian terri tory. Pop. 1,694. Co. t Booneville. ScoTT, a CO. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., E. of Frankfort Pop. 13,668. Co. t Georgetown. ScoTT, a CO. in the S. part of Ind., near the Ohio r. Pop. 4,'242. Co. t Lexington. Scott, a co. in the W. part of III., E. of, and bordering on the Illi nois r. Pop. 6,21.5. Co. t Winchester. Scott, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Mis sissippi r. Pop. 5,974. Co. t. Benton. Scott, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 2,140. ScRiv'-BN, a CO. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 4,794. Co. t Jacksonborough. Scutari, scoo'-ti-re, (called ly the Turks Is^-koo-daR' ; Anc. Chry- Eop'olis,) a commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, of which it is regarded as a suburb. Pop. estimated at 35,000. (B.) Scutari ('PurE. Is-kan-der-ee'y§h ; Illyrian, Sco'-dra), a town and for merly an important fortress of European Turkey, in Albania, on a lake of its own name. Lat. about 42° N., Lon. 19° 30' E. The pop. which perhaps formerly amounted to 35,000 or 40,000, cannot, at pre sent, exceed 20,000. (B.) Sear'-cy, a co. in the N. part of Ark., a little S. W. of White r. Pop. 936. Sebastian, St., sent se-bast'-yun, (Sp. pron, San Sebastian, sin si- bis-te-in'), a seaport t and fortress of Spain, cap. of Guipuzcoa, on a tongue of land which projects into the Bay of Biscay. It was burnt by the English and Portuguese, in 1813, and has since been rebuilt on a regular plan, and is now one of the handsomest towns in Spain. Lat. 43° 19' 30 " N. Lon. 1° 58' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Sedan, sed-iN', a fortified t of France, the largest in the dep. of Ar dennes, on the Meuse, 13 m. E. S. E. of Mezieres. Il has been noted for its wooUen manufactures since the tirae of Louis XIV. Lat. 49° 42' N„ Lon. 4° .58' E. Pop. 14.000. (B.) * Seevas, coramonly written Sivas, see~-vis', (Anc. Cabi'ra; after wards Sebas'le,) a t of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet of its own narae. Lat 39° 20' N., Lon. about 37° E. Pop. uncertain: it is said to contain about 6,000 families. (P. C.) See'-wah (Siwah), the raodern name of the oasis of Ammon, once so celebrated for its temple and oracle of Jupiter. The town of See wah is in 29° 12' N. Lat, and 26° 17' E. Lon. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Sego, a city of Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Bambarra, on both 472 SEG— SEN Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mil ; p'me, or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; sides of the Joliba, near 13° N. Lat. and 5° W. Lon. Pop. estimated by Park at about 30,000. (P. C.) Segorbe, si-goR'-bi, (Anc. Segob'riga), a t of Spain, in Valencia, re markable for its Roraan antiquities. Lat. 39° 54' N., Lon. 0° 30' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Se-go'-vj-.a (Sp. pron. s'l-go'-ve-i), an ancient city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated 48 in. N. N. W. of Madrid. It is surrounded by thick walls, buUt by the Moors, and strengthened at in tervals with turrets. Among its public buildings may be mentioned the vast and handsome Caih- dral, and the Mint said to be the oldest place of coinage in the kingdom. Among other antiquities, there is an aqueduct, above 2,100 ft. in length, supposed lo have been built by Trajan. Lat. 41° N., Lon. 4° 7' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Seine, sane, (Anc. Seq'uana,) an important r. of France, which rises ill tho dep. of Cdte d'Or, and, flowing in a general north-westerly course, falls into the English Channel (La Manche), in about 49° 27' N. Lat, and 0° 4' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated by Malte Brun at 470 ra. Vessels of 2.50 and 300 tons can ascend to Rouen ; the shifting sands at the mouth of the river impede the ascent of larger vessels. The Seine is navigable for boats drawing 6 ft. water, to Paris, arid for sraaller ones as far as Mery (mir'-re'), in the dep. of Anbe. The course of the river below Paris is extremely tortuous, so that the distance lo Rouen by water is probably 3 or 4 times as great as it is in a direct line. Steamboats take two days for the descent, and four for the ascent : those passing between Paris and Havre require nearly double the time. (P. C.) Seine, a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, intersected by the above river. Though the smallest, it is tbe most populous depart ment in the kingdom. Pop. 1,106,391. (B.) Capital, Paris.^ Seine, Lower (Fr. Seine Inferieure, sane aN^-fi^-re-UR'), a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Seine and tfie English Channel. Pop. 720,.525. (B.) Capital, Rouen. Seine and Marne (Fr. Seine-et-Marne, sane i raaRn), a dep. in the N. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Seine and Marne. Pop. 325,881. (B.) Capital, Melun. Seine and Oise (Fr. Seine-et-Oise, sane i wiz — almost wize), a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, on the rivers Seine and Oise. Pop. 449,582. Capital, Versailles. Sel'-kirk, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Scotland, about 30 m. S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 7,990. Also, a small t, cap. of the above, on the Ettrick, an affluent of the Tweed, 31 ra. S. S. E. of Edinburgh. Sem'-lin, a commercial t ofthe Austrian empire, in Slavonia, on the Danube, 3 m. N. W.of Belgrade. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Sempach, sem'-piK, a little t of Switzerland, in the canton of Lu cerne, on the E. side of a lake to which it gives its name, memorable for a victory gained in its vicinity in 1386, by a Swiss band of about 1,400 men, over an Austrian force of nearly three times that jiumber. Sen'-e-oa, u co. in thc W. central part of N. Y., lying chiefly be- SEN— SER 473 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. tween the Seneca and Cayuga lakes. Pop. 24,874. Co. towns, Ovid and Waterloo. Seneca Lake, a lake in the VV. central part of N. Y., 6 or 7 ra. W. of the Cayuga Lake, about 35 ra. long, and frora 2 lo 4 ra. wide. Steamboats pass up and down it daily in the sumraer season. Seneca, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r. Pop. 18,128. Co. t Tiffin. Sen^-e-gAi/, a large r. of W. Africa, the sources of which have not been explored. It is formed by the union ofthe Ba (hi)* Fing and the Ba Wooliraa (or Oolema), which takes place near 14° 10' N. Lat, and 10° 30' W. Lon. About 15 ra. below, there is a cataract called the Feeloo Falls, said to be 80 ft. in height The general course of the river is at first N. W., and afterwards W. ; it enters the Atlantic by two channels, between 16° and 16° 40' N. Lat, and near 16° 30' W. Lon. It is navigable for vessels drawing 10 or 1'2 ft. water, as far as Podor, near'15° W. Lon., and for boats several hundred railes further. The tide is perceptible in the Senegal, for upwards of 60 leagues inland. (M.) Sen-e-gam'-bi-a, a narae given by geographers to a region on the W. coast of Africa. Originally, it was applied to the countries settled by Europeans, between the Senegal and Gambia ; but it is now used to designate the whole of that part of Africa which is W. of Soodan, and between the Great Desert and Guinea, lying between the lOlh and 17th parallels ofN. Lat, and the 6tb and 18th meridians of W. Lon. — Adj. Sen-e-gam'-bj-an. Senlis, siN^-lees', (Anc. Augustom'agus, afterwards SUvanec'tes,) a t of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the Nonette, an affluent of the Marne, 27 ra. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 2° 35' E. Pop. 5,016. (P. C.) Sennaar, sen-niir', a country in the N. E. part of Africa, belonging to Egypt, situated at the junction of the two great branches of the Nile, S. of 16° N. Lat. Its boundaries are iraperfectly known. It was forraerly an independent state, and one of the raost powerful in that part of Africa. Sens, sSn, (Anc. Agen'dicum or Agedin'cum, afterwards Sen'ones,) a commercial and manufacturing t of France, and the seat of an arch bishopric, situated in the dep. of Yonne, on the river Yonne. Lat. 48° 12' N., Lon. 3° 17' E. Pop. 9,029. (M.) Ser'-am-pobe' or Serampoor, a t of Hindostan, belonging to the English, on the river Hoogly, about 12 m. above Calcutta. Here is a Protestant missionary station, with a press, in vvhich nuraerous transla tions of the Bible have been printed ; and a coUege for instructing the natives in the European and Asiatic languages. Lat. 22° 45' N., Lon. 88° 26' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Till lately, this t belonged to the Danes. Seres, sir'-es, an archiepiscopal t of European Turkey, 47 m. N. E. • Ba, signifies "water" or "river:" it is probably from the same root as bahr in /Vrabic, and ab or aub in Persian. 40* 474 SER-SEV Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; of Salonica, remarkable as the centre of the cotton culture in this part of the Ottoman empire. It has raanufactures in cotton and linen, and carries on an active trade. Lat 41' 4' N., Lon. "23° 36' E. Pop. esti mated at 30,000 (B.), which nuraber, however, is reduced to 15,000 in summer, on account of the insalubrity of the situation. Seringapatam, ser-ing'-ga-pa-tara', a decayed t and fortress of Hindostan, forraerly the cap. of Mysore, on a small i. in the Cauvery. Lat. 12° 25' N., Lon. 76° 42' E. In its immediate vicinity is a mag nificent raausoleura, built by Hyder Aii, under which are interred his remains and those of his son 'Pippoo Saib. The pop., which, under Hyder Aii and Tippoo, was estimaled at 150,000, was reduced, in 1820, to less than 10,000. (B.) Seringham. See 'I'richonopoly. Servan, Saint, saN stR^-viN', a well-built seaport t of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, on the Ranee, at its mouth, in the English Channel, a little S. of St. Malo. Lat 48° 38' N., Lon. 2° VV. Pop., including the comraune, 9,948. (M.) Ser'-vi-.\ (Turk. Seerb Vil-i-yet'-ee), a principality in the central part of Turkey in Europe; bounded on the N. and N. E. by the Aus trian dominions and Wallachia, from which it is divided by the Save .and the Danube, E. by Bulgaria, S. by Roomelia, and W. by Bosnia. Length, frora E. to W., about 170 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 160 ra. The pop. is vaguely estiraated at between half a mUlion and a million of inhabitants, who are mostly of the Greek church. The Servians enjoy at present a considerable degree of liberty, and possess the exclusive right of taxing themselves. In return they pay a fixed amount of tribute yearly to the Ottoman emperor. Belgrade is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Ser'-vj-.an. Setubal, si-too'-bil, or St. Ubes, ubz, a seaport and commercial t of Portugal, in the prov. of Estremadura, on a bay of its own name. Lat 38° 29' N, Lon. 8° 53' W. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) Sev^-as-to'-pol, a fortified seaport t of European Russia, and the principal station ofthe Russian fleet in the Black Sea, situated on tbe W. coast of the Criraea. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 33° 30' E. Pop. 10,000, exclusive of about 30,000 troops, who are eraployed on the fortifications, or encamped about the town. (P. C.) Sev'-ern, originally called Hafren, the second r. of England in magnitude and iraportance. It rises on the E. side of Mount Plinlim'- mon, in Montgomeryshire, Wales, and, flowing at first north-easterly, then E., afterwards south-easterly, and at last south-westerly, term" nates in a wide estuary or bay called the Bristol Channel, after a course of about 200 m. It is naviga ble to Welshpool, in the E. part of Mont gomeryshire, a distance of above 170 m. The Bristol Channel is near 80 m. in length, and 50 lu. in its greatest breadth. Sevibr, sev-eer', a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on Red r. and the Indian Territory. Pop. 2,810. Co. t Paraclifta. Sevier, a co.in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,443. Co. t. Sevierville. SEV— SHA 475 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Sev'-ille* or Se- ville' (Sp. Sevilla, si-veel'-yi; Anc. Ispalis or Hispalis; Arab. Ishbeelia); an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of a prov. ofthe sarae name, on the Guadalquivir, 66 in. N. N. E. of Cadiz, and about 230 ra. S. S. VV. of JNladrid. Among many remarkable edi fices vvhich adorn this city, may be mentioned the Cathedral, a magni ficent and imposing structure, said to be the largest church in Spain ; the belfry of the cathedral is a lofty square tower, having on its top a colossal bronze statue of Faith, 14 ft high, and bearing a flag and palm branch, which, though of the enormous weight of 3,600 pounds, turns on a pivot, and is so delicately poised as to indicate the slightest varia tion of the wind, whence the tower has received the name of Giralda (ne-ril'-di) or " Weathercock ;" the height of the top of the statue from the ground is about 330 English feet: and the Alcazar (il-ki'-thar — in Arabic Al Kisr), the ancient palace of the Moorish kings. The most remarkable of the raonuraents of antiquity is the Canos de Carraona (kin'-yoce di kaR-rao'-ni), a superb aqueduct with 410 arches, built by the Romans, and restored by the Moors ; it still supplies the city wilh water. Seville possesses a university, founded in 1502; a celebrated school of navigation, called San-Telrao; and raany other establish ments for education. Lat. 37° 24' N., Lon. 5° 48' W. Pop. about 91,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Sevilian, se-vil'-yun; (Sp. Sevillano, si-veel-yi'-no.-l Sevre, saivr, the narae of two small rivers in the W. of France, one of which, the Sevre Nanlaise (niN^-laze'), flows inlo the Loire, near Nantes ; the other, called tlie Sevre Niorlaise (ne-OR^-taze') passes by Niort, and falls into the sea, 33 m. W. of that town. Sevres, The Two (Fr. Deux-Sevres, duA saivr), a dep. in the W. of France, which derives ils name from the above rivers. Pop. 304,105. (B.) Capital, Niort Shan'-non, the largest and most important r. in Ireland ; it rises in the N. W. part ofthe co. of Cavan, and, flovving al first southerly, and afterwards south-westerly, falls into the Atlantic, near 52° 30' N. Lat, and 10° W. Lon. In its course it traverses several lakes, the principal of which are Lough Allen, Lough Ree, and Lough Derg. Towards its termination, the river widens into an estuary from 1 or 2 to 10 m. broad. The whole length of the Shannon is about 220 m., and it is navigable for 214 m., or to within 6 or 7 m. of its source ! (M.) Shannon, a large co. in the south-eastern part of Mo. SHATTf-BL-ARAB, shit-cl-i'-rib, a r. of Persia, formed by the union of * " Fair is proud Seville ; let her country boast Her strength, her wealth, her site of ancient days," Childe Harold, Canto I. - By what reasoning my poor mind Was from the old idolatry reclaimed, None better knows than Seville's mitred chief. Southey's Roderick, Book XX. t Shatt or Shat signifies the bank qf a river subject lo inundation. 476 SHE— SHI Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; the Tigris and Euphrates: it discharges itself into the Persian Gulf by numerous mouths. Length about 130 rn. She-boy'-gan, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Mi chigan. Pop. 133. Siii-;er-ness', a small seaport t, fortress, and royal dockyard of Eng land, in Kent at the confluence of the Medway and Tharaes, 37 ra. E. by S. of London. Shef'-field, an iraportant raanufacturing t of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 29 m. S. of Leeds, and 140m. N. N. W. of Lon don. It has coramunication, by railroads and canals, with all thc prin cipal towns of England. The Don, which is navigable to within 3 m. of the town, is connected with it by a side canal. Rich mines of coal and iron exist in the vicinity, and have given direction lo the manufac turing industry of the place. Cutlery forms the principal branch of business ; and, in this manufacture, Sheffield stands before every other town in the British empire. Pop. 63,186. Shel'-by, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., W. of, and bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 6,112. Co. t. Columbiana, Shelby, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 14,721. Co. t. Raleigh. Shelby, a co. in the N. part of Ky., E. of LouisviUe. Pop. 17,768. Co. t Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 12,154. Co. t Sidney. Shelby, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., a little S. E. of India napolis. Pop. 12,005. Co. t Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the S. E. central part of III., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 6,659. Co. t Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Missis sippi r. Pop. 3,056. Co. t Shelbyville. Shen^-an-do'-ah, a r. in the N. E. part of Va., which flows into the Potomac, at Harper's Ferry. ^ Shenandoah, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., W. of, and bordering on the above r. Pop. 11,618. Co. t Woodstock. Shet'-l.j.nd, a group of islands, about 120 m. N. E. of the N. extre mity of Scotland, which, excluding the two detached islands, called Foula and Fair Isle, lie between 59° 52' and 60° 50' N. Lat, and 0° 45' and 1° 45' W. Lon. Total area estimated at 880 sq. m. Pop. 30,.553. Sni-A-wis'-SEE, a CO. in tbe S. E. central part of Mich., on a r. of the same name, which flows into the Saginaw r. Pop. 2,103. Co. t. Corunna. Shields, South, a seaport t. of England, on the Tyne, near its mouth, about 8 m. below Newcastle. Pop., including the chapelry of Wesloe, 23,072. Shiraz, she^-rSz' or shee'-raz, a celebrated but decayed city of Per sia, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated in a beautifiil and fertile SHI— SIB 477 ou, as in our ; th, as in Ihin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. vaUey, a liltle raore lhan 200 m. S. S. E. of Ispahan. Lat 29° 36' N., Lon. 52° 44' E. Fop. probably about 30,000. (B.) ¦ Shirvan, shir^-vin', (Schirvan,) lately a prov. of Persia, now belong ing to Russia. It borders on Georgia and the Caspian Sea. Shoa, sho'-i, (or Shwa,) an independent kingdora in the S. part of Abyssinia. Having suffered less frora civil wars, it appears to be more populous, and better cultivated, than the other parts of that extensive country. Shoomla (Schumla), shoom'-li, sometimes written Shoomna, a magu- facluring and commercial t. and important fortress of European Tur key, on the road between Roostchook and Constantinople, about 190 tn. N. N. W. of the latter town. Lat 43° 15' N., Lon. near 27° E. Pop. estimated at frora 20,000 lo 30,000. (B. and M.) Shoos'-ter or Shu'-ster, a decayed city of Persia, forraerly the cap. of the prov. of Khoozistan, on the Karoon. Lat. 32° N., Lon. about 49° E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Shrewsbury, shroze'-ber-re, or shruze'-bgr-re, a t. of England, cap. of Shropshire, on the Severn, 138 m. N. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, including an area of about 23 sq. m., 18,285. Shrop'-shire, called otherwise the county of Sa'-lop, a co. in the W. part of England, intersected by the Severn, and bordering on Wales. Pop. 239,043. Shumla. See Shoomla. Shuster. See Shooster. Si-am' or se^-am' (called, by the Birraese, Yoo'-dri), an extensive country of Chin-India, between 5° and 20° N. Lat, and about 98° and 104° E. Lon. Its extent and boundaries, especially towards the N., are very imperfectly known : on the W. it borders on the r. Tenasserira and the British provinces of this name ; on the S. it is bounded by in dependent Malacca and the Gulf of Siam. Population estimated at 3,600,000. (B.) Siam is extremely rich in natural productions. Rice is particularly abundant, and is exported in large quantities. The fruits of this country ar# noted for their richness and exquisite flavour. Boodhism is the prevailing religion of the Siaraese. The govern ment is an absolute despotism. Capital, Bangkok. — -Adj. and inhab. Si-AM-BgE'. Siam, Gulp of, is situated between the Malay peninsula, on the W., and Cambodia on the E. Length, about 500 m. ; greatest breadth, 350 ra. > Si-be'-ri-a, a vast territory belonging to Russia, and occupying the whole northern part of the Asiatic continent II is situated between 47° 30' and 77° 40' N. Lat, and 59° and 190° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the Chinese erapire and Independent Tartary, and W. by Europe. Length, from B. to W., about 4,000 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S., near 2,000 m. Area estimated at 5,3.33,000 sq. ra. The pop., including the Circassian pro vinces, was estimated by Balbi, in 1826, at 3,600,000. — Adj. and inhab. Si-be/ -j-an. 478 SIC— SIL Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mtt ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ; Sicily, sis'-sil-e, (Anc. SicU'ia ; It Sicilia, se-chee'-le-i.) the most iinportant i. in tbe Mediterranean, forraing a part of the Neapolitan kingdom, situated between 36° 38' and 38° 19' N. Lat, and 12° 25' and 15° 40' E. Lon. It is separated from the S. extreraity of Italy by the Strait (or Faro) of Messina, which, in its narrowest part is only about 2 m. wide. Ils form resembles a triangle, whence it was called by the ancients Trinacria.* Length, a little more than 180 m. ; greatest breadth, measuring from the N. E. to the S. E. angle of the island, 117 m. Area estimated at 9,90!) sq. ra. Pop. in 1836, above 2,000,000. (P. C.) SicUy has always been noted for ils fertility, and was an ciently regarded as the granary of Rome. Palermo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sicilian, se-sil'-yun. Sid'-mouth, a watering place and small seaport t of England, in Devonshire, 13 ra. E. S. E. of Exeter. Si-en'-n.a, or, more properly, Siena, se-en'-i, (Anc. Bo'na Ju'lia, or simply Sena,) an archiepiscopal city of Central Italy, in Tus cany, cap. of a prov. of its own name, 30 ra. S. by W. of Florence. Araong its public edifices may be raentioned the Cathedral, which is one of the oldest in Italy, and may be regarded as a gallery of the flne arts, being richly adorned vvith the most superb productions in sculp ture and painting ; the pavement is a kind of mosaic-work : Siena has a university, attended by about ,300 students, a town library of 50,000 vols., and several other institutions for the promotion of learning. In the raiddle ages, Siena was the capital of a republic which acted a conspicuous part in the drama of those times. In the early part ofthe 14th century, the pop. of the town and suburbs amounted to 130,000. (P. C.) Lat 43° 2-2' N., Lon. 11° 10' E. Present pop. about 19,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Si'-en-EiSie'. Si-ER'-R.i Le-o'-ne (properly Leona), a cape on the VV". coast of Africa, near 8° 30' N. Lat. also, an English colony in its vicinity, established in 1787. Since the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807, the slaves captured by the British cruisers have been settled here, and these now form much the largest portion Uf the population of the colony. The cliraate on this part of the African coast is singularly unhealthy, owing to a combination of extreme humidity with a uni formly high temperature. Pop. in 1839, about 42,000. (P. C.) Free town, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the r. Sierra Leone, near its mouth. Lat. 8° 30' N., Lon. 13° 15' W. Pop. above 6,000, among whora are about 120 Europeans. (P. C.) Sigmaringen. See Hohenzollern. Silesia, si-lee'-she-ij,, (Ger. Schlesien, shli'-se-cn ; Polish, Szlask, shliNsk,) a country in the N. E. part of Gerraany, lying around the upper portion of the Oder ; bounded on the N. by Posen, E. by Poland, S. E. by Austrian Galicia, S. by Moravia, and S. W. by Bohemia; now divided between Austria and Prussia. — Adj. and inhab. Silesian, si-lee'- she-(in. » From rf,eii (treis) "three," and aKpov (akron), a "point or promontory." SIL— SKY 479 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Silesia, Austrian, a territory now forming a part of the prov. of Moravia. Area, 1,750 sq. m. Pop. 430,000. (P. C.) SiLBSiA, Prussian, an iraportant prov. forraing the S. E. portion of the Prussian monarchy. Area, 15,600 sq. m. Pop. 2,868,820. (P- C.) SiL-is'-TRi-.}. (called Dris'-tri by the Turks), a fortified city of Eu ropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, cap. of an eyalet of the same name, on the Danube, 63 m. E. N. E. of Roostchook. Lat. about 44° 10' N., Lon. 27° 10' E. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.) Simbirsk or Sim-beersk', a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the sarae name, on the Volga. Lat 54° 15' N., Lon. 43° 30' E. Pop. 13,500. (P. C.) Sim-pher-o'-pol (Siraferopel) or Akmetchet, a t of European Rus sia, in the Criraea, cap. of the gov. of Taurida. Lat about 45° N., Lon. 34° 4' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) SiMp'-soN, a CO. in the S. central part of Miss., E. of, and bordering on Pearl t. Pop. 3,380. Co. seat, Weslville. Simpson, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,537. Co. t Franklin. Sinde, an extensive country in the N. W. part of Hindostan, com prising the lower portion and delta of the Indus, situaied between 23° and 28° N. Lat, and 67° and 71° E. Lon. It now belongs to the British. Singapore, sing'-ga-pore', or Singapoor, an important and flourishing commercial settlement belonging lo the British, at the S. extremity of the Malay peninsula, including the island of Singapore (about 25 m. in length), and a number of islets in the vicinity. Its port has been de clared free. Pop. in 1836, 29,984. (P. C.) Sj-oot' (Sioul — Anc. Lycop'olis), also written Es-Sioot, a conside rable t, regarded as the cap. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. In ils vicinity are many interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 27° 13' N., Lon. 31° 13' E. Pop. estimated at from 12 to 20,000. (B.) Sioux, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. se-oo',) a numerous and powerful nation of Indians inhabiting the territory between the Mis sissippi and Missouri rivers. Sis-To'-VA or Shtab, a manufacturing and commercial t. of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. Lat. 43° 38' N., Lon. 25° 20' E. Pop. estimated at 21,000. (B.) Sivas. See Seevas. Siwah. See Seewah. Skag'-er Rack (i. e. Skagen Rack,* the " crooked strait of Ska gen"]) the channel which connects the Cattegat wilh the North Sea. Skagen (the Skaw) is a cape forming the N. point of Jutland. Sk.Ine, sk6'-ni, a former prov. occupying the S. part of Sweden. Skib'-ber-een', a thriving t. near the S. W. extremity of Ireland, in tiie CO. of Cork. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 9° 15' VV. Pop. 4,430. (M.) Skye, an i. of Scotland, after Lewis the largest of the Hebrides, be tween 57° 3' and 57° 41' N. Lat, and 5° 36' and 6° 46' W. Lon. It is about 38 ra. in length, and 23 m. in its greatest breadth. Area esli- * Rack signifies a passage difficult to navigate on account of its sudden bending. It is probably from the same root as the Anglo-Saxon Hraca or Raca and the German Raehen, signifying " throat." 480 SLA— SMY File, fir, fill, fit ; rn;-, mi't ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit? 66 as in good ; mated at 537 sq. m. Pop. 23,082. It belongs to the co. of Inverness. Slav-o'-ni-a or Sclavonia, a prov. of the Austrian empire, between the r. Save, on the S., and the Danulie and Drave, on the N., extending frora about 44° 40' lo near 46'- N. Lit, and from 16° 40' to '20° 30' E. Lon. Area 3,000 sq. rn. Pop. 31.5,000. (M.) The Slavonians (Lat. Sclavi'ni ; Gr. 'S.x'Ko.Srjvoi), appear lo have possessed, during the decline ofthe Roman empire, the greater portion ofE. Europe. The Poles, ]jo- neraians, lUyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic origin. — Adj. Slav-o'-nj(--AN, Slav-on'-ic, and Slav'-ic; inhab. Slavonivn. Sles'-wick (Dan. Slesvig, sles'-vig; Ger. Schleswig, sbles'-wio), a duchy belonging to Denmark, comprising the S. part of the peninsula of Jutland, between 54° 15' and 55° 30' N. Lat, and 8° 37' and 10° 14' E. Lon. Area 3,450 sq. m. Pop. about 340,000. (P. C.) Sleswick, a seaport I. of Denraark, cap. of the above duchy, on an arm of the sea called the Slie (slee). Lat 54° 31' N., Lon. 9° 34' E. Pop. about 8,C00. (B.) SlI'-go, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, bor dering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 171,765. (P. C.) Sligo, a seaport t of Ireland, cap. of the above county, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 54° 17' N., Lon. 8° 25' W. Pop. in 1831, 1.5,152. (P. C.) Slobode Ukraina, slo'-bo-di oo-kri-ee'-ni, otherwise called Khar kof, a gov. in the S. part of European Russia, N. of the Sea of Azof It derives the prefix oi^ Slobode from its having been settled, in tbe 17th century, by Cossacks, who founded here five large vUlages — -Slo'hodi signifying a Cossack village. Capital, Kharkof. S.H.iLAND, srao'-lind, a former prov. occupying the S. E. part of Sweden, now divided into the districts or lans of Calraar, Wexio, and Jonkoping. Smith, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 1,961. Co. seat, Raleigh. Smith, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. and the Cura berland r. Pop. 21,179. Co. t Carthage. Smo-lensk', soraetiraes written Smolensko, a strongly fortified t of European Russia, cap. ofa gov. ofthe same name, on the Dnieper. It is remarkable as the scene of the first serious conflict between tbe French and Russians, in the campaign of 1S12, when it was set on fire, and two-thirds of it reduced to ruins. Lat 54° 50' N., Lon. about 32° E. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Smyrna, smir'-na, (Turk. Iz-meer',) an ancient and celebrated city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, and the principal emporium of West ern Asia, situated on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the extremity ofa gulf of its own name, which forras a convenient and capacious harbour. The town, with ils domes and rainarets, has a fine appearance when approaching il frora the sea, but a great part of the interior consists of mean wooden houses, witb narrow, crooked, dirty, ill-paved streets. Smyrna is the residence ofa mollah ofthe first class; also, ofa Greek and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 38° 28' N., Lon. 27° 7' E. Pop. estimated at above 130,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Smtr'-ni-ot. SMY— SOM 481 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Smythe, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., on the sources of the Hol ston r. Pop. 6,522. Co. t Marion. Sn6w'-den, a mountain of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, about 10 m. S. E. of Caernarvon. It is the highest mountain in Great Britain, S. of the Scottish border, having an elevation of 3,571 ft. above the sea. Snow Hill, a port of entry of Md., cap. of Worcester CO., on the Pocoraoke r., about 90 m. S. E. of Annapolis. Society Islands, a group in the Pacific, betvveen 16° and 18° S. Lat, and 148° and 1.56° W. Lon. Of these islands, Tahiti or Otaheite is by far the largest and most iraportant (See Tahiti.) Among the olhers, we may name Raiatea (rl-i-tiZ-i), Eimeo or Aimeo (i-mi'-o), Huahine (hoo'-a-hee'-ni), Borabora (bo'-ri-bo'-ri) or Bolabola,* and Ta- haa (li-hii') or Otaha. The inhabitants of these islands appear to be inferior in mental capacity to the Sandwich Islanders; but, through the indefatigable labours of the English missionaries, civilization has raade very considerable progress among them, and most of thera have, erabraced the Christian religion. They can generally read and write. A press has, for many years, been actively engaged in supplying them with publications in their own language. — Inhab. Society Islander. So-co'-TR.A or So-co'-TO-R.*. (Anc. Dioscoridis Insula), an i. in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Guardafui, intersected by the parallel of 12° 30' N. Lat, and the 54th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 80 m.; greatest breadth, 25 m. A large portion of Socotra is desert, though sorae parts are covered with abundant vegetation. Araong other plants may be mentioned the Aloe Socotrina, yielding the Socotrine aloes of coniraerce, which forras the principal export of the island. — Adj. So-co'- TR.AN, and Soc'-o-TRiNE ; inhab. Socotran. Sofala, so-fi'-li, (supposed- by sorae to be the Ophir mentioned in the Scriptures,) a decayed t on the E. coast of Africa, near 20° S. Lat, once the cap. of a kingdom of the same narae, celebrated for the abun- dence of gold obtained there. It belongs to the Portuguese. Soissons, swis'-siN', alraost swi'-siN', (Anc. Augus'ta Sues'sionura ; afterwards Sues'siones), a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the r. Aisne. Lat. 49° 28' N., Lon. 3° 20' E. Pop. 7,864. (M.) Soleure, so'-Iur', (Ger. Solothurn, so'-lo-tooRn',) a canton in the N. N. W. part of Switzerland, intersected by the Aar. Area, 256 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 62,400. (P. C.) Soleure or Solothurn (Anc. Salodu'rum), the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the Aar, 18 m. N. by E. of Berne. The Cathe dral of St Ursus (or Urse), of this place, is regarded as the finest church in Switzerland. The Polish patriot, Kosciusko, died at Soleure, October. 1817, havinof resided here the last two years of his life. Lat. 47° 12' N., Lon. 7° 32' E. Somerset, sum'-er-set a co. in the N. W. part of Maine, bordering on Canada. Pop. 33,912. Co. t Norridgewock. * See Sandwich Islands: note. 41 482 SOM— SOU Fite. fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit; 66, as in good; Somerset, a co. in the N. central part of N. J., on the head waters of the Raritan. Pop. 17,455. Co. t. SomerviUe. Somerset, a co. in the S. S. W. pari of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 19,650. Co. t Soraerset. Somerset, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on Del. and the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 19,508. Co. t Princess Anne. ^ SoMERSETSHittE, sura'-er-sot-shir, a co. in the S.W. part of England, bordering on the Severn and the Bristol Channel. Pop. 435,982. Somme, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Eng lish Channel. Pop. 552,706. (B.) Capital, Amiens. Soodan, soo-din', or Bel-ed' es Soo-din', i. e. the " country of the blacks," a name employed to designate all the countries along the S. border of the Great Desert, from Dar Foor on the E. to Senegarabia on the W., extending frora about 25° E. to 10° W. Lon. Its limits, on the N. and S., are almost or entirely unknown. Soo' -loo' Islands, a group of small islands in the Eastern Seas, be tween Borneo and Mindinao. Sool-tan-ee'-yeh (Sultanieh), an ancient city of Persia, once the cap. of that country, under the sovereigns of therace ofGengis-khan. It is now almost or quite deserted, but its magnificent ruins attest its for mer glory. Lat about 36° 30' N., Lon. 48° 30' E. Soorabaya (Surabaya), soo-ri-bi'-i, one of the principal seaports of Java, situated on the N. E. coast, at the mouth of a river of its own name. It is, after Batavia, the most flourishing and commercial town in the island. Lat. 7° 14' S.. Lon. 112° 41' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) Sophia, so-fee'-a, (in Bulgarian, Triaditza, tre-i-dit'-si,) a large manufacturing and coraraercial t of European Turkey, cap. of a sand- jack (or inferior pashalic) of its own name, and of the eyalet of Rot)- rnelia, on the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, aboiit 310 m. W. N.W. of Constantinople. It is the residence of a Greek metropolitan and a Catholic archbishop; and possesses a flourishing trade and numerous manufactures. Lat. 42° 37' N., Lon. 23° 26 E. Pop. estimated at from 30,000 to 50,000. (B.) Sorata, Nevado de, ni-vi'-Do di so-ri'-t'i, a raountain surarait of S. America, in Bolivia, the highest in the New World, situaied near the village of Sorata, in about 16° S. Lat and 63° 40' VV. Lon. Height, 3,948 toises or 25,250 English ft. (B.) See Nevado. So-HiA, po'-re-i (Anc. Numan'tia), a t of Spain, in Old CastUe, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, 113 m. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 5,400. (B.) Sor-ren'-to (Anc, Surren'tum), an archiepiscopal city of Naples, on the Bay of Naples, 18 m. S. E. of the metropolis, remarkable for the beauty of ils situation and tor being the birth-place of the poet Tasso. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Soudan. See Soodan. Sourabaya. See Soorab\ya. Southampton, suTH-bamp'-tijn, an important seaport t of England, in Hampshire, on ,in inlet of thc sea called Southampton Water, 70 m. SOU— SPA " 483 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. W. S. W. of London. It forms a little co. of itself, vvith an area of only about 3 sq. m. Pop. 27,744. Southampton. See Hampshire. Southampton, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on Meherrin and Not taway rivers, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 14,525. Co. t Jerusalera. South.vark, suTH'-ark. See London. South'-w.jrk, a suburb of Philadelphia. Spa, spaw (Fr. and Flera. pron. spi), a little t in the E. part of Bel gium, 18 m. S. E. of Liege, celebrated for its medicinal springs and baths. Perraanent pop. 3,600. (B.) Spain (Sp. Espana, is-pin'-yi; Fr. Espagne, es'-pin' ; Anc. Hispa'- nia and Ibe'ria), an extensive and once powerful kingdom, occupying the greater portion of the peninsula which forms the S. W. extreraity of Europe, situated between 36° 2 and 43° 47' N. Lat, and 3° 21' E. and 9° 16' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay and by France, S. E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, S. W. by the Atlantic, and W. and N. W. by Por tugal and the Atlantic. Length, from E. N. E. to W. S. W., about 650 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S., about 520 m. Area, 183,200 sq.m. Pop. estimated at 13,900,000. (B.) Spain is sometimes divided by geographers into 13 parts, viz.: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Biscaya or Biscay, Catalonia, Estreraadura, Galicia, Leon, Murcia, Navarre, New CastUe, Old Castile, and Valencia, corresponding lo the former kingdoras, principalities, &c. It is now divided, according to a royal decree, issued in 1833, into 49 small provinces, which, for the most part, take the name of their respective capitals. Roman Catholicism is the religion of Spain. The power of the Spanish sovereigns was ¦forraerly nearly or quite absolute; but, since the adoption of the new constitution (first proraulgaled in 1837), the legislative power is vested in the king and the corles (koa'-tes), which is composed of two legis lative bodies, chosen by the people, called the senate and the congress of deputies. Madrid is the capital. — Adj. Span'-ish; inhab. Span iard, span'-yard. Spalatro, spi-li'-lro, a seaport, the most populous and coraraercial t in Dalraatia, on the Adriatic, opposite the Island of Brazza. Il is chiefly interesting for the ruins of a magniflcent palace, buUt by the Roraan eraperor Diocletian, to which he retired after abdicating the iraperial throne (A. D. 305). This palace was constructed of a beau tiful freestone, and is said to have covered an area of 9 acres ! A large portion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of its ruins. Lat. 43° 30' N., Lon. 16° 26' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Spandau, spin'-dou, also written Spandow, a strongly fortifled t of Prussia, in Brandenburg, at the junction ofthe Havel (hi'-vel) with the Spree, 7 m. W. of Beriin. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Span'-ish Town (or Santiago de la Vega, sin-le-i'-go dil-SviZ-gi), the cap. of Jamaica, situated in the S. E. part of the island, on the r. Cobre, about 6 m. frora the sea, and 11 ra. W. by N. frora Kingston. Pop. about 6,000. 484 SPA— STA Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ; Spar'-tan-burg, a dist in the N. W. part of S. C, bordering on N. C. Pop. 23,669. Seat of justice, Spartenburg c. h. Specia. See Spezia. Spen'-cer, aco. in the N. part of Ky., S. E. of LouisvUle. Pop. 6,581. Co. t Taylorsville. Spencer, a co. in the S. or S.VV. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 6,305. Co. t Rockport. Spey, spi, a r. of Scotland, flowing inlo Murray Frith. Speyer, pronounced and often written Spire (Anc. Noviom'agus, afterwards Neme'tes), an ancient city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Rhine, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the SpeyerbacA. It has a collection of Roman and ancient German antiquities, a lyceum, and other institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 49° 18' 55" N., Lon. 8° 26' 37" E. Pop. about 8,0C0. (B.) Spezia, sped'-ze-i, (sometimes written Specia,) a seaport t of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives its narae, and which forms one ofthe finest harbours in Europe. Lat. 44° 5' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.) Spitz-berg'-en, a group of desolate islands in tbe Arctic Ocean, being the northernmost land which has yet been discovered, situated between the 77th and 81st degrees of N. Lat, and the lOlh and 25th of E. Lon. Their united area is perhaps equal lo half that of Ireland. Spoleto, spo-li-'to,(Anc. Spole'tum or Spole'tium,) a city of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. ofa delegation ofthe same name, 60 rn. N. by E. of Rome. In its vicinity are a number of interesting antiquities. Lat 42° 45' N., Lon. 12° 36' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Spring'-field, a flourishing t. of Mass., cap. of Hampden co., on tne E. side of the Connecticut r., and on the Boston and Albany Railroad, about 80 m., in a straight line, W. by S. from Boslon. It contains a United States arsenal of construction. Pop. ofthe township, 10,945. Springfield, the cap. of the stale of Illinois and of Sangaraon co. Lat 39° 48' N., Lon, 89° 33' W. Pop. 2,579. St. See Saint. Staf'-ford, a t of England, cap. of Staffordshire, 23 m. N. N.W. of Birmingham. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,245. Stafford, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., between the Rappahannock and Potomac. Pop. 8,454. Co. t Falmouth. Staf'-ford-shire, a co. in the W. central part of England, inter sected by the Trent and Mersey Canal. Pop. 510,504. Stam'-ford, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, 80 m. N. by W. of London. Entire pop. 6,385. Stan'-ly, a co. in the S. part ofN. C, on the W. side ofthe Yadkin r. Stargabd, staR'-gart, a t of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the naviga ble r. Ihna (ee'-ni), which flows into the Stettiner Haff, 21 m. E. by S. of Stettin. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Stark, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 34,603. Co. t Canton. Stark, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ind. Pop. 149. STA— STO 485 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Stark, a co. in the N. W. central part of 111. , a little W. ofthe Illi nois r. Pop. 1,.573. Stavanger, stiv-ing'-g?r, a seaport t on the S. W. coast of Nor way. Its cathedral is regarded as the finest in the kingdora. Lat. 58° 58' N., Lon. 5° 57' E. Pop. 3,800. (B-) Ste'-phen-son, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on the Wis consin. Pop. 2,800. Stettin, stet-teen', an iraportant coraraercial t, river-port, and for tress of Prussia, cap. of a. gov. of the sarae narae, and of the prov. of Pomerania, on the left bank of the Oder, about 36 m. frora the junction ofthe Stettiner Haff with the Baltic. It has a gyranasiura, with an ob servatory, a valuable library, and a number of other literary and scien tific institutions. Lat 53° 24' N., Lon. 14° 36' E. Pop. above 32,000. (B.) Stettiner Haff, stet-tee'-ner hiff, a large haff or lagoon in the N. of Germany, which receives tlie waters of-the Oder, N. of the t of Stettin. Its length, exclusive of several small arms, is about 30 m. ; greatest breadth 12 or 13 m. Steu'-ben (often pronounced stu-ben'), a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 46,138. Co. t. Bath. Steuben, a co. folming the N.E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 2,573. Co. t. Angola. Steu'-ben-ville, a flourishing t of Ohio, cap. of Jefferson CO., on the Ohio r., 35 ra., in a straight line, W. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 4,247. Stew'-art, a co. in the W.S.W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 12,933. Co. t Lurapkin. Stewart, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., on the Cumberland and Tennessee r., and bordering on Ky. Pop. 3,587. Co. t Dover. Steyer, stire, a flourishing t of Upper Austria, on the Enns, an affluent of the Danube, remarkable for its extensive manufactures in iron, among which we may particularize fire-arms, sword-blades, and razors; it is-also the centre of an active trade. Lat 48° 3' N., Lon. 14° 25' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Stir'-ling, an ancient t of Scotland, cap. of Stirlingshire, on the Forth, 30 ra. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Its situation is in the highest degree beautiful and roraantic. The view from the castle (once the residence of the Scottish kings), Vvhich stands on an abrupt basaltic rock, immediately over the river, and about 300 ft. in height, is per haps the most raagnificent in Great Britain. Pop. 3,30'j!. Stir'-ling-shire, a co. in the central part of Scotland, extending frora the Frith of Forth lo Loch Loraond. Pop. 82,057. Stock'-holm, the cap., and the most important commercial and manu facturing town of Sweden, on the channel whieh connects L. Malaren with the Baltic, 24 m. from the latter. Il is built partly on the mainland and partly on a number of islands in the above-mentioned channel. Its appearance to one approaching from the sea, is highly picturesque and imposing. The harbour, though of difficult entrance, is capacious and secure. Araong the remarkable edifices of the Swe- 41* 436 STO— STR Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good , dish capitaj, raay be mentioned the Royal Palace, which has great archi tectural beauty, and contains a library, a collection of paintings and antiquities; and the Church of Riddarholm, vvhich contains the trophies of Sweden, and in which the Swedish kings and other distinguished persons are buried. Stockholm possesses an acaderay of sciences, with an observatory and an extensive library ; an academy of belles lettres, history and antiquities; a college of mines, with a rich cabinet of natural history; and a great nuraber of other literary and scientific in stitutions. Lat 59° 20' 31" N., Lon. 18° 3' E. Pop. 33,88-5. (P. C.) Stock'-p6rt, an iraportant raanufacturing t of England, in Cheshire, 6 m. S. E. of Manchester. Pop. of township, 28,431. Stock'-ton, or Stockton-on-Tees, a seaport t of England, co. of Durham, on the Tees, near its raouth. Lat 54° 34' N., Lon. 1° 18' W. Pop. of township, 9,825. Stod'-dard, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., E. of, and bordering on the St Francis r. Pop. 3,153. Stoke-upon-Trent, a parish of England, in Staffordshire, reraarka ble as the seat of extensive raanufactures in earthenware. The town of Stoke is 14 m. N. by W. of Stafford. Stokes, a co. in the N. VV. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 16,265. Co. t Germantown. Stone-ha'-ven, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of Kincardineshire, cn the Gerraan Ocean, 14 ra. S. by W. of Aberdeen. Lat 56° 56' N., Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop. 3,012. Sto'-ning-ton, a port of entry of Conn., in New London co., on a rocky point of land, which projects into the E. end of Long Island Sound, about 50 miles S. W. of Providence, vvith which il is connected by a railroad. Stour'-bridge, a t of England, in Worcestershire, on the Stou', an affluent of the Severn, 18 ra. N. N. E. of Worcester. Pop. 7,481. ¦Strabane, stra-ban', a t of Ireland, in Tyrone co., 14 m. S. S. W, of Londonderry. Pop. 5,147. (M.) Straf'-ford, a co. in the S. E. part ofN. H., on the Salroon .Falls r., a branch of the Piscataqua. Pop. 23,166. Co. towns, Do* er and Ro chester. Stralsund, stril'-soont, a manufacturing and commerci.il t of Prus sia, in Pomerania, cap. ofa gov. of the same name, on thc narrow strait which separates the i. of Riigen from the continent. The celebrated fortifications of this place have been razed, and the rs.mparts converted into public walks. (P. C.) Lat. .54° 19' N., Lon. 13° 32' E. Pop. 14,713. (M.) Stranraer, stran-rawr', a small seaport t of Scotland, at the S. extremity of a small bay called Loch Ryan. ¦ Lat 54° 54' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Stras'-bourg (Fr. pron. Striss^booR' ; Ger Strassburg, striss'- b66Ro; Anc. Argentoratum); a strongly-fortified city of France, on ita E. frontier, cap. ofthe dep. of Lower Rhine, ar.d fo'i-merly of Alsace, on the 111, near its confluence with the Rhine. The principal public STR— SUF 487 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. building is the Cathedral of Notre Dame (notr dim), one of the finest Gothic edifices that exist; its spire rises to the height of 500 or per haps 530 English ft., being the highest in the world. Strasbourg is one of the most iraportant commercial and manufacturing towns in France. It possesses an academie universitaire (before the French Revolution it had a Protestant university), a royal college, a public library of 50,000 vols. (P. C.),* and many other literary and scientific institutions. The common language of the citizens of Strasbourg is German, but French is spoken by the educated classes. The Obser vatory is in Lat 48° 34' 40" N., Lon. 4° 45' 12" E. Pop. 50,000. (B.) Strat'-ford-upon-A'-von, a little t of England, in Warwickshire, on the Avon, 8 m. S. W. of Warwick, celebrated as the birth-place of Shakspeare. Stuhlweissenburg, slool-Wi'-cen-b66RG\ (Hung. Szekes Fejervar, si-kish fi-yaiR-viR,) a t of Hungary, once the residence of the Hun garian kings, 35 ra. S. W. of Buda. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Stutt'-g.^rt or Stuttgard (Ger. pron. Bt66f-gaRt), a city of Ger many, cap. of tbe kingdom of Wiirteraberg, on a little stream called the Nesenbach (na'-zen-baK^) near its confluence with the Neckar. It has been greatly embellished since the comraenceraent of the present century. Among the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the new Royal Palace, which is a noble structure, and contains a valua ble collection of paintings and statues. The Public Royal Library contains 200,000 vols., among which is a unique collection of 12,000 Bibles, of 4,000 different editions, in 68 languages. (P. C.) Stuttgard has a gymnasium, with 30 professors, and nuraerous other institutions for education. Lat 48° 46' N., Lon. 9° 11' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.) Suabia, swi'-be-a, a country in the S. of Germany, which, in the raiddle ages, constituted a powerful duchy, when the Suabians were the richest, raost civilized, and raost respected of all the nations of Germany. The name had disappeared from tbe maps of Germany, but a few years ago the king of Bavaria restored the ancient historical names, and gave that of Suabia to the circle of the Upper Danube. Suabia is supposed to be derived from the Suevi, an ancient and pow erful German nation. — Adj. and inhab. Suabian, swi'-be-an. Sudan. See Soodan. Suez, soo'-ez (Arab. Soo-ez') Isthmus of, is situated between theN. extremity of the Red Sea and tbe Mediterranean, and connects Africa with Asia. Its breadth, in the narrowest part, is abqpt 65 m. Suf'-folk, a CO. in the E. part of England, bordering on the Gerraan Ocean. Pop. 315,073. Suffolk, a co. in the E. part of Mass., on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. 95,773. Co. t Boston. Suffolk, a co. of N. Y., occupying the E. portion of Long Island. Pop. 32,469. Seat of justice, Suffolk c. h. * Some writers say 130,000 volumes. 488 SUI— SUN Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, rait; pine or pine, pin; ni, not; 66 as ingood; Suir, shure, a r. in the S. E. part of Ireland, flowing into Waterford harbour. Sul'-h-van, a CO. in thc W. part of N. H., bordering on the Connec ticut r. Pop. 20,340. Co. t Newport Sullivan, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Dela ware r. Pop. 15,629. Co. t Monticello. Sullivan, a co. near the N. E. extreraity of Tenn., bordering on Va. Pop. 10,736. Co. t BlountsvUle. Sullivan, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 3,315. Co. t Merom. Sumatra, soo-rai'-tra, an iraportant i., the most westerly of the Ma- laisian group, and, next to Borneo, the largest in the eastern seas, be tween 5° 50' N. and 6° S. Lat, and 95° 20' and 106° E. Lon. Its length is above 1,000 ra. ; its greatest breadth about 240 m. The area is coraputed at 160,0()J sq. ra. Population vaguely estimated at 2,000,000. (M.) The vegetable productions of this island are those coramon to tropical countries; rice, pepper, and camphor are the most important. The quantity of pepper produced annually is estiraated by McCulloch at 30,000,000 lbs., which is in fact more than the whole produce of pepper in all other parts of the globe. Sumatra was once noted for its gold, and a considerable quantity is still exported : it also contains rich mines of copper ore, which, however, are but little work ed. The Butch have possessions at Padang, Bencoolen, and other parts ofthe S.W. coast; but a large portion of the island is independent. — Adj. and inhab. Sumatran, soo-mi'-tran. Sumbawa, sum-baw'-wa, an i. of Malaisia, between 8° 20' and 9° 20' S. Lat, and 116° 40' and 119° 20'E. Lon. Length about 170 m. ; greatest breadth above 60 m. The Dutch have established some sort of authority in the eastern districts, but a large portion of the island is independent Sum'-mit, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Cuya hoga r. Pop. 22,560. Co. t. Akron. Sum'-ner, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., between the Curaberiand r. and the border of Ky. Pop. 22,445. Co. t Gallatin. Sum'-ter, a dist. in the E. central part of S. C, bordering on the Santee r. Pop. 27,892. Seat of justice, Sumterville c. h. Sumter, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 5,759. Co. t. Americus. Sumter, a co. in the W. part of Ala., between the Torabigbee and the border of Miss. Pop. 29,937. Co. t. Livingston. Sunbury, sun'-ber-re, a port of entry of Ga., in Liberty co., on the Medway r., at the head of St Catherine's Sound. Sun'-da, a term of unknown origin, which has been applied to the south-western and larger portion of Malaisia. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, are often called the Greater Sunda Islands : the Lessei Sunda Islands are situated between 5° and 11° S. Lat, and 114° and 135° E. Lon., including, besides many other smaller ones, the island,3 of Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali, and Timoriaut. SUN— sus 489 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly lik^g. Sun'-der-land, a commercial t and seaport of England, in the co. of Durham, on the Wear, at its entrance into the North Sea, and 13 m. N. E. of Durham, vvith vvhich town it is connected by a railway. Ship building is more extensively carried on here lhan anywhere else in the kingdom. Lat 51° 55' N., Lon. 1° 21' W. Pop. 17,022. Superior, Lake, the largest and most westerly of the five great lakes, vvhich are connected wilh the St. Lawrence, between 46° 35' and 49° N. Lat, and 84° 30' and 92° 20' W. Lon. The length, following the bend of the lake, is about 400 m. ; greatest breadth, above 160 ra. Area estimated at 28,000 sq. m. The surface is about 640 ft. above the Alianlic; the mean depth is stated at 900 ft. Lake Superior is probably thc largest body of fresh water on the globe. Surat, soo-rat', a large commercial city of Hindostan, cap. of Gu zerat on the Taptee, about 20 m. from ils entrance inlo the Gulf of Cambay. Borabay has deprived it of a large part of that commerce for which it was formerly so celebrated ; but it still carries on a considera ble trade wilh Arabia, and possesses sorae flourishing raanufactures. Lat. 21° 11' N., Lon. 72° 50' E. 'Pop. estimated by Balbi at 160,000, though some writers make it much higher. Surinam. See Guiana, Dutch. Surinam, soo'-re-nam', a r. of South Araerica, in Dutch Guiana, flowing inlo the Atlantic. Length, about 300 ra. It is navigable for large ships about 4 leagues frora the coast, and for river barges above 50 ra. farther. Sur'-rby, a CO. in tbe S. E. part of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 582,678. Sur'-ry", a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 6,480. Seat of justice, Surry c. h. Surry, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 15,079. Co. t Rockford. Sus*-que-han'-na, a large r. of the U. S., forraed by the union of two principal branches. The E. branch rises in Olsego Lake, in the S. E. central part of N. Y., and, flovving in a general south-westerly course, is joined by the W. branch at Northuraberland, about 43 ra. N. of Harrisburg : their united waters then flow southerly, and fall into the N. extreraity of Chesapeake Bay. Ils whole length may be esti mated at near 350 m. The navigation is obstructed in the lower part of its course by nuraerous rapids. Susquehanna, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., on the E. branch of the above r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 21,195. Co. t Montrose. Sus'-SEX, a CO. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the Eng lish Channel. Pop. 299,753. Sussex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. J. Pop. 21,770. Co. I. Newton. Sussex, the southernmost ofthe counties of Del. Pop. 25,093. Co. t. Georgetown. Sussex, a co- in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Nottaway r. Pop. 11,229 Seat of justice, Sussex c. h. 490 SUT— SWI File, far, fail, fSt ; mi, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good. Su-rn'-ER-LAND, a co. occupying the N. W. extreraity of Scotland, and extending across the island to Dornoch Frith. Pop. 24,782. Su-wl'-NEE, a r. which rises in Ga., and flows through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Swabia. See Suabia. Swan'-sea, a seaport t of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of the Tawe. Lat. 51° 37' N., Lon. 3° 55' W. Pop. 16,787. Swe'-den (in Swedish, Swerige, swV-e-giA), a monarchy in the N. VV. part of Europe, comprising the E. part of the Scandinavian pe ninsula, situated between 55° 20' and 69° N. Lat, and 11° 10' and 24° 20' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Norway and Russian Lapland, E. and S. E. by Russia and the Baltic, and W. by the Cattegat, the Ska ger Rack, and Norway. Length, above 950 ra. ; greatest breadih, about 280 m. Area estimated at 170,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1839, 3,109,772. (P. C.) The raines of Sweden forra an important source of national wealth. Swedish iron is noted for its superior quality. There are some extensive copper mines; that at Fahlun is the mosl reraarkable. (See Fahlun.) The established religion of Sweden is the Lutheran. While all sects are tolerated, none but Lutherans can be promoted to any employment in the slate. The government is a limited monarchy, hereditary in the male line. Sweden and Norway, though at present united under one king, have distinct and separate constitutions. Stock holm is the capital. — .-Vdj. Swe'-dish ; inhab. Swede. Swinemunde, swee'-neA-mftn'-deA, (i. e. " Swineraouth,") a small coraraercial t and seaport of Prussia, on the Swine(s'wee'-neA), one of the outlets of the Stetliner-Haff, at its entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 53° 53' N., Lon, 14° 23' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) SwiTz'-ER-L.\ND (Ger. Schweitz, shwiles; Fr. La Suisse, li swiss; Anc. Plelve'tia), a mountainous country in the southern part of Europe, between 45° ,48' and 47° 48' N. Lat, and 5° 57' and 10° 30' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Gerraany, S. by Italy, and VV. and N. \V*. by France. Length, near 230 m. ; greatest breadth, above 140 m. Area, about 15,000 sq.' ra. Pop., in 1839, 2,188,395. (P. C.) Switzer land is a republic, consisting of 22 confederated stales, called cantons, viz. Aargau (Argovie), Appenzell, Basel (Bile), Bern, Freyburg, Gall, St., Geneva, Glarus, Grisons, Lucerne, Neufchitel, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn (Soleure), "Thurgau, "Ticino (Tessin), Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, and Ziirich. The inhabilants of Switzerland consist of three classes — Germans, French, and Italians. The former dwell chiefly in the cantons Ziirich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwal den, Glarus, Zug, Appenzell, St Gall, Thurgau, SchaftTiatisen, and Aargau, and constitute about seven-tenths of the eniire population. The French Swiss are found principally in Neufchitel, Geneva, Vaud, and a part of Soleure, Freyburg, Valais, Bile, and Bern. The Italian Swiss are far less numerous, and inhabit only Ticino and some parts of Grisons and Valais. The German language is employed in the generai affairs of the confederation and in the governnient of the particular can tons, with the exception of Geneva, Neufchitel, Vaud, and Ticino. (B.) SWI— SYR 491 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. All the cantons of Switzerland are republics, excepting Neufchatel, in which the king of Prussia exercises the right of sovereignty. The Swiss confederation has no permanent capital ; by a federal enactment of 1815, Zurich, Bern, and Lucerne, are alternately the seat of the general government — Adj. Swiss ; inhab. Swiss, and somelimes SwiTZ'-ER. Switzerland, a co. forming the S. E. extreraity of Ind. Pop. 9,920. Co. I. Vevay. Syd'-ney, an iraportant coraraercial t of New HoUand, cap. of the colony of iVew South Wales, on the S. side of the bay called Port Jackson, which forms, perhaps, the finest natural basin in the world. This bay is about 15 ra. long ; the anchorage is everywhere excellent, and ships are perfectly protected from every wind. Sydney was ori ginally founded in 1788, as a colony for convicts ; but it appears that considerably raore than half of the present population, which araounted in 1841 to 29,973, came free to the colony, while about 7,000, or nearly one-fourth, have been born here. Lat 33° 55' S., Lon. 150° 10' E. Syr'-.\-cusb (Anc. Syracu'sse ; It. Siracasa, se-ri-ki'-si) ; a cele brated city and seaport of Sicily, on the E. coast, about 30 ra. S. S. E. of Catania. Its harbour, once so faraous, is now choked wilh sand, and little remains, except its vast ruins, lo reraind the spectator of the proud metropolis of ancient Sicily, which durst oppose the power of Athens, of Carthage, and of Rome. The present town is pretty strongly fortified, but its streets are narrow and dirty, and its comraerce reduced almost to nothing. Lat 37° 4' N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. SYR^-.\-cu'-gAN. Syracuse, a flourishing t of N. Y., cap. of Onondaga co., on the Erie Canal, where it is joined by the Oswego Canal, about 47 m., in a straight line, VV. of Ulica. Near it are the extensive salt-works of Salina. Pop. ofthe township of Salina, in which it is situaied, 11,013. Syr'-i-a, a country of rather indefinite extent, between 30° and 38° N. Lat, and 34° and 38° or 39° E. Lon., situated at the E. extreraity ofthe Mediterranean, and forraing a part ofthe Turkish empire. The name of Syria (Sv^ia) was given to this country by the Greeks and Romans, and is now unknown lo the Asiatics. The Arabs call it Bel- ed' Es-Shim (or siraply Es-Shara), i. e. " the country to the left ;" be- cause.vvhen in prayer they face the rising sun, it lies lo their left hand. Though vvithin the temperate zone, Syria exhibits all the climates of the globe. In tho Ghor (the valley between the Dead^ea and the Sea of Tiberias), the mean annual temperature appears lo be not much lower lhan that ofthe equator. This need not surprise us when we consider that the lower jiart ofthis valley is more than 1,000 ft. below the level ofthe sen. (P. C.) The Arabic poets have said that the " Sanneen (or Sannin, the southern part of Lebanon) bears winter upon his head, spring upon hi.'? shoulders, autumn in h'is bosom, while sum.mer lies sleeping at his foot" Under so various a climate, the vegetable pro ductions, as might be expected, are extremely numerous, coraprising 402 SZ,\— TAL. Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mi't; p'ne or pine, pin ; n\ nit ; 66 as in good. many of those which belong to the three different zones. — Adj. Syr'-j.- .AN and Syr'-i-ac ; inhab. Syrian. Szarvas, s6R'-v6sh', a commercial t of Hungary, on the Koros (ko'- rosh'), an affluent of the Theiss, about 47 m. N. N. E. of Szegedin. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Szegedin, sfg'-f d*-een', a royal free t. of Hungary, at the confluence Df the Theiss wilh the Marosch, about 100 ra. S. E. of Pesth. It has several important raanufactures, and an extensive trade. Lai. 46° 17' N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) Tab-ar-ee'-ybh, commonly written Tabarieh (Anc. Tibe'rias), a small t of Palestine, on the VV. shore of the lake, to which it gives its name. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by the earthquake of 1837. Tabareeyeh, Lake of (called in Scripture the Sea of Galilee or of Tiberias), is intersected by the parallel of 32° 50' N. Lat, and the me ridian of 35° 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m. ; greatest breadth 7i m. The r. Jordan flows through this lake, and falls into the Dead Sea. Tab-reez' (Tabriz), sometimes called Tauris, a large but decayed city in the N. of Persia, prov. of Azerbaijan, about 50 m. E. of L. Ooroo meeyeh. Lat. about 38° 10' N., Lon. 46° 30' E. The population, which was forraerly estimated at 550,000, is now reduced to 100,000 or 80,000. (B.) Tacazze, ti-kil'-s-i, (sometimes written Takatz or Takalze,) a r. of Abyssinia, which falls into the NUe, near 17° 30' N. Lat 'Tag^-.an-bog', an important commercial t, seaport and fortress of European Russia, in the gov. of Ekaterinoslaf, on the Sea of Azof, near its N. E. extremity. Lat. 47° 13' N., Lon. 38° 39' E. Pop. about 17,000. (P. C.) Ta'-gus (Sp. Tajo, ti'-HO ; Port Tejo, ti'-zho) ; the largest r. of the Spanish peninsula: it rises near the VV. frontiers of Aragon, where that kingdom joins New Castile, in about 40° 30' N. Lat, and 1° 40' W. Lon. Flowing in a westerly course, it passes nearly through the centre of the peninsula, and falls into the Atlantic in 33° 38' N. Lit, and 9° 20' W. Lon. Ils whole length exceeds 550 m. It is navigable to Abrantes, about 90 ra. above Lisbon. Tahiti, ti-hee'-le, (formerly written Otaheite,) the largest and most important of the Sociely Islands, between 17° 30' and 18° S. Lat, and 149° and 149° 40' W. Lon. Length about 48 m. ; greatest breadtii about 26 ra. Its form is remarkable ; it seems as if an island almo.st perfectly circular had been joined to the extremity of an elliptical one. The isthmus which connects the two parts is only about 3 or 4 m. broad. Pop. 8,000. For the character and condition of the inhabitants, see Society Islands. — Adj. and inhab. Tahitian, ti-hee'-te-an. Talavera de la Reyna, ti-li-vi'-ri di li ri'e-ni, an ancient t of Spain, in New Castile, on the Tagus, 42 m. W. by N. of Toledo. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) TAL-TAR 493 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. TAl'-bot, a CO. of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 12,090. Co. t. Easlon- "Talbot, a CO. in the VV. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 15,627. Co. t Talbotton. Taliaferro, tol'-c-v(jr, a small co. in the E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Ogechee. Pop. 5,190. Co. t Crawfordville. Ta).,-la-de'-ga, a CO. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 12,587. Co. I. Talladega. "Tal^-la-has'-see, the cap. of the state of Florida and seat of justice of Leon CO. Lat 30° 23' N., Lon. 84° 36' W. Pop. 1,616. Tal^-l.v-hatch'-he, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by a r. of the same narae, a branch of the Yazoo. Pop. 2,985. Tal-la-poo'-s.a, a r. in the E. part of Ala., which unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama r. Tallapoosa, a co. in the E. part of Ala., intersected by the above r. Pop. 6,444. Co. t Montreal. 'Tam-bof' (Tambow), a. t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Oka. Lat. 52° 44' N., Lon. 41° 45 E. Pop. 20,000. (P.C.) Tam'-m.a-ny, St., a parish in the E. part of La., on the W. side of Pearl r. Pop. 4,593. Seat of justice, Covington. • Tampico, tim-pee'-ko, called also Pueblo Nuevo, pweb'-lo nwi'-vo, a small but flourishing coraraercial t of Mexico, in the state of Taraau- lipas, on the r. Panuco (pi-noo'-ko), near its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 22° 15' N., Lon. 97° 52' W. Taney, tau'-ne, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 3,264. 'Tangier, tan-jeer', (called Tin'jeA by the Moors,) a seaport t and once important fortress of Fez, on the Strait of Gibraltar. Lat. 35° 48' N.. Lon. 5° 50' W. Pop. 9,500. (P. C.) Tan^-jorb', a fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of a fertile dist. of the same name, belonging to the presidency of Madras. Lat. 10° 43' N., Lon. 79° 12' E. Pop. probably not less lhan 70,000 or 80,000. (P. C.) Taormina, ti-oR-mee'-ni, (Anc. Taurorae'niura,) a small t of Sicily, on a high, craggy mountain, near the E. coast of the island, reraarka ble for its romantic situation, and for its antiquities; among which the ancient theatre deserves particular mention. Though of a size capa ble of accomraodating 40,000 spectators, it is principally excavated in the slope of a mountain, the seats being hewn out of the rock. Lat 37° 43' N., Lon. 1.5° 13' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Tapajos. See Topayos. Tap'-pa-han'-nock, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Essex co., on the Rappahannock r. Tar River. See Pamlico. TarakaI, tar'-ra-ki', coramonly called Sag-hal'-i-en, a large i. on the E. coast of Asia, extending from 46° to 54° 20' N. Lat. Length, above 600 in.; breadth, from 25 ra. to 120 m. As it is very rarely visited by Europeans, little is known respecting it It is said to be covered with dense fogs, nearly all the year round. The aboriginal 42 494 TAR— TAY File, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not ; 66 as in good ; inhabitants are called Ainos (i'-nis), being the same race as the Koo- rilians. Taranto, t-i'-rin-to, (Anc. Taren'tum,) u. fortified archiepiscopal city and seaport of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Otranto, on the Gulf of 'Taranto, near its N. extremity, wilh an excellent harbour. Taren tum was anciently the principal Greek city on the E. coast of Italy, constituting, with its adjoining territory, an independent and powerful state. Lat 40° 27' N., Lon. 17° 15' E. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.) Tarascon, t;V-Ris'-k6N', (Anc. Tarascon or Taruscon, Ta^ovsxav,) a walled t of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, on the Rhone, 16 m. E. by S. of Nismes. Its castle was forraerly the resi dence of the counts of Provence. Lat 43° 43' N., Lon. 4° 40' E. Pop. 9,220. (M.) 'Tarazona, tir-i-lho'-ni, (Anc. Turiaso,) a t of Spain, in Aragon. Lat. 41° 55' N., Lon. 1° 43' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Tarbes, laRb, (Anc. Tur'ba,) the cap. of the French dep. of Upper Pyrenees, on the Adour. It is one of the best-built and cleanest towns in the S. of France. Lat 43° 14' N., Lon. 0° 4' E. Pop. 12,500. (B.) Tarn, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne. Pop. 346,614. (B.) Capital, Albi. Tarn and Garonne (Fr. Tarne-et-Garonne, laRn i gi^-ronn'), a dep. in the S. or S. W. of France, on the rivers frora which it takes its narae. Pop. 242,134. (B.) Capital, Montauban. Tar'-ra-go'-n.4. or tir- ri-go'-ni (Anc. Tar'raco), an archiepiscopal city and seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Mediterranean, 50 m. W. by S. of Barcelona. Lat 41° 9' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Tar^-soos' (Anc. Tar'sus), a coraraercial t in the S. E. part of Asia Minor, about 12 m. from the Mediterranean. Tarsus was the birth place of St. Paul. Lat 36° 56' N., Lon. 34° 54 E. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.), but sorae other writers rate it much lower. Tartary. See 'Toorkistan. Tat'-nall, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha. Pop. 2,724. Co. t Reidsville. "Taunton, tan'-ton, a t of England, in Somersetshire, 37 m. S. VV. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4sq. ra., 12,066. Taunton, a raanufacturing t of Mass., one of the seats of j.ustice of Bristol CO., on a r. of ils own narae, about 31 m. in a straight line duo S. frora Boston, with vvhich city it is connected by a railraad. Pop. 7,645. Tau'-ri-da, now usually called Krim, a gov. in the S. part of Europe, occupying the Crimea and a portion of the adjacent country. Tauris. See Tabreez. Tay, the largest r. of Scotland: it rises on the frontiers of Argyle shire, a little N. of Loch Lomond, and, flowing north-easterly, passes through Loch Tay, and, after making a considerable circuit, expands itself into the estuary called Ihe Frith of Tay, and falls into the sea. TAZ— TEN 495 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in about 56° 27' N. Lat, and 2° 45' W. Lon. Length estimated at 110 m. It js navigable for ships of 500 Ions to Dundee, and for ves sels of 100 tons lo Perth, about 20 m. farther. Tazewell, laz'-vvel, a co. in the S. VV. part of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 6,2G0. Co. t Jeffersonville. 'Tazewell, a co. in the N. VV. central part of IU., S. E. of, and bor dering on the Illinois r. Pop. 7,221. Co. t 'Tremont Tchad, a large lake of Africa, in Soodan, intersected by the 13th parallel ofN. Lat and the 15lh meridian ofE. Lon. Its E. and N. E. shores have never been visited by a European traveller, but ils length is staled to be five days' sail. (P. C.) Tcher^-ni-gof' (Czernigow), an archiepiscopal city of Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Desna, an affluent of the Dnieper. Il was built in 1024, and is accounted the oldest town in European Russia. Lat 51° 27' N., Lon. 31° 18' E. Pop. estimated at about 7,000. (P. C.) Teche, tesh, a bayou of La., comraunicating vvith the Atchafalaya. Teflis. See Tiflis. Tehran, teh-rin', or Teheran, (called, by the Persians, Teh-h'rin',) the raodern cap. of Persia, situated in the prov. of Irak Adjerai, in the midst of a well-cultivated plain, which, however, is destitute of trees. It is surrounded by a high and strong wall of earth, flanked with nu merous towers. The streets are narrow, and the houses have generally a mean appearance. Lat. 35° 40' N., Lon. 51° 23' E. "The pop., which is rapidly increasing, is estiraated by Balbi at not less than 130,000 during winter; in suraraer it is considerably less. Teignmouth, tin'-muth, a small seaport t and watering-place of England, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Teign, 12 m. S. of Exeter. Tbl'-pair, a CO. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulgee. Pop. 2,763. Co. t Jacksonville. Temesva'r, tem^-esh^-viiR', (i. e. the " fort of Teraes,") a royal free city of Hungary, cap. of the county of Temes (tem'-ish'), and one of the handsomest towns and strongest fortresses in the Austrian erapire, on a canal which has communication wilh the Danube. Lat. 45° 42' N., Lon. 21° 20' E. Pop. above 14,000. (B.) Ten-as'-ser-im, a name applied to the British possessions in Farther India, which were acquired frora the Birraans by the peace of 1826. Tfie Tenasserim provinces constitute a territory extending along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, for about 450 m., between 10° and 17° N. Lat The climate of this region is said to be reraarkably healthy, and the country very productive. 'Ten-er-iffe' (Sp. Tenerife, ti-ni-ree'-fi), the largest and most populous of tbe Canary Islands, between 27° 50' and 28° 40' N. Lat, and 16° 5' and 17° 5' W. Lon. Length, 73 m. ; greatest breadih, near 40 m. Area estimated at 1,012 sq.m. Pop. in 1329, 85,000. (P.C.) The most remarkable feature of this island is ils celebrated mountain suramit, known as the Peak of Teneriffe, which rises 11,946 ft, (P. C.) 496 TEN— TER Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not ; 66, as in good ; above the level of the sea. It is an extinct volcano ; but, from some crevices in the crater, hot watery vapours still issue. These crevices are called by the natives the nostrils ofthe Peak. Ten'-nes-see' River, tbe largest affluent of the Ohio, rises in the W. part of N. C, and, flowing westerly into Tenn., afterwards makes an extensive circuit through the N. part of Ala., then changing ils course, runs neariy N. through Tenn. and Ky., and falls into the Ohio, near 37° N. Lat and 83° 35' W. Lon. According to many geogra phers, the Tennessee is formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston rivers. The whole length is estimated at 1,100 m. It is navigable for steamboats, during high water, lo Florence, in Ala., about 260™. Tennessee, one of the U. S., between 35° and 36° 40' N. Lat, and 31° 40' and 90° W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by N. Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Missis sippi, and W. by the Mississippi r., which separates it frora Arkansas and Missouri ; and divided into 73 counties.* Length, from E. to W., about 4.30 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 110 m. Area esti mated at 45,000 sq. ra. Pop. 829,210; of whom 640,627 are whites, 5,524 free coloured persons, and 183,059 slaves. Nashville is the seat of governraent. Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. "Teramo, tir'-i-rao, a t of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Abruzzo Ul tra, about 10 m. from the Adriatic. Lat. 42° 40' N., Lon. 13° 48' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) "Terceira, tir-si'e-ri, one of the principal islands of the Azores: it is intersected by the parallel of 33° 40' N. Lat, and the E. coast is grazed by the 27th meridian of W. Lon. Length, 24 m.; greatest breadth, 14 m. Area estimated at 260 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (P. C.) Angra is the chief town. Termini, tiR'-me-ne, (Anc. Ther'mse, «. e. "hot baths,") a fortified seaport t of Sicily, on the N. coast reraarkable for ils hot mineral springs and baths, and for the ruins of the ancient city of Him'era, in its vicinity. Lat. 37° 57' N., Lon. 13° 42' E. Pop. about 14,000- (B.) Terni, tcR'-ne, (Anc. Interara'na,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Nera, an affluent of the Tiber, 48 m. E. by N. from Rome. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) About 4 ra. to the E., on the Velino (vi-lee'-no), a streara which flows into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade, called the Cascata del Marmore (kis-ki'-ti dii maR'-mo-ri). The water * Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, ('arroll. Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Davidson, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, Hamilton, Hardiman, Hardin, Hawkins, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, .^efferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lincoln, Madison, Marion. Marshall, Maury, McMinn, McNairy, Mei^s, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, RutherfoKl, Sevier, Shelby. Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington. Wayne, Weakly, White, Williamson, Wilson. TER— TEX 497 ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. fells, by three leaps, about 700 ft. (some say 750 ft.), producing one of the most beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world.* Ter'-r.a. del Fu-e'-go, more properly Tierra del Fuego, te-ir'-ri dtl fwi'-go, a group of islands at the S. extreraity of S. America, sepa rated from the continent by the Strait . on the left bank of the Colorado, about 200 ra. from ils mouth, and 2-30 nw of Galveston . The scenery around this ciiy is highly pic turesque, and the view from the president's house remarkably fine. Pop. about 1.200. Austin, a cn. in tbe se central part f^{ Texas. intersected hy the R. Brazos. The soil in the NK mil E jiortions is very tortile ; to wards the wand s it is sandy. Capital, Sin Felipe de Austin. AusTiNTowN, tp. Trumbull co. O. 160 se Cs. Aux Cavks, o-k:iy, or simply Caves, a sea-port on tli'i 3 coast ot" [Jayti, iibnut 100 m. av hy s from Porl-aiiPrince. It.¦^ nop. is said to have been formerly 15,000, bnt it has de clined of late. I Ava, pv Winnebag),- z:>. III. Avebili,, tp. Kssex co.Vt. on the Cnunda line. | Averybborough, pv. Cumberland co, N. 0. on Cape Fear river. Avery's Gore, tp. Addison co, Vt, [of Mt", Avery's Gore, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 57 N by w AvisTON, pt. Clinton co. 111. 100 s of Sd. AvocA, pv. Steuben co. N.Y.onConhoctonr. Avon, pt, Franklin co. Me. 50 nw of A. Avon, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 wnw of Hd Avon, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. ^ e of Gene see r. noted for its sulphur springs. Avon, pt. Lorain co. 0. 17 w of Cleveland. Avon, pv- Kane co. III. 198 nne of Sd, Avon, tp- Oakland co. Mich. AzALiA, pv- Bartholomew^ co. Ind. 60 s.se Is. AzTALAN, pt. Jef. CO. Wis. 30 E by 5 Madison. Babylon, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y, near South Bad r. Mich, flows into Saginaw r. [Bay, Baileysburg, pv. Surry co. Va. 66 se of R. Baileyville, pt. Wn. co. Me, 209 e of a. Bain'bridge, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. Bainbridge, pv. I^ncaster co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Bainbridge, pv. cap. of Decatur co. Ga. on Flint nver, Bainbridge, lp. G«auga co. O. on Cha^in cr. Bainbridge, pt. Ross co. O, 18 sw Chilicothe, Bainbridge, tp. Berrien co. Mich, Bainbridge, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 38 w of Is, Bainbridge, pv. Williamson co. Ill, 176 s by s of Spring^eld. [Mississippi r. Bainbridge, v. Cape Girardeau co. Mo. on the Bairdstown. See Bardstown. Baiting Hollow, pv- Suffolk co. N.Y. Baker's r. N. H. flows iulo Peniigevrasset r. Baker's Falls (or Rapids), on Hudson r. Washinglon co. New^ York. Bakersfield, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 50 nnw Mir. Bakerstown, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 from Pittsburg. Bakersville, pv- Yancey co. N. C. Bald Eagle r. Pa. flows into the w br. of the Susquehanna r. Bald Eagle, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Bald Head, the sw^ end of Smith's I. N. C. Bald Head Cape, at the sw point of Wells Bay, Maine. Baldwin, tp. Cumberland co. Me. 40 nw of Portland. Baldwin, pv. Hinds co. Miss, on Big Black r. Baldivinsville, pv. Worcester co, Mass. 64 \v nf Boston. [neca r. Baldwinsville, pv. Onondaga co.N.Y. on Se- Baldwiusville, pv. Scott co. Mo. Baley, tp. Beniou co. Ark. Ball ARDS viLLK, pv. Logan co.Va. Ballardsville. pv. Oldham cn. Ky. DO NW F. Ballston, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. [x of Al- Ballston Centre, pv. S;\r:;ioga co. N.Y. 2.3 Ballston Spa. See Gazkttkek. [ky r. Ballville, lp. S:indusky Cv). O on Sandus- Baltimore, lp. Windsor co. Vt. Baltimore, hunired, Sussex co. Del. [sw Cs Baltimore, pv- Fairfield co. O. on O. oaiial. 3i Baltimore, pv. Warren co. Ind. on Ihe W.i- basli, 77 nw of Indianapolis. Bangor, Me. See Gazetteer. Bnngor, pt. Franklinco. N.Y- Gwof M^l.tne BAN"N-\rKs (incorrectly written BoJNACKS), a tribe of Indians in the se part of Oregon. Kanxister r. Halifax co.Va, joins Dan r. Baptistown. pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 33 nsw of Trenton. Bar-a-co'a, a sea-port on the n side of Cuba, near the k extremity of the island. It is BAT 553 BED remarkable as the earliest S|;^anish settle ment in the W. Indies. [Gr.' Guyandot r. Barboursville, V. cap.of Cabell co. Va. on Barboursville, pv. Orange co.Va. 80 Nwof R. Barboursville, pv. cap. of Knox co. Ky. ou Cumberland r. Bardstown, also written Bairdstown, cap. of Nelson co. Ky. 40 sw of Frankfort, Bargaintow^NjN. j. See Gazetteer. Baring, pt. Wn. co. Mo. s of St. Croix r. Barker, lp. Broome co. N.Y. 12 n Bingham ton. [of Hd. Barkhamstead, pt. Litchfield co. Con. 2^t nw Bahk River, in. Jefferson co. AVis. Barlow, pt. Wn. co. 0. 10 w of Marietta. Barnard, tp. Piscataquis co.Me. Barnard, pt. Windsor eo. Vt. 40 s of Mtr. Barnardsville, pv. Roane co. Tenn. 150 e by s of Nashville, [Hudson. Bar^ne-gat', pv. Dutchess co. N.Y- on the Barnegat Bay, N. J. is on the s coast, in Mon mouth county, Barnegat, pv. Monmouth co.N. J.56sEof Tn. Barnesville, pv. Belmont co. O. 100 e Cs. Barnsview, v. Clarke CO. Mo. 2 e of Wiacou- da river. Barnet, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. on the Comi. r. Barnstable, Mass. See Gazetteer. Barnstead, pt. Belknap co. N. H. 18 ne Cd. Barnsville, pv. Pike co. Ga. 65 w of M, Barnwell, pv. cap. of Bariuvell dist. S. C. 100 s by w^ of Columbia. Bar're, pi. Washington co.Vt. 7 s of Mtr. Barre, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 65 w of B. Barrfe, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. ou the Erie canal. Barrd, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Barre Centre, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. Barretsville, pv. Lurapkin co. Ga. near Etowah river. [Portsmouth- Barrington. pt. Stafford co. N. H. 20 nw of Barrington, pt. Bristol co. R. I. • Barrington, pt. Yates co. N.Y. on Crooked L. Barrington, GreaTj pt. Berkshire co, Ma&, Barrowdale, pv. Fairfield dist, S. C. 26 n Ca, Barry, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa. Barry, pv, Jackson co, Mich. 85 w of D, Barry, tp, Barry co. Mich. Barryton, cap. of Wn, co, Ala- 133 ssw of Tuscaloosa, Bart, pt, Lancaster co. Pa. 55 e of H. Bartholomew, tp. Jef. co. Ark, Bartlett, tp. Jef, co. Pa. Bartiett, pt, Coos eo. N. H. on Saco r. Babton, pt, Orleans co. Vl. on Barton r. Barttm r. Vt. flows into L. Meraphremagog. Barton, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. on the Susqa. r. Eascobel, pv. Jackson eo, Ga. 83 n by w of M. Basin Harbor, pv. Addison co, Vt. ou L, Champlain. [e ofTn. Baskingridge, pv. Somerset co, N. J. 46 n hy Bastrop, a co. in the central part of Texas, intersected by the Colorado. Soil in ge neral extremely fertile. Indigo grows in abundance without cultivation. Bastrop, the cap, of the above, stands on the left bank of the Colorado, 85 m. sE of Aus tin. Pop. about 409. Batavia, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Batavia, pv. cap. Clermont co. 0. 103 sw of Cs. Balavia, lp. Geauga co. O. Batavia, pt. Branch co. Mich. Batesville, cap. of Independence co. Ark. 90 NNE of Little Rock. Batesville, pv. Guernsey co. O. Ill E of Cs. 47 Batesville. pv. Bales co. Mo. (formerly Har mony Missionary Station.) Bath, Me. See Gazetteer. Bath, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on the Conner. Bath, pv. cap. of Steuben co. N.Y. on Con hocton riv^r. It contains about 200 houses. Bath, V. N.Y. on the Hudson, opposite Al. Here is a sulphur spring of some note- Bath, pv. Norlharapton co. Pa. 100 ne ofH. Bath C.H. pv. cap. of Bath co. Va. with hut mineral springs, Bath, v, Richmond co. Ga. 15 sw of Augusta. Bath, pv. Beaufort co. N.C. 143e by sof Rh. Bath, lp. Allen co. O. Bath, lp, Greene co. O. on Mad r, Bath, lp. Summit co. O, 130 ne of Cs. Bath, pv. Cass co. III. 48 w by n of Sd, Bathes, v, Jef. co. Ga. near Reedy cr. [La. Baton Rouge, pv. cap. E. Baton Rouge par. Battahatchee r. Ala. and Miss, flows mto the Tombigbee. Battenville, pv.Wn. co.N.Y. 38NbyEAl. Battle cr. Mich, a br. of the Kalamazoo r. Baltle Cr. pv.' Calhoun co, Mich. 117 w of D, Battleboro', pv. Edgecomb co. N. C. 66 E by N of Raleigh. Baughman, tp.Wayne co. O. on Newman's cr Baumstown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 60 e by n ofH. Bat, tp. Ottawa co. O. on Sandusky r. Bayou. See Gazetteer. [par. La, Bayou Chicot, bi'yoo she'ko, pv. Calcasieu Bayou Gould, pv. Iberville par. La. Bazetta, pt. Trurabull co, 0. 5 e of Warren. Bealsville, pv. Wn. co.Pa. 200 w ofH. Bealsville, pv. Monroe co. O. 127 ese of Cs. Bear Cr. lp. Columbia co. Pa. Bear cr. Ala. flows inlo Tennessee r. Bear Cr. tp. Montgomery co. Mo. Bear r, California, a fresh-wivter stream flow ing into Great Salt Lake, [meer. Bean' or Tiffin's cr, O. flows into Mau- Beardstown, pv. Cass co. 111. on III. r. 43 w by N of Springfield. Bearfield, tp. Perry co. O. Beattystown. pv. Warren co. N. J. at the w foot of Schooley's Mountains. Beaucoup, bo^coop', pv- Wn. co. III. 126 s Sd. Beaufort, N. C. and S.C. See Gazetteer. Beaumont, a v. of Texas, cap. of Jef. co. on the Neches, 250 e of Austin. Pop. 200, Beaver, Big, r. Pa. flows inlo Ohio r, Beaver, cap. of Beayer co. Pa. on O. r. 30 be low Pittsburg. Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Beaver, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Beaver, tp. Union co. Pa. Beaver, tp. Venango co.f a, Beaver, lp. Columbiana co, O, Beaver, lp, Guernsey co. O, Beaver, pt. Pike co. O. 73 s of Cs, Beaver, tp, Boone co. 111. [river. Beaver Cr. tp, Greene co. O. on Little Miami Beaver Dam, tp. Erie co. Pa. Beaver Islands, a group near n end L. Mich . Beaver Meadovi^, po. Carbon co. Pa, 100 ne of H, Anthracite of au excellent gualily is found here. [of H, Beavertown, pv. Union co. Pa. 83 n by w Beccaria, tp, Clearfield co. Pa. Becket, pt. Berkshire co. Mass, 118 w of B Beddington, lp. Wn. co. Me. Bedford, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H, on Mer- rimacjc river, Bedford, pi, Middlesex co. Mass. 15 nw of B BEL 554 BER Bedford, pv, semi-capital of Westchester co. N.Y. 45 NNE of New York, Bedford, lp. Bedford co. Pa, Bedford, pv. cap, of Bedford co. Pa, 200 w of Ph iladelphia, noted for its medicinal springs. Bedford, pv. cap. of Trirable eo. Ky. 40 sw of Frankfort. Bedford, tp. Coshocton co. O. 60 ne of Cs. Bedford, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 12 sg of Cleve land, Bedford, tp. Meigs co, O, on Shade r. [zoo r, Bedford, pt, Calhoun co. Mich, on Kalama- Bedford, lp. Monrcre co. Mich. [of Is. Bedford, pv. cap. of LawTence co. Ind. 70 sw Bedminster, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 8 nw of Somerville, Bedminster, tp. Bucks co. Pa. Beekman, pt. Dutchess co N.Y. 14 se Pough keepsie. [Plattsburg. Beekmantown, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 8 n of Beelersville, pv. Carroll co. Ark. ; 5 m. s are the While Sulphur Springs. Belair, pv, and cap. of JIarford co, Md. 25 n E of Baltiraore. Belair, pv. Lancaster dist. S. C. 90 n of Ca. Belchertown, pt, Hampshire co, Mass. 80 miles w of Boston. Belfast, Me. See Gazetteer. Belfast, pt. Alleg'hany co. N.Y. on Genesee r. Belfast, tp. Bedtord co. Pa. Belford, pv, NashviUe co, N. C. 50 e of Rh. Belgrade, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 n of A. Belgrade, v. Jasper co. Texas, on Sabine r. Belgrade Mills, pv. Kemiebec co. Me, 17 n of Augusta, Bell, lp. Clearfield co. Pa, [Ga. railroad. Bell Air, depot, Ga, 10 w of Augusta, on the Belle j. Mich, flows into the St. Clair r. Belle-fon-taine', pv. cap. of Logan co. O. 70 NW of Columbus. Bellefontaine, v. St. Louis co. Mo. on Mo. r. Belle-fonte', pv. cap. of Centre co. Pa, on Spring creek, 85 nw of Harrisburg. Deliefoute, pv- cap. of Jackson co. Ala. near Tennessee r. 166 ne of Tuscaloosa, [n Al. Belle Isle, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 137 w by Belle-monte', pv, Fayette co, Teim. 190 sw of Nashville. Belleview, pv. Calhoun co. III. 85 sw of Springfield. Belleview, tp. AVashington co. Mo, Belleville, pv, Jef, eo, N.Y. 170 nw ofAl. Belleville, pv. Essex co. N, J. on Passaic r. 70 NE of Trenton and 3i from Newark, It contains about 200 houses. [Tuscaloosa. Belleville, pv. Conecuh co. Ala. 150 sbyE of Belleville, cap. of Desha co. Ark. on Ark, r. Belleville, pv. Richland co. O. 6S Ne of Cs. Belleville, pv. cap. of St. Clair co. 111. 100 s by w of Springfield. Bellevue, pv. Huron oo. O. 96 jt by e of Cs, fj'ellevue, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 120 vi'NWof D. BELLtNGUAM, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 30 sw B, BiCLLONA Arsenal, pv, Cheslerfield co. Va. on Jann-s river. [Conn, r. Bellows' Falls, pv. Windham co. Vt. on BuLLEroRT, pv. Suffolk CO. NiY. [Ala. r. Bkll's Ii.\NDiNG, pv. Monroe co. Ala. on the Belmont, pt. Waldo co. Me. 37 e by N of A, Belmont, lp. Franklin co. N.Y. on Chateau- gniiy nver. J-'ehnnut, pv. Panola co. Miss. 170 n of J, clinoiit, pv. Belmont eo. O. 109 E of Cs. BuMiioiil, pv. Town CO. "Wifl. 01 sw Madison. Belpre, pt. Wn. co. O. on the Ohio r. Belvidere, bel-ve-deer', pt. Lamoille co.Vt, 45 K of Montpelier, [Del. r, 57 nnw Tn. Belvidere, pv. cap. of Warren co. N. J. ou Belvidere, tp, Boone co. IU. Belvidere, pv.Winnebago co. III. ^0 n by e Sd. Benedict, pv. Charles co. Md. on Paluxenl r. Benedicta, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Bengal, tp. Clinton co- Mich. Benn'ett's Bayou, lp. Benton co. Ark. Bennettsvtlle, pv. cap- of Marlborough dist. S. C, 107 NE of Colurabia. Bennington, pv. serai-cap. of Bennington co. Vt. 37 Ne of Albany- Here the British were defeated, Aug, 1777, by the American.s un der Gen. Starke. Pop. of the lp. 3,429. Bennington, pt. Wyoming eo. N .Y- on Tona- w^anda creek. Bennington, pt. Dela^vare co. 0. 40 ne of Cs, Bennington, ip. Shiawussee cx). Mich, ou Looking-glass river. Bensa'lem, tp. Bucks co. Pa. near Brl-=iol. Benson, pt. Rutland co. Vl. ou lake Cham plain. Bentleyville, pv. Wn. co. Pa. on Pigeon cr. Benton, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 180 w of Al, Benton, pv- Lumpkin co, Ga. 124 nnw of M Benton, pv. cap. of Yazoo co. Miss. 50 nw J Benton, pv. cap. of Saline co. Ark. 24 sw of Little Rock. Benton, lp. Hocking co. O. Benton, pv. Holmes co. O- 92 ne of Cs, Benton, tp. Linn co. Mo. Benton, lp. Macon co. Mo. Benton, lp. Newton co. Mo. Beniou, tp. Polk co. Mo, Benton, pv. cap. of Scolt co. Mo. 2^ sk ot Jefferson City. Benton, tp. Taney co. Mo. Benton, tp, Wayne co. Mo, Benton's Port, pv. Van Buren co, Iowa. Bentonville, pv. cap, of Polk co. Tenn. 170 SE of Na^ihviille. [of Little Sugar cr. Bentonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark, 2 s Behea, pv. Cuj'ahoga co. 0. 12 sw Cleveland. Bergen, (g hard) pt. Geuesee co. N.Y. 14 Nvr of Balavia. Bergen, pv. cap. Hudson co. N. J. 56 ne Tn. Berkeley, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 37. s ofB. Berkley Springs, near the village of Bath, Morgan co. Virginia. Berkshire, berk'-shir, pt. FrankUn co. Vl. on Missisque river. Berkshire, pt. Tioga co. N.\ . 13 s Owego. Berkshire, pt. Delaware co. O. 23 N of Cs. Berkshire Valley, pv. Morris co. N. J, 12 NW of Morristown. Berlin, lp. O.Kford co. Me. 45 nw of A. Berlin, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Androsco^in r Berlin, pt. AVn. co. Vt. 4 s of Mtr. [cester Berlin, pi. Wo'ster co. Mass. 15 ne of Wor- Berlin, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 s by w Hd. Berlin, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y- 26 e ofAl. Berlin, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 140 w by s of H Berlin, tp. Wayne co. Pa. Berlin, pv. "Worcester co, Md. 120 se of An. Berlin, pv. Sumter co. Ala. S6 sw of T. Beriin, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 49 s of Ne. Berlin, tp. Delaware co. O. Berlin, tp. Krie co. O. Berlin^ pt. Hoimcs co. O. 95 ne of Cs. Berlin, tp. Knox co. O, Berlin, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 18 swof Warren. Berlin, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. BEX 555 BLA Berlin, pv. Sangamon co. III. 14 wby s of Sd. Berlin, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Berlin, pv. Scott co. Iowa. Beemut>ian, pv. Adams eo. Pa. 19 s by w H. Ber-na-dotte', pv. Fulton co. 111. 65 N^v of Springfield. Bernard, tp. Somerset co. N. J. [by n of B. Bernardston, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 100 w Bernardsville, pv. Mercer co, N. J. Berne, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 23 w ofAl. Berne, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. Berne, lp. Athens co. O. on Federal cr. Berne, tp. Fairfield co. O. Bernville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 63 e by n ofH. Berrien Springs, pv. Berrien co. Mich. 190 sw of Detroit. Berrysburg, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 40 n ofH. Berrysville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 113 sw of Is. Berrytown, pv. Kent co. Del. 14 s by w of Dover. Berryville, v. Scott co. Miss. 10 s of Hills boro' C. H. Bertrand, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 180 w of D. Berwick, lp. York co. Me, on Salmon Fall r, Berwick, tp. Adams co. Pa. 40 sw ofH. Bervpick, pv. Colurabia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Bethab'ara, a Moravian v- Stokes co. N. C. Betha'nia, Moravian pv. Stokes co. N. C. 1 18 NW of Raleigh. [of Hd. Bethany, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 46 sw Bethany, pv. Genesee co. N.Y. 250 w of Al. Bethany, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160 ne ofH. Bethany, pv. Brooke co. Va. 350 nw of R. Bethel, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 w of A. Bfethel, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on White r. Bethel, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 70 sw of Hd, Bethel, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 60 w Newburg. Bethel, lp. Bedford co. Pa. Bethel, pt. Berks co. Pa. 50 E of H. Bethel, tp. Delaware co. Pa. near Chester cr. Bethel, tp. l..ebanon co. Pa, on Svralara cr. Bethel, pv. Hertford co. N. C. 160 ne of Rh. Bethel, pv. Glynn co. Ga. 230 se of M, Bethel, v- Wayne co. Ga. on Turtle r. Bethel, lp. Miami co. O. on Miami r. Bethel, tp. Clark co. O. on Mad r. Bethel, pv. Clermont co. O. 110 swof Cs, Bethel, lp .Monroe co. O. Bethelj tp. Branch co. Mich. Bethel, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. Bethel, tp. Posey co. Ind. Bethlehem, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 88 nw Cd. Bethlehem, lp, Albany co, N. Y. 5 s ofAl. Belhiehem, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 n by w of Trenton. Belhiehem, pv. Norlharapton co. Pa. on the , Lehigh r. 48 N of Philadelphia. It contains a celebrated female seminary, conducted by the Moravians. Bethlehem, v. Oglethorpe co. Ga. 65 nne M. Bethlehem, lp. Coshocton co. O. on Walhon ding river. [river. Bethlehem, pv. Slarke co. O. on Tuscara-was Bethlehem, py. Clark co, Ind. on the Ohio r. Bethlem, pi. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 wsw of Hartford, Beverly, Mass. See Gazetteer. [of R. Beverly, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Va. 200 nw Beverly, pv. Anson co. N. C, 150 sw of Rh. Bexar* (Sp, pron, ba-nan'), a large co. or region of Texas, occupying the w central • This name, aa we are informed, is usually pronaunced by the Tezans bar. Eortion of the slate, being watered by the ead streams of the Colorado, Guadalupe, and Nueces, and their branches. The soil consists for the mosl part of a sandy loam, and is in general exceedingly procluctive Capital, San Antonio de Bexar. Biddeford, lp. York co. Me. on Saco r. Big Beaver, lp. Beaver co. Pa. Big Black r. See Gazetteer, Big Blue r, rises in the Indian Territory, and, flowing into Mo. falls into the Missouri r. Big Cr. lp. Crawford co. Ark, Big Cr. tp, PhUlips co. Ark. Big Cr. lp. Van Buren co: Ark. Big Cr. tp. Rives co. Mo. Big Cr. lp. Van Buren co. Mo. [mung r. Big Flats, pi. Chemung co. N.Y. on Cnc- BiG Hatchy r. Tenn, flows into the Missis sippi river. Big Island, pt, Marion co, O. 47 w by N Cs. Big Lick, tp. Hancock eo. O, Big Prairie, tp. New Madrid co. Mo, Big R, tp. Jefferson co. Mo. [Ohio. Big Sandy r, of Va. and Ky, flows into tbe Big Springs, tp. Seneca co. O. [w of Al. Big Spring Point, pv. Yates co. N. Y. 190 Big Walnut r. an affluent of the Scioto r. O. Biller'ica, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 sse of Lowell. Biloxi, pv. Harrisonco. Miss. on Biloxi Bay. Bingham, (bing'-um) pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec river. Bingham, pt. Potter co. Pa. < Bingham, ip, Clinton co. Mich, Binghamton, pv. cap. Broome co. N.Y. [cr. Btrdsall, pt.Alleghany co. N.Y. on Black BiRDSviLLE, pv. Burke co. Ga. 74 e of M. Birmingham, lp. Chester co. Pa. Birmingham, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 107 nw of Harrisburg. Birmingham, lp. Delaware co. Pa. Birmingham, a suburb of Pitisburg, on the s side of Monongahela river. Birmingham, pv. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Birrainghara, pv- Oakland co. Mich. 19 nwD. Bisho I' SVILLE, pv. Sumter dist. S.C. 87KECa. BisTiNEAU, (bisHe-no') lake, Claiborne par. La. 35 long and 2 broad. Black, tp, Posey eo. Ind, [Plattsburg. Black Brook, pt, Clinton co. N.Y. 20 sw of Black cr. N.Y. flows inlo Genesee r. Black Cr. pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 270 w by s Black Cr. lp. Mercer co. O. [ofAl Black Feet Indians (Fr. Pieds Noirs, pe^-ai' nw^aR), apowerful and warlike tribe in the N and w portions of Missouri Territory. Blackford, pv. cap. of*Blackford co. hid. 80 NE of Indianapolis. Black, Hawk, pt. Shelby co. Ind. 34 se of Ts. Blackleysville, pv. Wayne co. O. 94 ne Cs. Black LicKj tp. Indiana co. Pa. Black r. Windsor co. Vt. flows into the Con necticut al Springfield. Black r, N. Y. See Gazetteer. Black r, N. C, an affluent of Cape Fear r, [r. Black r, S. C. an affluent of the Great Pedee Black r. Ark, flows into the While r. Black r. O. flows into Lake Erie, Black r, Mich, flows into Lake Michigan. Black R. lp. Independence co. Ark. Black R. lp. Ijawrence co Ark, Black R. pJ, Lorain co. O, on Black r. Black R, lp. St. Francis co. Mo. Black R. tp. Washington co. Mo. BLO 556 BOO Black R, tp, Wayiie co. Mo, Black Bock, pv. Erie co. N.Y, 2^ n Buffalo, Blackstone r. rises in Mass. and falls inlo Providence river, R. I. [of R. Blacksville, pv. Monongalia co, Va. 300 nw Black Warrior r. See Gazetteer. Blackwater r. N.H, flows into Contoocook r Blackwater r. Va, flows into Nottaway r, Blackwater, tp. Pellis co. Mo. [ne of Wn Bladensburg, pv. Prince George co. Md. 6 Blairsville, pv. Indiana co. Pa. on Kiski- minitas riv*r. [of M. Blairsville, pv. cap, of Union co. Ga. 118 nnw Blairsville, pv. Posey co. Ind. 180 sw of Is, Blaicely, pt, Luzerue co. Pa. on Lackawan nock river. ' Blakely, pv. cap. of Early co. Ga,2C0 swof M. Blakely, pv. cap. of Baldwin co. Ala. on Tensaw river, opposite lo Mobile. Blanchard, pt, Piscataquis CO Me. 70 Nof A. Blanchard, tp. Hancock co. O. Blanchard, tp. Hardin co. O. Blanchard, tp. Putnam co. O. [n of Cs. Blanchard's Bridge, pv. Hancock co. O. 80 Blanford, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 110 w of B. Blauvelt VILLE, pv. Rockland co. N.Y, 130 s of Albany. Bleeker, pt, Fulton co. N.Y. Blendon, pt. Franklin co, O. 10 n of Cs, Blendon Institute, pv. Franklin co. O. Blenham, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. Iriver. Blissfield, pv. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin Block Island, Newport co. R. I. 30 sw of Newport. [kill river. Blockley, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Schuy l- Bloody Run, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 90 w by s H. Bloom, tp. Columbia co. Pa, on Susqa. r. Bloora, tp. Fairfield co. O, Bloom, tp. Morgan co. O. on Muskingum r. Bloom, tp, Scioio co, O, Bloora, lp. Seneca co, 0. 86 k of Cs. Bloom, tp. Wood co. O. [bee r. Bloomfield, pt. Somerset co. Ale. onKenne- Bloomfield, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Bloomfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 7 nw Hd. Bloomfield, pt. and v. Essex co. N. J, 4 n of Newark. Bloomfield, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 nw H. Bloomfield, v. cap. of Perry co. Pa. 24 n w of H. Bloomfield, pv. Loudon co. Va. 135 n of R. Bloomfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 43 swof F. Bloomfield, tp. Jackson co, O. Bloomfield, pt. Knox co. O. 46 nne of Cs. Bloomfield, lp. Logan co. O. Bloomfield, tp. Richland co. O. 60 ne of Cs. Bloomfield, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 15 N Warren. Bloomfield, tp. Oakland co, Mich, on a br. of BIt)orafield, lp. La Grange co. Ind. [Rouge r. Bloomfield, pv. cap, of Greene co. Ind. 74 sw of Indianapolis. Bloomfield, pv. Edgar co. III. 128 e hy s of Sd. Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Stoddard co. Mo. 2^ SE of Jefferson City. Bloomingburg, pv. Sullivan co, N.Y, Bloomingburg, pv. Fayette co. O. 45 ssw Cs. Blooming Grove, pt. Orange co. N.Y. [Is. Bloomington, pv. cap. Monroe ro. Ind.49sw Bloomington, pv. McLean co. III. 73 nne Sd. Bloomington, tp. Buchuuan co. Mo. Blooraington, pv. cap. of Macon co. Mo. 106 N of Jefferson City. Bloomington, pv. cap.of Muscatine co. Iowa, on Mississippi river. Blooming viLLE, pv. Erie co. 0. 120 n by e Cs. Bloomseuxg, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. i Bloorasburg, pv- Halifax co.Va. 140 s by wR. Bloomsbury, pv. Warren co.N. J. 43 nnw Tn. Bloomville, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on the ¦w branch of Delaware river. BlossbueGj pv. Tioga co. Pa. 130 nw of H, In its vicinity is a celebrated mine of bitu minous coal. [100 NE of T. Blountsville, pv. cap, of Blomil co. Ala. BlountsviUe, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. Tenn. 280 E b/ N of Nashville. BlountsviUe, pv. Henry co. Ind. 72 e by n la. Blue Hill, pt. Hancock co- Me. 75 e of A. Blue Mountain, tp. Izard co. Ark. [teer. Blue Ridge, See Blue Mountains, Gazet- Blue R, tp, Hancock co. Ind. Blue R. tp. Harrison co. Ind- kura r. Blue Rock, pt. Muskingum co- O. on Mu^dn- Bluefton, pv. cap, of Wells co, Ind, 107 hke of Indianapolis. Blythe, tp. Marion co. Ark, Blythe, lp. CaldweU co. Mo, Boalsbueg, pv. Centre co. Pa, 84 nw ofH. Boardman, pt. TrumbuU co, 0. 170 ne of Cs. Bodenham, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 82 s by w Ne. Bceuf r. Ark. and La. flows inlo the Washilar. Bceuf, tp. Franklin co. Mo. Bceuf Bayou. See Gazetteer. Boggs, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [Pearl r. Rogue Chito (or Chitto) r. La. flows into Bohemia cr. Md. flows inlo Elk r. Bois Blanc Island, L, Huron, se of Macki naw, 10 m. lon^ and 3 broad. Bois d'Arc, tp. Hempstead co. Ark. Bokes Cr. tp. Logan co. O. Bolivar, Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 e Angelica. Bolivar, pv. Robeson co.N. C. 112s bywBh. Bolivar, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscara* -was river. ^ Bolivar, pv- cap, Bolivar co. Miss, on Miss, r. Bolivar, pv. cap. of Hardeman co. Tenn, on Big Hatchee river, [Jefferson City*. Bolivar, pv. cap. of Polk co. Mo. 132 sw of Bolivar, v. Brazoria co. Texas, ou the e bank of the Brazos. Bolivar, Galveston co. See Point Bolivar, Bolivia, lp. Jefferson co. Ark, Bolivia, tp. Gasconade co. Mo. Bolton, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 nnw of Mtt. Bolton, pi. AVorcester co. Mass. 33 w of B. Bolton, pi. Tolland co. Conn. 14 e of Hd. Bolton, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Schroon r. Bombay, pt. FrankUu co. N. Y. on Little Salmon river. Bonham, a little v. of Texas, cap. of Fannin CO. on Bois d'Arc creek, 350 nne of Austin. Bo-n_ur', (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwen I'ray, i. e. " good air,") a small island of iheWest In dies belonging to the Dutch, 25 e of Curagoa. Salt is exported in considerable quantities. Bon Homme, lp. St. Genevfeve co. Mo. Bon Homme, St. Louis co. Mo. Bonne Femme, tp. Howard co. Mo. Bonnet Carre, pv. cap. of St. John Baptist {larish, La. on the Mississippi river. Boone, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Boone, tp. Warwick co. Ind. Boone, lp. Franklin co. Mo. Boonesdorough, pv.Wn. co. Md. GO nw An Booncsborough, pv. Madison co. Ky. 53 sk of Frankfort, on Kentucky river. BoONE Lick, tp. Ho\vard co. Mo. [n Utica. Booneville, pt. Oneida co.N.Y. on Blackr.30 Booneville, pv. cap.of Scott co. Ark. BRA 557 BRE Bonneville, pv. cap. of \Varwick co. Ind". 170 ssw of Intiianapolis. Booneville, pv. cap. of Cooper co. Mo. on the Missouri river. Boonville, a fiourishing v. of Texas, cap. of Brazos co. 110 e by n from Atisiin, Boothbay, pi. lancoln co. Me. 40 s by e of A. Bordentown, borough, Burlington co. N. J. on llie Delaware river. Borgne, Lake. See Gazetteer. Boedley, pv. Union co. Ky. 220 w by s of F. Boscawen, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. on Ihe Merrimack river. Boston, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 20 sw Buffalo. Boston, lp. I'^rankliu co. Ark. Boston, pt. Nelson co. Ky. 66 sw of F. Boslon, pi. Sumrait co. O. on the Ohio canal. Boston, pt. Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r. Boston, a v. of Texas, cap. of Bowie co. 360 NE of Austin, and 5 s of Red r. Pop. 200. Botetourt Springs, pv. Roanoke co. Va. 180 w by s of Richmond. Bottle Hill, v. Morris co. N. J. 57 n by e Tn. Bound Brook, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 33 n by E of Trenton. Bourbon, lp. Calloway co. Mo. BouHNEviLLE, pv. Ross CO. O. 63 s of Cs. BouRNSBURG, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 n by "w of Jefferson City. Bovey, tp, St, Genevieve co. Mo. BoviNA, pi. Dela%vare co, N,Y, on Liltle De laware river. Bow, lp, Merrimack co. N. H, on Mer'k. r. Bowdoin, bo'den, pt. Lhicoln co. Me. 18 ssw of Augusia. [Kennebec r. Bowdoinham, pt, Lincoln co. Me. on the Bowen, tp. Madison co. Ark. BoweRsville, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 n M. Bo^vie, a CO. occupying the ne ext. of Texas, and bordering on Red river. A large por tion of the surface is covered wilh tiraber. . Soil very good. Capital, Boslon. Bowles, lp. Franklin co. Mo. [40 n of R. Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Caroline co. Va. Bowling Green, pv. Oglethorpe co, Ga, 63 NN'E of Milledgeville. [on Big Barren r. Bo\vling Green, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ky. Bowling Green, lp. Licking co. O. Bowling £reen, tp. Marion co. O. on Scioto r, Bowling Green, pv- caji. of Clay co. Ind. 60 s by w of Indianapolis. Bowling Green, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [of B. Boxborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass, 28 nw Boxford, pt. Essex co. Mass. 30 n by e of B, Boxville, pv. Montg. co. Ga, 130 sse of M. BoYDSTowN, pt, Penobscot co. Me. 100 ne A. Boydton, pv, cap, of Mecklenburg co. Va 109 ss^v of Richmond. Boylston, pt, AVorcester co. Mass. 40 w of B, Boylston, tp. Oswego co. N.Y.. 140 nw ofAl. B0ZR.4H, pt. New Loudon co. Conn, on Yan tic river. [ese of Hd. Bozrahville, pv. New London co. Conn. 31 Braceville, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 160 ne of Cs. Brackabeen, pv. Schoharie co, N.Y. 45 w Al. Bradford, tp. Lincoln co. Me, Bradford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 90 ne of A. Bradford, pt. Merrimack co, N.H. 25 w Cd. Bradford, pt. Orange co. Vt. on Conn, r, Bradford, pt, Essex co. Mass. ou Merrimack r. Bradford, lp. Steuben co. N.Y. Bradford, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. Bradford, tp. Lincoln co. Mo. Bhadfordville, pv. Marion co. Ky. 68 s F. 47* Bradley, tp. Penobscot co. Me. 50 n of Ban gor. [Mtr. Bradleyvale, lp. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 ne of Brady, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Brady, lp. Williams co. O. on Tiffin's r. Brady, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Portage r. Bradyville, pv. Cannon co. Tenn. 56 seNc. Brainaed's Bridge, pv, Rensselaer co, N.Y. 10 NE of Albany. Braintree, pt. Orange co, Vt. 23 s of Mtr. Braintree, pi. Norfolk co. Mass. 34 s of B. Braintrem, pt. Luzerue co. Pa. Bealsville, v. Monroe co. O. Branch, lp. Schuylkill co. Pa, [of D. Branch, pv.cap. of Branch co. Mich.llO wsw Branch Port, pv. Yates co. N.Y. Branchville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 77 n of Tn. Brandenburg, pv. cap. of Mead co. Ky. on the Ohio river, 94 w by s of Frankfort. Brandon, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 48 sw of Mtr. Brandon, tp. Franklin co.N.Y. 10 sw Malone. Brandon, pv. cap. of Rankin co. Miss, 13 e J. Brandon, lp. Oakland co. Mich, on the sources of Flint river. Brandonville,pv. Preston CO. Va. 260 nwR. Brandt, tp. Erie co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Brandy, tp. AVilliams co. O, [lavrare r. Brandywine cr. Pa. and Del. flows iuto De- Brandywine, tp. Chester co. Pa. Brandywine, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Brandywine, huudred. New Castle co. Del. Brandywine Mills, pv. Sumrait co. 0. 140 ne of Columbus. [Sound. Branford, pt. N, Haven co. Conn, on Long I. Brantford, a flourishing town of Canada W. on Grand river. 20 m. w by s of Hamilton. Pop. 3,000 or 4,000, Brasher Falls, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. oil Deer river. [Conn. r. Brattleborough, pt. Windham- co. Vt. on Braxton C.H. pv. cap. of Braxton co.Va. on Elk river. Brazoria, a co. of TexaSj borderino^ on the Gulf of Mexico, and intersectecT by the Brazos. AVith the exception of a strip of prairie land along the coast, the soil isgene- rally very fertile. Brazoria, a sea-port and cap. of the above CO., is situate on the ^v or right bank of the Brazos, about 30 m. by ^\'ater from ils mouth, and 60 w^ by s from Galveston. Pop. 500. Brazos r. See Gazetteer. Brazf>s, a eo. in the e central part of Texas, E of and bordering on the river Brazos. Soil ferlile ; well adapted lo pasturage. Capital, Boonville. [on Kentucky r. Breathitt C.H. pv. cap. of Breathitt co. Ky. Brecknock, tp, Berks co. Pa. Brecknock, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. Bremen, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 40 se of A. Bremen, pv- Fairfield co, O. 40 se of Cs. Brenham, a v. of Texas, cap. of AVashington CO, 100 E of Austhi, Pop. about 100, Brentsville C.H.pv. cap, of Prince William CO. Va. 1110 N of Richmond. Brentwood, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on Exe ler river. Brest, pv. Monroe co. Mich, 40 s by wof D. Brewer, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob scot river. Brewer, tp. Pike co. Ark. Brewerton, pv. Onondaga co, N.Y. on Onei da river. BRO 5.58 BRO Brewster, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape Cod Bay. Bricksville, pt. Cuyahoga co, 0, 140 se Cs, Bridesburg, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 5ke of Philadelphia. Bhidgehampton, pv. Suffolk co, N,Y, Bridgeport, Conn. See Gazetteer. Bridgeport, pv. Seneca co, N.Y. on Cayuga L. at w^ end Cayuga Bridge, [nongahela r. Bridgeport, borough, Fayelie co. Pa. on Mo- Bridgeport, pv. Harrison co. Va. on Simpson's creek. Bridgeport, pv. Belmont co, O, on Ohio r, Bridgeport, pv. Marion co. Ind, [son, Bridgeport, pv. Brown co. Wis. 143 ne Madi- Bridges, lp. Taney co. Mo. [Pond. Bridgeton, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Long Bridgetown, N. J. See Gazetteer. Bridgeville, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Ne versink river. Bridgeville, pv.Warren co. N. J. 60 n by w Tn. Bridgeville, pv. Sussex co. Del. 38 s Dover. BridgeviUe, pv. Muskingum co. <).62 e of Cs. Bridgewater, pt. Grafion co. N. H. 37 nnw of Concord. [e of B. Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 25 s by Bridgewater, pt. AVindsor co. Vt. 78 s of Mtr. Bridgewater, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 15 s of Ulica. Bridgewater, tp. Somerset co. N. J, [miny cr, Bridgewater, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Nesha- Bridgewaler, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Bea- Bridgewalei-. pv. Rockingham co. Va. [ver r. Bridgewater,' tp. AA'^illiaras co. O. Bridgewater, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Bridport, pt, Addison co.Vt. onL. Cham- Beieh Cr. pt. Columbia co. Pa. [plain. Brighton, tp. Somersei co. Me. 57 n of A. Brighton, tp. Essex co. Vl, 60 ne of Mir. Brighton', pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 w of B. Brighton, pt, Monroe co. N.Y. on Genesee r. Brighton, pv. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r. Brighton, pt. Lorain co. O. 105 N by e of Cs. Brighton, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 42 nw D. Brighton, pv. Macoupin eo. IU. 12 n of Alton. Brighton, pv. Washington co. Iowa. Brighton Centre, pv. Clark co. O. 33 w Cs. Brightsville, pv. Marlboro' dist. S.C. 117 ne of Columbia. Brimfield, pt. Hampden eo.Mass. 68 w'of B. Brimfield, pt. Poriage co. O. 10 sw Ravenna. Bringiers, pv. and C.H. St. James par. La. on the Mississippi. Brinkleyville,-pv. Halifax co. N. C. 90 ne of Raleigh, BJaisTOL) pt, Lincoln co. Me. on the Atlantic. Bristol, pi. Grafton co. N. H. 30 n of Cd. Bristol, pt. Addison co. Vt. 50 sw of Mir. Bristol, R.I. See Gazetteer. Bristol, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 sw of Hd. Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 9 sw of Canan daigua. Bristol, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware river, 20 ne of Philadelphia, Bristol, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa, onTacony cr. Bristol, tp. Morgan co. O. on Meigs cr. Bri.'stol, pt, Lnpeer co. Mich. 43 n of D. Bristol, pv. Elkhart co, Ind. 160 n of Is. BnoADALBiN, pt. Fultou CO. N.Y. 40 nw Al. Broad r. Ga. a br. of ihe Savannah. Broad r. S. C. See Gazetteer. Broad r. S. C. on arm of the sea, between Port Royal Island and the main laud. Broad Cr. hundred, Sussex co, Del. Broad Kill, hundred, Sussex co. Del. Bro41> Top, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [canal. Brockport, pv, Monroe co. N.Y. on the Erie Brockville, pv, Steuben co. Ind. 180 hne of Indianapolis. Broken Straw, tp. AVarren co. Pa. Bronson, pt, Huron co. O, 2 s of Norvralk. Bronx r. Westchester co. N. Y, flows inlo East river, ' Brookfield, pt. CarroU co. N.H. 40 ne of Cd, Brookfield, pt. Orange co- Vl. 17 s of Mtr. Brookfield, pt.Worcesler co, Mass. 60 wof B. Brookfield, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 70 sw of Hd. Brookfield, pi. Madison co. N.Y. 88 w by s Al. Brookfield, borough, Jefferson co. Pa. Brookfield, pi. Tioga co. Pa. 170 n ofH. Brookfield, tp. Morgan co. O. Brookfield, tp. Slark co, O. Brookfield, v. Stark co. O. Brookfield, pt, TrumbuU co. O. Brookfield, lp. Milwaukie co, AVis. Brookhaven, lp. Suffolk co, N-Y. Brookhaven, pv. Lawrence co. Miss. [Mtr. Brookline, pt. AVindhara co, Vt. 110 s of Brookline, pt. Hillsboro' eo, N.H. 50 s of Cd. Brookline, pt, Norfolk co. Mass. 4 w by s of B. Brookline, pv. I^ladison co. Ga. 85 N of M. Brooklyn, pv. cap. of AVindham co. Coim- 44 E hy N of Hartford. Brooklyn, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 170 nne of H. Brooklyn, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 145 NNEof Cs. Brookneal, pv. Campbell co.Va. on Staunton Brooks, pi. Waldo co. Me. 45 ne A. [river. Brookville, pt. Hancock co. Me. 79 ne of A. Brookville, pv, Jefferson co. Pa. Brookville, pv- Bracken co. Ky, 65 N'E of F- Brookville, pv. cap. of Franklin co, Ind. 70 ESE of Indianapolis. [Jefferson City, Brookville, pv- Marion co. Mo, 120 nne of Broome, ip. Schoharie co. N.Y. 38 w ofAl. Brothers Valley, lp, Soraerset co. Pa. Brown, lp, Lycoming co. Pa, Bro^vn, tp. Mifflin co.T*a. Brown, tp. Athens co. O, on Racoon cr. . Brown, lp. Carroll co. O. on Sandy cr. Brown, tp. Darke co O. Brown, tp. Delaware co. O, Brown, lp. FrankUn co, O, Brown, lp. Knox co. O. ou YeUow cr. Brown, tp. Miami co. O. Brown, tp. Paulding co. O. Brown, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Brown, tp. Montn:omery co. Ind. Brown, tp. AVashington co. Ind. BRowNFrELD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 78 sw of A. Brownhelm, pt. Lorain co. O. [tc>i r. Brownington, pt. Orleans co. Vt. e of Bur- Browninglon, pv. Butler co. Pa. 210 nw of H. Brow^nsbubg, pv. Rockbridge co. A'a. on Maffet's creek. Brown's Port, pv- Perry co. Tenn. 100 sw Ne. Brownstown, pi. AA^ayne co. Mich, on Lake Erie. Brownstown, pv. cap. Jackson co. Ind. 70 s Is. Brownsville, pi. Piscataquis co.Me. [river. Brownsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Klack Brownsville, pv. Fayelte co. Pa. on Monon gahela river. Brownsville, pv. Wn. co. Md. 95 nw of Ad. Brownsville, v. Monroe co. Ga. near Ocmtd gee river. [n of T Brownsville, pv. Talladega co, Ala. 140 e by Browosville, pv. Hinds co. Mis.i. 20 w of J. Brownsville, pv. cap. of Edmondson co. Ky on Green river. BUR 559 BYR Brownsville, pv. Licking co. O. 40 s of Cs. Brownsville, pv. Union co.Ind. 6tiEby sof Is, Brownsville, pv. cap. of Jackson co. IU. 177 s of Springfield. Browntown, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n H. Bruce, pt. Macorab co. Mich. Bruceville, pv. CarroU co. Md. 80 nw of An. Bruington, pv. King aud Queen co. Va, 42 ne of Richmond. Brumfield VILLE, pv. Bcrks co. Pa. 62 ene H. Brunswick, Me. .See Gazetteer. Brun.^^wick, pt. Essex co. Vt, on Conn. r. Brunswick, tp, Rensselaer co. N,Y, 4 e Troy. BrunsAvick, pv. cap. of Glynn co. Ga. on Tur tle river. Brunswick, pt, Medina co. O, 120 ne of Cs. Brunswick, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri Brush Cr. lp, Washinglon co. Ark. [river. Brush Cr, lp. Highland co. O. Brush Cr. tp. Jefferson co. O. Brush Cr. lp. Muskingum co. O. Brush Cr. tp. Scioto co, O. Brush Hill, pv, Dupage co. III. 188 ne of Sd. Brutus, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 n of Auburn, Brutus, lp. Ingham co, Mich. Bryan, pv. Williams co. 0. 150 nw of Cs. Bryansburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 83 se Is, Bryantown, pv. Charles co. Md. 70 sw An. BucniANAN, V. Botetourt co. Va. on Jaraes r. Buchanan, lp, Berrien co. Mich, on St. Jo seph's river, [12 se of Ne. Buchanans VILLE, pv. Rutherford co, Tenn. Buck, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [nw of Al. Buck Bridge, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 230 Buck Cr, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Buckeystown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. Buckfield, pt. Oxt'ord co.Me. 33wbys of A. Buckingham, lp. AVayne co. Pa, on the Dela ware river, Buckinghara, tp. Bucks Co. Pa. 27 N of Phila. Buckland, lp. Franklin co. Mass. 100 w of B. Buckland, pv. Prince AVilliam co. Va, llO n R. Buckram, py. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Bucks, ip. St, Joseph co. Mich, on St. Jos, r. Bucks, lp. Tuscarawas co, O. [river. Bucksport, tp. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Bucyrus, pv. cap, of Crawford co. O. on San dusky river. BuELLS Lowell, tp, Washington co. O. Buffalo, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Buffalo, lp. Butier co. Pa, Buffalo, tp. Perry co. Pa. on Susquehanna r. Buffalo, borough. Perry co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Buffalo, tp. Unioii co. Pa. Buffalo, tp. AVashuigton co. Pa. 210 w of H. Buffalo, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. Buffalo, tp. Marion co. Ark. Buffalo, lp. Guernsey co. O, 87 E of Cs. Buffalo, tp. Morgan co. Mo. [angua r. Buffalo, V. cap. of Niangua co. Mo, 3 w of Ni- Buffylo, lp. Pike co. Mo. Buffalo Bayou, a streara of Texas, vi^hich flows into au arm of Galveston Bay al Lynchburg. [of An. Bullocktown, pv. Queen Anne co, Md, 64 b BttL Skin, tp._Fayette co. Pa. Bundysburg- pV: Geauga co. 0. 160 ne of Cs. Bunker Hill, tp. Ingham co. Mich. BuHBoisE,- lp. Gasconade co. Mo. [s of Al- Bur-dett', pv. Torapkins co. N.Y. 180 w by Burke, pt. Caledonia co, Vl. 50 ne of Mtr, buRKsviLLE, pv, Prince Edward co. Va. 80 sw of Richmond. Burkesville, pv. cap, Curaberland co. Ky. on Cumberland river. [of An. BuRKETSviLLE, pv. Frederick co. Md, 92 nvv BurlinghaM, pv, SulUvan co. N.Y. Burlingham, pv. Meigs co, O. 66 se of Cs, Burlington, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 120 ne A. Burlington, Yt. See Gazetteer, [n of B. Burlinglon, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 13 wby Burlington, pt. Hartford co.Conn.20wof Hd BurUngton, pt. Olsego co. N.Y. 80 w^ of Al. Burlinglon, IV. J. See Gazetteer, Burlington, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 n ofH. Burlinglon, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 200 nw R, Burlington, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ky. 82 N by E of Frankfort. [Ohio r, Burlington, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. O. on Burlington, tp. Licking co. O, Burlington, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. llOwofD. Burlington, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 53 nnw of Indianapolis. Burlington, pv. cap. of Des Moines co- Iowa, on the Mississippi river. Burnham, pt. Waldo co. Me. 34 e of A. Burns, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y- Burns, lp. Shiawassee co. Mich Burnside, pt, Clearfield co. Pa. 150 Nwof H. Burrilville, pt. Providence eo. R. I. on Branch river. Burr Oak, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 125 sw D. Burrsville, pv. Caroline co. Md.70 e of An. Burton, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on AUe ghany nver. Burton, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Burton, pt. Geauga co. O. 165 ne of Cs, Bush Cr. tp. Washington co. Ark. Bush Cr. tp. Scioio CO. O. Bushkill, tp- Northampton co. Pa. Bushnell's Basin, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. BusHwicK, lp. King's co. N.Y. 3 e Brooklyn. Buskirk's Bridge, pv. AVn. co. N.Y. on Hoosick river. Busti, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. ^0 w ofAl. Bustleton, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 10 ne of Phila. BusTON, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Butler, tp. AVayne co. N.Y. Butler, borough, cap, of Butler co. Pa. Butler, lp. I. r .,,.:_ I ™ *^ Chazy r. Clinton co, N.Y, flows inlo L. Cham- 20 NW of St. Louis. Chelmsford, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. on the Charleston, pL Penobscot co. Mc. OS ne A. | Merrimack' river. [M5)ntDelieV Char es ton, tp. Orleans co, Vt. .55 nne Mtr. Chelsea, pv. cap, of Orange co.""^ K of Charles on, pt, Montgomery co. -ii.Y. 40 wnw | Chelsea, tp. Sufiblk co. M^. 4 ne of B, r-K , 7^'^y- ^, ^ I Cheltenham, tp, Montgomery co. Pa. riSSnn' t'r'^W "^r ^^' ^^^ "^ °^ ^?- . r ^^^EMUNG r. N. Y. formed by ihe junction of Charleston, &, C,_ See Gazetteer. [of J. \ the Conhocton and Tioga,— flows inlo the Charlestun, pv, Tailahatchee co. Miss. 130 n Charleston, pv. Bradley co. Tenn. 167 se Ne. Charleston, pt. Kalaraazoo co. Mich. 127 w D. Charleston, pv. cap. of Clarke co, Ind. 100 sse of Indianapolii*. Charleston, pv, Peoria co. Ill, 90 n of S<1, [r Charlestown. pt.Sullivanco.X.H.on Conn. Charlestown, Ma.=s. See Gazetteer, Charlestown, pt, Washington co. R, 1. 45 ssw of Providence, Charlestown, pv. Cecil co. Md, 70 ne of An. Charlestown, pv. cap. of Jefftrscui co. Va. 168 N of Richmond, Charlestown, tp Chester co. Pa, Charlestown, pl. Portage co. O. 145 ne of Cs. Charloe, pv, cap. Paulding co, 0. 137 nw Cs, Charlotte, pt. Washinglon co. Me. Charlolte, Chittenden co. Vt. 54 w of Mtr. Charlotte, lp. Chautauque eo. N.Y, Charlotte, pv. Munroe co.N.Y. on Genesee r. Charlotte C. H. pv. cap. of Charlotte co. Va. 9W wsw of Richmond. [on Sugar r. Charlotte, pv- cap. of Mecklenburg co. N. C. Charlotte, pv. cap. of Dickson co. i'enn, 33 w by N of Nashville, Susquehanna.' ~ ' [raunflf r. Chernung, lp. Chemung co, N. Y. on Che- Chenango r. of N. Y. flowing into the Sus quehanna at Binghamton. [quehanna r. Chenango, tp. Broome co. N, Y. on the Sus- Chenaiigd, pt, Beaver co. Pa. Chenango Forks, pv. Broome eo, N, Y. on Clienango river, [of New Orleans. Cheneyville, pv, Rapides p.nr. La. 265 nw ChepackeTj pv. Providence co. R. I. 16 w by N of Providence. [Pedee r, Chebaw, pv. Cheslerfield dist. S. C, on Great Cherokee, pv. Logan co. O, 75 nw of Cs, Cherokee Corner, pv, Oglethorpe co. Ga. 77 N of Milledgeville. Cherokee Iron Works, pv, York dist. S. C 104 N of Columbia. CiiEEoKEES. See Gazetteer. Cherry, tp. Butler co. Pa. Cherry Creek, pl. Chaulauque co. N. Y. 20 E of Mayville. [Narraguagus r. Cherryfield, ip, Washington co. Me. on Cheery Grove, v. Si. Clair co. IU, 8 ne of Belleville. [Harrisburg. , Cheery Ridge, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 167 ne of Charlotte, pt, Eaton co. Mich. 116 w by s D. j Cherry Tree, pt. Veisaiigo co. Pa. [Al. Charlotte Harbour, Flor. See Gasp'aril- { Cheery Valley, pt. Olsego co. N. Y. 55 w la Sound. [s of An. 1 Cherry VaUey, pv. Ashtabula co. O. Charlotte Hall, pv. St. Mary's co. Md. 66 \ Cherryville, pv. Norihanipion co. Pa. 107 Charlotteville, pv. cap. Albemarle co. Va. ene of Harris^bnrg. [Chesapeake Bay. on Moore's creek, 85 NW of RichmnnJ. f Chesapeake City, pv. Cecil co. Aid. on Charlottesville, pv. Ilancuck co, Ind. 28 i Cheshire, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Hoo- E of Indianapolis. [w of B Charlton, pi. Worcester co. Mass. 53 swby Charlton, pt, Saratoga co, N,Y.2.3 nnw of Ai. Chartiers cr. a small river of Pa. flo^vs into the Ohio river, 4 miles below Pitisburg. Chartiers, lp. AVn. co. Pa. 6 n of Wn. Pa. Chateauguay, pt, Franklin co.N.Y, ou Cha teauguay r, Chateauguay r. ' See Gazetteer. [cr. Chatfield, pt. Crawffird co. O. on Sycamore Chatham, pt. Barnstable co.Mass. onsE )Kiint | of Cape Cod. \ Chatham, tp. Middlesex co. Conn. 16 a of Hd. 1 Chathnm, pt. Columbia co.N."^'. IS s bvE Al, I Chalimm, pt. Morris co. N. J. on Passaic r. j Chutliarn, pv. Chester co. Pa. 68 ese of II. j Chathnm, tp. Tioga co. Pu. I Chathara, pv. 1-icking co. O, Chatham, lp. Medina co. O. Chatham, a I. ol t^aiiuda West,on ihcTlmmos, ' _ 60 m. £ of Detroit. [N.V. 23 s Aj. | Chester, pt. Morris co, N, J, 50 n by Eof Tu, Chatham Four Corners, pv. Ci)lumbia co. j Chester, pv- cap. of Delaware co. Pa. 14 sw Chattahoochee r. Ga. See Gazetteer. of Philadelphia. Cliuttuhoochee, pv. Gad.sden co. Flor. on the Chester, tp. Wayno oo. Pa. on Delaware r. Appalachicola river. [nw of M. ,' Chester C.H.pv. cap. of CJiester dist.S. C 57 Chattoooaville, pv. Chaltongn co. Ga. IhO | h by w of Columbia. sick river. [Hartford Cheshire, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 25 ssw Cheshire, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 200 w ofAl. Cheshire, pt. Gallia co. O. on the Ohio r. Chesnut Hill, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 9 nw of Philadelphia. Chesnut Hill, tp. Monroe co.Pa. nn Head's cr. Chesnut Hill, pv. Hall co, Ga. 107 nnw of M, Chesnut Ridoe, a branch of the Alleghany Mountains, extending I'rom Md.KE through Fayette and Weslmoreland counties, Pa. Chest, pt. Clearfii-kl co. Pa. 150 nw of H. Chester, tp. Penobscot co. Me, [Concord. Chester, pt. Rnckingh.'un co. N, II. 22 sse of Chester, pl. Windsor eo. Vl. S3 s of Mir. Cliesier, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 116 w hy s B. Chester, pt. Middlesex cn. Conn. 31 s by Elld. Chcjtler, pv. Oran-re oo. N.Y. 100 s by w Al. Chester, ip. Burlinglon co. N.J. 9 sw of Mount IIollv CHI 565 CLA Chester, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 82 nw of M. Chester, tp. Butler co. O. Chester, lp. Clinton co. O. Chester, tp. Geauga co. 0. 19 e of Cleveland. Chester, tp. Knox co. O. Chester, pt. Meigs co. O. 95 sse of Cs. Chester, pt. Eaton co. Mich. Chester, tp. Wabash co. Ind. Chester, pv. Randolph co. 111. 150 se of Sd. Chester r. rises in Kent co. Del. and flows tlirough Md. into Chesapeake Bay. Chester Cross Roads, pv, Geauga co, O. Chester Factory, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 113 w of Boston. [iiecticut r. Chesterfield, pt. Cheshire co.N. H.on Con- Chesterfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 106 w of Boston. [se of Hd. Chesterfield, pv. New London co. Conn, 36 Chesterfield, tp. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham plain. Chesterfield, lp. Burliugton co. N. J, [s R. Chesterfield, pv. cap. Chesterfield co.Va. 16 [ Chesterfield, pv. cap. of Chesterfield dist. S. C. on Thomson's creek, 105 nne of Columbia. Chesterfield, pt. Lucas co. O. Chesterfield Factory, Cheshire co. N. H, 56 sw of Concord. [of Al. Chestertown, pv, V\'"arren co, N. Y. 80 n Chesterto%vn, pv. cap. of Kent co. Md. on Chester river, 54 ne of An. [of A. Chesterville, pt, Franklin co. Me. 26 nw Chesterville, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 148 w Ne. Chesterville, pv. Knox co. O. 52 nne of Cs. Chesuncook Lake, Me. See Gazetteer. Chetimaches Lake, La. See Gazetteer, Cheviot, pv, Harailton co. 0. 7 nw Cincinnati, Chew-s Lantiing, pv. Gloucester co, N.J. 38 S3E of Trenton. [nw of An, Chew3\'tlle, pv. "Washinglon co. Md. 105 Cheyenne, See Chienne. tniAPA, che-ah'pa, a state in the se part of Mexico, bordering on the Pacific, Area, 38,-500 sq. ra, I'op. estima^ted at 130,000. Capital, Ciudad Real. [into L, Mich. Chicago r. III. fiows by the t. of this name Chicago, 111. See Gazetteer. Chichester, pl, Merrimack co. N.H. 8e Cd. Chickahominy r.Va. flows into Jaraes r. Chickamauga r. rises in Ga. and fiows into Tennessee r. in the state of Tenn. Chick-a-pee' r. Mass. fiows into Conn, river, in the N part of Springfield co. Chickapee Falls, pv. Hampden co. Mas.*, on Chickapee river. [form the Piiscagoula, Chickasawtla. r. Miss, unites wilh Leaf r. to Chicktawaga, tp. Erie co. N. Y. 6 e Buffalo, Cheen'ne (she-enn') Indians, a tribe found chiefly inthe e part of Missouri Territory. Chihuahua, che-wah'wa, a state in the n part of Mexico, E of Sonora, It formerly extended eastward beyond the Rio del Norte. Area, 72,500 sq. ra. Pop, 120,000. Chihuahua, the capital of the above, is a handsome city, with a pop. of 30,000. (B,) Childsburg, pv, Fayette co. Ky. 32 e of F. Chili, pt. Monroe co, N. Y. 10 sw^ Rochester. Chilicothe, O, See Gazetteer. Chilicothe, ]w. Peoria co. Ill, on Peoria L, Chilicothe, pv, cap. of Livingston co. Mo. 150 N^v of Jefferson City, Chillisquaque, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. Chilmark. pl. Dukes co. Mass. on the sw^ part of Martha's Vineyard. Chilo. pv- Clermont co. O. on the Ohio r. 43 Chilts or Chikailis, cnik-ka'Usj a.i che3 par. La. Clover Port, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. od the Ohio river. Clyde, pv. A\'ayne co. N. Y. on Clyde river. Clyde r. X. Y. formed by the junclion of Flint and Mud ers. liow.-; into Seneca river. Clymer, pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. Coahuila, k<0d.-wee'l5., a province in tho NE pai-t of Mexico, bordering on the Rio del Norte. Jn union with Texas, it for merly constituted one of the Mexican States. Ji8 area is probably about 50,000 COL 567 COL sq.m. Pop. unknown. According to Balbi, RIonclova (or Coahuila) is the capital, bul sorae writers give Saltillo as the capital. Coal, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. Coal Brook, tp. Clintou co. Pa. Coatesville, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the Co lumbia raUroad, 38 m. w of Philadelphia. Cobleskill, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 40 wAl. Coburg, a l. of Canada West, on the n shore of L. Ontario. Lat 44=* n, Lon. 78^ 10' w. CocHECTON, pt. SuUivan co. N. Y. on Del. r. Cochran's Grove, pv. Shelby co.Ill. 72sESd. CocHRAXsviLLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62 ese H. Codorus cr. rises in Md. and flows inlo the Susquehanna river in Pa. Codorus, pv. York co. Pa. on Codorus cr. Coeyman's, quee'raauz, pt, Albany co. N.Y. 13 s of Albany. Coffeeville, pv. Clark co. Ala. on Tombig bee river. [Turkey cr. 130 n of J, Coff'eeville, pv. cap. Yalabusha co. Miss, on CoHASsET, pt, Norfolk CO. Mass. 20 se of B. Cohoes, pv, Albany co.N.Y. on the Mohawk. Cohoes FaUs, on the Mohawk, 3 m. above its mouth. There is a perpendicular fall of about 70 feet. Coitsville^ pt. TrumbuU co. O, on Beaver r, CoKEsBURG, pv. Abbeville dist. S.C. 93 \v Ca. Colbert, pv, Lowndes co.Miss. on Tombig bee river. Colburn, a t.of Canada West, on ihe n shore of L.Oniario. Lat.443N, Lon. about 78° w. Colbyville^ pv, Clarke co. Ky. 40 ese of F, Colchester, pt, Chittenden i>o. Vt, on Lake Charaplain, [Salmon r, Colchester, pt. New London co. Conn, on Colchester, pt. Delaware co. N. Y- Coldbrook, pv. Worcester co. Mass, 60 w^ B, Coldbrook, pv. Herkimer co, N.Y- 86 nw Al. Colden, pt. Erie co. N.Y. [Hudson r. Cold Spring, pv. Putnam co. N.Y- on the Cold Spring, lp. Cattaraugus co. N,Y. on the Alleghany river. Cold Spring, pv. Cape May co, N. J. 105 s Tn, Cold Spring, pv, Shelby eo. 111. 72 se of Sd. Cold Spring Harbour, pv. on the n side of Long Island, [of R. Cold Stream, pv. Hampsh ire co. Va. 167 nn\v Cold Water, pv. cap. of Branch co. Mich. 110 w^sw of Detroit. [river. CoLEBROOK, pt. Coos CO. N. H. on Connecticut Colehrook, pt, Litchfield co. Conn, 30 nw Hd. COLEBROOKDALE, pt. Bcrks CO, Pu. Cole Cr. fp. Montgomery co. Ind. Coleman SVILLE, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 50 ne of Frankfort. [cut of Deerfield r, Colerain, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on an afilu- Colerain, lp. Bedford co. Pa. Colerain, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. Colerain, pv. Bertie co. N. C, on Cho"wan r, Colerain, pt. Belraont co. O. Colerain, tp. HamUton co, O. Colerain, lp. Boss co, O. [Spruce cr. Colerain FdRGE, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Coles C. H. pv. cap. of Coles co. IU. 96 ese Sd. Coli.^a, ko-lee'ma, the chief t.* of the Mexican territory of Colima, near a cele brated volcano of the same name. Lat. about IS ^ 50' N, Lon. 103^ 10' w, [qa. r CoLEsviLLE, pt, Broome co, N, Y. on the Sus- » Itaibi apealu of thia place « a/" liltle town," while one of the mips of the Sociely f-T ihe Diffusion of Useful Knowledge five 1 3' ',000 for Itie pop.j but this may possibly Ga an error of llie engraver. College, tp. Knox co. O. College Corners, pv. Butler co, 0, 110 wsw of Columbus. Collegeville, pv. Saline co. Ark. 15 sw of Little Rock. [of Rh CoLLETSviLLE, pv. Caldwcll CO. N. C. 213 w Collins, pt.Erie co.N.Y.ou Cattaraugus cr CoLLiNsviLLE, pv. Hartford co. Conn, on Farmington nver. CoUinsville, pv. Lewis co.N.Y. 123Nwof Al. CoUinsville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 122 w H. CoUinsville, pv. Butler co. O. IUO sw of Cs. CoUinsville, pv. Madison co. 111. 86 s of Sd. Colon, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. [teer. Colorado r. See Rio Colorado, Gazet- Co-lor-nd'o, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides of the r. Colorado, from SO lo 100 ra. frora the sea. Along the Colorado and Navidad the soil is exceedingly fertile: Towards the ne border of the co. it is sandy and less productive. Capital, Columbus. Colorado City, a v. of Fayelie co. Texas, on the Colorado river, a mile or two above La Grange. CoLossE, pv. Os^ve^o co. N.Y. 150 WN'wof Al. Colt's Neck, pv. Monraouth co. N. J. 40 e of Trenton. [Machias. Columbia, pt. Washington co. Me. 15 w of Columbia, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn. r. Colurabia, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 e of Hd. Colurabia, pl. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 ^v of Al. Colurabia, pv, Warren co, N. J. 70 n of Tn. Columbia, lp. Bradford co. Pa, [Susqa r. Columbia, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the Columbia, pv. Fluvanna co. Va, on Jaiues r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Tyrrell co. N. C. on Scoupernong r. Columbia, pv. Henry co. Ala. 240 sw of T. Columbia, pv. cap. of Marion co. Miss, on Pearl river. , [Washita r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Caldwell par. La. on Columbia, pv. cap. of Chicot co. Ark. on the Mississippi river. [Duck r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Maury co. Tenn. on Columbia, pv. cap.of Adair co.Ky. GSsof F. Columbia, lp. Hamilton co. O. 6 e Cincinnati. Columbia, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 74 w of D. Colurabia, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 55 e of Is. [r. Columbia,pv.cap.of Whitley co.Ind. ouBlue Colurabia, pv. Monroe co. III. Columbia, pv. cap. of Boone co. Mo. on Roche Pierre river, Columbia, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos river. Pop. from 300 to 400. [157 NW of R. Columbia Furnace, pv. Shenandoah cn. Va. Columbiana, pv. cap.of Shfelby co.Ala. 73 e T, Colurabiana, pv, Columbiana co, O. Columbiaville, v. Columbia co. N.Y. near the river Hudson. [la r. Columbus, pl. Chenango co. N.Y. on Unadil- Colurabus, pv. Burlington co.N.J. 12 s ofTn. Columbus, tp.Warren co. Pa. [T(imbiie. Fairview, lp. York co. Pa. 17 nw of York. Fairview, pv. Brooke co. Vn. 2 e of Ohio r. Fairview, pv. Buncombe co. N.C. 245 w Rh. Fairview, pv, Greenville dist. S.C. 88 NW Cq. Fairview, pv. Guernsey co, O. 95 e of Cs. Fairview, pv. Fulton co. III. 83 nw of Sd. Fairville, pv.Wayne co.N.Y. 192 w ofAl. Fallowfield, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Fall River, Mass. See Gazetteer. FaU River, Oregon, flows iuto the Colum bia frora Ihe .s, ill lon. 120O SC w, about 20 m, above the Dalles. The name is derived frora Ihe multitude of falls and rapids oc curring in its course. Falls, lp, Bucks co. Pa. 25 ne of Philadelphia. FaUs, pt, Wyoraing co. Pa. on the Susque hanna river. Falls, tp. Hocking co, O. [sink r. Fallsburg, pt. SuUivan co. N.Y. on Never- Fallsburg, pt. Licking co. O. 65 ne of Cs." F ALLSTON, pt. Beaver co. Pa. ou Big Beaver r. Fallstown, pv, Iredell co. N. 0. 150 w Rh. Falls Village, pv. iLitehfield co. Coim. iS WNW of Hd, Falmouth, pt, Cumberland co.Me. 45 sw A, Falraoulh, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 75 s of B. Falmoulh, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 se of H. Falmouth, pv. Stafford co. Va, 64 n of R, Falmouth, pv. cap. of Pendleton co. Ky, 60 N-E of Frankfort. Falmouth, a sea-port on the s side of Jamaica, 60 ra. NW of Spanish Tow^n. [bersburg. Fannet, lp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 n of Cham- Fann'ettsburg, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 59 s H, Fannin, a large co. in the ne part of Texas, bordering on Red river. The soU in the n and E sections is very productive, and well adapted to the growing of cotton and In dian corn ; towards the \v it is sandy. Capi tal, Bonham. Farmersville, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y, 280 sw of Albany. [Bayou D*Ajbonne. FarmersviUe, pv. cap. of Union par. La. nn Farmington, pv. cap. of FrankUn co. Me. 32 NW of Augusta. Farmington, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 ene Cd. Farmiiiglon,pt. Hartford CO. Conn. 9wof Hd. Farmington. pt. Ontario co.N.Y. ^5 wof AJ. Farramgton, lp. Tioga co. Pa. Farmington, tp. Venango co. Pa. Farmington, pv. Davie co. N. C. 133 w Rh. Farmington, pv- Clarke co. Ga. 62 n of M. Farmington, pv. Marshall co. Tenu. 54 s Ne. Farmington, pt. TrumbuU eo. O. Farmington, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 20 nw^D. Farmington, pv. Fulton co.IU. 78 nw of Sd. Farmington, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Mo. 139 BE of Jeff'erson City, Farmington, pv. cap. of Van Bureu co. Iowa. Farmington Falls, pv, Franklin co. Me, 27 NW of Augusta. Farmville, pv. Prince EdYvard co. Va. ou the Appomattox r. 70 \vsw of Richmond. Farnumsville, pv. Worcesier co. Mass. 39 w^sw of Boston. [of H, Farrandsville, ^v. Clinton co. Pa. 115 nw Far Rockaway, v. Queen's co. N.Y. Far "West, pv. cap. of CaldweU co. Mo. 170 NW of Jeff'erson City. Fawn Gro^'e, pl. York co. Pa. Fawn RIver, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. Fayette, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 w^w A. Fayelie, v. Chautauque co. N.Y- on L. Erie. Faj'eile, v. Chenango co. N.V. Fayette, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on CajTiga Ij. Fayette, pt. AUeghany co. Pa. 214 w of H. Fnyotte, tp. Juniata co. Pa. Fayette, pv. Cecil co. Md. 87 ne of An. Fayelte, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Miss. SO sw of J Fayelte C. H. pv- cap. of Fayelte co. Ala 40 Nw^ of Tuscaloosa. Fayette, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. Payette, pv. Greene co. III. 57 sw of Sd FIS 577 FOR Fayette, pv. cap. of Howard co. Mo. 60 nw of Jefferson City, Fayette, a co, of Texas, lying on both sides ofthe r. Colorado, 100 ra. from ihe sea. Soil, a black loam mixed wilh sandj very fertile, especiaUy in the southern part. Capital, La Grange. Fayettb Corner, pv. Fayette co, Tenn. 77 8 of Nashville. [115 s of Mtr, Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Windham co. Vt. Fayetteville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. near the Erie canal. Fayetteville, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 59 wsw H. FayetieviUe, pv- cap. of Fayelte co.Va. 290 w of RicUmtmd. Fayetteville, N. C. See Gazetteer. FayetieviUe, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ga. on au affluent of Flint river. Fayetteville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 87 E T. Fayetteville, pv- cap. of Washington co. Ark. Fayetteville, pvfc cap. of Lincoln co. Tenn. ou Elk river. [on White r, Fayetteville, pv. Brown co. O. 94 sw of Cs. Fayetteville, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Kaskas kia river. [Mtr. Fayston, tp. "Washiugton co. Vt. 16 wsw of Fearing, pt, Washin";ton co. O. 109 ese Cs. Fedeealsburg, pv, Dorchester co, Md. 65 SE of Annapolis. ' Federalton, pv. Athens co. O. on Hocking- r. Feliciana, pv. Graves co. Ky. 294 w of !¦ . Felicity, pv. Clermont co. O. 113 ssw of Cs. Fell, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [frora B. Feltonsville, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 Felt's Mills, pv. Jef. co.N.Y. 162 nw ofAl. Femme Osage, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on the Missouri river. Fenner, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 112 w of Al. Fexter, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark. Fenton, pv. St. Louis co. fllo. on Maramec r, Fentonville, pv. Genesee co. Mich. 57 nnw of Detroit. Fermanagh, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [lia I. Fernandina, pv. Nassau co. Flor. ou Ame- Ferguson, lp. Centre co. Pa. 11 s Bellefonte. Ferguson, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [lington. Ferrisburg, tp. Addison co, Vt. 19 s of Bur- FiNCASTLE, pv- cap. of Botetourt co. Va. 175 w of Richmond, Fincastle, pv, Carapbell co. Tenn. 206 e Ne. Fincastle, pv. Brown co. O. 100 s of Cs. Findlay, ip. Alleghany co. Pa. 15 nw of Pittsburg. Findley, pv. cap. of Hancock co. O.90 xw Cs, Finksburg, pv. Carroil eo. Md. 50 xw of An. Finleyville, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 195 sw of H, Fireplace, pv- Suff'olk co. N.Y. on Long I, Fishdam, pv. Wake co. N, C. 22 sw of Rh. Fishdara, pv,, Union disl, S, C. 60 nw of Ca, FisHERsBOROUGH, pv- FraukUu CO. Va. 175 wsw of Richraond. [of Hd, FisHERsviLLE, pv- Windham eo. Conn, 50 e Fisher's Isla.vd, N.Y. off" the e end of Long Island, 8 ra, long. [daga r. Fish HotisE, v, Fulttm co. N.Y, on Sacan- FisHiXG Cr. pt. Columbia co. Pa. 100 n ofH. FisHKiLL, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al, FisuttiLL Landing, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y, on the Hudson river, FisHKiLL Mts. See Highlands, Gazetteer. Fishing R. tp. Bay co. Mo. FisKSBURG, pv. Kenton co, Ky. on Licking r. Fisksville, pv. Providence co, R, I, 13 sw of I'rovideiice. 49 Fitchburg, pt, Worcester co. Mass. 40 wnw of Boston. Fitchport, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 44 sse of F. FiTCHViLLE, pt. Huron co. O. 98 n of Cs. Fitzwilliam, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw of Concord. Flaggtown, pv. Somerset co. N. J, 2lNETn. Flanders, pv. Suffolk co, N,Y, on Long I. Flanders, pv. Morris co. N.J. on theE foot of Schooley's Mountain. Flatbush, pv. King's co. N.Y. 5 se of N.Y. Flat Head (or Sailish, sa'lish) Indians, ji tribe dwelUng in the vicinity of Clark's r. and Ihe adjacent portion of the Columbia. Their name is derived from a custom, for merly prevalent among ihem, of flattening the heads of their children, w^hen very young, by artificial means. It is said that this practice has been abandoned by thera, but that it SliU obtains araong several other tribes, lo whom the name of Flat Heads is not usually given. Flatlands, v. King's co. N. Y. 8se Brooklyn, Fleetville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 158 nk of H. Fleming, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 4 s of Auburn. Flemingsburg, pv. cap. of Fleming co. Ky, 95 E of Frankfort, [25 n of Tu. Flemington, pv, cap. of Hunterdon co, N.J. Flemington, pv. Wake co. N. C. 15 NW Rh. Fletcher, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 52 nn^v Mtr. Fletcher, pv. Miami co. O, (i6 w of Cs, Flicksville, pv. Northampton co. Pa, 117 ne of Harrisburg, Flint, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 60 nw D. [let. Flint cr, N.Y, flows inlo the Canandaigua out- Flint r, Ga. See Gazetteer. Flint r, Mich, a branch of Saginaw r, Flintville, pv. Marion dist, S, C. 140 e Ca. Florence, pt, Oneida co. N,Y. 33 nw Utica. Florence, pv,Washington co. Pa, 227 wof H. Florence, pv, Stewart co, Ga, on the Chat tahoochee r, [Tennessee r. Florence, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Ala. on Florence, pv. Boone co. Ky, 76 n of F, Florence, pt. Erie co, O. 112 n of Cs. Florence, pt. St, Joseph CO. Mich. 144 wsw D. Florence, pv. Pike co. 111. 59 w of Sd, Florence, pv- Morgan co. Mu. 54 w Jef. Ciiy. Florence, pv. Louis:i co. Iowa, on lowii r. Florida, a cape on the se coasl of Florida. Florida, pt. Berkshire cn. Mass. on Cold r. Florida, tp. Montg. co. N.Y. 34 NNWof Al. Florida, pv. Orange co. N.Y. UO ssw ofAl. Florida, pt. HUlsdale eo. Mich. 94 sw of D. Florida, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 8:3 ne Jef. Citj^, Florissant, pv. Si, Louis co. Mo, 131 e Jef ferson Ciiy. * [sw of Detroit. Floweefield, pl. St. Joseph co. Mich. 154 Floyd, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 8 n of Ulica. Floyd C. H. pv- cap. of Floyd co. Va. 215 wsw of Riehmontl. Floydsburg, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 37 w^ of F. Flushing, pv. Queen's co. N-Y. 9 e of N.Y, Flushing, pt. Belmont co. O. on Siillwaier cr. Flushing, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 67 nw of D, Fonda, pv, cap. of Montgomery co, N.V. on the Mohawk r. [on Luke Winnebago. Fond du Lac, cap, of Fond du Lao oo, AVis. Fordham, v- Wotsiohesierw). N.Y, FoRDsviLLE, pv. Mnriou on. Miss. 133 sse J. Forestbuhq, pt- SuUivan co. N.Y, on Ne* vorsiulf river. Forest L^-ke, pt, Susqa, co. Pa. ISO nne II. Fori^stvUhLE, py.WakeoQ. N.C 15 wof Rh. FOX 578 FRA Forge Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 m. from Boston, Forks, tp, Lycoming co. Pa. Forks, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Forked Deer r. Tenn. flows inlo the Miss, r, FoRKTowN, pv. Somersei co. Md. 99 sse An. Forsyth, pv, cap. of Monroe co, Ga. 55 w M. Forsyth, pv, cap. of Taney co. Mo. onWhite r. Fort Adams, pv-Wilkinson co. Miss. 158 sw of Jackson. [Charaplain canal, 6aN Al. Fort Ann, pv, Washington co, N.Y. on the Fort Armstrong, on the lower extremity of Rock Island in the Mississippi river. Fort Argyle, Bryan co. Ga. on Ogechee r. (now in ruins.) [14 above Darien. Fort Barrington, Ga. on the Altamaha r, Fort Bend, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides of the r. Brazos^ some 50 m. frora the sea. Soil generally a rich sandy loam. Capi tal, Richraond. Fort Brady, Mich. See Satjlt St. Mart. Fort Brown. See Matamoras. Fort Covington, pv. Franklin co. N.Y. Fort Edward, pv.Wn. co, N.Y. 49n of Al. Fort Gibson. See Cantonment Gibson. Fort Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv- St. Clair co. Mich. 60 NE of Detroit. [f)f I,(OUg Island. Fort Hamilton, pv. King's co. N.Y. "^v end Fort Houston, a v. of Texas, semi-capital of Houston CO. near the left bank of Tri nity r. 175 ra. ne of Austin. Pop. 150. Fort Leavenworth, pv. Indian Territory, on the Missouri r. with extensive military works. [the Mississippi r. Fort Madison, pv. cap. of Lee co. Iowa, on Fort Miller, pv.Washington co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. [the Mohawk r. Fort Plain, pv. Mnnlgomery co. N.Y. on Fort Smith, pv- Crawford co. Ark. on the Arkansas r. with extensive fortifications. Fort Polk. See Point Isabel. Fort Snelling, pv. Inwa, on the Mississippi r. wilh important railitary works. Fort Towson, pv. Indian Key, Ark. a liltle N of Red river. Fort Vancouver (belonging to the British), Oregon, on ihe n side oi tlie Columbia. Lat. 45° 38' n, Lon. 122" 40' w. Fort Walla- Walla. See Walla -"Wall.*.. Fort Wayne C. H. pv. cap. of Allen co. lud, on Mauraee river. [n of flladison. Fort Winnebago, pv. Porta^ co. Wis. 42 Foster, pt. Providence co. R. I. 19 w of Providence. Fosterville, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 wnw M. Fosierville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 46 se of Nashville. [Mo. 100 se of Jef. City. FouRciiK A Renault, pv. Washington co. Fourche la Fave, tp. Conway co. Ark. Fourche la Favp, tp. Pope co. Ark. Fowler, pl. St. Lawrence co, N.V. on the Oswt^gnichie river. Fowler, pt. Trumbull co.O. 10 n of "Warren. FowLSTowN, pv. Decatur co.Ga. 11 swof BainbrlOffc, Fox. pt. CkiurfiQld co. Pa. 143 nw of II. Vox, lp, Liiuroll CO. O. Foxj:()Eocuh, pl, \orl'nlkco. iVtass 27 ssw B. FoxcBui'T, pl. l'i»o:i(:iqiiisOO, Ale. 83 NE of A. I'ox I.\uiAX}i. Set! Sacs, Fox r. III. flows into the IU. r. In Ll PaUe co. I'n.K t^PRiNGR (sulphur und ohalybeiito), Ky. HiEot Flemingsburg and 80^ of Frankfort. Foxviw-i^j pv. Frederick co. Md. 100 nw An, Framingham, pt, Middlesex co. Mass. 22 wsw of Boston. Francis, St. a r. which rises in Mo., and flowing through the ne portion of Ark. falls inlo the Mississippi, It is navigable nt high water 200 m. Francis, St. pv. St, Francis co. Ark, Francis, St. a r. of Canada East, fallino; into Lake St. Peter's from ihe se, 60 m. below Montreal. [sw of Cd, Francistown, pt, HUlsborough co, N, H. 25 Francisville, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. Francisville, pv. Crawford co, Ga. 60 sw M. Francisville, pv, Boone co. Ky, 87 k of F. Francisville, St. pv. cap. of West Feli ciana par. La. on the Mississippi river. Francisville, St. pv. Lawrence co. III. 180 se of Springfield. [Moines r. Praneisville, St. pv. Clark co. Mo. on Dea Franconia, pt. Grafton co. N, H. 75 n of Cd. Franconia, pt, Montgoraery co. Pa. 88 e H. Franconia, pv, Putnam co. O. 130 kw of Cs. Frankford, tp. Sussex co. N. J. ou Papa- katiug creek. Frankford, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Frankford, borough, Phila. co.Pa. 5 ne Phila. Frankford, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 224 w R. Frankford, pv. Pike co. Mo, 90 ne Jef. Ciiy, Frankfort, pt. Waldo co. Me. on the Pe nobscot river. [hawk r. Frankfort, pt. Herkiraer co. N.Y, on the Mo- Frankfort, pv. Harapshire co. Va. on Patter son's creek. Frankfort, pv, Ross co. 0. 22 xw Chilicothe. Frankfort, pv. cap. of CUnton co. Ind. 42 NN^v of Indianapolis. [sse of Sd. Frankfort, pv- cap, of Franklin co. IU. 160 Frankfort Springs, pv. Beaver co. Pa. Franklin, pt, Hancock co. Me, 100 e of A, FrankUu, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 18 n^nav Cd, Franklin, pt. Franklin co. Vl, 70 nn^v Mtr. Franklin, pl. Norfolk co. ^Vlass. 31 sw of B. Franklin, pt. New Jjondon co. Comi. 37 ss of Hartford. Franklin, pv. Delaware co.N.Y. 81 swof Al. Franklin, lp. Franklin co.N.Y. 25 se Malone. Franklin, lp. Bergen co. N. J. 13 nw of Hackensack. [Woodbury. Franklin, tp. Gloucesler co. N.J. 15 se of Franklin, lp. Somerset co. N. J. 7se of So merville. [cr. Franklin, lp. "Warrcn cn, N. J. on Pi>batcong Franklin, lp. Avlam.* co. Pa. Franklin, lp. Alleghany co. Pa. Fniiiktin, lp. Arm^irong co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Bradford co. Pa. Franklin, lp. Fayelie co. Pa. 9 n of Union. Franklin, tp. Greene co. Pa. on Ten Mile cr. Franklin, tp. Hunliugdon co. Pa. Franklin, lp. Lycoming co.Pa., [French cr. Franklin, borough, cap. of Venango co. Pa. on Franklin, ip. Westmoreland co. Pa. Franklin, lp. York co. Pa. 4 s of H- [of An. Franklin, pv. cap. of Baltimore co. IMd. 34 N Franklin, pv. cap. nf Pendleton ci. Va. on an afHuent of Ihe Poi<)mac rivL'r. [Rh. Franklin, pv. cap. of Macon co. X. C.33w of Franklin, pv. cap. of Heard co. Ga. ou the Chattahoochee river. Franklin, pv. and depot. Henrv co. Ala. on the Montgomery and AVest Point railroad. Franklin, pv. Holmes co. Miss. 55 n of J. Franklin, pv. cap. of St. Mitrv's par. Jja. on tho Bmvou Teche. FRE 579 FUR Franklin, pv. cap. of Williamson co. Tenu. IS sw of NashvUle. [of F. Franklin, pv. cap. of Simpson co. Ky. 164 sw Franklin, lp. Adams co. O. Franklin, Ip^Brown co. O. Franklin, tp. Clermonl co. O. on Ohio r. FrankUu, tp. FrankUn co. O. on Scioio r. Franklin, tp, Harrison co. O. Franklin, lp. Jackson co O.' Franklin, lp. Knox co. O. Franklin, tp. Licking co. O. Franklin, tp. Monroe co. O Franklin, lp. Portage co. O. Franklin, tp. Richland co. O. Franklin, tp. Summit co. O. [Great Miami r. Franklin, pt. Warren co. O. 84 wsw Cs. on Franklin, lp. Wayne co. O. Franklin, lp. Lenawee co. Mich. Franklin, pv- Oakland co. Mich. 28 NW of D. Franklin, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Franklin, lp. Henry co. Ind. Franklin, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ind. 20 s Is. Franklin, tp. Marion co. Ind. Franklin, tp. Owen co. Ind, Franklin, tp. Washington co. Ind. FrankUn, pv. Morgan CO, III. 43 wsw of Sd. Franklin, pt. How^ard co. Mo. on the Mo. r. Franklin, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Franklin, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 75 se of Madison. Franklin, a v. of Liberty co. Texas, on the left bank of Trinity river. Franklin, a v. of Texas, cap. of Robertson CO. 100 m. NE of Austin. Franklin City. pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 w B. Franklindale, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. [of Cs. Franklin Furnace, py. Scioio co. O. 105 s Franklin Mills, pv.. Portage co. O, on Cu yahoga river. [155 ne of Cs. Franklin Square, pv. Columbiana co. O. Franklinton, pv. cap. of Washington par. La. 68 N of New Orleans. Feaxklinto^vn, pv.York CO. Pa. 15 ssw ofH. Franklintown, pv- Norlharapton co.Va. 168 E of Richraond. [w of Al. Franklinville, pl. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 280 Franklinville, pv. Randolph co. N. C. Frankstown, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa. 2 E of Hollidaysburg, Frazer's r. of British North Araerica, falls into the Straits of Fuca, near the 49th parallel of n Lat. Lenglh above 500 m. Frazeysburg, pv. Muskingura co. O. 60 e Cs. Frederica, pv. Kent co. Del. 13 s of Dover. Frederica, pv. Glynn co.Ga. on Si.Siraon's i. Frederick, pt. Montgoraery co. Pa. Frederick, Md. See Gazetteer. Fredericksburg, Va. See Gazetteer. Fredericksburg, pv.Wayne co. 0. 98 ne of Cs. Fredericksburg, pv. AVashington co. Ind. on Blue river. [Jef. City. Fredericksburg, pv. Ray co. Mo, 154 wnw of Fredonia, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. 2 e of Lake Erie, Fredonia, pv. Chambers co, Ala. 175 ese of T. Fredonia, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. 34 NWof FredoniaJ pv. Caldwell co. Ky. [Ne, Fredonia, pt. Licking co. 0. 40 ne of Cs. Fredonia, lp. Calhoun co. Mich. [Ohio r. Fredonia, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ind. on Fredonia, pv. Williamson co. III. Fredensburg, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. Freedom, pt. AValdo co. Me. 33 ne of A. Freedom, pt. CarroU co. N. H. 60 nne of Cd, Freedom, pt. Caltaruugus co. N.Y. Freedom, ip. Adams co. Pa. Freedora, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio r. Freedom, pv. CarroU co. Md. 50 nw of An. Freedom, pl. Portage co, O, Freedom, ip. AA'^ashlenaw co. Mich, Freedom, pv. Owen co. Ind. 67 sw of Is. Freedom Plains, pv- Dutchess co.N.Y. 79 8 of Albany. Freehold, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 42 s of Al. Freehold, pv. cap. of Monmouth co. N, J, 35 be of Trenlon. Freehold, tp. AVarren co. Pa. Freehold, Upper, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. Freeman, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 nnw of A. Freemansbuhg, pv. Northampton co. Pa. Freemanton, lp. Effino;hara co. 111. 90 se Sd. Freeport, pt. Camberland co. Me. on Cascu Bay. [leghany r. Freeport, borough, Armstrong Co. Pa. on Al- Freeport, pt. Harrison co. O. 99 ene of Cs. Freeport, pv. Shelby co. Ind. 30 se of Is. Freeport, pv. Stephenson co. III. on Peekato- iiica river. Freesburg, pv. Union co. Pa. 66 n ofH. Freetown, pt. Bristol eo. Mass. 42 s of B. Freetown, pt. Coriland co. N.Y. French Broad r. See Gazetteer. French cr. rises in N.Y. and fiows into the Alleghany river in Venango co. Pa. French Cr. pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. on French creek. French Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. on French cr. French Cr. lp. Venango co. Pa. Frenchtown, pv. Lewis co.Va. 310 wnw R. Frenchtown, tp. Monroe co. Mich. French Village, pv. St. Clair co. III. Friendship, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 54 se of A. Friendship, pt, Alleghany co, N,Y, on Cam- pan's cr, [of An, Friendship, pv- Anne Arundel co. Md. 31 nw Friendsville, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 175 KNE of Harrisburg. [140 nnw of R. Front Royal, pv, cap. of Warren co. Va. Frostburg, pv, AUeghany co. Md. 176 nw of Annapolis. Fruit Hill, pv, Clearfield co. Pa, 132nw of H. Fryeburg, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. FuLLEHSviLLE, pv. St. Lawreucc co. N.Y, 190 NNW of Albany. Fulton, pv, Oswego co. N.Y. on Oswego r. Fulton, lp. Schoharie co, N. Y. 9 s of Scho harie. Fulton, pv, Davie co. N. C. 156 w of Rh. Fulion, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 69 e of Ca. Fulton, pv. cap. of Itawamba co. Miss. '220 NE of Jackson, on Tombigbee r. Fulton, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. on Red r. Fulton, tp. Sevier co. Ark. Fulion, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. on Miss. r. Fulion, pt. Harailton co. O. on Ohio r. Fulion, pv. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal. Fulion, pv. Barry co. Mich. 140 w of D. Fulton, pv. AVhitesides co. III. [Jef. City. Fulton, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Mo, 22 ne of Fulton Lakes, N.Y. a chain of S sraall lakes, in Herkiraer and Hamilton cos. which dis charge their waters into Moose river, FuLTONHAM, pv. MuskiDgum CO. O. 57 e Cs. Fultonville, pv, Montg. co. N.Y, on the Erie canal. [of Frederick. FuNKsTOWN, pv. Washinglon co. Md. 22 nw Furnace Village, pv. Litchfield co, Con necticut, 50 wkw of Hartford. GEN 580 GIB Gaines, pt, Orleans co, N.Y. Gaines, pv. Tinga co. Pa. [nnw of R. Gainesborough, pv, Frederick co. Va. 154 Gaiuesborougfh, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Tenn. on Curaberland r. 73 ene of NashviUe. Gaines'Cross Roads, pv. Rappahannock eo. Va. 120 NNW of Richraond. Gaines' Ferry, on the Sabine, the most fre- quenled land route to Texas, between Natchitoches and San Augueline. Gainesville, pv. AVyoming co. N.Y. [of M. GainesvUle, pv. cap. of Hall co. Ga, 118 nnw Gainesville, pv. Sumter co, Ala. 54 sw of T. Galen, lp. AVayne co, N.Y. 5 k of Lyons, Galena, pv. Delaware co, O. 21 n of Cs. Galena, 111, See Gazetteer, Galesburg, pv. Kalamazoo co.Mich.l37wD, Galesburg, pv, Knox co. Ill, 105 nnw of Sd, Galion, pv, Richland co, O. 68 nne of Cb, Gallatin, tp, Columbia co. N.Y.15 se of Hud son. Gallatin, pv. cap. of Copiah co. Miss. 37 s of J. Gallalin, pv. cap. of Sumner co. Tenn. 26 ne of Nashville. Gallatin, pv. Allen co. O. 113 nw of Cs. Gallatin, pv. Parke co. Ind. 78 W of Is. GaUatin^ pv. cap. of Davies co. Mo. 190 hw of Jefterson City. Gallatin's r. unites with Madison and Jef ferson rivers lo form the Missouri. Gallipolis, pv. cap. of Gallia co. O. on Ohio r. Galloway, tp. Atlantic co. N, J, onNacote cr. Galway, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 36 nnw Al, Galveston, city and bay. See Gazetteer, Galveston, a co, in the se part of Texas, on Galveston Bay, Soil generally light, with a large raixture of sand, well adapted to the growih of sweet potatoes, melons, &c. Capital, Galveston. Gai^vezton, v. Ascension par. on Iberville r. Gambier, pv. Knox co. O. 56 ne of Cs. Gardiner, pv, Kennebec co. Me. 6 s of A. Gardiner's Bay, N.Y. at the e end of Long I. Gardiner's Island, N. Y. off ihe e end of Long Island, Gardner, pt, Wo'ster co. Mass, 58nnw of B, Garland, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 98 nse of A. Garnettsville, pv. Mead co. Ky. 83 w of F. Garrettsburg, pv. Christian co. Ky. 224 sw of Frankfort. Garret TS ville, pv. Portage co. O- 86 ne Cs, Garysburo, pv. Northampton co. N.C. Gasconade r. Mo. See Gazetteer, [nade r. Gasconade, pv. Gasconade co. Mo, on Gasco- Gasparilla Sound, on the w coast of Flor, Gaston, pv, Northampton co, N, C, on Ro anoke river. Gates, pt, Monroe co. N.Y.3 w of Rochester. Gates' Mills, pv, Cuyahoga co, O. on Cha grin river. [ene of Rh, Gatesville, pv. cap. of Gates co, N. C, 214 Gauley Bridge, pv, Fayelte co, Va. on the Great Kanawha, [river. Gauley r. A'^a. falls into the Great Kanawha Gaylesville, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. on Coosa river. Gaysville, pv. Windsor co. Vl. 39 s of Mtr. Ged'des, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w?lwAI. Genesee r. Sec Gazetteer. [Angelica. Gen-es-ee', lp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 sw of Geneseo, tp. Potter co. Pa. Geiiosee, pl. Genesee co. Mich, on Flint r. Genesee, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Geneseo, ^I¦.Y. See Gazetteer. Geneseo, pv. cap. of Henry co. 111, 146 nnw of Springfield. . Geneva, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Geneva, pl, Ashtabula co, O. on Lake Erie. Geneva, pv, Morgan co. Ill, 41 wsw of Sd. Geneva, pl. AValworth co. Wis. Geneva, a v. of Texas, on the right bank of Trinity river, a few miles above Swartwout, Genito, pv, Powhatan co,Va. 28 w oT R. Genoa, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 17 s of Auburn. Genoa, pt. Delaware co. O. 23 n of Cs. Genoa, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 48 wnw of D. Genoa, pv. De Kjalb co. 111. 217 nne of &i. George's, tp. Fayelie co. Pa. George, Lajlb, N.Y. See Gazetteer. [Cs. Georgesville, pv. Franklin co. O, 13 sw of Georgetown, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 50 s of A. Georgetown, pv. Essex co. Mass. 31 k of B, Georgetown, ^v, Madison co,N,Y. 112 wAl. Georgetown, pv- Beaver co. Pa. on the Ohio r. Georgetown, pv. cap. of Sussex co, Del. 41 x of DovcT. [teer. Georgetown, D. C. and S. C. See Gazet- Georgetown, Randolph co. Ga. on the Chat tahoochee river. Georgetown, pv. Copiah co. Miss, on Pearl r. Georgetown, pv, cap. of Scoli co. Ky. 17 e F. Georgetown, pv. cap. Brown co. 0. 107 ssw of Columbus. Georgetown, pv. Floyd co. Ind. 130 s of Is. Georgetown, pv. Vermilion co. IU. 140 e Sd. Georgetown, pv. cap. of Pettis eo. Mo. 67 w of Jefferson City. Georgia, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 40 ntv of Mtr. Gerard, pv. Russell co. Ala. ou Chattahoo chee river. Gerardstown, pv. Berkley co. Va. 165 s R. German, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 123 w of Al. German, tp. Clark co. O. German, pt. Darke co. O. 97 w of Cs. Gerraan, tp. Harrison co. O. German, tp. Holmes eo. O. German, tp. Mercer co. O. Gerraan, lp. Montgomery co. O. German Flats, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Mohawk river. Germ-vnno, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 enb of Cs. GermjVN Settlement, pv. Preston co. Va. 240 NW of Richmond. [irw of Raleigh. Germanton, pv. cap. of Stokes co. N. C. 123 Germantown, pt. CoIumbiaco.N.Y. 46 s Al. Germanlown, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. Gerraantown, borough, Philadelphia co. Pa. 0 NNW of Philadelphia. Germantown, pv. Hyde co. N. C. on Tar r. Gerraantown, pv. Shelby co. Tenn. 220 wsw of NashviUe. Gerraantown, pv. Mason co. Ky. 70 ene of F. German to\^-:i, pv. Montgomery co- O. 82 w of Columbus, Germanto\vn, pv. Marion co. Ind. 16 ne of Is- Germanville, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 32 w of Columbia. Germany, lp. Adaras cn. Pa. 10 se Gettysburg. Gerry, pt. Chaulauque co. N.A'. on Cas.>a- daga creek. [35 ene of H. Gettysburg, borough, cap. of Adams co.Pa Gettysburg, pv. Preble cn. O. 109 w of Cs. Ghent, pt. Columbia co. N.A'. 27 s of Al. GhenI, pv. Carroll co. Ky. on Ohio r. GuoLsoN, p V.Noxubee co.Miss. 113 ne of J. Gholsonville, pv. Brunswick co. Va. on Meherrin river. Gibraltar, pv. AA^^ayne co. Mich. 31 s of D. GOL 581 GRA Gibson, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Gibson, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Gilberts ville. pv. Otsego co N.Y.95wAl. GiLBOA, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 51 w of Al. Gilead, pt. Oxiordco.Me.ouAiidroscogginr. Gilead, pv. Ttillaad cn. Conn. 21 ese of Hd. Gilead, tp. Marion co. O. Gilead, pv, A\'ood co. O. on Maumee r. Gilead, pl. Branch co. Mich. 123 wsw of D. Gilead, pv. Calhnun co. 111. lO-j sw of Sd. Giles C. H. pv. Giles co. Vu. on New r. Gilford, pv. cap. of Belknap co. N. H. on Winnipiseogee Lake. [of Cd. Gilford A'illage, pv. Belknap co. N.H. 33 n Gill, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Connecticut r. GiLMAN, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 68 nnw of Al. GrLMANTON,pl. Belknap co. N.H.20n of Cd. GiLM-iNTON Iron AA''orks, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 23 N of Coucord. GiLstJM, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 56 wsw of Cd, Girard, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Girard, pl. Erie co. Pa. 260 nw of H. Girard, pv. TrumbuU co. O. 170 ne of Cs. Girard, pt. Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw of D. Glasco, pv- Ulster co, N,Y. on Hudson r. Glasgow, pv. New CasUe co. Del. [of F. Glasgow, pv, cap, of Barren co. Ky. 123 sw Glasgow, pv. Howard co. Mo. on Missouri r. Glassborough, pv. Gloucester co, N. J. 47 s of Trenton. Glass Lake, tp. Jackson co. Mich. Glastenbury, tp. Bennington co.Vt. 9 ne of Bennington. [necticut r. Glastenbury, pt. Hartford co. Conn, on Con- Glaze, tp. Miller co. Mo, Glenburn, pl. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ne of A. Glen Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Glenham, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al. Glenn, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 43 wnw of Albany. [Hudson r. Glenn's Falls, pv. AVarren co. N.Y. on the Glennville, pt. Schenectady co. N.Y. 30 w Gloucester, Mass. See Gazetteer. [ofAl. Gloucester, lp. Providence co, R, I. 16 wsw of Providence. [Phila. Gloucesler, tp. Gloucester co, N. J. 10 se of Gloucesler C. H. pv. cap. of Gloucester co.Va. 85 E of Richmond. Gloucester Furnace, pv, Alianlic co, N, J, 74 s of Trenton. Glover, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 39 nne of Mtr. Gloversville, pv. Fulion co. N.Y,40nwA1, Gnadenhutten, pv, Tuscarawas co. O, Goat Island, an island in Niagara r. at the falls, which il divides into two unequal parls. GoAVE, Petit, peh-tee' go-av', a sea-port on 'the N side of Hayti, 35 m. wsw of Port-au- Prince. Goblintown, pv. Patrick co. Va. 203 wsw R. Goderich, a t. of Canada West, on L. Huron, al the mouth of Maitland r, Lai, 43^ 50' N, Lon, 82° w, [of Cd, GoFFsTOWN, pt. HUlsborough co. N. H, 16 s Golconda, pv, cap, of Pope co. III. on Ohio r. Golden, tp. Erie co. N.Y. Goldsborough, pt. Hancock co. Me. 110 e A. Goldsborough, pv.Wayne co. N.C. 50 se Rh. Go-li-ad', a CO. in the southern part of Tex as, intersected by the San Antonio r, SoU a black mould, well adapted to raising cot ton, sugar, corn, grapes, &c. The laud, however, in some parts, often suffers from droughl. |9* Goliad, the cap. of the above co, is a little village situated on ihc w or right bank of the San Antonio. Gonaives, Hayli, See Gazetteer, Gon-zal'es, a co. in the s or s central part of Texas, intersected by the Guadalupe. Soil generally very rich, producing cotton, sugar, grapes, corn, &e. in abundance, Gonzales, the cap. of the above, on the r, Guadalupe, 70 m. s of Austin, was for merly a place of some importance, bul it was burnt during the revolution. It now contains only a few dwellings. Goochland C, H. pv. cap. of Goochland co, Va. 30 WNW of Richraond. Good Ground, pv. Suffolk CO. N.Y. on Long I. Goose cr. Va. a branch of Roanoke r. Gordonsville, pv. Orange co.Va. 74 nw R. Gorham, pt. Curaberland co.Me. 60 s^v of A, Gorhara. pt. Coos co. N. H. at the base of the AVhite Mountains. Gorhara, pt. Onlario co. N.Y, on Flint cr. Gorhara, pt. Lucas co. O. on Tiffin's r. Goshen, pt. SuUivan co. N. H. 40 w of Cd. Goshen, tp. Addison co. Vl. 31 sw of Mtr. Goshen, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 nw of Norlhampton. Goshen, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 6 n Litchfield. Goshen, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 60 nn-w of N.Y. Goshen, pv. CapeMay co. N. J. on Goshen cr. Goshen, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 58 ese ofH. Goshen, pv, Lincoln co, Ga. 58 ne of M. Goshen, pv, Benton co, Ala, Goshen, tp, Belmont co. O. Goshen, tp. Champaign co. O. Goshen, pt. Clermonl co. O. 100 sw of Cs. Goshen, tp. Colurabiana co, O. [was cr, Goshen, lp. Tuscarawas co. O. ou Tuscara- Goshen, pv, cap. of Elkhart co. Ind. on Elk hart river. Goshen, pv. Pulnam co. 111. Goshen Gore, tp. Caledonia co.Vt, Gosport, tp. Rockingham co. N. I-I. Gosport, V, Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabeth r. Gosport, pv, Owen co. Ind. on AVhite r. GouvERNEURj pv. St. LawTcnce co. N.Y, on Oswegatchie r, GovENSTOWN, pv. Baltimore co. Md, 34 N An. Governor's Island, N.Y. in N.Y. harbour. GoWANUs, V. King's CO. N.Y. on Long Island. Gowensville, pv, Spartanburg dist,S. C, 130 N%v of Columbia. Graceham, pv, Frederick co. Md, 87 nw An. Grace Harbour, a t, on the e side of New foundland, with an excelleiit harbour. Pop, estimated at 6,000. Grafton, pt. Grafton to. N. II. 33 nw of Cd, Grafion, pt, AVindham co.Vt. 109 s of Mtr. Grafion, pl. AVorcester co. Mass. 36 sw of B. Grafton, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 20 ne ofAl. Grafton, pt. Lorain co. O. 118 nne of Cs. Grafton, pv, Jersey co. 111. 85 s of Sd. Graham's Station, pv. Meigs co. 0, 103 se of Columbus. *' [of Ca. Grahamsville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. 144 s Granby, tp. Essex co.Vl, [Norlhampton, Granby, pl. Hampshire co. Mass. 9 be of Granby, pt, Hartford co. Conn. 16 nnw of Hd. Granby, pl. Oswego co. N.Y, ou Oswego r. Grand, pt. Marion co. O. 58 n of Cs. Grand Blanc, pt. Genesee co.Mich. 53 nwD. Grand Detour, pv. Ogle co. 111, on Rock r. Grand Gulf, pv, Cl*viTDorne co. Miss, on the Mifsissippi river. GRE 582 GRE Grand Haven, pv. cup. of Ottawa co. Mich, on Grand river. Grand Isle, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 66 Nw Mir, Grand Island. See Niagara, Gazetteer. Grand Prairie, tp. Marion co. O. Grand r. Mich, and Mo. See Gazetteer. Grand r. CaUfornia, one of the head branches ofthe Colorado. Grand r. or Ouse, a r, of Canada West, which flows into L.Erie about 40 m. w^of Buffalo, Near its raouth il communicates with the AVelland canal. Grand View, pt. AVashington co. O.on Ohior Grand View, pv. Edgar co. III. 114 e of Sd, Grand View, pv, liouisa co. Iowa. Grandville, pv. KeiU co. Mich, 175 w of D Granger, grain'ger, pt. Alleghany co. N,Y. 10 N of Angelica, Granger, pt. Medina co, O, 131 ne of Cs, Grantham, pt, SuUivan CO. N.H. 54 WNwCd, Granville, pt. Addison co.Vl. 35 ssw of Mtr, Granville, lp. Hampden co. Mass. 120 s of B, GranvUle, pt, Washington cn. N.Y, on Paw- Granvilte, pl, Bradford co. Pa, [Iel r. GranviUe, Ip. Mifflin co. Pa. Granville, pv. Monongalia co.Va, 300 nw B. Granville, pv, Jackson co. Tenn. on Cumber land river. Granville, pt. I^icking co. O. 34 ne of Cs. Granville, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 68 ne of Is. Granville, pv. Platte cn. Mo. on Missouri r. Granville, tp. Milwaukie co. AVis. Grape Grove, pt. Ray co. Mo. Grass r. N.Y. flows Into the St. Lawrence. Grass Lake, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 67 s^v D. Grassy Point, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 109 s of Albany. [of Cs. Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv. Licking co. O. 42 e Gratis, pt. Preble co. O. 92 w of Cs. Gratz, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 43 n of H. Graves, Ml. Lincoln co. Ga. a conical peak, about 800 feet high. Gravesend, tp. King's co. Long I. 9 s of N.Y. Gray, pt. Curaberland co. Me. 47 sw of A. Grayson C.H. pv. cap. of Grayson co. Va. on New river. Grayson, pv. cap.of Carter co.Ky. 128 E of F. Graysport, pv. Muskingum CO. b. 63 E of Cs. Graysville, pv. Hnniingdon co. Pa. 100 w H. Graysville, pv. Todd co. Ky. 155 sw of F. Graysville, pv. White co. III, 140 se of Sd. Great Barrington, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. Great Basin. See California, Uppeb. Great Bear cr. Canada West, runs into r. St. Clair. [Black r. Great Bend, pv. Jefferson co. N. Y. on Great Bridge, pv, Norfollc co.Va. 115 se R. Great Crossings, pv. Scott co.Ky. 15 ne F. Great Falls, pv. Strafford co. N.H. 34 e Cd. Great Salt Lake, California, is situated on the E margin of the Great Basin, more than 500 m. from Ihe Pacific : being intersected by the 41sl parallel of n Lat. and between the 112lh and 113ih meridians of w Lnn. Length about 90 ra. ; breadth, 30 or 40 ra. The surface of this lake is 4200 feet above the level ofthe seu. Its waters are a satu rated solution of coraraon salt. At its se exiremUy is the Utah Lake. This appears like an arm or bay of the former; bul its waters are said to bo fresh, and to flow into the Great Salt Luke. Great Valley, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Great AVorks, pv. Penobscot co. Me, 80' e A. Greece, pt. Monroe co, N.Y. 6 n Rochester. Green Bay, pv. Brown co. AVis. on Fox r. Greenbrier, r. A''a. See Gazetteer. [AL Greenburg, lp. AVestchester co.N.Y. 130 sof Greenbush, lp. Penobscot co. Me. Greenbush, pv. Ren-sselaer co. N.Y. 1 e ofAl. Greenbush, pv, Warren co, IU. 92 NW of Sd, Green Camp, tp. Marion co. O, [sw of H. Green Castle, borough, Franklin co. Pa, 56 Green Castle, pv, cap. of Pulnam co. Ind, 47 w of Indianapolis. Green*e, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 25 swof A. Greene, pv.Chenango co. N-Y. on Chenango r. Greene, lp. Sussex co. N.J. 7 swof Newton, Greene, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 12 swof Beaver. Greene, lp. Franklin co. Pa. 5 ne of Chara bersburg. [burg, Greene, lp. Greene co. co. Pa, 11 se AVaynes- Greene, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Greene, lp. Pike co. Pa. Greene, tp. Adams co. O. on the Obio r. Greene, ip. Clinion co. O. [I^isbon. Greene, lp. Colurabiana co. O, 9 n of New Greene, tp. Fayette co. O. Greene, lp. Hamillon co. O Greene, lp. Harrison co. O. Greene, lp. Hocking co. O. Greene, tp. Richland co. O. Greene, tp. Ross co. O. Greene, tp. Summit co. O. Greene, lp. AVayne co. O. Greene, lp, Iowa co, AVis, Greenfield, tp. Hancock co. Me. Greenfield, pt. Hillsboro' co.N. H. 35 sw of Cd. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Mass. on the Connecticut river. [sion Spa. Greenfield, tp. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 n of Ball- Greenfield, lp. Bedford co. Pa. 22 N of Bedford. Greenfield, pt. Erie co. Pa. [barre. Greenfield, tp. Luzerne co. Pa, 30 ne AVUkes- Greenfield, borough, AA''nshington co. Pa. Greenfield, pv. Nelson co.Va. 107 w of R. Greenfield, pv- Sullivan co. Teun. 200 E of Ne. Greenfield, lp. Fairfield co. O. Greenfield, pv. Highland co. O. 72 sw^ of Cs. Greenfield, tp. Huron co. O- 106 n of Cs. Greenfield, pt. AA'ayne co. Mich. 6 aw of D. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Hancock co. lud. 20 e of Indianapolis. Greenfield, pv- Greene co. II?. 60 sw^ of Sd. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Dade co. Mo. 150 sw of Jefferson City. [City. Greenfield, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 136 n of, Jef, , Greenfield, pv- Milwaukie co. AVis. 92 e of Madison. [of Cd. Greenland, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 45 ese Green Mountains. See Gazetteer, p. 244. Green Oak, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 40 w D. Greenock, pv. Crittenden co. Ark. on Miss. r. Greenport, tp. Columbia co. N.Y. 2 s of Hudson. [Long I. Greenport. pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. ne end of Green r. iCy. flows into the Ohio r. Green r. California, one ofthe head branches of the Colorado. Greensboro', pl. Orleans co. A't. 30 nne Mtr. Greensboro', pv. Greene co. Pa. 196 w ofH. Greensboro', pv. CaroUne co. Md.59E of An- Greensboro', pv. cap. of Guilford co. N.C. 68 WNW of Raleigh. [of M. Greensboro', pv. cap. of Greene co. Ga. 44 N Green.sboro', pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T. Greensboro', pv. cap. of Choctaw co. Miss. 110 NE of Jackson. GRI 583 HAD Greensboro', tp. Greene eo. Ky, 90 ssw of F. Greensboro', pv. Henry co. Ind. 40 e of Is. Greensburg, borough, cap. of AVestraoreland CO. Pa. 168 w of Harrisburg. Greensburg, pv.cap. of St. Helena par. La. on Tickfaw river. Greensburg, pv. Trumbull co. O. 185 ne Cs. Greensburg, pv. cap. of Decaiur co. Ind. 47 SE of Indianapolis. Green's Fork, tp. Randolph co. Ind. Gkeenstown, pv. Stark co. 0. 130 ne of Cs. Greenupsburg, pv. cap. of Greenup co. Ky. on the Ohio river. [of A. Green Village, pv. Franklin co. I\Ie. 90 nw Greenville, pt. Piscalaquis co. i\Ie. 90 ne A. GreenviUe, pv. Providence co. R. I. 9 w of Providence. Greenville, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 29 s ofAl. GreenviUe, pv- Sussex co. N. J. 70 n of Tn. Greenville, tp. Erie co. Pa. Greenville, pt. Somersei co. Pa. Greenville, pv. Augusta co.Va. 120 wnwR. Greenville, pv. cap. of Pitt co. N.C. onTar r. GreenviUe C. H. pv. cap. of Greenville dist. S. C. [100 wof M. Greenville, pv. cap. of Meriwether co. Ga. Greenville, pv.cap. of Butler co. Ala. 140 sse of Tuscaloosa. [of Litile Rock. Greenville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ark. 78 sw Greenville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Tenn. 253 E of Nashville. Greenville, pv. cap. of Muhlenburg co. Ky. on an afiluent of Green river. Greenville, pv. cap. of Darke co. O. 90 w Cs. Greenville, pv. Floyd co, Ind, 110 s of Is. GreenviUe, pv, cap. of Bond co. 111. 74 s Sd, Greenville, pv. cap. of AVayne co. Mo, on St. Francis river. Greenwich, pl. Harapshire co. Maas. 75 w B. Greenwich, pl. Fairfield co. Conn. 82 swHd. Greenwich, pt. AVn. co. N.Y. 35 nne of Al. Greenwich, pl. Cumberland co, N. J. 73 ssw of Trenlon. [Wnndbury. Greenwich, lp. Gloucesler co, N. J. 7 sw of Greenwich, pt- AVarren co. N, J, 10 s of Bel videre, Greenwich, tp. Berks co. Pa, 18 ne Reading. Greenwich, pt. Huron co. O. 93 n of Ca, Greenwich Village, pv, Harapshire co, Mass. 73 w of Boston. Greenwood, pt. Oxford co. Me. 54 w of A. Greenwood, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. Greenwood, pt, Columbia co. Pa. 92 nne H. Greenwood, tp. Craw^ford co. Pa. Greenwood, tp. Juniata co. Pa. ou Susqa. r. Greenwood, lp. Perry co. Pa. 10 ne of Bloomfield. Greenwood, pv. Laurens disl. S. C. 80 nw Ca. Greenwood, pv. Caddo par. La. 150 nw'N.O- Greenwood, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 10 s of Is. Greersbitpg, Pa, See Darlington. Gregg, tp. Centre co. Pa. on Sinking cr. Greig, greg, tp- Lewis co. N.Y. on Moose r. Grenada, pv- Yalabusha co. Miss, on Yala busha river. Griffin, pv. Pike co. Ga. 80 w of M. [of B. Griffinsbubg, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 106 nw Griffin's Mills, pv. Erie co. N.Y, in Au rora township. [of Tn, Griggstown, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 nne Griggsville, pv. Pike co. IU. 60 w of Sd. Griswold, pt. New London co. Conn. 50 ese of Hatlfcrd, [Missouri r. Griswold City, pv. Franklin co. Mo, on the Groton, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 42 nnw of Cd. Grolon, pt. Caledonia co.Vl. 30 e of Mtr. Grolon, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 33 nw of B. Grolon, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 se Hd, Groton, pt. Tompkins co, N.Y. on Fall cr. Grown, pt. Erie co. O. 95 n of Cs, Grove, pt, Alleghany co. N.Y, 260 wsw Al. Grove, lp. Clinton co.Pa. [nesus Lake. Groveland, tp. Livingston co. N.Y, on Co- Groveland, pl, Oakland co. Mich. 44 nw of D, Groveland, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 62 n of Sd. Guadalupe r. Texas, fiows into the San An tonio. Lenglh 250 m. Guanaxuato or Guanajuato, gwan^a-Hwah' to (see Introduction XXVII. 9, 10 and 17), a small but populous stale in the central part of Mexico, nw of the city of Mexico. Area 8,600 sq. m. Pop. 450,000, For Gua naxuato, the capital of the above, see Gazetteer, Guayama, gwT-ah'raa, a sea-port on the s coasl of Porto Rico, alraost due s from San Juan. Guaymas, gwT'mas, a sea-port of Sonora, on the Gulf of California, with one of Ihe best harbours on the western coast of Mexico. Lat. about 28° n, Lon, 110" 10' w. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. Guazacualco or Huasacualco, gwas-S.- kwal'ko, a small r. of Mexico, forming a part of the boundary between the states of Vera Cruz and Tabasco. Al ils mouth, in the Gulf of Mexico, there is a tolerable harbour. Guilderland, pt. Albany CO. N.Y.Ow ofAl, Guildhall, pv, cap. of Essex co, Vt, on ] Connecticut river. [taquis r. Guilford, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pisca- ' Guilford, pl. AVindham co. Vl. 124 s of Mir. ' Guilford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 50 s Hd. Guilford, pt. Chenango co, N.Y. 100 w of Al. Guilford, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 6 se of Cham- I bersburg, ' Guilford, v. Columbiana co. O, I Guilford, lp, Medina co, O. . Guines, ghe-nes', an inland town of Cuba, I 45 ra. SE frora Havana. The cliraate is fine, I and invalids frora the United States fre quently w^inter here. It is the southern termination ofthe principal railroad in the island. Pop, between 3,000 and 4,000. GuLLiTsviLLE, pv. Mouroc CO. Ga, 60 w M. GuiTivis. See Mayo. Gustavus, pt. TrumbuU co, O. GuYAN, ghi'an, tp, Gallia co, O, Guyandotte r, "Va. See Gazetteer. Guyandotte, Litt»e, r. Va. flows inlo the Ohio river. Guyandotte, pv. Cabell co.Va. on the Ohio r. Gwyn'nedd, pt. Mon l gome ry co. Pa, Hackensack r. N.J, flows inlo Newark Bay. Hackensack, pv, cap. of Bergen co. N. J. on Hackensack river, 70 ne of Tn. [York. Hackensack, lp. Bergen co. N, J, 13 n of New ^ Hackettstown, pv,Warren co, N, J, 60 n Tn. 1 Haddam, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 22 3 of Hd. Haddonfield, pv. Camden co. N.J. 35 sw I of Trenton. Haddonsville, pv. Todd co, Ky. 190 sw F. I Hadley, pl. Hampshire co. Mass. ou Conn, r,- ; Hadley, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y, 58 n of Al. j Hadley, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. 58 n of D. Hadley, pv. AATill go. 111. 174 ne of Sd ham 584 HAR H^adlyme, pv. New London CO. Conn,40sHd. Haerlem. See Harlem. [36 wnw of Al. Hagerman's Mills, pv. Montgomery CO. NY, Hagerstown, Md, See Gazetteer. Hagerstown, pv. Preble co. O. about 100 w Cs. Hagerstown, pv.Wayne co. Ind. 60 e of Is. Hague, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 90 n of Al. Hague, pv.AVestmoreland co, Va. 76 ne of R. Hague, pv. Logan co. Ky. 174 sw of F. Hains, tp. Centre co. Pa. 19 e of Bellefonte. Hale, tp. Harden co. O. HA.LP Acre, v. Putnara co. Ga. Half Moon, pt. Saratoga co.N.Y. 13 n ofAl, Half Moon, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 nw of H. Halifax, pt. Windham co.Vt. on Green r. Halifax, pt. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 36 sse of B. Halifax, pt. Dauphin co. Pa. 2:3 N of H. Halifax (or Banister), pv. cap. of Halifax co, Va. on Banister river. [Roanoke r, Halifax, pv. cap. of Halifax co. N, C. on ihe Halifax, pv, Kempar co. Miss, 100 ene of J. Halifax, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 24 e of Ne. Hallett's Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Hallowell, Me. See Gazetteer. Hall's Stream, N. H. a small r, which flows into the Connecticut river. [Al. Hall's Mills, \w. Albany co, N.Y. 30 wsw of Hallstown, pv. Jefferson co.Va. 172 n of R. Hallsville, pv. Duplin co.N. C.97se of Rh. Hallsville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 52 n of Ca. Hastburg, pv. New London co. Conn. 34 sse of Hartford. Hamburg, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 300 w of Al. Hamburg, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 86 n of Tu. Hamburg, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 ene of H. Hamburg, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. on Savan- jiah river. Hamburg, pv. Macon co. Ga. 88 sw of jM. Hamburg, pv. Perry co. Ala. 65 s of T. Hamburg, pv. Hardin co. Tenn, 140 sw of Ne. Hamburg, pt. Livingston co.Mich.50 wnwD. Haraburg, pv. Calhoun co.Ill. on Mississippir. Haraburg, pv, Clarke co, Ind. 120 s of Is. Hamburg on the_Lake, pv. Erie oo. N.Y. on Lake Erie. Hamden, pt. NewHaven eo. Conn. 33 ssw Hd. Hamden, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on a branch of the Delaware river. Hamilton, pt, Essex co. Mass. 22 nne of B. Hamilton, pv- Madison co. N.Y. 96 w ofAl, Harailton, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. 30 se of Woodbury. [burg. hamillon, lp. Adams co. Pa. 12 ne of Gettys- Hamilton, lp. Franklin co. Pa, Harailton, lp. M'Kean co. Pa. Hamillon, lp. Monroe co. Pa. Hamillon, pv, lioudon co.Va. 160 n of R. Hamilton, pv, Martin co. N. C. 127 e of Rh. Hamilton, pv. cap. of Harris co. Ga. 126 wsw of MiUedgeviUe. Harailton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 92 sE of T. Harailton, pv. Monroe co. Miss. 156 ne of J. Hamillon, pv. cap. of Butler co. O. on Great Miami river. HamiUon, tp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r. Hamillon, tp.Warren co. O. Hamilton, pt. Van Buren co. Mich. Hamilton, pv. Hamilton co. III. [Sabine r. Harailton, a v. of Texa.s, in Shelby co. on tbe Hamilton, a fiourishing and iraportant l. of Canada West, siluated a few miles s of Bur- ling;ton Bay, at the w extremity of Lake On tario. Pop. estimated at 8,000. Hamilton Ban, tp. Adams co. Pa Hamilton Village, v. Philadelphia co. Pa.l w of the SchuylkiU river. Hamilt ON VILLE, or Newtown Hamilton, pv. Mifllin CO. Pa. on Juniata r. Hamlin's Grant, tp. Oxford co. Me, Hammond, pt. Si, Lawrence co. N.Y, on the St. Lawrence. Hammondsport, pt. Steuben co, N, Y. on Crooked Lake. [river, Hami'DEN, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot Hampden, pt. Geauga co. O. [of Cd. Hampstead, pt. Rockinghara co. N. H. 28 sse Hampstead, pv. CarroU co. Md. 56 ttw of An. Hampstead, pv. King George co. Va. 90 nne R. Hampton, pi. Rockingham co, N. H- on the Alianlic. Hampton, pt, Windham co. Conn. 40 e of Hd. Hampton, v, Oneida co. N.Y. Harapton, pt. AVashington co.N. Y.26NSalem. Hampton, pv. Adaras co. Pa. 30 sw ofH. Harapton. pv. cap. of Elizabelh City co.A'"a. on Hampton river. Hampton, pv. Rock Island co. IU. 150 nnw Sd. Hampton Roads, Va. an arm of Chesapeake Bay, near Ihe mouth of James r. It is suf ficiently deep for the largest ships of war, and is an important naval siaiion. Hampton'burg, pl. Orange co, N.Y, 4 ke of Goshen. [sw of Porlsmoulh. Hampton Falls, pt. Rockmgham co. N.H. 16 Hamptonville, pv. Surry co. N. C. 145 wnw Hamtramck, ip. Wayne co. Mich, [of Rh. Hancock, pt. Hancock co. Me. 95 e of A. Hancock, pl. Hillsboro' co. N, H. 34 sw Cd, Hancock, pl. Addison co.Vt. 39 ssw of Mtr. Hancock, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 w B. Hancock, pl. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r. Hancock, pt. AVn. co- Md. on Potomac r. Hancock Bridge, pv. Salem co.N J. 85swTn. Hancock Factory, pv. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 30 sw of Concord. Hancockville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 85 nw Ca. Handy, tp. Livingston co. Mich. Hanging Rock, pv. Hampshire co. Va. Hannahsburg, pv. Duller CO. Pa.207'WNwH. Hannibal, pl. Oswego co. N.Y- 175 wnw Al- Hannibal, pv. Marion co. Mo. on Miss. r. Hannibalville, v. Oswe^ co. N.Y- Hanover, pi. Grafton co. N- H. on Conn. r. Hanover, pl. Plymouih co. Mass. 24 ssw^ of B. Hanover, pt. Chaulauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Hanover, lp. Burlington co. N. J. 12 ne of Mount Holly. [town. Hanover, pt. Morris co. N. J. 5 N of Morris- Hanover, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Hanover, tp. Dauphiu co. Pa. 15 se of H. Hanover, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. ou Lehigh r. Hanover, Ip. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Hanover, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Hanover, pt. AVashington co. Pa. Hanover, borough, York co. Pa. 35 s of H. Hanover C.H. pv. cap. of Hanover co. Va 20 N of Richraond, Hanover, tp. Butler co. O. [Lisbon Hanover, tp. Columbiana co. 0. 10 e of New Hanover, v. Harrison co. O. 8 nw of Cadiz. Hanover, pl. Licking co, O. 48 ne of Cs. Hanover, tp. Richland co. O. Hanover, pl. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D. Hanover, tp. Shelby co. Ind. [nw of Cd. Hanover Centre, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 60 Hanoverton, pv. Columbiana co. O. Hanson, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 sse of B. Harbor cr. pt. Erie eo. Pa. 6 nk of Erie. HAR 585 HAS Hardin, pv. Shelby co. O. 85 wnw of Ca. Hardinsburg, pv. cap. of Breckenridge co, Ky. 115 waw of Frankfort, Hardinsburg, v. Dearborn co. Ind. on Great Miami river. Hardinsburg, pv. AVn. co. Ind. 106 s of Is. Hardinsville, pv. Shelby co. Ky. D w of F. Hardwick, pt. Caledonia co.Vl. 27 ne of Mir. Hardwick, pv.Worcester co. Mas3.68w of B. Hardwick, tp. AA' arren co. N. J. 15 ne of Bel videre. Hardwick, Ga. See Gazetteer. Hardy, ip. Holmes co. O. Hardyston, tp. Sussex co. N. J. on AVallkill r. Harford, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Harios, tp. Cenlre co. Pa. Harlem, pv. N.York co. N.Y. on Harlem r. Harlem, pl. Delaware co. O. 27 n of Cs. Harlansburg, pv- Mercer co. Pa. Harlesville, pv. Marion dist. S. C. on Lit tle Pedee river. Harlingen, pv. Soraerset CO. N. J. 18 N of Tn. Harmar, pv. A\''asliinglon co. O. on Muskin gura river. Harmony, pt. Somerset co. Me. 57 n of A. Harraony, pl. Chautauque co. N.Y. Harmony, pt. AVarren co. N.J. 58 N of Tn. Harmony, v- Butler co. Pa. 12 ne of Beaver. Harmony, lp. Susquehanna co. Pa. on Sus quehanna river. Harmony, pv. Halifax co. Va. 150 sw of R. Harmony, pv. York dist. S. C. 100 n of Ca. Harmony, pv. AA'^eakly co. Tenn. 132 w of Ne. Harmony, tp. Clark co. O. Harmony, lp, Delaware co. O. Harmony, lp. Perrj- co. Ind. [Jefferson City. Harmony, pv. AVashington co. Mo. 100 se of Harmony Vale, pv- Sussex co. N. J. 82 n Tn. Harnageville, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 140 nw of ;\[illedgeville. Harper's Ferry, pv. Jefferson co,A''a. al the junction uf the Shenandoah with the Po tomac, on the Baliimnr-i and Ohio railroad. The scenery here is singularly picturesque and romantic, and the place JS in conse quence rauch visited by travellers. [Al. Harpersfield, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 64 w of Hiirpersfield, pt. Ashiabula co. O. on Grand r. Harpersville, pv, Broome co, N.Y. near the Susquehanna river, ' Harpersville, pv, Shelby co. Ala. 90 e of T. Haepeth r. Teun. flows inlo Cumberland r. Harpswell, lp. Cumberland co. Me. Harriettstown, tp. Franklin co. N.Y- 35 s of Malnue. [Narraguagus r. Harrington, pt. AVashington co. Me. on Harrington, tp, Bergen co. N.J. on the Hudson. Harrnigloji. pv. Curaberland co. N. C. 60 s Rh. Harris, pt. Centre co. Pa. Harris, a co. in the sE part of Texas, bfir- dering on Galveston Bay. Soil, especially towards the n and w, extreraely fertile. Houston is the capital. Harrisburg, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. nn Deer cr. Harrisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. Harrisburg, pv. Franklin co. O. 23 sw of Cs, Harrisburg, lp, Medina co. O. Harrisburg, pv. Fayelte co. Ind. 56 e of Is, Harrisburg, pv. Vau Buren co. Iowa. Harrisburg, v- of Harris co. Texas, 5 e of Houston. Harrison, pt, Cumberlandco, Me. 62wsw A. Harrison, tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 3 e of White Plains, Harrison, tp. Hudson co. N. J. Harrison, tp. Potter co. Pa. [Rock. Harrison, pv. Union co. Ark. 98 s of Little Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. Tenu. Harrison, tp. Carroll co. O. Harrison, lp. Charapaign co, O. on Stony cr, Harrison, lp. Darke co. O. Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 126 wsw of Cs. Harrison, lp. Perry co. O. Harrison, .tp. Pickaway co. O. on Scioto r. Harrison, tp. Preble co, O, Harrison, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Harrison, lp. Fayelie co, Ind. Harrison, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Harrison, a co. in the ne part of Texas^on Ihe Sabine river. It is well limbered, and the soil in many parls is very fertile. Capi tal, Marshall. [Va. 130 nw of R. Harrisonburg, pv, cap. of Rockingham co. Harriscuiburg, pv. cap. of Catahoola par. La, on Washila river. Harrisonville. pv, Shelby co, Ky, 40 w of F . Harrisonville, pv, Meigs co, O. Harrisonville, pv. Monroe co. 111, on the Mis sissippi river, 127 ssw of Springfield, Harrison vill Cj pv. cap, of Van Buren co. Mo on Grand river, Harrisville, pv- Butler co. Pa. 224 wnw H. Harrisville, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 52 s of R. Harrisville, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 ene of Cs. Harrodsburg, pv. cap. of Mercer co. Ky. 30 s of Frankfort. Hartfield, v. Chaulauque co. N.Y. Hartford, pl. Oxford co. Me. 34 w of A. Hartford, pl. AVindsor co.Vl. on Conn. r. Harl ford, pt, Washington co. N.Y. 14 K Salem. Hartford, tp. Susquehamia co. Pa. Hartford, v. Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee r. Hartford, pv. cap.of Ohio co.Ky. 154 wsw F. Hartford, tp. Licking co. O. Hartford, pl. Trurabull co. 0. 187 ne of Cs. Hartford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind, 80 NE of Indianapolis, Hartford, pv. Delaware co, Ind. 92 ne of Is, Hartford, pv. Knox co. III. 93 nnw of Sd. Hartford, pv. Des Moines co, Iowa, Hartland, pl. Soraerset co. Me. 47 n of A, Hartland, pl. AVindsor co.Vl. on Conn. r. Hartland, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 24 nne Pld. Harilandi pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 270 w ofAl. Hartland, pt. Huron co. O. 9 se of Norwalk. Hartland. pt. Livingston co. Mich. 52 w^of D. Harllandi pv. M'Henry co.IU. 226 NNEof Sd. HARTLEY, tp. Union co. Pa. Hartleyton, pv. Union co. Pa. 60 n nf H, Hart's Grove, pl. Ashiabula co. 0. 180 ne Cs. Hartsville, pv. Berkshire co. iMass. 134 w B, Hartsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y, 130 w of Al. HarlsviUe, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 103 e ofH. Hartsville, pv- Sumner co, Tenn. on Cumber- laud river. Hartsville, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 54 s Is. HarlsviUe, v, cap. of Wright co. Mo, on a branch of the Gasconade. Hartwick, pv. Olsego co, N,Y. 74 w ofAl, Hartwick Seminary, pv, Otsego co,N,Y. on the Susquehanna river. Harvard, pt, AVorcester co. Mass, 32 nw B. Harveysburg, pv, Warren co. O, 30 ne Cs, Harveysville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 ne H. Harwich, pl. Barnstable eo. Mass. on the Al ianlic. Harw^inton,pI. I^itclifield co. Conn.24 wHd, Haskinsville, pv. Greene co. Ky. 97 ssw F. HEL 586 HIG '.Iastings, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 wnw Al. Hastings, v. Weslchesier co. N.Y. 20 n N.Y. Sasiiiigs, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mich. 144 w D. Hatborough, pv. Montg. co.Pa. 17n of Phi ladelphia. [Mississippi. Hatchy or Hatchee r. Tenn. flows into the Hatfield, pl Hampshire co, Mass. ou Con necticut nver. Hatfield, lp. Montg, co. Pa. 21 NW of Phila. Hatt'eras, Cape, a dangerous promontory on the E coast of N. C. Havana, pv. Cheraung co, N.A . 194 wsw Al. Havana, pv. Greene co. Ala. 25 s of T. Havana, v- Licking co. O. Havana, pv, cap. of Mason co. III. on IU. r, Haverford, pl, Delaware co. Pa. 8 w Phila. Haverhill, pi. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. HaverhiU, pt. Essex co.Mass. on Merrimack r. Haverstraw, pt. Rockland co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. Havre de Grace, Md. See Gacetteeh. Haw Cr. tp. Bartholomew co. Ind. [Ohio r. Hawesville, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ky. ou Hawfield, pv. Orange co. N. C. 48 nw Rh. Hawkinsville, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee nver. Hawley pt. Franklin co. Mass. 110 w of B. Haw r. N, C. unites witn Deep r. lo form Cape Fear river, [nnw of R. Hawsburg, pv, Rappahannock co. Va. 130 Haycock, tp. Bucks co. Pa. Hayfield, pt. Crawford co. Pa. [n of R. Hay Market, pv. PrinceAVilUam co.Va. 114 Haynesville, pv. York dist. S. C. 86 n of Ca. Haynesville, pv. Houston co. Ga. 70swof M. Haynesville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ala. 116 sE of Tuscaloosa. Haynesville, pv. Ohio cn. Ky, 140 sw of F. Haysville, pv, Richland co. O. 78 nne of Cs, Haywood, pv. Chatham co, N. C. 30 w of Rh. Hazle, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of T. Hazle Green, pv, Madison co. Ala. 170 nne Hazleton, pv, liuzerne co. Pa, 100 ne ofH. [ Head of Harbour, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 50 e of New York, I Heath, pt. Franklin co.Mass. IOO^vnw of B.J Heath, tp. Harrison co. Ind. [Va, 98 e of R. j Heathsville, pv.cap. of Northumberland co, I HealhsvUlc, pv. Halifax co. N, C. 82 n-e Rh, j Hebardsville, pv. Athens co. O. 6 s Athens. ! Hebberdsville, pv. Henderson co. Ky. 183 w of Frankfort. i Hebron, pt. Oxford co. Me. 45 wsw of A. | Hebron, pt, Grafton co. N. H. 40 nw of Cd. , Hebron, pf. Tolland co. Conn. 25 se of Hd. ; Hebron, pt.Washington co. N.Y. 54 n ofAl. j Hebron, tp. Potter co.Pa. i Hebron, pv. AVashington co. Ga. 16 sE of M. Hebron, pt. Licking co. O. 27 ne of Cs. | Hebron, pv. M'Henry co. III. [of H. Hecktown, pv. Norlhampton co. Pa. 100 ene Hector, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 14 w Ithaca. Hector, pt. Poller co. Pa. Heidelbehg, hl'dl-burg, tp. Berks co. Pa. Heidelburg, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. Heidelberg, lp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehijih r. I Heidelberg, lp. York co. Pa. 15 s^v of A'ork. Heildersbuug, pv. Adunis co. Pa. 25 sEof H. I Helderbergs, hills or mounlains, N.Y. in Ihe W part of Albany and Schoharie counties. Helena, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y- [river. Helena, St. pv. St. Helena par. l^a. on Ticfah Helena, pv. Mason cn. Ky. 87 ne of F. Helena, pv- cap. of Philips co. Ark. on Miss. r. Helena, pv. Iowa co.AVis. 60 nw^ of Madison. Hellam, pl. York co. Pa. 29 s of H, Hellen, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 176 nw of H. Hellerstown, pv. Norlharapton co. Pa. 97 ESE of H. [ous pass in East r. 7 ne N.Y Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, N.Y. a danger Helt, lp. Vermilion co. Ind. Hemlock, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [1 wide. Hemlock Lake, Livingston co, N, Y. 6 m, long Hempfield, pv. Lancaster co. Pa, 40 se of H, Hempfield, lp, Westmoreland co. Pa, Hempstead, pt. Queen's co, N.Y. 20 e of N.Y. Hempstead Harbor, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Henderson, pt, Jefferson co. N.Y. Hender son Harbor, v. in the above tp. on Lake Ontario, 180 nw of Albany. [river. Henderson, tp. Hunlinjgdon co. Pa. on Juniata Henderson, pv. Granville CO. N.C. 44 N of Rh. Henderstm, pv. Houston co. Ga. 68 sw of M. Henderson, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Ky. on Ohio river. Henderson, pv. Knox co. III. on Henderson r. Henderson, v. of Texas, cap. of Rusk co. about 15 ra. s of the Sabine r. Pop. near 100. Hendersonville, Va. See Nottaway C. H. Hendersonville, pv. cap. of Henderson co. N. C. on French Broad river. [of Ne. Hendersonville, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. 16 ne HendersonvUle, pv. Henry co. Ky. 33 nw F. Hentjrysbueg, pv. Belmont co. O. 15 w of St. ClairsviUe. Henlo'pen, Cape^cI. on the west side of the entrance ofDelaware Bay. ['taois r, Hennepin, pv. cap, of Putnam co. IU. on Illi- ' Henniker, pt. Merrimack co- N.H. 15 w Cd. Henrietta, pt. Monroeco.N.Y. on Genesee r. Henrietta, pt. Lorain co. O. 35 "w Cleveland. Henrietta, pt. Jackson co. Mich. Henry, Cape, at the s side of the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Henry Clay, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. Henry, tp. AVood co. O. Henry, tp. Henry co. Ind. [liarasport. Hepburn, pt. Lycomiiig co. Pa. 9 n of Wil- Herculaneum, pv, Jefierson co. Mo. on the Mississippi river. Hereford, pl. Berks co. Pa. 80 e of H. Hereford, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 52 nw of An. Herkimer, pv. cap. of Herkimer co. N.Y. on the .Mohawk r. ' [Alissnuri r. Hermann, pv- cap. of Gasconade co. Mo. on Hermon, pl. Penobscot co. Me. 7 w^ Bangor. Hermon, pt. St. Lawrence co.N.Y. [^n of J. Hernando, pv. cap. of De Soto co. Miss. 200 Herrick, tp. Susquehanua co. Pa. 20 se of Montrose. Herrick, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Hertford, pv. cap. of Perquimans co. N. C. Qf\ Perquimans river. [Oswegatchie r. Heu\'Elton, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Hiaqui. See Yaqui. [see r. HiWA.'^sKE r. Tenu. flows into the Tennes- Hibebnia, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 1 n of Jef. Hickory, lp. Mercer co. Pa. [City Hickory, pv. AVashington co. Pa. 220 w of H. Hickory, pv- Carroll co. O. 121 ene of Cs. IItcksdurg, pv. Dorchester co. Md. Hicksfokd, pv. cap. of GreenviUe co.Va. on Meherrin river. Hicksville, v. Queen's to. N.Y. on Long I. Hicksville, pv. AA'"ilIiams co, O. 177NWof Cs, HiGGANUM, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 s Hd. Hiqginsport, pv. Brown co. O, ou Ohio r. High Falls, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of Al, HOL 587 HOP High Gate, pt. Franklin co. Vt, cm L, Cham plain. Highland, pv. Highland co. O. 50 sw of Cs, Highland, pl. Oakland co. Mich. 45 nw of D. Highland Mills, pv. Orange co. N.Y, Highlands, N.A'. See Gazetteer. HiGHTOwKR. See Et<.)Waii, Gazetteer. HIGHTSTO^VN, pv. Mcrcer co. N. J. 19 e Tn. Hill, pl. Grafton co. N. H. 24 nnw of Cd. Hill Gore. lp. AVashingloii co. Me. HiLLiAR, lp. Knox CO. O. Hilliabdston, pv. Nash CO. N.C. 00 nne Rh. Hillsborough, pt. Hillsborough co.N. II. on Contoocook river, 24 sw of Concord. Hillsborough, lp. Somerset co. N.J. on an af fluent of Raritan river. Hillsborough, pv. AVashington co. Pa. 200 w H. Hillsborough, pv. Caroline co. Md. 60 e An. IJillsborough, pv. Loudon co.Va. 166 n of R. HUlsborough, pv- cap. of Orange co. N. C. 40 NW of Raleigh. Hillsborough, pv- Jasper co. Ga. 23 nw of M. HiUsborough, pv. La\vTence co.Ala. 127 n T. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Scott co. Miss. 48 e J. Hillsborough, pv. Coffee co. Tenn. 76 se Ne, Hillsborough, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 90 e of F. HUlsborough, pv. cap. of Highland co. O. 75 sw of Columbus. - [of Is. Hillsborough, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 60 wnw HiUsborough, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. 111. 64 s of Springfield. [river. HiUsborough, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Mo. on Big HiLLsJESoROUGH BRIDGE, pv- HUlsborough CO. N.H. 21 sw of Concord. Hillsborough Centre, pv. HiUsborough co. N. H. 24 sw of Concord. Hillsdale, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 45 s of Al. Hillsdale, pv. Hillsdale co. Mich. 98 wsw D. Hillsville, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 245 wnw H. HiLLTOwN, pt. Bucks CO. Pa. Hinckley, pt. Medina co. O. 130 nne of Cs. HiNEsBURG, pl. Chittenden co. Vt. 42 w Mtr. HiNEsviLLE, pv. cap. of Liberty co. Ga. 196 sE of Milledgeville. [15 se of B. Hingham, hiug'gum, pt. Plymouih co. Mass. IIi.NKLETOWN, pv. Lancaster co.Pa. 42 ese H. HINSD.4LE, pl. Cheshire co. N.H. on Ashue lot river. Hinsdale, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 120 w of B Hinsdale, pl. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. Hiram, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. Hiram, pi. Poriage co. O. 154 ne of Cs. Hitchcockville, pv. Ijilehfield co. Conn, on Farmington river, Hitesville, pv. Coles co. Ili. 108 ese of Sd. HiWASSEE r. Tenn. enlers Tenne-ssee r, Hobart, pv. Delaware co. N.Y- 65 wsw Al. HoEOKEN, N.J. See Gazetteer. Hockhocking r. O. flows inlo the Ohio r, Hocking, tp. Fairfield co. O. Hocking City, pv. Athens co. 0. 100 se of Cs. IIoCKiNGPORT, pv, Athens co. 0, 104 sE of Cs. Hodgdon, pt. Aroostook co. Me. HoDGEXsviLLE, pv. Hardiu co. Ky. 89 sw F. HoFFsviLLE, pv, Harrisnn co.Va. 2-50 nw R. HoGANspoRT, pv, FrauVliu co, N.Y. on St. Regis river. HoGEsTowN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 swII. IIokesville, pv, Lincoln co. N. C, 160 wsw of Raleigh. II01.DEN, pt, AVorcester co. Mass. 48 w nf B. Holderness, pt. Grafion co. N. 11. 38 n of Cd, Holderness Centre, pv. Grafton co, N. II. 40 N of Concord. Holland, tp. Orleans co.Vt. 56 nne of Mtr Holland, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 67 sw of B. Holland, pt. Erie co. N.A'. 284 w of At. Holland Patent, pv. Oneida co.N.Y. 12 n of Utica. [canal. HoLLEY, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie Hollidaysburg, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa. on Beaver dam cr. Hollis, pt. A'ork co. Me. on Saco r. IIollis, pt. HUlsborough co. N.H. 44 s of Cd. Holliston, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 24 sw B. Holly, lp. Oakland co. Mich. Holly Springs, pv. cap, of Marshall co. Miss. 193 N of Jackson, Holmdel, pv. Monraouth co. N.J. 45 e of Tn, HOLMESBURG, pv, Philadelphia co. Pa, 9 w of Bristol. Holmes Hole, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 89 sse B. Holmesville, pv. cap.of Appling co. Ga. 177 SSE of Milledgeville. [Bogue Chitto river. Holmesville, pv. cap. of Pike co. Miss, on Holmesville, pv. Avoyelles par. La. Holmesville, pv. Holmes co. 0. 93 ne of Cs. Holston t, Tenn. See Gazetteer. Home, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 98 se of Is. [cr. Homer, pt. Cortland co. N.Y- on Toughnioga Horaer, lp. Athens eo, O, on Federal cr. Horaer, pv. Licking co. O. 46 ne of Cs. Horaer, pt, Calhoun co, Mich. [Lake, Honeoye, pv, Ontario co, N.Y- on Honeoye Honeoye Falls, pv. Monroe co. N. Y. on Honeoye creek, [long and 1 wide, Honeoye IjAKE, N.Y. Ontario co. N.Y. 5m. Honesdale, borough, cap, of Wayne co. Pa, 172 NE of Harrisburg. HoNEYBRook, pt. Chesty co. Pa. 38 nw Phila, HONEYVILLE, pv. Page CO. Va. on Shenandoah river. [mack r. HooKSET, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. ou Merri- HooKsTowN, pv. Beaver eo. Pa. 13 sw Beaver. Hoosick r. N.Y.^rises in Mass. and Vl. ai;d flows into the Hudson in Rensselaer co. Hoosick, pt. Ren^elaer co- N.Y. 32 ne of Al, Hoosick Falls, iJV.B.Rensselaer co, N.Y. on Hoosick r, HooTENsviLLE, pv. Upsoii CO. Ga. on Flint r. Hope, pt. AValdo co. Me. 36 ese of A. Hope, pl. Hamilton co. N.Y. 58 nw of Al, Hope, pt, Warren co. N. J. 66 n of Tn, Hopewell, pt. Onlario co. N,Y. 187 w ofAl, Hopewell, Ip. Cumberland co, N. J, on Co hansey creelC, Hopewell, pt. Mercer co. N, J, 17 N of Tn. Hopewell, pt. Beaver co. Pa. [ford, Hopewell, pt. Bedford co. Pa. 15 ne of Bed- Hopewell, tp, Cumberland co. Pa. 21 w of. Carlisle. 4 [Huntingdon, Hopewell, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa. 13 sw of Hopewell, pt, AVashington co. Pa. 12 nw of AVashington borough. Hopewell, lp. York co. Pa. 14 se of York. Hopewell, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 170 wsw of Raleigh. Hopewell, pv. York dist. S. C. 92 N of Ca. Hopewell, lp. Licking co. O. HopeweU, pt. Muskingura co. O. 46 e of Cs. Hopewell, tp. Perry co, O. on Jonathau's cr. Hopewell, tp. Seneca co. O, on Sandusky r. Hopkinsville, pv. Chattooga co, Ga, on Lit tle river. [200 sw of F. Hopkinsville, pv, cap, of Christian co, Ky Hopkinsvillf, pt. Warren co. O. 96 wsw Cs. Uopkiusville, v. cap. nf Adair co. Mo. Hopkinton, pt. Merriraick co. N.H. 7 w Cd HUL 588 IND I'opkinton, pl. Middlesex co. Ma.ss. 39 wsw of Boston. Hopkinton, pt.Wn. co. R.I. on Wood r. Hopkinton, pt, St. Lawrence co. N.Y, on St. Regis river. Horace, lp. Tinga co. Pa. HoRicoN, pt. AVarren co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Hornby, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. [nisteo r. HoRNELLsviLLE, pt. Steubcn CO. N.Y. on Ca- Horntown, pv. Accomack co.Va. Horn Island, an island in the Gulf of Mexi co, off the mouth of Pascagoula river, Hors'ham, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 16 n of Philadelphia, Horse Race, N.Y, a narae given lo the Hud son r. just before il leaves Ihe Highlamls, IIoskinsville, pv, Morgan co. O. 90 e of Cs. Hot Springs, pv. Bath co. Va, 170 wnw of R. Here are remarkable springs, charged with various mineral ingredients. Hoi Springs, pv. cap. of Hot Springs eo. Ark, 53 w of Liltle Rock, [ne of A. Houlton, pv. cap. of Aroostook co. Me. 196 HoUMA, pv, cap. of Terre Bonne par. La, 132 sw of New Orleans. [Watertown, Hounsfield, tp. Jefferson cn. N. Y. 6 w of Houston, lp. Clearfield co. Pa. Houston, pv. AVayne eo. Tenn. 110 sw of Ne. Houston, pv. cap. of Chickasaw co. Miss. 145 NE of Jackson. Houston, Texas. See Gazetteer. H.A'a. 160 N of R, Hubbard, pt. Trumbull c.k O. 180 se Wurren. HuBBARDSTON, pt.Wo'sier CO. Mass. 54 w B Hubbardton. pi. Rulland eo. A't. on Hub bardton river. HuBLERsBURG, pv. Centre co. Pa.88 nw of II. Hudson, pt. Hillsboro' c.). N. II. 68 s of Cd. Huds )n, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Hudson, pv. Snmmii Cv). O. 137 nk of Cs. Hudson, pl. Ijcnawee cn. Mich 81 sw of D. Huds'Mi, pv. La Portu co. Iiul. 158 n of Is. Hudson, pv. M'Lean co. 111. 94 NE of S-l. Hudsonville, pv. Marshall co. Miss. 200 n J. Hudsonville, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. 120 wsw of Frankfort. ITuGHEsviLLE, pv. liyoomiug CO. Pa. 90 n II. HuGiisoNviLLE, V- Dutchess CO. N.Y. HuLBUUTON, pv. Orleans eo. N.Y. ou the Erie caiuil. Hull, tp. Plyin)uili t-o. .M.is:* u K^iK of M, IIuLMEViLLE, hume'viU, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 18 NE of Philadelphia.; Hume, pt. Alleghany co.N.Y, on Genesee r. IIUMMELSTOWN, borough, Dauphin co. Pa, 9 E of Harrisburg. Humphrey, ip. Cattaraugus co, N,Y, IIdmphreysville, pv. New Haven eo. Conn. 50 sw of Hartford. Hunter, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 18 w Catskill, IIuNTERsTowN, pv, Adaius CO. Pa. 35 sw H^ Huntersville, pv. cap. of Pocahontas co.Va. 190 WNW of Richmond, Huntersville. pv. Hardin co. O. 80 nw of Cs, Huntingdon, tp, Adaras eo. Pa. 12 ne of Get tysburg. [Pa. 92 WNW of H. Huntingdon, borough, cap. of Huntingdon eo. ILmiingdon, lp. Luzerne co. Pa. [w^of Ne. Huntingdon, pv. cap. of CarroU co. Tenn. 93 Huntington, lp. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 w Mtr. Huirtingtnn, pl. Fairfield co. Coun. 17 w of New Haven. Humington, pt. Suffolk co. N.A'. on Long I. Huntington, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 82 nw^ Ca. Huntington, tp. Bro^vn co. O. on Obio r. Iluntiiigion. tp. Gallia co. O. on Racoon cr. Humington, pt. Lorain co.O. 20 sw i>f Elyria. Huntiiigloii, tp. Ross CO. O. [on Wabash r. Huntington, pv. cap, of Huntingtfm co. Ind. Huntingtown, pv, Calvert co. Md. 42 sw of Annapolis. Huntsburg, pt. Geauga co. 0. 175 ne of Cs. Hunt's Hollow, pv. Alleghany co. N Y. Huntsville, pv. Surry co. N. C. on Yadkin r. Uunisville, pv. Laurens disl. S. C. 56 nw Ca. Huntsville, pv. Paulding co. Ga. 136 wnw M. Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ala. 150 NNE of Tuscaloosa. HunlsviUe, pv. cap. of Madis »n co. Ark. Huntsville, pv. Butter eo. O. 95 wsw of Cs. Huntsville, pv, Schuyler co. IU, SO wnw Sd. HuuisviUe, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Mu. ou Chariton river. Huntsville, v. of Texas, 60 n of Houston. Hurley, pi. Ulster co. N-V. 60 ssw of Al. Hurl Gate. See Hell Gate. Huron r. O. flows nilo I*ake Erie at Huron. Huron r. Ulich. fl )ws into Lake Erie. Huron, pi. W.iyns co. N.V. on Lake Ontario. Hurmi, pv- Erie co. O. on Lake Erie. ll-.iron, pl. AVayne eo. Mich. 29 sw of D. Hurricane, lp. Lincoln co.Mo. Huston, tp. Centre co. Pa. lIusTONviLLE, pv. Liucolu CO. Kv. 53 SSE F. HuTsoNviLLE, pv. Crnw:"ord Cil. III. Hyannis, pv. Banisuble eo. Muss. 77 se B. HVATTSTOWN, pv .Mniitir- CO. MJ. 72 w An. Hyattsvili-E, pv. Miami co. O. S2 w of Cs. Hyde Park, pv. cap. of LamoiUe cu. Vi. 31 n of MontpeUer. [river. ll>df Park, pt. Duichess eo. N.Y. on Hudson Ili'DESBURG. pv. Ralls CO. Mo. 108 NNE of Jefi'erson City. Iberia, pv. Marion co O. 54 n of Cs. Iberia, pv. Miller co. .Mo. 50 sw of Jef. City Iberville, pv. Iberville par. La. 92 wnw N.O IcKK^BrRQ, pv. Perry co. Pa. 40 nw of H. Ijamsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 nw Au. I.mlaytown, i)v. Monraouth co. N. J. IOeTh. Illinois r. Indian Territory, fio\\^ inlo Ark. r. )ij,iNnij? City, pv. Rock Isl;md co. Ill, Isni;rENDENCK r. N.Y. flows into Black r. liKkpiu. lence, pt. .¦Vlleghiuiy co. N.V. 20 sB low 589 JAC Independence, tp, AVarren co. N. J. 14 ne of Belvidere. Independence, pv. AA'"ashington co. Pa. Independence, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 94 sE T. Independence, pv. Henderson co. Tenn. Independence, pv. cap. of Kenton co. Ky. 82 NNE of Frankfort. [Cleveland. Independence, pl. Cuyahoga co. O. 10 s of Indepeudence, tp. AVashington co. O. Independence, lp. Oakland co. Mich. Independence, pv. AVarren co. Ind. 85 nw Is. Independence, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mo. 146 WNW^ of Jef. City. It is ihe general place of departure ofthe Sanla Fe traders. Indiana, tp. AUeghany co. Pa. 10 ne Pittsburg. Indiana, borough, cap. of Indiana co. Pa. 155 WN^v of Harrisburg. Indian Key, pt. Dade co. Florida. Indian Lake, Harailton co. N.Y. 4 m. long and 1 wide. Indian r. N. H. an upper br. ofthe Conn. r. Indian r. N.Y. fiows iuto the Oswegatchie r, Indian r. Flor. a vast lagoon, 100 ra. long. Indian R. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Indian Springs, pv. Butts co. Ga. 52 w M, Indian Stream, tp. Coos co. N. H. INDIAN or AAT£STERN TERRITORY, a iract \vhich has been set apart by the U. S. government for the permanent residence of the Indian Iribes \vho have been removed from the different stales. It is bounded on the N by Platie r., K by the Missouri r. and state, E by the Red r., and w by the desert country sometimes called the '• Great American De sert." It is about 600 m. in extent from n to s, and 400 or 500 from e to w. A large por tion of the territory is prairie, but the margins - of Ihe streams are generally lined wilh wood. All the productions of ihe U. S. of the same latitude can be raised here, and the country seems lo be also exceedingly well adapted for grazing, Indian Town, pv, Currituck co. N, C. 230 ENE of Raleigh, Indian Town, pv, Williarasburg dist. S. C. Industry, pl. PrankUn co. Me. 34 nw of A. Industry, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w ofH. Ingham, pt. Inghara co. Mich. 77 w of D. Ingles Ferry, pv. Montg. co.Va. 215 w R. Intercourse, pv. Lancaster co.Pa. 48 e ofH. Inigoes, St. pv. Si. Mary's co. Md. 105 s An, loLA, pv.Calhoun CO. Flor. on Appalachicola r. loNiA, pv. cap. of Ionia co.Mich. on Grand r, Ionia. V. Morgan co. Mo. on Moreau cr. Iosco, tp. Livingston co. Mich, Iowa City, capital of the stale of lowa, and seal of justice of Johnson co., on Ihe leftor E bank of Iowa r., 70 or 80 ra. frora ils mouth. Pop. between 1,000 and 2,000, Iowa r. rises in Chapeau Lake, and after a course of above 300 ra, in a general south easterly direction, falls into the Mississippi, It rs navigable for boats at all seasons as far as Iowa City. Iowa Indians, u. tribe in the southwestern part of Iowa. lOAVA TERRITORY, an extensive ter ritory of the U- S., bounded on theN by British North America, e by Wisconsin and Illinois. from -which it is for the most part separated by the Mississippi r,, s bv Missouri, and wby 50 the Indian and Missouri Territories, The Missouri r. marks nearly the whole of ils w^estern boundary. In the se part both cli- mate and soil appear lo be well adapted for agricultural setllements. In the e pari of the territory, along the Mississippi r,, both n and s of the Macoquela r., isa valuable mineral re gion, abounding in lead, zinc, and iron. The people of Iowa have recently accepted tlie proposition made by Congress (1845-6) lo erect the s portion of the territory into a sovereign slate. See Iowa, Gazetteer, Ipswich, Mass. See Gazetteer. Ira, pl. Rulland co. Vl. 70 ssw of Mtr, Ira, pl. Cayuga eo. N.Y. 170 w of Al, Ira, tp. St. Clair co. Mich, Irasburg, pv. cap. of Orleans co.Vt. 45 n Mtr. Iroquois, pv. Iroquois co. III. on Iroquois r. Irondequoit, pt. Monroe co.N.Y, 5 n of Ro chester. Irondequoit cr. and bay, Monroe co. N.Y. communicating with Lake Onlario. Irville, pv. Muskingum co. O. 56 e of Cs, Irvine, pv. cap. of Estill co. Ky. on Ky. r. Irving, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Irving, V. Westchester co. N.Y. 26 n of N.Y. Irvingsville, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 76 wnw of Boslon. Irwin, tp.Venango co. Pa. 12 sw of Franklin. Irwinton, pv. cap. of AVilkinson co.Ga. 20 s of MiUedgevUle. Irwinton, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 ne of T. Irwinville, pv. cap. of Irwin co. Ga. 105 s M. Island Ce. pt. Jefferson co. O. Isleborough, pt. Waldo co. Me. 54 e of A, Isle of Shoals, eight islets on the coasl of N, H. and Me. Islip, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island, Israel, tp. Preble co. O, Israel's r. N. H flows inlo Connecticut r, Italy, lp. Yales co, N,Y, 15 w of Penn Yan. Ithaca, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Iihaca, pv. Darke co. O. 104 w of Cs. Ivy Mills, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 e of H. Izard C. H. Ark. See Athens. Jacinto, pv. cap. of Tisharaingo co. Miss. 230 NNE of Jackson. Jackson, pt, Waldo co. Me. 47 ne of A. Jackson, pt. Coos co. N. H. 80 n of Cd. Jackson, pl. Washington co. N.Y. 40 ne Al, Jackson, lp, Cambria co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Greene co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Lebanon co. Pa, 7 e of Lebanon. Jackson, tp. Lycomiiig co, P. Jackson, tp. Norlhumoerland co. Pa. Jackson, pl. Susquehanna co. Pa. Jackson, lp. Tioga eo. Pa. Jackson C. H. pv. cap. of Jackson co.Va. Jackson, pv. Northampton co. N.C.lOSNERh. Jackson, pv, cap. of Butts co, Ga. 67 w of M. Jackson, pv, Clarke co. Ala. 160 s of T. Jackson C.H. pv. cap, of Jackson co. Miss, 235 SE of Jackson. Jackson, pv. East Feliciana par. La, 124 nw of New Orleans, Jackson, pv, Lawrence co. Ark, Jackson, pv, cap. of Madison co. Tenn. 134 wsw bf Nashville. Jackson, tp. Champaign co. O. Jackson, tp. Coshocton co. O. JAM 590 JEF Jackson, tp, Guernsey co, O, Jackson, tp. Highland co, O. [Chilicothe. Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co, O. 28 se of Jackson, tp. Monroe co, O, Jackson, lp. Montgomery co. O. Fackson, tp. Morgan co. O, Jackson, tp. Muskingum co. O. Jackson, tp. Perry co. O. Jackson, tp. Pickaway co, O- Jackson, lp. Pike co. O. Jackson, tp. Preble co. O, Jackson, Ip. Sandusky co. O. Jackson, tp. Stark co. O, Jackson, tp. Trumbull co, O. Jackson, tp. AVayne co. O. Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co, Mich, on Grand river, 79 w of Detroit. Jackson, tp. Dearborn co. Lnd. Jackson, lp, Hancock co, Ind. Jackson, tp. Harailton co. Ind. Jackson, tp. Shelby co, Ind, Jackson, lp, Washmgton co. Ind, Jackson, tp. AVayne co. Ind. Jackson, pv. cap. of Cape Girardeau co. Mo. 196 BE of Jefferson City. [Liltle Rock. Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. 140 ne of Jackson, a co. in the'southern part of Texas, on Matagorda Bay.- Soil consisting of a deep layer of black raould ; very fertile. Indigo is produced in abundance. Capital, Texana, [ofAl. Jacksonborough, pv, Otsego co, N.Y. 62 w Jacksonborough, pv. cap. of Scriven co. Ga. 116 ESE of MiUedgeviUe. Jacksonborough, pv. Butler co. O.90 wswCs. Jacksonburg, v. Butler co. O. Jacksonburg, pv. AVayne co, Ind, 57 e of Is, Jacksonham, pv, Lancaster disl, S. C. SO ne of Colurabia, [James r. Jackson r. Va. one of the head branches of Jacksonto'wn, pv. Licking co. O. 31 ne Cs. Jacksonville, pv. AVindhamco.A''i. 142 sMtr. Jacksonville, pv- Tompkins co.N.Y. 170 wAI. Jacksonville, pv. I^ehigh co. Pa. 90 ene nf H. Jacksonville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C, 90 e Ca, Jacksonville, pv, cap. of Telfair co. Ga. on Ocmulgee river. [river. Jacksonville, pv. Duval cn. Flor. on St. John's Jacksonville, pv. cap, of Benton co, Ala, 140 ENE of Tuscaloosa, Jacksonville, pv. Darke co. O. 94 w of Cs, Jacksonville, pv. Switzerland co. Ind.llO se Is, Jacksonville, III. See Gazetteer. Jacksonville, v. AVashington co, Texas, 10 sw of AVashington, Jacobsburg, pv, Northampton co. Pa. .Tacobsburg, pv. Belraont co. O. 120 e of Cs. Jacquemel or Jacmel, zlnik^rael', a sea-port on Ihe s coasl of llayti, 30 m. sw of Port- au-Prince. Jaffrey, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 48 sw of Cd. Jalapa. See Xalapa, Gazetteer. Jalisco or Xalisco, iiab-lis'ko, a large und Ropulons Mo-cican state, nw of the city of lexinn. and bordering on thc Pacific. Area 7l,.500sq. m. Pop. 800,000. Capital, Gua dalaxara. Jam\tc\, pl.AVindbnm co A''t. niiAA'c-Jt r. Jamain;i, pl. Qncen'? co. N-A''. 12 e nf N.A"". Jamaica Plains, pv, Norfolk co. Mass.OswB. .Tames r. Mo. flows initj AVIiiic r. Jamestown, tp, Newport co. R. I. 3 w of Newport [ontlrl of rinnlanqne L. Jamestown, pv, Chaut-iuquo rn V A' on ilip Jaraestown, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 250 wnw H. Jaraestown, pv. Prince Edward co. Va, on Appomattox river. Jamestown, on James r.Va. See Gazetteer, Jaraestown, pv, Guilford eo, N.C, on Deepr, Jaraestown, pv. Sumter co, Ala. on Tombig bee river. [124 e of Ne. Jamestown, pv. cap. of Fentress co. Tenn. Jamestown, pv, cap. of Russell co, Ky. 100 s of Frankfort, Jamestown, pv. Greene co. O. 64 wsw of Cs Jamestown, pv. Boone co. Ind. 28 nw of Is. Jamestown, pv, Sangamon co. III. 15 from Sd. Jamestown, pv. Andrew co. Mo. 4 n of Mo. r. Jamestown, pv. Grant co.Wia. 108 w Madison, Jamesville. pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 127 w Al. Jamesville, pv. Southampton co.Va. [river. Jamesville, pv. Cherokee co. N. Con Valley Janesville, pv. Rock co. AVis. on Rock r. Jarvis Gore, ip. Penobscot co. Me. Jasper, pt. Steuben co, N.Y. 18 sw of Baih- Jasper, pv. cap. of Marion co. Tenn. on Se- qualchy river. [of TaUahassee. Jasper, pv. cap. of HamUton co. Flor. 90 a Jasper, pv. cap. of AValker co. Ala. 48 ne of T. Jasperj pv. Pike co. O. 66 s of Cs. [cr. Jasper, pv. cap. of Dubois co. Ind. on Patoka Jasper, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Mo. 160 s\v of Jefferson Ciiy. Jasper, a co. in the E part of Texas, belw^eeu the Neches and Sabine rivers. Soil on ihe raargms of the strearas very fertile ; in the central and w^estern parls sandy. Jasper, the capital of the above, on Sandy cr., an afliuent of the Neches, 150 m. nne of Galveston. Pop. 150. Java, pt. AVyomuig co. N.Y. on Seneca cr. Jay, pt. FrankUn co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Jay, pt. Orleans co. Vl. 58 n of Mtr. Jay, pt. Essex co. N.A''. 14S N of Al. [nie r. Jay C. H. pv. cap. of Jay co. lud. on Salama- Jefferson, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 21 se of A. Jefferson, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Israel's r. Jefferson, v- Chemung co. N.A'. on Seneca L. Jefferson, pt. Schoharie co. N.A'. 56 w^ of Al. Jefferson, lp. Morris co. N. J. 15 nw of Mor- Jefferson, lp. Alleghany co. Pa. [ristown. Jefferson, lp. Cambria co. Pa. Jefferson, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. [river. Jefferson, pt. Greene CO- Pa. on Monongahela Jefferson, lp. Luzerue co. Pa. Jefferson, pv. P'rederick co. Md. 83 nw of An. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashe co. N. C. on New r. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ga. on Oco nee river. [Coosa r. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. Ala. on Jefferson, pv. Rmherford co. Tenn. 22 se Ne. Jefferson, tp. Adams co. O. [of Cs. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashiabula co. O. 204 ne Jefferson, tp. Fayelte co. O. Jefferson, tp, Franklin cn. O. 12 E of Cs. Jefferson, tp. Logan co. O. Jefferson, v. j\Iadison co. O. 14 w of Cs. Jefferson, lp. Mtiut^nraery co. O. Jefferson, lp. Muskmgum co. O. Jefferson, lp. Preble co. O. Jefferson, lp. RiehUind co, O. Jcllerson, lp. Ross co. O. Ou Scioto r. JeiTorson, lp. Si-ioto co, O. on Scioio r. Jefferson, tp. Cass cn. Mich. Jefferson, pv. Clintou co. Ind. 46 n of Is. JcllVrsoii, lp S\vit;:iTland co. Ind. Ji'irprsnti. lp. AA'iiyric rn. Ind. JrfTfisoli, to. Onlf CO. Mo. JOH 591 KAT Jefferson, tp. Monroe co. Mo. [of Madison. | Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Wis. 36 e Jefferson, a co. occupying the ese extremity of Texap, bordering on L. Sabine. A narrow strip in tbe n part is covered ^vith wood. Along the streams the soil is very rich ; in some parts Ihere are extensive swaraps well adapted lo the cultivation of rice. Capital, Beaumont. [142 E of Jef. Ciiy. fEFFEHsoN Barraces, pv. St. Louis CO. Mo. Feffersonton, pv. Culpepper co.Va. on Rap pahannock nver. [Santilla r. Teffersoitfon, pv. cap. of Camden co. Ga, on Ieffersontow^n, pv, Jefferson co. Ky. 66 w of Frankfort. [Mtr, Teffe R son viLLE, pv. Lamoille co. Vt. 45 n of leffersonvllle, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 100 e ofH. FeffersonviUe, Va. See Taze'well C.H. feffersonville, pv, Fayette co. 0. 60 sw of Cs, leffersonvillej pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Iena, tp. Livingston co. Mich, [of Phila. Ienkintown, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 10 n Ienks, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [erset. Tenner, tp. Somersei co. Pa. 12 ntv of Som- Iennersville, pv. Chester co. Pa. Jeremie, zherVay^mee', a sea-port on the n coast of Hayti, 125 ra. w of Porl-au-Prince. Tericho, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 52 nw of Mtr. lericho, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Tericho, pv. AVayne co. N.C. 70 sw of Rh, Tericho, pv. Perry co. Ala. 53 s of T. Iericho CentrEj pv. Chillenden co.Vt. 32 NW of Montpelier. Feromesville, pv. AVayne co. O. 82 ne of Cs. Tersey, pv, Steuben co. N.Y, on Mead cr. Tersey, pl. Licking co. 0. 35 ne of Cs. [river. Tersey City, pv. Hudson co. N . J. on Hudson Tersey Shore, borough, Lycoraing co. Pa. on the w^ branch of the Susquehanna river, 100 NNW of Harrisburg. Jerseytown, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 84 n of H. Jerseyville, pv. cap. of Jersey co. III, 70 sw of Springfield. [Van. Terusalem, pt. Yales co. N.Y. 5 w of Penn Terusalera, pv, cap. of Southampton co. Va. 70 ESE of Richraond. [Long I, Jerusalem South, pv. Queen's co. N.Y, on Iessup's Landing, pv. Saratoga co, N.Y- on Hudson river, [e of Hd. Jewett City, py. New Loudon co. Conn. 47 JoBSTOW^N, pv. Burlington co.N.J. 26 sof Tn. Joe's Brook, or Merritt r. Vt. one of the affluents of Pasumsic river. John's r. N. H. flows into Conn. r. John's r. N. C. falls inlo the Catawba. Johns, St. a r. of Flor. which rises in a vast marsh, and flowing northerly nearly par allel lo the shore ofthe Alianlic, falls hito Ihe ocean in Lat. 30° 20' n. John's, St. a small town of Canada East, on the Chambly, near the n end qjf L. Chara plain, 23m sE of Montreal. A railroad, 15 m. in length, connects it w^ilh La Prairie, on the St, Lawrence, whence a steam ferry keepsup the communication with Montreal, 9 m. dislaiii. The principal commerce be tween New York and Montreal is carried on through Ibis roule. Tu the immediate vicinity of St. John's is the 1, of Dorchester. JoiiNsBURG. pt. AVarren ro. N.Y. 68 n of Al, Johnsbury, St, pl. Caledonia co. Vl. 37 ne of Montpelier. Johnson, pt. I>amoille co.Vl. on Lamoille r, Johnson, borough, Cambria co. Pa, Johnson, tp. Champaign co. O.'' Johnson, lp. Trumbull co. 0, 12 ne of Warren. Johnson, tp. Barry co, Mich, Johnson, tp. Gibson co. Ind. JoHNsoNBURG, pv. AVarrcu co. N. J, 70 n Tn, JoHNSONViLLE, pv. Cumberland co, N, C. 65 s of Raleigh, Johnston, ip. Providence co, R, I. 5 w of Providence. [tie Rock. Johnsion, pv. Marion co. Ark. 170 n of Lit- Johnslon, pv. Rush co. Ind. 40 E of Is. Johnstown, pv. cap.of FuUou co. N.Y. 46 NW of Albany. [nemaugh r. Johnstown, borough, Cambria co. Pa. on Co- Johnstown, St. pv. Sussex CO. Del. 34 s of D. Johnstown, pv. Licking co. O. 36 ne of Cs. Johnstown, pt. Barry co. Mich. 128 w of D. Johnsville, St. pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 60 NW of Albany. Johnsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 74 nw An, Johnsville, pv. Dyer co. Tenn, 174 w of Ne. Jonesborough, pt. Washinglon co. Me. 140 ENE of Augusia. Jonesborough, pv. Jefferson cn. Ala. 43 ne T, Jonesborough, pv. cap, of AVashington co, Tenn. 280 e of NashvUle, [of Sd. Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Union co. III. 175 s Jonesborough, v. of Red River co. Texas, on Red river, 30 m. nw of Clarksville. JoNESBURG, pv. cup. of Camdeu co. N. C. on Pa.squolank river. [dison Bay. JoNEsPORT, pt. AA''ashington co. Me, on Ad- JoNESTow^N, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 30 e of H. Jonesville, pv. cap, of Lee co.Va. on an af fluent of Powell's river. Jonesville, pv. Surry cn. N. C. 160 wnw Rh. Jonesville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 nw of Ca. Jonesville, pv, Monroe co, O, 130 e of Cs. Jonesville, pv. cap. of Hillsdale co. Mich. 92 ¦wsw of Detroiu [canal, Jordan, pv- Onondaga co.N,Y. on the Erie Jordan, lp. Clearfield co. Pa. Joseph, St. pt. Williams co. O. ISO nw of Cs. Joseph, St, pl. Berrien co. Mich. 195 w of D. Joseph's, St. a bay on the s coast of Flor. w of the Appalachicola river. Joseph's, St. r. See Gazetteeb. Juliet, pv, cap, of AVill co. 111. on Des Plaines river. JULiusTowN, pv. Burlinglon co.N.J. 24sTn. J [JNiATA r. Pa. See Gazetteer. Juniata, pt. Perry co. Pa. 40 wnw nf H. Junius, pt, Seneca co. N.Y. S n of AA''alerloo. Kalamazoo r. Mich. See Gazetteer. Kalamazoo, pv. cap. of Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Kalamazoo river, Kalamo, tp, Eatnn co. ftlich. Kalida, pv. cap. of Putnara co. 0. 114 NW Cs. Kanakanic, tp. Milwaukie co. AVis. Kanawha r.Va. See Gazetteer. Kanawha C. H. pv. cap. of Kanawha co. Va, on Great Kanawha river. Kanawha Saline, *pv. Kanawha co. Va. Kankakee r. 111. joins the Des Plaines, to form the Illinois river. Kanzas or Konzas r. See Gazetteer. Kan'zas, Kansas or Konzas Indians, a tribe iu the Indian Territory, dweUing in the vicinity of Kanzas river. [Susqa, r * Karthaus, pv- Clearfield co. Pa. on W Br. of Kaskaskia, 111, See Gazetteer, Kat-ah'din, Mt. Me. between the e and w branches ofthe Penobscot, Ilciglil 5.300 ft. KIN 592 KNO Kaukalin, pv. Brnwn co. Wis. on Fox r. Kayaderosseras Mts. N.Y, w^ of L, George, Also a cr. which flows inlo Saratoga Lake, Kearsarge, Ml. Merriraack eo. N.H. Keating, lp. M'Kean co. Pa. on Alleghany r, Kearsly, pt. Genesee co. Mich. [w of D. Keelersville, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 175 Keene, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Ashuelot r. Keene, pl. Essex co, N.Y. on Au Sable r. Keene, pv. Jessamine co. Ky. 33 sE of F. Keene, pl. Coshocton co, 0. 100 ne of Cs, Keesville, pv. Clinton and Essex cos. N.Y, on Au Sable r, [sw of J. Kellertown, pv. WUkinson co. Miss. 118 Kelloggsville, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. Kelly, tp. Union co. Pa. 9 n of New Berlin. Kempsville, pv. Princess Anne co.Va. 116 se of Richmond. [se of Rh. Kenansville, pv, cap. of Duplin co, N, C. 90 Kendall, pt, Orleans co, N.Y. on L, Onlario. Kendall, pv. Van Buren co,- Mich, 167 w^ of D. Kendallville, pv. Noble co, Ind. 160 nne Is. Kennebunk, Me, See Gazetteer, Kennebunk Port, pt. York co. Me, on Ken nebunk river. [of Al, Kbnn-edy SVILLE, pv, Stcubeu CO. N.Y. 220 w Kennet, tp, Chester co. Pa. 28 sw of Phila, Kennet Square, pv, Chester co. Pa, in Ken net to^vnship. [Jef, City. Kennonsville, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 128 n of Kensington, pt. Rockingham co, N. H, 41 se of Concord. [Hd. Kensington, py. Hartford co. Conn. 13 ssw of Kensington, Pa. See Gazetteer. Kensington, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 35 wof D. Kent, pt. Litchficld co. Conn. 50 w of Hd. Kent, pl. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al. Kent, pl. Kent co, Mich. 168 wnw of D. [r. ICenton, pv. cap. of Harding co. O. on Scioto Kentontown, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 53 ne F. Kentuckyville, pv- Susquehanna co. Pa Keokuck, pv. Lee co. Iowa, on Mississippi r. Kernsville, pv. Norlharapton co.Pa. 105 ene of Harrisburg. . [Madison. Kewaunee, pv. Milwaukie co.AVis. 72 e of Keyport, pv. Monraouth co. N . J. 46 e of Tn. Keysburg, pv. Logan co. Ky. 194 sw of F. Keysburg, pv. Pike co. lit. 77 w of Sd. Keysville, pv. Charlotte co. Va. 93 sw of R. ICeytesville, pv. cap. of Chariton co. Mo. 90 N^v of Jefferson City. Key West, See Gazetteer. KiAMisHi r. Indian Territory, flows inlo Red river, 6 m. below Fort Towson. Kidron, pv. Coweta co, Ga. 96 w of M, Kidron, Indian Territory, See Dw^igut, KicK-A-Poo' Indians, a tribe dwelling in the E part of the Indian Territory, n of Kanzas river. Kilkenny, pt. Coos co. N.H. 106 n of Cd. Killbuck, pt. Holmes co. O. on Killbuck cr. Killingly, pt. AVindhara co. Conn. 47 e of Hd. Killingworth, pt. Middlesex co. Conn, on Long Laland Sound. [cataquis r. Kilmarnock, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pis- Kilmarnock, pv. Lancaster co. Vn. on Chesa peake Bay. [2,924 fl. Killington Peak. Green Mts. Vt. Height KiMBERTON, pv. Chester co. Pa, 75 e of H. KiMBULTON, pv. Guernsey co. O. 88 e of Cs. Kinderhook, pl. Columbia co. N.A^ 20 s ofAl. Kinderhook cr. N.A'. flows inlo Ihe Hudson in Columbia counly. Kinderhook, pv. Pike co. Ill 81 w of Sd. King and Queen C. H. pv. cap. of King and Queen co.Va. 53 ene of Richmond. Kingfield, pt. Franklin co. Me. 60 nnw of A. King George C. H. pv. cap, of King George co.Va, 82 NNE of Richmond, Kingsborough, pv, Fulton eo. N.Y. 50 nw Al. King's Bridge, pv- New York co, N.Y. 13 n of City Hall. Kingsbury, pt. Piscalaquis co. Me. Kingsbury, pt. AVn. co. N.Y, on Hudson r, KiNGsEssiNG, pt. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 sw of Philadelphia. King's Ferry, pv. Caj-uga co.N.Y. 173 wAl. KiNGSPoRT, pv. Sullivan co.Tenn.270EofNe. Kingston, pt. Rockinghara co. N. H. 33 sse Cd. Kingston, pt. Plymouih co. Mass. ou a br. of Plymouth harbour. Kingston, pv.AA'n. co. R. 1. 32 s of Providence. Kingston, pv. cap. of Ulster co. N.Y. near Hudson river. Kingston, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 14 ne of Tn. Kingston,* pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on ihe Sasqne- hanna r. Kingston, pv. Soraerset co. Md. 118 se of An. Kin";ston, pv. cap. of Lenoir co. N. C. on Neuse river. Kingston, pv, Adaras co. Miss. 120 sw^ of J. Kingston, pv. cap. of Autauga co, Ala, on Au tauga creek. Kingston, pv. cap. of Roane co.Tenn. 143ENe. Kingston, pv. Ross co. O. 55 s of Cs. Kingston, pv. De Kalb co. 111. 218 nne of Sd. Kingstree, pv. AA'illiarasbarg dist. S- C. on Black r. Kingsville, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 213 ne of Cs. King William C. H. pv. cap.of King AVilliam co.Va. 38 NE of Richmond. Kingwood, pt. Hunterdon co. X. J. 29 nwTu. Kingwood, pv. cap. of Pre-ion co. Va. 284 nw of Richmond. Kinsman, pt. TrurabuU cn. O. 193 ne of Cs. KiNZUA, pv. AVarren co. Pa. 220 nw of H. Ki'o-WAY Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sw part of the Indian Terriiory. Kirby, Ip. Caledonia co. At. 36 ne of Mir. KiRKERsviLLE, pv. Licking co. O. 22 e of Cs. Kirkland, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 84 ne of A. Kirkland, pt. Oneida CO. N.AT. 100 wnw ofAl. KiRKViLLE, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w Al. Kirk-sville, pv- Butler co. Ala. 140 sse of T. Kirkwood, tp. Belmont co. O. KiRTLAND, pt.. Lake co. O. 167 ne of Cs. Kishwaukie, pv. AVinnebago co. HI. 197 n Sd. Kiskimin'etas, pt. Armstrong co. Pa. ou the Conemaugh or Kiskiminelas river. Kittaning, borough, cap. of Armstrong co. Pa. on the Alleghany river. Kittatinny, a name sometimes given lo the Blue Mountams, where they cross the Dela ware al the Water Gap. Kittery, pt. York co. Me. on Piscataqua r. Klamet. See Tlamath. Knightstown, pv. Henry co. Ind. 33 E of Is. Knottsville, pv. Monongalia co. A'a. 266 ntv of Richmond. Knottsville, pv. Daviess co. Ry. 150 wsw F. Knowlesville, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. Knoa\'xton, pl. AA'arren co. N. J. 66 n of Tn Knox, pl. AValdo co. Me. 35 nk of A. Knox, pl. Albany co. N.Y. 21 W of Al. Kiiox, lp. Holmes CO. O. Knox, lp. Jefierson co. O. [of An- K.\u-\viLLE, pv. Frederick eo. Md. 90 wnw LAG 593 LAR Knoxfille, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ga. 55 sw of Milledgeville. ' [on Holston r. Knoxville, city, and cap. of Knnx co. Tenn. Knoxville, pv. Jefferson co. O. 140 e of Cs. Knoxville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 138 sw of Is. Knoxville, pv. cap. of Knox co. Ill, 100 wnw of Springfield. KnoxvUle, pv.Rayco. Mo.,156wnav Jef.City. KooTANAi or KooTANYE (koo-ld-iil') Indians, a tribe in the e part of Oregon, dwelling on the banks of M'GUlivray's river, KoRTWRiGHT, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on De laware river. Kosciusko, pv. cap. of Allala co. Miss, on Yockonockony r, [co. Pa. 100 ene ofH, Kreidersville, kri'ders-vil, pv.Northampton KuLER, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. Kutztown, borough, Berks co. Pa, 69 e of H. La Baca. See La Vacca. Lackawanna r. Pa. enters the Susquehanna at Pittslown. Lackawanna, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. [ens. Pa. Lackawannoc Mis. in Luzerne and AVayne Lackawannock, lp. Mercer co. Pa. 6 sw of Mercer. [in Pike co. Liackawaxen r. Pa. flows into the Delaware Lacka^vaxen, pt. Pike co. Pa. on Dela\vare r. Lacon, pv. cap. of MarshaU co. IU. on IU. r. Laconia, pv, Harrison co. Ind, 147 s pf Is. Ladiesburg, pv. Frederick co. Md, 80 nw of Annapolis. Lafargeville, pv, Jef. co, N,Y. 182 hw Al. La Fayette, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w of Albany. [kill r. La Fayette, pv. Sussex co. N. J. on Paulins- La Fayette, pv. Montg. co. Va. 188 w of R. La Fayelte, pv. cap. of Walker eo. Ga. on Chattooga river, 200 nw^ of MilledgevUle. La Fayelte, pv- cap. of Chambers co. Ala. 160 E of Tuscaloosa. La Fayette, city and cap. of Jefferson par. La. 2 w of New Orleans. [Ark. La Fayelie C. H. pv. cap. of La Fayelie co. La Fayette, pv. Christian co. Ky, 220 sw F. Ija Fayelte, pv. Madison co, O, 22 w of Cs. La Fayette, tp. Medina co. O. La Fayelte, tp, A'an Buren co. Mich. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Tippecanoe co. Ind. on the AVabash river. Lafourche r. La. See Gazetteer, La Grange, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 97 nne A, La Grange, tp, Dutchess co. N.Y- La Grange, pv, Randolph co. N. C. 92 w Rh. La Grange, pv. cap. of Troup co. Ga. 120 w of MiUedgeviUe. La Grange, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 136 n of T. La Grange, pv. Fayette co.Tenn. 184 swNe. La Grange, pv. cap. of Oldham co. Ky. on the Ohio river. La Grange, pt. Lorain co, 0, 110 nne of Cs, La Grange, pt. Cass co, Mich, on Putnam's cr. La Grange, pv. Henry co. IU, 134 N of Sd, La Grange, pv, Lewis co. Mo, on the Miss, r. La Grange, cap. of Fayette co. Texas, on the left bank of the Colorado, 65 m. se of Austin. Pop. 350, Lagro, pt. Wabash co, Ind, 94 n of Is, Laguna. lah-o^oo'na., a sea-port of Mexico, on Carmen i. 350 m. s by e of Vera Cruz. Mahogany and logwood are exported to the United Slates, IjAguna del Madre, lah-goo'nS. del mao'- ••ay, an extensive lagoon on the coast of 50* Texas, reaching from Corpus Christi Bay nearly to the mouth of lha Rio Grande, Entire length about 120 m.; greatest breadth perhaps 15 m. Lake, Ip, Logan co, O. Lake, pl. Slark co, O. 134 ne of Cs. Lake, tp. AVayne co. O. on Mohiccan r. Lake C. H. Ind. See Crown Point. Lake Landing, pv. cap. of Hyde co. N. C. on Mattimuskeet Lake. Lake Pleasant, pv. cap. of Hamilton co, N.Y. on Lake Pleasant, Lake Providence, pv, cap. of CarroU par La. on the Mississippi river. [n of Is Laketon, pv. Wabash co. Ind. on Eel r. 101 Lakeville, v. Queen's co, N.Y. 20 e N.York. Lakeville, pv. Oakland co.Mich. 43 nw of D. La-mar', pt. CUnton co. Pa. Lamar, a co. in the n part of Texas, border ing ou Red river. It is mostly woodland : soil, especially in the n and raiddle portions, very rich. Capital, Paris. Lamar, a v. of Refugio co. Texas, on Aran sas Bay, opposite to Aransas. 160 ra. s of Austin. ' [nw of Tn. Lambertsville, pv. Hunterdon co.N.J. 15 Lamhertsville, pv. Monroe cn. Mich. 70 swD. La Mine r. Mo. flows into the Missouri, Lamoille r. Vt. flows into Lake Charaplain. La Mott, i. Vl. in Lake Champlain. [river. Lampeter, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga Lampeter Square, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 43 SE of Harrisburg. [inlo Ihe Piscataqua r. Lamprey r. N. H. flows through Great Bay Lancaster, pv. cap. of Coos co. N. H. near Connecticut river. Lancaster, pt. AVorcester co. Mass. 36 W of B. Lancaster, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on Cayuga cr. Lancaster. Pa. See Gazetteer. [83 e of R. Lancaster C. H. pv. cap. of Lancaster co, Va. Lancaster C. H. pv, fcp. of Lancaster dist. S, C. 72 NN'E of Columbia. Lancaster, pv. Sraith co, Tenn. 60 se of Ne. Lancaster, pv. cap.of Garrard co.Ky. 57 s F. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Fairfield co, O, 30 sE of Columbus. Lancaster, pv. Jefferson co. Ind, 74 sse of Is. Lancaster, pv. Morgan co. 111. 24 sw of Sd. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Grant co. Wis. 96 wsw of Madison. Landaff, pt. Grafion co. N. H. 84 nw of Cd. Landgrove, pt. Bennington co.Vl. 98 s of Mir. Landisburg, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 w of H. Landre, St. v. La, See Opelousas, [of B. Lanesborough, pt, Berkshire co.Mass. 135 w Lanesborough, pv. Anson co.N.C. 155 swRh. Lan-esville, pv, Randolph co, N. C. 60 w Rh, LanesviUe, pv- Harrison co. Ind, 135 s of Is. Langdon, pl. Sullivan co. N. H. 59 w of Cd. Languille, pt, St. Francis co. Ark. Lanier, pv. cap. of Macon co. Ga. on Flint r, Lansford, pv, Chester dist. S. C, on Cataw^- ba river, Lansing, tp. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Salmon er. Lansingburg, pv. Rensselaer co.N.Y. on the Hudson river, 10 nne of Albany. Lansingville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. Lapeer, pv. cap. of Lapeer co. Mich. 60 n D. Lapland, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. 275 w Rh. La PortEj pv, cap. of La Porte co, Ind. 145 N of Indianapolis, Laputa, pv, Shelby co, Ky, 10 w of F. Laredo, lah-ra'do, a v, of San Patricio co. Texas, on the e side of the Rio del Norte, LEB 594 LEN at the crossing of the San Antonio and Saltillo road. Pop.500, nearly all Mexicans. liARKiN SVILLE, pv. Jacksou CO. Ala. 175 NE T. Larner, tp. Preble co. O. La Salle, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 42 ssw nf D. La Salle, pv. La Salle co. 111. 133 nne of Sd. Latimore, tp. Adams co. Pa. 15 ne of Get- lysburg. Laughery, tp. Dearborn co. Ind. Laughery. pv. Ripley co. Ind. 70 sE of Is. LaughliNtown, pv. AVestmoreland co. Pa. Laurel, pv. Sussex co. Del. 52 s of Dover. Laurel, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 57 ese of Is. Laurel Mts. extend frora Pa. across Va. to Ky. "w of the raain Alleghany range, Laurens, pt, Otsego co, N.Y. 15 sw of Coo perstown. [nw of Ca. Laurens C. H. pv. cap. of Laurens dist, S. C. 70 Lausanne, pt. Norlharapton co. Pa. on Le high river. La Vacca or La Baca, lah vac'ka (see Intro duction XXVII. 4), Bay, Texas, an arra of Matagorda Bay. La Vacca r. flows into the above. Lawee.vce, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. '25 NE of Canton. Lawrence, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 6 ne of Tn, Lawrence, ip. Clearfield co. Pa. Lawrence, tp. Tioga co. Pa, on Tioga r. Lawrence, tp. Slark co. O. on the Ohio canal, Lawrence, tp, Tuscarawas co, O. [rietta. Lawrence, pt. AVashington co. O. 9 ne of Ma- Lawrence, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. Lawrence, tp, Marion co. Ind, Lawrenceburg, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany river. [12 s of F, Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Ky. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Tenn. 75 ssw of Nashville. Lawrenceburg, pv. cag, of Dearborn co. Ind. on Ohio river. [230 nnw of Al. Lawrenceville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.A'. Lawrenceville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 6 n Tn, Lawrenceville, borough, Alleghany co. Pa, on Alleghany river, Lawrenceville, pv, Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r. Lawrenceville, pv, cap. of Brunswick co.Va. 73 ssw of Richmond. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. N, C. on A''adkin river. [34 nw of M. Lawrenceville, pv, cap. of Gwmnetl co. Ga. LawrenceviUe, pv, cap. of Monroe co. Ark. 75 E of Little Rock. [on Embarrass r. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. 111. Lawtonville, pv, Berfufort disl. S. C. 120 s of Colurabia. [of Al. Lawyersville, pv. Schoharie co, N.Y. 44 w Leacock, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 44 ese of H. Leakesville, pv. Rockinghara co, N. C. on Dan river, Leakesville, pv, Newton co. Ga. 49 nw of M. Leakesville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Miss, on Chickasawha river. Leasburg, pv, Caswell co. N. C. 64 nw Rh. IjEavenworth, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on the Obio river. Lebanon, pt.A^'ork co. Me. on Salraon Falls r. Lebanon, pl. Grafton co. N. H, 4 s Hanover. Lebanon, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 ese of Hartford. [river. Lebanon, pt. Madison co. N.Y. on Chenango I..ebanon, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 n of Iti. Lebanon, borough, cap. of Lebanon co. Pa. 24 e of Harrisburg Lebanon, tp. AVayne co. Pa. [of R Lebanon, pv. cap. of Russell co, Va. 325 w Lebanon, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. Lebanon, pv. Cobb co. Ga, on Chattahoochee r. Lebanon,' pv. cap. of De Kalb co . Ala. 1 12 ne of Tuscaloosa. [Little Rock. Lebanon, pv. cap. of Searcy co. Ark. 95 n of Lebanon, pv. cap. of Wilson co. Tenn, 32 e of Nashville. Lebanon, pv, cap, of Marion eo,Ky. 60 swF. Lebanon, tp. Meigs eo. O. on Ohio r. Lebanon, pv. cap. of AVarren co. O. 85 wsw of Colurabus. Lebanon, pv, cap, of Boone co.Ind, 25 NW Is, Lebanon, pv, St, Clair co. Ill, 70 s of Sd. Lebanon, pv. Boone co. Mo. 46 n of Jef, City, Le Bosuf, tp, Erie cn. Pa. Ledyard, pt. New London cn. Conn. 47 se Hd. Ledyard, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 170 w ofAl, Lee, pt, Penobscot co. Me. 125 ne of A. Lee, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 3S e nf Cd. Lee, pl. Berkshire co. Mass. on Housalonic r Lee, pl. Oneida co. N.A". 114 wn-w of Al. Lee, pt. Athens co. O. 81 se of Cs. Lee, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Leechville, pv. Bea-ifori disl. S. C. 165 s Ca. Leeds, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 w^ of A. Leeds, pv. Greene co. N.A'. 38 ssw^of Al. LeedsPoint, pv. AiIanticco.N. J. f6ssETn. Leedsville, pv. Monmooth co. N. J. 48 eTu. Leedsville, pv. Randolph co. A'^a. 213 nw R. Leesburg, pv. Cumberland co. N.J. on Mau rice river. Leesburg, pv. cap. of Loudon co. Va. 150 n of Richraond, near the Potomac. Leesburg, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. 140 ne of T. Leesburg, pv. AVashington co. Tenn. Leesburg, pv. Harris'in co. Ky. 27 ne of F. Leesburg, pv. Highland co. O- 64 sw of Cs. Leesburg, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 130 n of Is. Leesburg, pv. AVinnebago co. III. 220 n of Sd. IjEEsville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. Leesville, pv. Campbell co. Va. nn Staunton r. Leesville, pv. Roliesim co. N C. 100 ssw Rh. Leesville, pv. Lexington dist. S.C. 30 wof Ca. Leesville, pv. Choctaw co. Miss. 125 nnw J. Ijcesville, pv. Harl co. Ky. 100 sw of F. Leesville, pv. Carroll co. O. 115 ene of Cs. Leesville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 78 s of Is. Leesville Cross Roads, pv. Richland co. O 74 N of Columbus. Leetown. pv. Jefferson co. A'a. 177 n of R. Lee A'' alley, pv. Hawkins co. Tenn. 256 e Ne Lehigh, ip. Northampton co.Pa. on Lehigh j. Lehighton, pv- Northampton co. Pa. 36 wnw of Easton. Lehman, pt. Lnzerne co. Pa. 120 nne of H. Lehraan, tp. Pike ro. Pa. liEiCESTER, pl. Addison co.A'l. 73 ssw of Mtr. Leicester, pt, AVorce.sier co. Mass. 48 w of B. Leicester, tp. Livingston co. N.A*". on Gene see river. Leifersvible, pv. Delaware co. Pa. Leipsic, pv. Kent co. Del. [nw of An. Lj^itersburo, pv. AVashington co. Md. 107 Lemington, pt. Essex co. Vl. on Conn. r. liEMON, lp. Butler co. O. Lempstbr, pt. SuUivan co. N. H. 40 w^ Cd. Lenoir, pv. cap. Caldwell co. N. C. on Yad kin river. [w of B Lenox, pv. cap. of Berkshire co. Mass. 130 Lenox, pl. Madison co. N.Y. 120 whw of Al Lenox, pl. Susquehanna co. Pa. Lenox, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 15 s of ABhtabula LEX 595 LIM Leogan'e, la^o-gan', a sen-port on the n coast of Hayti, 25 m. w of Pori-au-Prinee. [of B. Leominster, pl. AA''orceslerco. Mass.44 wnw Leon, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Leon (Sp. pron. lay-one'), a handsome t. of Mexico, 35 m. wnw of Guanaxuato. Leonards, St. pv. Calvert co. Md.56 s of An. Leonardstown, pv. cap. of St. Mary's co. Md. S7 s of An. [Unadilla r. Leon ARDS VILLE, pv. Madison co. N. Y. on Leoni, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 70 w of D. Leonidas, lp. St. Joseph co. Mich. [town. Le Ray, lp. Jefferson CO. N.Y. 8 ne of Water- Le Raysville, pv. Jefferson co.N.Y. 160 nw of Albany. Le Raysville, pv. Bradford co.Pa. 150 n ofH. Le Roy, pl. Genesee co. N.Y, on Allen's cr. Le Roy, v. Olsego co. N.Y. Le Roy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 n of H. Le Rny, lp. Lake co. O, 4 ne of Chardon. Le Roy, lp. Calhoun co. Mich. Le Roy, lp. Ingham co. Mich. Leslie, pl. Ingham co. Mich. 89 w of D, Letart, ip, lueigs co. O. on Ohio r. Letaet's Falls, pv. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. Letcher, pv. cap. of Letcher co. Ky. 147 se F, Letter A, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Letter A^ tp. Oxford co. Me. Letter B, pt. Oxford co.Me. on Umbagog L. Letterkenny, lp. Franklin co. Pa. 7 nw of Chambersburg. Letimberville, pv. Marion co. 0. 56 n of Cs. Levanna, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Levant, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 80 nne of A. liEVERETT, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 83 w of B. Lewis, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 130 n of Al. I.iewis, tp. Lycoraing co. Pa. Ijewis, pv. Sussex CO. Del. 45 s of Dover. Lewis, pl. Brown co. 0. 120 swof Cs. [Del. Lewis and Rehoboth, hundred, Sussex co. IjEWIsbebry, pv. A^ork co. Pa. 17 s of H. Lewisbo ROUGH, pt. AVeslchester co. N.Y. on Croton river. [quehanna r. Lewisburg, borough, Union co. Pa. on Sus- Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Greenbrier co. Va. 214 ^v of Richmond. [the Arkansas r. Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Conway co. Ark. on Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Tenn. 54 s of NashviUe. [Green r. Lewisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. Ky. ou Lewisburg, pv- Preble co. O. 97 w of Cs. Lewisburg, pv. Cass co. lud. on Wabash r. Lewisport, pv. Harrison co. Va. 280 nw R. Lewiston, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Lewistown, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 sw nf A. Lewistown, borough, cap. of Mifflin co. Pa. on Juniata river. Lewistown, Va. See Lunenburg C. H. Lewistown, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r. Lewistown, pv. cap. of Fulton co. III. 55 ntv of Springfield. Lewisville, pv, Indiana co. Pa. 170 wnwH. LewisvUle, pv. Brunswick co.Va, 82 s of R. Lewisville, pv, Chester dist. S. C. 64 n of Ca. Lewisville, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Ark. 160 sw of Little Rock, Lewisville, pv. Monroe co, O, Lew^isville, pv, Henry co, Ind. 42 e of Is, Lexington, pt. Somersei co. Me. 62 n of A, Lexington, Mass. See Gazetieeh. [kill. Lexington, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 28w of Cats- Lexington, Va, See Gazetteer. Lexington, pr cap. of Davidsonco.N.Cnear Abbott's creek. Lexington C. H. Lexington dist. 3. C. 12 w of Columbia. [n of M, Lexington, pv. cap. of Oglethorpe co. Ga. 70 Lexington, pv. Lauderdale co. Ata. 158 n T, Lexington, pv. cap. of Holmes co. Miss. 62 N of Jackson. [on Beech r. Lexington, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Tenn. Lexington, Ky. See Gazetteer. Lexington, pv. Richland co. O. 56 nne of Cs. Lexington, lp. Stark co. O. Lexington, lp. St. Clair co. Mich. Lexington, pv. cap, of Scolt co. Ind. 90 s Is, Lexington, pv. M'Lean co. III. 90 ne of Sd. Lexington, pv. cap. of La Fayelte co. Mo, about a mUe s of Missouri river. Leyden, pl. Franklin co. Mass. 100 WNWiaf B, Leyden, pl, Lewis co. N.Y. 120 nw ofAl. Liberty, pt. Waldo co. Me. 20 e of A. Liberty, v. Steuben co, N,Y, Liberty, pt. SulUvan co. N.Y. Liberty, tp. Adaras co. Pa. Liberty, lp. Columbia co. Pa. Liberty, lp. M'Kean co. Pa. Liberiy, lp. Susquehanna co. Pa. Liberty, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 120 n of H. Liberty, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Va. 140 w R. Liberty, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 nnw of M. Liberty, pv- cap. of Amite co. Miss, on an affluent of Amite river. Liberty, pt. Pope co. Ark. 93 Nw Little Rock, Liberty, pv, De Kalb co, Tenn. 50 e of Ne. Liberiy, pv, cap. of Casey co. Ky. on Green r. Liberty, lp. Adams co. O. Liberty, lp. Clinton co. O. Liberiy, tp, Fairfield co. O. Liberty, tp. Highland co, O, Liberty, pv, Moutg. co. O. 7 w of Dayton, Liberty, pt, Jackson co. Mich, 80 w of D, Liberty, tp. Henry co. Ind, Liberiy, pv. cap. of Union co, Ind. 72 e of Is, Liberiy, pv, Adams co. III. 90 w of Sd. Liberty, pv. cap. of Clay co. Mo. 160 wnw of Liberty, lp. Marion co. Mo. [Jef City. Liberty, a co. in the se part of Texas, inter sected by Trinity r., and bordering on Gal veston Bay. The soil in the southern part is generally light and sandy; but it im proves as we advance towards the north : near the Trinity it is very ferlile, bul liable to inundation. Liberty, a v. of Texas, cap. of Ihe above co., on the E or left bank of the Trinity r., 60 ra. N of Galveston. Pop. 200. [of An, Liberty Town, pv. Frederick co, Md. 70 nw Libertyville, pv. Ulster co, N.Y. 78 s of Al, Libertyville, pv, Sussex eo. N.J. 90 n of Tn, Licking r. Ky. flows inlo the Ohio at New port, opposite Cin^nnati. Licking r. O. one of the principal branches of the Muskingum river. Licking, lp. Licking co. O. Licking Cr. tp. Bedford co. Pa. [of Ca, Lickville, pv, Greenville disl. S. C. 106 nw LiGONiER, pt, Westmoreland co. Pa. LiLESviLLE, pv. Anson co. N. C. 140 sw Rh Lima, pl. Livingston co. N.Y. 213 w of Al. Lima, pv. Delaware co. Pa, 88 ese of H, Lima, pv. cap, of Allen eo. O. on Ottawa r. 100 NW of Columbus.^ Lima, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 50 w of D. Lima, pv. Adams co. Ill, 122 w of Sd. Lima, pv. cap. of La Grange co, Ind. on Pi geon river. LiMANViLLE, pv. Stark CO. O. 144 ne of Ca, LIT 596 LOG Limerick, pt.York co. Me. 76 sw of A. Limerick, pv, Jefferson co. N.Y- on Perch r. Limerick, pt. Montg. co. Pa. on SchuylkiU r. Lime Rock, pv. Providence co, R, I. 10 n of Providence. [of H. Limestone, pv. Arrastrong co. Pa. 154 wnw Limestone, lp. Clinton co.Pa. [Danville. Limestone, lp. Columbia co. Pa. 10 NW of Limestone, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Liraeslone, lp. AVarren co. Pa. Linares, le-nah'res, a small t. of Mexico, on the r. Tigre, 50 or 60 ra. below Monterey. Limington, pt.York co. Me. on Saco r, Lincoln, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob scot river. Lincoln, pt. Grafton co. N, H, 62 n of Cd, Lincoln, pt, Addison co.Vt. 55 sw of Mtr. Lincoln, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 w of B. Lincoln, pv. Yazoo co. Miss, on Yazoo r. Lincoln, pt. Delaware co. O. 44 n of Cs. Lincoln, pv. Macoupin co. III. 60 s of Sd. Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. N. Con Liltle Catawba r. [of M. Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ga. 98 ne LiNCoLNViLLE, pt. Waldo CO, Me, 10 s Belfast, Linden, pv. cap, of Marengo co. Ala. 80 s T. Lindley, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 25 se of Bath, LiNDSAYVILLE, pV. OsWCgO CO. N. Y- 174 WN\v of Albany. Line Lexington, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 93 e of H. LiNGLEsTOWN, pv. Dauphiu CO. Pa. 8 nne H. LiNKLAEN, pl. Chenango co. N.Y. 122 w Al. Linneus, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 8 sw Houlton. Linneus, pv. cap. of Linn co. Mo. 136 nw of Jefferson City. Linnville, pv. Licking co. O. 35 e of Cs. Linnville, pv. Jefferson co. Mo. 112 e Jef. Ciiy. Linton, tp. Coshocton co. O. Lionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 70 e of H. Lisbon, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ssw of A. Lisbon, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 90 nnw of Cd, Lisbon, pt. New London co. Conn. 7 n of Norwich. [Canlon. Lisbon, pt. St. Lawrence co. N,Y. 10 w of Lisbon, pv. Anne Arundel co, Md.56 nw An. Lisbon, pv. Bedford co. Va. 150 w of R. Lisbon, v- cap. of Calcasieu par. La. on Cal casieu river. Lisbon, pv. La Salle co. IU. 154 nne of Sd. Lisbon, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. LisBUBN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw of H. Lisburn, pv. Sampson co. N. C. Lisle, pt. Broome co. N. Y. on Toughnioga r. Lisle, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. 10 se of Jeffer son City. Litchfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 ssw A. Litchfield, tp. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 30 sof Cd. Litchfield, Conn. See Gazetteer. Litchfield, pt. Herkiraer co,N,Y.83 WNwAl. Litchfield, pl. Bradford eft. Pa. [of F. Litchfield, pv- cap. of Grayson co. Ky, 109 sw Litchfield, pt. Medina co, O, 113 ne of Cs. Litchfield, pt. Hillsdale co, Mich. LiTuoPOLis, pv, Fairfield co. O, 17 sK of Cs. LiTiz, lit'its, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 45 ese H. Little Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pn. Little Britain, lp. Lancaster co. Pa. 20 ss of Lancaster. [of Providence. Little Compton, pt, Newport co. R. I. 38 sse Little Cr. hundreci, Kent eo. Del. Little Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Little Falls, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. Little Falls, pv. Passaic co. N. J. on Passaic r. Little Fort, pv. cap. of Lake co. 111, on L. Michigan. Little Mahanoy, tp. Northumberland co. Pa, Little Plymouth, pv. King and Queen co Va. 60 E of Richraond, Little r. Ga. flows into the Savannah. Liltle r, Ky. flows into Ihe Cumberland. Little r. Ind, flows into the AVabash. Little Rock, city, and cap. of Pulaski co. Ark, on the Arkansas. [of Cs, Little Sandusky, pv. Crawford co, O. 56 n LiTTLESTOWN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 42 sw of H. Littleton, pl. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. LitUeton, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 26 wnw B, Littleton, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 78 ne of Rh, Little Valley, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on Alleghany river. Littleville, v. Livingston co. N.Y. LiVERMORE, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 w of A. Liverpool, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onon daga Lake. Liverpool, boro' and tp. Perry co. Pa. 30 n H. Liverpool, pt. Medina co. O. on Rocky r. Liverpool, pv. Lake co. Ind. 100 nnw of Is. Liverpool, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, 35 w of Galveston. Liverpool, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 75 m. sw of Halifax, on a Ultle bay which forms an excellent harbour. Livingston, pl. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 s of Al. Livingston, pt. Essex co. N. J, 9 nw Newark. Livingston, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ala. 68 sw of Tuscaloosa. Livingston, pv. Madison co. Miss. 22 n of J. Livingston, pv. Madison co. Ark. Livingston, pv. Overton co. Tenn. 96 e of Ne. Livingston, pv- Livingston co- Mlch.46wNW^ of Detroit, Livingston, pv- Clarke co. III. 127 ese of Sd. Livingston VILLE, pv. Schoharie co. N Y. 42 w of Albany, [neseo. Livonia, pt. Livingston co. N.A". 8 e of Ge- Livonia, pt. AVayne co. Mich. 16 sw of D, Livonia, pv, AVashington co. Ind. 101 s of Is. LocKEouRNE, pv. Franklin cn. 0. 11 s of Cs. Locke, pl. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 s of Auburn. Lock Haven, pv, cap, of Cliulon co. Pa, on the Susqueharaia river. Lockport, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Lockport, pv, Erie co. Pa. 260 nw of H, Lockport, pv. AA'ilson co. Tenu. on Cumber- Imid river. Lockport, pv. WiUiams co. O. 170 nw of Cs. Lockport, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on the AVa- basn river. Lockport, pv. AVill co. IU. 170 n-e of Sd. Lock's A^illage, pv. FrankUn co. Mass. 80 w of Boslon. Lockwood, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 62 n of Tn. Lodi, v. Catlaraugus co. NY^. Lodi, pl. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake. Lodi, lp. Bergen co. N. J. 5 s\v Hackensack Lodi, pv. Abbeville disl. S. C. 74 w of Ca, Lodi, pv, Jackson co, Tenn, 100 bne of Ne. Lodi, pv. Medina co. O. 114 ne of Cs. Lodi, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 43 w of D. Logan, tp. Cliulon co. Pa. Logan C. H. pv. cap. of Logan co.Va. on Guyandotte r. 350 w of Richraond. [burg Logan, pv. Carter co. Ky. 15 s of CatlettS- Logan, pv. cap. of Hocking co 0. 47 sb of Cs. Logan, pt. Dearborn co. lud. 87 sk of Is, Logansport, pv. cap. of Cass co. lud. on the Wabash river. LOW 597 LUT juOGAN^aLLE, pv. York CO. Pa. 31 s of H. Loganville, pv- Logan co. O. on Miami r, London, pv. cap. of I-aurel co. Ky. 94 seF, London, pv- c;ip of IMudison co. O. 27 w Cs, Loudon, pt. Al.i'iroe co. Mich. 15 sw of D. l*nndon, a t. of Can:idaAA''est, ou the Thames, 80 in. w of H;imill sw Phila. liondonderry, lp. Dauphin co.Pa. 14 se ofH. Londonderry, Ip. Lebanon co. Pa. 8 sw of Lebanon. Londonderry, pt. Guernsey co. O. 95 E of Cs. London Gro\"E, pt, Chester co. Pa. 34 sw of Philadelphia, LoNG-A-coMiNG, pv, cap, Camdeii co. N. J. 44 ssw of Trenton. [of Tn. Long Branch, pv. Monmouth co. N. J, 50 e Long Creek Shoals, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 13.5 w of Raleigh. I,,ONG Island, tp. Hancock co. Me. Long Lake, lp. Hamilton co. N.A'. [Conn. r. Long Meadow, pl. Hampden co. Mass. on Long Swa.mp, pl. Berks co. Pa. on Little Le high river. [town. TiORAixE, pi. Jefferson co.N.Y. 15snf AVaier- LoRETo, lo-ra'to, a sraall i. of Lower Cali fornia, on ihe E coast, iu Lat. about 26"= 10' n. Loretto, pv. Cambria co. Pa. on the Alle ghany Mountains, 145 w of Harrisburg. Lost Creek, pt. Miami co. O. 63 w of Cs. LoTTsviLLE, pv. Warrcn CO. Pa. 2-30 NW of H. Loudon, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 nne Cd. Loudon, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 60 wsw of Harrisburg. Loudou, pt. Seneca co. O. 88 n of Cs. Loudon, lp. Monroe co. Mich. [Cs. LouDONviLLE, pv. Richlaud co. O. 73 nne of LoUDsviLLE, pv. Habersham oo. Ga. 160 n M. Louisa C. H- pv. cap. of Louisa co.Va. 60 nw of Richmnnd. [Sandy r. Louisa, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ky. on Big Louisburg, pv. cap. of Franklinco. N. C. on Tar river, Louisiana, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Louis, St. a r. of AVis. flowing into thew end of Lake Superior, [St. Lawrence r, liOUtsviLLE, pl, St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on Ijoul3ville,pv.Westraorelaudco.A''a.64 neR. Louisville, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Ga. 53 e of M. lyouisville, pv. Barbnur co. Ala. 187 s nf T. l.,ouisville, pv. cap. of AVinslon co. Miss. 92 NE of Jackson. liouisville, pv. Blount co. Tenn. on Tenn. i. Louisville, pv. Stark co. O, 130 ne of Cs. Louisville, pv. cap, of Clay co. III. 112 sE Sd. Louisville, pv- Lincoln co. Mo. 74 ne of Jef ferson City, Lovell, pt. Oxford co. Me. 63 wsw of A. Lovettsville, pv, Loudon co, Va. ]66n of R, Loveville, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 54 ne of Dover, [w of R, LoviNGSTON, pv. cap. of. Nelson co. Va, 105 Lowell, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 190 ne of A, Lowell, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 45 n of Mtr. Lowell, Mass. See Gazetteer. Lowellville, pv. TrumbuU co,.0, 1S4 ne Cs. Lower, lp- CapeMay CO. N. J. on the Allmil ic. Lower Alloways Cr. lp. Salem co, N, J. 9 B of Salem. [Susquehanna. Lower Ciiancefokd, pl, York co. Pa. on the Lower Chichester, lp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 sw of Philadelphia. [Pennypack cr. Lower Dublin, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. oa Lower Macungy, tp. Lehigh oo. Pa. [Pa, Lower Mahanoy, ip. Northumberland co. Lower Mah^ntango, pl, Schuylkill co. Pa. Lower Makefield, tp, Bucks co. Pa. 24 ne of Philadelphia. [41 sw of An, Lower Marlborough, pv. Calvert co. Md. Lo\VER Merion, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. [Pa. on the Susquehanua. Lower INTiddletown, borough, Dauphiu co. Lower Mt. Bethel, lp. Norlhampton co. Pa, Lower Nazareth, tp. Norlharapton co. Pa. Lower Oxford, tp. Chester co. Pa. 41 sw of Philadelphia. Lower Paxton, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ne H. Lower Penns Neck, tp. Salem co.N. J. 5 nw of Salem. Lower Providence, lp. Montgomery co. Pa. Lower Salford, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 25 nw of Philadelphia. [O. on Sandusky r. Lower Sandusky, pv. cap, of Sandusky co. Lower Saucon, pt, Northampton co. Pa, on Lehigh r. ' Lower St. Clair, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Lower Swatara, lp. Dauphin co.Pa. 5 seH. Lower Smithfield, lp. Monroe co. Pa. Lower AVindsor, lp. York co. Pa. Low Hill, pl. Lehigh co. Pa. 88 ene of H. Loweville, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Flint r. LoWNDESBOROUGH, pv. Lowiidcs CO. Ala. 118 SE of Tuscaloosa. [of Ca. LowNDESviLLE.pv. AbbevUlcdist. S. C. 113 w LowviLLE, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. on Black r. Loyalhannah, tp. AVestraoreland co. Pa. Loyalsock, tp, Lycoraing co. Pa. Loyalsock r. Pa. flows into the AVest Branch of the Susquehanna. LoYDsviLLE, pv. Bclraont co. 0. 109 e of Cs. LuBEC, pt. Washinglon co. Me, on Passama quoddy Bay. LucAsviLLE, pl. Scioio CO. O, 78 s of Cs, Ludlow, pt, AVindsor co.Vt. 80 s of Mtr, [r, Ludlow, pt, Hampden co. Mass. on Chickapee Ludlow, tp. AVashington co. O. [Salmon cr. Ludlowville, pv- Tompkins co, N.Y. on Lumber r. N. C. and S. C. a branch of the Lumber, lp. CUnton co. Pa. [LitUe Pedee. Lumber City, pv. Telfair co. Ga. 138 s of M. Lumberland, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 130 sw Al. Lumberport, pv. Harrison co.Va. 260 nw of Richmond. LuMBERTON, pv. and port of entry, Burliug ton CO. N. J. on Rancocus cr, [s of Rh. Luraberton, pv, cap, of Robinson co. N. C. 90 Luraberton, pv, Clinton co. 0. 74 sw of Cs. [r. LUMBERVILLE, pv. Bucks CO. Pa. on Delaware Lumpkin, pv. cap. of Stewart co. Ga. 137 swM. Lunenburg, pt. Essex co.Vl. on Conn. r. Lunenburg, pt. AVorcester co. Mass. 46 nw B. Lunenburg C. H. pv. cap, of Lunenburg co. Va. 78 sw of Richmond, Lunenburg, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 40 wsw of HaUfax. Pop. 2,000; chiefly Germans, Luray, pv. cap. of Page co. Va. 139 nw of R. Luray, pv. Licking co. O, 25 e of Cs. Luray, pv. Henry co. Ind. 57 e of Is. [burg, LuRGAN, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 N Chambers- LuTiiERSBURG, pv. Clcurfield CO, Pa. 145 nw of Hirrisburg, MAC 598 MAH LuTiTERViLLE, pv. Merriwelher co, Ga, 108 w Luzerne, tp. Fayelie co. Pa, [of M. Luzerne, pl. Warren oo. N, A', on the Hudson. Lycoming, lp. Lycoming co. Pa. Lykens, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 26 n of H. Lyman, pi. York co. Me. 72 sw nf A. Lyman, pt. Grafion co. N. H. 107 nnw of Cd. Lymansville, pv. Potter co. Pa. 167 nnw H. Ly,me. pt. Grafton co. N. H, 53 nw of Cd. Lyme, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 s of Hd. Lyme, tp. Jef. co. N.Y. 12 w of AVaterlown, Lyme, pt. Huron co. O. 100 n of Cs. I,.YNCHBURG,pv. Campbell co.Va. on James r. Lynchburg, pv. Lincoln co.Teiin. 78 s of Ne. Lynchburg, pv. Highland co. O. 88 sw of Cs, Lynch's cr, S. C. flows into Great Pedee r, Lynchwood, pv. Kershaw disl. S. C. 50 NEof Columbia. [ssw of Cd. Lyndeborough, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 33 Lyndon, pt. Caledonia co.Vt, 44 ne of Mtr, Lyndon, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y, 18 e of Lyndon, v. Orleans co. N.Y. [Ellicoltvine. Lyndon, pv, Whitesides co. III. 180 n of Sd. Lynesville, pv. Granville co. N. 0. 54 n Rh. Lynn, pt. Essex co. Mass, 9 ne of B. Lynn, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. Lynn, tp, Posey co. Ind. Lynnfield, pt. Essex co. Mass, 20 n of B, Lynnville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. Lynnville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne. Lynnville, pv, AVarwick co. Ind. 160sw of Is. Lynnville, pv. Morgan co. Ili. 40 w of Sd. Lyon, tp. Oakland co. Mich. [canal. Lyons, pv, cap, of AVayne co. N.Y. ou Erie Lyons, pl. Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r. Lysander, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Seneca r. McAllisteesville, pv. "Juniata co. Pa. 55 NW of Flarrisburg. McArthur, tp. Logan co. O. [of Cs. McArthurstown, pv. Athens co. O- 70 se McClellandstown, pv. Fayette co. Pa. McCoNNELSBURG, pv- Bedford co. Pa. McConnelsville, pv. cap. of Morgan co. O. 73 E of Columbus. [of Cs. McCutchinsville, pv. Crawford co. O. 76 n McDanielsville, pv. Spartanburg disl. S.C. McDonald, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ala. 160 E of Tuscaloosa. [of Jef. Ciiy. McDonald, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mo. 200 sw McDonough, pt. Chenango CO. N.Y. 120 w Al. McDonough, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ga 65 WNW of Milledgeville. McGillivray's [g hard] or Kootanai (koo- td,-iu') r. ill the e part of Oregon, falls into the Columbia. [wof Al. McGrawville, pv. Cortland co. N. Y. 142 McHenry, pv.cap. M'Henry CO. 111. on Fox r. McIndoe's Falls, pv. Caledonia co. VI. 46 e McKean, pt.Erie CO. Pa. 9 sof Erie, [of Mtr. McKean, tp. Lickin"- co. O. McKeansbueg, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. McKee's Port, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 200 wH. McLean, pv. Tompkins co. N.A'. on Fall cr. McLeansborough, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. Itl. 156 SSE of Springfield. [Nashville. McLeiVnsville, pv. Jackson eo. Tenn. SO e of McIjiiMORESViLLE, pv, CurroU CO, Tenn. 107 w of Nashville. [75 se of Ne. McMinnville, pv. cap. of AVarren co. Tenn. McVeytown, pv. Mifflin co. Pa. 68 nw ofH. McAVilliam^town, pv. Chester co. Pn. Macedon, pl. AVayne co, N.A'. 20 w of Lyons. Macedonia, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 103 w Ne. Machias, Me. See Gazetteer, Machias, pi, Cattaraugus co. N.Y, Machias Port, pl. AVashington co. Me. on Machias river. [300 nnw of D. Mackina^v, pv. cap. of Mackinaw co. Mich. Mackinaw r. III. flows into the IlUnois r. Mackinaw, pv. Tazewell co. Itl. 64 n of Sd. Mackville, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 n of M. Mackville, pv. AVashington co.Ky. 45 ssw F. Mackville, pv. Randolph co. Ind, 75 ene Is. Macomb, pv.cap. of M'Donough co.IU. 86 nw of Springfield. Macomb, pt. Macorab co. Mich. 35 ne of D. Macon, Ga. See Gazetteer. Macon, pv. Marengo cn. Ala. 56 s of T. Macon, pv. cap. of Noxubee co." Miss, on Noxubee river. Macnn, pv. Fayelte co, Tenn, 196 w^sw^ Ne. Macon, pl. Lenawee co, Mich. 66 sw of D, Macoupin (mak-koo'pin) cr. IU. flows inlo Illinois river. • Macungy, pl. Lehigh co. Pa. 83 ene of H. Madawaska, lp, Aroostook co. Me. on St. John's river. Madbury, tp. Strafford co. N. H. Madison, pl. Somerset eo. Me. 40 n of A. Madison, pt. NewHaven co. Conn. 56 s Hd. Madison, pt. Madison co. N.A'. 95 w^ of Al. Madison, pv. Morris co. N. J. 58 N of Tn. Madison, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Madison, lp. Columbia co. Pa. 10 n Danville, Madison, tp. Perry co. Pa. [nw of R. Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co, Va, 97 Madison, pv- Rockinghara co, N. C. 116 nw of Raleigh. [of M. Madison, pv. cap, of Morgan co, Ga. 40 nntv Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co. Flor. Madison, tp. Butler co. O. Madison, lp. Clarke co. O. Madison, lp. FrankUn co. O. Madison, tp. Guernsey co. O. Madison, lp. Highland co. O. Madison, pl. Lake co. O. on Grand r, Madison, lp. Montgomery co, O, Madison, lp. Perry co. O. Madison, lp. Richland co. O. Madison, tp. Lenawee co, Mich. Madison, Ind. See Gazetteer. Madison, tp. Jefferson co. Ind. Madison, pv. Madison co. III. s of Sd. ,^ Madison, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 n of Jef. City. Madison, pv. cap. of Dane co. and of ihe state of AVis., on a peninsula between the 3d and 4th lake of the chain called the Four Lakes, 90 m. w of Milwaukie. Madison Springs, pv. Madison co. Ga. 100 N of MiUedgeviUe. [of J. Madisonville, pv. Madison co. Miss. 20 nne Madisonville. pv. St. Tammany par. Ln. nn Chefonte river. [172 ese of Ne. Madisonville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Tenn. Madisonville, pv. cap. of Hopkins cn. Ky 127 wsw of Frankfort. [Ciucinnali. Madisonville, pv. Harailton co. O. 8 ne of Madisonville, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 96 nne of JelTerson City. Madrid, lp. Franklin co. Me. 105 nw of A. Madrid, pl. St. I-awrence co. N,A'. on Grassr Mad r. O. an aflluenl of the Miami r. Mad R. lp. Champaign co. O. Mahanoy r. Pa. enters the Susqa 35 N of H. Maiiantango r. Pa. flows inlo the Susque- hnuM.i 28 N if Harrisburg, Mauoningf risinginO j jnis Beaver r. in Pa. man 599 MAR Mahoning, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. i . Mahoning, pl. Indiana co. Pa. 170 w of H. Mahoning, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 10 sw of Mer cer (borough). Maiden Ce. pt. Berks co. Pa. 60 e of H. Maiden cr. Pa. an upper br. of the SchuylkiU. Maidstone, tp. Essex co. A't. on the Conn. r. Maine, pv. Broome co. N.A'. 147 wsw of Al. Maitland r. Canada AA^'est, runs iulo Lake Huron at Goderich. Malaga, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 55 sw of Tn. Malaga, pt. Moproe co. O. 110 e of Cs. Malden, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 n of B. Maiden, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Maiden, a t. of Canada AVesl, al the entrance of Detroit r. inlo Lake Erie. Malden Bridge, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 16 s of Albany. Mallorys ville, pv. AVilkes co. Ga. 90 ne M. Malone, pv. cap. of Franklin co. N.Y. on Salraon river. [Spa. Malta, pt. Saratoga co.N.Y. 6 se of Ballston Malla, pv. Morgan co. O. on Muskingum r. Maltaville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 30 n Al. Mamakating, tp. Sullivan eo. N.Y- 12 e of Monticello. [of New York. Mamar'oneck, pt. AVeslchester co. N.Y. 23 ne Manahocking, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 60 e of Trenlon. [Manasquan inlet. Manasquan r. N. J. enlers the Atlantic by Manasquan, pv. Monraouth co. N. J. 50 ese of Trenlon. [of Phila. Man-a-yunk', pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 nw Manchester, city,HiUsboro ugh co. N. H. 21 sse of Concord. [tenkill r. Manchester, pl. Bennington co. Vt. on Bat- Manchester, pl. Essex CO. Mass. 23 ne of B. Manchester, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 e of Hd. Manchester, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Wap- pinger's creek. [creek. Manchester, v. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oriskany Manchester, pt. Ontario CO. N.Y. 200 w ofAl. Manchester, lp,Pa.ssaic co. N.J. on Passaic r, Manchester, tp. AVayne co. Pa. Manchester, pt.York co. Pa. 18 s of H. Manchester, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 nw of An. Manchester, pv. Cheslerfield co. Va. 2 s of R. Manchester, pv. cap. of Coffee co. Tenn. 68 SE of Nashville. [river. Manchester, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ky. on Goose Manchester', pv. Adams co. O. on tbe Ohio r. Manchester, v. Summit co. O. 120 ne of Cs. Manchester, pl. AVashlenaw CO. Mich. 55 w D. Manchesierj pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 76 se of Is. Manchester, pv. Scott cn. Ill, 50 w of Sd. Manchester, pv- St. Louis co. Mo. 108 e of Jefferson Ciiy. Manchineel, a sea-port on the e end of Ja maica, 38 ra, E from Kingston, Mandeville, v, St. Tammany par. La, on L. Pontchartrain. Man'dans, the narae of a tribe of Indians, formerly dwelling on the Missouri, e of the Yellowstone r., now nearly or quite extinct. Manhassett, pvJ^Queen'sco. N.Y. onLongl. Manhattan, pv. Lucas co. O. at the mouth nf the Maumee river, Manhailan, pv. Pulnam co. Ind. on Eel r, Manhattanville, V. New York co, N.Y. on the Hudson. [Albany. Manheim, pt. Herkiraer eo. N.Y. 64 v/NWof Manheim, pl. Lancaster co. Pa, 33 ese ofH, Manheim, tp, SchuylkiU co. Pa, Manheim, tp. York co. Pa, 16 sw of York, Manitoowoc, pv, cap, of Manitoowoc co AVisconsiu. [Syracuse. Manlius, pt, Onondaga cn. N,Y, 10 e of Manlius, Ip. Allegan co. Mich. Manlius Centre, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y, Manningham, pv. BuUer co. Ala. 132 sse of Tuscaloosa. [lem. Mannington, tp. Salem co. N. J, 6 ne nf Sa- Mannsbobough, pv. AmeUa co. Va. 46 sw R Mannsville, pv. Jefferson co.N.Y. 106 n wof Albany, [caster. Manor, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 6 sw of i-an- Mansfield, tp. LamoiUe co.Vt. 20 nw Mlr. Mansfield, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 30 ssw of B. Mansfield, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 e of Hd. Mansfield, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 5 w of EllicoUvUle. [Mount Holly Mansfield, lp. Burlington co. N. J. 7 n of Mansfield, pl. AVarren co. N. J. 48 nnw of Tn. Mansfield, pv. cap. of Richland eo. O. 63 hne of Columbus. Mantua, pl. Portage co. O. on Cuyahoga r, Mantua, pv. M'Minn co. Teun. 164 ese of Ne. Manzanillo, man-san-neel'yo, a sea-port on the s side of Cuba, 125 m. se of Puerto Principe. Pop. about 3,000. Maple, pt. Ionia cp. Mich. 130 wnw of D. Maplesville. pv. Bibb co. Ala. 62 se of T. Mapleton, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 110 w Ca. Mapleton, pv. Slark co. O. 132 ne of Cs. Maramec r. Mo. fiows inlo the Mississippi. Marathon, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Tough- Marathon, lp. Lapeer co. Mich. [nioga r. Marblehead, Mass. See Gazetteer. Marbletown, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 sw of Kingston. [nnw of N. O. Marburyville, pv. St. Tammany par. La. 70 Marcellus, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w Al. Marcellus Falls, pv, Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w of Albany. [Phila. Marcus Hook, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 20 s of Marcy, pl. Oneida co. N.Y. 6 n of Ulica. Mardisville, pv. TaUadega co. Ala. on Tal ladega creek. Mare.ngo, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100 w of D. Marengo, pv. M'Henry co. 111. on Kishawau- kee river. [droscoggin Margallaway r. N. H. flows into the An- Maegaretta, pl. Erie co. O. 100 n of Cs. Margaretsville, pv. Norlhampton co. N. C. Marianna, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Flor. on Chipola river. Mariaville, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Unionr. Marie, St. pv. Jasper co. III. 140 se of Sd. MARiEL,mah-re-el', a sea-port on the n side of Cuba, about 30 m. w^ of Havana, Marietta, borough, Lancaster co. Pa, on the Susquehanna, Marietta, pv. cap. of Cobb co. Ga. 113 nw M. Marietta, pv. cap. of Washington co. O, on Muskingum river, Marion, pt.Washington co. Me, 170 ene of A. Marion, pt, AVayne co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Marion, lp. Centre co. Pa. Marion, tp. Greene eo. Pa. Marion, pv, cap, of Smythe co. Va. 275 w of R. Marion, pv. IVlontgoraery co. N. C. Marion C. H. pv. cap. of Marion dist. S. C. 146 E of Columbia. Marion, pv. cap. of Twiggs co. Ga. 41 sw M. Marion, pv. Jefferson co. Flor. Marion, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ala. 58 s of T, Marion, pv, cap, of Lauderdale co. Miss. 110 E of Jackson, MAR 600 MAT Marion, pv. cap. of Crittenden co. Ark, 140 ene of Little Rock. Marion, pv, Scolt co, Ky. 22 ne of F. Marion, pv. cap. of Marion co, O. 44 N of Cs, Marion, pl. Livingston co. Mich. 56 w^nw D. Marion, pv, cap. of Grant co. Ind. on Missi- sinewa river, [of Sd. Marion, pv. cap, of Williamson co. Ill, 172 sse Marion, pv. Cole co. Mo, on Missouri r. Marion, pv. cap. of Linn co, Iowa, 4 E of Ce dar river, [Mississippi r, Marion City, pv. Marion co. Mo. on the Marion College, pv. Marion co. Mo. 12 w of Palmyra. [Trenton. Marksborough, pv. Warren co. N. J. 73 n of Marksville, pv. Page co.Va. 120 nnw of R. Marksville, pv. cap. of Avoyelles par. La. 255 NW of New Orleans. [of Cd. Marlborough, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 53 aw Marlborough, pt. Windhara co.Vt. Marlborough, pt. Middlesex co.Mass. 27wB. Marlborough, pt. Hartford eo. Conn. 16 se of Hartford. [Kingston, Marlborough, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of Marlborough, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Marlborough, pv. Morgan co. Ga. 54 nw M. Marlborough, tp. Delaware co. O. Marlborough, pl. Slark co. O. 135 ne of Cs. Marlow^, lp. Cheshire CO, N.H.on Asliuelotr, Marple, tp. Delaware co. Pa: [Neenah r, Marquette, v. cap. of Marquette co, AVis. on Marriottsville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. 53 NW of Annapolis. Marseilles, pv. Noble co. Ind. 164 nne of Is. Marseilles, pv. La Snlle co. III, on Illinois r, Marshall, pl. Oneida co. N.Y. 12 sw Ulica. Marshall, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 130 ne of T. Marshall, pv. cap. of Calhoun co. Mich. 105 w of Detroit. [of Sd. MarshaU, pv. cap. of Clarke co. IU. 123 ese Marshall, pv. cap. of Saline co. Mo. 87 nw of Jefferson City. Marshall, v. cap.of Harrison co. Texas, 150 N of Galveston. A university has been in corporated here. Pop. 350. Marshallsville, pv. Macon co. Ga. 70 sw M. MarshallsvUle, pv. Wayne co. O. Marshallton, pv. Chester co. Pa. [Mtr. Marshfield, pt. Washington co.Vt. 15 ne of Marshfield, pt. Plymouih co. Mass. 31 be of B. Marshpee, tp. Barnstable co. Mass. Marthasville, pv.Warren co. Mo. 73 e of Jefferson City. Martha's Vineyard, i. Mass. lies off the s shore of Mass. It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 5 broad, Martic, Ip, Lancaster co. Pa. 10 s Lancaster. Marticville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 ese H. Martinsburg, pv, cap. of Lewis co, N.Y. 134 NW of Albany. Martinsburg, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 112 w of H. Martinsburg, pv.cap. of Berkley co. Va. 21 hw of Harper's Ferry. Martinsburg, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 150 ssw F. Martinsburg, pv. Knnx co. O.G7 nne of Cs, Martinsburg, pv.AVn. en, Ind. 13 se of Salem. Martin's cr. Northompion co, Pa. fiows iulo IheDu'liiwjirc. [flowing into the Atlantic. Martin's, St. a r. at the e extremity of Md.. Martin's, St. p v. AA' ore ester co. Md. 130 se An'. Martinsto WN, pv. Hancock CO. 0. 90 NNW Cs. Martinsville, pv, Somerset cn. N. J. 35 n Tn. MartinsviUe, pv. cap. of Henry co. Vu. on SraUh's river. MartinsviUe, pv, Northampton co. N. C. 150 ne of Raleigh, Martinsville, pv. AVarren co. Ky, 152sw^of F. Martinsville, pv- Clinton co, O. 82 ssw of Cs, Martinsvillej pv. cap. of Morgan co.Ind. 28 sw of Indianapolis. Martinsville, pv. Clarke co, HI, 127 ese of Sd, Martinsville, St, pv. and cap of St, Mary's par. La. on Teche river. Mart VILLE, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y, 175 w of AI. Maryland, pl, Olsego co. N.Y. 12 n of Coo perstown, [ing inlo ihe Alianlic, Mary's, St, a r. between Ga. and Flor. flow- Mary's, St. Ga. See Gazetteer, Mary's, St, pv. Mercer co. 0. 105 wnw of Cs. Mary's, St. a r. of O. and Ind. ; it unites wilh the St. Joseph's to forra the Maumee. Mary's, St. a strait between L. Huron and L. Superior, lenglh about 60 miles. Mary's Landing, St. pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. on the Mississippi. [ion r. Marysville, pv. Campbell co. Va. on Sta-m Marysville, pv. cap. of Blount co. Tenn. 183 ESE of NashviUe. Marysville, pv. Union co. O. 40 nw of Cs. Marysville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 63 ssw Is. Mascoutah, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 110 s of Sd. Mashulaville, pv, Noxubee co.Miss. 113 ne of Jackson. [Mich, in Ottawa co. Maske'gon or Maske'go r. Mich, enters L. Maskegon, pl. Ottawa co. Mich, on the above. Mason, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 44 ssw of Cd. Masuu, lp. Cass co. Mich. Mason, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Mason, pv. Clinton co. Mo. Mason Centre, pv. Ingham co. Mich. Mason Village, pv. HiUsborough co. N. H. 44 ssw of Concord. [of Al. Masonville, pt. Delaware co. N.A". 110 sw Misonville, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 145 n T. Massena, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 247 NNW^ of Albany. Masserne, Mis. See Ozark Mts, Massillon, pv, Slark co. O. on Ohio canal. Matagjorda, a co. of Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado, on Matagorda Bay, Soil ex ceedingly fertile, consisting generally of a deep, r'ich, black mould. Matagorda, a sea-port, city and cap. of Ihe above co,, on Ihe \eft bank of the Colorado, at its mouth, 190 m. se of Austin. It con tains an academy, and a universily h-is been incorporated here. Pop. 500 or*600. Matagorda Bay, an extensive lagotin of Texas, at the raouth of the Colorado river. Lenglh about 60 m., greatest breadth above 15 m. Mat-a-mo'ros, a I, of Mexico, on the right bank nf the Rio del Norle, about 40 m. from its raouth. A few of ihe houses are of brick ; those of the lower classes are built of canes, brushwood, &c., plastered wilh raud. Pop. estimated at 5,000, Opposite this town, on the ne side of the river, General Taylor established his camp a short time previous lo the eommencement of hostili ties between the United Slates and Mexico. This place has been since called Fort Brown, in honour of Major Brown, com mander of the garrison, who was mortally ¦wounded by a sliell from the Mexican batte ries (May 6th, 1846), while Gen. Taylor, wilh the main body of his forces, was en gaged iu opening a comraunication with MEA COI MER Point Isabel. Afler the victories of Palo Alto (pah'lo al'to) and Resaca de la Palma (ra-sah'ka del lah pal'mi), the American army entered and took possession of Mala- morrs without opposition. Matchapungo Ini^et, an inlet from the sea in Northampton co.Va. Mattap'ony r. Va. joins the Paraunky, to form York river. Mattamiscontis, lp. Penobscot co. Me. Mattapoisett. pv. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 60 s B. Matteawan, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Fish kiU creek. • [102 E of R. Matthews C.H. pv. cap. of Matthews co. Va. Mat thews VILLE, pv. Pocaliontas co. Va. 194 WNW of Richmond. Mattituck, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I, Matteson, tp. Branch co, Mich, Mauch Chunk, See Gazetteer. Mauchport, pv. Harrison co, lud. 140 s of Is. Maumee r. O. See Gazetteer. Maumee City, pv. leucas co. O. on Maumee r. Maurice r. N. J. enters Delaware Bay in Cumberland co. [above. Maurice R. tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on the Mauricetown, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. on Maurice river. Maxatawny, tp. Berks co. Pa. 74 ne of H- Maxfield, pl. Penobscot cn. Me. 110 nnw A. Maxville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. Mayaguez, raT-3.-ghes', a sea-port on the w -coast of Porto Rico. Maybinton, pv. Newberry dist. S, C. 45 w Ca, Mayfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kenne bec river. Mayfield, pt. Fulton co.N.Y. 58 nw of Al. Mayfield, pv. cap. of Graves co. Ky. 275 wsw of Frankfcjrt. Mayfield, pt, Cuyahoga co. O- on Chagrin r. Mayo, mi'o, a r. of Mexico, in Sonora, fall ing into the Gulf of California, near 27° 10' N Lat., and 109'^ 40^ w Lon. Near its mouth is the town called Santa Cruz de Mayo or Guiiivis (ghe-te-veece'), with a pop. esti mated al 7,000. Mayoning, pv. Patrick co. Va. 217 wsw of R, May's Landing, pv. cap, of Atlantic co, N, J. on Great Egg Harbour r. 73 s of Trenton. Maysville. pv. cap, of Buckingham co, Va, on Slate river, Maysville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 2-30 w of R. Maysville, pv- Dickson co. Tenn. 50 w of Ne. Maysville, city, Mason co. Ky, on Ohio r. Maysville, lp. Morgan co. O. Maysville, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 84 wnw Is, MaysvUle, pv- cap. of Clay co. 111. 120 se Sd, Mayville, pv. Chaulauque co.N.Y. on Chau lauque Lake. Maytown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa, SO se nf H. Maz'at-las', a sea-port t. of Sonora, Mexi co, on the w coasl, at the entrance of the Gulf of California, 570 ra. nw of Mexico. It is much frequented by American traders. and whalers. Lat. 23° 15' x, Lon. about 106° 30' w. Mead, lp. Crawford cn. Pa. Mead, tp. Belmont co. O. [nf Ne. Meadowville, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 55 ene Meadville, borough, cap. of Crawford co. Pa. on French creek. Meadville, pv. Halifax co.Va. 136 sw of R. Meadville, pv. cap. of FrankUn co. Miss. 80 sw of Jackson. Meansville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 nw Ca. £1 Mecca, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 180 ne of Cs. Mechanicsburg, borough, Cumberland co. Pa. 9 E of Carlisle. Mechanicsburg, pv. GUes co. Va. 2'18 wof R Mechanicsburg, pv. Champaign co. O. 36 w of Columbus. Mechanicsburg, pv. Sangamon co.IU. 15 ESd. Mechanic's Falls, pv. Cumberland co. Me, Mechanicstownj pv, Frederick co. Md. 90 NW of AnnapoUs. [Cs. Mechanicstown, pv. Carroll co. 0. 135 ene of Mechanicsville, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 82 ssw of Monipelier. [Hudson r. Mechanicsville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on the Mechanicsville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 70 nw R. Mechanicsville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C, 78 e of Columbia, Mechanicsville, pv. Jasper co. Ga. 45 w M. Mechanicsville. pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 30 SE of NashviUe. Mechanicsville, pv. Kemper co. Miss. Mechisses, pt. AVashington co.Me. on Ma chias river. [w^ of Al. Mecklenburg, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y- 174 Mecklenburg, pv. Knox co. Tenn. ouHolslon river. Medfield, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 21 ssw of B Medford, pt. Middlesex cn. Mass. 5 nw of B. Medford, pv- Burlinglon co. N. J. 31 se of Tn. Medina, pv. Orleans co, N,Y. 266 w^ of Al. Medina, pv. cap. of Medina co, 0. 117 neCs. Medina, pl. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D. Medway, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 sw of B, Medway, v. Liberty co. Ga, Meesville, pv. Roane co. Tenn. 142 e of Ne, Meherrin r.Va, unites wiih Ihe Nottaway to form the Chowan r, N, C. Meigs, tp. Adams co. O. [berland r. Meigsville, pv. Jackson co, Tenn. on Cum- Mellenville, pv. Columbia co, N.Y. 37 s Al. Melmore, pv. Seneca co. O. 82 n of Cs. Melrose, pv. Clarke co. IU. 150 ese of Sd. Meltonsville, pv. Anson co. N. C. 160 sw of Raleio^h. [Tuscaloosa. Meltonsville, pv- Marshall co. Ala. 170 ne of Melvin Village, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 50 E of Concord. [Pop. in 1840, above 6,000. Memphis, city, Shelby co.Tenn. on the Miss. Memphis, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 184 n Jef, City, Memphrema'gog, Lake.Vi. is between 30 and 40 nl. loug, and from 2 to 3 wide. Menallen, pt. Adaras co. Pa. 48 sw of H. IVlenailen, tp. Fayelte cd. Pa. Menan, Little and Great, 2 islands off the NE coast of Me. Mendham, pt. Morris co. N. J. 50 n of Tn. Mendon, tp. Rulland co.Vt. 8 e nf Rutland. Mendon, pt. AVorcester co. Mass. 33 sw of B, Mendon, pl. Monroe co.N.Y. 12 s Rochester. Mendon, pv. Adams cn. III. 110 w of Sd. Men-nom'o-nie or Menomonee Indians, a tribe dwelling in the ene part of Wis, near Menomonee rirer, Menomonee r. Mich, fiows into Green Bay. Menomonee, lp, MUwaukie co. Wis, Mentor, pt. Lake eo. O. on L. Erie. Mentz, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y, S nnw Auburn Mequanigo, lp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Mercer, pi. Somei*et cn. Me. 34 nnw of A. Mercer, tp. Butler en. Pa.- Mercer. borough, cap. of Mercer co. Pa, 57 N of Pittsburgh Mercersburg, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 15 sw of Chambersburg. MTD 602 MIF Meredith, tp. Belknap co. N. H. 30 n of Cd. Meredith, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 6 N of Delhi. Meredith Village, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 37 N of Co:icord, Meredosia, pv. Morgan co. IU, on Illinois r. Meriden, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 swof Cd, Meriden, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 16 s of Harlford. Meridian, pv, Mercer co. 111. 130 nw of Sd, Meridian Springs, pv. Hinds co. Miss, 9 n J. Meridianville, pv. Madison co, Ala. on Flint river. Mermentau, mer-raen-in', r. La. enters the Gulf of Mexico e of Calcasieu r. Merom, pv. cap. of Sullivan co, Ind, on the Wabasn r, Merrimack, pt, Hillsboro' co. N.H, 29 s of Cd. Merrittstown, pv. Fayette co. Pa, 191 w H. Merrittsville, pv, Greenville dist. S. C, 130 NW of Columbia. Mesopotamia, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 170 ne Cs. Metal, lp. Franklin co. Pa. Metea, pv, Cass co. Ind. S4 n of Is. Methuen, pt. Essex co. Mass. onMerriraackr. Metropolis City, pv. Johnson co. III. 225 sse of Springfield. Metuchin, pv. Middlesex co, N. J. 32 ne Tn. Mexico, pt, Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Mexico, pv. Oswego co, N.Y, on Salraon cr. Mexico, pv. Juniata co. Pa, 42 nw of H. Mexico, pv. cap. of Audrain co. Mo, on Salt r. Mexico, the most populous of the Mexican states, is situated in the s part of the con federation, and borders on the Pacific. Area 30,000 sq.m. Pop, 1,200,000. TIalpanisthe capUal, Meyerstown, pv. Lebanon co.Pa. 31 e ofH. Miami r. O. See Gazetteer. Miarai, pv. Hamilton co. O. on Miami r. Miami, lp. Harailton co. O. on the Ohio r. Miami, lp. Clerraont co. O. Miarai, lp. Montgomery co. O. Miamisburg, pv. Monig. co. O. on Miami r. Michael's, St. pv- Talbot co, Md. 57 e An. Michaelsville, pv, Harford cn. Md. 02 n An. Michigan Centre, pv, Jackson co. Mich. 72 wofD, [Mich. Michigan City, pv, Lapone co. Ind. on Ii. Michigantown, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 42 n Is. Michoacan, me'clio-ah-kan', a Mexican stale, w of the city of Mexico, and bnrderilig on thePaeific. Area 26,500 sq.ra. Pop.4oit,000. Capital, Valladolid. [Bay. Middle, lp. Cape Maj' co. N. J. on Delaware Middle Paxton, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 9 ne of Harrisburg. [s of B. Middleborough, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 40 MrDDLEBouRNE, pv. Cap. of Tyler CO, Va. 307 NW of Richmond. [of R. Middlebrook, pv. Augusta co. Va. 130 wnw Middleburg, pt. Schoharie cn. N.Y. 37 w Al. Middleburg, pv. Union co. Pa. 77 n of H. Middleburg, pv, Carroll co. Md, 7S nw of An. Middleburg, pv. I-oudon co.Va. 134 n of R. Middleburg. pv. Hardiraan co. Tenn. 170 sw of Nashville. Middleburg, pv. Casey cn. Ky. 60 s of F. Middleburg, ip. Cuyahoga co. O. Middleburg, pv. Lo!,'nri co. O. Middleburg, Ip. Shiawassee co. Mich. MiDDLEBUUV, Vl. SeeGAZETTEER. [of Hd. Middlebury, pl. NewHaven CO. Conn. 52 wsw Muldlobnry, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y.217wAI Middlebury, lp. Tioga co. Pn. Middlebury, pv. Sumrait co. 0. 125 ne of Cs. Middlebury, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 162 n of Is Middle Cr. pt. Union co. Pa. Middlefield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. Middlefield. pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 64 w of AI. MiDDLEFORD, pv. Sussex CO. Del. 43 s Dover. Middle Fork, pt, Macon co. Mo. 92 n of Jef City. Middle Granville, pv.Washington co. N. Y. Middle Haddam, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 SSE of Hartford. Middle Island, pv. Suffolk co, N-Y. on LongI Middleport, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. 285 w Al Middleport, pv, Schuykili co. Pa. 70 ne of H. Middleport, pv. Elkhart co, Ind. 157 n of Is, Middleport, pv. Iroquois co. IU. 192 ne of Sd. Middlesex, pt. Washington co.Vl. 6 se Mtr, Middlesex, pl, Yates co, N.Y. 194 w of Al. Middlesex, tp. Butler co. Pa, [23 N'E of B. Middlesex Village, pv. Middlesex cn. Mass, Middle Smithfield, tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Cd. Middleton, pt. Strafford co. N, H, 38 ntse of Middleton, pt. Essex co, Mass. 22 n of B, Middleton, pv. CarroU co. Miss, 100 n of J. Middleton, pv. White co. Ark. 62 ke of Little Rock. [Montpelier. Middletown, pt. Rutland co, Vt. 77 ssw of Middletown, tp, Newport co. R. I. 28 s of Providence. Middleto^vn, Conn. See Gazetteer. [ofAl. Middletown, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 wsw Middletown, pv. Orange co.N.Y. 112 ssw Al. Middletown, pt. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 ese of Trenlon. Middletown, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 nne of Phila. Middletown, boro', Dauphin co. Pa. 10 se H. Middletown, lp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 w of Middletown, lp. Susquehanna co. Pa. [Phila. Middletown, pv. New CasUe co. Del. 47 n of Dover. [Frederick. Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 8 nw of Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Va. 15S nn^v of Richraond. Middletown, pv. Hyde co. N. C. SMOEOf Rh. Middletown, pv. Butler co. Ala. 102 sse of T. jMiddletow^ii, pv. Jefferson co.Ky. 42 w of F. Middletown, pv. Butler co. O. on Miarai r. Middletown, v. Columbiana co. O. Middletown, tp. Ct)Iumbiana co, O. Middletown, pv, Henry co. Ind. 44 e of Is. Middlelown, pv. I/ogaii co. III. 20 ne of Sd. Middletown, pv. Munigomcry co. Mo. 57 ke of Jefferson City. [on Middletown cr. IMiddletown Point, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. Middleville, pv. Herkimer co. N-Y. S2 wnw of Albany, MiDDLEWAY,pv. Jeffersnn co.Va. 162 n of R Midway, pv. Barnwell disl. S. C. 72 ssw Ca. Midway, pv, Jones co, Ga. 22 w of M, Midwaj', pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 se of T. Midway, pv. Mnnrne co. Tenn. IGl ese of Ne, Midwny, pv, Woodl'ord co. Ky. 20 se of F, MiEK, meer, (Sp. prou. me-aiR'), a small t. of Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, about 100 in. NE of Monterey. Mifflin, ip. Alleghany cn. I*a. S s Pittsburg Mifflin, lp. Columbia co. Pa. Mifflin, lp. Cumberland co. Pa. 17 NW Carlisle, Mifflin, tp. Dauphin co. Pn. 23 ne of H. Mifflin, lp. Lyc'imiuu co. Pa. Mifflin, pv. Henderson co. Tenn. l.'KJwswNe. Mifflin, pt. Richland cn. O. 5 e of Mansfield. Mifflinsburg, borough, Union co. Pa. 76 N of Harrisburg, MIL 603 MIN MiFFLiNTowN, borough, cap. of Juniata co. Pa. 45 NW ofH. [Susquehanna. Mifflinville, pv. Colurabia co. Pa. on the Milam, a v. of Texas, cap. of Sabine co., on a creek which runs inlo the Sabine river. Pop. 200 or 300. Milam, a large county or district in the n or N central part of Texas, watered by the r. Brazos and its branches. Soil, at least in the s part, very ferlile: it appears to be exceedingly well adapted to the cultivation of grain. Capital, Nashville. Milan, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Androscoggin r. Milan, pl. Dutchess co. N.Y. 62 s of Al. Milan, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 52 sse of P. Milan, pt. Erie co. O. on Huron r. Milan, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 50 sw of D. Milan, pt. Calhoun co. 111. 94 sw of Sd. Milbury. pt. Worcester co. Mass. 6 se of Worcester. Milbury, pv. Centre co. Pa. 87 nw of H. Miles, tp. Centre co. Pa. [PhUa. Milestown, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 n of Milford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob scot river. Milford, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 33 s of Cd. MUford, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 30 sw of B. Milford, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ssw Hd. MUford, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 13 s Cooperstown. Milford, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. on Dela ware river. Milford, lp. Bucks co. Pa. 36 nw of Phila. Milford, tp, Juniata co. Pa. on Juniata r, MUford, pv. cap. of Pike co. Pa. on Dela ware river. [set. Milford, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 7 sw of Soraer- Milford, pv. Kent co. Del. 21 s of Dover. Milford, pv. Warren co. Va. [Ca. Milford, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 120 nw of Milford, pv. Bracken eo. Ky. 54 ne of F. [r. Milford, pv. Clerraont co. O. on Little Miami Milford, tp. Butler co. O. MUford, tp. Knox co. O- Milford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 40 nw of D. MiLLARDsviLLE, pv. Susquefaanna co. Pa. Mill, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Mill Brook, pv.Wayne co, O. 98 ne of Cs, MiLLBURY, tp, Worcester co, Mass. 43 wsw Millburn, pv. Hickman co, Ky. [of B, Mill Cr. tp, Erie co. Pa, Mill Cr, hundred, New Castle co. Del. Mill Cr. pv. Person co. N. C. Mill Cr. pt, Coshocton co, O. 93 ne of Cs. MiU Or. tp- Hamilton co. O. Milldale, pv.Warren co. Miss. 150 w of J. Milledgeville, pv, Montgomery co. N. C, 133 wsw of Raleigh. Milledgeville, pv. White cn. Tenn. S6 e Ne. Millersburg, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Susqnehanna. Millersburg, pv. Rutherford co.Tenn. 44 se Ne. Millersburg, pv, Bourbon co, Ky. 44 e of F. Millersburg, pv- cap. Holmes oo. 0.S7KE Cs. Millersburg, pv. Mercer co. III, Millersburg, pv, Callaway co. Mo. 34 ne of Jefferson City. Miller's Place, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y, MiLLERSPORT, pv. Fairfield co. O. 30 se Cs, MiLLLERSTOWN, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 nw H. MiUerstown, pv, Grayson co. Ky. 125 swof F, Millerslown, pv. Champaign co, O. 5.5 w Cs, MiLLERSViLLE, pv. Lanca,ster co. Pa. 40 se H. MillersviUe, pv. Marion co. Ind. 7 from Is. MiLLFiELD, pv- Athens co. O. 73 sE of Cs. MiLLFoRD, pv. Lewis CO. Mo. 164 N Jef. City. Mill Haven, pv. Scriven co. Ga. 106 e of M. MiLLHEiM, pv. Centre co. Pa. SS nw of H. Millington, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 36 e of Hartford. Millington, pv. Kent co. Md, 60 ene of An. Mill Plain, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 72 sw Hd. Mill Point, pv. Pocahontas co.Va. 210 wnw of Richmond. [of Al, Mill Port, pv. Cllemung^co. N,Y. 200 wsw Mill Port, pv. Potter co. Pa. 185 nnw of H, Mill Port, pv. Laurel co, Ky, 106 se of F, Mill Port, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 80 s of Is, MiLLSBORo', pv. Sussex CO, Del, 50 s Dover. MiLLSFIELD, tp. Coos CO. N. H. Mills' Point, or Hickman, pv. Hickraan co. Ky. on the Mississippi river. Millstone cr. N. J. flows into Raritan r. Mill Stone, pv- Somerset co. N.J. 27 n Tn. Milltown, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al. MUllown, pv. Crawford co. Ind. 113 s of Is. Millview, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 103 n of R. Millville, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 43 w B. Millville, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. [rice r. Millville, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. on Mau- MiLLviLLE, pv. King George co.Va. 90 nne of Richmond. [of Ca. Millville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S, C. 100 nw MiUville, pv. BuUer co, Ala. 154 sse of T, MillvUle, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 97 s of Ne. Millville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky-230 wsw of F. Millville, pv. Butler co. O.on Indian cr. Millwood, pv. Clarke co, Va, 135 nnw of R, Millwood, tp. Guernsey co. O, Milo, pt. Piscalaquis co. Me. on Piscataquis r, Milo, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 193 w of Al. Milo Centre, pv. Yates co. N.Y. 196 w Al, MiLROY, pv. Rush CO. Ind. 48 ese of Is, Milton, tp. Piscataquis co. Me, Milton, pt. Strafford co. N, H. 47 ne of Cd, MUton, pt, Chittenden co. Vt, on Laraoille r. Milton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 s of B. Milton, pv- Litchfield co. Conn. 36 w of Hd. Milton, lp. Saratoga co. N. Y, 30 N of Al, Milton, pv, Ulster co, N.Y, SO s of Al. Milton, pv. Morris co. N, J. 75 n of Tn. Milton, borough, Northumberland co. Pa. on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Milton, pv. Sussex co. Del. 33 s of Dover. Milton, pv. CasweU co. N. C. 74 nw of Rh. MiUon. pv. Laurens dist.S. C. 60 wnw of Ca. Milton, pv. cap. of Sanla Rosa co. Flor. on Blackwater river. Milton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. OS se of T. Millon, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 37 se of Ne. MUton, pv. Trimble co. Ky. on Ohio r. Milton, tp. Richland co. O. Milton, pt. Trurabullco. O. on Mahoning r. Milton, lp. Cass eo. Mich. Milton, tp. Jefferson co, Ind. [Citv. Millon, pv, Randolph co. Mo. SO nnw of Jef. Milton Hill, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw An. Miltonville, pv. Wayne co. Miss. 158 se J. Miltonville, v. Butler co. O. Miltonville, pv. Wood co. O. 123 nnw of Cs. MiL^VAUKiE, or Milwaukee, the larn;esl t. of Wis , cap. of Milwaukie co., , on Mi Iwaukie r. near its entrance into Lake Michigan. Pop. in 1846 estimaled at 7,000. MiNA, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. Minden, pi. Montgoraery co. N.Y. on Mo hawk river. Mineral Point, pv. cap. of Iowa co. Wis. 52 wsw of Madison. MOQ G04 MON Mineral Springs, pv. TaUadega co. Ala. 78 E of Tuscaloosa. Minersville, v. Alleghany bo. Pa- 2 e of Pitis burg. Minersville, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. Minersville, pv. Rutherford co, N. C, MiNEsviLLE, V. Forsyth cn. Ga. 100 w of M. Minerva, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on the Hudson. Minerva, pv. Mason co. Ky. 75 ene of F. Minerva, pv. Stark co. O. 140 ne of Cs. MiNNETAREE (inin-ne-lar're) Indians, a tribe dwelling iu the ne part of Missouri Terri tory. Minisink, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 120 ssw of Al. Mino, tp, Mifflin co. Pa. Minot, pt, Cumberland co. Me. 46 sw of A, MiNTONSVILLE, pv, Gatcs CO. N. C. 106 ENE of Raleigh. MiRAGOANE, mee-rah-go-an', a sea-port on the N coast of Hayti, 75 m, wsw of Port- au-Prince. Miranda, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 130 w of Rh, MisHAWAHA, pv. St, Joseph co, Ind. MiSHWAUKEE, pv. Browu CO. Wis. Mispilion, hundred, Kentco. Del, Missisque r, Vt, flows into Missisque Bay, an arm of L, Champlain. MissrsiNEWA r. Ind. falls into the Wabash. Mississippi Gitt, pv. cap, of Harrison co. Miss, 265 SSE of Jackson. Missouri, tp, Boone co. Mo. Missouri, pv. Pike co. Ala. 165 se of T, Missouriton, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mis souri river. [n of Ne. Mitchellsville, pv. Robertson co. Tenn. 34 Mit'la, a Mexican t. in the slate of Oaxaca, 35 m. E of the city of this name, remarka ble for its interesling ruins. MixENBURG, pv. Greene' CO. Ala. [creek. Mixville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on W. Koy Mocksville, pv. cap. of Davie co. N. C. 140 w of Raleigh. [of R. Modest Town, pv. Accomac co.Va. 228 e Moffettsville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 117 WNW of Colurabia. Mo-hah've Indians, California, a tribe dwell ing between the r. Colorado and the s ex treraity of the Great Basin. Mohahve r. near the s margin of the Great Basin: termination unknown. Mohawk r. N.Y. See Gazetteer, [river. Mohawk, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on Mohawk Mohawk, lp. Moutg, co. N.Y, on the Mohawk, Mohiccan, pt. Wayne co. O. 88 ne of Cs. MoiRA, pt. Franklinco.N.Y. on L. Salraon r. Molltown, pv. Berks co. Pa, 64 e of H. Monad'nock, Mt. Cheshire co, N, II. Height 3,254 ft. [n of Is. MoNGOQuiNONG, DV. La Grange co. Ind. 176 Monguagon, lp. Wayne co. Mich. MoNiiEGAN Island, Lincoln co. Me. Moniteau, mnn-e-tO', pl. Cole co. Mo. 20 nw of Jefferson City, Monkton, pt. Addison co.Vt, 50 w of Mtr. Monmouth, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 16 sw of A. Monmouth, pv. Adams co. Ind. on St. Mary's r. Monraouth, pv. can. of Warren co. III. 120 Nwof Spniii^field. Monaghan, lp- Vork cn. Pa. Monongahela r. Pa. Seo Gazetteer. Monongahela, lp. Greene co. Pa. 14 SE of I Woynesburg. [190 w of IL Monongahela City, pv. ¦Washington co. Pa. MoQUifl, mu-kccz', or .Monql-is. mnn-keez' (sinular Moqui), a tribe of Indlansdwell- inp in the e part of California, on the upper tributaries of the Colorado. Monroe, pt, Waldo co. Me. on Marsh r. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Vl. 15 nne Mlr. Monroe, pl. Franklin co. Mass. 120 w of B. Monroe, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 54 sw of Hd. Monroe, pt. Orange co, N,y . 14 se of Goshen. Monroe, lp. Middlesex co. N. J. Monroe, pv. Su.ssex co. N.J. 80 n of Tu, Monroe, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Monroe, lp. Bradford co. Pa. Monroe, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r. Monroe, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Monroe, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [MUledgeviUe. Monroe, pv. cap. of Walton co.Ga. 60Nwof Monroe, pv. cap. of Washita par. La. on Washita river. [of Ne. Monroe, pv. cap. of Overton co. Tenn. 100 b Monroe, pv. Hart eo, Ky, 100 sw^ of FT Monroe, tp. Ashtabpla co. O. Monroe, pv. Butler co. O. 05 wsw of Cs. Monroe, tp. Clermonl co. O. Monroe, tp, Miami co. O- Monroe, t|). Richland co. O. Monroe, city, cap. of Monroe co. Mich, on Raisin r. 37 ssw of Detroit. Monroe, tp. Grant co. Ind. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Ind. Monroe, pv. Cook co. 111. 218 nk of Sd. Monroe, pv. cap. of Greene co.Wis. 80 s of Madison. MoNRoETON, pv. Bradford co.iPa. 130 n ofH. Monroelon, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 100 nw of Raleigh. [s of T. Monroeville, pv. cap. of Monroe oo. Ala. 150 Monroeville, pv. Huron co. O. on Huron r. Monroe Works, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 s of Albany, [Annapolis, Monrovia, pv. Frederick co. Md. 68 nw of Monrovia, pv. Pope co. Ark. 92 nw of Little Rock. Monrovia, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 23 ew of Is Monson, pl. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 n of A Monson, pt. Harapden co. Mass. on Chicka pee river. Montague, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Montague, pt. Sossex co. N.J. 90 n of Tn. Montague, pv. Essex co. Va. 6S ne of R. Montague Canal, pv. Franklin co. Mass. on the Connecticut. Montauk Point, the e extreraity of Long I. Monterey, Mexico. See Gazetteer. Monlerey, mou-te-ra', the cap. of Upper Cali fornia, on a bay of its own narae. It is a place of considerable trade, and the only f)orl in the territorv where duties are c6l- ecled. Lat. 36^ Z& N, Lon. 122^ 50' w. Pop. about 1,000. MoNTEVALLO, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 58 e of T. Montevideo, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 125 nne M. Montezuma, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 162 w Al. Montezuma, pv. cap. of Covington co. Ala. on Conecuh river. [of Ne. Montezuma, pv- M'Nairy co. Tenn. 155 sw Montezuma, pv. Parke co. Ind. ou the Wa bash river. Montezuma, pv. Pike co. 111. on Ulinois r. Montgomery, pt. Franklin co.Vt. on Trout r. Montgoraery, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on "Westfield river. [kill r. Montgoraery, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on Wall- Montgomery, lp. Somerset co. N.J. 12 sw of Somerville. MOO COS MOU Montgomery, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 swof Chambersburg. Montgomery, lp. Indiana co. Pa. Montgomery, lp. Mongomery co. Pa. 20 n of Philadelphia. Montgomery, tp.' Franklin co. O. Montgomery, pv. Haraillnn co. O. 107 sw Cs. Mnnlgoracry, tp. Richland co. O. Montgomery, lp. Owen co. Ind. sw of Is. Montgomery, a co. in the e central part of Texas, E of, and b(»rdering on the Brazos. The soil on the bottom lands is very pro ductive. Montgomery, a small V. of Texas, cap. ofthe above, on In, pv. Shenandoah co; Va. 146 NW of Richmond. [burg. Mount Joy, lp. Adams co. Pa. 6 s of Getiys- Mount Joy, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 25 se of H. Mount Liberty, pv. Knox co. O. 4.1 ne Cs. Mount Marcy, Essex co. N.Y. is the highest peak of the Adirondack Mis., being 5,467 feet above Ihe sea. Mount Meigs, pv. Montg. co. Ala- 125 se T. Mount Meridian, pv. Augusta co.Va. 125 WNW of Richmond. Mount Meridian, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 36 wis. Mount Moriah, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 122 s T. Mount Morris, pt. Livingston oo. N-Y. on Genesee river. Mount Morris, pv, Greene co. Pa. 230 w of H. Mount Pleasant, tp. Westchester co. N. Y. G N of While Plains. [of Tn. Mount Pleasant, pv. Hunterdon cn. N.J. 38 n Mnunt Pleasant, tp. Adams co. Pa. 17 e of Gettysburg. Mount Pleasant, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Mnunt Pleasant, borough, Tioga co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, tp. Washijigton co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, tp. Wayne co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa, Mount Pleasant, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. [n of R. Mount Pleasani, pv- Spottsylvania co.Va. 64 Mnunt Pleasant, v. Cabarrus co. N. C. Mount Pleasani, pv. Maury co. Tenn. 53 ssw of Nn.stiville. Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Harlan co. Ky. on a branch nf^ the Cumberland. Mount Pleasant, pv. Jefferson co. O. 20 sw of Steubenville. [of D. Mount Pleasant, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 40 hw Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Martin co. Ind. on tho Easl Fork of White r. [Jef. Ciiy. Mount Pleasant, pt. Barry eo. Mo. 212 sw of Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Henry co. Iowa, on Big creek, [of H, Mount Republic, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 170 ne Mount Sidney, pv. Augusta c-o.Va. 127 whw of Richmond. Mount Seward, a group of the Adirondack Mis. N.Y, in the se part of Franklin co- Mount Steeling, pv. Wn. co. Ala. 110 ssw nf Tuscaloosa. [Ky. 60 E of F. Mount Slerling, pv, cap. of Montgomery co. Mount Sterling, pv, Madison co, O. 32 w Cs. Mount Sterling, v. Muskingum co. O. Mount Sterling, pv. cap, of Brown co. IIL 77 \v of Springfield- [Bennington. Mount Tabor, tp. Rulland co.Vt. 30 ne of Mouni Tabor, pv. Union dist, S- C. 76 nw Ca, Mount Tabor, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 45 ssw Is. Mount Union, pv. Stark co. O. 1-38 ne of Cs. Mount Upton, pv. Chenango co.N.Y. 100 w of Albany. [of A- MouNT Vernon, pt- Kennebec co. Me. 15 nw Mount Vernon, pl. Hillsborough co. N. H. 32 ssw of Concord. Mount Vernon, pv. Chester co. Pa. 72 ese H, Mount Vemon, Va. the former residence of Gen. Washington, ou the Potomac r. 6 m. beloTV Alexandria. [Ga. 112 se of M. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Mount Vernon, pv. Mobilexo. Ala. 184 s of T. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Ark. Mount Vernon, pv, cap. of Rock Castle co, Ky. 75 SSE of Frankfort. [Vemon r. Mount Vernon, pv- cap. of Knox co. O. on Mount Vernon, pv. Macomb co. Mich. 32 k D. Mount Vernon, pv- cap. of Posey co. Ind. on Ohio river. [130 sse of Sd. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. HI. Mount Vernon, pv, Dade co. Mo. Mount A'^eknon Village, pv. Kennebec co. Me, 17 sw of Augusta. Mountville, pv- Loudon co. Va. UO n of R. Mnuniville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C.74 nw Ca. Mountville, pv. Troup co. Ga. 112 w of M. Mount Vision, pv. Olsego co.N.Y. 80 w Al. Mount Washington, N. H. the highest peak of the While Mts. Height, 6,423 feel. Mount Washington, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. Mount Waslun^ton, pv. Washington co. Ga. 3S ese of MiUedgeviUe. [wsw of F Mount Washington, pv. Bullitt co. Kv- 60 Mount Willing, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 40 w of Columbia. [of T. Mnunt WUling, pv. Lowndes co.Ala. 120 sse Mount Zion, pv. Hancock co.Ga. 30 ne of M. MouRYSTOWN, pv. Highland co. O. S7 sw Cs. Moyamensing, lp. Philadelphia co. Pa. s of the city, of which it forms one of the sub urbs. Muddy Cr. tp. Butler co. Pa. Muddy r. Ky. flows into Green r. Muhlenburg, tp. Pickaway co. 0. 12 nw of Circleville. Mulberry r. Ala. abr. of the Black Warrior r Mullica, lp. Atlantic co. N. J. MuLLicA Hill, pv. Glo'sler co. N. J. 45 s Tn MtTL'LicAs r.N. J. See Egg Harbor, Little Multona Springs, Attala co. Miss. 13 n of Kosciusko. Muncy, borough, liycnming co. Pa. 85 n H. Muncy, lp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 ne of Wil liamsport. fWiUiamsport Muncy Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 se of MuNc\"rowN, pv. cap, of Delaware co. Ind on While river. NAR 607 NEW MuNDT, tp. Genesee co. Mioh. [Green r. Munfordsville, pv. cap. of Hart cn. Ky. on MuNsoN, pt. Geauga co. O. 166 ne of Cs. Munster, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 13:J w of II. Murder Kill, hundred, Kent co. Del. MuRDocKsvrLLE, pv.Wn. CO. Pa. 230 w ofH. Murfreesborough, pv. Hertford co. N. C. on Cho\van river. Murfreesborough, Tenn. See Gazetteer. Murphy, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. N. C. 367 w of Raleigh. Murray, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on Sandy cr, Murray, pv. Wells co, Ind, 110 ne of Is, Murray's Mills, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 SE of Indianapolis- [w of H. MuRR.CYsviLLE, pv.Westmoreland co. Pa. ISO Murraysville, pv. Hall co. Ga. liJO nnw of M. Muscatine, pv. Muscatine co. Iowa. Muscle Ridge Island, lp. Lincoln co. Me. Muscle Shoals, in Ala. on Tenn. r., which is here 2 or 3 m. w^ide ; named from the fresh water clams found here. MusKEGO, tp- Milwaukie co. Wis. Muskingum r. O. See Gazetteer. Muskingum, pt. Muskingum co. O. 60 e of Cs, Mystic, pv, New^ London co. Conn, 52 se of Hartford. [56 se of Hd. Mystic Bridge, pv. New London co. Conn. Nacogdoches, a co. in the e part of Texas, on the r, Neches- It is mostly w^oodland. Soil rich, well adapted to the cultivation of cotton, Nacogdoches, a t. of Texas, cap. of the above CO., about 250 m. ene of Austin. A uni versity ^vas incorporated here, February 1815. Pop. from 1,000 lo 1,200. Na-hant', lp. and celebrated WRtering-place of Essex CO. Mass. 14 ne of Boslon. Nanjemoy, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw of An. Nankin, pv. Richland co. O. S3 n of Cs. Nankin, pt.Wayne co. Wich. 20 w of D. Nansemond r. Va. enters by a wide estuary into Hampton Roads. [Bingharaton. Nanticoke, tp. Broome co. N.Y, 14 nw of Nanticoke r, rises in Sussex co. Del. and enters Fishing Bay, an arm of the Chesa peake, in Md. Nanticoke, hundred, Sussex co.Del. Nanticoke Falls, Pa. in the Susquehanna, 8 m. below Wilkesbarre. [142 wsw of Al. Nanticoke Springs, pv. Broorae co. N.Y. Nantucket, Mass, See Gazetteer. Napier, lp. Bedford co. Pa. Napierville, pv- cap- of Du Page eo. III, 176 NNE of Springfield. Naples, pt. Cumberland co. Me, 66 sw of A, Naples, pt. Ontario co. N-Y- 18 s of Canan daigua. Naples, pv- Gwinnett co. Ga. 90 nw of M- Naples, pv. Scolt co. Ill- on Illinois r. Napoleon, pv.Chicot co. Ark. on Mississippi r. Napoleon, pv. Gallatin co. Ky.50 n of F. Napoleon, pv, cap, of Henry co, O. on Mau mee river. Napoleon, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 66 w of D. Napoleon, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 60 se of Is. Napoli, pt- Cattaraugus co. N-Y- 308 w of Al. Naponoch, v. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout cr. Narraganset Bay, R- I. extends n from the Atlantic, between Point Judith on the w, and Seaconnet Rocks on the e. Length 28 ra., breadth from 3 lo 12 m. N aeeagua'gus r, and bay, Washington cq. Me. Nashawn, i. Mass. one ofthe EUzabeth is, 9 miles long, and 2 broad. Nashport, pv. Muskingum co. O. 54 e of Cs. Nash's Stream, N. II. a br. of Upper Am monoosuc river. [Dunstable. Nashua r. N.H. flows inlo the Merrimack at Nashua, pl. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Mer rimack river. NASHvaLE, pv. cap. of Nash co. N. C. 44 e Rh. Nashville, pv- Lowndes co. Miss, on Tombig bee river. Nashville, pv. Holmes co. 0.'S2 ne of Cs. Nashville, pv, cap. of Brown co. Ind. 54 s of la, Nashville, pv, cap. of Wn- co. 111. 118 s of Sd. Nashville, pv. Boone co. Mo. 24 nw Jef. City, NashvUle, cap, of Milam co, Texas, on llie Brazos r. 75 m. ne of Austin. Pop. near 100. Nassau r. Flor. enters by Nassau inlet into the Atlantic. Nassau, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 se of AI. Natchaug r. Conn, joins Shetucket r. Natchez, Miss. See Gazetteer. Natchitoches, pv. cap. of Natchitoches par. La. on Red river. Nathansville, pv. Conecuh co. Ala. 190 s T. Natick, pt. Middlesexco. Mass. 17 wsw of B. Natick, pv. Kent co. R. I- 9 sse of Providence. Natural Bridge, pv. Jef. eo. N.Y. 150 nw of Albanj^. [zetteer. Natural Bridge, Va. See Rockbridge, Ga- Naugatuck r. Conn, flows inlo the Housa lonic. [of Hd. Naugaluck, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 53 sw Nauvoo City, a famous Mormon settlement, Hancock CO. III. on the Mississippi. [Vacca. NAv-iD-AD',a r. of Texas, flowing mto the La Neatsville, pv. Adair co. Ky. 84 s of F. NEcntcs, netch'es, a r. in the e part of Texas, flowing into Sabine Lake. [coast. Neddock, cape, York co. Me. on the Atlantic Needham, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 s'R^of B. Neffsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se of H. Nelson, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 sw of Cd. Nelson, pl. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. Nelson, pt. Portage eo. 0. 164 ne of Cs. Nelson Factory, pv. Cheshire co. N.H. 38 sw of Concord. [hocking r. Nelsonville, pv. Athens co. O. on Hock- Neosho r. Indian Territory, enters the Ar kansas 3 or 4 m. s of Fort Gibson. Neosho, pv. cap. of Newton co. Mo. 175 nw of Jefferson City. [hour. Neponset r. Mass. flows into Boston Har- Neponset Village, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 5 s of Boslon. [Susquehanna. Nescopeck cr, Luzerne co. Pa. enlers the Nescopeck, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Nesco peck creek. Neshaminy cr. Bucks co. Pa. enters the Del aware 3 m. below Bristol. Neshanock, lp. Mercer co. Pa. [w of Phila. Nether Providence, pt, Delaware co. Pa, 12 Nesaquake r, Suffolk co, N,Y. enters Long Island Sound. [river. Nesaquake, v, Suffolk co. N.Y. on Nesaquake Neversink, pt. SuUivan co. N.Y. on Never sink river. [co. N.J, Neversink Hills, in the n part of Monmouth Neville, pv- Clerraont co. O. on Ohio r. New Albany, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 136 n H New Albany, pv- Pontotoc co. Miss. New Albany, v. Colurabiana co. O, New Albany, city, and cap. of Floyd co. Ind. on Ohio r. Pop. 5,000, NEW 608 NEW New Albion, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 307 w of Albany. New Alexander, pv. Columbiana co. O. 146 NE of Columbus. New Alexandria. pv.Westmoreland co. Pa. on r. Loyalhannah, 170w of Harrisburg. New Alstead, pv. Cheshire co, N. H. 54 sw of Concord. ' [Ohio r. New Amsterdam, pv, Harrison co, Ind, on Newark, pt. Caledopia co. Vt. 57 ne of Mtr. Newark, tp. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 n of Owego, Newark, pv- Wayne co. N.Y, 186 w of Al, Newark, pv. New Castle co. Del. 60 n Dover, Newark, pv- Worcester co. Md. 123 se of An. Newark, pv. cap, of Licking co, O, 40 ene of Columbus. [river. Newark, tp. Allegan co. Mich, on Kalamazoo Newark, pv, Warwick co, Ind, Newark, pv- La Salle co. 111. 150 nke of Sd, Newark, pv, Knox co. Mo, 44 s Jef, City. Newark Valley, pv. Tioga co. N.Y, on East Owego cr, [of Lenox, New Ashford, tp. Berkshire co. Mass, 18 n New Athens, pv. Harrison co. 0, 115 e of Cs, New Baltimore, pt. Greene co. N,Y, 15 s of Albany. New Baltimore, pv, Fauquier co,Va, 108 n R, New Baltimore, pv. Stark co. O. 138 nb Cs. New Barbadoes, tp. Bergen co. N. J. New Bedford, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 214 wnw of Harrisburg. [of Cs. New Bedford, pv- Coshocton co. O- 100 ke Newberg, pt-Cass eo. Mich. 157 w of D. New Berlin, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 8 ne of Norwich. [70 n of H. New Berlin, borough, cap. of Union co. Pa. New Berlin, pv. Stark co. O. 130 ne of Cs. New Berlin, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. 90 e of Newbern, N. C. See Gazetteer. [Madison. Newbern, pv. Greene co. Ala. Newbern, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 50 s Is. Newberry, pv- Lycoming co. Pa. 95 n of H. Newberry, tp. York co. Pa. Newberry C. H. pv. cap, of Newberry dist- S. C. 40 w^NW of Colombia, Newberry, pv, Wayne co. Ky, 120 s of F, Newberry, pt, Geauga co. O. 100 nw of Cs. Newberrytown, pv, York co. Pa. 19 s ofH. New Bethel, pv. Marion co. Ind. 8 se of Is. New Bloomfield, borough, Pa. See Bloom field. [of Jef. City. New Bloomfield, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 11 n Newborn, pv. Newlon co. Ga. 55 nw of M. New Boston, pt. HiUsboro' co. N. H. 22 s Cd, New Boston, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 122 w B, New Boston, pv. Windham co. Conn, 48 ne of Hartford, [Ware r. New Braintree, pt.Worcesler oo. Mass. on New Bremen, pv, Mercer co. 0. 97 wnw Cs. New Bridge, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 136 nnw of Milledgeville. [of New York. New Brighton, v. Richmond co. N.Y. 6 w New Britain, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 sw of Harlford. New Britain, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 25 n Phila. New Buffalo, pv. Berrien co. Mich, on Lake Michigan. Newburg, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 50 ne of A. Newburg, pv. Curaberland co. Pa. 41 w^ of H. Newburg, pv. Pittsylvania co.Va. 138 wsw R. Newburg, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 120 n of T. Newburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 63 w of F. Newburg, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 150 nk of Cs. Newburg, tp. Geauga co. O. Newburg, tp. Miami co. O. Newburg, pv. Warwick co. Ind. on Ohio r. Newbnrg, pv. Pike co. III. 65 w of Sd, New Burlington, pv- Clinton co, O. 70 bw of Columbus. [of Is. New Burlinglon, pv. Delaware co.Ind. 66 ne Newbury, pt. Merrimack co. N, H, 30 wnw of Concord, Newbury, pt. Orange co.Vt, on Conn. r. Newbury, tp, Essex co. Mass. 31 n of B. Newbury, tp- York co. Pa. 12 n of York, Newburyport, Mass. See Gazetteer, New Canaan, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hartford. [of R. New CaNTON, pv, Buckingham co.Va, 64 w New Canlon, pv. Hawkins co. Tenn. 264 e of Nashville. New Carlisle, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 166 n of Indianapolis, [nw of New Orleans. New Carthage, pv. Madison par. La. 284 New Castine, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs, New Castle^ pt. Lincoln co. Me. 35 sEOf A. New Caslle, i- and lp. Rockingham co. N.H. New Castle, pt .Westchester co.N.Y, on Cro ton river. New Caslle, horongh, Mercer eo. Pa. 234 WNW of Harrisburg. New Castle, pv- cap. of New Ca.slle co, Del. 5 ssw of Wilmington. New Caslle, pv- Botetourt co. Va. 192w of R. New CasUe, pv. WUkes co. N. C. 157 w of Rh. New Caslle, pv. Fayelie co- Tenn. 174 wsw of NashvUle. [of F. New Castle, pv- cap. of Henry co. Ky. 25 nw New Castle, pt. Coshocton co. O- 70 ene of Cs. New Caslle, pv. cap. Henrj' co. Ind. nn Blue r. New^ Chester, pv. Adams co. Pa. 31 sw of H. New Columbia, pv. Union co. Pa. 72 n of H. Ne\v Comerstown, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on TuscarawRs river, 93 ene of Cs. Newcomb, lp. Essex co. N.Y. 92 n of Al. New Concord, pv. Muskingum co. O. 68e Cs. New Cumberland, boro', Cumberland co. Pa. 4 sw of HarrisbuT^- [ene of Cs. New Cumberland, pv- Tuscara^-as co. 0. 123 New Derry, pv, Westraoreland co, Va, New Durham, pl. Strafford co. N.H. 33 ne Cd. New Durham, v. Bergen co. N. J. New Echota, pv- Cass co. Ga. 166 nw^ of M. New Egypt, pv. Monmouth co. N- J. 18 se of Trenton. [Mass. 33 w of B. New England Village, pv. Worcester co. New Fairfield, pl. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hartford. [n of Mtr. New Fane, v. cap. of Windham co. Vt. 100 New Fane, pt. Niagara co. N.Y- on L.Oniario. Newfield, pt. York co. Me. 60 sw of A. Newfield, pl. Tompkins co. N.Y. 280 w of Al. Newfound I1anon co. Pa. 14 e of H. Palmyra, lp. Pike co. Pa. Palmyra, lp. Wayne co. Pn. [of R. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Fluvanna cn. Va. 62 wnw Palmyra, pv. HaUfax co. N. C. on Roanoke r. Palmyra, pv. Lee co. Ga. 128 sw of M- Palinyra, pv. Montg. co, Tenn. 37 nw nf Ne. Palmyra, pt. Pnrlage co. O. LW ns of Cs. Palmyra, pl. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin r. Piilmyrn, pv. Harrison cn. Ind. 116 s of Is. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Marion co. Mo, 110 nnw of .Jefferson City. PAS 615 PEK Pamklia, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 4 n Water- Pamlico r. See Gazetteer, [town, Pamunky r. Va. unites wilh Mattapony to form York nver. [of J. on Tailahatchee r. Fanola, pv. cap. of Panola co. Miss. 160 n Panton, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Champlain. Panvco, pah-noo'ko, a r. of Mexico, which tails into the Gulf of Mexico at Tampico. Paoli, pv. Chester co. Pa. 16 w of Phila. Paoli, pv- cap. oi" Orange co. Ind. 94 sw of Is. Paper Mill Village, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Concord. Papertown, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. Paperville, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 300 e Ne. Paraclifta, pv. cap. of Sevier co. Ark. 142 sw of Liule Rock. Paradise, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 52 w of Phila. Paradise, tp. York co. Pa. Paradise, pv. Cole co. III. 80 e of Sd. Paradox, lake, N.Y. Essex co. 4 m, long, frora im. to Im. broad. Par-ral', or San Jose del Parral, a t. of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Durango and Chihuahua, about 100 m. s of the town of Chihuahua. Its mines "were formerly very productive, at w^hich time its population is said to have araounted to 50,000 ; at present it is only 7,000. Paris, pv- cap. of Oxford co. iVIe. 40 w of A, Paris, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 8 s of Utica. Paris, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 1.30 n of R. Paris, pv- cap. of Henry co. Tenn. 98 w Ne. Paris, pv. cap. of Bourbon co. Ky. 36 e of F. Paris, pv. Stark co. 0. 135 ne of Cs- Paris, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 77 sse of Is. Paris, pv. cap. of Edgar co. III. 114 e of Sd. Paris, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Mo, 70 n of Jefferson City. Paris, cap, of Lamar co. Texas, about 20 m, s of Red river, Paris, St, pv. Champaign co. 0.57w of Cs, Parisburg, pv. cap. Giles co.Va. on New r. Parish, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 22 e of Oswego- Partshville, pt. St, Lawrence co, N,Y- 15 e of Canton. Park, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. Parkersburg, pv. Chester co. Pa. Parkersburg, pv- cap, of Wood co, Va- on Ohio river. [wnw of Is. Parkersburg, pv. Montgomery co. Ind. 44 Parkersburg, pv. Richland co. 111. 140 se Sd. Park Hill, pv. Cherokee Nation, Indian Ter ritory. Parkman, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 n of A. Parkman, pt. Geauga co, O. 162 ne of Cs. Parksville, pv. Sullivan co.N-Y, 116 swAl. ParksviUe, pv- Platte co. Mo. [chester. Parma, pt- Monroe co. N.Y, 10 nw of Ro- Parma, tp. Cuyahoga co. O- 6 s of Cleveland. Parma, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [Nashville. Parrotsville, pv, Cocke eo, Tenn. 237 e of Parrysville, pv- Norlharapton co. Pa. 99 ENE of Harrisburg. Parsippany, pv- Morris co. N.J. 60 n ofTn. Parsonsfield, pt York co. Me. 86 wsw A. Pascagoula r. MJss. See Gazetteer. Pascagoula, v, Jackson co. Miss, on Pasca- gnuTa river. [sack r. Paskack, pv. Passaic co, N. J, on Hacken- Paso del Norte, pah'so de! noR'tay (or pah' so del nort), a t- of New Mexico, near the right bank of the Rio del Norte, in the midst of a very fertile district. Lat. about 313 30'N. Lon. 1053 30' w. Pop. about 5,000, Pasquotank r. N. C. flpws into Albemarlo Sound. [nobscot r. Passadumkeag, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Pe- Passaic t. See Gazetteer. [teer. Passamaquoddy r. See Croix, St., Gazet- Passamaquoddy Bay, at the ne extreraily of Me., receives the Si. Croix river. Pass Christian, pv, Harrison co. Miss. Pasumsic r. Vl. enters the Coimeclicut r. Pasurasic, pv. Caledonia co.Vl. 40 e of Mtr. Passyunk, tp. Phila. co. Pa. s of the city. Patapsco r. Md. enlers Chesapeake Bay by a broad estuary, about 15 nne of An. Patchogue, nv. Suffolk co.N, Y. 60 e of N.Y. Paterson, N. J. See Gazetteer. Patoka r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. Patoka, pt. Gibson co. Ind. 138 sw of Is. Patrick C.H. pv. cap. of Patrick co.Va. 226 wsw of Richraond. Patricktown, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 Eof A. Patriot, pv. Gallia co. O. 97 sse of Cs. Patriot, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. ou Ohio r. Pattawatomies- See Pottawatomies. Patten, tp. Centre co. Pa. Patterson, pt. Pulnam co. N.Y. on Croton r. Patterson, pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. 176 ese of Jefferson City. [James r. Pattonsburg, pv. Botetourt co. Va. on PATTONsviLLE.pv. Granville CO. N.C. 40 nRIi, Patuxent r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by a large estuary, about 50 m. s of Annapolis. Paulding, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Miss. 109 ESE of Jackson. [river. Paulinskill r. N. J. flows into the Delaware Paulina, V. Delaware co. N.Y. 2 n of Del. r. Pavilion, pt. Genesee co. N.Y, 240 w of Al. Pavilion, pt, Kalamazoo co. Mich. Pawcatuck r. R. I. flows into ihe Alianlic on the border of Conn. Pawlet, pt. Rutland co.Vl. 87 ssw of Mtr, Pawlings, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 e of Poughkeepsie. Paw'nee Indians, a tribe dwelling in the se part of Missouri Territory, on the n side of the Platte r. [160 w of D. Paw-Paw, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. i\Iicli. Pawtucket r. R.I. rises in INIass. under the narae of Blackstone river, and flows into Providence river just below Providence. Pawtucket, pv. R. I. 4 N of Providence, on Pawtucket river, Pawtucket, lp. Bristol co, Mass. 46 s of B. Pawtuxet r. R.I. flows inlo Providence r. 5 m. below Providence. Pawtuxet, pv. Kent co. R. I. 5 s Providence. Paxton, pt.Worcesler co. Mass, 50 w of B. Payneville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. 78 sw of T. Paynesville, pv. Pike co. Mo. 92 ne of Jef ferson City. Payson, pv-' Adams co. III. 92 w of Sd. Pea r. Ala. flows into Ihe Choclawhalchee r. Peace Dale, pv. Washington co. R. I, Peacham, pt. Calednnia co. Vt, 36 e nf Mtr. Peach Bottom, pt. York co. Pa. 20 se York. Pearl r. See Gazetteer. Pearlington. See Gazetteer. Pease, tp. Belraont co. O. Pedensville, pv- Chester di.st. S. C. Pedricktown, pv. Salem co. N.J. 55s Salem. Peebles, tp. AUeghany co. Pa. Peekskill, pv. Weslchesier eo. N.Y. on the Hudson river, 46 n of New York. Pekatonica, pv. Winnebago eo. 111. at the junction of Pekalonica r. with Rock r PER 616 PET Pekin, pv. Tazewell co. III. 62 N of Sd. Pelilam, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 w of B. Pelham, lp. Hillsborough co. N, H. 32 sw of Portsraouth. [While Plains, Pelhara, lp. Westchester co, N,Y, 10 s of Pelham, pv, Franklin co, Tenn. 85 sse of Ne. Pemadumcook, lake, Penobscot co. Me. Pemberton, pv, Burlington co, N.J. 22 s Tn. Pembroke, pt. Washinglon co. Me. 180 ene of Augusta. Perabroke, pt, Merrimack co. N.H. 5.se of Cd. Pembroke, pt. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 26 se of B. Perabroke, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Tona wanda creek. Pembroke, pv. Christian co. Ky. 197 s"w of F. Pem'igewas'set r.N.H. abranch ofthe Mer rimack. [Lockpori. Pendleton, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 7 swof Pendleton, pv. Anderson dist. S. C- 136 wnw of Columbia. Pendleton, pv. Madison co- Ind. 31 ne of Is. Penfield, pt. Monroe co.N.Y. 8 e Rochester. Penfield, pv. Greene co. Ga. 50 n of M, Penfield, pt. Lorain co, O, 106 nne of Cs, Penfield, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Penn, tp. Chester co. Pa, 36 sw of PhUa. Penn, tp, Clearfield co. Pa, Penn, tp, Lycoming co. Pa. Penn, lp- Perry co. Pa, Penn, lp. Union co. Pa, Penn, tp. Cass co. Mich. Pennington, pv. Mercer co, N, J, 8 n of Tn, Pennsbury, tp, Chester co. Pa. 23 sw of Phila. Penns Neck, Lower, tp, Salem co. N, J. 6 nw of Salera. Penns Neck, Upper, tp, Salem co, N. J. Pennsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 25 n of Phila. Pennsville, pv. Morgan co. O. 77 e of Cs. Penn Township, Philadelphia co. Pa. NWof ihe ciiy. [of AI. Penn Yan. pv. cap. of Yates co, N.Y. 192 w Penobscot, pt. Hancock co. Me. ou Penobscot river. Peoria, pv. cap. of Peoria co. IU, on HI. r. Pepin, a lake of Wis. al ihe raoulh of Chippe wa river. Pepperell, pl. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 nw B. Pequannock r, Coun, enters Bridgeport har bour, [ristown. Pequannock, lp. Morris co. N, J, 10 n of Mor- Pequannock cr, N. J. enters Passaic r. Pequawket r. N. H. flows inlo Saco r. Pequest cr. N. J. flows inlo Delaware r. Pequot, pv. New London CO. Conn. 48 se Hd. Perch r. Jefferson co. N.Y. flows into Black river Bay. [Perdido Bay. Perdido r. between Ala. and Flor. flows into Perkins, pl. Erie cn. O. 15 nw of Norwalk. Perkinsville, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 70 s of Mtr. Perkinsville, pv. Burke co.N. C. 270 wof Rh. Perkinsville, pv. Monraouth co. N. J. 24 e of Trenton. Perrinton, tp. Monroe co. N.Y. Perry, pt. Wn. oo. Me. 5 nw of Eastport. Perry, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 240 w of Al. Perry, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Perry, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. Perry, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Perry, lp. Union cn. Pa. Perry, pv. cap. t)f Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M. Perry C. II. pv. cap. of Perry co. Ky. on Ky. r. Perry, tp. Brown cn. O. Perry, tp. Co.shnclon co. O. Perry, pt. Lajco co. O. 182 ne of Cs. Perry, lp. Montgomery co. O. Perry, tp. Richland co. O. Perry, lp. Stark co. O. Perry, tp, Wayne co. O. Perry, tp. Wayne co. Ind, Perry, pv. Pike co. III. 66 wofSd. [wof Al Perry Centre, pv, Wyoming eo, N,Y. 245 Perrtman SVILLE, pv. Harford co. Md, Perryopolis, pv- Fayelte co. Pa, on Yough* iogheny river. Perryopolis, pv. Monroe co, 0. 106 e of Cs. Perry's Bridge, pv. La Fayette par. La. on Vermilion river. [nf Al. Perrysburg, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 306 w Perrysburg, pv. cap, of AVood co. O. on Mau mee river, Perrysburg, pv. Miarai co. Ind. 100 n of Is. Perry's Mills, pv. Clinion co. N-Y. 192 n Al, Perrysville, pv. Washington co. R. I. 40 s of Providence. L^org. Perrysville, pv- Alleghany co. Pa. 8 n of Pitls- Perrysville, pt. Vermihon co. Ind. 80 w of Is. Perryville, pv- Madison co. N.Y. 115 w Al. Perryville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 n of Flemington. Perryville, pv- Cecil co. Md. 65 ne of An. Perryville, pv. Perry co. Ala. [of Little Rock. Perryville, pv- cap. of Perry co. Ark. 55 w^kw Perryville, pv- cap. of Perry co. Tenu. op Tennessee river. PerryvHle, pv. Boyle co. Ky. 40sof F. PerryvUle, pv. Richland co. 0. 78 nne of Cs. Perryville, pv- cap. of Perry co. Mo. 211 esf of Jefferson City. Perryton, pv. Licking co. O. 60 ne of Cs. Persia, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Persia, tp. Boone co. Mo. Perth, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 46 nw of Al. Perth Amboy, N- J- See Amfoy, Gazet teer. Peru, pt- Oxford co- Me. 40 w of A. Peru, pt. Bennington co.Vt. 100 ssw of Mlr. Peru, pl. Berkshire co. Mass. 118 w of B. Peru, pt. Clinion co. N.Y. 10 s nf Plattsburg. Peru, pt. Huron cn. O. 93 N of Cs. Peru, pv. cap. of Miami co. Ind. on Wabash r. Peru,pv-Dubuqne co.Iowa,5 n ofDubuque. Peruville, pv. Torapkins co. N.Y. 165 w Al. Peters, tp. FrankUn co. Pa. 12 sw of Cham bersburg. [Wasliington (borough). Peters, tp. Washinglon co. Pa. II ne of Peter's, St. a r. of Io\\'a Territory, flowing inlo the Mississippi near 44^^ 50' n Lai. and 93° w Lon. Peter's, Si. lake, an expansion of the Pt . Law rence, 70 ra. below Montreal. [40 sw of Cd. Petersborough, pt. Hirlsbornugli co. N. H. Pelersborough, pv. Madison cn. NY". 103 w of Albany. Pelersborough, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 150 n ofH. Petersburg, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 26 e AL Petersburg, lp. Fluntiiigdcm co. Pa. Petersburg, Vn. See Gazktteer. Petersburg, pv- Elbert cn. Ga. 96 ne of M. Petersburg, pv- Lincoln co. Tenn. 72 s of Ne. Petersburg, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 n of F. Petersburg, pv. Columbiana co. 0, 180 ene Cs, Petersburg, pv. cap. of Pike en. Ind. 138 sw Is. Petersburg, pv. cap. of Menard co, IU. 21 NW of Springfield- Petersburg, pv- Boone co. Mo. 54 n Jef. City. Petersham, pt, Worcesier co. Mass. 04 w B. Peterstown, pv. Monroe co. Va, on Rich cr. Petersville. nv. Norlhampton co. Pa. J?Ui 617 PIT Petersville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 nw An. Ps-TiC, an inland town of Mexico, in Sonora, 160 m. NE of Guaymas (which forms its port), in the centre of a rich mining district. Lieut. Hardy, R. N., who visited this place about 20 years ago, says he saw silver in bars, piled up in the shops as if it were wood. This was al a time when the ex portation of silver was forbidden by the governraent. Lat. about 29^ 30' n, Lon. 110^ w. Pop. slated at 5,000. Pewaukie, tp. Milwaukie co.AVis. Pettonsburg, pt. Pi ttsylvania co.Va, [of Ne. Peytonsville, pv- Williamson co. Tenn. 27 s Pharisburg, pv. Union co. O- 50 nw of Cs- Pharsalia, pt- Chenango co- N.Y. 127 w Al. Pharsalia, pv. Panola co. Miss. [gi^a- Phelps, pt. Onlario co. N.Y. 15 e Canandai- Phelps, pt. Ashtabula co. O. Phelpstown, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 71 w D. Philadelphia, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 16 ne of Watertown. [83 ene of J. Philadelphia, pv. cap. of Neshoba co. Miss. Philadelphia, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 160 ese of NashviUe. PhUadelphia, pv. Hancock co. Ind. 15 e of Is. Philadelphia, pv- Van Buren co. Iowr, on Des Moines river. [of Rh. Philadelphus, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 106 s Philipsburg, pv. Centre co. Pa. 120 nw of H. Philipsburg, pv. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r. Philipsport, pv. Sullivan co. N-Y. 92 ssw AI- Philipstown, pv. While co. 111. 190 se of Sd. Philipsville, pv. AUeghany co. N.Y. on Genesee river. Phillip, pt. Franklin co- Me. 55 nw of A. Phillipsburg, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 109 s AI. PhUlipsburg, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [river. PhUlipsburg, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio Phillipsburg, pv. Erie co. Pa. 268 nw of H. Phillipston, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 65 n B. Phillipstown, tp. Putnara co. N.Y. on the Hudson. [wego r. I?HILLIPS VILLE, V. OsWCgO CO. N.Y, OH Os- Philomont, pv. Loudon co. Va. 12 s of Lees ville. Phippsburg, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 44 s of A. Phcenix, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 wnw Al. Ph(enixville, pv. Chester eo. Pa, on the SchuylkiU. Pickaway, tp. Pickaway co. O. [nw of Ca. Pickens C. H. cap. of Pickens dist. S. C. 130 Pickensville, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. Pickensville^ pv. Pickens- co. Ala. on Tom- PicKERiNG, 1. Hancock co. Me. [bigbee r. PiCKERiNGTON, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 ese Cs. Pictou, pik-too', a sea-port t. of Nova Sco tia, on the N coasl. Lat. 45° 40' n, Lon, near 63^ w. Pop, above 3,000, Piedmont, pv. Harris co, Ga, 135v7sw of M, Piermont, pt, Grafton co. N. H. 65 nnw Cd. Pierraont, pv- Rockland co, N,Y, 24 n of New York. [Canton, Pierpont, pt. St, Lawrence co, N.Y, 8 e of Pierpont, pt. Ashiabula co, O. 213 ne of Cs. Pig r. Va. flows inlo the Roanoke, Pigeon, tp. Vanderburgh co. Ind. Pike, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y.20n of Angelica. Pike, pt. Berks co. Pa. Pike, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Pike, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Pike, lp. Potter co. Pa. Pike, tp. Coshocton co. O. Pike, lp. Perry eo. O. 52* Pike, tp. Union co. Ind. [inglon (borough). Pike Run, pt.Washington co. Pa. 18 se Wash- Piketon, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ky. 173 ese F. Piketon, pv. cap. of Pike co. O. 19 s of Chi licothe. Piketon, pv. Marion co. Ind. 9 nw of Is. Pikeville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 8 nw of Baltimore. [of T. Pikeville, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ala. 08 nnw Pikeville, pv. cap. of Bledsoe co. Tenn. 112 ESE of NashvUle. [river. Pilatka, pv. St. John's co. Flor. on St. John's Piles Grove, tp. Salem co. N.J. 10 ne Salem. ¦ Pinckney, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. 16 nw of Mar tinsburg. Pinckney, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. 226 w Rh. Pinckney, pv. WiUiamson co. Tenn. 28 s Ne. Pinckney, pv. Warren co. Mo. on Missouri r. Pinckneyville, pv. Union dist. S. C. on Broad river. [tahoochee r. Pinckneyville, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. on Chat- Pinckneyville, pv. Tallapoo-sa co. Ala. PinckneyvUle, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 150 sw of Jackson. [s of Sd. Pinckneyville, pv. cap. of Perry co. III. 134 PiNDERTOWN, DV. Lee CO. Ga. on FUnt r. Pine, tp. AUeghany co. Pa. 11 n of Pittsburg. Pine, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany r. Pine Bluff, pv. cap.of Jef. co. Ark. on Ark. r. Pine Brook, pv. Morris co. N. J. 63 n ofTn. Pine cr. Pa. flows inlo the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Pine Cr. lp. Clinion co. Pa. Pine Cr. lp. Jefferson co. Pa, Pine Grove, pt, Schuylkill co. Pa 43 ne of H. Pine Grove, tp.Venango co. Pa, Pine Grove, tp.Warren co. Pa. Pine Hill, v- Genesee co, N.Y. Pine Plains, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 25 ne of Poughkeepsie. [town, Pineville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 7 e of Doyles- Pineville, pv.Charleston dist. S. C. on Santee r. Pineville, pv. Marion co. Ga. [Torabigbee r. Pineville, pv. Marengo co. Ala. a litUcEof PiNGREEViLLE, pv. Grafton CO, N,H. on Con- PiNK, lp- Wayne co. Pa, [necticat r, Pinkham's Grant, pt. Coos co. N.H. 92 n Cd. Pinkney, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. PiNKSViLLE, pv.Armstrong co. Pa. 197 wnw H. Pintlala r. Ala. flows into Alabama r, PiQUA, pv. Miami co. O. on Miami r. PiQUEA, pv. Lancasler co.'Pa. 54 se of H. Piscataqua r. N. H. See Gazetteer. Piscataquis r. Me. flows into the Penobscot, 40 m. above Bangor. [riraack. PiscATAQuoG r. N. H. an afiluent of the Mer- PisCATAWAY, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. 5 n of New Brunswick. ' [sw of An. Piscataway, pv- Prince George's co. Md. 56 Piseco, lake, Hamilton co- N.Y. 6 m. long. Piseco, pv. Hamilton co, N.Y, on Piseco Lake. Pitcairn, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 30 s of Canton. [wich. Pitcher, pt. Chenango co, N.Y. 16 w of Nor- PiTCHER Springs, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 126 w of Albany. [Piney cr. Pitch Landing, pv. Hertford co. N. C. on Pitt, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alleghany r. PiTTSBOROUGH, pv. cap, of Chatham co. N,C. 34 w of Raleigh. Pittsburg, tp. Coos co. N.H. Pittsburg, pv. Henry co, Ga. 75 whw of M. Pittsburg, pv. Johnson co. Ark, on Arkansas r, Pittsburg, pv. Carroll co, Ind, 68 nnw of Is. PLE 618 POM Pittsfield, pl. Somerset co. Me. 43 N of A, Pittsfield, pt, Merriraack co, N. H. 15 ne of Cd. Pittsfield, pl, Rutland co, Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Pittsfield, pt. Berkshire c'o. Mass. 130 w of B. Pittsfield, pl. Olsego co. N.Y. 18 w of Coo perstown. Pittsfield, pt. Lorain co. O. 106 nne pf Cs. Pittsfield pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 35 w of D. Pittsfield pv.cap. of Pike co.IU. 70 wsw of Sd. PiTTSFORD, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Piitsford, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 6 E Rochester. PUtsford, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 90 wsw of D. PiTTSGROVE, pt. Salem co. N. J. 16 e of Salem. PiTTSTON, pt. Kennebec co. Me. on Kenne bec river. • [Troy. PiTTsTow^N, pt. Rensselaer co.N.Y. 12 ne of Pittslown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 33 nnw Pitlslown, lp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of Tn. Pittsylvania C. H. cap. of Pittsylvania co. Va, 102 wsw of Richraond, Plain, tp. Stark co. O. Plain, pl. Wayne co, O, 90 ne of Cs, Plainfield, pt . Sullivan co. N.H. 62 nw of Cd. Plainfield, pt. Washington co. Vt, 9 e of Mlr. Plainfield, pt. Harapshire CO- Mass. 115 wof B- Plainfield, pl. Windham co- Conn- 45 e of Hd. Plainfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 nw of Coo perstown . Plainfield, pv. Essex co. N. J. 39 ne of Tn. Plainfield, ip. Northampton co.Pa. Plainfield, pv. Coshocton co. O. 80 ne of Cs. Plainfield, tp. Allegan co. Mich. Plainfield, pl. Hendricks co. Ind. 15 wsw of Is. Plainfield, pv. Will co. 111. 173 ne of Sd. Plainville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y- 155\v Al. Plaistow, pt. Rockiiigham co. N . H. 37 se Cd. Plantersville, pv. Perry co. Ala. 77 s of T. pLAQUEMiNE Bayou, au outlct of the Missis sippi, flowing inlo ihe Atchafalaya. Plaquemine, pv. cap. of Iberville par. I^a. on Mississippi river. Platte r. See Gazetteer. [souri, Platte, Little, r. Mo, flow^s into the Mis- Platte City, pv. cap. of Platte co. Mo. on Liltle Platte r, [Kingston, Plattekill, pt- Ulster co- N. Y. 20 s of Platteville, pv. Grant co. Wis. 78 wsw of Madison. Plattsburg, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Plattsburg, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Mo. 180 WNW of .Jefferson City. Pleasant, tp. Warren co. Pa. Pleasant, lp. Brown co. O. Plea.saul, tp. Fairfield co. O. Pleasant, lp. Knox co. O. on Vernon r. Pleasant, pt. SwUzerland co. Ind. 82 sE of Is. Pleasant Grove, pv. Morris co. N. J, on Schooley's Mountain, 40 n of Tn. [1 broad. Pleasant Lake, Harailton co. N.Y. 3 m. long. Pleasant Unity, pv.Westmoreland co. Pa. 164 w of Harrisburg. Pleasant Vale, pv. Pike co. III. 90 wsw Sd. Pleasant Valley, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 22 w of Hartford. [Poughkeepsie. Pleasani VaUey, pl. Dutchess co. N.Y. 7 ne of Pleasant Valley, pv. Bucks co. Pa, [s ofAl. Pleasantville, pv. Westchester co.N.Y 120 Pleasantville, pv. Montgomery eo. Pa. Pleasantville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 112 NW of Raleigh. [of Ne. Pleasantville, pv- Hickman co. Tenu. 73 wsw Plcasantvillo, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. Plrasureville, pv. Henry co. Ky. 19 nw F. Plessis, pv. Jefferson co. N,Y. 190 nw of Al. Pluckemin, pv. Somerset co, N, J, 37 M of Tn. Plum, tp, AUeghany co. Pa. Plura Cr. lp. Armslron^co. Pa. Plum, lp, Venango co. Pa. Plum Island, Suffolk co. N.Y. 3 m. long, and 1 broad. Plumstead, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 30 n of Phila. Plunket's Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Ta. Plymouth, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 59 se of A. Plymouih, pt. Grafion co. N. H. 40 n of Cd. Plymouth, pt. AVindsor co.Vt. 73 s of Mtr. Plymouih, Mass. See Gazetteer, Plymouth, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 w Hd. Plyraoulh, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. Plymouth, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. Plymouth, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 N5rw ot Phila. Plymouth, pv. cap. of Washington co. N.C. on Roanoke river. Plyraoulh, pv. Lo^vndes Co. Miss. 147 ne of J. Plymouth, pt. Richland co. O- 77 nne of Cs. Phnnoulh, pt.Wayne co. Mich. 25 sw of D. Plymouth, pv. cap. Marshall co. Ind. 115 n Is. Plymouth, pv. Hancock co. IU. 92 wnw of Sd. Plymouth Grant, lp. Aronstook co. Me. Plymouth Hollow, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 25 w of Hartford. Plympton, pt. Plj-raonlh co. Mass- 41 se of B. Pocahontas, pv. cap. of Randolph co- Ark. on Big Black river . Pocasset, pv. Bamslable co. Mass. 63 se B. PocoMOKE r. Md. flows Uno Pocoraoke Bay, an arm of Chesapeake Bay. PocoNo, lp. Monroe co. Pa. Pocotalico r. Va. flows into Great Kana^wha r. Pocotalico, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C- on Cnra- bahee river- [at Troy. PoEsTENKiLL r. N.Y. flo%vs iuto the Hudson PoesienkUl, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 13 e Al. Point, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. Point Bolivar, v- Galveston co. Texas, on a point of land extending tG\vard3 Galves ton T-, thus forming the straii called Galves ton Pass or Inlet. Point Coupee, pv- cap. of Point Coupee par. La. on Mississippi river. Point Isabel, Texas, (forraerly Si. Isabel.) a point of land projecting into the liaguna del Madre, opposite m an inlel called the Barra or IJrazos de S.intiago, about 110 m. s of Corpus Chrisii, and 30 e from Mata moras. On this point stands Fort Polk, an iraportant Araerican fortress. Point of Rocks, pv. Frederick co. l\Id. 92 NW of Annapolis. [Delaware. Point Plkasant, pv. Bucks co. Pa- ou the Point Pleasani, pv- cap. of Mason co. Va. on Ohio river. Point Pleasani, pv. Clerraont co. O. on Ohio r. PoKAGON, lp. Ca.<^ CO. Mich. Poland, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 50 sw of A. Poland, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 22 se of Mayville. Poland, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 90 nw of Al. Poland, pt. Trumbull cn. O. nn Mahoning r. POLLOPSVILLE, DV, JOUCS CO, N, C. Pomeroy, pv. Meigs co. O- 100 s6 of Cs. IVjmfret, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 50 s of Mlr. Pomfret, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 e of Hd. Pomfret, ip. Chaulauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. PoMMB DE Terre r. Mo. flows inlo Osage r Pompey, pi. Onondaga co. N.Y. 14 se of Sy racuse. Pompey Hill, v. Onondaga co. N.Y Pompton, pv. Morris co. N. J. 84 ne of Tn POR 619 POT Pompton, tp. Passaic co. N. J. 23 nw of Hack ensack. [G5 m.sw of San Juan. Pon'ce, a sea-port on the s coast of Portu Rico, PoNKAs- Set- Puncahs, Pon'ti-ac, pv- cap. of Oakland co. Mich, on Clinion r. 2o nw of Detroit. [of Sd. Pontiac, pv. cap. of Livingston co. 111. 110 nnk Pontotoc, pv. cap. of Pontotoc co. JMiss. 175 NNE of Jackson. Poolville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 95 w of AI. Poolsville, pv. Montgoraery co. Md. 73^vnw of Annapolis. [of Ca. Poolsvdle, pv. Spartanburg disl. S. C. 107 nw Poolsville, pv- De Kalb eo. Ga. 90 nw of M. Poolsville, pv. Warren co. Ind. 83 wnw of Is. Poplar Plains, pv- Fleming co. Ky.96Eof F- PoPUN, pt. Rockinghara co.N.H. 30 se of Cd. Poquetanock, pv- New London co. Conn. 43 SE of Hartford. PoQUONOCK, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 n Hd. Portage r. O. flows into L. Erie at Port Clinton. [Angelica. Portage, lp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 18 n of Portage, ip. Suramit co. O. Poriage, pt. SVood co. O. on Portage r. Portage, pv- St. Joseph co. Ind. on Si- Jo- Porl^e, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, [seph's r. Portage des Sioux, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mississippi river. [Genessee r. PoRTAGEViLLE, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Port Alleghany, pv. M'Kean co. Pa. on Alleghany river. - Port-au-Platte, a sea-port on the n coast of Hayti, 150 m. ne of Port-au-Prince, ll exports raahogany to the United Stales. Port Byron, pv- Cayup;a co. N.Y- 158 w Al. Port Byron, pv- Rock Island co- III. on Miss. r. Port Caddo, v. of Harrison co. Texas, on the s side of Ferry Lake. Port Carbon, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. Port Cavallo or Caballo, fsee Introduc tion XXVII. 4,) a V. of Texas, on the point of a strip of land extending for GO m. between Matagorda Bay and the sea. Port Chester, pv. Westchestcr co, N.Y. on Byram river [Schuylkill. Port Clinton, pv, Schuylkill co.Pa. on ihe Port Clinton, pv. cap. of Otlaw^a co. O. ou Poriage river. [of Tn. PoRT Golden, pv.Warren co- N- J. 50 nnw Port Conway, pv. King George's co. Va. 84 NNE of Richmond. Port Deposit, pv. Cecil cn. Md. on Susqa. r. Port Elizabeth, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 73 ssw of Trcninn. Porter, pt. Oxford co. Me. 80 sw of A. Porter, lp. Niagara co. N.Y. 16 nw Lockport. Porler, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Porler, ip. Jefferson co. Pa. Pnrler, lp. Cass co. Mich. [se of Hd. Portersville, pv. New London co. Conn. 55 Portersville, pv. Butler co. Pa. 21S wnw of H. Portersville, pv.Tipton co. Tenn. 214 wswNe. Portersville, pv. Dubois co, Ind. 124 ssw of Is, Port Gibson, pv, Ontario co. N.Y. on the Erie Canal, [45 N of Natchez. Port Gibson, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Miss. Port Henry, pv- Eiisex co, N,Y. on Lake Port Homer, pv- Jef- cn. O. [Charaplain. PnRT Hudson, pv. East Feliciana par. La. 146 nw of New Orleans. Port Huro-n, pt. St- Clair co- Mich. 60 ne D. Port Jackson, pv. Montgomery co, N.Y. on Mohawk river. Port Jefferson, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Port Jervis, pv. Orange co. N.Y. ou Del. r Port Kent, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham plain. Poet La Vacca, or I-a Baca, v. of Victoria CO. Texas, on the w side of La Vacca Bay. Portland, pt. Middlesex cn. Coun. 15 s Hd, Portland, pt. Chaulauque CO. N.Y. 7 s of May ville. Portland, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r. Portland, pv- Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohio r. Portland, tp. Erie co. O. Portland, pl. Ionia co. Mich. 123 wnw of D. Portland, pv- Fountain co.Ind- on Wabash r- Portland, pv. Whitesides co- 111. 177 n of Sd. Portland, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 31 ene pf Jef ferson City. Portland, pv. Van Buren co, Iowa. Port Leon, Flor. See Gazetteer. Port Mahon, pv. Humington co. Ind. Port Morant, a sea-port on the s coast of Jamaica, 30 ra. e frora Kingston. Por'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp.Puerlo Cabello,pweR'- to kah-vel'yo,) an imporiant sea-port of Ve nezuela, 80 ra. w of Caraccas. Lat. 10^ 28' N, Lon. 63° 17' w. Pop. staled at 7,000, Port Ontario, pv, Oswego co. N.Y- on Sal mon river. [ware r. Port Penn, pv. New Castle co.Del. ou Dela- PoRT Republic, pv. Atlantic co.N.J. SO s of Trenton. Port Republic, pv, Calvert co. Md. 50 s of An. Port Republic, pv. Rockinghara co. Va. 120 NW nf Richmond. Port Royal, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 46 w of H, Port Royal, pv- Caroline co. Va. 84 n R. Port Royal, pv. Montgoraery co, Tenn. 43 nw of Nashville. Port Royal, pv, Henry co. Ky, [Michigan. Port Sheldon, pv. Ottawa co. Mich. on-L. Portsmouth, pt. Newport co. R.I. 7 nw of New^porl. [beth r. Porlsmoulh, pv. Norfolk co. Va. on Eliza- Porismoulh, pv. Carteret co. N- C. Portsmouth, pv- cap. of Scioto co. O. on Sci oio river, at its entrance inlo Ohio r. 90 s Cs, Port Tobacco, pv. cap. of Charles co, Md, Portville, pl. Cattaraugus co. N.Y- on Al leghany river. [on Tuscarawas r. Port Washington, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. Posey, lp. Harrison co. Ind. Posey, lp. Switzerland co. Ind. Posey, lp. Washington co. Ind, [s of Mlr. Post Mills Village, pv. Orange co. Vt. 38 Postville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 98 nwAI. Postville, pv, cap, of Logan co. 111. 40 ne Sd, PoTEAU r. Ark. flowg into the Arkansas r. at Fort Sraith. [ese of Jef. City. Potosi, pv. cap. of Washington co. Mo. 110 Potosi, pv. Grant co. Wis. [ket r, Potsdam, pl, St. Lawrence co, N,Y. on Rac- Pottaw atomies, a tribe of Indians formerly dwelling about L. Huron, and in Indiana. Many of them have been removed lo the west of the Mi '.sissippi. Potter, pt, Yates co. N,Y. 200 w of Al. Poller, tp. Centre co. Pa. 70 nw of H. Potter's Hollow, v. Albany co. N.Y. Potter's Mills, pv. Centre co,Pa. 73 nwH. PoTTERSViLLE, pv. Huntcrdon eo. N.J. 43 NNW of Trenlon. PoTTiEsviLLE, pv. Louisa CO, Va. 47 nnw R, Potts Grove, tp. Montgoraery co. Pa. on the SchuvlkiU. PRI 620 PYR PoTTSTOWN, borough, Montgomery co. Pa. 37 N of Philadelphia. [nw of Phila. Pottsville, borough, SchuylkiU co. Pa. 99 Poughkeepsie, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Poughkeepsie, pv. AUen co. Ind. 126 nne Is. Poultney r. Vt. flows into L. Charaplain. Poultney, lp. Rutland co.Vt. 60 sw of Mlr. PouUney, tp Steuben co. N.Y. Poundridge, pl. Wcslchester co. N.Y.15 ne of White Plains. Powell's r, Va. passing into Tenn. unites wilh Clinch r, 38 ne of Knoxville. PowELLTON, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 118 sw PoweUton, pv. Hancock co. Ga. [of Rh. Powerville, pv. Morris co. N. J. 64 n of Tn. Powerville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 60 ne F. Pownal, pt, Curaberland co. Me. 18 ne of Portland. Pow^nal, pl. Bennington co.Vl, Powow r. N- H, fiows inlo the Merrimack, Prairie, tp, Washington co- Ark. Prairie, lp. Holmes co. O, Prairie, tp. Henry co. Ind. Prairie, tp. Howard co. Mo, Prairie du Chien, pv. cap. of Crawford co Wis, 125 w of Madison, on the Miss. r. Prairie du Rocher, pv. Randolph co. Ill, on Mississippi river. [Wisconsin r. pRAtEtiE DU Sac, pv. cap. of Sauk co. Wis. on Prairie la Porte, pv. cap. of Clayton co. Iowa, on Mississippi river. Prairie Ronde, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich, Prairieton, pv. Vigo co. Ind. 80 wsw of Is. Prairieton, pv. Lawrence co. III. 147 se of Sd. Prairie Village, pv, MUwaukie co.Wis. Prairieville, pv. Clinion co. Ind. 52 nnw of Indianapolis. Prairieville, pv. Randolph co. 111. 126 s of Sd. Prairieville, lp. Milwaukie co.Wis. Prallsville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 NNW of Trenlon. [ton r. Prattsburg, pl. Steuben co. N.Y. on Conhoc- Praltsburg, pv. Orange co. N- C- 34 nw Rh. Prattsburg, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 80 wsw^ of M. Prattsville, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 36 w of Catskill. IS^i"- Preble, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnio- Prescott, lp. Washington co. Me. Prescott, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 77 w of B. Preston, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 se Hd. Preston, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 118 w ofAl. Preston, pl- Wayne cO- Pa. lS4 ne ofH. Preston, v. of Matagorda co, Texas, near the left bank of the Colorado. [ese of F. Prestonburg, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ky. 120 Preston Hollow, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 38 w of Albany. [nessee r. Prestonville, pv. Rhea co. Tenn, on Ten- Peice, lp. Monroe eo. Pa. Pricetown, pv, Berks co. Pa. 62 e of H. Pricepille, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 200 ne of H. Prince Edward C. H. pv. cap. of Prince Ed- w^ard CO. Va. 77 wsw of Richmond. Prince Fredericktown, pv. cap.of Calvert CO. Md. 46 s of Annapolis. PniNcii: George C. H. pv. cap, of Prince George co. Va, 28 sse of Richmond Princess Anne, pv. cap. of Somerset co.Md. on Monokm river. [co.Va. 132 se of R. Princess Anne C. H. pv- cap. of Princess Anne Princicton, pv.Washington CO. Me. 220 ne A, Princeton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 16 N of Wtnccstcr. [Schenectady. Princeton, pl. Schenecthdy co. N. Y. 8 w of Princeton, borough, N, J. See Gazetteer. Princeton, pv. Mercer co, Va, Princeton, py. cap, of Washinglon co. Miss, on Mississippi river. [wsw of F. Princeton, pv. cap. of Caldwell co. Ky. 225 Princeton, pv. Butler co. O. 100 wsw of Cs. Princeton, pv. cap. of Gibson co, Ind. 142 sw of Indianapolis. [of Sd. Princeton, pv- cap. of Bureau co. III. 135 n Princeton, pv- Scott co. Iowa, on Mississippi r, Princetown, pv, Berks co. Pa, Princeville, pv, Peoria co. 111. 93 k of Sd, Proctorsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 73 e Mtr. ProctorsvUle, pv, Crawford co. Ind. on Great Blue river. Prospect, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot r. Prospect, pt. N. Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd. Prospect, pv. Butler co. Pa. Providence, pl. Saratoga co. N.Y. 40 nnw AI. Providence, pl, Euzeme co. Pa. 146 ne ofH. Providence, pv. Fairfax co.Va. 120 h of R. Providence, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C- 173 wsw of Ralei^. Providence, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 70 w^ of T- Providence, pv- Hopkins co. Ky. 214 wsw F. Providence, pv- Wood co. 0. 140 nnw of Cs. Providence, pv. Bureau co, IU. 114 N of Sd. Provincetown, pt. Barnstable eo. Mass. Pruntytown, pv. Harrison co.Va. Puebla. See La Puebla, Gazetteer. Pueblo de los Angeles, pweb'lo del loce ang'nel-es, i.e. the "city or habitation of the angels," a t. on the sw coast of CaU fornia, noted for the vineyards in its vi cinity. Thegrapes are of the finest quality, and the chief part of the "wine manufac tured in CaUfornia is raade here. Lat. about 34° K, Lon. 118° w. PuERco, pwcR'ko, r. Texas, the largest af fluent of the Rio del Norle, rises near San ta Fe, and flowing southerly falls into the Rio del Norte, near 29» 10* n Lat. aud 103° w Lon. Length above 500 ra. Pughtown, pv. Chester co. Pa. on French cr. Pulaski, v. Oswego co- N.Y. on Salmon r. Pulaski, pv- Mercer co. Pa. 248 w^w of H. Pulaski, pv. cap. of Giles co, Tenn. 74 s Ne. Pulaski, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D. Pulaski, pv. Hancock co. 111. 85 wnw of Sd. PULASKIVILLE, pv. Knox CO. O. 52 NE of Cs. Pultney, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 15 ne of Bath. Pultney, tp. Belraont co. O. [Onlario. PuLTNEYViLLE, pv.Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake PuMPKiNTowN, pv. Pickcus dlsi. S. C. PuNASHLi Indians. See Bannacks. Pun'cahs or Pok'kas, a tribe of Indians in the SE pari of Missouri Territory. PuNGOTEAGUE, puug-go-teeg', pv. Accomac CO. Va. 180 E of Richraond. [of H PuNXATAWNEY, pv. Jeffersou CO. Pa. 183 nw Purdy, pv. cap. of M'Nairy co. Tenn. 14f sw of NashviUe. PuRD Y VILLE, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160 kk ofH Putnam, pl. Washinglon co. N.Y. 90 n of Al Pulnam, pt. Muskingum co. O. 55 e of Cs. Putnam, lp. Livingston co, Mich. [Carmel Putnam Valley, pt. Putnam co.N.Y. 9 wof Putnamville, pv. Putnara co. Ind. 42 w of Is. Putney, pt. Windham co, Vl. on Conn. r. Pvmatuning, Ip. Mercer co. Pa. Pyramid Lake, a lake of California, situated iraraediately s of the Sierra Nevada, and intersected by the 40th parallel of n Lai. ll derives its name from an insular pyramid RAM 621 RED of rock of remarkable regularity, which rises from its surface, to the height of about 600 ft. Length 40 m. ; breadih 10 or 15 ra. Pyramus, pv. Bergen co, N. J. S3 ne of Tn. Quadra. See Vancouver's Island. Quaker Springs, pv. Columbia co. Ga. 103 ENE of Milledgeville. [of Tn. Quakertown, pv. Hunterdon co.N. J. 31 nw Quakertown, pv, Bucks co. Pa. 37 nnw PhUa. Quallatown, pv. Haywood co. N. C. Quantico, pv. Somerset co. Md. 93 se of An, QuEECHEE r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. QuEECHEE Village, pv, Windsor co.Vt. 57 s of Montpelier. [Soraerset. Quemahoning, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 11 nb of Queen Anne, pv. Prince George's co. Md, on patuxent river. Queen Charlotte's I. on the w coast of N. Araerica, is inlersected by the 53d parallel of N Lat. and the 132d meridian of w Lon- Lenglh ISO m. ; average breadih 30 m. See Vancouver's Island, [^vnw of Ca. Queexsborough, pv. Anderson dist. S.C. 113 QuEENSBURG, pt. Warren co. N.Y, 57 N of Al. QuEENSDALE, pv- Robcsou CO. N. C. 110 SSW of Raleigh. [Chester Bay. Queenstown, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. on Queenstown, a t. of Canada West, on the Niagara river, 7m. frora its mouth. Queretaro, ker-ra'ta-ro. a Mexican stale, w of the river Panuco, aud N of the city of Mexico, Area 15,500 sq.m. Pop. 230,000. Queretaro, the cap. of the above, is a hand some city, with a pop. of above 30,000, QuiLLiNs ville, pv. Scott CO- Va. Quincy, pl. Norfolk co. Mass. 9 s of B. Quincy, pt. Franklin co. Pa. 57 sw of H. Quincy, pv. cap. of Gadsden co. Flor. 23 kw Quincy, pv. Monroe co. Miss, [of Tallahassee, Quincy, pv- Gibson co. Tenn. 144 w of Ne. Quincy, pv- Logan co. O. 63 nw of Cs. Quincy, pl. Branch co. Mich. 104 wsw of D- Quincy, pv. cap. of Adams co. III. on Miss. r. Quinnebaug r. Coun. unites with the She tucket, 3 m. above Norwich cily- QuiNNiPiAc r. Conn- flows into NewHaven harbour. [mouth of Ihe Brazos- Quintana, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, at the Quitman, pv.cap. of Clarke CO. Miss. 140 e J. QuoGUE, pv. Suffolk CO, N.Y. on s side of Long Island. Racine, pv. cap. of Racine co.AVis. on Lake Michigan. Racket r. N.Y- fiow^s into the St. Lawrence, Racoon, lp, Beaver co. Pa, Racoon, lp. Gallia co. O. 94 sE of Cs. Radnor, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13 nw Phila. Radnor, pt. Delaware co. O- 32 N of Cs. Ragged Island, tp. Lincoln co. Me. Rahwat, pv. Essex co. N. J. 9 sw of Newark. RAiNSBUr.G, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 113 w ofH. Rainsboro', pv. Highland co. O, 77 sw^ Cs, Rainsville, pv. Warren co. Ind. 90 nw of Is. Raisin r. Mich, flows into Lake Erie. Raisin, pt. Lenavi'ee co, Mich, on Raisin r. Raisinville, tp. Monroe co, Mich, on Raisin river. [wsw of Ne, Raleigh, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Tenn, 220 Raleigh, pv, cap.of Smith co. Miss. 87eseJ. Ramapo r. rises in N.Y. and flows into Pa.s- saic r. in N.J, Ramapo, tp. Rockland co. N,Y. Ramapo Works, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. on Ramapo river. [aware r. Ramsaysburg, pv, AVarren co. N. J. on Del- Ramsborough, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 95 wnw of Raleigh. [wsw of Rh- Ranaleburg, pv, Mecklenburg CO. N. C. 174 Ranj*icus cr, N, J, flows inlo Delaware r. Randallstown, pv, Baltimore co. Md. Randallsville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 85 ssw of Raleigh. Randolph, pt. Coos co. N, H. 100 n of Cd, Randolph, pt. Orange co. Vi. 23 s of Mlr. Randolph, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 s of B, Randolph, pt, Cattaraugus co. N.Y. nn ihe Alleghany. Randolph, tp, Morris co, N. J, 7 nw of Mor ristown. [ville. Randolph, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 e of Mead- Randolph, pv, Madison co. Tenn. 200 wsw Ne. Randolph, lp. Montgoraery co. O. Randolph, pt. Portage co. O, 140 ne of Cs, Randolph, pv, Randolph co. Ind, 88 ene of Is. Raphoe, tp, Lancaster co. Pa. 12 nw of Lan casler. [10 above Fredericksburg. Rapid Ann r. Va. enlers the Rappahannock r. Raritan, lp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 n of Tn. Ravenna^ pv. cap. of Poriage co. O. on Pa. and Ohio canal, 140 ne of Colurabus- Ravenswood, v. Queen's co. N.Y. on the Easl river. [103 nw of Rh. Rawlingsburg, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. Rawlingsville, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 153 ne of Tuscaloosa. Rawsonville, v. Fulton co. N.Y. [of D. Rawsonville, pv. Washtenaw co. Mich. 36 w Rawley's Springs, Rockingham co. Va. Ray, pt. Macomb co, Mich. 37 ne of D. Raymond, pt. Cumberland co. Me, 58 sw of A. Raymond^ pt, Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ese of Concord. [of J. Raymond, pv, cap. of Hinds co. Miss. 18 w Raymond, pv. Clarke co. Ark. 66 sw of Little Rock. [river. Raynham, tp. Bristol co. Mass. on. Taunton Raynortown, v. Queen's co. N. Y. near Hempstead Bay, Raytown. pv. Taliaferro co. Ga.60 ne of M. Readfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 12 w of A. Readfield, lp, Oswego co. N.Y. 15 e Pulaski. Reading, pt. Windsor co. Vt. GO s of Mtr. Reading, pl. Middlesex co, Mass. 12 n of B. Reading, pl. Fairfield co. Conn. 15 nw of Bridgeport, Reading, pt. Sleuben co, N.Y. 21 E of Bath. Reading, borough. Pa. See Gazetteer. Reading, Ip. Adam4,co. Pa. Reading, pv. HamUton co. O, 9 n Cincinnati, Reading, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 108 wsw D. Reading Ridge, pv- Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw of Harlford. [Conn. 68 sw of Hd. Reading Town House, pv. Fairfield co, Readington, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 8 ne of Flemington, [of Ne. Readyville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 47 se Reamsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa, 42 ese IL Rebersburg, pv. Cenlre co. Pa. 93 Nwof H, Recklesstown, pv- Burlington co. N.J, 10 s Recovery, tp, Mercer co. Pa, [of Tn, Rectortown, pv- Fauquier co- Va. 122 n R. Red Bank, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 46 e Tn, Re^i Bank, pt. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wnw of H. Red Cedar r. Iowa, flows into the Iowa r. in Louisa CO. RIC 622 RID Redmngton, pv, Jackson co. Ind. 55 s of Is. Redfield, pt. Oswego co.N.Y. 140 wnw AI. Redford, pv. Clinton co. N.Y, on Saranac r. Redfnrd, pl. Wayne co. Mich. 13 nw of D. RtD Hook, pt. Dutchess co. N, Y. 22 n of Poughkeepsie. [Dover. Red Lion, pv. New Caslle co. Del. 35 n of Red River, Ark. and La. See Gazetteer. Red River, a cn, in the ne part of Texas, bordering on Red river. Soil^ especially in the norlUern and middle portions, exceed ingly ferlile. Capital, ClarksviUe. Red River, a r. rising iu Iowa Territory^, and flowing' northerly, falls into L. Winnipeg, in British America, About 50 m. frora its mouth, it receives the Assiniboin. Red River Iron Works, pv. Estill co. Ky. 74 SE of Frankfort. Redstone, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. [2-30 w of R. Red Sulphur Springs, pv- Monroe co. Va. Redwood, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. ISS nw Al. Reedsborough, tp. Bennington co. Vt, 12 se of Bennington, [147 sw of Mtr, Reedsborough City, pv. Bennington co, Vl. Refugio, a co. in the s part of Texas, n of, and bordering on, the r, Nueces ; soil gene rally rich, and well adapted to the growth of cotton and sugar. Refugio, a v. of Texas, cap. nf the above co.; now mostly in ruins, though il was formerly a place of considerable commercial im portance. Present pop, about 100, Reho'both, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 40 s of B. Reliobnth, pv. Soraerset co. Md. Rehoboth, pv. Lunenburg co.Va, 85 sw of R- Rehoboih, pv- Edgefield dist, S. C. SO w of Ca. Rehoboth, pv- Wilkes co- Ga. 88 ne of M. Rehoboth, pv. Perry co. O. 50 e of Cs. Rehoboth Village, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 44 ssw of Boston. [of M. Rehobothville, pv. Morgan co. Ga.65NNW REHRgRSBUBG, pv. Berks co. Pa. 55 e of H. Reidsburg, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 187 wnw^ of Harrisburg. [nw of Rh. Reidsville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 103 Reidsville, pv. cap. of Tatnall co. Ga. 162 se of MUledgeviUe. [ese ofH. Reinuoldsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 Reinosa, ray-no'sj., a small l. of Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del Norle, about 60 ra. in a straight line wnw of Mataraoros. Reisteutown, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 17 nw of Balumore. Remsen, pt. Oneida co. N.Y, IS n of Utica. Rensselaer, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 17 se of Troy. Rensselaer, pv. cap, of Jasper co, Ind, [ofAl, Rensselaerville, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 26 w Reserve, lp. Alleghany co. Pa, Revilla, niy-veel'y a., asraall t. of Mexico, on the right bank of Ihe Rio del Norte, about 80 m. NE of Monterey. Reynoldsburg, pv. Franklin co. 0. 11 e of Cs. Reynoldsburg, pv. cap. of Huraphreys co. Tenn. on Tennessee river, [w nf Al, Reynoldsville, pv. Torapkins co.N.Y. 178 Rheatown, ray'town, pv. Greene co, Tenn, 268 E of NashviUe. RiTiNEBUcK, pt. Dutchess CO. N.Y. on the Hudson. [on Ihe Hudson. RiiiNEBECK Landing, v, Dutchess co. N.Y. Ric'cAREES (called also the Arrickarees, nnd farailiart)^ tho Reks), n tribe mervil!e, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 83 n of R. Somerville. pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ala. 133 NNE of 'Puscatoosa. [wsw of Ne. SomerviUe, pv. cap. of Fayelte co. Tenn. 185 SomerviUe, pv. Butler co. O. 100 wswof Cs. So-NO'RA, a province in ihe nw part of Mex ico, w of Chihuahua. It forms with Cina loa the state of Occidente. [Merrimack r. SoUHEGAN r. Hillsborongh co. N. H. flows imo South Albion, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 25 ne A. sou 631 SPA SoiTTH Alton, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 28 ne of Concord . South Amboy, lp. Middlesex co. N. J, on the Rarilan river. [Powow r. Southampton, pt, Rockingham co. N. H, on Southampton, pi. Hampshire co. Mass. 102 w of Boston. . [part of Long I. Southampton, pt. Snffolk co. N.Y. on the e Southampton, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [town. Southampton, lp. Bucks co. Pa. 12 se Doyle.s- Southamplnn, lp. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 sw of Carlisle. [Charabersburg. Southampton, lp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 ne of SiHilhampton, tp. Soraerset co. Pa. South Anna r. Va. unites with North Anna r, lo form the Paraunky. South Anna, pv. Louisa co. Va. 67 NW of R. South Anson, pv. Soraerset co. Me. 44 ne A, South Attleborough, pv. Bristol co. Mass, 43 ssw of Boslon. [on Susquchanna r. South Bainbridge, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. South Barre, pv. Washinglon cn. Vt. 8 bse of MontpeUer. [on St. Joseph's r. South Bend, pv. cap. of St, Joseph co. Ind. South Berwick, pl. York co. Me. on Salmon FaUs river. [of Cs. South Bloomfield, pv. Pickaway co, O. 17 s Southborough, pl.Wo'ster co. Mass. 26 wB. Southbridge, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 60 sw B. South Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 s of Canandaigua- [s of Hd. South Britain, pv. New Haven co. Conn, 57 South Brunswick, ip- Middlesex co- N.J. 12 s%v of New Brunswick, SouTHBURY. pl. New Haven co. Conn. 20 nw * of New Haven. [nw of Hd. South Canaan, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 South Charles ton, pv. Clarke co. 0. 55 wsw of Columbus, South Creek, pt. Bradford co.Pa, lOONof H. South Deerfield, pv. Rockingham co, N,H. 18 ESE of Concord. [of B. Soulh Deerfield, pv. Franklin co, Mass. 90 w Southeast, pt. Pulnam co, N.Y, 107 s of Al, South Easton, borough, Northampton co. Pa. on Lehigh river. SouTH Egremont, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. South Farms, pv. Lilchfield co. Conn. 40 w of Hartford. [Island. SouTpFiELD, tp. Richmond co, N.Y. on Slaten Southfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 17 n of D. Southford, pv. New Haven co. Conn. South Florence, v. Franklin co. Ala. on Tennessee river. [9 s of Hd. South Glastonbury, pv. Hartford co. Conn. South Hadley, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 88 w of Boston. [Mass. on Connecticut r. South Hadley Canal, pv. Hampshire co. Si)Uth Hanover, pv. Jef. co. Ind. 93 se of Is. South Hartford, pv.Washington co.N.Y. 5.) NNE of Albany. [sw of Boston. South Harwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 90 South Haven, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. South Hawley, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 114 w of Boston. [Montpelier, South Hero, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 58 nw of South Hill, pv- Bradford co. Pa. 150 n ofH. South Hingham, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 18 SE of Boslon. [Pa, SouiH Huntingdon, tp. Westmoreland co. Southington, pt, Hartford co. Conn. 18 sw of Harlford, Southington, pt. Trurabull co. 0. 170 ne of Cs. ^UTH Jackson, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 76 wD. South Jefferson, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 22 esb of Augusia. [of Hd. South Kent, pv. Lilchfield co. Conn. 55 w South Kilunglv, pv. Windhara co. Conn. 51 E of Hartford. [R. I, 30 s Providence. South Kingston, pv. cap, of Washinglon co. South Lee, pv. Berkshire co. Mass, 130 w B, South Lincoln, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 110 NE of Augusta. [s of Harlford, South I..yme, pv. New London co. Conn. 50 South Middletown, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 112 ssw of Albany, Soulh Middleiown, lp. Curaberland co. Pa. South Natick, pv. Middlesex co, Mass. 15 wsw of Boslon. [106 wsw ofAl. South New Berlin, pv, Chenango co. N.Y. South Newport, pv- M'Intosh co. Ga. 108 SE of MilledgevUle, South Norwalk, pv, Fairfield co. Conn. Southold, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I, Sound. [of Hartford, South Port, pv, Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw Soulh Port, pt. Cheraung co. N.Y. on Che- muu"^ river. [Michigan. Soulh Port, pv. Racine co. Wisconsin, on L, South Reading, pt. Middlesex co. Mass.ll n B South Salem, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 118 s of Albany, [64 s of B. South Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. South Scituate, pv. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 24 SE of Boslon. South Seekonk, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 48 s B. South Shenango, pt. Crawford co. Pa. South Shrewsbury, pv.Worcester co. Mass, 37 w of Boston, South Sodus, pv. Wayne co, N.Y. 188 w Al. South Strabane, tp. Washington co. Pa, South Tyringham, pv, Berkshire co. Mass, South Union, pv. Logan co. Ky. 158 sw F. SouTHViLLE, pv. Shelby co, Ky. 31 whw F. South Warren, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 66 w of Boston. Southwest, tp. Warren co. Pa. [w of AI. South Westerloo, pv. Albany co- N.Y. 27 Southwest Harbour, pv- Hancock co.Me. 114 sE of Augusta. [of Boston. South Westport, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 72 s South Whitehall, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 ene of Harrisburg. [of Springfield. SouTHwicK, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 10 wsw South Williamstown, pv. Berkshire cn. Mass. 135 w of Boston. [37 ne of Cd. South Wolfborough, pv. Carroll co. N. H. South Woodstock, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 55 s of Montpelier. South Woodbury, tp. Bedford co. Pa. South Worcester, pv- Otsego co. N.Y. 62 w nf Albany. ^ [82 se of B. South Yarmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. South Zanesville, v. Muskingum co. O. SowARDTowN, pv. Kcut CO. Del. 27 s Dover. SoxviLLE, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 130 ne of H. Spafford, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y, 18 wof Syracuse. [seraga cr. Sparta, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. on Cana- Sparla, pv. Sussex co. N. J, 78 n of Tn. Sparta, lp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Sparta, pv. Edgecombe eo. N, C. 84 e of Rh. Sparta, pv. cap. of Hancock co, Ga, 23 ne M. Sparta, pv. cap. of Conecuh co, Ala, on Mur der creek. [Nashville. Sparta, pv, cap, of While eo. Tenn, 83 E of Sparta, pv. Knox co. O. 46 ne of Cs. Sparta, pv- cap, of Buchanan co. Mo. SPR 632 STA Spartanburg C.H. pv, cap. of Spartanburg dist. S.C. 98Nwof Ca. Spartanburg, pv. Randolph co, Ind, Spartapolis, pv. Rockingham co, Va, 142 NW of Richmond. [Owego er, Speedsville, pv, Tompkins co. N.Y. on W. Speedwell, pv. BarnweU dist. S- C. on Sa vannah river. Speedwell, pv, Claiborne co. Tenn. 212 e Ne, Speight's Bridge, pv. Greene co, N.C. SO ESE of Raleigh. Spencer, pt. Worce-ster co. Mass. 53 w of B. Spencer, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 15 w of Owe^o. Spencer, pv, Davidson co, N. C, 190 w of Rh. Spencer, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Tenn. 90 Spencer, tp. Guernsey co. O. [se of Ne. Spencer, pl. Medina co, O. 110 ne of Cs. Spencer, pv. cap. of Owen co- Ind, 58 sw Is. Spencerport, pv- Monroe co. N.Y. 231 w AI, Spencersburg, pv. Pike co- Mo. 88 ne of Jefferson City. [of Al. Spencertown, pv. Colurabia co. N.Y. 30 sse Spencerville, pv. De Kalb co, Ind. 150 nne of Indianapolis. [nnw of R. Sperryville, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 123 Spinneestown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 90 e ofH. Spoon r. III. flows inlo IlUnois r. Spottedville, pv. Stafford co. Va. 76 n of R. Spottswood, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 36 ne of Trenton- [co- Va- 70 n of R. Spottsylvania C. H. cap, of Spottsylvania Speaker's Basin, pv. Montgomery co, N,Y, 47 WNW of Albany. ^Spread Eagle, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 63 ese Sprigg, lp, Adams co. O. [of H. Spring, lp. Centre co. Pa. Spring, pt. Crawford CO. Pa, 257 nwH, [of D. Spring Arbour, pt. Jacksnn co. Mich, SO w Springborough, pv. Warren co. O. 74 sw Cs. Spring Creek, pt. Warren co. Pa. Springersville, pv, Fayelte co. Ind. 64 e Is. Springfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 ne of Bangor, Springfield, pt. SuUivan co. N. H, 35 nw Cd, Springfield, pl- Windsor co- Vt. on Conn, r- Springfield, pv. cap, of Hampden co. Mass- on Connecticut river, [perslown. Springfield, pt. Otse*o co. N.Y. 8 n of Coo- Springfield, lp. Burlington co. N. J. 5 ne of Mount Holly. Springfield, pt. Essex co. N. J- 52 ke of Tn. Springfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Springfield, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 40 n of Phila. Springfield, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 12 wsw Phila. Springfield, tp, Erie co. Pa, [Huntingdon. Springfield, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa, 21 s of Springfield, lp. Mercer co. Pa. Springfield, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 10 n of Phila. Springfield, tp. York co. Pa, [of Richmond. Springfield, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 197 nnw Springfield, pv. cap. of Effingham co. Ga. 28 NW of Savannah. Springfield, pv. Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw of T. Springfield, pv. Madison co. Mis.s. 41 nne of Jackson. [nw of New Orleans- Springfield, pv. cap, of Livingston par. La, 65 Springfield, pv. cap. of Robertson co. Tenn. 26 N of NashviUe. [68 ssw of F, Springfield, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ky. Springfield, pv. cap. of Clarke co. O. 43 w Cs. Springfield, tp. Hamillon co. O. Springfield, lp. Richland co. O Springfield, tp. Summit co. O. Springfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 37 nw D. Springfield, pv, Franklin co, Ind, 70 ese of Is. Springfield, pv, cap. of Greene co. Mo, 158 sw Springfield, pv. Jackson co, Iowa, [Jef- City. Spring Garden, tp. York co. Pa, Spring Garden, a suburb of Phila. n of thecity. Spring Grarden, pv- Pittsylvania co.Va, 154 Spring Hill, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. [wsw R. Spring Hill, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 70 s of T. Spring Place, pv. cap. of Murray co. Ga. 184 NW of Milledgeville. [Nashville, Spring Place, pv- Marshall co. Tenn. 66 s of Springport, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y- 9 sw of Auburn, Springport, pt, Jackson co, Mich. 100 w^ of D. Spring Prairie, tp.Walworth co. Wisconsin. Springtown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 e of H. Springvale, pv, York co. Me. 86 sw of A. Springville, pv. Erie co- N.Y. on Spring cr. Springville, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Springville, pv. St. Clair co. Ala. 83 ene of T, Springville, pv, Greenup co. Ky. on Ohio r. Springville, pv- Seneca co. O. 90 n of Cs, Springville, pv. Lenavpee co. Mich. 68 sw D, Springville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 80 ssw^Is. Springwater, pt. Livingston co, N.Y. 226 w of Albany, Spring Wells, lp. Washtenaw^ co. Mich. Spruce Head, tp. Hancock co. Me. Squam, lake, N.H. 6 ra. long, 3 broad ; the out let, called Squam r- enters the Merrimack- Squam, v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ami. Squankum, pv. Monraouth co. N.J. 43 se Tn. St. Alban's. See Alban's, St. St. Augustine. See Augustine, St., and so for all other names with the prefix of St. Stafford, tp. Tolland co. Conn.24 NEof Hd. ' Stafford, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 243 w Al. [hold. Stafford, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. 38 s of Free- Stafford C. H. pv. cap. of Stafford co. Va. on Rappahannock river. [ne of Hd. Stafford Springs, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 23 Staggville, pv. Orange co. N. C. 31 nw Rh. Stamford, pt, Bennington co, Vt, 9 se of Bennington, Stamford, pt, Fairfield co. Conn. 77 sw of Hd. Staraford, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 60 ^vsw Al. Stan ards VILLE, pv. cap. of Greene co. Va. 95 NW of Richraond. Standish, pi- Cumberland co. Me. 62 ssiv A. Stanford, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. 16 ne of Poughkeepsie. [of F. Stanford, pv- cap. of Lincoln co. Ky. 52 bse Stanford, pv- Monroe co. Ind- 60 ssw of Is. Stanfordville, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 67 s of Albany. SlanfordvUle, pv. Pulnam co. Ga. 21 nw M. Stanhope, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 60 n of Tn. Stanhope, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 128 ne of H. Stanhope, pv. Nash co. N. C. 32 e of Rh. Stantonsburg, pv, Edgecombe co, N. C. 70 E of Raleigh. St ANTON VILLE*, pv. Audcrson dist. S. C. [I. Stapleton, v, Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten Stark, pt. Coos co. N. H. 10 ne of Lancasler. Starkey, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 10 ne of Penn Yan, St ARKS, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kenuebec r Starks, lp. Jlerkimer co. N .Y. 12 se Herkiraer St ARKSB OROUGH, pl. Addisou CO. Vt. 42 w of Montpelier. [Albany. Starksville, pv. Herkimer co, N,Y, 62 Nwof StarksviUe, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y. Starkville, pv. cap. of Lee co. Ga. 130 sw M. StarkviUe, pv. Oktibbeha co. Miss. 140 ne J. STO 633 SUF Starr, pt. Hocking co. O. 60 se of Cs. Starrsville, pv. Newlon CO. Ga.55 NNW M. Starucca, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 190 ne of H. States Island, N.Y. between New York Bay and Raritan Bay, 14 m. long, 4 lo 8 wide. Statesborough, pv. cap. of Bullock co. Ga. 133 SE of Milledgeville. Statesburg, pv. Surater dist. S. C. 53 e of Ca. Statesville, pv. cap. of IredeU co. N. C. 145 w of Raleigh. Statesville, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 40 e of Ne. Staunton, pv. New Castle co. Del. 50 n nf Dover. [Lewis cr. Staunton, pv. cap. of Augusta co. Va. on Staunton, pv. Gninville co. N, C, Slaunlon, tp, Miarai co. O. Staunton, pv. Macoupin co. IU. 70 ssw of Sd. Stearnsville, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 134 Steelsville, pv. Chester co. Pa. [w of B. Steeleville, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Mo. on Maramec r. 75 sse of Jefferson City. Stephensport, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. Stephens, St., pv,Wn, co. Ala. on the Tom bigbee, 150 w^ of Tuscaloosa. Stephentown, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 28 ESE of Albany. [Bridgeport. Stepney, pv. Fairfield co. Cnnn. 11 n of Sterling, lp. Laraoille co.Vt, 24 Nwof Mtr. Slerling, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of B. Sterling, pt.Windham co. Conn. 50 e of Hd. Sterling, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. on L. Onlario. SterUng, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on Lehigh r, - Sterling, lp. Macorab co. Mich. Sterlingsville. pv. Jefferson co, N.Y. Stetson, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 ne nf A. Steuben, pt. Washington co. Me. on Narra guagus Bay. Sieuben, pt. Oneida co. N-Y, 100 wnw of Al, Steuben, pv. Huron co. O. S7 n of Cs. Steubenville, O. See Gazetteer. SieuheiivilUe, pv, Steuben co. Ind. 170 nnw nf Indianapolis. [of R, Stevensburg, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 90 nnw Stevensburg, pv, Hardin cn. Ky. 90 sw of F. Stevensville, pv. Bradt'nrdco. Pa. 160 n H. Slevensville, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 48 NE of Richmond. [20 se of Ne. Stewartsborough, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. Stewartstown, pl. Coos co, N.H. on Con necticut river- [ofRh. Stewartsiown, pv. Richmond co. N. 0.137 sw Stewartsville, pv. Warren co. N.J. 56 nnw of Trcmnn. [swofRh. Slewartsvilie, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 107 Stilesville, pv. Hendricks co- Ind. 23 w Is. Still Valley, pv- Warren co- N- J. 48 nnw of Trenton, Stillwater, pt. Saratoga co. N-Y. 20 n nf AL Stiilwaler, pt- Sussex cn. N. J. 77 n of Tn, Stockbridge. pl. Windsor co. Vi. 42 s of Mlr. Slockbridgc, pt. Berkshire co. Mass, [cr, Stockbridge, pl. Madison co, N.Y. on Oneida Stockbridge, pt. Ingham co. Mich, Stockbridge, pv, Calumet co. Wis. on Win nebago l^ke. [St. Regis r. Stockih)lm, pl. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Stockholra, pv. Passaic co.N. J- 95 nne of Tn. Stockport, pl. Columbia co. N.Y. 24 s of Al. Slockpori, pv. Wayne co. Pa. on Delaware r. Stockto.v, pt, Chautauque co, N.Y. 7 k of Mayville Stock Township, pt. Harrison co. O. Stockville, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. Stoddard, pl. Cheshire CO. N.H. 44 swofCd. Stoddartsville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 138 ns of Harrisburg. Stone Arabia, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 57 Stoneham, tp. Oxford co. Me. [wnw ofAl. Stoneham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass, 10 n B, Stonelick, tp. Clermont co. O. Stone Ridge, pv- Ulster co, N.Y. 97sswAl. StoneRstown, pv. Bedford co. Pa, 100 w H. Stonesville, pv. GreenviUe disl, S. C, 97 NW of Columbia. Stonington, Conn. See Gazetteer. Stony Brook, pv. Suffolk eo. N.Y. on the n side of Long Island. [Somerset, Stony Cr. pt, Somerset co. Pa. 12 ne of Stony Point, Orange co.N-Y, on the Hudson Storeville, pv. Anderson dist, S. C, StoughtstowNj pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 30 wsw of Harrisburg. Stoughton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 s of B. Stow, pt. Oxford co. Me. 74 w of Augusta. Slow, pl. Ijaraoille co.Vl. 22 nnw of Mtr, Stow. pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 w of B. Slow, pt, Surarait co. Ohio, on Cuyahoga r. Stow Cr. lp, Curaberland co. N. J. Stowsville, pv- Lincoln co. N, C. 180 w of Raleigh. [wofH, Stoystown, borough, Somersei co. Pa. 130 Strabane, ip. Adams co. Pa. 6 ne of Gettys burg, [creek. Strabane, tp.Washington co. Pa. on Charlier's Strabane, pv- Lenoir co. N. C. 78 se of Rh. Strafford, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 25 ene Cd. Strafford, pt. Orange co. Vt. 31 sse of Mtr. Strasburg, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 46 ese H. Strasburg, pv, Shenandoah co.Va. Strasburg, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0, 115 ene Cs Stratford, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn, r- Siraiford, pl. Fairfield co- Conn. 50 sw of Hd. Stratford, tp. Fulton co, N.Y. 60 NWof Al. Stioltham, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 40 se Cd. Stratton, pt. AVindham co. Vl. 110 s of Mlr. Strattonsville, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 180 wnw of Harrisburg. Strawntown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 108 e of H, Strawtown, pv, Hamillon co. Ind. on While river. [of Cs. Streetsborough, pt. Portage co. O. 140 ne Strickersville, pv, Chester co. Pa. 78 e H. Strong, pt. Franklin co. Me. 43 nw of A. Strongstown, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 140 wnw of Harrisburg. [nf Cs. Strongsville, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 130 nne Strongville, pv. Breathitt co. Ky. 133 se F. Stroud, lp. Monroe co. Pa. [Pa. 124 ke H. Stroudsburg, borough, cap. of Monroe co. Steykersville, pv. Wyoming co. N-Y- on Buffalo creek- » .[of B. Sturbridge, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wsw Sturgeonsville. pv. Brunswick co.Va. S3 ssw of Richiniind. Stuyvesant, siT've-sant, formerly Kinder hook Landing, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 17 s of Albany. [s of Al, Stuyvesant Falls, pv, Columbia cn. N.Y 27 SucKASUNNY, pv. Morris CO. N.J. 60 n of Tu. Sudbury, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 75 ssw nf Mlr. Sudbury, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 20 w of B. SuDLERsviLLE, pv, Qaeen Anne co. Md. 45 e of Baltimore. Suffield, pt. Harlford cn. Conn. 17 n of Hd. Suffield, pt. Portage co. O. 134 ne of Cs. Suffolk C. H. N.V. See River Head. Suffolk, pv. cap. of Nansemond co. Va, on Nansemond nver, 85 se of Richraond. sus 634 tan Sugar cr. Pa. flows into French cr. in Ve nango CO. [Sangamon r. Sugar cr, Sangamon co. 111. is a s branch of Sugar cr. 111. enters IlUnois r, in Schuyler co. Sugar Cr. tp. Armstrong co. Pa. ¦ Sugar Cr. lp. Venango co. Pa. 8 NW Franklin. Sugar Cr. lp, Greene co. O. Sugar Cr. tp. Stark co, O. Sugar Cr. tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Sugar Cr. tp, Wayne co, O, [water cr. Sugar Grove, pv.Warren co. Pa. on Still- SuGAR Loaf, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 ssw of Albany. [creek. Sugar Loaf, pt. Columbia co. Pa, on Fishing Sugar Loaf, lp. Luzerne co. Pa, SuoARTowN, pv. Chester co. Pa. 80 ese of H. SuGGsviLLE, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 150 s of T. Sullivan, pt, Hancock co. Me. 100 e of A. Sullivan, tp. Cheshire co, N, H. 52 wsw Cd. Sullivan, pt. Madison co. N,Y, on Canasera- ga creek. Sullivan, pt. Tioga co. Pa, 146 n of H. SuUivan, pl, Lorain co, O, 90 nne of Cs, Summerfield, pv, GuUford co,N, C. 99 wnw of Raleigh, Summerfield, pv, Stewart co, Ga. 145 sw of M, Summerfield, pt. Monroe co. Mich, on Raisin river. [Auburn. Summer Hill, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 24 se of Summer HiU, pv. Cambria co. Pa. ISOwof H. Summer Hill, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Summersville, pv. cap. of Nicholas co. Va. 268 sw of Richraond. Summersville, pv. Greene co. Ky . 95 ssw of F. Summerville, pv. Charleston dist, S, C. SummerviUe, pv, cap, of Chattooga co, Ga, 180 NW of Milledgeville, SummerviUe, pv- Cass co. Mich. Summit, pl. Schoharie co. N.Y, 52 w of AI. Surarait, pv, Cambria co. Pa. 130 w of H^ Summit, pv- Cook co. IU. 13 sw of Chicago. Surarait, pt. Milwaukie co. Wis. Summit Bridge, pv. Newcaslle co. Del. 41 N of Dover. [ofH. Summit Hill, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 84 ne Summitsville, pv, Wayne co. Pa. 185 ne H. Sumner, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. Sumneytown, pv. Montg. co. Pa. .30 nnw of Philadelphia. Su.mter, lp. Wayne co. Mich, on Huron r. Sumterville, pv. cap. of SumtervUIe dist. S. C. 63Eof Ca. [beer. Surnlerville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Tombig- Suinlerville, pv. Lee cn. Ga. SuNAPEE Lake, N. H. 9 m, long, li wide, Sunbury, borough, cap. of Northumberland CO, Pa. on the Susquehanna. Sunbury, pv. Gales co. N. C. 224 ene of Rh. Sunbury, Ga. See Gazetteer. Sunbury, pv. Delaware co. O. 25 N of Cs. Sunbury, pv, Livingston co. III. 120 NEof Sd. SuNcooK r, N.H. flows into the Merrimack. Sunderland, pt. Bennington co, Vt. 15 ne of Bennington. Sunderland, pt. Franklin co.Mass. on Conn. r. Sunderland, pv. Calvert co. Md. 37 ssw An. Superior, pi. Washtenaw co. Mich. 31 w D. Surry, pt. Hancock co. Me. 83 e of A. Surry, pt. Cheshire oo. N. H- 55 aw of Cd. Surry C. H, pv. cap. of Surry co. Vu, 55 se R. SusquEHANMA, tp. Cambria oo. Pa. [creek. Susquehanna, tp. Dauphin oo. Pa. on Paxton Susquolmnna, tp. Lycoming oo. Pa. [of R. Sussex C.H. pv. cap. of Sussex co.Va. 48 sse Sutton, pt, Merrimack co,N,H, 26 www Cd Sutton, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 53 nne of Mtr. Sutton, pt. Worcester co. Mass, 46 w of B. Suwanee r, Flor. See Gazetteer. [ofM. SwATNSBORo', pv. Cap, Emanuel co. Ga, 93 su Swan, pt. Noble co. Ind. 156 nne of Is. Swan, pt. Taney co. Mo. Swangstown, pv, Cleveland co. N. C. 197 w of Raleigh. [of Rh. Swansborough, pv. Onslow co. N. C. 160 se Swan's Island, tp. Hancock co. Me, * Swanton, pt, Franklin co. Vt. on Lake Cham plain, Swanton, pv. Lucas co. O. 140 nw of Cs. Swanville, pl. Waldo co. Me. 50 e of A- Swanzey, pt. Bristol co. Mass, 48 s of B- Swanzey, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 53 sw of Cd. Swart'wout (-wowt), one of the seats of justice of Liberty co. Texas, on the e or left bank of Trinity r., 180 m. e of Austin. Pop, 100. Swatara r. Pa, enters the Susqa. 8 s ofH. Swatara, lp. Lebanon co. Pa. 9 n Lancaster. Sweden, pt, Oxford co. Me. 60 wsw of A. Sweden, pt, Monroe co. N.Y, 237 w of Al. Sweden, borough. Poller co. Pa, 170 nnw H, SwEDESBOROUGH, pv, Glouc&ster CO. N. J. 47 ss\v of Trenton. Sweet Springs, pv. and noted ¦watering- place, Monroe co.Va, 209 w of Richmond. Sycamore, pt, Crawford co. O. 75 n of Cs. Sycaraore, tp. Hamillon co. O, on MiU cr, Sydnorsville, pv. Franklin co.Va. 183 wR. ¦ Sykesville, pv, Carroll co. Md, 60 nnw An. Syracuse, N,Y. See Gazetteer. Tab-as'co, or Victoria, a sea-port of Mexi co, at the mouth of Tabasco r., 250 m. e by s froraVera Cruz. Logwood and fuslicare the chief exports. Tabasco, a stale in the se part of Mexico, bordering on Yucatan and the Gulf of Mex ico. Area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. Capi tal, Villa Hermosa. Taberg, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 118 wnw of Al. Tafton, pv. Pike co. Pa. 175 ne of H. Taftsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 54 s of Mtr. Taghkanic, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 12 e of Hudson. Taghkanic, mts, a branch of the Green Mis-, running froraRensselaer CO- N,Y. inlo Mass- Talbotton, pv. cap.of Talbot CO. Ga. 92 wsw of MiUedgeviUe. Talcahuana, tal-ka-^vall'n5., a decayed sea- porl of South America, in Chili, on ihe hay of Conception. [e of T. Talladega, pv. can. of Talladega co. Ala. 116 Tallassee, pv. Tallapoosa co, Ala. on Talla poosa river. Tallmadge, pl. Summit co. O. 14S ne of Cs. Tallmadge, tp. Oceana co. Mich. Tallraadge, pt. Ottawa co. Mich. 180 wnw D. Tamaulipas, tara-ou-lc'pas, a state in the ene part of JMexicn, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. It forraerly extended e of the Rio del Norte, as far ns the Nueces. Area 25,000 sq. m. Pop. 50,000. [of H. Tamaqua, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. SO ne Tamarwa, pv. Si. Clair co. 111. on Kaskaskia r. Tampa, pv. cap. of HiUsborough co^ Flor. on Tampa Bay. Tamworth, pt. Carroll co. N.H. 55 n of Cd. Taneytown, pv. CarroU co. Md. 70 nnw An. Taneyvillk, pv. Lycoraing co. Pa. TEW 635 THO Tangipaha r. Miss, and La. flows into Lake Pontchartrain. [of Al. Tannersville, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 50 sw Tannersville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 124 ne of II, Taos, tah'oce, a small t. of New Mexico, n of Santa Fe. Tappahannock, Va. See Gazetteer, Tap-pan' Bay, an expansion of the Hudson, 22 m. N of New York. Tappantown, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 134 s Al. Tarborough, pv.cap. of Edgecorabe CO. N.C. on Tar river, 70 e of Raleigh. Tar r. N. C. See Gazetteer. [ghany r. Tarentum, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alle- Tariffville, pv. Harlford co. Conn. 12 n Hd. Tarlton, pv. Pickaway co. O. 46 s of Cs. Tarrytown, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on the Hudson. Tarversville, pv. Twiggs co. Ga. 50 ssw M. Tate, tp. Clermont co- O- Taunton, Mass. See Gazetteer. Taunton r. Mass. enlers Mount Hope Bay. Taycheida, pv. Fond du Lac eo. Wis. Taylorstown, pv. Wn. co. Pa, 216 w of H, Taylorsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Delaware. Taylorsville, pv. Hanover co, Va. 22 n of R. Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Patrick co, Va, on Mayo river, 226 wsw of R. [332 E of Ne. Taylorsville, pv, cap, of Johnson co. Tenn. Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ky. on Salt river. Taylorsville, pv- Christian co. HI. 26 se of Sd. TAZE^VELL C- H. or Jeffersonville, pv. cap. of Tazewell co. Va. 284 w of R. Tazewell, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ga. 110 sw of MiUedgeviUe. [e of Ne. Tazewell, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Tenn. 220 TcHocuNNA r- Ga. flows into Ocmulgee r. Tchula, pv. Holraes co. Miss, on Yazoo r. Teche r. La- See Gazetteer. Tecumseh, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 57 sw D. Tehuacan, la-wah-kan', a t. of Mexico, 65 m. SE of Irks. Lat. about 16^ 20' N, Lou, 95^ 10' w. Tekonsha, pv. Calhoun co. Mich, on Si, Joseph's river. Temple, pt. Franklin cn. Me. 40 nnw of A. Tcraple,_pt. HUlsborough co, N, H. 44 ssw of Concord. [of Boston. Templeton, pt. "Worcester co. Mass. 60 wnw Templeton, pv. Prince George co, Va. 36 se R. Tenoxtitlan, v. i\Iilam co. Texas, on the Brazos, 100 m. ene of Austin. Tknsaw r. Ala. See Mobile r. Gazetteer, Tensaw r. La. flo\vs into Washita r, Te-pic', a t. of Mexico, in Jalisco, 20 ra, ese of San Bias. Te-poz-co-lu'la, a small t, of Mexico, in Ou.xaca, ou an affluent of the Rio Verde, re markable for the culture of cochineal. Terre Coupee, pv, St. Joseph co. Ind- 163 n nf Iiidliiiiapntis. [Wabash r. Ter«e IIautk, pv, cap- nf Vigo co. Ind- on Terrysville. pv, Litchfield co. Conn. 21 ^vsw of Hartfnrd- [nf Ca. Terrysville, pv- Abbeville dist. S. C. 104 w Trrrvtovvn, pv- Bradford co. Pa. 150 n H- Tuwksburt, pt. Middlesex co. Miss. 21 nw uf Boslnii. Tewksbury, tp, Hunterdon co. N. J. 14 ne of Flemington. Texana, cap, of Jackson co, Texas, on the La Vacca r,, near ils junction with the Na vidad, 150 SSE of Austin. Pop. 150. TEXAS, formerly an independent republic, was annexed lo the United Slates in Decem ber 1845. It now constitutes a single slate, though ils superficial extent is about seven limes as great as thai of Pennsylvania. lis constitution is in the main sirailar to those of the other slaveholding stales. For a gen eral and brief notice of the country, climate, &.C., see Texas, in the Gazetteer. A raore particular description of the surface and soil will be found under the heads of the respec tive counties in this Appendix. It raay be proper here to add, that the sea- coast of Texas, though indented by nurae rous bays and inlets, does not afford a single harbour for vessels ofa large size. Galveston inlet, Ihe deepest, has 12 feet water, the en trance of Matagorda Bay 11 feet, and San Luis 10 feet. It may be further observed, that the principal rivers of this country, though of great lenglh, are not navigable to any extent except for small vessels, though much raight and doubtless will be eflTected ere long, towards improving their naviga tion. The Trinity is navigable farther than any of the olhers j it may be ascended by boats nearly 300 m. The Brazos is navi gable 150 m., the Nueces about 100 ra., and the San Jacinto 50 m. The Colorado is ob structed by a raft 10 m. from its mouth : when this is removed, it will in all probability be rendered navigable for small steamboats to Austin, above 200 m. The Sabine r. on the e border, ia navigable 150 ra. The Rio del Norte, on the w, though a very rapid streara, may (except at low water) be ascended by small steamboats nearly 200 ra. The Red R. is also navigable for a considerable extent along the nonhern border. Texas is divided into 36 counlie.'=i.* Capital, Austin, Texas, tp, Wayne co. Pa. Texas, lp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Thames r. Conn: formed by the union of She lucket and Yantic, enters Lou^ I. Sound. Thames, temz, a r, of Canada West. After flowing for a considerable distance nearly parallel to Ihe n shore of Lake Erie, it enters Lake St. Clair. Theresa, pt. Jeff'erson co. N.Y. 183 nw Al. Thetford, pt. Oraage co.Vt. 43 sse of Mlr. TiiiBoDEAuxviLLE, iib^o-do'vil, pv. cap. of La Fourche par. La. 106 sw of New Orlean.'s. Thomas, St. pt. Franklin co. Pa. 53 sw of II. Thomas, St. a i. of Canada West, on Kettle cr., which flows into h. Erie. Lat. about 42^50' N, Lon- 810 20' w. Thomaston, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 42 se of A, Thomaston, pv, cap. Upson co. Gu. 60 w M. Thomastown, pv. Leake co. Miss. 52 ne J, Thomasville, pv- cap. of Thomas co. Ga 230 ssw of IVIilledgeville. » Austin, Baitrop, Bbx:ir, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos. Colo ralo, Faiiniii, Fiiyctti;, Fort BsdcI, Galveston, Goliad, Gon ziles, Harris, H.irrisin, Hnuston, Jackson, Jasper, Jsfferaon Lamir, Liberty, Mata,.^oixIa, Mil.Tm, Mont^mery, Nacog (] oc lies, 1 led Riier, Refugio, Robert -on, Rusk, ijaljine. San Au guiline, ti.in I-'alncio, Shclliy, Travis, Victorii, Washington. TOB 630 TRE ThomnsviUe, pv.Washington co, Tenn. 200 E of Nashville. [Haritord. Thompson, pt.Windham cn, Cnnw. 48 ene of Thompson, tp. Sullivan co, N,Y. 110 sw Al. Thornpsrjii, pt. Siiscja, co. Pa. 184 nxe of H. Thompson, pv. Warren co, Ga. 56 nk of M. Thompson, pl. Geauga co, O, 100 xe of Cs. Thompsontown, pv. Juniata co. Pa. on Ju niata river. [of Hd, Thompsonville, pv. Harlford co. Conn. 20 n Thompsonville, pv, SuUivan co, N.Y- 105 ssw t)f Albany. TiioRX, Ip. Perry co. O. TiioRXAPPLE, lp, Barry co. Mich, [of R. Thornburg, pv. Spottsylvania co.Va, 76 nnw Thornbury, pt, Chester co- Pa. 20 sw Phila, Thombury, tp, Delaware co. Pa. 20 w Phila, TiiouxuiKE, pt. Waldo co. Me. 42 ne of A. Thornton, pt. Grafton co, N. H. 52 n of Cd. Thornlon, pv- Delaware co. Pa. Thornton, pt. Cook cn. Ill, on Thnrn cr, TiioRXTOWN, pv, Boone co. Ind. 35 ne of Is. Thornville, pv. Perry cr». O. 35 e of Cs. Thoroughfare, pv. Prince William co.Va. lis N of Richmond. [wsw of ii. Three Rivers, pv. Harapden co. Mass 76 Three Rivers, pv- St. Joseph- co. Midi, 145 sw of Detroit, Throg's Point, tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 16 NE nf N. York. [N.Y.3 nw of Auburn. Throopsville, troops' vU, pv- Cayuga co. TtcoxDEKOGA, pt. Essex CO- N.V. on I^ake Tiffin, lp. Adams co. O. [Champlain. Tiffin, pv. Seneca co. O. on Sandusky r. Tiffin's r. rises in Mich, nnd enters the Mau mee near Defiance, in O. Timbalier, bay, Terre Bonne par. La. Timberville, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 145 NW cf Richmond, Timpano'gos, I^ake, California, on the Spa nish maps; suppnsed lo be the sume a.s the Great Salt 1m.ke. [nf Rh. TiNDALLSVlLLE, pv. Ansnii no. N. C 1:36 sw Tinmouth, pl. Rutland co.Vl. 76 s of i\Iir, Tin'icum, tp. Bucks co. Pa. .37 x nf Phila. Tinicum, lp. Delaware co. Pa. 9 sw of PhUa. Tioga r. See Gazetteer. Tioga, pt. Tinga co, N.Y. on Susquehanna r. Tioga, pt. Tioga co. Pa, on Tinga r, TioxESTA, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. i Tidiiesia, pt. Venango cn, Vn. on Su.^jqi, r, TippECAXOE r, l\v.\. Umvs into the Wijt)a.-i|i. Tippecanoe, pt. Tippecnine cn. Ind. 82 xw Is. TiPTox, pv. cap. of Cedar co. lowa. [Widiiisli. Tii'TOxsPORT, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on ihe Tisbury, lp. Dukes cn. Mas;*. S5 sse r)f B. TiTUsviLLE, pv. Mercer co. N. J. S E nf Tn. TivERTo.v, pl. Newport co. R. I. 13 ne of Tiverton, pt. Co.^lmctnn co. O. [Newport. Tlal pan', a Mexiciin i.imporiiuil irom bf.ing the capiial nf ihe aUiXo of Mfxicn, siUiatL-d 1.) m, s by w uf thc city of Mexico. Pop. abnut 0,01(0. Tlam'ath. u\f.n called Klam'ht (See Gazet teer, p. 402, 1I0U), a lake of C>regiin, iu about 42^ 2.3' n 1-ut. nnd 121^ 20' w Lnn. Also a r'ivvr wliich discharges the waters nf Illis lake inlo the l-'.lcl^(^ Tivoli, pv. Dutchess co.N.Y. on the Hudson, Tobacco Port, pv, Slowarl co. Tenn. t^,"» wxw of Nashville. [nf !¦'. Tobacco Port, pv. Caldwell cn. Ky, 227 wsw Todkuanxa r. Pa. flows inlo the Lehigh, [r. Tobehanna, tp. Monroe eo. Pa. on Tubehnima ToBnvxE, tp. Perry cn. Pa. Toby, tp. Clarion co. Pa, on Alleghany r. TnuD, pt, Huntingdon co. Pa, TnLEDO, pv, cap. Irapkiiisville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ky. Tom'? r. N. J. flows into Barnegat Bay. Tnin's R. pv- Mnnmnutli CO- N. J. 38 se of Tn. ToMsviLLE. pv. Chester disl. S- C, 74 x of Ca. TnxAWAXDA cr. N.Y. flows inlo Niagara r. Tonawanda, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on Niagara r, Topsfield, pi. Washinglon co. Me. 235 sg A. Topsfield, pl. Essex co. Mass. 25 n of B. TopsHAM, pl. Lincohi co, Me.ou Androscog gin river, Tnp.shara, pt. Orange co.Vl. 23 se of Mlr. ToRRixGFORD, pv. Liiclificld CO. Conn. 24 w of Hartfnrd. [of Hd. ToRRiXGTox, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 28 w TocGHMOGA r. N.y. flows into Chenango r, Toclox, pv. Haywood co, Tenn, 167 wsw Ne. Tnulnn, pv.cap. of Stark ct>. III. [of Phila. TowAMESsixG, lp. Monigfiraery eo. Pa. 20 n Towamensing, lp. Norlliamplon co. Pa. on Ihe Lehigh. Towanda, borough, cap. of Bradford co. Pa, ou the North Branch of Susquehanua river. Tower Hill, pv.Wa.shi ngton eo. R. I. 37 s of Providence, Town Bluff, one of the capitals of Liberiy CO, Texas, 50 m. e of Swartwout. TowxsEXD, pt. Windham eo. Vt. 117 s Mtr. Townsend, pl. Middlesex co. .Mass. 40 nw B, Townsend, pl. Huron co. O. 3 e of Norwalk, Townsend, pt. Sandusky co. O. 100 x of Cs. Tow.xsExD Harbor, pv. Middlesex co. Ma.«s- 40 xw nf Boslon- [Annapolis. TowsoxTowx, pv- Baliimore co. Md- 37 x of Traxsvlvaxia, pv- Greene co. O. on Little IMiarai rivt;r. Trappe, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 81 e of H. Trappe, pv, Talbot co. Md. 54 Ese of An. Traveller's Rest, pv. Dmily co. Ga. S7ssw of Milledgeville. Trav'i?. a CO. ill the central pari of Texas, inlersL-cied by the Colorado, A cnusidem- ble poriinn of ihe surface is hilly and broken. The sni I, especially along the streams, i.<; very terlile in the snulhern por iinn, bul low-ird-; Ibe x some parls are quite sterile. Capita!, Ausiiu. Truvi*. v. of Austin co. Texas, on the w or right iKiiik of ihti Brazos. [PhUa. Tredyf'uix, lp. Clu'.-^ior co. Pa. 17 NW of Tkkm 'XT, lp. c:qi, of Tiizewell co. III. 57 x Tremox. tp. Hancock cn. Mc. [of Sil. Trenton, pi. Oneida co. \ Y. 11 x ( f Dtica. Trenlon, pv. cup. of Jones co. N. C. on Trent river, 130 ss of It.'Ueigh. Trentnii, pv. cap. (tf Dudeco. Ua.200xxwRI. Trenlon, pv. Jacksou co. Ala. 177 nr nf T. Trenton, pv. cap. of Gibson co.Tenn.l30 w Ne Trenlon, pv. Todd Co. Kv. 197 sw of F. Treiilnn, pv. Butler oo. 6. 5)4 Wsw of Cs. Trenton, lp. Delaware co, O. Trenlon, pv. Kn.^x. eo; IU. 105 nnw of Sd. TUL 637 UMQ Trenton, pv. cap. of Grundy co. Mo. on the East Fork nf Grand river. Trenton, pv. Henry co. Iowa. Trenton Falls, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 15 nne of Utica. Here, on the W. Canada cr., iu the space of 2 m., are several beautiful and picturesque water-falls, wlrtch are much visited by travellers. [cook Bay. Trescott, tp.Washington co. Me. on Cobs- Tbexlertowx, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 80 ene H. Triadelphia, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 50 wnw of Annapolis- Triana, pv- Madison co. Ala. on Tenn. r. Triangle, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on Tough nioga river. Trimble, pt. Athens co. O. 70 se of Cs. Trix-id-ad' (de Cuba), a sea-port on the s side of Cuba, 220 m. se of Havana, on a little river, 3 m. frora the sea. Pop. staled at 13,000. [Nwof Al. Trip's Hill. pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 37 Troupsburg, pl. Sleuben co. N.Y. 245 w Al. Troupsville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ga. on Withlacoochee river. Troy, pt.Waldo co. Me. 40 xe of A. Troy, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Cd. Tri>y, pt. Orleans co, Vt, 53 N of Mtr, Troy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n of H. Troy, lp. Crawford co. Pa- Troy, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ala- 174 sE of T. Troy, pv. Yalabusha co. Miss, 120 nxe of J. Troy, pv. cap, of Obion co. Tenn. 164 w Nc- Troy, lp. Athens co. O. Troy, pv. cap. Miami co. O. on Great Miarai r, Trov, tp. Richlaud co. O. Pniy, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 22 nw of D. Troy, tp. Fountain co. Ind. Troy, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r. Troy, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Mo, on Cuivre r. Troy, pv- Milwaukie co.Wis- 73 e of Madison. Trny, lp. Walwnrlh cO- "Wis. Truago, pv.Wayne co. Mich, on Detroit r. Trumansburg, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 173 w of Albany. Trumbaursville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. Trumbull, pt. P'airfield co. Conn. 60 sw Hd, Trurabull, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 180 ne of Cs, Trumbull Long Hill, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 62 s w of Hartford. [laniic. Truro, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on the At- Trurn, tp. Franklin co. O. [nioga r. Truxton, pt. Coriland co. N.Y. on Tougli- Tuckahoe Bridge, pv. cap. of Cape I\I.iy co. N. J. 76 s nf Trenton. [wsw nf Rh. TucKASAGA, pv. Mecklcuburg co. N. C. 170 TucttERTox, N, J. See Gazetteer. Tuftonborough, pl- CarroU co. N. II. 44 e Cd. TuLE, loo'le or too'lay, i. e. a " bulrush." The TcLE or Bulrush IcKE.\", tp. Berks cn. P.i, Talj'*'"*fikeii cr. Berks c ), Pa. enters Schuyl- k'Jl nver nearly opposite Rending. Tunkhannock r. Pa. enters Susquehanna r. in Wyoraing co. [on Susqa. r 154 nne H. Tunkhannock, pv. cap. of Wyoraing co. Pa. Tunbridge, pl. Orange co. Vt. 32 sse of Mtr. Tupper's Lake, Franklinco.N.Y. Ora. long, 2 broad. Turbut, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [Sunbury. Turbut, lp. Northumberland co. Pa. 14 n of Turin, pt. Lewis cn. N.Y. 126 nw of Al. Turkey Foot, pt. Somerset co. Pa, 15 sw of Bedford. [Coosa r. Turkey Town, pv, Cherokee co, Ala, ou Turman's cr. Ind. fiows into the Wabash. Turnbull, pv. Monroe co. Ala. 127 s of T. Turner, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 wsw of A. Turnersville, pv. Robertson co. Tenn. 36 NNW of Nashville, Turtle Creek, lp. Warren co- O. Tuscahoma, pv. Tailahatchee co. Miss, on the Yalabusha, 117 n of Jackson. Tuscarawas r. O. unites with the Wal honding to form the Muskingum. Tuscarawas, tp. Slark co, O, [carawas r. Tuscarawas, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tus- TusCARORA cr. N.Y. flows into Canisteo r. Tuscarora, v. Niagara co. N.Y. 3 e of Lewis- Tuscarora cr.Pa. flows into Juniata r. [ton. Tuscarora, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Tuscarora Tuscarora, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [cr. Tuscarora, mts. SchuylkiU co. Pa. Tuscarora, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. 75 ne ofH. Tuscola, pt. Ijivingstou co. Mich. Tuscola, tp. Saginaw co. Mich, Tuscumbia, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 66 w of Huntsville. [Osage r. Tuscumbia, pv. cap. of MUler co. Mo. on Tuskegee, pv.cap. of Macnn CO. Ala. 152 ESE T. Tuthill, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 80 ssw of AI. TuxTLA, tooxt'ia, a ynlcanic rat. of Mexico, in the state of Vera Cruz. Lat. 18^ 30' n, Lon. 95° w. Near it is a small t. of the same name. Twin, lp, Preble co. O, , Twin, lp. Ross co. O. Twinsburg, pt. Summit CO. 0. 140 ne of Cs. Tymochtee cr. O. fiows into Sandusky r. Tymochtee, pt. Crawford co. O. 73 N of Cs, Tyngsborough, pt, Middlesex eo. Mass, 28 N^v of Boston, Tyre, pt. Seneca co. N-Y. on Clyde r. Tyringham, pl. Berkshire en. Mass. 130 w B. Tyrone, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w ofAl. Tyrone, tp. Adamsco. Pa. lOxEof Gellysburg. Tyrone, lp. Fayelte co. Pa. Tyrone, Ip. Huntingdon co. Pa, Tyrone, tp. Perry co. Pa. Tyrone, pv. Wilkes uo. Ga. 70 ne of M. Tyrone, pt. liivingston co. Mich. 60 wnw D, Tywapity, tp. Scolt co. Mo. UcHEE, pv, Ri^ssell cn. Ala, 194 ese of T. Uciiee Axna, pv. cap. of Walton co. Flor, on a branch of Choctaw^halchie river, Ufaula, pv, Randolph co, Ga. on Chattahoo chee river, Ulster, v. in Saugerties tp. Ulster co. N.Y. Ulster, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on the Susqa. Ulysses, lp. Tompkins co. N.Y. 8 nw Iihaca. Ulysses, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 nxw of H, Umbagog Lake, N.H, and Me. ISm, long, and 10 m. wide. Its oullet joins the An- drnscoggin. Umqua (um'quaw) Indians, a tribe dwelling ill liie sw part of Oregon, near a sraall river UNI 638 UPP to which they give their name: it flows into the Pacific. Unadilla r. N.Y, enters the Susquehanna. Unadilla, pl. Otsego co. N.Y. on the Susqa. Unadilla, pt, Ijivingston co. Mich, on Portage Unadilla Forks, pv. Otsego eo. N.Y. [river. Uncasville, pv. New London co. Coim. 45 se of Hartford. UxDERHiLL, pl. Chittenden co, Vt.56 NwMtr. Unika, mts. a name given lo that portion of the Alleghanies dividing Tenn. from N. C. Union, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 se of A. Union, pt, ToUand co. Conn. 35 ne of Hd. Union, pv. Broome co. N.Y. ou Susqa. r. Union, pt. Essex co. N. J, 48 ne of Tn, Union, lp, Gloucesler co. N. J. Union, tp. Berks co. Pa. on SchuylkUl r. Union, tp. Erie co. Pa. 22 se of Erie. Union, tp. Payette co. Pa. on Redstone cr. Union, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 s of Hun- Union, lp. Luzerne co. Pa, [tingdon. Union, lp. Mifflin co. Pa. Union, lp. SchuylkiU co. Pa, Union, lp, Tioga co. Pa. Union, tp. Union co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Union, lp. Washin^on co. Pa. Union, pv. cap. of Monroe co.Va. 230 w R, Union, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 68 wsw^ of M. Union, pv- Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw nf T. Union, pv. Newlon co. Miss. 75 E of J. Union, pv. cap. of Union co. Ark. ou Washila Union, pv. Boone co. Ky. 73 n of F. [river. Union, tp. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater r. Union, lp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Union, tp. Butler co, O. Union, tp. Clermont co, O. Union, tp. Clinlnn co. O: Union, tp. Highland co. O, Union, lp. Knox co, O, on Mohiccan r. Union, tp. La Fayette co, O. Union, tp. Lawrence co. O. Union, lp. Licking co. O. Union, lp. Madison co. O. Union, tp. Miami co. O, Union, pv. Montg. co. 0.12 nw of Dayton. Union, lp. Morgan co. O, Union, tp. Muskingum co. O. Union, lp. Ross co. O. Union, tp. Union co, O. Union, tp, Warren co, O. Union, lp. Branch co. IMich. Union, pv, Cass co. Mich. 160 wsw of D. Union, pv. cap. of FrankUn co. Mo. 73 e of Jefferson Citv. [Joseph's r. Union City, pv. Branch cn. Mich, on St, Union Falls, pv. Clinlnn co. N-Y. ou Sara nac river, 108 x nf Albany. Union Mills, pv. Fulton en. N.Y- 46 nw Al. Unioii Mills, pv. Erie co. Pa. 2.30 xw nf H. Union Mills, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 xxwAn. Union Mills, pv. Fluvanna CO. Va. on Rivanna river, 73 wxw nf Richmnnd. Uniox Springs, pv. Cayusaco. N,Y. on Cny- iigii Tjake. Union Spriiigia,pv. Micnii co. Ala. l.j.1 sEof T. Uxinx Si/uAUE, pv. Monliromcry c.t P;i. U.NioxTiiwx, pv. cap. of Fayelte c t Pn. ISO wof Harrisburg. " [lialtimnre. Uniontown, pv. Carroll cn. Md. 3.5 xw of Unionlnwii, pv. Perry co. Ala. GO .<;i,ii of T. Uniontown, pv. Belmont cn, O. 11 1 E of Cs. Unionlnwii, v. Siurk co. O. 12 n nf Canton. Union Vai.k, tp. DntcliL-.-s co. N.Y. nn Fish kiU river. Union Village, pv. Orange co. Vt. 46 se Mtr Union ViUage, v. Washmgton co. N.Y. ol BattenkiU river. [88 bne of R Union Village, pv. Northumberland co. Va Union Village, v. Warren co. 0. 4 w Lebanon Unionville, pv. Middlesex co.Mass, 25 wB Unionville, pv.'Hartford co.Conn, 10 w of Hd UnionvUle, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 120 ssw of Al Unionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 74 ese ofH. Unionville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 67 nw An Unionville, pv. Union dist. S. C.70 Nwof Ca Unionville, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 63 w of M. UnionviUe, pv. Bedford co. Teira. 46 sse Ne Unionville, pv. Lake co. O. 192 ne of Cs. Unionville, pv. Lenaivee co. Mich. 75 sw D. Unison, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 133 he ofH. Unison, pv. Loudon co.Va. 137 s of R. Unity, pt. AValdo co. Me. 34 ne of A. Unity, pt. SuUivan co. N. H. 45 w of Cd. Unity, lp. Westmoreland co. Pa. 7 e of Greensbur"'. Unity, pv. ivfontgomery co. Md. 58 wnw An. Unity, pv. Cabarrus co. N. C. 153 wsw Rh. Unity, pt. Columbiana co. O. 164 ne of Cs. Unity, pv. cap. Alexander co. III. 220 s of Sd. Unityville, pv. Lycoraing co. Pa. Upatoie, pv- Muscogee co. Ga. 138 ws\v M. Upper, tp. Cape May co.N. J. 13 ne of Cape Upper, tp. Lawrence co. O. [May C. H. Upper Alton, pv. Madison co. III. 80 s Sd. Upper Aquebogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. [se of Salem. Upper Alloways Cr. tp. Salem eo. N. J. 7 Upper Bern, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuyl- Upper California. See California. [kUl. Upper Chichester, tp. Delaware co. Pa. Upper Darbt, lp. Delaware co. Pa. 8 w of Philadelphia. Upper Dublin, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 106 e of H. Upper Freehold, tp. Monraouth co. N. J. on Millstone creek. Upper Haxover, pt. Montgomery co. Pa, 3-5 NW of Philadelphia. [e of An. LTppER Huxtixg Cr. pv, Caroline co. Md. 57 Upper Loutre, lp. M(ml"omery co. Mo. Upper Macungy, lp. Lehigh co. Pa. [xe H. Upper Maiiaxtaxgo, pl. SchuylkiU co. Pa. 65 Upper Mahoxy, lp- Northuraberland co. Pa. Upper Makefield, lp. Bucks co. Pa. 25 nxe of Philadelphia. Upper Marlborough, pv. cap. of Prince George's eo. Md. 2=3 sw of Annapolis. Upper aIiddletown, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 12 s of Harlford. [w of IL Upper Middletown, pv. Fayelie co. Pa. lyl Upper Mouxt-Bethel, tp. Norlhampton co. Upper Meriox. ip. Montgomery cn. Pa. [Pa. Upper Milford, tp. Lehigh cn. Pa. Upper Nazareth, lp. Norihampinn en. Pa. Upper OxFnRD, tp Chester co.Pa. Upper Paxtox. ip. Dauphin cn. Pa. 22 x II Upper Pexxs Xeik, lp. Salem co. N. J. on Delaware river. [w nf Phila. rppicK Providence, tp. De'.n\\'arc ci>. Pa. I.i Uppt-T Providence, tp. iMouigomery co, Pu. Upper Red Hook, pv. Dutcliess co. N.Y. oi. the IIuiU Ml. Upper Sm.foed, lp. IVInnlgnmery co. Pa. UrPKU Saxouskv, pv- Crawford co. O. on Soulii.sky river. .[creek. Upper Saucon, Tp. Leliigh co. Pa. on S.mcon LliTKu St. Clair, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on Charlier's creek. [on Penobscot r. Uppcr Stillwater, pv. Penobscot co. Me van 639 VIC Upper Strasburg, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 10 NW^ of Charabersburg, [Swatara cr. Upper Swatara, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on Tapper Tulpehockex, lp. Berks co. Pa. Upperville, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 130 n R, Upper Yarmouth, pv. Cumberland co.Me. 47 s^v of Augusta. Upsoxville, pv. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 nne H. Upton, pt. Worcester co.Mass. 35 wswof B. Urbaxxa, pl. Sleuben co. N.Y. 211 w of AI. Urbanna, pv, Frederickco. Md. 76 Nw of An. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Middlesex co.Va. on Rappahannock river. Urbanna, pv- cap. of Champaign co. O. 46 w of Colurabus. [ene of Sd. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Champaign co. 111. 92 Utah (pronounced and sometimes writien Eo'taw) Indians, a numerous tribe dwell- in^in the e pari of California. The Pah Utah Indians dwell along the s mar gin of the Great Basin. Utah, lake. See Great Salt Lake. Utica, pv- Hinds co. Miss. 38 w of J. Utica, pv. Licking co. O. 50 e of Cs. Utica, pv. Macorab co. Mich, on Clinton r. Utica, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Ulica, pv. Livingston co. Mo. on Grand r. Uwchlan, yook'lan, pt, Chester co. Pa, 30 w^ of Philadelphia. Uxbridge, pt. Worcester co. Meiss. 38 sw B. Valatie, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 20 s of Al. Valcour Island, N.Y. in Lake Champlain. Valleene, pv. Orange co. Ind. 104 s of Is. Valley, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [Phila. Valley Forge, pv. Chester eo. Pa. 20 nw of Vallonia, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 75 s of Is. Valparaiso, pv. cap. of Porter co. Ind. on Salt creek, 138 nnw of Indianapolis. VAX BuREX, pt, Onondaga co, N.Y, 12NWof Syracuse. Van Buren, pv. De Kalb co, Ala. 135 ne of T. Van Buren, pv, Itawamba co. Miss, on Tora bigbee river, [of Ne, Van Buren, pv. Hardiraan co, Tenn. 172 wsw Van Buren, pv, cap. of Crawford co. Ark. on Arkansas river. Van BurMi, pl. Hancock co, O. S6 nnw of Cs. Van Buren, lp. Wayne co. Mich, on Huron r. Van Buren, tp. La Grange co. Ind. Van Buren, pt. Clay co, Ind. 60 wsw of Is, Van Buren, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Mo. on Cur- Van Buren, pv.Van Buren co. Iowa, [rent r. Van Buren Harbour, pv, Chautauque co, N.Y, on Lake Erie. Vanceborough, pv.Winnebago co. 111. Vanceburg, pv. Lewis co. Ky. on Ohio r. Vancouver's (van-koo'verz) Island, for merly called Quadra and Vancouver's L, is situated on the w coast of N. America, being intersected by the 50th parallel of n Lat,, and the 125th meridian of w Lon, I.,en''th 230 ra., with an average breadih of about 50 m. This island, as well as Queen Charlotte's, is uncultivaied. being inhabited bv Indian savages : but the coasts of both are indented with numerous bay.s, and fringed wilh towering Arrests, and the sni) appears to be productive. It belongs to England. Vandalia, pv. cap. nf Fayelte co. 111. on ICa^- koskiar. 70 sss of Springfield, [137 wB. Van Deusenville, pv- Berkshire co, Mass. Van Rensselaer, tp. Oitawa co. O. [wNwM. Van -Wert, pv. cap. of Paulding co. Ga. 138 Van Wert, pv, cap. of Van Wert co. O, 130 NW of Columbus. [of Ca. Varennes, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 122 wnw Varick, pt. Seneca co. N-Y. 8 s of Waterloo. Varna, pv. Torapkins co. N.Y, 160 w of AI. Varysburg, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Ton awanda creek, [of A. Vassalborough, pl. Kennebec co. Me, 11 N Vaugine, tp. Jefferson co. Ark. Velasco, a sea-port of Brazoria co. Texas, at the mouth of the Brazos. Pop. 500. Venango, tp. Butler co. Pa. Venango, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Venango, tp. Erie co. Pa Venice, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 s Auburn. Venice, pv, Erie co. O. on Cold or, Venice, tp, Seneca co. O. [Pop. about 1,000 Vergennes, city, Addison co.Vt. 66 w Mtr. Vermilion r. La. flows into Vermilion Bay, Vermilion r. O. flows inlo Lake Erie. Vermilion, pt. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Vermilion, tp. Richland co. O, Vermilion r. 111. flows iuto Illinois r, Verrailion, tp, Vermilion co. lud, [La, Vermilionville, pv. cap. of Lafayette par. VerrailionvUIe, pv. La Salle co. IU, Vermont, pv- Fulton co. 111, Vermont, pv. Cooper co. Mo. [of D. VermontvillEj pv. Eaton co. Mich, 110 wnw Vernon, pt, Windham co.Vt. on Conn. r. Vernon, pt. ToUand co. Conn. 12 ene of Hd Vernon, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 16 w of Utica. Vernon, pt. Sussex co. N, J, 92 n of Tn. Vernon, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Vernon, pv- Kent co. Del. 32 ssw of Dover. Vernon, pv. Troup co. Ga. on Chattahoochee r Vernon, pv, Autauga co, Ala. on Alabama r, Vernon, pv, Madison co. Miss, on Big Black r Vernon, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 62 swof Ne Vernon, pv. Allen co. Ky- 53 sw of F. Vernon, pl. Trumbull co. O- 190 ne of Cs. Vernon, tp. Clinton co. O. Vernon, tp. Richland co. O, Vernon^ lp. Shiawassee co, Mich. Vernon, pv- cap, of Jennings co. Ind, 65 se Is. Vernon, tp.Washington co. Ind. Vernon, pt. Milwaukie co.Wis. [wnw Ai Vernon Centre, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 105 Verona, lp. Oneida co. N.Y. 20 w of Ulica. Verona, pv. Boone co. Ky, 53 n of F. Verona, pv. Vanderburg co. Ind. 182 sw Is. Verplanck, pv. Westchester co. N.Y, on Hudson river, [Pittsburg. Versailles, lp. Alleghany co. Pa. 12 se of Versailles, pv.AVUliarason co. Tenn. 38 s Ne. Versailles, pv. cap. of Woodford cn. Ky. 12 SSE of Frankfort, Versailles, pv. cap. 6f Ripley co. Ind. 70 se Is. Versailles, pv. Brown co. IU. [of Jef. City. VersaUles, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Mo. 36 w Vershire, pl. Orange co.Vt. 31 se nf Mtr. Vestal, pl. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw Al. Veteran, pt. Chemung eo. N.Y. 1 1 n Elmira, Vevay, pv. cap. Switzerland co, Ind. on Ohio Vevay, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 80 wnw D. [r. Vicksburg, Miss. See Gazetteer, [daigua. Victor, pv. Onlario co. N.Y. 12 nw Canan- ViCTORiA, pv, Bolivar co. Miss, on Miss. r. Victoria, a co, in the s part of Texas, between the San Antonio r. and La Vacca r. and Bay. It includes Si, Joseph's Island. The soil eonsislB principally of a rich black mould, very fertile ; near the coast, however, it is generaUy poor and sandy. WAK 640 WAR Victoria, a small v. of Texas, cap. ofthe above CO. on the e or left bank of Guadalupe r. T;cTORY, tp. Essex co. Vt. on Moose r, Viclory, pl. Cayuga CO- N.Y.20 Nof Auburn- YiDALiA, V. cap, of Concordia par. La, on Mississippi river. Vienna, pl, Kennebec co. Me. 23 nw of A. ^ lenna, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 3 sw of Utica. VieiHia, pv- Ontario co. N.Y. on the oullet of Canandaig;ua Lake. [river. Vienna, pv. Dorchester co. Md. on Nanticoke V ienna, pv. Stokes co. N. C. 123 w of Rh. Vienna, pv.Pickens co. Ala. on Tombigbee r. Vienna, pv. cap. of Dooly co. Ga. 85sswofM. Vienna, pt. Trurabull co. O. 178 ne of Cs. Vienna, tp. Genesee co. Mich. Vienna, pv. Macomb co. Mich. Vienna, pv. Scolt co. Ind. 85 s of Is. Vienna, pv. cap. of Johnson co. III. 190 s Sd. Villa dEL Fuerte, veel'ya, del fweR'lay, a ciiy of Mexico, cap. of Sonora and Cinaloa, on the little r. Fuerte, which falls into the Gulf of CaUfornia. Lat. about 27° n, Lon, 108° w. Pop. 8,000. [ofH, Village Green, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 90 e ViLLANOVA, pt, Chaulauque co. N,Y. 22 ne of Mayville. Vinalhaven, pt.Waldo co. Me. 12 se Camden. Vincennes, Ind. See Gazetteer. Vincent, pt, Chester co. Pa. 30 nw of Phila. Vincenttown, pv. Burlington co, N. J. 26 s of Trenton. Vineyard, pt. Grand Isle co. Vt. 78 nw of Vinton, pv, Gallia co, O. 92 s of Cs, [Mtr. Vinlon, tp. Athens co, O, on Racoon cr, Violet, tp. Fairfield co. O. [river. Virgil, pt. Cortland oo. N.Y, on TQUghnioga Virginia, tp, Coshocton co, O. Virginia, pv. cap. of Cass co,.Ill, 36 w of Sd. VIRGINSVILLE, pv. Berks eo. Pa. 68 e of H. VoLiNiA, pt, Cass CO. Mich, 160 w of D, Volney, pt. Oswego CO, N.Y, on Big Blacker. Voluntown, pl, Windham co. Conn, on Pa- chaug river. Volusia, v. Mosquito co. Flor. on St. John's r, Vrain's Fort, St., in Ihe Indian Territory, on the Soutii Fork of the Plalie r., near its source, 4,900 ft, above the sea, Wabash, pv, cap- of Wabash co. Ind. on Wabash river, [feel above the sea. Wachusett, mt. Worcester co. Mass. 3000 Wacoochee, pv. Russell co. Ala. 187 ese of T. "Wacousta, pv, Clinion co. Mich. 100 n\v D, Waddam's Grove, pt. Stephenson co. III. Waddington, pv-Sl, Lawrence co- N.Y. on Si. I^awrence river, [Neuse r. Wadesborough, pv. cap.of Anson co.N.C. nn AVadesboroug^li, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Ky. 255 sw of Frankfort, Wadeville, pv. O wen co. Ind. 47 sw of Is. "Wading River, pv, Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. [EofCd. Wadley's Falls, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 36 Wadsworth, pv. Medina co. O. 127 nne Cs. Wagontown, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62 ese of H. Wah-Satch, mts. California, a chain run ning along the sk margin of the Great Basin. Waitsfikld, pt. Wash I ngton co.Vt. on Mad r. Wakefield, pt, CarroU co. N. H, 46 ne Cd, Wakefield, pv.Washington co. R. I. 37 s of Providence. Wakefield, pv. Carroll cn. Md. 68 nnw An. Wakefield, pv. Wake cn. N. C. 20 n of Rh. Wakeman, pt. Huron co. 0. 12 e Norwalk. Walahmutte. See Willam.viette. Walden, pt. Caledonia co. Vt, 30 ne of Mtr Walden, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Wallkill r. Waldo, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 ene of A. Waldo, pv, Moore co. N- C. 62 sw of Rh. AValdob OROUGH, Mc- See Gazetteer. Wales, pt. Lincoln co, Mc. 23 sw of A, Wales, pt- Hampden cn. Mass. 74 wsw of B. "Wales, pt, Erie co. N.Y, 18 se of Buffalo, Walesville, V. Oneida co, N,Y, Walhondino r. O. one ofthe main branches of Muskingum r., joins Tuscarawas r. op posite Coshoclon. Walker, pl. Centre co. Pa. 94 nw of H. AValker, lp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Walker, lp. Juniata cn. Pa. [of An. Walkersville, pv. Frederick co. Md, 80 sw Walkersville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 194 sw of Raleigh. [on Mall-ipony r. AValkertown, pv. King and Queen co, Va, "Wallace, pv. Jones co. Ga. 13 sw of M, "Wallace, pv. Fountain eo. Ind- 70 xw of Is, Walla-Walla, wolMS.-wol'la, a sraall r, of Oregon, falling into Ihe Colurabia in 46° 5' N Lat. and 118° 30' w I/on. Also a Bri tish fort at the mouth of the above river. Walla-Walla Indians, a tribe of Oregon, dwelUng in the vicinity of Walla- Walla r. Wallingford, pt. Rulland co.Vt. 70 ssw of Montpelier. [Hartford. Wallingford, pl. NewHaven co. Cnnn. 21 sof AVallkill, tp. Orange cn. N.Y. 22 w of Newburg. • [co. N.Y. AVallkill r. unites with Rondout cr. in Ulster AVallonia, pv- Trigg co- Kv- 2:M sw of F. AA''alloomsack r. Vt. flows imo Hoosick r. AValnut cr. O. flows into Scioio r. AValnul, tp. Fairfield co. O. on Ohio canal. AVaUiui, lp. Gallia co- O. AValnul, Ip. Holraes co. O. ou Sugar cr. Walnut, tp. Pickaway co. O. on Scioto r. AValpack, pl. Sussex co. N. J-. on Flaikil! c AValpole, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on C'^ini i. Walpole, pt- Norfolk co. Mass. 2! sw of B. AVal TERROR OUGH, pv. Cap. nf Colletnu dist. AValtham, tp. Hancnck co. Me. [s. C. 99 s C j. AValtham, tp. Addison co.A'l. 24 s Burlinglon. Walthara, pl. Middlesex co. Mass. lO w n Tn. Wynant's Kill, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 10 E of Albany. Wyoming, pv. Wyoming co, N.Y, 248 w Al, Wyoming, pv, Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Wyoming, pv, Dinwiddie co-Va. 60 s of R. Wyoraing, pv. Slark co. IU. 100 n of Sd. AVyoming, pv.Wayne co. Iowa. AVysox, pt. Bradford co. Pa, 136 n of H, Wytheville, pv. Wythe co. Va. 248 w of R. Xalisco, See Jalisco, Xenia, pv, cap. of Greene co. O. 60 wsw Cs. Yadkin r. N. C, See Gazetteer. Yaqui, or Hiaqui, yah-kee', a r. of Mexico, vi^hich falls into the Gulf of California near the 28th parallel of N Lat. mid the 110th meridian of w Lon. [nw of Rh. Yanceyville, pv. cap. of Caswell co. N. C. 87 Yankee Springs, pt. Barry co. Mich. 150 w Yantic r. Conn, flows into the Tharaes. [D. Yardleyville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the De laware. [Boslon . Yarmouth, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 78 be of A''ARiviouTn Port, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 77 BE of Boston. Yates, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 12 n of Albion. Yazoo r. Miss, forraed by Ihe junction of Tailahatchee and Yalabusha, flows into the Mississippi river. A'"azoo City, pv. Yazoo eo. Miss, on Yazoo r. Yellow Cr. pt. Charilon co. Mo. 110 nw of JelTerson Ciiy, YELLovjfaor Chester Springs, v, Chester co. Pa. 3(|WNW (jf Philadelphia. Yellow Springs, pv. Greene co. 0. 52 sw Cs. A'ELLOW AA''ater r. Ala. and Flor. flows into an arra of Pensacola Bay. YellvillEj" pv. cap. of Marion co. Ark. 180 N of Little Rock. Yelvington, pv, Davie.?s co. Ky. 156 wpf F. Yebba Buena, yer'ba bwa'nSt, a sraaU t. of California, on San Francisco Bny. YocuMTOwN, pv, York co. Pa. 21 s of H. Yonkers, pt, 'VVestchester co. N.Y, on Hud son river. [inoulh. York r. Me. flnws into the Atlantic by a broad York r, Va. See Gazetteer. York, Me, See Gazetteer, York, pl. Livingston co- N.Y, 2.38 wof Al. York, Pa. See Gazetteer. York, lp. York co. Pa. 5 sw of A'ork. York, pv- Fayelte co. Ga. 87 wnw M. York, lp. Athens co. O. on Hockhocking r. York, tp, Belmont co. O, on Ohio r. A'ork, Ip- Morgan co, O- York, lp, Sandusky co, O, A''ork, pt, AVashteuaw co, Mich- 46 w of D. York, lp. Switzerland co. Ind. York, pv. Clarke co. IU. on AVabash r. York Haven, pv. York eo. Pa. on Susqa. r. YoRK-sHiRE, pt. Cattaraugus co, N,Y. nn Cat taraugus creek. [s of H. York Sulphur Springs, pv, Adams co. Pa. 21 Yorktown, pl. AVeslchester co.N. A'", on Cro ton river. A'orktown, Va. See Gazetteer. Yorktown, pv- Delaware co- Ind- 50 ne nf Is. Yorkville, v. New York co. N.Y. 5 n of ^e City Hall. - [of Ca. YOTkville, pv. cap. of York dist. S. C. 80 n Yorkville, pv. Pickens co. Ala.OSwN^vof T. Yorkville, pv- Gibson co. Teun l-l3w^of Ne. Yorkville, pv. Racine co. AVis. SG ese of Ma dison. Youghiogheny, yfih^ho-ga'ne, a r. which rises in Preston co.Va.. and flowing through Md. inlo Pa.j falls into the Monongahela 18 m. se of Pittsburg. It is navigable to the Ohiopyle falls, 30 ra. frora its mouth. Al this obslruclion ihe river has a perpendicu lar descent of 20 feet. Young, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Young, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. fof Ca. Youngesville, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 40 x Youngstown, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. on Nia gara river. [150 w of H. Youngstown, borough, Westraoreland co. Pa. Youngstown, pt. Trurabull co. O. 177 ne Cs. Youngsville, pv. Warren co. Pa. 218 nwH. Youngsville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 140 ese of Tuscaloosa. [134 H of H. Young Womanstown, pv. Clinton co. Pa. Youta. See Utah. Ypsilanti, pv. \V^ashlenaw co. Mich. .30 wD Zacatula, sac-3.-loo'i5., a r. of Mexico, fall ing into Ihe Pacific about IS^ n Lat., and 102O 25' w Lon- Also, a liltle town at the mouth of the above. Zacatecls, sah-ka.-la'kas, a state iu the cen tral part of Mexico, immediately s nf Coa- liuila. Area 20,000 sq- in. Pop. 275,000. Zacatecas, the capital of the above, is about 9,600 ft. higher than the sea, and has a population of 25,000. (B.) Zanesfield, pv. Logan co. O. 64 nw of Cs. Zanesville, O. See Gazetteer. Zanesville^ pv. Montg. co. 111. 3S s nf Sd. Zebulon, pv. cap, of Pike co. Ga, 77 w M, Zebulon, pv- Pike co. Ark, 136 sw of Little Rock, Zelienople, pv. Butler co. Pa. 224 w of H, Zenas, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 62 s of Is. Zion, pv. Iredell co. N. C, 155 w of Rh. ZoAR, pv, Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscara was nver. [sse of Hd ^ ZoAR Bridge, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 50 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 §p02 03094 7585