mr/Aw YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1946 OLIVEB AND BOYD'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. OLIVEB AND BOYD'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD, DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL, With Etymological Notices: BEING A Geographical Dictionary for Popular Use. Fourth Edition, Revised and corrected throughout. EDINBURGH: OLIVEE AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COUET. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. 188S. PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. "N the preparation of this work the Publishers have aimed at providing, in a convenient form, such a concise Dic tionary of Geography or Gazetteer of the World, as would, from its special features and cheapness, prove acceptable and useful to the general public. To attain this end much labour and care have been bestowed, many reliable authorities have been consulted, and recent events and explorations have afforded the opportunity of adding several names of places not hitherto found in any similar compilation. The work not only embraces descriptions of the different countries of the globe, their various physical aspects and political divisions, the location of their principal towns, etc., but it possesses also the two important features of giving the pronunciation and, in very many cases, the etymology of the geographical names. The pronunciation is exhibited in a phonetic form, the words being syllabicated and accentuated in a manner easy to be under stood. The meanings and etymologies of the names form, it is believed, a novel feature of the book, and, it is hoped, will add to its interest and value. NOTE TO THE FOUETH EDITION. Since the first issue of this work in 1879, the progress of events throughout the world has rendered necessary the preparation of an entirely neiv edition. In the accomplishment of this no trouble has been spared to make the information satisfactory in every respect. Every article in the book has been subjected to revision, numerous improvements have been introduced, and the statistics and popula tions of our own and other countries, viz., the United States, Dominion of Canada, Australia and other British colonies, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc., etc., have been corrected by recent census and other returns. It is hoped, therefore, that this edition will prove as acceptable to the public as its predecessors have done, and sustain the high character already obtained by the Gazetteer. August 1883. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. VOWEL SOUNDS. a sounds 1 ke a in mane, lame. , a in fan, pan. , a in far, father. ! : , e in mete, here. , e in pen, met. , i in fine, pzne. , i in fin, pin. 0 „ 6 „ , o in note, go. , o in not, got. u „ a „ , u in tune, use. , u in bun, fun. Vowels not marked have their usual sounds according to their position at the begin ning or end of a syllable, thus, a& = 5b, ha = ba, ed = Sd, de = de, etc. u in Roman type among the Italic lias the sound of win the Scotch word schule, for school. CONSONANTS. The Consonants have the same powers as in English. h in Roman type among the Italic denotes a strong aspirate. gh before e, i, and y, sounds like g in ^rive. th in Roman type among the Italic has the sound of th in thin ; in Italic it sounds like th in those. H blends the sounds of n and y. ng in Roman type among the Italic represents the nasal sound of the French n. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. anc., ancient. Ar. and Arab., Arabic. A. S., Anglo-Saxon, Brit., British. cap., capital. Celt., Celtic. circ, circle. co., county. cont. and contr., contraction. corr., corruption. Dan., Danish. dep., department. dist., district. div., division. E., east. E. R-, East Riding. est., estimated. Fr., French. ft., feet. Gael., Gaelic. Ger. and Germ., German. gov., government. Gr„ Greek. Heb., Hebrew. Hung., Hungarian. Ital., Italian. Lat., Latin. lat., latitude. long., longitude. id., miles. manufs., manufactures. marit., maritime. munic. bor., municipal borough. N., north; N.E., north-east; N.N.E., north- north-east; N.N.W., north-north-west: N.W., north-west. N. R., North Riding. pa., parish. pari, bor., parliamentary borough. Pers,, Persian. Pol., Polish. pop., population. Port., Portuguese. pron., pronunciation. prov., province. rt. b., right bank. S., south; S.E., south-east; S.S.E., south- south-east; S/W., south-west. Sansc, Sanscrit. Sax., Saxon. Scand., Scandinavian. Sclav., Sclavonic. Span., Spanish. Teut., Teutonic. trib., tributary. U. S., United States of North America. vil., village. W., Welsh. \y" wpst W.'k., West Riding. OLIVEE AND BOYD'S GAZETTEEE. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin ; ndte, ntit ; tune, tun. Aa, & (water), the name of a multitude of small streams in Russia, Germany, Nether lands, France, Switzerland, etc. Aachen, AX/ en. See Aix-la-Chapello. Aal, ol, a town of Norway, prov. Bus- kerud. Pop. 4500. Aalborg, ol'borg (eel castle or town), a city and seaport 'of Denmark, prov. Jut land, on the S. shore of the Lym-Fiord. Pop. 14,152. Aalen , dl'en, a walled town of Wlirtem- berg, Germany, 50 m. E. from Stuttgart. Pop. 6491. Aar, dr (flowing or sounding water), a river of Switzerland, which, rising in Berne, and flowing through the lakes of Brienz and Thun, joins the Rhine.— Also the name of several small German rivers. Aarau, dr'ou (from aar, flowing water, and au, a meadow), a town of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Aargau, on the Aar. Pop. 5944. Aargau, dr'gou (Fr. Argovie), a canton in the N. of Switzerland, which derives its name from the river Aar, and gau, a dis trict. It is watered by the Aar, Reuss, and Limmat, and has extensive vineyards. Pop. 198,645. AarnuuB, or^hooss (town at the water course), a city and seaport of Denmark, on the E. coast of Jutland, near the N. ex tremity of the Great Belt. Pop. 24,831. Abaoh, d'bdh. (from bach, a stream), a town of Bavaria, on the Danube. It has mineral springs. Pop. 925. Abaoo, d'bd-ko, Great and Little, two of the Bahama islands. The largest is 85 m. long and 25 m. broad. Abai, d-bV, a town on the N.W. coast of Borneo, with a good harbour.— Also the name of a river of Abyssinia, which rises about 11° N. lat., 37° E. long., and joins the Nile in 15° 32' N. lat. Abakan, db-dh-dn', a river of Siberia, rises in the Altai mountains and flows into the Yenisei. Abakansk, db-dk-dns'kf, a fortified town of Siberia, gov. Yeniseisk, on the Abakan. Abanoay, db-dn-ki', a town of Peru, cap. of a prov., dep. Cuzco. Pop. est. at 5000. ' Abano, d-ldn'o, a town of N. Italy, prov. Padua, noted for its sulphurous waters and mud baths. Pop. 3439. Abb, db, a town of Yemen, Arabia, 73 m. N.E. of Mocha. Pop. 5000. Abba Jared, db'bd yd'red, the culmi nating point of the Samen range of moun tains, Abyssinia, 15,000 ft. high. Abbeville, db'veel (the abbot'a town), a manufacturing town of France, dep. Somme, on the river of that name. Pop. 19,283. Abbey, ab'be (monastery, or church at tached thereto), the name of several vils. and pas. in Great Britain and Ireland. Abbeyfeale, ab-be-feeV (the abbey on the river Feale), a pa. and town of Ireland, co. Limerick. Pop. of pa. 3965; town 965. Abbeygreen, al-b&nreen'. See Lesma- hagow. Abbeyleix, ab-le-lace' (the abbey of the old principality of Laeighis or Leix), a pa. and town of Queen's co., Ireland. Pop. of pa 2136 ; town 1103. Abbey St Bathans, bdth'ans (the abbey founded by St Baithen, cousin to St Colum- ba), a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. P. 250. Abbiategrasso, db-be-d'td-grds'ao, a town of N. Italy, prov. Milan. Pop. 4826. Abbotehall, ab'bots-hall' (the house or hall of the abbots of Dunfermline), a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife. Pop. 6435. Abbots-Langley, ab'bots-lang'lee, a vil. and pa. of England, co. Hertford. Nicholas Breakspear, who became Pope Adrian IV., was a native of this place. Pop. 2989. Abdie, ab'de (waterside), a pa. of Scot land, co. Fife. Pop. 983. Abeokuta, ab-eh-o-koo'ta, a combination of townshipB in the state of Egbaland, W. Africa, about 70 m. N. of Lagos. Pop. est. at from 150,000 to 200,000. Aberavon, aVet-afvon (mouth of the Avon), a pari, and munic. bor. of Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the Avon or Afon, near its mouth in Swansea Bay. Pop, of pari. bor. 13,494 ; of munic. bor. 4859. Aberchirder, ab-er-her'der (supposed to signify the mouth or opening of the moss), a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. of Marnoeh, Pop. 1358. A Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m&t ; pine, ptn ; note, nU ; tune, tUn. Abercorn, ab'er-Tcorn (from the ancient monastery of Aebercurnig, so called from its site being near the confluence of the Cornie and Midhope streamlets), a pa. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the Forth. Pop. 856. Abercrombie, ab'er-krom-be (the crooked confluence). See St Monance. Aberdalgie, ab-er-dal'ghee, a pa. of Scot land, co. Perth. Pop. 297. Aberdare, ab-er-dar', a pa, and market town of "Wales, co. Glamorgan, with ex tensive collieries and iron works. Pop. of pa. 35,633. Aberdeen, ao-er-d*eerc/ (mouth of the Dee), a city and seaport of Scotland, cap. of the county of the same name, and seat of a flourishing University. It is chiefly built of gray granite, and comprehends Old and New Aberdeen — the former situated on the Don, the latter on the Dee. Shipbuilding is carried on to a large extent. Pop. 105,003. Aberdeenshire, an extensive and im portant county occupying the N.E. corner of Scotland, being the most easterly point of a large triangle which juts far into the North Sea. It stretches from N. to S. 42 m., and from E. to W. 86 m. Its N. and E. shores are washed by the ocean ; the counties of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth form its S. boundary; and Inverness and Banff border it on the W. Area, 1955 sq. m. ; pop. 267,990. The county was anciently divided into the districts of Mar, Strath- bogie., Garioch, Formartine, and Buchan; but the modern division is the districts of Braemar, Deeside, Aberdeen, Alford, Huntly, Turriff, Garioch, Ellon, Deer, and New Mackar. About one-third of the area of Aberdeenshire is mountainous. The S.W. and S. embrace a portion of the Grampian range. The peaks having the greatest altitude are Ben Macdhui, 4296 ft.; Braenach, 4248 ft. ; Gairntoul, 4241 ft.; Beinn-a~bhuird, 3924 ft. ; Lochnagar, 3786 ft.; Cairn -na-Glasha, 3484 ft. Exten sive forests of fir, larch, and birch trees occupy the ascent of nearly all the moun tains. The principal rivers are the Dee, Don, Ythan, and Deveron, in all of which salmon abound. In Aberdeenshire, all the branches of agriculture are prosecuted with spirit. Cattle and sheep breeding receives special attention. The cod, haddock, and herring fisheries along the coast are very productive. The manufactures include cot ton, linen, sail-cloth, and woollen goods. Aberdeenshire is famous for its granite, the quarrying and preparation of which are carried on to a vast extent. Aberdour, ab-er-dour' (the mouth of the water), two pas. and vils. of Scotland— 1, co. Aberdeen. Pop. of pa. 2124; vil. (New Aberdour) 642.-2. co. Fife, on the Forth, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. of pa. 1736; vil. ("Wester Aberdour) 610. Aberfeldy, ab-er-fel'de (the smooth confluence), a small town in Perthshire, Scot land, pas. of Dull and Logierait. Near it are the celebrated falls of Moness. Pop. 1260. Aberfoyle, ab-er-foiV (suggested by the confluence of a stream here called in Gaelic the Phuill with the Forth), a pa. among the Grampian Hills, co. Perth, Scotland. P. 465. Abergavenny, ab-er-ga-ven'ne or ab-er- gafne, a town. of England, co. Monmouth, at the junction of the Gavenny with the Usk, hence the name. Pop. 6941. Abergele, ab-er-gheVle, a small watering- place in Wales, co. Denbigh. It is a station on the Chester and Holyhead Railway. Pop. of pa. 3172. Aberlady,ap-e7--Za''a'e(at the mouth of the Leddie or Peffer), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, co. Haddington. Pop, of pa. 1000; vil. 441. Aberlemno, ab-er-Iem'no, a pa. of Scot land, co. Forfar. Pop. 993. Aberlour, ab-er-loorf (the locality near the influx of a noisy burn or stream), a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 1912. Abernethy, ab-er-neth'e (mouth of the Nethy), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, said to have been the capital of the Pictish kingdom. Pop. of pa. 1714; vil. 906. — Also a pa. in Inverness-shire. Pop. 1530. Abernyte, ab-er-nif, a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 275. Abersychan, ab-er-sik'an, a town of England, co. Monmouth. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in collieries and iron works. Pop. 13,496. Abertarff, ab-er-tarf (mouth of the Tarff). See Boleskine. Aberuthven, ab-er-riv'en, a vil. of Scot land, co. Perth, pa. Auchterarder. Pop. 331. Aberystruth, ab'er-ist-ruth, a pa. of Eng land, co. Monmouth. Pop. 18,672, employed in collieries and iron works. Aberystwyth, ab-er-isfith (at the mouth of the Ystwyth), a market town and seaport in Cardiganshire, Wales. Pop. 7088. Abingdon, ab'ing-don (the abbot's hill), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Berks, on the Thames. Pop. of pari. bor. 6630 ; of munic. bor. 5684. Abington, ab'ing-t on, a town of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, U.S. Pop. 3697. Abington, two pas. of England, co. Cam bridge. Abington, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, with a station on the Caledonian Railway. Abington, a pa. of Ireland, cos. Limerick and Tipperary. Pop. 4381. Abo, db'o, or o'boo, a city and seaport of Finland, European Russia, on the promon tory formed by the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Pop. 22,967. Abomey, ab-o'ma, a town of W. Africa, cap. of Dahomey, situated about 80 m. from the Slave Coast. Pop. 50,000. Abouktr, Bay of, d-boo-keer', on the coast of Egypt, celebrated for the victory which Lord Nelson here obtained over the French fleet in 1798.— At the W. extremity of the hay is the vil. of Aboukir. Fate, fiit, fdr ; mete, me%; pine, pin; note, ri6t; tune, tUn. 3 Aboyne and Glentanner, d-boin* and glen-tan'ner, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1427.— The name Aboyne is said to be a compound of Gaelic words, signifying " the ford of a current of rippling water," and Glentanner means "the glen of scanty arable land." Abrantes, d-hvan'tez, a fortified town in Estremadura, Portugal, on the Tagus, the passage of which it commands. Pop. 6000. Abrolhos, d-broTyoce (open the eyes), a group of low rocky islands off the coast of Brazil, so called from the dangerous nature of their intricate navigation. Abruzzo and Molise, d-broot'so and mo- lee'sd, a compartment of the Kfngdom of Italy, on the Adriatic, comprising the N. part of the former kingdom of Naples, and embracing the provs. Aquila, Campobasso, Cbieti, and Teramo. Pop. 1,317,815. Abu, d-boo', a celebrated mountain of Western India, Aravali range, Rajputana ; the site of anc. Jain temples, which attract pilgrims from all parts of the country. Abydos, a-bi'dos, an ancient city of Asia Minor, the site of the modern fort Nagara on the Hellespont, celebrated in connexion with the 6tory of Hero and Leander. Near this place Xerxes and his army crossed over to Europe on a bridge of boats. — Also an ancient city of Upper Egypt (now called Arabat-el-Matfoon), where was the famous temple of Osiris. Abyla, d-bi'ld, the anc. name for the rocky height on which stands the castle of Ceuta, Marocco. It and the Rock of Gibraltar (anc. Mona Calpe) were known as the Pillars of HerculeB. Abyssinia, db-is-sin'e-d (or more properly Habessinia, from Habesch, an Arabic word signifyingconfusion or mixture, and applied by the Arabs to this country on account of the mixed races of the people), an extensive country of E. Africa, part of ancient Ethi opia, lying between 8° and 16° 30' N. lat., and between 34° 40y and 40° E. long., having N. and W., Nubia ; E., the Egyptian Red Sea government; S., the Galla country. Its area is estimated at 200,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 4,000,000. The general appearance of the country is that of a rugged elevated table-land intersected by ranges of rocky precipitous hills and deep ravines. Some of the mountains in the S.W. attain an eleva tion of more than 15,000 ft., and are snow- clad at the summit. The chief rivers are the Mareb, the Takazzye or Atbara, and the Abai orBlueRiver. Owing to the moun tainous nature of the country, the climate is more temperate than might be expected from its latitude; but the heat in the lower valleys is intense. From April to September occur those heavy rains which tend to pro duce the overflowing of the Nile.— Though situated between thetropics,theproductions of Abyssinia resemhlethoseof the temperate zone, and in the central and southern parts the soil ffl so fertile, that, with little ex pense of human labour, three harvests are yielded annually. The chief objects of cul ture are wheat, barley, millet, maize, and a kind of grain called teff, smaller than mus tard-seed, but making an agreeable bread. The papyrus is here indigenous, as in Egypt ; and the balm of Gilead and myrrh are also found. Among the domestic ani mals may be mentioned the Galla ox, dis tinguished for the enormous length of its horns. The horse is used only for war, the beasts of burden being mules and asses. Among the wild animals are the buffalo, two-horned rhinoceros, elephants, etc. The hippopotamus and the crocodile abound in the lakes and rivers. — Abyssinia seems to have been peopled, at a very early period, by a colony from the opposite shores of Arabia. In the year 333 the inhabitants were converted to Christianity, their gene ral tenets being those of the Greek Church, received from the patriarch of Alexandria, with which have since been incorporated many Jewish and pagan ceremonies. When this region first became known to tbe Portuguese, it was ruled by an absolute monarch; but his empire gradually fell to pieces, and is now divided into several states, the three principal being Tigre\ Amhara or Gondar, and Shoa. The people belong to several distinct races, and, ac cording to Dr Blanc, may be divided into two sections— the tillers of the soil and their parasites; the latter being the priests, soldiers, and beggars. The peasants are an industrious but despised class ; the priests are lazy, ignorant, and very numerous; the soldiers are the curse of the land, and live by exaction and plunder; and the beggars swarm everywhere. In conse quence of the peculiarly isolated condition in which the Abyssinian nation has existed for ages, Europeans knew little regarding it or the geography of the country until the year 1868, when a British military expedi tion, under Sir Robert Napier (subsequently raised to the peerage under the title of Lord Napier of Magdala), penetrated 400 miles inland, in order to effect the release of a number of Englishmen and others (about sixty in all) who were detained as prisoners in the fortress of Magdala by Theodore, the self-styled Emperor of Abys sinia. The object of the expedition was safely and successfully accomplished. Acadia, d-kofde-d, or Acadie, d-kd-d&tf (plenty here), the name by which Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the neigh bouring islands were known to the early French settlers. Acapulco, dk-d-pool'ko (corr. from Portus Aqum Pulehrm, the port of beautiful waters), a seaport town of Mexico, on a bay of the Pacific, with an excellent harbour. Pop. 5000. Aoarnania, d-kdr-nd'ne-d, with iEtolia, e-Wle-d, a nomarchy or prov. of Greece. Pop. 138,444.— Chief town, Miaaolonghi. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, rrie'tj pine, pin; note, n8t; tune, tUn. Accra, dk'krd, a town and British settle ment on the Gold Coast, W. Africa. Pop. 3000. Accrington, ak'ring-ton, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, England, the centre of the cotton-printing business, 19 m. N. from Manchester. Pop. 31,435. Acerenza, A-cha-ren'zd, a town of S. Italy, prov. Potenza. Pop. 3838. Acerra, d-cher^rd, a town of S. Italy, prov. Caserta. Pop. 13,633. Achaia, d-kd'yd, or a-ki'yd, with Elis, el-ti, a nomarchy or prov. of Greece. Pop. 181,632. Chief town, Patras. Acheen or Achin, at-cheen', a town of Sumatra, on the N.W. coast, the cap. of a state of the same name. Pop. 36,000. Acbil, ak'il (eagle), an island off the W. coast of Ireland, co. Mayo, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is so called from the number of eagles with which it abounds. Its W. point forms the promontory known as Achil Head. Pop. 5060. Achonry, ak-on-ri' (Conary's field), a pa. of Ireland, co. Sligo. Pop. 13,770. Achray, Loch, dn-raf (the lake of the level field), a lake in Perthshire, Scotland, 6 m. W. of Callander. Acireale, d'che-rd-d'ld, a city and sea port of Sicily, prov. Catania, celebrated for its mineral waters. Here were the grotto of Galatea and the cave of Poly phemus. Pop. 22,431. Acken, dk'ken, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. Pop. 5284. Aconcagua, d-kon-kd'gwd, one of the Andes of Chili, S. America ; the highest mountain in the New World, being 23,910 ft. above the sea. A river of the same name rises on the S. side of the mountain, flows S.W., and enters the Pacific 12 m. N. of Valparaiso. — Also the name of a prov. in Chili, possessing silver and copper mines. Pop. 133,928. Acquaviva, dk-kwd-ve'vd (living or springing water), a town of S. Italy, prov. Bari. Pop. 7619. Acqui, dk'kvye (anc. A quoz, waters), an anc. walled town of N. Italy, prov. Alessandria, noted for its sulphur baths. Pop. 8331. Acre, dk'er or d'ker, or St Jean d'Aore, seng-zhdng-ddk'r, called by the Arabs Akka (the sultry or sandy shore), a fortified city and seaport of Syria, on a fine hay of the Mediterranean. It is celebrated in the history of the Crusades. More recently, in 1799, it resisted the attack of Napoleon I., who, after besieging it for two months, was compelled to retreat. In 1840 it yielded, after a few hours' cannonade, to the British fleet. Pop. 10,000. Acton, akfton (town amid the oaks), a town of England, co. Middlesex. Pop. 17,126. —Also several pas. and other towns in Eng land. Acton- Bur nell, ak'ton-biir'nel, a vil. in Shropshire, England, 8 m. S.E. of Shrews bury. Edward I. held a parliament here in 1283, when the Lords met in the castle, and the Commons in a barn. Pop. of pa. 327. Adafudia, d-dd-foo'de~d, a town of W. Africa, with extensive trade in native merchandise. Pop. 24,000—13° 6' N. lat., 1° 3' E. long. Adal, d-daV, the name given to a region of Africa E. of Abyssinia; it extends from Massowah in the N. to the Bay of Tajurra in the S., and is inhabited by a nomad race called the Danakil. The cap. is Aussa, on the Hawash. Adalia, d-dd'le-d, or Sataliah, sd-td'le-d, a seaport of Abia Minor, at the head of a gulf, to which it gives name, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 8000. Adam Bay, ad'am, on the N.W. coast of Australia. Adam's Bridge, a series of sandbanks in the Gulf of Manaar, almost connecting India with the island of Ceylon. Adam's Peak, a lofty mountain of pyramidal form near the centre of the island of Ceylon. Height 7420 ft. Adamawa, ad-am-dfwd, a country of Central Africa, N. of the equator, lies between 7° and 11° N. lat., and 11° and 16° E. long. Adana, d-dd'nd, a city of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkev, in a fertile plain, on the Sihoon. Pop. 24,000. Adda, dd'dd, a river of N. Italy, rises in the Rhsetian Alps, flows S., and then W. into Lake Como; issuing from the Lecco arm of the lake, it traverses the plain of Lom bardy, and joins the Po a few miles above Cremona. Addiewell, ad'de-well, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. West Calder. Pop. 1819. Addington, ad'ing-ton, a co. in the prov. of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. P. 23,470. Addington, the name of five pas. in England. Adelaide, ad'e-laid (named in honour of the Queen of William IV.), the cap. and seat of government of S. Australia, on the Torrens River. Its port, of the same name, is situated 8 m. distant, on an inlet of St Vincent Gulf. Pop. 3S,479. Adelia Land, d-de'k~d, or Adelie, d-dd- lee', a tract of barren land in the Antarctic Ocean, to the S. of Australia. Adelsberg, d-dels-berg' (the noble's rock), a town of Austria, prov. Carniola, celebrated fonts stalactite caves. Pop. 1621. Aden, d'den, or d'den (a paradise), a strong seaport of Yemen, Arabia, near the entrance of the Red Sea; it now belongs to Britain. Pop. 35,165. Aderno, d-der'no, a town of Sicilv prov. Catania, at the S.E. foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 19,1S0. A&ige, ad'e-j?, It. pron. d'de-jd, an im portant river of N. Italy, which rises in the Rhffitian Alps, and falls into the Adriatic N. from the mouths of the Po. It is known in Germany as the Etsch. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, t&n. Admiralty Islands, ad'me-ral-te, n cluster of one large and several small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, N.E. of New Guinea There is an inland of the same name, belonging to the United States, off the W. coast of British North America. It is about 90 m. long, by 25 m. broad. Adoni, d-do'ne, a town of British India, Presidency of Madras, dist. of Bellary. P, 23,000. Adour, d-door' (the water), a river of France which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows into the Bay of Biscay below Bayonne. Adowa, d'do-toa, a town of Abyssinia, cap. of the state of Tigre. Pop. 8000. Adra, dfdrd, a seaport town of Spain, prov. Almeria, on the Mediterranean, with extensive lead-mines in the vicinity. Pop. 11,320. Adramyti, d-drd-me'tt, anc. Adramyt- tium, a seaport town of Asia Minor, near the head of the gulf of the Bame name, with large trade in olives, gall-nuts, and wool. Pop. 5000. Adria, d'dre-d (the black town), a town of N. Italy, prov. Rovigo, between the rivers Po and Adige. It was an important seaport in ancient times, and gave name to the sea on which it once stood. Owing to the gradual extension of the land into the Adriatic, the old city is now 16 m. distant from the sea. Pop. 10,000. Adrian, a'dre-an, a town of the United States, co. Lenawee, Michigan. It is the trade centre of a grain-producing district. Pop. 7849. Adrianople, d-dve-an-o'pl (the city of Hadrian, by whom it was founded), a city of European Turkey, prov. Roumelia, situ ated on the Maritza, in a beautiful plain. It was the principal residence of the sultans previous to the taking of Constantinople by Mohammed II. in 1453, and it still ranks next to the capital in importance. During the war between Russia and Turkey, 1877- 78, the Russian troops took unopposed possession of Adrianople. Pop. 150,000. Adriatic Sea, d-dre-at'ik (named after the town of Adria), sometimes called the Gulf of Venice, a branch of the Mediter ranean, separating Italy from Illyria, Dal- matia, and Albania. It is about 550 m. long, with an average breadth of 120 m. Adventure Bay, ad-ven'ture, on the E. coast of Brune Island, near the S. extremity of Tasmania. It was discovered by Capt. Furneaux in 1773, and named after the ship which he commanded. JEgades, e'ga-dez, a group of rocky islands to the W. of Sicily. jEgean Sea, c-je'an. See Archipelago. JEgina, e-ji'nd, an island of Greece, in the gulf of the same name. Pop. 6103.— The gulf is between Attica and Pelopon nesus. It is about 50 m. in length, and 30 m. in breadth. Aeroe, S'ru, an island of Denmark, in the Little Belt. Pop. 11,766. Aeroeskiobing, d'rwa-kyu'bing (the mar ket of Aeroe), a town of Denmark, cap. of the island of Aeroe, on its N.E. side. Pop. 1578. ¦^Etolia, e-td'le~d, with Aoarnania, d-kdr- nd'ne-d, a nomarchy or prov. of Greece. Pop. 138,444. Afghanistan, af-gdn-is-tda' (the land of the Afghans), a country of Asia, lying be tween 28° 50' and 37° 30' N. lat., and between 61° and 74° 40' E. long., having on the N. Western Turkestan, E. India, S. Belu- chistan, and W. Persia. Its area is esti mated at 260,000 sq. m., and its pop. at 4,000,000. The country may be described as a succession of high valleys or table lands, varying in elevation from 3000 to 6000 feet, situated on the declivities of the Hindu-Kush, the Soliman, the Ghoor, and other subordinate mountain ranges. West ward the country declines into the great desert of Seistan. The valleys are in gen eral well watered, and abound in rich pas ture. The principal rivers are the Kabul, Helmund, and G-omul, but they are not of gieat size. The chief political divisions are Kabul, Jelalabad, Ghuzni, Kandahar, Herat, and Afghan Turkestan. The lofty mountain chain which intervenes between this country and India is pierced by several passes, the best known of which is the Khyber, about 30 m. in length. When the British invaded the country in 1878- 79, some of these passes, as well as the Kurrum and other valleys, were taken possession of; but subsequent political events in Great Britain led to their abandonment. The principal towns of Afghanistan are Kabul, Jelalabad, He rat, and Kandahar. — The manufactures of Afghanistan consist chiefly of a few home made fabrics of cotton, wool, and silk, for domestic use. Madder, tobacco, fruits, furs, shawls, and chintz are exported. The tran sit trade is effected by means of camels and horses. — The Afghans are a compara tively rude race of mountain shepherds and warriors, fierce, cruel, and addicted to plunder. In appearance they resemble the Jews, but their dress and manners are Persian. The various tribes are ruled by chiefs or khans, who in their turn are sub ject to the control of the ameer or king. In religion, the people are Mohammedans. Afghan Turkestan, a/'gdn toor-kes-tdn', subject to the government at Kabul, lies between Afghanistan proper and the river Oxus, and embraces the states of Kunduz, Khulum, Balkh, Badakhshan and Wakhan, Akcha, Siripul, Meimene, Shibberghan, and Andkhui. Pop. about 1,000,000. Afium-Kara-Hissar, d-fe-oom' kd-rd/ hiss-dr' (black castle of opium), a city of Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey, with considerable trade in opium and madder. Pop. 60,000. Afragola, df-rd-go'ld, a town of S. Italy, prov, Naples, with a large trade in straw bonnets. Pop. 17,541. Africa, afre-kd, one of the great divisions 6 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tune, tiin. of the globe, extending from 37° 20* N. to 34° 50' S. lat., and from 17° 32' W. to 51° 22' E. long. It is a vast peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez, and separated from Europe by the Mediterranean, which hounds it on the N. ; on the E. it is bounded by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, on the S. by the Southern Ocean, and on the W. by the At lantic. Its length, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean on the coast of Tunis, is about 5000 m. ; breadth, from Cape Verde to Cape Guardafui, about 4700 m. Area estimated at 11,556,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 205,823,000. The ancient Greeks applied the term Libya to the portion of this continent known to them, and the Ro mans called their first colony here, consist ing of Carthage and the adjoining district, Africa, which name was afterwards given to the entire continent. The greater part of Africa is in the torrid zone ; it is remark able for its compactness and the almost unbroken character of its outline, which is penetrated by very few inlets, and presents less sea c_oast (16,000 m.) in proportion to its area than any other part of the world; it is also remarkable for the paucity of its navigable rivers, and for the position of its mountain-chains, which mostly run parallel to the coast. The interior of Northern Africa is characterized by great sterility. In this region is the Sahara or Great Desert, a vast elevated gravelly tract, studded with immense zones of arid sand ridges, interspersed with spots of fertile beauty known as oases. The central belt S. of the equator was long thought to be of similar character ; but instead of a rocky or sandy desert. Livingstone, Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, Thomson, and others, have here found a series of pla teaus of rich and most varied aspect, and a number of magnificent inland seas or lakes of fresh water, fed by countless streams, whose sources are in the surrounding moun tains, where rain prevails for about eight months of the year. The chief mountains of Africa are the Atlas chain in the N.; The Kong and the Cameroons in the W.; the Mossamba and the Nieuweld in the S.; the Blue Mountains, Kilimanjaro, and Kenia, near the equator ; and the Abys sinian mountains in the E. The most im portant rivers are the Nile, Congo or Liv ingstone, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, and Zambesi; and the principal lakes are Tchad, Albert Nyanza, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika, Bangweolo, and Nyassa. — The climate in the open table-lands is distin guished by excessive heat, but on the whole is healthy. The E. and W. coasts are infested by malaria,and are unhealthy to Europeans. In the S., especially around Cape Colony and Natal, the climate is delightful.— The geographical and political divisions of the African continent are numerous, and vary according as one standard or another is followed. Minute particulars being beyond the design of this little work, the leading divisions only are given in this place: — 1. Northern Africa or Barbary States, compre hending Marocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, and Fezzan. 2. Western Africa, in cluding Senegambia and Upper and Lower Guinea. 3. Southern Africa, embracing the British possessions of Cape Colony, Natal, Basutoland, Transvaal, Pondoland, Orange Free State, Zululaud, Country of the Bechuanas, etc. 4. Eastern Africa, com prising Mozambique, Zanzibar, Ajan, and the Somali Country. 5. Norih-Eastern Africa, including Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. 6. Central Africa N. of the Equator, compre hending countries through which the Niger flows, embracing the kingdoms of Houssa, Timbuctoo, Bornou, etc., as well as the Sahara and Nigritia or Soudan. 7. Central Africa S. of the Equator, our knowledge of which is being gradually enlarged by the explorations of the travellers already named. — Various distinct races people this con tinent. The inhabitants of Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia appear to have come from Syria and Arabia. Carthage was founded by a Phoenician colony, and other regions of the north were peopled by Medes, Per sians, and Armenians. In the 7th century of the Christian era the Mohammedan Arabs subdued the north of Africa; and their descendants, under the name of Moors, constitute a great part of the existing popu lation. Western and Central Africa, from the Senegal to the Zambezi valley, are occupied by Negroes, apparently a distinct and indigenous race. Southward of this, to the extremity of the continent, the country is peopled by Kaffirs, Hottentots, and Bushmen. In 1876 an association was formed at Brussels, entitled the Association Internationale Africane, which, in conjunc tion with a society called the ComiU d'itudes du Haut Congo, has done much to aid African exploration, and to open the country to the influences of civilisation. — [See Algeria, Kaflraria, Cape Colony, Marocco, etc.] African Islands,a/'re-fcan,aclusterof low islands in the Indian Ocean, N. of the Ami- rante group.— 4° 54' S. lat., 53° 33' E. long. Afton-Bridgend, afton-bridj-enay, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, part of New Cumnock. Agably, d-gdb'le, a town in the oasis of Tuat, N. Central Africa. Agades, dg*d-dez (an inclosure), a town of Central Africa, cap. of Air or Asben, an oasis in the Sahara ; it is one of the great marts of the caravan trade. Pop. 7000 Agar, or Agur, d'gur, a town of India, Indore territory. Pop. 30,000. Agarpara, or Agurpara, d'gur-pd'rd, a town of British India, Bengal Presidency, Calcutta div. Pop. 26,801. Agde, dgd (good), anc. Agatha, a seaport town of trance, dep. Herault, near the mouth of the Canal du Midi. Pop. 7767 Agen, d-zhang, a town of France, cap* of dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the rt, b. of the Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin ; nUe, n6t ; tune, tun. Garonne, The learned Joseph Justus Scali- ger was born here in 1540. Pop. 18,743. Agger Canal, dg'gher, a communication, formed during a storm in 1825, between the North Sea and the Lym. Fiord, N. Jutland, Denmark. Aggershuus, dg'gkers-hooss (named from an agger or rampart erected near Cbristi- ania in 1302), a bailiwick of Norway, prov. Christiania. Pop. 116,365. AggerBoe, dg'gher-su, an island in the Great Belt, belonging to Denmark. Agbmat, d.g-mat", a town on the N. declivity of Mount Atlas, 24 m. S. of Ma rocco. Pop. 6000. Aghrim, or Aughrim, aug'rim, or awh'- rim (the hill of the horse), two pas. of Ire land, one in Roscommon, pop. 1719 ; the other in Galway, pop. 767. The latter is memorable in connexion with the victory which William III. gained over James II. in 1691. Agincourt, d-zheng-koor', a vil. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, famous for the great victory gained over the French by Henry V. of England, on the 25th October 1415. Pop. 644. Agnone, dn-yo'na, a town of S. Italy, prov. Campobasso, noted for its copper wares. Pop. 7377. Agoafria, d'gwd-fre'd (cold water), a town of Brazil, prov, Bahia. Agoaquente, d'gwd-ken'ta (hot water or hot spring), a town of Brazil, prov. Goyaz, near the mouth of the Rio das Almas. Agosta, d-gos'td, or Augusta, ow-goos'td, a fortified city in the prov. of Syracuse, Sicily. Pop. 11,382. Agra, d'grd, a div., dist., and city of the North- Western Provinces of British India, between the Jumna and the Ganges. The div. embraces the dists. of Muttra, Agra, Furruckabad, Mynpuri, Etawah, and Etah. Area, 10,164 sq. m.; pop. 5,441,000. The city is called by the Mohammedans Akbarabad (the city of Akbar, who made it his capital). It is situated on the right bank of the Jumna, and possesses the most superb mausoleum in the world, con structed of white marble inlaid with precious stones. This city was cap. of the Mogul empire till 1647. Pop. 138,000. Agram, d'grom, or o'grom, a city of Hun gary, cap. Croatia, near the Save. It is called by the natives Zagrab. Pop. 20,000. Aguas Calientes, d'gwds kd-le-en'tes (hot springs), a state in the central part of Mexico, noted for its thermal springs. Pop. 91,115. — The chief city is of the same name, and stands on a plain 6000 feet above the sea. Pop. 31,872. Aguilar de la Frontera, d-ghe-lar' da Id fron-td'rd, a town of Spain, prov. Cordova, on the Cabra. Pop. 11,712. Aguilas, d'ghe-lds, a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 8947- Agulnas Bank, d-gool'yds, a large bank, round the S. extremity of Africa, extend ing from near Natal to Saldanha Bay, with a varying width averaging 40 m. Agur. See Agar. Ahanta, d-hdn'td, the richest and most improved district on the Gold Coast of Africa. Ahmedabad, d'me'd-d-bdd' (abode of Ahmed), a dist. in Gujerat, Bombay Presi dency, British India, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. The soil is very fertile, and produces sugar-cane, cotton, and various kinds of grain. Area 3821 sq. m. ; pop. 856,324. — The principal town is of the same name, and is situated on the river Sabar- mati. Pop. 118,000. Ahmednagar, d'raid-nug'gurifh^ town or fortress of Ahmed, named from its chief city), a grain producing dist. of British India, Bombay Presidency. Area 6666 sq. m. ; pop. 751,228.— The chief city has the same name, and is situated on the Seena. It is surrounded by a thick wall-like hedge of cactus (prickly pear), about 20 feet high. Pop. 33,000. Ahogbill, d-hob/il, almost d-hoiV, a vil. and pa. of Ireland, co. Antrim. Pop. 8431. Aidin, i'deen, a town of Asia Minor, vila yet of Aidin; has extensive commerce. It is also called G-uzel-Hissar, gu-zel'hiss- ar' (the beautiful castle). Pop. 30,000. Allsa Craig, aiVsa craig, a rocky islet in the Firth of Clyde, off the coast of Ayr, Scotland, two miles in circumference, and 1098 ft. high. Ain, dng, an agricultural dep. in the E. of France, bordering on Switzerland. Area 2258 sq. m.; pop. 363,472.— Chief town, Bourg. Ain, a river of France, which rises in Mount Jura, and falls into the RhOne above Lyons. Ainad, ine'dd, a town of Arabia, prov. Hadramaut, 207 m. N.E. of Aden. P. 10,000. Ainsty, ain'ste, a dist. in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, England. Aintab, ine'tdb, a town on the N. fron tier of Syria. Pop. 20,000. Air, d-er", or Asben, ds'ben, a country of N. Central Africa, an oasis in the Sahara desert, lying between 15° and 19° N. lat., and 6° and 10° E. long. The chief town is Agades. Air, Point of, air, a promontory at the mouth of the Dee, Flintshire, Wales. Airdrie, air'dre (the smooth height), a pari, burgh and town of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. New Monkland, 11 m.E. of Glasgow. In the neighbourhood are great coal and iron works. Pop. of pari, burgh 13,363 ; of town and suburbs 16,335. Afodp Moss, airds moss, a muirland tract in Ayrshire, Scotland, between the Ayr and Lugar waters, celebrated in connexion with the history of the Covenanters. Aire, air, a river in Yorkshire, England ; it falls into the Ouse, near Howden. Aire, air (the farm), a town on the Lys, dep. Pas de Calais, France. Pop. 5000. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, ptn ; note, nU j tunc, titn. Aire, an anc. episcopal town of France, on the Adour, dep. Landes. It was the cap. of the Visigoths. Pop. 2785. Airlie, air'le, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 844. Airth, airth, a pa. and vil. on the Firth of Forth, co. Stirling, Scotland. Pop. of pa. 1362 ; of vil. 487. Aisne, ain or en, a dep. in the N. of France, consisting of portions of the Isle of France, Champagne, and Picardy. It is watered by the river Marne in the S.,by the Oise in the N., and by the Aisne in the centre — all navigable. Area 2322 sq, m. ; pop. 556,891. Aisne, a river of France, which rises in the dep. of Meuse, and, passing Soissons, joins the Oise near Compiegne. About 170 m. in length. Aitbstrng, aiW-sting (council meeting- place), a maritime pa. of Mainland of Shet land, united to Sandsting. Pop. of united pa. 2702. Aix, aiks (waters), a city of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, founded by the Romans, who named it Aqum Sextioz (the waters of Caius Sextius Calvinus), from the warm springs which he discovered there B.C. 123; it has considerable trade and manufactures. Pop. 23,887. Aix-la-Ohapelle, aiksAd-shd-pelY (foun tains of the chapel), Ger. Aachen, an anc. city in Rhenish Prussia, celebrated for its hot baths ; it was the favourite residence of Charlemagne and his successors. Pop. 85,551. Aix- les -Bains, aiks-leh-bang (the bath waters), an anc. town in the dep. of Savoy, France, much resorted to for its thermal waters. Pop. 3003. Ajaccio, d-ydtch'o, the cap. of Corsica, and birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1769. Pop. 17,327. Ajan, d-zhan' (corr. from Azania), an ex tensive but little known district on the E. coast of Africa, S. of the Somali country, ex tending from Cape Guardafui to Zanzibar. Ajmer or Ajmere, aj-mer', a province of British India, W. of Agra, and S, of Delhi, watered by the Chambal and the Bunass. Pop. 453,075.— The principal city, also called Ajmer (Aja's hill), is strongly fortified. Pop. 27,000. AJuruoca, d-xhoo-roo-o'ltd, a town of Bra zil, prov. Minas Geraes, 117 m. N. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 12,000. Akaba, Gulf of, d'kd-bd (cliff or steep acclivity), an inlet forming the N.E. ex tremity of the Red Sea, and the E. boundary of the peninsula of Sinai. Akaroa, d-kdrro'd, a township of South Island, New Zealand, in a co. of the same name, provincial dist. of Canterbury. P. 611. Akcna, akflthd, a dist. of Afghan Turkes tan, tothe W. of Balkh. Akerman, d'ker-mdn (the white castle), a strongly fortified town of Bessarabia, Russia, near the junction of the Dniester with the Black Sea. Pop. 30,000. Aknalzik, dk-hdl-zeekf (new fortress! a strongly fortified town of Caucasia, in Asi atic Russia, on the Kur. Pop. 14,000. Ak-HiBsar, dk-hisa-dr* (white castle), anc. Thyatira, a town in Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey, noted for the excellence of its scar let dye. Pop. 8000. Akhtyrka, dk-ter^kd, or Achtyrka, dh- ter'ka, a town of European Russia, gov. Kharkov. Pop. 17,820. Akmollinsk, dk-mol-in$k' ', a gov. of Rus sian Central Asia, to the N. of the Sir Daria prov. Area 210,555 sq. m. ; pop. 454,205. The seat of gov. is a town of the same name, on the upper Ishim. Pop. 5711. Akola, d-ko'ld, a dist. and city of British India, in the division of West Berar. Pop, Of dist. 592,792 ; of city 17,614. Akron,a&Vo7i,atown of the United States, Summit co., Ohio, on the Atlantic and Great Western Railway, and on the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 16,512. Ak-su, dk-soo' (white river), the name of several rivers in Turkey and Central Asia. Ak-su, a town of Eastern Turkestan, with considerable trade. Pop. estimated at 50,000. Akyab, dk'ydh, a dist. and seaport town in the div. of Arakan, British Burma. Pop. of dist. 359,706 ; of town 32,200. Alabama, a-ld-bd'md (from an Indian word signifying a "place of rest"), one of the United States of N. America, bounded on the E. by Georgia; on the S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico ; on the W. by Mis sissippi ; and on the N. by Tennessee. It is rich in mineral treasures, and the soil is fertile, producing cotton, sugar, wheat, oats, and barley. Area 50,722 sq. m.; pop. 1,262,505. — Montgomery, on the Alabama River, is the state cap. Pop. 16,713. Alagoas, d-ld-go'as (abounding in lakes). a maritime prov. of Brazil, deriving its name from a number of intercommunicat ing lakes, for which it is noted. Pop. 348,000.— The chief city is also named Alagoas. Pop. 12,000. Alais, d-la', a town of France, dep. Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes. It has a large trade in raw and dressed silk, with exten sive iron works. Pop. 17,598. Alajuela, d-ld-noo-a'ld, a city of Costa Rica, Central America. Pop. 12,530. Aland, o'land (land of waters), the principal island of a group belonging to Russia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, 18 m. long and 14 m. broad. It was captured in 1854 by the British and French, who destroyed the fortifications at Bomarsund. Pop. 10,000. The group contains 18 inhabited islands, havinfr a pop. of 15,000. 6 Ala-shehr, d-ld-sUr* (the exalted city), anc. Philadelphia, a walled city in Anatolia Asiatic Turkey. Pop. 15,000. Alaska, d-lds'kd, a territory of the United States, formerly known as Russian America. It comprehends the extreme Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pUn ; note, ridt ; tune, tUn. 9 north-western region of North America, including the Aleutian Islands, and a narrow tract of coast extending south ward to Simpson River. Area 580,107 sq. m. ; pop. 30,146. The peninsula of Alaska, between Bristol Bay and Cook's Inlet, is 350 m. in length. Ala-Tagb, orAla-Dagh,d,'Za'-dtfj7(beauti- ful mountain), a mountain-chain in Asiatic Turkey. Alatri, d-ld'tre', a town of Italy, prov. Rome, in the S.E. Pop. 13,681. Alava, or Vitoria, d-ld'vd, or ve-to're-d, one of the Basque Provinces of Spain. It is mountainous, and rich in minerals. Area 1203 sq. m. ; pop. 93,191. Alba, dl'bd (white), a town of N. Italy, prov. Cuneo, on the Tanaro. Pop. 6555. Albacete, dl-bd-thd'td, an agricultural prov. in the S.E. of Spain. Area 5966 sq. m.; pop. 219,122.— The chief town is of the same name, and is a station on the railway from Madrid to Alicante. Pop. 18,976. Albania, alr-bd'ne-d, Gr. pron. dl-bd-ne'd (mountain region), called by the natives Bhkiperl, shkip'er-e (from shkipe, a rock), a prov. of Turkey in Europe, having Monte negro, Bosnia, and Servia on the N. ; Roumelia and Greece on the E.; Greece on the S. ; and the Mediterranean and Adriatic on the W. Its inhabitants, called by the Turks Ai-nauts, are the descendants of the ancient Illyrians, and are a brave and hardy race. Pop. 1,200,000. Albano, dl-bd'no, a city of Italy, prov. Rome. Pop. 6158. Albany, dl'ban-e (so named by the English in 1664 in honour of the Duke of York and Albany), the state cap. of New York, U.S., situated on the Hudson, at its junction with the Erie Canal. It is a place of great trade. Pop. 90,758. Albany, the principal town of Planta- genet co., on King George Sound, West Australia. Pop. 1024. Albany, a river of the Dominion of Canada, N.W. Territories, falls into James Bay, the S. part of Hudson Bay. Albany, a div. of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony, watered by the Great Fish, Koonap, and Kat Rivers. Area 1830 sq. m. ; pop. 16,499. It was settled by British emigrants in 1820, who named it after the Scotch title of "the Duke of York. Chief town, Grahamstown. Albany (New), a city of Indiana, U.S., co. Floyd. Pop. 16,423. Albay, dl-bd\ or dl-bV, a town in a dist. of the same name in Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. Pop. 11,000; of dist,, 341,000. Albemarle Island, dl-be-mdrV, the largest of the Galapagos group in the Pacific Ocean.— 0° 56' S. lat, 91° 38' W. long. Albemarle Sound, an inlet on the coast of North Carolina, U.S. Albert, dl'bert (named in honour of Prince , Albert, consort of Queen Victoria), a div. of Cape Colony, adjoining the Orange Free State. Area 3834 sq. m. ; pop. about 12,069. Alberta, al-ber/td, a prov. of the Do minion of Canada, formed in 1882 out of the S.W. part of the N.W. Territories. It lies E. of the Rocky Mountains, and extends southward to the U.S. boundary. Area 100,000 sq. m.— Cap. Calgary. Albert Lake, in Russell co., S. Australia. Albert Nyanza (Nyanza means lake, and according to Arab pronunciation the n and y are joined in the mouth, and not pronounced separately; but the native tribes pronounce it either nee-ydn'ja or nee-ydn'za), a large inland sea or lake of fresh water in Central Africa, at the equator ; it forms one of the principal reservoirs of the Nile, and was discovered in 1864 by Sir Samuel and Lady Baker, who named it in honour of Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. Albi, dl'be, an anc. city of France, cap. of the dep. Tarn. Pop. 16,914. Albuera, dl-boo-d'rd (the lake), a vil. of Spain, prov. Badajoz, 13 m. S.E. of the town of Badajoz. Albuquerque, dl-boo-ker'kd (the white oak), a town of Spain, prov. Badajoz, 9 m. from the Portuguese frontier. Pop. 7214. Albury, al'ber-e, a town of Australia, on the confines of N.S. Wales and Victoria, on the-rt. h. of the Murray River. Pop. 5715. Alcala de Henares, dl-kd-ld' da a-nd'res (the castle on the Henares river), a town of Spain, prov. Madrid; here Cervantes was born in 1547. Pop. 12, 317. Alcala la Keal, dl-kd-ld' Id rd-dV (the uoyal castle or town), a town of Spain, prov. Jaen. Pop. 15,901. Alcamo, dl'kd-mo, a city of Sicily, prov. Trapani. Pop. 37,697. Alcantara, dl-kdn'td-rd (the bridge), a town of Spain, prov. Caceres, on the S. bank of the Tagus. Pop. 3527. Alcantara, a seaport town of Brazil, prov. Maranhao. Pop. 8000. Alcester, dVster or d'sler (the camp on the Alne), an anc. town in Warwickshire, England. Pop. 2430. Alcira, dl-the'rd, an anc. town of Spain, prov. Valencia, on an island in the Xucar. Pop. 16,146. Alcoy, dl-ko'e, a manufacturing city of Spain, prov. Alicante. Pop. 32,497. Aldan, dl-dan', a river of Siberia, gov. Yakutsk. It rises in the Yablonoi moun tains, and after a course of 500 m. joins the Lena, in 63° 12' N. lat., 129° E. long. Aldan Mountains, a range in the E. of Siberia; they are a continuation of the Altai, and terminate at Behring Strait. Their average height is about 4000 feet. Aldborough, ©r Aldeburgh, dld'bur-o (old town), a favourite watering-place, co. Suffolk, England. The poet Crabbe was borne here in 1754. Pop. of pa. 2106. Aide , did, a river of England, co. Suffolk ; 10 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tUn. 11 m. from its source it is joined by the Ore, and the united stream enters the North Sea at Orford. Alderley, dl'der-le (the alder meadow), two pas. of England ; one in co, Gloucester, and the other in co. Chester. Alderney, dVder-ne, an island in the English Channel, famous for a breed of small cows. Pop. 2039.-49° 41' N. lat., 2° 15' W. long. Aldershot, dVder-shot (the alder-tree wood), a pa., military town, and camp in Hampshire, England. Pop. of pa., includ ing the military, 20,140. Alemtejo, d-leng-td'zho (beyond the Tagus), a maritime prov. of Portugal . Area 9952 sq. m. ; pop. 350,103. Alengon, d-Ung'song, a town of France, cap. of the dep. Orne, on the Sarthe ; it has extensive manufactures. Pop. 15,939. Aleppo, d-lep'po, a city of Syria, Asiatic Turkey, built on several hills. It is the seat of a great inland trade. In 1822 it was convulsed by an earthquake, when about 20,000 persons were killed. Pop. est. at 70,000. Alessandria, dl-es-sdn'dre-d (named in honour of Pope Alexander III.), a strong city of N. Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Tanaro. Near it is the celebrated field of Marengo, where Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrians in 1800. Pop. of prov. 728,750; of city, 30,761. Aleutian Islands, d-loo'she-an (bold rocks), a volcanic group in the N. Pacific, between Cape Alaska and Kamtschatka. The Fox Islands are the most important of the group. The Aleutians form part of the U.S. territory of Alaska. Total pop. 8000. Alexandra Nile, al-ex-an'drd, or Ka- gera, kd-je'rd, a river of Equatorial Africa, flowing into the Victoria Nyanza on the W. It is regarded by Mr H. M. Stanley, who named it after the Princess of Wales, as the principal feeder of tbe Nile. In its couise from the S.W. it passes through a large lake, also named Alexandra. Alexandretta. See Scanderoon. Alexandria, al-ex-an'dri-a, an anc. and celebrated city and seaport of Lower Egypt, situated on a narrow peninsula between Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean. It takes its name from Alexander the Great, by whom it was founded about the year 332 B.C. Here Euclid, the mathematician, taught about 320 B.C. The fortifications of Alexandria were bombarded and demolished by a British fleet in 1882, when a large portion of the city was laid in ruins by Arab incendiaries. Pop. 212,000. Alexandria, a town of Russia, gov. Kherson. Pop. 20,666. Alexandria (in honour of Queen Vic toria), a div. of the South-Eastern Province of Cape Colony. Area 1519 sq. m.; pop. 6030. Alexandria, a town of Virginia, U.S., co. Alexandria, on the Potomac. Pop. 13,659. Alexandria, a town on the Leven, co. Dumbarton, Scotland. Pop. 6173. Alexandrina, al-ex-an-dri'nd, a lake of South Australia, in the S.E. side of the settled part of the colony. Alexandropol, al-ex-an'dro-poZ, a town in Transcaucasia, Russia, gov. Erivan. Pop. 20,600. Alexandrov, al-ex-an-droov' , a town of Russia, gov. Vladimir. Pop. 6779. Alexinatz, al-ex'e-ndtsh, a town in the S.E. of Servia. Pop. 3954. Alford, dl'ford (the ford over the clear stream), a pa. and market town of Eng land, co. Lincoln. Pop. 2894— Also a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, watered by the Don. Pop. of pa. 1472; of vil. 529. Algarve, dl-gdr'va (the west), a prov. in the S. of Portugal, in which aloes, dates, and other tropical products are grown. Pop. 199,142. Algeciras, dlAid-tne'rds (the islands), a town of Spain, prov. Cadiz, on the W. side of the Bay of Gibraltar. Pop. 12,465. Algeria, dl-je're-d, anc. Numidia, a territory of N. Africa, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, W. by Marocco, S. by the Great Desert of Sahara, and E. by Tunis. The Atlas chain of mountains runs through its entire length, which is about 550 m. The valleys are well watered and fertile, and the hills are covered with fruit-trees. In the 16th century, Algiers became a Turkish pashalic ; but in the course of time the governors assumed independence, with the title of Dey, being elected by a small body of Turkish soldiery, whose numbers were kept up by recruits from Constantinople. For three centuries the Algerines carried on a piratical warfare against Europe. In 1816, their capital was bombarded by the British under Lord Exmouth, and in 1830 was taken by the French, who subdued the country, after a struggle of more than twenty years, in which they were opposed by Abd-el-Kader and other Arab chiefs. They are now colonizing the country, and introducing the arts and civilisation of Europe. They have divided it into three provs,, Alger or Algiers in the centre, Oran in the west, and Constantine in the east. Pop. 2,867,000, about 250,000 of whom are Europeans. Algezira, dl-je-ze'rd (the island), anc. Mesopotamia, a dist. of Asiatic Turkey, between the Euphrates and the Tigris. Alghero, dl-gd'ro (the peninsula), a fortified town of Italy, on the W. coast of Sardinia, prov. Sassari. Pop. 8769. Algiers, dljeerz' (corr. from Ar. Al-jezira, the island), a seaport and strongly fortified city of N. Africa, cap. of the French colony of Algeria, on the W. side of a bay of the same name in the Mediterranean. P. 62,702. Algoa Bay, dl-go'd, a bay about 425 m! E. of the Cape of Good Hope ; its shores are Fate, f 13 Alva, dl'vd (rocky), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Stirling. Pop. of pa. 5113; of town 4961. Alvah, dl'vd (rocky), a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 1356. AlvaradOj dl-vd-rd'do, a town of Mexico, dep. Vera Cruz ; it stands at the mouth of a river of the same name. Pop. 3562. Alverstoke, dfver-stdk, a pa. of England, co. Hants. Pop. 21,581. Alves, dl'vez, locally d'vez, a pa. of Scot land, co. Elgin. Pop. 1117. Alvie, dl've (the island of swans), a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 707. Alwar, al'wur, a semi-independent state of Rajpootana, India. Area 3000 sq. m.; pop. 800,000. The town of the same name has a pop. of 53,000. Alyth, d'lith (a slope or ascent), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. of pa. 3521 ; of town 2377. A small part of the pa. is in co. Forfar. Amadous, d-md-de'us, a large lake in the W. of South Australia. Amak, d'mdk, or Amager, d'md-gher, a small island of Denmark, in the Sound, connected with Copenhagen by two bridges. Pop. 9000. Amalfl, d-mdl'fe, a seaport town of S. Italy, prov, Salerno, on the Gulf of Salerno. Here the mariner's compass is said to have been invented by Gioja in 1302 ; here, too, Masaniello, the celebrated fisherman of Naples, was born. Pop. 4994. Amapondo. See Pondoland. Amarapura, d-md-rd-poor/d (the city of the gods), a former cap. of the Burman Empire, situated on the E. bank of the Irawadi; now in ruins. Amasia, d-md'se-d, a city of Asiatic Tur key, vilayet of Sivas, on the Yeshil-Irmak. Here Strabo, the Greek geographer, was born about the year 50 b.o. Pop. 25,000. Amatitlan, d-md-te-tldn' ,a town in Guate mala, Central America, surrounded by a district where abundance of cochineal is produced. P. of dist. 36,000; of town 6000. Amaxichi, d-mdx-e'he, a seaport town and cap. of the island of Santa Maura or Leucadia, one of the Ionian Islands. Pop. 6000. Amazon, am'd-zon, Sp. pron. d-md-fhon' , sometimes called Maranon, mdr-dn-yon', or Orellana, o-rel-yd'nd, the chief river of S. America, and the largest in the world ; its sources are among the Andes, and its entire length is about 4000 m. Such is its volume and impetus, that its waters are carried un mixed into the sea to the distance of about 240 miles. Several of its tributaries are noble rivers ; the Madeira, the largest, is 1800 m. long. This great river was dis covered by the Spanish explorer Orellana, who on his return to Spain related a wild tale about his passage having been opposed by a nation of female warriors ; hence the name Amazon was given to the river. Amazonas, d-md-zo'nas, or d-md-zon'yds} a vast unexplored prov. in the interior of Brazil.— Also a dep. of Peru. Pop. 34,000. Ambala, or Umballa, um-bdl'ld, a div., dist., and city of British India, Punjab. The div. embraces the dists. of Ambala, Lud- hiana, and Simla. Area of the div. 4000 sq. m. ; pop. 1,729,043. Pop. of dist. 1,067,263 : of city 67,500. Ambato, dm-bd'to, a town of Ecuador, S. America, near the foot of Mount Chim- borazo. Pop. 8000. Amberg, dm'berg (at the hill), a town in Bavaria, on the Vils. Pop. 14,583. Ambert, ang'&air, a town of France, dep. Puy de Dome, in the fine valley of the Dore, celebrated for its paper manufactures. Pop. 3940. Ambleside, am'bVside (the settlement of Hamel, or, as some authorities say, the slope of the giant heroes' dwelling), a town ship and town of Westmorland, England, near Lake Windermere. Pop. 1989: Amhoyna, dm-boy'nd (surrounded by water), one of the Molucca or Spice Islands, in the Indian Archipelago, to the S.W. of Ceram ; it belongs to the Dutch, and is famous for cloves. Pop., with Banda, 233,608.— The chief town is of the same name. Pop. 13,000. Ameland, d'me-ldnt, an island of the Netherlands, to the N. of Friesland. Pop. 2354. America, d-mer't-M (named after the Florentine adventurer Amerigo Vespucci), one of the great divisions of the globe, and, with the exception of Asia, the largest. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, W. by the North and South Pacific Ocean, S. by the Southern Ocean, and E. by the North and South Atlantic Ocean. Its area, including islands, is esti mated at nearly 16,000,000 sq. m., and its pop. at 100,415,000. Its length from Grant Land in the N. to Cape Horn in the S. is about 10,000 m., and its average breadth 2000 m. This vast continent consists of two great peninsulas and a central part, named respectively North, South, and Cen tral America. — It has been contended that North America was known to the Northmen in the 11th century. They are asserted to have been in the habit of sending vessels to Baffin Bay and Lancaster Sound for the purpose of fishing But, be that as it may, there is no doubt whatever that till the close of the 15th century the discovery of America was unknown to southern and western Europe. On the 3rd of August 1492, Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in the service of Spain, sailed in quest of a western passage to India, and on the 12th October arrived at San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands. In his second, third, and fourth voyages he made many important discoveries ; first touching the American continent on the 1st August 1498, near the mouth of the Orinoco. In 1497 and 1498, John and Sebastian Cabot, employed 14 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mM; pine, pin; note, nZt; tune, tUn. by Henry VII. of England, discovered New foundland, and traversed a large extent of coast. These discoveries excited tbe most eager curiosity in Europe. The vast regions which they opened up seemed to exceed any of the great continents hitherto known ; while the unusual aspects of nature led the beholders to regard it as a New World, which had risen but recently under the Creator's hand. Forests of unknown trees, surpassing in extent and magnificence all that had been seen before; vast mountain- ranges, with a single exception the loftiest on the globe; rivers which rolled to the ocean with the majesty of seas, — these were the sublime features nf this Western World. Its animals differed no less from those with which Europeans were familiar, and it ap peared to be inhabited by a peculiar race of human beings. Its soil teemed with the choicest productions; and mines of the precious metals offered the tempting pros pect of immediate and incalculable wealth. The maritime nations of Europe were not slow to take possession of these wondrous regions. In 1521, the celebrated Fernando Cortez conquered Mexico, whence tb e autho rity of the Spanish monarch was quickly ex tended over a great portion of the southern continent. In 1535, the French explored the shores of the Gulf of St Lawrence; and in 1584, the unfortunate Sir Walter Raleigh, by founding a settlement in Virginia, took the first step in the planting of the great British colonies which now form the United States of North America. America, Central, consists, geographi cally, of the long, narrow, and irregular strip from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, at the S. of the Gulf of Mexico, to the nar rowest part of the Isthmus of Panama; politically it may be considered to em brace the country between Mexico and the United States of Colombia, extending from 93° 2(T to 81° 30' W. long. It is about 900 m. in length, with a breadth of from 70 to 350 m,; an area estimated at 188,379 sq. m„ with a pop. of 2,893,000. The mountains of Central America are in three distinct groups, viz., the Honduras and Nicaragua group, the Costa Rica group, and the group of Guatemala. The latter has more active volcanoes than any other coun try of equal area, except Java. Of these, the Volcau de Agua, so called from emitting torrents of water and stones instead of fire, is said to be 15,000 ft. in elevation. The centre of the country consists of a high table-land, averaging about 5000 ft. above the sea, with a comparatively temperate climate ; but the coast region, especially the eastern, is low, hot, and unhealthy. Earthquakes are very frequent, and in con sequence the towns generally consist of buildings only one story high. The soil is extremely fertile, yielding abundantly all the productions both of tropical and tem perate climates; the staples of the country are indigo, cochineal, sarsaparilla, hides, mahogany, dye-woods, sugar, cotton, cocoa, and Peruvian balsam. There are rich and productive mines of the precious metals, with copper, iron, lead, nickel, zinc, anti mony, etc., and the pearl-oyster is found on the coast. Central America became inde pendent in 1821, and was subsequently in corporated with Mexico ; but in 1823 it was formed into a separate confederation. This was finally dissolved in 1847, and since that date the states of Guatemala, St Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, have been independent republics. The Mosquito Territory extends along the west of the Caribbean Sea, and now belongs to Nicara gua. The governments of the Central American republics are modelled on that of the United States, and consist of a presi dent, senate, and house of representatives. The established religion is the Roman- catholic, but complete toleration exists. Central America presents in many places very extensive and interesting ruins, prov ing the occupation of the country by a people far advanced in civilisation and the arts long before it was conquered by the Spaniards. [See Guatemala, Nicaragua, etc. J America, North, extends from about 15° to about 82° N. (including the islands of the Arctic Ocean), and from 55° to 168° W. Its length from N. to S. is about 5600 m ; its breadth about 3000 m.; its area 8,800,000 sq. m. Its pop. is estimated at upwards of 64,524,000. Nearly three-fourths of it are in the N. temperate zone ; the remainder being about equally divided between the N. frigid and torrid zones. It is broad and expanded towards the N. (approaehing Asia within 48 miles at Behring Strait), and narrows to wards the S. Its N. coast is broken by the Gulf of Boothia, Coronation Gulf, Franklin Bay, Liverpool Bay, etc. ; its W. coast is in dented by Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, Bristol Bay. Cook Inlet, and Gulf of Cali fornia; its E. coast by the Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, the Bay of Fundy, and the Gulf of St Lawrence. The Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay are the only considerable inlets of the ocean. There are three chief mountain-ranges— the West Coast Range, extending from the extremity of the penin sula of Alaska to California near the 6hores: the range of the Rocky Mountains continued in the Mountains of Mexico and Central America; and the Alleghany or Appa lachian Mountains near the E. coast. The W. is mostly an elevated table-land; the plains are the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic, and Hudson Bay, the basins of the Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, and the line ol the north-western lakes. From Great Bear Lake, on the arctic circle, S.E. to Lake Ontario, there is a remarkable series of > fresh-water lakes, between the last two of which are the magnificent Falls of Niagara Ihis great continent is watered by many Fate, fS6. Binny, or Binning, East and West, biu'ne or bin'ning, two vils. in Linlithgow shire, Scotland. Binsted, bin'sted, a pa. of England, co. Hants, 4 m. N.E. of Alton. Pop. 1466. Bintang, bin-tang', an island off the S. extremity of the Malay Peninsula, 40 m. S.E. of Singapore. Its Malay name is Bentan, said to mean a half-moon, and to apply properly to the highest hill in the island. Area 440 sq. m.; pop. 13,000. Binue. See Chadda. Bir, beer (a well), a walled town of Asiatic I urkey, on the Euphrates. Pop. 8000. Birchington, birch'ing-ton, a pa. of Eng- 1390' co- Keni> on the lsIe of Thanet. Pop. Birgham, birj'am, or Brigham, a vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, pa. of Eecles. Birkdale, birk'dale (the birch valley), a town in Lancashire, England. Pop. 8075. Birkenhead, birk'en-hed (the head of the birch troes), an important pari, and munic. bor. of England, co, Chester, ou the Mersey, Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. 49 opposite Liverpool, with extensive docks, shipbuilding yards, and increasing trade. Pop. 84,006. Birmingham, bir'ming-ham (supposed to have been named from the great quantity of broom which grew in its vicinity), one of the most prosperous pari, and munic. bors. of England, co. Warwick, celebrated for its hardware manufs., the first in the world. Pop. 408,004. Birnam, bir'nam, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. Little Dunkeld. Pop. 471.— Birnam Hill, to the S. of the vil., rises to the height of 1324 ft., and was anciently in cluded in a royal forest. Shakespeare has rendered it famous by referring to it in his tragedy of Macbeth. Birnie, bir'ne, anc. Brenuth (a brae or high land), a pa. in Elginshire, Scotland. Pop. 367. Birr. See Parsonstown. Birsay. See Harray. Birse, birs (from a Gaelic word signi fying bush), a pa. of Aberdeenshire, Scot land. Pop. 1093. BirstaU, bir'staU, a pa. and town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England. Pop. of pa. 62,681 ; of town 6766. Biscay, bis'kd, Span. Vizcaya, one of the Basque Provinces, in the N. of Spain. Pop. 189,954. Biscay, Bay of, a bay of the Atlantic, extending from the island of Ushant in France to Cape Ortegal in Spain. It washes the W. coast of France and the N. coast of Spain. Bisceglia, be-shWyd, or be-shdl'ya, a sea port town of Italy, on the Adriatic, 21 m. W.N.W. of Bari. Pop. 21,765. Bishop- Auckland, bish'up auk'land (so called from the number of oaks that grew here, and from the manor having belonged to the bishops of Durham), a town in the co. of Durham, England. Pop. 10,097. Bishopbriggs, bish'up-brigs, a vil. in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Pop. 832. Bishop's Cannings, kan'nings, a pa. in Wiltshire, England. Pop. 4583. Bishop's Castle, a pa. and town of Shropshire, England. Pop. of pa. 1983; of town 1788. Bishop Stortford, stort'ford (so called from its situation on the Stort, and from its having belonged at a very early period to the see of London), a town and pa. of England, co. Herts. Pop. 6704. Bishop Wearmouth, weer'mouth, locally weer'muth, a pa. of England, co. Durham, forming the S. part of Sunderland. Pop. 88,102. Bissagos, bis-sd'goce, or Bijuja Islands, a group of islands off the W. coast of Africa, between the mouth of the Gambia and Sierra Leone. Bissao, be-sd'o, a seaport and island at the mouth of the Jeba or Rio Grande in Senegambia, W. Africa ; it belongs to the Portuguese. Bistritz,ow'in'te, a town of Transylvania, Austria-Hungary, on the Bistritz river. Pop. 8063. Bitboor, or Bithur, be-thoor', a town of British India, 12 m. N. from Cawnpore. Here was the residence of the infamous Nana Sahib until driven from it by Have- lock in 1857. Pop. 8000. Bitlis, bit-liss', an anc. city of Asiatic Turkey, S.W. of Lake Van. Pop. 30,000. Bitonto, be-ton'to, a town of S. Italy, prov, Bari, near the Adriatic, with a fine cathedral. Pop. 22,726. Bitsch, beetch, a fortified town of Ger many, imperial prov. Elsass-Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraine), formerly belonging to France. Pop. 2908. Bitton, bit'ton, a pa. of Gloucestershire, England. Pop. 11,662, chiefly employed in mining. Biaerta, be-zer'td, a seaport of Tunis, N. Africa, at the head of a deep bay. P. 8000. Blackbraes, blak'brds, a vil. of Scotlaud, co. Stirling. Pop. 387. Blackburn, blak'burn (corr. of blake- burn, the yellow stream), an important pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Lan caster. James Hargreaves, the inventor of the spinning-jenny, was a native of this place. Pop. of pari. bor. 100,620; of munic. bor. 104,014. — Also the name of a vil. in Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Pop. 790. Blackford, blak'ford (a road or passage), a pa. and vil. in Perthshire, Scotland. This pa. forms the line of communication between the great vales of Strathallan and Strathearn. Pop. of pa. 1595; of vil. 679. Black Forest, Ger. Schwarzwald (so called from its appearance), an extensive range of mountains in Wurtemberg and Baden, S.W. Germany, running parallel to the course of the Rhine; the highest peak is 4675 ft. above the sea. Blackheath, blak-heeth', au open com mon at the N.W- extremity of Kent, adjoin ing Greenwich Park, England. It was the scene of several remarkable events noted in history, and is a place of holiday resort by Londoners. Blackley, bla¥le, a township of Lanca shire, England, 4 m. N. of Manchester, noted for its extensive dyeworks. P. 6075. Blackness, blak-ness' (the dark promon tory), a vil. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the Firth of Forth. In former times its castle was a state prison. Blackpool, blak'pool, a munic. bor. in Lancashire, England, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 14,229. Blackrock, blak'rok, a sea-bathing town of Ireland, co. Dublin. Pop. 8902. Blackrod, blak - rod', a township of Lancashire, England. Pop. 4234. Black or Euxine Sea, an inland sea between Europe and Asia, having on the N. and N.E. Russia; E. Turkey in Asia; S. Turkey in Asia and Turkey in Europe; W. Turkey in Europe and Roumania, D Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mil ; pine, pin ; ndte, nU ; tune, tUn. 50 It receives the waters of many large rivers, such as the Danube, the Dniester, the Dnieper, and the Don. Why it is called the Black Sea is uncertain. It may have been bo called from the frequent recurrence of storms and fogs, rendering its navigation perilous, or from the dark appearance which it sometimes has from the shadows of the abounding black rocks between the Bosphorns and Heraclea, The Greeks called it Euxinos, hospitable, dis liking its original name Axinos, inhos pitable. Area 172,000 sq. ra. Blackstoun, blaks'toon, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. Kilbarchan. Pop. 311. Blackwall, bl-ak'wdll, a dist. of London, co. Middlesex, on the N. side of the Thames. Blackwater, two rivers in Ireland, one of which rises on the borders of Kerry, and, flowing through the cos. of Cork and Waterford, enters the sea at Youghal Bay; and the other, after traversing the cos. of Tyrone and Armagh, falls into the S.W. corner of Lough Neagh. — Also the name of three rivers in England, cos. of Dorset, Essex, and Hants. Blackwood Kiver, blak'wood, West Australia, falls into the Hardy inlet, 6 m. N.E. of Augusta. Blaenavon, bldn-d'von, a town of Eng land, co. Monmouth. Pop. 9451. Blair Atbol, or Atholl, blair dth'ol (the plain of Athol), a pa. and vil. of Perthshire, Scotland. Pop. of pa. 1742; of vil., with Bridge of Tilt, 346. Blairgowrie, blnir-gow're (the plain of Gowrie), a pa. and town in Perthshire, Scotland, finely situated on the Ericht. Pop. of pa. 5162 ; of town 4537. Blano, Mont, mong bldng (white moun tain), one of the Pennine Alps, in the French dep. of Haute-Savoie ; it is the highest mountain of Europe, its summit being 15,784 ft. above the sea. Blandford Forum, bland' f or d fo' rum, a pa. and town of England, co. Dorset, on the Stour. Pop. of pa. 3791 ; of town 3753. Blanefield, blane'feeld, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Strathblane. Pop. 514. Blantyre, blan-tire' (a warm retreat), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 8 m. S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. of pa. 9760; of vil. 1849. Dr Livingstone, the celebrated African traveller, was born here in 1817. Bleking, bid'king, a maritime laen or gov. of Sweden, prov. Gothland. Pop. 137,477.— Chief town, Garlscrona. Blenheim, blen'im, a vil. in Bavaria, on the Danube, memorable for the victory gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the French and Bava rians in 1704. Blenheim, the cap. of the provincial dis trict of Marlborough, in the N.E. of South Island, New Zealand. Pop. 2107. Blewfields, blu'feelds, a river and town of the Mosquito Territory, Central America. Bleyberg or Bleiberg, bli'berg, a town in Carinthia, Austria, noted for Its lead- mines. Pop. 3848. Bloemfontein, bloom'fon-teen, the prin cipal town in Orange Free State, S. Africa. Pop. 2567. Blois, blwd, a city of France, cap, of the dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire. Pop. 18,409. Blue Mountains, a range in the E. of the island of Jamaica, the highest point of which is 7277 ft. above the sea.— Also a range in New South Wales, Australia. Blyth, bllth, four* rivers of England, one of which enters the North Sea near South- wold, Suffolk ; another joins the Tame in Warwickshire; another falls into the North Sea at Blyth, Northumberland ; and another is an affluent of the Trent, co. Stafford. Blyth, a town of England, co. Northum berland, at the mouth of the Blvth River, 11 m. N.W. of Newcastle. Pop. 2831. Boavista. See Bonavista. Bobruisk, bo'broo-isk, a town of Russia, gov. Minsk. Pop. 26,872. Bochum, bo'hum, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia. Pop. 33,440. Boddam, bod'dam, a vil. in Aberdeen shire, Scotland, pa. Peterhead. Pop. 1117. Bodensee, bo-den-zd', or Lake of Con stance. See Constance. Bodmin, bod'min (corr. from Bodminian, house of monks, or from Bosvenna, houses on the hill), the co. town of Cornwall, Eng land. Pop. 6061. Bceotia, be-o'she-d, and Attica, at'te-kd, a nomarchy of Greece. Pop. 185,364. Bog or Bug, boog, two rivers of Russia in Europe, one of which issues from a lake in the N. of Podolia, flows through that gov. and Kherson, and falls into the estuary of the Dnieper. The other rises in Galicia, and forms the E. frontier of Poland; after a course of about 300 m. it joins the Vistula 18 m. N.W. of Warsaw. Bognor, bog'nor, a maritime town in Sussex, England. Pop. 3290. BogodukhofT, bo-go-dook'hof, a town of Russia, gov. Kharkov. Pop. 15,479. Bogota, bo-go-td', or Santa Fe de Bo gota, sdn-td fa da bo-go-td', the cap. of the United States of Colombia, S. America, situated in a luxuriant plain, 8720 ft. above the sea, and surrounded by grand moun tain-scenery, has a perpetual spring, but is subject to earthquakes. Pop. 50,000. Bogra, bo'grd, a dist. and town of British India, div. Rajshahi, presidency of Ben gal. Pop. of dist. 733,546 ; of town 8000. Boharm, bo-harm' (the bow round the hill), a pa. in the cos. of Banff and Moray, Scotland. Pop. 1166. Bohemia, bo-hefme-a (the home of the Boii, a Celtic people, who settled here 600 years b.o.), a prov. of Austria-Hungary, very fertile, and rich in mineral products. Area 20,500 sq. m. Pop. 5,560,819. _ Bohmerwald, bnm-er-wald' (the Bohem ian forest), a chain of mountains in Ger many, between Bohemia aud Bavaria. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete,mU; pine, ptn; note, nU ; tune, tiin. 51 Bbnmiscbdorf, bnm-ish-dorf, a vil. of Austria-Hungary, prov. Silesia. Pop. 2218. The vils. Thomas - Darf, Waldenburg, Philippsdorf, Adelsdorf, Backelsdorf, Frei- waldan, B6hmischdorf,and Sandhubel,form a chain of houses, about 12 m. in length, in the valley of the Biela. Bois-le-Duc, bwd-V-d\xk' (the duke's wood), a strongly -fortified town of the Netherlands, the cap. of N. Brabant, at the confluence of the Dommel and the Aa, Pop. 24,529. Bokhara, Khanate of, bo-hd'rd, anc. Sogdiana, a state in Western Turkestan, Central A;>ia, to the N. of Afghan Turke stan. It is watered by the Amoo Daria, and inhabited by the Usbeck Tartars. In the viciuity of the river the soil is rich and fertile, but a great portion of the country is occupied by the Desert. Pop. est. at 2,300,000.— The chief city, also called Bokhara (the treasury of sciences), is one of the largest and most important towns in Central Asia, and is a great seat of Mohammedan learning, the students being maintained at the public expense. Pop. 70,000. Bolan Pass, bo-lan', a narrow ravine, 59 m. long, in the mountains of Beluchistan, prov. Sarawan, on the route from the Lower Indus to Afghanistan. Bolbec, bol-bek', a town of France, dep. Seine-Inferieure. Pop. 10,226. Bolca, bol'kd, a mountain in N. Italy, prov. Verona, rich in curious fossil remains. It is evidently an exhausted volcano. Boleskine and Abertarff, bole'skin (the summit of the furious cascade), and ah-er- tarf (the mouth of the Tarff), a united pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. The celebrated waterfall of Foyers is in this pa. P. 1448. Bolgrad, bol-grdd' (the white castle), a town of Bessarabia, Russia, 28 m. S.W. of Ismail. Pop. 6126. Boli, bo'le, a town of Anatolia, in Asiatic Turkey. Pop. 10,000. Bolivar, bo-le-iar' (named in honour of the liberator of South America from the Spanish yoke), one of the states of Colom bia, S. America. Pop. 241,704.— Also, a state of Venezuela, S. America. Pop. 54,422.— Also, a dist. or section of the state of Guz man Blanco, Venezuela, Pop. 148,387. Bolivia, bo-liv'e-d, Span. pron. bo-le've-d, formerly called Upper Peru, per-oo' or pd-roo', an independent republ ic of S . America, bounded on the N. by Brazil ; E. by Brazil and Paraguay ; S. by the Argen tine Republic; and W. by Chili and Peru. It is mostly included between 10° and 22° S. lat., and between 58° and 68° W. long., or about 1100 m. in length from N. to S., and about 800 m. in greatest breadth. The area is est. at 473,300 sq. m. ; pop. 2,300,000. Bolivia is divided into six departments, which are subdivided into the following provs. : — Cochabamba, Potosi, Chuquisaca or Sucre, Santa-Cruz, Oruro, Tarija, and Beni. Sucre is the cap. and seat of general government. — The western and middle dists. are traversed by the Andes, which here reach a height of more than 20,000 ft. To the east of the Andes are large plains, watered by the tributaries of the Amazon and the Parana. The climate varies with the elevation of the place and its distance from the equator, so that although nearly the whole country is within the tropics, not more than half of it has a tropical climate. — The mineral wealth of Bolivia is greater than that of any other state of S. America. The silver- mines of Potosi are only less productive than those of Pasco in Peru. The country yields also gold, mercury, tin, lead, anti mony, copper, and iron. The lower ranges of the Andes, and the great plains which lie to the east of them, are covered with forests, which yield valuable kinds of tim ber, fruit, and drugs, as well as immense supplies of indiarubber. Among the culti vated plants are maize, rice, cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco. The Yerba Matt or Paraguay tea, grows in one dep., and the hot inland plains produce the coca plant, the leaves of which the natives chew as a stimulant. The tapir, the leopard, the jaguar, and several kinds of amphibious reptiles, are the more remarkable wild animals.— Bolivia was formerly a part of Peru, and near the S.E. extremity of Lake Titicaca are islands, one of which was the residence of Manco Capac, the founder of Peruvian civilisation. The country be came an independent republic in 1825, when it took the name of Bolivia in honour of Bolivar, the great champion of South American independence. The executive government is exercised by a president elected for a term of four years. The legis lature consists of two chambers. The Roman-catholic is the prevailing religion. BoRchov, bol'kof, a town of Russia, gov. Orel. Pop. 19,224. Bologna, bo-lon'ya, a city of Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, situated in a fertile plain at the base of the Apennines. It is the seat of a famous university, and has given birth to a great number of eminent men. Pop. 103,998. Bolor-Tagh. See Beloor-Tagb, Bolsena, bol-sd'nd (corr. of Volsinio, its anc. name), a town of Central Italy, prov. Rome, on the N. shore of a lake of the same name. Pop. 1625— Lake Bolsena is 10 m. long and 8 m. broad. In its centre is a beautiful little island called Bisentina. Bolsover, bol'so-ver, often pronounced bowfzer, a pa. and vil. in Derbyshire, Eng land, noted for its quarries of fine magne- sian limestone. Pop. of pa. 2281. Bolswert, or Bolsward, bols-warf, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland. Pop. 5613. Bolton, bol'ton (from A.S. bolt, a dwell- Fal\ fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; 52 ing, and ton, an enclosure), the name of several pas. in England. Bolton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Hadding ton. Pop. 337. Bolton, a large manufacturing town and pari, and munic. bor. of Lancashire, Eng land, 12 m. N.W. of Manchester. Pop. of pari. bor. 105,965; of munic. bor. 105,414. Boma. See Embomma. Bombay, bom-bay' (good harbour), a flourishing seaport, the western cap. of British India, situated on a small island, separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, and connected with the island of Salsette by a causeway. It is strongly fortified, and has an extensive trade. Pop. 773,196.— The Presidency or Pro vince of Bombay lies between 14° 20^ and 2S° 30' N. lat., and 66° 30' and 77° 20^ E. long., and contains, including feudatory states, 191,847 sq. m., and 23,273,786 in habitants. It embraces four divs., viz., Deccan, Konkan, Gujerat, and Sind, which are subdivided into 24 dists. Bona, bo'nd, a seaport of Algeria, N. Africa. Pop. 16,196. Bonar, bon'ar, a vil. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, pa. of Criech. Pop. 313. Bonavista, bo'nd-vis'td, or Boavista, bo'a-vis'td (good view), an island of Africa, one of the largest of the Cape Veid group. Area 140 sq. m.; pop. 2647.-16° N. lat., 22° W. long. Bonavista, the chief town of a dist. of the 6ame name on the E. coast of New foundland. Pop. 2600. Bonchurch, bon'chinch, a pa. on the S.E. coast of the Isle of Wight, England. Pop. 670. Bondou, bon-doo', a country of W. Africa, between the Senegal and the Gambia. Its pop. is said to be 1,500,000. Bo'ness. See Borrowstounness. Bonhill, bo7i'hiU(coTT. of a Gaelic word signifying foot of the rivulet), a pa. and town in Dumbartonshire, Scotland. In the vicinity is Bonhill House, where Tobias Smollett, the novelist, was born in 1721. Pop. of pa. 12,524; of town 2940. Boni, or Bony, bo'ne, the most powerful state in the island of Celebes, S. Pacific Ocean, with a town of the same name, Bonifacio, bon-e-fdtsh'o, a seaport town on the S. coast of the ibland of Corsica. Pup. 2880. Bonifacio, Strait of, between Corsica and Sardinia; the narrowest part is about 10 m. wide. Bonin Islands, bo-neen', three groups in the North Pacific, belonging to Japan. — Between 26° 30' and 27° 44' N. lat. ; 142° and 143° E. long. Bonn, an anc. town in Rhenish Prussia, pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Rhine, the seat of a flourishing university. Here the musical composer Beethoven was born in 1772. Pop. 31,514. Bonny, bon'ne, a town of Upper Guinea, note, nU; tunc, t&n. W. Africa, at the mouth of one of the branches of the Niger. Bonnybridge, bon'ne-bridj, a vil. of Scot land, co. Stirling, pas. of Denny and Fal kirk. Pop. 1782. Bonnyrigg, bon'ne-rig, a town of Scot land, co. Edinburgh, pas. of Cockpen and Lasswade. Pop. 2425. Bonsall, bon'sdl, a pa. and town of Eng land, co. Derby. Pop. 1354. Boodroom, or Boudroom, bo-droom', supposed to be the anc. H/dicarnassus, a seaport tiwn of Anatolia, Asia Minor. Pop. about 11,000. Boolundshahr, or Bulandshabr, bool- und-shdr', a dist. and town of British India, div. Meerut, North-West Provinces. Pop. of dist. 936,667 ; of town 15,000. Boom, bom, a town of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, on the Rupel. Pop. 10,064. Booro, or Bouro, boo'ro, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, W. of the Moluccas. It is fertile and well watered, producing rice, sago, fruits, and dyewoods. Pop. 18,000. Bootan, Bhootan, or Bhutan, boo-tan', a native state in the N.E. of India, bounded on the N. by the Himalaya Mountains, which separate it from Tibet. It is about 250 m. in length by 100 m. in breadth ; it is mountainous, and has extensive foiests. Pop. 200,000. Boothia Felix, boo' the' dfe'liks (in hon our of Sir Felix Booth), a peninsula in the most northern part of America. It is naked and barren, but contains valuable fur-bear ing animals. On its E. side is the Gulf of Boothia, a southward continuation of Prince Regent Inlet. _ Bootle cum Linacre, boo'tl koom lin'- d-kr, a town in Lancashire, England, at the mouth of the Mersey. Pop. 27,374. Bordeaux, bor-do' (named from its situ ation au bord des eaux, on the brink of the waters), one of the most opulent and elegant cities in France, cap. of the dep. Gironde, situated ou the Garonne. During the siege of Paris in 1S70-71 Bordeaux was for the time the seat of the Delegation of the French Government of National De fence, and subsequently of the National Assembly. Pop. 217,990. Borgerbout, bor'gher-howt, a town of Belgium, an eastern suburb of Antwerp. Pop. 20,26S. Borgholm, borg'holm, the only town or landing-place in the island of Oland, Sweden. Pop. 773. Borgoo, or Borgou, bor-goo', a moun tainous country of Africa, W. of the Niger, divided into several small states, of which the principal are Niki, Boussa, andKiama. Borgue, borg (a little hill), a pa. of Scot land, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. P. 1129. Borneo, bor'ne-o, called by the natives, Pulo-Kalamantin, is, next to Australia, the largest island in the world, being about 850 m. in length, and 680 m. at its greatest Its area is estimated at nearly breadth. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, nCet ; pine, pin ; note, ri$t ; tune, tUn. 53 800,000 sq. m., or more than three times the size of Great Britain, and its pop. at 2,000,000. It lies directly beneath the equator, to the E. of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and to the N. of Java. By far the greater part of the island, next to the sea, especially on the N. side, con sists of swamps covered with forests, which penetrate for many miles towards the centre. Two ranges of mountains nearly parallel to each other, and rising to an elevation of upwards of 13,000 ft., extend from S.W. to N.E ; some of these are vol canic, and give rise to earthquakes. There are some large rivers, navigable for a con siderable distance. The heat is oppressive in the interior, but the climate is fine in the high grounds and towards the coasts. The Dyaks are supposed to be the aboriginal inhabitants, but there are many foreign settlers who are chiefly Malays, Chinese, Javanese, Celebesians, Dutch, and British. The animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, leopard, ox, hog, deer, and mon- keyB, including the orang-outang. The soil is extremely fertile. The vegetable pro ducts are timber, gutta-percha, rice, maize, sweet potato, tobacco, cotton, sugar, pepper, and other spices. Among the minerals are coal, iron, antimony, tin, gold, silver, and diamonds. Edible birds' nests are abundant. The island is divided into a number of petty states, of which the best known is that of Brum or Borneo Proper, with a pop. of about 30,000, in the N.; it is ruled by a sultan. From 1841 to 1868, Sir James Brooke, an Englishman, was rajah of Sarawak, one of its tributary states, and did much to estab lish order and good government, and to spread the blessings of religion. In 1878, the Sultans of Bruni and Sulu ceded to a British trading company the maharajahate of Sahak, the N. portion of Borneo.— The cap. of Borneo is Bruni, on the N.W. coast. Pop. 25,000. Bornholm, bom'holm (corr. from Burgen- daland, the land of Burgundians), an island in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, about 20 m. in length and 15 m. in breadth, con taining about 100 villages. Pop. 32,000. Bornou, bor-noo', one of the most power ful kingdoms of Central Africa, N. of the equator, is situated in Soudan, S.W. of Lake Tchad. Pop. unascertained.— The chief town is Bornou or New Birnie. Pop. 10,000. ., . _ . Borodino, bor-o-de'no, a vil. of Russia, gov Moscow, near the river Moskva, memorable for a desperate battle fought here, on 7th Sept. 1812, between the Russians and French, when about 30,000 fell on each side. Borrowdale, bor'ro-dale, a township ot England, co. Cumberland, 6 m. S. of Kes wick, with a mine where the finest black lead is obtained. Pop. 449. Borrowstounness, or Bo'ness, bo-ness (the cape near Burward's dwelling), a pa. and seaport in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, on the Forth. Pop. of pa. 6088; of town 3284. Borthwick, borth'wik, a pa. in the S E. of the co. of Edinburgh, Scotland. P. 1741. Bosa, bo'sd, a town of Sardinia, near the mouth of the Terno. Pop. 6706. Bosna-Serai, bos-nd-ser-i', or Serajevo, sd-rd-yd'vo, a town of Turkey in Europe, the cap. of Bosnia, on the River Miljacka. The houses are chiefly of wood. P. 25,000. Bosnia, boz'ne-a (named from the river Bosna), a mountainous prov. of Turkey in Europe, in the N.W., traversed by the Dinaric Alps. In accordance with the Berlin Treaty of 1878, this portion of Tui- key is under A ustro- Hungarian adminis tration. Area 22,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,153,000. Bosporus, bos'po-rus (from the Gr. bous, a bull, and poros, a passage, and so named because so narrow that it is presumed a bull can swim across), a strait of Turkey which separates Asia and Europe, and connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora. Boston, bos'ton (the town of St Botolph, a Saxon who had a monastery dedicated to him here), a seaport and pari, and munic. bor. in Lincolnshire, England, a place of considerable trade, situated on both sides of the Witham. Pop. of pari. bor. 18,b73; of munic. hor. 14,941, Boston (named from Boston in Lincoln shire, England, where the Rev. John Cotton, one of its first settlers, had been a minister), the principal city and seaport of Massachusetts, U.S., beautifully situated on a peninsula of Massachusetts Bay. It has a secure harbour, with an extensive trade. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Franklin, and the cradle of American independence; and may be considered the literary capital of the Union. Pop. 362,839, Bosworth, Market, bos'wurth (the farm or manor of Bosa), a pa. and township in Leicestershire, England, where, in 1485, was fought a memorable battle between Richard III. and the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., in which Richard wasslain. Pop. of pa. 2416; of township 949. Botany Bay, bot'a-ne (so called from the variety of new plants observed when dis covered by Captain Cook in 1770), an inlet on the E. coast of New South Wales, Aus tralia. Bothkennar, both-ken'nar(& small arable fen or marsh), a pa. of Stirlingshire, Scot land. Pop. 3271. Bothnia, both'ne-d, an extensive region in the N. of Europe, on both sides of the Gulf of Bothnia. East Bothnia now belongs to Russia; West and North Bothnia to Sweden. Bothnia, Gulf of, a branch of the Baltic, which separates Sweden from Finland. Bothwell, both'well (the dwelling on the river), a pa. and vil. of Lanarkshire, Scot land. Bothwell Bridge, the scene of a battle between the Covenanters and the royal 54 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, n$t; tune, tun. forces in 1679, is in this pa. Pop. of pa. 11,989; of vil. 1520. Bothwell, a co. in Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 27,102. Botriphnie, bo'trif-ne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 696. Botzen, bot'sen, or Bolsano, boUzd'no, a fine town of the Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, on the Eisach. Pop. 10,641. Bouches - du - Rhfine, boosh -dn- rone (mouths of the Rhone), a maritime dep. of the S.E, of France. Area 1971 sq. m. ; pop, 589,028. — Marseilles is the cap. Bouillon, boolr-yong' or boo-yong'} a town in Belgian Luxembourg, with a strong castle, on the Semoy, near the French frontier. Pop. 2760. Boulac, or Boolak, boo-ldk', a town of Egypt, on the Nile, the port of Cairo. Pup. 13,200. Boulogne, boo-loyn', or Boulogne - sur- Mer, boo-loyn'-snr-mair, a seapoi't of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais; a place of great resort for English families. Pop. 44,842. Bourbon, boor-bong'. See Reunion. Bourbonnais, boor-bon-nd', an old prov. of France, now the dep. Allier. Bourbon- Vendee, boor-bong' -vang-dd' . See Roche -sur- Yon, La. Bourg- en- Bresse, boor g-ang-br ess', a city of France, cap. of the dep. Ain, on the Reyssousse. Pop. 15,957. Bourges, boorzh (named from the Bi- turiges, whose cap. it was), a city of France, cap. of the dep. Cher, at the confluence of the Auron and the Yevre. Pop. 35,338. Bourn, boom (so called from a bourn or brook which rises on the western side of the town), a town iu Lincolnshire, Eng land. Pop. 3760. Bournemouth, boorn'mouth (the mouth of the stream), a fashionable watering-place on Poole Bay, Hampshire, England. Owing to its sheltered situation, it is also a health ful retreat for invalids. Pop. 16,859. Bourtie, boor'te, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 463. Boussa, or Boosa, boo'sd, a town of W. Soudan, Central Africa, the cap. of a country of the same name on the Niger. Mungo Park was killed here by the natives in 1805. Pop. 18,000. Bow, or Stratford-le-Bow, bo, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, embraced within the metropolis. Pop. 37,074. Bowden, bow'den, a pa. in Roxburgh shire, Scotland. Pop. 769. Bowdon, bo'dun, a pa. and township in Cheshire, England. Pop. of pa. 23,970; of township 2559. Bower, bov/er (a valley), a pa. of Scot land, co. Caithness. Pop. 1608. Bowling, bo'ling, a vil. in Dumbarton shire, Scotland. Pop. 773. Bowmanville, bo'man-vil, a town in Durham co., prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada, with an excellent harbour on Lake Ontario. Pop. 3501. Bowmore, bnw-mdr', or Killarrow, kil- lar'ro, the principal port of the island of Islay, one of the Hebrides, Scotland. P. 834. Bowness, bow-ness', a town of England, co. Westmorland, 1\ m. W.N.W. of Kendal. Pop. 1855. Box, a pa. in Wiltshire, England. Pop. 2203. Boyaca, bo-yd'M, a dep. of Colombia, S. America, of which Tunj'a is the cap. Pop. of dep. 482,874. Boyle, boil, a town in Roscommon, Ire land, on a stream of the same name. P. 2994. Boyndie, boiu'de, locally been'de or bee'ne, anc. Inverboindie (mouth of the Boindie), a pa. or Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 2004. Boyne, boin, a river of Ireland, which rises in Kildare, and, flowing through Meath, falls into the sea below Drogheda. It is famous in connexion with the decisive victory of William III. over the troops of James II. in 1690, well known in British history as the ''Battle of the Boyne." Brabant, North, bra-bautf, French pron. brd-bdng' (corr. from Brach-bant, the ploughed district), a prov. of the Nether lands, S. of Guelderland. Area 1980 sq. m. ; pop. 475,493.— Bois-U-Duc is the cap. Brabant, South, an important central prov. of Belgium. The surface is hilly, woods are extensive, and the soil generally fertile. Area 1228 sq. m. ; pop. 985,274. Bracadale, brak'd-dale (the spotted field), a maritime pa. in Inverness-shire, Scotland. Pop. 929. Braco, brd'ko, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Ardoch. Bradfield, brad'feeld, a township in the W.R. of Yorkshire, England, 7 m. N.W. of Sheffield. Pop. 11,170. Bradford, brad' ford (broad ford), a pari. and munic. bor. in the W.R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire, the chief seat of the stuff and woollen yarn manufs. in England. Pop. of pari. bor. 180,459; of munic. bor. 183,032. Bradford -on -Avon, or Great Brad ford, a pa. and town of England, co. Wilts, celebrated for its woollen-cloth manufac tures, which have flourished since the time of Henry VIII. Pop. of pa. 8259; of town 4922. Bradsberg, brads'berg, a bailiwick of Norway, prov. Christiansand. Pop. 87,600. Braebead, brd'hed', a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Carnwath. Pop. 432. Braemar, bra-mdr. See Crathie. Braeriach, brd-re'ah, a precipitous mountain in Scotland, 4248 ft. high, in the W. extremity of Aberdeenshire. Braga, brd'gd, a city of Entre Douro e Mmho, Portugal, in a fertile valley, 35 m. N .E. of Oporto. Pop. 19,755. Braganza, brd-gdn'zd, an anc. town in Tras-os-Montes, Portugal. Pop. 5495. Bragar, bra'gar, North and South, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, in the island of Lewis, pa. of Barvas. Pop Fate, f voirs in which the rain is collected at the top. The principal article of culture is rice, which is raised chiefly in the southern parts of the empire. The Chinese have discovered a method of cultivating even the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivu lets, where the petsi, or water-chestnut, is planted, and produces a wholesome and delicate fruit. Besides the orange, tama rind, and mulberry trees, of which there are two species, and from the bark of one of which paper is made, there is the tallow- tree, yielding a green wax, capable of being manufactured into candles. But of all the productions of China the most re markable iB the tea-plant, which grows chiefly in the hilly parts of the country. It is about five feet high, and blossoms from October to January. In a country bo densely peopled, there are but few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally seen do not differ from those of the neighbouring countries. Among the minerals are gold, silver, quick silver, a natural composition of iron and zinc called tulenag, a species of white copper named petong, coal, and the fine clay and earths called kaolin and petuntse, from which porcelain is manufactured. The provinces of Shan-si and Hoo-nan are said to be so rich in coal and iron as to afford a supply for the world's requirements for thousands of years. Among this industri ous people almost every kind of manufac ture is found ; but those of porcelain, silk, cotton, and paper, are the most noted. Like the Hindus, the Chinese excel in delicate works in ivory and metal. Their chief exports are silk, porcelain, and, above all, tea. Of the imports from Europe, the most important are iron, steel, lead, flints, zinc, quicksilver, woollens, cottons, clockwork, and machinery. The chief im ports from India are cotton and opium. Trade with foreigners was long confined to the city of Canton; the ports of Amoy, Foo- choo, Ning-po, and Shanghai were opened in 1842; but it was not until 1860, when the city of Pekin, the cap., was captured by the allied armies of Britain and France, that anything like free commercial intercourse with other nations was permitted by the Chinese Government. Of the national works of China the most remarkable is the Great Wall on the northern frontier, about 1400 m. long, supposed to have been built about 200 years before the Christian era. The Imperial Canal extends from the neighbourhood of Tien-tsin (the port of Pekin) to Hang-choo, a distance of 700 m. ; it is 200 ft. broad at the surface ; in passing through the elevated tracts it is often 60 or 70 ft. in depth; in low marshy spots it is raised by embankments sometimes 20 ft. above the level of the surrounding coun try; bo that in some places its surface is higher than the walls of the cities by which it passes. The government of China has long been a despotic monarchy. The present dynasty is of Manchoo origin, and has had possession of the throne since 1644. The Chinese have a very peculiar written language, with a distinct character for every word, of which there are many thousands, though only between three and four thousand are in general use, and even these may be resolved into about three hundred primitives or keys. Printing from wooden blocks was in use here long before the art became known in Europe. In China the literati, or learned men, are held in great honour, and occupy all the most important offices of state. The people are placid and affable in disposi tion, but artful and fraudulent; the ruling classes, though intelligent, are corrupt and unprincipled. The notions of female beauty are peculiar; and the admiration of small feet subjects women to much pain and in convenience in obtaining this indispensable charm. The religion of the government and learned men is that of Confucius, who flourished about five hundred years before the Christian era, and taught almost a pure deism; the common people are addicted to various superstitions, particularly the wor ship of Fo, apparently the Boodh of the Hindus. [See Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, Dzungaria, Mongolia, and Manchooria.] Chinchilla, chin-chil'ld, a town of Spain, prov. and 9 m. S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 6080. Cbindwara, chind-wd'rd, a dist. and town in the div. of Nerbudda, Central Provinces, British India. Pop. of dit,t. 316,095; of town 9200. Ching-too, ching-too, a commercial city of China, the cap. of the prov. Se-chu-en. Cbio. See Scio. Chiobbe, che-ob'bd, a large town of China, prov. Fo ki-en, 15 m. S.W. of Amoy ; it is a great emporium of common chiuaware. Pop. est. at 300,000. Cbioggia, ke-od'jd, a seaport town of N. Italy, on an island of the same name in the Gulf of Venice, connected with the main land by a bridge of 43 arches. Pop. 20,381. Chippenham, chip'pen-ham (the market town), a munic. and pari. bor. of England, co. Wilts, on the Avon. Pop. of munic. bor. 1352; of pari. bor. 6776. Chippewa, chip'pe-wa, the Ojibway, or Ojibeway, of the Indians, a river of Wis consin, U.S. After a course of about 203 ra. it joins the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepin, 85 m. below St Paul, Minnesota. Cbipping-Barnet. See Barnet. Chipping Norton, chip'ping nor'ton (north market town), a town nf Engl"nd co. aud 20 m. N.N.W. of Oxford. Pop.' 4167. F Chipping Ongar, on'gar, a pa. and market town of England, co. Essex, 10 m. W.S.W. of Chelmsford. Pop. of pa. 946. Chipping Sodbury, sod'ber-e (south market town), a pa. and town of England, Fate, jUt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; ndte, nU; tune, tiki. 87 CO. and 25 m. S.S.W. of Gloucester. Pop. of pa, 1167. Chipping Wycombe. See Wycombe. CnirnBide, chirn'side, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. of pa. 1516; of vil. 939. Chislehurst, chis'el-hurst (the wood at the sandbank), a pa. of England, co. Kent, where Napoleon III. of France lived after the Franco-Prussian war, aud where he died, 9th January 1873. Pop. 5341. Chiswiok, chis'ik (sandy bay), a pa. and town of England, co. Middlesex, on the Thames. Fox and Canning, the cele brated statesmen, died in Chiswick House. Pop. of pa. 15,975. Obittagong, chit-td-gong', a div. and dist. of Bengal, British India, beyond the Bra- mapootra river. Pop. of div. 3,732,167 ; of dist. 1,220,973.— The cap., also called Chitta- gong, or Islamabad, has a pop. of 20,604 ; it . is very unhealthy. Chivasso, ke-vds'ao, a town of N. Italy, prov. Turin. Pop. 4697. Ohobe. See Kwando. Ch.obb.am, chob'am, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Mole. Pop. 2499.— Near it is a fish-pond covering 150 acres. Ohoczim, ko'chim, Chotyn, or Khotin, ko-teen', a fortified town in Bessarabia, S. Russia, on the Dniester. Pop. 16,782. Gholet, sho-ld', a town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, famed for its cambric manufactures. Pop. 13,921. Cholula, cho-loo'ld, a city of Mexico, 15 m.W.N.W. of Puebla. Here is an ancient pyramid 177 ft. high, the base of which on each side measures 1423 ft. Pop. 8973. Choo-kiang River. See Canton. Chopra, c/iop'rd, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, dist. Can- deish. Pop. 13,699. Chorley, chor'le (the field of the Chor), a pa. and manufacturing town of Lanca shire, on the Chor, England. Pop. 19,478. Cborlton - on - MeoUock, chorl'tun - on- med'lok, a township in the pa. of Manches ter, England. Its pop. in 1801 was 675; in 1881, 55,598. ChovrUloB, cho-reel'yos, a watering-place of Peru, 9 m. by rail S. of Lima. Chota Nagpore, or Cbutia-Nagpur, chu'tdr-nag-poor' (Little Nagpoor), a prov. of the presidency of Bengal, British India. Pop. 4,714,291. Cbristcburcb (named from a church and priory founded here by the West Saxons in the reign of Edward the Con fessor), a pari. bor. of England, co. Hants, with a trade in hosiery and watch-springs. Pop. 28,535. Christchuroh, a town in co. Selwyn, provincial district of Canterbury, on the E. coast of South Island, New Zealand. Pop. 15,213; with suburbs, 30,719. Christiania, kris-te-d'ne-d, a stift or prov. of Norway, divided into four amts or bailiwicks. Pop. 489,915. Christiania (named after Christian IV. of Sweden), the cap. of Norway, and of the above stift, at the head of Christiania Bay, which penetrates above 60 m. into the in terior, and is studded with islands. It is the seat of a university. Pop. 76,054. Christians, an amt or bailiwick of Nor way, stift or prov. Hamar. Pop. 115,814. Cbristiansand, krist-yan-sand', a stift in the S. of Norway, divided into four baili wicks. Pop. 342,672. Christiansand (in honour of Christian IV., by whom it was founded), the cap. of the above stift, at the head of a deep bay. Its fine Gothic cathedral and a large por tion of the town were destroyed by fire, Oct. 1880. Pop. 11,766. Cbristiansborg, krist'yana-borg, a fort on the Gold. Coast, W. Africa, which was ceded by Denmark to Great Britain in 1850. Christiansbaab, krist'yans-hdb, aDanish settlement on the W. coast of Greenland, on Baffin Bay. Christianstad, krisfyan-stdt, a fertile laen or prov. of Sweden, near its S. ex tremity. Pop. 230,619. Christianstad (after Christian IV. of Sweden), a fortified town of Sweden, on the Baltic, the cap. of the above laen. Pop. 9203. Cnristiansted, krist'yan-stet, a town on the N.E. coast of the island of St Croix, Danish West Indies. Pop. 9774. Christian sund, krist-yan-soand' (because founded by Christian IV. at the mouth of a narrow inlet), a seaport on the W. coast of Drontheim, Norway. Pop. 5709. Chrys§. See Indo-Chinese Peninsula. Cbryston, kris'ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, 7 m. E.N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 721. Chudleigh, chud'le, a pa. and town of England, co. Devon, 9 m. S.W. of Exeter. The district is famous for orchards. Pop. of pa. 1927. Chumba. See Chamba. Chunar, Chunargurh, chu-nar-gur* ', or Chanargarb, a town and fortress of British India, North-West Provinces, div. Benares, dist. Mirzapur, on the Ganges. Pop. 10,154. Chundowsee, or Chandausi, chun- dow'se, a town in Rohilkhand div., North- West Provinces, British India. Pop. 24,000. Cbundrakona, or Chandrakona, chun- dra-ko'nd, a town in the dist. and div. of Bardwan, Bengal prov., British India, Pop. 22,000. Chung-chow, a city and river port of China, prov. Se-chu-en, on the Yang-tse- kiang. Chung-king, a city and river port of China, prov. Se-chu-en, at the confluence of the Kia-liang with the Yang-tse-kiang. It is one of the most populous cities in China. Cbupra, or Cbapra, chup'rd, a town in the div. of Patna, Bengal, British India, cap. of dist. Sarun, on the Ganges. Pop. 47,000. Chuquibamba, choo-ke-bdm'bd, a town 88 Fate, fat, fdr ; mite, mSl; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. of Peru, S. America, 15 m. N.W. of Are- quipa. In its vicinity is a mountain of the same name, 21,000 ft. high. Chuquisaca, choo-ke-sd'kd, a dep. of Bolivia, S. America. It produces sugar and tropical fruits, and possesses several silver- mines in operation. The name is supposed to be a corr. of Choque Saca, "bridge of gold," so called because the treasures of the Incas passed through the territory on their way to Cuzco. Pop. 273,668.— The cap. is Sucre or Chuquisaca. Pop. 12,000. Chur. See Coire. Church, a town in Lancashire, England, 3i m. E. of Blackburn. Pop. 4850. Churchill River, called also English River, rises in Lake Methye, North-West Territories, Dominion of Canada. It flows through Lakes Buffalo, La Crosse, and Nelson ; then traverses the Kewatin dist. in a N.E. direction, and, after a course of 7i in m., falls into Hudson Bay. Cbusan, choo-sdn', one of a group of fertile islets off the coast of China, near the mouth of the Yang-tse-kiang. Pop. 200,000. — Ting-hae, the cap., was taken by the British in 1840, and again in 1842. Chutteesgurh, or Cbattisgarb, chut- lees-gur', the S.E. div, of the Central Pro vinces, British India, comprising the dists. of Raipur, Bilaspur, Sambalpur, and Upper Godavery. Pop. 3,090,000. Cieza, the-d'thd, a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, on the Segura. Pop. 10,910. Cincinnati, sin-sin-nd'te, the chief town of Ohio, U.S., finely situated on the Ohio. Being the centre of commerce on that river, it is called Queen City ; aud as almost all the swine fed in the oak forests of Ohio, Ken tucky, and Western Virginia are slaugh tered and cured in Cincinnati, it is probably the largest pork-mart in the world. It is the seat of a college, and has flourishing manufs. Pop. 255,139. Cinque Ports, Tbe, are five havens on the coast of England, towards France, viz., Hastings, Dover, Romney, Hythe, and Sandwich, first established by William the Conqueror for the better security of the coast. Rye and Winchelsea were afterwards added ; and until the time of Henry VII., there being no permanent royal navy, these ports furnished nearly all the shipping required for the purposes of the 6tate. For such services they enjoyed considerable privileges, and were exempt from the con tributions and burdens with which other towns are generally charged. Cintra, sin-trd, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, beautifully situated on the slope of the mountain-chain of the same name which terminates at Cape Roca. It is noted for the convention between the British and French generals held here after the battle of Vimiera in 1808, by which the French were suffered to evacuate Portugal unmolested. Pop. 4751. Circare, sir-kdrs', a former division of India, presidency of Madras, extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal. Circassia, sir-kash'e-d (the land of the Tcherkes), a region of Caucasia, bordering on the Black Sea, inhabited by warlike tribes who long resisted tbe arms of Russia. It now forms a part of the Russian empire. The Circassian women are celebrated for their beauty. Cirencester, sis'is-ter (the camp on the river Churn), a pari. bor. of England, co. Gloucester, on the Churn, a great mart for wool. Pop. 8431. Citta di Castello, chit'td de kas-tel'lo, a town of Central Italy, prov. Perugia, on the Tiber. Pop. 5433. Citta Vecchia, chiftd vek'ke-d (old city), a fortified city of Malta, near the centre of the island, of which it was the former cap. Pop. 22,182. Ciudad Bolivar, See Angostura. Ciudad Real, the-oo-dad' rd'dl, a prov. of Spain, occupying the S. of New Castile. It is mountainous and sterile, except on the banks of rivers. Area 7830 sq, m. ; pop, 260,641. — The chief town, of the same name, meaning " royal city." Pop. 13,589. Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-dad' rod-re'go (Roderick's city), a strongly fortified town of Spain, prov. Salamanca, near the Agueda. Here the English, under Wellington, gained a victory over the French in 1812. Pop. 6856. Civita Vecchia, che've-td vek'ke-d (old city), the principal seaport of Central Italy, prov. Rome, on the Mediterranean, with considerable trade. Pop. 11,640. Clachnaharry, klah - na ¦ har're (the watchman's stone), a vil. of Scotland, co. Inverness, at the mouth of the Caledonian Canal. It forms a portion of the town of Inverness. Clackmannan, the co. town of Clack mannanshire, Scotland ; it is a mere village. The name is said to be derived from two Gaelic words signifying kirk -town; but the meaning popularly accepted is derived from the circumstance of King Robert Bruce having left his glove on a large stone, which is pointed out near the parish church — "clack" signifying a stone, and " mannan " a glove. Pop. 1503, — The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 4543. Clackmannanshire is the smallest co. of Scotland. On the N.E. and W. it is bounded by Perth and Fife; the Forth separates it from Stirling on the S. Its length from E. to W. is 10 m.; breadth from N. to S. 8 m. Area 47 sq. m.; pop. 25,680. The land adjacent to the Forth is fertile and well cultivated; but towards the N. the surface rises gradually to the Ochils, which traverse the co. The North and the South Devon are the prin cipal streams. The mineral products of Clackmannanshire embrace coal, iron, sand stone, and greenstone. Coal is worked along the banks of the Forth, and iron along Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note, n6t ; tune, tiin. the Devon. The principal manufacture carried on in the co. is of woollen goods in shawls, tartans, tweeds, and blankets. Clacton - on - Sea, a rising watering- place of England, co. Essex, 8 m. from Waltou-on-the-Naze. Clagenfurt. See Klagenfurt, Clane, a town of Ireland, co.Kildare, on the Liffey. Pop. 235. Clanwilliam, klan-wil'yam (from peer age title of family of Lieut.-gov. Hon. Robert Meade), a div. of the Western Province of Cape Colony, watered by the Olifants and its tributaries, and traversed from N. to S. by the Karree Berg and Cedar Berg mountains. Clapbam, klap'am (the home of Clapha), a suburb of London, 4 m. S.S.W. of St Paul's Cathedral. Clare (a level piece of land), a maritime co. in the N. of Munster, Ireland, bounded on the N. by Galway Bay and Galway; on the E. and S. by the Shannon, which separates it from Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry; and on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. Its greatest length from N.E. to S.W. is 67£ m.; greatest breadth from N.W. to S.E. 38 m. Area 1294 sq. ra.r pop. 141,457. The surface is diversified with mountain, valley, stream, and lake. In the E. are the Inchiquin, Slieve-Baughta, and Slieve-Barnagh Mountains; and in the W, is Mount Callan. The co. possesses about 100 small lakes. The chief rivers are the Shannon and the Fergus. The coast is rocky, and in some places exhibits bold precipitous cliffs 400 ft. high; it is indented with several bays, the largest being that of Liscannor. The minerals embrace coal, iron, lead, and manganese. There are marble and slate quarries, and manycbalybeate springs. The chief trade is in cattle, sheep, corn, and provisions. The co. town is Ennis, on the Fergus. Clare (the town on the plain), a town in the above co., on the Fergus. Pop. 790.— Also a town in co. Mayo, 16 m. S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 1319. Clare, a river of Ireland, co. Galway, flows into Lough Corrib. Clare, or Clara, a mountainous island at the mouth of Clew Bay, off the coast of Mayo, Ireland. Pop. 621. Clare, a municipality of S. Australia, on the Hutt River, 89 m. N.N.W. of Adelaide. Pop. 1131. Clarence, Greece. See Klarentza. Clarence, klar'ence, a pastoral dist. in the N.E. of New South Wales, on the Pacific, watered by the Clarence River. It embraces the cos. of Clarence, Drake, Richmond, Rouse, and Butler, and parts of FUzroy and Gresham. Clarence, a harbour or portof Alaska Ter ritory, N. America, on the E. side of Behring Strait, much frequented by whalers. Clarence Peak, on the island of Fer nando Po, in the Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa. It has an elevation of 10,190 ft. above the sea, On the N. side of the same island there 1b a settlement called Clarence Town. Clarence River, a navigable stream of Australia, which has its source in the Macpherson Range, and forms part of the boundary between New South Wales and Queensland. It flows S. and S.E. to Grafton, and then N.E. to its mouth in the Pacific at Shoal Bay. Length of course 240 m. Clark River, Oregon Territory, U.S., rises in the Rocky Mountains, and after a N.W. course of 500 m. joins the Columbia. Clatt (from the Gaelic cleith, concealed), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 452. Claustbal, or Klausthal, klous'tdl, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Hartz Mountains, 47 m. S.E. of Hanover. Near it are rich silver and lead mines. Pop. 9007. Claverhouse, kld'ver-house, a vil, of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Mains and Strathmartine. Pop. 303. Clay Cross, a town of England, co. Derby, 4£ m. S. of Chesterfield. Pop. 6347, mostly employed in collieries and iron-works. Clayton, kld'ton, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3& m. S.W. of Brad ford. Pop. 4301.— West Clayton, also in the W. R. of Yorkshire, has a pop. of 1435. It is 7 m. W.N.W. of Barasley. Cleator Moor, kleet'or moor, a town of England, co. Cumberland, 3£ m. S.S.E. of Whitehaven. Pop. 5529. Cleckbeaton, klek-he'ton, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6 m. E. of Halifax. Pop. 10,653. Cleddau, Eastern and Western, cleth'd, two rivers of S. Wales, co. Pem broke, which flow into Milford Haven. Cleish, kleesh, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kin ross. Pop. 498. Cleland, klel'and, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pas. of Bothwell and Shotts. Pop. (including Omoa) 1503. Clerkenwell, klerk'en-well (the priest's well), a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, in cluded within the metropolis. Pop. 69,076. Clermont, kler-mont', a dist. and town of Queensland, Australia, on Sandy Creek, 240 m. N.W. of Rockhampton. Pop. of dist. 5118; of town 715. Clermont Ferrand, kler-mong' fer- rang', a city of France, cap. of the dep. Puy- de-D6me. It is the seat of a college, and the birthplace of Blaise Pascal. Pop. 38,103. Clevedon, kleev'dun, a watering-place at the mouth of the Severn, co. Somerset, England, 12 m. W.S.W. of Bristol. Pop. 4869. Cleveland, kleev'land (rocky land), a hilly dist. in the N. R. of Yorkshire, Eng land, noted for its ironstone mines. Cleveland, a town of Ohio, U.S., on Lake Erie. Pop. 160,146. 90 Fate, fit, fdr ; mlte,mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ntit; tune, tiki. Cleves, kleevz, Ger. Kleve (the town on the slopes), a town of Rhenish Prussia, 48 m. N.W. of DUsseldorf. In the old castle here, Ann of Cleves, one of the wives of Henry VIII., was born. Pop. 10,059. Clew Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the coast of Mayo, Ireland, 12 m. long and 7 m. broad. Clewer, klu'er, a pa. of England, co. Berks, on the Thames. Pop. 9296. Clifden, klif'den, a seaport town of Ire land, co. Galway, on an inlet of Ardbear harbour. Pop. 1287. Clifton, klif'tun (the town on the cliff), a watering-place of England, co. Gloucester, forming a suburb of Bristol ; it stands on a precipitous limestone hill overlooking the river Avon, which is here crossed by a suspension bridge. Pop. 28,695. Clifton, a town in Welland. co., Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on the Niagara River, 43 m. from Hamilton, and about 2 m. below the great cataract. Pop. 2347. Clinton, klin'tun, a town in Huron co., Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 2606. Clippens, klip'pens, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Kilbarchan. Pop. 674. Clisheim, klis'him, or Clisseval, klis-se- val', a mountain, 2700 ft. high, in the island of Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Clitheroe, klith'er-o (the cliff near the water), a pari, and munic. bor. of Lanca shire, England, on the Ribble. Pop. of pari. bor. 14,472; of munic. bor. 10,176. Cloch or Clough Point, kloh, a head land of Scotland, co. Renfrew, the site of a lighthouse, on the Firth of Clyde, 4 m. S.W. of Greenock. Clogher, kloh'her (a stony place), an anc. city of Tyrone, Ireland, once the seat of a bishop, butnowreducedtoa mere straggling village. Pop. 225. Clonakilty, klon -a- kil'te (corr. from Clough-na-Kiltey, the stone house of the O'Keelys), a towu of Ireland, co. Cork, with a great trade in linens. Pop. 3676. Clones, klo'nes (from Irish Cluain-Eois, the meadow of Eos, a man's name), a town of Ireland, co. Monaghan. Pop. 2216. Clonmel, klon-mel' (the meadow of honey), the co. town of Tipperary, Ire land, situated on the Suir. Pop. 9325. Clontarf, klon-tarf (the meadow of the bulls), a township of Ireland, co. aud 3 m. E.N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 4210. Closeburn, close'bum, formerly Kilos- burn (corr. of Cella Osburni, the church or cell of St Osburn), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, on the Nith. Pop. 1505. — In this pa. is Queensberry Mountain, 2285 ft. high. Clova. See Cortachy. Cloyne, kloin (the meadow of the cave), a town of Ireland, co. Cork, with valuable marble quarries in the vicinity. Pop. 1126. Clunes, kloo'nes, a township of Victoria, Australia, on Creswick Creek, co. Talfcot, 120 m. N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. 5912. Clunie, kloo'ne (meadows interspersed with rising grounds), a mountainous pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 582. Cluny, kloo'ne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1298. Cluny, kln-ne', a town of France, dep, Saone-et-Loire, on the Grone, 12 m. N.W. of Macon. Pop. 3476. Clutha, kloo'thd, the most important river in South Island, New Zealand, pro vincial district of Otago. It falls into Molyneux Bay. Clwyd, klwid (from anc. Brit, clyd, warm, sheltered), a river of N. Wales, flows through the cos. of Denbigh and Flint to the Irish Sea. Its valley, 20 m. long and from 3 to 8 m. broad, is one of the most beautiful in Wales. Clyde, Hid, one of the most important rivers of Scotland, rises in the S. of Lanark shire, flows in a N.W. direction to Glasgow, after passing which it expands into a noble estuary, averaging about 32 m. wide at its mouth. It is 98 m. in length, and it drains about 1580 sq, m. of surface. Near Lanark are the celebrated Falls of the Clyde, by which it descends nearly 200 ft. within a distance of less than four miles. The dist forming the valley of the Clyde is known as Clydesdale, and is noted for its orchards, horses, and coal and iron mines. Clyde, a township in co. Vincent, Otago, South Island, New Zealand, 156 m. N.W. of Dunedin. Pop. 340. Clyde, a river of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, rises in an extensive chain of lakes in the interior, and at its junction with the sea forms two harbours, called Cape Negro Harbours. — Also a river of the North-West Territories, falling into Baffin Bay in 70° 10' N. lat., 69° W. long. Clydebank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dum barton, pa. Old or West Kilpatrick. Pop. 1634. Clydesdale, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lan ark, pa. Bothwell. Pop. (including Fulwood and Miluwood) 1117. Clynder, klin'der, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, on the W. side of Gairloch. Clyne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, on Dornoch Firth. Pop. 1812. Coahuila, ko-d-we'la, a state of Mexico, S.W. of Texas. Pop. 104,131. Coalbrookdale, kol'brook-dale, a cha- pelry of England, co. Salop, famous for its iron-works, where the first suspension bridge ever constructed was thrown across the Severn. Here railways, formed of wood, were first used in 1620 and 1650. Coalsnaugbton, kols-nau'ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, pa. of Tilli coultry. Pop. 899. Coalton, kol'tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Markinch. Pop. 441. Coaltown, kdl'town, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Wemyss. Pop. 369. Coanza, ko-an'zd, a river of Lower Guinea, W. Africa, which has its source in the Mossamba Mountains, and, after a Fate, f^t, fdr ; mite, mti; pine, pin; ndte, n£t; tune, tUn. rapid course of 450 m., enters the Atlantic S. of Loando. Coast Land, Germ. Kiistenland, a prov. of Austria-Hungary, embracing Gbritz, Gradisca, Istria, and Trieste. Coatbridge, kot'bridj, a town of Scot land, co. Lanark, 9£ m. E. of Glasgow, with extensive iron-works. Pop. 17,600. Coatdyke, kot'dike, a vil. of Scotland, ijiear the above town. Pop. (including Cliftonhill) 1701. Coban, ko-bdn', a city of Guatemala, Central America, the cap. of the dep. Vera Paz, on the Rio Dulce. Pop. 18,000. Cohbe. See Kobbe. Cohham, kob'am, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, 9 m. N.E. of Guildford. Pop. 2319. Cobija, ko-be'hA, a seaport of Chili, cap. of the dep. Atacama, on the Pacific. Pop. 2380. Coblenz, cob'lents, Germ. Koblenz, anc. Conjluentea (meeting of waters, so named from its situation), a strongly fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, pleasantly situ ated at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle, opposite the fortress of Ehren- breitstein. Pop. 30,548. — The prov. of the same name has a pop. of 604,052. Cobourg, ko'burg, a town of the Domi nion of Canada, prov. Ontario, cap. of the co. of Northumberland, on the N. shore of Lake Ontario. Pop. 4957. Coburg, ko'boorg, a town of Central Ger many, cap. of the principality of1 Coburg (a portion of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha), on the Itz, with an ancient castle and palace. Pop. 15,791. Cocanada, ko-kun-d'dd (crow-country), a town of British India, dist.Godavery,presi- dency of Madras. Pop. 18.000 Cochabamba, ko-chd-bdm'bd, or Oro- pesa, o-ro-pd'sd, a town of Bolivia, S. America. It has manufs. of glass and cotton. Pop. 40,678.— The dep. of the same name has a pop. of 352,392. Cochin, ko'chin (from kuchi, small), a small native state in India, between Malabar and Travancore, politically con nected with the Madras Presidency. Pop. G01,114. Cochin, a seaport of India, the cap. of the above state, and the first place at which the Portuguese, in 1503, were permitted to erect a fort. Pop. 14,000. Cochin-China, so named by the Portu guese, who, finding the country called Koechen, or Cochin, added the word Ghina, to distinguish it from the then important district of Cochin in South Malabar, India. See Anam. Cochin-China, Lower, or Frenoh, a territory occupying the S. extremity of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, belonging to France. It is the delta land of the Me kong River, and is divided into six provs., viz., Saigon, Mytho, Bienhoa, Vinh-long, Chaudoc, and Hatien. Area 21,717 sq. m.; pop. 1,593,000. 91 Cookburnspath, ko'bums-pdth, anc. Goldbrandspeth, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. of pa. 1130. Cockenzie, ko-ken'ze, a maritime vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, on the Firth of Forth, 1 m. E. of Prestonpans. Pop., in cluding Portseaton, 1612. Cocker, kok'er, a river of England, co. Cumberland ; it issues from Lake Butter- mere, flows N. through Crummock Water, and joins the Derwent at Cockermouth. Cockermouth, koYer -mouth (named from its situation), a pari. bor. of England, co. Cumberland, at the confluence of the Cocker and Derwent. Wordsworth the poet was born here, 7th April 1770. Pop. 7188. Cockpen, kok-pen' (the cuckoo hill), a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, with exten sive coal-fields. Pop. 4544. Cocos or Keeling Islands. See Keel ing. Codogno, ko-don'yo, a town of N. Italy, prov. Milan, celebrated for its cheese, known as Parmesan. Pop. 8775. Coel, or Koil, ko-el', a town in Meerut, N.W. Provinces of British India, connected with Aligarh by a fine avenue of trees 2 in. long. Joint pop. 60,000. Coetben, kat'ten, a town in the duchy of Anhalt, Germany, on the small river Ziethe. Pop. 16,155. Coggeshall, kog'shal (Gorgan's stone house), a town of England, co. Essex, on the Blackwater. Pop. 2998. Cognac, kdn-ydk' (the corner of the water), a town of France, dep. Charente, on the river of that name, famed for its brandy. Pop. 13,317. Coimbatore, or Coimbatur, koim-ba- tnor', a dist. of British India, presidency of Madras. Area 7842 sq. m.; pop. 1,763,274. Its chief town of the same name stands on the left bank of the Noyel, an affluent of the Cauvery. Pop. 35,500. Coimbra, ko-eem'brd, a city of Portugal, cap. of the prov. Beira, on the Mondego. It is the seat of the only university in Portugal. Pop. 13,369. Coire, kwdr, or Chur, koor, anc. Curia Rhoztorum (from the place where the pro vincial courts of the Rheetians were held), the cap. of the Grisons, Switzerland, in the valley of the Upper Rhine. Pop. 8889. Cojedes, ko-ha'dds, a dist. of the state of Zamora, Venezuela, S. America. Fop. 83,792. Cojutepeque, ko-hoo-ta-pd'kd, a town of San Salvador, Central America. Pop. 15,000. — The lake of the same name is 12 m. in length from E. to W., with an aver age breadth of 5 m.; it is of volcanic origin, and is remarkable for its surface being 1200 ft. below the surrounding country. Colao, kol-ak', a township of Victoria, Australia, co. Polwarth, 92 m. S.W. of Melbourne, Pop. 1500. Colberg, or Kolberg, kol'berg, Sclav. 02 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, me*t ; pine, ptn ; note, nUt ; tune, tUn. Kola-brog (around the dam), a fortified sea port of Prussia, prov. Fomerania, on the Persante. Pop. 16,027. Colchagua, kol-chd'gwd, a fertile prov. of Chili, S. America. Area 4728 sq. m.; pop. 152,627. Colchester, kol'ches-ter (the camp on the river Colne), a pari, and munic. bor. of Eng land, co. Essex, on the Colne, famous for its oyster fisheries. Pop. 28,395. Colchester, a co. in the central part of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 26,720. Coldingham, cold'ing-ham (the village in the cold vale), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. of pa. 3173; of vil. 572. Coldstream, cold' stream (so named with reference to the temperature of the river), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Berwick, on the N. bank of the Tweed. The "Cold stream Guards " were so named from having been raised here hy Gen. Monk in 1659-60. Pop. of pa. 2561 ; of town 1616. Coleraine, kol-rain' (the corner of the ferns, so named from the number of ferns which grew here when the town was founded), a pari. bor. of Ireland, co. Lon donderry, on the Bann, nnted for the manufacture of linen. Pop. 6694. Colesberg, kols'berg (in honour of Gov ernor Sir Lowry Cole), the most northern div. of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony, bounded on the E. and N. by the Orange River; it is a lofty level region, well adapted for rearing live stock. Area 5762 sq. m. ; pop. 10,368. Colima, ko-Wmd, a town of Mexico, cap. of the state of the same name. Pop. 38,428, The state has a pop. of 65,829. Colima, a volcano of Mexico, situated in a plain about 60 m. from the above town; it has an elevation of 12,034 ft. Colinsburgh, kol' ins-bur' o, a vil. of Scot land, co. Fife, pa. of Kilconquhar. Pop. 366. Colinton, kol'in-ton, originally Hailes (mounds or hillocks), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Edinburgh, on the Water of Leith. Pop. of pa. 4347. Coll, an island off the W. coast of Scot land, one of the Hebrides group, belonging to Argyllshire; it forms a pa. Pop. 643. Coll, a vil. in the island of Lewis, off the W. coast of Scotland, pa. of Stornoway. Pop. 491. Collace, kol-lace', a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 409. Collessie, kol-les'se (the bottom of the glen), a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife. Pop. 1989. Collin, kol'lin, a vil. of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, pa. of Torthorwald. Pop. 309. Co\\vagwood.,kol'ling-wood,&n important municipality and suburb of Melbourne, Vic toria, Australia, occupying the low ground between the city and the Yarra-Yarra to the N.E. Pop. 23,829. Collingwood, a town in Simcoe co., Ontario, Dominion of Canada, 95 m. N.W. of Toronto. Top. 4445, Collioure, kol-le-oor', a fortified seaport town of France, dep. Pyre'ne'es-Orientales, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 3499. Colliston, kol'lis-ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, pa. of Slains. Pop, 421. Collumpton, kol-lump'ton, or Cullomp- ton (town on the Culm), a town of England, co. Devon, on the Culm, 12£ m. by rail N.E. of Exeter. Pop. 2938. Colmey, kol-mar' (from Lat. Collis Martis, the hill of Mars), a town of the German imperial prov. of Elsass-Lothringen (Al sace-Lorraine), in a fertile plain near the 111, has manufs. of cotton, cutlery, etc. It was annexed by Germany at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. Pop. 26,106. Colmonell, kolmon-el', a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr. Pop. of pa. 2191. Colne, koln, three rivers of England— 1, in Herts, falls into the Thames at Staines. —2, in Essex, passes Colchester, and ex pands into an estuary near that town.— 3, in Gloucestershire, joins the Isis near Lechlade, after a course of 25 m. Colne (the colony), a manufacturing town of Lancashire, England, on an affluent of the Calder, 32 m. hy railway N.E. of Manchester. Pop. 7735. Cologne, almost ko-loyn', Germ. Koln, anc. Golonia Agrippina (so named by Agrip- pina, the mother of Nero, aud from the former of which words its present name is derived), the cap. of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine. It has a great trade, and is noted for the celebrated perfume known as Eau de Cologne, of which there are no fewer than 30 different manufac turers, who export annually upwards of 1,500,000 bottles to all parts of the world. Its cathedral, commenced in 1248 and finished in 1880, is the finest structure in Germany. Rubens the painter was born here in 1577. Pop. 144,772. Colombia, United States of, kol-um'- be-d, a federal republic of S. America, comprising the states of Panama, Bolivar, Magdalena, Santander, Antioquia, Boyaca, Gundinamarca, Cauca, and Tolima, extends from 2° S. lat. to 12° 20' N. lat., and from 68° to 83° W. long. Its length, from N. to S., is about 1000 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., is about 1050 m. Area 504,773 sq. m. ; pop. 3,000,000. The western portion of the country is traversed from N. to S. by parallel ridges of the Andes, which have their northern termination in the Isthmus of Panama. Through the valleys between these ridges the Magdalena and its tributary the Cauca flow northwards to the Caribbean Sea. The climate in the lower regions is damp, hot, aud unhealthy; but the table-lands, where most of the towns are situated, have an equable and agreeable atmosphere. The numerous forests yield large quantities of ebony, mahogany, cedar, logwood, caoutchouc, and sarsaparilla. The plants chiefly cultivated Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, m%t ; pine, phi; note, nU ; tune, tUn. 93 are cotton, indigo, coffee, sugar-cane, cacao, cinnamon, maize, and the plantain, which is the staple food of the great mass of the people. There are numerous herds of cattle; but agriculture on the whole is in a very backward state. Commerce is more prosperous, and has received a consider able impulse from the railway lately made across the Isthmus of Panama. The coun try abounds in mineral wealth. It yields gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, lead, andiron. Coal is found near the capital; and diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, and other precious stones occur in several places. The wild animals embrace the tapir, the jaguar, the puma, the ant-eater, the sloth, and the cayman or alligator. When the Spanish colonies in South America threw off the yoke of the mother country in 1821, New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador, formed themselves into the republic of Colombia. This republic was dissolved in 1832, when the states of which it had consisted became independent re publics. In 1858 the states of New Granada united under a federal govern ment, and subsequently assumed the name under which they are collectively at pre sent known. Throughout the country the Spanish language is spoken, and the pre vailing religion is the Roman Catholic. The seat of government is at Bogota. Colombo, kol-om'bo (from Corumbu, har bour), the principal seaport and cap. of the island of Ceylon, on the W. coast; it stands on a rocky peninsula. Pop. 100,238. Colon, or AspinwaU. See AspinwaU. Colonsay, kol'on-sd (the island of Colon, or St Columba), an island of the Hebrides group, Scotland. With the island of Oron- say, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, it forms a pa. included in the co. of Argyll. Pop. of island 387 ; of pa. 397. Colorado, kol-o-vd'do, one of the United States of N. America, bounded by Dakota and Nebraska on the N.; by Nebraska and Kansas on the E.; by New Mexico on the S.; and by Utah on the W. The surface is generally mountainous, some of the loftiest summits of the Rocky Mountain range being iu this state. Pike's Peak, near the centre, has an altitude of 11,497 ft. Colorado is rich in minerals, especially in gold and silver. Area about 105,000 sq. m. ; pop. 194,327. — The cap. is Denver. Colorado, or Rio Colorado (coloured river, from the red earth mingled with its water), a river of the United States, W. of the Rocky Mountains; it rises in Idaho territory, and flows, with an irregular course, towards the south, finally discharg ing itself in the Gulf of California. For 600 m. the river flows in a bed depressed on au average 3000 ft. below the general surface of the country, and a narrow wind ing part of this gorge or chasm, 300 m. in length, is known as the Great Cation of the Colorado. Coltbridge, a western suburb of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Coltness Ironworks, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Cambusnethan. Pop., with Newmains, 2682. Columbia, kol-um'be-d (named after Columbus), a Federal dist. of the United States of N. America, on the Potomac, sur rounded by Virginia and Maryland. It is under the immediate jurisdiction of Con gress, and contains Washington, the seat of government and cap. of the Union. Area 50 sq. m.; pop. 177,624. Columbia, the state cap. of S. Carolina, U.S., on the left bank of the Congaree River, near the confluence of the Saluda and Broad, 124 m. N.N.W. of Charleston. Pop. 10,036. Columbia, or Oregon, a large river of N. America, rises iu the Rocky Mountains, in about 60° N. la-t. and 116° W. long., and, after a course of 1000 m., falls into the Pacific Ocean. Columbia, British. See British Co lumbia. Columbus, a city of the United States, cap. of Ohio, pleasantly situated on the east bank of the Scioto River, 90 m. from its mouth. Pop. 51,647. Colvend, kol'vcnd, and South wick, south'wik, a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Colvend signifies " the back of the hill." Pop. 1281. Colyton, kol'e-tun (the town on the Coly), a pa. and town of England, co. Devon, on the Coly, a small affluent of the Axe. Pop. of pa. 2330. Comaccbio, ko-mdk'ke-o, a town of N. Italy, prov. and 28 m. E.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 7007. Comayagua, ko-mi-d'gwa, formerly Val- ladolid, a city of Central America, state of Honduras. Pop. 10,000. Combaconum, or Combooconum, kom- boo-ko'num, a town of British India, dist. Tanjore, presidency of Madras, between the two outlets of the Cauvery. Pop, 47,000. ComUlah, ko-mil'ld, a town of British India, cap. of the dist. of Tipperah, Chitta- gong, prov. Bengal, on the Goomtee River. Pop. 12,948. Comtnes, ko-meen', a town of France, dep. Nord, on the L ,8 m. N. of Lille ; it has manufs. of ribbon , etc. Pop. 4333. Comines, ko-meen' , a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Lys, opposite the French town of the same name, with which it communicates by a drawbridge. P. 3400. Commondyke, kom'mun-dike, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Auchinleck. Pop. 1048. Como, ko'mo (in the hollow), a beautiful lake of N. Italy, prov. Como, between Milan and Chiavenna. Length 35 m.; ex treme breadth 3 m. Como, a city of N. Italy, at the S.W. extremity of the lake of the same name, surrounded by charming scenery ; it is the 94 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m$t ; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. cap. of the prov. of Como. Pop, 25,560. — The prov. has a pop. of 515,050. Comoro Islands, kom'o-ro, a group of volcanic isles, lying between Madagascar and the continent of Africa. They are mountainous, and abound in cattle and tropical fruits. One of the group, called Mayotla, was ceded to France in 1841. Pop. estimated at 70,000. Compassberg, kum-pas-berg^, a high mountain in the Graafreynet dist. of Cape Colony, forming the culminating point of the Sneeuwbergen. It is 8500 ft. in height, and presents a steep face to the coast. Complegne, kong-pe-ain' , a town of France, dep. Oise, near the junction of the Oise with the Aisne, 45 m. N. of Paris, with manufs. of muslins, etc. Pop. 13,567. Compton, komp'ton, a co. in the S.E. part of Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada. Pop. 19,5S1. Comrie, kom're (confluence, the site of the pa. church being at the confluence of the rivers Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 6 m. W. of Crieff; shocks of earthquake are fre quently felt here. Pop. of pa. 1858; of vil. 1038. Conan, ko'nan, or Conon, a river of Scotland, co. Ross ; it affords valuable salmon and trout fishing, and after a course of 35 m. falls into the Cromarty Firth, near Dingwall. Conan Bridge, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross, pa, of Urquhart and Logie Wester, on the banks of the above river. Pop. 385. Concan, kong'kan, a maritime dist. of India, extending from Bombay to Goa, between the Western Ghauts and the sea. Concepcion, kon-sep-se-on', a seaport of Chili, S. America, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on a fine bay, 270 m. S.S.W. of Santiago. Pop. 18,277.— The prov. has a pop. of 166,861. Concepcion, a town of the Argentine Republic, prov. Entre Rios, on the Uruguay, 150 m. N. of Bueuos Ayres. Pop. 6550. Conception "BB>y,'kon-sep'shun, an inlet on the E. coast of Newfoundland. Concord, kon'kord, the state cap. of New Hampshire, U.S., co. Merrimac, 62 m. N.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 13,838. Condamine River, kon-dd-mine', the head stream of the Darling River, in Queensland, Australia. Cond6, kong-dd' (at the meeting of two streams), a strong frontier fortress of France, dep, Nord, on the Schelde. Pop. 3516. Condom, kong-ddng', a town of France, dep. Gers, on the Baise. Pop. 5625. Condorrat, kon-dor'rat, a vil. of Scot land, co. Dumbarton, pa. of Cumbernauld. Pop. 620. Congleton, kong'gl-ton, a munic. bor. of England, co. Chester, with manufs. of silks and ribbons. Pop. 11,116. Congo, kong'go, a little-known country of Lower Guinea, W. Africa, separated from Loango on the N. by the Congo, and bounded on the S. by Angola. The soil on the banks of the river is fertile, but the climate is intensely hot. Congo (named from the kingdom of Congo, north of which it flows), a great river of W. Africa, which rises in the equatorial lake region, and enters the Atlantic by au estuary, 6 m. wide, iu Lower Guinea. Its head-waters spring southward and north-eastward of Lake Bangweolo, the principal being the river Chambezi, which enters that lake on the E. side, and emerges from it at the N.W. side as the Luapula: in its after course its name changes to Lualaba, etc., and ultimately to Zairi and Congo. It is fed by numerous large streams, which flow to it from the S., E., and N-, the greatest being the Ikelembo. Mr H. M. Stanley, who explored the Congo in 1876-7, regard ing it as the greatest of African rivers, pro poses that it should be henceforth known as the Livingstone, and estimates the whole area drained by it at 860,000 sq. m. Its total length he puts at 2900 m., and the volume of water discharged by it into the Atlantic at 1,800,000 cubic feet per second. The clear navigable spaces of the river from the coast to Nyangwe he estimates at 1000 m., the available channels of the large affluents at 1200 m., and the upper waters, from Stanley Pool, at 900 m. — in all, up wards of 3000m. of navigable stream. This, however, is interrupted by rapids and catar acts, the lower of which have bean long known as the Yellala Falls. To facilitate the opening up of the countries drained by the Congo to the influences of civilisation, au International Committee was formed at Brussels in 1878, and on its behalf Mr Stan ley has founded, several stations on both banks of the river, and constructed im portant road s. Steamers now navigate not only the lower course of this great stream, but also the sections between the cataracts, and tbe waters above Stanley Pool, leading to the very centre of the continent. Coniston Water, kon'is-ton, a lake in Lancashire, England, 6$ m. in length, and f m. in breadth, having at its N. extremity Ooniston Fells, in which are copper-mines and slate-quarries. Conjeveram, kon-jev-er~am', or kon-jev'- er-am, anc. Canchipura (the golden city), a town of British India, presidency of Mad ras, dist. Chingleput, on the Palaur. Pop. 37,327. Conn, Lough (named after a man so called), a lake of considerable extent in the co. of Mayo, Ireland. Connaugbt, kon'nawt, anc. Conaicht (the territory possessed by the descendants of Conn), a prov. in the W. of Ireland, embracing the counties of Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, and Roscommon. It con tinued a distinct kingdom till the reign of Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t ; pine, pin ; note, nb*l ; tune, tun. 95 Henry IV. of England. It is still the rudest and most unimproved part of Ireland. Pop. 821,657. Connecticut (from Indian name Quonek- tacut, signifying ,( long river," or, as some render it, "without end"), a river of the United States, has its source on the N. borders of Vermont and New Hampshire, and flows S. into Long Island Sound. Connecticut, kon-nek'te-kut, but often kon-net'e-kut (named from the river), one of the United States of N. America, bounded on the N. by Massachusetts ; on the W. by New York; on the E. by Rhode Island; and on the S. by Long Island Sound. It has a fertile soil. Area 4674 sq. m.; pop. 622,700.— Hartford, on the river Connecti cut, is the state cap. Connemara, kon-ne-md'rd (from Cun-na- mar, bays of the sea), a dist. of Ireland, occupying the W. portion of co. Galway. It is subdivided into Connemara Proper, JarConnaught, and Joyce country. Conon. See Conan. Consett, kon-set', a town of England, co. and lljm. W.N.W. of Durham, with exten sive iron-works and collieries. Pop, 7163. Constance, kon'stance (named after Constantino the Great), a fortified town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the lake of the same name; it is famous for the ecclesiastical council held here between 1414 and 1418, which condemned the tenets of Wickliffe, and sentenced John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned. Pop. 13,372.— The Lake of Constance, Germ. Bodenme (so called from the castle of Bodmin on its shores), lies between Switzer land and Germany. Length 40 m. ; extreme breadth 9 m.; elevation above the sea 1250 ft. Constantia, kon-stan'she-d, a dist. in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, at the base of the range of mountains which form the Cape peninsula. It pro duces grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, figs, and apples in great profusion, but is chiefly celebrated for its wine. Constantina, kon-stan-te'nd, a town of Spain, prov. Seville, near the Sierra de Constantina. It has a considerable trade in corn, and near it are some argentiferous lead mines. Pop. 10,988. Constantino, kon-stan-teen', a city of Algeria, cap. of the dep. of the same name, situated on a steep rock, and strongly fortified. It has many fine remains of Roman architecture. It was taken by the French in 1847, and has remained in their possession ever since. In its neighbour hood are the ruins of Hippo, of which St Augustine was bishop from a.d. 395 till his death in a.d. 430. Pop. 40,000.— The dep. occupies the whole of the eastern third of the country bordering on Tunis and the Tripoli States, and has a pop. of 1,141,838. Constantinople, kon-slantin-o'pl (the city of Constantino), the cap. of the Turk ish empire, finely situated at the junction of the Bosporus with the Sea of Marmora. Its anc. name was Byzantium, and by the Turks it is now called Stamboul. Constan- tine the Great rebuilt the city a.d. 330, and then gave it his own name. From that period it continued to be the seat of the Eastern or Greek empire till 1453, when it was taken by the Turks under Mohammed II., who made it the metro polis of the Ottoman dominions. Pop. of the city proper 600,000 ; including the suburbs of Pera, Galata, Scutari, etc., 1,481,000. Constantinople, Strait of. See Bos porus. Contin, kon-tin' (supposed to be derived from the Gaelic con-tvinn, the meeting of the waters, with reference to the con fluence of certain rivers here), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 1422. Conversano, con-ver-sd'no, an anc. town of S. Italy, prov. and 19 m. S.E. of Bari. Pop. 10,656. Conway, knn'wd (from Welsh Cyn-wy, the chief water), a river of Wales, forming the boundary between the cos. of Carnarvon and Denbigh, and falling into the Irish Sea at Conway. The vale through which this river flows is celebrated for its beauty and fertility, and is crossed by a railway tubular bridge 327 ft. in length, on the line of the Chester and Holyhead railway, 13 m. N.E. of Bangor. Conway or Aberconway (mouth of the Conway), a town of Wales, co. Carnarvon, with the ruins of a magnificent castle. Pop. 3254. Cooch Behar, kootch be-har', a div. of the prov. of Bengal, British India. Area 1307 sq. m.; pop. 533,000.— The town of the same name is on the Toresha River, 45 m. N. of Rungpore. Cook Inlet, an arm of the 6ea on the N. W. coast of Alaska, N. America. It was named after Captain Cook, by whom it was discovered. Cook Islands, a group in the S. Paci fic, between the Society Islands and the Friendly Islands. Pop. est. at 7746. Cook, Mount, a peak of the Southern Alps, provincial dist. of Canterbury, New Zealand, 12,349 ft. above the sea. Cookstown, kooks'town, a town of Ire land, co. Tyrone. Pop. 3870. Cook Strait, between North and South Islands, New Zealand. It is 120 m. in length, and 30 m. in breadth at its nar rowest part. It derives its name from the navigator by whom it was discovered in 1770. Coolin, or CucbuUin Hills, koo'lin, a range of hills in the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Coomassie, koo-mds'se, the cap. of the kingdom of Ashantee, Upper Guinea, W. Africa; it was taken and burnt by the British in 1874. Pop. est. at 60,000.' Coompta, or Kumpta, koom'td, a town of British India, dist. Canara, prov. Bom bay. Pop. 11,000. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, ntitj tune, tUn. 96 Coorg, koorg, a prov. of British India, enclosed by Mysore, Canara, and Malabar. Area 1583 sq. m. ; pop. 178,302. Coosy, koo'se, a river of British India, which rises in the Himalayas, in 28° 25' N. lat., 86° 11' E. long., and after a course of 325 m. joins the Ganges. Cootehill, koot'hill, a market town of Ireland, co. Cavan. Pop. 1789. Copeland Islands, kope'land (the islands of merchandise, probably so called because used as a storehouse by the Danish in vaders), a small group off the N.W. coast of co. Down, Ireland, on the S. side of the entrance to Belfast Lough. Copenhagen, ko-pen-hd'ghen, Dan. Kjd- benhavn (the merchant's haven), the cap. of Denmark, the seat of a university, and one of the finest cities in the N. of Europe, stands on the E. coast of the island of Zealand, and is strongly fortified. It is regularly built, and is the grand centre of the manufs., trade, and enlightenment of Denmark. It has an excellent harbour and docks, and is surrounded by a chain of bastions and a broad ditch, — the walls enclosing a circuit of five miles. The royal library and museum are particularly rich in northern literature and antiquities, and possess many of the finest works of the Danish sculptor Thorwaldsen. Pop. 234,850. Copiapo, ko-pe-d'po, a volcano of the Andes, Chili, S. America. The height is est. at 17,000 ft. Copiapo, a seaport of Chili, on a river of the same name. It has been repeatedly ruined by earthquakes, which are here of very frequent occurrence. Coppenhall, kop-p en-hall' , a pa. of Eng land, co. Chester, 4£ m. N.E. of Nantwich. Pop. 19,904. Copperfield, kop'per-feeld, a town of Queensland, Australia, co. Clermont. Pop. 388. Coppermine River, kop'per-mine, in the North-West Territories of the Dominion of Canada, discovered by Hearne in 1771; it flows northward, and enters the Arctic Ocean after a course est. at 250 m. Coquet, koh'et, or Cocket, a river of England, en. Northumberland, rises in the Cheviot Hills, and falls into the North Sea near Warkworth. Coquimbo, ko-keem'bo, a seaport of Chili, the cap. of a dep. of the same name, abound ing in gold, silver, and copper. It is some times called La Serena, in allusion to the serenity of its climate. Pop. 7138.— The dep. has a pop. of 164,565. Corato, ko-rd'to, a city of S. Italy, prov. Bari. Pop. 26,220. Cordillera, kor-dil'le-rd, Span. pron. kor- deel-yd'rd, the Spanish name of a mountain- chain, frequently applied to the Andes. Cordova, kor'do-vd, or Cordoba, anc. Oorduba, a city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly cap. of a Moorish kingdom; it contains a cathedral which was formerly one of the most holy mosques of the Mohammedan world, and still is one of the most remarkable edifices in Spain. The leather called Cordovan re ceives its name from this town. Pop. 49,855.— The pop. of the prov. is 385,582. Cordova, or Cordoba, a city of the Argentine Republic, S. America, cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a good trade in hides and wool. Pop. 30,000.— The prov. has a pop. of 210,508. Cordova, a town of Mexico, dep. Vera Cruz, on the E. slope of the Peak of Orizaba. Pop. 4396. Corea, ko-re'd, a peninsula of E. Asia, separated from China by the Yellow Sea, and from the islands of Japan by the Strait of Corea and the Sea of Japan. It is about 500 m. long and 150 m. broad. The coast-line is elevated, and the interior is traversed from N. to S. by a chain of mountains. The climate is severe, but the soil is fertile and well cultivated. The Coreans are an exclusive people, and possess a literature of their own. Commerce is carried on with China (which exercises over it a slender suzerainty) and Japan. The government is despotic. Area est. at 87,760 sq. m. ; pop. about 6,840,000. Corella, ko-rel'yd, a town of Spain, prov. Navarre, in a fertile plain on the Alhama, Pop. 5613. Corfu, kor-foo', one of the Ionian Islands, forming a nomarchy of Greece, off the coast of Albania. It is of considerable political importance, as being the key of the Adri atic; and is the first in rank, though only the second in size, of the Ionian Islands. Pop. 106,109. Corfu, a seaport of Greece, cap. of the above island. Pop, 16,515. Corigliano, ko-reel-yd'no, a town of S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, near the Gulf of Taranto. Pop. 10,572. Corinth, kor'inth, one of the most dis tinguished cities of ancient Greece, now little more than a village, situated near the Isthmus of Corinth. Pop. 6047. Corinth, Gulf of. See Lepanto, Gulf of. Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land in Greece, uniting the Morea with Attica, between the Gulfs of Lepanto and JEginn. Length about 20 m.; breadth from 2 to 8 m. Cork, the largest and most southerly co. of Ireland. It extends 110 m. from E. to W., and 70 m. from N. to S., and is bounded on its landward sides by Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. Area 2885 sq. m.; pop. 495,607. The W. part of the co. is mountainous; the N. and E. parts are exceedingly fertile. The coast is indented with numerous bays, the principal being Bantry, Dunmanus, Glonakilty , Kinsale, Cork Harbour, and Youghal. Off the coast are several islands, the most important of which Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; ndte, nU ; tune, tUn. 97 are Cape Clear and Wkiddy. The chief rivers which water the co. are the Blackwater, Lee, and Bandon. Iron, copper, and limestone are the principal minerals. Cork is mainly an agricultural co., but the fisheries along the coast form a valuable branch of in dustry, and the copper-mines at Allahais employ about 2000 hands. After Cork city, the cap,, the most important towns are You glial, Bandon, and Kinsale. Cork (corr. from Corcach, a marsh, so called from the city having grown up around a monastery, founded by St Finbar in the 6th century, on the edge of a marsh), an important city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., at the mouth of the Lee, on one of the safest and finest harbours in Europe. It possesses great trade, particularly in the export of grain and all kinds of provisions. It is the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. The port of Cork, formerly known as the Cove, is now called Queenstown, in honour of Queen Victoria's visit in 1849. Pop. of munic. bor. 80,124; of pari. bor. 104,496. Corleone, kor-ld-o'nd, a town of Sicily, prov. Palermo, on a hill near the source of the Belici. Pop. 15,179. Corleto, kor-la'to, a town of S. Italy, prov. BaBilicata. Pop. 6003. Cornholme, korn'holm, a town of Eng land, partly in the W. R. of Yorkshire and partly iu Lancashire, pas. of Whalley, Roch dale, and Halifax. Cornwall (corr. from Cornu Gallia;, the horn or extremity of Gaul), a co. forming the S.W. extremity of England, is sur rounded by the sea, except on the E. side, where the river Tamar separates it from Devonshire. Area 1365 sq.m.; pop. 329,484. From N.E. to S.W. the co. is traversed by a ridge of rugged and bleak hills, in tersected by valleys of great beauty and fertility. The coasts are rocky and much indented by inlets of the sea. The chief rivers are the Tamar, Lynher, Towey, Fat, and Alan or Camel. Cornwall is rich in metals. Tin was worked here by the Phoenicians long before the Christian era. Silver, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, etc., are extensively mined, and porcelain clay is exported in great quantities. On the coasts are valuable fisheries of pilchard and mackerel. — Bodmin is the co. town, but Truro has more inhabitants. Cornwall, the chief town of the united cos. of Stormont and Glengarry, prov. On tario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 5436. CornwaUis Island, korn-wdl'lis, in the Arctic Ocean, British N. America.— 65° N. lat., 95° W. long. Coromandel, kor-o-man'del (corr. from Cholomandala, the district of the Cholas), the eastern coast of India, extending be tween 10° and 16° N. lat. Coron, ko'ron, a fortified seaport of the Morea, Greece, on the Gulf of Coron, 7 m. N.W. of Cape Gallo. Pop. 6000. Coron, Gulf of, or Gulf of Kalamata, anciently called the Gulf of Messenia, in the S.W. of the Morea, Greece. Coronation Gulf, a large inlet of the Arctic Ocean, British N. America, dis covered by Captain Franklin. At its eastern entrance is Point Turnagain. Correggio, kor-red'jo, a town of N. Italy, prov. Reggio, distinguished as the birth place of the painter Antonio Allegri, com monly known as Correggio. Pop. 2638. Correze, kor-raiz', a dep. of France, surrounded by Creuse, Haute - Vienne, Dordogne, Lot, Cantal, and Puy-de-DGme. Area 2218 sq. m.; pop. 317,066. Corrib, Lough, Zoh kor'rib (corr. from Lough Orsben, the lake of Orsben, over whose grave it is said to have burst forth), a beautiful lake of Ireland, co. Galway; it is studded with islands, and is 24 m. long, and about 4 m. broad. Corrientes, kor-re-en'tes, a dep. of the Argentine Republic, S. America. Area 45,454 sq. m. ; pop. 129,023.— The chief town is of the same name, aud has a pop. of 11,000. Corriskin, Loch, loh Jcor'ris-kin, a small lake in the Isle of Skye, Scotland, finely described by Sir Walter Scott in the "Lord of the Isles," 12$ m. S. of Portree. Corryhabbie, kor-re-hab'be, a mountain in the S. of Banffshire, Scotland. Height 2563 ft. Corryvreckin, kor-re-vrek'in (Brecan's cauldron), a whirlpool off the W. coast of Scotland, between the islands of Jura and Scarba. Corsica, kor'se-kd (from Phoen. chorsi, a woody place), Fr. Corse, a large island in the Mediterranean, N. of Sardinia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Bonifacio. It abounds in mountains and forests, diversified with fertile plains. The greatest elevation, Monte Rotondo, is 9068 ft. high. It belongs to France, of which it forms a dep. Napoleon I. was a native of this island. Pop. 272,639. CorsiU Point, kor'sil, a promontory on the W. coast of Wigtownshire, Scotland, —55° 0' N. lat., 5° 9' W. long. Corstorphine, kor-stor'Jin, anc. Crostor- fin (from Norman or French words signify ing "cross of fine gold"), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 3 ra. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 2156; of vil. 952. Cortachy, kor'tdh-e, and Clova, klo'va, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 442. — Cortachy, anciently written Quartachie, is derived from a Gaelic word signifying "enclosed" or "surrounded." The origin of the name Clova is unknown. — The vil. of Cortachy is 7£ in. N.W. of Forfar. Corte, kor'td, a town near the centre of Corsica, with trade in corn and wines, and extensive quarries of jasper and marble in its vicinity. Pop. 4951. Cortemarcq, kor-td-mark', a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 15 m. S.S.W. of Bruges, with wooUen manufs. P. 4260, 98 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note, not; tune,t&n. Coruna, ko-roon'yd, Eng. Corunna, Fr. Cnrogne (either corr. from Columna, " the pillar," in allusion to the Tower of Her cules, or from Celt., coryn or corun, a tongue of land), a seaport of Galicia, Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, with consider able trade. Here General Sir John Moore fell, after repulsing the French under Marshal Soult, in 1809. Pop. 33,735; of prov. 595,585. Cosenza, ko-sen'zd (from Lat. Gonserdia, the confluence), a city of S. Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name. Pop. 14,522. —The prov. has a pop. of 451,309. CosUn, or KosUn, kns-leen' (goat town), a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, near the Baltic, with woollen manufs. Pop. 16,834. Cosselr, kos-sair', a seaport of Egypt, on the Red Sea. Pop. 1870. Costa Rica, kos'td re'kd (rich coast), a state of Central America, extending from the state of Nicaragua to Columbia, and from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific. Area 23,000 sq. m.; pop. 185,000. San Josi is the cap. Cote-d'Or, kdt-dor (coast or region of gold, so called from its fertility), a dep. in the E. of France, fertile in grain and fruit, but especially in the vine ; it is also rich in mines of iron and coal, marble, gypsum, and lithographic stones. Area 3354 sq. m. ; pop. 382,819.— The Cote-d'Or Mountains separate the basin of the Saone from those of the Seine and Loire, and connect the Ceveunes with the Vosges. The culmi nating point, Le Tasselot, is 1968 ft. high. Cotes - du - Nord, kot-dn-nor (the northern coasts), a maritime dep. of the W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Bretagne. Area 1967 sq. m. ; pop. 627,585.— £( Brieuc iB the cap. Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'e, a volcanic moun tain of Ecuador, S. America, 34 m. S.E. of Quito. It is a perfect cone, rising 19,500 ft. above the level of the sea, and is the highest volcano in America that has been active in modern times. Cotswold HiUs, kots'wold (wood hill), a range in Gloucestershire, England, ex tending 30 m. in length, and about 20 m. in breadth. They separate the basins of the Thames and the Severn, and have the ap pearance of a series of level but elevated plains, on which are fed numerous flocks of highly-prized sheep. The highest point is 1086 ft. Cottbus, orKottbus, kot-boos', a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Spree, with various extensive manufs., and good export and transit trade. Pop. 25,584. Cottenham, koften-ham (the town of huts), a pa. and vil. of England, co. Cam bridge, celebrated for its cheese. Pop. of pa. 2458. Coull, kool (a corner or nook), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 783. Coulommiers, koo-lom-me-d' , a town of France, dep. Seine-et- Marne, on the Grand Moron, 13 m. S.E. of Meaux; it has an active trade in corn, cheese, fruit, and cattle. Pop. 4422. CouncU Bluffs, koun'sil blufs, a city of Iowa, U.S., co. Pottawattamie. Pop. 18,059. Coupar Angus, koo'par ang'gus, a pa. and town of Scotland, partly in Forfarshire and partly in Perthshire, on the Isla. Here was an abbey founded by King Malcolm the Maiden about 1164. Fop. of pa. 2816; of town 2154. Courcelles, koor-sell', a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, 4 m. N.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 7568. Courland, koor'land, a gov. in the N.W. of Russia, separated from Livonia by the Southern Dwina. It is fertile, but ill culti vated. Area 10,365 sq. m.; pop. 681,930. Courtrai, or Courtray, koor-tra', a forti fied town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, celebrated for its manufactures of fine linens. Pop. 26,943. Coutances, koo-tangss' (named after Constantius Chlorus, father of Constan- tine the Great, who called it Constantw, of which the present name is a corr.), a sea port of France, dep. Manche, at the con fluence of the Soulle and Bulsard, 19 m. W.S.W. of St Lot; it has a fine Gothic cathedral, various manufs., and an active trade in horses, cattle, grain, butter, etc. Pop. 12,947. Cove, a vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, pa. of Nigg. Pop. 565. Cove and Kilcreggan, kil-kreg'gan, a vil. and police bor. of Scotland, co. Dum barton, pa. of Roseneath. Pop. 816. Cove of Cork. See Queenstown. Coventry, kuv'en-tre (convent-dwelling), an anc. city and munic. and pari. bor. of England, co. Warwick, 17 m. S.E. of Bir mingham, celebrated for its manufs. of watches and ribbons. Pop. of munic. bor. 42,111 ; of pari. bor. 47,366. Covington, kov'ing-ton, and Tbanker- ton, ihangk'er-ton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark. Pop. 444.— Covington is a corr. of Colbanstoun, the homestead of Colhan, an early settler here. Thankerton derives its name from Tancard, a Flemish proprietor. Cowal, or CowaU, kow'al, a mountainous peninsular dist. of Scotland, co, Argyll, be tween Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde on the E., and Loch Fyne on the W. Cowbridge, kow'bridj, a town of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, 12 m. W. of Car diff. Pop. 1229. Cowdenbeath, kow'den-beeth, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. N.E. of Dunferm line. Pop. 2769. Cowes, East, kowz (cove), a town on the rt. b. of the river Medina, at its mouth, on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, England. Near it is Osborne House, the marine resi dence of Queen Victoria. Pop. 2512.— On the opposite side of the river is West Cowes, a seaport town and waterinjr- place. Pop. 6721. a Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, me*t ; pine, pin ; note, nU ; tune, l&n. Cowpen, kow-pen', a town of England, co. Northumberland, 6£ m. E.S.E. of Morpeth. Pop. 5065. Coylton, koil'ton (the place of hazel- woods), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr. Pop. 3100. Cracow, krd'ko, or Pol. Krakow, krd'- konf (the town of Krakus, a king of Poland, who is said to have founded the town about a.d. 700), a city of Austria- Hungary, the anc. cap. of the kingdom of Poland, situated in a fine valley on the left bank of the Vistula, 158 m. S.S.W. of Warsaw. It is the seat of a university, and has a cathedral, where the kings of Poland were crowned, and where many of their tombs are preserved. Pop. 66,000. Cradock, krd'dok (in honour of Governor Sir J. Cradock, afterwards Lord Howden), a div. of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony, having Graaf Reynet on the W., Somerset on the S., British Kaffraria on the E., and Colcsberg on the N. Area 3247 sq. m.; pop. 12,084. The vil. of the same name, which is 3 m. N. of Somerset, has chalybeate springs. Craig (from Gael, craig, a rock), a mari time pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 2589. Craigbank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of New Cumnock. Pop. 302. Craigellachie, kraig-el'lah-e, a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. Aberlour, at which there is a junction of the Morayshire, Keith, and Strathspey sections of the Great North of Scotland Railway. Craigie (rocky), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr. Pop. 590. Craigmark, a vil. of Scotland, co Ayr, pa. of Dalmellington. Pop. 3S3. Craigneuk, kraig-neuk' ', a vil. of Scot land, co. Lanark, pa. of Dalziel. a portion of the town of Wish aw. Pop. 2330. Craignish, kraig-nish' (the rock of the island), a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 451. Craigo, krd'go, a vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Lngie-Pert. Crail (corr. of Carrail or CarayU, the fown at the wing or corner), a pa. and royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, co. Fife, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth. Pop. of pa. 1740; of town 1148. CraUing, krad'ing (the dwelling on the pool), a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh. Pop. 638. Cramlington, kram'ling-ton, a town of England, co. Northumberland, 8£ m. N.N.E. of Newcastle. Pop. 5744. Cramond, krd'mond (from caer-aman, fort on the river, so named from its having been an important Roman station), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, cos. Edinburgh and Linlithgow, on the Forth. The vil. is at the mouth of the Almond, 5J m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 3004. Cranborne, kran'born (the stream fre quented by cranes), a pa. and town of England, co. Dorset, 13 m. S.W. of Salia- 99 bury. Pop. of pa. 2317. — Cranborne Chase, still abounding in deer, extends nearly to Salisbury. Cranbrook, kran'brook (the stream of the cranes), a pa. and town of England, co. Kent, 30 m. S.W. of Canterbury, with woollen manufs. Pop. of pa. 4216. Cranshaws, kran'shaws (the cranes' wood), a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 106. Cranston, krans'ton (the cranes' resort), a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, S.E. of Dalkeith. Pop. 998. Crathie, krath'e (rocky), and Braemar, bra-mar', a united pa. of Scotland, co. Aber deen. Pop. 1611. Some very lofty moun tains are in this pa., viz., Ben Macdhui, Gairntoul, and Lochnagar, at the foot of which stands Balmoral, the Highland home of Queen Victoria. Crawford (for Caer-ford, the castle at the ford, or, according to some authorities, the road or passage of blood), a pa. of Scot land, co Lanark, Pop. 1763. The cele brated poet Allan Ramsay was a native of this pa. Crawfordjohn, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark. Pop. 843. Crayford, krd-ford (the ford of the creek), a pa. and vil. of England, co. Kent, 8 m. E.S.E. of Greenwich, with numerous chalk-pits. Pop. of pa. 4347. Crecy. See Cressy. Crediton, kred'i-ton (town ontheCrede), a town of England, co. Devon, on the Crede. Pop. 4165. Cree, a river of Scotland, which rises in Loch Dornal, co. Ayr, and joins Wigtown Bav by the estuary called Loch Cree. Creetown, kree'town (town on the Cree), a maritime vil. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Nenrit is a granite qiuirry, fiom which stone was taken for the Liver pool docks. Pop. 979. Crefeld, or Krefeld, kra'felt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, with manufs. of silk, 12 m. N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 73,872. Creggan, kreg'gan (rocky ground), a pa. of Ireland, cos. Armagh and Louth. Pop. 9118. Creich, kreeh (from Gael, craig, a rock), a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife. Pop. 386. Crema, kre'md, a town of N. Italy, prov. Cremona, on the rt. b. of the Serio, 25 m. E.S.E. of Milan. Pop. 8154. Cremona, kre-mo'nd, a city of N. Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Po, formerly celebrated for its violins. Pop. 29,041.— The prov. has a pop. of 302,138. Cressy, or Crecy, kres'se, Fr. pron. krd-se', a vil. of France, dep. Somme, 10 m. N. of Abbeville, memorable for the great victory gained by Edward III. of England over the French in 1346. Pop. 1385. Crest, a town of France, dep. Drome, on the river of that name, 14 m. S.E. of Valence. Pop. 4220 Crete, kreet, or Candia, kdn'de-d, one of 100 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mlt; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. the largest islands in the Mediterranean. It belongs to Turkey, and is 150 m. long, and from 10 to 30 m. broad, Its soil is fer tile, and produces oil, wine, saffron, and a variety of fine fruits. Near its centre is Mount Ida, celebrated for a cavern of great extent and intricacy, and bearing such a striking resemblance to the famous laby rinth of Minos, described by the ancient poets, as to leave little doubt of its identity. Pop. estimated at 210,000. Creuse, kruz, a dep. in the centre of France. It is mountainous, and a great part of it is arid. Rearing of live stock is the chief branch of rural industry. Area 2150 sq. m. ; pop. 278,782. Creuse, a river of France, flows through the above dep. and Indre, and after a course of nearly 150 m. joins the Vienne 12 m. N. of Chatullerault. Creuzot, Le, leh knxz'o, a town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. S.S.E. of Autun; it is noted for its crystal manufactory, and has extensive iron-works and cual-mines. Pop. 16,006. Crewe, liroo (the place of the cross), a munic. bor. and great railway depot of England, co. Chester, on the London and N.W. Railway, at its junction with the Chester and Holyhead line. Pop. 24,385, chiefly employed in connexion with the railways. Crewkerne, kroo-kem' (the place of the cross), a pa. and market town of England, co. Somerset, 10 m. S.W. of Ilchester. Pop. of pa. 4986. Crichton, kri'ton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh. Pop. 1094. Cricklade, krik'lade (the bay of the stream), a pari. bor. of England, cos. Wilts and Gloucester on the Thames, which ceases here to be navigable. Pop. 51,951. Criech, kreeh (from Gael, craig, a rock), a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland. Pop. 2223. Crieff, kreef (from. Gael, crubha cnoic, the haunch or side of a hill, or, according to some authorities, from craobh, a tree), a town of Scotland, co. Perth, beautifully situated on the Earn, near the base of the Grampians. It possesses a noted hydro pathic establishment, and is much resorted to by summer visitors. Pop. 4469. — The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 4852. CrUlon, Mount, kril'lon, a mountain, 13,500 ft. high, in the territory of Alaska, N. America. Crimea, krim-e'd (from Gr. KimmeHon, the anc. name of a small town on this peninsula), or Crim Tartary, anc. Cher- sonesus Tanrica, a peninsula of Europe, forming a pendant to Russia, washed hy the Black Sea aud the Sea of Azov, and joined to the mainland by the Isthmus of Perekop. It is divided by the river Salgir into two parts, the northern and larger being barren and thinly peopled, the southern being traversed by a range of mountains enclosing beautiful valleys, rich in all the productions of the south. It forms a large part of the Russian gov. of Taurida, and in recent times has been celebrated in connexion with the war known as the Crimean War. Pop. of gov. 878,925. Crimmitzschau, or Krimmitzscbau, krim-mits-show' , a town of Saxony, on the Rhine, 10 m. N.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 13,925. Crimond, krim'ond (corr. of Cr-dchmont, moor for cattle), a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 832. Crinan Canal, krin'an kan-al', at the head of the peninsula of Cantyre, Argyll shire, between Ardrishaig on Loch Fyne and the Western Ocean, constructed that vessels of small burden may avoid the difficult and circuitous passage of 70 in. round the Mull of Cantyre. It is about 9 m. 1-uig. Croagb Patrick, kro'ah pat'rik (St Patrick's hill), a mountain of Ireland, 2660 ft. high, co. Mayo, on the S.E. of Clew Bay. Croatia, kro-d'she-d, one of the three dists. which form the eyalet of Bosnia, Turkey. Croatia (so called from the Croats, a tribe of the Wends from Bohemia, who settled here a.d. 640) and Slavonia, slav- o'ne-d, one of the southern provs. of the Austro-Hungarian empire, forming part of Hungary. Pop. 1,194,415. Crofthead, kroft'hed, a town of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, pa. of Whitburn, part of Fauldhouse. Pop. 3000. — Also a vil., co. Renfrew, pa. of Neilston. Pop. 609. Cromarty, krom'ar-te (from Crombathi, the curved or crooked bay), forming with Ross a united co. of Scotland, consists of several detached portions scattered throughout Ross-shire and along its bor ders. It is said that this singular arrange ment was caused by a former Earl of Cromarty, who wished all his property, wherever situated, to be embraced within one shire. Area, including Ross, 3129 sq. m.; pop. 78,547. The general character istics of the county are similar to those of Ross-shire, which see. Cromarty, a seaport town and cap. of the above co., at the entrance of the Cromarty Firth, noted for its extensive and safe bay (the Portus Sahai* of the ancients), and for the boldness of its bluff promon tories, called the Sutors of Cromarty. Hugh Miller, the celebrated geologist, was a native of Cromarty. Pop. 1360.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 2009. Cromdale, krom'dale (the windin g valley), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Inverness and Elgin. Pop. 3642. Cromer, kro'mer, a pa. and watering- place of England, on the N. coast of Nor folk. Pop. of pa. 1597. Crompton, kromp'ton, a town in Lanca shire, England, pa. of Prestwich, 3 m. N. of Oldham. Fop. 9797. Fate, fat, fdr ; meir., mU ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tUn. 101 Cronberry, kron'ber-re, a vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, pa. of Auchinleck. Pop. 799. Cronstadt, or Kronstadt, krdn'stddt, fcrown city), a seaport and strong fortress of Russia, at the S.E. extremity of a small island in the Gulf of Finland. It com mands the passage of St Petersburg, from which it is distant 20 m., and is the prin cipal station of the Russian navy. It was founded by Peter the Great, who employed 300,000 men in the work. Much of the ex ternal commerce of Russia passes through Cronstadt. Pop. 48,276. Crookedholm, krook'rd-holm, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Kilmarnock, form ing part of the town of Hurlford. P. 657. Crosby, Great, kros'be, a town of Lanca shire, England. 7 m. N.N.W. of Liverpool. Pop. 5033. Cross and Burness, bur-ness', a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney, embracing the island of North Ronaldshay and part of the island of Sanday. Pop. 1684. Cross Canonby, kross kan'on-be, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland. Pop. 8296. Cross-Fell, kross-fell', a mountain of England, co. Cumberland, 11 m. E.N.E. of Penrith. Height 2928 ft. Crossford, kross'ford, two vils. of Scot land — one in Fifeshire, pa. of Dunfermline, and the other in Lanarkshire, pa. of Les- mahago. Pop. of the latter 816. Crossgates, kross'gates (so called from its situation where roads cross each other), a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 3£ m. E. of Dun fermline. Pop. 1057. Crossbill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Kirkmichael. Pop. 740. — Also a part of the city of Glasgow, co. Renfrew. Pop. 2960. Crosshouse, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Kilmaurs. Pop. 740. Crosslee, kross-lee', a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Houston and Killellan. Pop. 406. Crossmaglen, kross-mag-len'(\.he cross of Fl inn's son), a town of Ireland, co. Armagh, 10 m. N.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 872. Crossmichael, kross-mi'kdl (the cross of St Michael), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. P. of pa. 1333. Crossmolina, kross-mo-le-nd' (Mullany's cross), a town of Ireland, co. Mayo, on the Deel. Pop. 765. Crossmyloof, ki-oss'my-loof a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Cathcart. Crossthwaite, kross-thwait' (the forest clearing at the cross), a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, in which are the towns of Keswick and Borrowdale, and the lakes Derwentwater and Thitimere. Pop. 5867, Croston, kros'ton, a town of Lancashire, England, 6 m. W. of Chorley. Pop. 1791. Crowland, kro'land, a town of England, co. Lincoln, on the Welland, 14 m. E.N.E, of Stamford. Pop. 2929. Crowle, krole, a town of England, cos. Lincoln and York, near the confluence of the Trent and Don. Pop. 3353. Croy (hard), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Nairn and Inverness, In it is Culloden Moor, memorable for the victoiy gained by the Duke of Cumberland over Prince Charles Stuart, 16th April 1746. Pop. 1709. Croydon, kroy'don (chalk hill), a town of England, co. Surrey, 10£ m. S. of Lon don Bridge, much resorted to as a place of residence by London merchants. Pop. 78,953. Crozet Islands, kro-zd', a group of un inhabited islands in the Indian Ocean, N.W. of Kerguelen Land. Cruden, kroo'den (slaughter of the Danes, so named from a battle having been fought here, in 1005, between Mal colm II. and Canute, King of Denmark), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 3441. Crummock Water, krum'mol, a lake of England, co. Cumberland, N.W. of Butter- mere, traversed by the river Cocker. It is 4 m. in length, and £ m. in breadth. Crumpsall, knimp'sUl, a town in Lanca shire, England, 3 m. N. of Manchester. Pop. 8154. Csaba, tsd'ba, or Chdb'o, a town of Hun gary, co. Bekes, on the Hejo, with an ex tensive trade in corn, flax, fruit, wine, silk, and cattle. Pop. 32,616. Csongrad, chon-grdd', a town of Hun gary cap. of the co. of the same name, 70 m. S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 17,837. Cuba, ku'bd, the largest of the West India Islands. It belongs to Spain, and is 764 m. in length by 60 m. of average breadth, and is traversed from E. to W. by a chain of mountains covered with noble forests. Its soil is very fertile, producing excellent sugar, coffee, and tobacco. It has rich copper-mines. The island enjoys a delightful climate, and hurricanes are rare. Area 48,489 sq. m.; pop. 1,424,619.— Hnvannah, its cap., has an extensive com merce, and is the largest city in the West Indies. Cuckfield, kvk'feeld, a town of Eng land, co. Sussex, 13 m. N. of Brighton. Pop. 1713. Cuddalore, or Cuddalur, kud-dd-loor', a maritime town of British India, presi dency of Madras, dist. South Arcot, on the Bay of Bengal. Pop. 40,500. Cuddapah, kud-dd-pd', a dist. of Mad ras prov., British India. Pop. 1,351,194.— The cap., of the same name, is a military cantonment. Pop. 16,500. Cuenc,a, hren'sd, a prov. of New Cas tile, Spain. Pup. 237,497.— The cap., of the same name, is situated near the conflu ence of the Huecar aud Xucar, 84 m. S.E. of Madrid, Pop. 8202. Cuenca, a city of Ecuador, S. America, cap. of the prov. Assnay, on a wide plain 8640 ft. above the sea, 85 m. S.W. of Quito. Pop. 25,000. Cueva de Vera, kwd'vd da va'rd (the care of Vera), a town of Spain, prov. 102 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nX>t; tune, tiki. Almeria, at the mouth of the Almanzor, in the Mediterranean. Pop. 20,644. Cuilcagb Mountain, koo-U'kdh, in Fer managh, Ireland, 12 m. S.W. of Ennis- killen. Height 2180 ft. CuilMU, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Old Monkland. Culebra, koo-la'brd (named from the Culebra river, which means " the snake "), a seaport of Costa Rica, Central America, with one of the finest harbours in this part of the coast, affording safe anchorage for ships of any buiden. Culiacan, koo -le - d - kdn', a town of Mexico, 90 m. S.E. of Cinaloa. Pop. 19,554. Cullen, kul'lcri, a pa. and royal and pari. burgh of Banffshire, Scotland. The town is on the coast, 12 m. W.N.W. of Banff, and has linen manufs. and a good trade in fish. Pop. of pa. 2236; of royal burgh 3682; of pari, burgh 2033. Cullera, kool-ya'rd, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, at the mouth of the Xucar, in the Mediterranean. Pop. 11,049. CuUercoats, kul'ler-kdts, a township of England, co. Northumberland, pa. of Tyne- mouth. Pop. 1365. CuUoden Moor. See Croy. CuUompton. See CoUumpton. Culm. See Kulm. Culmbach. See Kulmbach. Culna, or Kalna, Ml'nd, a town of British India, dist. of Bardwan, prov. Bengal. It is a station for steamers ply ing between Calcutta and the North-West Provinces. Pop. 28,000. Culross, kul-ross', locally koo'ross (be hind the headland), a pa. and royal and pari, burgh in a detached portion of Perth shire, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth. Pop. of pa. 1130 ; of burgh 380. Culsalmond, kul-saw'mond (the end of the hill-landa), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aber deen. Pop. 828. Culter, kul'ter, locally koo'ter (at the back of the land), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Lanaik and Peebles, in which is Cullerfell, a mountain 2454 ft. high. Pop. 574. Cults (a nook or corner), a pa. of Scot land, co. Fife, 3 m. S.W. of Cupar, the birthplace of Sir David Wilkie, the cele- biated painter, in 1783. Pop. 704. Cumana, koo-m<"<-nf the co. of Bihar, 116 ni. E. of Pesth, with various manufs. and considerable tr.ide. It is the seat of a numerously attended Cal- vinistic college. Pop. 51,122. Deccan, dek'kan (corr. from Sans, dak- shina, the south.!, a region of Southern India, stretching across the peninsula, aud bounded by ihe Nerhudda on the N. and the Kistnah on the 8. Decize, deh-seez', anc. Decetia, a town of France, dep. Nievre, on a high rocky island, formed by the Loire at the con fluence of the Aron; it has extensive iron works, and the coal-min^s in its neighbour hood are among the richest in France. Pop. 3977. Dee, two rivers of Scotland : one rises in Braeriach, Aberdeenshire, and, after flow ing through a picturesque valley, in the upper part of which is Balmoral Castle, the Highland residence of Queen Victoria, falls into the German Ocean at New Aber deen, after a course of 90 m.; the other issues from Loch Dee on the borders of Ayrshire, and, flowing through Kirkcud brightshire, falls into the Solway Firth.— Also a river of Ireland, which flows through the co, of Louth, and falls into the Bay of Dundalk. — Also a river of Wales, which rises iu Lake Bala, Merionethshire, and, after a course of 70 ra., falls into the Irish Sea, 15 m. below Chester. Deer Lake, British N. America, in the valley of the Nelson River, which flows into Hudson Bay. Area 2976 sq. m. Deer, New, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. The name is supposed by some authorities to be derived from a Gaelic word signifying "worship of God," but others trace it to a Saxon word signify ing " hollow or valley." Pop. of pa. 4875; of vil. 755. Deer, Old, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, ens, Aberdeen and Banff. The vil. is 10£ m. W. of Peterhead. Pop. of pa. 5104. Debra Doon, deh'rd, or dd'rd, a dist. of the N.W. Proviuces, British India, Mcerut div. Pop. 116,945. Delagoa Bay, del-d-go'd, an inlet of the Indian Ocean, on the E. coast of Africa, about 250 m. N. of Natal. Delaware, del'd-wdr (named in honour of Lord Delawarr, who visited the Bay in 1610, and died in his vessel at its mouth), one of the smallest of the United States of N. America, lying along the western coast of a bay of the same name; bounded ^n the N. by Pennsylvania; and on the W. and S. by Maryland. It pro duces fine wheat, and has considerable manufs. Area 2120 sq. m.; pop, 14G,G08. —Dover is the state cap. Delaware, a river of the United States, formed by the union of two streams in the state of New York. Separating Pennsvl- vania from New Jersey, it flows past Phila delphia, and, after a course of 300 m., enters Delaware Bay, between Delaware and New Jersey. Delft, delf (from delf, a canal, because built on the banks of the ancient canal which joined the Meuse to the Rhine), a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, between Rotterdam and Levden, formerly noted for its manufacture of earthenware, and celebrated as the birthplace of Grotius in 1583. Pop. 26.028. Delftshaven, delfs-ha'v'n (the harbour of the canal), a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Meuse, 2 m. S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 11,425, chiefly engaged in ship-building, fishing, and distilling. Delfzyl, delfzil, a seaport of the Nether lands, prov. Gioningen, on Dollar t Bay. Pop. 5873. Delhi, del'le, a div. and dist. of the Pun jab, British India, N. of Agra, between 28° and 31° N. lat., and between 75° and 80° E, long. It is generally flat, with a soil which is either sandy or covered with dense jungles nnd forests. Pop. of div. 1,907,984 ; of dist. 643,515. Delhi (probably from Sansc. dahal, a quicksand or quagmire, " the ground on which the city was built being so loose and unsound that tent-pins could not be fixtd in ins Fate, fat., fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note, not ; tune, tftn. it"), the chief city of the above div., long the cap. of the Mogul empire, is situated on the banks of the Jumna. It is 7 m. in cir cumference, and enclosed on three sides by walls constructed of large blocks of red granite, and well fortified. Several magni ficent gateways occur in the walls at inter vals, which are named after the provinces or cities to which they point. It is the seat of a college founded in 1792, and divided into four departments — English, Arabic, Persian, and Sanscrit. In May 1857 it was seized by the Sepoy mutineers, but was re taken by the British in September of the same year. Pop. 173,393. Delitzsch, dd'litsh, a town of Prussia. prov. Saxony, on the Lobber, 19 m. N.E. of Merseberg. Pop 8225. Delta, or Lower Egypt, a tract of land between the E. and W. mouths of the Nile, bo named from its resembling in form delta (A), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Delting, del' ting (place of meeting in the valley), a pa. on the Mainland of Shetland, Scotland. Pop. 1651. Demavend, Mount, dem-d-vend', a vol canic mountain of Persia, 40 m. N.E. of Teheran. Height 21,000 ft. Dembea, Lake of, denx'be-a, or Tzana, tsd'nd, in Abvssinia, drained by the Bahr el Azrek or Blue River. It is about 60 m. long, and 40 m. broad. Demerara, dem-er-d'rd, commonly dem- er-d'rd, a river of British Guiana, S. America; it gives name to a dist. which it intersects between Berbiee and Esse- quibo. Pop. 86,250. Demir - Hissar, dd-meer'his-sdr' (iron castle), a town of Roumelia, European Turkey, on the Struma, at the foot of a hill crowned with a castle, from which it takes its name, 15 m. N.N.W. of Seres. Pop. 8000. Demmin, dem-meen', a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 73 m. W.N.W. of Stettin. Fop. 10,107. Den, Tbe, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Dairy. Pop. 995. Denbigh, den'bt (from Welsh din-bach, little fortress), a town of N. Wales, cap. of Denbighshire, finely situated on an emi nence overlooking the fertile vale of Clwyd. Pop. 6535. Denbighshire, a maritime co. of N. Wales, lying S. and W. of Flint. Area 603 sq. m.; pop. 111,740, The "surface is rugged and mountainous, interspersed with many picturesque and fertile valleys. On the E. is a range of hills about 30 m. in length, the loftiest summit of which is MopI Fom- mau, 1845 ft. high. Another range encloses the co. on the S.W., the loftiest point being Modwl Eithin, 1660 ft. above sea level. The chief rivers are the Clywd, Conway, Dee, and Alwan. Denbighshire is mainly an agricultural and mining co. About two- thirds of the area are under cultivation. There is a large number of collieries in operation, as well as several extensive iron-works, blast-furnaces, and smelting- works. Stockings, flannels, and coarse cloths are manufactured by the rural popu lation. Denbigh is the co. town. Denby, den'be, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 8 m. W. of Barnsley. Pop. 1559. Dender, den'der, a small river of Belgium, which rises in Hainault, and joins the Schelde near Dendermonde. Dender, a river of Nubia, which, after a course of 250 m., joins the Blue Nile, 40 ra. N. of Senaar. Dendermonde, den - der - mon'deh (the mouth of the river Dender), or Termonde, ter-mon'deh, a fortified town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, at the confluence of the Dender and the Schelde. Pop. 8583. Denholm, den'om (the meadow in the dale), a vil. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, pa. of Cavers, the birthplace of Leyden, the Teviotdale poet, in 1775. The neighbour ing scenery on the banks of the Teviot is very beautiful. Pop. 592. Denbolme Gate, a town in the W. R.of Yorkshire, England, 5£ m. W. of Bradford. Pop, 3549. Deniliquin, den'il-e-quin, a town of New South Wales, Australia, co. Townsend, on the Edward River. Pop. about 3000 Denmark (from Norse Daun mark, low flat country, or, according to others, the march or boundary of the Danes), a state of Northern Europe, bounded N. by the Skager Rack; W. by the North Sea; S. by Prussia ; E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic. It consists of an extensive peninsula known as Jutland (the Chersonesu* Cimbrica of the ancients) and a number ot islands to the east of the mainland. Exclu sive of the isle of Bomholm,itlies between 54° 39' and 57° 44' N. lat., and between 8° 5' and 12° 37' E. long. Its length, from Laa- land Island to the Skaw, is 210 m.; its breadth, from Copenhagen to the North Sea, 175 m. Area 14,553 sq. m.; pop. 1,969,039. The country is divided into five provs., viz., Zealand and Moen, Bornholm, Fiinpn and Lang eland, Laaland and Falster, and Jutland. The Danish peninsula is a vast plain, presenting little variety, and scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. Its lakes are small, but exceedingly numer ous; and several of them are admired for their beautiful scenery. The coast, which extends more than 4000 ra., is indented by innumerable creeks and bays. Of the islands, Zealand, Fiinen, Laaland, and Fal ster are fertile and pleasant. The climate is humid, but temperate for such a latitude. In winter the cold is rarely so severe that the seas are covered with ice. In Jutland the country presents the dreary aspect of moors and brushwood, with wastes of red sand almost destitute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is more cheering. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; yine,pln; ndte, ndt ; tune, tUn. 109 The E. coast is varied by a number of fertile tracts; and on the W. are to be seen rich pastures oi the most beautiful verdure. The productions of the soil are chiefly rye, oats, barley, beans, pease, and potatoes; wheat is but partially cultivated ; madder and tobacco are raised on the richer soils; minerals are scarce. The fisheries in the bays and creeks are valuable, and furnish the chief occupation of the inhabitants of the coasts. The Danes are good farmers, and agriculture may be said to be their principal employment. Their manufac tures are neither numerous nor import ant, but their commerce is considerable. Previous to the year 1660, the Danish monarchy was elective; after the memor able revolution of that year, it became hereditary and absolute. In 1834 King Frederick VI. granted a representative constitution, which was confirmed by King Frederick VII. in 1848, and by his successor, Christian IX., in 1863. The established religion is the Lutheran, but all others are tolerated. Education is carefully provided for, the law requiring that every child between 7 and 14 years of age shall attend some public school. The University of Copenhagen is a celebrated seat of learning. The nobility in Den mark are few, and the titles are confined to those of Earl and Baron ; but there are many ancient families of distinction. The people are fond of show, and inclined to conviviality. They are courteous, humane, and courageous — their seamen in particular being distinguished for bravery. In litera ture, Denmark boasts of several names of great celebrity; among others, Saxo Gram- maticus, Snorro, Tycho Brahe, Torfasus, Oehlenschlaeger, and Hans Christian An dersen. Thorwaldsen, one of the most eminent sculptors of modern times, re ceived his early education at Copenhagen. Denn, a pa. of Ireland, co. and 4 m. S.E, of Cavan. Pop. 3851. Denny, den'ne (corr. of dun, a hill), a pa, and town of Scotland, co. Stirling, N.W. of Falkirk. Pop. of pa. 5728 ; of town 4080. Denny-Loanbead, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Denny. Denton, den'ton, a town of Lancashire, England, 4 m. N.N.E. of Stockport. P. 7660. Denver, den'ver, the chief commercial emporium of Colorado, U.S., the centre of a gold and silver mining district, advan tageously situated on the rt. b. of the South Platte River. Pop. 35,629. Deoband, de-o-bund', a town of the N.W. Provinces, British India, Meerut div. Pop. 20,000. Deptford, defford (deep ford), two ad joining pas. of England, cos. Kent and Surrey, on the Thames, contiguous to Greenwich, and included within the me tropolis. Pop. 76,752, mostly employed in large ship-building yards and extensive engineering works. Dera Gbazee Khan, der'rd gd-zee' kdn (the camp of Ghazee Khan), a dist. and town of the Punjab, British India, Derajat div., on the W. bank of the Indus. Pop. of dist. 363,346; of town 19,000. Dera Ismail Kban, der'rd is'mal kdn (the camp of Ismail Khan), a dist. and town of the Punjab, British India, Derajat div., near the rt. b. of the Indus. Pop. of dist. 441,649; of town 19,000. Derajat, der-dj'ut, a div. of the Punjab, British India, including the country between the Indus and the base of the plateau of Afghanistan, Pop. 1,137,572. Derayeh, El, el dd-ri'eh, a town of Arabia, formerly cap. of the country of the Wahahees, nearly in the centre of Nejd. Pop. 15,000. Derbend, der-bend' (from Pers. dar-band, the shut up gates, so called from there being two large gates in its walls through which the road passes, and which may be shut at pleasure), a strongly fortified sea port of Daghestan, belonging to Russia, in the lieutenancy of the Caucasus, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea. Pop. 16,552. Derby, ddr'be (deer town, from A. B. deor, a wild beast, and Dan. by, a, habitation; but others Bay from Derwentby, a habitation on the Derwent), a munic. and pari. bor. aud manufacturing town of England, cap. of Derbyshire, on the Derwent. Here the first silk-mill in England was erected in 1717, by Mr Lombe, who clandestinely brought the model from Italy. Pop. of munic. bor. 81,168; of pari. bor. 77,636. Derbyshire, an inland and central co. of England, bounded on the N. by Yorkshire ; W. by Cheshire and Stafford; S. hy Staf ford and Leicester; and E. by Nottingham. Area 1029 sq. m. ; pop. 461,914. The N.W. portion of the co. is mountainous and highly picturesque, and is called the High Peak. It abounds in lead, and in extra ordinary caverns. The greatest elevation is more than 1800 ft. above the level of the sea. The chief rivers are the Trent, Der went, Dove, and Wye. The coal, iron, and lead mines are of great importance. Silk and cotton manufs. are extensive. — Derby is the co. town. Derby, West, a town of Lancashire, England, forming an eastern suburb of Liverpool. Pop. 33,614. Dereham, deer'ham (from Saxon name Deorham), a town of England, co. Norfolk, 15 m. W.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 5640. Derg, Lough, loh derg (red lake), a lake of Ireland, formed by an expanse of the Shannon, separating Galway and Clare from Tipperary, 18 m. long and 4 m. broad. — Also a small lake in Donegal, which contains a narrow cave on one of its islets, known as " St Patrick's Purga tory," annually visited by upwards of 18,000 Catholic devotees. Derna, Derne, or Derneb, der'neh, a seaport of N, Africa, cap. of Barca, sur- 110 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ndt ; tunc, tun. rounded by gardens and watered by re freshing rivulets. Pop. 6000. Dernconner, dem-kon'ner, a vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, pa. of Auchinleck. Pop. 550. Derr, a mud-built town of N.E. Africa, cap. of Lower Nubia, on the E. bank of the Nile. Pop. 3000. Derry. See Londonderry. Derwent, der'went (corr. from Welsh dwr-gwent, bright or clear water, from dwr, water, and givent, a fair or open region), the name of several rivers in England, one of which, after traversing Cumberland in a N. and W- direction, falls into the Irish Sea near Workington ; another, in the E. R. of Yorkshire, after a course of 60 m., joins the Ouse atBarmhy; and another, from the High Peak of Derbyshire, joins the Trent on the borders of Leicestershire. Derwent, one of the principal rivers of Tasmania, Australasia, issues from Lake St Clare, in the centre of the island, and, after a tortuous S.E. course, enters Storm Bay by an estuary 4 m. wide. Derwentwater, or Keswick Lake, a lake of England, co. Cumberland, which, from its picturesque and romantic scenery, is often called " the gem of the lakes." Desirade, da-ze-rdd', one of the West India Islands, belonging to the French, 4 m. W. of Guadeloupe. Pop. 1864. Deskford, desk' ford (corr. from Chess fure, a cold pLice to the southward, with reference to Cullen, the adjoining pa.), a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 849. Des Moines, de moin, tbe cap. of Iowa, U.S , at the junction of tbe Des Moines and Racoon rivers. Pop. 22,408.— The Des Moines River rises in Minnesota, flows through Iowa, and joins the Mississippi 4 m. below Keokuk. Desna, des'nd, a navigable river of Russia, which joins the Dnieper near Kiev, after a course of about 500 m. Dessau, des'sow, a town of N. Germany, cap. of the duchy of Anhalt, on the Mulda, near its junction with the Elbe. Pop. 23,266. Detmold, det'moU (the people's place of meeting), a town of N.AV. Germany, cap. of Lippe-Detmold, on the Werra, 47 m. S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 8053. Detroit, de-troif, Fr. pron. da -triad' (the strait so called from its situation on the narrow channel uniting Lakes St Clair and Erie), the largest town of Michigan, U.S., with extensive manufs. of locomotives, iron machinery, cabinet-ware, etc. It has also numerous tanneries, iron and brass foun dries, breweries, and saw-mills. P. 116,3-10. Deutz, doits, a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on the rt. b. of the Rhine, opposite Cologne. Pop. 15.958. Deux Ponts, du pong' (the two bridges), a town of Rhenish Bavaria, situated on the Erbach, near its confluence with the Serre. Pop. 9500. De venter, dei/en-ter or dd'ven-ter, a. town t of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, on the rt. b. of the Yessel, 8 m. N. of Zutphen ; it has a great trade in butter and Deventer cakes, of which 365,000 are exported annually. Pop. 19,162. Deveron, dev'er-on, a beautiful river of Scotland, which forms, for a considerable distance, the boundary between the cos. Aberdeen and Banff, and, after a course of 40 m., flows into the North Sea at the town of Banff. Devizes, de-vi'ziz (corr. of anc. Diviso?, or De Vies, names applied to the point where the road from London to Bath passed into the Celtic district), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Wilts, on the Kennet and Avon Canal ; it has silk mills and trade in malt, and is still known to the Wiltshire peasantry under the appellation "The Vies." Pop. 6645. Devon, dev'on (dark river), a river of Scotland, cos. Perth and Clackmannan, rises in the Ochil Hills, and flows by a very circuitous course till it joins the Forth near Alloa. It is remarkable for its romantic scenery. Devon, North, a tract of the Arctic region, British N. America, situated N. of Lancaster Sound and N.W. of Baffin Bay. Devonport, dev'on-port, a munic. and pari. bor. and seaport of England, co. Devon, adjoining Plymouth, with which it may be regarded as one town ; it has a royal arsenal and dockyard, and an exten sive trade in refitting and victualling ships. Pop. of munic. bor. 48,939; of pari. bor. 63,980. Devonshire (the deep valleys), a mari time co. of England, which, from its fertility and fine climate, is called the garden of England. It has on the E., Somerset and Dorset; S., the English Channel; W, Cornwall; and N., the Bristol Channel. Area 25S9 sq. m.; pop. 603,595. Its phy sical features are very diverse. Dartmoor and Exmoor are wild, sterile tracts; while the valleys in the S. are beautiful and fer tile. Devon is chiefly an agricultural and raining co., but at the various ports ship building is carried on to a considerable extent. The co. is noted for its cider, and its butter is the best in the world. The rivers are the Exe, Taw, Tamar, Dart, Axe, Torridge, and Teign, most of which have estuaries which form convenient harbours. The chief towns are Exeter and Plymouth. Devonside, a vil. of Scotland, co. Clack mannan, pa. of Tillicoultry. Pop. 479. Dewsbury, dew/ber-e, a munic. and pari. bor. and manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, pleasantly situated on the Calder, 8 m. S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. of munic. bor. 29,637 ; of pari. bor. 69,566. Dhar, ddr, a state of Central India, tributary to Britain. Area 2091 sq. m.; pop. 125,000.— The chief town, also called Dhar or Dharanuggur, is 33 m. W. of Mhow. Fate, fat, fdr; mete, mZt ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tun. Ill Dharangam, dur-un-gdm', a town of Khandesh dist., Deccan, presidency of Bombay, British India. Pop. 12,000. Dharwar, ddr-wdr', a dist. of British India, Deccan div., presidency of Bombay. Area 4535 sq. m.; pop. 882,907.— The cap., of the same name, has been taken and retaken many times, both by native princes and by the British. Pop. 27,500. Dhawalagbiri, dd - wol -d- gher're (the white mountain), a peak of the Himalaya Mountains, 26,826 ft. high, in Northern India, between Nepaul and Tibet. Dholka, dol'kd, a town of Ahmadabad, Gujerat, British India. Pop. 21,000, Dbolpore, orDholpur, dol-poor',n native state aud town of Raipootana, India. Pop. 600,000; of town 15,000. Dhulia, doo'le-d, a town of Khandesh dist., Deccan, presidency of Bombay, British India. Pop. 13,000. Dburbhangah, or Darbbanga, dur- bdn'gd, a town of British India, Patna div., Bengal. Pop. 48,000. Diarbekir, de-ar-be-keer', a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, comprising partof ancient Armenia and Mesopotamia. Diarbekir (the dwellings or tents of Bekr, from Arab diydr, dwellings, tmdBakr, the name of an Arabian tribe), a town of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of the above pashalic, near the rt. b. of the Tigris; it has some Bilk and cotton manufs., but its trade has suffered greatly from tbe Kurds, who plun der the caravans. Pop. est. at 60,000. Diedenhofen. See Thionville. Dieppe, de-epp' (from Scand. duipa, the deep water), a seaport of France, dep. Seine-Infexieure, at the mouth of the Arques, between which and England there is regular intercourse by steam-vessels. It is the chief watering-place of France, and a great resort of summer and autumn visitors. Pop. 21,585. Diest, deest, a towu of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, on the Demer, with manufs. of cloth. Pop. 7565. Digby, dig'be, a co. in the W.S.W. of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, border ing on the Atlantic. Pop. 19,881. Dignano, deen-yd'no, a town of Istria, Austria-Hungary, 48 m. S.S.E. of Trieste. Pop. 5315. Digne, deen (anc. Dinia, the fort), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Basses-Alpes, on the Bldone, a trib. of the Durance. Pop. 5252. Dijon, de-zhong', anc. Dibis-dunum (the fort on the two waters), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Cote-d'Or, in a fertile plain at the confluence of the Ouche and Suzon. It is the principal depot and market for the (¦¦ale of Burgundy wines, and is the seat of a university. Bossuet, Crebillon, and several other eminent men were natives of Dijon. Pop. 52,115. Dilolo, dil-o'lo, a small lake in S. Central Africa, supposed to be the source of the great river Zambezi.— 11° 30' S. Lit., 23° 30' E. long. Dinagepore, or Dinajpur, de-naj'poor, a dist. and town of Rajshahye, Bengal, British India. Pop. of dist. 1,529,906; of town 13,042. Dinan, denang' (the fortress), a town of France, dep. Cotes-du-Nord, on the Ranee, much frequented for its mineral waters. Pop. 9830. Dinant, de-ndnt' or de-nang' (the fort on the stream), a town of Belgium, prov. Namur,onthe Maas,with a strong citadel; near it are marble quarries. Pop. 6428. Dinapore, or Dinapur, din-a-poor', a town of British India, dist. Patna, presi dency of Bengal, on the S. bank of the Ganges, 14 m. W. of Patna. It is a military station, and has extensive barrack accom modation. Pop., including cantonment, 42,000. Dinaric Alps, de-ndr'ik, that portion of the Alpine system covering with their ramifications S. Croatia, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina, and which connect the Julian Alps with branches of the Balkan Moun tains in Turkey. They are seldom more than 7000 ft. high. Dingle, ding'gl (corr. from Daingean-ui- Chuis, the fort of O'Cush, the ancient pro prietor), a seaport of Ireland, co. Kerry, on Dingle Bay, the most westerly town in Ire land. Pop. 1833. Dingwall, ding'wall (the well of gather ing), a royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, the co. town of Ross-shire, at -the head of the Cromarty Firth. Near it is Strath- peffer, a beautiful vale, with a mineral well, which is much frequented. Pop. 1921. —The pa. of Dingwall has a pop. of 2220. Dinkelsbuhl, dink'els-bnl (the dinkel or wheat hill), a fortified town of Bavaria, on the Werraitz, 20 m. S.W. of Anspach. It has various manufs., and a brisk trade in corn. Pop. 5186. Dinsdale, dins'dale (the meeting-place in the valley), a pa. and watering-place of England, co. Durham, on the Tees, 5 m. S.E. of Darlington. Pop. of pa. 252. Dirk-Hartog Island, off the W. coast of Australia.— 26° S. lat., 113° E. long. Dirleton, dirl'ton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Haddington, on the Firth of Forth. The vil. of the same name is one of the most beautiful in Scotland. Pop. of pa. 1506; of vil. 343. Disco, dis'ko, a large island in Davis Strait, off the W. coast of Greenland. It belongs to Denmark, and possesses valuable fisheries.— 69° 20' N. lat., 52° 0' W. long. Diss, a town of England, co. Norfolk, on the Waveney, 20 m. S.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. 3846. Diu, de-oo', a fortified town of Western India, belonging to Portugal, on a small island off the S. coast of Gujerat. P. 1 3,898. Dividing Range, div-id'ing rdnj, a moun tain chain traversing from E. to W. the 112 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m%t ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tUn. colony of Victoria, Australia. It is known under different names in different localities. Dixmude, dix-mwd', a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Yser, 12 m. N. of Ypres. Pop. 3926. Dizful, Dizfoul, or Dezfool, dez-fool', a city of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the river of the same name. Pop. about 15,000. Djokjokarta, jokryo-kar'td, a resi dency of the Dutch on the, S. coast of the island of Java, one of the Dutch East India Islands. Pop. about 330,000. — The chief town is of the same name, and has a pop. of 90,000. Dmitrov, d'me-trov', a town of Russia, gov. and 40 m. N. of Moscow. Pop. 35,0U0. Dnieper, nee'per (corr. of don-ieper, the upper river), anc. Borysthenes, a large river of Russia, which rises in the gov. of Smolensk, and, after a winding course, falls into the Black Sea below Kherson. Dniester, nees'ter (corr. from don-iester, the lower river), anc. Tyras, a large river which has its source in the Carpathian Mountains in Austrian Galicia, enters Russia at Ohoczim in Bessarabia, and falls into the Black Sea near Akerraan. Doab, doo-db' (two waters), a name applied in India to tracts of land between two rivers, such as the Bari Doab, between the Beas and the Ravi, and the Jetch Doab, between the Chenab and the Jhelum. Dobeln, dn-beln', a manufacturing town of Saxony, on an island formed by the Mulde, 35 m. E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 11,802. Dobrudscba, do-brood'shd, an extensive low, undulating district of Roumania, on the Black Sea, to the S. of the Danube. Near the centre of its coast-line is Lake Rassein. The Snlina and St George branches of the Danube water the N.E. parts ; but in most other places the land is arid and destitute of water. Dobson Mount, dob'sun, a peak of the Southern Alps, in the provincial dist. of Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Its height is 6271 ft. above the sea. Doce, do'sd (sweet), a river of Brazil, which rises in the prov. Minas Geraes, and, after a N.E. course of 360 m., enters the Atlantic 70 m. N. of Victoria. Dochart, doh'art, a lake of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Killin. It is about 3 m. in length, and has its surplus waters carried through Glen Dochart by a river of the same name, which, after a course of 10 m., flows into the W. end of Loc. Tay. Dodworth, dod'wurth, a town in the W R. of Yorkshire, 2£ m. W.S.W. of Barns- ley. Pop. 2989. Dofrines. See Dovrefeld. Dogger-Bank, dog'er-bank, an extensive sandbank in the North Sea, between the coasts of England and Denmark. It is the Beat^of important fisheries. Dole, dot (the valley), an anc. town of France, dep. Jura, on the Doubs, and on the canal uniting the Rhone with the Rhine. Pop. 11,561. Dolgelly, dol-geth'le (the dale of the hazel trees), a town of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, on the Wnion, at the base of Cader-Idris. Pop. 2455. Dollar, dol'lar, a pa. and town of Scot land, co. Clackmannan. The town is beautifully situated on the Devon, at the base of the Ochil Hills, and is noted for its endowed academy, founded in 1819. Pop. of pa. 2500 ; of town, a small part of which is in the pa. of Muckhart, co. Perth, 2014. Dollar-Law, a mountain of Scotland, 2680 ft. high, co. and 9£ m. S.S.W. of Peebles. Dollart Bay, dol'lart, a large arm of the North Sea, between Groningen in the Netherlands and Hanover, at the mouth of the river Ems. It is said to have been formed by an irruption of the sea towards the close of the 13th century. Dolphinton, dol'jin-tun, locally dow'fin- tun, a. pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark. Pop. 292. Dominica, dom-in-e'kd (so named from its having been first sighted on a Sunday), one of the British West India Islands, about 29 m. in length and 9 m. in average breadth. It produces coffee, sugar, and timber. Area 291 sq. m.; pop. 23,211. — The chief town is Roseau. Dommel, dom'mel, a river of the Nether- lauds, prov. N. Brabant, which, after a tortuous northern course of about 50 m , falls into the Maas at Fort Crevecceur. Don (probably from Celt, don, water), a river of Scotland, which rises in the W. of Aberdeenshire, and falls into the North Sea near Old Aberdeen. — Also, a river of England, co. York, which, after a course of 55 m., joins the Ouse at Goole. Don, anc. Tanais, a large river of Euro pean Russia, rises in the gov. of Tula, and, after a winding course, empties itself by Several channels into the Sea of Azov. Donagbadee, don-ah-a-dee' , a seaport of Ireland, co. Down, on the Irish Channel, the nearest port to Scotland, being only 21 m. from Port-Patrick in Wigtown. P. 1861. Don-Benito, don bd-ne'to, a town of Spain, prov. and 57 m. E.N.E. of Badajoz. Pop. 14,692. Doncaster, don'kas-ter (camp on the river Don), anc. Danum, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, noted for horse races, which have been held here annually since 1703. Pop. 21,139. Don Cossacks, Country of the, a vast plain of S. Russia, extending along the lower course of the river Don. Area 61,942 sq. m.; pop. 1,367,486. The greater part of the male inhabitants are cavalry soldiers, who possess their lands as the price of their service. Donegal, don-e-gal', a large maritime co. in the N. of Ireland. Its landward boundaries are Londonderry, Tyrone. Fer managh, and Leitrim. Its greatest length Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin; note, n6t ; tunc, tUn. 113 from N.E. to S.W. is 85 m., and its greatest breadth from S.E. to N.W. 41 m. Area 1865 sq. m.; pop. 206,035. The surface is mountainous and. boggy. Lakes are numer ous, but small; in the largest, Lough Derg, is the island called St Patrick's Purgatory, a celebrated place of Roman Catholic pil grimage. The co. is watered by many un important rivers, the principal of which are the Foyle and the Swilly. Lough Foyle, Lough Swilly, Sheephaven, Guybarra Bay, Donegal Bay, and a number of other inlets, indent the coast, off which are numerous small islands, 17 of which are inhabited. The largest is North Arran. The occu pations are mainly agricultural, but a linen trade is also carried on, of which Raphoe is the centre, and many of the female population are engaged in working muslin for the Belfast and Glasgow manu facturers. The co. town is Liff'ord, on the Foyle. Donegal (from Irish Dun-na-n Gall, tbe fort of the foreigners, i.e., of the Danes), a town of Ireland, co. Donegal, on a bay of the same name, with a fine old castle. Pop. 1416. Doneraile, don-er-ail' (the fortress on the cliff), a town of Ireland, co. Cork, on the Aubeg ; it is a poor place, but the scenery in the vicinity is much admired. Pop. 1208. Donetz, do-netz', an important river of Southern Russia, which rises in the gov. Kursk, and, after a course of about 400 m., mostly in a S.E. direction, joins the Don. Dongola, dong'go-lA., a prov. of Northern Nubia, consisting of the Nile valley be tween 18° and 19° 30' N. lat. Pop. est. at 250,000. Dongola, New, or Maraka, md-rd'kd, the cap. of the above prov., on the W. bank of the Nile. Pop. est. at 20,000. Donibristle CoUiery, don-e-bris'l kol'- yer-e, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Aberdour. Pop. 502. Donnybrook, don'ne-brook (St Broek's church), or St Mary's, a pa. of Ireland, co. Dublin, in which are several small towns and vils. The vil. of Donnybrook, which is 2 m. S.E. of Dublin, has long been famous for its fair. Pop. of pa. 15,596. Doon (dark river), a river of Scotland, co. Ayr, rendered famous by Robert Burns ; it flows from Loch Doon into the Firth of Clyde 3 m. S. of the town of Ayr. Doornik. See Tournai. Dorchester, dor'ches-ter (from Saxon name Dornceaster, the camp of the Dornii or Durotriges, i.e., dwellers by the water), a pari, and munic. bor., and the co. town of Dorsetshire, England, pleasantly situated on the Frome. Pop. 7567. Dorchester, a co. in the E. of Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada. Pop. 18,710. Dorchester, a river port, and cap. of Westmorland co., New Brunswick, Domin ion of Canada, on the left bank of the Petitcodiac River, near its entrance into Shepody Bay. Pop. 6582. Dordogne, almost dor-doyn', a dep. in the S.W. of France, situated almost wholly in the basin of the river of the same name. Area 3545 sq. m. ; pop. 495,037. The river is formed by the union of two mountain torrents, the Dor and the Dogne (hence its name), which spring from the gorges of Mont Dore in Puy-de-D6me, and, after receivingnumerous streams from the moun tains of Auvergne, joins the Garonne below Bordeaux. Dordrecht. See Dort. Dores, dorz (a rising ground near a water), a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 1148. Dorking, a town of England, co. Surrey, in a picturesque valley, 21 m. S.S.W. of London; it has trade in corn, flour, and lime, but is chiefly remarkable for poultry. Pop. 6328. Dornoch, dor'noh (said to be from Gael. dorn eich, a horse's foot or hoof, according to a tradition which asserts that, in 1259, a Danish leader was slain by a Thane of Sutherland by means of a horse's leg which he made use of when disarmed), a royal burgh and the co. town of Sutherlandshire, Scotland, on the N. shore of the Dornoch Firth. What is now its parish church was the cathedral of the diocese of Caithness. Pop. 497. — The pa. of Dornoch has a pop. of 2525. Dornoch Firth, an inlet of the German Ocean, forming the boundary between the cos. of Sutherland and Ross, Scotland. Dornock, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 814. Dorp, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 m. E.S.E. of Diisseldorf. Pop. 11,999. Dorpat, dor'pdt, a town of European Russia, gov. Livonia, on the Embach, with a famous university. Pop. 29,727. Dorset, or Dorsetshire (the settlement of the Durotriges, i.e., the dwellers by the water), a maritime co. of England, on the S.W. coast, adjoining Hants, which forms its E. boundary. On the S. is the English Channel; on the W. the cos. of Devon and Somerset ; and on the N. Somerset and AVilts. Area 988 sq. m. ; pop. 191,028. Chalk downs, on which nearly a million of sheep are pastured, stretch along the coast, and through the centre of the co. from E. to W. The Stour and the Frome are the principal rivers. The manufactures are comparatively small, but much attention is given to dairy farm ing, which forms a most important branch of industry. Between Lyme Regis and Port land Point mackerel fishing is carried on from April to June. The chief mineral products are the noted Portland and Pur- beck building stones, coarse marble, and potter's clay. Dorchester is the co. town. Dort, or Dordrecht, dor'dreht (the pas- Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tun. 114 ture on the water), an anc. city of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 12 m. S.E. of Rotterdam. It was the residence of the ancient counts of Holland, and the birth place of the famous brothers De Witt. Here was held in 1618-19 the celebrated Synod of Dort, by which the tenets of Armiuius were condemned. Pop. 27,292. Dortmund, dorfmoont (the mouth of the river Dort), a walled town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Emster, 27 m. W.N.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 66,544. Douai, doo-a', a fortified town of France, dep. Nord, on the Scarpe, the seat of a uni versity and numerous flourishing scientific institutions. Here the only English ver sion of the Scriptures received among Roman Catholics, and known as the Douai version, was first published iu 1609. Pop. 25,060. Doubs, doobz (named from the river, which means the black water), a dep. in the E. of France. Area 2018 sq. m.; pop. 310,8-27.— The river Doubs rises at the S. extremity of the dep., passes Dole, and, after a course of 260 m., joins the SaOne at Verdun-sur-SaQne. Douglas, dug'las (formerly written Duf- glass, which is supposed to have been derived from the two rivers Doo and Glass, which flow close to the town), a seaport and watering-place on the S.E. coast of the Isle of Man, England, with an excellent harbour. Pop. 14,000. Douglas (from dubh - ghlaise, black stream), a pa. and vil. in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire, Scotland, which gave name to the heroic family of Douglas. Pop. of pa. 2641 ; of vil. 1262. Doune, doon (from Gael, dun, a strong hold or hill fort), a vil. in Perthshire, Scot land, on the Teith, 5| m. N.W. of Stirling, with a large cattle market and extensive cotton manufs. ; near it are the massive ruins of a royal castle. Pop. 996. Doura, doo'rd, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Kilwinning. Douro, doo'ro (water), anc. Durius, a large river of Spain and. Portugal, forms the boundary between these countries, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean at Oporto. Dove, duv, a river of England, rises on the borders of the cos. Derby and Stafford, near Buxton, and, after a S. course of about 40 m., joins the Trent at Newton Solney. Dover, do'ver (called by the Britons Dwffyrrka, & steep place; by the Romans Dubris ; and by the Saxons Dofra or Dofris, of which its present name is doubtless a corr.), a pari, and munic. bor. aud seaport of England, co. Kent, on the N.W. side of Dover Strait; it is the coast station on the route from London to Paris vid Calais, which is 26£ m. distant. Pop. 30,270. Dover, a town of New Hampshire, U.S., Pop. 11,687.— Also the state cap. of Dela ware, Pop. 2594. Dover, Strait of, anc. Fretum Gallicum, connects the English Channel with the North Sea, and separates England from France. It is 22 m. in length, and 21 m. in breadth at the narrowest part, On the 25th August 1875, Captain Webb swam across it, from Dover to Calais, in 21 hours 45£ minutes, unaided by any mechanical appliance. Dovrefeld, do'vre-feld', or Dofrines (the gloomy mountains), the loftiest part of the Norwegian range of mountains. Snet>- hatten, the highest summit, is 7620 ft. above the sea-level. Down (from Gael, dun, a fortress), a maritime co. of Ireland, prov. Ulster. It lies to the S. of Antrim, having Armagh on the W., and the Irish Sea on the S. and E. Its extent from N.E. to S.W. is 51 m., and from N.W. to S.E. 38 m. Area 967 sq. m.; pop. 272,107. The surface is hilly, rising into mountains m the S., the highest being Slieve-Donard, which has an elevation of 2796 ft. The river Lagan skirts the co. on the N., and the Bann on the W. On the coast are Belfast Lough, Strangford Lough (which penetrates inland about 15 m.), Dun- drum Bay, and Carlingford Lough. Linen is the staple manufacture. The fisheries off the coast are important, and employ about 4000 or 5000 hands.— Downpatrick is the co. town. Downbam-Market, down'am-mdr'ket, a town of England, co. Norfolk, on the Ouse, 10J m. S. of Lynn. Pop. 2663. Downpatrick, down-pafrik (from an en trenched dun or fort near the cathedral in which St Patrick is buried), the co. town of Down, Ireland, one of the oldest towns in the country, having been the residence of the anc. kings of Ulster, and of St Patrick, who died here a.d. 493. It is a pari, and munic. bor., the pop. of the former being 3901, and of the latter 3419. Downs, Tbe, a spacious roadstead of England, between the Goodwin Sands and Deal in Kent, the usual rendezvous for out ward-bound vessels waiting for a favour able wind. Dracbenfels, drdh'en-fels (dragon's rock), a celebrated mountain peak in Rhenish Prussia, 1056 ft. high, on the rt. b. of the Rhine, 10 m. S.E. of Bonn. Draguignan, drd-gheen'yang, a town of France, cap. of the dep. Var, surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, 40 m. N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 7834. Drainie, drain'e, a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin, on the Moray Firth. Pop. 3991. Drakemyre, drake-mire', a vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, pa. of Dairy. Pop. 325. Drakenberg, drd'ken-berg, or Quath- lamba Mountains, kwdt-ldm'bd, a range in S. Africa, forming tbe W. boundary of Natal. J Drammen, drdm'men, a river in the S. of Norway, by which immense quantities of timber are floated down to Christiania Bay, into the W. side of which it falls. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, ri6t ; time, ttin. 115 Drammen, or Dramm, a seaport of Nor way, prov. Christiania, at the mouth of the Drammen, with a great export trade in timber. Pop. 18,851. Drave, drave or drdv, Germ. Drau, a large river of Austria-Hungary, which rises in the Tyrol, flows through Carinthia and Styria, separates Croatia and Sclavouia from Hungary, and joins the Danube 14 m. E. of Essek. Dreghorn, dreg'horn (the dwelling by the swamp), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 2 m. S.E. of Irvine. Pop. of pa. 3949; of vil. 928. Drem, a hamlet of Scotland, co. and 4 m. N. of Haddington. Drentbe, dren'teh (corr. from Thri-banta. the three districts), a prov. of the Nether lands, S. of Groningen, Area 955 sq. m.; pop. 120,734. Dresden, drez'den, one of the four circles or government dists. into which the king dom of Saxony is divided. Area 1675 sq. m.; pop. 808,512. Dresden (from Sclav, drezany, the haven), the cap. of the kingdom of Saxony, and one of the finest cities in Europe, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, 100 m. S.E. of Berlin. Its bridge, palace, and other public buildings excite general ad miration. It Is also distinguished for its royal library, museum, and picture-gallery. It has numerous manufs., but the beautiful porcelain generally known as " Dresden china" is made at Meissen, about 20 m. lower down the river. Pop. 220,818. Dresden, a town of England, co. Stafford, included within the bor. of Stoke -upon- Treut. Pop. 3094. Dresden, a town in Bothwell co., prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on the river Sydenham. Pop. 1979. Dreux, dm (anc. Durocasses, afterwards contr. into Drocae, and hence Dreux), an anc. town of Fiance, dep. Eure-et-Loir, on the Blaise, 20 m. N. of Chartres. Pop. 7454. Driesen, dree'zen, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on an island formed by the Netze, 64 m. N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 4821. Driffield, Great, driffeeld (dry field), a town in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, 20 m. N.N.W. of Hull. Pop. 5937. Drighlington, drig'ling-tun, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, 5 m. E.S.E. of Bradford. Pop. 4214. Drin, drem, a river in the N. of Albania, European Turkey, which, after a course of 110 m., falls into the Adriatic. Drina, dreefnd, a river of S. Europe, which separates Bosnia from Servia, and joins the Save 63 m. W. of Belgrade. Drobak, dro'bdk, a seaport of Norway, prov. Christiania, on Christiania Bay, with trade in timber. Pop. 1650. Drogbeda, droh'e-dd (the bridge of the ford, from the ford across the Boyne, used before the erection of a bridge), a seaport of Ireland, the co. town of Louth, inter sected by the Boyne. Iu 1649 it was stormed by Cromwell, who made a terrible slaughter of the inhabitants, and within 2 m. of its walls was fought the famous "Battle of the Boyne." It has linen and cotton manufs., a good trade in brewing, and an extensive iron foundry. Pop. 12,297. Drohobicz,aYo'7(o-o!7M(the woody place), a town of Galicia, Austria, 18 m. S.E. of Sambor, with pitch-wells, iron-works, and suit-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 15,714. Droitwich, droifitch (the place where the dues on salt were paid), a munic. and pari. bor. of England, co. and 7 m. N.N.E. of AYorcester, famous for its brine springs, from which is manufactured a fine white s;tlt. Pop. of munic. bor. 3761; of pari. bor. 9858. Drome, drom, a river of France, which rises in the dep. Hautes- Alpes, flows through the dep. Drome, and, after a course of about 60 m., falls into the RhOne 12 m. S.S.W. of Valence. Drome, a dep. in the S.E. of France. Surface mountainous in the E. and level in the W. The chief rivers are the RhOne, Isere, and Drdme. Area 2518 sq. m.; pop. 313,763. Dromore, dro-more' (the great ridge or long hill), a pa. and episcopal city of Ire land, co. Down, on the Laggan. Pop. of pa. 10,799; of city 2491. Dron (a ridge or projection), a, pa. of Scotland, co, Perth. Pop. 335. Dronfield, dron'feeld (the field among the droms or hillsl, a town of England, co. Derby, 5£ m. N.W. of Chesterfield. Pop. 4331. Drontbeim, dront'hime, or Trondhjem, trond'yem, a stift or prov. in the centre of Norway, containing three bailiwicks. Pop. 272,000. Drontheim, or Trondhjem (throne dwelling), a seaport and cap. of the above prov., situated on a fine bay at the mouth of the Nid; it was anciently the residence of the Norwegian kings. In its neighbour hood are rich copper-mines. Pop. 22,597. Droylsden, droilz'den, a town of Lanca shire, England, 4 m. E. of Manchester. Pop. 8687. Drumblade, drum-blade' (covered hills or braes), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 943. Drumlithie, dntm-lith'e, a vil, of Scot land, co. Kincardine, pa. of Glenbervie. Drummelzier, drum-meV 'yer (the inha bited ridge), a pa. of Scotland, co. Peebles. Pop. 208. Drummond, drum'mond, a co. in the interior of the prov. of Quebec, Dominion of Canada. Pop., with Athabasca, 37,360. Drummondville, drum'mond-veel , the chief town in the above co., on the St Francis River. Pop. 900. 116 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t ; pine, pin; note, nSt; tune, tftn. Drumoak, drum-oak' (tbe hill of St Moloch, cont. into Moak), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Aberdeen and Kincardine. It was anciently called Dalmaik, signifying "the haugli or valley of St Moloch," a name very descriptive of that part of the parish where the old church was erected. Pop. 930. Drumore, drum-ore', a vil. of Scotland, co. Wigtown, pa. of Kirkmaiden. Pop. 575. Dryfe, drif, a river of Scotland, co. Dum fries, a tributary of the Annan. Dryfesdale, drifs'dale (the valley of the Dryfe), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. The name is frequently cont. into Drysdale. Pop. 2971. Drymen, drim'en, anc. Drwmen (a ridge or knoll), a pa. of Scotland, co. Stirling. Pop. 1431. Dublin, dub'lin, the metropolitan co of Ireland. It is hounded ou the landward sides by Meath, Kildare, and Wicklow ; and on the E. is open to the Irish Sea. Its length from N. to S. is 32 m. ; from E. to W. 18 m. Area 354 sq. m.; pop. 418,910. Its surface is mostly a rich, well cultivated, level plain; but at the S. boundary it rises into a range of elevated hills, the loftiest of which, Kippure, is 2473 ft. above the sea. The only river of note is the Liffey. By means of the Grand and the Royal Canals communication is effected between Dublin and the Shannon. Along the coast are several inlets of the sea, the most important ot which is Dublin Bay. Not far from the shore are Lambay Island, Ireland's Eye, and a number of islets. Dub lin has more variety of manufs. than any other co. in Ireland, but they are generally such as are for home requirements. The produce of the Dublin breweries and Bal- briggan hosiery works are, however, largely exported. The fisheries afford a consider able source of income to the villagers along the coast.— Dublin is the co. town. Dublin, the chief town of the above co., and the cap. city of Ireland, is situated on the Llffey, and has important trade and manufs. The magnificence of its cathedral and public buildings entitle it to rank among the finest cities in Europe. The ancient Irish name of this city was Baile- atha-cliath, the town of the hurdle ford, from the circumstance that in very early ages an artificial ford of hurdles was con structed across the Liffey near the place where the town subsequently sprang up. The modern name is derived from Duibh- linn, black pool, an old Irish designation of that part of the Liffey on which the citv is built. Pop., exclusive of suburbs, 249,602. Kingstown, a fashionable suburb of Dublin, has a fine harbour, whence the mail steamers sail for Holyhead, making the passage in four hours. This town was formerly a mere fishing village, called Dunleary, and re ceived its present name in honour of George the Fourth, who embarked here in 1821. Dublin Bay, a spacious inlet of the Irish Sea, at the mouth of the Liffey, about a mile below Dublin. Dubuque, doo-book' (named in honour of M. Dubuque, a Frenchman who obtained a grant from the Spanish Government for mining lead in this region), a mining town of Iowa, U.S., onthert. b.of the Mississippi, 70 m. N.E. of Iowa city. Pop. 22,254. Duddingston, dud'dings-tun (originally Dodinestun, the tun or enclosure or village of Dodin, a person who lived here during the reigns of David I. and Malcolm IV.), a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, embracing the town of Portobello and the vils. of Duddingston and Joppa. The pa. church, an ancient little edifice of Saxon origin, stands on elevated ground overlooking Duddingston Loch, a small lake which skirts the southern base of Arthur's Seat. Pop. of pa. 7830. Duddon, dud'don, a river of England, which flows between Cumberland and Lan cashire, and joins the Irish Sea by a wide estuary, mostly dry at low water. Dudley, dud'le (meadow of Duddo, a Saxon prince, by whom it was founded in 700), a munic. and pari. bor. of England, co. Worcester, surrounded by Staffordshire, 8A m. W.N.W. of Birmingham. Its neigh bourhood abounds in minerals, and the iron trade is carried on to a great extent. Pop. of munic. bor. 46,252; of pari. bor. 87,527. Dufneld, duf'feeld (the field with the dun or hill), a pa. and township of England, co. Derby, with cotton and cotton lace manufs. and collieries. Pop. of pa. 17,202 ; of township 2549. Dufftown, duff 'town, a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. of Mortlach. Pop. 1252. Duffus, duf'fus (from Gael, dubuist, black lake, having reference to a lake now drained), a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin. Pop 3985. Duida, dwe'dd, a mountain near the S. extremity of Venezuela, S. America. It is 8500 ft. high, and, being bare and stony on the summit, and having its less steep declivities clothed with vast forests, pre sents a most imposing spectacle, and forms a landmark to voyagers on the Orinoco for hundreds of miles. Duirinish, or Durinish, du'rin-ish (the rocky promontory), a pa. in the Isle of Skye, Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 4319. Duisburg, doo'is-boorg, anc. Castrum Deusonis, a town of Rhenish Prussia, be tween the Ruhe and Anger, 15 m. N. of Diisseldorf; it has woollen and cotton manufs., aud in the environs are exten sive iron forges and manufactories of iron ware. Pop. 41,242. Duke Town, a town of Upper Guinea, the cap. of Calabar, on the Old Calabar river, 6 m. from its mouth. [See Calabar, Old.] Dukinneld, duk'in-feeld, a town of Eng land, co. Chester, on the Tame. Pop. 16,942. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t; pine, pin; note, nU; tunc, titn. 117 royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, cap. of the co. of the same name, on the Nith, 7 m. from the Solway Firth. In the chapel of a monastery here John Comyn, a competitor for the Scottish throne, was stabbed by Robert Bruce in 1305. The poet Burns died and was buried here in 1796. Pop. of royal burgh 15,713; of pari, burgh 17,092.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 16,841. Dumfriesshire, an important co. in the S. of Scotland, bounded on the S. by the Solway Firth, and on the other sides by Cumberland, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles, Lanark, Ayr, and Kirkcudbright. It ex tends from E. to W. 55 m., and from N. to S. 32 m. Area 1062 sq. m. ; pop. 76,140. Dumfriesshire comprehends the districts of Nithsdale in the W., Annandale in the middle, and Eskdale in the E., watered by the rivers Nith, Annan, and Esk. The sur face has a general slope towards the Solway Firth on the S., with mountain ranges on the N. and E., sheltering it from cold. The loftiest summits are Hartfell, on the border of Peeblesshire, 2651 ft. ; Ettrick Pen, on the confines of Selkirkshire, 2269 ft.; Queens- berry Hill, on the boundary of Lanarkshire, 2985 ft. ; and Black Larg, close to Ayrshire, 2231 ft. There are eight lochs or lakes in the vicinity of Lochmabcn, and in the N.E. corner, near the head of Moffat Water, is Loch Skene (1300 ft. above the sea), whence issues the picturesque waterfall called the Grey Mare's TaV. The Solway Firth, which, for upwards of 50 m. forms the boundary between Scotland and England, is noted for the peculiarity of its tides. In these, as well as in the nature of the beach and the depth of water, it differs from every marine indentation in Great Britain. To the E.of the Nith is Lochar Moss, a morass about 10 m. in length, and from 2 to 3 m. in breadth. The elevated parts of the co. afford excellent pasturage, and the rear ing of cattle, sheep, and pigs forms an im portant branch of rural industry. The largest lamb fair in Scotland is held at Lockerbie, a few miles E. of the Annan. The manufs. are hosiery, carried on at and about the co. town; cotton-spinning &t Annan; plaidings at Langholm; and the weaving of cotton goods at Fcclefechan. Coal is worked at Sanquhar and elsewhere; lead and silver are found at Wanlockhead; limestone for burning, and red sandstone for building, are quarried in various locali ties. Moffat is noted for its mineral springs. Dumfries is the co. town. Dumoh, or Damon, dum-o', a dist. and town of the Jubbulpore division of the Central Provinces, British India. Pop. of dist. 269,642 ; of town 8500. Dun (a hill or rising ground), a. pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 541. Dunaburg, doo'nd-burg, a fortified town of European Russia, gov. Vitebsk, on the right bank of the Southern Dwina. Pop. 52,261. Dulce, Gulf of, dool'sd, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, in the Gulf of Honduras, S. of British Honduras. Dulcigno, dool-cheen'yo, a seaport town of Montenegro, on a rocky peninsula in the Adriatic, 12 m. W.S.W. of Scutari. Pop. about 6000. Dull (named from Appin of Dull, or Apnadull, the dist. in which the pa. church is situated, which signifies "the abbot's plain"), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 2565. Dulwicb, dul'itch, a hamlet of England, co. Surrey, pa. Camberwell, embraced in the metropolis, with a school or college, as it is called, and a picture-gallery, founded in 1614 by Edward Alleyn, a distinguished actor. Pop. 5590. Dumbarton, dum-bdr'ton (the hill fort of the Britons), the co. town of Dumbarton shire, Scotland, near the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde. It is a pari. and royal burgh, and has a considerable trade in ship-building. Its castle, formerly called Alclwyd (the rock high on the Clyde), is situated on a precipitous rock, 200 ft. above the river, and was in former times a place of great importance. Pop. of pari. burgh 13,782 ; of royal burgh 10,898.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 10,902. Dumbartonshire, anc. Lennox or Le- venax, a co. of Scotland, bounded N. by Perth; E. by Loch Lomond, Stirling, and Lanark; S. by Renfrew aud the Firth of Clyde; and W. by Loch Long and Argyll. Its greatest length (exclusive of the de tached parishes of Cumbernauld and Kirk intilloch) is 35 m,,and its breadth from 5 to 15 m. The detached parishes, which were annexed to the co. in the reign of Robert I., are 12 m. in length, and from 2 to 4J m. in breadth. Area 241 sq. m.; pop. 75,333. About two-thirds of the co. consist of mountains, woods, mosses, and moors, abounding with scenery of unrivalled beauty and grandeur. The arable land is of comparatively small extent, and lies principally between Loch Lomond and the, Clyde. The highest ele vation is Ben Votrlich, 3092 ft. above the level of the sea. There are nine fresh water lakes in the co., the largest being Loch Lomond, besides many streams. The C'yde skirts the S. border; the Lewnisthe outlet of Loch Lomond, and falls into the Clyde at the foot of Dumbarton Rock. Grazing and sheep-farming receive great attention. The principal branches of in dustry are the manufactures of cottons and linens, ship-building, bleaching, calico- printing, and dyeing. The chief minerals are coal and ironstone, which are found in the E. division. Limestone and slate are also worked. The co. town is Dumbarton. Dum Dum, a town and cantonment of British India, presidency of Bengal, 8 m. N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. 5200. Dumfries, dum-freece' (hill of furze), a 118 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, not; tunc, t&n. Dunbar, dun-bdr' (the fort on the height), a royal and pari, burgh and seaport town of Scotland, co. Haddington, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, with a large trade in herrings. Its castle, now in ruins, was in ancient times a place of great strength. Here the Scots were defeated, in 1296, by King Edward I. of England, and in 1650 by Oliver Cromwell. Pop. of royal burgh 3745; of town 3661.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 5396. Dunbarney, dun-bdr'ne (from Celt, dun, a hill, and beam, or beairn, a gap orfissure), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, intersected by the river Earn. P, a town of Central Italy, prov. Rome, 6 m. N.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 10,174. Ferghana, fer-gdn'd, a prov. of Asiatic Russia, formerly known as Khokan ; it lies to the N. of the Thian-shan and Pamir Mountains, and is watered by the Sir-Daria. Pop. est. at 800,000. Fergus, fer'gus, a town in Wellington co., prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada, 16 m. N. of Guelph. Pop. 1733. Fergushill, fer'gus-Mll, a vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, pa. of Kilwinning. Pop. 537. Fermanagh, fer-man'd (so called from Fir-Monach, or the men of Monach, named from their ancestor Monach, fifth in descent from Cahirmore, king of Ireland from a.d. 120 to 123), an inland county of Ireland, enclosed by Donegal, Tyrone, Monaghan, Cavan, and Leitrim. Its greatest length from N.W. to S.E. is 45 m.; greatest breadth from N.E. to S.W. 29 m. Area 714 sq. m.; pop. 84,879, The surface Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note,nU; tune, tun. 137 Ferrol, fer-rol' (from Span, farol, the beacon, a seaport of Spain, prov. Coruiia, on an arm of the Bay of Betanzos, an im portant naval station, with an excellent harbour strongly fortified. Pop. 23,811. Ferryden, fer-re-den', a vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Craig, on the S. Esk. Pop. 1520. Ferryl&Tid, f ewe-land', a town of New foundland, British N. America, cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the E. coast of Avalon, 40 m. S. of St John's. Pop. 680. Ferryport- on- Craig (landing-place on the rock), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Fife, on the estuary of the Tay, opposite Broughty Ferry. The town is also called Tayport. Pop. of pa. 2S18; of town 2630. Fetlar, fet'lar, anc. Fedoras oe (Theodore's island), one of the Shetland islands, Scot land, 2 m. E. of Yell. Pop. 431. Fetterangus, fct-tcr-ang'gus, a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. of Old Deer. Pop. 364. Fettercairn,/e£'ier-m?'ni (named from a fetter or pass, and a cairn in its vicinity), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 16 m. S.W. of Stonehaven. Pop. of pa. 1503; of vil. 398. Fetteresso, fet-ter-es'so, anciently writ ten Fethiresach and Fetheressow (the unculti vated land near tho waterfall, a pa. of Scot land, co. Kincardine. Pop. 5541. Fez, Arab. Fas (fertile or bountiful), a city of N. Africa, once famous as a seat of learn ing and the cap. of a Moorish kingdom, to which it gave name — now united to Ma rocco, of which it is the cap. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, surrounded by hills covered with orchards and orange- groves, and has considerable manufs. of woollens, carpets, and morocco-leather. Pop. est. at 100,000. Fezzan,/ez-zan', a country to the S. of Tripoli, N. Africa; it contains many oases, and has been described as a chain of ver dant islands in an ocean of sand. It is subject to the ruler of Tripoli, and is the great emporium of the caravan trade be tween that country and the interior of Africa. Pop. 26,000. Fichtelgebirge, fh-tel-gd-beer'gd (pine- bearing or pine-clad mountains), a moun tain range in Bavaria, forming a remarkable group of the Hercynian chain. Its prin cipal summits are the Schneeberg (snow mountain), 3437 ft., and the Ochsenkopf (oxhead), 3402 ft. high. Fiesole, fe-es'o-la, a city of Central Italy, prov. and 3 m. N.E. of Florence. Pop. 3879. Fifeness,^/e-?iess' (promontory of Fife), a cape at the E. extremity of Fife, Scot land, from which a dangerous ridge, called the Carr Rock, projects into the sea. Fifeshire, popularly called the " King dom of Fife," forms almost a peninsula on the E. coast of Scotland, between the Firth of Tay on the N., and the Firth of Forth on the S., having E. the North Sea, and W. generally presents a succession of abrupt eminences of slight elevation; iu the E. and W. it is mountainous. The most attractive feature in the scenery of Fer managh is Lough Erne, which extends from one extremity of the co. to the other. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Lough Erne, the former extending from Wattle- bridge to Enniskillen, the co. town, and the latter from Enniskillen to Roscar, where its waters contract and form the river Erne. Fermanagh is mainly an agricultural co., only about an eighth of its population being employed in manufactures and trades. Butter is extensively exported. — Enniskillen is the co. town. Fermo, fer'mo, a city of Central Italy, prov. Ascoli, on the Adriatic. Pop. 15,862. Fermoy, fer-moy' (from Irish Feara- muighe, the men of the plain), a town of Ireland, co. Cork, on the Blackwater, with extensive flour -mills and large trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 6454. Fern, or Farne Islands, a group of 17 islets and rocks off the coast of Northum berland, England, rendered memorable by the heroic conduct of the lighthouse-keeper and his daughter Grace Darling in rescuing nine persons from the wreck of the Forfar shire there in 1833. Fernando de Noronha, fer-ndn'dd dd no-ron-yd, an island belonging to Brazil, in the S. Atlantic Ocean, It is used by the Brazilian government as a convict station, and is said to be sighted by more ships, and visited by fewer, than perhaps any other inhabited island in the world. Pop. 2000. —3° 50' 4" S. lat., 32° 25' 5'_' W.long. Fernando Po, fer-ndn'dopo (named after Fernao de Poo, who discovered it in 1741), a mountainous island off the coast of Guinea, W. Africa, opposite the mouth of the Camaroons River. Clarence Peak, its highest point, is about 10,000 ft. above sea- level. It is fertile and beautiful, but very unhealthy. It belongs to Spaim P. 14,000. Ferniegair, fer-ne-gair', a vil. of Scot land, co. Lanark, pa. of Hamilton. Pop. 551. Ferns, a town of Ireland, co. and 17£ m. N. of Wexford. Pop. 495. Ferozabad, or TPirozsLb&d, fe-ro-zd-bdd', a town of the N.-W. Provinces of British India, dist. and24 m. E. of Agra. Pop. 14,500. Ferozepur, or Firozpur, fe-roz-poor' (city of Feroze-Togluk), a dist. and town of the Punjab, British India. Pop. of dist. 650,519; of town 39,600. Ferrar a, /er-nJ'ra1, anc. Forum-Alieni (the market-place of the foreigners), a city of N. Italy, cap. of the prov. Ferrara, on a branch of the Po, 25 m. N.E. of Bologna. Here the poet Tasso was imprisoned from 1579 till 1586. Pop. 28,814. The province has a pop. of 231,026. Ferro, fer'ro, Sp. Hierro, the most west erly of the Canary Islands ; it was formerly used by geographers as the first meridian. Pop. 4337.-27° 45' N. lat., 18° V W. long. 138 Fate, fat, fdr ; mite, mtt ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tUne, tu"n. the cos. of Perth, Kinross, and Clack mannan. It extends from E. to W. 44 m., and from N. to S. 18 m. Area 492 sq. m. ; pop. 171,931. The co. everywhere presents a pleasant variety of hill and dale, the most prominent features being the Lomond Ihlls in the centre, and Largo Law and Kellie Law in the E. E. Lomond is 1471 ft., and W. Lomond 1713 ft., above the level of the sea. The principal valley, called the How of Fife, lies N. of theLomonds, and is an especially productive tract. The Eden and Leven are the chief rivers. All along the coast there is a succession of towns, sea ports, and villages, of which Dunfermline, St Andrews, Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Dysart, EUe, and Anstruther are the principal. Throughout the co. are numerous ruins of castles, towers, abbeys, religious houses, and other interesting remains of former times. Many of the events connected with the Scottish Reformation occurred here, especially at St Andrews, which was fur centuries the metropolitan seat of the Primate of all Scotland. The Scottish sovereigns seem to have always enter tained a peculiar attachment towards Fife, as is proved by their having palaces at Dunfermline, Falkland, Kinghorn, Crail, and St Andrews. The mining and manu facturing industry of Fifeshire is consider able. In the S. division, which is a portion of the great coal-fields of the Forth, the annual output of the mines is exceedingly large. At Kirkcaldy alone about 700,000 tons of coal are shipped every year. Iron and limestone are also largely worked. Linen in all its branches is the great staple manufacture of the co. Shipbuilding is carried on in various ports. Tbe co. town is Cupar, on the Eden, commonly called Cupar-Fife, a thriving royal burgh; but the largest and most populous towns are Kirk caldy and Dunfermline, the latter famous for the manufacture of table linen. Figueira, fe-gd'e-rd, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Beira, at the mouth of the Mondego. Pop. 4239. Figueras, fe-gd-rds (the fig trees), a town and strong fortress of Spain, prov. Gerona, near the French frontier. Pop. 11,739. Fiji Islands, fee-jee', a group in the Pacific Ocean, between 15° and 22° S. lat., and 175° E. and 177° W. long. They num ber about 250, and are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. The two largest islands are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The inhabitants were formerly savages, and even cannibals, but by the efforts of missionaries they have, with the exception of a few tribes, been converted to Chris tianity, and a great reform has happily taken place. The sovereignty of the islands was ceded to Queen Victoria in 1874, and shortly afterwards they were formed into a British colony. Total area 8031 sq. m. ; pop. 125,000, of which about 2500 are whites.— 15° (T S. lat., 180° z>y,je'o-grdf, an extensive indentation of the S.W. coast of West Australia, about 35 m. wide, N. of Cape Naturaliste. George, jorj, a maritime div. of the South-Western Province of Cape Colony, intersected from E. to W. by the Olifants River and its trib. the Kammanassie. Pop. 10,658. — Its cap. is Georgetown. George Town, a town of S. America, the cap. of British Guiana, near the mouth of the river Demerara. It is built of wood. Pop. 36,567. Georgetown, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, on the river Credit, 29 m. N.W. of Toronto. Pop. 1471.— Also a town in King's co., Prince Edward Island, 30 m. E. of Charlottetown. Pop. 1118. Georgetown, a town in the District of Columbia, U.S., on the Potomac, 2 m. W.N.W. of Washington. Pop. 12,578.— Also, a seaport of South Carolina, U.S., on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, near the con fluence of the Great Pedee, Black, and Waccamaw rivers, 56 m. N.E. of Charles ton. Pop. 2557. George Town, now usually called Pe- nang, pe-nang', the chief town of the island of Penang or Prince of Wales Island, in the Straits of Malacca, and the cap. of the British Possessions called the Eastern Straits Settlements. Pop. about 25,000. Georgia, jor'je-d, anc. Iberia and Colchis, a mountainous region on the S. declivity of the Caucasus, W. Asia, belonging to Russia, and forming the gov. of Tiflis. Watered by the Kur and numerous tributary streams, it combines the productions of the temperate and tropical climes. Its valleys are ex tremely fertile, and the vine grows wild on its hills. The beauty of the Georgian women, like that of the Circassians, is pro verbial throughout the East. Area 15,613 sq. m.; pop. 660,800. Fate, f at, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, ri6t; tune, ttin. 151 Georgia (named after George II.), one of the United States of North America, bounded on the N. by Tennessee and North Carolina ; E. by South Carolina and the Atlantic; S. by Florida; and W. by Alabama. Its chief products are cotton, rice, and Indian corn. Area 58,000 6q. m. ; pop. 1,542,180. Atlanta is the state cap. Georgia, Gulf of, an inlet separating Vancouver Island from the mainland of British Columbia. Georgievsk, ga-or-ghe-evsk' , a town of Russia, gov. Stavropol, lieutenancy of the Caucasus, on a trib. of the Kouma. P. 4167. Gera, gd'rd, a town of Central Germany, the cap. of the principality of Reuss (Younger Branch) on the White-Elster, 35 m. S.S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 27,118. German Ocean. See North Sea. Germany, Empire of, jer'md-ne (sup posed to be a corr. of herrman, a warrior, this name having been given to the Germans by the Romans on account of their bravery), a large country of Central Europe, divided into sovereign states, federated under an emperor. It is bounded on the N. by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic ; on the W. by the Netherlands, Belgium, and France ; on the S. by Switzerland and Austria; on the E. by Austria, Poland, and Russia. Area 212,091 sq. m.; pop. 44,525,939. The greatest length of Ger many, from E. to W., is about 720 m.; its breadth, from N. to S., about 650 m. Ger many may be divided into three climatic zones:— the northern, alow extensive plain, where the air is moist and variable ; the central, a large part of which is table-land of from 1500 to 2000 ft. elevation, with a mild, dry, and steady climate; and the southern, where the lofty mountains and deep valleys present striking extremes of heat and cold. Tracts of low sandy soil in the N.E., and swamps and marshes in the N.W., render it probable that these parts of Germany were once covered by the sea. Here, except in Saxony, the soil is in general poor, but not unsusceptible of im provement. In the S. the land is of better quality, and in many places, indeed, is ex tremely fertile. Of the vast woods by which Germany was at one time covered, there are still considerable remains. The Black Forest is the most extensive; but both Thuringia and the Harz Mountains are thickly wooded; and great tracts in the central and southern districts are covered with trees. The rivers of Germany em brace the Danube, Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Ems, Oder, and some others, which rank among the largest in Europe. The principal lakes are Constance or the Boden See, Plan, Schwerin, Muritz, Ghiem See, and Diepholz. The country abounds in mineral springs, the most noted of which are at Aix-la-Chapelle,Wiesbaden,&naBaden-Baden. In its agricultural productions, Northern Germany bears no small resemblance to Britain. The wine-country commences about the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine, and stretches southwards. The Rhenish wines have long been celebrated, and next to them in quality are those made on the banks of the Moselle. Germany is rich in minerals. In the Harz Mountains and the Erzgebirge, there are lead, iron, copper, tin, silver, cobalt, and bismuth ; Bavaria is noted for its extensive and remarkable mines of rock-salt; and coal is found in Prussia, Saxony, Baden, Bavaria, and Wurtemberg. The domestic animals do not differ materially from those of the neighbouring countries. Hanover has long been famous for a breed of strong horses for cavalry or draught. The Merino breed of sheep, introduced into Saxony, yields wool not inferior to that of Spain. Among the wild animals may be enumerated the wolf, the lynx, the glutton, and the wild boar, which is here of large size. The industri ous and enterprising spirit of the Germans has enabled them, notwithstanding many disadvantages, to make considerable pro gress in manufactures. For linen, Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia have long been celebrated; and manufs. of cotton were established during the war of 1793-1815, in emulation of those in Britain. The broad cloth of Saxony, and its thread, lace, linen, paper, and porcelain, are of superior quality. Commerce is still comparatively limited, owing chiefly to the very small extent of seacoast which Germany possesses. Several towns, however, on the shores and the prin cipal rivers enjoy a flourishing trade, to facilitate which numerous canals and rail roads have been formed. For a long time the principal obstacle of the commercial and manufacturing prosperity of Germany was the partition of its territory among so many separate communities, which not only gave rise to factitious interests and conflicting systems of finance and internal regulation, but prevented the necessary unity of effort and combination of resources. The great commercial league called the Zollverein, which was established in 1818. for securing a uniform system of customs throughout Germany, has, however, done much to remove these obstacles. The ad ministration of this league is conducted by delegates from the various states composing it, with a central government at Berlin. The revenue is paid into a common exche quer, and distributed periodically among the members in proportion to their population. While all the states were so far united under the name of the Germanic Confedera tion, each was governed by its own prince, who had power to impose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he did not interfere with the general welfare. The convocation of princes and of the deputies of the four free cities was called the Diet, which met at Frankfort-on-the-Main. From the death of Louis III., tbe last 152 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tUn. prince of the line of Charlemagne, a.d, 911, the office of Emperor, or head of the con federation, was elective, and was possessed at different periods by different lines of princes. From 1438 till 1740, the pre dominant power of Austria secured the imperial dignity to its sovereign. A Ba varian prince was emperor from 1740 till 1745, when the office reverted to Austria, In 1806, Francis II. renounced the title and authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed that of Emperor of Austria. In 1866, after a short but decisive war, Austria was compelled to renounce all claims to a superiority over the states of Germany, and those situated north of the Main formed themselves into the North German Confederation. In 1870, all these states, as well as those south of the Main, combined to repel French invasion, and shortly afterwards the old Germanic Em pire was reconstructed, with the King of Prussia as Emperor. The following are the states comprising the empire : — Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz, Saxe-Weimar, Old enburg, Brunswick, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe- Altenburg, Saxe - Coburg - Gotha, Anhalt, Sell war zburg-Rudol stadt,Schwarz burg-Son- dershausen, Waldeck, Reuss (Older and Younger), Schaumhurg-Lippe, Lippe-Det- mold, the Free Cities (Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen), and Elsass - Lothringen. The established forms of religion in the empire are the Roman-Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic. No part of Europe enjoys greater advantages for education than Germany, especially the northern part of it, elementary schools being established iu almost every parish, while seminaries of a higher class are very numerous. There are universities situated iu the principal cities, and societies for the cultivation of literature, science, and the fine arts are found in all quarters. The Reformation of Luther gave an extraordi nary impulse to the national literature of Germany, and Luther himself contributed more than any other man to the advance ment of the language, which may be con sidered as having been fixed by his trans lation or" the Scriptures. In literature and science the Germans display equal ingenu ity aud patience of investigation. Their favourite studies are metaphysics and phil ology, but they have attained celebrity in almost every department of philosophy and polite learning. Of the fine arts, music is that in which they particularly excel. [See Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.] Gerona, hd-ro'nd, a maritime prov. of Catalonia, Spain. Area 2271 sq.m.: poo 299,002. * ' v y' Gerona, anc. Gerunda, a city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov. on the Ter, 52 m. N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. 15,015 Gers, zhair, a river of France, rises in the Pyrenees, flows northward, and, after a course of 75 m., falls into the Garonne above Agen. Gers, a dep. in the S.W. of France, watered by the Gers, Save, and Adour. Surface mountainous. Area 2425 sq. m. ; Pop. 281,532.— Chief town, Auch. Gettysburg, jeftiz-boorg, a town of Pennsylvania, U.S., where a severe battle was fought between the Federals and Con federates, 3rd July 1863. Pop. 2814. Ghauts, The, gawts (from Sansc. ghatt, a pass through mountains, hence also, as here, a range or chain of mountains), two extensive chains of mountains in Southern India. The western extends nearly 1000 m. from Cape Comorin to Surat ; the eastern, almost of equal length, is ou the opposite coast. Ghazipore, or Ghazipur, gd-ze-poor', a dist. of British India, N.W. Provinces, watered by the Ganges. The climate is healthy, and the soil is so fertile that it yields two crops in the year. Area 1451 sq. m. ; pop. 873,130. Ghazipore, or Ghazipur (city of Ghazi, a martyr), a town of British India, cap. of the above dist., on the left bank of the Ganges, 46 m. N.E. of Benares. Pop. 39,000. Ghent, ghent, Flem. Gend, Ger. Gent, Fr. Gand, a manufacturing and commercial city of Belgium, the cap. of E. Flanders, and the seat of a university, is situated on the Schelde, at its junction with the Lys. By these rivers and by navigable canals it is divided into 26 islands, which are con nected by a great number of bridges. The city is 10 m. in circuit, great part of it being occupied with gardens, orchards, and fields. From the extent of its cotton manufs., it is called the " Manchester of Belgium," and it is noted as the birthplace of Charles V. and John of Gaunt. When Charles V. was Emperor of Germany, this city occupied more space than any other in the west of Europe, and he used to boast (punning upon its French name) " that he could put all Paris in his glove." P. 131,431. GbUan, ghe-lan', a prov. of Persia, ex tending 120 m, along the S.W. shore of the Caspian. — Chief town, Resht. Ghizeh, ghe'zd, a town of Middle Egypt, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the W. bank of the Nile, 3 m. S.W. of Cairo. It is pleasantly shaded by groves of syca mores, dates, and olives, and to the S.W, stand the celebrated pyramids. Pop. est. at 10,500. Ghuznee, or Ghazni, guz'ne, a fortified city of Afghanistan, situated 7726 ft. above the sea, 80 m. S.S.W. of Kabul; it was stormed by the British under Lord Keane in 1839; in 1842 it surrendered to the Afghans, but it was retaken in the same year by General Nott It has several bazaars, and is an entrepot for the trade Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; plne,pln; note, nU; tune, tUn. 153 Gilmerton, ghil'mer-ton, a vil. of Scot land, co. and 4 m. S.S.E. of Edinburgh, pa. ofLiberton. Pop. 1082. Gilolo, je-lo'lo, the largest of the Moluc cas or Spice Islands, in the Malay Archi pelago ; like Celebes, it is broken into four peninsulas, separated from each other by deep bays. Estimated area 6500 sq. m. — 1° N. lat., 128° E. long. Gilsland, ghilz'land, a vil. of England, co. Cumberland, 16 m. N.E. of Carlisle, re sorted to for its medicinal springs. G&ngee, jin'je, a fortified town of British India, on the Coromandel coast, S5 m. S.W. of Madras. Gippsland, ghips'land (named in honour of Sir George Gipps, a Governor of IVrt Phillip), the S.E. division of the colony of Victoria, Australia. It is mountainous, but watered by many fine streams, which render it one of the finest fields for an agricultural population in the colony. Ex treme length from E. to W. 250 m ; mean breadth about 80 m. Area 13,898 sq. m. Girdleness, ghir-dl-ness' ', a headland on the E. coast of Kincardineshire, Scotland, forming the E. extremity of the Grampian Hills. Girgeh, jeer'ja (St George's town), a town of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. Pop. 7000. Girgeiati,jir-jen'te, a prov. on the S.W. coast of Sicily. Area 1269 sq. m. ; pop. 311,910. Girgenti (corr. from its anc. name Agri- gentum, which was also a corr. from Act ages, the name of the mountain near which the town was built), a city of Sicily, cap. of the above prov., on the S.W. coast. Pop. 19,380. Gironde, zhe-rongd', a river or estuary of France, formed by the junction of the Garonne and Dordogne ; it falls into the Atlantic after a course of 45 m. Gironde, a dep. in the S.W. of France, on the Bay of Biscay. Area 3752 sq. m.; pop. 748,703. Girthon, gliir'thon (corr. of Girthavon, the enclosure or sanctuary on the river), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud bright. Pop. 1415. Girvan, ghir'van (the short stream), a river of Scotland, which flows through Ayrshire, and falls into the Irish Sea opposite Ailsa Craig. Girvan, a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Ayr. The town is pleasantly situated at the mouth of the Girvan, 17 m. S.W. of Ayr. Pop. of pa. 5480 ; of town 4505. Gisborne, ghiz'burn, a town on Poverty Bay, co. Cook, provincial district of Auck land, E. coast of North Island, New Zea land. Pop. 1737. Gisburn, ghiz'burn, a pa. and township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Ribble. Pop. of pa. 1536. Giugliano, joohyd'no, a town of S. Italy, prov. Naples. PopLll,772. Qiargevo,joor^a'vo (St George's town), between Afghanistan and the Punjab. Fop. estimated at 20,000. Giants' Causeway, a celebrated pro montory and natural curiosity on the N. coast of Antrim, Ireland. It is composed of at least 30,000 lofty aDd regular columns, which run out a great way into the sea, and afford the finest specimens of columnar basalt in Europe. The Irish name of this promontory means " the cloghan or stepping stones of the Fomorians," and as these sea- rovers were regarded as giants in popular legend, the name came to be translated the "Giants' Causeway." Giarre, jar'rd, a town of Sicily, on the E. Blope of Mount Etna. Pop. 7819. Gibraltar, jib-raul'ter (from Arab. Gebel- al-Tarik, the mountain of Tarlk, the gene ral who first led the Moors into Spain, and who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, a.d. 711), a celebrated fortress, deemed impreg nable, in the S. extremity of Spain, on a rock 1467 ft. above the sea, on the E. side of Gibraltar Bay. Since 1704 it has been in possession of the British, having sustained a memorable siege against the combined forces of Spain and France from 1779 to 1782. Pop., exclusive of military, 18,381. Gibraltar, Strait of, between Europe and Africa, uniting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The breadth of the channel, where it is narrowest, is 12 m. Giessen, ghees'sen, a town of Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, on the Lahn, 33 m. N. of Frankfurt-on-the-Main. It is the seat of a university established in 1607. P. 16,855. Gifford, ghif'ford, a vil. of Scotland, co. and 4 m< S.S.E. of Haddington. John Knox, the great Reformer, is said to have been born here in 1505, Pop. 382. Giggleswick, ghig'glz-wik, a pa. and vil. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 1 m. N.W. of Settle. Pop. of pa. 4340. Gigha and Cara, two islands forming a pa. of Scotland, off the W. coast of Argyll shire. Gigha is supposed to be derived from a Gaelic word signifying " a creek;" Cara signifies '¦' a monastery-" Bop. 390. Gijon, Jijon, or Xixon, he-hon', a seaport town of Spain, prov. Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 30,591. Gilbert Islands, a group of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean, between 1° S- and 2° 30' N. lat., and 172° and 174° 30' E. long. Pop. estimated at 40,000. Gillean, ghil-leen', an island of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Lochalsh. There is a lighthouse upon it. Pop. 6. Gillingham, ghil'ling-am, a pa. of Eng land, co. Kent, containing part of the town of Chatham, noted in history as being the place where 600 Normans were barbarously murdered by command of Earl Godwin, in the beginning of the 11th century. Pop. 20,865.— Also a pa. and township in Dor setshire, 4J m. N.W. of Shaftesbury. Pop, of pa. 4131 ; of townBhip 8293. 154 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, n6t; tune, tUn. a town and river port of Roumania, on the left bank of the Danube, opposite Rustchuk. Pop. 15,000. Givet, zhe-vd', a strong frontier-fortress of France, dep. Ardennes, on the Meuse, 15 m. N.E. of Rocroi. Pop. 6594. Givors, zhe-vor', a town of France, dep. Rhone, 13 m. S. of Lyons. Pop. 10,480. Gladbach, gldd'bdk, a town of Rhenish Prussia, near the Niers, 15 m. E. of Diissel- dorf. Pop. 37,387. Gladsmuir, gladz'mure (the moor fre quented by kites or gleds), a pa. of Scot land, co. Haddington. Pop. 1747.— The battle of Prestonpans was partly fought in this parish. Glammis, glams, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. and 5 m. S.W. of Forfar. Glammis Castle is noted in history as being the scene of the assassination of Malcolm II. in 1031. Pop. of pa. 1631; of vil. 345, The name is derived from glamm, noise or sound, and iss, an obstruction or barrier, and has re ference to the murmuring sound of the stream which flows in a rocky bed for some miles through the centre of the parish. Glamorganshire, gld-mor'gan-shir (the country on the sea-shore, from gwlad, a country, and morgant, a sea-brink), the co. occupying the most southern part of Wales. Brecknock bounds it on the N. ; Monmouth on the E.; the Bristol Channel on the S. ; and Carmarthen on the W. Area 855 sq.m.; pop. 511,433. The land in the N. and N.E. is wild and mountainous ; but southward it is level and fertile. The Vale of Gla morgan, stretching directly from the base of the mountains towards the sea, is a rich and beautiful plain, and has, not undeservedly, been styled the 'l Garden of Wales." The highest mountain in the co. is Ltangeinor, 1859 ft. above the sea. The principal rivers are the Rumney, Taff, Ely, Tawe, Avon, Neath, and Loughor. Glamorganshire is eminently a mining and manufacturing co. Coal and iron are abundant, and their proximity and accessi bility, together with other natural advan tages, have led to its becoming a great centre of the iron-smelting and manufac turing trades. The principal iron-works are at Merthyr-Tyduil, Aberdare, and Doio- lais, and there are large smelting-works in the vales of Neath and Swansea. — The co. town is Cardiff, on the Taff. Glarus, gldroos, a small canton in the E. of Switzerland. Area 267 sq. m.: non. 34,213. Glarus (corr. fr«m Hilarius, the Saint to whom the church was dedicated), a town of Switzerland, the cap. of the above canton, on the Linth, 33 m. S.E. of Zurich ; it has manufs. of woollen, muslin, and cotton goods, and is noted for its cheese. Pop. of commune 5330. Glasgow, glas'go (said by some autho rities to be derived from Celt, clais-dhu, dark ravine, in allusion to tke ravine near the cathedral, where the first settlement Is said to have been made; and hy others to be from the Welsh glas, green, and cu or gu, dear=beloved green place), the largest and most commercial city of Scotland, is situated on the Clyde, in the co. of Lanark, 47£ miles by railway W.S.W. of Edin burgh. It has shipbuilding yards, iron- foundries, cotton manufs., engineering, chemical, and glass works, all on the most extensive scale. It has also a great foreign and colonial trade, to facilitate which the river has been deepened so as to admit ships of 2000 tons, and wharves and docks have been constructed to afford accommo dation for vessels of every description. It is the seat of a flourishing university, and here is the cathedral of St Mungo.the most complete specimen of olden ecclesiastical architecture that is to be found in Scot land. Among many other eminent men, General Sir John Moore, Lord Clyde, and Thomas Campbell the poet, were natives of Glasgow. Pop. of pari, burgh 487,985; munic. and suburban 674,095. Glasnevin, glas-nev'in, a pa. and vil. of Ireland, co. aud 3 m. N. of Dublin. Here is one of the finest botanical gardens in the world, belonging to the Dublin Royal Society. Pop. of pa. 1741. Glass (from a Gaelic word signifying dark-green), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Aber deen and Banff. Pop. 1020. Glassary, glas'sd-re (from glas-airidh, the gray pasturage or shealing), a pa. of Scotland, co Argyll. Pop. 4348. Glasserton, glas'ser-ton (said to be from a Saxon word signifying " a bare hill"), a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Pop. 1203. Glassford, glas'ford, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark. Pop. 1452. Glastonbury, glas'ton-ber-e (cor*, from Sax. Glasstingabyrig, district abounding in glastum or woad), a town of England, co. Somerset, 25 m. S. of Bath. Pop. 3719. It occupies a peninsula formed by the river Brue, between the Poldew and Mendip hills, and was anciently called Avalonia, or the isle of Avalon, from the Brit, word avalla, signifying "apples." Its famous abbey covered an area of 60 acres, and is said to have been the most magnificent in the world. Glatz, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, ou the Neisse, 52 m. S.W. of Breslau; it has two strong castles, large barracks, and other buildings for military service. Pop. 13,307. Glauohau, glou'kou, a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, 8 m. N.E. of Zwickau. It has an active trade in cloth, paper, and iron goods. Pop. 21,358. Gleiwitz, gli'vits, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, 43 m. S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 15,077. * Glenaray, glen-d'rd (valley or glen of the river Aray), a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 760. Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, tifti; pine,pln; note, n6t; tune, tUn, 155 Glenbervie, glen-ber've (valley of the Bervie), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine. Pop. 972. Glenbuck, glen-buk', a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Muirkirk. Pop. 858. Glenbuoket, glen-buk'et (valley of the Bucket), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, Pop. 506. Glencairn, glen-kaim' (valley of the Cairn, trib. of the Nith), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 1737. Glencaple, glen-M'pl, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, at the mouth of the Nith. Glencoe, glen-ko' (valley of the Cona), a valley of Scotland, co. Argyll, noted for the rugged and desolate grandeur of its scenery, and for the military massacre of the Macdonalds, which occurred here in February 1692. Glencroe, glen-kro', a wild mountain pass in the dist of Cowal, co. Argyll, Scot land, traversed by a road from Inveraray to Dumbarton. Glencross, glen-kross', or Glencorse, glen-korss' (named from a remarkable cross which once stood here), a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, on the Pentland Hills. Pop., exclusive of military in Glencross Barracks, 1308. Glendevon, glen-dev'on, or Glendovan (vale of the Devon), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 147. Glenelg, glen-elg' (the valley of hunting, or the valley of the roe), a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 1601. Glenelg, a river of Victoria, Australia, which, after a course of 205 m., falls into the Southern Ocean at the S. extremity of the boundary line between Victoria and S. Australia. — Also a watering-place and munic. town of South Australia, on Hold fast Bay, 6£ m. S.S.W. of Adelaide. Pop, 2724. Glengarnock, glen-gar'nok, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pas. of Dairy and Kil- birnie. Pop. 1276. Glengarry, glen-gdr're, a co. in the E. part of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 22,221. Glenisla, glen-l'la (valley of the Isla), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 791. Glenlivet, glen-liv'et (valley watered by the Livet), a dist. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. of Inveraven, famous for its whisky. Pop. 1616. Glenluce, glen-looce' (valley watered by the Luce), a vil. of Scotland, co. Wigtown, pa. of Old Luce. Pop. 901. Glenlyon, glen-li'on (valley of the Lyon), a valley of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of For- tingal; the Lyon traverses the glen for 28 m. Glenmore, glen-more', or Glenmore nan Altoin (great glen of Scotland), di vides the co. of Inverness, as well as the northern part of the kingdom, known as the Highlands, into two nearly equal parts. It is chiefly occupied by lochs Ness, Oicb, and Lochy, and is also traversed by the Caledonian Canal and the rivers Ness and Lochy. Glenmuick, Tullioh, and Glengairn, glen-mik' , tul'llh, and glen-gairn' , a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Glenmuick, in Gaelic, signifies " swine's gleu or valley ;" Tullich, originally Tulach, means " hil locks ; " and Glengairn is a corruption of a Gaelic term signifying " the glen of the rough water." Pop. 2109. Glenorohy and Inishail, glen-or'lie and in-t-shale', a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Glenorchy takes its name from its being in the valley of the Orchy, and was of old known as Clachan an disart, the temple or sanctuary of the Supreme Being. Inishail is said to signify "the beautiful island." Pop. 1105. Glenshee, glen-ahe' (valley watered by the Shee), a narrow valley of Scotland, at the N.E. extremity of the co. of Perth. Glenshlel, glen-sheel' (said to signify "the glen of hunting"), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 424. Glentilt, glen-tilt' (valley watered by the Tilt), a long narrow mountain pass of Scotland, co. Perth. Glogau, glo-gou', or Gross-Glogau (the place abounding with white thorn), a strongly fortified town of Prussian Silesia, on the Oder, 35 m. N.N.AV. of Breslau. Pop. 18,630.— Upper or Little Glogau, with linen and woollen manufs., is 23 m. S. of Oppeln. Pop. 5138. Glommen, glom'men, almost glum'men, the largest river of Norway, rises in the Dovrefield Mountains, and falls into the Skager Rack near Frederickstadt. Glossop, glos'sop, a pa. and town of Eng land, co. Derby, 19 m. W.N.W.of Sheffield. Pop. of pa. 34,205; of town 19,574, chiefly employed in cotton mills, calico printing works, and iron foundries. Gloucester, glos't er (from Celt, caer-glow, the bright fortress ; but when taken by the West Saxons in 577, they called it Gleau- cestre, and hence its present name), anc. Glevum, a pari, and munic. bor. and one of the oldest cities of England, the cap. of the county of the same name, is situated on the Severn, 8 m. W.S.W. of Cheltenham, and 35 m. N.N.E. of Bristol. Pop. of pari. bor. 36,521. Gloucester, a maritime co. of New South Wales, Australia. Pop. 7000. Gloucester, a township and seaport of Massachusetts, U.S., Essex co., ou Boston Bay. Pop. 19,329. Gloucester, a maritime co. of New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, bordering on the Gulf of St Lawrence. Pop. 21,614. Gloucestershire, a co. in the W. of Eng land, surrounded by the cos. of Warwick, Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, and Oxford. Area 1257 sq. m.; pop. 572,433. This co. has three natu ral divisions, viz., the Cotswold Hills in the 156 Fate, fat, fdr; mete, mlt; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. E.; the elevated district known as the Forest of Dean, which abounds with coal and iron, in the W.; andbetween these the fertile valley of the Severn, once celebrated for its vineyards, and now equally so for its orchards, gardens, corn lands, and rich pas tures. The principal rivers are the Severn, Wye, Isis, and Upper and Lower Avon. By means of the Severn, the co. has communi cation with the Bristol Channel, and ob tains in a great degree the advantages of a maritime situation. Gloucestershire is both a manufacturing and an agricultural co. Dairy farming aud the rearing of cattle are largely carried on in the vale of Bei'keley, and it is here particularly that the delicious cheese known as " Double Glo'ster" is pro duced. Cider is also a principal product, and perry is made in various parts, but chiefly iu the Forest. The largest town is Bristol, which has an immense trade and extensive manufactures. Stroud is the centre of the woollen-cloth manufacture. Cheltenham, one of the finest towns in the kingdom, is much resorted to for its medi cinal waters. Gloucester is the co. town. Gluchov, gloo-kov', a town of European Russia, gov. Tchernigov, on the Jesmen. Pop. 13,398. Gluokstadt, gluk'stdt (the fortunate town), a seaport of Prussia, prov. Schles- wig-Holstein, near the mouth of the Elbe, at its junction with the Rhu, 29 m. N.W. of Hamburg. Pup. 5567. Gmiind, gmwnt, a town of Wiirtembergj Germany, on the Rems, 29 m. E. of Stutt gart. Pop. 13,774. Gnesen, gna'zen, a town of Prussia, prov. and 30 m. E.N.E. of Posen. Pop. 13,826. Goa, go'd, a territory of India, belonging to the Portuguese, Bombay Presidency, prov. Bejapore. Pop. 407,700.— New Goa, or Panjim, the cap. of the Portuguese possessions, is on an island at the mouth of the Mandona River, and is remarkable for its churches, whose architecture far surpasses in grandeur and taste that of any erection of the kind ever attempted by Europeans in the East. Pop. 14,200. Goalpara, go-dl-pd'rd, a fertile and prosperous dist. of British India, Bengal Presidency, prov. Assam. Area, 4433 sq. m.; pop. 444,689. The chief town is of the same name, and is situated on the Brahmapootra. Pop. 5000. Goatfell, goat-fell' (said to be a con*, of goad/ell, i.e , peak shaped like a goad), a mountain of Scotland, Island of Arran. Height, 2874 ft. above the sea. Gobi, go'be, called also Shamo by the Chinese, a great sandy desert of Central Asia, comprising a considerable part of Eastern Turkestan and Mongolia. Its length from E. to W. is about 1500 ni. ; its breadth varies from 500 to 700 m. It abounds in salt, and shows traces of having once been covered by the ocean. Gobi is the Mongol word for "naked desert," and Shamo is the Chinese for "desert or sea of sand." Godalrning, god'al-ming, a munic. bor. of England, co. Surrey, on the Wey,4m. S.W. of Guildford. Pop. 2505. Godavery, go-dd'ver-e, a river of India, which rises in the W. Ghauts, and, after traversing nearly the whole breadth of the peninsula, falls, by several mouths, into the Bay of Bengal. Godavery, a dist. of British India, pre sidency of Madras. Area 7345 sq. m. ; pop. 1,620,634. — Upper Godavery, formerly a dist. of the Central Provinces; in 1878-79 amalgamated with Chanda dist. Goderich, god'ritch, a town of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Ontario, on Lake Huron. Pop. 4564. Godhavn, god'hown (good haven), a Danish colony on the S-W. coast of Disco Island, Davis Strait, the centre of the Greenland fisheries. Godmanchester, god'man-ches-ter (the camp of the priest, probably so called from its having been a pagan site devoted to Christian worship), a munic. bor. of Eng land, co. Huntingdon, separated by the river Ouse from the town of Huntingdon, of which it forms a suburb. It is somewhat noted for its production of cream-cheese. Pop. 2188. Goes, hooce, a fortified town of the Netherlands, on the island of S. Beveland, prov. of Zealand. Pop. 6394. Gogar, go'gar, a vil. of Scotland, co. and 5 m. W. of Edinburgh. Gogmagog Hills, gog-md-gog', a range of low hills in Cambridgeshire, England. Gogra, gog'rd, a river of India, which rises in the Himalaya Mountains, and flows Into the Ganges above Patna. It is regarded with great veneration by the Hindoos, and devotees in large numbers resort to its banks. Goil, Loch, loh goil, a branch of Loch Long in Argyllshire, Scotland, surrounded by magnificent scenery. Gojam, go-jam', a dist. of Abyssinia, lying to the S. of Lake Dembea. Golconda, gol-kon'dd, a ruinous city of India, Nizam's Dominions, formerly cele brated as a mart for diamonds. Gold Coast, a country of Upper Guinea, W. Africa, having the Ivory Coast on the W., and the Slave Coast on the E. The British have several settlements here, the chief of which are Cape Coast Castle, Elmina, and Accra. These, with the settlements at Lagos on the Slave Coast, viz., Badagry, Lagos, Palma, Leckie, etc., were erected into the Gold Coast Colony, 24th July 1874. Pop. of colony 475,000. Golden City, a town in Colorado, U.S., near the E. base of the Rocky Mountains. Goldie River, gol'de, a river which rises in the interior of the E. part of New Guinea, and falls into Redscar Bay, on the S. coast Golfo Duloe, gol'fo dool'sd (fresh gulf), Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, rri^t; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, V&n. 157 Lanark, forming a part of the city of Glas gow. Pop. 5567. Gorcum, or Gorliurn, gor'kum, Dutch Gorinchem, a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 22 m. E.S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 9697. Gordon, gor'dun (corr. from Goirtean, a little farm, or little field), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 8 m. N.W. of Kelso, Pop. of pa. 832 ; of vil. 302. Gordon -Bennett, Mount, a lofty moun tain in the Gambaragara country, Central Equatorial Africa, to the N.E. of the Muta Nzige". Its base and slopes are inhabited by a race resembling dark-skinned Euro peans. Mr H. M . Stauley has named it after the proprietor of the " New York Herald," and estimates its height at 15,000 ft. Gordon Place and Dyce, a vil. of Scot- laud, co. Aberdeen, pa. of Dyce. Pop. 561. Gore, a dist. of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario. It is rich in minerals. Gorebridge, gore-bridf, a vil. of Scot land, co. Edinburgh, 4 m. S. of Dalkeith. Pop. 1148. Goree, go-ra', a small rocky island be longing to the French, on the W. coast of Africa, S. of Cape Verd. The town of the same name is strongly fortified, and is an entrepot for ivory, gold-dust, gum-senegal, etc. Pop. 2452.-14° 39' N. lat., 17° 24' W. long. Gorey, go'rd, a town of Ireland, co. and 24 m. N.N.E. of Wexford, with extensive fisheries. Pop. 2460. Gorgie, gor'ghe, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Corstorphine. Pop. 656. Goritz, Gradisca, Istria, and Trieste, gu'rits, grd-dis'kd, is'trl-d, and tre-est', or tre-es'td, a prov. of Austria-Hungary, at the head of the Adriatic, called Coast-Land. Area 3085 sq. m.; pop. 647,934. Goritz, gu'rits, Germ. Gdrs (the town on the hill), a town of Austria-Hungary, on the Isonzo, 22 m. N.N.W. of Trieste. Here Charles X. of France died iu 1836. Pop. 20,433. Gorkum. See Gorcum. Gfirlitz, gnr'lits, almost gur'liis (behind the hill), a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Neisse, 21 m. from Zittau, noted for its woollen and linen manufs. Pop. 50,307. Gort, a town of Ireland, co. Galway, 15 m. N.E. of Enuis. Pop. 1719. Gorton, gor'ton, a township of Lanca shire, England, about 3 m. E.S.E. of Man chester. Pop. 33,096. Goruckpore, or Gorakhpur, go-ruk- poor', a town of British India, North- West Provinces, cap. of a dist. of the same name, reckoned one of the healthiest places in India. Pop. 52,000.— The dist. has a pop. of 2,019,361. Goslar, gos'lar (the site on the Gose), a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Gose, an affluent of the Ocker, at the foot of the Harz Mountains, famous for its lead and copper mines. Pop. 10,791. a lake of Central America, state and 125 m. N.E. of Guatemala. It is about 36 m. long, and has an average breadth of 11 m. Golspie, gol'spe, a small seaport of Sutherland shire, Scotland, at the mouth of a rivulet of the same name. Pop. 956, — The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 1556. Gombroon, Gombrun, gom-broon', or Bunder Abbas, bun'der db'bds (port of Ahbas), a seaport of Persia, prov. Kerman, on a bay of the Gulf of Ormuz ; it was formerly, and is still, a place of great trade. Pop. 5000. Gomera, go-md'rd, one of the Canary Islands, 13 m. S.W. of Teneriffe. The centre is mountainous, and covered with a dense forest, but there are many fertile valleys which produce corn, wine, fruits, cotton, and other crops. — San Sebastian, the cap., is on the S.E. coast Pop. 12,000. Gometra, gom'e-trd, an island of Scot land, co. Argyll, pa. of Kilninian and Kil- more. Pop. 30. Gonda, gon'dd, a dist. and town of Oudh, British India. Pop. of dist. 1,168,462; of town, 14,000. Gondar, gon'dar, the cap, of Abyssinia, 21 m. N.E. of Lake Dembea. It is built on the side of an extinct volcano, and has much declined from its former importance. Pop. estimated at 50,000. Gondokoro, a trading station of Africa, in the valley of the Nile, about 5° N. lat. When Sir Samuel Baker, in 1871, took possession of the countries of the Upper Nile for the Khedive of Egypt, he changed the name of this place to Ismailia. Gonzaga, gon-zd'gd, a town of N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. S. of Mantua. Pop. 2561. Goodenough Bay, good-e-nuff' (in honour of Commodore Goodenough), an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the N. coast of the E. part of New Guinea. To the northward of it is an island of the same name. Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope. Goodwin Sands (named from Good- wyne, Earl of Kent, whose lands here were inundated by the sea in 1100 a.d.), a large and dangerous sandbank off the E. coast of Kent, England. Goole, gool, a river-port and town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Don. Pop. 7680. Goomty, or Gumti, goom'te (from Hind. gomati, winding), a river of British India, which rises in a morass in the N.W. Pro vinces, and, after a tortuous course of 480 m., enters the Ganges 17 m. below Benares. Gooty, or Gutti, goo'te, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, dist. ofBellary. It is about 1000 ft. above the plain, and nearly surrounded by a cluster of fortified hills. Pop. 6730. Goppingen, gup'ping-en, a town of Wiir- temberg, Germany, on the Fils, 26 m, N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 10,851. Gorbals, gor'bals, a pa. of Scotland, co. 158 Fate, fat, fdr ; mite, mU ; pine, pin; note, n6t; tune, i Gosport, gos'port (God's haven), a sea port town of England, co. Hants, pa. Alver- stoke, on the west side of Portsmouth Har bour; here is the Royal Clarence Victual ling Yard, besides extensive barracks and numerous Government works for the supply of the navy, and outside of the town on the S. is Haslar Hospital, the largest endow ment for sick and wounded seamen in Britain. Pop. of pa. 20,155. Gotha, go'td, a city of Central Germany, the cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, on the Leine, with considerable trade and manufs. It contains a famous observatory, and is also distinguished for its literary and scientific institutions, and in the ducal palace of Friedenstein is a library, museum, picture - gallery, and cabinet of coins of great value. Pop. 26,525. Gotha, a large river of Sweden, which issues from the S. extremity of Lake Wener, and falls into the Cattegat at Gothenburg. Gotha Canal, The, connects the Baltic with the Cattegat at Gothenburg, Sweden. By the completion of this canal in 1832, direct communication, by means of the lakes Wener, Wetter, etc., has been formed be tween the German Ocean and the Baltic. It passes through the most fertile parts of the kingdom, and is open to ships of all nations. Gothard, St. See St Gothard. Gothenburg, or Gottenburg and Bo nus, got'ten-boorg and bo-hooss', a gov. of Sweden, on the coast of the Cattegat, with fisheries and good pasture. Pop. 261,114. Gothenburg, or Gottenburg (town on the Gotha), a flourishing commercial city of Sweden, the cap. of the above gov., at the mouth of the Gotha, on the Cattegat. Though on a marshy foundation it is well built, and a great many British merchants reside here. Pop. 78,313. Gothland, goth'land (land of the Goths), a large division of Sweden, forming the southern and most fertile portion of the monarchy ; it is divided into twelve govern ments. Gothland, or Gottland, got'land (good land), a large island and gov. of Sweden, in the Baltic. Pop. 54,668. Gottingen, gut' ting-en, a city of Prussia, prov, Hanover, on the Leine, 21 m. N.E. of Cassel ; it is the seat of a celebrated uni versity founded by George II. in 1734. Pop. 19,963. Gouda, gou'dd, Dutch pron. hou'da, a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Yssel, 11 m. N.E. of Rotterdam, noted for its cheese and manuf. of tobacco-pipes. Pop. 18,118. Goulburn, gol'burn, a city of New South Wales, 128 m. S.W. of Sydney. It is the principal depSt of the southern inland trade. Pop. of town 5880; of district 14,000. Gourdon, goor'don, a seaport vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, pa. of Bervie. Pop. 919. Gourock, goo'rok, a vil. of Renfrewshire, Scotland, 3 m. below Greenock, resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 3336. Govan, gov'an, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, forming part of the city of Glas gow, with which it is connected by a line of elegant villas on the left bank of the Clyde. Pop. 50,506. The pa. of Govan, cos. Lanark and Renfrew, has a pop. of 232,896.— It is said that Govan obtained its name from the excellence of its ale, which in former times was famed throughout Scotland. It was brewed without hops, and, after having been kept a few years, resembled Malvoisie wine in taste and colour; hence the pa. became known as the place for god win, good wine. Gowhatty, or Gauhati, gow-hd'te, a town of British India, prov. Assam, on the left bank of the Brahmapootra, 70 m. E. of Goalpara. Pop. 12,000. Gowkhall, gowk'hall, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 2 m. W. of Dunfermline. GowkBhill, gowks'hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, 3 m. S. of Dalkeith. Goyanna, go-ydn'nd, a city of Brazil, prov. Pernambuco, on a river of the same name, 35 m. N.W. of Olinda. Pop. 13,000. Goyaz, go-ydz', the central prov. of Brazil. It is mountainous, but the soil is fertile in the valleys. Area 289,000 sq. m. , pop. 160,395. Goyaz, formerly Villa Boa, a city of Brazil, the cap. of the above prov., is situ ated nearly in the centre of the empire on the Vermelho. Pop. 8000. Gozo, go'zo, or Gozzo, gofso, an island belonging to Great Britain, in the Mediter ranean, 4 m. N.W. of Malta. Area 20 sq. m. ; pop. reckoned with Malta. G-raa,f Heynet, grdf ri'net (in honour of Governor Van der Graaf and his wife, whose maiden name was Reynet), a div. in the S.E. part of the Midland Province of Cape Colony. Pop. 16,940.— The town of Graaf Reynet is situated, in a valley of the Sneeuwbergen, on a branch of the Sunday River, 160 m. N. of Port Elizabeth. Pop. 4562. Grahow, grd'bov, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania. Pop. 13,672. Gracehill, grace-hill, a Moravian settle ment or colony in co. Antrim, Ireland, on the Maine, 20 m. N.W. of Belfast. The vil. is constructed in the form of a spacious open square, whose centre is a fish-pond, aud each family has land for feeding a cow and raising potatoes, all being under the superintendence of the minister and elders of the Moravian Church. Graciosa, grd-se-o'sd, one of the Azores Islands in the Atlantic, N.E. of Fayal. Pop. 8452.— Chief town, Santa Cruz. Graomsay, grdm'sd, an islet of the Ork ney group, Scotland. Pop. 236. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtit; pine, pin; note,n6t; tunc, tUn. 159 Grafton, grafton, several places in Eng land, but none of importance. Grafton, a city of New South Wales, Australia, cap. of the pastoral dist. of Clar ence, on the river of that name, 50 m. from its mouth. It is composed of North and South Grafton. Pop. 3905. Gragnano, grdn-yd'no,a town of S. Italy, prov. Naples, 2 m. E. of Castellamare. Pop. 7814. Graham Land, grd'am land, a tract of elevated land in the Antarctic Ocean, stretching from 63° to 68° S. lat., and 61° to 68° W. long,, discovered by Biscoe in 1832. Grahamston, grd'ams-ton, a vil. of Scot land, co. Stirling, a suburb of Falkirk. Pop 4563. — Also a vil., co. Renfrew, form ing part of the town of Barrhead. Grahamstown (named after Robert Graham, its founder), the cap. of the Thames goldfields, North Island, New Zealand, on the E. shore of the Hauraki Peninsula, 50 m. S.E. of Auckland. Pop. 4863. Grahamstown (named in honour of Colonel Graham, the first English officer who led a military party to the place), a town of Cape Colony, the cap. of the dist. of Albany, South-Eastern Province, 22 m. N.N.W. of Bathurst. Pop. 6903. Graigue, graig (a village), a suburb of Carlow, Queen's co., Ireland. Graiguenamanagh, graig -nd- man'd (village of the monks), a town of Ireland, co. Kilkenny, beautifully situated on the Barrow. Pop. 1172. Grain Coast, Upper Guinea, W. Africa ; it lies to the W. of the Ivory Coast, and comprises the greater part of the Liberian Territory. Graitney. See Gretna. Grammont, grdm-mdng', a town of Bel gium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Dender, 21$ m. S.S.E. of Ghent, with linen, carpet, lace, and paper manufs. Pop. 8861. Grampians, The, gram'pe-anz (huge or dark mountains), a chain of mountains stretching across Scotland, from Argyll shire to Aberdeenshire. The loftiest sum mits of the range are Ben Nevis, Ben Mac- dhui, Cairngorm, Gairntoul,Schiehallion, Ben Avon, Ben Lawers, Ben More, and Ben Lomond, which see under their respective names. Grampians, a crescent-shaped moun tain range of Victoria, Australia. Its lofti est peak is Mount William, 3825 ft. high. Gran, grdn, a town of Hungary, the cap. of the co. of the same name, at the con fluence of the Gran with the Danube, 30 m. N.W. of Buda. Pop. 8932. Granada, grd-nd'dd, a prov. of Anda lusia, Spain, with fruitful plains, intersected by the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountains. Pop. 477,719. Granada, a city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., on the Jenil, at the influx of the Darro; it was the residence of the an cient Moorish kings, whose palace, called the Alhambra, is considered the most splen did monument of Arabic architecture in the world. Pop. 76,108. Granada, a city of Nicaragua, Central America, on the S.W. shore of the lake of Nicaragua, with a flourishing trade. Pop. 10,000. Granada, New. See Colombia. Granard, gran-ard', a town of Ireland, co. and 14 m. E. of Longford. Pop. 1828. Grand Bernard, ber'nard, a mountain of the Island of Reunion, Indian Ocean. Height 9500 ft. Grand Calumet, kal'um-et, an island in the river Ottawa, Dominion of Canada, 7 m. above Portage du Fort. Pop. 1269. Grand Cayman, ki'mdn, an island be longing to Britain, in the Caribbean Sea, about 200 m. W. of Jamaica. It is noted for its turtles. Grand Forks, a co.and town in Dakota, U.S. The town is situated on the Red River, and is a thriving place. Pop. 3500. Grand Manan, man-an', an island be longing to New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, in the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. Pop. 2616. Grand Rapids, rap'ids, a manufacturing town of Michigan, U.S., cap, of Kent co., on the rapids of the Grand River, 60 m. N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 32,016. Grand River, two rivers of the United States : one rises in the state of Michigan, and, after a course of 180 m., falls into Lake Michigan; the other has its source in the state of Iowa, and flows in a S.E. direction through Missouri into the Missouri River. Its length is about 200 m., for the half of which it is navigable. Grange, granj (a farm, or country resi dence), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 16 m. S.W. of Banff. Pop. of pa. 1754. Grangemouth, granfmouih (named from its situation), a seaport town of Scotland, co. Stirling, at the confluence of the Grange Burn with the Carron, near the junction of the Forth and Clyde Canal with the Firth of Forth. Pop. 4560. Grannoch, Loch, loh gran'noh, a lake of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright, pa. of Girthen. It is about 3 m. long and J m. broad. Granta. See Cam. Grant Land (in honour of President Grant), a region in the Arctic Ocean, N. America, forming the W. boundary of Robe son Channel. Grantham, grant'am (Granta's home), a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Lincoln, on the Witham, 14 m. S.W. of Newark; here Sir Isaac New ton went to school, and in the neighbour hood is Woolsthorpe, where he was born in 1642. Pop. of pari. bor. 17,345: of munic. bor. 16,8S6. Granton, gran'lon, a vil. and seaport of Scotland, on the rt. b. of the Firth of Forth, 3 m. N.W. of Edinburgh, with a fine pier, 1700 ft. long, from which the 160 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. N. B. Railway steamers sail regularly to Burntisland opposite. Pop. 927. Grantown (named in honour of the Grant family, under whose patronage it was begun in 1774), a vil. of Scotland, co. Elgin, pa. of Cromdale. Pop. 1374. Granville, grang-veel' , a fortified sea port of France, dep. Manche, at the mouth of the Bosq, 12 m. N.W. of Avranch.es, with a good trade in the fisheries. Pop. 10,920. Grasmere, gras'mere, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Westmorland. The vil. is picturesquely situated at the head of Gras mere Lake, 2^ m. N.W. of Ambleside, and in its churchyard the poet Wordsworth is buried. Pop. of pa. 2830. — Grasmere Fell, a mountain 2756 ft. high, is in co. Cumber land, E. of Crummock Water. Grasse, grdss, a town of France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, on the declivity of a hill, surrounded by rich fields and gardens appropriated to the culture of flowers made use of in the manufacture of perfumery, for which the place is in high repute. It is 16 m. N. of Cannes. Pop. 8342. Gratz, grets (fortified town), a town of Austria-Hungary, the cap. of Styria, on the Muhr; it is the seat of a university, and has various manufs. aud a large trade. Pop. 97,791. Graudenz, grou'dents (fortified town), a strong town of West Prussia, on the Vis tula, 14 m. N.N.E. of Culm; it has cloth manufs., extensive breweries, and some trade in corn and tobacco. Pop. 17,321. Gravelines, grdv-leen' (the count's cor ner), a strong seaport of French Flanders, dep. Nord, on the Aa, 10£ m. W.S.W. of Dunkirk. Pop. 4255. Gravelotte, grdv-lut', a vil. of Germany, prov. Elsass-Lothringen, 6£ m. W. of Metz. In the Franco-Prussian war, a great battle was fought here, 18th Aug. 1870, which resulted in the defeat of the French under Marshal Bazaine. Gravesend, grdvz'end (corr. from Gravesham, which may be derived from graaf, a reeve, and heim, a dwelling, and thus will mean "the dwelling-place of the reeve, or representative of the superior lord," but according to others it may mean " the town at the end of the moat," from A.S. graef, a trench), a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport of England, co. Kent, near the mouth of the Thames, 28 m. from Lon don Bridge. It is a fashionable watering- place, and a place of great resort by the Londoners. Pop. of pari. bor. 21,283; of munic. bor. 23,302. Gray, a town of France, dep. Haute- Saone, ou the SaQne, 29 m. W.S.W. of Vesoul, with large iron-mines and forges in its neighbourhood. Pop. 7185. Graytown, gra'town, a town of Victoria, Australia, 75 m. N. of Melbourne. Great Bear Lake, in the N.W. of British America. It has an area of about 14,000 sq. m., and communicates with the Mackenzie River. Great Britain. See Britain, Great. Great Lake, the largest lake of Tas mania. It is situated in the Central High lands of the island, 3800 ft. above the level of the sea, 30 m. S.W. of Launcestou, and is 13 m. long, and from 3 to 8 m. broad. Great Slave Lake, in the N.W. of British America, extends about 330 m.from E. to W., with an average breadth of 50 m. Great South Bay, a bay in the United States, on the S. side of Long Island. Greece (from its ancient name Grmcia, supposed to be derived from Grozcus, a prince of Tbessaly), Gr. Hellas, hel'las, a kingdom in the S.E. of Europe, bounded on the N. by Turkey, on the W. and S. by the Mediterranean, and ou the E. by the iEgean Sea. It lies between 36° 23' and 40° 30' N. lat., and between 21° and 26° E. long. Area 25,441 sq. m.; pop. 1,979.423. The geographical divisions of the kingdom are — Continental Greece, embracing Thessaly and Livadia, in theN.; Peninsular Greece or Morea, anc. Peloponnesus, in the S. ; and Insular Greece, comprising the islands of Eubma, Skyro, Andro, Coluri, JEgina, Hydra, Naxia, Milo, Syra, Santorina, Delos, Paros, Antiparos, and the Ionian Islands, For administrative purposes the whole country is divided into the following nomarchies or departments : — In Thessaly and Livadia — Arta, Trik- hala, Larissa, Attica and Bceotia, Eubcea, Phthiotis and Phocis, and Acarnania and iEtolia; in the Morea — Argolis and Corinth, Achaia and Elis, Arcadia, Mes- senia, and Laconia ; in Insular Greece— The Cyclades, Corfu (with Paxo), Cepha- lonia, Leucadia (with Ithaca), and Zante (with Cerigo). The territory of Greece, though comparatively small, is full of in terest. Almost every part of it has remains of magnificent monuments, in the purest style of classic architecture, erected when Greece was in its glory. The country con sists chiefly of a succession of valleys, bounded by mountains of moderate eleva tion, presenting the most picturesque aspects, and generally capable of great im provement, being well adapted either for agriculture or for pasturage. The prov. of Thessaly (ceded by Turkey in 1881) is a land of flocks and herds, noted for its horses, and exceedingly fertile. Only one-sixth of the area of the kingdom, however, is under cultivation ; the rest lies waste. The chief mountain summits are Pindus, Ossa, Pelion, Guiona, Parnassus, and Helicon. The climate is warm aud delightful. Its extensive range of coast, indented by numerous bays, and the variety of its islands, while they diversify the scenery, eminently fit the country for commerce. The exports consist of currants, olive-oil, raw silk, wool, figs, tobacco, etc. ; the imports embrace corn, manufactured goods, hardware, sugar, and coffee. Greece Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; ndte, nU; tunc, tUn. 161 Is rich in mineral treasures ; but with the exception of copper, marble, and salt, they meet with little attention. The history of Greece is exceedingly interesting. In ancient times the country comprehended a number of independent republics till the battle of Chaeronea, 338 B.C., when it was brought under subjection to Philip, king of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. About 146 B.C. it was conquered by Rome, and formed part of that empire till after the taking of Constantinople in 1453, when it was overrun by the Turks, and long con tinued under their dominion. At last, in 1821, the Greeks arose against their op pressors, defeated them in several battles by sea and land, and made themselves masters of the whole country south of Thessaly. During three years they main tained the struggle successfully, and had almost established their independence ; but in 1825, Ibrahim, son of the Pasha of Egypt, landed in the Morea with an army discip lined by Frenchmen and Italians, took several towns, vanquished the Greeks in the field, and so reduced them as to render it doubtful whether they would not be entirely subdued. The three great powers, Russia, Britain, and France, how ever, interposed in thoir behalf, and in 1830 compelled the Porte to acknowledge their independence, and erected the country into a kingdom. The government was at first a monarchy nearly absolute ; but, after a revolution in 1843, a constitutional govern ment was established somewhat resembling that of Britain. The present constitution of Greece was adopted in October 1864. It vests the legislative power in a chamber of representatives, called the Boule, chosen by universal suffrage, aud the executive in the king and his responsible ministers, assisted by a council of state. The reli gion is that of the Greek Church, which also prevails in Russia; but religious toleration exists throughout the kingdom. Greenland, an extensive region of N.E. America, bounded E.by the Arctic Ocean ; W. by Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Smith Sound, and Kennedy Channel; S. by the Atlantic. Its northern boundary has not been explored, but is supposed to be the Arctic Ocean. Its area is estimated at about 380,000 sq. m. Its pop. is 10,000. So far as known, Greenland stretches from Cape Farewell, in 59° 49' lat., north wards to Cape Britannia, in nearly 83° lat. It extends from 20° to 75° W. long. It was long supposed to be part of the continent of America, but is now gene rally believed to be an island or cluster of islands. It has been described as " a mass of rocks, intermingled with immense blocks of ice." Yet there is some land that admits of cultivation. During the short summer the air is pure on the mainland, but obscured in the islands by fogs. The long night of winter is relieved by the shifting splendours of the aurora borealis. The thermometer, which in July reaches 84°, often sinks in January to 40° below zero. Of the land animals the principal are hares, valuable for their flesh and fur, rein-deer, foxes, and large dogs employed in drawing sledges, and distinguished by the peculiarity of howling instead of bark ing. The seas swarm with turbot, herrings, and whales ; but the marine animal most prized by the natives is the seal. Its flesh is their principal food ; its skin sup plies them with dress, and with a covering for their canoes ; its tendons are made into thread ; and so essential an article of sub sistence does the Greenlander account it, that he cannot comprehend how man could live without it. Large flocks of aquatic birds frequent the seas, rivers, aud lakes. Providence, which adapts the endless diver sity of productions to every variety of climate and soil— supplying the deficien cies of one region by the abundance of an other — furnishes the sterile shores of Greenland and other Arctic regions with timber, which is borne hither by the tides and currents of the ocean from the coasts of America and Asia, in such quantities, that a year's fuel may sometimes be collected during the short season of summer, and in such preservation as to afford excellent materials for building houses and canoes. The Greenlanders are a branch of the Es quimaux: they are of short stature, with long black hair, small eyes, and flat faces. The country is subject to Denmark, which maintains a few small settlements on the W. coast ; and the laudable exertions of the Danish missionaries for the conversion of the natives to Christianity have been crowned with considerable success. The chief villages are Julianshaab, Christian- shaab, Uppernavik, Frederickshaab, and Good Hope. The European population does not exceed 250. Greenlaw, green'law (green hill), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, of -which the vil. is the co. town. It is 7i m. W. of Duns. Pop. of pa. 1245; of vil. 714. Greenock, green'ok (the sunny spot), au important seaport of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on the Firth of Clyde, 22 m. from Glasgow. It has extensive foreign trade, and is noted for shipbuilding and the manuf. of ma chinery. James Watt was born here in 1736. Pop. 66,704. Greenwich, green'itch (from A. S. Grena- wic, green habitation on the bank of a river or bay), a pari. bor. of Kent, England, on the Thames, about 5 m. below London; it is famous for its Royal Observatory, through which the first meridian passes, and its Royal Naval College, formerly an hospital for aged and disabled seamen. Pop. 207,028. Greetland, greet'land, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. S.S.W. of Halifax. Pop. 4166. L Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tun. 1G2 Gregory, Lake, greg'o-re, a salt lake of South Australia, in 29° 20' S. lat, 139° 50' E. long. Greifswalde, grxfs-vdl'deh (the griffin's wood), a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Rick, 15 m. S.E. of Stralsund; it is the seat of a university. Pop. 19,924. Greitz, grits, a town of Central Ger many, the cap. of the principality of Reuss (Elder Branch), on the White Elster, 49 m. S.S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 15,061. Grenada, gren-d'da, one of the British West India Islands; its greatest length is 25 m. ; its breadth 12 m. It is finely wooded, and produces sugar, rum, cocoa, and cotton. Area 133 sq. m. ; pop. 42,403. St George, the cap., has an excellent harbour. Grenadines, gren-a-deenz', or Grena dines, gren-d-deel', a group of islands be longing to Great Britain, in tbe West Indies, lying between Grenada and St Vincent, and consisting of Bequia, Car- riacou, Union, and some smaller islands. Grenoble, gren-o'bl, formerly Grenople (contr. of Gratianopolis, the city of the Emperor Gratian, son of Valentinian I.), a strong town of France, cap. of the dep. Isere, on the Isere, 58 m. S.E. of Lyons. Pop. 48,485. Gretna, gret'nd, or Graitney, grdt'na (great hollow), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 9 m. N.N.W. of Carlisle. The vil., being on the frontier of England, was long noted for irregular marriages, and was the retreat of numerous bands of whisky smugglers. Pop. of pa. 1212. Greymouth, a seaport and gold-fields town in the provincial dist. of Westland, W. coast of South Island, New Zealand, 25 m. N. of Hokitika. Pop. 2544. Greystoke, grd'stoke, a pa. of England, co. Cumberland, in which is Saddleback, a mountain 2787 ft. high. Pop. 2804. Greytown, a borough in the provincial district of Wellington, North Island, New Zealand. Pop. 1500. Grey Town (named in honour of Sir Charles Grey, a governor of Jamaica), or San Juan, a seaport of Mosquitia, Central America, at the mouth of the San Juan River. GrimBby, Great, grimz'be (the city of Grimus, who built it), a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport of England, co. Lincoln, near the mouth of the Humber, with a fine bnrbour and extensive docks. Pop. of pari. bor. 45,351; of munic. bor. 28,503. Grinnell Land, grin'nel,& region in the Arctic Ocean, N. America, discovered Sept. 22, 1850, by the United States Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, while in 75° 24' 21" N. lat. It forms the W. boundary of Smith Sound and Kennedy Channel. Grrnstead.East. ^ee East Grinstead. Griqualand East, gre'kwd-land (the land of the Griquas), a dist. in the E. of Cape Colony, formerly known as Nomansland. It lies to the W. of Pondoland, and has an area of 8000 sq. m., with a pop. of about 78,000. Griqualand West, a territory in the N. of Cape Colony, on the Vaal, W. of Orange Free State. It is well known for its diamond fields, and was formerly the country of Waterboer, a Griqua chief, who, in 1871, transferred his rights to the British Government. Area about 17,800 sq. m.; pop. est. at 39,000, of whom 17,000 are Europeans. — Kimberley is its chief town. Grisons, gree-zong', Ger. Graubunden (the gray allies, or gray league, so called because when the chief inhabitants of thiB part of the country met in 1424, and entered into solemn compact to defend each other's property and persons from the oppression of their feudal lords, they were dressed in gray homespun frocks), a large canton in the S.E. of Switzerland, distinguished for its magnificent scenery. Area 2774 sq. m.; pop. 94,991, nearly three-fifths of whom are Protestants. Grodno, grod'no, a gov. in the W. of Russia, containing 14,528 sq. m., and 1,165,401 inhabitants. Grodno (fortified town), a town of ' Russia, tbe cap. of the above gov., on the Niemen, 140 m. N.E. of Warsaw. Here Stanislaus, king of Poland, sought his last retreat, and finally abdicated his crown in 1797. Pop. 34,755. Groningen, gron'ing-en, Dutch pron. hro'ning-hen, a prov. in the N.E. of the Netherlands. It is low, flat, and protected by dykes from encroachments of the sea; its pastures are extremely rich, but its climate is damp aud unhealthy. Area 885 sq. m. ; pop. 253,246. Groningen, an important town of the Netherlands, the cap. of the above prov., at the junction of three great canals, 92 m. N.E. of Amsterdam. It is the seat of a university founded in 1614. Pop. 46,058. Groote Eylandt, groot i'lant (great island), the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, off the E. coast of the Northern Territory. Its length and breadth are about 40 m. each. Grossenhain, gros'sen-hine, a town of Saxony, 19 m. N.N.W. of Dresden. P. 11,045. Grosseto, gros-sa'to, a town of Central Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, 70 m. S. of Florence. Pop. of prov. 113,858; of town 4151. Gross Haff, gross hdff (great haven or harbour), or Stettiner Haff, stet-teen'er hdff (harbour of Stettin), a bay in Pome rania, Prussia, at the mouth of the Oder. Grosswardein, gross-var'dine, a strong city of Hungary, cap. of the co. Bihar, on the Szebes-Koros, with silk and pottery manufs., and mineral hot springs in its vicinity. Pop. 31,324. Grunberg, grun'berg (green hill), a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 m. N.W. of Glogau, with cloth manufs., and extensive cultiva tion of vines in the environs. Pop. 13,039, Fate, fat, far ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nU ; tunc, t&n. 1G3 Gruver, groo'ver, a vil. in the Island of Lewis, Scotland, pa. of Lochs. Pop. 368. GruySre, or Gruyeres, gru-yair', a town of Switzerland, cant. Freiburg, 22 m, N.E. of Lausanne. In its vicinity is made the famous " Gruyore " cheese, of which about 40,000 cwt. are exported annually. P. 1075. Guadalaviar, gwd-dd-ld've-dr (the white river), anc. Turia, a river of Spain, which has its source in the Sierra Albarracin, on the borders of Aragon, and, after a course of 120 m., flows into the Mediterranean 3 m. E. of Valencia. Guadalaxara, gwd-dd-ld-hd'rd, a city of New Castile, Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 32 ni. N.E. of Madrid. Pop. S581.— The prov. has a pop. of 201,288. Guadalaxara, gwd-dd-ld-hd'rd, a city of Mexico, cap. of the state of Xalisco. The native artisans here manufacture a kind of jars of a fine scented earth, which are much in request, and various trades and the manuf. of shawls are successfully carried on. Pop. 91,685. Guadalquivir, gwd-ddl-ke-veer' , Eng. ¦ pron. gd-dal-quiv'er (from Arab. Wady-al- Kdbir, the great river, thus named by the Moors, to whom the Boetis seemed a great river in comparison to the streams of the African country whence they had come), anc. Bostis, a large river of Spain, which rises in the prov. of Granada, between the Sierra Morena and the Sierra Nevada, traverses the plains of Andalusia, and, flowing past Seville, falls into the Atlantic, 18 m. N. of Cadiz. Guadeloupe, gd- da -loop' (named by Columbus when discovered by him in 1493 from its supposed resemblance to the moun tain so called in Spain), one of the West India Islands, belonging to France; it is about 60 m. long and 25 m. broad, and is divided into two parts by a narrow channel. Pop. 131,000. — Basseterre is the cap., but Pointe-A-Pitre is the chief commercial town. Guadiana, gwd-de-d'nd (from Arab, Wady, a river, and Ana, a corr. of Anas, its anc. name), an important river of Spain and Portugal, rises in the Span. prov. of Al- bacete, flows through Ciudad Real, Badajoz, the Portuguese prov. of Alemtejo, separates Huelva from the Portuguese prov. of Al- garve, and falls into the Atlantic. Guadix, gwd-theh', a town of Spain, prov. and 28 m. E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 11,787. Gualeguachu, gwd-ld-gwd-choo' ', a town of the Argentine Republic, on the Rio Gualeguachu, 9 m. from its mouth in the Uruguay. Pop. 9800. Guamanga. See Ayacucho. Guanaxuato, gwd-nd-hwd'to, a city of Mexico, the cap. of the state of the same name, situated in a narrow valley 160 m. N.W. of Mexico. Pop. of city 58,232; of state 788,202. Guatemala, gwd-ta-md'ld (named either from uhatezmalha, signifying " a mountain that throws out water," doubtless in allu sion to the volcano d'Agua, on the skirts of which the old city was built ; or from Juite- mal, the name of its first king), the largest state in Central America; it extends from Yucatan to the Pacific, and is bounded W. by Mexico, and E.by the states of Honduras and San Salvador. The country is moun tainous, but the soil, which is volcanic, is remarkably fertile, producing tropical fruits and vegetables of all kinds in constant suc cession throughout the whole year. The two productions most important in a com mercial point of view are indigo and cochi neal; but wheat, maize, rice, cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and cotton are also to a greater or less extent valuable articles of trade. Area 45,000 sq. m. ; pop. 1,252,497. Guatemala, New, a city of Central America, cap. of the above state, situated in a large and fertile plain, on the Rio-de- las- Vacas, 106 m. W.N.W. of San Salvador. It is a handsome city, though the houses are all built of one story, because of the frequent earthquakes. Pop. 55,728.— Old Guatemala, about 25 m. to the W.S.W., was entirely destroyed by the eruptions of two volcanoes in its neighbourhood within 20 years of its foundation, and again by an earthquake in 1773, after which the Spanish government ordered the place to be aban doned, but a considerable portion of its inhabitants returned to it, and it now has a pop. of about 15,000. Guayaquil, gwi-a-keel', a city and sea port of Ecuador, S. America, cap. of prov. Guayas, at the head of the Gulf of Guaya quil. It has one of the best harbours on the Pacific. Pop. 22,000. Guayas, gvn'ds, a prov. of Ecuador, S. America, occupying a large portion of the Pacific slope of that country. Area 11,500 sq. m.; pop. 94,442. Guaymas, gwi'mds, a seaport of Mexico, state of Sonora, on the Gulf of California ; it is a town of recent origin, but promises to be one of the principal ports on the Pacific, and is the depot of the precious metals brought from the interior. Gubbio, goob'be-o, a city of Central Italy, prov. Perugia, 28 m. S. of Urbino. Pop. 5540. Guben, goo'ben (dove town), a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Neisse, 30 m. S. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, with flourishing trade and manufs. Pop. 25,840. Guelderland, or Gelderland, ghel'der- land (the land of Guelders), a prov. of the Netherlands, S.E. of the Zuyder Zee, and separated from N. Brabant by the Maas. It is watered by the Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, and the Leek. Area 1962 sq. m. ; pop. 466,805. Guelph, gwelf, a city of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, 30 m. N. of Hamil ton. Pop. 9S90. Gueret, ga-rd', a town of France, cap. of the dep. Creuse, on the slope of a mountain about 40 m. N.E. of Limoges. Pop. 5864. 164 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mSt; pine, pin; ndte, n6t; tune, tun. Guernsey, ghern'ze, an island belonging to Britain, in the English Channel, near the coast of France, 9 m. long by 6 m. broad. It has a celebrated breed of cows, and here the climate is so mild that oranges, figs, citrons, melons, myrtles, and the Guern sey lily, supposed to be a native of Japan, attain a state of great luxuriance. Apples are largely cultivated in the orchards, and made into cider, which is the chief bever age of the inhabitants. Pop. 32,659. Guiana, ghe-d'nd, or Guayana, gwi-d'nd, a large territory in South America, bounded N. by the Atlantic Ocean, E. by Brazil and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Brazil, and W. by Venezuela. It extends from 0° 40' to 9° N. lat., and from 51° to 61° W. long. Its length, from E. to W., is about 710 m.; breadth, from N. to S., about 560 ra. Area 163,560 sq. m. ; pop. about 347,600. Guiana is par titioned into three divisions, viz., British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, and French Guiana. Formerly the name had a much wider application, being extended to the whole region which lies to the north of the Ama zon and the Rio Negro, and to the east of the Casiquiare and the Orinoco. The greater part of this territory is now in cluded within the empire of Brazil and the republic of Venezuela, and is distinguished by the names of Brazilian Guiana and Venezuelan Guiana. The country to which the name of Guiana is now commonly restricted is low and flat towards the sea shore, and here the soil is rich and fertile. Inland it rises by a succession of table-lands to the sierras or mountain-ranges which divide it from Brazil. The country is well watered, the principal rivers being the Essequibo, the Demerara, the Berbiee, the Surinam, and the Mar one, which are well stocked with fish, although infested with alligators. The climate is cooler than in most places within the tropics, being re freshed by the trade-winds, by the sea- breezes, and by the rainy seasons, of which there are two on the sea-coast, and but one in the interior. Vegetation is exceedingly luxuriant, some of the forest-trees growing to the height of a hundred and fifty feet. The plant chiefly cultivated is the sugar cane ; coffee is also raised in considerable quantities ; and cotton, tobacco, rice, maize, wheat, plantains, and pepper are grown. Gentian and other medicinal plants abound ; and this is the native country of the large water-plant called the Victoria Re gi a. The staple exports are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, spices, and drugs. British Guiana is the western and largest, French Guiana the eastern and smallest, of the three divisions of Guiana. Dutch Guiana, which lies iu the middle, has an area of about 60,000 sq. m., with a pop. of 63,525. The area of French Guiana is about 27,560 sq. m., with a pop. of 36,000, and contains the settlement of Cayenne, to which French political prisoners are banished. British Guiana has an area of about 76,000 sq. m.t with a pop. of 248,110, and contains three settlements— Berbiee, Demerara, and Esse quibo. Most of it formerly belonged to Hol land, but was conquered by Great Britain in 1803.— The capital is George Town, near the mouth of the river Demerara. Guienne, ghee-en' (supposed to be a corr. of Aquitania, the name of this country in the time of the Romans), a prov. in the S.W. of France, separated from Gascony by the Garonne. Guildford, ghil'ford (ford of the guild or brethren), a pari, and munic. bor. and co. town of Surrey, England, on the Wey, 30 m. S.W. of London ; it is a very anc. town, with a ruined castle and palace, once the residence of the English kings. Pop. of pari. bor. 11,593 ; of munic. bor. 10,858. Guirnaraens, ghe-md-rd'ens, an anc. for tified town of Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, in a beautiful plain, 13 m. S.E. of Braga; it has manufs. of linen and cotton fabrics, etc. Pop. 7719. Guinea, ghin'ne, a geographical division of W. Africa, of which little is known ex cept the coast, called the coast of Guinea, which extends from Cape Verga, 10° 20' N., to Cape Negro, 15° 41' S. lat. It is divided into Upper or North Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea. The former stretches from 14° 30' W. to 10° E. long., and extends 300 or 400 m. into the interior. On the coast are the districts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast. The interior is divided into several native states, the principal of which are the kingdoms of Ashantee and Dahomey. The coasts are in general low and unhealthy for Europeans, but very fertile. The chief rivers are the Niger or Quorra, the Volta, and the Aasinie. The products of the country comprise every variety of rich tropical fruits, gums, hard woods, grain, gold dust, ivory, wax, etc. The people of Ashantee and Dahomey are brave and warlike ; but the Fantees and some of the other races on the coast are cowardly. There are several British settle ments on the Guinea coast, formed for the purpose of carrying on a legitimate trade with the natives, and for promoting their civilization. At present the grossest pa ganism prevails. Lower Guinea stretches from a little N. of the equator to 15° S. lat., and was discovered and partly colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century. It comprises the countries of Biafra, Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela. This vast region is in general mountainous, but well watered; and the abundance of heat and moisture produces great fertility in the vegetation. The principal physical feature is the number of rivers passing through it, among which the Congo, Zaire, or Living stone, flowing in a mighty stream from sources in the great lake region, is the most conspicuous. Besides maize, pulse, Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. 165 and other grains, the finest fruits grow wild, palm-trees are abundant, potatoes aud yams are plentiful, and the sugar-cane attains great Bize. The lakes and rivers abound with fish, and the forests with wild beasts. Of the Negro tribes inhabiting Lower Guinea very little is known. They are divided into a number of petty states, more or less controlled by the Portuguese ; their religion is a mixture of Fetishism and Christianity, the latter having been introducedby Roman Catholic missionaries. Guinea, Gulf of, a gulf formed by the Atlantic Ocean on the coasts of Upper Guinea, between 6° 20* and 1° S. lat., and 7° 30' W. and 10° E. long. Guinea, New. See New Guinea. Guipuzcoa, ghe-poos'ko-d, a prov. in the N.E. of Spain. Pop. 167,207. Guisborough, or Gisborough, ghiz'- bur-o, a town in the N. R. of Yorkshire, Eng land, 10 m. S.E. of Middlesborough, about 5 m. from the mouth of the Tees. Pop. 6616. Gujerat, or Gujrat, gooj-rdf, a dist. and town in the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab, British India. Although in parts well wooded, most of the country has a dreary and sterile aspect. The town is noted for its inlaid work in gold and iron. Pop. of dist. 689,115; of town 18,750. Gulane, gool'an (from Br. go-lynn, little lake), a vil. of Scotland, co. Huddington,pa. of Dirleton, with extensive sand -downs swarming with rabbits. Gulf Stream, an oceanic current of great climatic importance. It issues from the Gulf of Mexico (hence its name) by Florida Channel, flows N.E. along the coast of the United States, then skirts the southern edge of the great bank of New foundland, after passing which it parts into two main currents, one striking N.E. to the British Isles and Norway, and the other turning S.E. to the Azores, Canaries, and W. coast of Africa. Gurhwal, Garhwal, gur'wdl, a dist. of Kumaon div., N.W. Provinces, British India. Area 5500 sq. m. ; pop. 310,288.— Also, a native state of the N.W. Provinces. Area 4180 sq. m.; pop. estimated at 150,000. Giistrow, gnsfrov (guest town), a manu facturing town of N. Germany, cap. of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Nebel, 21 m. S. of Rostock. Pop. 11,997. Guthrie, guth're, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 439. Guysborough, gldz'bur-o, a co. in the N.E. part of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 17,808. Guzman Blanco, gooth-man' blan'ko, a state and dist. of Venezuela. Pop. of state 494,000; of dist; 105,000. Gwalior Territories, gwd'le-or, or Do minions of Sindia, a native state of Central India, under British superintend ence. Area 24,000 sq. m. ; pop. 2,500,000. Gwalior, gwd'le-or, a city of Central India, cap. of the above state, on an affluent of the Jumna, 66 m. S. of Agra, with a rock fortress 300 ft. high, capable of accommodating 15,000 men. Gwennap, gwen'nap, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, 3 m. S.E. of Redruth, noted for its copper-mines, some of which are worked more than 200 fathoms under the sea, and are the most productive mines in Cornwall. Pop. 6209. Gya. See Gaya. Gydngyos, dyun-dyus7i', a town of Cen tral Hungary, co. Heves, 44 m. N.E. of Pesth ; it has various manufs., and a good trade in wine and cheese, the produce of the environs. Here the Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarians, 3rd April 1849. Pop. 16,061. Gyula, dyoo'lo, almost jool'lo, a town of Hungary, 35 m. N.N.W. of Arad; it is divided into two portions by the White Kbros River. Pop. 18,495. Haarlem, or Haerlem, hdr'lem (the height of the leem, or clayey soil), a city of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 10 m. by railway N.W. of Amsterdam, and 17 m. N. of Leyden. It was formerly a place of great strength, and is noted for the siege which it nobly sustained against the Spaniards in 1573. The cathedral of St Bavon here contains an organ considered one of the largest and best instruments of the kind in the world. Haarlem has long been celebrated for its bleaching grounds, and its trade in flower-roots, particularly hyacinths, tulips, and jonquils, which are raised in the Bloemen-Tuinen, extensive nursery grounds on the S. side of the city. Laurence Coster, asserted by the Dutch to be the inventor of printing, was born here in 1440. Pop. 36,976. Haailem Meer, har'lem mair, once an extensive lake of Holland, between Amster dam, Leyden, and Haarlem ; it was formed by a destructive* inundation in the 16th century, but in 1853 was drained to such an extent that about 45,000 acres of good arable land were reclaimed. Hackney, hak'ne (probably corr. of Haeon-ey, the ey or island of Hacon, a Dane or Saxon, whose domain it was), a pa. and pari, borough of England, co. Middlesex, forming a suburb of London, 3 m. N.E. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Hackney is said to have been the first place near London provided with coaches let out for hire, hence arose the term hackney coach, meaning " a coach that can be hired." Pop. of pa. 163,681 ; of pari. bor. 417,233. Haddington, had'ding-tun (the town of Hadden, an Anglo-Saxon chief, who resided here), a royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin ; note, not ; tune, tUn. 166 being the co. town of Haddingtonshire, on the Tyne, 18 m. E. of Edinburgh, with an extensive weekly market for grain. P. 4043. The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 5660. Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, a co. of Scotland, accounted one of the most fertile and highly cultivated districts in the kingdom. On the N. it is bounded by the Firth of Forth ; on the E. by the North Sea ; on the S. by the Lammermoor Hills, which separate it from Berwickshire; and on the W. by the co. of Edinburgh. It ex tends from E. to W. 26 m., and from N. to S. 17 m. Area 270 sq. m. ; pop. 38,502. From the Lammermoors in the S. the sur face, diversified by gentle elevations, gradu ally slopes towards the Firth of Forth. In the N. is a cone-shaped hill called North Berwick Law, 612 ft., and off the coast is the celebrated Bass Rock, formerly a state prison, 300 ft. above the sea. Haddington shire is well watered by a number of small streams, the chief of which is the Tyne. It possesses few manufactures, but there are the usual local industries, none of which, however, are very extensive. In the W,, especially around Tranent, there are ex tensive collieries. Limestone is abundant. The fishery along the coast is valuable, and employs a good many men, especially at Dunbar, where a large herring trade is carried on. To the N.W. of Dunbar is North Berwick, a fashionable watering- place. The co. town is Haddington. Hadersleben, hd-ders-ld'ben, a seaport town of Schleswig-Holsteiu, Prussia, on an inlet of the Little Belt. Pop. 8054. Hadleigh, had'la, a town of England, co. Suffolk, on the Bret, 10^ m. W. of Ipswich. Pop. 3237. Hadramaut, hd-drd-mout', Arab. pron. hd-drd-md-ootf , a prov. of Arabia, stretching along the southern coast from Oman to Yemen, with which latter prov. it consti tuted the ancient Arabia Felix. Hagen, hdg'en, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the Volme, 26 m. W. of Arnsherg. Pop. 26,295. Hague, haig (contr. of Dutch 'S Graven- haag, the count's enclosure, grove, or wood, in allusion to a hunting-seat built here by the Counts of Holland in 1250), a city of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 14 m. N.W. of Rotterdam and 33 m. S.W. of Amster dam. It is the usual residence of the Court, whose rural palace, surrounded by stately oaks and fine gardens, is about a mile to the N. of the town. The National Museum contains a valuable collection of Chinese and Japanese curiosities, numer ous historical relics, and a gallery of Dutch paintings, the finest in the world King William III. of Great Britain was a native of Hague. Pop. 113,460. Hagueneau, hdg-no' (the enclosed meadow), a fortified town of Germany prov. Elsass-Lothringen, on the Moder, 16 m. N. of Strassburg. Pop. 12,688. Haidarabad. See Hyderabad. Hailsham, hail'sham, a pa. and market town of England, co. Sussex, 11 m. E.S.E. of Lewes. Pop. of pa. 2964. Hainan, hi-ndn' (south of the sea), Chin. Hai-Lam, a large island in the Chinese Sea, 180 m. in length and 80 m. in breadth. It is situated at the E. extremity of the Gulf of Tonquin, and is separated by a narrow channel from the Chinese prov. of Quangtung, to which it belongs. Area est, at 12,000 sq. m. ; pop. 1,500,000. Hainault, ha-no' (said to be named from the small river Haine, which flows through it), a frontier prov. of Belgium. Area 1474 sq. m. ; pop. 977,562. This prov. has, at different periods, been the scene of many of the most celebrated battles in the history of Europe. Haine, hain, a small river of Belgium, prov. Hainault; after a W. course of 40 m. it joins the Schelde at Condemn the French dep. Nord. Haiti. See Hayti. Hajipore, or Hajipur, hd-je-poor', a town of British India, prov. Behar, div. Patna, dist. Tirhoot, on the Ganges, 15 m N.E. of Dinapore. Pop. 22,500. Hakodadi, hd-ko-dd'de, or Hakodate, a seaport town of Japan, on the S. shore of the island of Yesso. Pop. 28,825. Halbeath, hdl-beeth', a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Dunfermline. Pop. 918. Halberstadt, hdl'ber-stdtt (the town of Albert, a Duke of Austria), a town of Prus sian Saxony, on the Holzemme, 28 m. S.W. of Magdeburg, with a fine cathedral of the fifteenth century. Pop. 31,260. Haidimand, hal'de-mand, a co. of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, near the E. end of Lake Ontario. Area 358 sq. m. ; pop, 18,619. Halesowen, hdlz-o'en, a pa. and town of England, co. Worcester, 1\ m. S.W. of Bir mingham. Pop. of pa. 37,854; of town 333S. Halesworth, halz'wurth, a town of Eng land, co. Suffolk, on the Blyth, 7 m. S. of Ipswich. Pop. 2498. Halfmorton, hdf-mor'ton, a pa. of Scot land, co. Dumfries. Pop. 497. Halidon Hill, lial'l-don hill, near Ber wick, in co. Northumberland, England, the scene of a battle between the Scots and the English in 1333, when 30,000 Scots were slain. Halifax, hal'1-fax (said to be a corr. of holy face, and named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a chapel here dedicated to St John), a pari, and munic. bor. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 7 m. S.W. of Bradford; it is noted for its woollen manufs. Pop. 73,630. Halifax, an extensive co. of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, bordering on the At lantic Ocean. It abounds in minerals, but its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in com merce and the fisheries. Pop. 31,817, Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, phi ; ndte,ndt; tune,iu'n. 167 Halifax (named from the Earl of Hali fax, under whose auspices it was founded in 1749), the cap, of Nova Scotia, and chief town in the above co., on the S.E. coast. It has an extensive trade, and its noble har bour is the chief naval station of British America. Pop. 36,100. Halkirk, hal'kirk, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Caithness, 7 m. S. of Thurso. Pop. of pa. 2705; of vil. 372. Hallamshire, hal'lam-shlr, a dist. in the W.R. of Yorkshire, England, embracing the pas. of Sheffield and Ecclesfield, in the former of which is Nether Hallam, a town ship 2 m. W. of Sheffield, with steel and iron works. Pop. of Nether Hallam 38,967. Halland, hdl'ldnd, a maritime prov. of Sweden, with extensive forests and salmon fisheries. Pop. 135,299. Hallar, or Hallawar, one of the Kathia- war states of India, prov. Bombay. Pop. est. at 359,000. HaUe, hdl'leh (from Celt, halen, salt, so called from the salt springs in its neigh bourhood), a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, 20 m. N.W. of Leipsic, the seat of a celebrated university. Handel the musician was born here in 1684. Pop. 71,484. HaRiwell, hal'Vt-well, a town of Lanca shire, England, 2 m. N.W. of Bolton, with cotton mills and bleach-works. Pop. 12,551. Halluin, hdl-ln-eng', a town of France, dep. Nord, on the Lys, 10 m. N.N.E.of Lille. Pop. 8785. Halmstad, hdlm'stdd, a strong seaport of Sweden, cap. of the prov. Halland, on the Cattegat. Pop. 8505. Halstead, hal'sted (appropriately named from A.S. had-sted, a healthy place), a town of England, co. Essex, on the Colne, 16 m. N.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. 5804. Haltwhistle, hdlt'whis'l, a pa. and town ship of England, co. Northumberland, 16 m. W. of Hexham. Pop. of pa. 6186 ; of township 2108. Ham (dwelling, village, or homestead), the name of several pas. in England, the largest being West Ham, co. Essex, about 4 m. E.N.E. of St Paul's Cathedral. Pop. 128,953. — Also the name of a vil. in Surrey, on the Thames, near Richmond Park. Pop. 1349. Ham, 7mng, a vil. of France, dep. Somme, noted for its state prison, in which Prince Louis Bonaparte, afterwards Napoleon III., was confined. Pop. 3043. Hamadan, hd-md-ddn', a commercial city of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Ecbatana. It is meanly built and partly in ruins, but is noted for its leather, in which it carries on a considerable trade. Pop. 30,000. Hamah, or Harnmah, hdm'md, anc. Epiphania, and the Hamath of Scripture, a city of Syria, situated on both banks of the Orontes, 110 m. N.E. of Damascus. Pop. est. at 30,000. Hamar, a prov. and bishop's see of Nor way, N. of Christiania, divided into two bailiwicks. Pop. 236,432. Hamburg, ham'boorg (the town of the harbour, or from anc. Hochburi, high dwell ing, or Bochburi, town of God), a free city of Germany, the greatest commercial em porium of the empire, and perhaps of the Continent of Europe, is situated on the Elbe, about 70 m. from its mouth. It is intersected by several navigable canals, and has important manufs., sugar refineries, iron forges, rope walks, etc. Area of the territory 150 sq. m. Pop. of the city 289,859; including territory 410,127. Hameln, hd'm'eln (town on the Hamel), a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, at tbe confluence of the Weser with the Hamel. Pop. 10,924. Hamilton, ham'il-ton, a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Lanark, near the conflu ence of the Avon and the Clyde. The Duke of Hamilton's palace is near the town. Pop. of pa. 26,231 ; of town 18,517. Hamilton (named after its founder), a city of the Dominion of Canada, prov. On tario, at the W. extremity of Lake Ontario. Pop. 35,961. Hamilton, a town of Victoria, Australia, on an affluent of the Glenelg River, 160 m. W. of Melbourne. Pop. 2975, with sub urbs about 4000.— Also, a town of New South Wales, 77 m. N. of Sydney. Pop. 2000. Hamilton, chief town of the Bermudas. See Bermudas. Hamilton, a city of Ohio, United States ; it is the chief place in Butler co., and is 25 m. by railway from Cincinnati. Pop. 12,122. Hamm, Mm, a walled town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Lippe, 20 m. S.E. of Munster. Pop. 20,783. Hamme, hdm'meh, a trading town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 6 m. N. of Dendermonde. Pop. 10,778. Hammerfest, ham'mer-fest (probably rock fortress, from Scand. hammer, a rock, and faestung, a fortress), a small town of Norway, on an island near the northern ex tremity of Finmark. It is the most N. town of Europe. Pop. 1550.-70° 49' N. lat., 23° 55' E. long. Hammersmith, ham'mer-sm ith (prob ably corr. from Sax. Ham-hythe, town with a harbour or creek), a pa. and town of Eng land, co. Middlesex, on the Thames,includt d within the metropolis. Pop. of pa. 71,939. Hamoon, hd-moon', anc. Aria Palus, a lake or large morass in the E. of Pert-ia, into which flows the river Helmund ; its length is about 70 mv and its breadth from 15 to 20 m. Hampshire, hamp'sMr, abbreviated Hants, and in Acts of Parliament called Southampton shire, an important county of England, lying S. of Berks, and in cluding within its limits the Isle of Wight. Ou the W. it is bounded by Wilt shire and Dorsetshire; on the S. by the English Channel; and on the E. by Sussex Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m%t ; pine, pin ; note, nU; tune, ttin. ie and Surrey. Area 1672 sq. m.; pop. 593,470. Hants is distinguished for its agri culture, but its sea-coast has also rendered it of considerable importance as a mari time and commercial co. It is traversed by the ranges of the North and South Downs. The S.W- portion is occupied by the New Forest, and is nearly separated from the main portion by the extensive bay called Southampton Water. The co. is well sup plied with canals and rivers, the chief of the latter being the Itchin, Avon, Anton, Siour, and Tees. Southampton and Ports mouth are large trade centres. Aldershot, on the borders of Surrey, is the site of a great military camp; and near Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, is Osborne House, the favourite marine residence of Queen Vic toria. Hampstead, hamp'sted (corr. of Hame- stede, the old form of homestead, a name sometimes applied by way of pre-eminence to the residence of tho lord of the manor), a pa. and vil. of England, co. Middlesex. The vil. is situated on the declivity of a hill, on the summit of which is a heath about 2S0 acres in extent, commanding a beautiful prospect of London aud the ad jacent counties. Pop. 45,452. Hampton, hamp'tun (either corr. from Avonaton, river -town, from Brit, avon, water, or from A.S. ham, home, and tun, town = home-town), a pa. and vil. of Eng land, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, about 15 m, W.S.W. of London. About a mile from the vil. is the celebrated Royal Palace of Hampton Court, founded by Car dinal Wolsey, and completed in 1694. Pop. 6940. Hampton is the name of several other pas. in England, none of them with a pop. exceeding 3500. Hanau, hd'nou, a manufacturing and commercial town of Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, on the Kinzig, near its junction with the Main. Near it are the well-known mineral springs of Wilhelmstadt. Pop. 23,086. Hanbury, han'ber-e, a pa. of England, co. Stafford. Pop. 2411.— Also, a pa., co. Worcester. Pop. 1028. Handsworth, hands'vmrth, a pa. of Eng land, co. Stafford. Pop. 24,251. — Also, a pa. in the W. R. of Yorkshire. Pop. 7645. Hangchow, hdng-chow', or Hang-tche- ou, hang-chee-oo' , a city of China, the cap. of the prov. Che-kiang, and one of the finest cities in the empire; it is situated on a navigable river at the southern termi nation of the Grand Canal, and has an extensive trade in raw silks and teas. Pop. estimated at 800,000. Hango and Hango Udde, hang'go ood'- deh, a harbour and promontory on the N. coast of the Gulf of Finland. Hankau, or Hankow, han-kow' (mouth of commerce), a city of China, the cap. of Hoo-pe, at the confluence of the Han-kiang and the Yang - tse-kiang ; it is one of the greatest commercial centres in the world, and has been described as a Birmingham, a Liverpool, and a Sheffield all rolled into one. Pop. estimated at 600,000. Han-kiang, hdn-ke-ang', a river of China, which, after a tortuous course of about 600 m., joins the Yang-tse-kiang at Han-yang. — Also, a river of Corea, which flows into the Strait of Corea. Hankin, hut-keen', a maritime town on the E. coast of Corea. Hanley, han'le, a town of England, co. Stafford, in the centre of the potteries, in cluded within the pari, bounds of Stoke- upon-Trent. Pop. 48,361. Hanoi. See Kesho. Hanover, han'o-ver, Germ. pron. han-o'- ver, a prov. in the N.W. of Prussia. It was formerly an independent kingdom, but as one of the results of the war of 1866, it was incorporated with Prussia. Area 14,700 sq. m. With the exception of the Harz district in the S., the country consists of an immense sandy plain, the fertile tracts being confined to the banks of the rivers Elbe, Weser, Ems, and their tributaries. The Harz Mountains are rich in minerals and covered with valuable forests. Hanover is far from being a com mercial country, but a good deal of plain and table linen is manufactured, and more pai'ticularly coarse linens called Osnaburgs, which are largely exported. The principal commercial port is Emden. The Hano verians are an industrious people, and strongly attached to ancient usages. Great attention is paid by them to public instruc tion, and the university of Gottingen has long been celebrated. Pop. 2,120,168. Hanover, a city of Prussia, the cap, of the above prov., on the Leine, 83 m. S-W. of Hamburg. It is divided by the river into the old and the new towns, and con tains a royal palace. Herschel the astrono mer was born here in 1733, and Frederick Schlegel the philosopher in 1772. P. 122,843. Hanse Towns, hance towns, a name given to certain seaport towns of Ger many, which entered into a mutual league (hansa) against the pirates of the Baltic and the feudal lords of the neighbouring mainland. The Hanseatic League was first formed, in 1241, between Hamburg and Lubeck. It gradually extended until it comprehended 66 cities, but began to de cline, as commerce found new channels, towards the end of the 15th century, and was dissolved in 1630. Hants. See Hampshire. Hanwell, han'well, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, noted for its extensive lunatic asylum. Pop. 7316. Han- Yang. See King-ki-tao. Hapur. See Haupur. Harborne, har'born, a pa. and town of England, co. Stafford, 3J m. W.S.W. of Bir mingham. Pop. of pa. 31,517; of town 6433- Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, ni&t; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. 169 Harbour Grace, har'bur grace, an im portant town of Newfoundland, British N. America, on the N. side of Conception Bay. Pop. 6770. Harburg, har'boorg, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Elbe, 4& ra, S. of Hamburg. Pop. 19,071. Hardanger- Fiord, har'dang-er-fyord, an extensive arm of the sea on the W. coast of Norway. Hard anger -Fj eld, har'dang-er-fijeld, a portion of the great Scandinavian chain of mountains situated in the S. of Norway. Harderwyk, har'der-vik, a seaport town of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Zuyder Zee, 32 m. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 6840. Harfleur, har-fi\xr/, a town of France, dep. Seine-Inferieure, on the Lezarde, 3 m. E.N.E. of Havre. Pop. 2081. Harlech, har'leh, a town of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, at the month of the Artro, 10 m. N. of Barmouth ; it was once a place of consequence, now it is only remarkable for its anc. castle, founded by Maelgwyn Gwynedd, Prince of Wales, and rebuilt by Edward I. Harlingen, har'ling-en, a seaport of the Netherlands, prov. W. Friesland, on the Zuyder Zee, 15 m. S.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 10,735. Harper's Ferry, har'per's fer're (named from a ferry long since established here across the Potomac), a vil. of Virginia, U.S., at the junction of the Shenandoah with the Potomac, the scene of the exploit which rendered " John Brown " famous in connexion with the late civil war. Harray and Birsay, har'ra and bir'sd, a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney. Pop. 2326. In 1877 Birsay was separated from Harray for ecclesiastical purposes. Harris, har'ris (said by some authorities to mean "the host realm," or "kingdom of the army," and by others to be derived from Gael, na hardibh, the heights), a dist. and pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness, comprising the S. part of the island of Lewis, and several surrounding islands. Pop. of pa. 4814. Between Harris and North Uist is the Sound of Harris, 9 m. in length and from 8 to 12 m. in breadth. Harrisburg, har'ris-burg (named from John Harris, by whom it was founded in 1785), a city of the United States, the cap. of Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, about 100 m. N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 30,762. Harriston, har'ris-ton, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, on a branch of the Maitland River, 35 m. from Elora. Pop. 1772. Harrogate, liar'ro-gote, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, 21 m. W. of York, famous for its mineral waters, which render it one of the principal watering-places in the N. of England. Pop. 9482. Harrow- on-the- Hill, a town of Eng land, co. Middlesex, 10 m. N.W. of London, celebrated for its public school, founded by John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman, in 1571. Pop. 5558. Hartfell, hart-fell', a mountain on the borders of Peeblesshire and Dumfriesshire, Scotland. Height 2651 ft. Hartford, hart'ford (named from Hart ford in England, of which place one of its leading settlers was a native), a manufac turing town of the United States, cap. of Connecticut, on the Connecticut River, 50 m. from its mouth. Pop. 42,015. Harthill, hart'hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Shotts. Pop. 1441. Hartland Point, anc. Hercules Promon- tor'nim, a promontory in Devonshire, Eng land, on the Bristol Channel.— 51° 1' N. lat,, 4° 31' W. long. Hartlepool, hart'U-pool (supposed by some to have been named from its having been the peculiar haunt of deer, as numer ous antlers and teeth have been discovered here, and by others from the long submerged Hart forest, le-pool being added to show its vicinity to the sea), a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport of England, co. and 19 m. E.S.E. of Durham ; it is situated on the S. side of a peninsula, curved so as to form a natural harbour, and has extensive docks and a good trade, chiefly in coal. Pop. of munic. bor. 12,361 ; of pari, bor., which includes West Hartlepool, founded in 1847, about 2 m. to the W., 46,990. Harvey or Cook's Islands, har'va, a group in the S. Pacific. They are all of volcanic origin, and were chiefly discovered by Cook in 1773.-20° 45' S. lat., 159° 0' W. long. Harwich, har'ritch (army town, so called from its having been a Saxon station or military depot), a pari, and munic. bor., sea port, and favourite watering-place of Eng land, co. Essex, 18 m. E.N.E. of Colchester. Pop. 7842. Harwood, Great, har'wood, a town in Lancashire, England, 4£ m. N.E. of Black burn. Pop. 6287. Harz, or Hartz, harts (from Tent, harz, a forest), anc. Sylva Hercynia, a mountain ous tract of country in Prussia, S. of Han over, about 70 m. in length and 20 m. in breadth, covered with extensive forests. The Brocken, its highest point, is 3658 ft. above the sea. The dist. contains valuable mines of silver, lead, copper, iron, and salt. Haslingden, lids' Ung-den (hazel den), a town of Lancashire, England, 17 m. N.N.W. of Manchester. Pop. 14,333. Hasselt, hds'selt (the hazel grove), a town of Belgium, cap. of the prov. of Lim- burg, on the Demer, 16 m. N.W. of Maes- tricht. Pop. 11,361. Hastings, has'tings (probably from Has- tinge, a noted Danish pirate, who either seized, built, or fortified it, or from the Hcestingas, a Saxon tribe, whose fortress and town it may have been), a pari, and 170 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m%t ; pine, pin ; note, not; tunc, tUn. munic. bor. and anc. town of England, co. Sussex, 33 m. E.N.E. of Brighton. It is a fashionable watering-place, and has a fishery and boat-building trade of some importance. A few miles W., at Pevensey Bay, is the place where William the Conqueror landed in 1066, and 7 m. to the N.AV. is Battle, where the engagement took place which transferred the crown of Eng land from Saxon to Norman kings. Pop. of pari. bor. 47,738; of munic. bor. 42,258. Hastings, a co. in the central part of prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 55,192.— Also a town in Peterborough co., prov. Ontario, on the river Trent. Pop. 692. Hathras, or Hattras, hat'trus, a town of British India, N. W. Provinces, div. Meerut, 30 m. N.N.E. of Agra. Pop. 24,000. Haughead and Clacban, hauh'hed and kldh'an, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Campsie. Haugh. of Urr, hauh of 'far, a vil. of Scot land, stewartry of Kirkcudbright, pa. of Urr. Haupur, or Hapur, hd'poor', a town of the N.W. Provinces, British India, div. and 20 m. S. of Meerut. Pop. 15,000. Hauraki Gulf, how-rd'ki, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the E. coast of North Island, New Zealand, between the cos. of Coromandel and Rodney, provincial dist. of Auckland. Havana, or the Havannah, hd-van'd (the harbour), the cap. city of the island of Cuba, on its N. coast. It is strongly forti fied, and its port is the finest in the West Indies. As a commercial city it is one of the greatest and most flourishing in the New World. Pop. est. at 230,000. Havant, hau'ant, a town of England, co. Hants, on Langston Harbour, 7 m. N.E. of Portsmouth. Pop. 3032. Havel, hd'vel, a navigable river in the N. of Germany ; after a course of 180 m. it falls into the Elbe. Haverfordwest, har ford-west, Welsh Hwllfordd, a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of S. Wales, co. Pembroke, on the Western Cleddau, near its entrance into Milford Haven. Pop. 6398. Havre, Le, leh hdtfr, or Havre de Grace, hdv'r deh grdss, anc. Portus Gratioz (haven of grace), a strong and flourishing seaport of France, dep. Seine-Inferieure, at the mouth of the Seine. Pop. 105,540. Hawaiian Islands. See Sandwich Islands, Hawaii, hd-wi'ee, or Owyhee, the largest and most southerly of the Sand wich Islands. It contains several lofty volcanic mountains, of which the principal is Mauna Loa, an active volcano, upwards of 13,000 ft. high. Pop. 17,000. Hawarden, hd-war'den, or Harden, a pa. and town of N. Wales, co. Flint, 12 m. W.N.W. of Chester. Pop. of pa. 9387; of town 7087. Hawick, hdw'ik (the town on the haugh or low meadow), a manufacturing town of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, at the junction of the Teviot and Slitrig. Pop. 16,184 The pop. of the pa. of Hawick is 11,758. Hawke's Bay, a provincial district of New Zealand, in the S.E. of North Island. Pop. 17,367. Hawkesbury, hawks'ber-e, a river of New South Wales, Australia ; after a course of 330 in., it enters the Pacific at Broken Bay, 25 m. N.N.E. of Sydney. Hawkesbury, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, Prescott co., on the river Ottawa, 2 m. from Grenville. Haworth, hd'wurth, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, interesting from its association with the Bronte family. Pop. 3816. Hawthorne, haw'thom, a town of Vic toria, Australia, about 4 m. E. of Melbourne. Pop. 6019. Hay, a town in Brecknockshire, S. Wales, on the Wye, 15 m. W. of Here ford. Pop. 1916. Haydock, hd'dok, a township in Lanca shire, England, 2 m. N.N.W. of Newton. Pop. 5863, chiefly employed in collieries. Hayle, hail, a seaport of England, co. Cornwall, 4 m. S.E. of St Ives. It has some large iron foundries. Pop. 1089. Hayter Island, ha'ter, off the S.E. point of New Guinea. Hayti, or Haiti, hd'te, or San Domingo, san do-min'go, one of the Great Antilles, and, next to Cuba, the largest of the West India Islands, being about 400 m. in length and 150 m. in its greatest breadth. The W. part of the island formerly belonged to France, but is now a negro republic, with Port-au-Prince for its cap.; the E. part for merly belonged to Spain, but is now a republic, with San Domingo for its cap. Area of the Republic of Hayti 10,204 sq. m.; pop. est. at 572,000. Area of the Republic of San Domingo 18,000 sq. m. ; pop. 300,000. Haywood., hd'wood, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Carnwath. Pop. 1121. Hazebrouck, hdzfbrook, a manufacturing town of France, dep. Nord, on the Beurre, 24 m. W.N.W. of Lille. Pop. 5796. Heanor, he'nor, a town of England, co. and 9 m. N.N.E. of Derby. Pop. 6822. Heart's Content, hdrts kon-tenf, a sea port of Newfoundland, British N. America, at the head of Trinity Bay. Pop. 880. Hebrides, heb'rid-ez, or Western Isles, anc. Eludes, a range of about 200 islands, scattered along the western coast of Scot land. They are divided into two principal groups, the Outer and the Inner Heb rides. The outer group embraces Lewis, Harris, N. and S. Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and a number of smaller islands, all in cluded in the cos. of Inverness and Ross and Cromarty. The inner group consists of Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, Coll, Tiree, Mull, Iona, Colonsay, Jura, Arran, Bute, and Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, m^t ; pine, pin ; note, not; tune, tiin. 171 and favourite watering-place of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, on the Firth of Clyde, opposite Greenock. Pop. 7693. Helicon, hel'l-kon (from Phcen. hhalikon, a high mountain), called also Zagora, zd-go'rd, a mountain in Greece, N. of the Gulf of Lepanto, celebrated in ancient mythology as a favourite haunt of Apollo and the Muses. Heligoland, hel'e-go-land (holy island), anc. Hertha (from the goddess of that name, whom the Saxons worshipped here), a small island in the North Sea belonging to Britain; it is situated off the coast of Germany, about 40 m. N.W. of the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. Pop. 2000. Hellas. See Greece. Hellespont. See Dardanelles. Hellin, el-yen', a town of Spain, prov. of Albacete. Near it are the mineral baths of Azaraque. Pop. 13,655. Helmsdale, helmz'dale, a river of Scot land, co. Sutherland; it falls into the North Sea 3 m. S.W. of the Ord of Caith- At its mouth is a vil. of the same others, lying off the shores of Argyll and Iuverness, in which cos., and in Buteshire, they are included. About 70 of the islands are permanently inhabited. Hebrides, New, a group of islands in the S. Pacific Ocean, N. of New Zealand, between 15° and 21° S. lat., and 166° and 171° E. long. The most important are Espiritu Santo, M'tllicolo, Erromango, Tanna, Aurora, and Antityum. Pop. est. at 150,000. Hebron, he'bron, Arab. El Khulil (the friend of God), anc. Arba, or Kirjath-arba, a town of Palestine, about 18 m. from Jeru salem. It is one of the most ancient of cities, the cave of Machpelah, in which Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah, were all buried, being in its neighbourhood. David, after the death of Saul, made Hebron the cap. of his king dom. Pop. about 10,000. Heckmondwike, hek'mond-wike, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 7£ m. W.N.W. of Wakefield. Pop. 9382. Heola, or Hekla, Mount, hek'ld (so called from the "cloak" of smoke hanging over the mountain), a volcano of Iceland, about 20 m. from its S.W. coast. Height above the sea, 5110 ft. Hedemarken, ha-dd-mar'ken, a baili wick of Norway, in the prov. of Hamar. Pop. 124,100. Hedemora, ha-dd-mo'rd, a small town of Sweden, 23 m. S.E. of Falun. Pop. 1160. Hedjaz, El, el hej-az', or Hejaz (the land of pilgrimage), a Turkish prov. of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea from Mount Sioai to the frontier of Yemen. Hedon, he'don, a munic. bor. in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6 m. E. of Hull. Pop. 966. Heidelberg, hi'del-berg, an anc. city in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, on the Neckar, 32 m. N.N.E. of Carlsruhe; it is the seat of a flourishing university, and near the town are the magnificent remains of the ancient electoral palace or castle, in the cellars of which is the famous "Tun of Heidelberg," said to contain 800 hogsheads. Pop. 24,417. Heilbronn, hll'bron (fountain of health, named from a spring which supplies the town with water, but which formerly was used medicinally), a fortified town in Wiir- temberg, Germany, on the Neckar, 26 m. N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 24,415. Helder, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, at the N. extremity of a penin sula opposite the Texel; it is strongly for tified, and communicates with Amsterdam by the Helder Canal, which is 50 m. long, 125 ft. broad, and 21 ft. deep. Pop. 19,676. Helena, hel-e'nd, or hel'e-nd, a city of the U.S., America, cap. of Montana Ter ritory. It is situated in Prickly Pear Valley, about 14 m. W. of the Missouri River. Pop. 3624. Helensburgh, el'enz-bur-o (named after the wife of Sir James Colquhouu), a town name, pa. of Kildonan. Pop., with East Helmsdale, 675. — West Helmsdale aud Marrel is also a vil. in pa. of Kildonan. Pop. 659. Helmsley, helmz'le, a pa. and township in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, 12 m, N .E. of Thirsk. Pop. of pa. 3502 ; of town ship 1550. Helmstedt, helm'slett, a town in the duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 21 m. E.N.E. of Brunswick. In its vicinity are mineral baths. Pop. 8684. Helmund, hel-mund', anc. Etymandrus, a river of Afghanistan, which rises near Kabul, and falls into Lake Hamoon after a course of about 650 m. Its banks abound with traces of former civilisation. Helsingborg, hel'sing-borg, a seaport of Sweden, gov. Malmo, on the Sound, oppo site Elsinore in Denmark. Pop. 11,550. Helsrngfors, hel'sing-fors (said to be named after a colony from the prov. of Helsing-land iu Sweden), a seaport of Russia, the cap. of Finland, on the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Wanna. Pop. 43,142. Helston, hel'ston (cont. of Corn, ha-las- ton, the hill by a green moor), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Cornwall, on the Looe, 10 ra. W.S.W. of Falmouth, with a good harbour. Pop. of pari. bor. 7935; of munic. bor. 3432. Helvellyn, heUvel'lin, a mountain of England, on the borders of Cumberland and Westmorland. Height 3055 ft. Helvoetsluis, hel-voot-slois' , also written HeUevoetsluis, hel-leh-voot-slois' , a forti fied town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Hol land, on the S. side of the island Voorne; it has an excellent harbour and extensive dockyards. Pop. 4504. Hemel Hempstead (formerly Hemel Bamsted, the homestead of Hemel, prob- 172 Fate, fat, fdr ; mole, met; pine, pin ; note, nU ; tune, tun. ably the original owner), a town of Eng land, co. Herts, 6 m. W. of St Albans. Pop. 9064. Henley-on-Thames (said to be from Celt, hen ley, old place), a town of England, co. and 23 m. S.E. of Oxford, on the Thames. Pop. 4604. Henzada, hen-zd'dd, a dist. and town of Pegu, British Burma, on the Irrawadi. Pop. of dist. 318,077; of town 16,800. Hepworth, hep'wurth, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6£ m. S. of Huddersfield. Pop. 1047. Herat, her-dt', anc. Aria, a commercial city of Afghanistan, in an extensive and fertile plain, near the Heri-rud; it is strongly fortified. Pop. est. at 50,000. Herault, ha-ro', or a-ro', a maritime dep. in the S. of France, on the Mediter ranean. Pop. 441,527. Herculaneum, her-ku-la'ne-um, an ancient city of Italy, situated at the base of the W. declivity of Mount Vesuvius. It was buried by an eruption of the vol cano in 79, and until 1709 its site was a matter of doubt. Since that time exten sive excavations have been made, and many valuable antiquities found. Hereford, her'e-ford (ford of the army), a city and pari, and munic. bor. of England, the cap. of Herefordshire, and a bishop's see, on the Wye, 19 m. N. of Monmouth. Pop. 19,821 Herefordshire, a county in the W. of England, bounded N. by Shropshire ; W. by Radnor and Brecknock; S. by Mon mouth and Gloucester; and E. by Wor cester. Area 836 sq. m.; pop. 121,062. The surface is hilly, interspersed with valleys opening out into wide - spread plains. The principal hills are the Hatterel range of the Black Mountains in the S.W., and the Malvern Hills on the E. The Lugg, Wye, Arrow, Frome, and Munnow are the chief rivers. The soil is extremely fertile. Orchards are numerous, the apple crop yielding 20,000 hogsheads of cider annually. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared, and the breeds are celebrated. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people.— The co. town is Hereford. Heriot, her'l-ut, a pa. of Scotland, in the S.E. of Edinburghshire. Pop. 429. Herisau, hd're-so, a manufacturing town of Switzerland, canton and 7 m. N.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 10,146. Hermanstadt, her'man-stdtt, a town of Hungary, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, also called the land of the Saxons, in Transylvania, situated in a beautiful and fertile valley watered by the Zibin. Pop. 19,446. Hermon, Mount, her'mon, called by the Sidonians Sirion, Arab. J ebel-esh- Sheikh, a branch of Anti-libanus, and the highest of all the Lebanon Mountains; it is 10,000 ft. above the level of the sea, and formed the N. boundary of the country beyond Jordan. Herne Bay, hern, a watering-place of England, co. Kent, on a bay on the N. coast, about 9 m. N.E. of Canterbury. Pop. 2816. Hemosand, her'nn-sand, a seaport town of Sweden, the cap. of the gov. of Wester Norrland, on the W. coast of the island of Hernan in the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 5370. Herrnbut, hern'hoot, a vil. of Saxony, 12 m. N. of Zittau. It was founded by Moravi ans in 1722. Hersfeld, hers'felt, a town of Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the Fulda, 31 m. S.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 7065. Herstal, hers'tdl, or Heristal, her'is-tdl (army place), a town of Belgium, prov. and 3£ m. N.E. of Liege, on the Maas, with great iron and steel works. Pop. 11,500. Hertford, hdr'furd (probably from A.S. heort, a hart, and ford, a ford=the hart's ford), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, cap. of Hertfordshire, on the Lea, 21 m. N. of London; it has one of the largest corn- markets in the kingdom. Pop. of pari. bor. 8718; of munic. bor. 7747. Hertfordshire, or Herts, one of the Midland counties of England; it is encom passed by Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Middlesex, and Buckingham. Area 611 sq. m.; pop. 203,069. The N. part of the co. is skirted by a range of chalk downs (a branch of the Chiltern Hills), rising to an elevation of about 900 ft. above the level of the sea. The principal rivers are the Lea, Colne, Verlam, and New River. It is chiefly an agricultural co., and ranks among the leading wheat-growing districts of England. Nearly the whole surface is under cultivation, and nowhere is the science of farming better understood. The staple manuf. is malt, Ware being the largest malting town in the kingdom. S traw-plait and paper are extensively made in the S. and W. Corn is the principal article of trade. — Hertford is the co. town. Herzegovina, hert-sd-go-ve'nd, a moun tainous district in the W. of European Turkey, included in the eyalet of Bosnia. The soil is fertile, but in some parts marshy. The country is in the military occupation of Austria-Hungary. Pop. 208,000.— The chief town is Mostar, on the Narenta. Hesse-Cassel, hes'se-kas'sel, Germ. Kur- hessen, or Hessen Kassel, once an indepen dent principality in the W. of Germany, but annexed to Prussia in 1S66, and now forming part of the prov. of Hesse-Nassau. Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand-Duchy of, a principality of Germany, to the N. of Baden, consisting of two nearly equal parts, separated by a portion of the Prussian prov. of Hesse-Nassau. It is divided into three provs., viz., Upper Hesse, Rhenish Hesse, and Starkenburg: A large tract of the country is mountainous, but the banks of the Rhine are level and very fertile, covered with corn-fields, vineyards, and orchards. Agriculture and the wine-trade are the Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, ell, a town in the N. R- of Yorkshire, England, 7£ m. W.N.W. of Whitby. Pop. 2467. Hindley, hind'le, a town in Lancashire, England, 2£ m. E.S.E. of Wigan. Pop. 14,715. Hindostan, or Hindustan. See India. Hindu-Kush, hin-doo-koosh' (the Hindu or Indian Caucasus), a range of lofty moun tains separating Afghanistan from Afghan Turkestan. Hinojosa del Duque, e-no-ho'sa del doo'kd, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.W. of Cordova, with linen and woollen manufs. Pop. 9448. Hiogo, he-o'go, a seaport of Japan, on the S.W. coast of the island of Niphon, at the head of the Gulf of Osaka. Pop. 30,408. Hioring, he-u'ring, orHjoring, hyn'ring, a town of Denmark, in the N. of the prov. of Jutland, 21 m. N. of Aalborg. Pop. 4308. Hipperbolme, hip'per-hom, a town in the W.R. of Yorkshire, England, 2 m. E. of Halifax. Pop. 2934. Hirschberg, heersh'berg^ (the hart's hill), a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Boher, near the Bohemian frontier. Pop. 14,388. Hissar, his-sar', a div., dist., and town of the Punjab, British India. Pop. of div. 1,311,067; of dist. 504,183; of town 14,170. Hitcbin, hitch'in, a town of England, co. Herts, 15 m. N.W. of Hertford. Pop. 8434. Hitteren, hit'ter-en, a considerable island * of Norway, off the coast of Drontheim. Pop. 3700. Hoangho, ho-ang'ho, almost wlwng-ho' (the yellow river), a large river of China. Issuing from the mountains of Tibet, and pursuing a circuitous course of 2600 m. through some of the finest provinces of China, it falls into the Yellow Sea, in 34° N. lat., and 120° E. long. Hoang-Shan, ho'ang-shdn, a mountain in the prov. of Nganwhi, China. Hobart, hob' art (named after one of the first settlers, and until 1881 known as Hobart Town), the cap. of Tasmania, on the river Derwent, about 12 m. from its mouth. Pop. 21,118. Hobkirk, hob'kirk, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh. The name is a corr. of Hope- kirk, i.e., kirk of the hope. Hope means "a small valley or glen opening into a larger valley, generally at the confluence of a mountain rill with a larger stream." Pop. 662. Hoboken, ho'bo-ken, a city of Hudson co., New Jersey, U.S., on the Hudson River opposite New York. Pop. 30,999. Hoohelaga, hosh-e-ld'gd, a co. and town in the prov. of Quebec, Dominion of Canada, dist. of Montreal. Pop. of co. 40,079 ; of town 4111. Hoddam, hod'dam, anc. Hodholm (head of the holm), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dum fries. Pop. 1548. Hof (enclosure, manor, or dwelling), a town of Bavaria, with considerable trade and manufactures, on the Saale, 30 m. N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 20,997. Hogganfield, hog'gan-feeld, a vil. of Scot land, co. Lanark, pa. of Shettleston. Pop., including Millerston, 625. Hohenlinden, ho-en-lin'den, anc. Hollin- den (the hollow place of the lindens or lime trees), a vil. of Bavaria, 20 m. E. of Munich, where the French, under Moreau, defeated the Austrians in 1800. Hohenzollern, ho-en-tsol'lern (the high place of the Zwolf family), a small but anc. principality of Prussia, surrounded on three sides by Wiirtemberg, and on the fourth by Baden. It was divided into the two states of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohen- zollern-Sigmaringen, each governed by its own prince, until 1849, when both princes resigned their dominions to the King of Prussia as the head of the House of Hohen zollern. The principality contains about 450 sq. m.; pop. 67,624. Hokitika, ho-ki-te'kd, a town on the W. coast of South Island, New Zealand, co. Westland, on the Hokitika River. There are extensive gold-mines in its neighbour hood. Pop. 2600. Holbeach, hol'beech, a town of England, co. Lincoln, 12 m. S. of Boston. Pop. 5190. Holbeek, hol'bek, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, about 1 m. from Leeds. Pop. 19,150. Holderness, hdl'der-npss, anc. Holdeora- nesse (the wooded promontory of the prov. of Deira), a fertile district of England, in the E. R. of Yorkshire, between the North Sea and the estuary of the river Humber. Holland. See Netherlands. Holland, North and South, two con tiguous provs. of the Netherlands, em bracing the most important portions of the kingdom. Area of N. Holland, 1054 sq. m. ; pop. 679,990. Area of S. Holland, 1155 sq. m. ; pop. 803,530. Hollandbusb and Haggs, hoVland-boosh and hdgs, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pas. of Denny and Kilsyth. Pop. 524. Hollingworth, hol'ling-wurth, a town of England, co. Chester, 2 m. E. of Staley- bridge. Pop. 2658. Holm (Scand. a small island), a pa. of Scotland, Orkney, ou a sound of the same name. Pop. 1090. Holme Cultram, horn kul'tram, a town of England, co. Cumberland, 15 m. W.S.W. of Carlisle: Pop. 4230. Holt, holt (a woody district, from A.S. holt, a wood), a pa. and market town of England, co. Norfolk, 4 m. S.E. of Blake- Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; ndte, not; tune, tun. 175 ney. Tbe richness of the soil is such that the dist. has been called the " Garden of Norfolk." Pop. of pa. 1535. Holt, a town of England, co. Denbigh, on the Dee, 5 m. N.E. of Wrexham. Pop. 1023. Holyhead, hol'e-hed, a pari. bor. and sea port town of Wales, situated on a small island off Anglesea, from which the Irish packets sail. Pop. 8680. Holy Island (so named from its having been the site of a monastery founded by Oswald the Saxon king of Northumbria in 635), or Lindisfarne (probabLy the fahr or ferry of the Lindis on the opposite shore), off the coast of Northumberland, England, 8 m. S.E. of Berwick -on- Tweed; it is about 9 m. in circumference, aud was anciently the seat of a bishopric, which extended over the S.E. of Scotland and the N.E. of England. Pop. 686. Holy Island, an island of Scotland, co. Bute, pa. of Kilbride, Arran. Holytown, a town of Scotland, co, Lanark, pa. of Bothwell. Pop., including New Stevenston, 24S0. Holywell, kol'e-well (named from St Winifred's well, a famous spring which for merly was held in great repute for miracu lous cures), a pari. bor. and market town of N. Wales, co. Flint, 15 m. N.W. of Chester. In the neighbourhood is a rich lead-mine. Pop. of pari. bor. 7862 ; of town 3090. Holywood (the grove consecrated as a meeting-place by the Druids), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 1078. Homberg, hom'berg, a town of Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 20 m. S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3551. Homburg, hom'boorg (high hill fort), a town of Prussia, 9 m. N.N.W. of Frankfurt- on-the-Main, famous for its mineral springs and baths. Pop. 8336. Horns, homz, anc. Emesa, a city of Syria, 86 m. N.N.E. of Damascus, with manufs. of gold and silver thread, cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics. Pop. est. at 15,000. Ho-nan, ho-nan' (south of the river), a central prov. of China, watered by the Hoang-ho. It is so fertile as to be called the "Garden of China;" but in 1877-78 a long-protracted drought baked large areas of the country to the consistency of brick, and occasioned a most calamitous famine, during which hundreds of thousands of the population died of starvation. Pop. est. at 23,000,000. Hondo. See Niphon. Honduras, hon-doo'ras, a state in Cen tral America, bounded on the W. by Guate mala; S. by San Salvador and Nicaragua; E. by Nicaragua ; and N. by the Gulf of Hondurus. Area 39,600 sq. m. Pop. 351,000. —Tegucigalpa is the cap. Honduras, British. See Balize. Honduras, Gulf of, an extensive inlet of the Caribbean Sea, between Yucatan and Honduras. Honfieur, hong-fiur' or ong-Jlar', a sea port town of France, dep. Calvados, at the mouth of the Seine, 8 m. S.E. of Havre. Pop. 9136. Hong-kong (said to be corr. from Chin. heang-keang, the valley of fragrant waters), a small island at the mouth of the Canton River, ceded by the Chinese to the British in 1842. It is about 37 m. from Macao, and 100 m. from Canton. Area 32 sq. m.; pop. 160,402. — Victoria, the cap., was founded in 1842.-22° 15' N. lat., 114° IS' E. long. Hong-tse, an extensive lake in the prov. of KiaDg-su, China. Honiton, hon'e - tun, a munic. bor. of England, co. Devon, on the Otter, 16£ m. E.N.E. of Exeter, noted for its lace. Pop. 3358. Honley, hon'le, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. S. of Hudders- field. Pop. 5070. Honolulu, hon-o-loo'loo, or Honoruru, the chief town and seaport of the Sand wich Islands, on the S. side of the island of Woahoo. Pop. estimated at 15,000. Hood, Mount, the loftiest peak of the Cascade Range, Oregon, U.S. It is 11,225 ft. high. Hood River, British N. America, flows int© Coronation Gulf, Arctic Ocean. Hoogli, or Hugli, hoog'le, a town of British India, cap. of a dist. of the samp name, on the Hoogli River, 27 m. N. from Calcutta. It was founded by the Portu guese in 1537. Pop., with Chinsurah, 34,761. The dist. with Howrah has a pop. of 1,642,826. Hoogli, or Hugli, a river of India, formed by the junction of two western branches of the Ganges. It is 15 m. wide at its mouth. _ Hoole, hool, a town in Cheshire, Eng land, \\ ra. N.E. of Chester. Pop. 2899. Hoo-nan, hoo-nan' (south of the lake, so named from its situation S. of Lake Tong- ting), a prov. of China, W. of Kiang-si. It is hilly, but fertile, and is rich in minerals. Pop. estimated at 18,700,000. Hoo-pe, ho-pd' (north of the lake, i.e., of Lake Tong-ting), a prov. of China, S. of Ho-nan and N. of Hoo-nan and Kiang-si. Pop. estimated at 27,400,000. Hoorn, horn (the projection or promon tory), a seaport town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, on a bay of the Zuyder Zee, 20 m. N.N.E. of Amsterdam. Schouten, the discoverer of Cape Horn, and Tasman, the discoverer of Van Dieman's Land, were natives of this town. Pop. 10,200. Hope, a township in the co. of Bona- venture, prov. Quebec, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 1824. Hopeman, hope'man, a vil. of Scotland, co. Elgin, pa. of Duffus. Pop. 1323. Hor, Mount, a mountain of Arabia Petnea, forming part of Mount Seir or Edom, and nearly intermediate between the Dead Sea and the head of the Gulf of 176 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. Akaba. It has three peaks, on the loftiest of which is the reputed tomb of Aaron. Horbury, hor'ber-e, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. S.W. of Wake field. Pop. 5050. Horeb, Mount, ho'reb (the desert), a mountain of Arabia, N.W. from Mount Sinai, celebrated in sacred history as con taining the rock from which, when struck by Moses, water issued to relieve the thirst of the Israelites. Horfleld, hor'feeld, a town in Gloucester shire, England, 2£ m. N. of Bristol. Pop. 4451. Horisdale, ho'ris-dale, an island of Scot land, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Gair- loch. Horn, The, a cape on the S.W. coast of Jutland, Denmark. Horncastle, horn'cds'l (the castle on the promontory), a market-town of England, co. and 21 m. E. of Lincoln, on the point formed by the junction of the rivers War ing and Bain. Pop. 4818. Hornsea, horn'se (the projection on the sea-coast), a town in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, 16 m. N.E. of Hull. Pop. 1836. Hornsey, horn'se (probably corr. from its anc. name Haringe, about Queen Eliza beth's time usually written Harnsey, mean ing, it is supposed, " the meadow of hares "), a pa. and town of England, co. Middlesex, forming a suburb of London, about 6 m. N.E. of St Paul's. Pop. of pa. 37,078; of town 22,485. Horsens, hor'senz, a seaport town of Denmark, on the E. coast of Jutland, on the Horsens-Fiord. Pop. 12,654. Horsham, hor'sham (from Sax. hurst- ham, the home or village in the wood, hut others say from Horsa-ham, the house of Horsa, the brother of Hengist), a pari. bor. of England, co. Sussex, 22 m.N. of Brighton. Several lines of railway converge here, and occasion considerable traffic. Pop. 9552. Hoshangabad, or Hoshungabad, hosh- ung-gd-bdd', a dist. and town of the Central Provinces, British India, div. Jubbulpore. Pop. of dist. 450,000; of town 12,000. Houghton-le- Spring, ho'tun-le-spring, a town of England, co. and 6 m. N.E. of Durham. Pop. 6041. Hounslow, hounz'lo (from Sax. hundes- hlaw, hound's hill or mound), a town of England, co. Middlesex, on the Colne, 2£ m. S.W. of Brentford. Hounslow Heath, in the immediate vicinity, was once notorious for highway robberies, but every part of it capable of culture has been enclosed, and numerous handsome residences have been erected within its bounds, so that its aspect is now entirely changed. Hourn, Loch, hoom, an inlet on the W. coast of Inverness -shire, Scotland, stretch ing inland from the Sound of Sleat for 13 m. It is 5 m. wide at its mouth. Houssa, hou'sd, an extensive dist. of Soudan, Central Africa, consisting of vari ous petty kingdoms or states, each of which has a governor, while the whole is under the supreme rule of a sultan. It yields abundance of grain, cotton, etc. Houston, hoos'tun (named in honour of General Houston, United States Senator from Texas), a town of Texas, U.S., 60 m. N.W. of Galveston. Pop. 16,513. Houston, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Houston and Killellan. Pop. 553. Houston and Killellan, a uuited pa. of Scotland, co. Renfrew. It was called Hous ton, or Hugh' a town, because granted to Hugo de Padvinan during the reign of Malcolm IV. Killellan is a corr. of Killfillan, the cell or church of St Fillan. Pop. 2191. Howden, how'den, a market town in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Ouse. 22 m. W. of Hull. Pop. 2198. Howdon, a town of England, co. North umberland, on the Tyne, 2£ m. W.S.W. of North Shields. Pop. 1099. Hownam, how'nam (Howen's or Owen's dwelling-place), a pa. of Scotland, co. Rox burgh. Pop. 263. Howrah, or Haura, how'rd, a town of British India, in a dist. of the same name, prov. Bengal, div. Rajshahye, on the right bank of the Hoogli, opposite Calcutta. Pop. of dist. 635,381 ; of town 105,575. Howth Head (from the Dan. hofed, a head), a promontory of Ireland, terminat ing the peninsula of Howth, on the N. of Dublin Bay.— 53° 22' N. lat., 6° 4' W. long. Howth, The Hill of, a peninsula of Ireland, co. Dublin, at the foot of which is the town of Howth, 10 m. N.E. of Dublin. Howwood, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ren frew, pa. of Lochwinnoch. Pop. 333. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, Scot land, lying about 15 m. S.W. of Kirkwall. Here stands an immense insulated rock called, from its resemblance in shape to the human form, " The Old Man of Hoy." Pop. 1380. Hoy and Graemsay, hoy and grdm'sd, a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney. Pop. 603. Hoyland Swaine, hoy'land swain, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. W.S.W. of Barnsley. Pop. 750. Huancavelioa, wdn -hi-vd- le'kd, or Guancabelica, gwdn-kd-bd-le'kd. a mining town of Peru, the cap. of a dep. of the same name, 80 m. N.W. of Guamanga. It is 11,000 ft. above the sea, and its mines of quicksilver are among the richest in the world. Pop. of dep. 104,155 ; of town 3937. Hubli, hoob'lS, a town of British India, div. Deccan, dist. Dharwar. Pop. 38,000. Hucknall Torkard, a town of England, co. and 6 m. N.N.W. of Nottingham. Pop. 10,023. Byron, the poet, was interred here in 1824. Huddersfleld, hud'ders-feeld, a pari. and munic. bor. and manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Colne, 14 m. S.S.W. of Leeds; it has exten sive iron foundries and engine-works; plain Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, n8t; tune, tun. 177 Humber, hum'ber (from Sax. Humbre, so called from the humming sound made by the water at the flowing and ebblDg of the tide), an estuaiy on the E. coast of Eng land, between the counties of York and Lincoln, formed by the junction of the Ouse, Aire, and Trent. Humbie, hum'be, a pa. of Scotland, co. Haddington. Pop. 907. Hungary, The Kingdom of, hung'gd-re (from Lat. Hungaria, for Hungavaria, said to be from HunniwaA. Avares, two Scythian tribes who invaded this country about a.d. 400), a country of Central Europe, forming part of the Austrian empire. [See Austria.] Hungerford, hung' gher-ford (corr. from its former name Ingleford, for Englaford, the ford of the Angles), a pa. of England, cos. Berks and Wilts, on the Kennet, 26£ m. W.S.W. of Reading. Pop. 2965. Hunslet, hun'slet, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, forming a suburb of Leeds, with which it is connected by bridges across the Aire. Pop. 46,942. Hunter, a river of New South Wales, Australia, rises in the Liverpool Range, and, after a tortuous course of about 300 m ., enters the Pacific Ocean at Port Hunter. Hunterfleld and Arniston, hun'ter-feeld and dr'nis-tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edin burgh, pas. of Cockpen and Newbattle. Pop. 766. Huntingdon, hunt' ing - dun (hunter's hill), a pari, and munic. bor. and co. town of Huntingdonshire, England, on the Ouse, 17 m. N.W. of Cambridge. Oliver Crom well was born here, 25th April 1599. Pop. of pari. bor. 6416 ; of munic. bor. 4228. Huntingdon, a co. and town of Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada. Pop. of co. 15,495; of town 856. Huntingdonshire, an inland co. of Eng land, surrounded by the cos. of Northamp ton, Bedford, and Cambridge. Area 359 sq. m. ; pop. 59,491. Almost its whole area is in arable or pasture lands. The N. portion is fenny, and is included in the midland division of that extensive tract known as the Bedford Level. The Ouse traverses the S. angle of the co. in a N.E. direction, and the Nen skirts its N. boundary. Agri culture occupies the chief attention of the inhabitants, the crops raised being wheat, oats, barley, and hemp. Rape is grown in the fens, and mustard-seed and hops are occasionally grown. Scarcely any manufs. are carried on except wool-stapling and spinning y&m.— Huntingdon is the co. town. Huntingtower and Buthvenfield, hunt'ing-tower and ruth'v en-feel d, or riv'en- feeld, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Tibbermore. Pop. 458. Huntly, a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. The town is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Bogie and the Deveron, 34 m. N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of pa. 4388 ; of town 3519. M and fancy woollen manufs. are extensively carried on. Pop. of pari. bor. 87,157; of munic. bor. 81,841. Hndiksvall, hoo'diks-vdl, a town of Swedtn, gov. Gefleborg, on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothnia, 70 m. N. of Gefle. P. 4464. Hudson, hud'sun (named from Henry Hudson, who ascended it in 1607), a river of the United States, which rises in the moun tains between Lakes Ontario and Champ lain, and, flowing southward, falls into the Sea at New York, after a course of 325 m. Hudson, a city of New York, U.S., on the river Hudson, 116 m. N. of New York city. Pop. 8670. Hudson Bay, a great inland sea of Brit ish North America. In extent it is more than twice the size of the Baltic, and nearly twice as large as the Black Sea in Europe. It communicates with the Atlantic by Hudson Strait, and on the N. with Baffin Bay and the Arctic Ocean. It abounds with fish, and on its E. coast iron ore is very abundant. On its W. coast are the stations of Churchill Fort, York Fort, Albany Fort, and Moose Fort. The har bours of Churchill and Nelson are capa cious, and it has been proposed to estab lish a steamboat route between one or both of them and Europe. Its S. partis named James Bay. Hudson Bay Territory. See North- West Territories. Hue, hoo-d', or hwa, the cap. of the empire of Anam, on a navigable river about 10 m. from its mouth in the China Sea. It is strongly fortified, and surrounded by a double ditch and brick wall, 60 ft. in height. Pop. about 100,000. Huelva, hwel'vd (corr. of its Arabic name Wuelba), a town of Spain, cap. of the prov. of the same name, 51 m. W. of Seville. Pop. 13,174.— The prov. has a pop. of 210,641. Huercal-Overa, hwer-kdl' o-vd'rd, a town of Spain, prov. and 48 m. N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 15,219. Huesca, hwes'kd, anc. Osca, a city of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Aragon, 36 m. N.E. of Zaragoza; it has a university founded in 1354. Pop. 11.416.— The prov. has a pop. of 252,165. Hugli. See Hoogli. Hull, or Kingston-upon-Hull (named Kingston after Edward I.), a pari, and munic. bor. and river port in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Humber, at the mouth of the Hull. It is the fourth commercial city of England, has extensive dock accommodation for shipping, and a very large trade in linseed and other oil-producing seeds. Pop. of pari. bor. 162.194; of munic. bor. 154,240. Hull, the cap. of co. Ottawa, Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada, on the Ottawa River, 2 m. from Ottawa City. Pop. 6890. Hullet, hul'let, a township in co. Huron, prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Pop. 3875. 178 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, n&t; tune, tiin. Hurdwar, hurd-wdr' (from Sansc. Hari- dwara, Vishnu' s gate, or Hara-dwara, Shiva's gate), a town of the North-West Provinces, British India, situated on the Ganges, where it issues from the Himalaya Mountains. It is famous as a place of pil grimage, and for its fair, which is the greatest in India. Hurlet, hur'let, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Abbey. Pop. 341. Hurlford, hurl'ford, a town of Scotland, co. Ayr, pas. of Riccarton and Kilmarnock. Pop. 4385, chiefly colliers. Huron, Lake, hu'ron, one of the great lakes which separate Canada from the United States. Its length is 200 m., its breadth 160, and its mean depth 300 ft. It communicates by straits with Lake Superior and with Lake Michigan on the W., and by the Lake of St Clair and the river Detroit with Lake Erie on the S.E. Along its northern shore is a chain of richly wooded islands called the Manitoulin or Sacred Isles. Hurst, a town in Lancashire, England, 1 m. N.E. of Ashton-under-Lyne, within the pari. bor. of which it is included. Pop . 6384. — Also a pa. iu the co. of Berks. Pop. 2868.— Hurst Castle, co. Hants, is situated 3£ m. S. of Lymington, on a remarkable natural causeway, about 200 yards wide, extending 2 m. into the sea, and approach ing within 1 m. of the Isle of Wight. On Hurst beach are two lighthouses. Huscb, hoosh, a town of Roumania, near the Pruth, 47 m. S.E. of Jassy. Pop. 18,500. Hutton, hut'Vn, originally Howton (the enclosure in the hollow), a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 962. Hutton and Corrie, a united pa. of Scot land, co. Dumfries. Corrie signifies " a narrow glen." Pop. 814. Huy, hoi, sometimes we, a town of Bel gium, prov. and 17 m. S.W. of Liege, on the Maas, with extensive iron-works aud paper-mills. Pop. 11,774. _ Hyde, a munic. bor. of England, co. Chester, 4 m. N.E. of Stockport. Pop. 28,630, mostly employed in coal-mines and cotton manufactures. Hyderabad, hi-der-d-bdd', Hydrahad, or Haidarabad (the city of Hyder), a city of British India, cap. of the div. of Sind, Bombay presidency, near the E. bank of the Indus. Pop. 36,000.— The dist. of the same name has a pop. of 754,624. Hyderabad, Hydrabad, or Haidara bad, a walled city of India, cap. of the Nizam's Dominions, in a barren and rocky district on the Musi, a trib. of the Kristna. It is a distinctly Mussulman city, and the principal mosque is built on the model of the Kaaba at Mecca. Pop. est. at 263,000. — The state of the same name has a pop. of 9,200,881. Hydra, he'drd, a rocky island off the E. coast of the Morea, Greece. On its N. side is a town of the same name. Pop. 7380. Hyeres. See Hieres. Hymettus, hi-met'tus, a famous moun tain of Greece, 4£ m. E.S.E. of Athens, in ancient times and still celebrated for its honey. Hythe, hith (a haven), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Kent, on the English Channel, 11 m. W.S.W. of Dover. Pop. of pari. bor. 28,239 ; of munic. bor. 4173. For places not found under I, see under J and Y. Xbaka, ib-d'ka, a station on the river Congo, W. Africa, about 100 m. above Stanley Pool, founded by the International Committee for investigating that part of Africa. Iberia, i-be're-a, or Iberian Peninsula, a name sometimes given to Spain and Por tugal. Ica, e'sd, a town of Peru, dep. and 168 m. S.S.E. of Lima. Pop. 6906. Iceland, ice'land (island or water-land), a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, between 63° and 67° N. lat, and 13° and 25° W. long. Its length is 300 m., and its breadth 200 m. Its surface is rugged and mountainous, its soil barren, and its climate severe. About 20 m. from the S.W. coast is the famous volcano Mount Hecla. Springs of hot water are numerous, of all degrees of temperature up to a state of violent ebullition. The most remarkable of these springs, called the Great Geyser, throws up columns of boiling water to the height of 90, 100, and some times even to above 150 ft., accompanied with a noise like the explosion of cannon. The island is very thinly peopled, having a superficial area estimated at 40,000 sq. m., with a pop. of 72,438. The people, Lutherans, are very intelligent and of simple manners. — Reikiavik, the cap., is on the S.W. coast. leolmkill. See Iona. Icy Cape, on the N.W. coast of North America.— 70" 20' N. lat., 161° 46' W. long. Ida, i'dd, a mountain of Asia Minor, 5292 ft. high, opposite the entrance of the Dardanelles. Idaho, l'dd-ho, a territory of the United States, bounded N. by the British posses sions; E. by Montana and Wyoming; S. by Utah and Nevada; W. by Oregon and Washington. Area 86,294 sq. m.; pop. 32,610. — Bois&e is the cap. Idle, I'dl, a town in the W. R. of York shire, England, 3 m. N.N.E. of Bradford, Pop. 6643. Idria, id're-d or e'dre-d, a town of Car niola, Austria-Hungary, 23 m. W.S.W. of Lay bach, celebrated for its quicksilver mine. Pop. 4174. Iglau, ig'lou, a town of Moravia, Austria- Hungary, on the Igla, with silver and lead mines in its neighbourhood. Pop. 22,378. Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, m&t ; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. 179 Iglesias, e-gld'se-ds, a town of Sardinia, prov. and 32 m. W.N.W. of Cagliari, with a good trade in wine. Pop. 7191. Igualada, e-gwd-ld'dd, a town of Cata lonia, Spain, on the Noya, S3 m. N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 11^882. Iguape, e-gwd'pa, a town of Brazil, prov. Santo Paulo, near the mouth of the Iguape. Pop. 8000. Ikelembo, ik-e-lem'bo, or Uriki, oo-re'ke, a large river of the great Central basin of Africa, lying between the Equatorial Lake and Western Maritime Regions; it joins the Congo or Livingstone near the equator, in near 20° E. long. Ilala, il-d'ld, the place near the S. shore of Lake Bangweolo, South Central Africa, where Dr Livingstone died, 1st May 1873. Ilchester, U'ches-ter (corr. from Ivel- chester, the camp on the Ivel, a trib. of the Parret), a pa. of England, co. Somerset, 4 m. S.E. of Somerton. Roger Bacon was bora here in 1214. Pop. 683. Ilfracombe, il'frd-koom (Elfric's dingle or hollow between hills), a town of England, co. Devon, at the mouth of the Bristol Channel, 11 m. N.W. of Barnstaple; it is frequented as a bath ing- place. Pop. 6255. Hi, e'le, a river of the prov. of Kuldja, Central Asia ; it rises in the Thian-Shan Mountains, flows W. past the town of Kuldja, and after a course of about 600 m. falls into Lake Balkash. Hkeston, il'kes-tun (corr. of its ancient name Elchestane), a town of England, co. Derby, 8 m. N.W. of Nottingham. Pop. 14,122. Hkley, ilk'le, a pa. and township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5J m. N.W. of Otley, famed from an early period for a medicinal spring of remarkably cold water, which attracts many visitors during the summer season. Ben Rhydding and Ilkley Wells House, well-known hydropathic estab lishments, are near the town. Pop. 5164. IU, a river of Elsass-Lothringen, W- Germany; it flows past Strassburg, and 5 m. N.E. of it joins the Rhine, after a course of about 100 m. IUe-et-Vilaine, eel-d-ve-lain' , a dep. in the N.W. of France, on the English Chan nel. Pop. 615,480. Hler, a river of S. Germany, forming the boundary between Bavaria and Wlirtem- berg, joining the Danube 2 m. above Ulm. Illinois, il-lin-oi' (named from an Indian tribe), one of the United States of N. America, bounded E. by Indiana; N. by Wisconsin; S. by the Ohio; and W. by the Mississippi, which separates it from Mis souri and Iowa. It is for the most part a range of fertile prairies, on which account it is often called the Prairie State. It has rich lead-mines; coal and salt springs abound, and medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, are found in various parts. Area 55,409 sq. m. ; pop. 8,077, 871.Springfield is the state cap. Illinois, a river of the United States, which flows 400 m. through the state of Illinois, and falls into the Mississippi 18 m. above the Missouri. Illyria, ilAir'e-d, part of the Austro- Hungarian Empire, once an independent kingdom, comprehending Carinthia, Car- niolo, Goritz, Gradisca, Istria, and Trieste. It is a mountainous country, with fertile valleys, abounding in mineral wealth- quicksilver, copper, iron, silver, marble, jasper, and garnets. The most important manufs. are those of copper, iron, and steel ; the commerce consists chiefly of the transit- trade between Vienna and Trieste. Area 10,940 sq. m. ; pop. 1,477,907. Ilmen, il-men', a lake of European Rus sia, gov. Novgorod. It is of a triangular form, and communicates with Lake Ladoga by the river Volkov and a canal. Ilminster, il'min-ster (the monastery on the river Isle), a town of England, co. Somerset, on the Isle, 10J m. S.E. of Taun ton. Pop. 3281. Ilocos, e-lo'kos, two mountainous provs. of Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. Imbros, im'bros, an island belonging to Turkey, 19 m. long and 10 m. broad, off the E. entrance of the Dardanelles. Pop. 4000. Imeritia, e-mer-ish'e-a, part of the anc. Colchis, a country S. of the Caucasus, once independent, but now subject to Russia, and embraced in the gov. of Kutais. Imola, e-mo'ld, a town of N. Italy, prov. Ravenna, on a small island in the river Santerno. Pop. 9275. Ince in Makerfield,'7ncez/im5'Aer-/eeZt and second temples, the destruction of the city by Titus, and the dispersion of the Jews by Adrian, are events known to every reader of history. The recovery of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Saracens was the great object of the Crusaders. It was taken, in 1099, by Godfrey of Bouillon, who was created King of Jerusalem, and retaken by Saladin in 1187. Pop. about 28,000, of whom one-fourih are Christians. Jesi, or Iesi, e d'se, a town of Central Italy, prov. and 16 m. W.S.W. of Ancona. on the left bank of the Ebina. Pop. 13,500. Jesso, or Yesso, yes'so, a large island of Japan, N. of Niphon, from which it is separated by the Stiait of Sangar. Est. area 62,500 sq. m. ; pop., with the Kuriles, 163,355. Jessore, or Jessor, jes-sor', a dist. of British India, presidency of Bengal, occupying the centre of the delta of the Ganges. Area 3658 sq. m.; pop. 2,210,898. — The chief town has the same name, and is 77 m. N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. 8200. Jesus Island. See Isle Jesus. Jever, yd'ver, a town in the grand-duchy of Oldenburg, N. Germany, ou the Sieltief Canal, 33 m. N.N.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 5306. Jeypore, Jeypur, or Jaipur, Ji-poor', one of the five principal Rajpoot States of India, presidency of Bengal, tributary to the British. Area 15,250 sq. m. ; pop. est. at 1,250,000. Jeypore, Jeypur, or Jaipur, the cap. of the above state, in a valley, 148 m. S.W. of Delhi; it contains a magnificent palace, numerous temples of the finest Hindoo style, and is altogether the handsomest aud most regularly-built city in India. Pop. 140,000. Jeysulmere, or Jaisalmir, ji'sul-meer, a state and town of Kajpootana, India, presi dency of Bengal. Pop. of state est. at 72,000, Jhansi, or Jansi, Jdn'se, a div., dist., and town of the N.W. Provinces, British India. The tuwn is 36 m. from Gwalior. Pop. of div. 9^4,934 ; of dist. 317,826. Jhelum, or Jhelam,,/e'Zum, or Behut, be-hut', the farthest W. of the "five rivers" of the Punjab, India, rises in Cashmere, and, after a S.W. course of about 350 m., joins the Chenah 80 m. N.N.E. of Mooltan. Jhelum, or Jbelam, a dist. of the Pun jab, India, div. Rawulpindee. Pop. 589,373. Jitldsih, jid'dd, a seaport of Arabia, on the coast of the Red Sea. It is a place of great trade, and may be considered the port of Mecca. Pop. about 22,000. Jitomir, Zytomir, or Zhitomeer, zfa't- o-meer', or Zytomiers, a town of European Russia, cap. of Volhynia, on the Tcherev, SO m. S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 41,790. Jock's Lodge, or Piershill, peers'hill, a vil. of Scotland, 1J m. E. of Edinburgh. Here are cavalry barracks built in 1793. Pop., including those in the barracks and in the neighbouring village of Restalrig, 1266. Jodhpur. See Joudpore. Johanna, Jo-han'nd, the central and most frequented of the Comoro Islands, in Moz ambique Channel, Africa. It is well wooded and very picturesque. Pop. est. at 20,000. John o' Groat's House, the name of a once famous building which in ancient times stood on the beach at the mouth of the Pentland Firth, 1£ m. W. of Dun- cansby Head, the N.E. extremity of the mainland of Scotland, co. Caithness. Al though tradition gives a romantic origin to the house, it was probably built for the reception of travellers crossing the firth to the Orkneys. Johnshaven.yonz'fcaVn, a seaport vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 3 m. S.S.W. of Bervie. Pop. 1041. Johnstone, jons'tun, a manufacturing town of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on tbe Black Cai t, 3 m. S.S.W. of Paisley, with valuable coal-mines in the neighbourhood. P. 9267. Johnstone, a pa. of Scotland, co. Dum fries. Pop. 1002. Joh.ore,jo-hore', a flourishing state and town in the S. part of the Malay Peninsula. Area of state about 10,000 sq. m. Joigny, zhwdn-ye',a. town of France, dep. Yonne, ou the river Yonne, 15 m. N.N.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 6125. Joinville, zhweng-veel', a town of France, dep. Haute-Mame, on the river Maine, 22 m. N. of Chaumont. Pop. 3761. J oliba,, Jol'e-ba, a river of W. Africa. See Niger. Joliet, Jo'le-et, a thriving town in Will co., Illinois, U.S., 37 m. S.W. of Chicago; it is surrounded by fertile and cultivated prairies. Pop. 11,657. Joliette, a co. aud town of Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada. Pop. of co. 2L98S; of town 3268. Jonkoping, yon'chwp-ing, almost yon'- chep-ing, an interior gov. of Sweden. Pop. 195,787. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mlt; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tftn. 103 Jonkoping, a town of Sweden, cap. of the above gov., on the S. bank of Lake Wetter. Pop. 16,147. Joppa, a town of Palestine. See Jaffa. Joppa, jop'pd, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, an eastern suburb of Porto- bello, on the Firth of Forth. — Also a vil. in Ayrshire, pa. of Coylton. Jordan, Jor'dan (from Heb. yar'din, the flowing, or the river), Arab. Esh-sheri'ah (the watering-place), a celebrated river of Palestine. Issuing from Mount Hermon, a branch of Anti-Libanus, it forms, with some other streams, the small lake Merom. Passing afterwards through the great lake called the sea of Tiberius, and then flow ing through an extensive plain, it falls into the Dead Sea. Jorullo, ho-rool'yo, often ho-roo'yo, a remarkable volcano in the S. of Mexico, thrown up on the night of the 28th Sept. 1769, from a plain having an elevation of 2890 ft., to the height of 4265 ft. above the sea. At the same time thousands of small cones issued forth, each being a funnel from which ascended a thick vapour to the height of from 33 to 50 ft., but since then many of the small cones have disappeared, others have changed their form, and few now continue to smoke. Joudpore, or Jodhpur./oa'-poor', a city of Indin, cap. of the Rajpoot state of Joud pore or Marwar. Pop., including suburbs, 150,000.— The state has a pop. of 2,000,000. Jounpore, or Jaunpur, Joon-poor', a dist. and town of British India, N.W. Pro vinces. Area of dist. 1544 sq. m.; pop. 1,026,100; of town 24,000. Joux, zhoo, a lake of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near the Jura and the French frontier. Length 7 m., breadth 1 m. Juan Fernandez, Ju'an fer-nan'dez, Span, pron. hoo-dn' fer-ndn'deth (named after the Spanish navigator who discovered it in 1567), an island in the Pacific Ocean, about 400 m. from the coast of Chili. It is 18 m. long by 6 m. broad, and is noted as having been, about 1703, the solitary resi dence of Alexander Selkirk for upwards of four years — an event upon which Defoe founded his celebrated Adventures of Ro binson Crusoe. Jubbulpore, or Jabalpur, Jub-bul-poor', a div., dist , and town of the Central Pro vinces, India. Pop, of div. 1,946,574; of dist. 680,000. The town is situated on the Upper Nerbudda, and has a pop. of 56,000. Judea,, Ju-de'd, the ancient kingdom or country of Judah, forming the S. part of Palestine. Juggernaut, Jug-gher-nawt', or more properly Jaggannatha (the lord of the world, from Sansc. Jagat, the world, and ndtha, lord), or Pooree, or Puri, a town on the coast of Orissa, British India, near Lake Chilka. It contains the famous temple and car of Juggernaut, the pagoda of which, being 200 ft. high, serves as an important landmark at sea. Julich, yn'lih, French Juliers, a town in Rhenish Prussia, on the Roer,15 m. N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 5295. Jullesur, Juleysur, or Jalesar, Jul-e- sur', a town of the N.W. Provinces, British India, div. Agra, 39 m. E. of Muttra. Pop. 15,700. Jullundur, or Jalandbar, Do&b, Jul'lun- dur doo'db, the tract of land in the Punjab, India, between the rivers Sutlej and Beas, ceded to the British in 1846. Jullundur, or Jalandhar, Jul-hm-dur', a div., dist., and town in the Punjab, Brit ish India. Pop. of div. 2,421,781; of dist. 789,555; of town 52,200. Julpigoree, or J&lpaigwci, Jul-pi-goo're, a dist. and town of Cooch Behar, prov. Ben gal. British India. The town is situated 40 m. S.E. of Darjeeling. Pop. of dist. 570,210. Jumet, or Jumetz, zhoo-met', a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, 3 m. N. from Charleroi ; it has glass-works and coal mines in its neighbourhood. Pop. 2 ),313. Jumilla, hoo-meel'ya, a town of Spain, prov. and 31 m. N.N.W. of Murcia, with manufs. of fire-arms, tiles, earthenware, and salt. Pop. 13,886. Jumna, Jum'nd (corr. from Sansc. Yam- und, a goddess who " in mythology is con sidered the daughter of Surya or the Sun, and sister of Yama," who corresponds to Miuos, the judge of hell), a river of India, which issues from the Himalaya range, flows through Delhi and Agra, and joins the Ganges at Allahabad. Jungfrau, yoong'frou (the maiden), one of the Alps, in the canton of Berne, Swit zerland, rising to the height of 13,720 ft., 7 m. W. of the Finster Aarhorn. Jungipore, or J^ngi-pnT, jun-ghe-poor' , a town of the div." Rajshahi, prov. Bengal, British India, 20 m. N.W. of Moorsheda- bad. Pop. 7000. Juniper Green, Joo'ni-per green, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Colinton, 5 m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1018. Jura, Joo'ra (from Scand. deor-oe, deer island), an island of Argyllshire, off the W. coast of Scotland, one of the Inner Heb rides, separated from Islay by tbe Sound of Islay, and from Scarbaby the Gulf of Corry- vreckan. It has three conical mountains called the Paps of Jura, the highest being 2569 ft. above the sea. Pop. 773.-56° 0' N. lat., 5° 54' W. long. The pa. of Jura em braces the islands of Balnahua, Garvelloch, Jura, Lunga, Pladda, Scarba, and Skervuile. Total pop. 946. Jura, Joo'ra, Fr. pron. zhn-rd', a chain of mountains between France and Switzer land ; the highest peak is 6588 ft. above the sea. Jura, a dep. in the E. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Franche-Comte. Area 1928 sq. m. ; pop. 285,263. Jurjura, Jur'Joo-rd, a mountain chain N 194 Fate, fdt, fdr ; 'mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, not ; tune, tun. of Algeria, N. Africa, forming a division of the Little Atlas, 50 m. S.E. from Algiers. Jutland, ynt'land, Dan. Jvl\a.TXd,ynl'land (the land of the Jutes), anc. Chersonesus Gim- brica, a large prov. of Denmark, which for merly comprised the whole peninsula; but the name is now confined to the northern division, extending from 55° 25' to 57° 43' N. lat., in length 160 m., with an average breadth of 70 m. Pop. 868,511. Jiitterbock, ynt'ter-bok (named in honour of the Sclav, god of spring), a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 27 m. S. of Potsdam. Pop. 6955. For names not inserted here, Kaag'de, ko'gn-eh, an island of Norway, in the Arctic Ocean. Length 11 m., breadth 7 m.— 70° N.lat. Kaarta, kdr'td, a kingdom in the N.E. of Senegambia, W. Africa. Kabenda, kd-ben'dd, a seaport town of W. Africa, 40 m. N. of the mouth of the Congo or Livingstone ; it is the chief centre of the coast trade in ivory, wax, etc. Kabruang, or Kabrooang, kd-broo-ang', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 20 m. in circumference, between the Philip pines and Gilolo.— 3° 47' N. lat., 127° E. long. Kabul, Cabool, or Cabul, kd'bool, an extensive prov. of Afghanistan, bounded on the N. by the Hindu-Kush, which separates it from Balkh. Kabul, a fortified city in the above prov., aud cap. of Afghanistan; it stands on the river Kabul, 6400 ft. above sea-level. In consequence of the massacre here of the British Resident and his suite on 3rd Sept. 1879, General Roberts took possession of the city on 13th Oct. following, but subse quently evacuated it. Pop. 60,000. Kabul, or Jvd-Shxr, Joo'e-shir, a river of Afghanistan, rises near 34° 21' N. lat., and 68° 20' E. long., at an elevation of 8400 ft., and, after an E. course of 320 m., joins the Indus at Attock. Kaffa, Caffa, kdf'fd, or Feodosia, /a-o- do'se-d, an important seaport of European Russia, on the E. coast of the Crimea. Pop. 8482. Kaffa, a country of E. Africa, S. of Abvssinia, between the Godjeb River on the' N. and the Bako on the S.— 7° 36' N. lat., 36° 40' E. long.— Chief town Bonga. Kaffraria, Caffraria, kdf-frd're-d, or Kafirland, kd'fir-land (the land of the kaifers or infidels), now called the Trans- keian Territories, a fertile region of S. Africa, extending from the Kei River to Natal. It is well wooded, watered by numerous streams, and intersected by sa vannas. It is divided into districts, most of which have been annexed to the Cape Colony. The independent portion is named Pondoland. The natives are a fierce pastoral race, but brave, frank, and of an indepen dent spirit. Pop. estimated at 400,000. Kaffraria, British, a prov. of Cape Colony, S. Africa, lying to the S.W. of independent Kaffraria. It is divided into the two divs. of King Williamstown and East London. refer to the letters C, G, and Q. Kafiristan, kd-fe-ris-tdn' (country of the infidels), a country of Central Asia, N.E. of Afghanistan. Extent, 150 m. in length, by some 50 or 60 m. in breadth. It is moun tainous, with narrow and fertile valleys, producing fruits in abundance. Compara tively little is known about this country. Its inhabitants, called Kafirs, i.e., infidels, by their neighbours, strongly resemble Europeans in their persons and many of their habits. They exhibit perpetual en mity towards Mohammedans. Pop. est. at 100,000. Kagera. See Alexandria. Kagosima, kd-go-se'md, a town of Japan, on a deep bay at the S. end of the island of Kiusiu. Pop. estimated at 180,000. Kai-fong, ki-fong', a city of China, the cap. of the prov. Ho-nan, on the Hoang-ho. Kaikora Mountains, ki-ko'rd, in South Island, New Zealand, provincial dist. of Marlborough. Kailas, ki-lds' (paradise), the Olympus of the Hindoos, a mountain region of Tibet, on the boundary of the British dist. of Kumaon, N.W. Provinces, India. Kaira, ki'rd, a dist. and town of British India, prov. Bombay. Pop. of dist. 804,800 ; of town, 13,000. Kairwan, kir-wdn', a city of Tunis, N. Africa; it is one of the holy cities of the Mohammedans, and its mosque — the finest in N. Africa — is held particularly sacred, as containing the tomb of Mohammed's barber. Kaisariyeh, Kaisariah, or Kisariah, ki-zdr-e'd, anc. Cazsarea, a town of Cara- mania, Asia Minor, on the S. side of a fer tile plain, watered by the Karasu, at the N. foot of Mount Erjish, 160 m. E.N.E. of Konieh. Pop. 25,000. Kaiserberg, ki'zer-berg (emperor's hill or hill-fortress), a town of Germany, dep. Elsass-Lothringen, on the Weiss, 9 m. N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2590, chiefly em ployed in cotton spinning and weaving. Kaiserslautern, ki'zers - lou - tern (the emperor's palace on the Lauter), a town of Bavaria, on the Lauter, 25 m. N.W. of Landau, with iron forges, cotton manufs., and paper mills. Pop. 26,323. Kalafat, kd-ld-fdf, a town of Roumania, on the left bank of the Danube, nearly opposite Widdin. This place was nobly defended by the Turks against the Russians in 1854, when a battle, lasting four days, was fought between the Turks, under Fate, fat, fdr ; mite, mtt ; pine, pin ; ndte,ntit; tune, tiin. 195 Omar Pasha, and the Russians, under Gortschakoff. P«p. 2280. Kalahari Desert, kd-ld-hd're, a parched and almost uninhabited waste in S. Africa, lying between the Orange River and the parallel of 24° S. lat., and between 19° and 22° E. long. It is not destitute of vegeta tion, for there is abundance of grass, creep ing plants, and even trees, but it contains almost no water, either running or in wells, and hence the name desert is not altogether inappropriately applied to it. Kalamita Bay, kdld-mi'td, a large inlet of the Black Sea, on the W. shore of the Crimea, European Russia, memorable as the landing-place of the Anglo-French army which invaded the Crimea in Sept. 1854. Kalgan, kal'gan (a Tartar word signify ing "a gate"), Chinese Chang -kia-kan, a town of China, prov. Chi-li, 110 m. N.W. of Pekin. It is a depot of the overland trade between China and Russia. Kalisch, kd'lish, a manufacturing city of Poland, Russia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an island in the Prosna, 130 m. W.S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 20,280. Kalmar. See Calmar. Kalna. See Culna. Kalpi. See Calpee. Kaluga, kd-loo'gd, a gov. of European Russia, bounded hy Moscow, Smolensk, Orel, and Tula. Area 12,068 sq. m. ; pop. 1,098,814. Kaluga, a town of Russia, cap. of the above gov., on the Oka, 95 m. S.W. of Moscow. Pop. 38,608. Kama, kd'md, a river of European Russia, which rises in Viatka, traverses Perm, and joins the Volga 24 m. below Kazan. Kamalondo, kd-md-lon'do, a river of the great lake region, S. Central Africa; it joins the Lualaba or Congo from the S.W. Kambia, kam-be'd, a great centre of trade in W. Africa, on the Great Scarcies River, about 50 m. from its mouth on the Sierra Leone coast. Kamesburgh. See Port Bannatyne. Kamieniec, or Kaminietz, kdm-yen'yets (the stony place), a town of Russian Poland, cap. of the gov. Podolia, near the Dniester. Pop. 22,611. Kamouraska, kd-moor-ds'kd, a co. and town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec; the town is situated 90 m. N.E. of Quebec City. Pop. of co. 22,181; of town 1386. Kampen, kdm'pen (the field), a town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, on the Yssel, 9 m. W.N.W. of Zwolle. P. 17,444. Kamrup. See Camroop. Kamtschatka, kdm-chdt'kd, a peninsula in the eastern extremity of Asiatic Russia. Though situated within the temperate zone, the cold is severe, owing partly to the elevated chain of mountains which traverses nearly its whole length, and partly to the winds blowing from the Polar Seas. The country abounds in wild animals, many of which yield valuable furs. The inhabitants live during winter in huts under ground, and travel in sledges drawn by dogs. Pop. about 6500. Kanangawa, kdn-dn-gd'wd, a seaport town of Japan, on the island of Niphon, 15 m. S. of Tokio. Pop. 100,000. Kanara. See Canara. Kanauj. See Kunouj. Kandahar, or Candahar, kdn-dd-hdr*, a prov. of Afghanistan, inhabited by Afghans of the Dourannee tribe. Kandahar, or Candahar, called by the Afghans Ahmed Shabi, a fortified city of Central Afghanistan, and cap. of the above prov., is the chief station on the caravan route from India by the Bolan Pass to Herat. This city is supposed to have been originally founded by Alexander the Great. Pop. est. at 50,000. Kandalask, kdn-ddl-dsV, a gulf of the White Sea, stretching into Russian Lap land. Kandla, or Kandbla, kand'ld, a town of British India, North-West Provinces, dep. Meerut. Pop. 11,000. Kandy, or Candy, kan'de (splendour), a town in the interior of the island of Ceylon, 62 m. N.E. of Colombo. It was formerly the cap. of a native kingdom. Pop. 17,500. Kangaroo Island, kang-gd-roo (bo called by Captain Flinders, because he found it full of kangaroos), an island off the coast of S. Australia, 85 m. in length, with a breadth of about SO m. Kahnpur. See Cawnpore. Kano, kd-no', a town of Nigritia, N. Central Africa, cap. of Houssa, and one of the chief seats of the caravan-trade. Pop. 40,000. Kansas, kan'zas, a river of the United States of N. America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and falls into the Missouri. Kansas, one of the United States of N. America. It has the Indian Territory to the S.; Missouri to the E.; Nebraska to the N. ; and Colorado to the W. The sur face is a continued succession of gently undulating ridges and valleys, or "rolling prairie," as it is called. Area 81,318 sq, m. ; pop. 996,096. Kansas City, a city of co. Jackson, Missouri, United States, N. America, on the Missouri River Pop. 55,7S5. Kan-su, kan-soo', a prov. in the N.W. of China, producing gold, mercury, silks, dyes, musk, aud tobacco. Area 400,000 sq. m.; pop. 9,2S5,377. Kanturk, kan-turV, a town of Ireland, co. Cork, at the confluence of the Dallua and the Allua, 16 m. S.W of Doneraile. Pop. 1859. Kaoko, kd-ok'o, a thinly-peopled region of the W. coast-land of S. Africa, S. of the Cunene River. Kapadoanj , kd-pd-do'anj, a town of British India, prov. Bombay, dist. Kaira. Pop. 14,000. Kapunda, kd-pun'dd, ». town of South 196 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tUn. Australia, on Light River, 48 m. N.N.E. of Adelaide. Pop. 2290. Kara, kd'rd, a river forming part of the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia, rises in the Ural Mountains, and enters the Sea of Kara after a northward course of 125 m. Kara, Sea of, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, between Nova Zembla on the N. and the Russian governments of Archangel and Tobolsk on the S. Karachi. See Kurracbee. Kara-Hissar, kd-rd'-his-sdr' (the black castle), a town of Asia Minor, 30 m. S.W. of Kaisariyeh, on the slope of a hill crowned by a ruined castle. Karak, kd-rdk', a small rocky island be longing to the British, in the Persian Gulf. Karakorum, kd-rd-ko'rum, a range of mountains in Central Asia, diverging in a S E direction from the western section of the Kuen-lun chain, and stretching to the E. of Lassa, in Tibet. The culminating point is Dipsang Peak, 28,278 ft. high. Karamania. See Caramania. Kara-su-Bazar, kd-rd'-soo-bd-zdr' (mar ket-place on the Black River), a Tartar town of S. Russia, in the Crimea, 24 m. E.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 11,669. Kardszag, orKardzag, kord-sog', a town of Austria-Hungary, 25 m. S.W. of Debre- czin. Pop. 15,825. Karema, kd-re'md, a station on the E. shore of Lake Tanganyika, founded by the International Association. Karikal, kd-re-kdl' (fish-pass), a mari time town of India, on the Coromandel coast, 8 m. S. of Tranquebar ; it was ceded to the French by the rajah of Tanjore in 1759. Pop. 93,000. Karlsburg, or Carlsburg, karls'boorg, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Transyl vania, on the Maros, 48 m. S. of Klausen- burg ; it has a strong fortress. Pop. 7338. Karlstadt. See Carlstadt. Karnal. See Kurnal. Karnul. See Kurnool. Karroo, kar-roo', an old Hottentot name signifying dry or barren, and applied to the arid and barren plateau in the Western Province of Cape Colony, lying between the Roggeveld and Nieuwveld Mountaius on the N., and the Lower and Great Zwarte- berg on the S. Kars (probably from Arab. Kars, signi fying " very cold " or " freezing,'" and may have been so called from the climate here being very severe), a city of Asia, Russian Armenia, on the Arpa-chai, 105 m. N.E. of Erzeroum ; it formerly belonged to Turkey, and is famous for its siege and capture by the Russians in 1855, and again in 1877, Pop. 8672. Karwar, kar'wur, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, dist. Concan. Pop. 13,500. Kasbin. See Casbin. Kasonau, kd'shou, a city of N. Hungary, on the right bank of the Hernad, 130 m N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 22,000. Kasheepore, or Kashipur, kash-l-poor', a town of the North-West Provinces, British India, div. Rohilkhand. Pop. 13,500. Kasbgar, or Cashgar, kdsh-gar', a town of Eastern Turkestan, Central Asia, on a river of the same name, with important manufs. of gold and silver cloths, etc. Kashmir. See Cashmere. Kassassin, kds-sds-seen', a lock on the Ismailia Canal, Egypt, celebrated in con nexion with the suppression, hy British troops, of the Egyptian military revolt in 1882. Kassel. See Cassel. Kastamouni, kds-id-moo'ne, a town of Anatolia, Asia Minor, on the Kara-su, 114 m. N.N.E. of Angora. Pop. 40,000. Katanga, kd-tdn'gd. a famous gold and copper-yielding district in Urua, great lake region, S. Central Africa, between the Luapula and Kamalondo Rivers. Katcb. See Cutch. Kathe. See Manipur. Katrine, Loch, loh kd'trin, a lake in the S.W. of Perthshire, Scotland, 9$ m. W. of Callander; it is the scene of "Sir Walter Scott's "Lady of the Lake," and is the source from which Glasgow is supplied with water. Kattywar, kdt-te-wdr', or Kathiawar, a peninsula on the W. coast of India, presi dency of Bombay, between the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. Kauai, kd-wi-e', one of the Sandwich Islands. Area 525 sq. m. Kavala, kd-vd'U, or Cavallo, kd-vdl'lo, a seaport town of W. Roumelia, European Turkey, on the ^Egean Sea. Pop. 4000.— 9 m. S.W. is Eski or Old Kavala, anc. Neapohs, where St Paul landed from Troas. Kazan, kd-zdn', a gov. of European Rus sia, S. of Viatka, inhabited by people who are chiefly of Tartar origin. Area 23,465 sq. m. ; pop. 1,872,437. Kazan, a city of European Russia, cap, of the above gov., on the Kazanka, near its junction with the Volga. Pop. 94,170. Kearsley, keers'ld, a town in Lancashire, England, 3 m. S.S.E. of Bolton. Pop. 7253. Kediri, ka-de're, a Dutch prov. of the island of Java, with a chief town of the same name, situated on the river Kediri, which runs through the prov. Pop. of prov. 415,000 ; of town 6500. Kedoe, kd-doo', a Dutch residency near the centre of the island of Java. — Magellan, the cap., is 38 m. S.S.W. of Samarang. Keeling (or Cocos) Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, belonging to Great Britain.— 12° 5' S. lat.,. 96° 53' E. long. Keen, Mount, a mountain of Scotland, 3077 ft. high, between the cos. of Aberdeen and Forfar. Keene, keen, a town of Cheshire, co. New Hampshire, U.S., 70 m. W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 6784. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, met; pine, pin; note, nSt; tune, tiin. 197 Keeper, keep'er, a mountain of Ireland, 2278 ft, above the sea, co. Tipperary, 7 m. S.W. of Nenagh. Keig, keeg, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aber deen. Pop. 776. Keighley, or Keithley, keetli'la, a pa. and manufacturing town in the W. R. of York shire, England, on the Aire, 9 m. N.W. of Bradford. P. of pa. 30,395 ; of town 25,247, Keir, keer (from Brit, caer, a fort), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 745. Keiss, keece, a vil. of Scotland, co. Caith ness, pa. of Wick. Pop. 313. Keith, keeth, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Banff and Elgin. It contains the three distinct vils. of Old Keith, New Keith, and Fife Keith, which unitedly form the town of Keith, on the Isla, 8 m. S.E. of Fochabers, and 20 m. W.S.W. of Banff. Pop. of pa. 6396 ; of town 4339. Keithhall and Kinkell, keeth'hall and kin-kell', a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Keithhall became the name of this parish after the greater part of it was possessed by Keith, the Earl Marischal of Scotland. It was formerly called Montkeggie. Kinkell signifies " the head or principal church." Pop. 880. Kelat, or Khelat, ke-ldt' (castle), a strongly-fortified town, the cap. of Be- luchistan, on a hill 6000 ft. above the sea, in 28°52'N. lat., and 66° 30' E. long. P. 12,000. Kellington, kel'ling-tun, a pa. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England. Pop. 1357. KeUoe, kel'lo, a pa. of England, co. Dur ham. Pop. 13,398. Kells (contr. of its anc. name Kenlis or Geannlios, the chief enclosure), an anc. town of Ireland, co. Meath, on the Black- water, 36 m. N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 2822. Kells (cells or churches), a pa. of Scot land, co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 970. Kelso, kel'so (corr. of its anc. name Gal- chow, the chalk heugh or height, so called with reference to a hill of chalk or gypsum, which was once a prominent feature in the district, but is now broken down; some authorities, however, say that the name signifies " the house of prayer"), a town of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, beautifully situ ated at the confluence of the Tweed and the Teviot. Here are the ruins of a magnifi cent abbey, founded by David I. in 112S, aud in the vicinity is Floors Castle, the seat of the Duke of Roxburghe. Pop. 4687. The pa. of Kelso has a pop. of 5235. Kelton, kel'ton (the dwelling in the wood), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 3458. Kelty, kel'te, a vil. of Scotland, cos. Fife and Kinross, pas. of Beath and Cleish, Pop. 860. Kelvedon, kel've-don, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Essex, 12$ m. N.E. of Chelms ford. About 4$ m. from the vil. is the cele brated Tiptree Farm, where Mr Mechi carried on his important experiments in agriculture. Pop. of pa. 1537. Kelvin, kel'vin, a small river of Scotland, rises in Stirlingshire, flows S.W. and S., and falls into the Clyde at Glasgow. Kemback, kem'bak, formerly written Kembok, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife. The first syllable of the name is derived from the Kern or Kame, a streamlet which tra verses the parish, and there joins the Eden ; the second syllable is from the Scand. bee or boek, a brook. The course of the Kame is through a highly picturesque glen called Dura Den, noted for its interest ing geological features. Pop. 853. Ken, a river of Scotland, co. Kirkcud bright ; flowing S. it expands into Loch Ken, and unites with the Dee. Kendal, or more correctly Kirkby in Kendal, kir'be in ken'dal (church town in the dale of the Ken), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Westmorland, on the Ken, 22 m. N. of Lancaster; it has long been celebrated for its woollen manufactures, which were first introduced by some Flemish weavers who settled here in 1337. Pop. 13,696. Keneh, ken'eh, a city of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 34 m. N.N.E. of the ruins of Thebes. Pop. 13,200. Kenia, ken-e'd, a lofty mountain on the E. coast of Africa, near the equator. Height above the sea 20,000 ft.— 36° 0' E. long. Kenilworth, ken'il-wurth, a town of England, co. and 4 m. N. of Warwick, celebrated for its magnificent castle, now in ruins, where Dudley, Earl of Leicester, so magnificently entertained Queen Eliza beth for 17 days as to render the revels of Kenilworth a subject both of history and romance. Pop. 4150. Kenmare, ken-mare' (from Irish ceann- mara, the head of the sea, i.e., the highest point reached by the tide in a river), a town of Ireland, co. Kerry, 13 m. S.W. of Killarney. Pop. 1279. Kenmare River or Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, about 40 m. long, in the S.W. of Kerry, Ireland. Kenmore, ken'more (high promontory, from Gael, ceann, head, headland or pro montory, and more, great), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 8 m. N.E. of Killin. Near the vil. is Taymouth Castle, the seat of the Earl of Breadalbane. P. of pa. 150S. Kennedy, ken'ne-de, a lake of Fox Land, British N. America. It is 70 m. long and 30 m. broad.— 66° N. lat., 73° W. long. Kennington, ken'ing-ton, an extensive southern suburb of London, England, in tbe co. of Surrey and pa. of Lambeth. Kennoway, ken'no-wd (from cean-nan- uiagh, the head of the den or glen), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 7 m. S. of Cupar. Pop. of pa. 1560; of vil. 770. Kensington, ken'sing-tun, a pa. and town of England, co. Middlesex, forming a western suburb of the metropolis, 4 m. W.S.W. of St Paul's. Pop. 163,151. Kent (from Celt, uann, a promontory), 193 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, n$t; tune, tUn, an important maritime co., occupying a portion of the S.E. angle of England. The Thames and its estuary bound it on the N. ; Surrey and Sussex on the W. and S. respectively ; and the Strait of Dover on the E. Area 1624 sq. m.; pop. 977,706. Kent is an eminently historical co., and is noted for its uncommonly beautiful scenery. It was in this co., near Deal, the Romans under Csesar first landed when they invaded Britain, and the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa landed in the Isle of Thanet. In this co, also the monk Augustine introduced Christianity among the Saxons; hence the Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of all England. Two principal ridges of hills, continuous with the North Downs of Surrey and Hampshire, traverse the co. from W. to E., and terminate in the white cliffs of Dover. These ridges are termed the Upper and Lower Hills; but the former is popularly known as the Hog's Back. In the S. are the tracts called the Weald and Romney Marsh, the latter of which comprises 44,000 acres, and affords ex cellent pasturage for sheep. The rivers are the Thames, Medway, Stour, Darent, and Rathe?-. The soil throughout the co., but especially in the Isle of Thanet, is exceedingly fertile. The hop-gardens are the largest in England. Off the coast are several valuable oyster fisheries. — Maid stone, on the Medway, is the co. town, Kent, a co. of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, bordering on Lakes St Clair and Erie. Pop. 36,626.— Also a co. of New Brunswick, bordering on the Gulf of St Lawrence and Northumberland Strait. Pop. 22,618. Kentish Town, a northern suburb of London, England, in the co. of Middlesex. Kentucky, ken-tuk'e(the dark and bloody ground, in allusion to the many battles fought here between the northern and southern Indians, and between the Indians and the first white settlers), one of the United States of N. America, bounded N. by the Ohio, separating it from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; W. by the Missis sippi, separating it from Missouri; S. by Tennessee ; and E. by Virginia. The soil is fertile, wheat, maize, hemp, and tobacco being the chief objects of culture. Area 37,680 sq. m.; pop. 1,618,690.— Frankfort, on the Kentucky, is the state cap. Kentville, kent'veel, a town of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, on the Corn- wallis River, 70 m. from Halifax. Pop. 2125. Keokuk, ke'o-kuk, a town of Iowa, U.S., situated at the foot of the "Lower Rapids" of the Mississippi River, 205 m. above St Louis. Pop. 12,177. Kerbela, ker-bd'ld, or Meshed Hossein, mesh-ed' hos-sain', a town of Irak-Arabi in Asiatic Turkey, near the Euphrates, with which it is connected by a canal. The in- I habitants are chiefly Persians, with whom | it is a holy city; it contains the splendid I tombs of the Imaums Hossein and Abbas. Pop. 25,000. Kerguelen Land, kerg'e-len, or Island J of Desolation, a sterile island in the S. I Indian Ocean. It is aboutlOO m.in length and 50 m. in extreme breadth. It was named Kerguelen after the French navi- j gator by whom it was discovered about the year 1772, and the Island of Desolation by Captain Cook, on account of its vegetable destitution, and cold and rigorous climate. -49° 20' S. lat., 69° 3W E. long. Kerinia, or Kerynia, ker i-ne'a, a town on the N. shore of the island of Cyprus, 14 m. from Nicosia. Pop. 13,319. Kerman, or Kirman, kir-andn', anc. Car- mania, a prov. of Persia, E. of Fars ; it is mostly mountainous, interspersed with ex tensive tracts of desert, and the climate is unhealthy. Pop. 300,000. Kerman, a city of Persia, the cap. of the above prov.; it was once a place of great importance, but, having been taken by Aga Mohammed in 1794, it has never re covered its splendour. Pop. 42,000. Kermanshah, ker-man-shd', anc. Ghoa- spes, a town of Persia, near the Kerkah, on the great south road from Persia into Asiatic Turkey. Pop. 30,000. Kerry, ker're (supposed to be a corr. of Ciarraidhe, pronounced keery, which signi fies "the territory of the race of Ciar," son of Fergus, king of Ulster), a co. of Ireland, bounded N. by the estuary of the Shannon; E. by Limerick and Cork; S. by Cork and Kenmare estuary; W. by the Atlantic Ocean. Its greatest length from N. to S. is 60 m.; greatest breadth from E. to W. 58 m. Area 1853 sq.m.; pop. 201,039. The surface of the co. is chiefly formed of moun tain ranges, in which are Carran Tual, in Macgillicuddy Reeks, the highest mountains in Ireland, with an elevation of 3414 ft.; Caher, 3200 ft. ; Brandon, 3127 ft.; fmaMan- gerton, 2756 ft. The principal rivers are the Feale, Maine, Laune or Lane, and Roughly. The lakes comprise those of Killarney (small, but very picturesque), Carra, and Currane. The coast-line is deeply indented by bays, of which Tralee, Dingle, and Ken mare are the chief. Off the coast is the fertile island of Valentia, the Cis-Atlantic terminus of the telegraph cables. Kerry is rich in minerals. Iron ore abounds in various places, and copper and lead mines are worked near Kenmare and Tralee, the latter of which is the chief town. Dairy- farming is the leading industry. Kerry, or Ceri, a pa. of Montgomery shire, N. Wales. Pop. 2093. Kerry Head, a promontory of Ireland, co. Kerry, forming the extremity of the S. boundary of the estuary of the river Shannon. Kertch, a seaport of European Russia, in the Crimea, on the Strait of Enikale, Fdte, fat, fdr ; mlte,mtt; pine, pin; ndte,n6t; tune,tUn. 199 celebrated for its mud-baths. The fortress of Kertch, on the Crimean side of the strait, is capable of holding 12,000 men. Pop. 22,449. Kesho, kesh'o, Ketoho, ketch'o, or Caohao, katch-d'o, or Hanoi, a city of Anam, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, the cap. of Tonquin, on the river Sang-koi, about 100 m. from its mouth ; it exports bullion, silks, and lacquered wares. Pop. 120,000. Kesteven, Farts of, kesfte-ven, a sub division of Lincolnshire, England, embrac ing about 445,550 acres, in the S.W. of the county. Pop. 109,423. Keswick, kes'wik, or kez'ik, a town of England, co. Cumberland, beautifully situ ated on Derwent Water, 18 m. S.W. of Penrith. Pop. 3220. Ketskemet, or Kecskemet, ketch-kem- aif, a town of Hungary, between the Dan ube and the Theiss, 50 m. S.E. of Pesth ; it has the largest market for cattle in Hun gary. Pop. 44,887. Kettering, ket'ter-ing, a town of Eng land, co. and 14 m. N.E. of Northampton, with various manufs., and a large trade in boots and shoes. Pop. 11,095. Kettins, kef tins, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 848. Kettle, or King's Kettle, kel'tl (hollow or bowl-shaped valley, formerly belonging to the king), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 5 m. S.W. of Cupar. Pop. of pa. 2054 : of vil. 598. Kettlebridge, ket'tl-bridj, a vil. of Scot land, co. Fife, pa. of Kettle. Pop. 451. Kew, a pa. of England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, opposite Brentford; it is noted for its Royal Botanic Gardens, which are said to be the finest in the world. Pop. 1670. Kew, a town of Victoria, Australia, 4£ m. E. of Melbourne. Pop. 4294. Kewatin, ke-watfin, a territory of the Do minion of Canada, stretching N. of the prov. of Manitoba ; it is under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. Key West, an island of the United States, at the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. Key West City, a town In co. Monroe, Florida, U.S. Pop. 9890. Khamil, kd-meel', or Hami, hd-me', a town of Eastern Turkestan, in a fertile and well-cultivated district, N.E. of Lake Lob Nor. Khandesh. See Candeish. Kharkov, Kharkow, Charkov, kar- kov', or the Ukraine, U'krain, a gov. of European Russia, S. of Kursk and E. of Poltava. Area 20,731 sq. m. ; pop. 2,027,165. Kharkov, a city of European Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the small rivers Kharkov and Lapan. It has leather and carpet manufs., a great trade in cattle and wool, and is the seat of a university founded in 1803. Pop. 101,175. Khartoum, kar-toom' (the promontory or point), the modern cap. of Nubia, at the junction of the Blue and tbe White Nile, 95 m. S.W. of Shendy; it exports ivory, gum-arabic, senna, castor-oil, etc. Pop. 15,000. Khatmandu, kat-man-doo' , the cap. of Nepaul, N. India, 145 m. N.N.W. of Patua. Pop. 20,000. Kherson, or Cherson, ker-son', a gov. in the S. of European Russia, on the Black Sea, between the Dnieper and the Dniester. Area 28,363 sq. m.; pop. 1,765,302. Kherson, a fortified town of S. Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the right bank and near the mouth of the Dnieper; it is the centre of an active trade in timber and Crimean salt. About 4 m. from the town is the tomb of Howard the philan thropist, who died here in 1790. Pop. 128,079. Kbingan Mountains, kin'gdn, an ex tensive range in E. Asia, between Mon golia and Manchooria. Khio. See Soio. Khiva, ke'vd, or Kharesm, kd-resm', a khanate in the N.W. of Western Turke stan, under the jurisdiction of Russia. Pop. 200,000. Khiva, a town of Western Turkestan, the cap. of the above khanate, near the Oxos. Pop. 12,000. Khoi, koy, a town of N. Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 20 m. N. of Lake Urumiah. Pop. 30,000. Khojend, ko-Jent', a town of Asiatic Russia, on the Sir Daria, formerly within the khanate of Khokan, now iu prov. Sir Daria. Pop. estimated at 35,000. Khokan. See Ferghana. Khokan, ko-kan', a town of Asiatic Rus sia, cap. of prov. Ferghana, on the Sir Daria. Pop. estimated at 75,000. Khooloom, koo-loomf, Khulm, koolm, or Tashkurgan, tash-koor'gan, a district of Afghan Turkestan, between Kunduz and Balkh. Khorasan, or Khorassan, ko-rds-sdn' (the country of the sun), an extensive prov. of Persia, now divided between the Shah of Persia and the Afghans. The great Salt Desert occupies the larger part of it. Area estimated at 200,000 sq. m. ; pop. 855,000. Khotan, ko-tdn', a prov. of Eastern Tur kestan. Pop. 250,000. Khotan or Held, the cap., is an important place. Pop. 40,000. Knuzistan, koo-ziz-tdn' (originally Khoo-- istan, the country of khors or estuaries, so called from there being many estuaries on that part which borders the Persian Gulf), anc. Susiana, a prov. of Persia, bounded N. by the Bakhtiyari Mountains ; E. by Fars ; S. by the Persian Gulf; and W. by the pashalic of Baghdad. Area est. at 25,677 sq. m. Khyber Pass, ki'ber, the principal N. pass from India into Afghanistan. It is narrow and dangerous, slaty cliffs rising on each side from 600 to 1000 ft. It is 30 m. 200 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. in length, and its passage is controlled by a bloodthirsty tribe. This pass was the scene of a terrible disaster to a British army in 1812, when 4000 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers were massacred Kiachta, ke-dh'td, a frontier town of Siberia, Asiatic Russia, at which and the contiguous Mongolian town of Maimatchin an active trade between Russia and China is carried on. Pop. 4286. Kiang-si, ke-dng-se' (west of the river), a prov. of China, W. of Che-kiaug and Fo-ki- en. It is traversed by the Kan-kiang and bordered by high mountains, many of which are cultivated to the very top. The pro ducts are gold, iron, tin, lead, hemp, etc. The manufs. embrace the finest porcelain. Pop. 23,000,000.— Nan-chang is the cap. Kiang-su, ke-ang-soo', a maritime prov. of China, N. of Che-kiang, and S. of Shan tung; its surface except in the S. is level and very fertile, the chief products being rice and cotton. Its exports of silk are larger than those of any other part of China. Pop. 37,800,000.— The cap. is Nan king. Kichinev, or Kishenev, kish-e-nev', or Kishenau, a town of European Russia, cap. of the gov, of Bessarabia, on the Buik, an affluent of the Dniester, 36 m. N.W. of Bender. Pop. 112,137, composed of Rus sians, Turks., Greeks, Armenians, Gypsies, and Jews. Kidderminster, kid'der-min-ster (corr. of its Saxon name Chider minster, which may have been derived from Brit, chid, a hill, and dur, water=the minster on the hill beside the water), a pari, and munic. bor. and manufacturing town of England, co. and 15 m. N. of Worcester, on the Stour ; it has iron foundries, wire-works, tanneries, breweries, dye-works, and paper-mills, hut most of the inhabitants are engaged in the manuf. of carpets, which was first intro duced in 1735. Pop. of pari. bor. 25,633; of munic. bor. 24,270. Kidsgrove, a town in Staffordshire, Eng land, 5 m. N. of Newcastle-under-Lyme. Pop. 3994. Kidwelly, or Cydweli, kid-wel'e, a pa. and town of Wales, co. and 10 m. S. of Carmarthen, on Carmarthen Bay. Pop. of pa. 2510. Kief. See Kiev. Kiel, keel (probably from Teut. kielle, and so called on account of its fine bay or har bour), a seaport of Prussia, the cap. of the prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on a deep inlet of the Baltic, 26 m. S.E. of Schleswig; it exports dairy produce, and the finest butter bears its name. It is the seat of a univer sity founded in 1665. Pop. 43,594. Kiev, ke-ev', or Kief, ke-ef, a gov. in the S.W. of European Russia, on the Dnieper. Its soil is very fertile, and produces wheat, reputed the best in Europe, oats, maize, rye, tobacco, hops, flax, and hemp. Area 19,280 sq. m. ; pop. 2,530,204. Kiev, or Kief, a fortified city of European Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the right bank of the Dnieper. It is an ancient city, held in high veneration by the Rus sians as an early seat of their religion, and is the 6eat of a university founded in 1833, Pop. 127,251. Kilauea, keeUd-we'd, an active volcano, 3970 ft. high, in Hawaii, one of the Sand wich Islands. Kilbarcban, kilbarn'an (chapel of the hill-bounded vale), a pa. and town of Scot land, co. Renfrew, 5£ m. W.S.W. of Paisley, with silk and cotton manufs. Pop. Of pa, 6868 ; of town 2548. Kilbeggan, kil-beg'gan (church of St Bega), a town of Ireland, co. Westmeath, on a branch of the Grand Canal, 6J m. N. of Tullamore. Pop. 1033.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 1758. Kilbirnie, kil-bir'ne (the church of St Birinus), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Ayr, 9 m. N. of Irvine. Pop. of pa. 5243; of town 3405. Krlbrandon and Kilchattan, kil-bran'- don and kil-kat'lan, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Kilbrandon means "the church of St Brandon," the patron saint of Bute; Kilchattan, "the church of St Chattan." Pop. 1767. Kilbrannan Sound, kil-bran'nan, a strait of Scotland between the island of Arran and Cantyre. Kilbride, kib-bride' (the cell or church of St Bridget), the name of several pas. in Ireland. Kilbride, a pa. of Scotland, on the E. coast of Arran, co. Bute. Pop. 2176. Kilbride, East, a pa. and vil. of Scot- land, co. Lanark, 5 m. N.W. of Hamilton. Pop. of pa. 3975; of vil. 1118. Kilbride, West, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, 9 m. N.W. of Irvine. Pop. of pa. 2088; of vil. 1363. Kilbucho (the cell of St Bega). See Broughton. Kilburn, kil'burn, a suburban dist. of London, England, 4 m. N.W. of St Paul's, and 2£ m. from Hyde Park Corner. Kilburn, a pa. and township in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6 m. S.E. of Thirsk. Pop. of pa. 656; of township 387. Kilchattan, kil-kaftan, a vil. of Scot land, co. Bute, on Kilchattan Bay, 5 m. S. of Rothesay. Kilchoman, kil-ko'man, a pa. of Scot land, in the W. part of the island of Islay, co. Argyll. Pop. 2547. Kilchrenan and Dalavich, kiUkren'an and dd'ld-vih, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 504. Kilchrenan signifies "the bury- ing-place of Chrenan," the tutelary saint of the parish ; and Dalavich means '* the field of Avicb," in allusion to a tract of level ground in the vicinity of a stream called the Avich. Kilconquhar, kil-konk'er, locally kin- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, m%t; pine, pin; note,n6t; tunc,tUn. 201 aVer (the church at the head or extremity of the fresh water lake), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Fife. Pop. of pa. 2053 ; of vil. 350. Kilcreggan. See Cove and Kilcreggan. Kildalton, kil-ddl'ton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll, at the S.E. end of the island of Islay. The name signifies "the burial- place of a stepson or foster-son," in allusion to a stepson of one of the Macdonalds of the Isles, who was killed in early life, being buried in the parish church here. Pop. 2271. Kildare, kil-dair', an inland co. in the prov. of Leinster, Ireland. It is bounded on the N. by Meath ; on the E. by Dublin ; on the S. by Carlow; and on the W. by Queen's County, King's County, and West- meath. Its extent from N. to S. is 40 m. ; from E. to W. 27 m. Area 653 sq. m. ; pop. 75,804. The surface is generally flat, and exhibits about 50,000 acres of bog. Near the town of Kildare is an extensive com mon of most beautiful sward, called the Curragh, on which is the chief Irish race course. The rivers Liffey and Barrow pass through the co,, and the Boyne has its source near the western boundary. Kil dare is also traversed by the Grand and Royal Oanals. The industry of the co. is almost wholly agricultural. — The co. town Is Naas, near the Liffey. Kildare (corr. from cill-dara, the cell or church of the oak, so called from St Bridget having built her cell here under a very high oak), a town of Ireland, co. Kildare, 30 m. W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1174. Kildonan, kil-do'nan (the church of St Donan), a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland. Pop. 1942. Kildrummy, kil-drum'me (corr. from ceann drummie, the head of the ridge), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 656. Kilfinan, kil-fin'an (the church of St Finan, who lived in the 7th century, and was a disciple of Columba), a pa. of Scot land, co. Argyll. Pop. 2153. Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon, kil-fin'- ih-en and kil-vik'e-on, a pa. of Scotland, in the island of Mull, co. Argyll. Pop. 1982. Kilfinnane, kii-fin-nane' (the church of St Finan), a vil of Ireland, co. and 19 m. S. of Limerick. Pop. 1398. Kilimanjaro, kil-e-man-jd'ro, a lofty mountain of E. Africa, near the equator. Height 22,000 ft. The skirts of this moun tain are inhabited by an interesting but barbarous tribe, called the Wachaga, who have made considerable advances in agri culture and handicrafts. Kilkenny, kH-ken'ne, a county in the S.W. of Leinster, Ireland. It is bounded on the N. by Queen's County ; E. by Car- low and Wexford; S. by Waterford; and W. by Tipperary. Its extent from N. to S. is 46 m. ; from E. to W. 24 m. Area 796 sq. m.; pop. 99,531. The surface is undu lating and fertile, with a slope towards the S., where several summits have an eleva tion of 1000 ft. The river Barrow borders the co. on the E., and the Suir on the S. ; the Nore traverses the middle. The border rivers are navigable for a considerable dis tance; the Nore can receive only small barges. Coal is worked at Castlecomer, and a fine kind of black marble is quarried near Kilkenny, the co. town. Kilkenny (corr. from cill-Chainnigh, the church of St Cainneachor Canice, who died A.n. 598), a city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., beautifullv situated on the Nore, 19 m. N.N.E. of Carrick-on-Suir. Pop. 12,299. Kilkerran Bay, kil-ker'ran, a large inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the W. coast of Ireland, co. Galway. Killala, kil-ld-ld', a vil. of Ireland, co. Mayo, on Killala Bay, 7J m. N.N.W. of Ballina. Pop. 700. Killaloo, kil-la-loo' (corr. from cill-da- Lua, the church of St Lua, who founded an abbey here iu the 6th century), an anc. town of Ireland, co. Clare, on the Shannon, 11 m. N.N.E. of Limerick, with salmon, trout, and other fisheries. Pop. 1112. Killarney, kil-lar'ne (corr. from cill- aerne, the church of the sloes), a town of Ireland, co. Kerry, 12 m. N. of Kenmare, much frequented on account of its lakes, all thickly studded with islands, and almost unrivalled for the picturesque and romantic scenery by which they are surrounded. Pop. 6651. Killarrow and Kilmeny, kil-lar'ro and kil-men'e, a pa. of Scotland, in the island of Islay, co. Argyll. Pop. 2756. Killean and Kilcbenzie, kil-lain' and kil-ken'ze, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Killean means "the church of St Killian," and Kilchenzie signifies " the church of St Kenneth." Pop. 1368. Killearn, kil-laim' (from Celtic kill-ear- rhin, the cell or church of west point), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 7 m. W. of Fintry. George Buchanan, the illustrious historian and poet, was born at a small farm-house, now called the " Moss," in this pa., in 1606. Pop. of pa. 1131 ; of vil. 356. Killearnan, kil-laim'en (the church of Irenan, a Danish prince who fell in battle here), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 1059. KiHiecrankie, kil-le-krank'e, a pass in Perthshire, Scotland, near the junction of the Tummel and the Garry, famous in his tory as the place where Claverhouse fell in 1689, when the Jacobites defeated the forces of King William III. under General Mackay. Killin, kil-lin' (either corr. from cill- linn, the church near the linn or waterfall, the river Dochart forming a series of falls in the vil., or from cill-Fhinn, the burying- place of Finn, which is still shown), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, at the head of Loch Tay, about 16 m. N.N.W. of Callander. Pop. of pa. 1277 ; of vil. 473. Kilmadook, kil-ma-dokf (the church of St 202 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, ttin. Madoc, one of tbe Culdees), a pa. of Scot land, co. Perth. Pop. 3012. Kilmalcolm, kil-md-kome', a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, 5 m. S.E. of Greenock. Pop. of pa. 2708; of vil. 1170. Kilmalie, kil-ma'le (the church of St Malie), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Argyll and Inverness. Pop. 4157. Kilmany, kil-md'ne (the church in the valley), a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife. P. 634. Kilmarnock, kil-mar'nok (the church of St Marnock), a pa. and music, and pari. burgh of Ayrshire, Scotland, on a trib. of the Irvine, 11 m. N.E. of Ayr, with considerable manufs. of carpets, shawls, boots and shoes, etc. Pop. of pa. 25,864 ; of burgh 24,978. Kilmaronock, kil-mar-on'ok (named from a well dedicated to St Marnock, situ ated near the ancient church), a pa. of Scot land, co. Dumbarton, at the S.E. end of Loch Lomond. Pop. 927. Kilmartin, kil-mar'tin (the church of St Martin), a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 811. Kilmaurs, kil-maurs' (the church of St Mary), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 2 m N.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. of pa. 3704 ; of vil. 1203. Kilmodan, kil-mo'dan (the church of St Modan), a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 323. Kilmonivaig, kil-mon-e-vaig', a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 1928. Kilmorack, kil-mo'rak, a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 2618. Kilmore and Kilbride, kil-more' and kil- bride', a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Kil more means " the great church ;" Kilbride, " the church of St Bridget." Pop. 5142. Kilmory, kil-mo're (corr. of cill Mhuire, the church of Mary), a pa. in the island of Arran, co. Bute, Scotland. Pop. 2586. Kilmuir, kil-mure' (the church of Mary), a pa. in the N. of the island of Skye, co. Inverness, Scotland. Pop 2562. Kilmuir Easter, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty. Pop. 1146. Kilmun, kil^mun', a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on the Holy Loch, 4 m. N. of Dunoon. Pop. 331. Kilninian and Kilmore, kil-nin'yan and kil-more', a pa. at the N.W. end of the island of Mull, co. Argyll, Scotland. Pop, 2540. Kilninver and Kilmelford, kil-nin'ver and kil-mel'ford, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Kilninver is from Gaelic words signifying "the burying-place at the foot of the river or water," and Kilmelford, anciently written Kilnameallphort, means " the burying-ground of the smooth or round bays." Pop. 405. Kilpatrick, kil-pat'rik (the church of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland), two pas. of Scotland. — I . Nev) or East Kilpati ick, cos. Dumbarton and Stirling, 5£ m. N.N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 7414.— II. Old or West Kilpatrick, co. Dumbarton. Pop. 8862. The vil. of Old Kilpatrick, 9 m. W. of Glasgow, has a pop. of 911. Kilrenny, kil-ren'ne (the church of St Irenseus, usually styled in Scotland St Irnie, corr. into St Penny), a pa. and pari. and royal burgh of Scotland, co. Fife, on the N.E. shore of the Firth of Forth, 1 m. from Anstruther. Pop. of pa. 3198; of pari, burgh 2759; of royal burgh 2730. Kilrush, kil-rush' (the church of the wood or promontory), a town of Ireland, co. Clare, on the Shannon, 27 m. S.W. of Ennis. Pop. 3805. Kilspindie, kil-spin'de (the church of the black hoods, in allusion to the Black- friar monks), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 693. Kilsyth, kil-sith', a pa. and town of Scot land, co. Stirling, 12£ m. N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. of pa. 6840; of town 5405, chiefly weavers. Kiltarlity, kil-tar'lit-t, a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 2134. Kiltearn, kil-tairn', a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 1182. Kilwinning, kil-win'ning (the church of Winnin, a Scottish saint of the 8th cen tury), a pa. and ancient town of Ayrshire, Scotland, 3 m. N.W. of Irvine. Pop. of pa. 7037; of town 3469. Kimberley, kim'ber-le, the chief place in Griqualand West, or the Diamond Fields, S. Africa. Pop. 13,190. Kincardine, kin-kar'din (from Gaelic words signifying " the head of the shore"), two pas. of Scotland— I., co. Perth, on the Firth of Forth, 6 m. W.N.W. of Stirling. Pop. 1351.— II., co. Ross and Cromarty, 14 m. W.N.W. of Tain. Pop. 1472.— Also, a seaport town of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Tulliallan, on the Firth of Forth. P. 1985. Kincardine, a vil. in Bruce co., prov. Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on Lake Huron, 35 m. from Goderich. Pop. 2876. Kincardine O'Neil (Kincardine on the Neil, a streamlet draining the western portion of the pa.), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Aberdeen, on the Dee, 22 m. W. of Abeideen. Pop. of pa. 1931. Kincardineshire, or The Mearns, a small maritime co. of Scotland, lying between the Dee and the North Esk, and having Aberdeen and Forfar as its land ward boundaries. It extends along the seashore 30 ro., and stretches inland 22 m. Area 383 sq. m.; pop. 34,464. The coast from the mouth of the North Esk to the royal burgh of Bervie is low and rocky; from Bervie to Stonehaven it is formed of a chain of cliffs, which rise from 160 to-300 ft. out of the sea, with little or no beach; and from Stonehaven to the promontory of Girdleness, it continues bold, but the inden tations in the rocks and bits of level shore are more frequent and extensive. The Grampian range occupies the western, central, and more northern parts of the co., the loftiest summits being Mount Battock, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; ndte,nU; tune, titn. 203 2555 ft., on which the three cos. of Kincar dine, Aberdeen, and Forfar meet ; Olach-na- beinn, 1944 ft.; aud Kerloack, 1747 ft. In the S. and E. lies the rich and fertile tract locally called the How o' the Mearns, which forms part of the valley of Strathmore. The chief rivers are the Dee, North Esk, and Bervie. On most farms cattle and sheep are bred for exportation. The manufac tures are unimportant. The chief em ployment of the inhabitants of the villages on the coast is connected with the fisheries. — Stonehaven is the co. town. Kinclaven, kin-kld'ven (from ceann-cil- avan, the head church on the flowing water), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. P. 588. Kineton, or Kington, a pa. and town of England, co. and 11 m. S.W. of Warwick; in its vicinity was fought the famous battle of Edgehill, in which Charles I. was defeated, in 1642. Pop. of pa. 1269; of town 1053. Kinfauns, kin-faunz', a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 583. Kingarth, kin-garth' (corr. from ceann- garbh, the rough or stormy headland), a pa. at the S. end of the island of Bute, Scot land. Pop. 1260. King-Edward, popularly Kenader (the head of the valley), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 3068. King George's Islands, two islands in the S. Pacific Ocean.— 15° S. lat., 144° 40' W. long. King George's River, or Manice, a river of E. Africa; after a S. course it enters the N. side of Delagoa Bay. King George's Sound, a capacious hay on the S.W. coast of Australia. Kinghorn, king-horn' (corr. from ceann- cearn, corner headland), a royal and pari. burgh of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 2£ m. N.E. of Burntisland. On the road between Burntisland and Kinghorn is the eminence known as King's Wood End, over which King Alexander III. fell and was killed in 1286, when riding, on a dark night, to his castle at Kinghorn. Pop. of royal burgh 1439; of pari, burgh 1790.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 3650. King-ki-tao, king-ke-td'o, Han-Yang, han-yang', or Se-Oul, sa-ool', sometimes written SSnl, the cap. of Corea, and the residence of the sovereign, near the middle of the kingdom. Pop. est. at 240,000. Kinglassie, klng-las'se (the head of the stream), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. W. of Kirkcaldy. Pop. of pa. 1292; of vil. 351. Kingoldrum, king-ol' drum (the head or junction of the burn of the Drums), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 389. Kings, three cos. of the Dominion of Canada— I., in the central part of New Brunswick. Pop. 25,317;— II., in the E. part of Prince Edward Island;— III., in Nova Scotia, bordering on the Bay of Fundy. Pop. 23,469. Kingsharns, kings'barns, so called from certain storehouses erected here by King John during his occupation of a castle, now demolished, in the neighbourhood), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 6J m. from St Andrews. Pop. of pa. 795 ; of vil. 389. Kingsbridge, kings'bridj, a pa. and town of England, co. Devon, on an estuary of the English Channel, 32 m. S.W. of Exeter, The climate here is so mild that oranges grow and ripen in the open air. Pop. of pa. 1527. Kingsclere, kings-clair' , a pa. and town of England, co. Hants, 6 m. N. of Ashton. Clere means " a royal or episcopal resi dence," and this town is so called because the Saxon kings had a palace here. Pop. of pa. 2770. King's County, a co. of Ireland, bounded N. by Westmeath ; E. by Kildare ; S. by Queen's County and Tipperary; and W. by Tipperary, Galway, and Roscommon. Its greatest length from E. to W. is 45 m., and its greatest breadth from N. to S. 39 ra. Area 772 sq. m. ; pop. 72,852. The surface in the S. is hilly, and comprises a small portion of the Slieve-Bloom Moun tains. Crogan Hill, in the N.E., has au elevation of 769 ft.; but elsewhere the co. is comparatively flat and boggy. The Bog of Allen covers a large portion of the centre, and extends from E. to W. the whole length of the co. The principal streams are the Shannon, Brosna, Barrow, and Boyne. The Grand Canal traverses the co. from Edenderry in the E. to Shan non Harbour in the W. Much attention is paid to the rearing of live stock; the manufs. are unimportant, and only for home use. The chief town is Tullamore, the principal shipping station on the Grand Canal. King's County was so called by Queen Mary of England in honour of her husband, Philip II. of Spain, whose name is also commemorated in Philipstown, on the Grand Canal. Kingscourt, kings'kort, a town of Ireland, co. Cavan, 5 m. S.W. of Carrickmacross. Pop. 932. Kingseat, k'mg-seet', a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Dunfermline. Pop. 724. Kingsland, kings'land, a pa. of England, co. Hereford. Pop. 1063. The battle of Mortimer's Cross, which established Ed ward IV. on the throne of England, was fought here in 1461. — Also a hamlet of England, co. Middlesex, now a northern suburb of London. King's Lynn. See Lynn Eegis. King's Norton, kings nor'ton, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Worcester, 4£ m. S.S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of pa. 34,071. Kingston, kings'tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Elgin, pa. of Urquhart. Pop. 326. KingBton, the cap. of the island of Jamaica, West Indies, on the N. side of Port Royal Bay. Pop. 34,314. Kingston, the cap. of the island of St 204 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, m&; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, Vfon. Vincent, West Indies, on its S.W. coast, Pop. 5400. Kingston, a Btrongly-fortified town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, at the entrance of the Rideau Canal, on the N.E. point of Lake Ontario, near its outlet by the St Lawrence. Pop. 14,091. Kingston -up on -Hull. See Hull. Kingston-upon-Thames, a munic. bor. of England, co. Surrey, 13 m. S.W. of Lon don. Pop. 20,648. — This town was called by the Saxons Moreford, but the name was changed to Kyningestun, or King's town, from its being the abode of royalty in the Anglo-Saxon period, and here, between 902 and 979 a.d., seven Saxon kings were orowned. Kingstown (so called by George IV. on his embarkation here for England after his visit to Ireland in 1821), a seaport town of Ireland, co. and 7 m. S.E. of Dublin, fre quented as a watering-place, and possessing a fine harbour, which is the royal mail packet station for communication with Liverpool and Holyhead. Its former name was Dunleary. Pop. 18,586. Kingussie and Insch, king-yu'se and insh, a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. The vil. of Kingussie (the head of the fir wood) is 44 m. S. of Inverness. Pop. of pa. 1987 ; of vil. 645. Kinloch. See Lethendy. Kinlocb-Moidart, a vil. of Scotland, co. Inverness, 8 m. N.W. of Strontian. Kinloss, kin-loss', a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin. Pop. 1072. Kumaird, kin-naird' (the high head land), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 260. — Also, a vil. in the pas. of Larbert and Bothkennar, co. Stirling. Pop. 336. — Also, a vil. in co. Perth, pa. of Moulin. Kinnaird's Head, a promontory on the coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, with a lighthouse.— 57° 44' N. lat., 2° 1' W. long. Kinneff and Catterline, kin-neff' and kafer-line, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kincardine. Pop. 997. — During the invasion of Crom well the Regalia of Scotland was safely concealed under the pulpit of the church of Kinneff. Kinneil, kin-neel', a vil. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, pa. of Bo'ness. Pop. 373. Kinneil, kin-nell' (the head of the hank or hillock), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 696. Kinnellar, Un-nel'lar, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 580. Kinnesswood, kin-ness'wood, a vil, of Scotland, co. Kinross, pa. of Portmoak. Kinnethmont, kin-neth-mont', a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 999. Kinnettles, Un-net'tVz (the head of the bog), a pa, of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 386. r Kinnoul, kin-nool' (the head of the rock), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 3461. Kinross, kin-ross' (the head of the pro montory), the co. town of Kinross-shire, Scotland, at the W. extremity of Loch Leven, 17 m. S. of Perth. Pop. I960.— The pa. of Kinross has a pop. of 2492. Kinross -shire, a small but well-culti vated county of Scotland, surrounded by Perth and Fife. It extends from E, to W. about 13 m., and from N. to S. 12 m. Area 72 sq. m.; pop. 6697. The middle of the co. is occupied by Loch Leven, from the banks of which the ground gently rises on all sides, towards the Ochils on the N., but abruptly towards the Cleish Hills on the S. On an islet in Loch Leven is the cele brated castle of that name, in which Mary Queen of Scots was for some time a prisoner. The minerals and manufs. of Kinross-shire are unimportant. — Kinross is theco, town. Kinsale, kin-sale' (corr. from ceann-saile, the head of the brine, i.e., the highest point to which the tide rises in a river, or from ceann-taile, the headland in the sea), a seaport of Ireland, co. and 14 m. S.S.W. of Cork, on a fine bay at the mouth of the Bandon, with extensive and valuable fisheries. Pop. 5998. Kintail, kin-tail' (the head of the two salt-water lakes), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, intersected by two arms of Loch Alsh. Pop. 688. Kintore, kin-tore' (the head of the wood, or the head of the tor or hill), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on Great North of Scotland Railway, 12 m. W.N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of pa. 2327; of town 661. Kintyre. See Cantire. Kifige, ke-u'gheh, or Kjdge, a seaport town of Denmark, on the E. coast of Zea land, 20 m. S.E. of Copenhagen. Pop. 3122. Ki6ge Bay, an inlet of the Baltic, on the E. coast of Zealand, Denmaik, some times used as a station for ships of war. Kiolen, or Kjolen, kyn'len, the N. part of the great chain of mountains separating Norway from Sweden, the highest of which, Sulitelma, is 6200 ft. above the sea. Kiong-Choo, ke-ong-choo' , a maritime city of China, cap. of the island of Hainan, on its N. coast. Pop. estimated at 100,000. Kioo-long-Shan, a range of mountains in China, between Shen-si and Se-chu-en. Kioo-Sioo. See Kiusiu. Kioto, ke-o'to, till 1863 called Miaco, a city of Japan, towards tbe S. end of the island of Niphon; it was the former resi dence of the Mikado, and has suffered from his removal to Tokio, but it maintains its reputation for silks, bronzes, lacquer-work, etc., and is still the headquarters of litera ture, science, and art in Japan. Pop. 229,810. Kippen, kip'pen, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, cos. Perth and Stirling. The vil. is in Stirlingshire, 5 m. E.N.E. of Bucklyvie. Pop. of pa. 1449; of vil. 330. Kipps, The, a hill, 1785 ft. high, in the pa. of Temple, co. Edinburgh, Scotland. Kippure, kip'pure, a mountain of Ire- Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin ; note, nU; tunc, tUn. 205 land, between cos. Wicklow and Dublin. Height 2473 ft. Kirohberg, keerh'berg (church hill), a town of Saxony, Germany, 23 in. S.W. of Chemnitz, with manufs. of woollen cloth and paper. Pop. 6554. Kirchbeirn, keerh'hime, a town of Wttr- temberg, S. Germany, on the Lauter, 16. m. S.E. of Stuttgart, with an active trade in cattle and wool. Pop. 6587. Kirghiz Country, kir-gheez', a region of Central Asia, between Orenburg and the Sea of Aral, partly independent and partly under the sovereignty of Russia. It lies between 44° and 55° N. lat., and 53° and 82° E. long. Kiria, kir'e-a, a town of Eastern Tur kestan, 138 m. E. of Khotan. Kirin Oola, Mr' en oo'ld or ke-reen' oo'ld, a town of Manchooria, on the Soongari. Kirkbean, kirk-been' (church of S t Bean), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud bright. Pop. 794. Kirkburton, kirk bur' tun, 9. town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. S.E. of Hiiddersfield. Pop. 3407. Kirkby - Lonsdale, kir 'be- Ions ' dale (church town in the dale of the Lune or Lon), a pa. and township of England, co. Westmorland, 12 m. S.E. of Kendal. Pop. of pa. 4026; of township 1733. Kirkby-Stephen, kir'be-ste'v'n (church town of St Stephen, to whom the pa. church was dedicated), a pa. and township of England, co. Westmorland, 10 m. S.E. of Appleby. Pop. of pa. 3157 ; of township 1664. Kirkcaldy, kirk-kaw'de (corr. of kirk of the Culdees, who formerly had a cell here), a royal and pari, burgh and seaport of Fife, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, 6 m. N.E. of Burntisland; it has linen and floor-cloth manufs., and good shipping trade. Adam Smith, the author of "The Wealth of Nations," was born here in 1723. Pop. of royal burgh 23,288 ; of pari, burgh 13,320. Kirkoolm, kirk-kom' (the church of St Columba), a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Pop. 1847. Kirkconnel, kirk-kon'nel (the church of St Connal), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 1019. Kirkcowan, kirk-kow'an or kirk-owen (corr. from its ancient name Kirkuan, the church of St Keuin), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Wigtown. Pop. of pa. 1307 ; of vil. 671. Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'bre (the kirk or church town of St Cuthbert), the chief tnwn of Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, on the estuary of the Dee, 28 m. S.W. of Dum fries. Pop. 2571. Kirkcudbrightshire, or the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, a co. of Scotland, com prising the eastern district of Galloway, extends from E. to W. 44 m., from N. to S. 40 m.; and is bounded on the N. by Ayr; on the E. by Dumfries ; on the S. by the Solway Firth ; and on the W. by Wigtown. Area 897 sq. m.; pop. 42,127. About two- thirds of the co. is mountainous, the most elevated portions being Meyrick Mountain (2764 ft.), Rhinns of Kells (Corscrine 2668 ft.), Cairnsmoor of Garsphairn (2612 ft.), and Cairnsmoor of Fleet (2331 ft.) A moun tain-range stretches along the whole N. boundary in the form of a vast amphi theatre, embracing nearly half the co. The principal rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Ken, Gree, and Urr. Lakes are numerous, the most considerable being Loch Ken and Loch Doon. The coast is indented by several bays, of which the chief are Kirk cudbright Bay aud Fleet Bay. The pastures of Kirkcudbright are excellent, and vast numbers of sheep and cattle are reared for the English markets. In many parts great attention is given to bees, and the co. is noted for its honey. The occupations of the people are mainly those connected with agriculture and grazing. The prin cipal towns are Kirkcudbright, New Gallo way, Castle-Douglas, Dalbeattie, and Gate- house-of- Fleet. Kirkdale, kirk'dale, a township of Lan cashire, England, 2 m. N.E. of Liverpool, of which borough it forms a part. Pop. 58,145. Kirkden, kirk-den' (so called from the church being situated in a dell or den), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 1682. Kirkfieldbank, kirk'feeld-bank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Lesmahagow. Pop. 963. Kirkgunzeon, kirk-gun' yun, anciently written Kirkwinong (the church of St Winning), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Pop. 656. Kirkham, kirk'ham, a town of Lanca shire, England, 8£ m. N.W. of Preston. Pop. 3840. Kirkheaton, kirk-he'tun, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, adjoining Huddersfield. Pop. 2747. Kirkhill, kirk-hill (the church on the hill), a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 14S0. — Also, a vil., co. Edinburgh, £ m. N.E. of Penicuik. Pop. 755. — Also, a vil., co. Lanark, part of the town of Cambuslang. Kirkhope, kirk'hope (the church in the hollow), a pa. of Scotland, co. Selkirk. Pop. 547. Kirkinner, Mrkin'ner (the church of St Kinneir or Kinner), a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Pop. 1597. Kirkintilloch, kirk-in-til'loh (corr. from caer-pen-tulloch, the fort at the end of the hill), a pa. and town of Scotland, in a detached part of the co. of Dumbarton, 7 m. N. of Glasgow. Pop. of pa. 10,591 ; of town 8029, chiefly weavers. Kirk Killissia, keerk ke-lis'se-d (the forty churches), a town of European Tur key, 62 m. E. of Adrianople. Many of its buildings are in ruins. Pop. est. at 20,000. 20G Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note, not ; tune, tUn, Kirkland, kirk'land, a vil, of Scotland, co. Fife, 1 m. W. of Leven. Kirkliston, kirk-lis'ton (the church of the strong fort), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, cos. Linlithgow and Edinburgh, 9 m. W. from Edinburgh. Pop. 2580. The church formerly belonged to the Knights Templars, hence the anc. name of the place was Temple Liston. The vil. is situated in the co. Lin lithgow. Pop. 747. Kirkmabreck, kirk-wid-brek' (the spotted church), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Pop. 1834. Kirkmahoe, kirk-md-ho', a pa. of Scot land, 4 m. from Dumfries. Pop. 1250. On 14th October 1788, the first boat ever pro pelled by steam was tried on a lake in this pa. by its inventor, Patrick Miller, Esq., of Dalswinton. Kirkmaiden, kirk-md'den (the church of St Medan), a pa. of Scotland, forming a peninsula ending in the Mull of Gallo way, co. Wigtown. Pop. 2446. Kirkmichael, kirk-mi'k'l (the church of St Michael), several pas. of Scotland — I., with a vil. of the same name, 3i m. E. of Maybole, co. Ayr. Pop. of pa. 1989; of vil. 343.— II., co. Banff. Pop. 1073.— III., co. Dumfries. Pop. 849.— IV., co. Perth. Pop. 849.— V., co. Ross and Cromarty, but popu larly known as Resolis, which see. Pop. 1424. Kir kmuir hill, kirk'mure-hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Lesmahagow. Pop. 547. Kirknewton and East Calder, kirk- nu'ton and eest kdl'der, a pa. of Scotland, 11 m. W.S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 2742. Kirkoswald, kirk-oz'wdld (named after Oswald, king of Northumberland), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, on the Firth of Clyde. Pop. of pa. 1781. Kirkpatrick, kirk-pat'rik, several pas. of Scotland — I,, Kirkpatrick - Durham (named from the old church dedicated to St Patrick at Durham, where it stood), with a vil. of the same name, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 6 m. N.N.E. of Castle- Douglas. Pop. of pa. 1317; of vil. 484.— II., Kirkpatrick- Fleming (the adjunct being from the ancient family of Fleming, who possessed several towers on the borders), with a vil. in Dumfriesshire, 6 m. N.E. of Annan. Pop. of pa. 1464. — III., Kirk patrick- Irongr ay, in co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 784.— IV., Kirkpatrick-Juxta (the lands nigh to the church of St Patrick), in co. Dumfries. Pop. 1064. Kirkton, several vils. of Scotland, but all small and unimportant. Kirktown, a pa. of Scotland, co. Rox burgh. Pop. 334. Kirkurd, kirk-urd' (the church on the height), a pa. of Scotland, co. Peebles. Pop. 282. Kirkwall, kirk'wdll (originally Kirkiv- vog, the church on the bay, so called from the church of St Ola, which is believed to have existed here before the foundation of the cathedral, having stood near the shore of Kirkwall Bay), a royal and pari, burgh, the chief town of the Orkney Islands, Scot land, near the centre of Mainland or Po mona, at the head of Kirkwall Bay. It contains the cathedral of St Magnus, a Scandinavian Earl of Orkney, who wag assassinated in Egelshay by his cousin Haco, about the year 1100. Though founded in 1138 it is still entire. Pop. of royal burgh 2613; of pari, burgh 3923. Kirkwall and St Ola, a united pa. of Scotland, in Mainland or Pomona, Orkney Islands. Pop. 4801. Kirn, a watering-place on the W. shore of the Firth of Clyde, about 1 m. above Dunoon, co. Argyll, Scotland. Kirree, Mr-re', a large trading town of Africa, on the Niger, near which the delta of that river begins. Kirriemuir, kir-re-mure' (from corrie- mdr, the large hollow or den), a pa. and town in Forfarshire, Scotland, 6 m. N.W. of Forfar. Pop. of pa. 6616; of town, includ ing Southmuir, 4390. Kisariah. See Kaisariyeh. Kishm, or Kishma, kish'md, an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Pop. 5000.-26° 57' N. lat., 56° 50' E. long. Kisliar, or Kizliar, kiz-le-ar', a town of Asiatic Russia, lieutenancy of the Cau casus, gov. Stavropol, on the Terek, 50 m. W. of its mouth in the Caspian Sea. Pop. 9257. Kisser, kis'ser, an island of the Malay Archipelago, N. of Timor. Pop. 8000. Kissingen, kis'sing-en, a town and cele brated watering-place of Bavaria, on the Saale, 30 m. N.N.E. of Wurteburg, with salt-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 3873. Kistna, or Krishna, Msfnd, or krish'nd (from Sansc. krishna, black, named from Krishna, the popular deity among the Hindus, who was so called from his black complexion), a river of India, which rises in the Western Ghauts, and, after a course of 700 m., falls into the Bay of Bengal near Masulipatam. Kistna, or Krishna, a dist. of Madras Presidency, British India. Area 8471 sq. m. ; pop. 1,452,734. Kiu-Kiang, ke'oo-ke-ang', a town of China, prov. Kiang-si, on the right bank of the Yang-tse-kiang, 137 m. S.E. of Han kow. Pop. estimated at 35,000. Kiusiu, or Kioo-sioo, ke-oo'se-oo', or Ximo, ze'mo, the southernmost of the three principal islands of Japan, sepa rated from Corea by the Strait of Corea, and from the island of Niphon by the Strait of Sikok. Area 15,636 sq. m. ; pop. 5,212,997. Kizil-Irmak, Mz'il-ir'mdk (red river), anc. Halys, a river of Asia Minor, which issues from Mount Taurus, and, after a course of 500 m., flows into the Black Sea. Kizil-Ouzen, kiz'il-oo-zen' (so CHlled Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, nSt; tunc, tun. 207 from the reddish tinge of its waters, kizil meaning " red"), anc. Mardus, a river of Persia, which rises in Diarbekir, and, after a winding course of 300 m., falls into the Caspian Sea near Resht. Klzliar. -See Kisliar. Klagenfurt, or Clagenfurt, kld'ghen- foort, a town of Austria, cap. of the duchy of Carinthia, on the Glan, 1£ m. E. of the lake of Klagenfurt, with which it is con nected by a canal. Pop. 18,747. Klattau, kldt'tou, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Bohemia, 68 m. S.W. of Prague, with extensive woollen manufac tures and marble quarries, silver-mines, aud a celebrated mineral 6pring in its neighbourhood. Pop. 89S6. Klausenburg, klou'zen-boorg, also called Kolosvar, ko-lozh'var (the enclosed for tress), a city of Austria- Hungary, cap. of Transylvania, beautifully situated on the Little Szamos, 51 m. N. of Carlsburg. Matthias Corvinus, the noted king of Transylvania, was born here in 1443. Pop. 29,923. Klausthal. See Clausthal. Knapdale, North and South, nap'dale (from cnap-daill, hill and dale), two pas. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. of North Knap dale, 927 ; of South, 2536. Knaresborough, nairs'bur-o, a pari. bor. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Nidd, 18 m. N.W. of York, with cot ton and linen manufactures. Pop. 5000. Knighton, ni'tun, or Tref-y-Clawdd, trev-e-klowth (town on the dyke), a town of S. Wales, co. Radnor, on the Teme, which separates Wales from Shropshire. Pop. 1720. The dyke erected by Offa in the 8th century as a defence against the Britons passes through the town. Knight sbridge, nits'bridj, a W. suburb of London, co. Middlesex, England, where are extensive military barracks. Knock, nok (from Gael, cnoc, hill, knoll, or mound), a mountain of Scotland, 1409 ft. above the sea, co. and 11 m. W.S.W. of Banff. Knockando, ndk-an'do, formerly spelled Rnockandow (from Gaelic words signifying "black hill," or "hill with the black head"), a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin. Pop. 1S38. Knockane, nok-kane* (little hill), a pa. of Ireland, co. Kerry. It is very moun tainous, and comprises part of the beautiful scenery of Killarney. Pop. 4283. Knookard and Erropie, nok-ard' and er-ro've, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Barvas. Pop. 408. Knookbain, nok-bain' (from Gael. C7ioc- bdn, the white knoll), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, on the Moray Firth. Pop. 1866. Knockmeledown Mountains. See Ire land. Knoxville, nox'veel, a town of Tennessee, U.S., on the Holston, 1S5 m. E.S E. of Nash ville; it Is an important railway centre, and is the seat of the Tennessee uni versity. Pop. 9693. Kuutsford, nuts'ford (corr. from Cnufs ford, i.e., " Canute's ford ">, a town of Eng land, co. and 24 m. E.N.E. of Chester, on the Birken, which divides it into Nether and Over Knutsford. Pop. 4305. Kobtoe, kob'be, the cap. of the Egyptian territory of Darfur, N. Central Africa. Kobe, ko-be' (gate of God), a settlement for foreigners on the bay and near the city of Hiogo, Japan. Koblenz. See Coblenz. Kohistan, koAs-tan' (land of mountains), a name applied to parts of Persia, Beluchis- tan, and Afghanistan. Koil. See Coel. Kokan. See Kbokan. Koko Nor, ko'ko nor' (the blue lake), a lake in Mongolia, on the borders of China, Kolapore, Kolapur, or Kolhapur, ko- Id-poor', a Maratha state of India, presi dency of Bombay. It is governed by a rajah, subject to British authority. Area 2778 sq. m. ; pop. 800,267.— The town of Kolapore or Kolapur is 185 m. S.E. of Bom bay. Pop. 40,000. Kolding, koVding, a town of Denmark, prov. Jutland, at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, 30 m. E.N.E. of Rihe. Pop. 7141. Kolguev, kol-guev', a dreary and thinly inhabited island in the Northern Ocean. Kolokythia, ko-lo-ke-the'd, anc. Laconi- cus Sinus, a gulf in the S. of the Morea, Greece. Kolyma, or Kolima, ko-le-md', or ko-le'- md, a large river of Siberia, gov. Yakutsk; it rises in the Stanovoi Mountains, near GV 30/ N. lat., and, after a N. course of 700 m., falls into the Arctic Ocean. Kolyvan, ko-le-vdn', a town of Asiatic Russia, gov. Tomsk, on the Obi, with ex tensive enpper-mines, yielding also silver and gold, in its vicinity. Pop. 3637. Komorn, or Comorn, ko'mom, a strongly fortified town of Austria-Hungary, at the junction of the Danube and the Waag, about 48 m. W.N.W. of Pesth ; it has woollen manufs., and an extensive trade in wine, timber, corn, and honey. Pop. 13,108. Konde, kon'de, a country at the N.W. cornerof Lake Nyassa, interiorof E. Africa; it occupies a deep triangular indentation in the central plateau, the escarpment of which, rising to a height of from 6000 to 8000 ft., bounds it on all sides except the E. Near the lake extends a broad plain of wonderful fertilitv, with a large population. Kong, a kingdom of W. Africa, between Bambarraand Ashantee, traversed by lofty mountains of the same name. Kong in the Mandingo language means " mountains." Kongsberg, kongs'berg (king's moun tain), a town of Norway, prov. and 43 m. W.S.W. of Christiania, on the Lauven, cele- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, riot; fun", tUn. 208 brated for its silver-mines, the most im portant in the kingdom. Pop. 4800. Kongsvinger, kovgs' ving - er, a small town of Norway, prov. and 45 m. E.N.E. of Christiania, on the Glommen. Konieh, h/ne-eh, anc. Iconium, the chief city of Caramania, in Asia Minor, with some manufs. of carpets and leather, 27 ra. S.E. of Smyrna. Pop. 50,000. Koniggratz, ken'ig-grets (king's fort), a fnrtified town of Austria, prov. Bohemia, on the Elbe, 64 m. N.E. of Prague. Near it was fought the decisive battle of Sadowa, which closed the war between Austria and Prussia in 1866. Pop. 8166. Kdnigsberg, ken'igz-berg, Germ. pron. ku'nihs-berg (king's mountain), the cap. of East Prussia, on the Pregel, near its junc tion with the Frische Haff. It stands partly on an island, but chiefly on the N. bank of the river, and is the seat of a university, founded in 1554. Kant the philosopher was bom here in 1724. Pop. 110.909. Koondooz. See Kunduz. Koordistan. See Kurdistan. Kopparberg, kop'par-bergy a laen of Sweden, comprehending the anc. prov. of Dalecarlia. Pop. 190,133. Korat, ko-rdt', a state and town of S.E. Asia, tributary to Siam. Copper is abun dant in the state, which also produces ivory, sugar, and rosewood. Pop. of state about 60,000; of town 6000. Kordofan, kor-do-fdn' (tho white land), a country of Central Africa, between Dar fur and Semiaar, subject to the Khedive of Egypt. Pop. estimated at 3,000,000. Kos, anc. Cos, an island belonging to Turkey,near the Asiatic coast. It is cele brated as the birthplace of Hippocrates the phvsician and Apelles the painter. Kosciusko, Mount, kos-se-us'ko, the highest peak in the Australian Alps, New South Wales, at the head of the Murray River. Height 6500 ft. Kosgol, kos'gol, a lake in the N. of Mongolia, 150 m. long and 40 m. wide. Kostroma, kos-tro'md, a gov. of Euro pean Russia, surrounded by Vologda, Viat- ka, Nijni-Novgorod, Vladimir, and Jaro slav. Area 30,508 sq. m. ; pop. 1,251,718. Kostroma, a city of European Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Volga, near its junction with the Kostroma. Pop. 30,405. Kotab, ko'td, a Rajpoot state and town of India, subsidiary to Britain. Area of state 3797 sq. m.; pop. 450,000. Kotzebue Sound, kot'se-bu, an inlet of the Behring Strait, in Alaska, N. America, named after the Russian navi gator Kotzebue, by whom it was discovered in 1816. Kouka, or Kooka, koo'kd, a city of Cen tral Africa, the cap. of Bornou, W. of Lake Tchad. Kovno, kov'no, a gov. of European Rus sia, on the Baltic, having Courland on the N., and the river Niemen on the S. Area 15,937 sq. m.; pop, 1,403,079. Kovno, the cap., has an active trade in corn. P. 42,227. Krakatoa, krd-kd-to'a, an island iu the Strait of Sunda, near Java, the centre of a most disastrous volcanic eruption iu August 1883. Krasnoyarsk, kras-no-yarsk', a town of Siberia, Asiatic Russia, cap. of gov. Yeni seisk, on the Yenisei. Pop. 14,159. Kraw, Isthmus of, connects the Malay Peninsula with the rest of Further India. Near its centre is the town of the same name. Kremnitz, krem'nits (stone fortress), a town in the N.W. of Hungary, 8 m. W. of Neusohl. Pop. 8550. Kreuznaeh, kroits'ndh, a town of Rhen ish Prussia, 8 m. S. of Bingen, much re sorted to for its salt springs. Pop. 15,321. Kronoberg, kron'o-berg, a laen or gov. in the prov. of Gothland, Sweden. Pop. 169,736. Kronstadt, kron'stdtt (crown city), a strong town in the S.E. of Transylvania, Austria-Hungary, 70 m. E.S.E. of Herman- 6tadt. Pop., including suburbs, 29,584. Kronstadt, Russia. See Cronstadt. Kuban, or Kouban, koo-ban', a river of S. Russia, which has its source in the Caucasus, and, flowing westward, divides into two branches, forming the island of Taman between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. The Russians regard the Kuban, on the W., and the Terek, on the E., as the boundary between Europe and Asia. Kuei-oboo, or Cjuei-chow, kwd-choof, a prov. in the S.W. of China; it is very mountainous, and contains mines of gold, silver, vermilion, and iron. Pop. 5,300,000. — Kuei-yang is the cap. Kuen-lun, kwen-loon', a range of moun tains in E. Asia, separating Tibet from Eastern Turkestan. Kuhloor, a hill state of India, between 31° 10' and 31° 25' N. lat., and 76° 27' and 70° 55' E. long. Area about 150 sq. m.; pop. estimated at 33,000. Kuldja, kool'Jd, a prov. and town of Dzungaria, Central Asia, belonging to China, to the N. of Eastern Turkestan. Pop. of prov. 130,000; of town 10,000. Kulm, or Culm, koolm (town on the hill), a town of West Prussia, near the Vistula, 34 m. S.W.of Marienwerder. Pop. 9937. Kulmbach, or Culmbach, koolnVbdh, a walled town of Bavaria, Germany, gov. Upper Franconia, 48 m. N.E. of Niirnberg. Pop. 5815. Kumaon, or Kumaun, koo-moun', a mountainous district in the North-West Provinces of British India, W. of NepauL Area 6000 sq. m. ; pop. 433,314. Kunipta. See Coompta. Kunduz, koon-dooz't a dist. of Afghan- Fate, f tit, fdr ; mite, mti; pine, pin; ndte, nU; tune, ttin. 209 Turkestan, separated from Kabul by the Hindu Kush. The town of the same name is a wretched place, chiefly composed of mnd huts and straw sheds. Pop. 1500. Kunie, or Kounie, or Isle of Pines, a small island belonging to France in the S. Pacific Ocean, S.E. of New Caledonia. Kunouj, or Kannoj, or Kanauj, kun- noj', a town of British India, North-West Provinces, div. Agra. Pop. 17,093. Kur, or Koor, anc. Cyrus, a river of Georgia, W. Asia, rises on the borders of Armenia, passes Tiflis, and, after being joined by the Aras, falls into the Caspian. Kurdistan, or Koordistan, koor-dis-tdn' (the country of the Koords), a rude and mountainous region of W. Asia, belonging partly to Asiatic Turkey and partly to Persia, between 34° and 38° N. lat., and 42° and 47° E. long. Pop. 2,000,000. The Koords were known to the ancients by the name of Carduchi. Under the ancient Persiau monarchy they were included partly in the province of Assyria, and partly in that of Media. Runic Islands, koo'ril (supposed to be derived from Kooroo Mitsi, the road of sea weeds, the name bestowed by the natives of Yesso upon this insular chain. Kooroo means " a seaweed "), a long range of small islands belonging to Japan off the E. ex tremity of Asia, and extending 700 m. from Kamtschatka to the island of Yesso. Kurnal, or Karnal, kur-ndl', a dist. and town of the Punjab, British India, div. Delhi. Pop. of dist. 622,621 ; of town 23,200. Kurnool, or Karnul, kur-nool', a dist. and town of British India, Madras Presi dency. The dist. throughout is hilly, but produces teak, bamboo, aud other valu able woods. Pop. of dist. 914,432; of town 25,000. Kurraob.ee, or Karachi, Tcur-ratch'ee, a dist. and town of Sindh, Bombay Presidency, British India. The town is a port of great commercial importance. Pop. of district 478,688; of town 58,000. Kursnee, kur'she, or koor'she, a town of Bokhara, Western Turkestan. Pop. 10,000. Kursk, or Coursk, koorsk, a gov. of European Russia, bounded by Orel, Voro- netz, Kharkov, and Tchernigov. Area 17,220 sq. m.; pop. 2,239,397. Kursk, the cap. of the above gov., near the Seim, 120 m. N. of Kharkov. P. 31,754. Kurum. koo-room', or Karun, kd-roon', a river of Persia, rises in the prov. of Irak- Ajemi, and, after a course of 240 m., enters the Persian Gulf by several mouths. Kuruman, koo'roo-man, or New Latta- koo, lat-td-koo', a town of S. Africa, cap. of the Bechuanas. Kustendji, his-tend'Je, a seaport town of Roumania, on the Black Sea, at the termination of Trajan's Wall. KUstrin. See Ciistrin. Kutais, koo-tis', a gov. and town of Asiatic Russia, lieutenancy of the Cau casus. Pop. of gov. 570,691 ; of town 12,741. Kutaya, or Kutaiah, koo-ti'yeh, a town of Anatolia, Asia Minor, on a trib. of the Sakaria. Pop. estimated at 60,000. Kwando, qudn'do, an important river of S. Africa, rises in the Mossamba Mountains, E. of Benguela territory, flows S. and E. for several hundred miles as a navigable river, and enters the Zambesi, its lower course being the stream long known as the Chobe, Kyles of Bute, kHz (from Gael, caol, a strait), a narrow arm of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, between the island of Bute and the mainland of Argyllshire. Kyneton, kln'tun, a town of Dalhousie co., Victoria, Australia, on the Campaspe River, 52 m. N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. 3000. Laaland, Id'land, or lol'land (low land), an island of Denmark, at the entrance of the Baltic, 40 m. long and 14 m. broad. It is the most fertile tract in the Danish do minions. Pop., with Falster, 97,000.-54° 48' N. lat., 11° 25' E. long. La Bourboule, Id boor-bool (boiling waters), a vil. of Puy-de-D6me, France, with valuable hot mineral springs. Labrador, lab-rd-dor', an extensive peninsula of British North America, be tween Hudson Bay and the Atlantic, ex tending from 50° to 61° N. lat., and from 56° to 78° W. long. It is a cold and sterile region, but the Moravian missionaries have some settlements here, which are occupied chiefly by the Esquimaux. Labuan, ld-boo-an' (an anchorage), an island of the Eastern Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Borneo. Length 10 m., breadth 5 m. It was taken possession of by the British in 1846, and forms a valuable naval station. It possesses extensive beds of excellent coal. Pop. 6000.-5° 22' N. lat., 115° 10' E. long. Laccadive Isles, Idk'ka-dive (ten thou sand isles), a group of islands surrounded by coral reefs in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Malabar.— 11° 20' N. lat., 72° 30' E. long. Laohine, Id-sheen', a town of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Quebec, on Lake St Louis, 8 m. from Montreal. Pop. 2406. Lachlan, Idh'ldn, a river of New South Wales, Australia, rises by several heads in cos. King and Georgiana, flows W. and joins the Murrumbidgee, a trib. of the Murray. Total course, about 700 m. La Oiotat, Id se-o-td', a maritime town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 14 m. S.E. of Mar seilles. Pop. 8045. Ladakh, ld-ddk', or Middle Tibet, a prov. of Cashmere, W. of Tibet, between O 210 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tiin. 32° 20' and 35° N. lat., and 75° 30' and 79° 30' E long. Pop. 125,000. Ladoga, Lake, Idd'o-gd, in European Russia, surrounded by the govs. St Peters burg, Olonetz, and Viborg, is the largest lake in Europe, being 120 m. long and 70 m. broad. It is connected by canals with Lake Ilmen and the Volga, so as to allow of passage by water from the Baltic to the Caspian. Ladrones, Idd-rones' (the islands of the thieves), Marianne or Mariana Islands, a group belonging to Spain, in the N. Pacific Ocean, E. of the Philippines and N. of the Carolines, between 12° and 17° N. lat., and 144° and 145° E. long. They were called the Mariana Islands in honour of the queen of Philip IV. of Spain, and Ladrones because of the thievish pro pensities of the inhabitants when dis covered by Magellan in 1521. Lady, la'de, a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney, in the N.E. of the island of Sanda. Pop. 945. Ladybank, la'de-bank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Collessie. Pop. 1072. Ladykirk, la' de-kirk (the church of " Our Lady" or Virgin Mary, which tradition says was erected by James IV. in grati tude for his escape from the violence of a flood when crossing the Tweed with his array), a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 438. Laeken, ld'ken,& town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 2 m. N. of Brussels, with a royal palace, extensive chemical works, etc. Lafayette, ld-fd-yett', a flourishing city of Indiana, U.S., on the left bank of the Wabash River, 66 m. N.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 14,860. Also several cos. and vils. in the U.S. La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, Id fer-ta'-soo- zhoo-ar' (the feudal fortress of Jouarre), a town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on an island formed by the Marne, 12 m. E. of Meaux; it is chiefly noted for its trade in mill-stones, which are quarried in its vicinity. Pop. 3659. La Fleche, Id flaish (the spire, so named from the lofty spire of the church of St Thomas, one of the principal edifices of the town), a town of France, dep. Sarthe, on the Loire, 24 m. S.W. of Le Mans, with manufs. of linen, hosiery, and gloves. Pod 7529. y Lagan, lag'an, a river of Ireland, co. Down. After a course of 35 m., it falls into Belfast Lough. Laggan, lag'gan (from Gael, lagan, a small round hollow or plain), a pa of Scot- laud, co. Inverness. Pop. 917. —Loch Laggan, in this pa., is about 8 m. long. Lagos, la'goce (on a large bay or lake), a fortified seaport of Portugal, prov. Algarve, with an excellent harbour, 23 m. E. of Cape St Vincent. Pop. 7279. Lagos, Id'goce, an island and part of the Slave Coast, W. Africa, belonging to Bri tain, and, with Badagry, Palma, and Leckie, forming part of Gold Coast Colony. Pop. 75,270. Lagosta, Id-gos'td, the most southerly island of Dalmatia, Austria- Hungary, in the Adriatic. Length 6 m., breadth 4 m. La Guayra, Id gwi'rd, a seaport of Vene zuela, S. America, on the Caribbean Sea, about 16 m. from Caraccas, of which it is the port. Pop. 10,486. Laguna del Madre, Id - goo' nd del mdd'rd, a large lagoon or shallow lake in the S.E. of Texas, U.S., extending along the coast for about 110 m. from Corpus Christi Bay nearly to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lahore, ld-hore', a div. and dist. of the Punjab, British India. Pop. of div. 2,191,517 ; of dist. 924,106. Lahore, the chief city of the above div. and the cap. of the Punjab, near the left bank of the Ravee, on the great road from Delhi to Kabul. It contains many palaces, mosques, Hindoo temples, public buildings and gardens, and in the neighbourhood is the superb tomb of the emperor Jahanghir. Pop. 131,000. Lahsa. See El-Hasa. Lairg (from the Gaelic loeg, a footpath), a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland. Pop. 1355. Lake of tbe Thousand Islands, an expansion of the river St Lawrence, Do minion of Canada, prov. Ontario, near the egress of the river from Lake Ontario. It contains a great many islands, hence its name. Lake of the Woods, a lake of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Manitoba. 300 m. in circumference. — 49° N. lat., 95° W. long. La Maneha, Id mdn'tchd, an old prov. in central Spain, now called Ciudad Real, the scene of Don Quixote's adventures. La Marcbe, Id mdrsh (the frontier), an old prov. of Central France, between Poitou and Auvergne, now forming the dep. of Creuse. Lambeth, lam'beth (corr. from Lamb- hythe or lome-hithe, a muddy landing-place), a pari, bor, of England, co. Surrey, forming the W. extremity of that part of London which lies on the S. bank of the Thames. It is said to have been the place where Hardicanute died, and where Harold was crowned. Its palace is the residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Pop. 499,255. Lambhill, lam'hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Maryhill. Lambton, lam'tun, a co. of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, bordering on the S. portion of Lake Huron. Pop. 42,616. Lamego, Id-ma'go, a city of Portugal, prov. Beira, near the Douro, 39 m. N. of Viseu. Pop. 8124. Lamlasb, lam-lash' (said to be from Ard-na-Molas, the church or enclosure of St Molas; according to other authorities the name signifies " the beach fortress"), a vil. of Scotland, at the head of the beauti- Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tUn. 211 ful bay of Lamlash, on the E. coast of the Isle of Arran. Lammermoor Hills, lam'mer-moor, a range in Scotland, extending from the S.E. extremity of co. Edinburgh, through the cos. of Haddington and Berwick, to the North Sea. Lampeter, lam'pe-ter (the church of St Peter), or Llanbedr, a pari. bor. and market town of Wales, co. and 26 ra. N.E. of Cardi gan; it is the seat of St David's College, founded in 1827 for the education of the Welsh clergy. Pop. 1443. Lanark, lan'drk (probably from the Welsh Llannerch, a piece of level ground, or a vale), a royal and pari, burgh, the county town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, near the celebrated falls of the Clyde, 25 m. S.E. of Glasgow, and 15 m. S.E. of Hamilton. Here, in 1297, William Wallace, the Scot tish patriot, began his careerin arms. Pop. of royal burgh 5874 ; of pari, burgh 4910. —A mile distant is New Lanark, with extensive cotton-mills. Pop. 706. — The pa. of Lanark has a pop. of 75S0. Lanarkshire, or Clydesdale, is the most populous as well as the greatest manufacturing county in Scotland. It is encompassed by Stirling, Linlithgow, Edin burgh, Peebles, Dumfries, Ayr, Renfrew, and Dumbarton. It extends from N. to S. 52 m., and from E. to W. 34 m. Area 881 sq. m.; pop. 904,412. In the southern border the Clyde, has its source, and flows in a N.W. direction through the whole extent of the co., dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The tributary streams of the Clyde are numerous, the principal being the Avon, North and South Galder, Cart, Coulter, Daer, Douglas, Kelvin, M-ntse, and Nethan. For judicial and municipal purposes, Lanarkshire is divided into three districts called wards. The Upper (or Southern) Ward, of which the royal burgh of Lanark is the chief town, embraces about two-thirds of the co., and consists principally of mountains, hills, and moor ish grounds. The most elevated parts are the Lowther Hills (2403 ft.), and Tinto Hill (2335 ft.) Rich seams of coal and lead abound in this ward ; ironstone is also found ; and extensive iron-works are in operation. The Middle Ward, of which Hamilton is the chief town, is much smaller in extent than the Upper. The surface is less hilly aud more cultivated. The vale of the Clyde is exceedingly picturesque and fertile, and vast quantities of fruit are grown. Coal, ironstone, whin- stone, and sandstone are abundant. On the Clyde, 2 m. below Hamilton, is Bothwell Bridge, the scene of a celebrated battle be tween the Covenanters and the Royal forces under Monmouth in 1679. The Lower Ward, although the smallest of the three divi sions, is the most important, on account of its being the centre of vast manufacturing industries. The chief town in this district is Glasgow, which is not only the largest and most populous city in Scotland, but is also the commercial and manufacturing capital of the whole country. East from Glasgow is Airdrie, in the midst of very productive iron and coal fields, and near it is Coatbridge, a smaller town of the same character. Lancashire, lank'd-slur, one of the most populous and important of English counties, bounded on the N. by Cumber land and. Westmorland; W. by the Irish Sea; S. by Cheshire; and E. by York shire, from which it is separated bv the long ridge familiarly known as the " Back bone of England." Area 1905 sq. m.; pop. 3,464,441. The co. is very irregular in form, the district of Furness, on the north western side, being entirely separated from the rest by Morecambe Bay. The surface is rugged and mountainous in the N. and E., but level towards the coast. The highest summit in the N. is the O'd Man in Coniston Fells, 2577 ft. above sea-level. The chief rivers are the Mersey, Ribble, Wyre, Lune, Leven, and Duddon, all of which fall into the Irish Sea by large estuaries. The principal lakes are Winder mere (partly in Westmorland), Coniston, and Eslhwaite. In Lancashire the canal and railway systems have been, perhaps, more fully developed than in any other part of England. This has been rendered uecessary by the ever-increasing demand of its immense commerce and cotton manu factures. Coal is the chief mineral pro duct — the extent of the coal-field being estimated at 400 sq. m. Copper, iron, and lead are also worked to a considerable extent. The principal manufacturing and commercial centres are Manchester, Liverpool, Preston, and Blackburn. Lancaster, lan'kas-ter (the fortified place on the Lnne), a munic. bor. and the co. town of Lancashire, England, on the Lune, 20 m. N.N.W. of Preston ; it is famous for its noble castle built in 1094, and now used as the county jail. Pop. 20,663. Lancaster, a town of Pennsylvania, U.S., 70 m. from Philadelphia. Pop. 25,769. Lancaster Sound, a channel of British N. America, extends W. from Baffin Bay into Barrow Strait— 74° to 75° N. lat., 80° W. long. It was named in honour of Sir James Lancaster, who aided to equip the expedition by which it was discovered in 1616. Lanohang, Idn-tchdng', the cap. of Laos, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on the Menam-kong; it is described as a large and handsome city, enclosed by a ditch and a lofty wall. Lancbester, lan'ches-ter, a pa. and town of England, co. and 7 m. N.W. of Durham. Pop. of pa. 45,366; of town 4038. Lan-choo, ldn*choo', a city of China/ 212 Fate, fdt, fdr . ¦e, met ; pine, pin ; note, nVt ; tune, tiidi. the cap. of the N.W. prov. Kansu, on the Hoang-ho. Lanciano, Idn-chd'no, a town of Italy, prov. and 13 m. S.E. of Chieti. P. 15,500. Landau, Idn'dou, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Quiech, 18 m. W.S.W. of Spires. Pop. 8749, a large proportion being Jews. Landerneau, ldng'der-no, a seaport town of France, dep. Finistere, 12 m. E.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 7889. Landes, tonga* (from Fr. lande, a heath or desert plain), a maritime dep. of S.W. France. Area 3599 sq. m. ; pop. 301,143. Landport, land'part, a large suburb of Portsmouth, co. Hants, England. Landrecies, lang-dreh-se', a strong town of France, dep. Nord, on the Sambre, 11 m. W. of Avesnes. Pop. 3794. Landsberg, Idnts'berh, a town of Prus sia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Warta, 40 m. N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 23,612. Landscrona, Idnds-kro'nd (the crown or summit of the land), a strongly fortified 6eaport town of Sweden, gov. Malmohus, 16 m. N.E. from Copenhagen. Pop. 9763. Land's End, anc. Bolerium Promon- torium, a lofty headland in Cornwall, form ing the S.W. extremity of England. — 50° 5' N. lat., 5° 42' W. long. Landsbut, Idnts'hoot (land's defence), a town of Bavaria, Germany, on the Isar, 36 m. S. ofRatisbon. The church of St Martin here has a tower 450 ft. inheight, one of the loftiest in Germany. Pop. 17,225. Lane End and Longton. See Long- ton. Lanesborougb, lanz'bur-o (named after Sir George Lane, by whom it was founded in 1678), a vil. of Ireland, co. Longford, on the Shannon, 8 m. S.W. of Longford. P. 272. Langefj eld, Idng'e-fyeld (the long range), the southern part of the great Norwegian chain of mountains, extending from the Naze to the N. of the prov. of Bergen. Skagstdl-tind, the loftiest summit, is 8101 ft. above the sea. Langeland, Idng'S-ldnd (long land), an island of Denmark, between Zealand, Laa land, and Funen, 35 m. long and from 3 to 5 m. broad. Pop. 20,000.-54° 56' N. lat., 10° 46' E. long. Langenshwalbacb, Idng'en-shwdl'bah, a town of Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 8 m. N.W. of Wiesbaden, much frequented for its mineral waters. Pop. 2811. Langenthal, Idng'en-tdl, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 22 m. N.E. of Berne Pop. 3846. Langholm, lang'um (the long meadow), a pa. and town in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on the Esk and Ewes Rivers, a few miles from the English border. Pop. of pa. 4612; of town (old and new portions) 4200. Langley-Foint, lang' la-point, a shingly point on the coast of England, co. Sussex, between Pevensey Bay and Beachy Head. Langnau, Idng'nou, a town of Switzer land, cant, and 16 m. E. of Berne, the prin cipal mart for the cheese and thread made in the valley. Pop. 7191. Langport, lang'port, a pa. and river port of England, co. Somerset, on the Parret, 10 m. S.E. of Bridgwater. Pop. of pa. 897. Langres, ZangV (named from the Lin- gones, a Celtic people, whose capital it was), an anc. town of France, dep. Haute- Marne, picturesquely situated on a hill near the source of the Marne ; it is strongly fortified, and is noted for its fine cutlery. Pop. 10,321. Langside, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, near Glasgow, where, in .1568, the troops of Mary Queen of Scots were defeated by those of the Regent Moray. Langton, lang'ton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 505. Languedoc, lang-gheh-dok' (named from the language of the inhabitants, who used the word 'L oc" as an affirmative, and were hence said to speak the " langue d'oc"), an old prov. in the S. of France, celebrated for its tine climate and fertile plains. The Canal of Languedoc extends from the Mediterranean to Toulouse, where it enters the Garonne, forming an inland navigation from sea to sea. It is 150 m. long, and cost more than £1,300,000. Lanjaron, ldn-hd-ron' , a town of Spain, prov. and 26 m. S.S.E. of Granada, on the S. declivity of the Sierra Nevada; it has mineral springs, and in its environs are quarries of marble. Pop. 4181. Lansdown, lans'down, an elevated tract of table-land in Somersetshire, England. Lansdowne, lans'down, a co. of W. Australia, at the N.E. extremity of the colony. Lansing, lan'sing, the state cap. of Michigan, U.S., on Grand River, 110 m. N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 8319. Lanzarote, Idn-sd-ro'ia, Sp. pron. Idn- thd-vo'td, one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, 75 ra. E.N.E. of Teneriffe; it is scantily watered, but yields excellent wines, fruits, grain, etc. Area about 300 sq. m. ; pop. 18,000. Laon, Id-ong', a town of France, cap. of the dep. Aisne, 74 m. N.E. of Paris ; the surrounding country is noted for its wines. A great battle was fought here in 1814 between the allies under Blucher and the French under Napoleon I, Pop. 12,445. Laos, Id'oce, a large native state in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, surrounded by Burma, Siam, Cochin-China, and China, and inhabited by various tribes known by the name of the Shans. The great river Menam-kong traverses it from N. to S. Pop. estimated at 1,000,000. La Paz, Idpdz, Sp. pron, Idpdth, a town of Mexico, and the cap. of the territory of Lower California. Pop. 3823. La Paz, a city of Bolivia, S. America, near the S.E. end of Lake Titicaca; it is Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tun. 213 the commercial metropolis of the state and the cap. of the prov. of the same name, in which are Illimani and Sorata, among the loftiest mountains of the Andes. P. 76,000. Lapland, lap'land (probably from the Finnish word lappi, the land of the exiles or runaways, the Laplanders being supposed to have migrated from Finland), the most northerly country of Europe, extending above 600 m. from the North Cape to the White Sea in Russia. It is divided into Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian Lap land ; and although it contains about 130,000 sq. m., the entire pop. does not exceed 60,000. La Plata. See Argentine Republic. Laprairie, Id-prd're, a co. of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Quebec, bordering on the river St Lawrence. Pop. 11,436. The chief town is of the same name, and has a pop. of 1340. La Puebla, Id pweb'ld (so called from Puebla, the name of the chief town, which is a Spanish word signifying u a collection of people," and hence a " town or village "), a state of Mexico, E. of Vera Cruz. Its central part belongs to the Anahuac table land, and within it is the Popocatepetl moun tain. Area 18,000 sq. m ; pop. 704,946. La Puebla de los Angeles, Id pweb'ld da loss dng'hel-es (the city of the angels), a city of Mexico, cap. of the above prov., on a table-land 7215 ft. above the sea, 76 m. E.S.E. of Mexico; it is remarkable for the number of its ecclesiastical structures, and has an extensive trade. Pop. about 64,588. Lar, the cap. of Laristan, a prov. of Persia. Pop. 12,000. Larache, ld-rdsh', correctly Laraisb, Id- raish', or El-Araish, el-dr-aish' (the garden of pleasure), a fortified seaport of Morocco, N. Africa, 45 m. S.W. from Tangier. Pop. about 6000. Laracor, Idr'd-kor, a pa. of Ireland, co. Meath. Pop. 1516. Larab, Id'rd, a pa. of Ireland, co. Cavan. Pop. 4279. Larbert, Idr'bert (formerly written Lairbert scheills, i.e., the scheills or huts of the man named Lairbert), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 2 m. N.W. of Fal kirk. Bruce, the celebrated Abyssinian traveller, was born at Kinnaird in this pa., 1730. Pop. of pa. 6346; of vil. 831. Largo, Idr'go (the slope of a hill), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, on au inlet of the Firth of Forth, 6 m. S. of Cupar. Alexander Selkirk, the original of Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe," was born here in 1676. Pop. 2234. Largoward, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife. Pop. 338. Largs (the slope of a hill), a town in Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde, 14 m. S. of Greenock ; it has a fine beach, and is a favourite resort for sea-bathing. Here the Danes under Haco were defeated by Alexander III. of Scotland in 1263. Pop. 3079.— The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 5149. Larissa, Id-ris'sd, a town of Greece, cap. of a nomarchy of the same name, on the Selerabria, 6 m. S.E. of Ternovo. It was ceded to Greece by Turkey in 1881. Pop. 13,169. Laristan, ldr-is-tan', a prov. of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. Larkana, Idr-kd'nd, a fortified town of Sind, India, 145 m. N.W. of Hyderabad ; it is one of the chief corn markets of the country. Larke, lark, a river of England, rises in the S.W. of Suffolk, and joins the Ouse near Ely, co. Cambridge. Larkhall, lark'hall, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, 3£ m. S.E. of Hamilton. Pop. 6503, engaged in the neighbouring collieries and in weaving for the Glasgow houses. Larnaka, or Larnaca, Idr'nd-kd, a town near the S.E. coast of the island of Cyprus, in the Levant. Pop. 20,691. Lame, Idrn (corr. from Latharna, the dist. of Lathair, son of Hugony the Great, monarch of Ireland, before the Christian era. Until recently the name was applied to a dist. which extended northwards to Glenarm, and the town was then called Inver-an-Laharna, from its being situated at the mouth of the Ollarbha or Larne Water), a seaport of Ireland, co. Antrim, on Lough Larne, 10 m. S.E. of Glenarm. Steamboat communication between Larne and Stranraer in Scotland offers the shortest passage between Ireland and Great Britain, Pop. 3995. La Roche-sur-yon, Id rosh-snr-yong, formerly Napoleon- Vendue and Bourbon- Vendee, a town of France, cap. of the dep. Vendee, on the Yon, 40 m. S. of Nantes. Pop. 9965. Lassa, or H'lassa, h'lds'sd (land of the Divine Intelligence), the cap. of Tibet, on an affluent of the Sanpoo ; it is the resi dence of the Dalai or Grand Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Tibet, and is a place of large trade in silk, wool, goats' hair, velvet, and precious stones. Pop. 25,000. L'Assomption, ld-sum'shun, a co. and town of the Dominion of Canada, in the W. part of the prov. Quebec. Pop. of co., 15,282; of town 1500. Lasswade, Idss-wade' (said to be de rived from Anglo-Saxon words signifying "a well-watered pasture of common use "), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. S.E. of Edinburgh, on the N. Esk. Pop. of pa. 8872 ; of vil. 1232. Latacunga, Id-td-koong'gd, a town of Ecuador, S. America, near the lofty vol canic mountain of Cotopaxl. Pop. esti mated at 17,000. Latakia, Id-td-ke'a (corr. from Laodicea), a seaport of Syria, with some interesting remains of antiquity, on the Mediterranean, 75 m. N. of Tripoli. Pop. about 12,000. Latheron, l&tn'efon (from the Gaelic 214 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, met; pine, pin; note, nSt; tune, tUn. lathair rbin, the resort of seals), a pa. of Scotland, co. Caithness. Pop. 6675, Lattakoo, lat-td-koo', a town of S. Africa, in the country of the Bechuanas. Pop. 6000.-27° 10' S. lat., 24° 30' E. long. Lauder, lau'der (named from the Leader, the stream on which it stands, which is derived from a Gaelic word signifying " the lesser river," or " the river which breaks forth "), a royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, co. Berwick, on the Leader, 17 m. N.W. of Kelso. Here, in 1482, the Scottish nobles seized and put to death the favourites of King James III. Pop. of royal burgh 1014 ; of pari, burgh 964. The pa. of Lauder has a pop. of 1940. Lauenburg, lou'en-boorg (lion's fort), a dist. of Prussia, on the right bank of the Elbe. It was a separate duchy till 1689, when it passed to the House of Hanover. In 1815 it was ceded to Prussia, but soon after made over to Denmark. In 1864 it was again annexed to Prussia, and in 1876 became a dist. of the prov. of Schleswig- Holstein. The town of the same name, so called from a castle in the vicinity, built by Henry the Lion, has a pop. of 4726. Launceston, Idns'tun (corr. from Llan- Stephen, St Stephen's church, or contr. of Laucesterton, the church castle town), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Corn wall, on the Kensey, a trib. of the Tamar, 20 m. N.E. of Bodmin. Pop. of pari. bor. 6675; of munic. bor. 3217. Launceston, a town in the N. of Tas mania, on the Tamar, about 40 m. from its mouth. Pop. 12,752. Laurencekirk, lau'rence-kirk.(the church of St Lawrence), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 10 m. N. of Montrose. Pop. of pa. 2045; of vil. 1454. Lauriston, lau'ris-ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. and 1$ m. E. of Falkirk. Pop. 1452. Laurium, law're-um, or law-ri'um, mod. Greek pron. lav're-on, a promontory and hill-range forming the S.E. portion of Attica, Greece, famous in anc. times for silver and lead mines. Laurvig, lour'vig, a seaport of Norway, prov. Christiania, on the W. side of Chris tiania Bay, at the mouth of the Lauven, remarkable for its foundries. Pop. 3400. Lausanne, lo-zdn', a town of Switzer land, the cap. of the canton Vaud, about 1 m. N. of the Lake of Geneva. The beauty of its situation has made it the resort of numerous strangers. Here Gibbon wrote the greater part of his "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Pop. 30,179. Lauterbrunnen, lou'ter-broon'en (clear wells), a remarkable valley in Berne, Swit zerland, where the glaciers appear in great magnificence, and where is the famous Staubbach waterfall, over 900 ft. high, the highest in Switzerland. Also a vil. of Switzerland, 33 m. S.E. of Berne. Lauven, or Louven, lou'ven, a river of Norway, rises in the Langefeld Mountains, passes Kongsberg, and falls into the Skager Rack at Laurvig. Laval, ld-vdl', a town of France, cap. of the dep. Mayenne, on the Mayenne, 41 m. E, of Rennes, with linen and cotton manu factures. Pop. 27,810. Lawrence, law'rence (named iu honour of the Lawrence family of Boston), a manu facturing town of Massachusetts, U.S., on the Merrimac River, 26 m. N. of Boston. Pop. 39,151. Laybach, li'bah (named from the river, which signifies "warm or leafy brook"), the cap. of the duchy of Carniola, Austria- Hungary, on the Laybach, 28 m. N.E. of Trieste, with a great transit-trade between Germany and Trieste. Pop. 26,284. Lea, lee, a river of England, rises near Luton, Bedfordshire, and, after a course of about 40 m., joins the Thames at Blackwall. Lea, a pa. of Ireland, Queen's co., con taining a part of Portarlington. Pop. 4838. Leadgate, led'ydt, a town of England, co. and 11 m. W.N.W. of Durham. Pop. 4271. Leadbills, led-hitls', a vil. in Lanark shire, Scotland, occupied by lead-miners, 18 m. S. of Lanark; being 1300 ft. above the sea, it is the highest inhabited place in the S. of Scotland. Near it is the birthplace of Allan Ramsay, the Scottish poet. Pop. 1023. Leamington, lem'ing-tun (town of the river Leam people), a munic. bor. in War wickshire, England, pleasantly situated on the Leam, 2 m. S.E. of Warwick; it is cele brated for its mineral waters, and is one of the finest towns in England. Pop. 22,979. Leao-Tong, la-d'o-tong, a prov. of the Chinese Empire, N. of the Great Wall, nominally comprised in Manchooria. The gulf of the same name is an inlet of the Yellow Sea, 150 m. long, and from 70 to 120 m. broad. Leatherhead, leth'er-hed, a pa. and town of England, co. Surrey, 4 m. S.W. of Epsom, Pop. of pa. 3533. Leavenworth, lev'en-wurth, a city of Kansas, U.S., situated on the W. bank of the Missouri River, about 38 m. above Kansas City. Pop. 16,546. Lebanon, leb'd-non, or Libanus, lib'an- us (the white mountain), a chain of moun tains in Syria and the N. of Palestine, The loftiest summit is 10,050 ft. in height, and capped with snow; but up to 6000 ft. every available spot of the range is culti vated with fig-trees, olives, mulberry-trees, and vines. Very few of the cedars for which Lebanon was famous now remain. Lebrija, la-bre'hd (anc. Nebrissa), a town of Spain, prov. and 32 m. S. of Seville, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 12,864. Lecce, letch'd, a town of Puglia, Italy, cap. of the prov. of Lecce, iu a rich district, 23 m, N.W. of Otrauto. Pop. 21,742. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; ndte, ntit; tune, tUn. 215 Leok, lek, a river of the Netherlands, which branches off from the Rhine in Utrecht, and joins the Maas above Rotter dam. Leoropt, Wk-ropt", a pa. of Scotland, on the Allan, cos. Perth and Stirling. P. 602. Ledbury, led'ber-e, a town of England, co. and 14 m. S.E. of Hereford. Pop. 4226. Lee, a river of Ireland, which issues from a lake in the co. of Cork, flows east ward, and, passing the city of Cork, falls Into the harbour. Leeds, anc. Loidis (the people's town, or according to others the town of Loidi, the first Saxon possessor of the place), a pari. and munic. bor. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the N. side of the river Aire ; it is the greatest seat of the woollen manu facture in the kingdom, and iron, leather, and flax, but especially iron, are very im portant branches of trade> Pop. 309,119. Leek, a town in Staffordshire, England, on the Churnet, 10 m. S.W. of Buxton, with extensive manufs. of silks, twists, buttons, ribbons, shawls, etc. Pop. 12,863. Leeuwarden, le'u-war-den, a town of the Netherlands, cap. of prov. Friesland, on the Ee, 35 m. W. of Groningen. Pop. 29,000. Leeward Islands, lee'ward (towards the lee, i.e,, from the wind), a British federal colony in the West Indies, embracing the iBlands of Antigua, St Christopher, An- guilla, Montserrat, Nevis, Dominica, and Virgiu Islands. Lefkosia, lefko-ze'd, or Nicosia, ne-ko- ze'd, the cap. of the island of Cyprus, near its centre. Pop. 56,081. Legerwood, leg'er-wood (from a Saxon word signifying the hollow part of the wood), a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 549. Leghorn, leg'horn, Ital. Livorno, anc. Liburnum, a city and seaport of Tuscany, Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, the greatest commercial emporium of Italy, on the Mediterranean, 48 m. W.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 77,781. Leh, la, the cap. of the prov. of Ladakh, Cashmere, near the Upper Indus. P. 6000. Leicester, les'ter (the town on the Leire, now named the Soar), a munic. and pari. bor., the co. town of Leicestershire, Eng land, 20 m. E.N.E. of Rugby, noted for its manuf. of worsted hosiery. Pop. 122,376. Leicestershire, an inland co. of Eng land, lying to the S. of Nottingham and Derby, and having on its E. side Rutland and Lincoln; on the S. Warwick and Northampton; and on the W. Derby, Stafford, and Warwick. Area 803 sq. m.; pop. 321,258. The surface is almost entirely covered with ranges of low hills, the most elevated point being Bardon Hill, 853 ft. high. The principal streams are the Soar (a tributary of the Trent), Wreak, Tame, Anker, Mease, and Devon. Grazing and sheep -farming, and in some places the dairy, occupy the chief attention of the Leicestershire agriculturists. In the Melton Mowbray district most of the famous "Stil ton" cheese is made. The manufs. of the co. are varied and important, and embrace plain and fancy hosiery, elastic goods, ribbons, lace, boots and shoes, machinery, etc.; mining also affords considerable em ployment. — Leicester is the co. town. Leigh, lee (the meadow), a pa. and town of England, co. Lancaster, 7^ m. S.W. of Bolton. Pop. of pa. 46.959. Leighlin Bridge, la'lin (bridge in the half-glen), a town of Ireland, co. Carlow, on the Barrow, with the romantic ruins of an ancient castle. The bridge, consisting of ten arches, is across the Barrow. Pop. 835. Leighton - Buzzard, Id ' ton - buz ' zard (corr. from Fr. beau-desert, beautiful desert, in connexion with its ancient name Legean-buhr, the fortress of the legion, which Cuthwulph took from the Britous in 571), a town of England, co. Bedford, on the Ouse, 18 m. S.W. of Bedford, with manufs. of lace and strawplait. Pop. 5991. Leinster, Un'ster (the settlement of Laighen, the Irish name given to that part of Ireland, formerly called Galian), an extensive prov. in the S.E. of Ireland, comprising the cos. Dublin, Kildare, Car- low, Kilkenny, King's and Queen's, Long ford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Wicklow, and Wexford. It contains Dublin, the cap., and is in general well cultivated. P. 1,278,989. Leipa, or Leippa, li'pd, a town of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, on the Polzen, 24 m. E.N.E. of Leitmeritz, with glass and other manufs. Pop. 9372. Leipsic, tipe'sik, Germ. Leipzig, lipe'tsih (from Slav, lips or lipsk, the place of the linden trees), a flourishing commercial city of Saxony in Germany, on the White Elster, where it is joined by the Pleisse and the Parde, and the seat of a celebrated university. At its fairs, which are the most important in Germany, the sale of books is very extensive. It is noted for the signal defeat which Napoleon I. sus tained in its neighbourhood iu 1813. Leib nitz, the philosopher, was born here in 1646. Pop. 149,081. Leiria, la-re'd, a city of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the Liz, 75 m. N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 3570. The dist. of Leiria has a pop. of 199,787. Leith, leeth (named from its river, which means " gray or gloomy," or, according to others, " the dividing water or boundary stream," from Gael, lyth or leth), a well- known seaport of Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, about 1£ m. from Edinburgh, of which it is the port; it has large engineer ing works and extensive shipbuilding yards. Pop. 59,485. Leitholm, leet'om, a vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, pa, of Eccles. Leitmeritz, lite'mer-its, a town of Bo hemia, Austria-Hungary, on the Elbe, 34 m. N.N.W. of Prague. Much of the Bohemian 216 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, m^t; pine, pin; note, nSt; tune, tiin. glass is polished here. The surrounding country is laid out in vineyards, hop-gar dens, and orchards. Pop. 10,854. Leitrim, le'trim (gray ridge), a maritime co. of Ireland, encompassed by Donegal, Fermanagh, Cavan, Longford, Roscommon, and Sligo. Its length from N. to S. is 51 m., and its breadth from E. to W. 21 m. Area, 613 sq. m. ; pop. 90,372. The greater part of the surface is wild and rugged. The chief rivers are the Shannon, which forms the W. boundary of the co., and the Bonnet, the Blackwater, and the Dale. The large lakes are Lough Allen, Lough Macnean, and Lough Melvin. Iron, lead, and coal are abundant, and copper, manganese, fuller's earth, and potter's clay are also found. There are few manufs. Agriculture and giazing receive attention, but the farms are small, the soil poor and wet. The chief town is Garriclc-on-Shannon. Leitrim, a vil. in the above co., on the Shannon. Le Maire, Strait of, leh mair (named from Le Maire, a Dutch navigator who discovered it in 1616), a channel or passage between Staten Island and Tierra del Fuego, S. America. Leman, Lake. See Geneva. Le Mans, leh mang, a manufacturing town of France, cap. of the dep. Sarthe, on the river Sarthe. Pop. 49,155. Lemberg, lem'berg, sometimes called Leopold, Lat. Leopolis (the city founded by Leo), a city of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Peltew, 365 m. E.N.E. of Vienna ; it has an important transit trade, and is the seat of a university. Pop. 109,746. Lemnos Stalimni, std-lim'ne, or Stali- mene, std-lim'e-ne, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, between Monte Santo and the Dardanelles. Pop. 10,000.-39° 50' N. lat., 25° 11' E. long. Lena, le'nd, Rus. pron. la'nd (sluggard, 60 called in allusion to its sluggish course), a large river of Asia, the most easterly of the great streams of Siberia, rises in the mountains N.W. of Lake Baikal, and falls into the Arctic Ocean by several mouths. Lennox, len'nox (corr. of Levenach, the district or basin of the Leven), the ancient name of the co. Dumbarton, Scotland. Lennox, len'nox, a dist. of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario. Pop. 16,314. Lennoxtown, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Campsie. Pop. 3249. Lentini, len-te'ne, a town of Sicily, prov. and 24 m. N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 10,578. F Lenzie, len'ze, a vil. near Glasgow, Scot land, cos. Dumbarton and Lanark, pas. Kirkintilloch and Cadder. Pop. 1316. Leobscbutz, la'op-shoots, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, 33 m. S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 12,018. Leochel and Cuehnie, Wdh-el and koosh'ne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop.1217. — Leochel signifies "high stream," and has reference to the source of the burn or water after which it is named. Cushnie signifies "the foot of the height or hill." Leominster, lem'in-ster or lem'ster (corr. from Leofminstre, so called from a monas tery founded here about 658 by Merewald, the Saxon King of West Mercia, who had a castle about £ m. E. of the town), Lat. Locus-fanum (the place of the temple), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of England, co. and 12£ m. N. of Hereford, on the Lugg. Pop. 6044. Leon, Won, Sp. pron. la-on', an old prov. in the N.W. of Spain, on the borders of Portugal, bounded by ranges of mountains. The new prov. of Leon occupies the N. part, and has an area of 6167 sq. m., with a pop. of 350,210. Leon, anc. Legio (so called from being the station of the 7th Roman Legion), an ancient city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., on the Bernesga, 60 m. S.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 11,515. Leon, a city in Central America, state of Nicaragua ; it was once an opulent city and a principal mart of commerce, but is now much decayed. Pop. 25,000. Leon, Lake of, a lake in the state of Nicaragua, Central America, 32 m. long and 14 m. broad. Leonforte, la-on-for'ta, a town of Sicily, prov. and 40 m. W.N.W. of Catania, on the Mediterranean Sea. Pop. 12,000. Lepanto, le-pan'to, anc. Naupactus (the place of ships), a seaport of Greece, at the entrance of the Gulf of Lepanto. Pop. 4326. Lepanto, Gulf of, or Gulf of Corinth, an arm of the Ionian Sea, above 70 m. in length. It separates Hellas, or Continental Greece, from the Morea. Leopold, Lake, le'o-pold, in Central Africa, lying E. of the S. part of Tangan yika. It is variously called by the natives Rukwa, Likwa, and Hickwa, but named by Mr Joseph Thomson, its European dis coverer, in honour of H .R.H. Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. Leopoldville (named in honour of the King of the Belgians'), a station at Stanley Pool, river Congo, W. Africa, established by the International Committee for inves tigating the countries drained by the Congo and its tributaries. Lerici, ler'e-che, a maritime town of N. Italy, prov. Genoa, 5 m. S.E. of Spezzia. Pop. 3120. Lerida, ler'e-dd, anc. Herda (the town), a fortified town of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name in Catalonia, 70 m. S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. of town 20,369; of prov. 285,297. Lerins Isles, leh-reng', a group in the Mediterranean, belonging to France, con sisting of the fortified islands of St Mar guerite and St Honorat. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, me*t; pine, pin; note, nUftune, tiki. 217 Lerwick, ler'wik, the chief town of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, in the E. of Mainland, on Bressay Sound. Pop, 4045. The pa. of Lerwick has a pop. of 4772. Lesbos, les'bos, or Mytilene, mit-e-le'ne, a large island belonging to Turkey, near the coast of Asia Minor, celebrated in antiquity as the birthplace of Sappho, Alca3us, and Theophrastus ; and, in the early part of the 16th century, of the brothers Barbarossa, noted iu the mari time history of Europe. Pop. 40,000.-39° 16' N. lat., 26° 20' E. long. Lesina, les'e-nd, an island of Austria- Hungary, prov. Dalmatia, in the Adriatic ; it exports wine, figs, grain, honey, an chovies, and rosemary-oil. Pop. 13,000. Leslie, les'le (said to be from Gael, lis, a garden or enchanted spot, and Leven, the name of the river), a pa. and town of Scot land, co. Fife, 10 m. S.W. of Cupar. Pop. of pa. 4345 ; of town 3853.— Also a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 523. Lesmahago, les-ma-ha'go (the garden of St Machute, who is said to have settled here in the 6th century), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Clyde. Pop. of pa. 9949 ; of vil. 1386. The vil., also known as Abbeygreen, is about 6 m. W.S.W. of Lanark. Lessoe, les'sn, a small town of Norway, in the N. of the prov. Hamar. Lessoe, or Lasoe, an island of Denmark, in the Cattegat, E. of the N. part of Jutland, Pop. 2400. Lessudden, les-sud'den, a vil. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, pa. of St Boswells. Pop. 555. Leswalt, les'wdlt (wood pasture), a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Pop. 2635. Letham, leth'am, a vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Duunichen. Pop. 885.— Also a vil. of Fifeshire, pa. of Monimail. Lethendy and Kinlocb, leth'en-de and kin-loh', a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 404. Lethnott and Navar, leth'not and nd- vdr', a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 288. Letterkenny, let-ter-ken'ne (the hill Blope of the O'Cannons), a town of Ireland, co. Donegal, on the Swilly, 5£ in. N.W. of Raphoe. Pop. 2188. Leucadia, lu-ka'de-d, or Santa Maura, sdn'td mou'rd, one of the Ionian Islands, Greece. It is named Leucadia, because of its white cliffs, from Gr. leukos, white. Pop. 21,000.-38° 50' N. lat., 20° 42' E. long. Leucbars, loo'hdrz (a rushy or marshy flat), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. N.W. of St Andrews. Pop. of pa. 2185 ; of vil. 588. Leurbost, loor'bost, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Lochs, island of Lewis. Pop. 654. Levant, Tbe, le-vantf (tbe place of the sun-rising as seen from Italy), the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Leven, le'v'n, a small seaport of Scotland, co. Fife, at the mouth of the river Leven, 9 m. N.E. of Kirkcaldy. Pop. 3067. Leven (according to some the elm tree stream, from Gael, leamhan, the elm-tree, but others say from Gael, liath-abhuinn, pro nounced lee-aven, and meaning " the grey or misty river "), two small rivers of Scot land ; one rises in Loch Lomond, and joins the Clyde at Dumbarton ; the other issues from Loch Leven, and, after a course of 14 m., enters the Firth of Forth at Leven, Fife. Leven, a small river of Lancashire, England, forming the channel of com munication between Windermere and Morecambe Bay. Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, co. Kin ross; it contains four islands, on one of which are the remains of a castle, for some time the prison of Mary Queen of Scots. Levis. See Point Levi. Lewes, loo'is (pasture or moist land), a pari. bor. of England, and the co. town of Sussex, on the Ouse, 8 m. N.E, of Brighton. Pop. 11,199. Lewis (said to signify " the land of Leod or M'Leod ;" others derive it from Scand. Ijod-hus, the wharf or landing-place), com monly called The Lews, the largest island of the Hebrides, Scotland; it forms part of the co. Ross, but its southern peninsula, named Harris, belongs to Inverness-shire. The most northerly point of the island is called the Butt of Lewis. Pop. 28,339. Lewisham, loo'ish-am (pasture habita tion), a pa. and town of England, co. Kent, on the Ravensbourne, 5 m. S.E. of London. Pop. of pa. 53,065 ; of town 19,865. Lewis Island, in the Dampier Archi pelago, off the N.W. coast of Australia. — 20° 35' S. lat., 116° 33' E. long. Lewis River, or Great Snake River, in Oregon, U.S., formed by the junction of several rivers which rise in the Rocky Mountains. It is the largest affluent of the Columbia, which it joins from the S.E. 200 m. from the Pacific. Its entire course is estimated at 900 m. Lewiston, loo'is-tun, a town in Maine, U.S., on the Androscoggin, 33 m. N. of Portland, with manufs. of coarse cottons, tweeds, etc. Pop. 19,083. Lexington, a town of Kentucky, U.S., 25 m. S.E. of Frankfort; it has manufs. of machinery and iron, etc. Pop. 16,656. Leyden, li'den (Lat. Lugdunum Bata- vorum, the fort on the marshes of the Batavians), one of the principal cities of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on a branch of the Rhine, 17 m. N. of Rotter dam. It is intersected by a number of canals, forming upwards of 50 small islands, which are connected by numerous bridges. Leyden is the seat of a celebrated uni versity, founded in 1575, connected with which are rich cabinets of natural his tory and comparative anatomy, a botanical garden founded in 1593, and an extensive library, rich in Oriental MSS. Pop. 41,298. 218 Fate, fat, fdr ; mUe, met; pine, pin; note, ntit; tftne, tUn. Leyden, the name of two islands, one off the N.W. coast of Ceylon, called also Man- detivoe; the other off Java, opposite Ba- tavia. Leyderdorp, li-der-dorp' ', a vil. in the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 1 m. E. from Leyden. Pop. 2719. Leyland, le'land, a pa. and town of Lan cashire, England, 5£ m. S. of Preston, with cotton and muslin manufs., and extensive bleachworks. Pop. of pa. 14,117 ; of town 4961. Leyre, lair, a river of France, rises in the dep. Landes, flows N.N.W. into the dep. Gironde, and, after a course of about 40 m., falls into the Gulf of Arcachon. Leyte, Id'e-td or la'td, one of the south ernmost of the Philippine Islands, in the E. Indian Archipelago, 130 m. in length, with an average breadth of 35 m. Leytba, Leitha, or Leyta, li'td, a river of Austria-Hungary. After a course of 90 m., part of which is along the frontier of Hungary, it joins an arm of the Danube at Altenburg. Between it and Lake Neusiedl are the Leytha Mountains. Liakbov Islands, le-ak-hov', a group in the Ai ctic Ocean, about 50 m, from the coast between the mouths of the Lena and Indi- girka. The islands, the largest of which is called New Siberia, contain immense alluvial deposits filled with fossil hones of the mammoth, which for many years were a profitable source of wealth to Russia. Libanus, a mountain range of Syria. See Lebanon. Libau, le'bou, a seaport of Russia, gov. Courland, on the Baltic, near a lake of the same name. Pop. 10,767. Libberton, Ub'ber-ton, a pa. of Scotland, CO. Lanark. Pop. 625. Liberia, li-be're-d (the country of the free), an independent negro republic, on the coast of Upper Guinea, W. Africa, founded, in 1848, for free negroes from the United States of America. It has about 600 m. of coast line, and extends, on an average, 100 m. into the interior. Coffee is an important product. Area about 14,300 sq. ra.; pop. 1,500,000. — Its capital is Monrovia. Libertad, lib-er-tad' (liberty), a dep. in the N. of Peru, S. America, bordering on the Pacific. Pop. 147,541. Liberton, lib'er-tun, a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, The ruins of Craigmillar Castle, where Mary Queen of Scots fre quently resided, are in this pa. Pop. 6026. Libourne, le-boorr/, anc. Liburnum, a town and river port of France, dep. Gironde, at the junction of the Isle with the Dor- dogne, 17 m. E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 13,936. Libya, the anc. Greek name of Africa. Libyan Desert, part of tbe Sahara, in Africa. It contains the oasis of Seewah, with the town of the same name, and is probably not less than 1000 m. in length, and from 500 to 600 m. in breadth. Licata, le-kd'td, or Alicata, d-le-kd'td, a seaport town of Sicily, prov. Girgenti, and 25 m. S.E. of the city of that name. Pop. 15,966. Lichfield, litsh'feeld (the field of corpses, which name it is asserted was given to the city at the time of the persecution of the Christians under Diocletian), a city and munic. and pari. bor. of Staffordshire, Eng land, 15 m. N. of Birmingham; it has a splendid cathedral, and was the birthplace of Dr Samuel Johnson and of Garrick. Pop. 8349. Liddel, lid'del, a river of Scotland, rises in a bog called Dead Water, co. Roxburgh, flows S.W., and unites with the Esk near Canonbie in Dumfriesshire. The valley through which it flows is called Liddesdale. Liebau, le'bou, a town of Prussia, prov, Silesia, gov. and 34 m. S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 4911, — Also a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Moravia, gov. and 14 m. N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2284. Liechtenstein, or Licbtenstein, leeh'- ten-stine, is the smallest of the German principalities, having an area of only 53 sq. m. It borders on the Upper Rhine, between Switzerland and Vorarlberg, and has for its cap. Vadutz or Liechtenstein, a small market town. The family of the reigning prince is one of the most ancient in Europe, and has vast estates in Moravia. Pop. 8064. Li§ge, le-aizh', a prov. in the S.E. of Bel gium, with valuable coal and iron mines, and celebrated for its mineral waters. Area 1117 sq. m.; pop. 663,607. Liege, anc. Leodicus-vicus (the people's town), a town of Belgium, the cap. of the above prov., on the Maas, in a pleasant valley surrounded with cultivated hills, 54 m. S.E. of Brussels. It is a flourishing town, with a university founded in 1816, and extensive iron-works, causing it to be called the " Birmingham of Belgium." Pop. 123,131. Liegnitz, leeg'nits (the town on the marsh), a fine old town of Prussian Silesia, on the Katzbach, 40 m. N.W. of Breslau ; it was the scene of a memorable victory gained by Frederick the Great over the Austrians in 1760. Pop. 37,157. Lier, or Lierre, le-air', a town of Bel gium, prov. Antwerp, at the junction of the Great with the Little Nethe, 8 m. N.N.E. of Malines. Pop. 16,103. Liff, Benvie, and Invergowrie, liff, ben've, aud in-ver-gow're, a united pa. of Scotland, cos. Forfar and Perth, 4 m. W. of Dundee. Pop. 43,190. Liff is said to signify " a flood or inundation," and Ben- vie is supposed to be derived from the Celtic beinn buidhe, the yellow hill or mount. Liffey, liffe (from lif or Uiv, a flood or inundation), a river of Ireland, rises among the Wicklow Mountains, and flows through Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtit; pine, pin ; ndte, nU; tune, tUn. 219 Kildare and Dublin into Dublin Har bour. So numerous are its windings, that although the distance from its source to its mouth is only 10 m. in a straight line, its actual course is 71. Lifford, lifford (originally Leith-bhearr, the gray water), the co. town of Donegal, Ireland, on the Foyle, opposite Strabane. Pop. 511. Lifu, le-foo', the largest and most northern of the Loyalty Islands, in the S. Pacific— 20° 27' S. lat., 167° 47' E. long. Ligny, leen-yd', a town of France, dep. Meuse, on the Oruain, 10 m. S.E. of Bar-le- Duc, with manufs. of cotton thread, and a trade in wool and timber. Pop. 4319.— Also, a vil. of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. W.N.W. of Namur, where a battle took place between .the French and Prussians, 16th June 1815, two days before the battle of Waterloo. Liguria, lig-oo're-d, a compartment of Italy, embracing the two provs. Genoa and Porto Maurizio. Pop. 892,373. Liim Fiord. See Lym Fiord. Lika, le'kd, or Licca, lik^kd, a river of Austria, prov. Croatia-Sclavonia, which, after a N.W. course of about 30 m., dis appears under ground near Mount Tuliba. An extensive mountainous district near it has the same name. Lille, or Lisle, leel (formerly VIsle, the island, so called because tradition asserts that the town was originally built by Julius Csesar on an island in the Deule), a flourishing city in French Flanders, cap. of the dep. Nord, one of the principal seats of the cotton manufacture in France, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, 67 m. S.W. of Calais. Pop. 145,113. Lilliesleaf, lil'lez-leef, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh. Pop. 718. Lulington, lil'ing-tun, a town of Eng land, co. Warwick, adjoining Leamington. Pop. 938. Lillo, lil'lo, a town of Spain, prov. and 36 m. E.S.E. of Toledo, near the Rio Rian- sares. Pop. 2609. Lillo Forb, lil'lo fort, a military strong hold of Belgium, prov. and 9 m. N.N.W. of Antwerp, on the Scheldt. Lima, le'md (corr. from Rimac, the name of the river on which the capital is situ ated), the metropolitan dep. of Peru, S. America. Independent of the city, it is divided into seven districts, the chief towns of which are Gallao, Chancay, Huaura, and lea. Pop. 226,992. Lima, a city of S. America, the cap. of Peru, situated on the Rimac, was founded, in 1534, by Pizarro, who is buried in its cathedral. It is the most handsome city of S. America, and the seat of the oldest university in the New World, part of which is now used for the meetings of the N. Peru vian chamber of representatives, and part as a museum of Peruvian antiquities. The city suffers so frequently from earthquakes that its houses are generally of one story, with fiat roofs. On 16th January 1881 it was taken possession of by Chilian troops. Pop. 100,073. Limari, le-md-re', a river of Chili, S. America, which, after a W. course of 100 m., enters the Pacific 70 m. S.S.W. of Coquimho. Limasol, le-md-sol', a seaport town on the S. coast of Cyprus, in the Levant Pop. 29,213. Limburg, Fr. pron. leng-boor', Flemish pron. lim'burh, a prov. to the N. of Liege, belonging in part to the Netherlands and in part to Belgium. The extent of the Belgian division is 946 sq. m., and the pop. 210,851 ; that of the Netherlands is 885 sq. m., aud the pop. 242,122. Limburg (the town of linden trees), a town of Belgium, prov. Liege, 4 m. N.E. of Verviers. Pop. 1797.— Also, a walled town of Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, on the Lahn, 21 m. N.E. of Wies baden. Pop. 5898. — Also, a town in prov. Westphalia, on the Leine, 22 m. W. of Arensberg. Pop. 6269. Limehouse, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, forming part of the metropolis. Pop. 32,041. Limekilns, lime'kils, a port and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Forth, 3 m. S. of Dunfermline. Pop. 698. Limerick, lim'er-ik, a county of Ire land, encompassed by the Shannon (sepa rating it from Clare), Tipperary, Cork, and Kerry. Its extent from N. to S. is 35 m., and from E. to W. 54 m. Area 1061 sq. m.; pop. 1S0,632. The surface is an undulating plain, watered by the Maiuue, Deel, Mul- cair, etc., and rising into mountains in the N.E., S,, and S.W. The river Shannon forms the N. boundary. The eastern half of the co., called the Golden Valley, is the most fertile tract in Ireland. There are numerous dairy farms and extensive pas ture lands, on which vast numbers of sheep and cattle are fed. Large quantities of corn, butter, and other produce are ex ported. The manufs. are not important. — Limerick is the co. town. Limerick (from Irish Luimnech, el bare spot), a city, munic. and pari. bor. of Ire land, the cap. of the above co., on the Shannon, 51 m. N. of Cork ; it has manufs. of lace, linen, gloves, fishing hooks, and paper; also distilleries, breweries, tan neries, flour mills, and an extensive trade. It sustained a famous siege by the forces of King William III. in 1690 and 1691. Pop. 48,670. Limmat, lim'mdt, a river of Switzer land, rises in cant. Glarus, passes through the lake of Zurich, and falls into the Aar near its junction with the Reuss. Limoges, le-mozh', anc. Lemovicum (named trom the Limovices, a Celtic tribe whose chief town it was), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Haute-Vienne, on the 220 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nSt; tune, tun. Vienne, 60 m. S.E. of Poitiers, with woollen and porcelain manufs. Pop. 59,338. Limousin, Ze-moo-zeng' (also named from the Limovices), an old prov. of France, now forming the deps. Correze and Haute- Vienne. Limpopo, lim-po'po, or Crocodile, krok- o-dil', a river on the E. coast of S. Africa, rises in the Transvaal territory, and falls into the Indian Ocean. Linares, le-nd'res (flax fields), a town of Spain, prov. and 23 m. N.N.E. of Jaen, near the Guarrezas. There are lead-mines in the vicinity. Pop. 36,630. Lincoln, link'un (the colony on the pool or marsh, from the Brit, llyn or lyn, a pool or marsh, and the Lat. colonia, a colony), anc. Lindum, a city, munic. and pari, bor., and bishop's see in Lincoln shire, England, on the Witham, 46 m. E.N.E. of Derby ; it has a magnificent Gothic cathedral, in which is a large bell called Tom of Lincoln, 6£ ft. in diameter at its mouth, and weighing 5 tons 8 cwt. Pop. 37,313. Lincolnshire, a maritime county of England, bounded on the N. by the Hum ber; on the W. by the cos. of York, Nottingham, and Leicester; on the S. by Rutland, Northampton, and Cambridge; and on the E. by the North Sea. Area 2774 sq. m.; pop. 469.919. Lincolnshire is eminently a corn-growing and grazing co. The surface is mostly low and flat — the coast between the Humber and the Wash being very marshy. The co. is divided in to three districts, viz., the Parts of Lind- sey, in the N.E., including the wolds oi chalk hills; the Parts of Kesteven, in the S.W. ; and the Parts of Holland, in the S.E., embracing a large portion of the Fens. Tbe reclaimed portion of these fens forms one of the richest agricultural and grazing tracts in the kingdom. In those localities which have not yet been brought into cultivation, vast flocks of geese are reared, principally for their feathers. The Lincoln breeds of sheep, oxen, and horses have a high reputation, and the great horse- fairs of the co. are frequented by dealers from the chief countries of Europe. The principal rivers are the Trent, Ancholme, Witham, and Wetland, and several canals intersect the co. in various directions. — Lincoln is the co. town. Lindesay, Mount, lin'zd, a mountain 5700 ft. high, on the frontiers of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Lindesnaas (the headland of linden trees). See Naze. Lindfleld, hnd'feeld (the linden or lime- tree field), a town of England, co. Sussex, 10 m. N.N.W. of Lewes. Pop. 866. Lindisfarne. See Holy Island. Lindores, lin-dorz' (corr. from linne- doruis, the pool close to a narrow outlet), a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 2 m. S.E. of Newburgh. Lindsey, Parts of, the N.E. division of the co. Lincoln, including the city of Lin coln and the wolds or chalk hills. Lingayen, leen-gd-yen', a town on the island of Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands, on a bay of the same name. Pop. 23,063. Linkoping, lin'chn-ping (long market town), the chief town of the gov, Oester- gothland, Sweden, in a fertile plain on the Stang-aa, 108 m. S.W. of Stockholm; its cathedral, if that of Upsala be excepted, is the finest in the kingdom. Pop. 8752, Linlithgow, lin-lith'go (corr, from Gael. linne-liath-dhu, the dark gray pool, or, ac cording to others, it means the lake of the sheltered valley), a royal and pari, burgh, the co. town of Linlithgowshire, Scotland, 16£ m. W. of Edinburgh; it is one of the most ancient towns in the country, and contains the ruins of a noble palace, in which Mary Queen of Scots was born in 1542. Here the Regent Murray was assas sinated by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh in 1570. Pop. of royal burgh 3729; of pari. burgh 3913. The pa. of Linlithgow has a pop. of 5619. Linlithgowshire, or West Lothian, a small co. of Scotland, open to the Firth of Forth on the N., and having as its land ward boundaries the cos. of Edinburgh, Lanark, and Stirling. It extends from N. to S. 20 m., and from E. to W. 15 m. Area 120 sq. m. ; pop. 43,510. The surface of the country, although exhibiting a consider able breadth of unreclaimed moss, is well cultivated, and agreeably diversified with valleys and rising grounds ; but it is indif ferently supplied with water — the Avon and Almond being the only streams of con sequence. The mineral treasures of Lin lithgowshire are abundant and valuable, especially coal, limestone, and freestone. The celebrated Boghead or Torbanehill mineral, a peculiar kind of gas-coal, is found at Bathgate, and yields naphtha, used for various purposes in the arts ; paraffin oil for lamps and for lubricating machinery ; and wax or solid paraffin for making candles. Bathgate is a great seat of the paraffin manufacture. The other manufs. of theco. are not important. — Linlithgoto is the co. town. Linnhe, Looh, loh lin'ne (the loch of the pools), a large arm of the sea in Argyll shire, Scotland. It extends from the Sound of Mull to Coranferry, where it assumes the name of Loch Eil. Linthwaite, linth-waif, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. S.W. of Huddersfield. Pop. 6068. Linton, lin'tun, a pa. and town of Eng land, co. and 10m. S.E. of Cambridge. Pop. of pa. 1753. — Also, several other pas., town ships, and vils. throughout England. Linton, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh. Pop. 543. Linton, East, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU ; tUne, tUn. 221 Haddington, pa. of Prestonkirk, on the Tyne, 6 ra. W. of Dunbar. Pop. 1042. Linton, West, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Peebles, on the Lyne, 17 m. from Edin burgh. Pop. of pa. 1117; of vil. 434. Lintrathen, lin-trdth'en (corr. from Gael. linne-tre-avin, signifying " pools or falls in the stream or river," the name having reference to the waterfall near the church), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 641. Lintz, or Linz, lints, anc. Lentia or Len- tium, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, about 100 m. W.S.W. of Vienna. Fop., in cluding the suburbs, 41.687. Linwood, lin'wood, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Kilbarchan. Pop. 1393. Linyanti, lin-ydn'te, a town of Central S. Africa, the cap. of a powerful tribe, called the Makololo, in 18° 17' S. lat., and 23° 50' E. long. Pop. 7000. Lions, Gulf of, erroneously called the Gulf of Lyons, a wide bay of the Medi terranean, S. of France. Lion's Head, the name of one of the three culminating points of the Table Mountain, Cape Colony, so called from its resemblance to the head of a lion couchant. Its height is about 2200 ft. Lipari Islands, lip'd-re, anc. JEolim or Vulcanim Insula}, a volcanic group in the Mediterranean, N. of Sicily. The most re markable are Lipari and Stromboli, in the latter of which the volcano is in a state of perpetual activity. The island of Lipari is wholly composed of pumice-stone. Its climate is delightful, and. its warm springs are much resorted to. Lipetsk, le-petsk', a town of Russia, gov. and 84 m. W. of Tambov, on the Voronej, frequented for its mineral baths. P. 14,213. Lippe, Hp'peh, a river of Germany, rises in the S.W. of the principality of Lippe- Detmold, flows W., and, after a course of 110 m., joins the Rhine at Wesel. Lippe -Detm old, lip'peh det'mdlt, a prin cipality of N.W. Germany, the chief part of which is comprised between Prussian Westphalia, Hanover, and the principality of Pyrmont. The surface is hilly and well wooded. Linen and yarn are the principal manufs., and these, with cattle and wool, are the chief exports. Area 438 sq. m. ; pop. 120,246. Lippe- Scbaumburg. See Schaum- burg-Lippe. Lippstadt, lip'stdtt (town on the Lippe), a fortified town of Prussia, prov. West phalia, on the Lippe, 23 m. N.N.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 9349. Lisbon, liz'bon, Port. Lisboa, liz-bo'd, anc. Olisipo (the walled town), a city of W. Europe, the cap. of Portugal and of the prov. of Estremadura, beautifully situated on the Tagus, about 9 ro. from its mouth, in the Atlantic. It extends 5 m. along the river, and from its being built on several hills, presents from the bay an ex tremely beautiful and majestic appearance. Camoens the poet was bora here about 1520. Pop. 246,343. Lishurn, lis'burn, a town in Antrim, Ireland, on the Lagan, 7 m. S.S.W. of Bel fast, with considerable manufs. of damask, diaper, etc. Pop. 10,755. Lisdoonvarna, lis-doon-var'nd, an inter esting little watering-place of Ireland, a few miles from the coast of co. Clare. It has a chalybeate and a sulphur spring. Lisieux, le-ze-n', a manufacturing town of France, dep. Calvados, on the Touques, 20 m. S. of Harfleur. Pop. 16,039. Liskeard, lis-kdrd' (the enclosure on the height), a munic. and pari. bor. of Corn wall, England, 15 m, S.W. of Launceston; it has serge and leather manufs. Pop. ot munic, bor. 4536 ; of pari. bor. 5591. Lismore, lis-more' (the great fort or en trenchment), a town in Waterford, Ireland, on the Blackwater, with a castle, in which the celebrated Robert Boyle was born. Pop. 1860. Lismore, an island off the W. coast of Scotland, co. Argyll, at the entrance of Loch Linnhe. Pop. 621. Lismore and Appin, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll, embracing the island of Lis more and a considerable part of the ad joining mainland. Lismore signifies "great garden," and Appin means " abbot's land." Pop. 3433. Lissa, lis'sd (woody place) a town in Posen, Prussia, 12 m. E.N.E. of Fraustadt, with an active trade in furs, wine, etc. Pop. 11,758. — Also, anisland of Dalmatia, Austria, in the Adriatic, 21 m. W. of Lesina. P. 4317. Listowel, lis-to'el (Tuathal'sfort),atowu in Kerry, Ireland, on the Feale, 16 m. N.E. of Tralee, and 40 m. N. of Killarney. Pop. 2965. Litchfield, Utch'feeU (named from Lich field in England), a town of Connecticut, U.S., 26 m. N. of Hartford. Pop. 3410. Litherland, lith'er-land, a town of Lan cashire, England, 5 m. N. of Liverpool, Pop. 2426. Littleborough, liftl-bur-o, a town of Lancashire, England, 3£ m. E.N.E. of Rochdale. Pop. 10,406. Littlehampton, lit-tl-hamp'ton, a town of England, co. Sussex, at the mouth of the Arun, 18 m. W. of Brighton, frequented as a watering-place. Pop. 3926. Little Rock, the state cap. of Arkansas, U.S., on the Arkansas River, 155 m. S.W. of Memphis. Pop. 13,183. Livadia, liv-d-de'd, a name given to con tinental Greece. Livadia, anc. Lebadea, a town in the nomarchy of Attica and Bceotia, Greece. Pop. 5000. Liverpool, liv'er-pool (probably corr. from Welsh llyr-pwl, the sea pool), an im portant city, seaport, munic. and pari, bor., and bishop's see in Lancashire, England, near the mouth of the Mersey, 32 m. S.W. of Manchester, and 185 m. N.W. of Lon- 222 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, rittt; tune, tun. don. It is the great port of the cotton district, and the second seaport in the kingdom. Its docks extend about 5 m. along the margin of the river, and its total quay frontage is about 19 m. A railway tunnel under the Mersey will soon connect Liverpool with Birkenhead. Pop. 552,508. Liverpool, a town of New South Wales, Australia, 22 m. S. from Sydney. Pop. of district, 6520. Liversedge, liv'er-sedj, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, about 6 m. N.E. of Huddersfield. Pop. 12,757. Livingstone, liv' ing -stone, a pa. of Scot land, co. Linlithgow. Pop. 1484. Livingstonia, liv-ing-sto'ne-d (in honour of Dr Livingstone, the African explorer), the collective name given to a series of mission stations extending at intervals along the W. shore of Lake Nyassa, in the interior of E. Africa, S. of the equator. Livonia, le-vo'ne-d (named from the Liven, a Finnish tribe who were its first inhabitants), a maritime gov. of Russia, having Esthonia on the N. and Courland on the S. Area 17,472 sq.m.; pop. 1,117,074. Livonia, Gulf of. See Riga, Gulf of. Lizard, liz'ard, an island off the E. cnast of Australia.— 14° 40' S. lat., 145° 30' E. long. Lizard Point (the high cape), in Corn wall, the most southerly promontury of England.— 49° 58' N. lat., 5° 12' W. long. Llanberis, lan-ber'is (the church of St Peris, who settled and died here), a pa. of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, with magnificent lake and mountain scenery. Pop. 3033. Llandaff, lan-daff' (the church on the Taff;, a vil. and bishop's see in Glamorgan shire, S. Wales, 3 m. N.W. of Cardiff. Pop. of pa. 17,950. Llandovery, lan-doi/er-e, a munic. bor. in Carmarthenshire, S. Wales, on the Bran, 24 m. by rail E.N.E. of Carmarthen. P.2035. Llandudno, lan-did'no, a pa. and water ing-place of Carnarvonshire, N. Wales, 4 m. N. of Conway. Pop. of pa. 4193. Llanelly, lan-el'le (the church of St Elian), a seaport in Carmarthenshire, S. Wales, near the mouth of the Burry, 13 m, S.E. of Carmarthen. Pop. 19,760. Llanfyllin, lan-vith'lin, a town in Mont gomeryshire, N. Wales, 15 m. N.N.W. of Montgomery. Pop. 1080. Llangollen, lan-goth'len (the church of St Collen), a town in Denbighshire, N. Wales, situated in a beautiful vale on the banks of the Dee, and surrounded by fine scenery, 13 m. S.E. of Ruthin. Pop. 3123. Llanidloes, lan'id-less (the church of St Idloes), a munic. bor. in Montgomeryshire, N. Wales, 19 m. S.W. of Montgomery; it has a brisk trade in flannels. Pop. 3421. Llanrwst, lan'roost (the church of St Gurst), a pa, and town of N. Wales, cos. Denbigh and Carnarvon, 16 m. S.W. of Denbigh. Pop. of pa. 4693. Llantriesent, lan-trWsent (the church of three saints), a town in Glamorganshire, S. Wales, 8 m. N.W. of Cardiff. Pop. 1872. Lloughor, lou-gor', a bor. of Wales, co. Glamorgan, 6£ m. by rail W. by N. of Swansea. Pop. 1513. Loanda, or St Paul de Loanda, lo-dn'- dd, a fortified seaport of Lower Guinea, the cap. of Angola and of the Portuguese settlements in Western Africa. P. 20,000. Loango, lo-ang'go, a large town of Lower Guinea, W. Africa, the cap. of a kingdom to which it gives name. Pop. 20,000. Loanhead, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edin burgh, pa. of Lasswade. Pop. 2493. Lob Nor, a lake of Eastern Turkestan, on the great caravan-route from Kashgar to China. Locarno, lo-car'no, a town in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, near the N. ex tremity of Lake Maggiore. Pop. 2645. Lochaber, loh-ab'er, a wild and moun tainous d^trict of Scotland, co. Inverness. Lochalsh, loh-dlsh', a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 2050. Locbanbreck, loh-an-brek' (corr. from locluxn-breac, the small speckled lake), a vil. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright, near New Galloway. Lochar Moss, a morass of Scotland, 10 m. long by 2 or 3 m. broad, co. Dumfries. Loch Broom. See Broom, Loch. Lochbroom, loh-broom (named from the loch so called, which means the lake of showers or drizzling rain), a pa, of Scot land, co. Ross. Pop. 4191. Lochcarron, loh-kdr'ron (named from the inlet, which is a corr. from loch-car-an, the loch of the winding river), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, on an inlet of the sea of the same name. Pop. 1456. Locbearnhead, loh-em'hed (named from its situation at the head of " the loch of the east flowing river"), a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, at the head of Loch Earn. Locbee, loh-ee', a town of Scotland, co. Forfar, \\ m. N.W. of Dundee, of the royal burgh of which it forms a part. Loches, losh, a town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the Indre, 24 m. S.E, of Tours. Pop. 3710. Locbgelly, loh-ghel'le (corr. from loch- gile, the loch of the white stream), a vil. of Scoiland, co. Fife, 6 m. W. of Kirkcaldy, with coal and iron mines. Pop. 2601. Lochgilphead, loh-ghilp'hed (named from its situation), a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on Loch Gilp, a branch of Loch Fyne. Pop. 1489. Lochgoilbead, loh-goil'hed (named from its situation), a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on Loch Goil. Lochgoilhead and Kilmorich, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll. Pop. 870. Loch Hourn. See Hourn, Loch. Loch Inver. See Inver, Loch. Loehlee, loh-lee' (from Gael, loch-li, the coloured or tinged lake), a mountainous pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Fop. 359. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, rn^t ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tune, tUn. 223 Loch Leven. See Leven, Loch. Looh Lomond. See Lomond, Loch. Lochmaben, loh-ma'ben (the lake on the white plain), a royal and pari, burgh of Scotland, co. and 8 m. E. of Dumfries. Pop. of royal burgh 1539; of pari, burgh 1216. Loohnagar, loh-na-gdr/, a mountain in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 3800 ft. high, celebrated in the poetry of Lord Byron, who, when a child, spent some time in its neighbourhood. Loch Ness. See Ness, Loch. Loohranza, loh-ran'za (corr. from loch raorta-i, the lake of the plain or smooth island), a fishing vil. of Scotland, on the island of Arran, co. Bute. Loohrutton, loh-rut'ton (the straight road by the loch), a pa. of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Pop. 614, Loch Ryan. See Ryan, Loch. Lochs, lohs (so named from the numer ous arms of the sea by which it is inter sected), an insular pa. of Ross and Cro marty, Scotland. Pop. 6284. Lochwinnocb, loh-win' nok, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, 9 m. W.S.W. of Paisley. Pop. of pa. 3369; of vil. 1192. The name seems to have reference to the loch or lake near the village, and to the principal island which it contains— inni ch being from a Celtic word signifying " a small island." Lochy, Loch, loh lolx'e, a lake in Inver ness-shire, Scotland, 14 m. long, in the line of the Caledonian Canal. Lockerbie, lok'er-be (a station or place of strength), a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 10 m. N.N.W. of Annan. Pop. 2029. Lodeve, lo-daiv', anc. Luteva, a strong town of France, dep. Herault, at the foot of the Cevennes. Pop. 9895. Lodi, lo'de, a town of Lombardy, Italy prov. and 19 m. S. of Milan, on the Adda. Here, in 1796, Napoleon gained one of his earliest victories. Pop. 18,689. Loffoden, lof-fo'den, or Lofoten Isles, a group of islands off the N.W. coast of Norway, the seat of an extensive cod and herring fishery, which employs, in the fishing Beason, 20,000 men. The group consists of five large and several small islands. Permanent population 4000. Loggun, log-goon', a populous district of Bornou, Africa, S. of Lake Tchad. Logie, lo'ghe (a low-lying place), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Stirling, Perth, aud Clack mannan, 2 m. N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 4696. —Also, a pa., co. Fife. Pop. 390. Logiealmond, lo'ghe-d'mund (corr. from Gael, lag-abhuin, the hollow of the river, i.e., the Almond), a vil. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. N.W. of Perth. Logie-Buchan, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 767. Logie -Coldstone (from the Gael, lag- cul-duine, the hollow behind the fort), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 908. Logie Easter, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Ross and Cromarty. Pop. 827. Logie Wester and Urquhart, ur'kwdrt, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Ross and Cromarty. Pop. 2525. Logiepert, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar Pop. 995. Logierait (from the Gael, lag-an-rath, the hollow of the rath or castle, so called from the Earls of Atholl having formerly had their castle here), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 2323. Logo, lo'go, a district of W. Africa, N.E. of Sierra Leone. Logrofio, lo-gron'yo, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Old Castile, Spain, on a fine plain near the Ebro. Pop. 13,393. The prov. of Logrorto has a pop. of 174,425. Loir, hvdr, a river of France, dep. Eure- et-Loir; after a course of 150 m., it joins the Sarthe, 5 m. N. of Angers. Loire, Iwdr, a large river of France, has its source in the Cevennes, and traverses the country in a N.W. direction to Orleans; thence flowing westward, it discharges it self into the Atlantic below Nantes. Loire, Iwdr, a dep. of the S.E. of France, formed of the old prov. of Lyonnais. Area 1838 sq. m. ; pop. 599,836. Loir-et-Cher, lwdr-d-shair', a dep. in the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Orleannais. Area 2452 sq. m.; pop. 275,713. Loire, Haute, hot Iwdr (Upper Loire), a central dep. of France, N. of the deps. Lozere and Ardeche. Area 1916 sq. m.; pop. 316,461. Loire - Inferieure, Iwdr-ang -fa-re-nr' (Lower Loire), a maritime dep. in the N.W. of France, formed from part of the old prov. of Brittany. Area 2654 sq. m. ; pop. 625,625. Loiret, Iwd'rd, a central dep. of France, formed from the E. portion of the old prov. of Orleannais. Area 2614 sq. m.; pop. 368,526. Loja, or Loxa, lo'ha, a town of Granada, Spain, near the Genii, 22 m. E.N.E. of Antequera, with manufs. of calico and paper. Pop. 18,249. Loja, or Loxa, a town of S. America, re public of Ecuador, in a valley of the Andes, about 7000 ft. above the sea, 75 m. S. of Cuenca. Est. pop. 5000. — The prov. of the same name has a pop. of about 100,000. Lokeren, lo'ker-en, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Durme, 13 m. E.N.E. of Ghent; it has a good corn trade and large manufs. of cottons, lace, hats, leather, salt, etc. Pop. 17,400. Lombardy, lom'bdr-de (the country of the Longobardi, so called from a kind of weapon which they used), a compartment of Italy, embracing the provs. of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Mantua, Milan, Pavia, and Sondrio. Area 9086 sq. m.; pop. 3,680,616. Lombok,, lom-bok', an island of the In dian Archipelago, E. of Bali and W. of 224 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn, Sumbawa, between 8° and 9° S. lat., and 116° and 117° E. long. It is well culti vated, and produces coffee, rice, and maize. Pop. 250,000. Lomond, Ben. See Ben Lomond. Lomond, Loch, loh lo'mond, a beautiful lake in Scotland, the largest in Britain, between Dumbartonshire and Stirlingshire. 24 m. long, and nearits southern extremity, 7 m. broad. It is studded with more than thirty islands, and its scenery is highly picturesque. London, lun'dun, anc. Londmium (the fort on the marsh), the cap. city of Eng land and metropolis of the British Empire, situated on the Thames, co. Middlesex, the wealthiest and one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Its three principal divisions are: — The City,in which its immense commerce is chiefly carried on, — Westminster, the seat of the Court and Parliament, — and Southwark, on the southern bank of the Thames. These are connected by magnificent bridges. The most splendid edifices are St Paul's Cathe dral, Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, the Law Courts, the Tower, the British Museum, Buckingham Palace, the Exchange, the Bank of England, the Mansion House, and the General Post Office. London has been so vastly ex tended as to embrace large adjacent villages, which have grown to the size of cities : on the N. Hackney, pop. of pa. 163,681; Islington, 282,865; on the E., Spitalfields, 21,340; Stepney, 134,393; Rotherhithe, 36,024 ; on the S., Camberwell, 186,593; on the W., Kensington, 163,151; Chelsea, 88,128; with several others. Pop. 3,816,483. [See Islington, Spitalfields, etc.] London, a town of the Canadian Do minion, prov. Ontario, on the Thames, 76 m. W. of Toronto. Pop. 19,746. Londonderry, or Derry, lun-dun-der're (so called because the county was granted by a charter in the reign of James I. to the merchants of London after forfeiture by the rebellion of its native chiefs. Its original name was Doire-Ohalgaich, the derry or oak-wood of Galgacusj, a maritime co. of Ireland, bounded on the E. by Antrim ; on the S. by Tyrone; and on the W. by Donegal; its N. boundary being Lough Foyle and the Atlantic Ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 40 m., and its breadth from E. to W. is 34 m. Area 810 sq. m.; pop. 164,991. The surface is hilly and rugged, with fertile tracts along the rivers. The most important rivers are the Foyle, which traverses tbe N.W., and the Bann, which separates Londonderry from Antrim. The staple manufacture is linen. Poultry are extensively reared, and eggs are exported on a large scale. — Londonderry is the co. town. Londonderry, or Derry, a city of Ire land, the cap. of the above co., pleasantly situated on the Foyle, at its entrance into Lough Foyle. It is a city of great anti quity, having been twice burned by the Danes in the8thand9th centuries, plundered and burned five times during the 12th cen tury, and five times during the 13th century, by the O'Neals and others. It also sus tained a memorable siege against the whole Irish forces under James II., from Decem ber 1688 to August 1689. Pop. 29,162. London East, the seaport of the div. of the same name in Cape Colony, S. Africa, at the mouth of the Buffalo River, about 36 m. S.E. of King Williamstown. The div. of London East was, in 1866, formed out of the E. part of British Kaffraria. Area 1225 sq. m.; pop. 15,514. Longford, long'ford, a co. of Ireland, encompassed by Leitrim, Cavan, West- meath, Lough Ree, and Roscommon. Its length from N. to S. is 29 m. ; breadth from E. to W. 22 m. Area 420 sq. m.; pop. 61,009. Between the N.W. and the centre of the co. the surface is diversified by low hills ; elsewhere it is mostly flat and boggy, The river Shannon, Lough Ree, Lough Gowna, and other lakes border on the co., which is crossed by the Royal Canal. Grazing and the rearing of cattle and sheep, and dairy- farming, are the principal pursuits.— Long ford is the co. town. Longford (corr. from Longphort, a for tress), the co. town of Longford, Ireland, on the Camlin, 20 m. N.W. of Mullingar. Pop. 4380. Longforgan, long-for'gan (the long fore ground), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Perth. 6 m. W. of Dundee. Pop. of pa. 1854; of vil. 366. Longformacus and Ellim, long-for- ma'kus, anciently written Lochirmacus, and el'lim, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 385. Long Island, a name applied to a group of the Hebrides, Scotland, comprising Lewis, Benbecula, North Uist, South Uist, Barra, etc., so closely contiguous to each other that they are supposed to have been formerly connected. The group is 140 m. long. Long Island, in the Atlantic Ocean, is the most S.E. part of the state of New York, U.S., N. America. Itis separatedfrom New York city by a strait called the East River, and is about 115 m. in length by 13 m. of average breadth. On it is Long Island City, the pop. of which is 17,129. Long Island Sound, a body of water separating Long Island from Connecticut, U.S. Its length is 110 m.; its breadth varies from 2 to 20 m. Long, Locb, lohlong, an arm of the sea, Scotland, separating Argyll from Dumbar tonshire. Longniddry, long-nid're, a vil. of Scot land, co. Haddington, pa. of Gladsmuir. Longridge, long'ridj, a vil. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, pa. of Whitburn. Pop. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; ndte, ntit ; tune, tiin. 225 Longside, long-side', a pa. of Scotland, I co Aberdeen. Pop. 3222. Longton, long'tun, a munic. bor. of Staf fordshire. England, 14 ra. N. of Stafford, with china and earthenware manufs., and iron and coal mines in its neighbourhood. Pop. 18,620. Lonigo, lo-ne'go, a town of N . Italy, prov. and 14 m. S.W, of Vicenza, on the Agno. Pop. 5640. Lonmay, lon'mau, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 2393. Lons - le - Saunier, Jong - leh -so-ne-a' (named from its salt-works, to which the town owes its celebrity), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Jura, in the midst of lofty mountains, 50 m. S.E. of Dijon. Pop. 12,101. Looban, or Louban, loo-bdn', a small island of the Malay Archipelago.— 13° 52' N. lat., 120° 8' E. long. Loo-choo, more accurately Lu-tchu, loo-tchoo', a group of islands, 36 in number, belonging to Japan, lying between the island of Formosa and the Japan Islands. The principal island, called the Great Loo- choo, about 60 m. in length by 12 m. in breadth, has a fertile soil and a fine climate. —26° Bang-si, China. Meinam. pe Menam. Meiningen, .ui'ning-en (the great field), the cap. of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, sit uated in a valley, on the Werra, and sur rounded with gardens, 33 m. E.N.E. of Fulda. Pop. 11,227. Meissen, mi'sen, a town of Saxony, Ger many, on the Elbe, 15 m. N.W. of Dresden; it is the great seat of the porcelain manu factory, where are made all the goods known as "Dresden china." Pop. 14,166. Mejerdab, med-jer'dd, anc. Bagradas, a river of Africa, which after a N.E. course of 200 m. flows into the Mediterranean to the N. of Tunis. Mekong, See Menam-kong. Mekran, mek-rdn' (the country of rogues), anc. Gedrosia, the S. or maritime part of Beloochistan; it contains extensive deserts. Area est. at 100,000 sq. m..; pop. 200,000. Melbourne, mel'bum (may be a corr. of Mill-bum, so called from its having had at an early period a mill turned by a stream or burn, or from the church being dedicated to St Michael may be a corr. of MichatVs bourne— Michael's boundary ; other etymo logies are also given), a pa. and town of England, co. and 8 m. S.S.E. of Derby, largely engaged in making lace and gloves. Pop. of pa. 3123. Melbourne, a seaport of Australia, the cap. of the colony of Victoria, on the Yarra-Yarra, about 9 m. from its mouth in the beautiful bay of Port Philip. It has a university, a botanic garden, several public institutions, and is the most important commercial town in the southern hemi sphere. Pop., including suburbs, 2S2,US1. Melcombe Regis. See Weymouth. Meldrum, Old, mel'drum (bald ridge), a pa. and vil. of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 16 Q 242 Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, n6t ; tune, tUn. m. N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of pa. 2254 ; of vil. 1494. Meleda, mel-d'dd, an island of Dalmatia, Austria- Hungary, in the Adriatic, sup posed by some to be the ancient Melita. Pop. 900. Melegnano, md-len-yd'no, a town of Lombardy, Italy, prov. and 10 m. S.E. of Milan. Pop. 5124. Melfi, mel'fe, an ancient town of S. Italy, prov. Potenza, 34 ra. S. of Foggia, in a district celebrated for its wine. P. 11,225, Melford Loch, mel'ford loh (the lake of the high eminences, so called from the ele vation of the land on each side), a small arm of the sea extending 4 m. N.E. along the southern boundary of Nether -Lorn, co. Argyll, Scotland. Melinda, md-leen'dd, the cap. of a state of its own name, on the E. coast of Africa, N. of the mainland of Zanzibar. Melloncbarles, mel'lun-ckar'Vz, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Gairloch. Pop. 309. Melrose, mel'rose (the bald headland, a name applicable to the situation of Old Melrose), a town in Roxburghshire, Scot land, ou the Tweed, 11 m. N.W. of Jed burgh. Its abbey, founded by David I. in 1136, was the most beautiful in the country. In its vicinity is Abbotsford, the seat of the late Sir Walter Scott, whose library and study are preserved nearly as left at his death. Pop. 1550.— The pa. of Melrose has a pop. of 11,131. Melton Mowbray, mel'tun mow'brd, a town of England, co. and 16 m. E.N.E. of Leicester, near the junction of the Eye with the Wreke; famous for its fox hunts and its market for cattle, the largest in the kingdom. Pop. 5766. Melun, m'lung' or meh-lung', anc. Melo- dunum (the bald fort), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Seine-et-Marne, 25 m. S.E. of Paris. Pop. 12,116. Memel, mem'el or ma'mal, a seaport in E. Prussia, at the entrance of the Curische Haff, which here communicates with the Baltic by a strait. It is a place of great trade, particularly in timber, and ship building is extensively carried on. Pop. 19,660. Memmingen, mem'ming-en, a town of Bavaria, Germany, on a tributary of the Iller, 43 m. S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 8406. Memphis, mem'fis, an ancient city of Lower Egypt, whose remains still exist on the banks of the Nile, 10 m. S. of Cairo. Memphis, a town of Tennessee, U.S., on the Mississippi, with an active trade. It surrendered to the Federal troops 6th June 1862. Pop. 33,593. Menai Strait, me'nd, a chaunel between the Isle of Anglesea and Carnarvonshire, N. Wales, crossed by two stupendous struc tures about a mile apart from each other. One is a magnificent suspension bridge. which bears two carriage ways and a foot path between them, 100 ft. above high water mark, and the other an iron tubular bridge, which forms part of the Chester and Holyhead Railway. Menam or Meinam, md-namf (mother of waters), a river in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, supposed to rise in the moun tains of Yun-nau in China, and, after a course of about 800 m., enters the Gulf of Siam below Bankok. Menam-kong, md-ndm-kongy, or Me kong, md-kong' (mother of rivers), a large river in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, sup posed to have its source in the mountains of Tibet; it passes through the Chinese prov. of Yun-nan, and, after traversing Laos and Cambodia, falls into the Chinese Sea. Mende, mango", a manufacturing town of France, cap. of the dep. Lozere, on the Lot, 75 m. N.W. of Avignon. Pop. 6091. Mendereh, men ' der - eh, Mender, or Meinder, anc. Mozander, a river of Ana tolia, Asia Minor, flows S.W. till, after a course of 200 m., it enters the Archipelago. — Also a river of Anatolia, anc. Simois, rises in Mount Ida, flows N.N.W. and enters the Strait of the Dardanelles. Mendip Hills, men'dip, a range in the N.E. of Somersetshire, England, with lead and calamine mines, which have been worked for ages, aud are still productive. Black Down, the highest, is 1094 ft. above the sea. Mendocino, Cape, men-do-se'no, on the coast of Upper California, U. S. — 40° 29' N. lat., 124° 32' W. long. Mendoza, men-do'zd or men-do'thd, a city of the Argentine Republic, S. America, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, pleasantly situated iu a plain at the foot of the Andes, about 55 m. E.S.E. of the volcano of Aconcagua. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1861. Pop. 8124.— The prov. has a pop. of 65,413. Menin, meh-nang', a fortified town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, 7 m. S.W. of Courtrai, with manufs. of lace, woollen stuffs, and tobacco. Pop. 11,337. Menmuir, men-mure' (the great moss), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 755. Menouf, men -oof, a town of Lower Egypt, cap. of a prov. in the delta of the Nile, 30 m. N.N.W. of Cairo. Mensbieh, El, el men'she-eh, a town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, with nitre works and a government cotton factory. Menstrie, men'stre, a vil. of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, 3 m. E.N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 918. Mentone, men-to'nd, Fr. Menton, a town o f France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 12 m. E.N.E. of Nice, frequented by invalids on account of the mildness of its climate. Pop. 9129. Mentz, ments, or Mayenoe, md-yangss', Germ. Mainz, a city in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; not; tune, tiin. 243 nearly opposite the influx of the Main. It is the strongest fortress in Germany, and its museum of Roman monuments is said to be the most complete out of Italy. Here Guttenberg, one of the inventors of printing from movable types, was born about a.d. 1400. Pup., exclusive of the garrison, 60,905. Menzaleh, Lake, men-zd'leh, a lake of Egypt, E. from the Damietta branch of the Nile, 37 m. in length and about 16 m. in average breadth. Meppel, mep'pel, a town of the Nether lands, prov. Drenthe, on a tributary of the Vecht, 26 m. S.W. of Assen. Pop. 8238. Mequinez, mek'in-ez, a city of Morocco, N.W. Africa, prov. and 37 m. S.W. of Fez; it is situated in a fine plain, watered by numerous streams, and is a favourite resi dence of the emperor. Pop. 60,000. Merawe. See Meroe. Mergui, mer-ghe', a town of British Bur ma, div. Tenasserim, in the Eastern or Indo-Chinese Peninsula, at the mouth of a river of the same name. It occupies a fine commanding position, and carries on an extensive foreign trade. It was stormed and taken by the British in 1824. Pop. 8700. Mergui Archipelago, a chain of islands, extending about 150 m. along the coast of Tenasserim in the Eastern or Indo-Chinese Peninsula; the principal are Great and Little Canister, St Matthew, and Domel. Merida, mer'e-dd, anc. Emerita Augusta (the town of the Emeriti, or veterans, founded by Augustus, B.C. 23), a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. of Badajoz; it con tains some remarkable remains of Roman grandeur, consisting of vestiges of temples, aqueducts, etc., partly in the town and partly in the environs. Pop. 7390. Merida, a city of Venezuela, S, America, state of Falcon-Zulia, on the Chama. It stands in a rich vale surrounded by moun tains. Pop. 9727. Merida, a city of Mexico, N. America, cap. of Yucatan, on an arid plain, 25 m. from the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 43,282. Merionethshire, mer-e-on'eth-shlr, a co. of N. Wales, supposed to derive its name from a British chieftain named Merion, who expelled the Irish from this part ol the country some time in the fifth century. It lies to the S. of Carnarvon and Denbigh; has Montgomery on the E.; Cardigan on the S. ; aud Cardigan Bay on the W. Area 601 sq. m.; pop. 52,038. The surface is very mountainous, and the scenery highly picturesque. The most elevated chain runs from N.W. to S.E., and its highest summits are Cader Idris, 2959 ft., and Arran Mowddy, 2955 ft. There are numerous small lakes among the mountains, and Lake Bala, the largest in Wales, from which the Dee takes its rise, is also in this co. The Dee, Maw, and Dovey are the principal rivers. Cattle and sheep breeding, together with dairy farming, occupy the chief attention of the rural population. Minerals of various kinds abound. Gold-mines are worked in the vicinity of Dolgelly and near the S. extremity of Lake Bala, but slate- quai'ry ing may be said to be the staple occupatiou. — Dolgelly is the co. town. Meroe, mer'o-e, or Merawe, mer'd-wa, a peninsular tract of S. Nubia, Egyptian dominion, 400 m. long and 200 m. broad, between the Nile and its trib. the Atbara; it is peculiarly luxuriant and well irri gated, and a large quantity of indigo is grown. The town of the same name, situ ated a little to the S.W. of Jebel-Berkel, is in a very dilapidated state. Merom, Waters or Lake of, afterwards called Samochonitis, the upper or highest lake of the Jordan, iu the Holy Land. Merrimac, mer'rl-mak, a river of the United States, formed by the union of two rivers in the S. of New Hampshire, flows S. into Massachusetts, then turns to the N.E., and falls into the Atlantic near New- buryport. Merse, merss, another name for the co. of Berwick, Scotland. Merseburg, mer'seh-boorg, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, 15 m. AV. of Leipsic. Pop. 15,205. Mersey, merisd, a river of England, the most important on the W. coast, flows be tween Cheshire and Lancashire, and falls into the Irish Sea by a noble estuary at Liverpool. A railway tunnel under the Mersey, about 3 m. in length, will soon connect Liverpool with Birkenhead. Mertbyr Tydvil, mer'ther tid'vil (Tyd- vil the Martyr, named after Tydfil or Tudfil, the daughter of Brychan, an ancient British king, who, with her father and brother, was murdered here by a maraud ing party of pagan Saxons), a market town and pari. bor. of S. Wales, cos. Glamorgan and Brecknock, situated iu the valley of the Taaf, 15 m. S.E. of Brecon. From an obscure village it has been raised by its extensive iron-works to be the largest town iu Wales. Pop. of town 48,861 ; of pari. bor. 91,373. Mertoun, mer'tun, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 682. Merv, an ancient place in Western Turkestan, in the oasis formed by the river Murgh-ab, once a cap. of the Seljuk dynasty. It is now merely an extensive collection of wretched hovels. The oasis is occupied by a Tekke-Turcoman population numbering about 500,000. Mesagna, md-sdn'yd, a town of Apulia, Italy, prov. Lecce, situated in a dist. famous for its oil, 27 m. N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 8511. Mesopotamia. See Algezira. Messina, mes-se'nd, a strong seaport in the N.E. of Sicily, cap. of the prov. Messina, situated on the strait of the same name, with a fine harbour. Pop. 76,982. MeBsina, Strait of, between Calabria 244 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tUn. on the mainland of Italy and the island of Sicily. It is about 22 m. long, and its breadth varies from 2£ to 10 m. In ancient times, owing to Scylla, a dangerous rock on the Italian side, and the whirlpool of Charybdis on the Sicilian, its navigation was considered very perilous, but by superior skill on the part of modern navi gators, these terrors have entirely dis appeared. Here is occasionally seen the Fata Morgana, a curious optical delusion caused by atmospheric refraction, by which distorted and sometimes inverted pictures of objects on the one side are represented to spectators on the other. Mesurado, mes-oo-rd'do, a rapid river of W. Africa; it rises in the mountains of Kong, and falls into the Atlantic at Cape Mesurado. Mesurata, mes-oo-rd'td, a town of Tri poli, N. Africa, near the cape of the same name. Metapa, md-td'pd, a town of Guatemala, Central America, near Lake Metapa. Pop. 8000. Methil, meth'il, a small seaport of Scot land, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 1J m. W. of Leven. Pop. 754. Methilhill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Wemyss. Pop. 466. Methven, meth'ven, a vil. of Perthshire, Scotland, 6 m. W.N.W. of Perth. Pop. 751. Metz, mets, anc. Mettis (in the midst of waters), a strongly fortified city of Elsass- Lothringen, Germany, at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille, with considerable trade and manufs. It formerly belonged to France, but capitulated to the Germans, 27th October 1870. Pop. 53,131. Meurthe, murt, a river of France, rises in the Vosges Mountains, and joins the Moselle, 6 m. N. of Nancy. Meurthe-et-MoseUe, a dep. in the N.E. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Lorraine. Area 2322 sq. m.; pop. 419,317. Meuse, a river of France and Holland. See Maas. Meuse, muz, a dep in the N.E. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Lorraine, Area 2368 sq. m. ; pop. 289,861. Mexico, mex'i-ko (derived from Mexitli, the war-god of the Aztecs), a country of N. America, bounded on the N. by the United States; W. by the Pacific; S. by Central America; and E. by the Gulf of Mexico. Its length is about 1300 m. ; its breadth varies from 140 to 700 m. ; its area is 742,000 sq. m. The country is for the most part a plateau or table-land varying in height from 6000 to 8000 ft. above the sea. The climate in the more elevated parts is mild and genial; in the maritime dis tricts and the low plains it is hot and un healthy. The soil is extremely fertile, and most European grains and fruits, maize, cocoa, coffee, sugar, cotton, indigo, etc., are abundantly produced. Immense herds of cattle and sheep, both tame and wild, are fed in the northern prairies. The cochi neal insect is found in great abundance, and is one of the valuable articles of ex port. The minerals found are gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. The religion of the country is Roman Catholic, The government is republican. Pop. 9,787,629. Mexico, the cap. of Mexico, N. America. situated in the centre of an elevated plain, surrounded by lofty mountains, with the beautiful lake of Tezcuco in the vicinity. Its streets and squares are spacious, and many of its public edifices are large and handsome. Pop. 241,110. Mexico, Gulf of, a large inland sea of N. America, communicating by the Florida Channel with the Atlantic, and by the Channel of Yucatan with the Caribbean Sea, and on the other sides enclosed by the United States, Mexico, and Yucatan. It is nearly 1200 m. in length from E. to W., with an average breadth of 650 m. Mezieres, mez-e-air', a strong frontier- town of France, cap. of the dep. Ardennes, on the Meuse, 47 m. N.E. of Rheims. Pop. 6008. Miaco. See Kioto. Miava, me-ov'o, a town of Austria-Hun gary, co. Neutra, on the Miava, an affl. of the Morava, 48 m. E.N.E. of Pressburg, with manufs. of woollen cloth, and a trade in flax and hemp. Pop. 10,018. Michigan, mish'e-gan, one of the United States of N. America, of which the larger portion is surrounded, on three sides hy Lakes Erie, St Clair, Huron, and Michigan. The other portion lies to the N.W., and is bounded on the N. by Lake Superior and on the S. by Lake Michigan and the state of Wisconsin. From its situation it is called "the Peninsular State" and "the Lake State," being surrounded by the largest fresh-water lakes on the globe. The soil is rich and finely wooded. In the extreme west of the northern penin sula are rich copper-mines. Area 56,243 sq. m. ; p. 1,636.937. — Lansing is the state cap. Pop. 8319. Michigan, Lake, a large lake of the United States, 360 m. in length, with an average breadth of 60 m., and navigable for vessels of any burden. It communicates with the N.W. extremity of Lake Hurnn by tbe Strnits of Michilimakinac. Michi gan in the Indian language signifies " great water." Micronesia, mi-kro-ne'zhe-d, a great di vision of Oceania, embracing a loug r.tnge of small coral islands, N. of the equator and E. of the Philippines. It is so named from the many small islands of which it is composed. The principal groups are the Pelew Islands, the Ladrone or Marianne Islands, the Caroline Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the Gilbert Islands. Estimated pop. of the entire division, 90,000. Midcalder. See Calder, Mid. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, tUn. 245 Middelburg, or Middleburg, mid'del- boorg (the middle town), a town of the Netherlands, cap. of the prov. Zealand, in the centre of the island of Walcheren. It is a place of great antiquity and con siderable trade. The invention of the tele scope is ascribed to a spectacle maker of this town in 1590. Pop. 16,046. Middelfart, or Middelfurt, mid'del- foort, a seaport town in the N.W. of the island of Funen, Denmark, on the Little Belt. Pop. 2345. Middlebie,?ma''aY-oe (the middle station), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 1927. Middlebury, mid'dl-ber-e, a town of Ver mont, U.S., on Otter Creek, 30 m. S.S.E. of Burlington ; it is the seat of a college, and in its vicinity are fine marble quarries. Pop. 2993. Mid(Uesborough,m?a''<2ZV&w?'-0,amunic. and pari. bor. of England, in the N. R. of Yorkshire, on the right bank of the estu ary of the Tees, 3£ m. E.N.E. of Stockton. It is the centre and port of the Cleveland iron district; and although founded so recently as 1S30, the munic. bor. had, in 1881, a pop. of 55,934; pari. bor. 72,145. Middlesex (from A. S. Middel Seaxe, the Middle Saxons), the metropolitan county of England. Though next to Rutland, the smallest, it is next to Lancashire, the most populous of the English cos. Hertford bounds it on the N.; the Lea divides it on the E. from Essex, the Thames on the S. from Surrey, and the Colne on the W. from Bucks. Area 281 sq. m.; pop. 2,920,4S5. The surface consists for the most part of gentle undulations. A range of hills, averaging 400 ft. above the level of the Thames, extends along the N. boundary ; and another range skirts the N. side of Lon don by Hornsey, Highgate, and Harap- stead. The chief rivers are those forming the E., S., and W. boundaries, and the Brent, which is the only stream of conse quence traversing the centre of the co. The New River supplies a large part of the metropolis with water for domestic pur poses. The agricultural industry is con siderable, more than three-fifths of the entire area being under crops. — Brentford is nominally the co. town. Middleton, mid'dl-tun (the middle town), a town of Lancashire, England, 6 m. N. of Manchester and 5 m. S. of Rochdale, with silk and cotton manufs., extensive dye- works, and calico-printing works, among the largest in the kingdom. Pop., with Tonge, 18,953. Middleton, a town of Ireland, co. and 12 m. E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee, with a considerable export trade, chiefly in corn. Pop. 3358. Middletown, a town of Connecticut, U.S., on the Connecticut River, 24 m. N.E. of Newhaven. Pop. 11,731. Middlewion, mid'dl-witch (the middle salt works), a town of England, co. and 20 m. E. of Chester, on the London and North- Western Railway, with large trade in salt, obtained from brine springs in the neigh bourhood. Pop. 1325. — The pa. of the same name has a pop. of 5205. Midgley, midj'la, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. W.N.W. of Halifax. Pop, 2939. Midhurst, mid'hurst (the middle wood), a pari. bor. of Sussex, England, on the Rother, 10£ m. N.E. of Chichester. P. 7221. Mid-Lothian. See Edinburghshire. Midmar, mid-mdr' (the black forest), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1041. Midnapur, mid-nd-poor' , a dist. of British India, presidency and prov. of Bengal, Bardwan div. Area 5082 sq. m.; pop. 2,514,672.— Also, the cap. of the above dist., on the Cassai River, 72 m. W.S.W. of Cal cutta. Pop. 28,000. Mieres, mc-d'res, a town of Spain, prov. and 8 m. S. of Oviedo ; it has a fine palace, and trade in iron and coal. Pop. 12,614. Milan, mil'an, a prov. of Lombardy, N. Italy, bounded on the N. by Como; W. by the Ticino ; S. by Lodi and Pavia; and E. by the Adda. Area 1159 sq. m. ; pop. 1,114,539. Milan, Ital. Milano, anc. Mediolanum (in the midst of the meadow or full-harvest land), a noble city of Italy, cap. of the above prov., situated in a beautiful plain between the Adda and the Ticino. It has a splendid cathedral of white marble. In the Middle Ages Milan was the cap. of a republic, and afterwards of a duchy. It is now the centre and chief emporium of the silk trade of Lombardy. Pop. 214,000. Milazzo, me-ldt'so, a fortified seaport town on the N. coast of Sicily, 18 m. AV. of Messina. Pop. 7744. Milford, mil' ford, a town of Massa chusetts, U.S., Worcester co., 34 m. S.W. of Boston, with large manufs. of boots and shoes. Pop. 9310. Milford, a pari. bor. and market town of S. Wales, co. and 6 m. N.W. of Pembroke, on the right side of Milford Haven ; it has important docks, and exports stone, coal, and lime. Its climate is nearly 20° milder than in any other part of England. Pop. 3812. Milford Haven, a deep inlet of the sea, in the S. of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales, one of the safest, deepest, and most capacious harbours in tbe kingdom. It is sufficiently large to allow the whole of the British navy to ride in safety at the same time. Military Frontier, a long tract of country in Austria-Hungary, extending from the Adriatic t» Transylvania. Up to 1872 it formed a separate prov. of the Austrian Empire ; it is now included in the prov. of Hungary Proper. Pop. 697,984. Millau, or Milhau, me-lo', anc. JEndli- anum, a town of France, dep. Aveyron, on the Tarn, 30 m, S.E. of Rodez ; it is Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mU; pine, pin; note, not; tune, tun. 246 the seat of a college, and has a brisk trade in cheese and agricultural produce. Pop. 15,366. Millerhill, mil'ler-hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Newton, 1£ m. N.W. of Dalkeith. Pop. 335, chiefly colliers. Millport, mil'port, a vil. of Scotland, co. Bute, on the island of Cumbrae, in the Firth of Clyde, frequented for sea-bathing. Pop. 1749. Milnathort, mil-nd-thort', a vil. of Scot land, co. and If m. N. of Kinross. Pop. 1269. Milne Bay, miln (named in honour of Admiral Sir Alexander Milne), an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the E. coast of New Guinea. Milngavie, or Millguy, mil-ghV, a town of Scotland, co. Stirling, 7 m.N.W. of Glas gow. Pop. 2636. Milnrow, miln-ro', a town in Lanca shire, England, 2 m. E.S.E. of Rochdale. Pop. 7013. Milo, me'lo, anc. Melos, a small island in the Grecian Archipelago. Its soil is vol canic, and in the lower grounds extremely fertile, but the climate is exceedingly un healthy. Pop. 3500. Milton, mil'tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, pa. of Old Kilpatrick. Pop. 499. — Also, a vil., co. Stirling, pa. of Camp sie. Pop. 555. Milton of Balgonie, bal-go'ne, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Markinch. Pop. 375. Milton of Dunipace, dun'l-pace, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Dunipace. Pop. 1257. Milwaukee, mil-wau'ke, a commercial town of Wisconsin, U.S., on a river of the same name, near its entrance into Lake Michigan. From the cream-coloured bricks of which it is built, it is called " cream city." Pop. 115,587. Minas-G-eraes, me'nds zha-rd'es (the general or universal mines), a prov. of Brazil, bounded on the N. byBahia; W. by Goyaz; S. by Sao Paulo; and E. by Espiritu Santo and Bahia. It is the richest and most populous of the provs. ot lii azil. Its miues yield gold, silver, copper, ii'im, and precious stones. The prairies are covered with vast herds of cattle, and the cultivated soil yields maize, coffee, sugar, cotton, and tobacco. Area 237,472 sq. m.; pop. 2,0:19,735. Minch, minfih (stormy sea), the sound or channel separating the island of Lewis, one of the Hebrides, from the N.W. coast of Scotland. Mincio, min'cho, anc. Mind us (little stream), a river of N. Italy, flows from Lake Garda, S. and E,, and joins the Po near Go ver nolo. Mindanao, min-dd-nd'o, the southern most of the Philippine Islands, 3u0 ni. in length, and having an estimated area of 36,000 sq. m. See Philippines. Minden, min'den, a town of Westphalia, Prussia, on the Weser, 60 m. E.N.E. of MUnster. Fop. 17,867. Mingrelia, min-giv'le-d, a former prov. in the S.W. of Asiatic Russia, S. of the Cau casus, and E. of the Black Sea, now em braced in the gov. of Kutais. Minho, meen'yo, or Mino, min'o, anc. Mmcius (little stream), a river of Spain, rises in the prov. of Lugo, flows S. and W., then forms the N. boundary of Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic 42 m. S.S.W. of Vigo. Minho. See Entre Douro e Minho. Minneapolis, min-ne-dp'o-lis, a city of Minnesota, U.S., N. America, co. Henne pin. Pop. 46,887. Minnesota, min-ne-so'td (the sky-coloured water), a river of the U.S., N. America; it rises in Dakota Territory, traverses the state of Minnesota, and joins the Mis sissippi near St Paul. Minnesota, one of the United States of N. America, bounded on the N. by British America; E. by Lake Superior and Wisconsin; S. by Iowa; and W. by Dakota. It abounds in lakes of every size, from 40 m. in extent to small ponds of less than a mile in circuit, and is therefore perhaps even more deserving of the appel lation of "the Lake State" than Michigan. Its surface presents, in general, the aspect of an undulating plain, and though there are no mountains, it is the most elevated tract of land between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay. The soil varies greatly, and many parts are well timbered with pine forests and other trees. Area 95,274 t>q. m.; pop. 780.773.— St Paul, on the Mis sissippi, is the state cap. Pop. 41,473. Minnigaff, min-ni-gajf ', formerly written Monny gaffe (dark mountainous region), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 15S7. Minorca, min-or'kd (so named from its being the smaller of the two principal Bale aric Isles), one of the Balearic Islands be longing to Spain, in the Mediterranean, 24 m. E. of Majorca. The surface rises from all sides towards the centre, where Mount el Toro is 4790 ft. high. Pop. 39,000. Minsk, a gov. of Russia, extending from the Dwina on the N. to Vulhynia on the S. Area 34,083 sq. m.; pop. 1,451,938. Minsk, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Swistocz. Pop. 43,995. Minster, min'ster, a pa. of the island of Sheppey, co. Kent, England; it comprises the town of Sheerness. Pop. 15,658. Mintlaw, mint-law', a vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, pa. of Longside. Pop. 435. Mm to, mvt'td, a pa. of Scotland, co. Rox burgh. Pop. 433. Miosen, me-u'zen, a lake in Christiania, N'.irway, 60 m. long and 15 m. broad, Miquelon, Great and Little, me-keh- long', two islands off the S. coast of New foundland, British America, which, with the adjacent island of St Pierre, form a colony belonging to the French. Pop. 802, Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte,nU; tune,tiin. 247 but there is a large floating population chiefly engaged in fishing. Mira, me'rd, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, near the coast, 24 m. N.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 6371. Mira, a river of Ecuador, S, America, rises in the Andes, flows N.W.,and falls by several mouths into the Pacific. — Near its source is the town Mira, 65 m. N.E. of Quito. Mirafiores, me-rd-Jlo'rSs, or Sana, san'yd, a town of Peru, prov. Chiclayo, dep. Lambayeque. Pop. 2000. Mir agoane, me-rd-gwdn', a town of Hayti, on the S. coast of the bay of Gonaives. Miramichi, mir-am-e-she' (in the Mic Mac Indian language means " happy re treat"), a port and a river of the Canadian Dominion, prov. New Brunswick ; the river falls into a bay of the same name, and is noted for the extensive forests on its banks, whence large shipments of timber are made. Miranda, me-rdn'dd, a frontier town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, on the Douro, 28 m. S.E. of Braganza. Pop. 5684, Mirfleld, mir'feeld, a pa. and vil. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of Huddersfield ; it is one of the chief railway centres in the country. Pop. 15,872. Mirgorod, meer-go-rod' (the fortress of peace), a town of Russia, gov. Poltava, on the Khorol. Pop. 7485. Mirzapore, or Mirzapur, mir-zd-poor' , a city of British India, cap. of a dist. of the same name, N.W. Provinces, presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 32 m. S.W. of Ben ares. Pop. of City 67,274; of dist. 1,015,826. Miskolcz, mish-kolts', a town of Austria- Hungary, 42 m. S.S.E. of Rosenau, and 51 m. S.S.W. of Kaschau. Pop. 24,319. Mississippi, mis-sis-sip'pe, one of the United States of N. America, bounded on the W. by the great river of the same name, which divides it from Louisiana and Arkansas; on the E. by Alabama; on the N. by Tennessee ; and on the S. by Louisi ana and the Gulf of Mexico. Though liable to inundation, the soil in general is rich, producing corn, cotton, and tobacco. Area 47,156 sq. m.; p. 1,131,597.— Jackson, on Pearl River, is the state cap. Pop. 5205. Mississippi, River, called by the In dians Miche Sepe, i.e., " father of" waters," rises in a cluster of small lakes not far west of Lake Superior, N. America. With the Missouri, its principal affluent, it is the longest river in the world. Their united courses amount to upwards of 4300 m., or twenty times the length of the Thames. About 160 m. below its junction with the Missouri, it receives the Ohio from the left, and, farther down, the Arkansas and the Red River from the right. It is navig able to the Falls of St Anthony, 650 ra. from its source. Missolongni, mis-so-long' ghe, or Meso- longbi (corr. from Mezzo-Laguno, in the midst of a lagoon), a town of Greece, 24 m. N. of Lepanto, in the nomarchy of Attica and Bceotia. Here the poet Lord Byron died, while promoting the cause of Grecian liberty, 19th April 1S24. Pop. 6324. Missouri, mis-soo're, one of the United States of N. America, lying on both sides of the Missouri River, and bounded on the E. by the Mississippi, which separates it from Illinois and Kentucky ; on the N. by Iowa; on the W. by Kansas and the Indian Ter ritory; and on the S. by Arkansas. It possesses a fertile soil, and abounds in lead. Area 67,380 sq. m.; pop. 2,168,380. —Jeffer son City, on the Missouri, is the state cap. Pop. 5271. Missouri River {muddy river), the principal tributary of the Mississippi, N. America, rises among the Rocky Moun tains in the territory of Idaho. After a course of about 3000 m. it joins the Missis sippi near St Louis, 1286 m. from the Gulf of Mexico Mistassin, mis-tas'sin, or Mistassinnie, mis-tas-sin'ne, a lake of British N. America, N. of the prov. of Quebec. It is above 250 m. in circuit, is surrounded by mountains, and discharges its waters by the river Ru pert into James Bay. Mitau, me'tou, or Mittau, miftou, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the Aa, 26 m. S.W. of Riga. Pop. 23,847, half of whom are of German descent, and 1000 are Jews. Mitchelstown, mit'chelz-town, a town of Ireland, co. and 25 m. N.N.E. of Cork, on the river Funcheon. Pop. 2467. Mitylene. See Lesbos. Mizzen Head, miz'zen hed, a cape in co. Cork, forming the extreme S.W. point of Ireland.— 51° 27' N. lat., 9° 50' W. long. Mobile, mo-beel', the principal seaport of Alabama, U.S., on the Mobile River, 165 m. N.E. of New Orleans; after New Or leans it is the greatest cotton market in the United States. Pop, 31,205. Mocha, mo'ka, a city of Turkish Arabia, prov. Yemen, on the Red Sea; it is the port of Sana, the most important iuland town of Yemen. From Mocha much Yemen coffee was at one time exported, but most of that trade has been transferred to Aden. Pop. 6000. Mochrum, moh'rum, a maritime pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Pop. 2315. Modena, mod'en-d, anc. Mutina(the forti fied place), a handsome city of Emilia, Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, in a fertile plain, between the rivers Pa- naro and Secchia. Pop. 31,053. Modern, mo'dern} a town of W. Hun gary, at the foot of the Carpathian Moun tains, co. and 16 m. N.E. of Presshurg ; it is the seat of a Protestant College. Pop. 5066. Modica, mod'e-kd, a town in the S. of Sicily, prov. Syracuse, 45 m. S.S.W. of Catania; it is noted for some remarkable dwellings excavated in the rock in the valley of Ipsica or Ispica in its vicinity. Pop. 37,919. 248 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, not; tune, tiin. Moen, mu'en, a small island of Denmark, in the Baltic, E. of Zealand.— Also, an island of Russia, between the mainland and the island of Oesel. Moeris, Lake, 'me'ris, or Birket-el- Koorn, beer'ket-el-koorn' (the lake of the horn, so named from its peculiar shape), a lake of Central Egypt, 30 m. in length and 6 m in greatest breadth, prov. Fayoum, in 29° 30' N. lat., and 32° 30' to about 33° E. long. Moero. See Mweru. Moffat, mof'fat (the foot of the moss), a town in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on the Annan, 19 n,. N.N.E. of Dumfries; it is frequented foi its mineral waters, which are saline an?, sulphurous, with an odour resembling those of Harrogate. Pop. 2161.— The pa. of Moffat has a pop. of 2930. 'M.oga.cLoxe,mog-d-dore' (named after Sidi Mogodol, a saint whose tomb is on an island off the coast), a fortified seaport of Morocco, N.W. Africa, on the Atlantic. Its neighbourhood is a barren waste, but the town has a fine appearance from the sea, and merits the name applied to it by the Moors, Suira or Souerah, i.e., "the Beauti ful," or "a picture." Pop. 12,000. Moghreb, mog'reb (the west), the Arabic name of the whole region of N. Africa, including the Barbary States and the Sahara, lying to the W. of Egypt. Moguer, mo-gair', a town of Spain, prov. and 5 m. E. of Huelva, on the Tinto. Pop. 8322. Mohacs, mo-hatch', a town of S. Hun gary, co. Baranya on the W. branch of the Danube, 25 m. E.S.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 12,385. Mohawk, mo'hawk (named from an Indian tribe), a river of the United States. After a course of 160 m. it joins the Hud son at Waterford, in the state of New York ; 2 m. above its mouth are the Gahoes Falls, an unbroken cataract of 70 ft. Mobilev, or Moghilev, mo-he'lev, a fer tile gov. of Russia, to the E. of Minsk. Area 18,586 sq. m.; pop. 1,092,163. Mobilev, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Dnieper, 85 m. S.W, of Smolensk. It has an extensive trade, and is the seat of a Greek and of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Pop. 41,716. Moidart, Loch, ?oh moi'dart, an inlet of the Atlantic, about 4 m. long, on the S.W. coast of Invemess-shire, Scotland. The scenery of the surrounding district called Moidart, i.e., " the high plain," is very wild and rugged. Moissac, mwds-sdk', a town of France, dep. Tarn-et- Garonne, on the Tarn, 14 m. W.N.W. of Montauban. Pop. 5651. Mold, mold (contr. from its Norman name Mont-hault, or from mons alius, both signifying "the high mount"), a pari. bor. and the co. town of Flintshire, N. Wales, 6 m. S. of Flint. Pop. of pari. bor. 5055. Moldau, mol'dou, a river of Bohemia, Austria ; it flows N. and joins the Elbe below Prague. Moldavia. See Koumania. Molfetta, moUfel'td, a seaport town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. and 16 m. W.N.W, of Bari, on the Adriatic ; near the town is a curious nitre cavern. Pop. 29,697. Molise, mo-le'sd, a former prov. of Ital/, now Campobasso. Molise and Abruzzo. See Abruzzo. Molucca Passage, that part of the Indian Ocean which separates the island of Celebes from the island of Gilolo.— 2° O' N. lat, 127° 0'E. long. Moluccas, mo-lululf of, the most southerly portion of the White Sea. Onega, Lake, a lake in Olonetz, Russia, 150 m. long, and from 30 to 59 m. broad. Its waters are clear and abound with fish. By the river Soir it is connected with Lake Ladoga. Oneida, o-ni'da, a county, a lake, and a river in the N.E. central part of New York state, U. S. In the co. the soil is rich, and 276 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, nU; tune, tUn. large quantities of cheese, butter, etc., are produced. Pop. 115,475. Ontario, on-td're-o, a prov. of the Do minion of Canada, W. and S.W. of Quebec, and S. of Albany River and James Bay. Its length is about 750 m., and its greatest breadth about 700 m. Area 101,733 sq. m. The surface is gently undulating and diver sified with lakes and rivers. The lakes are numerous and magnificent. They cover an area of 80,000 sq. m., and contain nearly half the fresh water of the globe. The soil possesses great fertility, and immense crops of wheat and other cereals are annually raised. Apple orchards in the S.W. are very productive, and pears, plums, grapes, and cherries thrive luxuriantly. The min eral wealth is very considerable, copper, silver, iron, zinc, lead, cobalt, and marbles of almost every colour being found. The climate is extreme, but is agreeably tem pered by the proximity of the lakes. Pop. 1,923,228. Ontario, Lake, the most easterly of the great American lakes, is 180 m. in length by 65 m. in breadth, and of great depth. It receives the waters of Lake Erie by the Niagara, and discharges them by the St Lawrence. Steam-vessels constantly ply between the British and American sides. The country along its shores is rich and well wooded. Onteniente, on-td-ne-en'ta, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, on the Clariano, 11 m. S.W. of San Felipe. Pop. 11,727. Oodeypore. See Odeypore. Oojein or Ujjain, oo-Jan', a fortified city of Central India, 254 m. S.W. of Gwalior; it contains many Hindoo tem ples, and is one of the seven sacred Hindoo cities. The ancient city, now in ruins, was the cap. of the Gwalior's territories. Oomrawattee. See Amraoti. Oonich, oo'nih, a town and seaport of Turkey in Asia, on the Black Sea. Pop. 18,000. Oorfa. See Orfa. Oorga, Ourga, or TFrga, oor'gd, a town of Mongolia, in the Chinese empire, the cap. of the country of the Kalkas, on the Tula, 165 m. S.E, of Kiakhta; it is the head-quarters of Lamaism in Mongolia, and inferior as a place of pilgrimage only to Lassa in Tibet. Pop. 7000. Oosterbout, os'ter-hout (east wood), a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, in a well-wooded fertile district, 6 m. N.N.E. of Breda. Pop. 9853. Ootacamund or Ootakamund, oo-td- kd-mund' (one stone village), a sanitary station of British India, on the Neilgherry hills, 7960 ft. above the sea, dist. Coimba- tore, presidency of Madras. It has an average temperature of 60° Fahr. Openshaw, op-en-shaw', a town in Lan cashire, England, 3 m. E. of Manchester, with extensive cotton mills, dyeworks, and a rail way- carriage manufactory, which to gether employ a large number of the in habitants. Pop. 16,153. Ophir.Mount, o'fir, an isolated mountain of the Malay Peninsula, with a triple- peaked summit estimated to rise 5693 ft. above sea level. Gold dust is found in considerable quantity round its base. — 0° 5' N. lat., 100" E. long.— Also a moun tain, 13,842 ft. high, near the W. coast of the island of Sumatra, 70 m. N.W. of Padang.— 0° lat., 100 E. long. Oporto, o-por'to (the port or harbour>, anc. Calle, a seaport of Portugal, the second city of the kingdom in rank and com mercial importance, prov. Entre-Douro-e- Minho, finely situated on the Douro, about 2 ra. from its mouth. It is noted for a strong red wine, which has received from it the name of Port. Pop. 105,838. Oppeln, op'peln, a walled town of Prus sian Silesia, on the Oder, 50 m. S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 14,447. Oran, o-rdn', a prov. of Algeria, N. Africa, having Morocco on the W., and the prov. of Algeria on the N.E. Area 38,899 sq. m. Pop. 600,000. Oran, a strongly fortified Beaport of Algeria, the cap. of the above prov., on the Mediterranean, 210 m. W.S.W. of Algiers. It was taken by the French in 1830, and occupied by them in 1831. Pop. 40,674. Orange, or-angzh', anc. Arausia, a town of France, dep. Vaucluse, in a beautiful plain on the Aigue, 12 m. N. of Avignon; it has some interesting Roman remains, the principal of which is a triumphal arch about 64 ft. in length, breadth, and height, about 200 paces N. of the town. Pop. 6860. Orange or G-ariep, or'anj or gd-re-ep', the largest river of S. Africa, rises in Basuto Land, flows S.W. and N.W., form ing, under the name of the Nu or Black Gariep, the boundary between Cape Colony and the Orange Free State; in the S. of Griqualand West it receives the Vaal or the Ky or Yellow Gariep, where the country of late years has attracted attention as the bed or deposit of perhaps the richest dia mond fields in the world; it then traverses a most dreary and barren country, separat ing in its course Cape Colony from Great Namaqua-Land, and after draining an area of not less than 400,000 sq. m. in extent, enters the Atlantic in 28° 30' S. lat., and 16° 30' E. long. Near the sea its course is hemmed in by steep and precipitous moun tains, and throughout is interrupted by immense rocks forming formidable cata racts, which, combined with a sandbar at its mouth, are likely to hinder its ever becoming a great commercial highway. Orange Free State (named after the Prince of Orange), a tract of country in S. Africa, embracing an area of over 60,000 sq. m. N. E. of Cape Colony and W. of Natal, between the Nu-Gariep and Vaal rivers, formerly in the possession of Bechuana tribes, but now in the hands of Dutch boers Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, not; tune, tUn. 277 or farmers. It consists chiefly of vast un dulating grassy plains which slope down from the Maluti Mountains to the Vaal River, dotted here and there with rocky hills called kopjes. The whole country lies high, having an average elevation above the sea of about 4000 ft. The climate, although cold in winter, is remarkably healthy, and favourable to Europeans and invalids. The government is republican. Pop. 183,518, of which 61,022 are whites.— Bloemfontein is the cap. Ordiqubill, or'dik-ill (the hollow beside the height), a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff. Pop. 714. Ord-of-Caitbness, a headland of Scot land, 1200 ft. high, on the coast of Caith ness.— 58° 10' N. lat., 3° 30' W. long. Orebro, n'rd-bro, an inland gov. of Svea- land, Sweden, with mines of iron, copper, cobalt, etc. Pop. 182,263. Orebro, the chief town of the above gov., near the W. shore of Lake Hielmar, 104 m. W. of Stockholm. Pop. 11,785. Oregon, or'e-gon (said to derive its name from origano, a Spanish word for wild mar joram, which grows abundantly here, or from the river so called, which means "river of the west"), one of the United States of North America, situated between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, having California and Nevada on the S., Washington on the N., and Idaho on the E. Area 95,274 sq. m.; pop. 174,768.— Salem is the state cap. Oregon River. See Columbia. Oregrund, o'rd-groond, a small seaport of Sweden, gov. and 70 m. N.E. of Stock holm, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 700. Orel, o-rel', or Orlov, or-lov', a gov. in the interior of Russia, S. of Tula and Kaluga. Area 18,061 sq. m. ; pop. 1,826,169. Orel, a city of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on tbe Oka, at the confluence of the Orel ; it ib the entrepot of commerce between N. and S. Russia. Pop. 53,505. Orellano, or-el-yd'no, a river of S. America. See Amazon. Orenburg, o'ren-boorg, a gov. in the S.E. nf Russia, between Oufa and Astracan, ex tending across the Ural Mountains into Asiatic Russia. Area about 45,000 sq. m. ; pop. 1,070,420. Orenburg, a fortified city of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Ural, at the confluence of the Samara; it was devastated by fire on 28th April 1879. Pop. 47,840. Orense, o-ren'sd, anc. Aquoz calidm Cilio- rum, a town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Galicia, on the Minho, 46 m. S.S.W. of Lugo; it is celebrated for its hot springs. Pop. 12,686.— Pop. of pro v. 388,835. Orfa, Orfah, or'fd, or Oorfa, oor'fd, a city of Algezira, in Asiatic Turkey, 78 m. S.W. of Diarbekir ; it is the Edessa of the Greeks and Romans, and supposed to be the Ur of the Ghaldees mentioned in Scrip ture. It has manufs. of cotton goods, etc., and a large trade in corn. Pop. estimated at 30,000. Orihuela, o-7'e-wd'ld, a commercial town of Valencia, Spain, prov. and 32 m. S.W. of Alicante, in a beautiful and fertile plain, on the Segura. Pop. 20,929. Orinoco, or-in-o'ko, a river of S. America, rises in the Sierra Parime of Venezuelan Guiana, traverses the centre of Venezuela, and, after a course of 1480 m., enters the Atlantic by about 50 channels, S. of Trinidad. Orissa, o-ris'sd (corr. from Odhradesa or Ordesa, the land of the Odhra or Or tribes), a division of British India, Lower Pro vinces of Bengal, stretching along the N.W. coast of the Bay of Bengal, from the northern extremity of Ganjam to the N. of the Subanrekha (streak of gold). The coast lands are for the most part flat and sandy, but westward the country rises into hills exceedingly rugged and of consider able elevation. Wild beasts and venomous reptiles are numerous. Rice, sugar, cotton, and indigo are grown on the plains ; wheat and tobacco on the higher grounds; and teak timber, dyewoods, drugs, resins, etc., are obtained from the hills. Iron is found, and the best salt made in India is manu factured ou the banks of the Chilka Lake, and at other places along the coast. The inhabitants are chiefly a wild race of Hin doos, called Uriyas. Cuttack, on the Ma- hanadi, is the chief town. Pop. of div, 3,559,756 ; including trib. states, 5,184,066. Oristano, o^ris-td'no, a town and river port on the W. coast of the island of Sar dinia, near the Oristano, 54 m. N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop., including suburbs, 6996. Orizaba, o-re-sd'bd, a town of Vera Cruz, Mexico, near the volcanic Peak of Orizaba ; it has a large government tobacco factory and manufs. of leather and coarse cloths. Pop. 14,161. Orkney Islands, ork'nd (from Gael. orc-innis, the islands of whales), anc. Or- cades, a group of islands in the North Sea, Scotland. They are 67 in number, and extend from 58° 43' to 59° 35' N. lat., and from 2° 20' to 3° 25' W. long. Only 29 of them are inhabited. Orkney and Shetland, a county of Scotland, composed of two groups of islands lying to the N.E. of Caithness. The Ork neys are separated from Caithness by the Pentland Firth, which is 5£ m. broad at its narrowest part. Of the 67 islands, 29 are inhabited — the principal being Pomona, South Ronaldshay, Hoy, Burray, Sanday, Westray, Stronsay, and North Ronaldshay. The total area is 927 sq. m.fpop. 32,044. All the islands are high aud precipitous on their W. sides, and slope gently towards the E. Being destitute of trees and shrubs, except a few that are grown in gardens, they present a somewhat bleak and barren aspect. The valleys, however, are fertile 278 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tun. and well cultivated, and much attention is given to grazing. The whale, cod, and herring fisheries afford employment to large numbers of the population. The Orkneys are rich in memorials of past centuries, among the most interesting of which is the venerable cathedral of St Magnus, at Kirkwall, the chief town. It is said to have been founded in 1138. The Shetland Islands are above 100 in num ber, of which only about 30 are inhabited; the chief of these are Mainland, Unst, Yell, Whalsay, Fetlar, Papa Stour, and Foula, supposed to be the "Ultima Thule" of Tacitus. The aggregate area is 325 sq. m. ; pop. 29,705. The cliff scenery of these islands is magnificent and varied. Owing to the peaty nature of the soil, not much of it is under tillage. Great attention, how ever, is devoted to the rearing of live stock, Shetland being famous for its peculiarly diminutive breed of cattle and ponies. The female portion of the population are adepts at the knitting of fine hosiery and shawls, which find a ready market in the southern parts of the kingdom. Lerwick is the prin cipal town. It is the most northern town in tbe British Isles. Between the Orkney and Shetland groups is Fair Isle, on which was wrecked the flag-ship of the admiral of the Spanish Armada. Orleanais, or-ld-dn-nd' ', an old prov. in the interior of France, S. of the Isle of France, now forming the greater part of the deps. Loiret, Eure-et-Loire, and Loir et- Cher. Orleans, o-rile-anz, Fr. pron. or-ld-ang' (corr. from Aurelianum, a former name given to it in honour of the emperor Aurelian, by whom it was greatly em bellished), a city of France, cap. of the dep. Loiret, on the Loire, 58 m. S.S.W. of Paris. It has an extensive trade in wine brandy, corn, fruit, and vinegar produced in the district. It is the seat of a uni versity, and is famous for the memorable siege which its inhabitants, animated by Joan of Arc, sustained against the English in 1428. Pop. 54,400. S Orleans, Isle of, a fertile and well- wooded island in the river St Lawrence, Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec. Length 20 m. ; greatest breadth 6 m. Ormesby or Ormsby, ormz'be (the dwelling of Orml, a town in the N R of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. from Middies- borough. Pop. 7719. Ormes Head, Great, ormz hed (from Norse ormz, a serpent), a promontory on the coast of Denbighshire, N. Wales —53° 20' N. lat., 3° 52' W. long. Ormiston, or'mis-tun (the ton, i.e., the en closure of Orme), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Haddington, 2£ m. S. of Tranent Pop. of pa. 1026; of vil. 378. Ormskirk, ormz'kirk (the church of Orm), a town of Lancashire, England 12 i m. N.E. of Liverpool; it is famed for its gingerbread, and has silk and cotton manufs., and large collieries in its vicinity. Pop. 6651. Ormuz, or'muz, a Bmall island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, formerly one of the richest commercial centres in the East. Orne, om, a river of France, rises near Seez, in the dep. Orne, flows N. through Calvados, and falls into the English Chan nel about 9 m. below Caen, after a course of 70 m. Orne, a dep. in the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Nor mandy. Area 2354 sq. m.; pop. 376,126. Orontes, o-ron'tes, Arab. El Aa'sy (the rebellious), a river of Syria, Turkey in Asia, issues from Mount Lebanon, N. of Damascus, passes Antioch, and falls into the Mediterranean. Its modern name is Nahr-el-Asi. Oroomiah. See Urumiah. Orotava, o-ro-td'vd, a town of the Canary Islands, N.W. Africa, near the Peak of Teneriffe; it is situated in one of the most fertile, pleasant, and healthy dis tricts in the world, and has an active trade in wine and corn. Pop. 8315. Orphir, or'fir (said to be a word of Nor wegian origin, signifying either "fire land" or '; mossy soil"), a pa. of Scotland, Po mona, Orkney Islands. Pop. 1015. Ortegal, Cape. ~TSee Cape Ortegal. Ortnez, or-td', a town of France, dep. Basses-Pyrenees, on the Gave-du-Pan, 24 m. N.W. ofPau; its environs produce silver, slate, coal, and petroleum. Near this town the Duke of Wellington defeated the French army commanded by Marshal Soult, in 1814. Pop. 4657. Ortler Spitz, ort'ler spits (peak), a lofty summit of the Rhaetian Alps, 12,833 It. above the sea, in Austria, on the borders of the Engadine, 9 m. N.N.E. of Bormio. Orton, or'ton (contr. of Overton), a pa. and town of Westmorland, 9 m. S.W. of Appleby, with several mineral springs in its neighbourhood. Pop. of pa. 1917. Orvieto, or-ve-d'to (corr. from Lat. urbs- vetus, old city), a town in the prov. of Per ugia, Italy, on a hill overlooking the Pag- lia, at its junction with the Chiana, 60 m. N.N.W. of Rome; it has a fine cathedral. Pop. 7423. Orwell, or' well, a river of England, flows S.E. through the co. of Suffolk, and joins the Stour at Harwich. Orwell (originally Urwell, a green or fertile retreat), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kin ross. Pop. 2031. Osaka, o-sd'kd, a seaport of Japan, in the island of Niphon, 35 m. from Kioto, of which it is the port; it is so intersected by the mouths of the Kamagawa River and by canals as to be called the " Japanese Venice," and was at one time a great com mercial city. Osborne, os'born, the private demesne Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, n$t ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tunc, tUn. 279 of Her Majesty Queen Victoria in the Isle of Wight, co. Hants, 1 m. S.E. of Cowes. Osmanjik, os-man-Jeek' a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Kizil Irmak; it is un healthy from its low situation and bad water. Pop. 8176. Osnaburg, os'nd-boorg, Germ. Osnabruck, anc. Asenbrucke (the bridge on the river Ase), a town of Hanover, Prussia, on the Hase, a branch of the Ems, 74 m. W.S.W. of Hanover ; it has manufs. of coarse linens known by the name of Osnaburgs. Pop. 82,812. Osnaburgh, os'na - bur - o, or Dairsie Muir, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 3 m, N.E. of Cupar, engaged in linen weaving. Ossa, os'sd, a mountain of Thessaly, Greece, to the S.E. of Olympus, from which it is separated by the Vale of Tempe. Its modern name is Kissovo. Ostashkov, os-tdsh-kov' , a town of Russia, gov. and 104 m. W . of Tver, on Lake Salig. Pop. 12,025. Ostend, os-tend' (at the east end or opening of the canal into the ocean), a seaport and watering-place in W. Flan ders, Belgium, 14 m. N.W. of Bruges. It is famous for its obstinate defence against the Spaniards for more than three years, A.n. 1601-1604. Pop. 19,307. Osterode, os'teh-ro-deh, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, at the foot of the Harz Mountains, 36 m. S.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 6687. Ostersund, os'ter-soond, the chief town in the gov. of Jaemtland, Sweden, on the E. shore of Lake Stor, opposite the small island of Froson. Pop. 2854. Ostrog, os-trog' (the palisaded fort), a town of Russia, gov. Volhynia, on the Gorrin, 120 m. E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 7707. Ostrogojsk, os-tro-goisk' ', or Ostraga- Bcbesk, os-trd-gd-shesk', a town of Russia, gov. and 59 m. S. of Voronetz, on the Sosna, Pop. 9904. Osuna, o-soo'nd, a town in the prov. of Seville, Spain, situated on the slope of a hill crowned with a castle, 43 m. E. of Se ville; its vicinity is fruitful in olives and corn, which, with wine and fruit, form the chief exports of the town. Pop. 17,211. Oswaldtwistle, oz-wald-twis'l (the boun dary of Oswald, from Scand. twistle, a boun dary), a town in Lancashire, England, 3£ m. S.E. of Blackburn, with cotton mills and print works. Pop. 12,206. Oswego, os-vie'go, a city of New York, U S., on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, 35 m. N.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 21,116. Oswestry, oz'es-tre (corr. from Oswalds- ire, Oswald's town, so called in allusion to Oswald, king of Northumberland, having lost his life here when fighting against the heathen king Penda of Mercia in 642), a munic. bor. and market town of Shrop shire, England, near the Severn and the Mersey Canal, 18 m. N.W. of Shrewsbury, with trade in malt. Pop. 7847. Otago, o-td'go, a provincial district of New Zealand, forming the S. part of South Island, and bounded on the N. by the pro vincial district of Canterbury. It was founded in 1848 hy emigrants from Scot land. The climate is very healthy, the soil is fertile, pasturage abundant, and all kinds of European crops are raised. Lakes are numerous, and some of them of large extent. Mountain ranges traverse the dis trict from N. to S., but the highest summits are near the W. coast. Timber is abundant, Longwood and Waiua forests alone having an area of 1000 sq. m. Gold-fields are all over the country. The other minerals found are coal, iron, copper, antimonv, building stone, and lime. Pop. 134,077. — Dunedin is the cap. Otabeite, o-td-he'te, or Tahiti, td-he'te (probably from ta-hi ta-hi, alone alone, or sea sea, i.e., quite by itself, or all sur rounded by the sea, or from ta-ha ta-i, a sea place), the largest of the Society Islands, in the Eastern Archipelago, belonging to France. It is about 120 m. in circumference, and consists of two peninsulas, connected by an isthmus and surrounded by coral reefs. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and bread-fruit, yams, cocoa-nuts, arrowroot, oranges, and limes grow spontaneously ; these, with pearl and pearl shell, form the chief exports of the island. The natives generally have been brought under the in fluence of Christianity by the labours uf British missionaries. Pop. 13,800. — Papkte is the principal town. Otavalo, o-td-vd'lo, a town of Ecuador, S. America, 40 m. N.E. of Quito. Pop. 15,000. Othrys, Mount, oth'ris, a mountain range, forming the N. boundary of Greece, and connected westward with the chain of Pindus. Height from 4500 to 5700 ft. Otley, of la (corr. from its ancient name Othelai, supposed to be derived from Otho, its Saxon proprietor), a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, in the vale of the Wharfe, 9 m. S.W. of Harrogate, with ex tensive printing-machine works. Pop. 6S06. Otranto, o-tran'to, anc. Hydruntum (a place almost surrounded by water), a sea port of Puglia, Italy, prov. and 23 ni. S.E. of Lecce, on the Straits of Otranto ; it has a castle celebrated in romance, and an ancient cathedral. Pop. 2092. Ottawa, ot'td-wd, a river of the Do minion of Canada; it forms the principal boundary between the provs. of Ontario and Quebec, and enters the St Lawrence above the island of Montreal, after a course of 800 m. Its scenery is said to sur pass that of the Rhine minus the castles. Ottawa, formerly Bytown, the seat of government of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, at the junction of the Rideau Canal with the Ottawa, about 100 m. N ,N ,E. of Kingston. Pop. 27,412. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tune, tiin. 280 Otterburn, ot'ter-burn, a vil. in Northum berland, England, famous as the scene of the battle of Chevy Chase, between Percy Earl of Northumberland and Earl Douglas in 1388; it is 9 m. N.E. of Bellingham. Ottoman Empire. See Turkey. Otway, Cape, ot'wa, a headland on the S. coast of Victoria, Australia. — 38° 53' S. lat., 143° 37' E. long. Oudenarde, ou-den-ar'deh, or Auden- arde (old earth or land), a town of Bel gium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 14 m. S.S.W. of Ghent. Here the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a memorable victory over the French in 1708. Pop. 6262. Oudh, ood(corr. from Sansc. a-yodhyd,not to be warred against, or the invincible), one of the N.W. Provinces of British India, to the E. of Delhi and Agra. It is watered by the Goomty and Gogra; and its surface is flat and very fertile. It was governed by a native prince, with the title of king, until 1856, when it was annexed to the British territory. Area 24,069 sq. m. ; pop. 11,407,625. — Lucknoiu is the cap. Oudh, a city of India, the former cap. of the above prov., on the Gogra, 75 m. E. of Lucknow; it is much venerated by the Hindoos, and contains many ruins of great antiquity. Ouessant. See Usbant. Oufa, or Ufa, oo'fd, a gov. in the S.E. of Russia, between Perm and Orenburg. Area about 53,500 sq. m. ; pop. 1,648,754. Oufa, or Ufa, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., at the junction of the Oufa and Bielaya. Pop. 20,917. Oundle, un'dl (corr. from Avon's dale, the dale of the Avon), a market town of Eng land, co. Northampton, on the Nen, 13 m, W.S.W. of Peterborough. Pop. 2890. Ourga. See Oorga. Ourique, oo-re'kd, a town of Portugal, prov. Alentejo, 31 m. S.W. of Beja. Alfonso I. signally defeated the Moors here in 1139. Pop. 3384. Ouro Preto, oo'ro prd'to (for Ouro Prado, the gold meadow), formerly called Villa Rica, from the rich gold-mines in its vicinity, a city of Brazil, the cap. of the prov. Minas Geraes, built on several hills, 200 m. N.N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Ourtbe, oort, a river of Belgium, which, after flowing through the provs. of Luxem bourg and Liege, joins the Maas at the town of Liege. Ouse, ooz (from Brit, isca, signifying " the water "), the name of four rivers in England : — I,, The Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure, unites with the Trent to form the Humber. —II., The Great Ouse, which rises in North amptonshire, flows through the counties of Buckingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cam bridge, Norfolk, and falls into the sea at Lynn Regis. — III., The Little Ouse divides Norfolk from Suffolk, and falls into the Great Ouse.— IV., A river in Sussex, which enters tbe English Channel near SeafOrd. Ouse, a river of the Canadian Dominion, prov. Ontario, enters Lake Erie, and is con nected with Lake Ontario by the Welland Canal. Ovampo-Land, o-vam'po-land, a region in S.W. Africa, inhabited by a race forming a link between the Kaffir and true Negro. It is bounded N. by the Nourse River ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean; S.by Damara-Land; and E. by the Kalahari Desert. The country contains valuable lodes of copper, and was declared British territory in 1878. Ovar, o-var', a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, at the head of the estuary of the Ovar, 18 m. S. of Oporto. Pop. 10,022. Ovari, Bay of, o-vd're, an inlet on the S. side of the island of Niphon, Japan. Length 25 m., greatest breadth 20 m. Over Darwen. See Darwen, Over. Overflakkee, o-ver-fldk'keh, an island of the Netherlands, at the entrance of the Maas into the German Ocean. Length 25 m., breadth 7 m. Overton, o'ver-tun, a bor. of Wales, co. Flint, on the Dee, 15 m. S. of Chester. Pop. 1131. Overton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Dreghorn. Pop. 413. — Also, a vil. of Ren frewshire, now part of the town of John stone. Overtown, e'ver-town, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Cambusnethan. P. 1293. Overyssel, o-ver-is'sel (beyond the river YsBel), a prov. in the E. of the Netherlands. Area 1240 sq. m.; pop. 271,069. Oviedo, o-ve-d'do, a city of Spain, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, 60 m. N.N.W. of Leon ; it is the seat of a university, has a fine cathedral, and in its vicinity are hot mineral springs and baths. Pop. 34,460. — Pop. of prov. 576,352. Owen Stanley, Mount, o'wen stan'ld, a mountain in the centre of the E. part of New Guinea. Height 13,205 ft. Owbybee (the hot place), one of the Sandwich Islands. See Hawaii. Oxenbope, ox-en-hop', a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, S m S.W. of Keighley. Pop. 2443. Oxford, ox' ford (so called from its having been originally situated on a branch of the river which was fordable for oxen), a city and pari, and munic. bor. of England, the cap. of Oxfordshire, a bishop's see, and the seat of a celebrated university, containing twenty-one colleges and five halls; it is situated on a gentle eminence near the junction of the Isis with the Cherwell, 21 m. S.S.W. of Buckingham. Pop. of pari. bor. 40,837 ; of munic. bor. 35,264. Oxfordshire, a midland co. of England, surrounded by the cos. of Warwick, Nor thampton, Buckingham, Berks, and Glou cester. Area 738 sq. m.; pop. 179,559. Ranges of low hills diversify the surface of the co., which is intersected by more Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt; tune, tiin. 281 streams, and is more richly wooded than almost any other of the English counties. The principal rivers are the Isis or Thames, Cherwell, Windrush, Thame, Euenlode, and Glyme. In agriculture, Oxfordshire occu pies a prominent position ; but neither its minerals nor manufactures are of much importance. Witney is famous for blankets, and Bicester for ale. Glove and lace mak ing are carried on in various parts of the co. — Oxford is the co. town. Oxnam, ox'nam, originally written Ox- enham (the cattle's place of shelter), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, about 3 m. S.E. of Jedburgh. Pop. 683. Oxton, ox'ton, a small vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, pa. of Channelkirk. Oxus. See Amoo Daria. Oyne, or Een (supposed to be from a Gaelic word signifying " a place resembling an island or peninsula"), a pa, of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 962. Paarl, a fertile, wine-producing division in the Western Province of Cape Colony. Area 660 sq. m.; pop. 18,076.— Paarl, the seat of magistracy, is 38 m. E. of Cape Town. Pop. 5760. Paoaja, pd-kd-zhd', or Pacaya, pd- Jtd-yd', a river of Brazil, prov. Para, joins the Taigipuru or S. arm of the Amazon, S. of the island Marajo. Pacajes, or Pacaxes, pd-kdfhes, a town of Bolivia, S. America, prov. and 100 m. S.S.E. of La Paz, on an affluent of the Desaguadero. — The Sierra de Pacajes, near the above, rises 15,100 ft. above the sea. Pacaraima, Sierra, se-er'rd pd-kd-ri'md, a low mountain chain of S. America, sepa rating Venezuela and British Guiana from Brazil. Pachuca, pd-choo'kd, a town of Mexico, N. America, near which are silver-mines formerly of great importance, 50 m. N.N.E. of the city of Mexico. Pop. est. at 12,000. Pacific Ocean, pd-sif'ik, the largest of the five great oceans on the globe, lies between Asia, Malaysia, and Australasia on the W., and America on the E. It extends from N. to S. upwards of 9000 m., and from E. to W. about 12,000 m. Its area is est. at 67,810,000 6q. m., or more than all the dry land on the globe. Its depth, N.W. of the Carolinas, was ascer tained by the " Challenger" expedition of 1872-5 to be 4575 fathoms. This ocean became first known to Europeans in 1513, and was named Pacific by Magellan, who traversed it in 1521, because of the fair weather he experienced on entering it after having been driven by heavy gales in the straits which bear his name. Padanarum, padan-d'rum, a vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Kirriemuir. Padang, pd-ddng', a Dutch settlement and fort on the W. coast of Sumatra, in the E. Indian Archipelago. Pop. 10,000. Paddington, pad' ding-tun, a pa. of Eng land, co. Middlesex, included within the metropolis. Pop. 107,218. Paddington, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Pop. 9608. Paderborn, pd'der-born (the bourn or source of the Pader), an ancient town of Westphalia, Prussia, 19 m. E.N.E. of Lipp- stadt ; it was for some time the residence of Charlemagne. Pop. 14,689. Padiham, pad'l-ham, a town of Lanca shire, England, near the Calder, 3 m. N.W. of Burnley. Pop., including Hapton, 8974, chiefly engaged in cotton mills. Padstow, pad'sto, anc. Petrocstowe (named after St Petroc, who founded a monastery here in the early part of the 6th century), a seaport town of England, co. Cornwall, at the mouth of the Camel, 14 m. N.W. of Bodmin. Shipbuilding is carried on, and it has trade with America and the Baltic. Pop. 1749. Padua, pad'u-d, Ital. Padova (corr. of its ancient name Patavium), a city of Venetia, Italy, the principal town in the prov. of the same name, 22 m. W. of Venice; it is the seat of a university founded in the 13th century, and in former times attended by students from all parts of Europe. Here the historian Livy was born in the year 59 b.c, and Belzoni the traveller a.d. 1778. Pop. 47,334. Paducah, pad-u'kd (so called from an Indian chief who once resided in the vicinity), a city of Kentucky, U.S., on the Ohio, near the mouth of the Tennessee. Pop. 8376. P&gsnxi,pd-gd'ne, atown of S.Italy, prov. and 11 m. N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 12,492. Paignton, pain'tun, a town of England, co. Devon, on Tor Bay, 5J m. E. of Totnes; it is famed for its cider, and because of the salubrity of its climate is a favourite re sort of invalids. Pop. 4613. Pago, pd'go, an island of Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, in the Adriatic. Length 37 m.; breadth 6 m.; area 108 sq. m. Pahang, pd-hdng', a state of the Malay Peninsula, extending along its E. coast between 2° 15' and 4° 15' N. lat.; its prin cipal productions are tin and gold. Pop, estimated at 50,000, of whom a great many are Chinese. — The cap. is Pahang. Paharpur, pd-har-poor', a town of Afghanistan, dist. Daman, on the Indus. Painswick, pdnz'wik, a pa. and town of England, co. and 6 m. S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. of pa. 4019. Paisley, pas'ld (said to mean the "palace kirk"), a town in Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the White Cart, 7 m. W.S.W. of Glas gow ; it has silk, cotton, muslin, and thread manufs., and has long been noted for its shawls. Here are the ruins of an abbey 282 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn, founded about 1163 by Walter Fitz-Alan, the progenitor of the royal house of Stuart. Pop. 55,638. Pak-Nam (the mouth of a river), a for tified town of Siam, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on the Menam, 20 m. S.E. of Bankok. Pop. 6000. Paks, poksh, a town of Austria-Hungary, on the Danube, 15 m. N.N.E. of Tolna, and 62 m. S. of Buda. Pop. 9434. Palseocrystic Sea, or Sea of Ancient Ice, in the Arctic regions; it borders for 1200 m. the most northern known land, and was discovered by the Arctic Expedition of 1875-76 under Captain Nares. Palampur, pd-lum-poor', a town in Kan- gra dist., Punjab, India, important as the centre of the rising tea plantations of the Palam valley. In 1868, Government estab lished a fair here for the encouragement of trade with Central Asia. Palancia, pdl-dn'the-a, a river of Spain, flows S.E. through Valencia, and enters the Mediterranean 4 m. E. of Murviedro. Palanpur, pd-lun-poor', a British politi cal agency controlling 11 native states in the N.E. part of Gujerat, India. Total area 8000 sq. m. ; pop. 578,732. — One of the states and its chief town are also named Palanpur. Palatinate, and Upper Palatinate, two governments of Bavaria, Germany: the former having an area of 2293 sq. m., and a pop. of 677,281 ; the latter an area of 3731 sq. m., and a pop. of 528,564. Palaur, or Palar, pd-lur', a river of India, rises in Mysore, flows E. through the Carnatic, separates the dists. N. and S. Arcot, and after a course of 220 m. (alls into the Bay of Bengal a little S. of Sadras. Palawan, pd-ld-wdn', or Paragua, pd- rd-gvid.', one of the Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, about 260 ra. in length, and 20 m. in average breadth ; its productions are ebony and other fine woods, gold, cowries, tortoise shell, dye-woods, and maize. Palazzo, pd-ldt'so, a town of Basilicata, S. Italy, prov. Potenza, 18 m. E.S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 6896. Palazzolo, pd-ldt-so'lo, a town in the island of Sicily, prov. Syracuse, and 13 m. N.W. of Noto. Pop. 10,132. Palembang, pd-lem-bdng' , a town in the E. of the island of Sumatra, in the East Indian Archipelago, extending 3 m. along the banks of the river Musi, 58 ni. from its mouth in Banca Strait. Some of the houses are built on rafts anchored near the banks, and others are elevated on posts. From the city being intersected by several little branches of the river, which form a number of islands, it has received the ap pellation of "the city of twenty islands." It carries on an active trade with Java, Malacca, and Penang. Pop. 25,000. Palencia, pd-len'the-d, an ancient town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Old Castile, on the Carrion, about 110 ra. W.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 14,505.— Pop. of prov. 180,785. Palermo, pd-ler'mo (corr. from Gr. Panormus, the spacious harbour), a sea port of Sicily, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, beautifully situated in a rich valley on the N. coabt. It has several tine squares adorned with fountains and statues, and its climate is one of the most delightful in Europe. In 1282 it was the scene of a dreadful massacre, known as the " Sicilian Vespers," which originated in a French man's having insulted a Sicilian bride who was passing with her train, and ended in the extermination — without distinction of rank, age, or sex — of all the French resi dents on the island, who at the time amounted to 8000. Pop. 205,712. Palestine, pal'es-tine (the laud of the Philistines), or the Holy Land, the ancient country of the Israelites, and the theatie of the great events of the Mosaic and Chris tian dispensations. It is bounded on the W. by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the N. by Syria. Its greatest length is 200 m. ; its breadth 100 m. Although a moun tainous country, it displays in general a luxuriant fertility corresponding to the descriptions of the " promised land." It was divided by the Romans into four pro vinces : Judea, in the S., formerly possessed by the tribes of Jndah, Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon; Samaria, in the middle, hy the tribe of Ephrann and part of the tribe of Manasseh ; Galilee, in the N., by the tribes of Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun, and Issachav; and Perma, on the E. of the Jordan, by the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the other part of the tribe of Manasseh. It is now a part of tbe Turkish or Ottoman Empire. Palestrina, pd-les-tre'nd, anc. Prmneste, a city of Central Italy, prov. of Rome, on the site of the Temple of Fortune erected by Sylla, 12 m. S.E. of Tivoh. Pop. 6015. Palestro, pd-lcs'tro, a vil. of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Pavia, famous aB the scene of a battle in which the Piedmontese de feated the Austrians on the 30th and 31st May 1S59. Pop. 23S8. Palgbat, pdl-gdl', a town of British India, presidency of Madias, dist. of Mala bar, on the Palaur, 68 m. S.E. of Calicut, with a fort built by Hyder Ali in 1757, and after a long siege surrendered to the British in 1790. Pop. 31,000. Pali, pdl'le, a commercial town of India, state of Joudpur, on an affluent of the Loony, 40 m. S.S.E. of Joudpur. Pop. 50,000. Palk Strait or Channel, pawk, sepa rates the island of Ceylon from India; where narrowest it is 40 m. across. Palliser Bay, pdl'lis-er, S. of the prov. of Wellington, North Island, New Zealand. Palliser, Cape, the S. extremity of Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, n$t; tUne, tUn. 283 . North Island, New Zealand.— 41° 35' S. lat., 176° 25' E. long. Palliser Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, Low Archipelago.— 15° S. lat., 145° W. long. Palma, pdl'md, a seaport of the Balearic Islands, Spain, the cap. of Majorca, on a large bay on its S.W. coast. Pop. 58,224. Palma, one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the N.W. coast of Africa. — Santa Cruz, on the E. coast, 1b its chief town. Palma, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta, 4 m. S. of Nola. Pop. 6729. Palma, a town in the island of Sicily, prov. and 13 m. S.E. of Girgenti, noted for the great quantities of sulphur and soda produced iu its vicinity. Pop. 13,497. Palma, a town of Spain, prov. and 30 m. S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquivir, at its junction with the Xenil. Pop. 7261. Palmas, Las, Ids pdl'mds (the palm trees), a town on the E. coast of the Great Canary Island, off the N.W. coast of Africa; it is the largest town of the Canaries, and has various manufs., ship-building, etc. Pop. 17,661. Palmas, Cape. See Cape Palmas. Palme, pdl'md, a city of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. and 21 m. N.N.E. of Reggio- Calabria, with an active trade. Pop. 10.025. Palmella, pdl-mel'ld, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 5 m. N.E. of Setubal. Pop. 6522. Palmerston, pal'mer-stun, a settlement in the Northern Territory of South Aus tralia, on the E. side of Port Darwin. Palmerston, a township in co. Waiko- uaiti, provincial district of Otago, South Island, New Zealand, 40 m. from Dunedin. Pop. 968. Palmerston, Cape, on the E. coast of Queensland, Australia— 21° 33' S. lat., 149° 30' E. long. Palmyra, pal-mi'rd (the city of palms), the Tadmor of Scripture, a ruined city of Turkey in Asia, in an oasis of the desert of Syria; its remains occupy a space of 3 sq. m.,and still attest by their magnificence its former wealth and splendour. Palmyras, Point, a low headland of India, in the Bay of Bengal.— 20° 41' N. lat., 87° 9' E. long. Palo, pd'lo, a city of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. and 12 m. S.W. of Bari. Pop. 11,960. Palos, pd'los, a town on the W. coast of the island of Celebes, in the E. Indian Archipelago. The Bay of Palos is on the W. coast of Celebes, in the Strait of Macas sar, and the Isthmus of Palos connects the N. and S. peninsulas of the same island. Palos, Cape. See Cape Palos. Palte, pdl'ta, a lake in Tibet, which pre sents the singular appearance of a canal 5 m. broad, surrounding an island about 100 m. in circumference, SO m. S.W. of Lassa. Palu or Paloo, pd-loo', a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the E. branch of the Euphrates. Pop. estimated at 8000. Palwal, pu%~wHX', a town of tbe Punjab, British India, presidency of Bengal. Pop. 10,650. Pamiers, pd-me-d/, a town of France, dep. Ariege, on the river Ariege, 12 ni. N. of Foix. Pop. 10,478. Pamir, pd-meer', a very lofty mountain- system in Turkestan, Central Asia, callid by the natives Bam-i-Dunya, i.e., "the roof of the world." Here is Lake Sir-i-Kol, the source of the Oxus River. There are a number of narrow valleys up to a height of 14,000 ft., above which the mountains rise in ridges to 6000 ft. and 7000 ft. Three groups reach the height of 25,000 ft. Pamlico Sound, pam'tl-ko, a large bay on the coast of N. Carolina, U.S., about 80 m. long, and from 8 to 30 m. wide. Pampas, pdm'pds (the native name for treeless plains), are the vast plains of S. America, embracing the country between Buenos Ayres and the Andes, stretching northward into Brazil and southward into Patagonia, an area not less than 750,000 sq. m., but by some estimated at more than double that extent. They afford pasture to immense herds of cattle and horses. Pampeluna, pdm-pa-loo'nd, or Pam plona, pdm-plo'nd (corr. from its ancient name Pompeiopolis, the city of Pompey, so called because said to have been built by Pompey after the death of Sertorius and the defeat of his party), a strong for tress of Spain, the cap. of Navarre, on the Arga, about 200 m. N.N.E. of Madrid. Its castle, garrisoned hy the French, was reduced by the British in October 1813. It has long been considered one of the principal strongholds of the N. of Spaiu. Pop. 25,630. Pamplona, pdm-plo'nd, a town of the United States of Colombia, S. America, cap. of the prov. Santander, on an affluent of the Zuila, 200 m. N.E. of Bogota; gold, silver, and copper are mined in the vicinity. Pop. 11,000. Panama, pdn-d-md', a state and seaport city of the United States of Colombia, S. America, on the bay of the same name. Pop. of state 221,000. The city stands at the southern terminus of the railway across the isthmus. Pop. 18,378. Panama, or Darien, Isthmus of, da're- en, a narrow neck of land in the N.W. of the United States of Colombia, uniting Central and South America. It extenus 360 m., in the form of a crescent, round the Bay of Panama; its general breadth is about 40 m.; but, where narrowest, it is not more than 28 m. A railway from AspinwaU to Panama, about 50 m . in length, connects the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Panama, Bay of (the bay of mud fish), an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the S. side of the Isthmus of Panama, S. America. 284 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Panaro, pd-nd'ro, a river of N. Italy, flows N. between the provs. of Modena and Bologna, and enters the Po 12 m. N.W. of Ferrara. . ,, Panay, or Pany, pd-m', one ot the Philippine Islands in the Malay Archi pelago. Area est. at 4745 sq. m.; pop. 1,053,000. On it are the Spanish settie- ments Hnilo and Antigua. Panbride, pan-brid' (town of St Bride or St Bridget), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, 6 m. S.W. of Arbroath. Pop. of pa 1395. Pancras, St. See St Pancras. Pancsova, pdn-tcho'vd, a fortified town of S. Hungary, on the Danube, 8 m. E.N.E. of Belgrade. Pop. 17,127. Pangong, Lake, pdn-gong', an expanse ot salt water 100 m. in length, and from 3 to 4 m. in breadth, in a valley 13,936 ft. above the sea, S.E. of the Karakorum Mountains, in Western Tibet, Asia. . Panipat, pdn-e-pilt', a large commercial town of the Punjab, India, on the great military route between Afghanistan and India. It is famous for two great battles fought iu its neighbourhood: the first in 1525, in which Ibrahim Lodi, the last Pathan king of Delhi, was defeated by Baber, the founder of the Mogul Empire; the second in 1761, in which Ahmad Abdal- lah, king of the Afghans, defeated the Mahrattas, and broke their power. Panjab. See Punjab. Panjim. See Goa. Panomping, pan-om'ping, the cap. of Cambodia, Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on the Mesap; it has a very mixed population, attracted by the advantages of the place as a trading depot. Pop. 20,000. Panteg, or Panteague, pan-teeg', a town of England, co. Monmouth, 2 m. S.E. of Pontypool, with iron-works, tin-plate mills, iron-mines, and collieries. Pop. 3321. Pantellaria, pdn-tel-ld-re'd, an island of S. Italy, in the Mediterranean, 60 m. S.W. of Sicily; it exports wine, cotton, oil, figs, and raisins.— Its chief town, of the same name, has a pop. of 3551. Paola, pd'o-ld, a city of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, built on an elevated site near the sea, 14 m. W.N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 8119. Papagayo, Gulf of, pd-pd-ghi'o, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the S.W. coast of Nicaragua, Central America. The volcano of Papagayo is on its N.E. shore. Papagayos, pd-pd-ghi'oce, a group of islands E. of Cape Frio, on the E. coast of Brazil. Papandayang, pd-pdn-dd-ydng', ... vol cano of Java, 87 m. S.E. of Batavia. Papa- Stour, pd'pd-stour (the father or priest's great island), an island of the Shet land group, Scotland, on the S. side of the entrance of St Magnus Bay. Pop. 254. Papa- Stronsay, pd'pd-stron'sd (the fa ther or priest's island near Stronsay), an island of the Orkney group, Scotland, N.E. of Stronsay. Pop. 23. Papa-Westray,£>avpa,-wes('ra (the father or priest's island near Weslray), an island of the Orkney group, Scotland, 23 m. W. of Kirkwall. Pop. 345. Paps of Jura, three conical heights near the S. extremity of the island of Jura, off Argyllshire, Scotland. The loftiest is 2569 ft. above the sea. Papua. See New Guinea. Para, pd-rd', a river of Brazil, formed by the union of the Tocantins and the Araguay, flows N., forms the S. arm of the Amazon, and fallB into the Atlantic on the southern side of the island of Marajo. The name, which signifies " the father of waters," was originally applied to the Amazon. Para, a maritime prov. in the N. of Brazil, bounded N. by British, Dutch, and French Guiana ; E. by Goyaz and Ma- ranhao; S. by Matto Grosso; and W. by Amazonas. Area 983,898 sq. m. ; pop. esti mated at 275,237. Para or Belem, be-leng', a city and sea port of Brazil, the cap. of the above prov,, situated on the estuary of the Para, 70 m. from the Atlantic. Its chief exports are cotton, cocoa, rice, and drugs. Pop. 25,000. Paraguay, pd-rd-gwi' or pd-rd-gwd' (the place of waters), a republic of S. America, bounded N. by Brazil; E. by Brazil and the Argentine Republic ; S. and W. by the Ar gentine Republic. Area about 57,300 sq. m., or nearly the size of England and Wales. The country is hilly where it bor ders on Brazil, in the centre it is level, and swampy in the S.W. Except in the higher grounds the climate is hot, and in some places damp. Great part of the soil is covered with forests of trees of great value. Among these is the lapacho tree, cele brated for its dimensions and the hardness of its wood, the grain being so close that neither worm nor rot can assail it. A species of holly, whose leaves and twigs furnish the yerba mate", or Paraguay tea, the staple product of the country, grows in great abundance, and is largely used in all the provinces of the Plata. The country was colonized by the Spaniards in 1535. The Jesuits planted their first missions in 1608, and in a comparatively short time acquired an ascendancy over the inhabi tants which lasted till 1768, when they were expelled from the territory. Para guay joined in the rising against the Span ish dominion in 1811, and in 1814 became an independent republic, with Dr Francia for its dictator. During his dictatorship the country was closed against strangers. On his death in 1840, the government passed into the hands of a sort of junta. In 1865 a dispute having arisen with the govern ment of Brazil, a Brazilian army, united with forces of the Argentine Republic and Uruguay, entered the country, and war con- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntit ; tune, tiin. 285 tinued for nearly five years. A treaty of peace was signed in 1870, but war, famine, and disease had reduced the population from perhaps 1,500,000 to not more than 220,000. All the fighting men of age were killed, so that then 80 per cent, of the population were Sftid to he women. In 1883 the pop. num bered about 300,000. The legislative autho rity is now vested in a Senate and Chamber of Deputies with a President— The cap. of the republic is Asuncion. Paraguay River, in S. America, rises in Brazil, and flows S. 1200 m., forming the E. boundary of Bolivia, and of the Argentine Republic, till it joins the Parana. Parahiba or Parahyba, pd-rd-he'bd (bad water), two rivers of Brazil : — L, in prov. Parahiba, flows E.N.E., and enters the Atlantic 12 m. below the town, to which it gives its name. — II., Parahiba do Sul, or Southern Parahiba, in the provB. Santo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, enterB the At lantic at Sao Joao-de-Parahlba after a N.E. course of 500 m. Parahiba or Parahyba, pd-rd-he'bd, a maritime prov. of Brazil, bounded on the N. by Rio Grande do Norte; W. by Ceara; S. by Pernambuco ; and E. by the Atlantic. Area 20,345 sq. m. ; pop. 376,226. Parahiba or Parahyba, a seaport of Brazil, the cap. of the above prov., near the mouth of the Parahiba, 65 m. N.N.W, of Pernambuco. Pop. 15,000. Paramaribo,#ar-a-mar'2-&o(tlie dwelling near the sea), a town of S. America, the cap. of Dutch Guiana, on the Surinam, 5 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 22,191. Parana, pd-rd-nd', a prov. of Brazil, bounded on the N. by Santo Paulo; W. by the Parana River; S. by Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul ; and ou the E. hy the Atlantic. Area 108,560 sq. m.; pop. 126,722. Curitiba is its chief town. Parana, a town of the Argentine Repub lic, S. America, on the E. bank of the river Parana, opposite Santa Fe; it was the seat of government from 1854 to 1861. Pop. 7000. Parana River, in S. America, has its source in the mountains of Brazil ; flowing S.W., it receives the Paraguay, and, near Buenos Ayres, unites with the Uru guay to form the Rio de la Plata. Parana in Brazilian means " the sea." Paranagua, pd-rd-nd-gwd' , a town of Brazil, the chief port of the prov. Parana, on the bay of the same name in the Atlan tic. Pop. 7000. Paranahiba, pd-rd-nd-e'bd, or Parna- hiba, par-nd-e'bd, two rivers of Brazil :— I., flows S.W. and S., separating the provs. of Goyaz and Matto Grosso on the W., from the provs. of Minaa Geraes and Santo Paulo on the E., and joins the Rio Parana.— II., flows N.E., separating the provs. Piauhy and Maranhao, and enters the Atlantic by several mouths, near the town of the same name, after a course of upwards of 800 m. Paranahiba, a town of Brazil, prov. Piauhy, near the mouth of the Paranahiba River, 820 m. N.N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 10,000. — Also a town in the prov. and 24 in. W.N.W. of Santo Paulo, on the Tiete. Parati, pd-rd-tef, a seaport of Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro, on the Bay of Angra, 135 m. E.N.E. of Santo Paulo. Pop. 10,000. Parchim, park'im (the marshy place), a town of Germany, grand-duchy of Meck lenburg- Schwerin, on the Elde, 23 m. S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 9063. Pardubitz, par'doo-bits, a town of Aus tria, prov. Bohemia, on the Elbe, 14 m. S. of Kbhiggratz, with iron and copper forges and paper-mills. Pop. 10,010. Parechia, pd-ra-ke'd, anc. Paros, the cap. of the island of Paros, in the Grecian Archipelago. About 4 m. E. of the town are the quarries of the celebrated Parian m arble. Parga, par'gd, a seaport of Albania, Turkey in Europe, opposite the S. point of the island of Corfu, and 13 m. E. of Paxo ; it has an almost impregnable citadel, and is memorable for the heroism of its inhabi tants in the war with Ali Pasha, 1814^19. Pop. 5000. Paria, Gulf of, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, S. America, between the coast of Ven ezuela and the island of Trinidad; its N. entrance is called "the Dragon's Mouth," and its S. entrance " the Serpent's Mouth," while other two entrances are called re spectively "the Egg's Mouth" and "the Monkey's Mouth." Parimfi, Sierra, se-er'rd pd-re'md, a mountain system in Venezuela, S. America. Mount Maravaca, its principal summit, is supposed to rise 10,500 ft. above the sea. Paris, par' is (named from the Parisii, a Gallic tribe, whose chief town, called by themselveB Loutouhezi, i.e., a dwelling sur rounded by water, and by the Romans Lu- tetia, stood on the island now known as L'He de la Cite), one of the largest, wealthi est, and most industrious cities of the world, the cap. of France, and of the dep. of the Seine, is situated on the Seine, 210 m. S.S.E. of London. It is distinguished for its fine public buildings, gardens, boulevards, and fountains, and its galleries, museums, and noble libraries excite universal admiration. The city contains 19,275 acres, and is very strongly fortified. It was invested by the Germans from 19th September 1870 until 28th January 1871, when it capitulated. Since then, its means of defence have been greatly enlarged and strengthened by a series of detached forts within a circle of 75 miles. For municipal purposes Paris is divided into 20 arrondis semen ts, each of which is subdivided into four quarters. The chief municipal authority is the Pre fect of the Seine. Pop. 2,269,023. Park, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, pa. of Closeburn. Parkfoot and Longcroft, a vil. of Scot land, co. Stirling, pa. of Denny. Pop. 606. 286 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, nitt ; pine, pin ; note, ntt ; tune, tUn. Parma, par'md, a prov. of Italy, com partment Emilia, on the right hank of the Po; it is noted for its extensive and rich pastures, and gives name to the famous cheese called "Parmesan." Area 1247 sq. m.; pop. 267,386. Parma, a city of Italy, the chief town in the above prov., situated on a small river of the same name, 75 m. S.E. of Milan. Pop. 44,492. Parnassus, par-nds'sus, or Ldakura, le- d-koo'rd, a celebrated mountain of Greece, 8068 ft. above the sea. According to the ancients, it was the favourite resort of Apollo and the Muses. On its S. declivity is a stalactite grotto called the Corycian Cave, 300 ft. in length, and nearly 200 ft. in breadth, and near Castri still flows the renowned rivulet known in antiquity as the Castalian Spring. Paropamisan Mountains, pd-ro-pd-me- san' (the flat-topped hills), a range in the N.W. of Afghanistan and E. of Persia, con nected E. with the Hindu-Kusb, and W. with the Elburz Mountains S. of the Cas pian. From E. to W. they extend 350 m. Paros, an island in the Grecian Archi pelago, nearly in the centre of the Cy- clades. Pop. 6000. Parramatta, par-rd-mat'td, next to Syd ney, the largest town in New South Wales, Australia. Much of the early history of the colony is connected with this place, for here the first grain was grown and harvested. It is distant from Sydney 14 m. Pop. 8433. Parras, pdr'rds (from parra, the native name for a vine trained on sticks or nailed to a wall), a town of Mexico, N. America, state Coahuila, on Lake Parras, 32 m. E. of Mapimi. Pop. 12,609. Parret, par'ret, a river of England, rises in Dorsetshire, flows N. and N.W. through Somersetshire, and falls into Bridgwater Bay. Parry, par're, or North Georgian Islands, a group in the Arctic Ocean, to the N. of Melville Sound, betweeu 75° and 77° 30' N. lat., and 93° and 119° W. long. Parsonstown, par ' s ' ns - toion (named from Sir W. Parsons, who received a grant of the town and adjoining estate from James I. in 1620), or Birr, a town in King's County, Ireland, on a tributary of the Shannon, 20 m. S.W. of Tullamore; the gigantic telescope of the Earl of Rosse is erected near the town. Pop. 4955. Partanna, par-tdn'nd, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. Trapani, 21 m. E. of Mazarra. Pop. 12,467. Partenico, par-ten'e-ko, or Partinioo, par-te'ne-ko, a city of Italy, in Sicily, 14 m. W.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 21,000. Partick, par'tik, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Kelvin, forms a part of the city of Glasgow. Pop. 27,410. Parton, par'ton (the hill top), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 716. Parye, par'is, a mountain in the island of Anglesea, N. Wales, pa. of Amlwch, with rich copper-mines, first worked in modern times in 1762, and still productive, though much less so than formerly. Pasco, pds'ko, a town of Peru, S. America, probably the highest city iu the world, being 13,720 ft. above the sea. It has very rich silver-mines and two great veins of silver traversing the site of the town. It is 130 m. N.E. of Lima. P. 12,000. Pascuaro, pds - kwd ' ro, written also Patzcuaro, a town of Mexico, N. America, dep. Michoacan, near the E. shore of Lake Pascuaro, 28 m. S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 11,632. Pas -de -Calais, pd-deh-kd-ld' , a dep. in the N.E. of France, formed of parts of the old provs. Artois, Picardy, and Flanders, on the English Channel. Area 2551 sq. m. ; pop. 819022. Pas-de-Calais (the strait of Calais), See Dover, Strait of. Pasewalk, pd-zeh-vdlk' , or Passewalk, pds-seh-vdlkf , a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Ucker, 25 m. W.N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 9469. Pasman, pds-mdn', an island of Austria- Hungary, prov. Dalmatia, in the Adriatic; it is abput 15 m. in length, 3£ m. in breadth, and its principal products are oil and wine. Passage, West, pas'sdj, a town in the co. of Cork, Ireland, between Queenstown and the city of Cork, on the W. side of the estuary of the Lee, opposite Great Island ; shipbuilding and a brisk coasting trade are carried on. Pop. 2410. Passaic, pas-sd'ik, a river and a co. in New Jersey, U.S. Passamaquoddy Bay, pas-sa-ma-kwod'- de, an inlet of the sea, about 12 m. long and 8 m. wide, partly on the coast of Maine, U.S., and partly in New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada. Passaro, Cape, pds-sd'ro, the S.E. extremity of the island of Sicily. Off this cape Sir George Byng defeated a Spanish fleet, and captured 23 large ships of war, ia 1718.-36° 42' N. lat., 15° 8' E. long. Passau, pds'sou, a fortified town in Ba varia, Germany, at the confluence of the Inn and the Danube. It is romantically situated on a peninsula between the two rivers, 90 m. E.N.E. of Munich. Here was concluded in 1552, between Maurice, Elector of Saxony, and the Emperor Charles V., the famous treaty which conferred religious liberty on the Protestants of Germany. Pop. 15,365. Pasto, pds'td, a town of the U.S. of Colombia, S. America, state Cauca, at the foot of a volcano, on the table-land of the Andes, 102 m. S.S.W. of Popayan. P. 7000. Patagonia, pd-td-go'ne-d (so called by Magellan from the apparently large and clumsy feet of the natives; patagon in Spanish means " a large foot," and these being wrapped up in skins would doubt- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete,me't; pine, pin; note, ntt ; tune, tUn. 287 less appear to him much larger than they really were), an extensive region in the S. of the American continent, embraced in the territories of Chili and the Argentine Re public. Its length from N. to S. is about 1000 m., and its greatest breadth from E. to W. is about 500 m. Its area is estimated at 347,400 sq. m., and its pop. at 24,000. The country is very imperfectly known to Europeans. The prevailing surface is sand and gravel, though some fertile tracts have been reported. In the W. the Andes tra verse the whole extent of Patagonia from N. to S., and divide the Argentine portion from the Chilian. Away from the Andes the country is flat. Wild cattle and horses arc found on the plains, and pumas, guana- coes, wolves, and foxes abound. The condor, hawks, and vultures are met with among the birds. In winter the climate is very severe. The southern rivers are frozen over till September, and bitterly cold south-west winds and storms occur even in the summer months. It is said that some of the fertile tracts enjoy an almost English climate. On the coast, about 300 m. N. of the Strait of Magellan, is Port Desire, a natural deep-sea harbour of easy access, and with safe anchorage outside in all weathers. Here a Scotch colony has been attempted, for the purpose of supplying and repairing ships damaged in the vicin ity of Cape Horn, which hitherto have had to run as far as Rio de la Plata or Rio de Janeiro. The aboriginal Patagonians are far from being as stalwart as their fore fathers are said to have been. They lead a rude nomadic life, and are cannibals in war. Their religion is dualistic. They believe in two supreme beings — the God of Good and the God of Evil. Patanago, pd-td-nd'go, a town of Burma, on the Irrawadi, in the Indo-Chinese Pen insula; famous petroleum-wells are N. of the town. Patani, pd-td'ne, a state in the N.E. of the Malay Peninsula, tributary to Siam, on the Gulf of Siam. Pop. estimated at 100,000. Its cap., of the same name, situ ated 6 m. from the mouth of the river Patani, was formerly a place of considerable trade, and still exports gold-dust, canes, gum, etc. Patapsoo, pd-tap'sko, a river of Mary land, U.S., rises in the N. of the state, and flows S.E. to Chesapeake Bay. Pateley Bridge, pdt'ld bridj, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Nidd, 11 m. S.W. of Ripon. Pop. of dist. 8944. Pater. See Pembroke Dock. Paterson, pat'er-sun, a city of New Jer sey, U.S., the cap. of Passaic co., at the falls of the Passaic River, 17 m. N.W. of New York. The manufactures are very extensive and various. The silk-factories are the largest in the U.S., and employ about 8000 persons. Pop. 51,031. Paterson, or Yimming, a navigable river of New South Wales, Australia; it unites with the Hunter about 20 m. before it enters the Pacific. Paterson, Cape, on the S. coast of Vic toria, Australia.— 38° 38' S. lat., 145° 36' E. long. Paterson Inlet, a large bay on the E. coast of Stewart Island, New Zealand. Pathhead, path'hed, a town in Fifeshire, Scotland, forming part of the town of Kirk caldy. — Also, a vil. in Mid-Lothian, 4£ m. S.E. of Dalkeith. Pop. 583.— Also, a vil. in Ayrshire, pa. of New Cumnock. Pop. 532. Patkoi Mountains, pat'koi, a chain in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, separating the Burmese Empire from Assam. Patmos, pafmos, now called Patino, a small island near the coast of Asia Minor, about 20 m. S. of Samos, noted as the place where St John wrote the Apocalypse. Pop. 4000. Patna, pat'nd (from Sans, pattana, a town or city), a city of India, the cap. of a district of the same name, presidency of Bengal, prov. Behar, on the S. bank of the Ganges; it has a great trade. Pop. 160,000, The dist. has a pop. of 1,796,619. Patna, a vil. of Avrshire, Scotland, pa. of Straiton. Pop. 603. Patook, pd-took', a river of Honduras, Central America; it is formed by the union of several streams, all noted for their auriferous waters, and flows N.E. to the Bay of Honduras. Patos, Lago dos, Id' go doce pd'toce (the duck lake), a lake or lagoon in the S. of Brazil, communicating with the lake of Mirim, and by the Rio Grande, with the Atlantic, Length about 140 m.; breadth 40 m. Patras, pd-trds', a seaport in the N.W. of the Morea, Greece, nomarchy of Achaia and Elis, on the Gulf of Patras, 13 m. S.W. of Lepanto ; it is the chief seat of the foreign trade. Pop. 25,494. Patras, Gulf of, an inlet of the Ionian Sea, between Acarnania and iEtolia, and Achaia and Elis, Greece. Patti, pdt'te, a city in the prov. of Messina, Sicily, on a height near the Gulf of Patti, 17 m. S.W. of Milazzo. Pop. 5133. Patti, Gulf of, a semicircular bay, 20 m. in extent, on the N. coast of Sicily, be tween the promontory of Milazzo and Cape Calaya. Patzcuaro. See Pasouaro. Pau, po, a town of France, cap. of the dep. Basses-Pyrenees, beautifully situated on the Gave-de-Pau, 15 m, N.E. of Aleron; it was the birthplace of Henry IV. of Fiance, and of Bernadotte, the late King of Sweden. Pop. 28,337. Pauillao, po-eel-ydkf a town of France, dep. Gironde, 26 m. N.N.W. of Bordeaux; it has a good port. Pop. 2217. Paulo, Santo. See Santo Paulo, 288 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Favia, pd-ve'd, a city of Lombardy, N. Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Ticino, 19 m. S.S.W. of Milan; it is the seat of a university, said to be the oldest in Europe, having been founded by Charlemagne in 791. Here Francis I. of France was defeated and taken prisoner by the generals of the Emperor Charles V. in 1525. Pop. 29,836. Pavlograd, pdv-lo-grdd' , a town of Rus sia, gov. and 36 m. E.N.E. of Ekaterino slav, on an affluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 11,391. Pavlovsk, pdv-lovskf, a town of Russia, gov. and 90 m. S.S.E. of Voronetz, on the Don. Pop. 7183.— Also, a town in the gov. and 20 m. S.S.E. of St Petersburg, on an affluent of the Neva. Pop. 2993. Pawtucket, paw-tuk'et, a town of Rhode Island, U.S., on the Pawtucket River, 4 m. N. of Providence. Pop. 19,030. Paxo, one of the Ionian Islands, Greece, to the S. of Corfu. Length 5 m. ; breadth 2 m. Pop. 5009. Paxton, pax'tun, a vil. of Berwickshire, Scotland, pa. of Hutton. Paz, La. See La Paz. Peabody, pe'bod-e, a town of Massachu setts, U.S. Pop. 9028. Peace River, a river of the Dominion of Canada, has its source in the Rocky Moun tains, British Columbia; after flowing N.E. through Athabasca to near Lake Athabasca, North- West Territories, it turns N., and enters the Great Slave Lake under the name of the Slave River. Peak, The, a lofty mountain, or more properly a district, in Derbyshire, Eng land, celebrated for the extensive caverns and limestone grottos by which it is per forated, and for its lead-mines. Height 1809 ft. Pearl Islands, a group belonging to the U.S. of Colombia, S. America, in the bay of Panama, 60 m. S.E. of Panama; they were so called from a pearl-fishery carried on there. Pearl Lagoon, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, 25 m. long and 12 m. wide, in Mos- quitia, state of Nicaragua, Central America. —Off its entrance are the rocks or islets called the Pearl Keys. Pearl River, rises in Mississippi, U.S., flows through Lakes Pont- Char train and Borgne in union with the Rigolets, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. Peatlaw, peet-law', a mountain 1396 ft. high, in the co. and 2 m. N.W. of Selkirk, Scotland. Pe-che-li, pd-che-le/, or Chi -11, the northmost prov. of China; it is well- watered, but is the least productive of the Chinese provs., large districts being im pregnated with saline substances, and the soil in many places very scanty. Area 58,949 sq. m. ; pop. 28,000,000. Pe - cbe - li, Gulf of, an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of the provs. Pe- che-li and Shan-tung, China. Its length and breadth are each about 150 m. Peckham, pek'am (from A. S. peac, a peak, and ham, a village = a dwelling on the peak or summit of a hill), originally a hamlet in the co. of Surrey, England, now included within the metropolis. Pop. 71,089. Peddie, ped'de, a dist. in the E. of Cape Colony, having an area of 497 sq. m. and a pop. of 16,886, the majority of whom are Fingoes or Kaffirs. — Fort Peddie, the seat of magistracy, is about 36 m. E. of Grahams town, Pop. about 300. Pedee, Great, pe-dee', a river of the United States, rises in N. Carolina under the name of Yadkin, flows S.E. into S. Carolina, and falls into the Atlantic in Winyaw Bay. The Little Pedee is its principal eastern branch. Peebles, pee'blz (tents or temporary sheds, from Celt, peblis, equivalent to the Saxon shielings or shiels, movable dwell ings, or temporary encampment), a royal burgh and the co. town of Peeblesshire, Scotland, on the Tweed, 22 m. S. of Edin burgh. P. of towu5808; of royal burgh 2609. Peeblesshire, pee'blz-shir, also called Tweeddale, a co. of Scotland, is a sparsely peopled pastoral district, surrounded by the cos. of Edinburgh, Selkirk, Dumfries, and Lanark. Its extent from N. to S. is 30 m., and from E. to W. 22 m. Area 354 sq. ra.; pop. 13,822. The surface consists to a large extent of mountain, moor, and bog, fitted only for pasturage; but the valleys are fertile and well wooded. The Broadlaw Hill has an elevation of 2723 ft. The up lands are covered with innumerable flocks of sheep, which produce excellent wool. The chief river is the Tweed, which rises in the S.W. extremity of the co., 1500 ft. above the sea. The co. is also watered by numer ous small streams, such as the Lyne, Leithen, Talla, Megget, Manor, and Eddleston. The staple industry is sheep-farming, but a few manufs. exist in the co. town and in Inner leithen. — The co. town is Peebles. Peel (a fortification), a seaport in the W. of the Isle of Man, England, 12 m. N.W. of Douglas ; it has an ancient castle, and there is a prolific fishery in the bay. Pop. 3513. Peel, a co. of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada, bordering on the N.W. shore of Lake Ontario. Pop. 16,387. Peel, a dist. and maritime town of W. Australia. The town is situated at the entrance of Peel Inlet, a lagoon 20 m. in length, and 6 m. in greatest width, at the mouth of the Swan River. Peel, a river of New South Wales, Aus tralia, flows N.W. from the Liverpool Range, and unites with the Conadilly to form the Namoi or Peel River, a tributary of the Darling. Peel, an extensive marsh in the Nether lands, between the Maas and Aa rivers. Peel River, North-West Territories, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, met; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, 289 Dominion of Canada, rises in the Rocky Mountains, flows N.W., and joins the Mac kenzie River at the commencement of its delta. Pegasus Bay, peg'as-us, an inlet of the Pacific, 40 m. wide, on the E. coast of South Island, New Zealand. Pegu, pe-goo',& division of British Burma, iu the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, watered by the rivers Irrawadi and Salween. It is exceedingly fertile, abounding in rice, and containing large teak forests. P. 2,323,512. Pegu, a city of British Burma, the cap. of the division of the same name, on the Pegu, 62 m. N. of Rangoon ; it iB now much decayed, but is noted for naphtha wells in its neighbourhood, which annually yield about 500,000 gallons of oil. Pop. about 6000. Peiho, pd-ho' (white river, from Chin. pei, white, and ho, a river), a river of China, rises in Mongolia, passes near Peking, and, after forming a junction with the Euho, falls into the Gulf of Pe-che-li. In June 1859 a British and French squadron was repulsed by the Chinese forts at its mouth, but these were taken by an allied British and French force in August 1860. Peilau, pi'lou, a town of Prussian Silesia, gov. and 33 m. S.S.W. of Breslau, on the Peil, with an almost totally Moravian pop. of 9000. Peipus, Lake, pd'e-pooce, a Russian lake surrounded by the "govs, of St Peters burg and Livonia. It is 50 m. long, 35 m. broad, and communicates with the Gulf of Finland by the river Narva. Peking or Pekin, pe-king* or pe-kin', Chin. Peh-King (the northern capital), situ ated in the prov. of Pe-che-li, on the Pei-ho River, about 50 m. to the S. of the Great Wall, is the cap. of China, and the modern metropolis of the Chinese Empire. It occu pies an area of about 25 sq.m. It consists of two distinct cities, occupied respectively by the Tartars and the Chiuese. That occupied by the Chinese is the seat of com merce, the other, which is the northern and handsomer, contains the royal palace, and is the residence of the chief dignitaries of the empire. In October 1860, Peking surrendered to an Anglo-French force, when a treaty of peace was concluded be tween Britain and France on one side, and the Emperor of China on the other, and since that time ministers of these two nations have been resident, and an Ameri can legation was established in 1862. Pop. 1,500,000. Pelew Islands, pe-loo', a group in the Pacific Ocean, between the Philippine and the Caroline Islands. They are well wooded, and the valleys are extremely fertile.— 7° 30' N. lat, 134° 45' E. long. Pe-ling, pa-ling', an island, 50 m. long, in the Malay Archipelago.— Also an island in the Yellow Sea, off the W. coast of Corea, Asia. Pe-ling Mountains (the northern moun tains), a range in the S. of the prov. of Klang-su, China. Pelion, pe'li-on, a celebrated mountain in Thessaly, S. of Ossa, Greece; its modern name is Zagora. Pemba, pem'bd, an island off the main land of Zanzibar, on the E. coast of Africa. It is low, well-wooded, and fertile, 30 ra. in length, and 10 ra. in breadth. Pop. esti mated at 10,000. Pembroke, pem'broke (the head of the district, or the headland or promontory), a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport, the co. town of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales, at the extremity of a branch of the estuary of Milford Haven. Pop. of pari. bor. 16,339 ; of munic. bor. 14,156. Pembroke, a township of Ireland, co. Dublin. Pop. 23,222. Pembroke Dock, or Pater, a seaport in Pembrokeshire, S, Wales, on Milford Haven, about \\ m. from the town of Pem broke ; it has a government dockyard covering 60 acres. Pem.br oke shire, a co. of S. Wales, bounded N., W., and S. by the sea, and on the E. hy the cos. of Carmarthen and Car digan. Area 628 sq. m.; pop. 91,824. The surface is hilly, but not mountainous, ex cept in the N.E. The soil includes a great proportion of rich meadow and arable land. The coast-line is deeply indented, the chief inlet being Milford Haven, one of the most secure and capacious harbours in the British dominions. The principal rivers are the Teivy and Cleddau. Farming is pursued with much spirit, butter and cheese are extensively made for the Eng lish market, and great attention is devoted to the rearing of live stock, particularly to a breed of cattle which are jet black in colour and long horned. The manufs. are unim portant ; but the fisheries on the coast are valuable, and are the principal source of employment to a large portion of the in habitants. Anthracite coal, lead, iron, and limestone are the principal minerals. —Pembroke is the co. town. Penang, Pulo-Pinang, or Prince of Wales' Island, an island off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, from which it ia separated by a narrow strait. It is 110 sq. m. in extent, densely wooded, rich in tropical productions, remarkably healthy, and a favourite resort for invalids. It receives its name freni the betel-nut or areca palm which grows extensively in its forests— penang being the Malay name for the betel-nut, eaten as a stimulant all over South-Eastern Asia. Pop. 62,000.— George Town, usually called Penang, is the cap. Perlas-de-San-Pedro, pen'yds-dd-sdn- pa'dro (rocks of St Peter), a town of Mur cia, Spain, prov. Albacete, 15 m. S.W. of Chinchilla. Pop. 3400. Pencaitland, pen-kait'land (the head or end of the narrow enclosure), a pa. of East T 290 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt ; tune, tiin. Lothian, Scotland. Pop. 1107.— The vils. Easter and Wester Pencaitland, connected by an ancient stone bridge across the Tyne, are near the centre of the pa., 6 m. W.S.W. of Haddington. Pendleton, pen'dlAun, a town of Lanca shire, England, forming a suburb of Man chester, with silk and cotton manufs., dye- works, bleaching establishments, and col lieries. Pop. 40,246. Penge, penj, a hamlet of England, co. Surrey, pa. of Battersea, 7 m. S. of St Paul's; it contains the greater part of the Crystal Palace and Park, and is included within the dist. of the Metropolitan Board of Works. Pop. in 1831, 229s *n 1881, 18,650. Peniche, pa-ne'sha, a strong seaport in Estremadura, Portugal, on the S. side of a peninsula of the same name in the Atlan tic, 17 m. W. of Obidos. Pop. 2872. Penicuick, or 'Penicnxk.,pen-i-kook' (corr. from pen-y-coc, the cuckoo's hill), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. and 10 m. S. of Edin burgh, on the North Esk, with extensive paper-mills. Pop. of pa. 5309 ; of town 3793. Peniston, or Penistone, pen'is-ton, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 13 m. S.E. of Huddersfield. Pop. 2254. Pennair, Northern and Southern, pen- nar', two rivers of Mysore, presidency of Madras, India; the former enters the Bay of Bengal, after a N.E. and E. course of 355 m., the latter has a S.E. course of 245 m., and enters the bay near Fort St David. Pennigant, pen'ne-gant (the windy hill), a hill 2273 ft high in the W. R. of York shire, England, 6 m. N.W. of Settle. Pennine Range, pen-nine', a mountain ous chain of England, stretching from the Cheviot Hills to the Peak of Derbyshire — a distance of about 170 m. The culminat ing point is Cross Fell, 2928 ft. in height. Penninghame, pen'nin-gam (from two Gaelic words signifying either " the land for grazing young cattle," or " the penny land of the smith"), a pa. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. Fop. 3940. Pennington, pen'ing-tun, a town in Lan cashire, England, 1 m. S. of Leigh, and 12 m. W. of Manchester. Pop. 6640. Pennsylvania, pen-sil-vd'ne-a (named from William Penn, who settled here in 1681), one of the United States of N. America, and, next to New York, the most important in the Union, is hounded N. by Lake Erie and New York ; E. by the Dela ware, which divides it from New Jersey; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and W. by Ohio. With a soil generally rich, it abounds in coal and iron; while its trade and manufactures are extensive and flourishing. Area 46,000 sq. m. ; pop. 4,282,891. — Harrisburg, on the Susquehan- nab, is the state cap. Pop. 30,762. Penobscot, pen-ob'skot, a river of Maine, U.S., formed by the union of two branches near the centre of the state, and, after a S.S.W. course of about 300 m., flows into Penobscot Bay. Pefion De Velez, pen-yon' da vd'lelh, a fortified town belonging to Spain, in the prov. of Fez, Morocco, situated on a lofty rock surrounded by the Mediterranean, 80 m. S.E. of Ceuta. Penpont, pen-pont' (so named from its being at the head of the bridge over the Skarr), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 15 m. N. of Dumfries. Pop. of pa. 1176 ; of vil. 437. Penrhyn Islands, pen'rin, a group in the Pacific Ocean ; they are densely wooded, and their inhabitants are robust and well made.— 9° 2' S. lat., 157° 35' W. long. Penrhyn, Port (port at the head of the promontory or peninsula), a town of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, on the Menai Strait, at the mouth of the Ogwen ; near it, at Dolawin, is an extensive slate-quarry, em ploying about 2000 men. Penrith, pen'rith, anc. Penrhyd (the head of the ford, or, according to others, "the red hill or summit," descriptive of the red freestone with which the town is built), a town in Cumberland, England, pleasantly situated in the vale of Inglewood Forest, 17 m. S.E. of Carlisle. Pop. 9268. Penryn, pen'rin (the head of the pro montory), a munic. and pari, bor., seaport, and market town in Cornwall, England, on the creek which runs into Falmouth Har bour, 2 m. N.W. of Falmouth. Pop. of munic. bor. 3466 ; of pari, bor., which in cludes Falmouth, 18,072. Pensacola, pen-sd-ko'ld, a seaport of Florida, U.S., on a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, 64 m. E. of Mobile. Pop. 6845. Penston, pen'ston, a vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, pa. of Gladsmuir. Penteli, pen'ta-le, or Mendeli, men'dd-le, anc. Pentelicus, a mountain in Attica, Greece, 3600 ft. high; its quarries of white marble, greatly renowned in antiquity, are still worked. Pentland Firth, pent'land (corr. from Pictland Firth), a strait separating the mainland of Scotland from the Orkney Isles, the navigation of which is at all times hazardous from its rapid currents and dangerous whirlpools Pentland Hills, pent'land (high or mountain land), a range of hills in Edin burghshire, Scotland, of which the highest summit, Scald Law, is 1898 ft. above the sea. Penza, pen'zd, a gov. in the E. of Russia, having Nijni - Novgorod on the N., and Saratov on the S. Area 14,465 sq. m. ; pop. 1,332,598. Penza, a city of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Sura, at its confluence with the Penza. Pop. 35,026. Penzance, pen-zanss\(the holy headland, so named from a chapel, dedicated to St Anthony, which formerly stood near the pier), a munic. bor. and seaport town of Cornwall, England, remarkable for the Fate, fdt, fdr; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. 291 salubrity and mildness of its air; it is situ ated on the N.W. side of Mounts Bay, and has an extensive pilchard fishery, and a considerable trade in the export of copper, tin, etc. Pop. 12,409. Penzing, penfsing, a vil. of Lower Aus tria, on the Wien, 3 m. W. of Vienna. Pop. 7700. Peoria, pe-o're-d, an important commer cial city of Illinois, U. S , on the Illinois River, 70 m. N. of Springfield. Pop. 29,259. Pera, pd'rd (so called from Gr. pera, be yond, from its position with regard to Galata, another suburb), a suburb of Con stantinople, Turkey in Europe, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats across the "Golden Horn." Perak, pa'r<>k, a state of the Malay Peninsula, under British protection; it ex tends along the W. coast of the peninsula S. of Quedah, and N. of Salangore. — Also its cap., a small town on a river of the same name. Perea, per-e'd, a prov. of Palestine, com prehending tbe country beyond the Jordan, subdivided into Abilene, Trachonitis, Au- ranitis, Iturea, Batanea, Gaulonitis, Deca- polis, and Perea Proper. Perejaslav, pa-rd-yds-ldv', a town of Russia, gov. Poltava, at the confluence of the Troubej and the Alta, 60 m. S.E. of Kiev. Pop. 9287. 'Perekop, pa-ra-kop' (the rampart, or the gate of the headland or isthmus), a small town of Russia, gov. Taurida, on the isthmus of Perekop, 72 ra. S.E. of Kher son. Pop. 4331. Perekop, Gulf of, on the N.W. side of the Crimea, Russia. Between it and the Sea of Sivas, on the E. side, is the Isthmus of Perekop, which connects the Crimea with the continent. Fere slav-Zalie ski, pd-ra- sldv' zd-le- es'ke, a town of Russia, gov. Vladimir, on Lake Pleshtchesvo, 96 m. N.N.E. of Mos cow. Pop. 7210. Pergamos, per'gam-os, or Bergamo, ber'gam-o, a city of Asia Minor, on the Caicus, once the cap. of a powerful king dom, and one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation. Pop. 10,000. Perigueux, pa-re-gnh', an ancient town of France, cap. of the dep. Dordogne, on the Isle, 70 m. N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 25,036. Perim, pd-reem', or Mekun, ma-kun', an island, about 4£ m. long by 2 m. broad, off the coast of Arabia, in the strait of Babel- mandeb. It is a bleak rock on which tur tles are caught, and belongs to Britain. Perm, a gov. of Russia, E. of Viatka, S. of Vologda, N. of Oufa, and stretching acrosB the Ural Mountains into Siberia. Area 128,640 sq. m. ; pop. 2,439,134. Perm, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., and the seat of an archbishop, on the Kama, at the influx of the Jaga- shika; It has smelting works, and carries on a good trade in metallic wares produced in the surrounding country. Pop. 22,288. Pernambuco, per-nam-boo'ko, a prov. of Brazil, bounded N. by Parahyba and Ceara; W. by Piauhy; S. by the Rio San Fran cisco; and E. by the Atlantic. Pop. 841.539. Pernambuco flie mouth of hell, so called from the dangerous nature of the navigation at the entrance to the harbour), or more correctly Recife (the reef), a sea port of Brazil, the cap. of the above prov., on the Atlantic ; it consists of four towns — Olinda, Recife, San Antonio, and Boa Vista — and has an extensive trade in sugar cotton, and hides. Pop. 116,671. Pernau, per-nou', anc. Pema-lin (the lime-tree fort), a seaport of Livonia, Rus sia, on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the Pernau, 81 m. S. of Revel. Pop. 12,918. Perpignan, per-peen'yang, a strong frontier town of France, cap. of the dep. Pyre'nees-Orien tales, on the Tet, 34 m. S. of Narbonne ; it has various manufs., and is considered one of the keys of the king dom, being situated on the only high road to Spain by the S.E. frontier. Pop. 24,959. Persepolis, per-sep'o-lis (from Gr. Persis, Persia, and polis, a city), the anc. cap. of Persia, the majestic remains of which can still be traced in a fine plain about 30 ra. N.E. ofShiraz. Persbore, per-shore' (supposed to be corr. from Persore or Pearshore, so called in allu sion to numerous pear-treeB which grew in the vicinity), a town of England, co. and 9 m. S.E. of Worcester, on the Avon, with manufs. of hosiery. Pop. of pa. 4963. Persia (from the prov. Fars or Farsistan, anciently called Persis, and which at one time constituted the dominions of the kings of Persia), called by the natives Iran, a country of W. Asia, bounded N. by Russia, the Caspian Sea, Siberia, and Western Turkestan; E. by Afghanistan and Beluchistan; S. by the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf; and W. by Asiatic Turkey. Its greatest length from N.W. to S.E. is about 1300 m. ; from N. to S. its length is 700 m., and its breadth from E. to W. about 900 m. Area about 636,000 sq. m. ; pop. est. at 6,000,000. The country consists for the most part of a great table-land, which reaches to a height varying from 3000 to 4000 ft. above the sea. This pla teau is traversed on the N.W. and S. sides by a broad belt of mountain heights, but in the centre and on the E. side it is almost a dead level, whose charac teristic is dry and arid sandy deserts, inter spersed with salt lakes and vast combina tions of sand and salt, unrelieved by trees or shrubs or any other kind of vegetation. Some parts of Persia are, however, remark able for their beauty and fertility. Be tween the Caspian and the Elburz Moun tains is a lowland tract, studded with na ture's choicest products; the immense 292 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiki. valleys between the various ranges of the Kerman Mountains flourish with a vegeta tion of the greatest luxuriance and beauty ; and many parts of Western Persia have been lavishly endowed with the rarest and most valuable forms of vegetable life. Fruit trees of every species known in Europe grow luxuriantly. The date, the fig, the pomegranate, the almond, the peach, and the apricot are indigenous to the country, and the vine, the orange, the mul berry, the cotton shrub, and the sugar cane are common objects of cultivation. Roses in endless variety are cultivated for the much-prized otto of roses, and the choicest flowers adorn the gardens and the fields. Owing to the want of rivers, agri culture is limited and in a very primitive state. The most usual crops are wheat, barley, millet, and rice. Persian horses are the most beautiful in the East. The sheep are remarkable for their great length of tail, which sometimes weighs 30 lbs. The manufactures consist chiefly of silk and cotton fabrics, velvets, gold and silver brocade, carpets, sabres, leather, jewelry, and shawls of goats' and camels' hair. The commerce is chiefly carried on by means of camels. The maritime trade is in the hands of foreigners. The following are the divisions of the country: — Provinces. Chief Towns. Irak-Ajemi, includ-") ing Ardelan, Luris- (Teheran, Ispahan, tan, and Persian C Hamadan. Kurdistan ) Mazanderan { Sa^ Balfroosh, Ghilan Resht. Astrabad Astrabad. Azerbijau Tabreez. Khuzistan Dizfool, Shooster. Fars or Farsistan Sblraz, Bushire. Laristan Lar. Yezd Yezd. Kerman Gombroon. Khorassan Meshed or Mushed. Kohistan G wadur. The Persians are a lively, active, polite, and intelligent people, endowed with a fine imagination, and they possess a literature of their own, which is widely diffused. Mahometanism is the established religion, but there are upwards of 50,000 Armenian and Nestorian Christians, 16,000 Jews, and about 7000 Parsees, who still adhere to the worship of the sun and fire as emblems of their god Orrauzd. The government is thoroughly despotic. The sovereign is styled the Shalt, and all his subjects are con sidered as his slaves, but the chiefs of the nomadic tribes sometimes acquire an in fluence which renders them nearly inde pendent. The population is divided into two great classes — the dwellers in towns, and the nomadic or wandering tribes, who are called Iliyats. About a fourth part belong to the latter; they dwell in tents, seeking pastures for their flocks upon the mountain sides in summer, and in winter returning to the lower plains. — Teheran is the cap. Persian Gulf, an arm of the Indian Ocean, separating Persia from Arabia. Perth, an episcopal city and cap, of West Australia, picturesquely situated on the Swan River, about 12 m. above Fre- mantle. Pop. 5044. Perth, a town of the Canadian Do minion, prov. Ontario, on the river Tay. Pop. 2467. Perth (probably corr. from its ancient name Bertha, which may be from Gael. bhar-tatha, the height on the Tay), au ancient city, royal and pari, burgh, and the co. town of Perthshire, Scotland, delightfully situated on the Tay, and surrounded by beautiful scenery, 22 m. W.S.W. of Dundee, and 39 m. N.N.W. of Edinburgh. It was formerly the metro polis of Scotland, and is intimately associ ated with many of the most interesting episodes of Scottish history. Pop. of pari. burgh 28,949; of royal burgh 27,207. Perthshire, a large and important co. of Scotland, surrounded by the cos. of Inver ness, Aberdeen, Forfar, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Dumbarton, and Argyll. It comprises the districts of Men- teith, Strathearn, Gowrie, Stormont, Strath- ardle, Glenshee, Athole, Breadalbane, Ran- noch, and Balquhidder. It extends from E. to W. 70 m., from N. to S. 66 m., and has an area of 2527 sq. m., with a pop. number ing 129,007. The aspect of the co. is ex ceedingly diversified. The highlands oc cupy about two-thirds of the surface ; and the lowlands, situated at the E. and S. ex tremities, consist of extensive tracts of rich and fertile country, especially the district known as the Carse of Gowrie. The N. and W. parts of the co. are very mountainous. Among the most elevated peaks are to be found Ben Laviers, 3984 ft. ; Ben More, 3843 ft. ; Stobinain, 3827 ft.; Ben Lui, 3708 ft. ; Benglo, or Ben-y-Gloe, 3671 ft.; Schiehalion, 3547 ft. Perthshire possesses several large and picturesque lakes, of which the largest are Lochs Tay, Rannoch, Ericht, Earn, Katrine, and Vennacher. The principal rivers are the Tay and Forth, with their tributaries the Lyon, Garry, Braan, Isla, Tummel,Earn, Teith, Allan, and Devon. Perthshire is almost entirely an agricultural co. Sheep and cattle are extensively reared. The manufactures are unimportant. — Perth is the co. town. Peru, pe-roo', a country of S. America, bounded N. by Ecuador; W. by the Pacific Ocean ; S. by Chili ; and E. by Bolivia and Brazil. Its greatest length is about 1400 m., and its extreme breadth from E. to W. about 700 m. Area 486,840 sq. m.; pop. 2,657,000. There are, besides, about 350,000 uncivilized Indians. The double Cordillera of the Andes traversing the whole territory Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. from N.W. to S E. divides it into three great natural regions, which differ widely from each other.— I., La Costa, or the Western Region, about 60 m. in width, lying between the Andes and the Pacific, is for the most part an unproductive, rainless, sandy desert, intersected at intervals by fertiliz ing mountain streams, but elsewhere en tirely dependent on heavy dews and arti ficial irrigation. — II., La Sierra, or the Cen tral Region, embraces all the elevated land between the western base of the maritime Cordillera and the eastern base of the Andes, or the Eastern Cordillera. These table-lands are the seat of a comparatively high civilization, and are studded over with towns and villages perched on heights from 7000 to 12,000 ft. above the sea. The soil of the Sierra is of great variety ; but wherever it is cultivated it is productive. — III., La Montana, or the Eastern Region, consists of vast impenetrable forests and alluvial plains, stretching away for hun dreds of miles from the Andes to the con fines of Brazil. It is watered by the tribu taries of the Amazon, and for half of the year is drenched with almoBt incessant rains. The forests consist of huge trees, some of which are valuable for their tim ber, others for the beauty of their wood, and others for the gums and resin which they exude. Animal life here flourishes in endless variety, and birds of the brightest plumage flit among the foliage, but for the most part its Bilence is undisturbed by the voice of man, either civilized or savage. It is named from the Spanish word monte, sig nifying wood. Peru has long been famous for its mineral wealth. Little gold is now found, but its mines of silver and quicksilver are among the most productive of the world. Copper is in all the mountains, but extracted only from those nearest the coast, because of the expense of transport. The other minerals are lead, iron, tin, and coal. Guano for the purposes of manure is exported in immense quantities to the European markets. Another important source of revenue is nitrate of soda, found also in the S. Among the animals indi genous to the country are the llama and alpaca. Sheep and cattle were introduced by the Spanish colonists. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce are still im perfectly developed, the exports being chiefly raw materials, such as ores and metals, furs, skins, hides, wool, and guano The protracted war with Chili — 1879-1883 —has proved most disastrous to the country in all its interests, and many years must elapse ere it can possibly recover what it has thereby lost. The pop. is about equally divided between the aboriginal inhabitants and mixed races— the latter composed of half-bred "cholos" and "zambos"; the descendants of Spaniards; Negroes, Chinese, and a small proportion of Europeans. Peru was first visited by the Spaniards in 1530. 293 After its conquest by Pizarro it continued to be subject to Spain till 1821, when it became an independent republic. The executive government is in the hands of a president, chosen by the people once every four years, with a ministry of his own appointment, and a council elected by the legislature, which consists of two houses, a senate and a representative chamber. Perugia, pd-roo'Jd, a prov. of Italy, com partment Umbria. Area 3685 sq. m. ; pop. 672,070. Perugia (the town in the marsh), a walled town of Umbria, Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Tiber, 90 m. N. of Rome ; it is the seat of a univer sity. Pop. 17,395. Perugia, Lago di, Id'go de pd-roo'Jd, anc. Lacus Thrasimenus, a lake of Umbria, Italy, in the prov. and 10 m. W. of Perugia ; it is about 30 m. in circumference, and abounds with fish. Peruwels, pd'roo-velz, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, on an affluent of the Scheldt, 12 m. S.E. of Tournay. Pop. 7864. Pesaro, pes'd-ro or pd'sd-ro, a fortified town of Italy, in the Marches, cap. of the prov. Pesaro-e-Urbino, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Foglia, 19 m. N.E. of Urbino. Pop. 10,996. Pesaro-e-Urbino, a prov. of Central Italy, in the compartment of the Marches. Area 1144 sq. m.; pop. 222,926. Pescadores, pes-kd-do'res (the fishers' islands), or Pheng-Hoo, feng-lioo, a group of 36 islands in the channel of Fokien, China Sea, between the Chinese prov. of Fokien and the island of Formosa. Pescia, pd'shd or pesh'd, a manufactur ing town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. Lucca, on the Pescia, 27 m. W.N.W. of Florence ; it is surrounded by olive groves and mulberry plantations. Pop. 6122. Peshawar, pesh-d'wur (the advanced fortress), a city of the Punjab, British India, situated in a beautiful plain watered by the Kabul, and surrounded by lofty mountains, 12 m. E. of the Khyber Pass, and 40 m. W. of Attock. Anciently it was the cap. of Eastern Afghanistan ; now it is one of the largest military stations under the govern ment of British India. Pop. of city 57,000 ; of cantonment 23,000. — Also, a div. and dist. of the Punjab, between the Indus and the Khyber Mountains, through which is the Khyber Pass. Area of div. 7767 sq. m. ; pop. of div. 1,181,289 ; of dist. 592,674. Pestb, pest (probably from Sclav, paz, a baking-place, or from Sclav, pisch, sand, being on a dry sandy soil), a city of Austria- Hungary, on the Danube, opposite Buda, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge, and the cities thus united are called Buda-Pesth. It has a richly-endowed university, and commands a great inland trade. United pop. 360,551.— See Buda. Petchora, petsh-o'rd, a large river of Russia, rises on the W. side of the Ural 291 Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tiki. Mountains, flows northward through the govs. Vologda and Archangel, and, after a course estimated at 900 m., falls by a broad estuary into the Arctic Ocean. Peten, pa-ten', or Itza, it'zd, a lake of Guatemala, Central America, about 45 m. in length, 3 m. in breadth, and very deep. — Also, a very productive island in the lake, yielding maize, cocoa, tobacco, gums, dye- woods, etc. It was formerly the central seat of the Itzax Indians. Peterborough, pe'ter-bur-o (named in honour of St Peter, to whom the church was dedicated), a city, pari, and munic. bor., and bishop's see in Northamptonshire, England, on the river Nen, about 40 m. N.E. of Northampton ; it has a venerable cathedral, in which is the tomb of Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII., and in which Mary Queen of Scots was buried previous to the removal of her remains to West minster Abbey. Pop. of pari. bor. 22,394; of munic. bor. 21,228. Peterborough, a co. and town of On tario, in the Dominion of Canada. Pop. of co. 37,266. The town is on the Otonabee River, about 75 m. N.E. of Toronto, and has a pop. of 6812. Peterculter, pe-ter-koo'ter (supposed to mean " the rocky back country"), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen ; the vil. is on the Dee at its conflux with the Leuchar, about 7 m. S.W. of Aberdeen. P. of pa. 1908. Peterhead, pe-ter-hed', anciently called Peterugie (the rocky headland near the mouth of the Ugie), a pari, burgh, market town, and seaport of Aberdeenshire, Scot land, with a large trade connected with the fisheries, 30 m. N.E. of Aberdeen, and 40 m. S.E. of Banff. Pop. 10,953.— The pa. of Peterhead has a pop. of 14,257. Peter-le-Port. See St Pierre. Petersburg, pe' ters-burg, a town of Virginia, U.S., on the Appomatox, 22 m. S. of Richmond. It was one of the most strongly fortified places held by the Con federates, and was several times attacked by the Federals under General Grant and others, who were always repulsed with great loss, until the decisive battle of 1st and 2nd April 1865, when the Confederates, under General Lee, were, after a severe and bloody contest, defeated by Grant's army, who entered Petersburg and Rich mond the next day. The fall of these two most important strongholds was soon followed by the total collapse of the re bellion. Pop. 21,656. Petersfield, pe'ters-feeld, a pari. bor. and market town in Hampshire, England, 17 m. S.E. of Winchester. Pop. 6546. Peterswaldau, pa'ters-vdl'dou, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, gov. and 32 m. S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 7215. Peterwardein, pe-ter-war'dine (so called from Peter the Hermit, who marshalled here the bands of the first crusade), a town of Sclavonia, Austria-Hungary, on a rock overhanging the Danube, oppo site Neusatz, and 44 m. N.W. of Belgrade. Here the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, signally defeated the Turks in 1716. Pop. 4022. Petit-Canal, peh-te'-kan-al', a town of the West Indian Island Guadeloupe, 9 m. N.N.E. of La Pointe-a-Pitre. Pop. 6153. Petra, pe'trd, a ruined city of Arabia, Petrsa, remarkable for the ruins of a magnificent temple and numerous tombs hewn in the solid rock, in the Wady Musa, on the E. side of Mount Hor. Petrolia, pet-ro'le-d, a town of the Canadian Dominion, prov. Ontario, on Bear Creek, in the centre of the oil district. It contains over 100 petroleum wells, which yield weekly from 8000 to 10,000 tuns. Pop. 3465. Petropaulovski, pa-tro-pou-lov'ske (the port of Peter and Paul), a town of Asiatic Russia, prov. Akmollinsk, on the Ishim. Pop. 11,406. — Also, a town of Siberia, on the Pacific Ocean. Pop. 479. Petrovsk, pd-trovskf (Peter's town, so called because founded by Peter the Great in 1697), a town of Russia, gov. and 68 m. N.N.W. of Saratov, on the Medvieditza. Pop. 10,771. Petrozavodsk, pd-tro-zd-vodskf , a forti fied town of Russia, the cap. of the gov. Olonetz, on Lake Onega, about 190 m. N.E. of St Petersburg; it has great iron and copper works. Pop. 10,901. Petsb, or Ipek, e-p&k', a town of Al bania, Turkey in Europe, on the Bis- tritza, 73 m. E.N.E. of Scutari, with exten sive manufs. of fire-arms. Pop. estimated at 12,000. Pettinain, pet-tin-ain' (from Brit, peithy- nan, a clear plat or space), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark; the vil. is on the Clyde, about 4 m. E. of Lanark. Pop. of pa. 360. Petty, or Pettie, pet'te, anciently written Petyn (the hollow by the island), a maritime pa. and vil. of Scotland, cos. Inverness and Nairn ; the vil. is on Beauly Loch, about 7 m. N.E. of Inverness. Pop. of pa. 1531. Pettycur, pet-te-kur' (corr. from Gael. pit-a-cJwire, the hollow of the coirie or dell), a hamlet of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 1 m. S.W. of Kiughorn. Pe-tu-na, a city of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, prov. Kerin, ou the Soon- gari. Pop. estimated at 30,000. Petworth, pet'wurth, a town of England, co. Sussex, 14 m. N.E. of Chichester. Pop. 2942. Pezenas, pa-za-nd', a town of France, dep. Herault, pleasantly situated near the rt. bank of the Herault, 26 m. S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 6718. Pfaffers, or Pfeffers, pfef'fers, a water ing-place of Switzerland, cant. St Gall, 5 m. S.E. of Sargans, with celebrated and much frequented thermal springs, in a deep ravine in the vicinity, reached by a Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tiine, tUn. 295 rather village, in King's Co., Ireland, 9 ra. E.N.E. of Tullamore. Pop. 829. PhiRack, JiVlak, a town of England, co. Cornwall, 8 m. S.W. of Redruth. Pop. 3643, chiefly engaged in the coasting trade and in the working and export of minerals. Phillip, fil'ip, a co. of New South Wales, Australia, 65 m. in extent, between the rivers Goulburn and Gudgegong. Phillip Island, at the entrance of Port Western, on the S. coast of Victoria, Aus tralia. Pbthiotis and Phocis, fthe-o'tis and fo'cis, a nomarchy in the E. of continental Greece. Area 2052 sq. m.; pop. 128,440. Phukok, or Phookok, foo-kok , also written Fukok and Fokwak, an elevated and well-wooded island near the E. coast of the Gulf of Siam, in the Eastern Pen- stair formed of trees and steps cut in the perpendicular rock. Pforzheim, pforts'hime, a walled city of Germany, grand-duchy of Baden, at the junction of the Enz and Nagold, 17 m. S.E. ofCarlaruhe. Pop. 24,037. Phalgoo, or Phalgu, fal-goo', a river of British India, formed by the union of two mountain streams, flows through Behar and Patna, in the presidency of Bengal, and enters the Ganges after a course of 246 m. Pharsalia, far-sd'le-d, a town of Thes saly, Greece, famous for tbe battle fought in its neighbourhood between Caesar and Pompey, b.o. 48. Its modern name is Satalge. Phasis,/a'sis, now called Rhion, re-on', a river of Transcaucasia, Asiatic Russia, flows W.j and enters the E. extremity of the Black Sea. The pheasant derives its name from having been originally brought from the banks of this river. Philadelphia, fil-d-del'fe-d (the city of brotherly love), the principal city of Penn sylvania, U.S., on the Delaware, near its junction with the Schuylkill, 87 m. S.W. of New York; it has a flourishing uni versity, several literary and scientific institutions, extensive manufs., and an important river and coasting trade. Pop. 847,170. Philippeville, fl-ip-veel', a town of Algeria, N. Africa, dep. and 48 m. N.N.E. of Constantino, on the Gulf of Stora. Pop. 13,000. Philippi, fil-ip'pi (named after Philip, the father of Alexander the Great), a ruined town of Macedonia, Turkey in Europe, 11 m. S.E. of Drama. The ad jacent plains are celebrated in ancient history as the scene of a battle between Cassius and Brutus on the one side, and Augustus aud Antony on the other, b.c.42. Philippine Islands, fil'ip-pin (named after Philip II. of Spain), an extensive group at the N.E. extremity of the East Indian Archipelago, lying between 5° 32' and 19° 38' N. lat., and 117° and 127° E. long. They are extremely fertile, and because of high temperature and abun dant moisture, are clothed with perpetual verdure. The Philippines were taken possession of by the Spaniards in 1565, and still belong to them, though various native tribes remain independent. The principal islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Mindoro, Samar, Zebu, Panay, and Negros. Area estimated at 120,000 sq. m. ; pop. 6,300,000. Philippopoli, fil-ip-pop'o-le (the city of Philip), a town of Eastern Roumelia, Turkey in Europe, on the Maritza, 88 m. W.N.W. of Adrianople ; it was founded by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, and was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1818. Pop. 45,000. PnilipBtown, M'ips-toion (named in honour of Philip II. of Spain), a town, or insula. Length 34 m.; greatest breadth 16 m. Phulowdee, ful-ow-dee', a large and populous town of Marwar or Joudpur, Rajpootana, India, with three Jain temples and some Hindoo pagodas. Piacenza, pe-d-chen'zd, anc. Placentia (the pleasant place), the principal town in the prov. of Piacenza, Italy, near the confluence of the Trebbia and the Po, 36 m. W.N.W. of Parma; it was the birthplace of Pope Gregory X. Pop. 34,925. " Pianella, pe-dn-el'ld, a town of Abruzzo and Molise, Italy, prov. Teramo, on the Pescara, 6 m. W.N.W. of Chieti. Pop. 5250. Piasina, pe-d-se'nd, a lake of Asiatic Russia, gov. Yeneseisk, in 69° 20' N. lat., and 94° 30' E. long. Length 75 m. ; breadth 30 m. From it flows a river of the same name which enters the Arctic Ocean after a N.W. course of 250 m. Piauhi, or Piauhy, pe-ou-ee', a prov. of Brazil, bounded N. by the Atlantic ; E. by Ceara and Pernambuco ; S. by Pernambuco and Goyaz ; and W. by Maranhab. Area 81,776 sq. m. ; pop. 202,222. Piave, pe-d'va, a river of Venetia, N. Italy, rises in the Carnic Alps, flows S.W. and then S.E., and falls into the Gulf of Venice, after a course of 125 m. Piazza, pe-dt'sd, a city of the island Sicily, prov. and 17 m. E.S.E. of Caltani- setta ; situated on an insulated eminence, it is very healthy, and its environs are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. Pop. 18,252. Picardy, pik'ar-de, an old prov. in the N. of France, now divided among the deps. Aisne, Somme, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, aud Yonne. Pichincha, pe-chin'tchd, a volcanic mountain of Ecuador, S. America, 11 m. W.N.W. of the city of Quito. It is 15,924 ft. high, 200 ft. above the line of perpetual snow. — Also, a prov. of the same republic. Area 9035 sq. m.; pop. 120,280. Pickering, pik'er-ing, a town in the 296 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. N. R. of Yorkshire, England, 26 m. N.E. of York. Pop. 3959. Pico, pe'ko, an island of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean, W. of Portugal, with a large trade in wine, resembling in colour and flavour inferior Madeira. On it is the volcano of the same name, 7613 ft. above the sea. Picton, pik'ton, the chief port and once the cap. of the provincial dist. of Marl borough, South Island, New Zealand, on the S. side of Queen Charlotte Sound. Pop. 834. Pictou, pik-too', a seaport of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, on its N. coast, with a safe and capacious harbour; it has a thriving trade in timber, coal, and fish. Pop. 3403.— The co. of the same name has a pop. of 35,535. Piedimonte, pe-d-de-mon'td (foot of the mountain), a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta, at the foot of Mount Matese, 20 m. N.N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 7073. Piedmont, peed'mont, Ital. Piemonte (abbrev. of Pie di Monte, foot of the moun tain), a compartment of N. Italy, compre hending the provs. Alessandria, Cuneo, Novara, and Turin. It is bounded N. and W. by the Alps; S. by the Alps and Apennines; and E. by Lombardy, embracing part of the great plain of Lom bardy and the upper valley of the Po, by which river and its numerous tributaries it is profusely watered. Area 11,200 sq. m.; pop. 3,070,879. Pierre, St. See St Pierre. Pietermaritzburg, pe'ter-mar'its-boorg, the cap. of Natal, South Africa, on the high road to the interior, 64 m. N. of Durban. It is named from the two Boer leaders Pieter Retief and Gert Maritz. Pop. 8000. Pietraperzia, pe-a'trd-perd'ze-d, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 5 m. S.E. of Caltanisetta, with sulphur-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 10,149. Pike's Peak (named in honour of Gene ral Zebulon Pike), a peak in the gold region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, U.S., 13,985 ft. above the sea. Pilcomayo, pil-ko-mi'o, or Araguai, ar-d-gwi', a river of Bolivia, and the Ar gentine Republic, S. America, rises near Chuquisaca, flows S.E., and, after a course of over 900 m., joins the Paraguay near Asuncion, where, divided into two branches, it encloses a marshy island 150 m. in length. PlUau, pilAou', a fortified seaport in E. Prussia, on the Baltic, at the entrance of the Frische Haff, 24 m. W.S.W. of Kbnigs- berg. Pop. 3225. Pilleebheet, or Pilibbeet, pil-le-beet' , a town of Bareilly, British India, North- West Provinces, on the Gurrah; it is noted for its rice. Pop. 30,000.— The dist. of Pillee bheet has a pop. of 483,953. Pilsen, pil'sen, a town of Bohemia, Aus tria, on the Beraun, 62 m. W.S.W. of Prague, with a flourishing transit trade and manufs. of woollens, cottons, etc. Pop. 38,883. Pimlico, pim'lik-o (so called from Ben Pimlico, a tavern-keeper, who in former times resided here, and was celebrated for his ale), a S.W. suburb of London, co. Middlesex, England. Pirn's Bay, an inlet on the E. coast of Nicaragua, Central America. Pind-Dadun-Khan, pind-dd-dun'kdn, a town of the Punjab, India, near the Jhylum, 110 m. N.W. of Lahore ; it consists of three small towns situated close to each other, and is a great depot for salt obtained from mines in its vicinity. Pop. 16,724. Pindus, pin'dus (from pen, a head, and by metonymy, a mountain), a chain of mountains in European Turkey and Greece, separating Macedonia and Thessaly from Albania, and rising in some places to the height of 8950 ft. Pinega,^>e-7*a'<7a', a river of Russia, govs. Vologda and Archangel, flows N.W. and then S.W., and, after a course of 290 m., joins the Dwina. — Also, a town on the river, 93 m. E.S.E. of Archangel. Pop.748. Prnerolo, pin-er-o'lo, a manufacturing town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Turin, near the foot of the Alps, 20 m. S.W. of Turin. Pop. 11,332. Pines, Isle of, a Spanish island of the West Indies, 50 m. S. of Cuba. Ping-yang, Ping -ding, and Ping- yuang-fu, towns in the prov. of Shansi, China. Pop. respectively estimated at 60,000, 20,000, and 15,000. Pinkie, pinkfe, near Musselburgh, Edin burghshire, Scotland, where the Scots were defeated by tbe English in 1547. Pinsk (the town on the Pina), a town of Russia, gov. Minsk, on the Pripet, at its junction with the Pina. It was nearly de vastated by fire on May 23, 1881. Pop. 17,718. Pinyaree, pin-yd're, a branch of the river Indus, India, enters the Indian Ocean by the Sir mouth, an estuary 2 m. wide. Piotrkoff, or Piotrkow, pe-o-tr-kov', a town of Poland, Russia, in a gov. of the same name, on the Strada. Pop. 18,000. — The gov. has a pop. of 808,315. Piperno, pip-er'no, a town of Italy, prov. Rome, 15 m. S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 5066. Piquetberg, pik'et-berg, a div. in the Western Province of Cape Colony, with an area of 1854 sq. m., and a pop. of 8239. It includes an isolated range of mountains standing out, as it were, like a sentinel from the Olifant River range, and hence its name. Piraeus, pi-re'us, the Port of Athens, Greece, about 5 m. S.W. of that city. Pop. 21,055. Piranga, pe-rdn'gd, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, on the Piranga, 18 m. S.E. of Mariana. Pop. of dist. 15,000. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt; tune, tiin. 297 Piranhas, pe-rdn-yds', a river of Brazil, rises in the prov. of Parahyba, flows N.E. and N., and enters the Atlantic by three mouths, named the Amaragosa, the Caval- los, and the Conchas. Total length of course, 200 m. Pirano, pe-rd'no, a seaport town of Istria, Austria, with an export trade in oil, wine, olives, and salt, on the Gulf and 13 m. S.W. of Trieste. Pop. 7387. Piritu, pe-re-too', a town of Venezuela, S. America, dep. Caraccas, prov. and 22" m. W.S.W. of Barcelona — The Piritu Islands are in the Caribbean Sea, nearly opposite the town. Pirmasens, or Pirmasenz, peer'md- sents, a town of Bavaria, Germany, gov. Palatinate, 12 m. S.E. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 12,039. Pirna, peer'nd, a town of Saxony, Ger many, gov. aud 11 m. S.E. of Dresden, on the Elbe. Pop. 11,680. Pir-Panjal, peer-pan-Jdl', a lofty range of mountains, separating the S.W. boundary of Kashmir from the Punjab, India. Its highest point iB estimated to be 15,000 ft. above the sea. At its S.W. extremity is the Pir-Panjal Pass, 12,000 ft. high. Pisa, pee'zd, a city of Tuscany, Italy, on the Arno, 12 m. N.N.E. of Leghorn; it was formerly the cap. of a republic, and is noted for its salubrity. It is the chief town in the prov. of Pisa, and the seat of a celebrated university; its cathedral, baptistry, and leaning tower have long been famous. The astronomer Galileo was born here in 1564. Pop. 26,857. PIsania, pe-san'e-d, a town of Sene- gambia, W. Africa, on the Gambia, about 200 ra. from its mouth. Piscataqua, pis-kafd-hwd,$. river of the United States, which, after separating New Hampshire from Maine, enters the Atlantic, forming at its mouth the harbour of Portsmouth, one of the finest on the American continent. Pisco, pes'ko, a maritime town of Peru, dep. and 130 m. S.S.E. of Lima, near the mouth of a river of the same name. Pisek, pe'selc (from Boh. Piscek, sand), a town of Austria, prov. Bohemia, situated in a sandy plain, on the Watawa, a trib. of the Moldau, 24 m. W.S.W. of Tabor. P. 10,545. Pissevacbe, peess-vdsh', a waterfall of Switzerland, cant. Valais, on the Sallenche River, near its confluence with the Rhone, about 5 ra. N.N.W. of Martigny. Its total height is 280 ft., and its final leap is 120 ft. Its waters are remarkable for whiteness. Pistoja, pis-to'yd, a city of Tuscany, Italy, prov. and 20 m. N.W. of Florence, on a tributary of the Arno. The pistol is so named from having been first made at this town, and considerable manufs. of fire- arras, cutlery, and surgical instruments are still carried on. Pop. 12,224. Pisuerga, pe-swer'gd, a river of Old Castile, Spain, rises in the Cantabrian Mountains, flows S.W., and joins the Douro after a course of 140 m. Pitoairn, pit-cairn' (from Gael. Pit-a- chaim, the hollow of the cairn), a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Dunning. Pitcairn green, pit-kaim' green, a vil. of Perthshire, Scotland, on the Almond, 4 m. N.W. of Perth. Pitcairn Island, a small island in the S. Pacific Ocean, inhabited by descendants of the mutineers of the Bounty. — 25° 3' S. lat., 130° 15' E. long. Pop. 96. Pitcaithly, pit-kath'le, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, about 1 m. from Bridge of Earn, noted for its mineral waters. Pitea, pit'e-o, the chief town in the gov. of Norrbotten, Sweden, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 110 m. N.N.E. of Umea ; it has a good harbour, but the town is a poor place. Pop. 2337. Pitea, a river in Sweden, govs. Wes- terbotten and Norrbotten, enters the Gulf of Bothnia near the town of Pitea. Pitesti, pe-tes'te, a town of Roumania, 60 m. W.N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. estimated at 15,000. Pitlessie, pit-les'se, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 4 m. S.W. of Cupar. Pop. 356. Pitlochrie, pit-loh're (corr. from Gael, Pittan-clHreach, the portion of the clerk or clergy), a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 12 m. N. of Dunkeld. Pop. 777. Pitsligo, pit-sli'go (hollow shell), a mari time pa. of Scotland, on the N. coast of Aberdeenshire. Pop. 2582. Pitsligo, New, a town of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 11 m. S.W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. 2056. Pittenweem, pit-ten-weem' (corr. from Gael. Pit-an-naimh, the hollow of the cave), a pa. and royal munic. and pari, burgh of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 1 m. S.W. of Anstruther. Pop. of pa. 2119 ; of royal burgh 2116; of pari, burgh 2087. Pittsburg, pits'burg (Pitt's town, named after William Pitt), a town of Pennsyl vania, U.S., situated at the point where the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers unite in forming the Ohio; it has large iron - works and various manufs. Pop. 156,389. Piura, pe-oo'rd, a town of N. Peru, S. America, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Piura. Pop. estimated at 12,000.— The prov. has an area of 5378 sq. m., and a pop. of 135,502. Pizzo, pit'so, a town of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. Catanzaro, on the gulf of Santa Eufemia, 5 m. N.N.E. of Monte- leone. Pop. 8239. Murat, the ex-King of Naples, was taken prisoner, shot, and in terred here, in 1815. Placencia, pld-then'the-d (the pleasant place), a city of Estremadora, Spain, prov. Caceres, on the Gertes, 27 m. N.E. of Coria, with manufs. of woollen and linen fabrics, hats, aud leather. Pop. 7090. Placentia Bay, a deep inlet on the S. 298 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, nitt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tun. coast of Newfoundland, British N. America, 75 m. in length, and nearly 60 m. in breadth. On its E. side is the small town of Placentia, first settled by the French in 1626, and strongly fortified. Pladda, plad'dd (the flat isle), a rocky island of Scotland, with a lighthouse, 130 ft. high, in the Firth of Clyde, off the S. coast of Arran. Plains of Abraham, a table-land of the Canadian Dominion, immediately S.W. of the city of Quebec, memorable for the battle fought here between the British and French forces, 18th Sept. 1759, in which Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, their re spective leaders, were killed. Plaistow, plds'to, a ward of West Ham, co. Essex, England, 5 m. E. of St Paul's, London. Plassey, plds'se, a small town of British India, presidency and prov, of Bengal, 83 m. N. of Calcutta; here British supre macy was established in India by the defeat of Surajah Dowlah, by Colonel Clive, on 23d June 1757. It was precisely a hundred years after this battle that the Bengal native army mutinied, encouraged by a prediction generally received among them, that the sovereignty of the British over India would be overthrown on the centenary of the year in which they gained it at Plassey. Plata, La. See Argentine Republic. Platte, platt, or Nebraska, ne-brds'kd, a river of the United States, rises by two Forks in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and flowing eastward, joins the Missouri after a course of about 980 m. Platte signifies " shallow," and it is so called because it has so little depth of water that, except in floods, it is quite unfit for navigation. Platten See, pldften sa (the lake in the marsh), or Lake Balaton, bdl'd-ton, in the S.W. of Hungary, 48 m. long, and from 3 to 10 m. broad ; area 382 sq. m. It abounds with fish, some of which are of a species peculiar to itself. Plattsburg, pldts'burg, a town of New York, U. S., on the Saranac, about 160 m. N. of Albany. Pop. 5245. Plau, plou, a lake of Mecklenhurg- Schwerin, N. Germany, on which, at the egress of the Elde, 38 m. E.S.E. of Schwerin, is the town of the same name, with a pop. of 4114. Plauen, plou'en, a town of Saxony, Ger many, on the White Elster, 61 m. S. of Leipsic; it has linen and cotton manufs,, and there is a small pearl-fishery in its neighbourhood. Pop. 35,078. Pleisse, plis'seh, a river of Saxony, Ger many, flows N., and joins the White Elster at Leipsic. Plenty, Bay of, on the N.E. coast of North Island, New Zealand, between Cape Runaway and Point Mercury, 140 m. apart, with a central width of about 60 m. Plenty River, a tributary of the Yarra- Yarra, in the cos. of Bourke and Evelyn, Victoria, Australia. Plescben, plesh'en, or Pleszew, plesh'ev, a town of Prussia, gov. Posen, on a small affluent of the Prosna, 18 m. N.E. of Ka- lisch. Pop. 6336. Plestcheievo, ples-tcha-yd'vo, also called Saleski, sdl-es'ke, a small lake in Vladi mir, Russia, interesting as the place where Peter the Great first essayed in 1691 to form the Russian navy. Length 5 m. ; breadth 4 m. Plettenberg Bay, plef ten-berg, a large and exposed bay on the S. coast of Cape Colony, much used for the shipping of timber from the adjacent forests. Plevna, plev'nd, atown of Bulgaria, situ ated on a plain 24 m. S.S.W. of Nicopolis ; the capture of this town during the Russo- Turkish war (Dec. 1877) decided the cam paign against the Turks. Plinlimmon, or Plynlixamon, plin-lim'- mon (corr. from pum lumon, the five hills), a mountain, 2481 ft. high, on the border of the cos. Montgomery and Cardigan, 9 m. N.W. of Llanidloes, Wales. Plockton, plok'tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Lochalsh. Pop. 440. Ploen, or Plon, Great and Little, plnn, two lakes of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the isthmus connecting which is the town of Ploen, 17 m. S.E. of Kiel, with a pop. of 3036. Ploesti, plo-es'te, a town of Roumania, near the sources of the Jalomitza. Pop. estimated at 30,000. Plomhieres, plom-be-air', a town oi France, frequented for its warm saline baths, dep. Vosges, on the Angronne, 15 m. S. of Epinal. Pop. 1966. Plotzk (the marshy place), a city of Poland, Russia, the cap. of the gov. of the same name, ou the Vistula, 58 m. W.N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 22,127. — The gov. has au area of 4200 sq. m., and a pop. of 572,000. Plumstead, plum'sted, a pa. of England, co. Kent, included within the metropolis and pari. bor. of Greenwich. Pop. 33,250, of whom a large portion are engaged at the naval and military establishments at Wool wich. Plymouth, plim'uth (so named from its situation), a munic. and pari. bor. and sea port town of Devonshire, England, at the head of Plymouth Sound, a capacious haven, formed by the rivers Plym and Tamar; it is the second naval station in the kingdom, and has manufs. of various kinds. Outside of the harbour, to protect it from the heavy sea that rolled into it, is a breakwater rising from 56 to 80 ft. high, and extending nearly a mile in length, erected at a cost of £1,700,000. Pop . of pari. bor. 76,080 ; of munic. bor. 73,794. Plymouth, a seaport of Massachusetts, U.S., on Cape Cod Bay; it is the oldtst Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, i 299 settlement in New England, having been the landing-place of the " Pilgrim Fathers" from the " Mayflower," 22nd December 1620, and has cotton manufs. and a considerable foreign trade. Pop. 7094. Po, the largest river in Italy, issues from Monte Viso, and traversing the plains of Piedmont and Lombardy from W. to E., discharges itself, after a course of about 350 m., into the Adriatic by several mouths. Focklington, pole' ling-tun, a town in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, 14 m. S.E. of York, and 27 m. N.W. of Hull. Pop. 2733. Pooomoke, po'ko-moke, a river of the United States, separates Maryland from Delaware, and falls into Pocomoke Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake. Poczinka, po-chin'kd, or Potchinki, a town of Russia, gov. and 120 m. S.S.E. of Nijni-Novgorod, on an affluent of the Alatyr. Pop. 7224. Podgoritza, pod-go-rit'sd (near the hill), a town and fortress of Montenegro, included in the additional territory ceded to the Montenegrins by the Berlin Treaty of 1878. Pop. estimated at 7500. Podolia, po-do'le-a, a gov. of Russia, N. of Bessarabia and S. of Volhynia. Area 16,190 sq. m. ; pop. 2,169,423. Podolsk, po-dolsk', or Podol, a town of Russia, gov. and 20 ra. S.S.W. of Moscow, on the Pokhra. Pop. 10,973. Poggy Isles, North and South, two densely wooded islands of Malaysia, S.W. of Sumatra. Point-de- Galle, Ceylon. See Galle. Point Levi, Fr. pron. pwang la-ve', or Levis, a town of the Canadian Dominion, prov. Quebec, on the St Lawrence, opposite Quebec City ; the terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway, and the landing-place of the passengers arriving from Europe by the Atlantic steamships. Pop. 7597. Pointe-a-Pitre, La, la pwangt-d-peetW, a town of the French island Guadeloupe, in the West Indies, on the Little Cul-de- Sac, 18 m. N.E. of Basse-terre; it has a good harbour, and carries on an active trade. Pop. 15,172. Poitiers, pwd-te-d' (named from the Pic- tones or Pictavi, a Celtic tribe whose chief town it was), an ancient city of France, cap. of the dep. Vienne, on the Clain, 58 m. S.S.W. of Tours, memorable for the vic tory of Edward the Black Prince over the French king in 1356. Pop. 34,365. Poitou, pwd-too' (see Poitiers), an old maritime prov. in the W. of France, now divided into the deps. Charente, Vendee, Deux-Sevres, Haute- Vienne, and Creuse. Pola, po'ld, the most important naval station of Austria -Hungary, near the S. extremity of the peninsula of Istria, on the bay of Porto delle Rose, at the head of the Adriatic. Pop. 25,173. Pola, a river of Russia, rises in the gov. of Pskov, flows N. into the gov. of Novgo rod, and, after a circuitous course of 135 m., unites with the Lovat 9 m. S. of Lake Ilmen. Poland, po'land (the level land), a large and fertile country, long an independent kingdom, but now the westerly portion of European Russia, bounded N. by E. and W. Prussia; W. by Prussian Silesia and Posen; S. by Galicia in Austria; and E. by W. Russia. It embraces 10 govern ments, the chief towns being Warsaw and Lublin. Area 49,194 sq. m. ; pop. 7,104,760. Policastro, Gulf of, po-le-kds'tro, on the W. coast of Calabria, S. Italy. Polignano, po-leen-yd'no, a town of Pug- lia, S. Italy, prov. and 25 m. E.S.E. of Bari, near the Adriatic. Pop. 8472. Foiillo, po-lil'lo, one of the Philippine Islands, in the E. Iudian Archipelago, E. of the island Luzon. Area 302 sq. ra. PoUa, pol'ld, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Salerno, on the Tanagro, 10 m. N.N.W. of Sala. Pop. 5249. Pollenza, pol-len'zd, anc. Pollentia, a town on the N. side of the island Majorca, in the Mediterranean, 29 m. N.E. of Palma. Pop. 7486. Pollokshaws, pol-lok-shaws' (named in honour of Maxwell of Pollok, with A. S. shaw, a wood or grove), a burgh of Scot land, co. Renfrew, on the White Cart, 2£ ra. S.W. of Glasgow ; actively engaged in silk and cotton manufs., calico printing, dyeing, etc. Pop. 9363. Pollokshields, pol-lok-sheelds' ', a burgh of Scotland, co. Renfrew, forming a suburb of Glasgow. Pop. 6464. Polmont, pol'mont (corr. from Gael. polt-monaidh, the pool of or near the hill), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 3£ m. E. of Falkirk. Pop. of pa. 3955; of vil. 519. Polna, pol'nd, a town of Bohemia, Aus tria, 9 m. N.E. of Iglau and 33 m. S.E. of Czaslau, with woollen manufs. and large iron-mines. Pop. 4844. Polotzk, pol-otsk' (town on the Polota), a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. W.N.W. of Vitebsk, at the confluence of the Dwina and the Polota. Pop. 12,201. Poltava, pol-td'vd, or Pultowa, a gov. of Russia, between Kiev and Kharkov. Area 18,775 sq. m. ; pop. 2,399,004. Poltava, or Pultowa, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Vorskla, 70 m. W.S.W. of Kharkov. Here Charles XII. of Sweden was totally defeated by Peter the Great, 27th June 1709. Pop. 33,979. Polton, pol'ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Cockpen, noted for its paper manufacture. Poltonhall, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edin burgh, pa. of Cockpen. Pop., with Dalhousie Colliery, 595. Polwarth, pol'warth, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 3 m. S.W. of Duns. Pop. of pa. 227. 300 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntit; tune, tUn. Polycandro, pol-e-Mn'dro, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, about 17 m. E. of Milo. Area 20 sq. m. ; pop. 200. Polynesia, pot-e-ne'she-d (many islands, from Gr. polus, many, and nesos, an island), comprises those numberless islands and groups of islands that stud the Pacific Ocean between the E. India Islands and Australia on the W., and the shores of America on the E. The principal groups embraced are the Pelew Islands, the La drones, the Carolines, the Samoa or Navi gators' Islands, the Friendly or Tonga Islands, Harvey or Cook's, and the Aus tral Isles, the Society Islands, the Low Archipelago, the Marquesas, the Fiji, and the Sandwich Islands. Many of the isl ands have been raised from the ocean by the labours of the coral insect, and are only a few feet above the surface of ihe waters. These by way of distinction are called Low Polynesia. They are chiefly small, sometimes wooded, but always covered with verdure. Other islands show evident traces of volcanic origin, and are hilly and mountainous. These are called High Polynesia, and of this class the more prominent examples are the Marquesas, the Society, and the Sandwich groups. In elevation they range from 2000 ft. to Mau- na Loa iu Hawaii, the loftiest, which rises nearly 14,000 ft. Some of the islands are the seats of active volcanoes, but all are clothed with verdure, and everywhere pre sent to the eye views of varied, rich, and most luxuriant beauty. The islands vary ing in height from 100 to 2000 ft., less impos ing in appearance, but equally fruitful and beautiful, are distinguished as Median or Middle Polynesia. Though situated within the tropics, and therefore subject to great solar heat, the temperature, being modified by cool breezes from the ocean, is in gen eral comparatively moderate, and the cli mate is pleasant and salubrious. Among the vegetable productions the most impor tant are the bread-fruit tree, the cocoa palm, the sugar-cane, the banana and plan tain trees, the cotton plant, and a kind of chestnut. The only native quadrupeds are the dog, the hog, and the rat, but oxen and horses have been introduced and thrive well. The Polynesians are principally light-coloured tribes, allied to tbe Malay sians, and speak dialects of the same language. By the labours of devoted British and American missionaries, Pa ganism, originally prevalent among them, is becoming gradually extirpated, and superstition, cannibalism, infanticide, ta- tooing, and other barbarous practices, are fast disappearing under the influence of Christianity. Fomba, pom'bd, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, on the Pomba, 62 m. S.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of dist. 12,000. Pomba Bay, on the coast of Mozambique, one of the finest harbours of E. Africa. It is 9 m. in length, 5 m. wide, and sufficiently deep for the largest ships. Pombal, pom-bdl', a town of Estrema dura, Portugal, near the Sora, 11 m. E.S.E. of Lourical. Pop. 4384. Pomerance, po-md-ran'tchd, & vil. of Tuscany, prov. Pisa, in the Maremma, near the famous borax lagoons, 8 m. S. of Volterra. Pop. 7373. Pomerania, pom-er-d'ne-d (from Sclav. po-more", by the seashore, or upon the sea), a prov. of Prussia, extending along the S. coast of the Baltic. Area 12,179 sq. m. ; pop. 1,540,034. Pomfret. See Pontefract. Pomigliano D'Arco, po-meel-yd'no dar'- ko, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. and 8 m. N.E. of Naples. Pop. 10,045. Pomona, po-mo' nd (the Pict - men's island), or Mainland, the largest of the Orkney Isles, Scotland, much intersected by arms of the sea. Pop. 17,165.-59° 0' N. lat., 3° 10" W. long1 Pompeii, pom-pd'ye, a ruined city of S. Italy, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, 14 m. S.E. of Naples. By an eruption of the volcano it was buried under lava and ashes in the year 79, and so remained till its site was identified in 1748. A considerable part of its area has been uncovered, and many valuable articles disinterred. Ponani, po-nd'ne. a seaport of British India, presidency of Madras, dist. Malabar, at the mouth of the Ponani River, 34 m. S.S.E. of Calicut. Pop. 11,500. Pondicherry, or Pondicheri, pon-de- sher're (properly Puduchiri, the new village, from Turn, pudu, new, and chiri, a village), a maritime town, the cap. of the French settlements in India, on the Coromandel coast, 85 m. S.S.W. of Madras. Pop. 50,000. Pondoland, pon'do-land, a native terri tory of S. Africa, the only independent part remaining of what was formerly known as Kaffraria. Fop. est. at 200,000. Poneviej, po-na-ve-ezh', a town of Russia, gov. Kovno, ou the Neveja, an affluent of the Niemen, 84 m. N.N.W. of Wilna. Pop. 14,397. Pons, .pong, a town of France, dep. Charente-Inferieure, on the Seugne, 13 m. S.S.E. of Saintes. Pop. 3449. Pont, pong (bridge), a prefix to the names of many towns and vils. of France: — I. Pont - Audemer, pongt-o-deh-mair' (named from the pont or bridge over the Rille, which was probably built or im proved by Audomer), a town in the dep. Eure, on the Rille, 37 m. N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 6168.— II. Pont-a-Mousson, pongt^d- moos-ong', a town, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Moselle, 16 m. N.N.W. of Nancy. Pop. 10,264. — The other towns beginning with Ponthave each a population under 5000. Ponta Delgada, pon'td del-gd'dd, a town on the island of St Michael, one of the Azores, in the Atlantic, W. of Portugal. Pop. 17,635.— Also, a dist. of the Azores. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt; tune, tUn. 301 Pontassieve, pon-tds-se-a'va, a town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. and 12 m. E. of Florence, on the Sieve. Pop. 5141. Pontohartrain Lake, pon-tchar-train', in Louisiana, U.S., about 5 m. N. of New Orleans; it is 45 m. long, 23 m. broad, and communicates both with the Gulf of Mexico and with the Mississippi. Pontecorvo, pon-td-kor'vo, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta, in a small territory surrounded by Naples, on the Garigliano, 21 m. S.E. of Frosinone. Pop. 10,759. Pontefract, pon'te-fract (corr. from Lat. pons-fractus, the broken bridge, so named from the destruction of a bridge over the Aire by the Northumbrian insurgents in 1070 to arrest the progress of William the Conqueror), or Pomfret, a munic. and pari. bor. and market town in the W. R. of York shire, England, on the Aire, 9 m. E.N.E. of Wakefield; it is famed for liquorice cakes which bear its name. Here are the re mains of an ancient castle, whose history is a record of more stirring and important historical events than that of any other similar edifice in England. Pop. of munic. bor. 8798 ; of pari. bor. 15,332. Pontevedra, pon-td-va'drd, a town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Galicia, on the Lerey, near its mouth in Pontevedra Bay, 14 m. N.N.E. of Vigo. Pop. 19,857.— Pop. of prov. 451,946. Pontianak, pon-te-d-ndk', the principal Dutch settlement on the S.W. coast of the island of Borneo, in the Eastern Archi pelago. It exports diamonds, gold-dust, pepper, and edible birds' nests. Pop. of town and dist. about 20,000. Ponticelli, pon-te-chel'le, a vil. of Cam pania, S. Italy, prov. and about 4J m. E. of Naples. Pop. 6593. Pontine Marshes, a large marshy tract, extending 25 m. along the coa> '¦ the southern extremity of the prov. of Rome, Italy; it is traversed by the road from Rome to Naples, and though in a high degree fertile, is infested with malaria. Pontivy, pong-te-ve', a town of France, dep. Morbihan, on the Blavet, 30 m. N.N.W. of Vannes. Pop. 6315. Pontoise, pong-twdz' (the bridge across the Oise), a town of France, dep. Seine-et- Oise, on the Oise, 20 m. N.W. of Paris, Pop. 6675. Pontypool, pon'te-pool (the pool at the bridge), a town of Monmouthshire, Eng land, on a steep cliff overhanging a small stream, 8 m. N.N.W. of Newport. P. 5244. Ponza, pon'zd, the chief of a group of small islands in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Campania, S. Italy, memorable as the scene of the martyrdom of many of the early Christians in the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula. Pop. 3145. Poolajee, poo-ld-Jee', a town of Belu- chistan, on the route between the Indus and the Bolan Pass.; Poole, pool, a munic. and pari, bor., sea port, and market town, and a co. of itself, in Dorsetshire, England, on a peninsula on the N. side of Poole Harbour, 18 m. E. of Dorchester, with a prosperous fishery and extensive trade in exporting corn and Pur- beck clay. Pop. 12,310. Poole Harbour, an inlet of the English Channel, on the coast of Dorsetshire, Eng land, 6 m. in length and 4 m. in greatest breadth. At its entrance are extensive beds of oysters. Poona, or Puna, poo'nd, a city of British India, presidency of Bombay, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, situated in a tree less plain, 2000 ft. above the sea, 75 m. S.E. of Bombay. It was the cap. of the Mahratta Empire until 1818, when it was incorporated with British India. Pop. 120,000. The dist. is mountainous, but there are many well-watered valleys, and its climate is more suitable to Europeans than that of many other parts of India. Area 5348 sq. m. ; pop. 900,621. Poora, poo'rd, a town of W. Beluchi- stan, 110 m. E.N.E. of Bunpoor, neatly built among groves of date-palms, whose fruit forms the chief wealth of the in habitants. Poorally, poo-rdl'le, a river of Belu- chistan, prov. Loos, flows S., and enters the Indian Ocean after a course of 100 m. Poorbunder, poor-bun'der, a large town of India, prov. Gujerat, on the W. coast of the peninsula of Katty war. Pooree. See Juggernaut. Popayan, po-pd-ydn', a city of the United States of Colombia, S. America, the cap. of the state of Cauca, beautifully situated near the source of the river Cauca. It was founded in 1537, and was the first city built by Europeans in this part of America; it was formerly a place of great importance. Pop. 8485. Poperingen, pop-er-ing'hen, or Poper- ingbe, po-per-eng', a manufacturing town in W. Flanders, Belgium, on the Schip- vaert Canal, 6 m. W.S.W. of Ypres; hops are cultivated to a large extent in the neighbourhood. Pop, 11,300. Poplar, pop'lar, a pa. of Middlesex, England, included within the metropolis; it contains the E. and W. India Docks, and has iron-works, extensive yards for shipbuilding, and various important estab lishments connected with shipping. Pod. 55,077. Popocatepetl, po-po-kd-td-petV (the smoking mountain, from popocani, smoke, and teptl, a mountain), an active volcano, in the state of La Puebla, Mexico, N. America. It rises 17,783 ft. above the sea, and is the second highest mountain on the N. American continent. Its base is clothed with dense forests, but at 12,693 ft. vegeta tion ceases, and beyond this it is mostly covered with snow. Popoli, pop'o-le, a town of Abruzzo and 302 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, ptn ; noie,ntt; tUne,tUn. Molise, S. Italy, prov. Aquila, on the Pes- cara, 8 m. N.N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 6627. Porco, por'ko, a knot of the Andes in Bolivia, S. America, where the Spaniards wrought the first silver mine after the conquest of Peru. Its height is 16,000 ft. Near it is the town of Porco, 20 m. S.W. of Potosi. Pordenone, por-dd-no'nd, a city of Venetia. N. Italy, prov. and 28 m. W.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 6072. Poros, po'ros, anc. Sphajria, an island of Greece, in the Gulf of Egina, separated from the Morea by a narrow channel. At its S. extremity is a vil. of the same name. Pop. 6035. Porsgrund, pors'groont, a seaport of Norway, prov. Christian sand, on a bay of the Skager Rack, Pop. 1750. Portadown, port-a-down' (the haven at the fortress), a market town of Ireland, co. aud 10 m. N. of Armagh, on the Bann, with manufs. of linen yarns, etc. Pop. 7850. Portaferry, port-d-fer're, a town in co. Down, Ireland, near the entrance of Strang- ford Bay, 8 m. N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. 1647. Portage Island, port'dj, an island of New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, at the entrance of Miramichi Bay, valuable as a salmon fishery. Portalegre, por-td-ld'grd, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, in a picturesque and fertile district, 49 m. N.E. of Evora, with manufs. of coarse cloths. Pop. 8699. Port Alfred, al'fred,8. port at the mouth of the Kowie River, Cape Colony, about 44 m, S.E. of Grahamston. Portarlington, port-ar'ling-tun (named after Lord Arlington, to whom it was granted by Charles I.), a pari. bor. and town in Queen's co., Ireland, on the Barrow, 10 m. S.S.E. of Philipstown. Pop. 2157. Port au Prince, port o prinss, or Port Republieain, the cap. city and principal seaport of Havti, West Indies, at the head of the Bay of Gonaives. Pop. 20,000. Port Bannatyne, port ban'nd-tine, or Kamesburgb, kamz'bur-o, a vil. of Scot land, frequented for sea-bathing, on the island of Bute, in the Firth of Clvde, about 2 m. N.N.W. of Rothesay. Pop. 651. Port Blair, a harbour on the E. side of the S. Andaman Island in the Bay of Ben gal. Here Lord Mayo, the Governor- General of India, was assassinated by a convict in 1872. Port Chalmers, port tchd'merz, a muni cipal township on Otago Harbour, an inlet on the E. coast of South Island, New Zea land, 9 m. N.E. of Dunedin, of which city it is the port. Pop. 2181. Port Charlotte, port shdr'lut, a vil. of Scotland, on the island of Islay, co. Argyll, 15 m. S.W. of Port-Askaig. Pop. 502. Port Denison, port den'i-sun, a spacious harbour on the E. coast of Queensland, Australia.— 20° 3' S. lat., 148° 10' E. long. Port Dover, dd'ver, a vil. of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Ontario, co. Nor folk, on the N. shore of Lake Erie, 37 m. S.W. of Hamilton. Pop. 1146. Port Dundas, port dun-das' (named after Lord Dundas), a vil. forming a W. suburb of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Port Durnford, durn'ford, a harbour on the coast, of Zululand, S.E. Africa. Porteasie, port-ee'ze (from the Gael. port-easa, the port of the cascade), a fishing vil. of Banffshire, Scotland, 4 m. S.W. of Cullen. Pop. 1061. Port Elizabeth, port e-liz'a-beth, a sea port of Cape Colony, on the W. side of Al- goa Bay, 18 m. S.E. of Uitenhage. P. 13,049. Port Ellen, a fishing vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on the S.E. coast of the island of Islay, 9 m. S.E. of Bowmore. Pop. 989. Port Glasgow, port glas'go (so called because purchased in 1688 by the Corpora tion of Glasgow to form a harbour for the extension of the commerce of that city, large vessels not being able at that time to ascend the river as far as Glasgow), a pari, burgh and seaport of Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, about 3 m. above Greenock. It has shipbuilding yards, a sugar refinery, manufs. of sailcloth, and a large trade in importing timber. Pop., in cluding the suburbs, 13,294 ; of pari, burgh 10,802. Port Gordon, a fishing vil. of Banff shire, Scotland, at the mouth of the Spey, 8 m. N.W. of Keith. Pop. 737. Port Hope, a town of the Canadian Dominion, prov. Ontario, beautifully situ ated on the N. shore of Lake Ontario, 55 m. N.E. of Toronto. Pop. 5585. Port Huron, port hu'ron, a town of Michigan, U.S., at the mouth of the Black River, 2 m. S. of Lake Huron. Pop. 8883. pirfici por'te-che, a town of Campania, S. liaiy, pruv. and 4 m. S.E. of Naples, at the foot of Vesuvius. P., with Resina, 9777. Portishead, porfis-hed, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 7* m. W.N.W. of Bristol. The vil. is popular as a watering-place. Pop. of pa. 2730. Port Jackson, port Jak'sun, an inlet of New South Wales, Australia; it extends 15 m. inland, is protected at its entrance by two lofty cliffs, and forms one of the finest harbours in the world. — The city of Sydney is on its S. side. Portland, port'land, the principal city and seaport of Maine, U.S., on Casco Bay, 60 m. S.S.W. of Augusta. It has various manufs. and a great trade. Its foreign commerce is very considerable. Pop. 33,810. — Also, an important commercial town in state Oregon, on the Willamette, 50 m. N.E. of Salem. Pop. 17.577. Portland, a seaport of Victoria, Aus tralia, on Portland Bay, with extensive ex ports of wool. Pop. 2263. Portland, Isle of, a peninsula in Dor- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. 303 setshire, England, 5 m. S. of Weymouth, famous for its freestone. Pop. 10,061. Near the S. point, named Portland Bill, two lighthouses are erected.— 50° 31' N. lat., 2° 27' W. long. Portland Town, a suburban dist. in the pa. and bor. of Marylebone, co. Middlesex, England, 3 m. N.W. of St Paul's, London. Portlaw, port-law' (corr. from port-lagha, the bank or landing-place of the hill), a town of Ireland, co. and 8 m. N.W. of Waterford, on a trib. of the Suir. Pop. 1891 . Portlethen, port-le'then (corr. from Gael. port-leath-an, the port of the gray river), a vil. of Kincardineshire, Scotland, 6£ m. N.N.E. of Stonehaven. Pop. 315. Portlich, port'lih, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Kilmuir Easter. Port-Lincoln, port-link'un, a seaport town on the S.W. side of Spenser Gulf, 210 m. W. of Adelaide, S. Australia. The harbour is described as the most com modious in S. Australia. Pop. 530. Port Logan, port lo'gan (corr. from Gael, port-a-lagan, the port or haven of the hollow), a vil. of Scotland, co. Wigtown, 4 m. N.W. of Kirkmaiden. Port Louis, port loo'is, the cap. of the island of Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, E. of Madagascar ; it is situated on its N.W. coast, is strongly fortified, and has a good harbour. Pop. 74,525. Port Louis, por loo-e', a seaport of France, dep. Morbihan, about 2 m. S. of Lorient, with a fishery and trade in pil chards. Pop. 3263. Port Louis, a maritime town of the W. Indian island Guadeloupe, on the Great Cul-de-Sac, 12 m. N. of La Pointe-a-Pitre. Pop. 4140. Port Lyttelton. See Lyttelton. Portmadoc, port-ma-dok' , a small sea port of Carnarvonshire, N. Wales, 1 m, S.E. of Tremadoc, with a brisk trade in slates from the quarries of Festiniog, in Merionethshire. The site of this town was reclaimed from the sea in 1813, by means of an embankment made by a Mr Mad- dock, and hence its name. Portmabomaok,^ori-md-^om'aft, a fish ing vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, on the Dornoch Firth, 9 m. N.E. of Tain. Pop. 301. Port Mahon, port md-hon', a fortified town of Spain, on the S. coast of Minorca, one of the Balearic Islands, on the Medi terranean. Pop. 15,842. Portmoak, port-mole' (so called from St Moak, in honour of whom a priory for Culdees was founded in the 9th century on the banks of Loch Leven), a pa. of Scot land, co. Kinross, S. of Loch Leven. Pop. 1042. Port Moresby, morsfbe, a mission sta tion on the W. coast of the eastern part of New Guinea. Portnahaven, port-nd-ha'v'n (corr. from Gael, port-na-h-abhuinn, the port of or at the river), a fishing vil. of Scotland, at the S.W. extremity of the island of Islay, co. Argyll. Pop. 361. Port Natal, port-nd-t&V, an inlet on the coast of Natal, S. Africa. The town Dur ban, the port of the British colony of Natal, is on its N. shore. Port Nicholson, port nik't-sun, an inlet on the S. coast of North Island, New Zea land.— The town of Wellington is on its W. shore. Portnockie, port-nok'e, a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, pa. of Rathven. Pop. 1102. Porto Alegre, por'to d-la'gra, a ttwn of Brazil, the cap. of the prov. Rio Grande do Sul, at the N. end of Lake Patos. P. 20,000. PortobeUo, S. America. See Puerto Bello. Portobello, por-to-bel'lo (named in commemoration of the capture of the S. American town of the same name by the English in 1739), a town of Mid-Lothian, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, 3 m. E. of Edinburgh ; it has potteries, brickworks, and bottleworks, and is a great resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 6926. Porto Farina, por'to fd-re'nd, a seaport of Tunis, N. Africa, on the site of the ancient Utica, at the mouth of the Mejer- dah; it is called by the modern inhabitants Garel-Mailah, or " the cave of salt." Portoferrajo, por'to-fer-rd'yo, a town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. Leghorn, on the N. coast of the island Elba, of which it is the cap. Here Napoleon I. resided after his abdication from May 1814 till February 1815. Pop. 5779. Port of Monteith or Menteith. See Monteith. Port of Spain. See Trinidad, Island of. Porto Maurizio, por'to mow-rit'ze-o, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, the cap, of the prov. of the same name, on the Gulf of Genoa, 2 m. S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 6207. Porto Novo, por'to no'vo, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, on the Coromandel coast, 30 m. S. of Pondi- cherry, with extensive iron-works. Porto Praya, por'to pri'd, the cap. of the Cape Verd Islands, on the S.E. coast of Santiago, W. of Senegamhia, W. Africa. Porto Rico, por'to ree'ko, Span. Puerto Rico (the rich port), an island of the Greater Antilles group, West Indies, be longing to Spain ; it lies to the E. of Hayti or San Domingo, and is 100 m. in length, and 40 m. in breadth. It is very fertile, has fine woods and pastures, and is the centre of an extensive commerce. Pop. 754,313. — San Juan de Porto Rico, on the N. coast, is the cap. Porto - Santa - Maria, por ' to - sdn ' td- md-ve'd, a town of Spain, prov. of Cadiz, near tbe mouth of the Guadalete. Pop. 22,125. Porto Santo, por'to sdn'to, one of the Madeira Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, W. of Morocco. Pop. 6000.— Porto Santo, the 304 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. chief town, is on the E. coast, and has an excellent harbour. Portpatrick, port-pat'rik (named from St Patrick, who is said to have sailed from this port to Ireland), a burgh of barony and seaport town of Wigtownshire, Scotland, on the Irish Channel, 6\ m. S.W. of Stran raer; it is much frequented for sea-bath ing during the summer months. Pop. 591. — The pa. of Portpatrick has a pop. of 1285. Port Phillip, port fil'ip, an extensive hayand harbouron the S. coast of Victoria, Australia ; its length and breadth are about 40 m. each way, enclosing an area of about 800 sq. m., but its entrance is only 2 m. across. Portree, por-tree' (corr. from Gael, port- righ, the king's port, so called from the circumstance that James V. of Scotland anchored in this port when he visited the western islands), a pa. and the chief town of the Isle of Skye, Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. of pa. 3191 ; of town 893. PortRepublicain. See Port au Prince. Port Royal, a fortified seaport of the Island of Jamaica, West Indies, 3 m. S.W. of Kingston ; it is a station for ships of war, and contains an arsenal, a royal dock yard, an hospital, and barracks. Pop. 15,000. Portrush, port-rush' (corr. from port- ruis, the landing-place of the peninsula), a seaport of Ireland, co. Antrim, situated at the extremity of a peninsula, 5 m. N. of Coleraine; it has a good harbour, and is a favourite resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 1322. Port Said, a seaport of Egypt, on the Mediterranean, at the entrance to the Suez Canal ; it is the principal coaling station for steamers passing through the canal, and has a pier running more than \\ m. into the sea, built of artificial stone manu factured on the spot. The town is built of wood. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Portsea Island, port'sea (the island of the port, from A. S. portes, of the port, and ea, an island), on the S. coast of Hamp shire, England ; it is 4 m. long and from 2 to 3 m. broad, and contains the towns of Portsmouth, Portsea, Landport, and South- sea. It is joined to the mainland by rail way and other bridges. Portseaton, port-see't,n (so called be cause founded by the Seatons, who had a castle here, which was destroyed by the English army in 1544), a fishing vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, on the Firth of Forth, 2 m. E. of Prestonpans. Portskerra, port- sker'rd (corr. from Gael, port-sgoir, the port of the pointed rock), a vil. of Scotland, co. Sutherland, pa. ofReay. Pop. 646. Portsmouth, ports'muth. (the mouth of the port or haven; another etymology from Porta, a Saxon chief who landed here, is given in the Saxon Chronicle, but it is now believed to be incorrect), a munic. and pari. bor., seaport, and market town of Hamp shire, England, 26 m. S.E. of Southampton ; it is the most important naval station in the kingdom. Charles Dickens, the novelist, was born here in 1812. Pop. 127,989. Portsmouth, a city and seaport of New Hampshire, U. S., on the Piscataqua River, 41 m. S.E. of Concord; it has an excellent harbour, and is strongly fortified. Pop . 9690. — Also a town and important naval depSt of Virginia, U. S., at the mouth of the Elizabeth River, in Chesapeake Bay, op posite Norfolk. Pop. 11,390. — Also a town of Ohio, U. S., on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto, 90 m. S. of Columbus. Pop. 11,321. Portsoy, port-soy', a burgh of barony and seaport town of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Moray Firth, 5 m. W. of Banff; it is engaged in the fisheries, and in its neigh bourhood are marble and granite quarries, asbestos, puddingstone, soapstone, graphite, and many other minerals being also found. Pop. 2091. Portugal, Kingdom of (from porto, a port, and Cale, the name of a town, in the N.W. beside which a port or harbour was constructed), a country of Europe, forming the W. portion of the Iberian peninsula, bounded N. and E. by Spain, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. Its length from N. to S. is 360 m. ; its breadth 145 m. Area 36,510 sq. m. ; pop., including the islands, 4,550,699. The surface is generally mountainous, with a gradual slope towards the Atlantic. The largest plain is that of Alemtejo, S. of the Tagus. The soil is light, and particularly favourable to the growth of the vine and other fine fruits. In the high lands are raised the usual crops of more northern latitudes, but agriculture is conducted in such a slovenly manner that the quantity of corn raised is not sufficient for the con sumption of the people. Hemp and flax of excellent quality are grown ; the chief ob ject of cultivation, however, is the vine. The oak, the cork tree, the chestnut, and the sea-pine, are among the principal trees found in the forests ; orange, lemon, and olive trees are frequent, as well as the finest fruits of other parts of the S. of Europe. The climate is healthy, especially on the coast, and in the elevated table-lands of the interior. In the valleys the heat during summer is excessive. The mineral wealth of the country is considerable, but its de velopment has been much neglected since the discovery of the richer mines of Ameri ca. The manufactures are very limited. Cotton and woollen fabrics are produced, but the articles best made in the king dom are linens, cambrics, and sewing- thread. Other manufactures carried on, such as glass, paper, silk, leather, sugar, soap, jewelry and trinkets, are all in a depressed rather than in a flourish ing condition. The foreign commerce of Portugal is almost exclusively confined to Great Britain ; internal commerce Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 305 seaport of Scotland, co. Wigtown, on Luce Bay, 9 m. S.W. of Wigtown. Pop. 755. Posen, po'zen, a prov. of Prussia, bounded E. by Poland in Russia; S. by Silesia; W. by Brandenburg; and N. by Prussia Proper. Area 11,178 sq. m.; pop. 1,095,873. Posen, a commercial city of Prussia, the cap. of the above prov., on the Warta, 100 m. E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder; it is of great antiquity, and was at one time the cap. of Poland. Pop. 65,713. Posgam, pos-gdm', a town of Eastern Turkestan, 16 m. S.E. of Yarkand. Pop. estimated at 80,000. Possneck, puss'nek, a town of Saxe- Meiningen, Central Germany, on the Kerschau, an affluent of the Orla, 11 m. E.N.E. of Saalfeld. Pop. 7069. Potenza, po-ten'zd (corr. from Lat. potentia, the powerful), a fortified town of Basilicata, S. Italy, cap. of the prov. of Potenza, situated on the E. declivity of the Apennines, 90 m. E.S.E. of Naples; it has a fine cathedral. Pop. 16,968. Potenza, a river of Central Italy, rises in Monte Peunino in the prov. of Perugia, flows N.E., and falls into the Adriatic. Potomac, po-to'mak, a river of the United States, rises in the Alleghany Mountains, and, after forming the boun dary between Maryland and Virginia, flows into Chesapeake Bay. Potosi, po-to'se, or po-to-se', a city of Bolivia, S. America, the cap. of the dep. of the same name, 70 m. S.W. of Chuquisaca or Sucre; it is next to Pasco, in Peru, pro bably the most elevated city in the world, being situated 13,330 ft. above the sea, on the side of a conical mountain celebrated for its silver-mines. Pop. 22,S50.— The dep. has a pop. of 281,229. Potosi, Cerro de, a mountain of Bo livia, S. America; it is rich in metallic ores, and rises 15,977 ft. above the sea. Cerro signifies a " hog-backed hill." Pots cberf strom, pot - sherf strom, or Mooi River Dorp, the largest town of the Transvaal Territory, S. Africa, pic turesquely situated on the Mooi River, branches of which run through tho streets, which are all planted with trees. The name commemorates three popular boers, viz., Potgieter, Scherf, and Stockenstrom. Potsohinki, pots-chin'ke, or Potchinki, a town of Russia, gov. and 120 m. S.S.E. of Nijni-Novgorod, on the Rudnia. P. 7224. Potsdam, pots'ddm (corr. from Sclav. pozduvemi, under the oaks), a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Havel, about 17 m. S.W. of Berlin; it is the frequent residence of the Prussian court, and was the birthplace of Alexander von Humboldt, the great naturalist, in 1769. Pop. 48,447. Potsdam, a town of New York, U.S., on Racket River.near the St Lawrence, and 11 m. E.N.E. of Canton. Pop. 2762. Potteries, The, a collective name ap- is much hindered owing to the want of good roads. The exports are wine, olive oil, oranges, lemons, wool, and cork ; but wine constitutes more than two-thirds of the value of all other Portuguese exports. The religion is Roman Catholic. Other sects are tolerated, but the number of Pro testants, who are mostly foreigners, does not exceed 500. Education, long very de fective, is now under the sole direction of the government. There is a university at Coimbra, and a military school at Mafra. The Portuguese are a mixed race. Those in the N. differ very widely from those in the S.; the former are active, spirited, and industrious ; the latter are ceremonious, polite, fond of display, and inclined to be indolent. As a whole, they are intensely patriotic and brave, hospitable, cheerful, and ready to oblige. The government is a limited monarchy. The following are the modem administrative divisions em braced in the old historical provinces :— Provinces. Divisions. Entre Douro e Minho, )¦«¦.„„ «„„„„ i.e. Between the Douro J-VVi i* Bra&a' ana Minho j °Porto- Tras Os Montes, i.e., (Bragauza, Villa Beyond the Mountains j" Real. f Aveira, Coimbra, Retra 4p Border J Viseu Guarda, Beira, i.e., Border •< Castello.Bran_ (. co. Estremadura, i.e., Ex- \ Leiria, Santa treme Boundary Alemtejo, i.e., Beyond the Tagus Algarve, i.e., The West. The Azores. The Madeira Isles. The foreign possessions of Portugal are : — In Asia — Goa audits dependencies, Daman, and Diu Island in India; Kambing Island and the eastern fourth of Timor Island in the E. Indian Archipelago; and Macao in China. In Africa— the Gape Verd Islands, Senegambia Settlements, Prince's Island, St Thomas and Ajuda in the Gulf of Guinea ; Lower Guinea; Mozambique and Sofala on the E. coast. Portugalete, por-too-gd-Wta, a small town and river port of Spain, prov. Biscay, on the Nerva, near its entrance into the Mediterranean, 8 m. N.N.W. of Bilbao. Portuguesa, por-too-gd'sd, a river of Venezuela, S. America, flows S.E.andjoins the A pure at San Fernando. — Also, a dist. of the same republic. Pop. 95,814. Portumna, por-tum'nd (corr. from port- omna, the landing-place of the oak), a town of Ireland, co. Galway, on the Shannon, 7 m. S.S.W. of Eyrecourt. Pop. 1252. Port Victoria, port vik-to're-d, a port at the mouth of the Medway, nearly opposite to Queen sborough, co. Kent, England. It was established in 1882 by the South- Eastern Railway Company. Port William, port wil'yam, a vil- and rem, Lisbon. | Portalegre, Evo- (" ra, Beja. ..Faro. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 306 plied to the towns and vils. of Stafford shire, England, engaged in the manufac ture of china and earthenware. Poughkeepsie, po-keep'se, a city of New York, U.S., on the Hudson, 70 m. S. of Albany; it has an important collegiate institution for female education, and several manufs., and there is a valuable marble-quarry in its vicinity. Pop. 20,207. "Boy&iQ, pwd'yd, a dist. of Central Ameri ca, on the Honduras or Mosquito coast. — Also, a river in the same territory, on which is a town of the same name. Poverty Bay, pov'er-te, on the E. coast of Cook co., in the provincial district of Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. Voydsag, po-yang', a lake of China, sur rounded, by finely wooded hills, in the N= of the prov. of Kiang-si. Length 80 m.; greatest breadth 40 m. Pozoblanco, po-tho-blan'ko (the white pool), a town of Spain, prov. Cordova, in the Sierra Morena, 12 m. S.S.E. of St Eufemia. Pop. 10,026. Pozzuoli, pot-soo-o'le, a town of Cam pania, S. Italy, prov. and 7 m. S.W. of Naples, on the coast. Pop. 11,751. Prado, prd'do (meadow), a town of Portu gal, prov. Minho, on the Cavado, 3 m. N.W. of Braga. Pop. 2466. Praestde Bay, pres'tn-eh, an inlet of the Baltic, on the S.E. coast of Zealand, Den mark. — On the bay is the small town of Prmstoe, 13 m. E.S.E. of Nystad. Pop. 1460. Praga, prd'gd, a town of Poland, Russia, on the Vistula, opposite Warsaw. P. 8000. Prague, prdg (corr. of Fraha, from Boh. prah, a threshold), a strongly fortified city of Austria, the cap. of Bohemia, on the Moldau, 74 m. S.S.E. of Dresden. It has extensive manufs., is the seat of a univer sity, the oldest in Germany, having been founded in 1348, and is famous as the resi dence of the reformers John Huss and Jerome of Prague. Here the astronomer Tycho Brahe died in 1601. Pop. 162,323. Prahran, a city of Victoria, Australia, 3 m. S.E. of Melbourne. Pop., including suburbs, 21,169. Prato, prd'to (meadow), a town of Tus cany, Central Italy, prov. and 10 m. N.W. of Florence, on the Bisenzio ; it has a fine old cathedral, built of white marble. P. 13,410. Pregel, prd'ghel, a river of E. Prussia, formed by the junction of the Angerap and the Pissa, in the regency of Gumbinnen, flows W., and falls into the Frische Haff, 6 m. below Konigsberg. Premnay,_prem'7ia, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 930. Prenzlow, preats'lov, a town of Branden burg, Prussia, on the Ucker, 71 m. N.N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 16,933. Prerau, prd-rou', a town of Austria, prov. Moravia, on the Betschwa, about 14 m. S.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 11,190. Presburg, pres'boorg, a town of Austria- Hungary, finely situated on an eminence overlooking a vast plain watered by the Danube, 35 m. E.S.E. of Vienna. P. 48,006. Prescot, pres'cot (priest's hut), a town of Lancashire, England, 8 in. E. of Liverpool. Pop. 6419. Preservation Harbour, a bay in the S.W. of South Island,_New Zealand. Presteigne, pres-tdn' (priest's town), a pari. bor. and one of the co. towns of Rad norshire, S. Wales, situated on the Lugg, 6 m. N.E. of Radnor. Pop. 1631. Preston, pres'tun (priest's town, so called from the number and extent of its ecclesi astical establishments), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of Lancashire, Eng land, on the Ribble, 21 m. S.E. of Lancas ter, with large cotton manufs.; there are also in the town several linen factories, tanneries, iron and brass foundries, flax mills, and machine works. Pop. of munic. bor. 96,537 ; of pari. bor. 93,720. Preston, pres't'n, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Cranston. Prestonkirk, pres'tn-kirk, a pa. of Scot land, co. Haddington. Pop. 1929. Prestonpans, pres-t'n-pans' (so called from the salt-works established here by the monks of Newbattle, to whom the manor was given by Robert de Quincey in the 12th century), a pa., burgh of barony, and vil. of Haddingtonshire, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, 8£ m. E. of Edinburgh ; it is noted for its beer. In the neighbour hood the royal forces under Sir John Cope were defeated by the Highlanders in 1745. Pop. of pa. 2573; of vil. 2265. Prestwich, prest'wich, a town of Lanca shire, England, with cotton manufs., 4 m. N.N.W. of Manchester. Pop. 8627. Prestwick, prest'wik, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, pa. of Monkton. Pop. 1064. Pretoria, pre-to're-a, the cap. of the Transvaal territory, S. Africa, near the E. extremity of the Magaliesbergen, about 90 m. N.E. of Potscherfstrom. Prevesa, pra'vd-sd, a seaport of Albania, Turkey iu Europe, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. 8000. Pribylov or Pribylow Islands, pre-be- lov' (named from the Russian navigator Pribylov, by whom they were discovered in 1786), a group in Behring Sea, between Asia and America. — 55° N. lat., 170° W. long. Priego de Cordova, pre-d'go da cor'dd-va, a town of Spain, prov. and 43 m. S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 15,674. Prince Albert, a div. of the West Pro vince of Cape Colony, lying along the N. side of the Great Zwarteberg Mountains, and extending into the Karoo. Area 3980 sq. m. ; p. 6257.— The vil. of Prince Albert, the seat of magistracy, is282m.E.of Cape Town. Prince Albert, the cap. of the prov. of Saskatchewan, Dominion of Canada, situ ated about the centre of the prov., on the Saskatchewan River. Prince Edward Island, a prov. of the Fdte, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. 307 Dominion of Canada, N. America, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by Northum berland Strait. It is 130 m. in length, and from 15 to 34 m. in breadth ; deeply in dented by bays, and favourably situated both for agriculture and for fisheries. Area 2133 sq. m. ; pop. 108,891.— Charlotte- town is the cap. Pop. 11,485. Prince of Wales Archipelago, in Behring Strait, S. of Alaska, N. America, between 54° 25' and 56° 30' N. lat., and 132° and 134° W.long. Prfnoe of Wales, Cape, the W. ex tremity of Alaska, in Behring Strait, N. America— 66° N. lat., 168° W. long. Prince of Wales Island. -See Penang. Prince of Wales Islands, a group in Torres Strait, off Cape York, the N. extremity of Queensland, Australia. — 10° 40' S. lat., 142° 14' E. long. Prince Regent Inlet leads from the Barrow Strait into the Gulf of Boothia, in the Arctic Ocean, British N. America. Prince's Island, a small island in the Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa, It belongs to the Portuguese, and was named in honour of Prince Don Henry of Portugal. Pop. 4000. Princes' Islands, The, a group of 9 islands in the Sea of Marmora, near the coast of Asia Minor; resorted to for their beautiful scenery and salubrious climate. Princess Charlotte Bay, on the E. coast of Cape York Peninsula, the N. por tion of Queensland, Australia. Princeton, prinss'tun, a town of New Jersey, U. S., noted as the seat of Princeton College, one of the most famous in the United States, 10 m. N.E. of Trenton, and 40 m. N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop. 3209. Prince William's Sound, a gulf of the Pacific,on tbe S. coast of Alaska,N. America. Prinlaws, prin'laws, a vil. of Scotland, adjoining Leslie, co. Fife. Pop. 1253. Pripet, prip'et, a river ot Russia, gov. Minsk, flows N. and E., and joins the Dnieper after a course of 350 m. Prisrend, pris-rend', or Perserin, a town of Albania, European Turkey, on theRieka, 80 m. E. of Scutari, with trade in saddlery, glass, copper, and steel wares. Pop. esti mated at 35,000. Pristina, pris-te'nd, a town of Servia, on an affluent of the Ibar, 42 m. N.N.W. of llskup. Pop. estimated at 15,000. Privas, pre-vdss' (corr. from its ancient name Privatium Castra, the fortress not belonging to the state), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Ardeche, on three rivulets, near the RhSne, 26 m. S.W. of Valence ; it has manufs. of blankets, coarse woollen goods, and leather. Pop. 5591. Prizzi, prifse, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 27 m. S.S.E. of Palermo, with an extensive commerce. Pop. 8835. Prooida, pro'che-dd, a small island of Italy, between the coast of Naples and the island Ischia. Pop. 13,582.— On its S.E. coast is the town of the same name. Pop. 4021. Prome, a dist. and town of Pegu, British Burma, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on tbe Irrawadi. The town is called by the natives Pri. Pop. of dist. 322,342 ; of town 29,000. Prospect Hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Cathcart. Prossnitz, pross'nits, a manufacturing town of Moravia, Austria, in a fertile and well-watered plain, 13 m. S.W. of Olnnitz. Pop. 18,417. Provence, pro-vdngss', an old prov. of France, now divided into the deps. Bouches- du-Rh6ne, Var, Basses-Alpes, and the E. part of Vaucluse. Providence, prov'i-denss, a seaport, one of the two state-capitals of Rhode Island, U. S., situated on both sides of the river of the same name, 43 m. S.S.W. of Boston ; it is distinguished for its literary and educa tional institutions, and is the seat of Brown University, founded in 1764. Its manufs. are extensive and of great variety. Pop. 104,857. Province Wellesley. See WeUesley Province. Provins, pro-veng/, a town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 30 m. E. of Melun, with trade in grain and wool, and exten sive rose gardens in its vicinity. P. 6949. Prussia, Kingdom of, prush'e-d (named from the Pruzzi, a rude Sclavonic race supposed to have come from Scythia, near the source of tbe Don, and occupied the country around the mouth of the Vistula), a country of Central Europe, the chief state of the German Empire, embraces the greater part of N. Germany, being bounded N.by Denmark and the Baltic; W. hy the Netherlands, Belgium, and France ; S. by Bavaria and Austria ; and E. hy Russia. Its greatest length from' E. to W. is about 720 m. ; its breadth varies from 80 to 470 m. Area 136,238 sq. m.; pop. 27,279,111. Except in the S. between Silesia and Bohemia, which is traversed by the Riesengebirge, and in the prov. of Saxony, where are the Thuringerwald and the Hartz Mountains, Prussia is a level plain, con sisting extensively of sandy wastes and heathy moors, interspersed with tracts of cultivable soil, numerous marshes, lakes, and forests. The soil in general is poor, but in some places, particularly along the courses of the rivers, it is fertile, and all kinds of corn are raised both for home consumption and for exportation. Rye is the favourite grain, and rye bread, though black and often sour, forms the principal food of the people. Hemp, flax, and chicory are extensively grown ; beetroot also for the manufacture of sugar, particularly around Magdeburg in Saxony, which is one of the most fertile districts. Vineyards abound along the banks of the Rhine and 308 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. its affluent the Moselle, and to a less extent occur in detached districts elsewhere. Excellent wine is produced, but agriculture and the rearing of cattle constitute the principal employment of the rural popula tion, and are the chief sources of the na tional wealth. The climate, on the whole salubrious, is very different in the eastern and the western provinces, the former being exposed to heavy snowstorms in winter, and to great drought in summer, while the latter has milder winters, a larger fall of rain, and a mean summer tempera ture of 63°. Forests cover about one- fourth of the country, firs and pines being the most abundant trees. The mineral products include silver, iron, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, antimony, alum, coal, and salt. Amber, a kind of fossil resin almost peculiar to Prussia, is found on the N.E. shores, particularly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by the Frische Haff. The mountains contain marble and some of the precious stones, and mineral springs are very numerous. The manufactures are extensive, and are increasing in value. Almost every kind of manufactured goods are embraced; the staple is linen, carried on in all the provinces, but especially in Silesia. Commerce is carried ou with considerable activity, being greatly facili tated by means of the many navigable rivers, excellent roads, canals, and rail ways, which are everywhere found. The chief exports are manufactured woollen and linen goods, wool, corn, timber, flax, iron work, zinc, and amber. The estab lished religion may be said to be Protes tantism, but the followers of other creeds are numerous, and all enjoy the same politi cal privileges, and are equally admissible to every office in the state. In no country of Europe is education more general than in Prussia. A school is established bylaw in every village, at which the attendance of children is compulsory from six years of age " till such time as the clergyman of the parish affirms that the child has acquired all the education prescribed by law for an individual in its station." Higher schools or gymnasia are numerous, and there are universities at Berlin, Halle, Bonn, Bresl.iu, Kbnigsherg, Griefswald, Gi'ttingen, Kiel, and Marburg. The gov ernment is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, the King of Prussia at the same time being Emperor of Germany. Prussia is divided into eleven provinces, which, with the chief towns in each, are as follow : — Provinces, Chief Town';. Fait Pn.^ia -f Konigsberg.Memel, East Piussia | Pillau, Tilsit. WestPrussia Dantzic, Elbing. Pomerania { S t^sIi'inGriefswaId' Posen Posen, Bromberg. Silosia Breslau. Provinces. Chief Towns. f Berlin, Frankfort- Brandenburg < on-the-Oder, Pots- (^ dam, liiistrin. Prussian Saxony Magdeburg, Halle. ( Munster, Minden, Westphalia -{ Paderborn, Biele- ( feld. [ Cologne, Diisseldorf, Bonn, Coblenz, Rhenish Prussia \ Elberfeld, Duis- burg, Aix - la - [ Chapelle. f Hanover, Gottin- _ I gen,Emden,Osna- Hanover ] bruck, Clausthal, I Hildesheim. [ Cassel, Wiesbaden, I Frankfort-on-the- Hesse-Nassau \ Main, Ems, Mar- j burg, Hanau, Ful- [ da. ( Altona, Kiel, Flens- Schleswig-Holstein ..< burg, Schleswig, ( Lauenburg. To Prussia belong also the small princi pality of Hohenzollern and the Jahde terri tory. The former was ceded in 1849 to the King of Prussia, as head of the House of Hohenzollern, and the latter was purchased from Oldenburg in 1853 with a view to the establishment of a naval station now called WUhelmshafen. Prussia Proper, divided into E. and W. Prussia, is the most easterly part of the above kingdom. It is bounded N. by the Baltic Sea and Russia; E. by Russia; S. by Poland in Russia and Posen ; and W. by Pomerania. Area 24,112 sq. m.; pop. 3,339,834, Prussia, Rhenish, the most westerly prov. of the kingdom of Prussia, bounded W. by the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxem burg, and Elsass-Lothringen; S.E. by Ba varia; E. by Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse- Nassau; and N.E. by AVestphalia. Area 10,415 sq. m. ; pop. 4,074,000. Pruth, prooth, Germ. pron. proot (from Sclav, prud, a river), a river which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and after form ing, in the upper part of its course, the boundary between Roumania and Russia, falls into the Danube below Galatz. Przemysl, pzhem'isl, a town of Austria, prov. Galicia, on the San, 51 ni. W. of Lemberg, with manufactures of linen and leather. Pop. 22,373. Przibram, pzhe'brdm, a town of Austria, prov. Bohemia, on the Litauka, an affluent of the Beraun, 21 m. S.S.W. of Beraun, with various manufs. and silver and lead mines. Pop. 11,020. Pskov, a gov. in the N.W. of Russia, between Livonia and Smolensk. Area 16,841 sq m. ; pop. 883,604. Pskov or Pleskov, ples-kov', a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Velikaja, near its month, in Lake Pskov; it Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, me% ; pine, pin; note, nBt; tune, t&n. 309 has leather manufs., a great annual fair/ and a considerable export trade. Pop. 19,267. Puebla, La. See La Puebla. Puerto Bello, pwer'to bel'yo, or Porto Bello (the beautiful harbour), a seaport of the United States of Colombia, S. America, on the N. coast of tbe Isthmus of Panama, 40 m. N.N.W. of Panama; it has a fine port, but is very unhealthy. Pop. 1300. Puerto Cabello, pwer'to M-lel'yo, a sea port of Venezuela, S. America, on au island in a gulf of tbe Caribbean Sea, 20 m. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 7500. Puerto Cortez, pwer'to Tcor'tez, a seaport on tbe W. coast of Nicaragua, Central America ; the first port established by the Spaniards on these shores, and named after Cortez, by whom it was selected. Puerto Principe, pwer'to preen'se-pa, a town of the West Indian Island Cuba, the cap. of the central prov. of the island ; it has a good trade in hides. Pop. 30,685. Puerto Bloo. See Porto Rico. Puglia, pool'yd, a compartment of S. Italy, comprising the provs. of Bari, Foggia, and Lecce. Area 8541 sq. m.; pop. 1,587,713.— Also, a river of S. Italy, which joins the Tiber at Orvieto. Pulicat, pul'i-lcat, a maritime town of India, presidency of Madras, at the S. en trance of the lake of the same name, 20 m. N. of Madras; it once belonged to the Dutch, but was made over to the British in 1819.— Puhcat Lake, studded with several islands, is 35 m. long, and from 3 to 12 m. broad. ... Pulo, a Malay word signifying "an island," is prefixed to the names of many islands in the Asiatic Archipelago, e.g., Pido-Bmsse, Palo-Ciecer de Mer, etc. Pulo Kambing, pu'lo lam'bing, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 25 m. in circum ference, with a peak 200 ft. high, an im portant landmark, at a point where two frequented tracks cross. Pulteney Town, a portion of the town of Wick, co. Caithness, Scotland. Pop. 5263- Pultusk, pool-toosV , or Pultowsk, pool- tovsk', a town of Poland, Russia, gov. Lomsha, 33 m. N.N.E. of Warsaw, with a trade in corn. Pop. 7689. Punjab, The, or Panjab, pun'jtib (the five waters, from Pers. pa-nj, five, and al>, water), an extensive prov. of British India, embracing the country watered by the Indus and its five great affluents— the Jhelum, Chenab, Eavee, Beas, and Sutlej. It is situated in the N.W. of India, and including feudatory states, has an area of 107 010 sq. m., and a pop. of lS,850,4rf7. in physical aspect the country is very varied. Mountains, hills, undulating plains, and fertile valleys prevail in the N.E. ; hills are numerous in the N.W.; in the B. the surface is flat, diversified with rocky heights; and the rest of the country, with the exception of the Derajat, a productive district beyond the Indus, forms an almost uninterrupted plain sloping imperceptibly from N.E. to S.W. in the direction of the great intersecting rivers. Wherever water is available for irrigation, the soil is re markably productive, elsewhere the country has an arid appearance, or is covered with stunted, thorny shrubs, reed grass, and plants which thrive on an arid soil. The most important objects of culture are in digo, sugar, wheat, maize, rice, cotton, hemp, pulses, and tobacco. Dates, mangoes, oranges, figs, and various other fruits thrive well, and tea is grown on the hills. The animal kingdom is rich and varied. Many venomous reptiles are common, and alli gators, porpoises, and fish abound in the rivers. The mineral products are gold, iron, nitre, salt, alum, antimony, and sul phur. The climate is characterized by long droughts, and the summer heat is almost intolerable. In winter the weather, on the contrary, is cold, the temperature sometimes falling to within a degree or two of freezing point. The rivers are mostly fed by the melting of the snows, and in July, when the rains are added to the then swollen streams, most, if not all of them, desert their channels, and inundate the country through which they flow. The population consists of various races, of which the chief are Sikhs, Jats, Patans, Gujars, and Rajpoots. The bulk of the people are very poor, and live in mean, mud-built cottages grouped together in villages and small towns. Nearly two- thirds of the people are Mohammedans, the rest are Hindoos or Sikhs. Education generally is well attended to, and as all sects alike send their girls to school, more has been done for female education in the Punjab than in all the rest of India. A powerful body of Sikhs having invaded the British territories E. of the Sutlej in 1845, a disastrous war followed, which terminated by the submission of the aggressors in 1846. A treaty followed, but being broken by Moolraj of Multan and Shere Singh in 1848, the British again took the field, and after several engagements finally gained a complete victory over the Sikhs at Gu jerat 21st February 1849. The Punjab was then formally annexed to the British pos sessions, and the existence of the Sikhs as an independent nation terminated. Punjgoor, punj-goor', a town of Bflu- chistan, prov. Mekran, in a very fertile dist. yielding fruits, grain, and vegetables, on the Dustee, 74 m. N.N.E. of Kedje. Puno, poo'no, a town of Peru, S. Ameri ca, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, once famous for the wealth of its silver-mines, on the W. shore of Lake Titicaca. Next to Pasco and Potosi, it is the highest town in the world, being 12,870 ft. above the sea. Pop. 9000. The prov. has a pop. of 256,594. 310 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Punta Arenas, poon'td d-ra'nds (sandy point), the principal port of Costa Rico, Central America, on the Gulf of Nicoya; its chief trade is in the export of coffee. Pop. 1240. Purheck, Isle of, pur'bek, properly a peninsula in the S.E. extremity of Dorset shire, England, noted for its quarries of limestone, or Purbeck marble, which being susceptible of a good polish, is used in orna mental architecture. Puri. See Juggernaut. Purificaoion, poo-re-fe-M-se-on', a town of Mexico, N. America, state Xalisco, 95 m. N.N.W. of Colima, with gold-mines. — Also, a town of the United States of Colombia, S. America, on the Magdalena, 70 m. S.W. of Bogota. Purniab, pur'ne-d, a dist. of British India, presidency of Bengal, Lower Pro vinces, div. Bhagalpur. Area 4957 sq. m. ; pop. 1,823,717.— Also, a town, the cap. of the above district. Pop. 16,057. Purns, poo'rooss, one of the chief tribs. of the Amazon, S. America, which it enters by four mouths. It flows from the S.W., and has been traced as far as 10° 52' 52" S. lat., 72° 17' W. long. Futeatrx,_pu-io', a town of France, dep. Seine, on the river Seine, 11 m. W. of Paris. Pop. 15,536. Putignano, poo-teen-yd'no, a town of Apulia, S. Italy, prov. and 24 m. S.E. of Bari, with linen, cotton, and woollen manufs. Pop. 10,074. Putney (corr. from Puttenheath ; the place may have been first named Putten, from its wells, aud heath may have been added at a later period), a pa. of England, co. Surrey, included within the metropolis, 6 m. S.W. of St Paul's. Putrid Sea (so called from the pestif erous effluvia it exhales), or Gulf of Si- wash, an irregular and shallow expanse of water on the N. shore of the Crimea, Russia, communicating by the Straits of Genitchi with the Sea of Azov, from which it is separated by the narrow strip of land called the " Tongue of Arabat." Putteeala, or Patiala, put-tee'd-ld, a native state of Sirhind, British India, whose extent was increased by the British Government in reward for the rajah's fidelity during the Lahore war, and on con dition that suttee, infanticide, slave deal ing, and the levying of transit duties should be abolished within the territory. Area 5412 sq. m. ; pop. 1,467,412.— Also, the chief town of the state, 12 m. W. of the Beas. Puy, Le, leh pwee (the peak), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Haute-Loire, situ ated in a picturesque valley, 68 m. S.W, of Lyons ; it has woollen, linen, lace, and silk manufs., and its environs are interesting for the volcanic rocks with which they abound. Pop. 18,567. Puy-de-D6me, pwee-de-dome' (the dome- shaped peak), a mountain 4806 ft. hig\ in Auvergne, France, near the centre of the dep. to which it gives name. Puy-de-D6me, a dep. in the S.E. of France, bounded N. by Allier; E. by Loire; S. by Haute-Loire aud Cantal ; and W. by Corre-ze and Creuse. Area 3069 sq. m. ; pop. 566,064. Pwllheli, pool-hd'le (salt pool), a pari, and munic. bor. and seaport town of Car narvonshire, N. Wales, ou Cardigan Bay, 19 m. S.W. of Carnarvon ; it is frequented for sea-bathing, and many of the inhabit ants are engaged in shipbuilding and the fisheries. Pop. 3242. Pyked Stane, or Hell's Cleugh, a mountain, 2100 ft. high, in Peeblesshire, Scotland, pa. of Kirkurd. Pyramid Lake, in the Sierra Nevada, near theW. border of the territory of Utah, U.S., 4890 ft. above sea-level, or nearly 700 ft. higher than the Great Salt Lake ; it is 35 m. in length, about 15 m. in greatest breadth, and is named from a pyramidal rock which rises about 600 ft. high near its E. shore. Pyrenees, pir'en-eez (some derive the name from Gr. pur, fire, in allusion to a great conflagration caused by the shep herds, who set fire to the forests which cover the mountains, but others derive the name from the Basque pyrge, high, and others from the Celt, pyr, a fir-tree), an extensive range of lofty mountains, forming the boundary between France and Spain. Pic de Nethou, the highest peak, is 11,168 ft. high. Pyrenees, Basses or Lower, a dep. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Beam, bounded N. by the deps. Landes and Gers; W. by the Bay of Biscay; S. by the Pyrenees; and E. by Hautes - Pyrenees. Area 2943 sq. m. ; pop. 434,366. Pyrenees, Hautes or Upper, a dep. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Gascogne, bounded N. by Gers; E. by Haute-Garonne ; S. by the Pyrenees; and W. by the above. Area 1749 sq. m. ; pop, 236,474. PyrenSes-Orientales, a dep. of France, S. of the deps. Ariege and Aude, and bounded on the E. by the Mediterranean. Area 1591 sq. m.; pop. 208,855. Pyrenees, Australian, a range of moun tains in Victoria, between the Australian Alps and the Grampians. Pyrgos, pir'gos, or Fyrgo, a vil. of the Morea, Greece, nomarchy of Achaia and Elis, near the coast, 17 m. S.S.E. of Gas- tuni, with some trade in agricultural pro duce, and sending sheep and cattle to the Ionian Islands. Pop. 8788. Pyritz, pe'rits, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 24 m. S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 8123. Pyrmont (corr. from Petrus-Mons, "St Peter's mountain "), a town in the princi pality of Waldeck, Germany, 34 m. S.W. of Hanover, famed for its mineral springs. Pop. 5025. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, nU ; tune, l&n. 311 Q Quangdary, kwdng'dd-re, a mountain of Colorado, U.S., 14,047 ft. above the sea. Quang-Ping, kwdng-ping', a city of China, noted for its numerous temples, in the prov. of Chi-li, 240 m. S.S.W. of Peking. — Also, a city in the prov. of Quei-chow, 80 m. E.N.E. of Quei-yang. Quang-si, kwdng-se' (the wide west or the western province), a prov. in the S. of China, W. of Quang-tung, and bordering on Tonquin ; it is mountainous, densely wooded, and produces grain, cassia, metals, and gems. Pop. 7,300,000.— Quei-ling is the cap. Quang-tong, kwdng-tong', a town of British Burma, in the Indo-Chinese Pen insula, on the E. arm of the Irrawadi. Quang-tung, kwdng-toong' (the wide east or the eastern province), a maritime prov. in the S. of China; its chief products are sugar, tea, cassia, betel, rice, iron, silks, cottons, grass cloths, and lacquered wares. It is traversed by several important rivers, which serve to transport merchandise to Canton, its cap. and chief seat of trade. Pop. 19,200,000. Quano, kwd'no, a town of Japan, on the E. coast of the island of Niphon, about 60 m. E. of Kioto. Quantock Hills, kwdn'tok, a range in Somersetshire, England, extending from Taunton N.W. to the Bristol Channel. Highest summit 1428 ft. above the sea. Qu'Appelle, kd-pell', a dist. and town iu the prov. of Assiniboia, Dominion of Canada, on the line of the Pacific Rail way. Quarnero, Gulf of, or Quarnero Chan nel, kwdr-nd'ro, an inlet of the Adriatic, between Istria and Dalmatia, Austria, en closing Cherso, Veglia, and several smaller islands. The seaport Fiume is at its head. Quarre, kwdr're, a town in the kingdom of Sokoto, Central Africa, Pop. estimated at 6000. Quarry Bank, kwdr're-bank, a town of England, co. Stafford, 1 m. S.S.E. of Dud ley, of which it may be considered a suburb. Pop. 6238. Quarter, kwdr'ter, a district of Scotland, with extensive collieries and iron-works, co. Lanark, pa. of Hamilton. Quathlamba, kwdt-ldm'bd, or Katblam- ba, kdt-ldm'bd, a lofty range of mountains in S. Africa, extending in a N.E. direction frjm Cape Colony to the plains N. of Dela- goa Bay. They are remarkable in an eth nological point of view, as forming the line of separation between the Kaffir races dwelling on the coast, and the Bechuana tribes of the interior. In the Natal terri tory they are from 8000 to 10,000 ft. high. Quatre Bras, kdt'r brd (four arms, mean ing a place where four roads meet), a vil. of S. Brabant, Belgium, memorable as the scene of an obstinate conflict between the British and French, 16th June 1815; it is S m. S.S.E. of Jemmapes. Quebec, kwe-bek' (named from a place so called in Brittany, France), a prov. of the Dominion of Canada, N. America, formerly called Lower Canada, bounded N. by La brador and Hudson's Bay ; W. and S.W. by the river Ottawa and the prov. Ontario ; S. by the United States and New Brunswick ; and E. by the Gulf of St Lawrence and Labrador. Area 188,688 sq. m. The coun try is characterized by picturesque scenery, consisting of boundless forests, magnificent rivers and lakes, extensive prairies, bold rocky heights and foaming cataracts, di versified by cultivated fields, pretty vil lages and settlements, fertile islands and rich pasture lands. It is traversed from N.E. to S.W. by the Notre Dame or Green Mountains, and the Wotchish Mountains, a short range of crescent form between the Gulf of St Lawrence and Hudson Bay. The soil is in general rich. The forests consist chiefly of red and white pine ; but a great variety of other timber abounds. The prov. is richly endowed with minerals, gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, zinc, plati num, and others all being found. The climate is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, but healthy. Great facili ties are afforded for manufacturing by abundant water-power, and all kinds of manufs. exist. The chief occupation, how ever, is agriculture, and the felling of trees for export. The inhabitants are very generally French — the descendants of the settlers in Canada prior to its being ob tained by Britain in 1763. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Pop. 1,359,027. Quebec, a city of the Canadian Do minion, the cap. of the above prov., on the N. bank of the river St Lawrence, about 340 m. from its mouth ; it is very strongly fortified, and has an extensive trade. In 1759 it was taken from the French by the British under General Wolfe, who fell in the moment of victory. Pop. 62,446. Quedah, kd'dd, or Kedah, ked'd, a state of the Malay Peninsula, tributary to Siam, between 5° 40' and 7° N. lat., and 99° 40' and 101° E. long. Area about 4500 sq. m. ; pop. 21,000. Que&linburg, kwed'lin-boorg, an ancient town of Prussian Saxony, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale, 31 m. S.W. of Mag deburg. Pop. 18,437. Queenborough, queen'bo-ro, a town of England, co. Kent, near the mouth of the Medway. Pop. 982. Queen Charlotte Islands, a group of the S. Pacific, between Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. Queen Charlotte's Islands, a group of two large and several small islands in the 312 Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Pacific Ocean, off the N.W. coast of British Columbia, Dominion of Canada; inland they are hilly and well wooded, but the coasts are low. They were so called in honour of Queen Charlotte by Captain Dixon, who first discovered them to be islands in 1787. Queensberry, kweens'ber-re (the queen of hills, berry being a corr. of berg, a hill), a mountain of Scotland, rising conspicuously 2259 ft. above the sea, 14 m. N. of Dumfries. Queensbury, kweenz'ber-e, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. N. of Halifax. Pop. 6S24. Queensbury, a town of New York, U.S., on the Hudson, 48 m. N. of Albany. Pop. 9S05. Queen's County, a co. of Ireland, en compassed by Kildare, Carlow, Kilkenny, Tipperary, and King's County. It extends 33 m, from N. to S., and 37 m. from E. to W. Area 664 sq. m. ; pop. 73,124. The surface is generally flat, rising in the N.W. into the Slieve-Bloom Mountains, of which the highest summit, Arderin, is 1734 ft. above sea-level. The soil is fertile, inter spersed with large tracts of bog The chief rivers are the Barrow, which has its source in the N.W. uplands, and the Nore. The co. is intersected by the Grand Canal. The minerals embrace coal, iron, copper, man ganese, marl, and fuller's earth. There are manufs. of woollen and cotton fabrics, but the industrial pursuits are mostly those connected with agriculture, dairy produce, and the rearing of cattle. — The co. town is Maryborough, so named in honour of Queen Mary I. of England, wife of King Philip of Spain, from whom the county also takes its name. Queensferry, North, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, opposite S. Queensferry. Pop. 360. Queensferry, South (so called from its being the place where Margaret, Queen of Malcolm III., crossed the firth on her way from Edinburgh to Dunfermline), a pa., seaport, and pari, and royal burgh of Lin lithgowshire, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, 8J m. W.N.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 1354; of vil. 1966; of pari, burgh 1676; of royal burgh 1064. Queensland, a British colony, on the E. coast of Australia, to the N. of New South Wales. It comprehends twelve large dis tricts, viz., Moreton (comprising E. and W. Moreton), Darling Downs, Burnett, Port Gurtis, Maranoa, Leichhardt, Kennedy, Mit chell, Warrego, Gregory, Burke, and Cook. The colony includes an area of 668,224 sq. m., equivalent to more than three times the area of France, and more than eleven times the area of England and Wales. The count ly generally is well watered, being intersected by numerous streams and rivers, many of which are broad and navigable for many miles inland. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and the climate very healthy, there being an absence of the hot winds from which the other Australian colonies fre quently suffer. Pop. 213,525. — Brisbane is the cap. and seat of government. Pop. 31,109. Queenstown, a town of Ireland, co. Cork, situated on Great Island, in Cork harbour, with magnificent quays and other conveniences for shipping. It was formerly called Cove, but derived its present name in honour of the visit of Queen Victoria in 1849. Pop. 9755. Queenstown, a division of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony, S. Africa. Area 3604 sq. m.; pop. 50,890. The cap. and principal town is Queenstown, on a branch of the Klaas Smits River. Pop. about 2320. Queicb, kwih, a river of Bavaria, Ger many, passes by Landau, and falls into the Rhine after an E. course of 30 m. Queieh, North and South, two rivers of Scotland, co. Kinross, fall into Loch Leven. Quei-Cbow, kwd-choo', a prov. in the S.W. of China, containing mines of gold, silver, vermilion, and iron, but the inhabit ants, who are a rude, uncultivated race, are chiefly engaged in the rearing of cattle and other stock. Pop. 5,300,000.— Quei-yang is the cap. Queretaro, kd-rd-td'ro, a city of Mexico, N. America, the cap. of the state of the same name, 110 m. N.W. of Mexico; it is noted for the beauty of its public edifices. Its chief trade is in the manuf. of cigars, but other manufs. are also carried on. It was here the Emperor Maximilian was betrayed and shot, 19th June 1867. Pop. 34,383. Querfurt, kwer'foort, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, gov. and 17 m. W. of Merseburg, on the Quern, a trib. of the Saale. Pop. 4920. Quesaltenango, Ul-sdl-td-ndn'go, a city of Guatemala, Central America, the cap. of the dep. of the same name, on an elevated plateau, 115 m. W.N.W. of Guatemala City. Pop. 36,000, chiefly Indians. Quesnoy, Le, leh kes-nwd', a town of France, dep. Nord, 20 m. N.E. of Cambray; it is strongly fortified. Pop. 2455. Questembert, kes-tdng-bair', a town of France, dep. Morbihan, 12 m. E. of Vannes. Pop. 1145. Quetta, or Quettah, kwet'td, a fort occu pied by a British garrison, 30 m. from the head of the Bolan Pass in Beluchistan. Quiberon, ke-beh-rong', a small town of France, dep. Morbihan, at the extremity of the peninsula of Quiberon. Pop. 759. Quilimane, ke-le-md'na, a seaport of Mozambique. E. Africa, on the Quilimane River, the N. branch of the Zambezi, 15 m. from its mouth; it is the cap. of a Portuguese gov., and has a trade in gold, ivory, and bees' wax. Owing to its being surrounded by swamps, it is very un healthy. Pop. 3000, Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tiin. 313 Quillota, keel-yo'td, a town of Chili, S. America, prov. Santiago, pleasantly situ ated in a valley, on the Aconcagua, 23 m. N.E. of Valparaiso. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Quiloa, ke'lo-d, Kilwah, or Keelwa, a seaport of Zanzibar, situated on an isl and off the S.E. coast; it was formerly an important town, but is now a mere village. Quilon, kwe-lon', a seaport of Travan- core, S.W. India, on the Malabar coast, 38 m. N.W. of Trevandram, with a good ex port trade in pepper, cocoa-nuts, carda moms, and timber. Fop. 14,500. Quirnper, keng-pair' (probably from Celt, cynmer, the confluence of waters, and named from its situation at the junction of two streams), or Quirnper Corentin, keng-pair' ko-rdng-teng' (named Corentin, from its first bishop), a town of France, cap. of the dep. Finistere, on the Odet, at its confluence with the Steir, 32 m. S.E. of Brest. Pop. 15,288. Quincy, kwin'se, a city of Illinois, U.S., on the Mississippi, 104 m. W. of Spring field. Pop. 27,268. Quinbon, keen-hon', a town of Anam, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, Pop. 8000. Quintin, keng-teng', a town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the Gouet, 9 m. S.W. of St Brieuc; it has manufs. of linen, cambric, gauze, and lawn. Pop. 3163. Quito, kee'to (the deep ravine, or, it has been suggested, from Sn.guito, free, in allu sion to the freedom obtained by the Peru vians when they threw off the Spanish yoke), a city of S. America, the cap. of Ecuador, in a ravine on the E. slope of the volcanic mountain Pichincha, 9543 ft. above the sea, 150 m. N.N.E. of Guaya quil. The climate is that of perpetual spring ; but the situation of the town ren ders it peculiarly exposed to destructive earthquakes. It has manufs. of woollen and cotton goods, etc., and a large export trade. Pop. variously est. at from 23,000 to 50,000. Quitta, kwit'td, a town and British state of W. Africa, on the Slave Coast, at the mouth of the Rio Volta. Pop. est. at 5000. Quorra, kworird, the name of the Niger or Joliba River in N.W. Africa, below Tim- buctoo. See Niger. R Raab, rdb or rdp, a river of Hungary, rises in Styria, flows N.E., and enters the Danube after a course of 180 m. Raab, a town of Hungary, the cap. of a co. of the same name, near the junction of the Raab with the Danube, 66 m. E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 20,981. RaaBay, rd'sd, an island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 478. Rabatt, or Rabat, rd-bdt',& fortified sea port of Marocco, N.W. Africa, on the S. side of the Bu-Regreb, immediately oppo site Sallee; it has manufs. of carpets, and an export trade in corn and wool. Pop. 27,000. Rabba, rdb'bd, a town of the kingdom of Gando, Central Africa, with a large trade in slaves and ivory. Pop. 40,000. Racavan, rak-av'an (from Irish rath- cabhain, the fort of the hollow), a pa. of Ireland, co. Antrim. Pop. 4338. Racconigi, rdk-ko-ne'je, a town of Pied mont, N. Italy, prov. Cuneo, on the Grana, near its junction with the Maira, 20 m. S. of Turin, witli manufactures of silk and woollen cloths. Pop. 8211. Race of Alderney, awl'der-na, a heavy running sea in the strait between Alder ney, one of the Channel Islands, and Cape La Hogue, France. Race means a heavy running sea. Racine, ras-seen', a city of Wisconsin, U.S., at the mouth of the Root River, ou the W. shore of Lake Michigan. Pop. 16,031. Racz-Keve, rdts-ka'vd, a town of Aus tria-Hungary, prov. Hungary, co. and 23 m. S. of Pesth, on an island of the same name in the Danube. Pop. 5463.— Racz- Keve Island is 28 m. long, and from 1 to 2 m. broad. Radautz, rd'douts, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Bukowina, 10 m. S.W. of Sereth. Pop. 11,162. Radcliffe, rad'klif, a pa. and town of Lancashire, England, 2 m. S.S.W. of Bury, with cotton manufactures and several coal mines. Pop. 16,267. Radeberg, rd'de-berg, or Radeburg, rd'- de-boorg, a town of Saxony, Germany, on the Rbder, 8 m. N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 6610. Radford, rad'ford (reed ford, from A. S. hreod, a reed, and ford), a pa. of England, co. Nottingham, with lace aud hosiery manufactures. Pop. 20,954. Radbanpur, rd- dun-poor' ', a small state of India, presidency of Bombay, div. Guje rat. Pop. 92,000.— The chief town, of the same name, is of considerable size, and has a pop. of 14,000. Radnor, New, rad'nor, a pari. bor. and one of the co. towns of Radnorshire, S. Wales, on the Somergill, 9 m. S.W. of Presteigne. Pop. 2005. Radnorshire, rad'nor-shir, a co. of S. Wales, bounded on the N. by Montgomery and Shropshire; E. by Hereford; S. by Brecknock; and W. by Cardigan. Area 425 sq. m.; pop. 23,528.— The surface is for the most part mountainous, and, ex cept in the S.E. districts, its aspect is bleak and dreary. The Wye, Teme, Ython, Lug, and Arrow are the principal streams. The manufactures are of woollen and other 314 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. goods for local use. The chief occupations of the people are agricultural and pastoral. — New Radnor and Presteigne are the co. towns. Radom, rd'dom, a town of Poland, Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Radomka, 63 m. S. of Warsaw. Pop. of town 12,061 ; of gov. 613,086. The name is derived from the Sclavonic god Ratzi. Radomysl, rd'do-misl, a town of Rus sia, gov. and 60 m. W. of Kiev, on the Teterev. Pop. 5905. Radomysl, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, 20 m. N.E. of Tarnow, near the frontier of Poland. Pop. 3470. Radstock, rad'stok, a pa. and prosperous vil. of England, co. Somerset, 8 m. S.W. of Bath. Pop. of pa. 3074. Rafford, raf'ford, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Elgin, on the Findhorn, 3 m. S.E. of Forres. Pop. of pa. 1052. Ragusa, rd-goo'sd, a strongly fortified seaport of Dalmatia, Austria, on a penin sula in the Adriatic, 37 m. W.N.W. of Cattaro. Pop. 7245. Ragusa, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 28 m. S.W. of Syracuse; it has manufs. of silk and woollen goods, and a considerable trade in wine, oil, and corn. Pop. 24,183. Rabad, rd-hdd', or Sbimfa, shim'fd, a river of Abyssinia and Nubia ; after a N.W. course of 270 m., it joins the Bahr- el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, 70 m. N. of Senaar. Rabmaneeab, or Rahmanieh, rah -marc- e'yeh, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It was taken by the British from the French in 1801. Rabon, rd-hon', a town of the Punjab, British India, between the Sutlej and the Beas, 50 m. E.S.E. of Amritsir. P. 11,800. Raboon, rd-hoon', a pa. and vil. of Ire land, co. Galway. Pop. of pa., including part of the town of Galway, 8959. Rahway, raw'wa, a town of New Jersey, U.S., on the Railway River, 10 m. S.S.W. of Newark. Pop. 6455. Raiatea, ri-d-td'd, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean ; it is about 40 m. in circumference, mountainous, and profusely covered with vegetation. Rainy Lake, a lake of N. America, forming part of the boundary between British America and the United States; it is about 40 m. in length, about 20 m. iu greatest breadth, and discharges itself into the Lake-of-the-Woods by the Rainy River. Raipur, rd-poor', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, Central Pro vinces, div. Chattisgarh. Pop. 19,500. — Also, a dist. in the same division. Area 11,885 sq. m. ; pop. 1,400,000. Rajahrnundry, or Rajamandri, rd-Jd- mun'dre, a town of British India, the cap. of a dist. of the same name in the presidency of Madras, on the Godavery, 40 m. from the sea. Pop. 20,000. Rajamabal, rd-jd-ma-hdl', or Rajma- bal (the royal residence), a city of British India, presidency and prov. of Bengal, on the Ganges, 65 m. N.W. of Moorshedabad. Pop. estimated at 30,000. Rajawur, rd-Jd-wur', an unhealthy town of the Punjab, British India, on the Che- nab, 120 m. N. of Lahore. Rajecz, rd-yets', a town of Hungary, co. Trentschin, 34 m. N.W. of Neusohl, with a warm mineral spring in its vicinity. P. 5575. Rajpootana, or Rajputana, rdj-poo-td'- nd, an extensive tract of India between 23° 35' and 29° 57' N. lat., and 70° 5' and 77° 40' E. long. It embraces 16 states, and takes its name from the prevailing popu lation, the Rajpoots, i.e., "kings' sons," a tall, vigorous, athletic, and military race, who claim to be descended from the ancient dynasties of the sun and moon. Area 130,934 sq. m. ; pop. about 11,005,512. Raleigh, rdl'ld (named in honour of Sir Walter Raleigh), a city of N. Carolina, U.S., on an elevated site, 6 m. W. of the Neuse River, and 27 m. N.W. of Smith- field. Pop. 9265. Raleigh, a maritime co. of New South Wales, Australia, bounded N. by Fitzroy ; W. by Sandon; S. by Dudley; and E. hy the Pacific. Rambervillers, ram-ber-ve-yd', a town of France, dep. Vosges, on the Mortagne, 15 m. N.E. of Epinal. Pop. 4726. Rambla, La, Id rdm'bld, a town of Spain, prov. and 15 m. S . of Cordova. Pop. 6160. Rambodde, rdm-bod'da, a sanatarium in the island, of Ceylon, at an elevation of 3320 ft. above the sea, 16 m. S.E. of Kandy. Rambouillet, rang-bool'yd, a town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 17 m. S.W. of Versailles ; it has a castle in which Charles X. took refuge previous to his exile in 1830. Pop. 4698. Ramgunga, rdm-gung'ga (Ram's river), a river of British India, rises in Gurwhal, in the presidency of Bengal, and, after a tortuous course of 370 m., joins the Ganges in Oudh, North-West Provinces. Ram-Hormuz, rdm-hor'mooz, a town of Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on an affl. of the Jerahi, 80 m. S.E. of Shuster. Ramillies, rd-meel'ye, a vil. in S. Bra bant, Belgium, where, in 1706, the Duke of Marlborough gained a signal victory over the French ; it is 19 m. S.S.E. of Louvain. Ramisseram, rd-mis'seh-rdm, or Rami- serurn, an island in the Gulf of Manaar, off the S. extremity of India, with a cele brated temple visited by 30,000 pilgrims annually. Ramleh, ram'leh, a scattered vil. of Lower Egypt, near Alexandria, brought into prominence during the suppression, by British troops, of the Egyptian military revolt in 1882. Ramnad, rdm-ndd', a fortified town of British India, presidency of Madras, dist. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. 315 of Madura, on the Vaigai, 65 m. S.E. of Madura. Pop. 15,500. Ramnagar, or Ramnaggur, rdm-nd-gur* (Ram's town), a town of the Punjab, British India, on the Chenab, 62 m. N.W. of Lahore. —Also, two towns in the North-West Pro vinces, one of which is situated 4 m. S. of Benares, and esteemed one of the neatest towns of its size in India. Pop. 12,000 ; the other is in Oudh. Pop. 5800. There are several other places of this name in India, but none of them of importance. Rampoor, orRampur, rdm-poor', a state and town of Rohilkhand, North-West Pro vinces, India. Pop. of state 543,901 ; of town 75,000. — Also, a town in Meerut, North-West Provinces. Pop. 8500. Ramree, rdm-ree', an island of Arakan, British Burma, 50 m. long by 20 m. broad. — A town of the same name on the island has a pop. of 3546. Ramsbottom, rams-bot'tum, a town of Lancashire, England, 4 m. N. of Bury. Pop. 5242. Ramsey, ram'za (the dry spot or island in the marsh), a town of England, co. and 10 m. N.E. of Huntingdon, formerly noted for its rich and extensive abbey, founded about 967 by Ailwine, Duke of the East Angles. Pop. 4617. Ramsey, a town in the Isle of Man, ou a spacious bay, 14 m. N. of Douglas. Pop. 4000. Ramsgate, ramz'gate (may be the gate or passage of Ruim, the anc. name of Tha net, or the high or great gate, from Brit. ram, great, high), a seaport town of Kent, England, in the Isle of Thanet, 4 m. S. of Margate, much resorted to as a watering- place, and noted for its excellent artificial harbour. Pop. 22,683. Ramtek, or Ramteak, rdm-teek' (Ram's hill), a town of the Central Provinces, India, div. Nagpur, resorted to as a place of pilgrimage. Pop. 7500. Randalstown, ran' dalz-town, a town of Ireland, co. Antrim, near the mouth of the Main in Lough Neagh, 17 m. N.W. of Bel fast. Pop. 868. Randazzo, rdn-ddt'so, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 30 m. N. of Catania, on the Alcantara, at the foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 7945. Randers, rdn'ders (from Scand, rand, a promontory or peninsula), a town in Jut land, Denmark, 22 m. N.N.W. of Aarhuus, with shipbuilding, manufactures of gloves, and a considerable trade in corn. Pop. 13,457. Rands, a lake in the prov. of Christi ania, Norway. Rangitoto, rdng -ghe-to'to, a volcanic isle near Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. Rangoon, or Rangun, ran-goon', a town of British Burma, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the eastern branch of the Irra wadi, about 26 m. from the sea. It was stormed and taken by the British in 1852. Pop. 134,176. Rangpur. See Rungpoor. Rannocb, Loch, loh ran'noh, a lake in Perthshire, Scotland, 9 m. long and 2 m. broad, discharging itself at tbe eastern ex tremity by the Tummel, which connects it with the Tay. Rapboe, rd'fo (corr. from Irish rathbolh, the fort of the tents or huts), a market town of Ireland, co. Donegal, 5£ m. W.N.W. of Lifford. Pop. 986. Raplocb, rap'loh, a vil. of Scotland, co. and pa. of Stirling, about three-quarters of a mile from the bridge across the Forth. Rappahannock, rap-pd-han'nok (the river of quick-rising waters), a river of Virginia, U.S., rises in the Blue Ridge, flows S.E., and enters Chesapeake Bay after a course of 130 m. Rappolsweiler, rdp-polts-vi'ler, or Ri- beauville, re-bo-veel'yd, a town of Elsass- Lothringen, Germany, on the Strengbach, 6 m. S.W. of Schelestadt. Pop. 6013. Raratonga, rd-rd-tong'gd, an island of the S. Pacific, the largest of the group called Cook's Islands, with a mountain in the centre, 3500 ft. high, called Te-Kou, i.e., the Mist, from the flat top of which gushes a copious and constant fountain supplying the island with water. The inhabitants have been converted to Chris tianity, and have made great progress in civilisation. Raritan, rar-it-an', a river of New Jer sey, U.S., flows E.j passes New Brunswick, and falls into Raritan Bay. — Also, three townships of New Jersey, in cos. Middle sex, Hunterdon, and Monmouth. Ras al Had, a cape forming the ex treme E. point of Arabia— 22° 33' N. lat. 59° 56' E. long. Ras-el-Khyma, rds-el-ke'md , a fortified town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf, for merly a great resort of pirates. Rasen Market, rds'en mdr'ket, or Mar ket Rasen, a town of England, co. Lincoln, 9 m. S. of Caistor. Pop. 2612. Rasgrad, rds-grdd', a town of Bulgaria, Turkey in Europe, on an affluent of the Danube, 33 m. S.E. of Rustchuk. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Rassein, rds-sdn', a lake of Roumania, between the Danube and the Black Sea. Length 27 m. ; breadth from 5 to 20 m. Rastadt, rds'tdtt (the town of the coun cil, or court of justice), a strongly fortified town of Baden, Germany, on the Murg, 14 m. S.S.W. of Carlsruhe; it has manufs. ot mathematical and philosophical instru ments, etc., and has been the scene of many diplomatic conferences. Pop. 12,356, Rastrick, ras'trik, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. N.N.W. of Huddersfield. Pop. 8039. Ratanpur. See Ruttunpoor. Ratass, rat-ass' (corr. from rath-teas, the 316 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. southern fort), a pa. of Ireland, co. Kerry, embracing a part of the town of Tralee. Pop. 3194. Ratcliff, rafklif (most probably a corr. of Redcliff, an appellation derived from a stratum of red earth discovered here on the bank of the Thames, which flows south ward of the parish), a hamlet of England, co. Middlesex, included within the metro polis. Pop. 16,107. — RalcUff is the name of several places in England. Rath, meaning "fort" or " stronghold," is the prefix of several pas., towns, and vils. of Ireland, e.g., Rathangan (Imgan's fort), a town and pa., co. Kildare. — Rathaspick (the fort of the bishop), a pa., co. Kildare aud Queen's co. — Also a pa., co. West- meath. — Also a pa., co. Wexford.— Rath- barry, a pa., co. Cork. — Ratbborney (the fort of Burren), a pa.,co. Clare. — Rathbran, a pa., co. Wicklow. — Ratbcavan, a pa., co. Antrim.— Rathclarin, a pa., co. Cork. — Rathcline, a pa., co. Longford. — Ratbcon- nell, a pa., co.Westmeath. — Rathconratb, a pa. and vil., co. Westmeath. — Ratbcoole, pas. in cos. Dublin, Kilkenny, and Tipper ary. — Rathcooney, a pa., co. Cork. — Rath- core, a pa., co. Meath. — Ratbcormack (Cormac's fort), a pa. and town, co. Cork. — Also a pa., co. Waterford. — Ratbdown, a barony, co. Dublin. — Also, a barony, co. Wicklow.— Rathdowney (the fort of the green field), a pa. and town in Queen's co. — Rathdrum (the fort of the long hill), a pa. and town, co. Wicklow. Rathen, rath'en (corr. from rath-abhuinn, the fort of the stream or river), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the North Sea. Pop. 2825. Rathenow, rd'teh-nov, or Rathenau, rd'teh-nou, a town of Prussia, prov. Bran denburg, on the Havel, 42 m. W. of Berlin. Pop. 11,394. Rathfarnham, rath-farn'am, a pa. and vil. of Ireland, co. and 4 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. of pa. 7663. Rathfryland, rath-fri'land (corr. from rath-Fraeileann, Freelan's fort), a town of Ireland, co. Down, situated on an eminence 21 m. W. of Downpatrick. Pop. 1572. Ratbgoggan, rath-qog'gan, a pa. of Ire land, co. Cork. Pop. 2865. Rathgraff, rath'graff, a pa. of Ireland, co. Westmeath. Pop. 1786. Rathkeale, rath-keel' (corr. from rath- Gaela, Gaela's fort), a town of Ireland, co. Limerick, on the Deel, 17 m. S.W. of Limerick. Pop. 2549. Rathkenny, rath-ken'ne (corr. from rath- Cheannaigh, Ceannach's fort), a pa. of Ire land, co. Meath. Pop. 887. Rathkieran, rath-ke'ran (Kieran's fort), a pa. of Ireland, co. Kilkenny. Pop. 569. Ratblin, rath'lin, an island off the N. coast of Antrim, Ireland, 6 ra. long, and scarcely 1 m. broad,— 55° 20' N. lat., 6° 13' W. long. Pop. 361. Rathmelton, rath-mel'tun, a town of Ireland, co. Donegal, on Lough Swilly, 19 m. N.N.W. of Lifford. Pop. 1406. Ratbmines and Rathgar, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, 1£ m. S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. 24,370. Ratbmore (the great fort), a pa. of Ire land, co. Kildare. Pop. 723.— Also, a pa., co. Meath. Pop. 722. Rathmullan, rath-mul'lan (corr. from rath-Maelain, Maelan's fort), a pa. of Ire land, co. Down. Pop. 1554. Ratbo, rath'o (from rhath, a cleared spot), a pa. and vil. of Mid-Lothian, Scot land, 8 m. S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 1815; of vil. 713. Rathpatrick, a pa. of Ireland, co. Kil kenny. Pop. 901. Rathreagb (gray fort), a pa. of Ireland, co. Longford. Pop. 548.— Also, a pa., co. Mayo. Pop. 510. Rathronan (Ronan's fort), a pa. of Ire land, co. Limerick. Pop. 3039. — Also, a pa., co. Tipperary. Pop. 505. Ratbsaran, a pa. in Queen's County, Ireland. Pop. 415. Rathven, rath'ven (corr. from rath- abhuinn, the fort of the stream or river), a pa. of Scotland, co. Banff, on the Moray Firth. Pop. 10,937. Ratibor, rd'te-bor, a town of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a principality of the same name, on the Oder, 44 m. S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 18,373. Ratingen, rd'ting-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 m. N.E. of DUsseldorf, largely engaged in cotton-spinning. Pop. 5305. Ratisbon, rdt'is-bon, or Regensburg, ra'ghens-boorg (the fortress on the Regen), an ancient city, long the cap. of Bavaria, Germany, on the S. bank of the Danube, 67 m. N.N.E. of Munich. From 1662 till 1806 it was the seat of the Imperial Diet, and is a place of considerable trade. Six miles distant is the Valhalla, a fine Doric marble temple, erected by Ludwig. King of Bavaria, in 1830, for the reception of statues of distinguished Germans. Pop. 34,516. Ratlam. See Rutlam. Ratnagiri. See Rutnagberry. Ratnapoora, rat-nd-poo'rd (the city of gems), a town and military port of Ceylon, 15 m. W. of Adam's Peak. The barracks are situated on a hill surrounded by nu merous well-cultivated plains, the climate of which is extremely salubrious. Rattray, rat'rd (corr. from Gael, rath- reidh, the smooth fort), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 3i m. N.W. of Coupar- Angus. Pop. of pa. 3051 ; of vil. 2533. Rattray, a vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, pa. of Crimond. Ratzeburg, rdfseh-boorg, a town of Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on an island of the Lake of Ratzeburg, 12 m. S.S.E. of Lubeck. Pop. 3720.— The Lake of Ratzeburg is 6 m. long, and 1$ m. broad. Ratzeburg, a principality of the grand- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt; tune, tiin. 317 duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, of which it forms the W. part. Raudnitz, roud'nits, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Elbe, 10 m. S.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 4169. Ravanusa, rd-vd-noo'sa, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 22 ra. E.S.E. of Gir- genti, near the right bank of the Salso. Pop. 7652. Ravee, or Ravi, rd've, anc. Hydraotes, one of the "five rivers" of the Punjab, India, rises near Chumba, flows S.W. and joins the Chenab, after a tortuous course of 450 miles. Ravenna, rd-ven'nd, a town of Emilia, Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same nsinie, on the Montone, 16 ra. N.E. of Forli ; it was the cap. of the Western Empire in the 5th century, and has many interesting antiquities of the early Middle Ages. The poet Dante died here in 1321. Pop. 12,100. Ravensburg, rd'vens-boorg, a town of Wlirtemburg, Germany, on the Schussen, 23 m. E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 10,550. Ravenstborpe, rd'v'ns-thorp, a town in the W. R, of Yorkshire, England, in cluded in the pari. bor. of Dewsbury. Pop. 4364. Rawa, rd'wd, a town of Poland, Russia, on the Rawka, 46 m. S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 5527. — Also, a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Galicia, 32 m. N.W. of Lem- berg. Pop. 6009. Rawicz, or Rawitsch, rd'ioitsh, a town of Prussia, prov. Posen, on the confines of Silesia, 14 m. S.S.W. of Kroben. Pop. 12,260. Rawxoarsh, raw'marsh, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 2 m. N.N.E. of Rotherham. Pop. 10,179, Rawul Pinde, or Rawal Pindi, rd-vml pin'de, a modern town of the Punjab, India, 60 m. E.S.E. of Attock. It is well built, and has a large and active trade. Pop. 53,000.— The div. of Rawal Pindi has a pop. of2,520,50S; dist. 820,512. Rayne, run (from the Gael, raon, a field of good ground), a pa. of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Pop. 12S4. Re, or Rbe, ra, a fortified island, IS m. long and 4 m. broad, off the W. coast of France, dep. Charente-Inferieure. It pro duces excellent vines, and has valuable salt-works, fisheries, and oyster-beds. Reading, red'ing (probably a corr. from its Saxon name Reddynge, an appellation supposed to be derived from the overflowing of the meadows in its vicinity, rhea mean ing "a river," and ing "a meadow," but others derive it from the Brit, rhyd, a furd), a munic. and pari. bor. and the co. town of Berkshire, England, at the junc tion of the Kennet with the Thames, 39 m. S.W. of London ; it has iron-foundries and extensive breweries, but is more particularly noted for its biscuit-making establishments, and its manuf. of the celebrated Reading and other sauces. Pop. 42,054. Reading, a town of Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Schuylkill, 52 m. E. of Harrisbnrg, with considerable trade and manufs. Pop. 43,278. Realejo, rd-d-ld'ho, a seaport of Nic aragua, Central America, 20 m. N.W, of Leon, with an export trade in mahogany and other timber. Pop. estimated at 5000. Rearymore, a pa. of Queen's co., Ire land. Pop11244. Reay, ra (supposed to be a corruption of Urray, the uame of a Pictish hero who inhabited the castle here), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, cos. Caithness and Sutherland; the vil. is about 12 m. S.W. of Thurso. Pop. of pa. 2191.— Lord Reay's Country is a wild tract of 800 sq. m. iu the N.W. of Sutherland. Recanati, ra-kd-md'te, a town of the Marches, Italy, prov. Macerata, on the Musone, 4 m. S.W. of Loreto. Pop. 6408. Reoco, rek'ko, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. and 10 m. S.S.E. of Genoa, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 5128. Recherche Archipelago, reh - sharsh' dr-ke-pel'd-go, off the S.W. coast of Aus tralia, between 34° and 35° S. lat. and 123° E. long. Recbnitz, reh'nits, a town of W. Hun gary, co. Eisenburg, 7 m. S.W. of Guns. Pop. 4000. Recife. See Fernambuoo. Recklinghausen, rek-ling-hou' ' zen, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 30 m. S.W. of Munster, with linen manufs. Pop. 7296. Redcar, red'kar, a town in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England,frequented as a water ing-place, 7J m. N. of Middlesborough. Pop. 2458. Redding, red'ding, a mining vil. of Scot land, co. Stirling, 2J m. E.S.E. of Falkirk. Pop. 520. Redditcb, red'ditch, a town of England, co. Worcester, 13 m. S.W. of Birmingham, largely employed in the manufacture of needles and fish-hooks. Pop. 9961 Redfern, red'fern, a suburb of Sydnpy, New South Wales, Australia. Pop. 23,599. Redgorton, red-g or' ton (the red field, i.e., the field of blood), a pa. and vil. of Perth shire, Scotland, S£ m. N.W. of Perth. Pop. of pa. 1452. Red Mountain, a range about 100 m. long in Alabama, U.S., riah with hematite iron ores, coal, and limestone. Redon, reh-dong', a town of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the Vilaine, about 40 m. N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 4999. Red River of tbe North, rises near the source of the Mississippi, Minnesota, U.S., and, flowing northwards, divides Dakota from Minnesota, and falls into the S. ex tremity of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Dominion of Canada. Red River of the South, rises near 318 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, ndt; tunc, tUn. the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico, N. America, and, after a S.E. course of 1200 m., joins the Mississippi about 130 m. N.W. of New Orleans. It separates Texas from the Indian Territory. Red River Settlement, originally a email Gaelic Scotch colony, founded in 1811 by the Earl of Selkirk, on the con fines of the United States, along the course of the Red River of the North ; it is now included in Manitoba, a prov. of the Dominion of Canada. Redruth, red'rooth (corr. from its an cient name Dre Druth, the Druid's town), a town of Cornwall, England, 9 m. S.W. of Truro, with extensive copper mines 1620 ft. deep and the richest in Cornwall. Pop. 9335. Red Sea or Arabian Gulf, a branch of the Indian Ocean, separating Arabia from Africa. It extends above 1400 m. from the Straits of Babelmandeb to the Isthmus of Suez, at tbe W. head of the Gulf, where it reaches to within 60 m. of the Mediterran ean, with which it is now united by the Suez Canal. Its greatest breadth is about 230 m. It abounds with coral reefs, within which, at certain seasons of the year, are found myriads of microscopic animals of a blood-red colour, from which its name may probably be derived, though some believe the name to be a translation of the " Sea of Edom." Owing to the prevalence of vio lent winds, and by reason of numerous shoals and sandbanks, its navigation is in tricate and dangerous. Ree, Lough, loh ree, a lake of Ireland, formed by an expansion of the Shannon S. of Lanesborough in co. Roscommon ; it con tains some beautiful islands, and is 17 m. in length, and 7 m. in greatest breadth. Reetb, a town of England, with lead mines and stocking manufs., in the N. R. of Yorkshire, 10 m. W. of Richmond. Pop. 988. Regalhuto, rd-gdl-boo'to, a town of the island Sicily, prov. Catania, 18 m. E.S.E. of Nicosia. Pop. 9429. Regan, ra-gdn', a town of Persia, prov. Kerman, near the frontier of Beluchistan. Regen, rd'ghen, a river of Bavaria, Ger many, rises in the Bbhmerwald, and unites with the Danube opposite Regensburg. Regensburg. See Ratisbon. Reggio, red'Jo, a walled town of Emilia, Italy, cap. of the prov. of Reggio of Emilia, 14 m. W.N.W. of Modena. Here the poet Ariosto was horn in 1474; the painter Cor reggio in 1494; and tbe naturalist Spallan- zaniinl729. Pop. 18,634 Reggio, red'Jo, anc. Rhegium(ss.\d. to have been derived from a Greek word signifying "to break" or "rend," and so called be cause Sicily was here severed from the mainland by the force of the sea), an ancient town and seaport of Calabria, S. Italy, cap. of the prov. of Reggio-Calabria, in a very fertile district, on the Strait and 8 m. S.E. of Messina. It was almost totally de stroyed by the earthquake of 1783, and again devastated by an earthquake in 1841. Pop. 23,812. Regina, re-gin'a, cap. of the prov. of Assiniboia, Dominion of Canada. Regla, reg'ld, a fortified town of the Spanish West Indian Island Cuba, a suburb of Havannah. Regnitz, reg'nits, a river of Bavaria, Germany, flows N. and joins the Main 3 m. N.W. of Bamberg, after a navigable course of nearly 40 m. Reicbenau, ri'heh-nou, a town of Saxony, Germany, gov. Bautzen, 7 m. E. of Zittau, with manufs. of linens and ribbons. Pop. 5339. — Also, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on an affl. of the Wilde Adler, 18 m. E. of Koniggratz. Pop. 3968. Reicbenau (rich meadow), an island of Germany, grand-duchy of Baden, in the Untersee, 4 m. W.N.W. of Constance; it has a number of orchards and vineyards, and is 3 m. long, and 1 m. broad. Pop. 1500. Reichenbacb, ri'hen-bah, a town of Sax ony, Germany, gov. Zwickau, 12 m. N.N.E. of Plauen. Pop. 16,509. — Also, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the Pellau, 30 m. S.W. ofBreslau. Pop 7255. Reichenbacb (series of torrents or waterfalls), a river of Switzerland, cant. Berne ; a small stream, but, when swollen by melted snow from the Alps, forms in its course to the Aar one of the finest cataracts of the Alps, descending by a succession of falls nearly 2000 ft. Reicbenburg, ri'hen-boorg, or Liberk, le'berk, a town of Bohemia, Austria-Hun gary, on the Neisse, 56 m. N.N.E. of Prague; it has woollen, linen, and other manufs., and a considerable trade in wool and yarn. Pop. 28,090. Reigate, ri'gate (contr. for Ridgegate, the passage through the ridge, from Sax. rig or ricg, a ridge, and gate, from a gate or bar placed across the road skirting the ridge of a hill now called Reigate Hill), a munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Surrey, ou a branch of the Mole, 11 m. E. of Guildford ; it is surrounded by beautiful scenery, and, being situated on a rock of white sand, is very healthy. Pop. 18,662. Reikiavik. See Reykiavik. Reims, or Rheims, reemz, Fr. pron. rangz (named from the Remi, a very con siderable people of Belgic Gaul, whose capital, under the name of Durocortarum, it was in the time of the Romans), a city of France, dep. Marne, on the Vesle, 25 m. N.N.W. of Chalons ; it is the ecclesiastical cap. of France, and its cathedral is one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in Europe. The famous statesman Colbert was born here in 1619. Pop. 93,683. Reinerz, ri'nerts, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Weistritz, 11 m. W.S.W. of Glatz, frequented for mineral Bprings and baths in its vicinity. Pop. 3326. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 319 Remedios, ra-md'de-oss, a town of the West Indian Island Cuba. Pop. 6818. Remiremont, reh-meer-mong' , a town of France, dep. Vosges, on the Moselle, 13 m. S.E.of Epiual. Pop. 7857. Remscheid, rem'shite (the watershed of the Rems), a town of Rhenish Prussia, with manufs. of all kinds of iron wares, 18 m. E.S.E. of Dlisseldorf. Pop. 30,029. Renaix, reh-na', a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 21 m. S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 14,089. Rendsburg,)-ends/&00r$r1atownofSchles- wig-Holstein, Prussia, on an island in the Eyder, at its junction with the Kiel Canal, and 54 m. N.W. of Hamburg. Pop. 12,776. Renfrew, ren'froo (from rhin, a pro montory, and ffrew, a stream, means "the promontory at the stream or confluence," i.e., of the Clyde and Gryfe), a royal and pari, burgh and the co. town of Renfrew shire, Scotland, on the Clyde, 3 m. N.E. of Paisley; it has silk and muslin manufac tures, shipbuilding- yards, etc. Pop. of royal burgh 5115 ; of pari, burgh 4825. Renfrewshire, anciently called Strath- gryfe, a co. of Scotland, bounded N. by the Clyde; E. by Lanark; S. by Ayr; and W. by the Firth of Clyde. It extends from E. to W. 31 ra.; its greatest breadth is 13 m. Area 245 sq. m. ; pop. 263,374. The surface is mostly flat, except in the W., where there is a large extent of hill and moor. The chief rivers are the Clyde, White Cart, Black Gart, and Gryfe. The principal towns are Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, and Port- Glasgow. Although not the co. town, Greenock is the most important place in the co., so far as population is concerned. Its commerce is very considerable, and among its manufacturing establishments are iron- shipbuilding yards, at which have been built some of the largest and finest ocean steamers in the world. The sugar- refineries are numerous and on an exten sive scale. Other works are engine-fac tories, iron-foundries, and cotton -mills. Greenock was the birthplace of James Watt, the celebrated improver of the steam-engine, and the Clyde was the first river in the Old World on which a steamer sailed. The coal, ironstone, and other mineral deposits of the co. employ large numbers of the population, and constitute a great source of commerce and wealth. —Renfrew is the co. town. Reni, rd'ne, a town of Russia, gov. Bes sarabia, at the confluence of the Pruth and the Danube. Pop. 4421. Rennes, renn (named from the Redones, a Celtic tribe, whose chief city it was), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. Ille-et- Vilaine, on the Hie and the Vilaine, which unite in its vicinity, 61 m. N.W. of Nantes ; it has various manufactures, and a great transit trade, being admirably situated for communication by river, canal, and rail way. Pop. 57,430. Renton, ren't'n, a town of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, on the Leven, 1J m. S. of Alexandria. Pop. 4319, chiefly engaged in calico printing and bleaching. Repton, rep'tun (corr. from its Saxon name Repindom), a pa. and ancient vil. of England, co. Derby, 4J m. N.E. of Burton. Pop. 2060. Repulse Bay, on the S. side of Melville Peninsula, British N. America. — 66° N. lat., 86° to 87° W. long.— Also, a bay in Australia.— 20° 36' S. lat., 148° 40' E. long. Requena, rd-kdn'yd, a town of Spain, prov. Cuenca, on the Oliana, 40 m. W. of Valencia. Pop. 13,527. Rerrick, rer'rik, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Kirkcudbright, on the Solway Firth, about 6 m. E. of Kirkcudbright. Pop. of pa. 1807. Rescobie, res-ko'be, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 685. Resbd, or Resht, a town of Persia, the cap. of the prov. Ghilan, in a low and un healthy situation, on the Caspian Sea, 18 m. S.E. of its port, Enzelli ; it carries on a considerable trade in silk embroideries, gall-nuts, and fruits. Pop. 27,500. Resina, ra-se'nd, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. and 6 m. S.E. of Naples, partly built on the site of the ancient Herculaneum, at the W. base of Mount Vesuvius. Pop. 12,175. Resinar, ra-ze'nar', or Rossinar, ros- se-nar', a vil. of Austria-Hungary, prov. Transylvania, on the Stebes, 8 ni. S.W. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 5569. Resolis, res'o-lis, or Kirkmicbael, kirk- mi'kal, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cro marty, on the Cromarty Firth. Pop. 1424. Resolution Island, at the entrance of Hudson Strait, British N.America.— 61° 30' N. lat., 65° W. long.— Also, an island of the Dangerous Archipelago, in the Pacific— 17° 22' S. lat., 141° 35' W. long.— Also, an island S.W. of Otago, South Island, New Zealand, —45° 40' S. lat., 166° 40' E. long. Resort, Loch, loh re-zorf , an arm of the sea, about 9 m. in length and 4 m. broad, on the W. side of Lewis and Harris, Western Isles, Scotland. Restalrig, res'al-rig (corr. from its anc. name Lestalric), a vil. of Mid-Lothian, Scot land, 1£ m. E.N.E. of Edinburgh. Restigoucbe, res - te - goosh' (the river which divides like a hand), a famous sal mon river of New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada; it is 200 m. in length, and, with its five leading branches, drains about 5000 sq. m. of fertile and well-timbered country. Reston, res'tun, a vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, 4 m. W. of Ayton. Pop. 321. Retford, East, eest ret'ford (supposed to have been so called from the clay on the banks of the ancient ford over the Idle being of a reddish colour), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town in Notting hamshire, England, on the Idle, 27 m. 320 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. N.E. of Nottingham, with trade in cattle and dairy and agricultural produce. Pop. of munic. bor. 9748 ; of pari. bor. 50,054. Retbel, reh-tel', a town of France, dep. Ardennes, on the Aisne, 24 m. N.E. of Rheims. Pop. 7350. Retimo, rd-te'mo, anc. Bithymna, a sea port on the N. coast of the island of Cret5, S.E. of Greece. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Reunion, ra-u-ne-ong', formerly called Bourbon, boor-bong', a fertile island in the Indian Ocean, about 400 m. E. of Mada gascar. It is 38 m. long and 28 m. broad. It is of volcanic formation, and a mountain in the S. still emits fire, smoke, and ashes. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1545, but has belonged to the French since 1655, with the exception of the years 1810- 14, when it was occupied by the British. It exports coffee, sugar, cocoa, cloves, etc. Its coffee is inferior only to that of Mocha, and its ebony is the most solid, close, and lustrous in the world. Pop. 193,000.-5* Denis, the cap., on the N. coast, has a pop. of 36,000. Reus, rd'ooce, a manufacturing town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 9 m. N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 27,595. Reuss, voice, a large river of Switzer land, issues from a lake in Mount St Gothard, flows N. through the cant. Uri, traverses the Lake of Lucerne, then again flows N. through Aargau, and joins the Aar. Reuss, a principality in Upper Saxony, Germany, divided between two branches of the same family, and forming two states of the German Empire. Reuss-Greiz, in the E. part of the territory, has an area of 123 sq. m., and Reuss-Schleiz, in the S., 320 sq. m. The inhabitants are chiefly employed iu cattle and sheep rearing, and weaving. Pop. 152,112. Reutlingen, roit 'ling - en, a town of Wurtemberg, Germany, on the Eschatz, 20 m. S.E. of Stuttgart, with considerable trade and manufs. of lace, leather, clocks, and watches. Pop. 16,515. Revel, rev'el (named from two small islands near the harbour, which were formerly called Reffe, or the sandbanks), a strongly fortified seaport town of Russia, the cap. of the gov. Esthonia, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland, about 200 m. W.S.W. of St Petersburg; it has important manufs., and exports corn, hemp, timber, hides, etc., from the interior. Pop. 50,859. Revel, a town of France, dep. Haute- Garonne, on a height near the Languedoc Canal, 29 m. E.S.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 3792. Rewah, or Rewa, rd'wd, a state of Iudia, called also Bagelcband, between the North-West and Central Provinces. Pop. 1,200,000.- Rewah, the cap., is 70 m. S.W. of Allahabad. Pop. 7000. Reykiavik, or Reikiavik, ri'ke-d-vik (the reeky or smoky bay), the cap. of Iceland, on an isthmus near its S.W. coast; it is but a small village of wooden houses, the cathedral alone being built of stone. Pop. 1400. Reynagh, rd'nah, a pa. of King's co., Ireland, comprising the town of Bauagher. Pop. 1939. Rbayadar, hri'd-dar, or Rhayader (the name means " a cataract," and was derived from a small fall of the Wye, which for merly existed, but was removed in 1780), a pari. bor. and market town of Radnorshire, S. Wales, on the Wye, 15 m. W.N.W. of New Radnor. Fop. 1037. Rheims. See Reims. Rbeingau, rin'gou (Rhine country), a valley between the Rhine and Mount Taunus, in the prov. of Hesse -Nassau, Prussia, celebrated for its rich vineyards. Rhenish Prussia. See Prussia, Rhen ish. Rbein Thai, rin tdl (Rhine valley), an extensive valley of Switzerland, traversed by the Rhine, in the N. of the cant. Grisons. Rbeydt or Rbeidt, ritt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, gov. Diisseldorf, on the Niers, 10 m. S.S.E. of Cologne, with ex tensive silk, velvet, and cotton manufs. Pop. 19,087. Rhin, Bas, bd reng (Lower Rhine), and Rbin, Haut, ho reng (Upper Rhine), two former deps. of France, ceded to Germany in 1871. See Elsass-Lothringen. Rhine, rin (probably derived from Gael. reidh-an, the placid water), a large and beautiful river of Europe, which, rising in Mount St Gothard in Switzerland, and passing through the Lake of Constance, divides Switzerland from Germany. It then flows through the German states, till, passing into Holland, it divides into two branches, the larger of which is called the Waal, which flows W., and joins the Maas near Gorkum, whilst the other, called the Rign (Rhine), flows N.W., and, after divid ing into several other branches, falls into the North Sea at Katwijk, 8 m. below Leyden. Its banks, for a great part of its course, show an unbroken succession of picturesque scenery, which has been de scribed as " A blending of all beauties ; streams and dells, Fruit, foliage, crag, wood, cornfield, moun tain, vine, And chiefless castles breathing stern farewells From gray but leafy walls, where Ruin grimly dwells." Rhinns, rins, Rinns, or Rbynes of G-alloway, a peninsula formed by Loch Ryan and Luce Bay, in the W. of Wig townshire, Scotland. Its length is 28 m., and its breadth varies from 2 to 5 m. Rhion. See Phasis. Rboda, ro'dd, or Rhodda, rod'da, an island of Egypt, in the Nile, opposite I Cairo. It contains the famous Nilometer, Fate , fdt , fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, not; tune, tUn. 321 which marks the rise and fall of the river, and here, according to Arab tradi tion, Pharaoh's daughter found the infant Rhode Island, rod (red island), the smallest of the United States of North America ; it is between Connecticut and Massachusetts, and is celebrated for its orchards and dairy produce. Area 1306 sq. m.; pop. 276,531. — Providence and Newport are the state caps. — Rhode Island, from which the state takes its name, is in Narragansett Bay, is 17 m. long, and from 2A to 3 m. broad, and, because of its pure ail" and mild climate, is a very desirable residence for invalids during the summer months. Rhodes, rodz, an island belonging to Turkey, in the Mediterranean, near the Asiatic coast. In ancient times it was celebrated for its colossal brazen statue, one of the seven wonders of the world, erected b.c. 288, and thrown down by an earthquake B.C. 227, — in more modern times, as the stronghold of the Knights of St John, who held it from 1308 to 1522, when they were dislodged by Sultan Soli- man, after a long siege. Pop. 35,000. Rhodes, a city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of the above island, at its N.E. extremity, in 36° 23' N. lat., and 28° 14' E. long.; it is strongly fortified, and has leather and shoe manufs., and some trade in the fishing and exporting of sponge. Pop. 20,000, of whom 3000 are Jews. Rbodope Mountains, ro'do-pe (fabled to have .received its name from Rhodope, the wife of the Thracian king HEemus, who was metamorphosed into a mountain for attempting to rival Juno), or Despoto- Dagb, des-po'to ddg, a mountain-chain in Roumelia, Turkey in Europe, extending S.E. from the Balkans to the bank of the Maritza. Height 7800 ft. RbSne, ron, a large and rapid river of France, rises in Switzerland, 5 m. from the source of the Rhine, and expands into the Lake of Geneva; issuing from which it forms the boundary between Haute-Savoie and Ain, and Ain and Isere. From Lyons its course is southerly, and after passing Vienne, Valence, and Avignon, it enters the Mediterranean by four mouths. Rhone, a dep. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Lyonnais. Area 1077 sq. m.; pop. 741,470. Rhonebouse, ron'house, a vil. of Scot land, co. Kirkcudbright, pa. of Kelton. Rhuddlan, or Rbyddlan, lirith'lan (red church), a pari. bor. and decayed market town in Flintshire, N. Wales, on the Clwyd, 3 m. N.W. of St Asaph ; it consists now of only one street. Pop. 1242. Rhyl, ril, a town and fashionable water ing-place of N. Wales, co. Flint, near the mouth of the Clwyd, 2 m. N.W. of Rhudd lan. Pop. 6029. Rhynd, rind (a point or promontory), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth. Pop. 297. Rhynie, ri'ne, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. The vil., called Muir of Rhynie, is about 9 m. S.W. of Huntly. Pop. of pa. 1126; of vil. 442. Riadh, re'dd, a town in the interior of Nedjed, Arabia, the cap. of the Wahabees, a very strict sect of Mohammedans. Riazan, re-d-zdn', a gov. of Russia, E. of Moscow, traversed by the river Oka, which divides it into two unequal and very different parts : that on the N. con sists largely of forests, lakes, and marshes, and is uncultivated; while that in the S. consists generally of a rich fertile soil, and produces wheat, oats, barley, hemp, and flax, all of which, with cattle, honey, iron, and timber, form valuable exports. Area 16,022 sq. m. ; pop. 1,653,263. Riazan, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Oka, the see of an arch bishop, and remarkable for its numerous churches. Pop. 19,990. Ribbesford, ribs'ford, a pa. of Eng land, co. Worcester, containing the town of Bewdley and the vil. of Ribbesford, once a market town. Pop. of pa. 3171. Ribble, rib'bl, a river which rises in the W. of Yorkshire, England, flows S. and W. through the centre of Lancashire, and enters the Irish Sea by an estuary 7 m. across. Ribe, re'beh, or Ripen, re'pen, a town of N. Jutland, Denmark, near the North Sea, 29 m. N.N.W. of Hadersleben, with trade in corn, horses, and cattle. Pop. 3933. RibeauviHe. See Rappolsweiler. Ribnitz, rib'nits, a town of N. Germany, grand - duchy of Mecklenburg - Schwerin, near the mouth of the Recknitz, 12 m. N.E. of Rostock. Pop. 4195. Riccarton, rik'ar-tun, formerly Richard- town, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, on the Irvine, which separates the vil. from Kilmarnock, within the limits of whose parliamentary burgh it is partly included. Pop. of pa. 7112 ; of vil. 1940. Riccia, rit'tchd, a town of Abruzzo and Molise, S. Italy, prov. and 13 m. S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 8123. Rice Lake, in tbe Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, to the N. of Lake Ontario, into which it discharges itself by the river Trent. RiceyS, Les, Id re-sa', three contiguous vils. of France, forming together a town in the dep. Aube, on the Laignes, 29 m. S.S.E. of Troyes, surrounded hy vineyards from which excellent wine is produced, and having quarries of lithographic stones in the neighbourhood. Pop. 2725. Riobelieu, rish-eh-ln', a town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 12 m. S.S.E. of C'hinon, built iu 1657 by Cardinal Richelieu, on the site of the vil. in which he was born. Pop. 2320. Richelieu, or Cnambly, a river of the X 322 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, flows from the N. extremity of Lake Champlain, and enters the river St Lawrence after a N. course of about 90 m. Rich-Hill, a town of Ireland, co. Ar magh, 26 m. S.W. of Belfast. Pop. 595. Richmond, rich'mond (corr. from Rich- mont, the name given to the castle when built by the fir»t Earl of Richmond, because of its natural attractions, and the fertility of its situation), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, with an ancient castle pictur esquely situated on the Swale, 43 m. N.W. of York. Pop. of munic. bor. 4502 ; of pari. bor. 5542. Richmond (so named when the royal palace was rebuilt by Henry VII., who was Earl of Richmond before his accession), a towuof England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, 11 m. W.S.W. of St Paul's; it is situated on a hill, aud commands one of the finest views in England. Pop. 19,066. Richmond, a city and river port of the United States, the cap. of Virginia, pictur esquely situated on James River, 20 m. W.N.W. of Montpellier. It was the seat of the Confederate government during the late civil war. Pop. 63,600. — Also, a town of Indiana, U.S., co. Wayne, 69 m. E. of Indianopolis. Pop. 12,743. — Also, several other towns and townships in the United States. Richmond, a town of New South Wales, Australia, co. Cumberland, 4 m. W. of Windsor. Pop. 1239. — Also, a borough of Bourke co., Victoria, on the Yarra Yarra, 2 m. E. of Melbourne, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 23,395.— Also, a town of Tas mania, co. Monmouth, on Coal River, 15 m. N.E. of Hobart. Pop. 448. Richmond, a div. of the Eastern Pro vince of Cape Colony, bounded N. by Hope Town; S. and E. by Graaf Reynet; andW. by Victoria West. Area 4463 sq. m.; pop. 7624.— Its seat of magistracy is Richmond. Pop. 995. Richmond, a co. of tbe Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec. Pop. 26,339. — Also, a co. of Nova Scotia. Pop. 15,121. — Also, several cos. in the United States, and a large number of vils., but most of them are small. Richmond River, in New South Wales, rises on the border of Queensland, and enters the Pacific about 60 m. S. of More- ton Bay. Rickmanswortb, rik'mans-wurth (corr. from its former name Rykemereswearth, the rich-moor meadow), a town of England, co. Herts, on the Colne, 4 m. S.W. of Watford, and 18 m. N.W. of London; it has silk, strawplait, and haircloth manufs., and paper and flour mills. Pop. 5511. Rideau Canal, re-do', in Ontario, Do minion of Canada, extending from Kings ton, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa, a dis tance of 132 m. Riesengebirge , re - zen - gd - beer ' gheh (giants' mountains), a mountain range of E. Germany, separating Bohemia from Prus sian Silesia, and connected westward with the Erzgebirge, and eastward with the Sudetic Mountains. The range is 50 m. in length, and Schneekoppe (snow cap), the highest summit, is 5254 ft. above the sea. Riesi, re-a'se, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. and 14 m. S , of Caltanisetta ; in the neighbourhood is a productive sulphur- mine. Pop. 11,548. Rieti, re-d'te (corr. from its ancient name Reate, said to be derived from the goddess Rhea, otherwise Cybele, the patroness of the plaoe under the Sabines, one of whose chief towns it was), a city of Umbria, Italy, prov. Perugia, on the Velino, 42 m. N.N.E. of Rome, with mineral springs in its vicinity. Pop. 11,478. Riga, re'gd (named from a small arm of the Dwina, called the Rige, or Ryghe), a city of Russia, the cap. of the gov. Livonia, on the Southern Dwina, 25 m. N.E. of Mittau. It is strongly fortified, and in point of trade ranks next to St Petersburg. The chief exports are flax, hemp, corn, linseed, wool, hides, timber, and tallow. Pop. 168,844. Riga, Gulf of, an inlet of the Baltic Sea, between Courland and Livonia, in the N.W. of Russia. Righi, re'ghe (corr. of its ancient name Mons Regius, the royal mountain), an iso lated mountain of Switzerland, in the cant. Schwytz, between the Lakes Zug and Lucerne ; it is 5905 ft. high, and is much ascended by tourists for the magnificent views it commands. RiUington, ril'ling-tun, a pa. and town ship in the E. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of New Malton. Pop. of pa. 1118; of township 877. Rima Szombat, re'md som'bot, a vil. of Hungary, co. Gbmor, on the Rima, 14 m. E.S.E. of Altsohl. Pop. about 5000. Rimini, re'me-ne (corr. from its anc. name Ariminum), a seaport of Emilia, Italy,prov. Forli, on the Marecchia, about 2 m. from its mouth in the Adriatic. Pop. 10,838. Rimnik, rim'nik, a town of Roumania, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the Rimnik, about 80 m. N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. 6870. Here the Austrians and Rus sians defeated the Turks in 1789. — Also, a town on the Aluta, 69 m. N.E. of Kra- jova. Pop. about 5750. Rimouski, re-moos'ke, or re-moos-ke', a town and watering-place of Quebec, Domi nion of Canada, cap. of a co. of the same name, on the S. shore of the St Lawrence, 54^ m. below Riviere du Loup en Bas. Pop. of town 1407; of co. 33,791. Ringcurran, ring-cur'ran (the point of the corrdn, or reaping-hook, so called from its shape), a pa. of Ireland, co. Cork, em bracing part of the town of Kinsale. P. 2959 Ringkidbing, ring'kyn-bing, a seaport of Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiki. 323 Denmark, on RIngkiobing Fiord, on the W. coast of Jutland. Pop. 2035. Ringkiobing Fiord, a lagoon 28 m. in length and 9 m. in greatest breadth, on the W. coast of Jutland, Denmark, separated from the North Sea by a strip of land in no place more than \\ m. across. Ringsend, rings'end (probably corr. from rin-ann, the point of the tide, but other ety mologies are also given), a suburb of Dub lin, Ireland, with wet and other docks, on the river Dodder, and adjoining Irishtown. Ringwood, ring'wood (corr. from Regne- wood, derived from its original name Reg- num, or tbe town of the Regni), a town of England, co. Hants, on the Avon, 19 m. S.W. of Southampton; it has woollen and hosiery manufactures. Pop. 3830. Riobamba, Nuevo, nwd'vo re-o-bdm'bd, a town of Ecuador, S. America, prov. Quito, 84 m. N.E. of Guayaquil ; near it are mines of gold and silver. Pop. 20,000. — Rio bamba Viega or Old Riombamba, 9 m. distant, was destroyed by an earthquake in 1797. Rio Branco, re'o brdn'ko (white river), or Parima, pd-re'md, a river of Brazil, prov. Amazonas, flows E., then S.S.W. to the Rio Negro, into which it falls by several mouths after a course of 850 m. Rio Colorado, re'o ko-lo-rd'do (the ruddy river), a river of S. America, rises in the Andes of Chili, flows S.E. through the pam pas of the Argentine Republic, and falls into the Atlantic near 40° S. lat. Rio Colorado, U. S. See Colorado or Rio Colorado. Rio Colorado, a river of Texas, U. S., rises in the table-lands in the N.W. of the state, flows S.E., and, after a course of 900 m., enters Matagorda Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. Rio de Janeiro, re'o da zhd-na'ro (the river of January), the metropolitan prov. of Brazil, bounded landward by the provs. Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes, and Santo Paulo, and on the E. and S. by the Atlan tic. Area about 18,500 sq. m. ; pop. 782,724. Rio de Janeiro, generally called Rio, the cap. of Brazil, and the largest and most important commercial city of S. America. It is beautifully situated on a noble bay studded with more than a hundred islands, and has one of the finest harbours in the world, defended by a citadel and several forts. Its principal exports are sugar, coffee, cotton, hides, drugs, cabinet and dye woods, gold, diamonds, and precious stones. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the British. The city was so named by the Portuguese because the bay was discovered on the 1st of January. Pop., including suburbs, 275,000.— The Bay of Rio is in the form of a pear, and is 17 m. in length, lj m. wide at its entrance and 11 m. in extreme breadth. Rio de la Plata, re'o da Idpld'td (the river of silver), a great estuary of South America, between Uruguay and the Argen tine Republic, formed by the junction of the Parana and Uruguay rivers. It is 200 m. in length from N.W. to S.E., and where it joins the Atlantic is 170 m. across. Its muddy waters can be traced in the ocean for 200 m. Rio Doce, re'o do'sd (sweet, i.e. fresh water liver), a river of Brazil, rises in the prov. of Minas Geraes, and enters the Atlantic in the prov. of Espirito Santo. Rio Dulce, re'o dul'sd (sweet river), a river of Guatemala, Central America, flow ing from the G ulf of Dulce to the Caribbean Sea. Rio Grande, re'o grdn'dd (the great river), a river of Senegambia, W. Africa, which, after a course of about 400 m., enters the Atlantic near Cape Roxo by au estuary 10 m. across.— Also a river of Colombia, S. America, state of Panama.— Also a river of the Mosquito Territory, Central America, flows E. and enters the Caribbean Sea 30 m. N. of the Pearl Key Lagoon. Rio Grande or Rio Bravo del Norte, re'o grdn'dd or re'o brd'vo del nor'td (the great or rapid river of the north), a river of N. America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, flowing S.E., forms the boundary between Mexico and Texas, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 1800 m. Rio Grande de Santiago, re'o grdn'dd da sdn-te-d'go (the great river of St James), a river of Mexico, N. America, flows with a rapid course 400 m. N.W. across the Anahuac table-land, and enters the Pacific near San Bias. Rio Grande do Norte, re'o grdn'dd dd nor'td (the great river of the north, named from a river so-called which flows through it, and enters the Atlantic at Natal), a prov. forming the N.E. corner of Brazil. Area 17,050 sq. m. ; pop. 233,979. Rio Grande or Sao Pedro do Sul (the great river, or the river St Peter of the south), a seaport of Brazil, the cap. of the prov. Rio Grande do Sul, at the outlet of Lake Patos ; it has a variety of manufs. and is a place of considerable trade, but from its low situation is subject to inunda tions. Pop. 3590. Rio Grande do Sul, re'o grdn'dd do sool (the great river of the south), a mari time prov. of Brazil, S. America, bounded N. by Parana; E. the Atlantic and Santa Catharina; S. Uruguay; and W. the Argen tine Republic. Area 110,211 sq. m.; pop. estimated at 434,813. Rio Hacba, re'o d'tchd, or hd'tchd, a small seaport of Magdalena, in the United States of Colombia, S. America, at the mouth of the Hacha in the Caribbean Sea. Rioja, La, Id re-o'hd (named from the Rio-OJa, an affluent of the Ebro, by which it is watered), a region of Old Castile, Spain, comprising parts of the provs. Logrono and Soria. Rloja, La, a prov. of the Argentine Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. 324 Republic, South America, with a cap. of the same name, from which wine and brandy are exported. The town is situated about 118 m. S.S.W. of Catamarcaj, and about an equal distance from San Juan. Pop. of prov. 48,746; of town 4889. Rlom, re-ong', a town of France, dep. Puy-de-DOme, 8 m. N. of Clermont-Ferrand, Pop. 9590. Rio Negro, re'o na'gro (black river), a river of Brazil, has its source in Colombia, and flowing E.S.E. joins the Amazon, after a course estimated at 1300 m. — Also, a river of Uruguay, which joins the Uru guay River at Soriano, after a W. course of 250 m. Rio Negro, Limay Leofu, or Sauces, sou'ses (i.e., willows, so called from the number of these trees found on its banks), a river of S. America, flowing E. from the Andes to the Atlantic, between the Argen tine Republic and Patagonia. Rionero, re-o-nd'ro (black rivulet), a town of Basilicata, S. Italy, prov. Potenza, 5 m. S. of Melfi. Pop. 11,520.— Also, a towu in Abruzzo and Molise, prov. Campohasso, 10 m. N.N.W. of Isernia. Pop. 1035. Rio Tinto, re'o teen'to (coloured river), a river of Spain, flows S. through the prov. of Huelva, and enters the bay of the same name on the Mediterranean. Near its mouth is Palos, the port from which Col umbus sailed on his first voyage of dis covery in 1492. Ripley, rip'la, a town of England, co. Derby, 5 m. N.E. of Belper, with collieries and iron-works. Pop. 6087. — Also, a pa. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, near the Nidd, 5 m. W. of Knaresborough. Pop. 1383. Ripon, rip'on (corr. from its anc. name Ripum, derived from Lat. ripa, the bank of a river, being situated on the river Ure), a city, munic. and pari, bor., and bishop's see in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Ure, 22 m. N.W. of York ; it has a fine cathedral built in the form of a Latin cross. Pop. 7390. Riposto, re-pos'to, a town of Sicily, prov. Catania, on the E. coast. Pop. 6220. Ripponden, rip'pon-den, a chapelry in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5i m. S.W. of Halifax, with manufs. of coarse woollen cloths. Risca, ris'ka, a pa. of England, co. Mon mouth, with large iron and copper works, and collieries. Pop. 3971. Rishton, rish'tun, a township of Lanca shire, England, 3 m. N.E. of Blackburn, with cotton manufactures. Pop. 4055. Rishwortb, rish'wvrth, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6 m. S.W. of Halifax. Pop. 1110. Riva, re'vd, or Reif, rife, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Tyrol and Vorarl- berg, at the N. extremity of Lake Garda. Pop. 4723. Rive-de-Gier, reev-deh-zhe-a' (the bank of the Gier), a manufacturing town of France, dep. Loire, on the Gier, 12 m. N.E. of St Etienne. Pop. 16,136. River of Egypt, or properly Torrent of Egypt, the S.W. boundary of Palestine, on the confines of Egypt; its modern name is the Wady-el-Arish. Riversdale, riv'ers-dale, a div. of the Western Province of Cape Colony, compre hending the country between the Zwarte- bergen and the sea; bounded E. by the Gauritz River, and W. by the Krombek River and a line reaching to the moun tains. Area 2462 sq. m.; pop. 12,721. It is also called Grasveld, from its abundant pasturage. — Riversdale vil., on the high road to the frontier, has a pop. of 1177. Rivesaltes, reev-sdlt', a town of France, dep. Pyrenees-Oriental es, on the Agly, 6 m. N. of Perpignan. Pop. 6664. Riviera, re-ve-d'rd, a dist. of Switzer land, canton of Ticino. Riviera di Genoa, re-ve-d'rd de Jen'o-d, a name given to two portions of the coast of the Mediterranean, in the midst of which Genoa is situated. The E. part is called Riviera di Levante, and the W. part Riviera di Ponente. Riviere Pilote, re-ve-air' pe-lot', a town on the S. coast of the West Indian Island Martinique. Pop. 5402. Rivoli, riv'o-le or re'vo-le (corr. from its anc. name Bipula, the little bank), a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. and 8 m. W. of Turin, with beautiful environs, and re markable for its pure air, which make it a fashionable resort during the summer and autumn months. Pop. 5540. Rivoli Bay, an inlet on the S.W. coast of South Australia, to the N. of Cape Lannes.— 37° 33' S. lat., 140° 13' E. long. Rizah, re' zd, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of the river Rizah. Pop. 30,000. Roag, Loch, loh rag, an inlet of the sea, about 12 m. in length and 8 m. in breadth, on the W. coast of the island Lewis, Hebrides, Scotland. It is thickly inter spersed with islands, the largest of which is Bernera. Roanne, ro-ann', a town of France, dep. Loire, on the Loire, 30 m. N. of Mont- brison. Pop. 24,992. Roanoke, ro-an-ok', a river of N. Caro lina, U.S., formed by the union of the Staunton and the Dan, flows S.E., and enters Albemarle Sound after a course of 300 m. Roapoa, ro-d-po'd, Houapoou, hoo-d- po-oo', or Adam's Island, one of the Mar quesas group in the Pacific; it is 10 m. long, with an elevated surface interspersed with many fertile valleys. Roaring-Water Bay, an inlet extend ing Si m. inland, between Cape Clear and Long Island, S.W. of Cork, Ireland. At the head of the bay is a hamlet of the same name. Roatb, ryth, a town of Glamorganshire, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 325 S. Wales, in the immediate vicinity of Cardiff. Pop. 23,096. Robben, rob'ben. or Seal Island, off the Cape of Good Hope, S. Africa, at the en trance of False Bay ; it is about 6 m. in circumference, and is used as a penal settle ment. Robert, Le, leh ro-bair', a town on the E. coast of the West Indian Island Mar tinique. Pop. about 6000. Roberton, rob'er-tun, a pa. of Scotland, cos. Roxburgh and Selkirk. Pop. 567. Roberton and Wiston, a pa. of Scot land, co. Lanark. Pop. 562.— The vil. of Roberton is 4 m. N. of Abingdon, and 8 m. S.W. of Biggar. Robertson, a dist. of the Western Pro vince of Cape Colony, comprising the country known as Kannaland or the Little Karroo. Area 1089 sq. m.; pop. 8031.— Robertson, the principal vil., is on the Breede River. Pop. 1104. Robertson, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edin burgh, pa. of Heriot. Robertstown, a pa. of Ireland, co. Lim erick. Pop. 1176. — Also, a vil. in the co. and 7 m. N. of Kildare. Pop. 298. Robeson Channel, rob'sun, a strait of the Arctic Ocean between Hall Land and Grant Land, forming, with Kennedy Chan nel and Smith Sound, a ship way in summer between Baffin Bay and the Polar Sea. Robin Hood Bay, an inlet of the North Sea, on the E. coast of Yorkshire, England, on which is a fishing vil. of the same name, 5 m. S.E. of Whitby. Rocca, rok'kd, the name of upwards of fifty towns and vils. of Italy, but, with two exceptions, the pop. of each is under 5000. Rocoella, rot-chel'ld, a town of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. Reggio-Calabria, on the Mediterranean, 6 m. N.W. of Mileto. Pop. 6065. Rooester, ro'ses-ter, a pa. and town of England, co. Stafford, on the Dove, 7 m. S.W. of Cheadle, with cotton manufs. Pop. 1220. Rochdale, rotch'dale (named from the Roach or Roche, an affluent of the Irwell), a munic. and pari. bor. and manufacturing town, partly in Lancashire and partly in Yorkshire, England, on the Roche, 11 m. N. of Manchester. The staple manufactures are woollen goods. Pop. 68,866. Rochefort, rosh-fori or roch'fort (the rock fortress), a strongly fortified seaport of France, dep. Charente-Inferieure, on the Charente, 18 m. S.S.E. of La Rochelle ; it is an important naval station, with an arsenal, immense magazines, and dockyards. Pop. 26,022. Rochefort, a town of Belgium, prov. and 27 ra. S.E. of Namur. Pop. 1720. Rochelle, La, Id ro-shell' (the little fort on the rock), a strong seaport of France, the cap. of the dep. Charente-Inferieure, on the coast, 76 m. S.E. of Nantes; it has manufactures of glass and earthenwares, and a considerable trade in wines, brandy, etc. Pop. 20,128. Rochester, roch'es-ter (the camp on the rock, or, according to Bede, from ceastre Hrofes, the camp or city of Hrof, a Saxon chief), a city, munic and pari. bor. and river port of England, co. Kent, on the Medway, 26 m. N.W. of Canterbury; the chief object of interest in the town is the cathedral, a very fine specimen of Norman and Early English architecture, and one of the most ancient ecclesiastical structures in the kingdom. At Gadshill, near Rochester, Charles Dickens the novelist died, 9th June 1870. Pop. 21,307. Rochester (named from Colonel Nath aniel Rochester, one of the early settlers), a city of New York, U.S., on the Erie Canal, at the Falls of the Genesee, with various manufactures and a great trade in wheat and flour. Pop. 89,366. — Also, several townships and towns in the U.S., but the pop. of each is under 5000. Rochester, a township of England, with a vil. called High Rochester, co. Northum berland, 11 m. N. of Bellingham, on the site of the anc. Bremenium, where numerous Roman antiquities have been found. Pop. of township 339. Rocnford, roch'ford (the ford of the Roche), a town of England, co. Essex, on the Roche, 4 m. N- of Southend. Pop. 1675. Rochlitz, roh'litz, a town of Saxony, Germany, on the Mulde, 17 m. N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 5760. Rochlitz, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, 8 m. N.N.W. of Hohenelbe, with linen aud muslin manufs., and several bleachfields. Pop. 2121. Rook, a township and chapelry of Eng land, co. Northumberland, 4£ m. N.E. of Alnwick. Pop. 249. Rockaway Beach, a fashionable water ing-place of New York, U.S., about 20 m. S.E. of New York City. Rockford, rok'ford, a city of Illinois, U.S., co. Winnebago, on the Rock River, 92 m. W.N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 13,129. Rockhampton, rok-hamp'lun, a town of Queensland, Australia, co. Livingstone, on the Fitzroy. Pop. 7435. Rockland, rok'land, a city of Maine, U.S., on Penobscot Bay, about 40 m. S.E. of Augusta; it is noted for its lime. It was formerly called Hast Thomaston. Pop. 7599. Rooky Mountains, The, an extensive system of N. America, running parallel to the W. coast from the Arctic Ocean to the S. of the Cordilleras of Central America. The name, however, is more particularly confined to those portions of the range situated in British America and the United States. They consist of two, and in some places of three parallel chains, and extend not less than 5000 m. The principal ranges of the system are the Northern 326 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, note, ndt; tune, ttiai. Range, the Sea Alps, the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, the Wind River Mountains, Sierra Verd, and Sierra Madre, and their loftiest summits are Mount St Elias (17,860 ft.), and Mount Brown, Mount Hooker, and Mount Murchison, all above 15,700 ft. Rocroi, rok-rwd', a town of France, dep. Ardennes, 14 m. N.W. of Mezieres. Here the French, under the Prince of Conde", gained a signal victory over the Spaniards in 1643. Pop. 1649. Roda, ro'dd, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, 8 m. S.E. of Jena. Pop. 3465. Roda, a town of Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.N.E. of Barcelona, on the Ter. — Also a town of Spain, prov. Cueuca, 30 m. N.W. of Chinchilla. Pop. 2253. Roda, Rodab, ro'dd, or Rodda, rod'dd, a town of Yemen, Arabia, with fine gardens and vineyards, 8 m. N.N.W. of Sana. Rodauk, ro-dauk', a town of Bultistan or Little Tibet, Central Asia, about 120 m. S.E. of Leh, with an active trade in shawl- wool and salt. Rodborougb, rod'bur-o, a pa. and vil. of Gloucestershire, England, 1 m. S.W. of Stroud, and 10 m. from Gloucester. Pop. 2759. Rodez, ro-dd', anc. Segodunum, a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Aveyron, on the Aveyron, 44 m. S. of Aurillac, with a fine cathedral, a Gothic structure of the 16th century. Pop. 14,425. Rodi, ro'de, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, on the Adriatic, at the foot of Monte Gargano, 5 m. N.W. of Vico. Pop. 4300. Rodosto, ro-dos'td, a town of Roumelia, Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of Marmora, 35 m. W.S.W. of Silistria ; it supplies Con stantinople with fruit and vegetables. Pop. estimated at 25,000. Rodriguez, ro-dre'ghes, or Rodrigue, ro- dreeg', an island belonging to Britain, in the Indian Ocean, about 300 m. E.N.E. of the Mauritius, of which it is a dependency ; it is 12 m. long, from 3 to 6 m. broad, and exports turtles, rice, and other products. Roer or Ruhr, roor, a river of W. Ger many and the Netherlands, flows N. through Rhenish Prussia and joins the Maas, after a course of 90 m.; its waters abound with fish, and are noted for their excellence for dyeing purposes, but the banks of the river being low are frequently the cause of great inundations. Roermond, roor-monf, or Roermonde, roor-mon'deh (the mouth of the Roer), a town of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, at the confluence of the Roer and the Maas, 27 m. N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 10,470. Roeskilde or Roskilde, ros'kil-deh (Roe's well, from Dan. kilde, a well, foun tain, or spring, and Roe, the king by whom the town was founded, and who chose the site on account of the fresh-water springs in its neighbourhood), a town on the island of Zealand, Denmark, at the head of an inlet of the Cattegat, 18 m. W.S.W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 893. Rogart, rog'art (corr. from Gael, rogh- ard, very high), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Sutherland. The vil. is situated nearly on the summit of a hill 6 m. N.W. of Gol spie, hence its name. Pop. 1227. Rogasen, ro'gd-zen, or Rogozno, to- goz'no, a town of Prussia, prov. Posen, on a lake, where it discharges itself into the Wetna, 24 m. N. of Posen. Pop. 5325. Rogatchev, ro-gd-chev', a town of Russia, gov. and about 60 m. S.S.W. of Moghilev, at the confluence of the Droots and the Dnieper. Pop. 7738. Rogerstone, roj'ers-ton, a hamlet of Eng land, co. Monmouth, with iron aud tin works, 2£ m. W. of Newport. Pop. 1302. Robatyn, ro-hd'tin, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Lipa, 14 m. W.S.W. of Brzezany. Pop. 7219. Robilkband, ro-hU-kund' (the country of the Rohillas, an Afghan tribe, who settled here about 1673), a div. of British India, North-West Provinces, extending from the Ganges on the S. to the hill dis tricts of Kamaun on the N., and from where the Ganges leaves the hills to the frontiers of Oudh. Its surface is flat, and iu the S. is liable to annual inundation. Rice, maize, wheat, sugar, cotton, and tobacco are the chief products. Area 11,805 sq. m. ; pop. 5,436,314. Robri, ro're, a town of Sind, India, on the Indus, 20 m, S.S.E. of Shekerpore. In one of its mosques is preserved in a richly jewelled case a hair of amber, believed by pious Mussulmans to be a hair of the beard of Mohammed. Pop. 9000. Rohtuk, or Robtak, roh'tuk, a town of the Punjab, British India, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, div. Hissar, 42 m. N.W. of Delhi. Pop. of town 15,700 ; of dist. 553,609. Rokeby, rok'be, a pa. of England, in the N.R. of Yorkshire, on the Tees, noted for its romantic scenery, described by Sir Walter Scott. Pop. 196. Rokeby, a vil. of Tasmania, in the midst of a rich agricultural country, 7 m. E. of Hobart. Pop. 200. Rokelle, ro-kell', a river of Senegambia, W. Africa, flows W., and joins the Atlantic by a wide estuary at Sierra Leone, after a course estimated at 250 m. Rolvenden, rol-ven-den' , a pa. and town of England, co. Kent, 3 m. S.W. of Tenter- den. Pop. of pa. 1286. Romald-Kirk, rom'dld-ltirk, a pa. and township in the N. R. of Yorkshire, Eng land, on the Tees, 4 m. N.W. of Middleton- in-Teesdale. Pop. 2690. Roman, ro'man, a town of Roumania, at the confluence of tbe Moldava and Seretb, about 40 m. S.W. of Jassy. Pop. estimated at 16,920. Romania Point, the S. extremity of the Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tihi. 327 a branch of the Thames, or from A. S. rum- ford, the broad, ford), a town of England, co. Essex, 12 m. N.E. of London. Pop. Malay Peninsula, and of the continent of Asia.— 1° 30' N. lat., 104* 20' E. long. Romano Bridge, ro-man'o bridj, a vil. of Scotland, co. Peebles, pa. of Newlauds. Romanov, ro-mdn-oi/, a town of Russia, gov. Jaroslav, on the Volga, about 20 m. W.N.W. of Jaroslav, with silk, linen, and leather manufactures. Pop. 5571. Romans, ro-mang', a thriving town of France, dep. Dr6me, on the Isere, 10 m. N.E. of Valence; it commands a magnifi cent view of the valley eastward to Mont Blanc, and has manufactures and trade in wool, flax, hemp, and olive-oil. Pop. 11,916. Romansborn, ro'mdns-horn, a town of Switzerland, cant. Thurgau, 11 m. S.E. of Constance. Pop. 3647. Rome, or Roma, a prov. of the kingdom of Italy, bounded N.W. by Tuscany; N.E. by Umbria and Abruzzo; E. and S. by the Campagna ; and S. and W. by the Medi terranean. It comprises the most of the S.W. portion of the former States of tbe Church, and is divided into the five circles of Rome, Givita Vecchia, Frosinone, Vel- letri. and Viterbo. Area 4535 sq. m. ; pop. 903,265. Rome, a city of Europe, the cap. of Italy, and once the mistress of the world, is situated on the Tiber, about 16 m. from the seacoast. It has a circuit of 15 m. measured round the walls, but the modern buildings cover only a small portion of the space enclosed, great part being occupied by gardens and vineyards. Among its modern structures may be mentioned St Peter's, the most magnificent church in the world, erected it is said at a cost of £12,000,000 sterling, the palace of the Va tican, and the castle of St Angelo. Its noble monuments of antiquity, of which the Coliseum is by far the„niost imposing, and its numerous churches and palaces, adorned with the greatest masterpieces of painting and sculpture that exist, attract visitors and students in the fine arts from all parts of the world. Its chief industries are con nected with art, and the supplying the wants of visitors, many of the population being also engaged in attending on the ecclesiastical courts, while there are about 4500 priests and friars, and 2000 nuns. Pop. 272,010. Rome, a city of New York, U. S., co. Oneida, on the Mohawk River, and on the Erie Canal, 14 m. N.W. of Utica. Pop. 12,194. Romen, ro-men', or Romny, rom'ne, a town of Russia, gov. Poltava, at the junc tion of the Sula and Romen, with trade in silk and cotton goods, and a great annual fair attended by thousands of persons from all parts. Pop. 8809. Romerstadt, m'mer-stdtt, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Moravia, 25 m. N. of Olmlitz, with iron forges and bleach- eries. Pop. 4650. Romford, rum* ford (the ford of the Rom, 7176. Romiley, rom'i-ld, a township of Eng land, co. Chester, 3 m. N.E. of Stockport, witli cotton manufactures, etc. Pop. 1819. Romilly-sur- Seine, ro-meel-ye'snr-sane, a town of France, dep. Aube, on the Seine, 9 m. E. of Nogent-sur-Seine. Pop. 5089. Romney- Mar sb, rom'na marsh (from Gael, ruimne, a marsh, or, according to others, from A. S. rumen-ea, the spreading water or marsh), an extensive tract of marsh land on the coast of the English Channel, in co. Kent, perhaps the greatest sheep-feeding dist. in the kingdom. It is protected from inroads of the sea by an immense embankment from 12 to 18 or 20 ft. high, and from 15 to 30 ft. wide at the top. Pop. of dist. 6059. Romney, New, a cinque port and mar ket town of England, co. Kent, on the coast, 5 m. N. of Dungeness. Pop. 1301. Romorantin, ro-mo-rdng-teng,' anc. Rivus-Morentini (the hank of the Morantin), a town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, at the confluence of the Morantin and the Saudre, 24 m. S.E. of Blois. Pop. 7317. Romsdal, roms'ddl (the dale or valley of the Rauma), a gov. of Norway, in the prov. of Droutheim. Pop. 117,220. Romsey, or Rumsey, rum'sd (corr. from A. S. rumes ey, the roomy or spacious island), a munic bor. and town of England, co. Hampshire, on the Test, 8 m. N.N.W. of Southampton; it is one of the most ancient towns in England. Pop. 4204. Rona, ro'nd, an island of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness, 2£ m. N.E. of Benbecula. Pop. 176. Ronaldshay, North, ron'dld-shd, the most northerly island of the Orkney group, Scotland. Pop. 547. Ronaldshay, South, an island of the Orkney group, Scotland, 6 m. N.N.E. of Duncanshy Head. Pop. 2557. Ronoiglione, ron-cheel-yo'nd, a town of Roma, Central Italy, on the Lake of Vico. 11 m. S.S.E. of Viterbo. Pop. G084. Ronda, ron'dd, a town of Spain, prov. Malaga, 42 m. N. of Gibraltar; it is situ ated on the summit of a precipitous rock, near the Guadiaro, which is here crossed by a stupendous bridge 280 feet high. Ronda is noted for its salubrious climate and the longevity of its inhabitants. Pop. 19,181. Rondout, ron-dowt', a town of New York, U.S., on Rondout Creek, near its entrance into the Hudson, 90 m. N. of New York City. It was annexed to Kingston in 1872. Ronne, ron'neh, a seaport of Denmark, on the W. coast of the island of Bornholm, of which it is the cap. Shipbuilding and . manufs. of woollen cloth and tobacco are earned on. Pop. 6471. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mU ; pine, pin; note, nU ; tune, t&n. 328 Ronneburg, ron'neh-boorg, a town of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, 4 m. E.S.E. of Gera, with manufs. of woollens, porcelain, earthenware, and leather, and in the vicinity are mineral springs. Pop. 5978. Ronsdorf, rons'dorf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, gov. Dusseldorf, 3 m. S.E. of Elber- feld. Pop. 10,100. Roosendaal, ro'zen-ddi, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 14 m. W.S.W. of Breda. Pop. 8816. Roquefort, rok-for', a town of France, dep. Landes, on the Douze, 14 m. N.E. of Mont-de-Marsan ; it is situated in a locality noted for the cheese which bears its name. Pop. 1215. Rtiraas, ru'ross, a town of Norway, prov. Drontheim, at the base of the Dovrefeld Mountains, 67 m. S.E. of Drontheim ; near it are famous copper-mines. Pop. 3500. Rorke's Drift, rork's drift, a mission station on the border of Zulu-land, S. Africa, a little below the junction of the Blood and Buffalo Rivers, famous for the gallant defence which from 60 to 100 British soldiers here successfully main tained against repeated attacks of 3000 Zulu warriors, January 22 and 23, 1879. Rorschach, ror'shdh, a town of Switzer land, cant, and 7 m. N.E. of St Gall, on the Lake of Constance; it has an excellent harbour and a good trade in corn. P. 4368. Rosa, Monte. See Monte Rosa. Rosario, ro-sd're-o, a town of the Argen tine Republic, S. America, prov. and about 200 m. N.W. of Buenos Ayres, on the Parana; it is the second town in import ance in the state, and exports hides, skins, wool, and cattle. Pop. 41,000. Rosario, El, a town of Mexico, N. America, state Siualoa, on the Rosario. Pop. 4946. Rosario de Cucuta, ro-sd're-o da koo- koo'td, a town of the United States of Colombia, S. America, state Boyaca, on the Zulia. Pop. 5000. Rosbercon, ros-ber'kon, or Rosebercon, roz-ber'kon, a pa. and vil. of Ireland, co. Kilkenny, on the Barrow, opposite New Ross, with which it is now incorporated. Pop. 878. Roscommon, an inland co. of Ireland, surrounded by Sligo, Leitrim, Longford, "YYestmeath, King's co., Galway, and Mayo. Its greatest length is 60 m., and greatest breadth 40 m. Area 949 sq. m.; pop, 132,490. The surface is mostly undulating, but mountainous in the N., where are the Curlew Mountains, and flat in the E. The soil is generally fertile, producing those fine pastures for which the co. has so long been celebrated. Wheat is raised, but oats and potatoes are the principal crops. The Shannon (with its loughs, Boffin, Bodarigg, and Ree) forms part of the E., and the Suck the W. boundary. Lough Key is in the N., and Lough Gara in the W. of the co. The pursuits are chiefly agricultural, hut tillage is in a backward state, and the poorer classes of the inhabitants are very wretched. Coal aud iron are worked in the N., where there is a considerable coal-field, and exten sive smelting and casting operations are carried on. The linen manuf., once exten sive throughout the co., is now almost extinct. — Roscommon is the co. town. Roscommon (named from St Coman, who founded a monastery here in the 8th century — Roscommon means "Coman's wood"), a town of Ireland, the co. town of Roscommon, 18 m. S.E. of Castlerea. Pop. 2117. Roscrea, ros-krd' (Cree's wood), a town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, 44 m. N.W. of Limerick. Pop. 2801. Roseau, ro-so', the principal town of the British West India Island Dominica, on its W. coast. Pop. about 5000. Roseball, rdz-ha.IV, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, 3 m. S.W. of Airdrie. Pop. 3829. Rosebearty, roz'hdrite, a burgh and fishing vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, on the Moray Firth, 4£ m. W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. 1404. Rosemarkie, roz - mdr ' ke (corr. from Gael, ros-mairc, the projecting point of the horses), a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, com prising the town of Fortrose and the town of Rosemarkie, which is about 6 m. S.W. of Cromarty. Pop. of pa. 1357. Rosenallis, roz-nal'lis, a pa. and vil. of Queen's co., Ireland. The chief part of the town of Mountmellick is in this pa. Pop. of pa. 3864. Rosendal, ros-en-ddl', a small town of Norway, prov. Bergen, on Hardanger Fiord, near which are rich copper-mines. Roseneatb, roz-neeth' (the promontory of the little dingle), a pa. of Dumbarton shire, Scotland, between the Gareloch and Loch Long. Pop. 1994. Rosenheim, to ' zen - hime, a town of Upper Bavaria, Germany, near the conflu ence of the Mangfall and the Inn, 33 m. S.E. of Munich; it has mineral baths and extensive salt-works, the brine for which is brought from the salt springs of Reichen- hall. Pop. 8397. Roseto, ro-sa'to, »¦ town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, 10 m. W. of Troja. Pop. 5349. Rosetta, ro-zet'td, Arab. Raschid (head ship), a town of Egypt, at the mouth of the western branch of the Nile; it has manufs. of sailcloth, leather, and iron goods, and is distinguished for the salub rity of its climate and the beauty of its environs. Here, in 1799, an engraved slab was found, since called the Rosetta Stone, which led to the discovery of a key to the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics. Pop. 15,002. e Rosewell, roz-well', a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Lasswade. Pop. 1394. Roskilde, See Roeskilde, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; time, tUn. Roslavl, ros'ldvl, or Roslovl, ros'lovl, a town of Russia, gov. Smolensk, on the Bach-Ostra, about 65 m. S.S.E. of Smo lensk. Pop. 6638. Roslin, or Roslyn, ros'lin (from Gael. Tos-linne, the projecting point on the pool), a vil. of Mid-Lothian, Scotland, 7 m. S.E. of Edinburgh, picturesquely situated on the N. Esk, with a Gothic chapel, recently restored, and the ruins of an ancient castle, much visited by tourists. Pop. 611. Rosolini, ro-so-le'ne, a town of the island Sicily, prov. Syracuse. Pop. 6367. Ross (from the Gael, ros, a promontory), a co. of Scotland, stretches across the N. part of the country from the Moray Firth to the Minch, and comprises the districts of Easter and Wester Ross, the island of Lewis, and the peninsula lying between the Beauly and Cromarty Firths, called the Black Isle, or Edderdail, i.e., "the land between the two seas," or Ardmeanach, i.e., "the monk's height." The co. is bounded on the N. by Sutherland, and on the S. by Inverness. Area, including Cromarty (with which it is united), 3129 sq. ni.; pop., including Cromarty, 78,547. The W. coast is deeply indented with numerous lochs, the chief of which are Lochs Broom, Ewe, Torridon, Carron, Alsh, and Gair Loch — all arms of the sea. The aspect of the country is wild and mountainous, inter sected by beautiful glens, lakes, and rivers. Some of the mountains are of considerable altitude, such as Ben Dearg, which is 3551 ft.; Ben Wyvis, 3429 ft.; Ben Alligin, 3015 ft.; and Ben Clachan, 2028 ft. above the sea. The high districts afford abundant pasturage for sheep and cattle, and the glens produce grain crops of a superior quality. Fresh-water lakes are numerous, and give rise to many small streams, which intersect the co. in all directions. The most important lakes are Loch Maree (13 m. long) and Loch Luichart. The manufs. of Ross-shire are unimpor tant; but the fisheries are extensive and valuable. Stornoway, in Lewis, is the principal fishing station. The royal burgh of Dingwall, at the head of Cromarty Firth, is the co. town. Ross, a town of England, co. and about 13 m. S.E. of Hereford, beautifully situated on the banks of the Wye, and surrounded by a picturesque and highly cultivated country, the cider of which is in high repute. John Kyrle, who founded many benevolent in stitutions in the town, and whom Pope has immortalized in his well-known lines on the " Man of Ross," was a native of the town. Pop. S724. Ross, a vil. of Scotland, co. Berwick, pa. of Mordington. P. 371.— Also, a vil. in Perth shire, forming part of the vil. of Comrie. Ross, New, a town of Ireland, co. Wexford, on the Barrow, with extensive exports of corn, provisions, wool, and cattle. Pop. 6670. 329 Rossano, ros-sd'no, a city of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. and 32 m. N.E. of Cosenza, near the Gulf of Taranto, with quarries of alabaster and marble in its vicinity. Pop. 14,881. Ross Carberry, ross kar'ber-re, a town and episcopal see ef Ireland, co. and 32 m. S.W. of Cork. Pop. 693. Rossie Island, ros'se, in the channel of the South Esk, co. Forfar, Scotland. Pop. 171. Rossiena, ros-se-d'nd, or Rosienna, ros- e-en'nd, a town of Russia, gov. Kovno, on the Lubissa, about 100 m. W.N.W. of Wilna. Pop. 11,109. Rossignol, Lake, ros-seen-yol' , a. lake of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Nova Scotia. Length 11 m.; breadth 8 m. It discharges by the Mersey River, at the mouth of which is the vil. of Rossignol or Liverpool. Rossinver, ros-sin'ver, a pa. of Ireland, cos. Sligo and Leitrim. Pop. 9907. Rosskeen, ros-keen' (from Gael, ros-cinn, the promontory of the head), a pa. of Scot land, co. Ross, on Cromarty Firth. Pop. 3773. Rossmire, ros-mire', a pa. of Ireland, co. Waterford. Pop. 1439. Rossorry, ros-sor're, a pa. of Ireland, co. Fermanagh, comprising a part of the town of Enniskillen. Pop. 1795. Rosstrevor, ros-tree'vor, a town of Ire land, co. Down, on the N. side of Carling ford Bay, 8 m. E.S.E. by rail of Newry. Pop. 706. Rosswein, ros-vine', a town of Saxony, Germany, gov Leipzig, on the Mulde, 5 m. W.N.W. of Nossen. Pop 6698. Rostak, ros'tdk, a large inland town of S. Arabia, near the Jehel Akdar; its en virons are noted for their fertility. — Also, a small, miserably-built town in Farsistan, Persia, with a castle covering an area equal to that of the town, but unfinished. Rostock, ros'tok, the principal trading port of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, on the Warnow, 9 m. from Warnemunde, its outport at the mouth of the river. The chief exports are corn, wool, horses, cattle, etc. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1419, and was the birthplace of Marshal Blucher in 1742. Pop. 36,967. Rostov, ros-tov', a town of Russia, gov. Ekaterinoslav, on the Don, between Azov and Tcherkask. Pop, 44,453. Rostov, a town of Russia, gov. and 3£ m. S.W. of Jaroslav, on Lake Nero; it has a great trade in corn, hemp, and honey. Pop. 10,257. Rota, ro'td, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 7 m. N.W. of Cadiz, chiefly en gaged in agriculture and fishing. P. 8004. Rotbbury, roth'ber-e, a town of England, co. Northumberland, 11 m. W.S,W. of Aln wick. Pop. 1247. Rothenburg, ro'ten-boorg (the red fort ress), a town of Bavaria, Germany, on 330 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. the Tauber, 31 m. S.S.E. of Wiirtzburg, with an active trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 6504. — Also, a town of Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the Fulda, 24 m. S.S.E, of Cassel. Pop. 3186. Rother, roth'er, a river of England, co. Sussex, flows S.E., and falls into the English Channel at Rye. — Also, a small river, co. Surrey, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe. Rotherbam, roth' er- am (the dwelling on the Rother, which, according to some, means " the red river," but according to others, is from the Celt, yr-odre, and means " the boundary"), a munic. bor. in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, near the junction of the Rother with the Don, 5 m. N.E. of Sheffield; it has extensive manufs. of iron ware goods, facilitated by an ample supply of coal obtained from the vicinity. Pop. 34,782. Rotberbitbe, roth'er-Mth, colloquially red'riff (corr. from rethra-hythe, the port or haven of sailors, or, according to others, the port or haven of the boundary, see Rotherham), a pa. of England, co. Surrey, included within the metropolis. Fop. 36,024. Rothes, roth'es (from Gael, rath, a castle), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Elgin, near the Spey, 8£ m. S.W. of Fochabers. Pop. of pa. 2201 ; of vil. 1382. Rothesay, roth'sd, a royal burgh and seaport of Scotland, the co. towu of Bute, on a beautiful bay on the E. side of the Isle of Bute, 19 m. S W. of Greenock ; it is much resorted to for sea-bathing, and, because of its mild climate, as a residence for invalids. Pop. 8329.— The pa. of Rothe say has a pop. of 8538 Rothiemay, roth-e-md' (corr. from Gael. rath-a-magh, the rath or castle of the plain), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co Banff, 6 m. N.E. of Huntly. Pop. of pa. 1363. Rothley, roth'ld, a pa, and township of England, co Leicester, 5J m. S. of Lough borough, with granite-quarries. Pop. of pa. 2666. Rothwell, roth'well, three pas. of Eng land: — I. In the W. R. of Yorkshire; pop. 12,182. — II. In co. Northampton, with manufs. of silk plush for hats ; pop. 2823. — III. In co. Lincoln, parts of Lindsay; pop. 260. Rotondo Monte, ro-ton'do mon'ta (the round mountain, so named from its shape), the highest mountain in the island of Corsica, 9065 ft. above the sea Rottenburg, rot' ten-boor g , a town of Wurtemberg, Germany, on the Neckar, 7 m. S.W. of Tubingen. Pop. 7136. Rotterdam, rot'ter-dam (the embank ment on the Rotte), a seaport and great city of commercial importance in the Netherlands, on the Maas, at its conflu ence with the Rotte, 40 m. S.W. of Amster dam. Although 20 m. from the North Sea, it has great facilities for trade, the streets being intersected by canals deep enough to receive vessels of a large size, It has manufs. of various kinds, numerous gin distilleries, and extensive exports of dairy and agricultural produce. The learned Erasmus, to whose memory his fellow - citizens have erected a bronze statue in the market-place, was born here in 1467. Pop. 157,270. Rotti, rot'te, a mountainous island of the Malay Archipelago, 50 m. long and 20 m. broad, off the S.W. extremity of Timor. Rottweill, rot'vile, a town of Wiirtem- berg, Germany, on an elevated site near the Neckar, 14 m. S. of Sulz. Pop. 6047. Rotuman, or Rotbuma, ro-too'md, an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the colony of Fiji, to which it was annexed in 1880.-12° 30' S lat., 177° 30' E. long. Roubaix, roo-ba', a town of France, dep. Nord, 6 m. N.E. of Lisle ; it is a chief seat of the French woollen manufacture, and has dyeworks and several spinning mills. Pop. 79,706. Rouen, roo-ang', or rwiangfmost probably corr. from its anc. name Rothomagus, the rath or fort on the plain, but other etymo logies are also given), an important com mercial aud manufacturing city of France, the cap. of the dep. Seine-lnferieure, on the Seine, 44 ra. E.S.E. of Havre; it is noted for the superiority of its cotton and woollen manufs., and its ancient cathedral is one of the most elaborate Gothic edifices in the world. Joan of Arc was burned here by the English in 1431, and a statue to her memory has been erected on the spot. Pop. 105,860. Roughrigg, ruf'rig, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of New Monkland. Pop. 689. Roulers, roo-ld', a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Mandel, an affl. of the Lys, 12 m. N.N.E. of Ypres, with linen manufs. and trade in flax grown in the surrounding districts. Pop. 16,133. Roumania, roo-md'ne-d (named from the Romani, of whom the Roumanians are the descendants), a kingdom of Europe, embrac ing the former principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, lies N. of the Danube, with Austria and Servia on the W., and the Black Sea and Russia on the E. By the Berlin Treaty of 1878, the boundary of Roumania with respect to Russia was fixed to be the river Pruth and the Kilia, the northmost branch of the Danube, and to its territory were added the whole delta of the Danube, the Isle of Serpents, and other islands of the delta, and the country S. of the Dobrudscha, as far as a line stretching from the E. of Silistria to the Black Sea S. of Mangalia. With this additional terri tory the area is 49,463 sq. m., and the pop. 5,376,000. The country is for the most part flat or undulating, except in the W., where spurs from the Carpathians give it a some what mountainous character. The soil is in the highest degree fertile. Agriculture Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tilne, tiin. 331 Is an important branch of industry, but frequently the crops suffer much from the ravages of locusts, or are prevented from coming to maturity by long-continued sum mer droughts. While Wallachia is desti tute of wood throughout almost its whole extent, forests are of great extent and im portance in Moldavia. The riches of the country consist in its horses, cattle, and sheep, of which immense numbers are reared, and find sustenance on its far stretching plains. Swine also are numer ous. Bees are extensively reared in Mol davia, and the swampy marshes extending for miles along the banks of the Danube are the haunts of innumerable waterfowl. Minerals are said to be abundant, but the only one that is extensively worked is rock- Bait. The Roumanians are a mixed race descended from Trajan's Roman colonists. They speak a language called Romanic, which is chiefly derived from the Latin, though in highly educated circles French is generally spoken, especially by the Ladies. The established religion is that of the Greek Church, but all forms of Chris tianity are tolerated, and every person en joys the same civil and political rights whatever his religion may be. The king is aided in the government by responsible ministers and two houses of legislature, a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. The chief towns are Bucharest, the capital, Jassy, the chief town in Moldavia, Galatz, Kra- Jova, Giurgevo, Brahilov, Kalaf 'at, and Baba- dagh. Roumelia, roo-me'le-d, or Rurnili, room'- e-le (a Turkish corr. of Roumania, which see), a prov. of European Turkey, compris ing ancient Macedonia and the S. half of Thrace ; it is bounded N. by Eastern Roumelia, Bulgaria, and Servia; W. by Al bania ; S. by the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora; and E. by the Black Sea. Its area is estimated at 16,354 sq. m., and its pop. at 1,454,000. The surface is traversed by ramifications of the Balkan Mountains, which enclose many fertile plains and val leys, the chief products of which are cotton, wine, oil, and tobacco. It also includes ex tensive pastures, on which large numbers of 6heep are reared. Agriculture, as in other parts of Turkey, is in a backward condi tion. The climate is in general mild and salubrious. Roumelia, Eastern, formerly a portion of the above prov., corresponding nearly to the northern half of ancient Thrace. By the Berlin Treaty of 1878 it was de tached from the vilayet of Adrianople, of which it previously formed a part, and while remaining under the direct military and political authority of the Sultan, who has the right of erecting fortresses on its land and sea frontiers, is yet to be self administered under a Christian governor- general appointed for five years with assent of the Great Powers. From the predomi nance of Bulgarians in the population, it may not inappropriately be designated Southern Bulgaria. Area 13,646 sq. m. ; pop. 815,951. — Its chief town is Philippopolis, on the Maritza. Roupbia, or Roufia, roo-fe'd, anc. Al- pheus, a river of Greece, drains the table land of Arcadia, and enters the Mediter ranean on the W. coast of the Morea. Roueay, roo'sa (Rolf's island), an island of the Orkney group, Scotland, with a vil. of the same name, about 10 m. N. of Kirk wall. Pop. of island 873.— Rousay, Egil- shay, and Weir islands form a pa. Pop. 1118. Rousillon, roo-sil-yong' (said to take its name from Ruscino, a Roman colony, sup posed to have stood about 2 m. from Per- pignan), an old prov. in the S. of France, now forming the dep. Pyrenees-Orien tales. Roveredo, ro-ver-d'do (from It. rovereto, a place planted with oaks), a town of Aus tria-Hungary, in the S. of the Tyrol, on the Lens, near its junction with the Adige, 12 m. S.S.W. of Trent, with manufs. of silk, leather, and tobacco. Pop. 8864. Rovigno, ro-veen'yo, or Trevigno, trd- veen'yo, a seaport of Coastland, Austria- Hungary, on the W. coast of Istria, 39 m. S.S.W. of Trieste, with an extensive tunny and sardine fishery, and trade in wine and olives produced in the environs, where are also quarries of beautiful marble. Pop. 9522. Rovigo, rove'go, a town of Venetia, N. Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Adigetto, an afti. of the Adige, 37 m. S.S.W. of Venice. Pop. 7452. Rovnma, ro-voo'md, a river in the S. of Zanzibar, E. Africa, enters the Indian Ocean near Cape Delgado. Explored and navigated for 150 m.from the coast by Dr Livingstone. Row, roo (from Gael, rhue, a point), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, on the Gareloch, a branch of the Clyde, 2| m. N.W. of Helensburgh. Pop. of pa. 10,097; of vil. 928. Rowanburn, row'an-burn, a vil. of Dum friesshire, Scotland, pa. of Canonbie. Pop. 407. Rowandiz, row-dn'diz, a fortified town of Kurdistan, Turkey in Asia, on the Row andiz, an affl.. of the Great Zab, 45 m. N.E. of Mosul. Rowardennan, row-ar-den'nan, a land ing-place on Loch Lomond, Scotland, from which the ascent of Ben Lomond is con sidered easiest. It may be considered the entrance of the Highlands in this direction. Rowde, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Wilts, 2 m. N.W. of Devizes. Pop. of pa. 1192. Rower, a pa. and vil. of Ireland, co. Kil kenny, on the Barrow, 4 m. N. of New Ross. Pop. of pa. 1741. Rowley Regis, row'ld re'jis, a town of 332 Fate, fdt, fdr; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. England, co. Stafford, 3 m. S.E. of Dudley, the seat of a prosperous coal and iron trade, with extensive manufs. of nails and hard ware. Pop. 27,385. Rowno, rov'no, a town of West Russia, gov. Volhynia, 115 m. W.N.W. of Jitomir. Pop. 6300. Roxburgh, rox'bur-o, a co. of Scotland, one of the most interesting and beautiful in the country. It lies to the S. of Ber wickshire, and is separated from England by the Cheviot Hills. On the W. is Selkirk shire, and Dumfriesshire is on the S.W. Its extent from N. to S. is 28 m., and from E. to W.38m. Area 665 sq. m.; pop. 53,442. It embraces the ancient districts of Teviotdale and Liddesdale, so named from the Teviot and the Liddel, by which they are watered. Towards the N. and W. the country is mountainous, but on the S. and E. it is level and fertile. The scenery is varied and picturesque. The Cheviots do not rise to any great height, the most elevated part not exceeding 2676 ft. The herbage is green to the summit, and affords pasturage to vast flocks of sheep, which are here the chief stock of the farmers. The N. dis tricts are watered by the Tweed, besides which and the Liddel and Teviot, there are in the co. numerous streams, locally called "waters," such as the Jed, Gala, Allan, Ale, and Slilrig. Roxburghshire possesses a very interesting history in connexion with bor der feuds of former days, and exhibits many relics of those warlike times in the shape of castles, towers, and other fortified edifices. It has also several magnificent remains of monastic life and institutions. — The co. town, Jedburgh, on the Jed, a tri butary of the Teviot; Kelso, at the con fluence of the Teviot with the Tweed; and Melrose, on the Tweed, have all fine ruins of ancient abbeys. Not far from Melrose is Abbotsford, the celebrated country-seat of Sir Walter Scott. Hawick, on the Teviot, and Jedburgh, have large manufactures of tweeds. Flannels, blankets, and carpets are also made to a considerable extent. Thomson and Leyden the poets were born in Roxburghshire, the former at Ednam, near Kelso, and the latter at Denholm, a few miles from Hawick. Roxburgh (the rock fortress, named from a strong castle situated on a rock near the junction of the Teviot and the Tweed), a pa. and vil. of Scotlaud, co. Roxburgh, 4 m. S. of Kelso, with the ruins of a castle, at the siege of which James II. was killed by the bursting of a cannon iu 1460. Pop. of pa. 1012. Roxburgh, a co. of New South Wales, Australia, between the Cadgegong River on the N. and the Macquarie on the S. Area 1519 sq. m. — Kelso is the chief town. Royan, ro-yang*, a town of France, dep. Charente-Inferieure, at the mouth of the Gironde, 20 m. S.W. of Saintes, with a pilchard fishery. Pop. 4573. Royat les Bains, ro-yd' Id bang, a vil. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome, about 2 m. from Clermont Ferrand. It is charmingly situ ated in a mountainous region, 1480 ft. above sea-level, and is much resorted to for its mineral waters by sufferers from gout. Royston, roi'stun (named from Roisia de Vere, Countess of Norfolk, who set up a cross here, and near which a priory was founded in the time of Henry IT., which led to the erection of houses, which were called Royse's town or Royston), a town of England, cos. Cambridge and Herts, 18 m. N.E. of Hertford. Pop. 1712. Royston, or Roystone, a pa. and town ship of the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. N.E. of Barnsley. Pop. of pa. 7132. Royton, roi'tun, a town of Lancashire, England, 1£ m. N. of Oldham, with cotton mills, etc. Pop. 11,433. Rozenburg, ro'zen-burg, an island of the Netherlands, in the Maas, 8 m. S.W. of Rotterdam. Rshev, or Rzbev, a town of Russia, gov. and 74 m. W.S.W. of Tver, on the Volga, with trade in corn, hemp, etc. Pop. 18,732. Ruabon, roo-a'bon, Rbuabon, orRbiwa- bon, hre-wd'bon, a pa. and vil. of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, with extensive coal-mines and iron-works, 4 m. S.W. of Wrexham. Pop. of pa. 15,194. Ruad, roo-dd', anc. Aradus, an island off the coast of Syria, with a town of the same name, whose inhabitants are chiefly sailors, shipbuilders, or engaged in sponge and other fisheries. Pop. about 2000. Ruatan, roo-d-tdn', the largest of the islands in the Bay of Honduras, off the N. coast of Central America; from the sea it appears singularly beautiful, being entirely covered with trees and rich grassy plains. Ruberslaw, roo'berz-law, a long rugged and peaked hill, 1392 ft. high, near the centre of Teviotdale, Roxburghshire, Scot land. Rubicon, roo'be-kon, a river of Central Italy, rising on the borders of Tuscany, and flowing E. to the Adriatic, memorable in history for Caesar's having crossed it at the head of his army when forbidden to do so by the Roman people, which was the origin of that civil war which overturned the republic. Rubinsk, roo'binsk, or Rybinsk (fish town, from Sclav, ryba, fish, and the affix sk, signifying town), a town of Russia, gov. and 53 m. W.N.W. of Jaroslav, on the Volga, a place of importance in the naviga tion of the Volga. Pop. 15,047. Rudbar, or Roodbar, rood-bar', a town of Persia, gov. Ghilan, on the Sefid-rood, 35 m. S. of Resht. Rudkiobing, or Rudkjobing, rood'kyn- bing (the market town of Routh), the chief town of the island Langeland, Denmark, on its W. coast. Pop. 3179. Rudolf sbeim, roo'dolfs-hime, a suburb of Vienna, Austria. Pop. 29,915, Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin; note, ndt; tilne, tiin. 333 Rudolstadt, roo'dol-stdtt (the town of Rudolph), a town of Germany, the cap. of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Saale, 17 m. S. of Weimar, with manufs. of woollen cloth, flannels, and porcelain. Pop. 8747. Rufrji, roo-fe'Je, a river of E. Africa; it traverses the mainland of Zanzibar, and falls into the Indian Ocean. Rugby, rug'be (named from its red soil), a town of Warwickshire, England, on the Avon, 15 m. N.E. of Warwick; it is a noted railway station, and here is a celebrated public school, founded in 1567, and attended by the sons of the best families in England. Pop. 9891. Rugeley, ruj'ld (the field at the ridge), a town of England, co. Stafford, on the Trent, 7 m. N.W. of Lichfield, with iron and brass manufs., chemical works, and extensive collieries. Pop. 4249. Riigen, rn'ghen, an island of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, in the Baltic, and sepa rated from the mainland by a channel from J m. to 2 m. wide; it is about 30 m. in length, 28 m. in greatest breadth, and has an area of 320 sq. m. It is well wooded, and abounds in beautiful scenery, has pro ductive fisheries, and exportB corn and cattle. Pop. 45,699. Rilgenwalde, ru'ghen-vdl'deh, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Wipper, near its mouth in the Baltic, 20 m. W. of Stolpe. Pop. 6442. Ruhr. See Roer. Rubrort, roor'ort (town or place on the Ruhr), a town of Rhenish Prussia, gov. and 15 m. N. of DUsseldorf, at the confluence of the Rhine and the Ruhr ; it has cotton manufactures and a good transit trade. Pop. 9130. Rttlsk, orRylsk (town on the Ryls), a town of Russia, gov. Kursk, at the junction of the Seim and the Ryls. Pop. 9445. Rum, a mountainous island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. Argyll. Length 8 m., breadth 7 m. Pop. 89. Rumbeke, rum'ba-keh, a town of Bel gium, prov. W. Flanders, 17 m. S. of Bruges, with trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 5479. Rumburg, room'boorg, a town of Aus tria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, 58 m. N. of Prague. Pop. 10,142. Rumili. See Roumelia. Runcorn, run'korn, a seaport and town of Cheshire, England, on the Mersey, 17 m. E.S.E. of Liverpool, with various manufs., chemical works, etc., and much resorted to for bathing during the summer months. Pop. 15,126. Rungpoor, or Rangpur, rung-poor', a dist. of British India, presidency and prov. of Bengal. Area 3488 sq. m. ; pop. 2,169,699. Rangpur, the cap., is 125 m. N.E. of Moor- shedabad, and has a pop. of 15,000. Runnymede, run'ne-meed (the meadow of counsel), a beautiful meadow on the S. bank of the Thames, co. Surrey, England, about 2 m. W. of Staines, memorable as the place where the barons compelled King John to grant Magna Charta in 1215. Rilpelmonde, m-pel-mon'deh (the mouth of the Rupel), a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Schelde, at its junction with the Rupel, 8 m. S.W. of Antwerp. Mercator, the celebrated geographer, was born here in 1512. Rupert River, roo'pert, a river of North- East Territory, Dominion of Canada; it issues from Lake Mistassine, and flows W. about 250 m. to James Bay. Rupert's Land, so called from Prince Rupert, who was one of the founders of the Hudson Bay Company in British N. America, comprised the region between the Rocky Mountains on the W. and Hudson Bay on the E., with the United States on the S. and the Arctic Ocean on the N. It is now included in the North- West Territories, Kewatin, etc. Ruppin, Neu, noi raop-peen', a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on Lake Rup pin, 40m. N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 13,985.— Ruppin Alt, 2 m. N.E., has a pop. of 2168. Rupununy, rup -oo- noo ' ne, or Ripu- nuny, a river of British Guiana, S. America, after a N. course of 250 m. joins the Essequibo, about 200 m. from its mouth. Ruric Isles, roo'rilc, a group in the S. Pacific, between 15° 10' and 15° 30' S. lat., 151° E. long. Rush, a seaport of Ireland, co. Dublin, 6 m. N.E. of Swords; it is a coastguard station, on a headland projecting into the Irish Sea, and is generally called Portrush, i.e., " the landing-place of the peninsula." Pop. 1071. Rusbden, rush'den, a pa. of England, co. Northampton, extensively engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Pop. 2122. Rushen, rush'en, a pa. of England, at the S.W. extremity of the Isle of Man. Pop. 3719. Rnsholme, rush'um, a town of England, co. Lancaster, 2 m. S.E. of Manchester, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 11,238. Ruskington, rus'king-tun, a town of England, co. Lincoln, 3| m. N.E. of Slea- ford. Pop. 1191. Russa-Staroi, rocs' sd-std'roi, or Sta- raia-Russa, std-ri'd-roos'sd, a town of Russia, gov. Novgorod, on the Polista, with extensive salt-works and an active trade in wood and grain. Pop. 14,756. Russia, The Empire of, rush'e-d (sup posed to be derived from rosseia, a local term signifying the land of strangers or foreigners), if we except the British Em pire, is the most extensive state in the world. It embraces above one-half of Europe, and nearly one-third of Asia, or more than one-seventh of the habitable globe. Its length from W. to E. is more 334 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. than 5000 m.; its breadth from N. to S. is about 2667 m. Area 8,444,000 sq. m. ; pop. 98,356,000. The Russian Empire is poli tically divided as follows: — 1. European Russia, including the Kingdom of Po land ; 2. Grand Duchy of Finland; 3. Lieutenancy of the Caucasus; 4. Siberia; 5. Russian Central Asia. These are sub divided into a number of governments. European Russia is bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean and Norway ; W. by Sweden, the Baltic Sea, Prussia, Austria, and Rou mania; S. by the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and the Caucasus Mountains; and E. by the Caspian Sea, the river Ural, and the Ural Mountains. It contains about 2,223,000 sq.m. ; the pop. exceeds 83,659,000. Russia belongs to the great plain of Europe, and if we except a small portion between Mos cow and St Petersburg (where the Valdai Hills rise to a mean height of 900 ft., the highest point being 1328 ft.), and the penin sula of the Crimea, the country presents either a gently undulating surface or is a dead level, consisting of forests, moorlands, marshes, steppes, and fertile soil. The principal rivers are the Petchora, which flows into the Arctic Ocean; the Mezen, Northern Dwina, and Onega, which flow into the White Sea; the Neva, which dis charges into the Gulf of Finland ; the Western Dwina, flowing into the Gulf of Riga; the Dnieper and Dniester, which empty themselves into the Black Sea ; the Don, into the Sea of Azov ; and the Volga and Ural, which discharge into the Caspian Sea. The chief islands are : Aland, Dago, and Oesel, in the Baltic; Kol- guev, Waygat, Nova Zembla, Francis Joseph Land, and Spitzbergen, in the Arctic Ocean. A distinguishing feature of S. Russia is its steppes, divided by the Don into two regions, designated the High Steppes and the Low Steppes. The High Steppes, lying westward, are vast plains chiefly of sand, destitute of wood, except here and there a stunted birch or a few shrubs, but largely overgrown with coarse grass and wild flowers, which, as the heat of the season advances, present the appearance of a sun burnt waste. The Low Steppes, to the E., are more sterile still, having a saline sandy soil, interspersed with intensely salt lakes, which probably once formed a portion of the Caspian Sea. The soil of such an ex tensive tract is, of course, various, but where fit for cultivation is generally good and productive. Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grain products of the N. ; in the middle and S., wheat is raised in great abundance ; hemp and flax are cultivated on the strong soils ; and tobacco and maize chiefly in the Crimea. Forests are esti mated to cover two-fifths of the entire surface. These are in the highest de gree valuable, as supplying in profusion timber, tar, pitch, turpentine, and potash for exportation, and furnishing fuel in a country which is largely destitute of coal, Apples, plums, and cherries are common in the central provinces; peaches and melons in the southern; and in Taurida and the Crimea, grapes, figs, almonds, and pomegranates. The climate is more severe than that of the other countries of Europe in corresponding latitudes, but is generally healthy, and favourable to long life. A distinguishing feature is the strongly con trasted temperature of the winter and sum mer seasons, which is experienced through out the whole country, but more so within the steppe region than elsewhere. The wild animals include almost all those found in other parts of Europe. In the N. the reindeer is a source of wealth, and the bear, wolf, fox, lynx, otter, marten, ermine, squirrel, and other fur-bearing animals are hunted for their skins, which are in demand for exportation. Camels, introduced from Asia, are kept in large numbers by the nomadic tribes in the steppes. Of domestic animals, vast num bers of horses, black cattle, sheep, Bwine, and goats are reared. The fisheries on the Caspian Sea, the Volga, and other rivers, are valuable and productive. In no other country are bees reared to the same extent. The most extensive mines of Russia are in the Ural Mountains. Gold, copper, and iron are obtained in Perm, and there are also iron mines in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Platinum was discovered in the Urals in 1823, and has been worked ever since. Salt abounds in several govs., and springs of naphtha occur in the district of Perekop, and in the Isle of Taman in Taurida. Agriculture has undergone great improvements during late years, but is still in a rude state. The manufs. are rapidly extending. The commerce, both inland and foreign, is ex tensive and increasing. The inland traffic is conducted in a great measure by means of annual fairs, of which the most cele brated is that of Nijni-Novgorod. It con tinues from the end of July till the be ginning of September. About 100,000 merchants from all parts of Europe and Asia are present, and exchange the com modities of their respective countries to such an extent that the sales effected sometimes realize more than £20,000,000. Trade is greatly facilitated by an exten sive system of river and canal navigation, which intersects the country in every direc tion. The principal exports are corn, tim ber, hemp, flax, tallow, pitch, tar, leather, wool, and furs. European Russian (ex clusive of Finland and Poland) consists of 51 governments and territories. The govs, of Perm and Orenbourg are partly in Europe and partly in Asia. The gov. of Stavropol, although lying on the Euro pean side of the Caucasus, is ranked by the Russians, for administrative purposes, among the provinces of Asiatic Russia. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tUn. 335 Warsaw, Kalisch, Kielce, Lomtha, Lublin, Piotrkow, Plotzk, Radom, Siedlce, and Su- walki ; the chief towns being Warsaw and Lublin. Finland embraces 8 govs., viz., Nyland, Abo, Tavastehus, Wiborg, Kuopio, St Michaels, Wasa, and Uleaborg; the principal townB in which are Helsingfors, the cap., and Abo. The people of Russia are di vided into a great variety of nations, but they belong generally to two great races — the Caucasian and the Mongolian. Of the Caucasian race are the Sclavonians — including Russians proper, Poles, Lithu anians, Letts, and Wallachians— Germans, Swedes, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and Gypsies. Of the Mongolian race are the Finns, Samoiedes, Tartars, Turcomans, and Kalmucks. The established religion is the Greek Church, but all other sects are tolerated, except the Jews, upon whom are laid certain restraints. Roman Catho lics are very numerous in Poland. The Finns and Laplanders are Lutheran Pro testants. Mohammedanism prevails iu the S.E., and the northern nomadic tribes are pagans and idolaters. Education, till lately, has been little attended to, and the people generally, except in Finland, are grossly ignorant and superstitious. In Finland education is all but universal, al most every person being able to read, and many to write. The government of Russia is an absolute hereditary monarchy — the only restraint on the will of the emperor being the influence of the nobility and clergy. Great reforms in administration have taken place of late years. Serfdom was abolished by an imperial ukase in 1861, and conquered or annexed countries pre serve in a great measure their own laws and institutions. The official title of the emperor is Samoderjetz, which signifies " autocrat." Asiatic Russia officially consists of three great divisions, viz., the Lieutenancy of the Caucasus, Siberia, and Russian Central Asia. It extends from 38° to 78° N. lat., aud from 37° to 190° E. long., and has a total area estimated at 6,221,000 sq. in., with a pop. of about 14,696,700.— The Lieu tenancy of the Caucasus extends from the Sea of Azov to the Caspian, and includes all the Russian territory to the S. of the rivers Terek and Kuban, which, although in Cis-Caucasia, are regarded by the Rus sians as the S. boundary of Europe. The lieutenancy embraces 15 govs., viz., Kuban, Stavropol, and Terek, in Cis-Caucasia ; Baku, Daghestan, Elisabethpol, Erivan, Ku- tais, Sukhum, Tchernoiemore, Tijlis, and Sak- hatali, in Trans-Caucasia ; Kars and Batoum, in Armenia; and the Trans-Caspian Terri tory.— Siberia lies between 53°— 78° N. lat, and 60"— 190° E. long. It is divided into 8 govs., and comprehends an extent of country larger than all Europe. See Siberia. South of Siberia, and west of the Thian-Shan Mountains, there lies a great saucer of The govs, with the chief towns in each are : — In the North. Governments. Chief Towng. Olonetz Petrozavodsk, Olonetz. Archangel ....Archangel. Vologda Vologda. In the North-West. Novgorod Novgorod. St Petersburg or) St Petersburg, Cron- Ingria j stadt. Esthonia Revel. Livonia ..Riga, Dorpat. Pskov Pskov. Vitebsk Vitebsk. Conrland Mittau. Wilna Wilna. In the West. Mohilev Mohilev. Minsk Minsk. Grodno Grodno, Bialystok. Kovno Kovno. Volhynia Jitomir. In the Centre. Kostroma Kostroma. Jaroslav Jaroslav. Tver' Tver. Smolensk Smolensk. Moscow Moscow, Borodino. Vladimir Vladimir. Nijni-Novgorod Nijni-Novgorod. Tambov Tambov. Riazan Riazan. Tula Tula. Kaluga Kaluga. Orel Orel. Tchernigov Tchernigov. Kursk Kursk. Voronetz Voronetz. In the East. Perm Perm. Oreubourg Orenbourg. Oufa Oufa. Viatka Viatka. Kazan Kazan. Simbirsk Simbirsk. Samara Samara. Penza Penza. Saratov Saratov. In the South. Kharkov Kharkov. Poltava Pol tava. Kiev Kiev. Podolia K amin iec. f Kichenev, Akerman, Bessarabia -< Bender, Ismail, Bol- ( grad. Kherson Kherson, Odessa. Ekaterinoslav Ekaterinoslav. Tcri™a:::!:.!h!}simft-p°i- ^TLsfae^!}™™- Astrakhan Astrakhan. Stavropol Stavropol. Poland is divided into 10 govs., viz., 336 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. continental drainage, bounded on the S. by Persia and Afghanistan; and the whole of this country, excepting the remains of Western Turkestan, forms what is known as Russian Central Asia. It comprises an area of 1,344,500 sq. m., with a pop. of about 5,036,000, and is divided into nine govs., viz., Uralsk, Turgai, Akmo- linsk, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk, Fer ghana, Zarafshan, Sir-Daria, Amoo-Daria ; also the New Territory upon the Black Irtish and the portion of Kuldja belonging to Russia. The Caspian Sea, which forms the greater part of the W. boundary of Russian Central Asia, lies at the bottom of the great saucer of continental drainage referred to above. Eastward of it is the Sea of Aral, the principal feeders of which are the Sir Daria and the Amoo Daria. Between the Caspian and Aral seas, the desolate steppe in which they lie rises into the only table-land within Asiatic Russia; it is named Ust-Urt, i.e. High Land, and is a sandy waste fully 600 ft. high. " The river Hi, chief feeder of Lake Balkash, comes down, with its many tribu taries, through the hills of Dzungaria, from the Thian-Shan. Issik-Kul, i.e. Warm Lake, so called because it never freezes, is a deep mountain-lake, with a compara tively limited area of drainage. Through out Russian Central Asia extremes of tem perature prevail, and, in the Sir Daria basin, the heat of autumn is aggravated by a wind laden with fine dust, which darkenB the air for a week at a time. Rain being almost unknown, except to wards the mountainous frontier, and in tbe mountainous N.E. corner, fertility comes and goes with irrigation; and that even so near the mountains as the lower aud middle Hi in Dzungaria. The Sir Daria valley is said to have been once so thickly settled that a nightingale could fly from branch to branch of the fruit- trees all the way down to the Sea of Aral ; whereas, though the fruits are still excellent, especially about Khokan, its present scanty population can with diffi culty be supported. Across the Kizil Koom desert, which lies between the Sir Daria and the Amoo Daria, it has been proposed to reopen, for irrigation pur poses, a channel which, even in the pre sent century, united the two rivers, and fertilized the intervening country. The Sir Daria basin is rich in coal, with which the Russian flotilla on the Aral is already supplied; also in iron, lead, naphtha, and rock-salt. In these and in other minerals, the spurs of the Thian-Shan are parti cularly rich." The islands belonging to Asiatic Russia are Saghalien, at the mouth of the Amoor, and the Liakhov group and Wrangell Land, in the Arctic Ocean. Russia, Great, a div. of European Russia, occupying the N. and middle portion of the empire ; Little Russia, or the Ukraine, a div. in the S.W. ; East Russia, a div. in the E., comprehending the czarates of Kazan and Astrakhan ; South or New Russia, a div. in the S., comprehending the territories of the Don Cossacks ; West Russia, a div. in the W., between Great Russia and Poland. Russwyl, or Russweil, roos'vile, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 9 m. W.N.W. of Lucerne, with mineral springs. Pop. 4106. Rustchuk, roos-tchook', a city of Bul garia, European Turkey, on a steep bank of the Danube, nearly opposite Giurgevo. Pop. 30,000. Rustenburg, roos'ten-boorg, a vil. in the Transvaal territory, about 60 m. W. of Pretoria. Rute, roo'td, a town of Spain, prov. Cordova, 7 m. S.S.E. of Lucena, in a fertile valley, near the Rianzal. Pop. 9657. Rutberglen, ruth'er-glen, locally rug'- len, a town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, about 2J m. S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 11,265, chiefly employed in the neigh bouring collieries and iron-works, or as hand-loom weavers for the Glasgow manu facturers. — The pa. of Rutherglen has a pop. of 13,801. Ruthin, roo'thin (corr. from Welsh rhudd-ddinn, the red fortress, so called from the red castle built here in 1281 by Reginald Grey of Ruthin), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of N. Wales, co. Denbigh, on the Clwyd, 13 m. N.W. of Llangollen. Pop. 3033. Ruthven, riv'en, a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 195. Rutbwell, ruth'well, locally riv'al (from A. S. rith, a rivulet, and weald, a woody place), a pa. of Scotland, co. Dumfries. Pop. 868. Rutigliano, roo-teei-yd'no, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. and 14 m. S.E. of Bari. Pop. 7042. Rutlam, or Ratlam, rut'lum, a state of Central India^. bordering on Rajpootana, with a town of the same name. Pop. of state 100,000. Rutland, rut'land, a town of Vermont, U.S., on Otter Creek, 50 m. S.W. of Mont- pelier. Pop. 7502. Rutlandshire (i.e., the county of red land), the smallest of the English coun ties, is surrounded by Lincoln, Northamp ton, and Leicester. Area 150 sq.m.; pop. 21,434. The physical aspects of the co., especially in the wooded parts, are very picturesque, the surface being much _ di versified by ranges of gently rising hills, intersected by valleys of about half a mile in width. The co. is watered by the Wet land, Wash, Wreak, and Chater. Rutland shire is not so much a grain-growing as a grazing co. — Oakham and Uppingham are the chief towns. Rutnagberry, rut-nd-gher're, or Ratna- giri, a town of India, the chief town of the collectorate of the same name, presidency of Bombay, on the Malabar coast. Pop. 11,000. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tunc, tiin. 337 Rutttvnpoor, rut-tun-poor', or Ratan- pur, a town of India, presidency of Bengal, the cap. of Chutteesgurh,div. Nagpur,near the Karun, an arm of the Mihi. Pop. 5500. Ruvigado, roo-ve-gd'dd, a town of the United States of Colombia, S. America, state Cundinamarca, 8901 ft. above the sea. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Ruvo, roo'vo, a very ancient town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Bari, 21 m. S.E. of Barletta. Pop. 15,083. Ruysselede, rois-sel-la'deh, a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 14 in. S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. about 7000. Ryan, Loch, loh ri'an, a large bay in the S.W. of Scotland, extending about 10 ra. into the interior of Wigtownshire ; it is a safe and commodious harbour, of easy access, and capacious enough to anchor the largest fleet. Rydal and Loughrigg, ri'dal and luf- rig, a township of England, co. Westmor land, on the Leven, 2 m. N.W. of Amble side; celebrated for its beautiful lake, on the banks of which stands Rydal Mount, long the residence of the poet Wordsworth. Pop. of township 498. Ryde (corr. of its anc. name La Rye, meaning probably "the place on the bank of the water "), a munic. bor., town, and fashionable watering-place on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, England, 5 m. S.S.W. of Portsmouth. Pop. 11,461. Rye (supposed by some to be derived from Norm, rive, a bank, and by others from A. S. rkee, or Brit, rhy, a river or bay, but the origin of the name is very uncertain), a munic. and pari, bor., town, and cinque port of England, co. Sussex, on the Rother, 9 m. N.E. of Hastings. Pop. of munic. bor. 4224; of pari. bor. 8403. Rye, a town of New York, U.S., on the Byrani, 27 m. N.E. of New York City. Pop. 6576. Ryhope, ri'hope, a township of England, co. Durham, 3 m. S. of Sunderland, with extensive collieries, and because of its smooth sandy beach much frequented for sea-bathing. Pop. 4118. Rylsk. /See Rttlsk. Ryswick, riz'ilc, or Rijswljk, rice/vik (the town on the dam), a vil, of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 2 m. S.E. of the Hague, famous for the Treaty of Peace, signed here in 1697, between France on the one side, and Germany, England, Spain, and Holland, on the other, and commemorated by a pyramidal monument S.W. of the vil. Pop. 2902. Ryton, ri'tun, a town of England, co. Durham, on the Tyne, 8 m. from Gates head, with iron-works in its vicinity. Pop. 4568. Rzeszow, zhesh'ov, or Reszow, res'sov, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Wislok, 45 m. E. of Tarnov, with linen and woollen manufactures, and an active trade in grain and hides. Pop. 12,779, of whom one-half are Jews. s Saala, sd'ld (salt river, from Germ, salz, salt), or Salzburger Saale, salts'boorg-er sd'leh, a river in Upper Austria and Ba varia, flows E., then N.W. and N.E., and joins the Salza, 4 m. N.W. of Salzburg, after a course of 70 m. Saale, sd'leh, two rivers of Germany — I. Frankische Saale, fran'kish-eh sd'leh, in Bavaria, rises in the Hassberg, and joins the Main at Gemimden, after a S.W. course of 70 m.— II. Sachsiscbe Saale, sah'sish-eh sd'leh, or Tburingiscbe Saale, too'ring-ish-eh sd'leh, rises on the N. side of the Fichtelbirge, flows N. through Prus sian Saxony, and joins the Elbe near Saalhorn. Saalfeld, sdl'feld (a plain on the Saale, named from its situation), a town of Saxe- Meiningen, Germany, on the Saale, 6 m. S.S.E. of Rudolstadt. Pop. 7458.— Also, a town of E. Prussia, on the Maringsee, 14 m. W.S.W. of Mohringen. Pop. 2832. Saane, sd'neh, Fr. Sarine, a river of Switzerland, flows N. through the cants. Berne and Freyburg, and joins the Aar 5 m. S.S.W. of Aarberg, after a course of about 70 m. Saanen, sd'nen, a market town of Swit zerland, cant. Berne, on the Saane or Sarine, 33 m, S.S.W. of Berne, with an active trade in Gruyere cheese. Pop. 5122. Saar, or Sarre, sdr, a river of Trance and N.W. Germany, rises in the Vosges Mountains, flows N. through Meurthe-et- Moselle, Elsass-Lothringen, and a part of Rhenish Prussia, to the Moselle, which it joins 5 m. S.W. of Treves, after a course of about ISO m. Saarbrtick, sdr'brnk or Saarbrttcken (bridge on the Saar), a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Saar, 41 m. S.S.E. of Treves ; here the first shot was fired in the Franco-German war, 2nd August 1871. Pop., with St Johann, 21,860. Sarrdam. See Zaandam. Saargemtind, sdi^ghe-mund (the con fluence of the Saar), a town of Elsass- Lothringen, Germany, on the Saar, 9 ni. S. of Saarbruck. Pop. 9573. Saarlouis, or Sarrelouis, sdr-loo'is (so called because founded by Louis XIV. in 16S0), a town in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, on the Saar, 30 m. S. of Treves. Marshal Ney was born here in 1769. Pop. 6789. Saatz, sdts, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Eger, 31 m. S.W. of Leitmeritz, with trade in wine and hops. Pop. 10,425. Sabadell, sd-ld-delV, a town of Catalonia, 338 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tiin. Spain, prov. aud 10 m. N. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 18,121. Babanilla. See Savanilla. Sabanja, sd-bdn'Jd, a town of Anatolia, Asia Minor, on a lake of the same name, 20 m. E.S.E. of Ismid. Lake Sabanja is about 6 m.in length, about 4 m. in breadth, and studded with islands. Sahara, sd-bd'rd, a city of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, at the junction of the Sahara and the Rio Velhas. Pop. 8500. Sabermatti, sd-ber-mut'te, a river of India, rises in Gujerat, and, after a course of 200 m., falls into the Gulf of Cambay. Sabine, Lake, sd-been', an expansion of the Sabine River, 18 m. in length, and 9 m. in greatest breadth, about 5 m. from its mouth iu the Gulf of Mexico. Sabine River, rises in Texas, U.S., firms for nearly 160 m. the boundary between Texas and Louisiana, and, after a binuous course, estimated at 600 m., falls into the Gulf of Mexico. Sabioncello, sd-be-on-chel'lo, a penin sula of Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, con sisting of an elevated mountain ridge, 43 m. in length, with an average breadth of 4 in., attached to the continent by a narrow isthmus between the islands of Curzola and Lesina. Sable Island, sd'bl, a small island iu the Atlantic Ocean, 90 m. S.E. of Nova Scotia; it is low and sandy, and lying directly in the tract of vessels sailing between Europe and the northern ports of America, has been the scene of many dis astrous shipwrecks. Sables-d'Olonne, Les, la sdbl-do-lonn', a seaport of France, dep. Vendee, on tbe Day of Biscay, 21 m. S.W. of La Roche- Mir-Ym, with a pilchard fishery. Pop. 9769. Sabzawar, sab-zd-wdr', a populous town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, 65 m. W. of Nishapoor. Sacapa, sd-kd-pd', a town of Guatemala, Central America, on the Copan. Pop. 10,000. Sacatecoluca, sd-kd-td-ko-loo'kd, a town of Central America, state and 29 m. S.E. of San Salvador, on the Pacific, at the foot of a volcano of the same name, remarkable i'T its grottoes, and from which issue hot springs. Pop. 5000. Sacatepec, sd-kd-td-pek' , a town of Guate mala, Central America, with volcanoes and warm springs iu its vicinity. Pop. 860O. Saccatoo, Sackatoo, Sakatn. nee Sokoto. Sacedon, sd-thd-'don' , a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E.S.E. ut Guadalaxara, on a height near the Tagus, frequented for its saline baths. Pop. 1903. Sackett's Harbour, a town of New York, U.S., on Black River Bay, an inlet of Lake Ontario, about 170 m. W.N.W. of Albany; it is strongly fortified, and has the best harbour on the lake. Saco, sd'ko, a river of New Hampshire and Maine, U. S., which, after a rapid S.E. course, enters the Atlantic in co. York, about 20 m. S.W. of Portland. Saoo, a town of Maine, U. S., on tbe Saco River, 13 m. S.W. of Portland. Pop, 6396. Sacramento, sak-rd-men'to, a city of California, U. S-, on the river Sacramento, at its junction with the Rio-de-los-Ameri- canos ; it has an extensive commerce, and is now the chief dep6t tor the northern mines. Pop. 21,420. Sacramento, a river of California, U. S., rises in the Sierra Nevada, flows S. between these mountains and the coast range, and, after uniting with the San Joachim, falls into the Bay of San Francisco, its whole course being 480 m. Sadagoora, sd-dd-goo'rd, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bukowina. Pop. 10,986. Saddell and SkipneBB, sad'del and slcip'ness, a pa. of Argyllshire, Scotland, on the E. coast of Cantire. Saddell was anciently written Sandale, which signifies " a sandy plain." Skipness means " ship- point," and was applied to this locality from its having been a central station for the fleets of the Norsemen during their struggles for conquest upon this and the neighbouring coast. Pop. 1163. Saddleback, sad'dl - bak, a mountain 2847 ft. high, in Cumberland, England, 4£ m. N.E. of Keswick. Saddle-Head, sad'dl-hed, a cape at the N.W. extremity of Achil Island, co. Mayo, Ireland. Saddle-Peak, sad'dl-peek, a mountain 2400 ft. above sea-level, on the N.E. coast of Great Andaman Island, in the Bay of Saddleworth, sad'dl-wurth, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, con taining the towns of Quickmere, Upper Mill, and part of Mossley, all actively engaged in woollen and cotton manufactures. Pop. 22,299. Sado, sd'do, or Sadao, sd-dd'o, a river of Portugal, rises in the S. of Alemtejo, and falls into the Bay of Setubal. Sado, an island in the Sea of Japan, W. of Niphon. Sadowa, sd-dow'd, a hamlet of Austria- Hungary, prov. Bohemia, 26 m. N.W. of Koniggriitz, where was fought the great battle between the Austrians and Prus sians, 3d July 1866, which led to the separation of Austria from the German league. Saffl, sdffe, or Azaffi, d-zdf-fe', a sea port of Morocco, N. AV. Africa, with an extensive roadstead, but safe only from March to October. Pop. 12,000. Saffron Walden, safrun wdl'den (the woody den where saffron was grown), a town and munic. bor. of Essex, England, 3 m. N. of Newport. Pop. 6060. Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, ptn ; note, ntt ; tunc, tUn. 339 Sagan, sd'gdn, or Zegan, tsa'gan, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the Bober, 48 m. N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 11,373. Saghalien, sd-gd-le'en, or Tarakai, td- rd-ki', a long and narrow island off the E. coast of Asia, separated from the mainland by the Gulf of Tartary, and from the island of Yesso, Japan, on the S. by the Strait of La Perouse. It belongs to Russia, and is used as a penal settlement. Area estimated at 47,500 sq. m.; pop. 13,600. Saghalien Oola, sd-gd-le'an oo'ld, a town of Mantchooria, in the Chinese Empire, on the Amoor. Pop. 20,000. Saghalien River. See Amoor. Saginaw, sag'in-aw, a river of Michigan, U.S., flows N. to Saginaw Bay, an inlet of Lake Huron, about 60 m. long and 30 m. wide. — Also, a city, the cap. of a co. of the same name, on the Saginaw River, 57 m. N.E, of Lansing. Pop. 10,525. Saguenay, sdg-a-nd', a large river of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, noted for its picturesque scenery ; it forms one of the principal tributaries of the St Law rence, the estuary of which it enters 120 m. N.E. of Quebec city. Total length 100 m. Sabama, sd-hd'md, a mountain of the Andes, in Peru. Height 22,350 feet. Sahara, sd-hd'rd (from Arab, sahvd, a plain destitute of herbage, or a desert), the largest desert on the face of the earth, is in N. Africa, bounded N. by Barbary; E. by Egypt and Nubia ; S. by Soudan and Sene- gambia; and W. by the Atlantic. It is a vast expanse of sand and gravel or barren rocks interspersed with green spots called oases, which contain wells, and are covered with luxuriant vegetation. From E. to W. its length exceeds 3000 m.; its breadth varies from 1000 to 1200 m., and its area is about 2,500,000 sq. m. The principal oases are the Great Oasis (90 m. in length), Ghadames, Fezzan, Tuat, and Agades. The inhabitants are Arabians, Berbers, Tibbas, and other tribes, and are estimated at about 1,000,000 Saharanpur. See Seharunpore. Said, sd-eed', a region of Egypt, other wise known as Upper Egypt. Saida, si'dd, anc. Sidon (fish town), a town of Syria, on the N. Bide of a steep promontory which stretches S.W. into the Mediterranean. Pop. 6000. Saigon, si-gon', a prov. of Lower or French Cochin-China, in the S. of the Indo- Chinese Peninsula. Its cap. of the same name, on the river Saigon, contains numer ous buildings built in European style. Pop. of prov. 291,000. Saima, Lake, si'md, the largest lake of Russian Finland, gov. Viborg; is 145 m. in length, 50 m. in greatest breadth, and contains many islands, but in general they are uninhabited. St Abb's Head, a promontory on the N.E. of Berwickshire, Scotland, about 10 m. N. of Berwick. It took its name from a nunnery founded here in the 7th century by St Ebba or Abba, daughter of Ethel- frith, King of Northumberland.— 55° 55' N. lat, 2° 9' W.long. St Agnes, a pa. and town of England, co. Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, 8 m. N.N.W. of Truro. Opie, the painter, was born here in 1761. Pop. of pa. 4630. St Albans (so called from the first Brit ish martyr, who was a native of the town, and perished under Diocletian), a city in Hertfordshire, England, near the site of the ancient Verulam, 19 m. N.W. of London ; its abbey church or cathedral is, with only one exception, the longest church in the world. In St Michael's Church is the tomb of the celebrated philosopher Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam. Pop. 10,931, largely engaged in straw-plaiting. St Alban's Head, a cape on the coast of Dorsetshire, England.— 60° 34' N. lat., 2' 3' W.long. St Amand, sengt a-mang', a town of France, dep. Cher, at the confluence of the Marmandi and Cher, 20 m. S.S.E. of Bour- ges. Pop. 8082. St Amand -les- Eaus, sengt d-mang'- ld-zo', a town of France, dep. Nord, on the Scarpe, 6 m. N.N.W. of Valenciennes, with a great trade in flax, and much frequented for its thermal baths. Pop. 7881. St Andrews, saint an'drooz, anciently named Mucros (from Gael, muc, a boar, and ros, a promontory), an ancient city, royal and pari, burgh, and seat of a university, in Fifeshire, Scotland, on a bay of the German Ocean, 8 m. E. of Cupar. It took its present name from certain relics of St Andrew the Apostle which were kept here in a shrine in the cathedral. It was long the ecclesi astical cap. of the kingdom, and was the scene of Wishart's martyrdom, Beaton's assassination, and many other memorable events. Its ancient castle, chapel of St Regulus, and noble cathedral, are now in ruins. Pop. 6458. St Andrews, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ork ney. Pop. 1695. St Andrews, a town of the Dominion of Canada, Prov. New Brunswick, at the N.E. extremity of Passamaquoddy Bay. Pop. 2128.— Also, a town of Prince Edward Island, on Cardigan Bay. St Andrews - Lhanbryde, saint an' drooz ldn-brld't a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin. Lhanbryde signifies "the church of St Bridget." Pop. 1396. St Anne, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, on the St Lawrence ; it contains one of the most extensive col leges in the prov. Pop. of pa. 3190. St Anne, several rivers of the Canadian Dominion, prov. of Quebec. The largest, on which there are several falls, is in Mont morency co., and enters the St Lawrence after a S.W. course of 120 m. St Anne, a lake of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, 50 m. N. of Lake 340 Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, n$t ; tune, tiin. Superior ; its length and breadth are each about 20 m. St Anthony, saint an'to-ne, a former city of Minnesota, U.S., on the Mississippi, at the Falls of St Anthony, 8 m. above St Paul's; it was, in 1873, incorporated with Minneapolis. St Arnaud, a town of Victoria, Aus tralia, on a creek of the same name, W. of the river Avoca. Pop. 2629. St Asaph, saint as'af, a small cathedral city and bishop's see, partly in Flintshire and partly in co. Denbigh, N. Wales, 15 m. N.W. of Flint; it was founded about 550 by St Kentigern or Mungo, on his being driven out of Scotland, and named after St Asaph, Kentigern's successor, whose re mains were interred in the church. Pop. 1901. St Augustine, sdint au'gus-teen, a sea port of Florida, U.S., 160 m. S. of Savan nah ; it has the distinction of being the oldest town in the U.S. Pop. 2293. St Austell, saint au'stel (named from the hermit St Austol), a town of England, co. Cornwall, 13 m. N.N.E. of Truro, with a pilchard fishery and a large trade in ex porting tin, copper, iron, and lead from mines in its vicinity. Pop. 3582. St Bartholomew, saint bar-thol'o-mu, one of the Lesser Antilles of the West India Islands; it belongs to France, and has an area of 8 sq. m. Pop. 2900. — Gus- tavia is the cap. Pop. 908. St Bees (named from St Bega, an Irish princess, who founded a nunnery here in the 7th century), a pa. and township of England, co, Cumberland, extending along the coast of the Irish Sea. Pop. of pa., em bracing the town of Whitehaven, 25,936; of township 1142. St Bees Head, a cape on the W. coast of Cumberland, England, 3 m. S. of White haven.— 54° 31' N. lat., 3° 40' W. long. St Benoit, seng beh-nwd', a town on the N.E. side of the island Reunion, in the Indian Ocean. Pop. 20,000. — Also, several vils. of France, but none are of importance. St Bernard, Great, saint ber'nard, Fr. pron. seng ber-nar' (named from Bernard de Menthon,who is said to have founded the monastery in 862), a mountain pass of the Pennine Alps, between Piedmont in Italy and Valais in Switzerland; it is 8173 ft. high, and was crossed by Napoleon with his army in 1800, but is chiefly remarkable for its hospice or convent, whose monks, with their noble breed of dogs, devote themselves to the dangerous task of searching for travellers lost in the snow. It is the highest habitation in Europe, and the cold is so intense that a small lake in the vicinity is frozen nine months of the year. — Little St Bernard, a mountain of the Graian Alps, is between Piedmont aud Savoy, S. of Mont Blanc. St Boswell's, saint boz'wells, a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, on the Tweed; has the largest sheep-fair in the S. of Scotland. Pop. 959. St Bride's Bay, an inlet of St George's Channel, on the W. coast of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales. St Brieuc, seng bre-n' (so called from St Brieuc, the Apostle of the Bretagne, who founded an abbey here in the 5th or 6th century), anc. Briocum, a town of France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the Gouet, 2J m. from its mouth in the Bay of St Brieuc, with trade in butter and cider. Pop. 14,869. St Catharines, saint kath'er-ins, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Welland Canal, 12 m. N.W. of Nia gara; celebrated for its medicinal waters. Pop. 9631. St Cbamond, seng shd-mong', a town of France, dep. Loire, at the confluence of the Gier and Ban, 7 m. N.E. of St Etienne. Pop. 14,149. St Charles, a town of Missouri, U.S., on the Missouri, 140 m. below Jefferson City. Pop. 5014. St Charles, a river of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, flows from a lake of the same name, 12 m. N.N.W. of Quebec, and joins the St Lawrence at Quebec City. St Christopher, saint kris'to-fer (named after the Christian name of Columbus, by whom it was discovered in 1493), or St Batts, a British island of the Leeward group of the West Indies; it is mountain ous in the centre, but along the coast the soil is very rich, and admirably adapted for the sugar-cane. Its principal exports are sugar, molasses, and rum. Area 68 sq. m. ; pop. 29,137. — Basse- Terre is the cap, St Clair, a lake of N. America, between Ontario, Dominion of Canada, and Michi gan, U.S.; it is 30 m. in length, 12 m. in mean breadth, and has an area of 360 sq. m. It contains many islands, and communicates on the S.W. with Lake Erie by the Detroit River. St Clair, a river of Michigan, U.S., flows from Lake Huron, and, after a course of 40 m.. enters Lake St Clair. Its aver age width is $ m., and its depth is sufficient for vessels of a large size. — Also, several cos. and townships throughout the U.S. St Clair, seng klar, or St Clar, several towns and vils. of France. The largest is in dep. Gers, near the Retz, 8 m. E.S.E. of Lectoure. Pop. 1243. St Claude, seng klod, a town of France, dep. Jura, at the confluence of the Bienne and Lacon, 25 m. S.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 7491. St Cloud, seng kloo (named from Chlodo- valde, one of the sons of Chlodomere, King of Orleans, who lived a monastic life here in the 6th century ; when canonized, his name was corrupted to St Cloud), a town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 5£ m. W. of Paris. Pop. 4081. The chateau of St Cloud, long a summer residence of the kings of France, was destroyed during the Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, t&n. 341 struggle between the Communists in Paris and the Versailles government troops after the Franco-German war of 1870-71. St Croix, saint kroi, a river of N. America separating New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, from the United States; it enters Passamaquoddy Bay after a course of 55 m. St Croix, seng krwd, or Santa Cruz, the largest of the West India Islands belonging to Denmark. Area 110 sq.m.; pop. 22,800. St Croix, seng krwd, a vil. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the frontier of France, with manufs. of lace and watches. Pop. 5186. St Cyprian Bay, saint sip're-an, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the W. coast of Sahara, Africa, immediately N. of Cape Barbas. St Cyrus, saint si'rus, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 5£ m. N. of Mon trose. Pop. of pa. 1487. St David, saint dd'vid, a seaport of the Dominion of Canada, on Bedeque Bay, on the S.W. coast of Prince Edward Island. St David, a vil. of Fifeshire, Scotland, on the N, side of the Firth of Forth, 1J m. from Inverkeithing. St David, one of the Bermuda Islands,— 32° 10' N. lat., 64° 20' W. long. St Davids, a pa., city, and bishop's see of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales, near the mouth of the Allan, 15 m. W.N.W. of Haverford-West ; it owes all its importance to the cathedral. Pop. of pa. 2053. St David's Head, a cape on the W. coast of Pembrokeshire, forming the western most point of Wales.— 61° 53' N. lat., 5° 18' W. long. St Denis, seng deh-ne' (named after St Denis, contr. of St Dionysius, the martyr who was buried here), a town of France, dep. Seine, 5£ m. N. of the centre of Paris ; it was the anc. burial-place of the kings of France. Pop. 43,127. St Denis, the cap. of the French island Reunion, in the Indian Ocean ; it is situ ated on its N. coast at the mouth of the St Denis River, and is the seat of government. Pop., with dist., 36,000. St Die, seng de-a', a manufacturing town of France, dep. Vosges, on the Meurthe, 24 m. E.N.E. of Epinal, with mineral springs, and, in its vicinity, iron and copper mines and marble quarries. Pop. 12,677. St Dizier, seng de-ze-d', a town of France, dep. Haute-Marne, on the Marne, 10 m. N. of Vassy. Pop. 9356. St Elias, sainte-li'as, a lofty mountain on the coast of Alaska, N. America, rising to the height of 14,970 ft. above the level of the sea. St Elias, anc. Taygetus, a mountain in the Morea, Greece, 7904 ft. high. — Also a mountain, anc. Ocha, 4607 ft. high, near the S.E. extremity of the island Eubcea. — Also a mountain in the islands Paros, Scios, and Melos in the Grecian Archipelago, and in Santa Maura, one of the Ionian islands. St Etienne, sengt &-te-en' (St Stephen), a town of France, dep. Loire, on the Furcns, 32 m. S.S.W. of Lyons; it has extensive coal mines, manufs. of ribbons and other silk goods, and is famous for its cutlery, fire-arms, and various kinds of hardware. Pop. 114,962. St Eustatius, saint u-sta'she-us, one of the Dutch West India Islands, 12 m. N.W. of St Christopher. Pop. 1809.— £* Eustatius is the cap. St Fergus, saint fer'gus, a pa. of Scotland, in a detached part of Banffshire, with a vil. of the same name 4 m. N.W. of Peterhead. Pop. of pa. 1527. St Fillans, saint fl'lans, a much fre quented summer residence at the E. end of Loch Earn, Perthshire, Scotland; it is one of the loveliest spots in the country, and is named from St Fillan, a celebrated saint who resided in this place. St Francis, saint j ran' sis, a river of Mis souri and Arkansas, U. S., flows S. and falls into the Mississippi, 10 ra. above Helena, after a course estimated at more thau 450 m. St Gull, seng gdll, a cant, in the N.E. of Switzerland, bounded N. by Thurgau and the Lake of Constance ; E. by Vorarlberg in Austria; S. by the cant. Grisons; and W. by Glarus, Schwytz, and Zurich. Area 776 sq. m. ; pop. 210,491. St Grail, a town of Switzerland, the cap. of the above cant., in a valley on the Stein- ach, 18 m. S.E. of Constance; it is the entrep6t of the trade of the eastern Swiss cantons. Pop. 21,438. St Gaudens, seng go-dang', a town of France, dep. Haute-Garonne, 55 m. S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 4394. St George, saint jorj, a bay extending about 54 m. inland, on the W. coast of New foundland, N. America. — Also a bay on the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia, about 20 m. wide at its entrance, and penetrating the land about 18 m. St George, the chief town of the British West Indian island Grenada, on its S.W. coast ; its harbour is one of the best in the West Indies. St George, two islands of N.America:— I. off the coast of Florida, U. S., in the Gulf of Mexico, opposite the mouth of the river Appalachicola, 22 m. long, and 5 m. broad. —II. one of the principal islands of the Ber mudas group, with a town of the same name on its S. coast; the island is strongly forti fied, and is the chief military depot of these islands. St George, an island of British Hon duras, Central America, in the Bay of Hon duras, opposite the mouth of the river Belize. St George's Channel, that part of the Atlantic Ocean between Holyhead and St David's Head, Wales, on the E., having the cos. Dublin and Wexford, Ireland, on the W. ; its breadth varies from 40 to 70 m. Bt Germain, seng ther-meng', several 342 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; ndte, ndt; tune, tiin. towns and vils. of France, the largest of which is St Germain-en-Laye, in dep. Seine-et-Oise, 7 m. N. of Versailles. Pop. 15,545. St GiUes, seng zheel, a town of France, dep. Gard, 16 m. S.E. of Nimes. Pop. 4728. St Gilles, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, near the frontier of the Nether lands, 21 m. N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 4157.— Also, a town in the same prov., near Ter- monde. Pop. 3303. St Gothard, seng got'drd, a group of mountains in the Lepontine Alps, Switzer land. The Pass of St Gothard is one of the most frequented routes across the Alps. Its summit is 6890 ft. high. A railway tunnel through the St Gothard has been constructed; it is upwards of 9J m. long, and 21J ft. in width. St Gowen's Head, saint gow'ens hed, a cape on the S. of Pembrokeshire, Wales. — 51° 36' N. lat., 4° 55' W. long. St Helena, saint hel-e'na (discovered on St Helen's day, 1502, hence its name), an island of the S. Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the British, about 850 m. S.E. of Ascen sion. It rises abruptly from the ocean till in Diana's Peak, near the centre, it reaches the height of 2704 ft. Area about 47 sq. m. It has acquired celebrity from being the place of Napoleon's exile from 1815 to his death in 1821. Pop. 5059. St Helen's, a munic. bor. of Lancashire, England, 3 m. N.E. of Prescot; it has ex tensive plate-glass manufs., chemical works, coal-mines, and copper-works. Pop. 57,403. St Helen's, a mountain of the Cascade Range, 9750 ft. high, in Washington terri tory, U.S., N. America. St Helen's, a beautiful island in the St Lawrence, opposite the E. end of Montreal, in the Dominion of Canada; it contains a military magazine, and is considered of great importance as a defence of the com mercial metropolis of the Dominion. St Heliers, sengf d-le-d' (named from one of its churches, which was either founded by or dedicated to St Helerius), the cap. of Jersey, one of the Channel Isl ands, on its S. coast. Pop. 30,400. St Hyacintbe, saint hi'd-sinth, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, on the Yamaska, 30 m. E.N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 5321. St Ives, saint ivz (originally St Jie's,&n<\ named from Jia, a lady of great sanctity, who came here from Ireland about tbe year 460), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, co. Cornwall, ou the W. side of St Ives Bay, 18 m. W.N.W. of Falmouth ; it has a pil chard fishery, and exports copper, tin, and slates from its vicinity. Pop. of pari. bor. 8809 ; of munic. bor. 6445. St Ives (named from Ivo, or St Ives, a Persian ecclesiastic who is said to have visited England as a missionary in the 6th century, and who died and was buried here), a munic. bor. of PI untingdon shire, England, on the Ouse, 6 m. E. of Hunting don. Pop. 3002. St Jean, seng zhdng (St John), numerous towns and vils. of France, of which the largest is St Jean d'Angely, in the dep. Charente-Inferieure, on the Boutonne, 36 m. E.S.E. of Rochelle. Pop. 6538. St Jean d'Acre. See Acre. St John, the principal seaport of New Brunswick, in the Dominion of Canada, on the Bay of Fundy, at the mouth of the river St John ; it suffered greatly by fire in 1877. Pop. 52,996. St John, the principal river of New Brunswick, in the Dominion of Canada, rises in the high land which separates Maine from Canada, pursues a winding course south-eastward through the prov., and enters Fundy Bay. Total length 450 m. — Also, a river of Quebec, which enters the Gulf of St Lawrence, opposite the island of Anticosti, after a S. course of 60 m. St John, a lake of the Dominiou of Canada, prov. Quebec, between 48° 27'— 48° 51' N. lat., and 70° 35'— 72° 10' W. long. It is about 100 m. in circumference, and is studded with islands. St John, a Danish island of the West Indies, E. of St Thomas. Area 21£ sq. m. ; pop. 1054. St John's, the chief town of Newfound land, British N. America, on the S.E. coast. It is strongly fortified, and has a great trade in connexion with the cod-fishery. Pop. 22,553.— Also, a town of Canada, prov. Quebec, on the Richelieu, with trade in lumber, horses, and grain. Pop. 4314. St John's, two rivers in the prov. of Quebec, Dominion of Canada, one falls into Gaspe" Bay after a course of 70 m. ; the other enters the Gulf of St Lawrence. Both afford excellent 6almon and trout fishing. St Joseph, a city of Missouri, U.S., on the Missouri River, one of the most com mercial towns in the Western States. Pop. 32,431. St Joseph, a lake of the Dominion of Canada, 51° 10' N. lat., and between 90° 30' and 91° 30' W. long. Length 35 m.; aver age breadth 10 m. It discharges its waters by the Albany River into James Bay. — Also, a bay on the S. coast of Florida, U.S., and two rivers in Michigan, one of which enters Lake Michigan, after a course esti mated at 250 m. St Junien, seng ehu-ne-ang', a town of France, dep. Haute-Vienne, at the conflu ence of the Glane and Vienne, with various manufs. and a trade in mules. Pop. 6558. St Just-in- Penwitb, a pa. of England, co. Cornwall, W. of Penzance, with exten sive tin and copper mines. This district is supposed to be the true Cassiterides of the ancients, where the Phoenicians obtained their supplies of tin. Pop. 6409. St Hilda, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 52 m. W. of Harris, one of the Hebrides, Scotland; it is the abode of Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, ptn; note, nUt; tune, tiin. 343 numerous sea-fowls, whose feathers are a source of income to the inhabitants. P. 77. St Kitts. See St Christopher. Saint Lawrence, saint law'renss, one of the largest rivers of N. America, issues from Lake Superior, and, passing through Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, falls into the Atlantic after a course of 2160 m. It is 90 m. wide at its mouth, and is navigable by ships of the line for 400 m. from the ocean. It has various names in its course. It is first called St Lawrence after passing Montreal. St Lawrence, Gulf of, a large bay of the Atlantic in N. America; it extends about 240 m. from E. to W., and about 300 m. from N. to S., and has its principal entrance from the ocean between Cape Breton and Newfoundland. St Leonard, saint len'ard, a pa. of Scot land, co. Fife, including a part of the town of St Andrews. Pop. 769. St Leonard-on-Sea, a town of England, co. Sussex, frequented as a watering-place, immediately adjoining Hastings on the W. Pop. 7165. St Lo, seng lo, a town of France, dep. Manche, on the Vire, 18 m. E.N.E. of Cou- tances. Pop. 9889. St Louis, saint loo'is, the principal town of Missouri, U.S., on the Mississippi, 18 m. below the influx of the Missouri ; it is the seat of a university, the great centre of the American fur trade, and the commercial metropolis of the Mississippi valley. Pop. 350,518. St Louis, a lake of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, formed by an expan sion of the river St Lawrence, 7 m. S.W. of Montreal. Length 20 m. ; greatest breadth 7 m. St Louis, a river having its source in Minnesota, U.S., forms part of the bound ary between that state and Wisconsin, and falls into the W. extremity of Lake Superior after a course of 120 m. St Louis, seng loo-e', an island belonging to the French, off the coast of Senegambia, W. Africa, at the mouth of the Senegal. A town of the same name, occupying the whole breadth of the island, is the cap. of the French possessions in Senegambia. Pop. 15,758. St Louis, a town of the island Reunion, in the Indian Ocean, the former cap., near the S.W. coast. Pop. 4424. St Lucia, saint loo-see'd, or loo-zee', one of the British West India Islands, between Martinique and St Vincent; it is 32 m. long and 12 m. broad. Pop. 38,551.— Castries is the cap. Pop. 4300. St Madoes, saint md'doz (named in honour of St Madoc, one of the Culdees), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, on the Firth of Tay. Pop. 316. St Magnus Bay, on the W. coast of the mainland of Shetland, Scotland ; it extends 8 m. iuland, and is 10 m. wide at its entrance, thus affording safe anchorage for the largest fleet. St Malo, seng md-lo' (named from St Malo or Maclow, who is said to have em barked here in the 6th century to discover La Grande Isle or the New World), a strong seaport of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the small island of Aron, 40 m. N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 10,891. St Martin, seng mar-teng', one of the West India Islands, the N. part of which belongs to the French and the S. part to the Dutch. Area about 30 sq. m.; pop. of the French div. 3365; of the Dutch div. 3101. St Martin, saint mar' tin, a pa. of Scot land, co. Perth, on the Tay. Pop. 741. St Martin, saint mar'lin, one of the Scilly Isles, off the W. coast of Cornwall, England. Pop. 160. St Mary, the largest of the Scilly Isles, off the S.W. of Cornwall, England. Pop. 1400. St Marys, a town of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on a branch of the river Thames, 98£ m. from Toronto. Pop. 3415. St Mary's, a river in Georgia and Flori da, U.S. Length about 100 m. — Also, a river and lake in Ohio, U.S., and a river in Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada. St Mary's Loob, a beautiful lake in Sel kirkshire, Scotland, about 3 m. long and 1 m. broad ; it is surrounded by charming scenery, and is famous for its trout-fish ing. St Mary's Strait, connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron, and separates Ontario, Dominion of Canada, from Michi gan, U.S. St Maurioe, saint mau'ris, a river of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Quebec, flows S.E. and joins the St Lawrence at Three Rivers after a course of 240 m. St Michael, saint mi'kdl, the largest isl and of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 800 m. W. of Portugal. It is in a state of high cultivation, and produces oranges, lemons, figs, etc. Area 224 sq. m. ; pop. 117,473. St Michael's Mount, a pyramidal gra nite rock in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Eng land ; it is surmounted by a chapel founded in the 5th century, and was a place of importance during the Parliamentary war. Pop. 84. St Monance, saint mon'ance, or Aber- crombie, ab'er-krum-be, a pa. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth. Pop. 2054. —The vil. of St Monance is 2 m. E. of Elie. Pop. 1918. St Mungo, saint mun'go, a pa. of Scot land, co. Dumfries. Pop. 653. St Nazaire, seng nd-zair', a seaport of France, dep. Loire-Inferieure, at the mouth of the Loire, 37 m. by railway W. of Nantes. Pop. 16,314. St Neots, saint ne'ots (named from St Neot, to whom a monastery on the opposite bank of the river was dedicated by Earl 344 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Alric in 974), a town of Huntingdonshire, England, on the Ouse, 8 m. S.W. of Hunt ingdon. Pop. 4261. St Nicholas, saint nik'o-las, Sp. Sdo Nicolas, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic, off the coast of W. Africa. Length 30 m. ; breadth 13 m. Pop. 8733. St Nicolas, a town of the Argentine Republic, S. America, prov. Buenos Ayres. Pop. 5985. St Nicolas, seng ne-ko-ld', a manufac turing town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 10 m. N.N.E. of Termonde. Pop. 25,698. _ St Ninians, saint nin'y an s, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 2 m. S. of the town of Stirling, with manufs. of carpets, tartans, etc. Pop. of pa. 10,423 ; of vil. 1647. St Ola. See Kirkwall. St Omer, sengt o-mair' (named from St Omer, corr. of Audomarus, bishop of Terouenne, who founded a monastery here in the 9th century, and whose tomb is in the cathedral), a fortified town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the Aa, 22 m. S.E. of Calais. Pop. 20,479. St Pancras, saint pan'kras, a pa. and extensive district of London, 1\ m. N.W. of St Paul's, co. Middlesex, England. Pop. 236,258. St Paul, the cap. of Minnesota, U.S., on the Mississippi, 12 m. below St Anthony. Pop. 90,000. St Paul, a river of Africa, flows S.W. through Liberia, and enters the Atlantic N. of Monrovia, after a course of 300 m. St Paul's Bay, a town of Quebec prov., Dominion of Canada, cap. of co. Charlevoix, on the N. shore of the river St Lawrence, 60 ra. below Quebec. Pop. 3794. St Paul's Bay, on the N. coast of the island of Malta, iu the Mediterranean, where St Paul is supposed to have been shipwrecked, 6£ m. N.W. of La Valetta. St Paul de Loanda. See Loanda. St Peter, a lake, being an expansion of the river St Lawrence, 35 m. in length by 10 m. in greatest breadth, in the prov. of Quebec, Dominion of Canada. St Peter and Paul. See Fetropaulov- ski. St Peter-le-Port. See St Pierre. St Peters, a river of Minnesota, U.S., flows into the Mississippi, a few miles below the Falls of St Anthony, after a course estimated at 450 m. St Petersburg, saint pe'terz-boorg, a gov. of Russia, at the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland. Area 20,759 sq. m. ; pop. 1,591,244. St Petersburg (named after Peter the Great, by whom it was founded in 1703), a city of Russia, the cap. of the above gov. and the metropolis of the empire, at the confluence of the Neva with the Gulf of Finland ; it is one of the finest cities iu Europe, and has a university, founded in 1819. Pop. 876,575. St Pierre, seng pe-air' (St Peter), the principal commercial town and seaport of Martinique, West Indies. Pop. 25,270. St Pierre, several towns and vils. of France, of which the largest is St Pierre- 16s-Calais, in the dep. Pas-de-Calais, and a suburb of the town of Calais. Pop. 30,786. St Pierre, an island of N. America, off the S. coast of Newfoundland. It and Miquelon, an island immediately N.W., are fishing stations belonging to the French. United pop. 4748. St Pierre, an island in the Indian Ocean, 240 m. N.E. of Madagascar; it is a dependency of the Mauritius. St Pierre, or Peter-le-Port, the cap. of Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands, on its E. coast; it has a good harbour, with a fine pier. Pop. 16,166. St Pdlten, Germ. Sanct Polten (contr. for St Hippolytus), a fortified town of Lower Austria, on the Trasen, 16 m. S. of Krems. Pop. 10,015. St Quentin, seng kang-teng', anc. Au gusta Veromanduorum, a, town of France, dep. Aisne, on the Somme, 24 m. N.W. of Laon. Pop. 45,697. St Quivox, saint kwiv'ox, a pa. and vil, of Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Ayr, 3 m. N.E. of the town of Ayr ; it has coal-mines and excellent sandstone-quarries. Pop. 7352. St Remy, seng reh-me' (named from St Remy, archbishop of Rheims, to whom the surrounding territory was granted by Clovis in 501), a town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh5ne, 13 m. N.E. of Arles-sur- Rhone. Pop. 5923. — Also, a town, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 3 m. N.E. of Thiers. Pop. 865. — Several other towns and vils. of France have the same name. St Servan, seng ser-vang', a seaport of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the Ranee, opposite St Malo; it has an active trade. Pop. 10,691. St Stephen, saint ste'v'n, a seaport of the Dominion of Canada, prov. New Bruns wick, at the entrance of Deny's River into the Schoodiac; engaged in the lumber trade and fishing. Pop. 2338. St Thomas, an island in the Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa, situated nearly on the equator ; it is remarkable for its fertility, but is very unhealthy. It belongs to Por tugal. — St Thomas, or Chaves, the cap., on the N.E. coast, has a pop. of 5000. St Thomas, one of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, belonging to Denmark. Pop. 14,007.— St Thomas is the cap. Pop. 11,681. St Thomas, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, on the Coromandel coast, crowded every year with pilgrims, eager to visit the spot where, according to tradition, St Thomas the Apostle suffered martyrdom. It was taken in 1547 by the Portuguese, who changed its name to St Thome, from Mailapur or "city of pea cocks." St Thomas's Mount, a town and mili- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, phi ; note, ndt ; tunc, tUn. 345 tary station of British India, presidency of Madras, div. Chingleput, at the foot of a hill about 5 m. W. of the Coromandel coast. It is the principal station and head-quarters of the Madras artillery. St Thomas, West, a town of the Do minion of Canada, prov. Ontario, on Kettle Creek, 15 m. S. of London. Pop. 8367. St Trond, seng (reng (named from St Trudon, who founded a monastery here, and acquired great fame by the supposed working of miracles), an ancient town in the prov. of Limburg, Belgium, 12 m. W.N.W. of Tongres. Pop. 11,253. St Ubes. See Setubal. St Vigeans, saint vij'e-ans, a pa. of Scot land, co. Forfar, comprising a part of the town of Arbroath. Pop. 14,982. St Vincent, saint vin'sent, one of the British West India Islands, 17 m. long and 10 in. broad. Area 131 sq. m.; pop. 40,548, — Kingston is the cap. Pop. 7000. St Vincent, Port. Sdo Vicente, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of W. Africa. Length 15 m. ; greatest breadth 9 m. St Vincent, a gulf of South Australia, extending 90 m. inland, with a breadth at its entrance of 35 m. Ports Gawler and Adelaide are on its E. coast. — 34° — 35° 40' S. lat., 138° E. long. Saintes, sengt (named from the Santones or Santoni, a Celtic people who dwelt here), anc. Mediolanum, a town of France, dep. Charente-Inferieure, on the Charente, 38 m. N.N.W. of Rochelle; it has several Roman remains. Pop. 13,341. Saintes, Les, la sengt, three small French West India Islands, between Guadeloupe and Dominica. Pop. 1532. Saintfield, saint'feeld, a market town of Ireland, co. Down, 9 m. N.W. of Down patrick, with some trade in linen. Pop. 769. Saintonge, seng-tonzh' (named from the Santones or Santoni, a Celtic people by whom it was inhabited in the time of Cffisar), an old prov. in the W. of France, now forming the greater portion of the dep. Charente-Inferieure, and parts of those of Charente and Deux-Sevres. Sajo, sho-yo' (salt), a river of N. Hun gary, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows S.E., and joins the Hernad at Onod, after a course of 80 m. Sak, a salt lake of Russia, gov. Taurida, near the W. coast of the Crimea, 20 m. N.W. of Simferopol, frequented during summer for its mud baths. — Also, a large and populous Tartar vil. near it. Saka. See Osaka. Sakaing, sd-king', a town of Burma, Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on the Irrawadi, opposite Ava. Sakaria, Sakareeyah, or Sakariyah, sd-kd-re'yd, anc. Sangarius, a river of Ana tolia, Asia Minor, rises in the mountains S. of Angora, and falls into the Black Sea. Sakka, sdk'kd, a commercial town of Euarea, a country S. of Abyssinia, Africa, on an affluent of the Gibhi. Sakmara, sdk-md'rd, a river of Russia, gov. Orenburg, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows S., and joins the Ural after a course or 350 m. Sakti. See Suktee. Sal (the salt stream), a river of Russia, country of the Don Cossacks, flows W., and joins the Don after a course of 250 m. Sal, a river of Peru, S. America, which, flowing N., joins the Jauja, and with it forms the Mautaro. Sala, sd'ld, a town of Sweden, gov. West- manland, noted for its iron-mines, and formerly for its silver-mine first wrought iu 1188, but now of little value. Pop. 4836. Sala, a city of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Salerno, occupying the site of the anc. Marcellano, in the Val di Diano. Pop. 7732. — Also, several other small towns in Italy. Pop. of each uuder 4000. Salado Rio, sd-ld'do re'o (salt river, so named from the salt with which its waters are impregnated), a river of the Argentine Republic, S. America, rises in the prov. of Tucuman, flows S.S.E., and joins the Pa rana at Santa Fe, after a course of about 1000 m. — Also, a river in the Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Ayres, flows E. through the Pampas, and enters the Atlan tic after a course of 400 m. There are some smaller rivers in S. America of the same name. Salado Bay, a spacious but shallow in let of the Pacific, on the W. coast of Chili, S, America. BedaidehrSd-ld-he'eh, or Salbieb, a town of Lower Egypt, prov. Sharkieh ; taken by the French in 1798, and again in 1800. Pop. 6000. Salamanca, sd-ld-man'kd, anc. Salman- tica (the district near the salt springs), a town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Tormes, 30 m. S. of Za- mora ; it is the seat of a celebrated univer sity founded in the 13th century, an ancient cathedral, and various manufs. Here the French under Marmont were signally de feated by the British under Wellington in 1812. Pop. 18,007.— Pop. of prov. 285,500. Salamanca, a town of Mexico, N. America, state of Guanaxuato, on the Rio Grande, in an extensive plain 5500 ft. above the sea. Pop. 23,996. Salamanca, an island of the Caribbean Sea, off the mouth of the Magdalena, United States of Colombia, S. America. Salamis, sal'a-mis (said to be named from Salamis, the daughter of Asopus), an island of Greece, in the Gulf of Egina, where the Greeks gained a memorable naval victory over the Persians, b.o. 480. Solon and Euripides were born here. It is now called KoUri. Pop. 4000. Salangore, or Salangur, sdl-dn-goor1 ', a state of the Malay Peninsula, stretching about 120 m. along its W. side, and 346 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine,pln; note, ndt; tune, tUn. bounded by Perak on the N., and Rum- bowe on the S. Pop. estimated at 12,000. —The cap. has the same name. Salawatty, sd-ld-wdfte, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, off the W. extremity of New Guinea ; it is 35 m. in length, 25 m. in average breadth, and produces excellent sago. Salayer Islands, sd-li'er, a small group in the Indian Archipelago, off the S. coast of Celebes. The largest island is about 30 m. long, with an average width of 8 m. Pop. estimated at 60,000.-5° 40'— 6° 20' S. lat., 120°— 121° E. long. Saldanba Bay, sal-dd'nd or sal-ddn'yd, a bay on the S.W. coast of Cape Colony, S. Africa. Sale, a town of England, co. Chester, 5£ m. S.E. of Manchester. Pop. 7915. Sale,sd'ld, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Alessandria, 6 m. N.N.W. of Tortona. Pop. 5850. Salem, sd'lem, a dist. of British India, presidency of Madras, separated from Coim- batore by the Cauvery. It was ceded to the British hy Tipu Sahib in 1792. Area 7653 sq. m.; pop. estimated at 1,966,995. The chief town of the same name stands in a valley between the Shervarais on the N. and a small range of hills in the S., and has a pop. of 50,000. _ Salem, a seaport of Massachusetts, U.S., chiefly built on a strip of land formed by two inlets called the North and South Rivers. Next to Plymouth this is the oldest town in the state, having been founded iu 1626. Pop. 27,563.— Also, the cap. of Oregon, U.S., on the Willamette River, and several townships and vils. throughout the U.S. Salembria, sd-lem-bre'd, a river of Greece, prov. Thessaly; it rises near the frontiers of Albania and Roumelia, flows S.E., then E. and N.E., into the Gulf of Salonica, after a course of 110 m. Salemi, sd-ld'me, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. Trapani, 16 m. N.E. of Maz- zara. Pop. 14,096. Salerno, sd-ler'no, an archiepiscopal city of Campania, S. Italy, the cap. of the prov. Salerno, on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. S.E. of Naples ; it is the seat of a university probably the most ancient in Europe, and. long famous as a school of medicine, but has now lost its reputation. Pop. 22,226.— The prov. has a pop. of 549,621. Salerno, Gulf of, anc. Pmstanus Sinus, an inlet of the Mediterranean, 36 m. wide, on the W. coast of Campania, S. Italy. Salford, sal'ford (willow ford), a munic. and pari. bor. and town of Lancashire, Eng land, forming a suburb of Manchester, but with a separate jurisdiction, and containing a pop. of 176,235. Salghir, sdl-gheer', a river of the Crimea, Russia, flows N.W., then N. and N.E., and joins the Kara-su after a course of 90 m. Salibabo Islands, sd-le-bd'bo, or Sali- babu, or Tulour, too-loor', a group in the Asiatic Archipelago, between the Philip pines and the Moluccas; they are well cul tivated, and produce rice and potatoes in great abundance.— 4° N. lat., 126° 50' E. long. Salina, sd-le'nd, or Salini, sd-le'ne, one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, near the N. coast of Sicily. Length 6 m.; breadth 5 m. Pop. 5000. Salina, sd'lefnd, a town of New York, U.S., celebrated for its salt wells, on Lake Onondaga, 2 m. N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 2888. Saline, sd'leen (a hill or mountain), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 5 m. N.W. of Dunfermline. Pop. of pa. 954; ofvil. 369. Salins, sd-leng' (from salann, salt), a town of France, dep. Jura, 11 m. N.E. of Poligny, noted for its salt-works. Pop, 5771. Salisbury, sawlz^ber-e (said to be from A. S. sear, dry, and byrig, a town, i.e., a dry town, because the old town stood on a hill where there was no water), or New Sarum, sd'rum, an ancient city, munic. and pari. bor., and bishop's see of England, the cap. of Wiltshire, 34 m. S.E. of Bath, noted for its cathedral, considered one of the purest and noblest specimens of early Gothic architecture that exist; its spire, 404 ft. high, is one of the finest in Europe. Pop. of munic. bor. 14,792 ; of pari. bor. 15,680. Salisbury Plain, an elevated tract of open undulating country in Wiltshire, England, between Salisbury and Devizes. It is largely occupied as sheep-walks, but much of it is also under tillage, and several villages are now scattered over it. In the dreariest part of it, about 6 m. N. of Salisbury, is Stonehenge, which see. Sallee, or Sale, sd-la', a fortified seaport of Morocco, N.W. Africa, at the mouth of the Bu-Regreb. Pop. estimated at 12,000. Saliysburgh, sdVliz-bur-o, or Salsburgh, sdlz'bur-o, a vil. of Lanarkshire, Scotland, pa. of Shotts. Pop. 576. Salona, sd-lo'nd, anc. Amphissa, a town of continental Greece, nomarchy of Phthiotis and Phocis, near Mount Parnassus. P. 6000. Salonica, sd-lo-ne'kd, or Saloniki, sd-lo- ne'ke (corr. from its anc. name Thessalonica), a city of Roumelia, Turkey in Europe, beautifully situated on the acclivity of a hill, at the N.E. extremity of the gulf which bears its name. It is strongly forti fied, and has a considerable trade. P. 70,000. Salonica, or Saloniki, Gulf of, a spa cious bay in the S. of Roumelia, Turkey in Europe. Salop. See Shropshire. Salsette, sdl-sett', an island on the W. coast of India, N. of Bombay Island, with which it is connected by a causeway. It is 18 m. long by 13 m. broad, and is rich in Hindoo antiquities. Pop. 12,000. Salso, sdl'so (salt river, so named be- Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt ; pine, ptn ; ndte, ndt; tune, tiin. 347 cause the country through which it Aowb abounds in salt), the largest river of the island Sicily, rises in the Madonian Moun tains, flows S. through the prov. of Palermo, and falls into the Mediterranean after a course of 70 m. Salta, sdl'td, a town of the Argentine Republic, S. America, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Sileta, in the valley of Chicuana. Pop. 11,716.— The prov. has a pop. of 88,933. Saltaire, sdlt-air', a town of England, co. York, on the Aire, 3 ra. from Bradford, with extensive manufs, of alpaca. It was named from Sir Titus Salt, by whom it was built, and from being situated on the Aire. Saltash, sdlt'ash, a town of England, co. Cornwall, on the Tamar, 4 m. N.W. of Plymouth. Pop. 2293. Saltburn, sdlfbum, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Rosskeen. Pop. 302. Saltburn-by-tbe-Sea, a town of Eng land, N. R. of Yorkshire, frequented as a watering-place. Pop. 1646. Saltcoats, sdlt'kots (the cots or huts occupied by the makers of salt), a seaport of Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Bay of Ayr, 7 m. W. of Irvine, with cotton weaving and extensive chemical works. The salt trade is still carried en, but not to the same extent as formerly. Pop. 5096. Saltee Islands, sal-tee', a group of small islands off the coast of Wexford, Ireland. Saltillo, sdb-til'lo, Sp. pron. sdl-teel'yo, a city of Mexico, N. America, the cap. of the state Cohahuila, on the Tigre. Pop. 18,487. Salt Lake City (so called from the waters of the lake being impregnated with salt), in Utah Territory, U.S.; it is the headquarters of the Mormons or Latter- Day Saints. Pop. 20,768. Salt Lake, Great, a lake of the United States of N. America, Utah Territory, on the W. slope of the Wahsatch Mountains. It is larger than the Dead Sea, but less salt by 2 per cent., nowhere more than 33 ft. deep, with an average depth of 8 ft. Some of the islands with which it is studded rise 8000 ft. above the lake. Saltney, sdlt'nd, a township of Flint, N. Wales, pa. of Hawaiden. Pop. 2300. Salton, or Saltoun, sdl'tun, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 6£ m. S.W. of Hadding ton. Pop. 575.— During part of the thir teenth century this part of the country was possessed by Nicolas de Soulis or Soules, one of the competitors for the Scottish crown in 1291, from whom it is supposed to have been termed Soulistown, by ab breviation Soultown, and subsequently by corruption Salton or Saltoun. -Saltpans, salt'pans (named from an ancient salt-work now extinct), a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, pa. of Campbeltown. ^alt Range, a group of mountains in India, stretching in an eastward direction from the Soliman Mountains in the E. of Afghanistan to the river Jhelum in the Punjab, a distance of nearly 200 m. It is so named because of the extensive beds of common salt which it in many places contains. Salt River, a river of Kentucky, U.S., flows N. and W., and joins the Ohio.— Also, a river of Missouri, U.S., rises in Iowa, and flows S., then N.E. and S.E. till it joins the Mississippi, after a course of 250 m. Saluen, sdl-wen', Salwin, or Salween, sdl-ween', or Thaleain, a large river of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, flows E. and S. through the Chinese prov. of Yun-nan, and S. through Burma, and, after forming tbe E. boundary of Pegu, falls into the Gulf of Martaban. Saluzzo, ed-loot'so, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Cuneo, at the foot of the Alps, on an affluent of the Po. Pop. £i7i>G. Salympria. See Salembria. Salza, or Salzacb, sdlt'zd or sdlt'zdh (the salt stream, from Germ, salz, salt), a river of Austria-Hungary, rises in the Alps, flows through the centre of the crown land of Salzburg, and joins the Inn after a course of 130 miles. Salzbrunn, New, Lower, and Upper, sdlts'broon (the salt well), three contiguous vils. of Prussian Silesia, 3 m. N.N.W. of Waldenburg, with mineral baths. Pop. 3600. Salzburg, sdlts'boorg, a prov. of Austria- Hungary. Cattle-rearing and salt-mining are the chief industries. Area 2767 sq. m. ; pop. 163,570. Salzburg (town on the Salzacb), a city of AuBtria-Hungary, the cap. of the above prov., on the Salzach, about 70 m. E.S.E. of Munich. Here Mozart was born in 1756. Pop. 23,499. Salzkammergut, sdlts-kdm'mer-goot (the public treasury of the salt-works), a dist. of Upper Austria, lying on both sides of the river Traun, between Styria and the lake of Traun. Salzwedel, sdlts'va-del, or Saltwedel, sdlt'va-del, a town of Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the Jetzel, 54 m. N.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 8780. Samakov, sd-md-kov', a town of Bul garia, European Turkey, 30 m. S.S.E. of Sophia. Pop. 10,109. Samana Bay, sd-md-nd', an inlet of the Atlantic, on the S. side of the peninsula of Samana, San Domingo. At the S. side of it the free port of San Lorenzo has been established. Samar, sd-m&r', one of the Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago; its length is estimated to be about 146 in., and its breadth about 50 m. Pop. 194,027. Samara, sd-md'rd, a gov. of Russia, with a town of the same name, on the Volga, at its confluence with the Samara; it was formed, in 1850, out of portions of the Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 348 provs. Simbirsk, Saratov, and Orenburg, and contains 60,159 sq. m., with a pop. of 2,143,490. Pop. of town 51,947. Samarang, sd-wid-rang' ', a fortiBed sea port on the N. coast of Java, near the mouth of the Samarang River, with extensive commerce, but the town is unhealthy from adjoining morasses. Pop. 22,000. Samarcand, sd-mdr-kand' (corr. from Alexandria, named after Alexander the Great), a city of Russian Central Asia, formerly belonging to Turkestan, situated in a fertile plain, on the Zarafshan, 130 m. E. of Bokhara. It was the cap. and favour ite residence of Timur towards the close of the 14th century. Pop. 36,000. Samaria, sd-ma're-d (named from She- mer, the person of whom the ground on which to build the city was purchased), a city of ancient Palestine, the cap. of the kingdom of Israel, and of the prov. of the same name, between the Jordan on the W., the Mediterranean on the E., Galilee on the N., and Judea on the S. After the de struction of the city by John Hyrcanus it was rebuilt by King Herod and called Sebaste in honour of Augustus. Samarrah, sd-mar'rd, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Tigris, about 60 m. N. of Bagdad ; as containing the tombs of Iman Hasein-Askari and Iman Mehsi, it is much venei'ated by Mohammedans, and is visited by at least 10,000 pilgrims annually. Sambalpur. See Sumbalpur. Sambas, sdm'bds, a town of the island Borneo, in the Eastern Archipelago, the cap. of a state and situated on a river of the same name; the houses are built of timber and bamboos, raised above the ground on wooden posts, or on floats moored in the river. Pop. 9400. Sambor, sdm'bor, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Dniester, 42 m. S.W. of Lemberg, with linen manufs. and extensive salt-works. Pop. 13,586. Samhre, sdm'b'r, a river of France, rises in the dep. Aisne, flows N.E., and joins the Maas at Namur, in Belgium, after a wind ing course of 120 m. Samoa. See Navigators' Islands. Samos, sd'mos (the lofty), an island of Asiatic Turkey, separated from the coast of Asia Minor by a narrow strait. It still retains its ancient celebrity for beauty, fertility, and the excellence of its fruits. Pop. 36,465. Samothraki, sd-mo-thrd'ke, an island of European Turkey, in the Archipelago, 14 m. N.N.W. of Imbros. Area 30 sq. m.; pop. 1500. Sams, or SamsoS, sdms'd, an island of Denmark, in the Great Belt, between Zea land and Jutland. Area 40 sq. m.; pop. 6400. San, a river of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, rises in the Carpathian Moun tains, and flowing N.W. falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. Sana, sd'nd, the cap. of Yemen, in Turkish Arabia, with a great trade in coffee. Pop. 40,000. Sana. See Miraflores. San Antonio, sdn dn-td'ne-o, one of the Cape Verd Islands, off the W. coast of Africa. Pop. 20,600. San Antonio, a seaport of Mexico, N. America, state Jalisco, on the coast of the Pacific. Pop. 3100. San Antonio, a town of the West Indian Island Cuba. Pop. 5300. San Antonio, a city of Texas, U.S., on a river of the same name, near its source, 110 m. S.W. of Austin City. Pop. 20,550. San Bernardo, sdn ber-nar'do, a city of Brazil, prov. Ceara, ou the Jaguaribe. Pop. 6000. San Bias, a seaport of Mexico, N. America, state Jalisco, on an island at the mouth of the Santiago, in the Pacific. Pop. 3518. San Carlos, sdn kar'loss, a town of Venezuela, S. America, on the Aguare. Pop. estimated at 10,000. San Carlos, a fortified town of S. America, republic of Chili, on the N.W. coast of Chiloe Island. San Casciano, sdn kd-shd'no, a town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. and 8J m. S.W. of Florence. Pop. 6900.— Also, a town in prov. Siena, 17 m. S.E. of Pienza, with mineral baths. Pop. 1200. San Cataldo, sdn kd-tdl'do, a town of Sicily, in the valley of Mazzara, prov. Cal- tanisetta, with extensive sulphur-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 12,900. San Colombano, sdn ko-lom-bd'no, a town of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. Milan, on the Lambro, 9 m. S. of Lodi. Pop. 5600. Sanot Jobann, sankt yo-hann'(S>tJohn), a town of Rhenish Prussia, gov. Treves, on the Saar, opposite Saarbruck. Pop. 12,346. Sandalwood Island, a fertile and populous island in the Eastern Archi pelago. Length about 120 m.; average breadth 30 m. Sandbacb, sand'batch, a town of Eng land, co. Chester, 4£ m. N.N.E. of Crewe, with manufactures of silkB. Pop. 5493. Sandbank, sand'bank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on the Holy Loch, near Dunoon. Pop. 570. Sandgate, sand'gate, a town of England, co. Kent, on the English Channel, 1£ m. S.W. of Folkestone, resorted to as a water ing-place. Pop. 1669. Sandhurst, sand'hurst, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Berks; about 2 m. E. of the vil. is Sandhurst Royal Military College, erected in 1812, and in the pa. is also Wellington College, founded in 1856 as a memorial of the Duke of Wellington. Pop. 4195. Sandhurst, a city of Victoria, Australia, formerly called Bendigo, on Bendigo Creek, Fate, fdt, fdr; mtt; pine, phi; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 349 famous for the gold-diggings in its vicinity. Pop. 28,662. San Diego, san de-a'go, a town of Cali fornia, U.S., the southernmost port of the state, with an excellent harbour, on a bay of the same name. Pop. 2637. Sandila, or Sundila, sun'de-ld, a town of Oudh, N.W. Prov., British India. P. 16,000. San Domingo. See Hayti. San Domingo (holy Sunday), a fortified seaport of the West India Island Hayti; it is the cap. of the eastern division, on the S.E. coast, at the mouth of the Ozama. Pop. 15,000. Sandomir, sdn-do-meer', a town of Po land, Russia, gov. Radom, near the conflu ence of the San and the Vistula, 61 m. S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 14,079. Sandown, san'down, a town in the Isle of Wight, England, on its S.E. coast, 6 m. S. of Ryde, frequented as a summer resi dence. Pop. 3120. Sandsting. See Aithsting. Sandusky, san-dus'ke, a city of Ohio, U.S., on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie; it carries on shipbuilding, and has an active lake trade. Pop. 15,838. Sandwich, sand'wich (corr. from its Saxon name sandwic, sandy bay, but the sands have filled up the hay, and the ancient port is now 1 J m. distant from high- water mark), a munic. and pari. bor. and town of England, co. Kent, on the Stour; it is one of the cinque ports, but its trade has declined from its former importance. Pop. of munic. bor. 2846 ; of pari. bor. 15,655. Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, discovered by Cap tain Cook in 1778, extending from 18° 50' to 22° 20' N. lat., and from 154° to 160° W. long. There are eight principal islands, and five smaller. They were named the Sandwich Islands after Lord Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty, who consented to send out the expedition which led to their discovery. They are fertile, and abound with the productions of tropical climes. In Owhyhee or Hawaii, the largest of the islands, are the remarkable volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kiliuea ; the former rising to the height of 13,950 feet. In 1868 a fearful eruption of Mauna Loa desolated the island to a considerable extent. Cap tain Cook lost his life at Owhyhee, in 1779, through an unhappy misunderstanding with the natives, but they are in general of a mild and friendly disposition, and many of them have been converted to Christianity. Sugar is the staple article of export ; sandal wood, once an important product, has almost ceased to be exported. Area estimated at 7630 sq. m. ; pop. 44,000.— Honolulu, in Oahu Island, is the cap. of the g:ronn. Sandwick, sand'wik (sandy bay), a pa. of Scotland, co. Orkney, comprising a part of Pomona or the Mainland. Pop. 1198. Sandwick, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Stornoway. Pop. 525. Sandy, san'dd (sand island), one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 1£ m. E, of Eday. Length 12 m. Pop. 2082.— Also, one of the Inner Hebrides, co. Argyll, 2i m. from Rum. Pop. 14. Sandy, san'de, a township of England, co. Bedford, on the Ivel, 3£ m. W. of Potton. Pop. 2662. Sandy Bay, an inlet near the N. extre mity of North Island, New Zealand. Sandy Hook, a sandy beach or penin sula of New Jersey, U. S., 7 m. S.W. of Long Island. Sandy River, a river of the United States, rises in Virginia, flows N. between that state and Kentucky, and joins the Ohio after a course of 130 m. San Felipe deAooncagua, sdnfd-le'pd da d-kon-kd'gwd,e. town of Chili, S. America, the cap. of Aconcagua, 40 m. N. of Santiago. Pop. estimated at 12,000. San Felipe de Jativa, sdn fd-lefpd da hd'te-vd (named in honour of Philip V. by whom it was founded), a city of Spain, prov. Valencia, near the junction of the Guada- mar and the Albayda. Pop. 14,534. San Feliu de Guixols, sdn fd-le-oo' da ghe-hoV, a town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 18 m. N.N.E. of Gerona, on the Medi terranean. Pop. 7773. San Fernando, sdn fer-ndn'do, or Isla de Leon, ees'ld da la-on', a city of Anda lusia, Spain, prov. Cadiz, on the E. side of the Isla de Leon. Pop. 26,822. San Fernando, the second most im portant town and port in the British West India island Trinidad, on its W. coast. Pop. 5000. San Fernando, a town of Chili, S. America, cap. of the prov. Colchagua, 68 m. S. of Santiago. San Filippo d'Argiro, sdn fe-lip'po dar- Je'ro, anc. Agyrium, a town of Sicily, on an isolated rock near the centre of the island. Diodorus Siculus, the historian, was a native of this town. Pop. 7300. San Francisco, sdn frdn-sis'ko, a sea port, the commercial metropolis of Cali fornia, U. S., on an extensive bay of the same name; it is the western terminus of the Pacific Railway, and a great start ing-place of 6teamers for Australia and New Zealand, and for China and Japan. Pop. 233,956. San Franolsco, a river of Brazil, rises in the S. of the prov. Minas Geraes, and, after a circuitous N.E. course of 1500 m., falls into the Atlantic. San Franoisco Bay, a land-locked har bour in California, U.S.; it extends about 70 m. inland, with a breadth varying from 2 to 12 m., sufficiently large to accommo date all the navies of Europe and America at the same time. San Francisco de la Montana, sdn fran-sis'ko da Id mon-td'nd, a town of the U. S. of Colombia, South America, prov. Panama. Pop. 5400. 350 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt; tune, ttin Sanga, sdn'gd, a fortified town of Japan, with a famous porcelain manufactory, on the island of Kiusiu. It is well and regu larly built on Simbara Bay. Sangerbausen, sang-er-hou'zen, a town of Prussian Saxony, gov. and 32 m. W.N.W. of Merseburg, at the foot of the Hartz Mountains. Pop. 9136. San German, san Jer'man, a town in the S.W. of the Spanish West India island Porto Rico. Pop. 9125. Sang-koi, sdng-koi, a river of the Indo- Chinese Peninsula, rises in the Chinese prov. of Yun-nan, and, flowing S.VV., falls into the Gulf of Tonquin, after a course estimated at 600 m. Sangsan, sdng-sdn', a city of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, prov. Kirin, on the Soongari. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Sanguinetto, sdn-gwe-nefto (the rivulet of blood, so named because its banks are supposed to have been the chief scene of slaughter in the battle of Thrasymenus), a rivulet of Umbria, Italy, flows into the lake of Perugia, on its N. side. San Ildefonso, sdn eel-dd-fon'so, or La Granja, Id grdng'ha, a town of Old Castile, Spain, prov. and 6 m. S.E. of Segovia; it has a royal manufactory of looking-glasses. Pop. 2727. San Hd-efonso, a group of islets in the S. Atlantic Ocean, W. of Cape Horn. San Jaime, sdn hi'ma, a town of Vene zuela, S. America, state Zamora, on the Portuguesa. Pop. 7000. San Joaquin, sdn ho-d-keen', almost wd- keen', a river of California, U. S., rises in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, flows S., then S.W., till it unites with the outlet of Tule Lake. It then flows N.N.W., and joins the Sacramento, after a course estimated at 350 m. — Also a town in a county of the same name on the above river. San Joaquin, a dep. in the republic of Paraguay, S. America. Pop. about 15,000. San Jorge, a river of the U. S. of Col ombia, S. America ; after a N.E. course of 200 m. it joins the Cauca about 25 m. S.W. of Mompax. San Jos6, sdn ho-sd' (St Joseph), a city of Central America, the cap. of the state of Costa Rica, 15 m. W.N.W. of Cartago. Pop. 25,000. San Jose, a city of California, U. S., in a beautiful and fertile valley on the Guada lupe, about 60 m. S.E, of San Francisco. Pop. 12,567. San_ Jos6 de Buenavista, sdn ho-sd' da bwa-nd-vees'td, a town on the W. coast of the island of Panay, one of the Philip pines. Pop. 7000. San Jos6 del Parral, sdnho-sd' delpar- rdl', a town of Mexico, N. America, state Chihuahua, 200 m. N.W. of Durango. Pop 6000. Sanjn, sdn-Ju', a large scattered vil. consisting of numerous encampments of Kirghiz shepherds, in the prov. Ferghana, Russian Central Asia. Pop. estimated at 35,000. San Juan, sdn hoo-dn' (St John), a town of the Argentine Republic, S. America, at the foot of the Andes; near it are gold mines. Pop. 20,000. San Juan. See Greytown, San Juan, a river of Central America, forming the outlet of the waters of the Lake of Nicaragua into the Caribbean Sea at Port San Juan. — Also, a river of Colom bia, S. America, which flows S.W., and enters the Pacific Ocean by several mouths, after a course estimated at 150 m. — Also, a river of Bolivia, S. America, which joins the Pilcomayo, after a N.E. course esti mated at 300 m.— Also, a river of Mexico, N. America, which joins the Rio Grande del Norte after an E. course of about 150 m. — Also, a river of the Argentine Republic, S. America, which flows eastward from the Andes, through the prov. San Juan to the Lake of Guanacache. San Juan, an island in the strait be tween Vancouver Island and Washington Territory, N. America. It belongs to the United States. San Juan Bautista, sdn hoo-dn' bou- tees'td (St John the Baptist), a town of Mexico, N. America, the cap. of the state of Tabasco, on the Tabasco River. Pop. 18,524. San Juan, Cape, the N.E. extremity of the Spanish West India Island Porto Rico. — Also, the S. point of Vancouver Island, British N. America. San Juan de la Frontera, sdn hoo-dn' da Id fron-td'rd, a prov. in the W- of the Argentine Republic, S. America, bounded N.byRioja; S.by Mendoza; and W. by the Andes. Area 23,283 sq. m. ; pop. 60,400.— San Juan, the principal town, is on the river of the same name. Pop. 8400. San Juan del Rio, sdn hoo-dn' del re'o, a town of Mexico, N. America, state Du rango, with silver-mines. Pop. 7800. San Juan de Porto Rico, sdn hoo-dn' dd por'to re'ko, the principal city of the Spanish West India Island Porto Rico, on a peninsula off its N. coast. Pop. 15,400. San Lazzaro, sdn Idt'zd-ro (St Lazarus), a town of Emilia, Italy, prov. Bologna, on the Savena. Pop. 5026. San Lucar de Barrameda, sdn loo'kar dd bdr-rd-ma'dd,& city of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 18 m. N. of Cadiz, at tbe mouth of the Guadalquivir. It was from here that Magellan started on the first voyage in which the world was circumnavigated. Pop. 22,777. San Lucia, sdn loo'she-d, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the N.W. coast of Africa. Length 10 m.; breadth 3 m. San Luis, sdn loo'is, a prov. of the Argentine Republic, S. America, between 32°— 34° S. lat., and 64°— 67° W. long. Area 3426 sq. m.; pop. 63,300.— San Luis de la Panta is the chief town. Pop. 3S00. Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. sni San Luis Potosi, sdn loo'is po-to-se', a city of Mexico, N. America, the cap. of the state of the same name, 70 m. N.E. of Guanaxuato. Pop. estimated at 34,300. The state has a pop. of 648,857. San Marco, sdn mar'ko (St Mark), several towns of S. Italy: — I. San Marco in Lamis, in Puglia, prov. Foggia, on the peninsula of Gargano. Pop. 14,540.-11. San Marco de Cavoti, in Campania, prov. and 15 m. N.E. of Bcnevento. Pop. 4918.— III. San Marco Argentano, in Calabria, prov. aud 18 m. N.N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 4868. — IV. San Marco in Catola, in Puglia, prov. Foggia, 22 m. S.W. of San Severo. Pop. 4290. San Marino, Republic of, sdn md-re'no, one of the smallest and most ancient states of Europe, lies near the Adriatic coast, N.W. of Ancona, Italy. It has existed nearly 1400 years, is only 24 sq. m. in extent, and has a pop. of 7816, mainly occupied in agriculture and silk industry. The greater part of its area is occupied by a craggy mountain, 2635 ft. high, on which the capital is built. The government of the republic is vested in a senate of 60 members elected for life from all ranks of the people. San Marino, or Sammarino, sdm-md- re'no, the cap. of the above republic. Pop. 1000. San Martin, sdn mar-teen', a river of Aragon, Spain, flows N.E., and joins the Ebro after a course of 70 m. San Martin, an island off the W. coast of Patagonia, S. America, in the Pacific Ocean, S. of Madre-de-Dios.— 50°-40' S. lat., 75° 26' W. long. San Miguel, sdn me-ghel' (St Michael), a town of Central America, republic of San Salvador, the cap. of a dep. of the same name. Pop. estimated at 15,000. San Miguel, a river of Bolivia, S. America, rises in the dep. Santa Cruz, flows N.N.W., and joins the Guapore after a course of 600 m. San Miguel el Grande, sdn me-ghel' el grdn'dd, a town of Mexico, N, America, htate and 40 m. E. of Guanaxuato, with a large trade in cotton. Pop. 12,000. San Nicandro, sdn ne-kdn'dro, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, 10 m. E. of Lesina. Pop. 7895. San Nioolo, sdn ne-ko-lo', the cap. of the island Tinos, in the Grecian Archipelago, on its S.E. coast. Pop. 4000. San Pier d' Arena, sdn pe-er' dd-rd'nd, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. and 2 m. W. of Genoa; it has an extensive trade. Pop. 15,568. San Pietro, sdn pe-a'tro (St Peter), an island in the Mediterranean, off the S.W. coast of Sai dinia. Length 7 m. ; breadth 5 m. Pop. 3235. Sanpoo, or Sanpu, san-poo', a river of Tibet, rises near the source of the Sutlej, and, flowing eastward, joins the Brahma pootra. Sanquhar, san'kwar, colloquially sank'- ker (from Gael, seann cathair, old fortress, so named from an old castle near the town), a royal burgh aud town in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on the Nith, about 13 m. N.W. of Thornhill ; it is the principal coal-mart in Dumfriesshire. A considerable number of the inhabitants are engaged in weaving and bonnet-knitting for Glasgow and Kil marnock manufacturers. Pop. 1339. — The pa. of Sanquhar has a pop, of 3109. San Remo, sdn rd'mo, a city of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. Porto Maurizio, on the Mediterranean, a winter and summer place of resort for invalids. Pop. 9017. San Roque, sdn ro'kd, a fortified town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. Cadiz, 6 m. N.W. of Gibraltar. Pop. 8729. San Salvador, sdn sdl-vd-dor' (holy Saviour, so called by Columbus when discovered in 1492, in token of his grati tude to God who had preserved him through so many perils), or Watling's Island, one of the Bahama Islands be longing to Britain in the West Indies; it was the first land seen by Columbus in the New World. San Salvador, a state in Central America, between the states of Guate mala and Nicaragua. Area 7335 sq. m. ; pop. 554,785. — New San Salvador, on a plateau 2000 ft. high, is now the cap., the old cap. having been destroyed by an earthquake in 1854. Pop. estimated at 15,000. San Salvador, Brazil. See Babia. San Salvador, or Banza, bdn'zd, a town of Lower Guinea, W. Africa, the cap. of Congo, on a plateau near the left bank of the Congo. Pop. about 20,000. San Salvador de Bayamo, sdn sdl-vd- dor' da bd'd-mo, a town of the Spanish West Indian Island Cuba, near the Canto. Pop. estimated at from 10,000 to 14,000. San Salvatore, sdn sdl-vd-to'rd, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. and 7 m. N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 68S8. Sansanding, sdn-sdn-rtwg', a town of Central Africa, state Bambarra, on the Joliba, about 18 m. E.N.E. of Sego; it has a large market-place, and carries on an extensive trade. Pop. from 10,000 to 11,000. San Sebastian, sdn se-bds'te-dn, a forti fied city of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, on a peninsula in the Bay of Biscay, at the mouth of the small river Urumea. Pop. 21,355. San Severo, sdn sa-va'ro, a town of Italy, prov. and 17 ra. N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 19,756. San Stefano, sdn sta-fd'no, a seaside vil. of Turkey in Europe, where the treaty of peace between Russia and Turkey was signed, March 3, 1878. Santa Catharina, sdn'td kd-thd-re'nd, a maritime prov. in the S. of Brazil. Area 352 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin; note, ndt ; tune, tUn. 18,923 sq.m.; pop. 159,802.— Off the coast of this prov. is the fortified island of the same name. Pop. 12,000. Santa Clara, sdn'td kld'rd, a town of the West Indian Island of Cuba, S.E. of Havannah. Pop. 5837. Santa Croce, sdn'td kro'tcha, a town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. Florence, on the Arno, a few miles N.W. of San Miniato. Pop. 4283. Santa Croce di Magliano, sdn'td kro' tcha de mdl-yd'no, a town of Abruzzo and Molise, Italy, prov. Campobasso, 8 m. S.E. of Larino. Pop. 4256. Santa Cruz, sdn'td krooss, Sp. pron. sdn'td krooth (holy cross), the cap. of the island Teneriffe, one of the Canaries, off the N.W. coast of Africa. Pop. 16,610.— Also, the cap. of the island Palma, another of the Canaries, on its E. coast. Pop. 6617. Santa Cruz, a town of the island Luzon, one of the Philippines, in the Malay Archi pelago. Pop. 5400. Santa Cruz, a town of Brazil, prov. and 120 m. S.E. of Goyaz, on the Pari. P. 3000. Santa Cruz, sdn'td krooss, or St Croix, saint kroi, one of the Virgin Islands, West Indies, belonging to Denmark; it is 20 m. long and 5 m. broad. Pop. 22,800.— Chris- tianstadt is the cap. Pop. 5000. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, sdn'td krooth dd Id se-er'rd, a city of Bolivia, S. America, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, situated in an extensive plain near San Lorenzo. Pop. 9780. Santa Fe, sdn'td fa (holy faith), a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 6 m. W. of Granada, on the Genii. Pop. 5108. Santa F6, a town of the Argentine Republic, S. America, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Salado, 5 m. N.W. of Parana. Pop. 11,000. Santa Fe, an island of the Argentine Republic, S. America, between the Parana and the Salado ; it is 50 m. in length, with an average breadth of 6 m., and on its N. extremity the above town is situated. Santa Fe, the cap. of New Mexico, U.S., on the Rio Cbicito, about 20 m. from its junction with the Rio Grande. Pop. 6635.— Other towns and vils. of this name are found throughout the U.S. Santa Fe de Bogota. See Bogota. Sant' Agata, sdnt d'gd-td, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia. Pop. 5268. Sant' Agata di Militello, sdnt d'gd-td de me-le-tel'lo , a town of the island of Sicily, prov. Messina, near the river Rosa- marina. Pop. 4974. Santalia, or Santbalistan, or Santal Parganabs, sdn-tdl' pur-gun'dz, a dist. of British India, prov. Bengal. The Santals, an interesting hill tribe, are being gradu ally christianized by European and Ameri can missionaries. Pop. 1,561,385. Santa Lucia, sdn'td loo-che'd, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. Messina, 7 m. S.E. of Milazzo. Pop. 4736. Santa Maria, sdn'td md-re'd (St Mary), the southernmost island of the Azores, in the Atlantic, W. of Portugal.— 36° 58' N. lat., 25° 6' W. long. Santa Maria a Vico, sdn'td md-re'd d ve'ko, a vil. of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta. Pop. 4997. Santa Maria de Marin, sdn'td md-re'd dd md-reen', a town of Galicia, Spain, prov. of Pontevedra, with an active pilchard fishery, on the Bay and 9 m. N. of Vigo. Pop. 9102. Santa Maria Capua Vetere, sdn'td md-re'd kd'poo-d vd-td'rd, a town of Cam pania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta, 3 m. S.E. of Capua. Pop. 16,785. Santa Marta, sdn'td mdritd (St Martha), a seaport of the U.S. of Colombia, S. America, the cap. of the prov. Magdalena, on the Caribbean Sea. Pop. 5472. Santa Maura. See Leucadia. Santander, sdn-tdn'der, Sp. pron. sdn- tdn-dar' (corr. from Sant Andero, i.e., St Andrew), a city and seaport of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Bay of Biscay, to the N.E. of Santillano. Pop. 41,021; of prov. 235,299. Santander, one of the states of Colom bia, S. America, extending along the right bank of the river Magdalena. Area 16,409 sq. m.; pop. 425,427.— Socorro is its cap. Santarem, sdn-td-reng', an ancient town of Estremadura, Portugal, on the Tagus, about 50 m. N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 8000. Santarem, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, near the confluence of the Tapajos with the Amazon ; it has a good trade in cocoa and medicinal plants. Pop. 10,000. Santa Rita, sdn'td re' td, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, on the Rio Grande,ll m. S.E. of Ponzo Alegre. P. 5800. Santa Rosa, sdn'td ro'zd, a town of Chili, S. America, prov. Aconcagua, 18 m. E.S.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 6400. Santee, san-tee', a river of S. Carolina, U.S., formed by the union of two rivers, near the middle of the state, flows E.S.E., and enters the Atlantic by two mouths 20 m. below Georgetown. Extreme length estimated at 150 m. Santhalistan. See Santalia. Santiago, sdn-te-d'go (for Sant Jago, i.e., St James, the patron saint of Spain), a seaport of the Spanish West Indian Island Cuba, on its S.E. coast. Pop. 45,000. Santiago, the most southerly of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the W. coast of Africa. Length 35 m. ; breadth 12 m. Pop. 41,000. Santiago, a city of S. America, the cap. of the prov, of the same name in the Argentine Republic, on the Rio Dulce. Pop. 7775. Santiago, a river of Ecuador, S. America, prov. Cuenca, joins the Amazon at Santi ago, after a course of 180 m.— Also, a river of Central America, state San Salvador, flows W. to the Pacific. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin, 353 Santiago, a city of S. America, the cap, of Chili, in a richly wooded plain, on the Maypocho, 60 m. S.E. of Valparaiso, its port, with which it is connected by a rail way. It is the seat of a university, and is noted for its beautiful situation, delight ful climate, and splendid scenery. Pop. 387,000. Santiago, a town of Mexico, N. America, state Jalisco, on the Rio Grande de Santi ago. Pop. 8520. Santiago Atitlan, sdn-te-d'go d-teet'ldn, a town of Central America, state and 90 m. W. of Guatemala, between two volcanoes, from 8000 to 10,000 ft. high. Santiago de Compostella, sdn-te-d'go da kom-pos-tel'ld, a city of Spain, prov. Coruna, formerly the cap. of Galicia, with a celebrated cathedral, containing, it is said, the remains of St James the Apostle, after whom the town is named. It has a univer sity, and is the chief seat of the Knights of St James. Pop. 24,192. Santiago de Guatemala. See Guate mala, New. Santiago de la Espada, sdn-te-d'go da Id es-pd'dd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. Jaen, in the most elevated portion of the Sierra de Segura, 73 m. N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 6731. Santiago de los Caballeros, sdn-te-d'go dd Iocs kd-bdl'ya-roce, a town of the West Indian Island Hayti, on the Yaqui River, about 100 m. E. of Cape Haytien. Pop. 12,000. Santo Martinbo, sdn'td mdr-teen'yo, a town of the island Madeira, W. of the coast of Morocco, N.W. Africa. Pop. 3066. Santo Paulo, sdn'td pou'lo (St Paul), a city of Brazil, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, about 220 m. W.S.W. of Rio Janeiro ; it is the see of an archbishop, and has several superior schools and a botanic garden. Fop. 40,000. Santorin, sdn-td-reen' , or Santorini, sdn-to-refne, anc. Thera, an island of vol canic origin in the Grecian Archipelatro, 12 m. S. of Nio. Area 41 sq. m. ; pop. 13,063. Santos, sdn'tos, a town of Brazil, prov. Santo Paulo, on the N. coast of the island Engua Guacu. Pop. 8000. _ Santo Severo, sdn'td sa-vd'ro, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, 26 m. W.S.W. of Manfredonia, with a good trade in cattle. Pop. 17,124. Santo Stefano di Camastra, sdn'td sld-fd'no de kd-mds'trd, a town of the island Sicily, prov. and 7 m. S.S.W. of Messina, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 4499. San Vicente, sdn ve-sen'ta (St Vincent), a town of Estremadura, Spain, prov. and 33 m. N. of Badajos. Pop. 7066. San Vicente, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the W. coast of Africa. Pop. 3297. San Vicente, a town of Central America, the cap. of the state of San Salvador ; near it is the volcano of the same name. P. 8000. Saflne, sdn, a large river of France, which has its source in the Vosges Moun tains, and falls into the RhSne at Lyous. Saone, Haute, or Upper, a dep. in the N.E. of France, formed of part of the old prov. Franche-Comte'. Area 2062 sq. m. ; pop. 295,905. Sa&ne-et-Loire, son-d-lwdr, a dep. in the E, of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Burgundy. Area 3302 sq. m. ; pop. 625,589. Sapucahi, sd-poo-kd-he', a river of Brazil, flows N.W., and joins the Rio Grande after a course of 200 m. Sarabat, sd-rd-bdt', anc. Hermus, a river of Anatolia, Asia Minor, flows S.W., theu AV.N.W., and falls into the Gulf of Smyrna, after a course of 200 m. Saragossa, sd-rd-gos'sa, Sp. Zaragoza (corr. from its ancient name Casarea Augusta, so called because colonized by Cresar Augustus), a city of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name on the Ebro, 87 m. S.E. of Pampeluna ; it was a place of great importance under the Romans, and is celebrated in history for the heroic re sistance of its inhabitants, under Palafox, against the French in 1808-9. Pop. 84,575; of prov. 4u0,266. Saraisk, or Zaraisk, zd-risk' , a town of Russia, gov. and 35 m. W.N.W. of Riazan, on the Ossetr. Pop. 6037. Saransk, sd-rdnsk', a town of Russia, gov. Penza, at the confluence of the Saranga and Insara ; it is built chiefly of wood. Pop. 13,438. Sarapul, or Sarapool, sd-rd-pool', a town of Russia, gov. and 190 m. S.E. of Viatka, on the Kama. Pop. 7688. Saratoga Springs, sd-rd-td'gd, a town of New York, U.S., 32 m. N. of Troy, much frequented as a watering-place during the summer months. Pop. 8421. Saratov, sd-rd-tov', a gov. in the S.E. of Russia. Great part of it is barren, beiog impregnated with salt, and it contains a number of salt lakes. Area 31,244 sq. m, ; pop. 1,988,328. Saratov, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Volga, 370 m. N.W. of Astrakhan, between which and Moscow it carries on an active trade. Pop. 86,418. Sarawab, sd-rd-wd', a town of the Brit ish territory Pegu, on the left bank of the Irrawadi, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. Sarawak, sd-rd'wdk (a cove or creek, from the Malay seruk-an, a confined part of a river), a country on the W. coast of the island Borneo, in the East Indian Archipelago. It yields an abundant supply of sulphide of antimony, and has cinnabar mines, opened by the Borneo Company in 1870. — Also, a town, the cap. of the above, on a river of the same name, with gold mines in the vicinity. Pop. estimated at 12,000. Sarawan, sd-rd-wdn', a prov. of Belu- chistan, comprising the high table-land of 354 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Kelat, from which rises Mount Tukatoo, upwards of 11,000 ft. above the sea. The valleys produce corn, madder, tobacco, and excellent fruits. — Sarawan, the cap., con sists of about 500 houses surrounded by a mud wall, and is about 100 m. W. of Kelat. Sarclet, sdr'klet, a vil. of Scotland, co. Caithness, pa. of Wick. Sardinia, sdr-din'e-d (said to be derived from Sardus, son of Hercules, who settled here with a colony from Libya), a large island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, S. of Corsica. It has a very diversified sur face, and although its soil is in general fertile, and a good deal has been done of late years for the improvement of the island, cultivation is still in a backward state. Area 9547 sq. m. ; pop. 682,002. Sari, or Saree, sd-re', a town of Persia, the cap. of the prov. Mazanderan, 24 m. E. of Balfrush. Pop. 35,000. Sark, a small British island off the French coast, between Jersey and Guern sey; it has copper and lead mines, hut fishing is the principal employment of the inhabitants. Pop. 578. Sark, a small river in Dumfriesshire, Scotland; after forming for several miles the boundary between England and Scot land, it falls into the Solway Firth near Gretna. Sarkfoot, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dum fries, pa. of Gretna. Sarlat, sdr-ld', a town of France, dep. Dordogne, on the Sarlat, 35 m. S.E. of Perigueux. Feheionwas born here in 1651. Pop. 4281. Sarnen, sdr'nen, a town of Switzerland, cant. Unterwalden, on the Aa, where it emerges from the Lake of Sarnen. P. 4039. Sarno, sdr'no, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. and 14 m. N.W. of Salerno; in the centre of the town are several sulphur and ferruginous springs. Pop. 11,000. Saronno, sd-ron'no, a town of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. N.N.W. of Milan, on the Lura. Pop. 5900. Saros, Gulf of, an inlet on the coast of European Turkey, in the N.E. of the Archipelago. Sarpa, sdr'pd, a river of Russia, rises in the gov. of Astrakhan, flows N., passes Sarepta, and joins the Volga after a course of over 200 m. Sarpsborg, sdrps'horg, a town of Chris tiania, Norway, amt Smaalehnen, on the Glommen. Pop. 3000. Sarre. See Saar. Sarteano, sdr-ze-d'no, a town of Tuscanv. Central Italy, prov. Siena, 5 m. W.S.W. of Chiusi, with mineral baths. Pop. 4096. Sarthe, sart, a river of France, rises in the dep. Orne, flows S.W. to Alencon, then S.E. to Le Mans, after which it turns S.W., and joins the Mayenne after a course of 130 m. Sarthe, a dep. of France, comprehending the greater part of the old prov. of Maine. It is nearly of a circular form, au.d has an area of 2396 sq. m. ; pop. 438,917. Sartoroe, sdr'tor-o (Sartor Island), an island off the W. coast of Bergen, Norway ; it is of very irregular shape, 20 m. long, and 7 m. broad. Sarum, New. See Salisbury. Sarun, or Saran, sd'run, a dist. of British India, presidency of Bengal, div. Patna, bounded on the N. and N.W. by Nepaul; E. by Tirhut; S.W. by the Ganges; and W. by Gorakpur. Area 2625 sq. m. ; pop. 2,280,382. Sarungpur, sd-rung-poor' , a town of Central India, territory of Dewas, on the Kallee-Sind River, 55 m. N.E. of Oojein. Sarzana, sdrd-zd'nd, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, 8 m. E. of Spezia. Pop. 5396. Sasik, sd'sik, a lake of Russia, gov. Bes sarabia; it is 16 m. in length, from 6 to 8 m. in breadth, and communicates with the Black Sea by a small stream which flows from its S.E. side. Saskatchewan, sas-katch'e-wan (swift current), an important river of the Domi nion of Canada; it rises by two principal heads, called respectively the N. and S. Saskatchewan, in the Rocky Mountains, in the prov. of Alberta, and after traversing the N.W. part of Assiniboia in a N.E, direction, the southern branch joins the northern one about the centre of the prov. of Saskatchewan; the united "stream then flows eastward to Lake Winnipeg. Saskatchewan, a prov. of the Dominion of Canada, formed out of the North- Western Territories in 1882. It lies to the E. of Alberta and to the N. of Assiniboia and Manitoba, and has an area of 114,000 sq. m. As yet its inhabitants are few, but its vast prairies, watered by the river Sas katchewan, being finely adapted to wheat- culture, will no doubt ere long receive at tention from agricultural settlers. — Next to Prince Albert, the capital, Battleford and Carleton are the most important places. Sassari, sds-sd're, a city of Italy, in the N.W. of the island Sardinia, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, with a seaport called Porto Torres, on the Gulf of Sassari, 10 m. from the town. Pop. 31,596.— The prov. has a pop. of 260,927. Sasseram, sds'ser-dm, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, prov. Behar, 72 m. S.E. of Benares. Pop. 21,023. Sasslav. See Zaslav. Sassuolo, sds-swo'lo, a town of Emilia, Italy, prov. and 12 m. S.W. of Modena, on the Secchia; in its neighbourhood is a hill remarkable for its petroleum springs, which frequently throw out sulphureous smoke, and sometimes flame and mud, to a great height. Pop. 4674. Sata, sd'td, or Setta, set'td, the name given to the main branch of the Indus at its delta in Sind, India. Satalge, See Pharsalia. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. 355 Sataliah, See Adalia. Satpura, sdt-poo'rd, a small town of India, in the territory of Indore, on a tributary of the Nerbudda. It gives name to a range of mountains running E. and W. parallel to the Vindhya Hills, and separated from them only by the valley of the Ner budda. They are of volcanic origin, and are almost wholly peopled by Bheels. Satsuma, sdt-soo'md, a town of Japan, the cap. of the prov. of the same name in the S. of the island Kiusiu; it has pro ductive pearl-fisheries in the Bay of Sat suma. Sattara, or Satara, sd-td'rd, the cap. of a dist. of the same name in British India, presidency of Bombay, situated in a deep hollow nearly surrounded by hills, on the W. extremity of which stands a strong fort, which was taken by the British in 1818, 5S m. S.E. of Poona. Pop. 25,000.— The dist. has au area of 4968 sq. m., and a pop. of 1,062,350. Saturnnest*. See Southern Ness. Sauchie. See Fisbcross. Saucbiebog, a vil. of Lanarkshire, Scot land, pa. of Cambuslang. Sanchieburn, a spot in the pa. of St Ninian, co. Stirling, Scotland, famous in history as the place where James III. of Scotland was defeated by his rebellious barons. Saugerties, sau'gher-teez, a town of New York, U.S., co. Ulster, on the Hudson, 10 m. N. of Kingston. Pop. 10,375. Saugor, or Sagar, sd'gur, a town of the Central Provinces, British India, presi dency of Bengal, the principal place in a dist. of the same name, div. Jubbulpore. Pop. 46,000. — The Saugor and Nerbudda Territory was ceded to the British by the Rajah of Nagpur in 1818. Saugor Island forms the E. boundary of the great entrance of the Hoogli River, in the prov. of Bengal, India; it is 7 m. in length, and 3£ m. in breadth. Pop. esti mated at 10,000. Saumur, so-mwr', anc. Salmurium (the walled buildings), a town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 26 m. S.E. of Angers. Pop. 13,439. Sauterne, so-tairn', a vil. of France, dep. Gironde,5 m. W.S.W. of Langon, famous for the wine to which it gives name. Sava, a town of Japan, on the island of Niphon, 50 m. N.E. of Kioto. Savage Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook in 1774. —19° S. lat., 169° W. loug.— Also, a group in Hudson Strait, British N. America, in habited by Esquimaux. Savaii, sd-vi'e, the largest, most westerly, and richest of the Samoan Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Length 50 m.; greatest breadth 30 m. Savana - la - Mar, or Savannah -la - Mar, sd^vdn'nd-ld-mdr, a town on the S. side of the West Indian Island Jamaica. Savanilla, or Sabanilla,s<2-&(2-tteeZ',ySee Musa, Jebel. Sinclairtown, sink'lar-town, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, forming part of Kirk caldy, on the Firth of Forth. Sind, Sindb, or Scinde, sind, a river of India, rises in Malwah, flows N.E., and unites with the Jumna after a course of 260 m. Sind, Sindh, or Solnde (the country of the Indus), a div. of the presidency Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. 371 of Bombay, British India to the W. of Rajpootana. Area 48,924 sq. m.; pop. 2,413,817. — Hydra-had is the cap., and Karachi, or Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Indus, is its chief port. Sines, se'nes, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 42 m. W.N.W. of Ourique; it was the birthplace of the navigator Vasco de Gama, about the year 1469. Pop. S315. Singapore, sing-gd-pore', an island be longing to Great Britain at the S. extremity of the Malay Peninsula ; it is about 27 m. in length, by 11 m.in breadth, aud forms a part of the Straits Settlements. Its sur face is low and densely wooded. Although so near the equator, it is exceedingly healthy. Pop. 139,208. Singapore, anc. Singhapura (city of the lion), the cap. of the above colony, on the S. side of the island, on a creek or rivulet of the same name ; it is the chief emporium of trade in the Indian Archipelago. Pop. 82,000, composed of Chinese (who form the majority), Malays, and Europeans, who reside in different divisions of the town, while the better class of merchants have their houses in the suburbs. Sing-Sing, a vil. of New York, U. S., co. Westchester, on the Hudson ; it is the seat of one of the New York state prisons. Pop. 6678. Sinigaglia, se-ne-gdl'yd, a fortified sea port in the Marches, Central Italy, prov. and 16 m. W.N.W. of Ancona, on the Misa; it was the birthplace of Pope Pius IX., and is celebrated for its large annual fair, the most important in Italy. Pop. 4854. Sin-ling, a mountainous range in China, S. of Si-ngan, in the prov. of Shen-si. Sinna, sin'nd, Senna, sen'nd, or Sined- rij, se-ned'rij, a town of Persia, prov. Irak- Ajemi, the cap. of the dist. Ardelan, 75 m. N.N.E. of Kermanshah; it contains 4000 or 6000 families, and has an imposing appearance. Sinnamari or Sinnamary, seen-nd-md- re', a river of French Guiana, S. America, flows in a northerly direction 200 m., and enters the Atlantic 78 m. N.W. of Cayenne. At its mouth is the vil. of the same name. Sinope, sin'o-pe, a seaport of Anatolia, Asia Minor, on the Black Sea; it was bombarded and nearly destroyed by the Russians in 1853. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Diogenes, the famous cynic philosopher, 412 B.C. Pop. 12,000. Sion, se-ong', Germ. Sitten (corr. from Celt, suidh-dunum, the seat at the hill fort), a town of Switzerland, the cap. of the cant. Valais, near the Rhone, 60 m. E. of Geneva. Pop. 4871. Siout, se-oof, Osioot, os-e-oot', or Essi- out, es-se-oot', the cap. of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, a place of considerable trade, and the starting point of caravans proceeding to the interior. Pop. 27,470. Slpbanto, sifan-to or se'fdn-td, anc. Siphnos, an island of the Grecian Archi pelago, 12 m. W. of Paros. Area 34 sq. m.; pop. 3656. Sir Daria, ser dd-re'd, or Sihon, si-hon', anc. Jaxartes, a river of Russian Central Asia, flows N.W., and falls into the Sea of Aral, after a course estimated at 900 m. Sirdbana, sir-dan'd, or Sardbanab, a town of British India, presidency of Hen- gal, North-West Provinces, 11 m. N.W. of Meerut. Pop. 12,500. Sirgoojah, sir-goo'jd, or Sargooja, a state of British India, named from its prin cipal town, which is now in ruins, lies be tween 22° 34'— 23° 54' N. lat., and 82° 40'— 84° 6' E. long. Area 6103 sq. m.; pop. 183,000. Sirbind, sir-hind', a territorial div. of India, between the Sutlej and the Jumna. Sirhind, the old cap., is now in ruins. Sir-i-kol, ser-e-kol', or Victoria, a lake in Kunduz, Afghan-Turkestan, 14 m. long by 1 m. broad; it is 15,600 ft. above the sea, and forms one of the sources of the Amoo Daria. Sirinagar, sir-e-nd-gur' , or Srinagar, srin-d-gur' (the town of Surya, or the Sun), Cashmere or Kashmir, a town of India, the cap. of Kashmir, in a beautiful valley, on the Jhelum, here called Bihat. The houses are built of wood and are usually three stories high. The streets are narrow and dirty. Pop. about 150,000. Siripool, se're-pool, a town of Afghan- Turkestan, 45 m. S.W. of Balkh. Pop. 18,000. Sirmour, sir-vnoor/, or Sarmur, sar- moor', a hill state of India under British protection, between 30° 25'— 31° 2' N. lat., and 77° 5'— 77° 53' E. long. Siseboli, se-seb'o-le, Sizeboli, or Sisipo- Us, sis-ip'o-lis, a town of Eastern Roumelia, European Turkey, ou the Black Sea, 15 m. S.E. of Burghaz. Sistova, sis-td'vd, a town of Bulgaria, Turkey in Europe, on the Danube, imme diately opposite Semnitza. Pop. 20,000. Sitapur, or Seetapoor, se-td-poor', a div., dist., and town of Oudh, North-West Provinces, British India. Pop. of div. 2,598,933; of dist. 932,959; of town 6000. Sitka, sit'kd, or New Archangel, the cap. of the U.S. territory of Alaska, N. America. Pop. 1000. Sitten, Switzerland. .See Sion. Sittingbourne, sit' ting-boom (corr. from A. S. smtung-burna, a holding or settle ment on a burn or brook), a seaport town of England, co. Kent, on Melton Creek, a navigable branch of the Swale, 7 m. W. of Faversham. Pop. 7856. Siu-an-Hoa, a city of China, prov. Chi-li, on the Hoang-ho. Siu-yen, a city of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, prov. Leao-tong, noted for its finely veined marble, the cutting and polishing of which is its chief in dustry. 372 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, iUn. Sivas. See Seevas. Siwah, or Seewab, see'wd, an oasis in the Libyan Desert, Africa, producing figs, dates, grapes, and pomegranates in great abundance. It is 15 m. long and 10 m. broad, but it contains several salt lakes. — Siwah-el-Kebir, its cap., is built of fossil salt. Pop. 9000. Siwasb, Gulf of. See Putrid Sea. Six-Mile-Bridge, a small town of Ire land, co. Clare, 11 m. S.E. of Ennis. Pop. 446. Sizeboli. See Siseboli. Skagen, skd'ghen, a town of Denmark, prov. N. Jutland, a little to the S.W. of Cape Skagen, or the Skaw. The environs consist of loose arid sands, which have frequently threatened to engulf the town. Pop. 1954. Skager Rack, skag'er rdk (the crooked strait near the promontory, rack literally meaning a passage difficult to navigate in consequence of its sudden bending), an arm of the North Sea between Norway and Jutland. Skalitz, shd'lits, a town of Austria-Hun gary, co. and 54 m. N.W. of Neutra, on the Morava. Pop. 5715. Skara, skd'rd (from Sw. skdr, a rock), a town of Sweden, gov. Skaraborg, 27 m. S.W. of Mariestadt. Pop. 3122. Skaraborg, ska'rd-borg, a gov. of Swe den, between Lake Wener and Lake Wetter. Pop. 257,942. Skateraw, skate-raw' , a vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, 4 m. S.E. of Dunbar. Skaterigg, skate'rig, a colliery vil. of Scotland, co. and pa. of Renfrew. Skaterow, skate-ro', a vil. of Kincardine shire, Scotland, pa. of Fetteresso. Pop. 375. Skaw, Tbe, or Skagen Cape (from Gnth. sknga, a promontory), a promontory on the northern extremity of Jutland, Denmark, with a lighthouse. — 57° 43' N. lat., 10° 42' E. long.— Near it is the town Skagen. Skeen, or Skien, she-en', a town of Christiansand, Norway, gov. Bradsberg, on the Skeenself, 7 m. N. of Porsgrunl. Pop. 5226. Skeena, or Simpson River, a river of British Columbia, Dominion of Canada, rises in Lake Connolly, on the Peak Moun tains, and flows westward into the Pacific Ocean at the head of Observatory Inlet ; it is navigable for nearly 100 m. Skelligs, skel'ligs, three rorky islets off the S.W. coast of Ireland, co. Kerry. Skelmantborpe, skel' 'man-thorp, a town iu the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 6 m. S.E. of Huddersfield. Pop. 3120. Skelmersdale, skel' merz- dale, a town ship of Lancashire, England, 4£ m. S.E. of Ormskirk, with collieries and stone- quarries. Pop. 6707. Skelmorlie, Upper and Lower, skel'- mor-te, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, with a castle, a seat of the Earl of Eglinton, and a hydropathic establishment, about 1\ m. from Wemyss Bay. Pop. 757. Skelton, skel'tun, a township in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3£ m. N.E. of Guis- borough. Pop. 7820. Skene, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1787. Skenninge, sken'ning-gd, a town of Sweden, prov. Oestergothland, 20 m. W. of Linkoping. Pop. 1551. Skerries, sker'rez, a small seaport of Ireland, co. Dublin, opposite the rocks called the Skerries or Skerrv Islands, 3 m. S.E. of Balbriggan. Pop. 2227. Skerries (from Irish sceire, sea rocks), a group of rocks off the coast of Antrim, Ire land, 1 m. N.E. of Portrush. — Also, a group off the coast of Dublin, opposite the town of the same name. Skerries, Out, three or four islets 5 m. N.E. of Whalsay Island, Shetland; they are each about 1 m. in length, and are the scene of extensive fisheries for ling. Skerrow, Loch, loh sker'ro, a lake studded with islands covered with vege tation, in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. of Gatehouse; it is 2 m. in circum ference, and of a triangular form. Skerryvore, sker-re-voref , a dangerous rock in the Atlantic Ocean, 12 m. S.W. of the island of Tiree; it is the site of a lighthouse. Skiatbo, ske'd-tho, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 10 m. N. of Eubcea. The vil. Skiatho is on an elevated rock at its N. extremity. Skibbereen, skih-ber-een', a town of Ire land, co. Cork, on the Hen, 10 m. W.S.W. of Rosscarbery. Pop. 3631. Skidaw, skid'daw, a mountain, 3022 ft. high, in Cumberland, England, 5 m. N. of Keswick. Skien. See Skeen, Skinfiatts, skin-fats', a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Bothkennar. Pop. 395. Skipness. See Saddell. SMpton, skip'tun (sheep town), a town in the W.R. of Yorkshire, England, near the Aire, 16 m. N.W. of Bradford. Pop. 9091. Skircoat, skir'kdt, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, f m. S.W. of Halifax, with woollen and cotton manu factures, etc. Pop. 11,405. Skirling, skiriling, a pa. of Scotland, co. Peebles. Pop. 274. Skopelo, sko-pd'lo, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 15 m. N. of Eubcea.- The town of the same name is on the S.E. coast. Pop. of town 3750. Skopin, sko-pee.n', a town of Russia, gov. and 53 m. S. of Riazan, on the Werda, with manufactures of leather. Pop. 9447. Skvira, skve'rd, or Skivra, skiv'rd, a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. S.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 10,061. Skye, one of the largest islands of the Hebrides, Scotland, remarkable for its lofty Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt ; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiki. 373 cliffs and its natural curiosities, including the spar Cave of Strathaird and Loch Coruisk, celebrated by Sir Walter Scott in his " Lord of the Isles." It is 45 m. in extreme length and 24 m. in extreme breadth, but its average breadth does not exceed 14 m., and in some places only 3 ra. Pop. 16,889.— Por tree is its cap. Pop. 893. Skyros, ske'ros, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, E. of Eubcea; it is 17 m. in length, from 2 to 7 m. in breadth, and has an extensive harbour, named Panoromo, on its W. coast. Pop. 3029. Slagelse, sld'ghel-sd, a town of Denmark, on the island of Zealand, 9 m. W.S.W. of Sortie. Pop. 6076. Slains, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1256. Slaithwaite, slaith'wait, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4£ m. N.W. of Huddersfield, with woollen and cotton manufactures, and in the vicinity mineral baths, much frequented during the summer months. Pop. 3882. Slamannan, sld-man'nan (brown heath), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 5 m. S.W. of Falkirk. Pop. of pa. 5850; of vil. 1644. Slane, a town of Ireland, co. Meath, on the Boyne, 8 m. S.W. of Drogheda. Pop. 393. Slaney, sla'nd (from Gael, easc-lan, the full water), a river of Ireland, rises in the Wicklow Mountains, flows S. through Car- low and Wexford, and falls into Wexford harbour after a course of 60 m. Slateford, slate -ford', a vil. of Mid- Lothian, Scotland, 3 m. S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 621. Slave Coast, a country of Upper Guinea, W. Africa, extending from the Rio Volta to the Bay of Lagos. Slave Lake, Great, a lake of British N. America, between 60° 40'— 63° N. lat., and 109° SO'— 117° 30' W. long. Length from E to W. 300 m. ; greatest breadth 50 m. ; area 10,842 sq. m. Slaviansk, sld-ve-dnskf , a town of Rus sia, gov. Kharkov, on the Tore". Pop. 11,689. Sleaford, New, new slee'ford (the ford of the Slea), a town of England, co. Lin coln, on the Slea, 14 m. N.E. of Grantham. Pop. 4965. Sleat, a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness, comprising the S.E. part of the Isle of Skye. Pop. 2060. Sleswick, the Danish name of Schles wig, which see. Sleydinge, sli'ding-gheh, a town of Bel gium, prov. E. Flanders, 6 m. N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4582. Slieve Bloom, sleev bloom (from Irish sliabh Bladhma, the mountain of Bladh, pron. blaw), a ridge of mountains in King's and Queen's cos., Ireland, 2266 ft. high. Slieve Donard, sltev don'ard (the moun tain of Domhanghart, pron. donart, one of St Patrick's disciples, who built a little church on the very summit of this mountain), a mountain of Ireland, co. Down, the loftiest of the Mourne group, 2796 ft. high. Sligo, sli'go, a co. of Ireland, bounded on the N. by the Atlantic Ocean ; E. by Leitrim; S. by Roscommon and Mayo; and W. by Mayo. It extends from N. to S. 38 m., and from E. to W. 41 m. Area 721 sq. m.; pop. 111,678. The surface is greatly diversified, mountains and bogs being interspersed with lakes and level tracts of fertile land. In the N.E. is Ti-usk- more, the most elevated summit, which is 2113 ft. above the sea. The coast is indented by Sligo and Killala Bays; and near it are the islets of Innismurry, Oyster, and Coney. The principal rivers in Sligo are the Arrow and Moy, the latter of which forms the W. boundary. The loughs em brace Gill, Airow, Gara, Talt, and Easky. The occupations are chiefly agricultural. Coarse woollens and linens are manufac tured for home use. — Sligo is the co. town. Sligo (named from the river, the Irish name of which signifies " the shelly stream "), a munic. and pari. bor. and seaport of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., on Sligo Bay, near the mouth of the Sligo or Garrogue. Pop. 10,808. Sligo Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, extending 12 m. inland, on the N.W. coast of Sligo, co. Ireland. Slobodskoi, slob - ods - koi', a town of Russia, gov. and about 20 m. N.E. of Viatka, on the Viatka, with iron-foun dries, and a good trade in corn, tallow, and linseed. Pop. 7198. Slonim, slo'nim, a town of Russia, gov. and 75 m. S.E. of Grodno, on the Schts- tchara. Pop. 13,457. Slough, slou, a town of Buckingham shire, England, 2£ m. N.N.E. of Windsor; it was long the residence of Sir William Herschel, the astronomer, and here he discovered the sixth satellite of Saturn in August 1789. Pop. 5095. Sluys, slois, Fr. VEcluse* (the sluice), a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Zealand, 10 m. N.E. of Bruges. Pop. 9800. Slyne Head (Irish ceann leime, the head of the leap), a cape on the W. of Galway, Ireland.— 53° 24' N. lat., 10° 16' W. long. Smaalebnen, smawl'a-nen, a bailiwick of Norway, prov. Christiania. Pop. 107,804. Smailholm, smail'um, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, 6 m. W.N.W. of Kelso. Pop. of pa. 446. Small Isles, an insular pa. of Scotland, comprising the islands of Eigg, Rum, Canna, and Muck, in the cos. of Inver ness and Argyll. Pop. 550. Smallthorne, smdll'thorn, a town of England, co. Stafford, on the Caldon Canal, 2£ m. N.E. of Burslem. Pop. 4615. Smethwiok, smeth'ik, a town of Eng land, co. Stafford, 3£ m. W. of Birmingham, 374 Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ntt ; tune, tiin. with iron, steel, zinc, copper, and glass works. Pop. 25,084. Smithstown Row, smiths'town rd, a vil. of Scotland, co. Dumbarton, pa. of Cumber nauld. Pop. 420. Smitbtown of Culloden, a vil. of Scot land, co. and pa. of Inverness. Smithyhaugh, smith' e-hauh, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. of Auchterarder. Smolensk, smo-lensk', a gov. of Russia, W. of Moscow and E. of Vitebsk and Mog- hilcv. Area 21,637 sq. m.; pop. 1,223,863. Smolensk, an ancient walled city of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Dnieper, about 240 m. W.S.W. of Moscow. Here, in 1812, the first important stand against the French was made by the Russians, who burned the town previously to their evacuating it. Its trade and manu factures are considerable. Pop. 24,332. Smyrna, smirind (from a Greek word signifying " myrrh," for which it was formerly celebrated), an ancient city and seaport of Asia Minor, on a gulf of the same name in the Archipelago ; it is a place of great trade, and claims the honour of being the birthplace of Homer. Pop. estimated at 160,000. Snaefell, sua' fell (snow mountain), a mountain, 2004 ft. high, in the Isle of Man, 5 m. N. of Douglas. Snaith, a town in the W. R. of York shire, England, on the Aire, 7 m. S.W. of Goole. Pop., including Cowick, 1730. Snake River. See Lewis River. Sneebatten, snd-het'tan (the snow hat), n summit of the Dovrefield Mountains in Norway, S. of Trondheira, 7620 ft. high. Sneek, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland, in a marshy tract, 14 m. S.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 10,496. Snenton, snen'tun, or Sneinton, a town of England, forming a suburb of Notting ham, co. Notts, with lace and hosiery manufactures ; excellent cheese is pro duced in its vicinity. Pop. 15,473. Sneuwhergen, snnv-berg'en (snowy mountains), a range of mountains in Cape Colony, of which Compassberg, the highest summit, is 8500 ft. high. Sniatyn, or Snyatin, sne-d'tln, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Pruth, 24 m. E. of Kolomea. Pop. 10,375. Snizort, sni'zort, a pa. of Scotland, com prising the N. part of the Isle of Skye, co. Inverness. Pop. 2120. — Loch Snizort in this pa. extends 13 m. inland, and is 6J m. wide at its entrance. Snowdon, sno'dun (the snowy hill), a m aintain, 3590 ft, high, in Carnarvon shire, N. Wales, the loftiest summit in South Britain. The Welsh call it Eryri, or Eagle-top. Snowy River, a river of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, rises near Mount Table Top, in the N. ranges of the Australian Alps, flows S.,aud falls into the tea after a course of 240 m. Soar, sdr, a river of England, flows through Leicestershire, and joins the Trent about 12 m. E.S.E. of Derby. Soay, so'd, an island of the Inner Hebrides, co. Inverness, off the S. coast of Skye, from which it is separated by Soay Sound. Pop. 102. Sobraon, so-brd'on, a vil. of N.W. India, on the left bank of the Sutlej, 25 m. N.E. of Ferozepur, where the British gained a great victory over the Sikhs, 10th February 1846, which put an end to the first Punjab war. Society Islands (so called hy Captain Cook in honour of the Royal Society, at whose recommendation the voyage which led to their discovery was undertaken), a group in the S. Pacific, of which the chief are Otaheite or Tahiti, Raiatea, and Eimeo. The soil is fertile, producing sugar, cocoa- nuts, the bread-fruit, arrowroot, etc. By the labours of British missionaries, most of the natives have been led to embrace the Christian faith, and many useful arts have been introduced. These islands now belong to France. Pop. 19,000. Socorro, so-kor'ro, a town of the U.S. of Colombia, S. America, the cap. of the prov. Santander, on a tributary of the Magdalena, 76 m. N. of Tunja. Pop. 12,000. Socotra, so-ko'trd, au islanl in the Indian Ocean, about 120 m. E. from Cape Guardafui. It is mountainous, and the greater part of the soil is sterile, but on the sides and summits of the limestone mountains are produced aloes, deemed the finest in the world. The gum known in commerce as dragon's blood is also a valu able export. The island is subject to the Imaura of Muscat, who maintains on it a lieutenant-governor, and has bound him self by treaty to allow no settlement on the island without the consent of the British Government. Pop. about 10,000. Sodbury, Chipping. See Chipping Sodbury. S5derhamm, sn'der-ham, a seaport of Sweden, gov. Gefleborg, on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothnia, 42 m. N. of Gefle. Pop. 7937. SoderkSping, sw'der-chn-ping, a town of Sweden, gov. Oestergothland, on the Gotha Canal, 16 m. from its entrance into the Baltic. Pop. 1700. Sodermanland, sn'der - man - lant, an agricultural gov. of Sweden, in the E. of Sweden Proper or Svealand. Pop. 147,186. Soerabaya. See Sourabaya. Soerakarta, Souracarta, or Surakar- ta, soo-rd-kar'td, or Solo, so'lo, the cap. of a Dutch residency, near the centre of the island of Java, on the Solo River. Pop. 10,000. Soest, or Sdst, sust, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the Siisterbach, 33 m. S.E. of Munster. Pop. 13,985. Sofala, so-fd'ld, supposed by some to be Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 375 the Ophir of Scripture, a country, with a town of the same name, on the coast of E. Africa, S. of the Zambezi. Sofroo, Sofru, so'froo, or Soforo, so-fo'- ro, a walled town of Morocco, N.W. Africa, 19 m. S.E. of Fez, with productive salt mines in its vicinity. Sognefield, sog'nd-fyeld, part of the Dovrefield range of mountains in Norway, joining the Langefield on the N. and the Fillefield on the S. Sognefiord, sog'na-fyord, a large gulf which penetrates the W. coast of Bergen huus, Norway, to the foot of the Sogne field, a distance of about 150 m. Soham, so'ham, a town of England, co. Cambridge, 6 m. S.E. of Ely. Pop. 3980. Sohar, so-hdr', a town of Oman, Arabia, on the Strait of Babelmandeb. Pop. 20,000. Sohna. See Sonab. Soignies, swdn-ye', a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, on the Sanne, 9 m. N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 6900. It gives name to a forest in the neighbourhood, at the S. ex tremity of which lies the field of Waterloo. Soissons, swd-song', an anc. city of France, dep. Aisne, in a charming valley, on the Aisne, 18 m. S.W. of Laon. It is the Augusta Suessionum, and the Noviodu- num of the Romans, and was the cap. of Clovis, the founder of the French mon archy. Pop. 10,895. Sok, a river of Russia, rises iu Oren burg, flows S.W. and joins the Volga 15 m. N. of Samara, after a course of 130 m. Sokal, so'kdl, a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Galicia, on the Bug, 40 m. N.E. ot Lemherg, with silk manufactures. Pop. 5347. Sokoto, so-ko'td (the market- place), sometimes written Sackatoo and Sacca- too, sdk-kd-too', a town of N. Central Africa, the cap. of the kingdom of Houssa or So koto, on the Zirmie, a trib. of the Sokoto. Not far from the town is Ghangary, where Clapperton the traveller died, 13th April 1827. Pop. 80,000, chiefly negroes. Solana, so-ld'nd, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E. of Ciudad-Real, with manufs. of linen, woollen goods, earthenware, and oil. Pop. 6920. Soldin, sol-deen', a walled town of Prus sia, prov. Brandenburg, gov. and 42 m. N.E. of Frankfort, with woollen manufs., tanneries, and gunpowder mills. Pop. 6167. Solent, The, so'lent, the name given to that part of the English Channel which separates the Isle of Wight from the coast of Hampshire, England. Solesmes, so-laim', a town of France, dep. Nord, on the Selle, 12 m. E.N.E. of Cambray, with manufs. of linen goods and calicoes. Pop. 5743. Soleure, so-lnri, Germ. Solothurn, a cant. in the N.W. of Switzerland. Pop. 80,424. Soleure, a town of Switzerland, the cap. of the above cant., on the Aar, at the foot of a very steep ridge of the Jura Moun tains, 19 m. N.E. of Berne. Here Koscius ko died, 16th October 1817. Pop. 7668. Solferino, sol-fd-re'no, a vil. of Lom bardy, N. Italy, prov. and 18 m. N.W. of Mantua. Here the French under Napoleon III. defeated the Austrians under Francis- Joseph I., in June 1859. Pop. 574. Solihull, so-li-hull', a town of England, co. Warwick, on the Blyth, 6£ m. S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 5280. Solimoens, so-le-mo-eng', a name of the river Amazon, Brazil. Soliman or Suleiman Mountains, soo'ld-man, a range of high mountains run ning N. and S. in the E. of Afghanistan. The loftiest summit is Takht-i-Soliman (the throne of Solomon), 12,000 ft. high. Solingen, so'ling-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper, 14 m. E.S.E. of DUsseldorf. Pop. 16,940. Soller, sol-yair', a town on the N.W. coaBt of the island of Majorca, Spain, 16 m, N. of Palma. Pop. 7915. Solmona, sol-mo'nd, or Sulmona, sul- mo'nd, anc. Sulmo, a fortified town of Abruzzo and Molise, S. Italy, prov. Aquila, 21 m. S.S.W. of Chieti. Ovid the poet was born here, B.C. 43. Pop. 12,583. Solo, Java. See Soerakarta. Solofra, so-lo'frd, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. and 7 m. S.S.E. of Avellino, on the slope of a spur of the Apennines at the source of the Sarno. Pop. 5205. Solomon Islands, sol'o-mon, an exten sive group in the S. Pacific, between 5° — 12° S. lat., and 154°— 163° E. long ; they are fertile and well wooded, and were first visited by Alvaro de Mendana in 1567. Solor, so-lor', an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the E. extremity of Flores; it is 30 m. in length, 15 m. in breadth, and about 70 m. in circumference. Solothurn, Switzerland. See Soleure. Solt, Germ. Solth, a town of Austria- Hungary, co. and 47 m. S. of Pesth, on a branch of the Danube. Pop. 5692. Solway Firth, a large bay, projecting from the Irish Sea north-eastward between England and Scotland, remarkable for the rapidity and force with which the tide advances, rising sometimes with a head four ft. high. It extends inland about 40 m., with a breadth varying from 24 m. at its entrance to 1J m. at its head. It affords an abundant supply of fish, espe cially salmon. Solway Moss, a level area about 7 m. in circumference, adjoining the above firth in the co. of Cumberland, England. Somali Country, so-rnd'le, a country of E. Africa, stretching from Abyssinia on the W. to Cape Guardafui on the E. It is occupied by a race of fierce savages. The chief seaport is Berbera, which was taken possession of by Egyptian troops in 1873. Somerset, East, sum'er-set, a div. of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony, bounded N. by Cradock; E. by Bedford; S. by 376 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. Uitenhage; and W. by Graaf Reynet. Area 3876 sq. m. ; pop. 10,877.— The town or vil. of the same name, founded in 1825, is 80 m. W. of Grahamstown. Somerset, North, an island in the Arc tic region of British N. America, between 73°— 75° N. lat., and W. of 90° W. long. It was discovered by Parry iu 1819. Somerset, West, a vil. of Cape Colony, about 20 m. E. of Cape Town, a favourite summer resort of the inhabitants of that city. Somersetshire, sum-er-set-shir (named from Somerton, which in former times was the chief town in the co.), a maritime co. of England, open to the Bristol Channel on the N.W.; and having for its other boun daries the counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, and Devon. Area 1636 sq. m. ; pop. 469,109- The surface is much diversified, and few counties in England exhibit a greater variety of soil. The most promi nent elevations are the Mendip Hills, which extend from the coast in a south-easterly direction to the neighbourhood of Frome, and the Quantock Hills towardB the W. and N.W. These divide the co. into three por tions—the northern, central, and south western. In the N. are the rivers Yeo and Avon; in the centre the Brue, Parret, and Axe ; and in the W. the Tone,— all flowing into the Bristol Channel. Along the slope and base of the hills the land is well culti vated; but towards the coast are the fenny districts known as the Marshes. Somer setshire is both a manufacturing and an agricultural co. The manufs. are very varied, those most extensively carried on being broadcloth, cassimeres, silks, serges, etc. In the higher districts great attention is paid to the rearing and grazing of sheep and cattle. Dairies are numerous, and large quantities of Cheddar cheese are made, the name being derived from the village so called in the Mendip Hills where it was first produced. Bath is the co. town. Somersbam, sum'ers-ham, a town of Huntingdonshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of Stives. Pop. 1409. Somers Islands. See Bermudas. Somerton, sum'er-tun, a town of Eng land, co. Somerset, on the Carey, 7 m. S. of Glastonbury. Pop. 1917. The co. Somerset is named from this town. Somme, som (formerly called Somona, corr. from its ancient name Samara, which may be derived from Celt, ys-am-garw, the rough or rugged river), a river of France, deps. Aisne and Somme, passes Amiens, aud falls into the English Channel below Abbeville, after a course of 115 m. Somme, a dep. in the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Picardy, having the English Channel on the W. and the deps. Pas- de-Calais, Aisne, Oise, and Seine-Inferieure on the other sides. Area 2379 sq. m.; pop. 550,837. Sommen, som'men, a lake of Gothland, Sweden, prov. Oestergothland, 15 m. E. of Lake Wetter; it is 25 m. in length, 8 m. in breadth, and communicates on the N.W. with Lake Roren. Sommerda, som-mer'dd, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, gov. Erfurt, on the Unstrut, 15 m. N.N.W. of Weimar. Pop. 5078. Sommerfeld, som'mer-felt, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 44 m. S.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 11,073. Somnatb, Somnat, som-nawt', or Put- tun-Somnatb, or Patan-Somnat, put- un' som-nawt', a town on the S. coast of Kattywar, Gujerat, W. India, famous for a celebrated temple dedicated to Somnath, the Lord of the Moon, long a principal place of Hindoo pilgrimage. The original temple was plundered of great wealth by Mahmud of Ghuznee in 1024, and its gates carried away to Ghuznee, where they remained attached to Mahmud's tomb till they were brought back to India after the capture of Ghuznee by the British in 1842. Sonab, or Sobna, so'nd, a town of the Punjab, British India, dist. Gurgaon, 39 m. S.W. of Delhi; it is resorted to for a hot sulphureous spring of 108° Fahr., found very efficacious in leprosy, chronic rheumatism, scrofula, and liver complaints. Pop. 8513. ScJnderburg, sun'der-boorg (southern town, from Norse sdndre, southern, and burg, a town), a seaport of Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on the S.W. side of the island Alsen, 13 m. N.E. of Flensburg, Pop. 5863. Sondersbausen, son-ders-hou'zen (the south nouses), the cap. of Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Germany, on the Wipper, 30 m. N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 6110. Sone, or Soane, son (from Sansc. sona, gold), anc. Eranoboas (the golden arm), a river of India, tributary to the Ganges, which it joins after a course of 440 m. about 25 m. above Patna. The stream is cele brated for its agates called " Sone pebbles," but gold is not now obtained in the sand. Sonepoor, or Sonepur, so-ne-poor', a town of British India, the cap. of a native state of the same name, on the Mahanuddy, The raj has an area of 906 sq. m., and a pop. of 131,000. Sonneberg, son'neh-berg, a town in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, on the Roten, 12 m. N.E. of Coburg, with manufactures of toys and musical instru ments. Pop. 8660. Sonnenburg, son'nen-boorg, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, gov. and 19 m. N.N.E. of Frankfort, on the Lonitz, with manufactures of woollen cloths. Pop. 6298. Sonora, so-no'rd, a town of Mexico, N. America, in the dep. of the same name, on the river Sonora, in the centre of rich silver mines, S5 m. S. of Arispe. Pop, 6000. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tUn. 377 —The state has long been celebrated for its mineral wealth, and has an area of 78,996 sq. m., with a pop. estimated at 139,240, many of whom are Indian tribes. Soo-choo, a city of China, prov. Kiang- su, on the Great Canal, near Lake Tai, 125 m. S.E. of Nanking; it is one of the finest cities in the empire, and is noted for the excellence of its manufactured goods. Pop. 500,000. Sooloo or Sulu Islands, soo-loo', a chain of islands in the Eastern Archipelago, ex tending from the N.E. extremity of Borneo to Mindanao, the most southern of the Philippines. The natives carry on an active commerce. Pop. 300,000. Soongari, soon-gd're, or soon-gd-re', the most important river of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, rises near the Corean frontier, and joins the Amoor after a course estimated at 800 m. Soongaria. See Dzungaria. Sophia, so-fe'd, a town of Bulgaria, Tur key in Europe, on an affl. of the river Isker, 85 m. S.E. of Nissa; it manufactures woollen and silk goods, leather, and tobacco, and, though an inland town, has consider able trade. Pop. 20,541. Sora, so'rd, a city of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Caserta, on the Carigliano, 15 m. E.N.E. of Frosinone. Pop. 5100. Sorata, so-rd'td, one of the principal peaks of the Andes in Bolivia, S. America, 21,286 ft. above the sea. A few miles N. is the town of the same name, at an altitude of 8850 ft., 56 m. N.W. of La Paz. P. 1200. Sorau, so'rou, or Zorowe, tso-ro'va, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, gov. and about 50 m. S.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 13,918. Sorbas, soribds, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. Almeria, on an elevated pla teau, 26 m. E.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 6700. Sorbie, sor'be, anciently written Sourby (of Saxon origin, and signifying " sour- habitation," having reference to the old castle, and to the cold marshy soil near it), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Wigtown. The vil. is 4 m. N. of Whithorn, and has a damask factory. Pop. of pa. 1696. Sorel, or William Henry, so-rel' (the name Sorel is derived from a captain of engineers, who superintended the con struction of a fort erected here in 1665 as a defence against the incursions of the Indians), a town of the Dominion of Cana da, co. Richelieu, at the mouth of the Richelieu River in Lake St Peter, 45 m. N.E. of Montreal; it is the winter quarters of nearly all the steamboats and other craft plying between Quebec and Montreal. Shipbuilding is largely carried on. P. 5791. Soria, so're-d, a town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Old Castile, on the Douro, near the site of the ancient Numantia. Pop. 6286.— Pop. of prov. 163,654. Sorn (a Celtic word, signifying "pro jection, promontory, or eminence"), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 4 m. E. of Mauchline. Pop. of pa. 4255; of vil. 354. Sorocaba, so-ro-kd'bd, a town of Brazil, prov. Santo Paulo, on the Sorocaba, 24 ra. S.W. of Hytu. Pop. 12,000. Soroka, so-ro'kd, a town of Russia, gov. Bessarabia, on the Dniester, about 80 m. N.N.W. of Kichinev. Pop. 9542. Soron, so'ron, a town of India, presi dency of Bengal, North-West Provinces, Agra div. Pop. 11,182. Sorrento, sor-ren'to, a town of S. Italy, delightfully situated on the Bay of Naples, 16 m. S.S.E. of the city of Naples; it is celebrated for the beauty of its environs and the geniality of its climate even in the winter season. Tasso the poet was born here in 1544. Pop. 5502. Sorso, sor'so, a town of the island Sar dinia, Italy, prov. and 6 m. N. of Sassari. Pop. 5633. Sortino, sor-te'no, a town in the S.E. of the island of Sicily, prov. Noto, situated 1071 ft. above the sea. Pop. 8791. Sotteville-l§s-Rouen, sott-veel' or sot- teh-veel' ' -ld-roo-ang' ', a town of France, dep. Seine-Inferieure, 4 m. S. of Rouen. Pop. 12,424. Soudan, soo-ddn', the name applied to the region of Central Africa which lies to the S. of the Sahara or Great Desert, to the E. of Senegambia, and to the W. of Abyssinia. It comprehends the regions watered by the Niger and its tributaries, the basin of Lake Tchad, the Egyptian possessions of S. Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, and the valley of the Nile southwards to the equator. Because of its negro in habitants, it is also called Nigritia and Negroland ; but the Arabs are the ruling race, having imposed on the natives their religion and civilisation, and given chiefs and kings to many of the native states. The territory annexed by Egypt since 1871 along the shores of the Red Sea to Ber- bera is called " The General Government of Eastern Soudan and of the Red Sea." Soul. See Kipg-ki-tao. Sound, The (from the Norse sund, a deep narrow strait), a strait between Sweden and the island of Zealand, Den mark ; from Elsinore to Helsingborg in Sweden its breadth is about 3 m. For merly all foreign vessels passing through the Sonud paid toll to the King of Den mark, but the dues are now abolished. Soungari. See Soongari. Sour, soor, a seaport of Syria, Turkey in Asia; it occupies the site of ancient Tyre, once a great commercial city, but now its trade consists only of small exports of cotton, tobacco, charcoal, and fuel. P. 3500. Sourabaya, or Soerabaya,3oo-ni'oi'<2,a seaport on the N.E. coast of Java, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a strong fort, a fine naval arsenal, shipbuilding dockB, etc. Pop. 130,000. Souracarta, Java. See Soerakarta, 378 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Soure, soo'ra, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 15 m. S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 6058. Souris, soo'ris, a town of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Manitoba, at the junction of Plum Creek with the river Souris, 25 m. S.W. of Brandon. Southam, south'am, a town of England, co. and 10 m. S.E. of Warwick, with mineral springs, one of which is called the Holy Well, and formerly held in great estimation, its properties being similar to those of the mineral waters at Leamington. Pop. 1784. Southampton, south-hamp'tun, or south- amp'tun (the south town of residence, so called in contradistinction to Northamp ton), a munic. and pari, bor., seaport, and town of England, co. Hants, at the con fluence of the rivers Itchin and Test, at the head of Southampton Water, 12 m. S.W. of Winchester. It is said that it was here that Canute rebuked the flattery of his courtiers by vainly commanding the waves to retire. Pop. 60,051.— The Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley, for military invalids, is situated on the shore of Southampton Water, about 1 m. S. of the borough. Southampton, County of. See Hamp shire. Southampton Island, in British N. America, on the N. side of Hudson Bay, between 62°— 66° N. lat., and 80°— 87° W. long. South Australia. See Australia, South. Soutbborougb, south'bur-o, a town of England, co. Kent, 2 m. N. of Tunbridge Wells. Pop. 3870. Soutbbridge, south ' bridj, a town of Massachusetts, U.S., co. Worcester, 60 m. S.W. of Boston. Pop. 6465. South Carolina. See Carolina, South. Soutbdean, south-deen' (so named, it is supposed, from its having been the south valley or dean of the once celebrated Jed Forest), a pa. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh. Pop. 724. Southend, south-end' (so named from its being situated near the southern extremity of the co.), a town of England, co. Essex, 3 m. S.E. of Rochford ; frequented as a water ing-place. Pop. 7979. Southend, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll; the pa. comprises the S. portion of Cantire and the island of Sanda, and the vil. is about 6J m. S.W. of Campbeltown. Pop. of pa. 955. Southern Ness, suth'ern ness, or Sa- turnness (southern promontory), a head land in the S.E. of Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.— 64° 63' N. lat., 3° 37' W. long. A small vil. near it, and 11 m. S.E. of Dalbeattie, has the same name. Southfield, south'feeld, a vil. of Scot land, co. Ayr, pa. of Dairy. Pop. 374. Southfield, a town of New York, U.S., on Staten Island, 2 m. E. of Richmond. Fop. 4980. South G-eorgia, an island in the S. Atlantic, situated to the E. of the Falk land Islands.— 54° 30' S. lat., 37 W. long. South Knapdale. See Knapdale. Sontbmuir, south-mure', a vil. of Scot land, co. Forfar, forming part of the town of Kirriemuir. Pop. 1453. Southold, south'dld, a town of New York, U.S., on Long Island Sound, 15 m. E. of Riverhead. Pop. 7267. Southowram, south-ow'ram, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 1£ m. S.E. of Halifax. Pop. 3036. Southport, south'port, a munic. bor. of England, co. Lancaster, on the Irish Sea, 7£ m. N.W. of Ormskirk; it is a fashionable watering-place, and much resorted to by invalids on account of the mildness and salubrity of its climate. Pop. 32,206. Southsea. -See Portsea. South Shetland. See New South Shetland. South Town, or Little Yarmouth, a town of England, co. Suffolk, on the Yare, opposite Yarmouth, of which it is a suburb. Southwark, south'ark, locally suth'ark (corr. from its Saxon name Suthwerc, so called from an earthwork or fort erected here for the defence of the ferry across the river), an ancient pari. bor. of England, co. Surrey, on the S.E. bank of the Thames, now forming one of the great divisions of the metropolis. Pop. 221,946. Southwark, south'wark, a town of the United States, forming a suburb of Phila delphia; it has numerous factories, ship building-yards, and a lofty shot tower on the Delaware. Southwell, south'vjell (so called from one of the numerous wells or springs that formerly existed in this neighbourhood), a town of England, co. Notts, 7 m. W. of Newark, and 12 m. N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. 2866. Southwold, south'wold (from A. S. Sud- vmld, south wood, 60 called from an ancient forest now cleared), a munic. bor. of Eng land, co. Suffolk, on tbe North Sea, near the mouth of the river Blyth, 12 m. S.W. of Lowestoft. Pop. 2107. South Yarra, south yar'rd, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Soyland, soy'land, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4£ m. S.W. of Halifax, with woollen and cotton manu factures. Pop. 3467. Spa, spd (corr. from espa, which, in the old language of the country, signified "a fountain"), a town of Belgium, prov. and 16 m. S.E. of Liege ; it is noted for its warm mineral springs, loug among the most fre quented in Europe. Pop. 5900. Spain, Kingdom of (from its ancient name Hispania, regarding the origin of which there is much uncertainty and difference of opinion), a country in the S.W. of Europe, forming, with Portugal, the Iberian Peninsula. It is bounded N. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin, 379 by the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees; E. by the Mediterranean; S. by the Medi terranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic ; and W. by Portugal and the Atlantic. Its length from E. to W. is 650 m. ; its breadth from N. to S. 520 m. Area, including the Balearic and Canary Islands, 182,768 sq. m. ; pop. about 16,623,384. Formerly the country consisted of 14 Divisions, but these, in 1833, were subdivided into 47 Provinces, or, including the Balearic and Canary Islands, 49. The following are the Divisions with the Pro vinces comprised in each:— Divisions. Provinces. ("Madrid, Cuenca, Gua- New Castile -I dalaxara, Toledo, (_ Ciudad-Real. f Burgos, Logrono, San- r\iA n„,,*-irt J tander, Avila, Se- 01dCastlle -) govia, Soria, Valla- (, dolid, Palencia. «„.... f Corunna, Lugo, Oren- Galicia j se, Pontevedra. Asturias Oviedo. ( Guipuzcoa, Biscay or Basque Provinces..-; Bilbao, Alava or ( Vittoria. Navarre Pampeluna. . fTeruel, Saragossa, Arae°n 1 Huesca. « , , . fGerona,Lerida,Barce- Cataloma 1 lona, Tarragona. f Valencia, Alicante, Castellon - de - la- ( Plana. Murcia Murcia, Albacete. . , . . fHuelvas, Seville, Ca- Andalusia •{ d{ Cordova, Jaen Valencia ., Granada.. j G r an a da, Almeria, '""( Malaga. Estremadura Badajos, Caceres. T f Leon, Salamanca, Za- Leon j mora, Balearic and Canary Islands. The provinces are named chiefly from the principal town in each. Next to Switzer land, Spain is the most mountainous coun try in Europe. The Pyrenees, forming its N.E. boundary, are continued through the northern provinces under the name of the Mountains of Asturias, and terminate in Cape Finisterre. A secondary range, called the Iberian, stretches southward from the Pyrenees to Cape de Gata in Granada. From the Iberian range four other chains extend from E. to W. till they reach the Atlantic. These are the Sierra de Guadarama, the Sierra de Toledo, the Sierra Morena (dark or brown moun tains), and the Sierra Nevada (snowy moun tains). The highest peak is Mulhacen of Sierra Nevada, 11,664 ft. The Central dis tricts, comprising Old and New Castile, consist of extensive table-lands, elevated generally from 1800 to 2000 ft., though the royal palace of the Escurial, apparently on a plain, is 3500 ft., and San Hdefonso, the summer residence of the Spanish sove reigns, is 4155 ft. above the sea. In the S. and S.E. are rich and fertile plains, which gradually slope towards the shores of the Mediterranean. The principal rivers which flow through the plains enclosed by the mountain ranges, named according to their magnitudes, are the Tagus, Douro, Ebro, Guadiana, and Guadalquivir. These all have a westward course towards the Atlantic, except the Ebro, which flows E. to the Mediterranean. The climate varies according to elevation and exposure. In the N. and N.W. rain falls abundantly, and the winters are long and severe. The Central table-land is subject to great ex tremes of heat and cold, and often exposed to severe droughts. In the southern dis tricts, including Andalusia, Murcia, and S. Valencia, the winter is temperate, and the spring and autumn delightful, but during summer they are visited by a scorching wind from Africa, called the solano, which not only withers every green thing, but renders the season intolerable to northern Europeans. The towns on the E. coast, sheltered by the high landB of the interior, enjoy an almost perpetual sunshine, and are favourite places of winter residence for invalids. The soil is in general fertile, and where artificially irrigated is well0 adapted to agriculture, and the cultivation of several kinds of useful fruits. Besides wheat, maize, cotton, rice, hemp, and flax, which are the principal crops, olives, figs, grapes, dates, almonds, oranges, and lemons, are found in abundance. Sugar is grown to some extent in Valencia and the south. A fibrous grass, called esparto, which grows wild in the S.E., is largely exported to Britain for the manufacture of paper. Agriculture is in an exceedingly back ward state, and in many parts is much neglected for the rearing of sheep, horses, mules, and asses. The Spanish breed of sheep called merino, once peculiar to the peninsula, and much esteemed for the fine ness of their wool, have now been intro duced into most European countries; the horses, called Barbs, from Barbary, whence they were introduced by the Moors, have long been distinguished for their beauty and activity; and the mules and asses, re markably sure-footed, are the finest in the world. Though the central table-land is treeless, forests cover about one-twelfth of the whole surface, the principal trees being pine, beech, evergreen-oak, cork, chestnut, and hazel. Bears, wolves, and boars roam in the forests and in the colder and more mountainous districts. Wild bulls are found in Andalusia. The mineral wealth of Spain is very great, but mining opera tions are by no means active ; in many cases they are altogether neglected. Lead, however, is extensively wrought, nearly half of the lead produced in Europe being 380 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. obtainedfrom Spain. The quicksilver-mine at Almaden is the richest in Europe, and at Cardona, near Montserrat, is a hill about 400 ft. high, and about 3 m. in circum ference, which is a solid mass of rock salt. Silver, iron, copper, zinc, tin, anti mony, cobalt, coal, and various coloured marbles and building stones are also found. The manufactures, long in adeclining state, have recently begun to revive. The most important is that of wine, carried on at Xeres, Malaga, and Alicante; silk and cotton fabrics are manufactured at Va lencia ; woollen cloths in Aragon and Catalonia; linen in Galicia; and leather in Galicia, Biscay, and Andalusia. Ex tensive iron-works are in the N, Spain, from its geographical position, the exteut of its coast line, and its numerous ports, has great advantages for commerce, yet its foreign trade is limited, and is almost exclusively confined to France, England, the United States, and Cuba. The estab lished religion is Roman Catholic. In 1836 all conventual establishments were sup pressed, and since 1876 Protestant worship, under severe restrictions, has been allowed. Education is at a somewhat low ebb. Until 1808, the superintendence of the schools was entirely in the hands of the clergy; but subsequent enactments placed the in struction of the people under the care of the government, and a radical reform was thereby introduced. Among the inhabit ants four distinct races exist in Spain — the Spaniards proper, the Basques, the Moors, and the Gitanos or Gypsies. The Spaniards, who are descended from the Celtic, Roman, Gothic, and Moorish na tions, who alternately ruled in the country, are a grave, proud, indolent, and some what cruel people, with a deep attachment to their country and religion, and an in ordinate love of ecclesiastical display. Bull-fighting and dancing in the open air are their favourite amusements. The Basques, found in the mountains of As turias and the neighbouring Pyrenees, have still preserved their ancient man ners and liberty, and are the unabsorbed remnant of the aborigines. They number about 490,000, and are a gallant and labori ous, but also a rude and obstinate race. They speak a language totally different from the otheis, called the Esquara or Basque, which is probably the old lan guage of the country. The Moors, the remains of the African race, exist in Anda lusia. The Gypsies (probably of Hindoo origin) number about 45,000, and are found in various parts. They do not generally lead a wandering life as in England, but have fixed habitations and various employ ments, though they still preserve intact the individuality and all the peculiarities of their race. The government of Spain is a limited monarchy. In 1868-9, and again in 1873-4, a republican government existed, but on the 31st December 1874 the repnblio was abolished, and Alfonso XII., of the House of Bourbon, was proclaimed king. The national assembly is called the Cortes, and consists of two chambers, a senate and a congress of deputies. — Madrid, on the Manzanares, is the cap. The foreign pos sessions of Spain consist of the Philippine, Caroline, and Ladrone Islands in Oceania ; Ceuta, and the islands of Fernando Po and Annobon, Africa ; Cuba, Porto Rico, and adjacent isles in the West Indies. Spalatro, or Spalato, spd-ld'tro, or spd- Id'to (corr. from Salonm Palatium, the palace of Salona, at first corrupted to As-palthium, at the palace, and then to Spalatro and Spalato), a seaport of Austria-Hungary, prov. Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, near the ancient Salona and the ruins of the palace of Diocletian; it is the most commercial town in the empire, and in the vicinity are several mineral springs and baths. Pop. 20,860. Spalding, spdl'ding (named from a spa or spring of mineral water in the market place), a town of England, co. Lincoln, on the Welland, 16 m. S.S.W. of Boston; it carries on an extensive trade in all kinds of agricultural produce. Pop. 9260. Spandau, span'dou, a fortified town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, at the junc tion of the Havel with the Spree, 12 m. N.N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 29,311. Spanish Town, the former cap. of the West Indian Island Jamaica, co. Middle sex, in a fine plain on the river Cobre, 10 m. W. of Kingston. Pop. 6000. Sparta, New, or Mistra, a town of the Morea, Greece, nomarchy of Laconia, near the site of ancient Sparta. Pop. 3595. Spean, a river of Inverness-shire, Scotland, joins the Lochy, after a course of 20 m. through Lochaber from Loch Laggan. Speicber, spi'her, a town of Switzer land, cant. Appenzell, 3 m. N.N.W. of Trogen. Pop. 3201. Spencer G-ulf, spen'ser, a large bay of South Australia, between 32° 30'— 35° S. lat., and 136°— 138° E. long. Spennymoor, spen'ne-moor, a town of England, co. Durham, 3 m. N.E. of Bishop Auckland. Pop. 5917. Spey, spa (probably contr. of the Gael. speid, meaning " activity" or " force," and so called in allusion to the rapidity of its current), a large and rapid river of Scot land, rises in Badenoch, flows N.E. through the cos. of Inverness, Banff, and Elgin, and, after a course of upwards of 100 m., falls into the Moray Firth at Gar-mouth ; it has a valuable salmon fishery. Speyer, the German name of Spires, which see. Speymoutb, a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin, at the mouth of the Spey. Pop. 656. Spezia, La, Id spet'ze-d, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. Genoa, towards Fate, fat, fdr; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. S81 bridge and aqueduct, carried over a deep ravine by 10 arches 615 ft. in height. Pop. 7696. Sporades, spor'd-dez, the " scattered islands" of the Grecian Archipelago, be longing partly to Turkey and partly to Greece, so called in contradistinction to the Oyclades, which lie in a circle around Delos. Sporades, from Gr. speiro, means scattered. Spott, a pa. of Scotland, co. Haddington. Pop. 579. Spree, spra, a river of Germany, rises in the kingdom of Saxony, near Lobau, flows N. past Bautzen, then N.W. through the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg, divides the city Berlin into two portions, and joins the Havel at Spandau after a course of 220 m. Spremberg. sprem'berg, a town of Prus sia, prov. Brandenburg, gov. Frankfort, on an island in the Spree, 28 m. S.S.W. of Guben. Pop. 11,338. Springburn, spring'burn, a northern suburb of Glasgow, co. Lanark, Scotland. Pop. 5911. Springfield, spring'feeld, a vil. of Scot land, co. Fife, pa. of Cupar. Pop. 931.— Also, a vil. in Dumfriesshire, on the Sark, pa. of Gretna. Pop. 300. — Also, a vil. in Edinburghshire, on the N. Esk, 1J m. S.W- of Lasswade. Springfield, a city of Massachusetts, U.S., co. Hampden, on the Connecticut, 98 m. S.W. of Boston; a great railway centre, and the site of the largest arsenal in the U.S. Pop. 33,340— Many townships and vils. in the United States are also called by this name. Sprottau, sprot-tou' (named from the river Sprotta), a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, gov. and 39 m. N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober, at the conflux of the Sprotta. Pop. 7231. Sprouston, sprous'tun (the place fertile in grain), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Roxburgh, 2£ m. E.N.E. of Kelso. Pop. of pa. 1026. Spurnbead, spurn'hed (corr. from Spuren- head, the look-out promontory, from A. S. spyrian, to look out or watch, and so called from a watch-tower built here in the time of the Romans), a promontory on the S.E. coast of Yorkshire, England, on which is a lighthouse. It is the Ocellum Promontorium of Ptolemy.— 53° 34' N. lat., 0° 7' E. long. Squillace, skweel-ld'tcha, anc. Scylacium, a town of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. and 10 m. S.W. of Catanzaro; it is a bishop's see. Pop. 3046. Squillace, Gulf of, an inlet of the Ionian Sea, 35 m. wide, in the E. of Cala- bria, S. Italy. Srinagar. See Sirinagar. Stade, std'deh (the station), a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Schwinge, an affl. of the Elbe, 22 m. N.N.W. of Ham burg. Pop. 9700. thf E. end of the Riviera di Levante; it is the chief naval arsenal, and may be called the Portsmouth of Italy. Pop. 19,864. Spezia, G-ulf or Bay of, in Italy, is 7 m, in length and from 2 to 6 m. wide. Spezzia, spet'se-a, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, at the entrance of the Gulf of Nauplia. Pop. 8443.— The town of Spezzia is on its N.E. coast. Pop. 3000. Spike Island, on the W. side of Cork Harbour, 1 m. S. of Queenstown, co.'Cork, Ireland. Spilsby, spilz'be, a town of England, co. Lincoln, 10 m. S.E. of Horncastle, and 29 in. E. of Lincoln. Sir John Franklin, the Arctic voyager, was born here in 1786. Pop. 1482. Spinazzola, spe-mdt'so-ld, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Bari, 7 m. S. of Minervino. Pop. 10,078. Spirding See, speer'ding sa, a lake in E Prussia, about 60 m. in circumference, 75 m. S.E. of Konigsberg. Spires, speer, Germ. Speyer (named from the stream on which it is situated), anc. Noviomagus, a city of Bavaria, Germany, gov. Palatinate, on the Rhine, at the influx of the Speyerbach, 12 m. S. of Mannheim. In the German Diet, held here in 1529, the Reformers entered that celebrated protest against the proceedings of the emperor which procured them the name of Pro testants. Pop. 15,589. Spitalfields, spit'al-feelds (an ahbrev. of Hospital Fields), a densely-populated dis trict in the N.E. of London, co. Middlesex, England, the seat of extensive silk manu factures, which were introduced here by French refugees after the revocation of the Eilict of Nantes in 1685. Pop. 21,340. Spitbead, spit'hed (so named from the sandbank called the spit), a well-known roadstead of England, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight ; it is so secure as to have been called by sailors "the king's bedchamber." It is a favourite rendezvous of the British navy. Spittal, spit'tal, a township of England, co. Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tweed, opposite Berwick; much frequented for sea-bathing. Spitzbergen, spitz-ber'ghen (the peaked mountains, from Germ, spitz, pointed or a peak, and bergen, mountains), a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, N.W. of Nova Zembla ; they are without permanent in habitants, and are almost wholly covered with perpetual snow and glaciers. They form a dependency of the Russian Empire. —70°— 80° 48' N. lat., 9°— 22° E. long. Splugen, spln'ghen, one of the Rhretian Alps, across which is a pass 6939 ft. high, leading from the Grisons, Switzerland, to Chiavenna and the Lake of Como, Italy. ^ Spoleto, spo-ld'to, a town of Umbria, Central Italy, prov. and 30 m. S.S.E. of Perugia; the castle, on an adjacent rocky height, is connected with the town by a Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 3S2 Staffa, stdf'fd (the island with the columns or pillars, from Norse staaf, or A.S. staef, a staff, but also applied to a perpendicular rock), a small island of the Hebrides, Scotland, off the W. coast of Mull, celebrated for its basaltic columns and natural caverns, the largest of which is called Fingal's Cave, and is 66 ft. high, 42 ft. wide, and 227 ft. long.— 56° 28' N. lat., 6° 20' W. long. Stafford, Stafford (the ford crossed by staffs or stilts, from A.S. staef, a staff, and ford, a ford), a munic. and pari. bor. and co. town of Staffordshire, England, on the Sow, 16 m. N. of Wolverhampton, with extensive manufactures of boots and shoes. Pop. of munic. bor. 19,977; of pari. bor. 18,904. Staffordshire, Stafford- shir, a co. of England, enclosed by the cos. Cheshire, Salop, Worcester, Warwick, Leicester, and Derby. Area 1138 sq. m.; pop. 981,013. The greater part of the surface in the centre is level, interspersed here and there with gently rising eminences. The tracts in the N. and N.E. are hilly, and consist chiefly of wild moorland. The district known as the Potteries (about 8 m. long by 3 m. broad) is in the N. South Stafford shire is called the Black Country, because for many miles the surface is so cut up by collieries and iron-works that there is no cultivation. The co. is watered by the Trent and its tributaries, the Sow, Tame, Blyth, Churnet, etc. Although agriculture is pursued with much energy, and employs a large number of the population, Stafford shire is much more a raining and manufac turing than an agricultural co. Its porce lain and earthenware have acquired a world-wide celebrity for their excellence and beauty. — Stafford is the co. town. Stagno Grande, stdn'yo grdn'dd, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Dalmatia, on the Sabioncello Peninsula, 25 m. N.W. of Ra gusa, with extensive salt-works. P. 6318. Staindrop, stdn'drop, a town of Eng land, co. Durham, 11 m. N.W. of Darling ton. Pop. 1318. Staines, stdnz (from A.S. stan, a stone, so called from a stone placed here to denote the extent of the jurisdiction of the Mayor of London on the Thames), a town of Eng land, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, 6 m. S.E. of Windsor. Pop. 4628. Stainland, stdn'land, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3£ m. S.W. of Halifax. Pop. 4933. Stair, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ayr, about 5 m. S.W. of Mauchline. Pop. 928. Stalbridge, stal'bridj, a towu of Eng land, co. Dorset, 5 m. N.W. of Sturminster, with stocking manufactures. Pop. 1816. Stalimene. See Lemnos. Stalybridge, std'ld-bridj (named from the Staveleighs, a family who resided here, and a bridge over the Tame, which connects the two counties), a pari, and munic. bor. of England, partly in Cheshire and partly in Lancashire, on the Tame, 2 m. W. of Ashton. Pop. of pari. bor. 39,671; of munic. bor. 22,785. Stamboul, stdm-booV (corr. from Gr. eis tan polin, towards the city), the Turkish name of Constantinople. Stamford, stam'ford (from A.S.stan-ford, stone ford), a munic. and pari. bor. of Lin colnshire, England, on the Welland, 12 m. N.W. of Peterborough. Pop. of munic. bor. 8773; of pari. bor. 8993. Standisb, stan'dish (named from the Standish family, to whom it has belonged since about the time of the Norman Con quest), a township of Lancashire, England, 3 m. N.N.W. of Wigan. Pop. 4261. Stane, a vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, pa. of Cambusnethan. Pop. 911. Stanhope, stan'hope, a town and pa, of England, co. Durham, on the Wear, 5% m. N.W. of Wolsingham, with extensive lead- mines. Pop. of pa. 8793. Stanislau, stdn'is-lou, or Stanislawow, stdn-is-ld'vov (named after Stanislaus of Poland), a fortified town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Galicia, on a height between the two arms of the Bistritza, 35 m. N.W. of Kolomea. Pop. 18,626. Stanley, stan'ld (named in honour of the daughter of James Stanley, Earl of Derby, who married a brother of one of the Dukes of Athole), a vil. of Perthshire, Scotland, on the Tay, 6 m. N. of Perth, with cotton factories established here at the end of last century. Pop. 1030. Stanley (from A.S. stan-leag, the stony field or place), a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Calder, 2 m. N.E. of Wakefield. Pop., with Wrenthorve, 13,431. Stanley, the cap. of the Falkland Islands, E. of Patagonia, S. America. Stanley Falls, seven cataracts on the river Congo or Livingstone, W. Africa, named after the celebrated explorer Mr H. M. Stanlev.— Between 0° 32' S. and 0° 15' N. lat.; 25° 15' E. long. Stanley Pool, a lake-like expansion of the river Congo or Livingstone, about 30 sq. m. in extent. It is named after its first explorer, Mr. H. M. Stanley. The lat. of its upper entrance is 4° 6' S. Stanley, or Barrier Range, one of the interior hill ranges of New South Wales, Australia; it forms part of the western watershed of the Darling River. The loftiest point is Mount Lyell, 2000 ft. high. Stanovoi Mountains, std-no-voi', a chain of mountains extending about 3000 m. from W. to E. through Siberia, Asiatic Russia. Height from 2000 to 3000 ft. Stanz, stdnts (the stony place), a town of Switzerland, the cap. of the cant. Unter- walden, 7 m. S.S.E. of Lucerne. Pop. 2210. Star, a vil. of Fifeshire, Scotland, 3 m. N.W. of Leven. Staraia-Russa, std-ri'd-roos'sd, a town Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, note, ndt ; tune, iUn. 3S3 of Russia, gov. Novgorod, on the Polist, with salt-works, and a large trade in flax, corn, and timber. Pop. 14,756. Starcross, star'kross, a small seaport of England, co. Devon, 2 m. N.W. of Ex mouth, much frequented as a watering- place. Stargard, star* gard (from Slav, star- gard, ancient fortress), a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Ihna, 21 m. E.S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 21,816.— Also, a town in the prov. of W. Prussia, on the Ferse, 27 m. S. of Dantzic. Pop. 6253. Starodub, or Starodonb, std-ro-doob' (old oak tree), a town of Russia, gov. and about 100 m. N.E. of Tchernigov, on the Bahintza. Pop. 16,820. Staroi-Oskol, std-roi'-os-kol' (the old town on the Oskol), a town of Russia, gov. Koursk, at the confluence of the Oskla and the Oskol. Pop. 7191. Staro-Konstantinov, std'ro-kon-stdn'te- nov (the old town of Constantine), a town of Russia, gov. Volhynia, 75 m. W.N.W. of Jitomir. Pop. 15,165. Start Point (from A. S. steort, a tail, in topography a point), a cape on the S. coast of Devonshire, England, about 9 m. S.W. of Dartmouth.— 50° 13' N. lat., 3° 38' W. long. Stassfurt, stdss'foort, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, gov. and 21 m. S. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 12,194. Staten Island, stdt'en, a hilly and pre cipitous island off the S.E. coast of Tierra del Fuego, S. America, from which it is separated by the Strait of Le Maire. Staten Island, an island of New York, U.S., 14 m. long and from 4 to 8 m. broad, divided from Long Island by the Narrows Strait. Staubbaob, stoub'bdh (dust stream, so called from most of the water being divided by the wind into minute particles like watery dust before reaching the bottom), a magnificent waterfall of Switzer land, in the valley and 1 m. S. of Lauter- brunnen, cant. Berne. The height of the fall is over 900 ft., the highest in Switzer land. Staunton, staun'tun, a town of Virginia, U.S., co. Augusta, 120 in. W.N.W. of Rich mond. Pop. 6664. Stavanger, std-vdng'gher, a bailiwick of Norway, prov. Christiansand. P. 110,965. Stavanger, a town of Norway, the cap. of the above bailiwick, on the S. coast of the Bukke-fiord. Pop. 19,004. Staveley, stave'la, a pa. and town of England, co. Derby, 4£ m. N.E. of Chester field. Pop. of pa. 9114. Stavropol, stdv-ro'pol, a gov. of Russia, between the Caucasus on the S. and Astra khan and the country of the Don Cossacks on the N. It is regarded for administra tive purposes as in the lieutenancy of Cau casia, in Asiatic Russia. Area 26,672 sq. m.; pop. 476,051. Stavropol (the city of the cross), a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Tachla, 59 m. W.N.W. of Alexandrov. Pop. 34,328. — Also, a town in the gov. Sama ra, on the Volga, 70 m. S.S.E. of Simbirsk. Pop. 4265. Stayley, std'la, a town of England, co. Chester, partly included within the bor. of Stalybridge. Pop. 2674. Steckborn, stek'born, a town of Switzer land, cant. Thurgau, on the Unter-see, 8 m. W. of Constance. Pop. 2566. Steele, std'leh, or Steyle, sti'leh, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Ruhr, 21 m. N.E. of DUsseldorf. Pop. 7214. Steenwyk, or Steenwijk, stdn'vik, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Overyssel, on the Aa, 20 m. N. of Zwolle. Pop. 4926. Stege, sta'gd, a town of Denmark, the cap. of the island of Mb'en, on its W. coast. Pop. 1931. Steiglitz, sta'glits, a town of Victoria, Australia, 77 m. W. of Melbourne. P. 300. Stein, stine, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, opposite Mautern, with which it is connected by a bridge, and 37 m. W.N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1963. Stein-am-Anger, stine-dm-dng'er, a town of Austria-Hungary, co. Eisenburg, on the Guns River, 12 m. E.S.E. of Guns. Pop. 10,820. Steinbude, Lake of, stine'hoo-deh, Germ. Steinhuder Meer, a lake of N. Ger many, between Hanover and the principal ity of Lippe-Schaumburg, 16 m. W.N.W. of Hanover. Stekene, std-kd'na, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 13 m. N. of Termonde. Pop. 6231. Stellaland, stel'la-land, the name given to a portion of Bechuana Country, S. Africa, taken possession of by a number of maraud ing boers from the Transvaal, and others. Stellenboscb, stel ' ten - bosk (Stelle's grove, named in honour of Van der Stelle, the governor of the Dutch colony, by whom it was founded in 1670), a town of Cape Colony, the cap. of a div. of the same name, 25 m. E. of Cape Town. Pop. 4000. Stelvio, Pass of, stel've-o, Germ. Sti/fs- erjoch (named from the vil. of Stilfs), in the Rluetian Alps, leading from the Tyrol into Lombardy; it is the loftiest carriage route in Europe, its summit being 19,100 ft. above the sea. Stendal, sten'ddl, a town of Prussia, prov. Saxony, gov. Magdeburg, on the Uchte, 31 m. N.N.W. of Brandenburg, with various manufactures, and a brisk trade in linen. Pop. 14,393. Stenbouse, sten'house, a hamlet in the pa. of Liberton, Scotland, 3 m. S.E. of Edin burgh. Stenhousemuir, sten'house-mure, a vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, pa. of Larbert ; the Falkirk trysts are held on lands ad joining. Pop. 2617. 384 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Stepney, step'nd (corr. from its ancient name Stebenhythe or Stebonheath, the deri vation of which is uncertain), a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, included in the borough of Tower Hamlets, 2£ m. E. of St Paul's, London. Sternberg, stem'berg, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Moravia, 9 m. N.N.E. of Olmiitz, with manufs. of woollens, linens, and hosiery. Pop. 14,243. Stettin, stet-teen' (named from the Sidini, who anciently inhabited this and the ad jacent territory), a town of Prussia, the cap. of Pomerania, on the Oder, 78 m. N.N.E. of Berlin; it is a flourishing com mercial city, the chief seaport of Prussia, and is strongly fortified. Pop. 91,756.— Immediately N. of Stettin is the Stettiner- Haff, an expansion of the Oder, nearly 30 m. in length, 13 m. in greatest breadth, and having an area of nearly 200 sq. m. Stevenage, ste'ven-aje, a town of Eng land, co. Herts, 4 m. S.E. of Hitchin and 12 m. N.W. of Hertford; straw-plaiting is extensively carried on. Pop. 3116. Stevenston, ste'vens-tun, a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Ayr, with coal and iron mines. The town is 1 m. N.E. of Saltcoats, and about 6 m. N.W. of Irvine. Pop. of pa. 5694 ; of town 3556. Stewartfield,siu'flr(-/ee?d, a vil. of Scot land, co. Aberdeen, pa. of Old Deer. Pop. 675. Stewart Island; the most southerly of the New Zealand group, separated from South Island by a strait 30 m. wide, called Foveaux Strait. Stewarton, stu'art-tun (named from the royal race of Stewarts, who had a seat in former times near the town), a manufac turing town and pa. in Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Annock, about 5 m. N.W. of Kil marnock. Pop. of town 3130 ; of pa. 4309. Stewarton, or Kirkcolm, a vil. of Scot land, co. Wigtown, pa. of Kirkcolm, 5J m. N. of Stranraer. Pop. 332. Stewartstown (named from Sir A. Stewart, to whom the place was granted by James I.), a town of Ireland, co. Tyrone, 7 m. N.N.E. of Dungannon, and 25 m. E. of Omagh. Pop. 823. Steyer, sti'er, a town of Upper Austria, on the Ens, at its confluence with the Steyer, 19 m. S.E. of Linz, with large iron works and manufactures of firearms, etc. Pop. 17,199. Steyermark, the German name of Styria. Steyning, std'ning, a town of England, co. Sussex, 5 m. N. of Shoreham. P. 1672. Stickeen, or Stickin, a large inland tract of country, part of the North-West Territories of the Dominion of Canada, situated between the Skeena or Simpson River and Alaska, N. of British Colum bia, in which gold was found in 1863, but did not attract permanent settlers. Stigllano, steel-yd'no, a town of Basili- cata, S. Italy, prov. Potenza, 28 m. S.W. of Matera. Pop. 5606. Stilton, stil'tun, a pa. and vil. of Hun tingdonshire, England, 6 m. S.W. of Peter borough. The cheese known as " Stilton " is chiefly made in Leicestershire, but was first sold at the "Bell Inn," Stilton, and hence its name. Pop. of pa. 645. Stincbar, stin'shar, a river in Ayrshire, Scotland, rises about 6 m. N.W. of Loch Doon, and falls into the sea at Ballantrae. Stirling, stir'ling (corr. from its former name Stryviling, which may be derived from A. S. strigh-lagh, the strife of archery), a royal and pari, burgh, aud the co. town of Stirlingshire, Scotland, 28 m. N.E. of Glas gow and 35 m. N.W. of Edinburgh ; it has a celebrated ancient castle, which com mands a noble prospect of the Forth, and was a favourite residence of the Scottish kings. Here the forces of King Edward I. of England were defeated by the Scots under Sir William Wallace in 1297. Pop. of town 16,012; of royal burgh 12,194. Stirlingshire, stir' ling- shir, a co. of Scotland, forming the border-land between the Highlands and the Lowlands of that country. It is bounded on the N. by Perthshire; on the E. by the river Forth and Linlithgowshire ; on the S. by the cos. of Lanark and Dumbarton; and on the W. by Dumbartonshire. Its greatest length is 45 m., and its extreme breadth 18 m. Area 447 sq. m.; pop. 112,443. It extends almost across the isthmus between the Firths of Clyde and Forth. In the W. and N.W. the surface is mountainous, the chief elevation being Ben Lomond, which is 3192 ft. high. A considerable part of the co. consists of the rich alluvial tracts called the Carses of Stirling and Falkirk. The chief rivers are the Forth, which rises in Ben Lomond, and, crossing the co., expands into a noble estuary ; the Carron, which gives name to the celebrated iron-works on its N. bank; tbe Bannock, famous in connexion with the memorable battle of Bannockburn fought on its banks in 1314; the Kelvin, which falls into the Clyde ; and the Endrick, which flows into Loch Lomond, a beautifully picturesque lake which lies between the N.W. parts of Dumbarton and Stirling. Minerals of various kinds abound, especially coal and ironstone. The manufs. are important, and are varied in character, embracing carpets, tweeds, tar tans, winceys, blankets, serges, chemical products, and paper. Stirling is the co. town. Stitcbel and Hume, stit'ehel and hume, a united pa. of Scotland, the former in Roxburghshire, and the latter in Berwick shire. The vil. of Stitchel is about 3 m. N.W. of Kelso. Pop. of pa. 749. Stobbs, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, 6 m. S. of Dalkeith. Stobhill, stob'hill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, adjoining Gorebridge, with collieries. Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tun. 383 Stobo, sto'bo, a pa. and vil. of Peebles shire, Scotland. The vil. is about 5 m. S.W. of Peebles. Pop. of pa. 467. Stockbridge, stok-bridj', a town of Eng land, co. Hants, on the Test, 9 m. N.W. of Winchester; Pop. 873. Stookerau, stok'keh-rou, a town of Lower Austria, on an arm of the Danube, 6 m. N.W. of Korneuberg, with manufactures of cloth, linen, and liqueurs. Pop. 5955. Stockholm, stokfholm, the metropolitan gov. of Sweden, E. of TJpsala and Soder- manland. Area 2854 sq. m. ; pop. 146,908. Stockholm (from Scand. stock, a stake, and holm, an island, probably 60 called from the houses being built upon stakes driven into the ground), the cap. of Sweden, beautifully situated at the junction of Lake Mrolar with the Baltic. It is built partly on the mainland, and partly on several islands connected by bridges. It forms the chief mercantile emporium of the king dom, and has an excellent and capacious harbour. The principal public buildings are the royal palace, the cathedral of St Nicholas, and the hall of the Diet. The squares and public places are ornamented with numerous statues, and in the environs are beautiful parks and pleasure-grounds. Pop. 176,743. Stockhorn, stok'horn, a mountain of Switzerland, with two conical peaks, one ofwhichis7211 ft. high, 18 m. S. of Berne. Stookport, stok'port (the chief port), a munic. and pari. bor. and manufacturing town of Cheshire and Lancashire, Eng land, on the Mersey, 6£ m. S.E. of Man chester; the cotton manufacture is carried on here on a large scale, and there are printworks, dyeworks, bleacheries, etc. Pop. 59,552. Stockton-on-Tees (the chief place on the river Tees), a munic. and pari. bor. and seaport town of England, co. Dur ham, on the Tees, 10 m. S.W. of Hartle pool, with various manufs. and a great trade in the export of coals. Pop. of munic. bor. 41,015; of pari. bor. 55,457. — The pari. bor. includes the town of South Stockton, which stands on the opposite bank of the Tees, in the N. R. of Yorkshire, The two places are connected by a bridge. Pop. 10,665. Stockton, a town of California, U.S., the cap. of San Joaquin, about 50 m. S.E. of Sacramento ; it is the depot for the supply of all the southern mines, and being supplied with fresh water by about 150 windmills, it is sometimes called the " City of Windmills." Pop. 10,282. StockweU, stok'well, a populous sub urban district of London, co. Surrey, Eng land, 3 m. S.W. of St Paul's. Stogumber, sto'gum-ber, a pa. and town of England, co. Somerset, 13 m. N.W. of Taunton, with a medicinal spring. Pop. of pa. 1242. Stoke Newingfcon, an extensive sub urban district Of London, co. Middlesex, England, 3 ra. N. of St Paul's. Pop. 22,781. Stokesley, stdlcs'ld, a town in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, 8J m. S.E. of Stock ton. Pop. 1802. Stoke-upon-Trent (the place upon the Trent), a pari, and munic. bor. of Stafford shire, England, 2 m. E. of Newcastle- under-Lyme, with large manufactures of china, porcelain, encaustic tiles, and earth enware. Pop. of pari. bor. 152,394; of munic. bor. 19,261. Stolberg, or Stollberg, stol'berg (the hill beside the mine shaft), a town of Germany, prov. Saxony, gov. Zwickau, 11 m. S.S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2204.— Also, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Inde and Vicht, 7 m. E, of Aachen, with manu factures of cutlery, etc. Pop. 10,911. Stolpe, stol'peh (from Sclav. ,stolpe, a rising ground in a marshy place), a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, gov. and 39 m. N.E. of Coslin, on the Stolpe, with a trade in amber. Pop. 21,591. Stone, a town of England, co. and 7 m. N.N.W. of Stafford, on the Trent, with extensive manufs. of shoes. Pop. 5669. Stonefield, stone-feeld, a vil. of Scot land, co. Lanark, pa. of Blantyre. Pop. 2164. Stonehaven, stone-hd'v'n (the haven of the rock, so called in allusion to the rock which projects into the sea on the S.E. and forms a natural shelter to the harbour), a burgh of barony, seaport, and the co. town of Kincardineshire, Scotland, 15 m. S.S.W. of Aberdeen. In the vicinity are the extensive ruins of Dunnottar Castle, long the seat of the Earls Marischal of Scotland. Pop. 3957. Stonebenge, stone'henj (corr. from A.S. stanhengena, hanging or balancing stone), an assemblage of upright aud horizontal stones on Salisbury Plain, co. Wilts, England, 8£ m. N.N.W. of Salisbury, generally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Druidical temple. Stonebouse, stone'house, anciently writ ten Stannous, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Lanark, 7 m. S.S.E. of Hamilton, and 6£ m. N.W. of Lanark. Pop. of pa. 3173: Stoneykirk, sto'nd-kirk, or Stephen- kirk, ste'v'n-kirk, a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Wigtown, 5i m. S.S.E. of Stranraer. Pop. of pa. 2766. Stonington, sto'ning-tun, a township of Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound, 12 m. E. of New London; it is much re sorted to as a watering-place. Pop. 7355. Stony Stratford, sto'ne strat'ford (the stony ford on the Roman road, i.e., Watling Street), a town of England, co. Bucks, on the Ouse, 8 m. N.E. of Buckingham. Pop. 1943. Storakopparherg (the great copper mountain), Sweden. .See Kopparberg. Stormberg Mountains, storm'berg, are situated in the N.E. of Cape Colony, S. Africa. Beds of coal have been discovered in them. 2b 386 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Stornoway, stor'no-wd, a seaport on the E. side of the island of Lewis, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, at the head of a fine bay, with a considerable trade in the cod, ling, and herring fisheries. Pop. 2693. — The pa. of Stornoway has a pop. of 10,389. Storoe, sto'rxx-eh, an island of Norway, 30 m. S. of Bergen. Length 15 m. ; breadth 7 m. Stourbridge, stour'bridj (named from the river on which it stands), a town of Worcestershire, England, on the Stour, 20 m. N.E. of Worcester, noted for the manu facture of glass, established here in 1557 by Henzole, a Lorraine refugee. Pop. 9757. Stourport, stour'port (a harbour on the Stour), a town of England, co. Worcester, near the confluence of the Stour with the Severn, 4 m. S.W. of Kidderminster. Stow (a word of A. S. origin, signifying "place" or "station"), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, cos. Mid-Lothian and Selkirk, 6 m. N. of Galashiels. Pop. of pa. 2395; of vil. 440. Stowmarket, std'mar-ket (the place of the market), a town of England, co. Suffolk, on the Gipping, 12 m. N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 4052. Stow-on-tbe-Wold, a town of England, co. Gloucester, 15 m. E. of Cheltenham. Pop. 1636. Strabane, stra-ban', a town in co. Tyrone, Ireland, near the confluence of the Finn and the Mourne, 18 m. N.N.W. of Omagh. Pop. 4196. Stracathro, strd-kath'ro, formerly writ ten Strickathrow (said to signify " the battle in the strath," or " the valley of the fort "), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 487. Stracban, strah'an, or strdn (the valley of the river Aan or Aen), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, 14 m. N.W. of Stonehaven. Pop. of pa. 694. Stracbur and Stralachlan, strah-ur' Anistral-ah'lan, apa. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on Loch Fyne. The vil. of Strachur (val ley of the ravine) is about 5 m. S. of Inver aray. Pop. of pa. 932. Stradbally, strad-bal'le (corr. from srad- bhaile, the village with one street), a town of Queen's County, Ireland, on the Strad, 5 m. E.S.E. of Maryborough. Pop. 1254. Stradella, strd-del'ICt, a city of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. Pavia, near the Po, 16 m. E.N.E. of Voghera. Pop. 6119. Straiton, strd't'n, anciently written Stra- tin (from Gael, srath, a valley), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, 6£ m. S.E. of May- bole, with manufactures of cottons and tar tans. Pop. of pa. 1241. Straits Settlements, the collective name for the British settlements Singa pore, Malacca, and Penang, with Province Wellesley, on the Malay Peninsula. Pop. 423,384. Strakonitz, strd'ko-nits, or Strakowitz, strd'ko-vits, a town of Austria -Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Wottawa, at its junction with the Wolinka, 60 m. S.W. of Prague. Pop. 899. Stralsund, strdl'soont (the arrow -like strait, from A. S. strtel, an arrow, and sund, a strait or narrow sea), a strong seaport of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the strait separating the Isle of Riigen from the main land ; it has a considerable trade, chiefly in corn. Pop. 29,481. Strangford, Strang' ford, an ancient town of Ireland, co. Down, on the W. side of the entrance to the bay to which it gives name, 6 ra. E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. 434. Strangford Lough, strang'ford loh (a Danish name signifying "the strong fiord or bay," and so called from the strong tidal currents at its entrance), a large inlet of the sea, 16 m. long and 3 m. broad, on the E. coast of co. Down, Ireland. Stranraer, stran-rawr', formerly written Stranrever and Stronrawer (which in Gaelic signifies "thick nose or clumsy projec tion;" the general opinion, however, is that the name is derived from the strand or rivulet which divides the row, or raw, of houses on its banks), a royal and pari. burgh and seaport town of Scotland, co. Wigtown, at the head of Loch Ryan, 6 ra. N.E. of Portpatrick ; it has a good export trade of agricultural produce, etc. Pop. 6415. — The pa. of the same name has a pop of 3528. Strassburg, strdss'boorg (either corr. from Stratiburg, the translation of its ancient name Argentoratum, the town of silver; or corr. from Strataburgum, from Lat. stratus, spread out, and burgus, a town or fort), a strongly-fortified city of Elsass- Lothringen, Germany, on the 111, near its junction with the Rhine; it is the seat of a university, and is famed for its vast cathedral, the spire of which is 446 ft. high, only a few feet lower than the cathedral spire at Vienna, which is the highest in the world. It formerly be longed to France, but capitulated to the Germans on the 27th September 1870. Pop. 104,471. Strassburg (the town on the highway, from Germ, strasse, a street, and burg, a town), a town of Prussia, prov. Branden burg, gov. Potsdam, 15 m. N.N.W. of Prenzlow. Pop. 5353." Strassburg, a town of West Prussia, gov. aud 40 m. S.E. of Marienwerder, on the Drewenz. Pop. 5801. Stratford-le-Bow. See Bow. Stratford- on -Avon, strafford-on-d'von, a munic. bor, of Warwickshire, England, on the Avon, 8 m. S.W. of Warwick, dis tinguished as the birthplace of Shakspeare in 1564. Pop. 8054. Stratford, Stony. See Stony Strat ford. Stratb (from the Gael, srath, a valley), a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness, comprising a part of the island of Skye, and the islands Scalpa and Pabbay. Pop. 2616.— In the N. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tilne, tUn,. 387 of the pa. is Strathaird Cave, which afforded shelter to the Pretender, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, in 1746. Strathaven, strath - d'v'n, colloquially str&'v'n (the valley of the Avon), a town of Scotland, co. Lanark, 7| m. S.W. of Hamilton. Pop. 3812, chiefly employed in weaving. Strathaven, a narrow Highland valley in the S.W. of Banffshire, Scotland. Stratbblane, strath-blane' (the valley of the Blane, i.e. the "warm river"), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Stirling, 4 m. N. of Milngavie. Pop. of pa. 1343. Stratbbogie, strath-bo' ghe, a dist. of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, consisting of the small vale of the river Bogie. Area 120 sq. m. Strathbungo, strath-bung' go, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, pa. of Govan. Stratbconan, a dist. of Ross-shire, Scot land, about 15 m. long and 13 m. broad, on the Cromarty Firth, W. of Dingwall ; it is watered by the Conan, and is celebrated for its honey. Stratbdearn, strath- dern', a dist. of Scotland, chiefly in Inverness-shire, but partly also in Nairnshire, drained by the river Findhorn. Stratbdon, strath-don' (corr. from Gael. srath-domhain, the valley of the deep river), anciently Invernochtie (so named from the situation of the church, which stands at the confluence of the Nochtie with the Don), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Aber deen, about 9 m. N.W. of Ballater. Pop. of pa. 1316. Stratbearn, strath-em' (tbe valley of the Earn, or the eastern valley, with reference to Strathyre, the western valley), the valley of the river Earn and its tributaries, in Perthshire, Scotland, extending 35 m. from E. to W., with a breadth varying from 2 to 6 m. Stratherrick, strath-er'rik (the valley of the river of the ascent), a dist. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Stratbfieldsaye, strath-feeld'sa, a pa. and township of England, cos. Hants and Berks, 7 m. N.E. of Basingstoke. Here is the estate presented to the first Duke of Wellington and his family for services in the Peninsular War. Pop. of pa. 850. Strathfillan, strath-fil'lan, a glen about 10 m. long in the W. of Perthshire, Scot land. Strathglass, strath-glass' (the grey val ley), a dist. in the N. of Inverness-shire, Scotland, watered by the Glass, and com prehending the superb scenery around the town of Beauly. Stratbkinnes, strath-kin'nes, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, 3 m. W. of St Andrews. Pop. 584. Strathmartin. See Mains. Stratnmiglo, strath mig'lo (the valley of the Miglo or Eden), a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Fife, 3 m. N.W. of Falkland. Pop. of pa. 2061 ; of vil. 1283. Strathmore, strath - more' (the great valley), an extensive tract of low country in Scotland, extending in a N.E. direction from the co. Dumbarton to the sea at Stonehaven in the co. of Kincardine. In a more restricted sens**, it extends only from Methven in Perthshire to Brechin in For farshire, a distance of 40 m., and is flanked by the Sidlaw Hills. Strathpeffer, strath-pef'fer (the valley of the Peffer), a valley extending 4 m. due W. from Dingwall, at the head of the Cromarty Firth, co. Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, noted for its medicinal springs, some of which are held in high repute. Strathyre, strath-ire' (corr. from Gael. srath-iar, the western valley), a vil. of Scot land, co. Perth, 5 m. S. of Lochearnhead. Stratton, strat'tun (the town on the Roman road or street), a town of England, co. Cornwall, on the coast, 16 m. N.W. of Launceston. Pop. 1797. Stranbing, strou'bing, a town of Lower Bavaria, Germany, on an elevated site be side the Danube, 25 m. S.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 12,625. Straussberg, strouss'berg (the fortress on the Strauss), a walled town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on Lake Strauss, 20 m. E.N.E- of Berlin. Pop. 6646. Streatbam, stret'ham (named from the situation on the great Roman road Stane Street), a pa. of England, co. Surrey, in cluded within the metropolis, 6 m. S.W. of St Paul's. Pop. 21,611. Street, a town of England, co. Somerset, 1& m. S.W. of Glastonbury, with manufac tures of boots, shoes, and rugs. Pop. 2514. Streblen, strd'len, a town of Prussian Silesia, 24 m. S. of Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop. 7261. StrelitZ, Germany. <5fee Nen-Strelitz. Stretford, stret'ford, a town of Lanca shire, England, 4 m. S.W. of Manchester. Pop. 19,018. Stretton, Church, church streftun, a town of England, co. Salop, 13 m. S.S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. 1683. Stricben, strih'en, a pa. and vil. of Scot land, co. Aberdeen, 9 m. S.S.W. of Fraser burgh, with linen manufactures. Pop. of pa. 2348; of vil. 1204. Striegau, stree'gou, a town of Prussian Silesia, gov. and 34 m. W. of Breslau, on the Cziska. Pop. 11,470. Strokestown, strdks'town, a town of Ire land, co. Roscommon, Gh m. S.E. of Elphiu. Pop. 837. Stroma, stro'md (the island of the current), from Teut. strom, a stream or current), an island in the Pentland Firth, between the N. extremity of the mainland of Scotland and the Orkney Islands. Pop. 341. Stromboli, strom'bo-le (corr. from its ancient name Strongyle, from a Greek 388 Fdte, fat, fdr ; mete, met; pine, phi; note, ndt; tune, tUn. word signifying "round," and so named from its round form), one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily. At its W. extremity is an active volcano, whose flames diffuse light to a great distance over the sea, and hence it has been called "the lighthouse of the Mediterranean." Pop. 1200. Stromness, strom-ness' (the promontory of the current), a town and pa. of Scotland, on the Mainland of Orkney, 13 m. W.S.W. ofKirkwall. Pop. of town 1705; ofpa.2410. Stronachlacher, stron - ah - lah ' er, a steamboat station at the W. end of Loch Katrine, Perthshire, Scotland, about 5 m. N.E. of Inversnaid. Strone, a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, pa. of Kilmun, much resorted to for its bathing facilities. Pop. 295. Stronsay, stron'sd, one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, on the N E. side of which is the vil. of Papa Sound. Pop. of the island, 1274. Strontian, stron'she-an, or stron' te-an, a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, at the head of Loch Snnart, 19 m. N.W. of Oban; it gives name to the metal strontium, which was first discovered here by Dr Hope in 1792. Strood, a town of England, co. Kent, on the Medway, opposite Rochester, with which it is connected by a bridge across the river. Pop. 5566. Stroud, a pari. bor. and market town of Gloucestershire, England, 9£ m. S.E. of Gloucester, with an extensive cloth trade, the waters of the Stroud and Slade being celebrated for their properties in dyeing cloth. Pop. of pari. bor. 40,687 ; of town 7848. Struma, stroo'md, a river in Turkey in Europe, the ancient Strymon, which formed the boundary between Thrace and Mace donia; it rises in Mount Hamus, and falls into the Gulf of Contessa. Strumble Head, strum'U hed, a cape in the N.W. of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales. — 52° 2' N. lat., 5° 4' W. long. Stry, stre, a river of Austria-Hungary, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows N. aud N.E., aud joins the Dniester after a course of about 120 m.— Also, a town on the above river, in the prov. of Galicia, 43 m. S.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 12,625. Strzelecki Range, a chain of moun tains, named from their first explorer, in the S.E. of Victoria, Australia. Height of many of its peaks, 1800 ft. Stubbekiohing, stoob'beh-kyn'bing, a town on the N.E. coast of the island of Falster, Denmark. Pop. 15,009. Stublweissenburg, stool - vi' sen - boorg (the seat of the white fortress), a town of Austria-Hungary, 16 m. N.E. of Lake Balaton, and 34 m. S.S.W. of Buda, with manufactures of flannel, and a trade in wine and cattle. Pop. 25,612. Sturminster-Newton-Castle, a town of England, co. Dorset, on the Stour, 8 m. S.W. of Shaftesbury, with manufactures of white baize. Pop. 1859. Stuttgard, stoot'gart (the enclosure for stuts or horses, so called from horses having been formerly kept here for purposes of war), a town of Germany, the cap. of Wur- temberg, finely situated on the Nesenhach, near its junction with the Neckar, 38 m. E.S.E. of Carlsruhe. In the royal library is said to be the largest collection of Bibles in the world, comprising editions of every age and country, and amounting in number to about 12,000. The principal industries of the town are printing and book-binding, with manufactures of mathematical and musical instruments, plated goods, carpets, gloves, etc. Pop. 117,303. Styria, stir'e-d, Germ. Steyermark (the boundary of the river Steyer), a prov. of Austria-Hungary, between the archduchy of Austria and Croatia. It is a mountain ous country, interspersed with fertile and well-cultivated valleys. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared, but mining is the principal branch of industry. The moun tains are clothed with an abundance of wood, which greatly facilitates the work ing of the mines and the smelting of the metals. Mineral springs and hot batbs are numerous. In the mountainous tract between the Upper Mur and the Upper Enns is a mountain of solid iron ore, 2840 ft. high, and 5 m. in circumference. Area 8670 sq.m.; pop. 1,213,597. Suakin, sv>d'kin, a seaport of Nubia, Egyptian Dominion, on an island in the Red Sea, with a good harbour, a great place of embarkation for pilgrims on their way to Mecca. Pop. 4078. Subiaco, soo-be-d'ko, a town of Central Italy, prov. Rome, on the Teverone, 12 m. N.W. of Alatri. Pop. 7367. Subtiapa, soob-te-d'pd, a town of Nica ragua, Central America, dep. Leon, on a small lake near the Pacific. Pop. 5400. Subzulcote, sub-zul-cdf, a town in the native state of Bawalpur, India, 14 m. S.E. of the Indus. It was conferred on the Khan of Bawalpur in 1843, in re ward for the support afforded by him to the British troops during the war in Sind and Afghanistan. Succadana, suk-kd-dd'nd, or Sookada- na, a town on the W. coast of the island of Borneo, near the mouth of the Simpang River; it is celebrated for its diamonds and its camphor, which, with gold dust, opium, salt, tin, and pepper, are its prin cipal exports. Sucre. See Chuquisaca. Suczawa or Sutschawa, soo-tchd'vd, a town of Austria-Hungarv, prov. Bukowina, 70 m. W. of Jassy. Pop". 10,104. Sudbury, sud'ber-e (the south town), a munic. bor. and market town of Suffolk England, 20 m. S.W. of Ipswich; it was once a place of great importance for its woollen manufactures, introduced by a Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, phi; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 389 colony of Flemings in the time of Edward III., but these have declined, and it now manufactures silk, velvet, satin, plush, and other rich fabrics. Pop. 6584. Sudetic Mountains, soo-det'ik (the southern mountain chain), a semicircular range of the Hercynian chain, which sepa rates Austria from Saxony and Prussia; it comprises the Erzgebirge, the Fichtelge- birge, and the Riesengebirge, which see. Sueca, swd'kd, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, on the Xucar, near its entrance into the Mediterranean; it exports wine, rice, fruit, and silk. Pop. 13,386. Suez, soo'ez, a maritime town of Egypt, at the head of the W. arm of the Red Sea ; being the S. terminus of the Suez Canal; it is an important station on the overland route to India. Pop. 13,498. Suez, Isthmus of, connects the conti nents of Asia and Africa. A canal across it, navigable by large vessels, connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean. It is about 100 m. in length. Suffolk, suf'fok (the south folk, in con tradistinction to Norfolk), a maritime co. of England, bounded on the N. by Norfolk ; on the W. by Cambridgeshire; on the S. by Essex; and on the E. by the North Sea; Area 1481 sq. m.; pop. 356,893. The sur face is for the most part level, and well cultivated. The Stour, the Waveney, the Ouse, tbe Orwell, and the Blyth are the chief rivers. The woollen manufactures, once extensively earned on, have to a great extent declined, but velvets, gloves, mixed woollen and silk fabrics, fustians, etc., are made in various places. In the making of agricultural implements Suffolk holds a prominent place, Ipswich, Stowmarket, and Bury St Edmunds sending out large num bers of steam cultivators, ploughs, etc., to all parts of the world. The co. is famous for its breed of horses, and great attention is paid to the rearing of cattle, sheep, and pigs. Large quantities of butter are made for the London market, and turkeys, geese, and poultry of all kinds are abundant. — Ipswich is the co. town. Sugar Loaf, a mountain in Wicklow, Ireland, 1659 ft. above the sea. Subl, sool, a town of Prussian Saxony, at the foot of the Thuringer-Wald, on the Lauter, 30 m. S. of Erfurt. Pop. 9937. Suir, shoor, a river of Ireland, rises in Tipperary, flows S., and falls into Water ford harbour after a course of about 100 m. Suket, sook'et, one of the hill states of India, on the N. side of the Sutlej. Area 420 sq. m. ; pop. 52,291. Suktee, sook'tee, or Sakti, a small native state in the S.W. of Bengal, India. Area 115 sq. m. Suli, soo'le, a mountainous dist. in the S. of Albania, Turkey in Europe, inhabited by a brave race of Greeks, who greatly distinguished themselves in their wars with AH Pasha and the porte in 1808. Suliman Mountains. See Soliman Mountains. Sullivan Cove, a harbour about 9 m. from the mouth of the Derwent River, Tas mania, on which is Hobart. Sullivan's Island, at the mouth of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 6 m. below Charleston, S. Carolina, U.S., much re sorted to by the inhabitants of Charleston during the summer months. Sulniouci. See Solmona. Sulu. See Sooloo. Sumatra, soo-md'trd (corr.from Trimatra, the happy), a large island of the Indian Archipelago, separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca, and. from Java by the Strait of Sunda. It extends from N.W. to S.E., upwards of 1000 m. in length, with breadth varying from 60 to 240 m., and is divided by the equator into two nearly equal parts. Ranges of mountains run through the interior, Mount Ophir, in the central chain, rising to the height of 13,842 ft. Between these ranges are extensive and fertile plains, cleared of wood. The island produces pepper, rice, camphor, and several valu able woods, aud contains mines of gold, copper, and iron. The Dutch are now masters of all the territory south of the equator. The chief native states are Acheen, Siak, the Battah Country, and Men- ankabow. Pop. 2,600,000. Sumbawa, soom-bd'ivd, one of the Sunda Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, between 8°— 9° S. lat., and 116° 50'— 119° 10' E. long. Area 5362 sq. m. It produces teak and other timber, and pearls, gold-dust, nitre, and sulphur are found. The town Sumbawa is on the N. coast. Sumbhul, soom-bool', or Sumbbal, a town of British India, presidency of Ben gal, North-West Provinces, 22 m. S.W. of Moradabad. Pop. 47,000. Sumbulpur, or Sambalpur, sum-bul- poor', a town of British India, the cap. of an extensive dist. of the same name in the Central Provinces, presidency of Bengal, Chattisgarh div., on the Mahanadi, 143 m. W.N.W. of Cuttack. The climate is said to be most fatal to Europeans. Pop. 11,020.— The dist. has a pop. of 690,000. Sumiswald, soom'is-vdlt, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 16 m. E.N.E. of Berne. Pop. 5880. Sunart, soo'nart, a district in the N. of Argyllshire, Scotland, 12 m. in length, and about 6 m. in breadth; it is bounded on the S. by Loch Sunart, an inlet of the sea, 28 m. long, and 4 m. in greatest breadth. Sunda Islands, sun'dd, a group in the Malay Archipelago, comprising Sumatra, Java, Banca, Billiton, Sumbawa, Bali, Lom- bok, Floris, and some others extending as far east as Timor. Snnda, Strait of, an arm of the Indian Ocean, 90 m. long, separating Sumatra from Java. 390 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tilne, tun. Sunderbunds. See Ganges. Sunderland, sun'der-land (from A. S. sundorlande, land sundered or separated from other land, or, according to Dr Bos- worth, exclusive or privileged land), a munic. and pari, bor., seaport, and market town of England, co. Durham, on the Wear, 12 m. S.E. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; its manufactures are varied and extensive. shipbuilding is largely carried on, and it has a great trade in shipping coals. Pop. of munic. bor. 116,542; of pari. bor. 121,841. Sundsvall, soonds ' vdtl, a seaport of Wester Norrland, Sweden, on the Gulf of Eothnia, 29 m. S.W. of Hernosand. Pop. 9116. Sungie-Ujong, soon' 'ghe-oo-Jong/ ', a state of the Malay Peninsula, E. of Salangore, and having Jompole on the W. ; its chief export is tin. Sungora, sun-go'rd, a town of Lower Siam, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, on an inlet of the Gulf of Siam, 90 m. S.E. of Ligor. Superior, Lake (the upper lake), the largest and most westerly of the five great lakes of N. America, and the greatest body of fresh water on the globe, lies to the W. of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada, and N. of Michigan and Wisconsin, U.S. Its length is 420 m., its breadth 160 m., its mean depth 988 ft., and its surface is 630 ft. above the level of the sea. It has numer ous islands; it receives 220 rivers and streams, and discharges its waters by St Mary's Strait into Lake Huron. Surat, soo-rdt' (corr. from Saurdsthra, the good country), a city of British India, pre sidency of Bombay ; it is the chief place in the dist. of the same name, and is situated on the Tapti, 20 m. from its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay. Formerly it was of great commercial importance, hut its trade has been gradually diverted to Bombay, to which it still exports large quantities of cotton and grain. Pop. 110,000.— The dist. has a pop. of 614,198. Surbiton, sur'M-tun, or New Kingston, a town of England, co. Surrey, on the Thames, £ m. S. of Kingston. Pop. 9406. Surinam, soo-rin-am', a dist. of Guiana, S. America, belonging to the Dutch, having British Guiana on the W., and French Guiana on the E. It has a warm and moist climate, is very fertile, and well cultivated, and its principal exports are cotton, coffee, sugar, and rum. Area 60,000 sq. m.; pop. 63,525. — Paramaribo, the cap., is situated on the river Surinam, 5 m. from its mouth. Surinam, a river of Dutch Guiana, S. America, traverses the centre of the above dist., and enters the Atlantic after a course of 300 m. Surrey (from A. S. suth-rice, the south kingdom), a co. of England, bounded on the N. hy the Thames, which separates it from Middlesex; on the E. by Kent; on the S. by Sussex ; and on the W. by Berks and Hants. Area 748 sq. m.; pop. 1,436,899. The surface of the co. is beautifully diversi fied by hill and dale. Most of the land is under tillage, a great part of it being laid out in gardens and orchards, and in the vale of Farnham hops of the finest quality are raised. Except in Southwark, Lambeth, aud elsewhere near London, the manu factures of the co. are of little importance. Besides its boundary river the Thames, the Wey is the only other stream in the co. worth mentioning. The royal palace at Shene, now Richmond, was a favourite residence of many of the early English kings, and the famous Magna Charta was signed by King John at Runnimede, near Egham, on the borders of this co.— Guild ford, on the Wey, is the co. town. Sursee, soor'sd, a town of Switzerland, cant. Lucerne, on the Sur, 12 m. N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1994. Suruga, soo-roo'gd, a populous town of the island Niphon, Japan, on the Bay of Totomina, 90 m. S.W. of Tokio. Sub, or Soos, the most southern prov. of Morocco, N.W. Africa. — Also, a river which gives name to the prov. ; it rises in Mount Atlas, and enters the Atlantic 5 m. S. of Agadir, after a W. course of 130 m. Susa, or Sousa, soo'sd, a fortified seaport of Tunis, N. Africa, on the gulf, and 40 m. S. of Hammamet, with manufactures of linens, shoes, pottery, and oil. Pop. 7500. Susa, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. and 25 m. W. of Turin, on the Dora- Riparia ; it is the seat of a bishopric, and has a celebrated Gothic cathedral. Near it are iron-mines and marble-quarries. Pop. 3546. Susquebannah, sus-kwe-han'nah, a river of Pennsylvania, U.S., has its source in Lake Otsego, state of New York, flows through Pennsylvania, and enters Chesa peake Bay after a course of 500 m. Sussex, sus'sex (from A. S. Suth-seaxe, South Saxons), a co. of England, bounded on the N. by Kent and Surrey ; on the W. by Hampshire ; on the S. by the Eng lish Channel; and on the E. by Kent. Area 1464 sq. m. ; pop. 490,505. The most characteristic feature of the surface is the range of chalk hills called the South Downs, which traverses the co. from W. to E., and ends in the lofty cliff of Beachy Head. These Downs at one time afforded a natural pasturage for a famous breed of sheep, but a large portion has been brought under cultivation. North of this chain of hills is the fertile and richly wooded district called the Weald. The rivers of Sussex are small, the chief being the Ouse, Adur, Arun, and Rother. The manufs. are only of local importance. Owing to the mildness of the climate, most of the towns on the coast, such as Brighton, Hastings, St Leonards, Eastbourne, and Worthing, are favourite watering-places. It was on the Sussex coast that the Normans Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. 391 under William the Conqueror landed in 1066. — Lewes is the co. town. Sutherland, suth'er-land (the southern land, so called by the Northmen to denote the land south of Caithness), an extensive co. of Scotland, bounded on the N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; by Ross and Crom arty on the S.; the North Sea on the S.E.; and Caithness on the E. Area 2028 sq. m.; pop. 23,370. A considerable part of the co. is occupied by forests and moun tains. Among the latter may be noted Ben More, 3273 ft.; Ben Glibrig, 3154 ft.; knaBenHee, 2864 ft. above the sea. There are numerous lakes, the most important being Lochs Shin, Assynt, Hope, More, El- phin, Naver, and Laoghall. The rivers are also numerous ; the principal are the Oikel or Oykill, Fleet, Brora, and Helmsdale, all valuable for their salmon fishings. The glens and hollows between the mountains afford excellent pasture for sheep and cattle. A very small proportion of the area is under cultivation, but the extent of arable ground is being yearly increased by the successful efforts of the Duke of Sutherland in reclaiming large tracts of waste land. Sheep farming is the main pursuit. There are no manufactures ex cept woollen goods made for home con sumption. The minerals embrace granite, marble, rock crystals, pebbles, and garnets. The fisheries on the coast are important, aud consist chiefly of cod, ling, mackerel, lobsters, and herring.— Dornoch is the only town in the co. Sutlej, sut'lej, a large river of India, the most easterly of the five rivers of the Pun jab. It issues from Lake Rhawan Hrad, in Tibet, about 20,000 ft. above the sea. De scending from the Himalaya, it receives, 500 m. from its source, the Beas, and 300 m. farther down tbe united stream, which is called the Ghara, forms a junction with the Indus. The Sutlej is spanned by a magnificent bridge, named the Empress, in connexion with the Indus Valley Railway ; it consists of 16 spans, each 250 ft. long. Sutton, sutfCn (south town), a town and pa. of England, co. Surrey, 5 m. N.E. of Epsom. Pop. of pa. 10,334. Sutton Bridge, a town of England, co. Lincoln, 7£ m. N. of Wisbeach. Pop. 2207. Sutton Coldfield (so called from its occupying a bleak situation), a town of England, co. Warwick, 7 m. N.E. of Bir mingham, with manufs. of hardware goods, etc., but the staple trade is in agricultural produce. Pop. 7737. Sutton-in-Ashfield, a town of England, co. Notts, 3 m. S.W. of Mansfield, with cotton manufactures. Pop. 8523. Suva, soo'vd, the cap. of the Fiji Islands ; it is situated on the S. coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suwalke, soo-wdl'ke, a town of Poland, Russia, on the Hancza, 20 m. N. of Augus- towo. Pop. 21,040. Suwannee, soo-wdn'ne, a river of the United States, rises in Georgia, flows S. through Florida, and enters the Gulf of Mexico after a course of 200 m. Suwarrow Islands, soo-wdr'ro, a group in the Pacific Ocean.— 13° 20' S. lat. ; 163° 30' W. long. Sveaborg. See Sweaborg. Sverlge, the native name of Sweden. Svendborg, svend'borg, a town on the S. coast of the island of Funen, Denmark, 27 m. S.S.E. of Odensee, with shipbuilding docks and a good export trade. Pop. 7184. Swaffbam, swdff'am, a town of England, co. Norfolk, 14J m. S.E. of Lynn. Pop. 3643, * Swale (probably from Brit, ys-wall, a sheltered or cultivated place), a river in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, flows E. and S.E., and after a course of 60 m. unites with the Ure to form the Ouse, near Boroughbridge. Swanage, swdn'dj, or Swanwick, swdn'- wik (may be corr. from Sweyn-wic, and pro bably named after a Danish admiral called Sweyn, whose fleet perished here in 877), a town of England, co. Dorset, on the coast of the island of Purbeck, 11 m. S.E. of Wareham ; it is resorted to for sea-bathing, and has great trade in quarrying and ship ping a kind of freestone which is known as Purbeck stone. Pop. 2357. Swan Kiver, the principal river of WeBtern, Australia, so named by its dis coverer because of the number of black swans which he observed on its banks. Swansea, swdn'see (said to be corr. from Swinesea, and so called from the number of porpoises found in this part of the chan nel; it is called by the Welsh Abertawy, from its situation at the mouth of the Tawy), a munic. and pari bor. and seaport town of Glamorganshire, S. Wales, on a fine bay of the Bristol Channel, 36 m. N.W. of Cardiff; it is much resorted to for sea bathing, and has a large trade in copper, iron, and coals. Pop. of munic. bor. 65,597- of pari. bor. 73,971. Swatau or Swatow, swdt'ow, a seaport on the S.E. coast of China, prov. Quang- tung, at the entrance of a small estuary at the mouth of the Han; it is one of the ports which were opened to foreigners by the Treaty of Tien-tsin, and has a con siderable trade. Sweaborg or Sveaborg, svd'd-borg, a seaport and strong fortress in Finland, Rus sia, 3 m. S.E. of Helsingfors; it was bom barded and greatly damaged by the Anglo- French fleet in August 1855. Pop. 6200. Sweden, forming with Norway the Scandinavian peninsula in the N.W. of Europe, is hounded N. by Finmark ; W. by Norway and the Cattegat; S. by the Baltic; and E. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Bothnia, and Russia. Area 171,972 sq. m. ; pop. 4,565,663. It is called by the natives Sverige, which from Svea-rike means " the 392 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, fan. kingdom of the Sviar or Sueones." Except in the W., where the Kiolen Mountains separate the country from Norway, Sweden has few elevations of any great extent. Most of the surface is flat, and contains numerous lakes, rivers, cataracts, and ver dant valleys. The water surface covers 14,721 sq. m., the largest lakes being Wener, Welter, and Maelar, occupying respectively areas of 2015, 714, and 470 sq. m. These lakes are connected by canals, and afford great advantages for navigation. Considering its high latitude Sweden enjoys a milder climate than might be expected, the mean temperature of the year at Stockholm being 42° 2'Fahr. The winters are very cold, and the summers are very hot, but it is neither so cold nor so hot in the W. as it is in the E. There may be said to be only two seasons in Sweden, the transition from winter to summer and from summer to winter being complete in a few days. During summer, even in the northern districts, vegetation is so rapid that barley is reaped within two months of the time of its sowing. The soil is not generally fertile, but the produce ie seldom unequal to the consumption. The crops chiefly raised are the various cereals, potatoes, hemp, flax, hops, and tobacco. Forests cover more than one- fourth of the surface. The trees most commonly met with are the pine, fir, and birch, valuable not only for the timber, tar, and pitch which they yield, but on account of their supplying charcoal and firewood, which, in the absence of coal, constitute the principal fuel of the country. In the extreme N. stunted bushes, dwarf plants, and lichens are the only forms of vegetation seen. The wild animals still common are the wolf, lynx, fox, badger, marten, hare, and squirrel ; bears and beavers, formerly often met with, are now becoming scarce, and the elk is now found only in the less frequented localities. Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats are extensively reared, but the pastures being poor, the horses and cattle are small, and the sheep yield an inferior wool. The only domestic animals N. of the Arctic circle are the reindeer and the dog. Fish in abundance is found in the lakes, rivers, and near the shores — upwards of 80 differ ent kinds being sold for use. Sweden is remarkably rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, zinc, alum, manganese, cobalt, marble, slate, and granite are all found, but the chief products are iron and copper, the former obtained from the mines of Dannemora, 30 m. N. of Upsala, the most valuable iron mine in the world, and the latter from the mine of Fahlun, which has been worked 1000 years. Agriculture and manufactures are imperfectly developed; the former, however, has made great pro gress during the last 30 or 40 years ; the latter includes woollen and linen fabrics, paper, sugar, tobacco, gloves, leather, tar, and to a small extent cotton. Shipbuild ing, distilling, and brewing are extensively carried on. The internal commerce is considerable; the foreign commerce is chiefly confined to Brazil and other S. American ports, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia. The established religion is Lutheranism. All sects are tolerated, but there is a strong national feeling against Roman Catholicism. Edu cation is extensively diffused, and is made compulsory by law. There is a university at Upsala, where the great botanist Lin naeus was a professor, and another at Lund; the former founded in 1476, the latter by Charles XI. in 1666. The people, who are of Teutonic origin, are characterized by simplicity, hospitality, industry, love of country, and bravery. The government is a limited monarchy. Sweden and Norway since 1814 have been governed by the same king, but they have different constitutions, and otherwise are independent kingdoms. The Legislative Assembly of Sweden, called the Diet, consists of two chambers of repre sentatives chosen by the people. In cases of legislation, the veto of the king is abso lute. The country consists of 3 great divisions — Svealand or S weden Proper, Gothland, and Norrland, which are sub divided into 24 laen or governments, viz. : — In Svealand— Stockholm, Upsala, West- manland, Sodermanland, Orebro, Wermland, and Kopparberg. In Gothland — Oester gothland, Calmar, Jonk'dping, Kronoberg, Blekinge, Skaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenburg and Bohus, Halland, Christianstad, Malmd- hus and Gothland. In Norrland — Norbot- ten or North Bothnia, Westerbotten or West. Bothnia, Wester Norrland, Jaemtland, and Gefleborg. The small but fertile West Indian island St Bartholomew, ceded to Sweden by France in 1784, and which was her only foreign possession, has been re stored to France. Sweden Proper or Svealand, svee'land, a large division of Sweden comprehending the central portions of the kingdom, now divided into the following laen or govs. : — Stockholm, Upsala, Westmanland, Soderman land, Orebro, Wermland, and Kopparberg. Swellendam, swel'len-dam, or Zwellen- dam, a town in the Western Division of Cape Colony, in a dist. of the same name. Pop. 2679. Swilly, Lough, loh swil'le, a bay of Donegal, Ireland, affording one of the noblest harbours in Europe; it receives the river of the same name, and is nearly 25 m. long an£ 2 m. broad. Swindon, swin'dun (town on the Swin), a town of England, co. Wilts, 29 m. E.N.E. of Bath ; it consists of Old and New towns, the latter having been formed in 1841, when the whole of the locomotive department of the Great Western Railway was removed here from Wootten-Basset on account of Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tiin. 393 its more central position. Pop. of Old town 4696; of New, 17,678. Swineford, swine'ford, a town of Ire land, co. Mayo, 15 m. S.E. of Ballina. Pop. 1657. Swienemunde or Swinemunde, swe'- neh-mnn'deh (the mouth of Swiene or Swine), a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the island Usedom, 36 m. N.N.W. of Stettin, of which it is the outport. Pop. 8478. Swinesbead, swinz'hed (corr. from its Saxon name Swinesaefed), a town of Eng land, co. Lincoln, parts of Holland, 7 m. S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1622. Swinton, swin'tun, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of Rotherham, with manufactures of glass and earthenware. Pop. 7612. Swinton and Simprin, swin'tun and sim'prin, a pa. of Scotland, co. Berwick. Pop. 964. Swinton and Pendlebury, pen'dl-ber-e, a town of Lancashire, England, 4£ m. W.N.W. of Manchester, with cotton mills, brick kilns, and collieries. Pop. 18,107. Switzerland (derived from Schwyz, the name of the canton in which the first blow for national freedom was struck in the be ginning of the 14th century, and hence honoured to give its name to the whole confederation), Germ. Schweitz, anc. Hel vetia, a country of Central Europe, bounded N. by Germany; W. by France; S. by Italy; and E. by Austria. Its greatest length from E. to W. is 208 m. ; its greatest breadth 156 m. ; area 15,727 sq. m. ; pop. 2,846,102. Switzerland is the most moun tainous country in Europe, and is distin guished for the variety, boldness, and sublimity of its scenery. It is not, how ever, equally elevated throughout. While the southern cantons are mountainous in the highest degree, those in the N.W. are comparatively only hilly, and there is in the angle formed by the Jura Mountains and the Alps a great valley 100 m. in length and from 20 to 30 m. in breadth, not absolutely level indeed, but when contrasted with the towering heights by which it is enclosed, what may be said to be a plain. The principal mountain ranges are the Alps, which run-E. and W. along the southern or Italian frontier, and the Jura Mountains, which separate the western cantons from France. The Swiss Alps are divided into the Pennine Alps, the Helvetian or Lepontine Alps, the Rhmtian Alps&nd the Bernese Alps. Of these the Pennine Alps are the highest and include Mont Blanc (in France), 15,784 ft.; Monte Rosa, 15,217 ft., aud Mont Cervin, 14,771 ft., the three highestmountainsinEurope. The Lepontine Alps are the most remarkable for magnificent scenery, and are the most visited of all the Alpine chains. Their culminating point is Mont Furca, 14,037 ft. The most conspicuous of the Bernese Alps are Finster-Aarhorn, 14,026 ft. ; the Jung- frau, 13,720 ft. ; and the Shreckhom, 13,397 ft. Across these mountains are several passes or carriage roads, but the principal, according to their elevation, are the Great St Bernard, 8173 ft., crossed by Napoleon with his army in 1800, but more famous for its hospice, and sagacious dogs employed in the service of travellers benighted or en dangered by the snow-storms ; the Gemmi Pass, 7595 ft. ; the Grimsel Pass, 7126 ft. ; the SplUgen Pass, 6939 ft. ; the Pass of St Gothard, on the summit of which is a con vent, 6890 ft. ; and the Simplon Pass, 6592 ft. — a work of great labour constructed by Napoleon. Besides these there are also several paths at still greater elevations, but these are passable only by mules. The highest is the Wexssthor, below Monte Rosa, 11,850 ft. A peculiar characteristic of the Alps is their glaciers or ice-fields — extensive tracts of frozen snow, having the appearance of an agitated sea suddenly congealed. Of these, there are supposed to be about 400 in Switzerland, varying in length from three to twelve miles, and in breadth from half-a-mile to nearly three. In summer the snow frequently becomes detached from the mountains, and ava lanches descend with such violence that entire villages are sometimes buried beneath them. Other grand and inter esting features in the scenery of Switzer land are its numerous lakes, its rivers and its waterfalls. Though the largest of the lakes — Geneva, also called Leman, and Constance— are much inferior in size to the lakes of Russia and Sweden, they are pre-eminently beautiful. The rivers are among the largest in Europe. De scending generally from elevated sources, their rapid currents render them compara tively of little use in navigation, but they are distinguished for their picturesque beauty and the numerous waterfalls which are formed in many of their courses. The more important cataracts are those of the Aar and Reuss, the Staubbach in the valley of Lauterbrunnen (the highest in Europe), the Rhine below Schaffhausen, and the Reichenbach in the valley of Meyringen, which by six falls descends 1000 ft. Owing to the great differences in elevation of the surface, there is great diversity in the cli mate and productions of the soil. In the valleys the heat in summer is often oppres sive, while the surrounding heights are robed with snow. By reason of the great elevation and the rigour of the climate about one-fourth of the country is ren dered useless to man, but in the N.W. and in the valleys the soil is generally fertile, and besides the ordinary kinds of grain, fruits of various kinds are abundantly pro duced. Timber is obtained in large quanti ties from the forests which cover many of the mountain sides, the principal trees being oak, beech, birch, larch, pine, and alder. Tlie animajs found on the mountains 394 Fate, fdt, u ¦e, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tunc, are the bear, chamois, marmot, ibex or rock- goat, eagle, and the bearded vulture. Fish abound in all the lakes. Metals are less abundant than might be expected in so mountainous a country. The chief mines are of iron, but silver, lead, zinc, and copper are also found. Mineral springs are numerous, but they are generally neglected. Those most frequented are Schinznach and Baden in Aargau. The attention of the Swiss farmer is not so much directed to agriculture as to the rearing of cattle and the produce of the dairy. The cheese made is especially famous, and is exported to all parts of the world. Grain is raised in the lower valleys, but it is not equal to the consump tion of the inhabitants. The manufs. are various and important. The German Swiss produce textile fabrics in silk, linen, and cotton. The French Swiss are celebrated for their skill in watchmaking and jewelry. They also excel in making musical boxes and in carving wood. Though Switzerland has no seaboard, and is separated from other countries by im mense mountain barriers, its commerce is considerable, by means of its rivers, with France, Germany, and the Netherlands, and with Italy by the pass over St Gothard. Nearly three-fifths of the population pro fess the Protestant religion; the remainder, or nearly two-fifths, are Roman Catholics. Education is widely diffused, but is more general in the Protestant than in the Roman Catholic cantons. The government is a Federal Republic. Formerly the country was divided into 13 cantons, but since the year 1815 it has been divided into 22, viz. : — Schaffhausen. Appenzell. Thurgau. Glarus. Zurich. Uri. Aargau. Unterwalden. Basle. Freyburg. Soleure. Neuchatel. Berne. Vaud. Lucerne. Geneva. Zug. Valais. Schwyz. Ticino. St Gall. Grisons. The cantons are independent of one an other, and have different constitutions, but for general security they are all united into a Confederation, regulated by a Diet or Federal Assembly, which consists of two Houses — the National Council and Council of State or Senate. The discus sions of the Diet are carried on in German, and that language is spoken by three- fourths of the population. In the western cantons French is often spoken, in the canton Ticino, Italian ; and in the Grisons are a people which speak a language less removed from the Latin than either French or Italian, called the Romansch. The Swiss are a frank, industrious, brave, and honest people, and have always been distinguished for their love of independence.— The cap. of the country is Berne, on the Aar. Swords, a town of Ireland, co. and 9 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. 1088. Sydenham, sid'en-am, a chapelry of England, co. Kent, included within the metropolis, 6 m. S.S.E. of London Bridge; it is noted for its beautiful park of 200 acres, in which is the Crystal Palace, which was removed hither from Hyde Park after the close of the great international Exhibition in October 1851. Pop. 26,076. Sydney, sid'nd (named after Viscount Sydney, a Secretary of State at the time the city was founded), the cap. of the colony of New South Wales, Australia, finely situated on the S. shore of Port Jackson, one of the finest harbours in the world; it is a handsome town, is the seat of a university, and a great emporium of Polynesian trade. Pop. of the city proper 99,670 ; of suburbs 120,757. SyenS. See Assouan. Sylbet. See Silhet. Syltoe, sil'to or sil'td-eh, an island of Prussia, on the W. coast of Schleswig- Holstein, famous for oysters. Symi, se'me, an island of Asiatic Turkey, off the W. coast of Asia Minor ; it is about 6 m. in diameter, and, though naturally barren, has been assiduously cultivated, and rendered productive. On itsN. side is a town of the same name. Pop. of the island est. at 7000; of the town about 1000. Symington, si ' ming - tun (corr. from Simon's town), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ayr, about 5 m. S.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. 697. — Also, a pa. and vil. in the co. of Lanark, about 3J m. S.W. of Biggar. Pop. 462. Syra, se'rd, an island of the Cyclades, in the Grecian Archipelago, 20 m. N.W. of Paros ; it is a place of commercial import ance, and exports corn, wine, cotton, oil, and fruit. Pop. 27 ,000.— Syra, the cap., is on the E. shore. Pop. 21,500. Syracuse, sir'a-kuz (named from a marsh in the vicinity called Syraco,&ni said to be derived from Phoan. serach or sarach, to stink), a fortified city of the island Sicily, on its E. coast, 30 m. S.S.E. of Catania, with extensive remains of the celebrated ancient capital of the samename. It was the birthplace of the celebrated mathematician Archimedes, and, though once the chief town of Sicily, is now a place of small im portance, chiefly remarkable for its cata combs, similar to those of Rome and Naples. Pop. 19,285. Syracuse, a town of New York, U.S., 35 m. S.S.E. of Oswego, celebrated for its manufactures of salt, the most extensive in the United States. Pop. 51,792. Syria, sir'e-a, a prov. of Asiatic Turkey, lying along the E. coast of the Mediter ranean. Area nearly 60,000 sq. m. ; pop. estimated at 2,750,000. Szamos, som-osh', a river of Austria- Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin; note, ndt ; tunc, tiin. 395 Hungary, formed by the union of the Great and the Little Szamos, in Inner Szolnok, Transylvania, flows N.W., and joins the Theiss at Olcsva, after a course of about 240 m. Szatbmar-Nemethi, sot-mar' -na-met'e, a town of Austria-Hungary, co. Szathmar, on the Szamos, 11 m. N. of Erdod ; it has linen manufactures, and carries on an active trade in wine and fruit. Pop. 18,400. Szegedin, seg'ed-in or seg-ed-een', a town of Austria-Hungary, the cap. of the co. Csongrad, in the midst of a marsh, at the confluence of the Theiss and Maros, 53 m. W. of Arad. Nearly three-fourths of the town were destroyed by an inundation in 1879, when many of the inhabitants per ished. Pop. before the inundation 73,675. Szentes, sen-tesh' (the saint's town, from Hung, szent, a saint), a town of Austria- Hungary, co. Csongrad, on the Theiss, 30 m. N. of Szegedin. Fop. 28,712. Szigetb, sefghet, a town of Austria- Hungary, the cap. of the co. Marmoras, on the Theiss, 15 m. E.S.E. of Tesco, with salt mines in its neighbourhood. Pop. 8900. Szolnok, sol-nok', a town of Austria- Hungary, co. and 32 m. S.S.W. of Heves, on the Theiss ; a centre of steamboat traffic and important railway station. Pop. 15,900. Taasinge, td'sing-gheh, or Thorsenge, a highly fertile island of Denmark, S. of Funen. Area 27 sq. m.; pop. 4360. Tabaria, or Tabareeyab, tdb-d-ree'yd, anc. Tiberias, a city of Palestine, on the W. shore of the Lake of Tiberias or Sea of Galilee. Tabasco, td-bds'ko, a state of Mexico, N. America, having Yucatan on the E., and Tehuantepec on the W. ; the soil is fertile, and produces maize, rice, sugar, cotton, and cocoa. Area 11,846 sq. m. ; pop. 93,285. Tabasco de la Frontera, a town in the above state, on the Tabasco River ; it is the port of San- Juan-Bautista, and exports log wood, cecoa, and fustic. Tabernas, td-ber'nds, a town of Andalu sia, Spain, prov. and 14 m. N.E. of Almeria, with lead, iron, and coal mines in its vicinity. Pop. 6319. Table Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, on the S.W. coast of Cape Colony. Cape Town is on its S. shore. Table Mountain (named from its pecu liar shape and flat summit), in Cape Colony, at the back of Cape Town; it is 3816 ft. high, and is often covered with a white cloud, which is called the " Table Cloth." Table Mountain, near the N.W. border of S. Carolina, U.S.; it rises about 4000 ft. high, and has on one side a perpendicular precipice of solid rock nearly 1100 ft. high. Table Mountain, a peak 2312 ft. above the sea, in co. Wicklow, Ireland, 6 ni. E. of Donard. Taboga, td-bo'gd, an islet in the Gulf, and 10 m. S. of Panama, S. America; it is the headquarters in this region of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company. Tabor, td'bor (probably from Boh. tabor, a camp), a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Luschnitz, 49 m. S.S.E. of Prague. It was founded by Zisca, the Hussite general, and a sect of the Hussites take from it the name of Taborites. Pop. 7413. Tabor, td'bor, Arab. Jebel Tur, a moun tain of Palestine, 8 m. S.E. of Nazareth, supposed at one time to have been the scene of our Lord's transfiguration. The view from the summit, which is a level plain 1800 ft. high, is extensive, and unsur passed in any other part of Palestine. Tabriz, or Tabreez, td-breez', anc. Taurus (the mountain town), a city of Persia, the cap. of Azerbijan, situated in the centre of a great plain, on the river Aigi, which runs into Lake Urumiah. Pop. 165,000. Tacna, tdkfnd, a town of Peru, S. America, prov. Moquegna, on the river Tacna, 30 m. N.N.W. of Arica. It is to be under the rule of Chili for 10 years from 1883. Pop. 11,000. Taouba, td-koo'bd, a town of Mexico, N. America, 7 m. W.N.W. of Mexico. P. 30U0. Tacubaya, td-koo-bi'd, a town in the S.W. of Mexico, N. America. Pop. 7687. Taonnga, td-koon'gd, or Lactacunga, Idk-td-koong'gd, a town of Ecuador, S. America, 10,285 ft. above the sea, 55 m. S. of Quito; it has repeatedly suffered from earthquakes. Pop. estimated at 17,000. Tadcaster, tad'kas-ter, anc. Calcaria and Galcaceaster (so called from the abun dance of limestone found in its vicinity), a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, Eng land, on the Wharfe, 9 m. S.W. of York. Pop. 2529. Tadmor. See Palmyra. Tafalla, td-fdl'yd, anc. Tubalia, a town of Spain, prov. Navarre, on the Cidacos, 22 m. S. of Pamplona; it is noted for its salu brity, and was formerly the residence of the kings of Navarre. Pop. 6040. Taff, a river of S. Wales, rises in the mountains of Brecknockshire, flows S.E., passes Landaff, and enters the estuary of the Severn S.W. of Cardiff. Length 40 m. TanUet, td-fe-let', a prov. of Morocco, N.W. Africa, S. of Mount Atlas; it is a vast level plain, of which dates are the chief produce. — Also, a town in the prov. comprising the vil. of Ressant, the resi dence of the governor. Taft, a town of Persia, prov. Khorassan, with manufs. of carpets, which are much esteemed. Pop. estimated at 6000. Tagal, td-hdl', a Dutch residency of the island Java, in the Malay Archipelago. Pop. 240,000.— Tagal, the cap., is near the 396 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. centre of the island, and has extensive exports of rice. Taganrog, td-gdn-rog', a fortified sea port of Russia, gov. Ekaterinoslav, on a gulf of the same name in the Sea of Azov, 65 m. W.S.W. of Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. 48,186.— The Gulf of Taganrog is so shallow that large ships anchor 12 m. off, and land their cargoes by light tenders. Tagliamento, tdl-yd-men'td, a river of Venetia, N. Italy, rises in the Carnic Alps, flows E. and S., and falls into the Adriatic after a course of about 120 m. Tagodast, td-go-ddsf, a town of Mo rocco, N.W. Africa, on the W. border of Mount Atlas, about 100 m. N.E. of Morocco. Pop. 7000. Tagus, td'gus, Sp. Tajo (the river of fish), the largest river of Spain; issuing from the mountains in Guadalajara, it tra verses that prov. and Madrid, Toledo, and Caceres, intersects Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic below Lisbon. Tahiti. See Otabeite. Tai, ti, a fine lake in the prov, Kiang- su, China. — Also, several cities of China, chiefly in the N. provinces. Tain (the assembly's meeting-place), a royal and pari, burgh and seaport of Ross- shire, Scotland, on the S. shore of the Firth of Dornoch, 26 m. N.E. of Dingwall. Pop. of royal burgh 2221 ; of pari, burgh 1742. Tain, tang, a town of France, dep. Drfime, on the Rhone, opposite Tournon and 11 m. N.N.W. of Valence; it lies at the foot of Hermitage Hill, noted for the wines to which it gives name. Pop. 2150. Taiwan, ti-wdn', a town of China, the cap. of the island Formosa, on its W. coast. Pop. 100,000. Taiyuan, ti-yoo-dn', a city of China, the cap. of the prov. Shan-si, on the Fuen-ho, 250 m. S.W. of Peking; it is a place of considerable trade, particularly in fine por celain. Tajourab, Bay of, td-Joo'rd, an inlet of the Gulf of Aden, on the coast of the So mali Country, E. Africa. Takhtapul, tdk-td-pool' ', the seat of government of Afghan Turkestan; it lies 8 m. E. of the old city of Balkh. Takbt-i-Sobman, tak'te-sol-e-mdn' (the throne of Solomon), the highest of the Soli man Mountains, in the E. of Afghanistan, 11,301 ft. above the sea. Takiang, td-ke-ang', a river of China, which unites with the Pekiang to form the river Canton. Length of its course 950 m. Ta-koo-Sban, a seaport of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, on the Ta-yang-ho, 12 m. from its mouth in the Yellow Sea. Talanda, td-ldn'dd, Talanti, td-ldn'te, or Atalanta, d-td-ldn'td, a town of Greece, near the channel of the same name which separates Eubcea from the mainland. Pop. 6000. Talavera de la Eeyna, td-ld-vd'rd dd Id rd-e'nd (corr. from its ancient name Talabriga, the town on the tola or wood clearing, and de la reyna was added by Alfonso XL, who gave the town as a dowry to his wife Donna Maria), a town of New Castile, Spain, prov. Toledo, on the Tagus, about 60 m. W.S.W. of Madrid. Here the French were defeated by the British under Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards Duke of Wellington), in a series of sanguinary con flicts, on the 27th and 28th July 1809. Pop. 10,029. Talbot County, tdl'but, a dist. N. of the Pyrenees range, Victoria, Australia ; it produces wine, wheat, oats, barley, pota toes, and other crops. Pop. 67,963. Talca, tdl'kd, a town of Chili, S. America, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on tbe Maule River, 40 m. N.E. of Chilian. Pop. 17,900. Tallahassee, talAa-has'see, a city of Flo rida, U.S., co. Leon, 130 m. E. of Pensacola. Pop. 2494. Tallow, tdl'lo (corr. from Tealach-an-iar- ainn, the hill of iron, so called from the iron-mines near it), a town of Ireland, co. Waterford, on the Bride, 12 m. N.W. of Youghal. Pop. 1232. Taman, td-mdn', an island of S. Russia, between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, formed by the two branches of the river Kuban ; it has numerous mud volcanoes and bituminous springs. — Also, a fortified town of S. Russia, gov. Kuban, lieutenancy of the Caucasus, on the above island, 13 m. S.S.E. of Yenikale. Tamandua, td^mdn'doo-d, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, about 100 m. W.N.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 8000. Tamar, td'mar, a river of England, rises near Wonley in Cornwall, flows between the cos. Cornwall and Devon, and enters Plymouth Sound 2 m. W.S.W. of Plymouth, after a course of 60 m. Tamatave, td-md-tdv', the chief com mercial town of the island of Madagascar, on its E. coast; it is but an agglomeration of huts situated in a marshy neighbourhood. On 14th June 1883 it was bombarded and taken possession of by a French naval force. Pop. 2000, of whom 300 are Euro peans. Tamaulipas, td-mou-le'pas, a state of Mexico, N. America, W. of the Gulf of Mexico, S. of the Rio Bravo, and E. of Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi ; it pro duces maize, wheat, rice, cotton, sugar, indigo, and coffee ; and large herds of horses and cattle feed on its plains. Area 30,224 sq. m.; pop. 144,741. Tambov, tam-bov', a gov. of Russia, N. of Voronetz and W. of Penza and Saratov. Area 25,706 sq. m. ; pop. 2,405,713. Tambov, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., and the see of a Greek bishop, on the Tzna, 125 m. N.E. of Voro netz. Pop. 26,403. Tame. See Thame. Tampioo, tdm-pe'ko, a seaport of Mexico, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, iUn. 397 N. America, on the Gulf of Mexico, 150 m. S.E. of Victoria. Pop. 11,682.— Also, a river which flows E. and enters the Gulf of Mexico near Tampico, after a course of 200 m. — Also, a lake or shallow lagoon, 20 m. in length and 10 m. in breadth, at the N. extremity of the state of Vera Cruz. Tamsui (fresh water town), a town of China, on the N. coast of the island For mosa, with an active commerce. Its proper name is Hobay. Tamwortb, tam'wurth (farm or estate on the Tame), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of England, cos. Stafford and Warwick, at the junction of the Tame and the Anker, 6 m. S.E. of Lichfield, with vari ous manufactures, cotton spinning-mills, dyeworks, collieries, potteries, etc. Pop. of munic. bor. 4891; of pari. bor. 14,101. Tanadice, tan'nd-dice, formerly written Tannadyse (from Gael, taynatas, a low warm green flat upon the water), a pa. of Scot land, co. Forfar. Pop. 1254. Tana-Elf, td'nd-elf (the river Tana), a river of Lapland, which forms for 150 m. the boundary between Russia and Sweden, and falls into the Tana Fiord in the Arctic Ocean. Tananarivo, td-nd-nd-re-vo', or Antana narivo (the city of a thousand towns), the cap. of the island Madagascar, and the residence of the sovereign; it is situated in a region of hills and brooks, with a de lightful and salubrious climate, 4500 ft. above the ocean level, near the centre of the island, and 20 m. N.E. of the Ankaratra Mountains. It has various manufactures. Pop. 90,000. Tanaro, td-nd'ro, a river of Piedmont, N. Italy, rises in the Maritime Alps, flows N. and N.E., passes Alessandria, and joins the Po. after a course of 125 m. Tanderagee, tan-der-d-ghee' (corr. from Irish tdin-re-gaeith, back to the wind), a finely situated town in the co. of Armagh, Ireland, 3 m. S.W. of Guilford. Pop. 1587. Tanganyika, tdn-gdn-ye'kd (mixing of the waters), a lake in Central Africa, dis covered by Captains Burton aud Speke in 1858, about 600 m. from the E. coast, and about 250 m. S. of the equator; it is about 330 m. long, and from 20 to 60m. broad; its height above sea-level has been variously estimated by the following travellers : — Thomson, 2618 ft.; Livingstone, 2624 ft.; Cameron, 2710 ft. ; and Stanley, 2756 ft. Tangier, tdn-Jeer' (the city protected by God), a strongly fortified seaport of Morocco, N.W. Africa, on the Strait and 38 m. W.S.W. of Gibraltar. It was ceded to Charles II. of England in 1662, as part of the dowry of the Princess Catherine of Portugal, but the English abandoned it in 1684. Pop. 20,000. Tanjore, or Tarrjur, tdn-Joor' (corr. from Tanjavur, derived from its ancient name Tanja-nagaram, the city of refuge), a forti fied city of S. India, the cap. of a div. of the same name, presidency of Madras, on an arm of the Caveiy, 170 m. S.S.W. of Madras ; it has a magnificent pagoda, con sidered the finest in India, carries on a good trade, and has manufactures of silks, muslins, and cottons. Pop. 43,000. Tanna, or Tbana, tan'na, a town of British India, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, presidency of Bombay, on the island of Salsette, 20 m. N.N.E. of Bombay. Pop. 15,000. Tannis Bay, tan'nis, an inlet of the Skager Rack, on the N. coast of Jutland, Denmark. Tan-sia-Sban, a range of mountains in the W. of the Chinese prov. Ho-nan. Tantab, tdn'td, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Damietta branch of the Nile ; it contains a shrine, which is visited annually by 150,000 pilgrims. Pop. 60,000. Taormina, td-or-me'nd, a town of the island of Sicily, occupying a magnificent situation, near the shore of the Ionian Sea, about 30 m. S.W. of Messina ; it is noted for its ancient remains, but the present town is ill-built and dirty. Pop. 3004. Tapajos, td-pd'zhoce, a river of Brazil, prov. Para, flows N. and joins the Amazon near Santarem, after a course estimated at 600 m. Tapti, tap'tp, a river of India, rises near Baitul, flows W. with a very winding course of about 500 m., and falls into the Gulf of Cambay 20 m. below Surat. Tacjuari, td-kwd-re', a river of Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, flows N.W. and S.W., and joins the Paraguay. Total length of its course 400 m. — Also, a river in the prov. Santo Pedro do Rio Grande, flows S., and joins the Jacuhi after a course of about 140 m. Tara, td'rd, a co. of New South Wales, Australia, on the right bank of the Murray River ; it contains Lake Victoria and the Moorna settlement. Tara, a town of Western Siberia, gov. Tobolsk, on the Irtish, 135 m. N. of Omsk. Pop. 6469. — Also, a river of Siberia, which joins the Irtish, 25 m. S.E. of the town, after a course of 180 m. Taranaki, td-rd-nd'ke, a provincial dis trict of North Island, New Zealand, S.W. of Auckland and N.W. of Wellington. Three-fourths of the surface is dense forest; the remainder is fern and flax land, which well repays the cost of clear ing. For grass and root-crops, Taranaki is unsurpassed, and the iron-sand of the sea-shore is believed to be the purest iron ore known. Pop. 14,858. — New Plymouth, on its N.W. coast, is the cap. Taranto, td'rdn-tr>, anc. Tarentum, a sea port of Puglia, Italy, prov. Lecce, on a small island in the Gulf of Taranto, with a good harbour. Pop. 22,741. Taranto, Grulf of, a spacious bay formed by the S.W. and S.E. extremities of Italy. Tarapaca, td-rd-pd-kd', a town of Chili, 398 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. in the S. of the prov. of the same name, which is the most northerly in tbe country, and in which are extensive beds of borax, nitrate of soda, and guano , it was ceded to Chili by Peru in 1883. Tarascon, td-rds'kong, a town of France, dep. Bouches-du-RhGne, opposite Beaucaire, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge, and 9 m. N. of Aries. Pop. 7154. Tarazona, td-rd-tho'nd, anc. Turiaso (the place of good waters), a town of Aragon, Spain, prov. Saragossa, on the Quieles, 55 m. S.E. of Logrono. Pop. 8270. Tarazona de la Mancha, td-rd-tho'nd dd U mdn'kd, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. N.W. of Albacete, with cotton manu factures, and trade in wine and oil. P. 4444. Tarbat, tar'bat (from Gael, tarbert or tairbeart, an isthmus), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Ross, about 10 m. N.E. of Tain. Pop. of pa. 1878. Tarbat Ness (the head or point of the isthmus), a cape in the E. of Ross-shire, Scotland, formed by the firths of Cromarty and Dornoch.— 57° 51' N. lat., 3° 48' W. long. Tarbert, tdr'bert, a vil. in Argyllshire, Scotland, at the head of a loch extending 1 m. inland from Loch Fyne. Pop. 1629. Tarbes, tarb, a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Hautes-Pyrenees, on the Adour, 22 m. E S.E. of Pau; it has manufactures of cutlery and copper wares, and an active trade in horses Pop. 22,897. Tarbet. a steamboat station on Loch Lomond, Scotland, 1£ m. from Arrochar, nearly opposite which is Rob Roy's cave. Tarbet Loch, East and West, two inlets of the sea on the opposite sides of the island Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scot land. They nearly approach each other, and on the isthmus is the vil. of Tarbet. Tarbolton, tdr-bol'ton, anciently written ThorboUon (the town at the round hill where Bol, the god of the Druids, was wor shipped), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co, Ayr, 4 rcu W. of Mauchline, with trade in Ayrshire needlework, etc. Pop. of pa. 3599 ; of vil. 922. Tarifa, td-re'fd (named by the Moors after Tarif-Abu-Zar'ah, one of their chiefs), a seaport of Spain, prov. Cadiz, on the Strait and 17 m. W.S.W. of Gibraltar, with an active tunny and anchovy fishery. Pop. 12,234. Tarifa, Cape, on the S. coast of Spain, is the most southerly point of the continent of Europe. Here the Moors used to exact a toll upon vessels entering the Mediter ranean, hence is derived the English word tariff, meaning a list of dues to be paid on goods entering the ports of a foreign country.— 36° N. lat., 6° 36' W. long. Tarland, tdr'land, a vil. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 9 m. N.E. of Ballater. Pop. 374. Tarland and Migvie, mig've, a united pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 1173. Tarn, a river of France, rises in the Cevennes, in the S.E. of the dep. Lozere, flows S.W. through the deps. Aveyron, Tarn, and Tarn-et-Garonne, and falls into the Garonne after a course of 220 m. Tarn, a dep. of France, surrounded by Aveyron, Herault, Aude, Haute-Garonne, and Tarn-et-Garonne. Area 2217 sq. m. ; pop. 359,223. Tarn-et-Garonne, a dep. of France, formed of part of the old prov. Guienne and surrounded by Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Plaute-Garonne, Gers, and Lot-et-Garonne. Area 1436 sq. m. ; pop. 217,056. Tarnopol, tar-no'pol (the city among thorns, from Sclav, tarnik, a thorn, and Gr. polis, a city), a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Galicia, on the Sered, 82 m. E.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 25,819. Tarnow, tar'nov (the place of thorns), a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Galicia, on the Biala, 47 m. E. of Cracow. Pop. 24,627. Taroudant, td-roo-ddnt' , or Terodant, ia-ro-ddnf, a city of Morocco, N.W. Africa, the cap. of the prov. Sus, on the river Sus, 125 m. S.W. of Morocco. Pop. 21,000. Tarporley, tar'por-ld (corr. of Thorpeley, the farm field, or meadow), a town of Eng land, co. and 10 m. S.E. of Chester. Pop. 2669. Tarragona, tdr-rd-go'nd, anc. Tarraco (from Phoen. torchon, the palace or citadel), a town of Spain, the cap. of the prov. of the same name in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Francoli, in the Mediterranean, about 50 m. W.S.W. of Barcelona ; it has a large export trade in wine, brandy, cork, nuts, and almonds. Pop. of town 23,016 ; of prov. 330,105. Tarrakai, Bay of. See Tartary, Gulf of. Tarrasa, lar-rd'sd, a town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 15 m. N.N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 11,193. Tarsbisb, tarishish, a place mentioned in the Old Testament in connexion with the commerce of the Hebrews and the Phoenicians, and generally identified with Tartessus in Spain, a great and wealthy emporium of the Phoenician trade, which would undoubtedly furnish the products said to have been brought from Tarshish ; it is thought to be identical with the ancient Carteia, which stood about 4 or 5 m W. from Gibraltar. Tarsus, tar'sus, Turk. Tersoos (the strong), a city of Asia Minor, pash. and 18 m. W.S.W. of Adana, on the Cydnus; it was the ancient cap. of Galicia, and the birthplace of the Apostle Paul. Pop. 30,000. Tartary, Grulf of, a part of the Sea of Japan, separating the island of Saghalien from the mainland of Asiatic Russia. It is also called Bay of Tarrakai. Tasbkend, tdsh-kend', a town of Russian Central Asia, on the Saralka, an affl. of the Sir Daria ; it is a great meeting-place of trade routes. Pop. 100,000. Fate, fdt, fdr ; nute, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 399 Tasmania, tas-md'ne-d, an island of the S. Pacific Ocean, situated to the S. of Aus tralia, and separated from it by Bass Strait, a channel about 120 m. wide at its narrowest part. Its greatest length from N.W. to S.E. is 250 m. ; its greatest breadth from N. to S. is 200 m. Area 26,375 sq. m.; pop. 118,923. The scenery is generally bold and mountainous, but is diversified by deep narrow valleys, ex tensive undulating tracts, and immense forests. The soil is fertile, but the pre valence of the forests, many of the trees of which are of immense size, has rendered its cultivation a work of great labour. Because of this, the western parts, in particular, are as yet all but uninhabited. The plains are admirably adapted for sheep, but agriculture rather than pas toral pursuits occupy the colonists. The cattle and work horses of some of the northern districts are not surpassed in the colonies. The native animals and birds correspond to those of Australia. Here is found a marsupial very destruc tive to sheep, which, from its ferocity, is called the Tasmanian devil. The minerals are tin, lead, copper, iron, and coal. Mount Bischoff, about 100 m. from Launceston, contains the richest tin-mine in the world. Gold is found, but not plentifully. Anthra cite coal is abundant in the S. The climate is healthy and delightful, neither so warm nor so dry as that of Australia, and, conse quently, better adapted to the various pro cesses of British husbandry. Tasmania was discovered in 1642 by Tasman, a Dutch navigator, who called it Van Die- men1 s Land, in honour of his patron Anthony Van Diemen, who was then the governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. In 1803 it became a penal settlement, and continued as such till 1853, when transportation to this colony was abolished. by the home government. It is now more properly called Tasmania, in honour of its discoverer. — Hobart, on the Derwent, is the cap. Tassisudon, tas-se-soo'don, a town of N.E. India, the cap. of the native state of Bhutan, in a fertile valley of the Hima layas, near the frontier of Tibet. Tatta, tdt'td, a town and caravan station on the Draha, about 200 ni. S. of Morocco, N.W. Africa. Tatta, tdt-td', anc. Patala, a city of Sind, India, near the W. bank of the Indus, between Hyderabad and Karachi; it was formerly famous for its commerce and manufactures, but is now a miserable and unhealthy place. Pop. 8000. Taunton, taun'tun (named from its situation on the Tone), a pari, and munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Somerset, on the Tone, SO m. N.E. of Exeter, with trade in glove-making and machine sewing. The Duke of Monmouth was pro claimed king here in 1685, and here Judge Jeffreys held his " bloody assize " after Monmouth's capture. Pop. 16,614. Taunton, a manufacturing town of Massachusetts, U.S., on the Taunton, 30 m. E.N.E. of Providence. Pop. 21,213. Taurida, tou're-dd, a gov. in the S. of Russia, comprehending the Crimea and a considerable tract on the mainland N. and N.E. of that peninsula. Area 24,538 sq. m.; pop. 878,925. Taurus, tau'rus (from Arab, tawr, a mountain, is the general name for a moun tain range), a chain of lofty mountains in Asia Minor; the most elevated peak is 13,197 ft. high. Tans, tous, a town of Bohemia, Austria- Hungary, 16 m. W. of Klattau, with manufactures of thread and tape. Pop. 7364. Tavastehus, td-vds'td-hoos, or Tawast- buus, a town of Russian Finland, built of wood, 78 m. N.E. of Abo. Pop. 3923. Tavira, td-ve'rd, a fortified seaport of Algarve, Portugal, at the mouth of the Seca, 21 m. E.N.E. of Faros. Pop. 11,459. Tavistock, tai/is-tok (named from the river Tavy, and A.S. stoc, a place), a pari. bor. and market town of England, co. Devon, on the Tavy, 15 m. N. of Plymouth. Sir Francis Drake was born here in 1545. Pop. 6879. Tavoy, tav'oy, a town of Tenasserim, British Burma, the cap. of a dist. of the same name on the Tavoy River, in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. Pop. 13,500. Tay, the largest river in Scotland, issues from Loch Tay in Perthshire, flows by a circuitous course past Aberfeldy, Dunkeld, and Perth, after which it is joined by the Earn, expands into the Firth of Tay, and, below Dundee, mingles with the North Sea, after a course of upwards of 100 m. At Dundee the estuary of the Tay was crossed by a railway bridge 2 m. and 50 ft. long, opened for traffic on May 31, 1878. During a terrific gale on the night of Dec. 28, 1879, the highest section of this bridge fell into the river, carrying with it a train containing about 75 passengers, all of whom were killed. A new bridge is being con structed near the site of the old one. Tay, Loch, a beautiful lake in Perth shire, Scotland, about 15 m. long, and from 1 to 2 m. broad. Out of it flows the river Tay. Taygetns. See St Elias. Tayport, or Ferryport-on-Craig. See Ferryport-on-Craig. Tchad, also written Chad, a lake of Central Africa, about 150 m. long and 125 m. broad; it contains numerous islands, covered with rich pastures, and densely peopled by a mixed race with regular features and a black or dark-brown com plexion. Tchany, tchd'ne, a lake of W. Siberia, Asiatic Russia, govs. Tomsk and Tobolsk, 65 m. long and 40 m. broad. 400 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tiin. Tcherkask, Novo. See Novo-Tcber- kask. Tchernigov, tcher-ne-gov' , a fertile gov. of Russia, N. of Poltava, and E. of the Dnieper. Area 20,232 sq. m. ; pop. 1,850,522. Tchernigov, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Desna, 80 m. N.N.E. of Kiev ; it has a cathedral built in 1024. Pop. 25,926. Tcborum, or Churum, tchoo-room', a town of Asia Minor, 28 m. S.W. of Osman- jik. Pop. estimated at 7600. Tealing, tee'ling (a country of brooks), a pa. of Scotland, co. Forfar. Pop. 757. Teddington, ted'ing-tun, a pa. and town of England, co. Middlesex, 12 m. W.S.W. of St Paul's, London. Pop. 6599. Tees, a river of England, rises in Cross- fell, Cumberland, flows E., separating the cos. of Durham and York, and, after a course of 90 m., falls into the North Sea 10 m. below Stockton. Tegucigalpa, td-goo-se-gdl'pd, a town of Central America, in a dep. of the same name, state Honduras, of which it is the cap., on a table-land 3426 ft. above the sea, 40 m. S.E. of Comayagua ; it enjoys a mild and salubrious climate, and gold, silver, and copper mines are in its vicinity. Pop. 12,000. Teheran, td-her-dn', or Tehraun, the cap. of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, in a stony plain at the foot of Mount Elburz, near the ruins of the ancient Rhagae ; its nouses and walls of defence are of mud, and, being unhealthy in the height of summer, the court and the upper classes leave for the hills to the N.W. Pop. 100,000. Tebuantepec, td-iodn'ta-pek, a town of Mexico, N. America, about 11 m. above the mouth of the Tehuantepec River. Pop. 24,438. Teignmoutb, tdn-muth, or tin'muth (named for its situation), a town of Eng land, co. Devon, at the mouth of the Teign, 13 m. S. of Exeter ; it is one of the princi pal watering-places on the S.W. coast of England, and exports granite, pipe-clay. and potter's clay. Pop. 7120.— The Teign has a S.E. course of 45 m. from Dartmoor to the English Channel. Teith, a river of Scotland, co. Perth, composed of two branches which unite at Callander, after passing which it flows S.E. and falls into the Forth at the Bridge of Drip, 2$ m. N.W. of Stirling. Teivy, tiv'e, a river of S. Wales, flows S.W. through Cardiganshire, passes Lam peter, separates Cardigan and Carmarthen, and enters Cardigan Bay after a course of 70 m. Tel-el-Kebir, tel-el'-ke-beer', a charm ingly situated vil. of Lower Egypt, in the centre of the fertile dist. called El-Wddy, to the S. of the Ismailia Canal. Here the Egyptian military rebels under Arabi Pasha established a strongly fortified camp, which was taken, by a midnight assault, by a British force under General Wolseley, on 13th Sept. 1882. This achievement quelled the revolt. Tellicheri, tel-le-cher're, a seaport of British India, presidency of Madras, div. Malabar, beautifully situated on the sea-coast, 43 m. N.N.W. of Calicut. Pop. 20,504. Teme, a river of England and Wales, rises in Montgomeryshire, flows E. and S.E., and joins the Severn 3 m. S. of Wor cester, after a course of 60 m. Temesvar, or Temeswar, tem'esh-vdr (the fortress on the Temes, from the river Temes, and Hung, var, a castle), a com mercial town of Austria-Hungary, the cap. of the Banat, on the Bega Canal, 73 m. N.N.E. of Belgrade. Pop. 33,694. Temiscouata, tem-is-koo-d'td (the wind ing water), a beautiful lake in a co. of the same name in prov. Quebec, Dominion of Canada ; it is 30 m. long and from A m. to \\ m. wide. — Tbe co. has a pop. of 25,484. Tempio, tem'pe-o, a town of the island Sardinia, prov. and 31 m. E.N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 10,096. Temple, tem'pl (derived from an estab lishment for the Templars or Red Friars, founded by King David I. of Scotland), a pa. of Scotland, co. Edinburgh, in which is the vil. of Gorebridge. Pop. 1551. Templemore, tern - pi - more? (great church), a town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, beautifully situated in a highly fertile dis trict, near the Suir, 8 m. N. of Thurles and 20 m. N. of Cashel. Pop. 2800. Temruk, tem-rook', a fortified town of the Caucasus, S. Russia, dist. Kuban, on the S. side of the Sea of Azov, 30 m. N. of Anapa. Pop. 11,651. Tenasserim, ten-as'sd-rim, a division of British Burma in the Indo-Chinese Pen insula, consisting of a long and narrow strip of territory, measuring from N. to S. 500 m., while its breadth is only from 40 to 80 m., and lying between 11° and 17° 40' N. lat, and 97° 30' and 99° 20' E. long. It is mountainous and well wooded, but there are extensive tracts favourable to the growth of cotton, indigo, rice, sugar, and tobacco, which, with gums, drugs, cocoa- uuts, tortoise shell, and coal, are its chief products. Pop. 825.741. — The town Tenas serim is on the S. bank of the river of the same name, 50 m. E.S.E. of Mergui. Tenbury, ten'ber-e (corr. from Temebury, so called from its situation on the Teme), a town of England, co. and 22 m. N.W. of Worcester, in the fertile valley of the Teme. Pop. 2083. Tenby, ten'be (corr. from Daneby, Dane's dwelling), a munic. and pari. bor. and mar ket town of Pembrokeshire, S. Wales, on Carmarthen Bay, 10 m. E. of Pembroke, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 4750. Tenedos, ten'e-dos, a small island off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 12 m. S.S.W. of Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tiin. 401 the S.W. entrance of the Dardanelles; it produces excellent wine, cotton, corn, and fruits. According to Virgil, Tenedos was occupied by the Greeks when they retired from the siege of Troy. Pop. 7000. Teneriffe, ten-er-iff', Span. Tenerife, the largest of the Canary Islands, in the Atlan tic, off the N.W. coast of Africa ; it is 60 m. in length, 35 m. in greatest breadth, and produces wine, silk, barilla, fruits, and grain. — The Peak of Teneriffe, a famous extinct volcanic mountain in the N.W. of the island, is 12,182 ft. above the sea. Teng-chow, or Tang-chau, a seaport of China, prov. Shan-tung, on the N. coast. Pop. 230,000. Tengri-nor, ten'gre-nor, a salt-water lake in Tibet, 60 m. long and from 16 to 25 m. broad, about 120 m. N.W. of Lassa. From its great altitude (15,190 ft. above the sea) it is called by the natives Namcho, or " Sky Lake." Tennessee, ten-nes-see', one of the United States of N. America, bounded N. by Kentucky and Virginia ; W. by Arkan sas ; S. by Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia; and E. by North Carolina. The western portion of the state is low and fer tile, producing cotton, maize, hemp, and tobacco ; the eastern part is hilly and dis tinguished for its picturesque scenery. The climate is mild and salubrious. Area 45,600 sq. m.; pop. 1,542,359.— Nashville, on the Cumberland River, is the state cap. Pop. 43,350. Tennessee (the 6poon-shaped river, so called from its bend), a river of the United States, formed by the union of the Holston and the Clinch, near Knoxville; after a cir cuitous course, it joins the Ohio about 50 m. above the confluence of that river with the Mississippi. Tenterden, ten-ter-den', anc. Theinwar- den (the guarded valley of the thane), a munic. bor. of England, co. Kent, 18 m. S.E. of Maidstone. Pop. 3620. Tepic, tep'ik, or td-peek', a town ot Mexico, N. America, state Jalisco, on tbe summit of a mountain 25 m. E. of San Bias. Pop. 24,788. Teplitz. See Toplitz. Teramo, ter-d'mo, anc. Interamna (be tween the rivers), a town of Abruzzo and Molise, Italy, the cap. of prov. of the same name, 15 m. S.S.E. of Ascoli. Pop. 9635. Terceira, ter-sd'e-rd (Terceira signifies "third," and is so called because it is the third island in length in the group), one of the Azores Islands, in the Atlantic, W. of Portugal. Area about 220 m.; pop. 45,391. —Angra, the cap. of the Azores, is on its S. side. Terek, ta-rek', a river of Russia, rises in Mount Elburz, the highest peak of the Caucasus range, and flowing eastward enters the Caspian Sea. The Russians regard it as the boundary at this point between Europe and Asia.— Also, a gov. of Caucasia, Russia. Area 23,267 sq.m.; pop. 530,980. Tergovist, ter'go-vist, a town of Rou mania, on the Jalomnitza, 48 m. N.W. of Bucharest; a large number of the houses are in a ruinous condition. Pop. 6000. Terlizzi, ter-lifse, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Bari, 18 m. W. of Trani. Pop. 20,442. Termini, ter'me-ne, anc. Thermm (so called from its hot springs), a seaport of the island Sicily, prov. and 21 m. E.S.E. of Palermo; it has warm mineral baths, and an active tunny and anchovy fishery. Pop. 22,370. Termonde. See Dendermonde. Termonf eckln, ter - man -fek'in (the church land of St Fechin), a vil. of Ire land, resorted to for sea-bathing, on the E. coast of co. Louth. Pop. 241. Ternate, ter-ndtf or ter-nd'td, an island of the Molucca group, in the E. Indian Archipelago, with a town of the same name at the base of a volcano 5480 ft. in height. The island produces cocoa-nuts, sago, cot ton, and tobacco. Pop. 92,291. Terni, ter'ne, anc. Interamna (between the rivers), a town of Umbria, Italy, prov. Perugia, near the Nera, 12 m. S.S.W. of Spoleto. The historian Tacitus was born here B.C. 54. About 4 m. E. of the town, at the influx of the Velino into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade called the Gascata del Marmore, considered among the finest in the world. Pop. 12,419. Terracina, ter-i-d-che'nd (supposed to be so called from a Greek word signifying "rugged" or "rocky," and to refer to the situation of the town), a seaport of Italy, prov. Rome, partly on a rugged eminence, and partly on low ground, on the Medi terranean, at the S.E. extremity of the Pontine Marshes, 25 m. S.S.W. of Frosi- none. Pop. 7376. Terranova, ter-rd-no'vd (the new land), a seaport of the island Sicily, prov. and 35 m. S.S.E. of Caltanissetta, near the mouth of the Terranova River. Pop. 14,911. Terregles, ter-reg'gVs (derived from terra ecclesice, or the French terre d'iglise, church lands), a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright. Pop. 471. Terrebonne, ter-re-bon'ne, an incor porated town of Quebec, Dominion of Canada, on the Jesus River, a branch of the Ottawa, 16 m. N. of Montreal. Pop. 1398. Terre-Haute, usually pronounced ter'- reh-hot, Fr. pron. ter-hdt (high land), a town of Indiana, U. S., co. Vigo, on the Wabash, 69 m. N. of Vincennes; it is the centre of an active trade, and large quanti ties of pork, grain, flour, etc., are exported. Pop. 26,042. Terscnelling. See Scholllng. Teruel, td-roo-el', a town of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Aragon, on a hill near the confluence of the Alham- 2c 402 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. bra and the Guadalaviar, 19 m. E.S.E. of Albarracin. Pop. of town 9510; of prov. 242,296. Tescben, tesh'en, a fortified town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Silesia, on the Olsa, 38 m. E.S.E. of Troppau. Pop. 9267. Tesboo-Lomboo, tesh-oo' - lom-boo', a town of Tibet, S.W. of Shigatze; it con sists of from 300 to 400 houses, capable of accommodating from 300O to 4000 priests, engaged in the service of the Teshu-lama, the ruler of the Tsang prov., who resides at Shigatze. There is an idol manufactory in which skilled workmen are employed, but besides these and the servants of the Teshu-lama, there are few others in the town. Tessin. See Ticino. Test, a river of Hampshire, England, flows into Southampton Water. Tetbury, tet'ber-e, a town of England, co. Gloucester, near the source of the Avon, 5 m. N.W. of Malmesbury; its staple trade is in butter, cheese, and agricultural produce. Pop. 2419. Teterow, td'teh-i-ov, a town of N. Ger many, grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwe- rin, 16 m. E. of Giistrow. Pop. 5675. Tetuan, tet-oo-dn', a fortified seaport of Morocco, N.W. Africa, kingdom of Fez, on the Mediterranean, within the Strait of Gibraltar, 33m. S.E. of Tangier. P. 20,000. Teviot, te've-ut, a picturesque river of Scotland, rises on the borders of Dumfries shire, flows through Teviotdale, and joins the Tweed at Kelso. Teviothead, a pa. of Scotland, co. Rox burgh. Pop. 486. Tewkesbury, tuks'ber-e (supposed to be derived from Theot, a Saxon recluse, who founded a hermitage here about the end of the seventh century, and from whom it was afterwards called Theotis- byrg), a munic. aud pari. bor. and market town of England, co. Gloucester, at the confluence of the Avon and the Severn, in the Vale of Evesham, 10 m. N.E. of Gloucester. Immediately S. of the town is Bloody Meadow, where, in 1471, Edward IV. defeated the Lancastrians, when Queen Margaret was taken prisoner aud her son slain Pop. 5100. Texas, tex'as, with the exception of Florida, the most southerly of the United States of N. America, and the largest of all, is bounded N. by New Mexico and the Indian Territory ; E. by Arkansas and Louisiana; S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico ; and W. by Mexico and New Mexico. It embraces within its limits every variety of surface — mountain, hill, plain, and desert. The soil in the eastern parts is fertile and productive, but the western half, including the table - land called Llano Estacado, is barren from want of rain. The climate is genial and equable. Texas exports immense quantities of cotton, hides, horns, and other cattle-products, and sends northwards great numbers of cattle every season. Area 237,504 sq. m.; pop. 1,591,749.— A ustiv, on the Rio Colorado, is the state cap. Pop. 10,960. Texel, texfel, an island of the Nether lands, at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, separated from the continent hy the narrow channel of Mars-diep; it is about 13 m. in length, 6 m. in greatest breadth, affords pasturage to large herds of cattle and sheep, and produces excellent butter, cheese, and wool. Near this island, in 1653, Admirals Blake, Monk, and Deane, defeated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp, who lost his life in the action. Pop. 5000. Tezcuco, or Tescuco, tes-koo'ko (Mex. the place of detention), a city of Mexico, N. America, on the E. shore of the lake of the same name, 15 m. E.N.E. of the city of Mexico. Pop. 9000. Tbame, tame, a town of England, co. Oxford, on the river of the same name, 10 m. S.W. of Aylesbury, and 12 m. E. of Oxford. Pop. 3267. Thames, temz, the chief river in Great Britain, and commercially by far the most important river on the face of the globe, rises in Gloucestershire, separates Berks from Oxford and Buckingham, Surrey from Middlesex, Kent from Essex, and, after a course of 215 m., falls into the North Sea 46 m. below London Bridge. It is navigable for ships of any burden to Dept- ford, for vessels of 200 tons to London Bridge, and for barges 130 m. farther up. Thames, a river of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, flows S.W. through a fertile country between Lakes Huron and Erie, and enters Lake St Clair, after a course of 160 m. Thames, tdmz, a river in Connecticut, U.S., flows S-, and enters Long Island Sound after a navigable course of 14 m. Thames Ditton, temz dit'tun, a pa. and township of England, co. Surrey, 12 m. W. of London, on the London and Hampton Court Branch of the London and South western R-ailway. Pop. of pa. 2956. Tbana. See Tanna. Thanet, Isle of, than'et, a dist. of Kent, England, at the mouth of the Thames, separated from the mainland on the S. by the Stour; it enjoys a mild and salubrious climate, the soil is fertile, and among its other products are large quantities of canary-seed. It contains three favourite watering-places, Margate, Ramsgate, and Broadstairs. Thanet was the first posses sion of the Romans in Britain. Pop. 50,022. Tbankerton and Covington. See Cov ington and Tbankerton. Thann, tdnn, a town of Elsass-Lothrin gen, Germany, on the Thur, 17 m. N.E. of Belfort. Pop. 7535. Thasos, thas'os, or Thaso, thas'o, an island off the S. coast of Saloniki in Rou melia, Turkey in Europe; it is fertile and well wooded, and produces wine, oil, etc. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. 403 Thateham, thatch'am, a township of England, co. Berks, 3 m. E. of Newbury. Pop. 2882. Thaxted, thax'ted (the thatched town), a town of England, co. Essex, on the Chel mer, 6 m, N. of Dunmow, and 17 m. N.W. of Chelmsford. Pop. 1914. Tbaya, Tbeya, or Taya, ti'd, a river of Lower Austria and Moravia, which, after a tortuous course of 130 m., joins the March 2 m. N.E. of Ravensburg; it is remarkable for the number of its fords and bridges. Tbebes, thcebz, or Tbiva, te'vd, a town of Greece, nomarchy of Attica and Boeotia, on the site of the ancient city of the same name, 30 m. N.W. of Athens. Pop. 3509. Tbebes, a prov. of Upper Egypt, extend ing along both banks of the Nile, and noted for the ruins of the ancient city of the same name, deemed the most extensive in Egypt, especially with the pre-Roman groups of Luxor and Karnac on the right bank, the former of which furnished to Paris the well-known obelisk in the Place de la Con corde, while the latter contains a temple considered the most magnificent of all the Egyptian ruins. Theiss, tice, a large river of Hungary, formed by the union of the Black aud the White Theiss; after a S. course of 500 m. it flows into the Danube below Peterwar- dein, and is navigable almost to its source, on the borders of Galicia. Tbeodule-Pass, a mule-path between the cant. Valais, Switzerland, and Pied mont, Italy; its highest summit is 10,899 ft. above the sea. Tberesienstadt, ter-a' ze-en-stdtt, or Tberesianopol, ter-a-ze-an-o'pol (the town or city of [the Empress] Theresa), a town of Austria-Hungary, co. Bacs, sitiiiited in a wide plain, 27 m. S.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 61,367. Tbermia, ther-me'd (named from the hot springs on its E. side), anc. Cythnos, an island of the Cyclades in the Grecian Archipelago, 25 m. S.S.E. of Cape Colonna. Thermopylae, ther-mop'e-le (named from the warm springs in the neighbourhood), a famous pass or defile in the N.E. of Greece, between Mount iEta and the sea, where Leonidas and his 300 Spartans fell in op posing the Persians under Xerxes, b.c. 480. Thessaly, thes'sd-le, a fertile prov. in the N. of Greece, ceded by Turkey in 1881. It is traversed by the ramifications of Mount Pindus, and contains many fertile valleys, watered, by the Salembria and the Aspro- potamo. On the coast are Mounts Ossa and Pelion. Area 5100 sq. m. ; pop. 299,953. — The chief towns are Larissa, Trikhala, Volo, and Arta. Thetford, thefford (corr. from Theodford. from A. S. theod, people, or Theot, the river Thet, and ford), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of England, cos. Norfolk and Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, at the influx of the Thet, 28 m. E. of Lynn. Pop. 4032. Thian-sban, te-dn-shdn' (the celestial mountains), a range of lofty mountains in the W. of Mongolia, forming the N. boundary of the great table-land of Central Asia. Khan Tengri, the highest peak, is 21,000 ft. above the sea. Thian-shan-nan-loo (the country S. of the celestial mountains), a prov. of Eastern Turkestan, N. of Tibet. Thian-sban- pe-loo (the country N. of the celestial mountains). See Dzungaria. Thibet. See Tibet. Thiel, or Tiel, teel, a town of the Nether lands, prov. Guelderland, on the Waal, 20 m. S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 8933. Tbielt, teelt (supposed to be derived from tilia, a lime tree), a town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 18 m. W.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 10,300. Thiers, te er', a town of France, dep. Puy-de-DOme, on the Durolle, 23 m. E.N.E. of Clermont; it has long been famed fur its manufs. of hardware, cutlery, and paper. Pop. 10,583. Thionville, te-ong-veel', or Dleden- bofen, a fortified town of Elsass-Lothrin gen, Germany, on the Moselle, 17 m. N. of Metz ; it surrendered to the Germans in November 1870, after a siege of two days. Pop. 7155. Tbirsk (corr. from its ancient name Tref-ysk, dwelling by the water), a pari, bor. and market town in the N. R. of York shire, En gland, 8 m. S.E. of Northallerton. Pop. 6312. Tbisted, tis'ted, a seaport town of Den mark, prov. Jutland, on Thisted Bay, an arm of the Lym Fiord, 12 m. N.W. of Nykjobing. Pop. 4184. Tholen, td'len, a fertile and well culti vated island of the Netherlands, about 12 ra. long and 6 m. broad, at the mouth of the Schelde. The town Tholen is on its E. coast. Thomastown, tom'as-town (named after its founder Thomas Fitz-Anthony Walsh, seneschal of Leinster), a town of Ireland, co. and 9 m. S.S.E. of Kilkenny, on the Nore. Pop. 1067. Thorald, thor'ald, an incorporated town of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on the Welland Canal, 4 m. from St Catherines. Pop. 2456. Thorda, tor'dd, or Thorenburg, to'ren- boorg, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Transylvania, near the Aranyos, 17 ra. S.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. 9434. Thorn, torn, a strongly fortified town of West Prussia, pleasantly situated on the Vistula, about 50 m. S.S.W. of Marienwer- der. Copernicus the astronomer was born here in 1473. Pop. 20,617. Tbornaby, thorn'd-be, a township in the N. R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Tees, 14; m. S.E. of Stockton, with ex tensive iron-works. Pop., with South Stockton, 10,795. 404 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. Thornbury, thorn'ber-e, a town and pa. of England, co. Gloucester, in the vale of Berkeley, 11 m. N.E. of Bristol. Pop. of pa. 4164. Tborne, thorn, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, near the Don, 7 m. S.E. of Snaith. Pop. 3484. Tborney, thor'nd (thorny island, from A. S. thorn, thorn, and en, an island), a town of England, co. Cambridge, in the Isle of Ely, 9 m. N.E. of Peterborough. Pop. 2055, chiefly descendants of French Protestants, who were invited to settle here by the Duke of Bedford to assist in the drainage of the fens. Tbornbill, thorn'hill, a burgh of barony and vil. of Scotland, co. and 14 m. N.W. of Dumfries, pleasantly situated on the Nith. Pop. 1289. Thornbill, a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 3 m. S.W. of Doune. Pop. 474. Tbornbill, a town in the W.R. of York shire, England, on the Calder, 6 m. W.S.W. of Wakefield. Pop. 8843. Tbornliebank, thorn'le-bank, a vil. of Scotland, co. Renfrew, 1$ m. S- of Pollock- shaws, with extensive cotton mills. Pop. 2156. Thornton, thom'ton, a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Markinch. Pop. 552. Thornton, a town in the W. R. of York shire, England, 5 m. W. of Bradford, with woollen manufs., stone quarrieSj and col lieries. Pop. 6084. — There are several other places in Yorkshire and in other parts of England with the same name. Thorntonlocb, thom'ton-loh, a vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, pa. of Innerwick. Thorpe, thorp (from A. S. ihorpe, a vil lage), is the name of several places in Eng land. — Thorpe -next -Norwich is in co. Norfolk, on the Yare. Pop. 1887. Tbourout, too-roo', a manufacturing town of W. Flanders, Belgium, 11 m. S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 7916. Thrace, the ancient name of that part of Roumelia, Turkey in Europe, now divided into Adrianople and Eastern Roumelia. Thrapston, thrap'stun, a town of North amptonshire, England, on the Nene, about 20 m. N.N.E. of Northampton. Pop. 1366. Three Rivers, a town of the Canadian Dominion, prov. Quebec, at the confluence of the St Lawrence and the St Maurice, 90 m. from Quebec City ; it is one of the oldest towns in Canada, and is chiefly built of wood. Pop. 9296. Tbroston, thros'tun, a town of England, co. Durham, 1 m. W. of West Hartlepool. Pop. 3442. Thun, toon, a lake of Switzerland, cant. Berne ; it is 10 m. in length, 2 m. in breadth, and united with the Lake of Brienz by the Aar. Thun, a town of Switzerland, cant, Berne, on the Aar, 1 ra. W.N.W. of the Lake of Thun. Pop. 5124. Thur, toor, a river of Switzerland, rises in the cant. St Gall, flows N. and then W. through the cants. Thurgau and Zurich, and after a course of 70 m, joins the Rhine about 8 m. S.S.W. of Schaffhausen. Thurgau, toor-gou' (the district of the Thur), or Tburgovia, a cant, in the N.E. of Switzerland, traversed by the Thur, and bounded on the E. by the Lake of Con stance. Pop. 99,552. Thuringian Forest, Germ. Thuringer- wald, a mountainous and woody tract in the Saxon duchies, Central Germany, extend ing about 60 m. along the right bank of the Werra, with a breadth of from 9 to 16 m.; it is rich in metals, particularly iron, co balt, copper, and lead, and the mountains are clothed chiefly with pines. Tburles, ihurlz (corr. from Durlios, strong lis or fort), a town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, divided into two parts Tby the Suir, 12 m. N.N.E. of Cashel. Pop. 4850. Tburlstone, thurl'stone, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 74. m. S.W. of Barnsley, with woollen manufs. which have long been the staple trade of the place. Pop. 2851. Thurso, thwriso (named from the river of the same name, which is a compound of Thor, the Scandinavian deity, and Ice. aa, a river,=Thor's river), a burgh of barony, seaport, and market town of Caithness, Scotland, on the estuary of the river Thurso, 21 m. S.W. of Wick. Pop. 4055, many of whom are engaged in the fisheries and in the preparation of paving-stones. Tbyetmyo, a frontier vil. of British Burma, on the Irrawadi, 30 m. above Prome. Tibbermore, tib-ber-more', or Tipper- muir, tip-per-mure' (the great well), a pa. and vil. of Perthshire, Scotland, 5 m. N.N.W. of Perth. Pop. of pa. 1883. Tiber, ti'ber, Ital. Tevere, a celebrated river of Italy, on which stands the city of Rome, rises in the Apennines, flows S. and S.W., and falls into the Mediterranean, after a course of 185 m. Tibet, tib'et (supposed to be a corr. of Thupho, the country of the Thu, a people who founded an empire in Northern Tibet in the sixth century), called by the natives Bod or Bodyul, i.e., "the land of Bod," is a country of Central Asia, bounded N. by Eastern Turkestan; E. by China; S. and W. by India. Its area is 652,000 sq. m.; Pop. 6,000,000. It is the loftiest inhabited table-land in the world, its lowest plains being nearly 12,000 ft. above the sea. All round it is fringed by mountains which are covered with perpetual snow, and are the sources of many of the greatest rivers of Asia. Owing to the jealousy of tbe Chinese government respecting the intrusion of foreigners, scarcely anything is known of the interior. It is believed to abound with silver, copper, and tin, but the absence of fuel renders its mineral wealth compara tively unavailable. Gold of great purity is found in considerable quantities. Rock Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 405 salt, sulphur, borax, and nitre also abound. Among the animals may be particularly mentioned the musk-deer, resembling the hog in shape, with hair not unlike the quills of a porcupine ; the yak, a singular animal between the buffalo and the horse, used as a common beast of burden, and whose flesh and milk are ordinary articles of food; the ox, whose flowing and glossy tail is employed by tbe Orientals for driv ing away insects; the goat, whose fine hair is imported into Cashmere for the manufacture of shawls ; and the Tibetan sheep, used as a beast of burden. Fish abound in the rivers, but are forbidden as articles of food by the Bhuddist religion. The climate is remarkable for its dryness, and during the winter is intensely cold. From the excessive dryness of the climate, timber is not known to rot, but it becomes brittle, and is easily broken; flesh exposed to the open air does not become putrid, hut dries, and can be reduced to a powder, which is made into bread, and is a common food of the inhabitants. The chief manu factures are fabrics of wool and goats' hair, Buddhist idols and jewelry. The trade, which, notwithstanding the inaccessible nature of the country, is considerable, con sists in the exchange of gold, silver, wool, hides, musk, and salt, for tea, tobacco, cotton, and other manufactured goods. The general religion is Buddhism, but in Bul- tistan Mohammedanism prevails. The head of the Buddhist system is the Grand or Dalai Lama, who is regarded as the vice gerent of the Deity on earth. He is sup posed never to die. When his apparent dissolution takes place, his votaries fancy that his soul passes into another body, sometimes that of a child, who iB thereafter treated with divine honours. The summer residence of this potentate is said to contain a vast number of apartments, in which are countless images of gold and silver, and a few miles distant is a great temple, the ser vice of which is performed by 5000 lamas or priests. The country is for the most part subject to the Emperor of China. Lassa is the cap. Ticbborne, tish'born, or Titobborne, a pa. and vil. of England, co. Hants, 5 m. N.E. of Winchester. The trial of the im postor Arthur Orton in connexion with the Titchborne estates iu 1874 is one of the most remarkable on record. Pop. of pa. 334. Ticino, te-che'no, or Tessin, tes-seng', a river of Italy, rises in Mount St Gothard, flows through Lake Maggiore, and falls into the Po below Pavia. Ticino or Tessin, a cant, of Switzer land, bounded N. by the Grisons and Uri; E. and S. by Lombardy ; W. and S.W. by Piedmont. Area 1095 sq. m. ; pop. 130,777. TIdeswell, tidz'well (said to be so called from an ebbing well, which still exists, but has long ceased to ebb), a township of Eng land, co. Derby, 7 m. N.W. of Bakewell, with cotton-mills. Pop. 1985. Tidor, te-dori, an island of the Indian Archipelago belonging to the Dutch, W. of Gilolo and S. of Ternate; it is densely wooded, and its chief product is spices. Tien-tsin, te-en-tseen' (heavenly spot), a city and port of China, at the junction of the Yunling and the Peiho rivers, where, in June 1858, treaties of peace were con cluded between Great Britain and France on one side, and the Emperor of China on the other. These treaties having been violated by the Chinese, Tien-tsin was seized by the Anglo-French army on their way to Peking in August 1860; and two months afterwards, by the treaty of Peking, it was opened to European trade, along with other five ports and the lower part of the Yang-tse-kiang. Pop. 950,000. Tiermas, te-er'mds, anc. Thermo; (named from its hot springs), a town of Spain, prov. and 65 m. N. of Saragossa, on the Aragon, with thermal springs. Tierra del Fuego, te-er'rd del fwa'go (the land of fire), a large island, or more properly a group of islands, of S. America, separated from the southern extremity of the continent by the Strait of Magellan; it consists almost wholly of rocks and moun tains, many of whose summits are covered with perpetual snow. The E. part belongs to the Argentine Republic, the rest to Chili. Tiflis, tif'lis, or Teflis, tef'lis, native pron. tif-leess', or tef-leess' (supposed to be derived from the Georgian word tbili, warm, and so named on account of its warm springs), the cap. of a gov. of the same name in the lieutenancy of the Cau casus, Asiatic Russia, on the Kur, in 40° 41' N. lat. and 44° 50' E. long. ; it is celebrated for its hot baths. Pop. 104,024. Tigbnahruaicb, ti-nd-broo'ah (the house on the edge of the bank), a vil. of Scotland, co. Argyll, on the Kyles of Bute. Pop. 771. Tigre, te'gra, a small state in the N.W. of Abyssinia, comprising merely the basin of the Mareb. Tigris, ti'gris, a large and rapid river of Asiatic Turkey, issues from the mountains of Armenia to the N. of Diarbekir, and, after pursuing a course of 800 m. nearly parallel to the Euphrates, joins with that river above Bessorah, and the united stream is called Shat el Arab. See Euphrates. Tjjola, or Tixola, te-ho'ld, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 27 m. N. of Almeria, situated in a fine plain watered by the Seron and the Bacares; it has flax and oil mills. Pop. 2852. Tikaree, tik-d-ree', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, prov. Behar, 24 m. N. of Sherghotty. Pop. 8200. Tilburg, til'burg, a town of the Nether lands, prov. N. Brabant, 15 m. S.W. of Bois-le-Duc, with print-works and exten sive manufs. of woollens, etc. Pop. 28,390. 406 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tUn. Tilbury, East, tit'ber-e, a pa. and vil. of ' England, co. Essex, 19 m. S.W. of Chelms ford. Pop. of pa. 405. Tilbury, West, a pa. of England, ad joining the above ; it is situated in a marshy district at the ferry over the Thames to Gravesend, and contains the fort where Queen Elizabeth harangued her troops, on the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Pop. 347. Tilbar, til-hur', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, North-West Pro vinces, div. Rohilkhand, 12 m. W.N.W. of Shahjahanpur. Pop. 5500. Till, a river of England, co. Northum berland, flows N. from the S. of the Cheviot Hills, and joins the Tweed N.E. of Cold stream. Tillicoultry, til-le-koo'tre (from Gael. tullach-cul-tir, the hill at the back of the country), a pa. and town of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, on the Devon, 4 m. N.E. of Alloa; it has extensive manufs. of shawls, plaids, tartans, and other woollen fabrics. Pop. of pa. 5344 ; of town 3732. Tilsit, til'sit (named from the river), a commercial town in E. Prussia, at the con fluence of the Niemen and the Tilse, memor able for the treaty signed here in 1807 be tween the Emperor Napoleon I. of France and the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; it is 58 m. E.N.E. of Kbnigsberg. P. 21,400. Timbuctoo, tim-buk'too, a commercial town of Soudan, Central Africa, situated about 8 m. from the bank of the Niger, on the borders of the Great Desert; most of the houses are either built of sun-dried bricks, or are mere circular huts composed of mud and straw. Pop. about 50,000. Timor, te-mor', or Timur, te-moor', an island of the Indian Archipelago, about 300 m. in length and 40 m. in breadth, the most easterly of the Sunda group; three-fourths of it belong to the Dutch, the eastern fourth belongs to the Portuguese. Pop. 1,757,000. Timorlaut, te-mor lout, a mountainous island of the Indian Archipelago, about 90 m. in length and 25 m. in average breadth, N.E. of Timor. Tineo, te-na'o, a town of Spain, prov. and 25 m. W.N.W. of Oviedo. Pop. 21,414. Tingwall, ting'wall (the place of assem bly), a pa. of Scotland, 4 m. N.W. of Ler wick, Shetland. Pop. 2385. Tinnevelli, tin-ne-vel'te (corr. from Trin- avali, one of the names of Vishnu), a town of British India, presidency of Madras, the largest in the dist. of the same name, immediately N.W. of Palamcotta. The dist. is at the S. extremity of the Indian Peninsula, low and level at the coast, but inland rises into a plain elevated about 200 ft. above the sea. Pop. of dist. 1,693,959; of town 22,000. Tino, te'no, or Tinos, te'nos, an island of the Cyclades, in the Grecian Archipelago, S.E. of Andros, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Pop. 11,100. Tinto, tin'to, or Tintock, tin'tok (the hill of tbe fire), an isolated hill in Lanark shire, Scotland, 2335 ft. above the level of the sea, and 1694 ft. above the Clyde. Tintwistle, tin'twis'l, a township of England, co. Chester, 10 m. E.N.E. of Stockport, with cotton and woollen manu factures and stone quarries. Pop. 3442. Tinwald, tin'wdld (the wood of the assembly or court of justice), a pa. of Dum friesshire, Scotland, comprising part of the burgh of Lochmaben. Pop. 861. Tioomen or Tiumen, te-oo-men', a town of Asiatic Russia, gov. and 120 m. S.W. of Tobolsk, on the Thura ; it is the oldest town in Siberia, having been founded in 1586. It has extensive manufs. of Russian leather, and an active export trade in tallow and bristles. Pop. 15,212. Tipperary, tip-er-d're, an inland county of Ireland, bounded by King's County, Queen's County, Kilkenny, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. Its greatest length from N. to S. is 70 m. ; greatest breadth from E. to W. 40 m. Area 1659 sq. m. ; pop. 199,612. The sur face generally is level, but there are groups of mountains in the E., S., and W. Of these, there are in the S. the Galtees, rising to the height of 3013 ft. ; Knockmeledown, 2700 ft., and Slieve-Naman, 2364 ft.; in the W. is the group of which Keeper Mountain, 2278 ft., is the principal; and in the E. are the Slieveardagh Hills. In the N. is a curious isolated height called the Devil's Bit, 1583 ft. in elevation, which is associ ated with many popular legends. In the level country the soil is of extraordinary fertility, especially in the tract known as the Golden Vale, extending from Limerick to the confines of Kilkenny county. The river Suir rises in the Devil's Bit, near Templemore, and, for the greater part of its course, runs through the co.; the Shannon forms part of the W. boundary. The mineral products embrace coal of the nature of anthracite, found on the eastern border, aud thence to within a few miles of Cashel, copper found at Hollyford, and zinc and lead mixed with silver at Silvermines and Shallee. Tipperary is the co. town. Tipperary (said to be a corr. of its ancient name Tiobraid-Arann, the well of the Ara, which was formerly in the main street, but now closed up), a town of Ire land, co. Tipperary, on the Ara, an affl. of the Suir, 23 m. N.W. of Clonmel. Pop. 7274. Tipton, tip'tun, a town of England, co. Stafford, 2 m. N. of Dudley and 4£ m. S.E. of Wolverhampton, with coal and iron mines, iron foundries, and manufs. of cables, anchors, machinery, etc. Pop. 30,013. Tirana, te-rd'nd, or Terran, ter-rdn', a town of Albania, Turkey in Europe, vilayet Scutari, on the Jacon, 12 m. S.S.W. of Kroya. Pop. 10,000. Tiraspol, te-rds'pol, a town of Russia, Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, ¦ 407 gov. Kherson, on the Dniester, 6 m. E. of Bender. Pop. 29,985. Tireboli, te-rSb'o-le, anc. Tripolis, a town of Asiatic Turkey, vilayet of Trebizond, on the Black Sea. Pop. 5000. Tiree, tir-ee' (from Gael, tir-ith, land of corn), a small island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 2 m. S.W. of Coll ; it forms a pa., and is noted for its beautiful marble. Pop. 2730. Tirbut, or Tirboot, tir-hootf, formerly a dist. of British India, presidency of Bengal, prov. Behar, Patna div., now divided into the dists. of Muzaffarpoor and Darbhanga. The country is well watered, well wooded, and of great fertility, but a great part of it is subject to inundation. Tirlemont, teerl-mong', a town of Bel gium, prov. S. Brabant, on the Geete, 12 m. S.E. of Louvain. Pop. 13,296. Tirnova, teer-no'vd, or Ternova, ter- no'vd, a town of Bulgaria, Turkey in Europe, near the centre of the province, on the Jantra tributary of tbe Danube, 35 m. E. of Sistova ; it is the seat of Government. Pop. 11,500. Tisbeet, te-sheet', a town of Sahara, Central Africa, an important caravan sta tion between N. Africa and Nigritia, with salt mines in its vicinity. Titicaca, te-te-kd'kd, a celebrated lake of S. America, partly in Bolivia and partly in Peru, at an elevation of 12,493 ft. above the Pacific, between 15° 15' and 16° 35' S. lat. and 68° 40' and 70° W. long. It is enclosed by the Andes, and is 170 m. in greatest length, and about 70 m. iu greatest breadth. It receives numerous rivers, but its only outlet is theDesaguadero by which it com municates with Lake Uros. Lake Titicaca takes its name from an island at its S.E. extremity, which is venerated by the Indians as the spot where Manco Capac, the reputed founder of ancient Peruvian civilisation, first made his appearance. Tiumen. See Tioomen. Tiverton, tiv'er-tun, anc. Twydfordton (the town on the two fords), a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of England, co, Devon, at the confluence of the Exe aud the Loman, 14 m. N.E. of Exeter, with manufactures of lace and bobbin net. Pop. 10,462. Tivoli, liv'o-le, anc. Tibur, a town of Central Italy, delightfully situated on the Teverone, 18 m. E.N.E. of Rome; it is famous for its gardens and for its waterfall —the whole Teverone leaping over a rock 100 ft. high. Pop. 8106. Tlalpan, tlal-pan', a town of Mexico, N. America, about 12 m. from the city of Mexico. Tlascala, tlds-kd'ld, or Tlaxcala (the land of bread), a town of Mexico, N. Ame rica, the cap. of the dep. of the same name, once a populous and important city, on the Naspa, 10 m. N. of La Puebla. Pop. 9710. —The state has a pop. of 133,498. Tlemsen, tlem-sen', or Tlemeqen, tlem- d-sen', a town of Algeria, N. Africa), 68 m. S.W. of Oran, with woollen and cotton manufactures, etc. Pop. 18,800. Tobago, to-bd'go, a British West India Island, N.E. of Trinidad, 32 m. long, and 12 m. broad. Pop. 18,051.— Scarborough is the cap. Tobarra, td-baYrd, a town of Murcia, Spain, prov. and 33 m. S.S.E. of Albacete, with a good trade in fruit. Pop. 7219. Tobermory, W-ber-mo're (the well of St Mary), a small seaport on the N.E. coast of the island of Mull, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, near the N.W. extremity of the Sound of Mull. Pop. 1200. Tobol, td-bol', a river of Asiatic Russia, flows from the S. of the Ural Mountains, N.E. through Siberia, and joinB the Irtish near Tobolsk, after a course of 500 m. Tobolsk, to-bolsk' (town on tbe Tobol), a town of Asiatic Russia, the cap. of W. Siberia, at the confluence of the Tobol and the Irtish ; it is the chief entrepSt of Sibe rian commerce with Europe. Pop. 18,481. Tooantins, to-kdn-teens' , a river of Bra zil, provs. Goyaz and Para; formed by the union of many heads, it flows N., unites with the Araguaya, and after a total course of 1100 m. joins the Para, the S. branch of the estuary of the Amazon. Toddington, tad' ding-tun, a town of England, co. Bedford, 5 m. N.W. of Dun stable, with manufactures of straw-plait. Pop. 2159. TodniUs, tod-hills, or Todboles, a vil. of Scotland, co. Forfar, pa. of Tealing. Todmorden, tod-mcriden (corr. from its ancient name Todmaredene, the valley of the Foxmere), a town of England, cos. Lancaster and York, 8 m. N.E. of Roch dale, with cotton manufs. Pop. 9237. Tokat, td-kdf , anc. Iris, a city of Asiatic Turkey, 68 m. N.W. of Sivas, on the Kizil-Irmak ; it has silk and copper manu factures and is a great depQt for agricultural produce. Pop. 30,000. Tokay, td-ka', a town of Austria-Hun gary, co. Zemplin, in the N.E. of Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and the Bodrog, 43 m. N.N.W. of Debreczin; it is noted for the wine which bears its name, one of the finest in Europe. Pop. 5100. Tokio, to-ke-o, called Yeddo, yed'do, prior to 1868, the cap. of Japan, and the usual residence of the Mikado, situated at the head of a deep bay on the E. coast of the island of Niphon ; it is a place of great trade, and has many spacious palaces and public buildings. The city is about 9 m. long and 8 m. broad ; but a large extent of the area is taken up with rivers, canals, old castle moats and gardens. The streets are connected by about 800 bridges, and are, especially in the principal parts of the city, as crowded and busy as those in London. Pop. 811,510. Toledo, td'le'da, Sp. pron. to-la'do (said 408 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; turn, tUn. to be derived from its ancient name Tole- doth, meaning "genealogies," and ascribed to some Jews who migrated to Spain dur ing the period of the second temple in Jerusalem, because they reviewed their family genealogies when they assembled to dig wells and found the city), a famous city of Spain, the Toletum of the Romans, the cap. of the prov. of the same name in New Castile, on a lofty rock bathed by the Tagus, about 40 m. W.S.W. of Madrid ; its cathedral, founded in 1258, on the site of a Moorish mosque, is one of the largest and finest ecclesiastical buildings in Spain. Its archbishop is primate of Spain. Tole do has long been celebrated for its sword- blades, which still fetch a high price. Pop. of city 21,297 ; of prov. 334,744. Toledo, a city of Ohio, U.S., on the Maumce River, and at the terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, 112 m. W. of Cleveland. Pop. 50,137. Tolentino, td-len-te'no, a city of the Marches, Italy, prov. and 12 m. S.W. of Macerata, on +.he Chienti. Pop. 4289. Tollcross, tdll-kross', a town of Lanark shire, Scotland, 3 m. S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 3533. Tolosa, to-lo'sd, a town of Guipuzcoa, Spain, prov. and 15 m. S. of San Sebastian, on the Orio. Pop. 7488. Tolsta, tol'std, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Stornoway. Pop. 597. Toluca, td-loo'M, a town of Mexico, N. America, at the foot of the Nevado-de- Toluca, about 40 m. S.W. of the city of Mexico. Pop. 39,986. Tomascbew, or Tomaszov, td-md'chov, a town of Poland, Russia, gov. Piotrkov, on the Pilica, 20 m. S.S.W. of Rawa, with woollen and cotton manufactures, etc. Pop. 7015. — Also, a town in the gov. and 68 m. S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 4802. Tomintoul, tom'in-toul (the knoll of the barn), a vil. of Scotland, co. Banff, 14 m. S.E. of Grantown. Pop. 478. Tomsk (town on the Tom), a town of W. Siberia, Asiatic Russia, the cap. of the gov. of the same name, on the Tom, above its junction with the Obi. The university of Tomsk is the first founded in Siberia. Pop. 33,795. Tonbridge. See Tunbridge. Tone, ton (water), a river of England, rises in Somersetshire, and, after a S.E. and N.E. course of 30 m., joins the Parret between Langport and Bridgwater. Tong, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Stornoway. Pop. 454. Tonga Islands. See Friendly Islands. Tonge, a township of Lancashire, Eng land, 1 m. S.E. of Middleton, and 5 m. N.E. of Manchester, with cotton and silk manu factures. Pop. 7254. Tonge -with-Haulgb, a township of Lancashire, England, 1 m. E. of Bolton-le- Moors, with spinning and cotton mills, bleach-works, etc. Pop. 6731. Tongking. See Tonqrun. Tongland, tong'land, a pa. and vil. of Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, about 3 m. N. of Kirkcudbright. Pop. of pa. 829. Tongres, tongr (named from the Tongri, who, according to Tacitus, were the first German tribe who crossed the Rhine, ex pelled the Gauls, and settled in their country), a town of Belgium, prov. Lim burg, on the Jaar, 12 m. S.W. of Mae- stricht. Pop. 6180. Tong-ting-boo, a lake of China, 300 m. in circumference, in the prov. of Hoo-pee, near the border of Hoo-nan. Tongue, tung (from tunge, a point of land), a pa. of Scotland, co. Sutherland. Pop. 1929. Tonneins, ton-eng', a town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, 10 m. S.E. of Marmande ; it has a considerable transit trade in corn, wine, and brandy. Pop. 5656. Tonnerre, ton-neY, a town of France, dep. Yonne, on the Arraancon, 19 m. E.N.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 5218. Tonning, tun'ning, a town of Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on the Eyder, 11 m. from its mouth in the North Sea, and 30 m. S.W. of Schleswig, with considerable trade. Pop. 3400. Tonquin, ton-keen', or Tongking, tong king' (from Chin, tung-king, the eastern capital), the most northerly state of the Empire of Anam. Kesho, or Hanoi, on the Tonquin River, is the cap. See Anam. The French claim protectorate powers over Tonquin. — The Gulf of Tonquin, on the E. coast, is 300 m. in length, and. has an average breadth of 150 m. TOnsberg, tnns'berg, a seaport of Nor way, prov. Christiania, on the W. side of Christiania Bay, about 45 m. S.S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 5000. Topeka, td-pe'kd, the cap. of Kansas, U.S., on the S. bank of the Kansas River, and on the Union Pacific Railway, about50m. S.W. of Leavenworth. P. 15,451. Topbane, to'fd-nd (an arsenal), a suburb of Constantinople, Turkey in Europe, with extensive military barracks and an arsenal, from which it derives its name. TSplitz, or Teplitz, tep'lits (the place of warm baths), a highly fashionable watering-place in the N.W. of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, famous for its hot baths, in a valley of the Erzgebirge, 17 m. N.W. of Leitmeritz. On February 11, 1879, to the great consternation of the inhabi tants, the whole of the springs from which the baths were supplied ceased to flow. Sources of similar water, however, were subsequently found on digging deeper down. Pop. 16,750. Topsbam, tops'am, a town of England, co. Devon, at the head of the estuary of the Exe, 4 m. S.E. of Exeter, with ship building and manufactures of ropes, chain- cables, etc. Pop. 2867. Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mSt ; pine, pin ; note, ntit ; tune, tUn. 409 Tor-Bay, a commodious bay on the E. coast of Devonshire, England, where William III. landed in 1688.-50° 26' N. lat., 3Q 30' W. long. TorceUo, tor-chel'lo, a town of Venetia, Italy, on an island of the same name, in a marshy district called the Lagunes, 6 m. N.E. of Venice; it is very unhealthy, and many of the inhabitants leave the town during the summer months. Torgau, tor'gou (the market place), a fortified town of Prussian Saxony, gov. Merseberg, on the Elbe, 46 m. N.W. of Dresden, with manufactures of woollens, etc., and a considerable trade in timber and grain. Pop. 11,091. Tormes, tor'mes, a river of Spain, flows N. from the Sierra Gredos, and joins the Douro after a course of 150 m. Tornea, or Torneo, tor'ne-o, a river of Sweden, has its source in the mountains of Norway, traverses Lake Tornea, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia after a S.E. course of 250 m. Tornea, a town of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden, but ceded to Russia in 1809; it stands on a small island in the river Tornea, and has an active trade. Pop. 968. Toro, td'ro, a town of Leon, Spain, prov. and 15 m. E. of Zamora, on the Douro. Pop. 7754. Toronto, td-ron'td, a city of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario, near the head of Lake Ontario, 165 m. above Kingston, with an excellent harbour, various manu factures, and extensive commerce. Pop. 62,446. Torosay, to-rio-sd, a pa. of Scotland, co. Argyll, comprising a part of the island of Mull. Pop. 1102. Torpbicben, tor-ffh'en (from Gael, torr- fithichean, the raven's hill), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, 2£ m. N.W. of Bathgate. Pop. of pa. 1526; of vil. 358. Torquay, tor-ke', a seaport of Devon shire, England, beautifully situated on Tor-Bay, 12 m. N.E. of Dartmouth ; much frequented as a watering-place, and, be cause of its mild climate, as a winter resi dence for invalids. Pop. 24,767. Torre Annunziata, tor'rd dn-noon-tse- d'td, a fortified city of Italy, prov. and 12 m. S.E. of Naples. There are thermal springs on the seashore, close to the town. Pop. 20,060. Torre del Greco, tor'rd del grd'ko, a town of Naples, Italy, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the coast, 7 m. S.E. of Naples ; it has been repeatedly destroyed by lava and earthquakes. Fop. 21,588. Torre donjimeno, tor'ra-don-he-md'no, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 10 m. S.W. of Jaen, on the Salado. Pop. 8624. Torren's Lake, tor'renz, a large inland salt lake of South Australia, 90 m. N. of Spencer Gulf; it is of a curious horse-shoe form, and is from 15 to 20 m. across.— Between 28° and 32° S. lat., 136° 30' and 140° 30' E. long. Torrente, tor-ren'td, a town of Spain, prov. aud 5 m. S.W. of Valencia, with environs noted for their grapes, melons, wine, etc. Pop. 7017. Torreperogil, tor'ra-pd-ro-heel', a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 28 m. N.E. of Jaen, Pop. 5247. Torres-Novas, tor'res-no'vds (the new towers), a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema dura, 15 m. N.E. of Santarem. Pop. 8045. Torres Strait, tor'res (named from Torres, the Spanish navigator, who dis covered it in 1606), separates the N. ex tremity of Australia from Papua or New Guinea; it is 80 m. across, but is obstructed by numerous islands, shoals, and reefs. Torres- Vedras, tor'res-vd'drds (the old towers), a town of Portugal, prov. Estrema dura, on the Sizandro, 28 m. N. of Lisbon. It was the centre of the celebrated military lines formed by the British under Welling ton in 1810 to resist the approach of the French. Pop. 4860. Torrevieja, tor-ra-ve-d'hd (old tower), a seaport town of Valencia, Spain, prov. Alicante, on the Mediterranean, with ex tensive salt-works in its vicinity, the pro duce of which is the chief export of the town. Pop. 8165. Torridon, Loch, loh tor'ri-dun, an inlet on the W. coast of Scotland, co. Ross, between Applecross and Gairloch, with an important herring-fish eiy. Torrington, Great, tor'ring-tun (named from its situation ou the Torridge), a munic. bor. and market tow» of England, co. Devon, on the Torridge, 5J m. S.E. of Bideford, with manufs. of gloves. Pop. 3445. Torrisdal, tor'ris-ddl, a river of Norway, flowing into the Skager Rack at Christian- sand. Torrox, or Torroj, tor-roh', a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 25 m. E. of Malaga, on the Torrox. Pop. 7174. Torry, tor're, a fishing vil. of Scotland, co. Kincardine, on the Dee, opposite Aber deen. Pop. 1117. Torry, Low, a vil. of Scotland, cos. Fife and Perth, pa. of Culross. Pop. 245. Torryburn, tor're-bum (from Gael, torr- buirn, the hill of the burn or stream), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 4 m. W.S.W. of Dunfermline. Pop. of pa. 737; of vil. 182. Torsay, tor'sd, an island off the W. coast of Scotland, co. Argyll, embraced in the pa. of Kilbrandon and Kilchattan. Pop. 10. Torsnok, or Torjok, tor-zhok', a town of Russia, gov. and about 40 m. W.N.W. of Tver, on the Tverza ; it is famous for its holy spring, visited by pilgrims from all parts of the country. Pop. 12,910. Torthorwald, torithor-wald (tower or castle of Thor in the wood), a pa. and vil. 410 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 4 m. N.E. of Dumfries. Pop. of pa. 990. Tortola, tor-td'ld, one of the Virgin Isles, West Indies, belonging to Great Britain ; it is 12 m. long, 4 m. broad. Pop. 8600. Tortona, tcr-to'nd, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. E.S.E. of Ales sandria, on the Scrivia. Pop. 8620. Tortorici, tor-to-re'che, a town of the island Sicily, prov. Messina, 20 m. S.W. of Melazzo. Pop. 7325. Tortosa, tor-to'sd, a strongly fortified town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 45 m. S.W. of Tarragona, on the Ebro. P. 24,057. Tortugas, tor-too'gds (the tortoises), a group of small islands at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. Totana, td-td'nd, a town of Spain, prov. and 27 m. S.W. of Murcia. Pop. 9648. Totnes, or Totness, tot'nes (the in- closure or farm at the promontory, from Scand. tot, an inclosure, and A. S. ncese, a point of land), a munic. bor. and market town of England, co. Devon, on the Dart, 10 m. N.W. of Dartmouth. Pop. 4089. Totonicapan, ld-td-ne-kd-pdn' , a town of Central America, the cap. of a dep. of the same name, state and about 100 m. N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 12,000. Tottenham, tot'ten-am, a populous sub urban district of London, co. Middlesex, England, 5i m. N.E. of St Paul's. Pop. 46,476. Tough, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 681. Toul, tool, a fortified town of France, dep. Meurtbe-et-Moselle, on the Moselle, 12 m. W. of Nancy. Pop. 9632. Toulcha, or Tultcba, tool'tchd, also written Tuldja, a town of Roumania, at the head of Sulina Channel, the middle and most frequented mouth of the Danube. Pop. 19,000. Toulon, too - long', anc. Telo Martius (named after Telo Martius, by whom it was founded), a strong seaport of France, dep. Var, 30 m. S.E. of Marseilles; it is the chief naval station of France on the Medi terranean, and has extensive docks, an arsenal, and other marine establishments. Pop. 61,239. Toulouse, too-looz', anc. Tolosa, a city of France, the cap. of the dep. Haute- Garonne, at the junction of the Garonne with the Canal of Languedoc; it has con siderable trade, various manufs., and is noted as the place under whose walls was fought the last battle of the Peninsular War, when Wellington dr feated the French under Marshal Soult, in 1814. Pop. 127,196. Touraine, too-rain', an old prov. of France, now forming the greatest part of the dep. Indre-et-Loire. Tourcorng, toor-kweng' (comer tower), a town of France, dep. Nord, 1\ m. N.E. of Lille ; it is a chief seat of the linen and other manufactures. Pop. 34,415. Tournai, toor-nd', Flem. Doornik, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault, on the Schelde, 15 m. E.S.E. of Lille, with large manufs. of muslins, etc., and great trade in liqueurs, chocolate, and fruit. Pop. 32,566. Tournon, toor-nong', a town of France, dep. Ardeche, on the Rhone, opposite Tain, and 9 m. N.N.W. of Valence. Pop. 3946. Tournus, toor-nooss', a town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, on the Saone, 18 m. N. of Macon. Pop. 4502. Tours, toor, anc, Gcesarodunum, and afterwards Turones (named from the Turones), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the Loire, 65 m. S.W. of Orleans; it has important manu factures of silks, woollen cloths, hosiery, leather, etc. Pop. 52,209. Towcester, tows'ttr (the camp on the Tow), a pa. and town of England, co. and 8i m. S.W. of Northampton, on the small river Tow. Pop. 2834. Towie, tow'e (from Gael, tuaidh, north or north-lying land), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Pop. 759. Tow-Law, a town of England, co. and 10 m. W. of Durham. Pop. 5005. Townhill, town-hill', a vil. of Scotland, co. Fife, pa. of Dunfermline. Pop. 1862. Town-Yetholm. See Yetholm. Towton, tow'tun, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, where Edward IV. defeated Henry VI. in a battle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians in 1461, 24; m. S. of Tadcaster. Pop. 93. Towy, touYe, a river of S. Wales, flows S.W. through Carmarthenshire, and enters Carmarthen Bay by a wide estuary, after a course of 60 m. Towyn, to' win, or Tywyn, ti'win, a town of N. Wales, co. Merioneth, 12 m. N. of Aberystwyth, with slate-quarries, lead and copper mines, and much resorted to for sea bathing. Fop. 3365. Toxteth Park, tox'teth, a town in Lanca shire, England, forming a southern suburb of Liverpool. Pop. 10,368. Tracadie, trd-kd'de, a town of New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, on the Gulf of St Lawrence, 50 m. from Chatham. Pop. 1174. Tracadie, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, 164 m. N.E. of Halifax; its harbour is capable of receiving vessels of any size. Pop. 556. Trafalgar, Cape. See Cape Tra falgar. Tralee, trd-lee' (from Irish traigh-Li, the strand or shore of the Lee), a pari. bor. and the co. town of Kerry, Ireland, on the Lee, about 1 m. above the head of Tralee Bay. Pop. 9396. Tramore, trd-more' (from Irish traigh- mor, the great strand), a town of Ireland, co. Waterford, on a fine bay, 6 m. S.W. of Waterford. Pop. 2036. Tranent, trd-nenf, anc. Travernent (the houses on a ravine or river), a pa. and town Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 411 of Scotland, co. Haddington, 1J m. S.E. of Prestonpans, and 7 m. W. of Haddington. Pop. of pa. 5198 ; of town 2235. Tranl, trd'ne, a seaport of Puglia, Italy, prov. and 24 m. N.W. of Bari, on the Adri atic, with cotton manufs. made from cotton grown in the neighbourhood. Pop. 21,173. Tranmere, tran'mere, a township of Eng land, co. Chester, on the Mersey, 1 m. S. of Birkenhead. Pop. 23,987. Tranquebar, tran-kwe-bar' (village on the wave), a fortified seaport of British India, presidency of Madras, dist. Tanjore, on the Coromandel coast, at one of the mouths of the Cauvery; it was purchased by the British from the Danes in 1845. Pop. 14,000. Transbalkal, trans-bd'kal (beyond the Baikal), a prov. of Siberia, E. from Lake Baikal, rich in minerals, and where cattle- rearing is extensively carried on. Area 251,963; pop. 488,000.— Chita is the cap. Trans-CaBpian Territory, trans-kas'- pe-an (beyond the Caspian), a military prov. of Russian Central Asia, E. of the Caspian Sea; it extends from Ust-Urt in the N. to the Attrek River in the S., and from the E. shores of the Caspian to the confines of the Khanate of Khiva. The inhabitants are chiefly wandering tribes of Kirghiz and Turcomans. The Russian population oc cupy forts Krasnovodsk and Alexandrofsk and their immediate environs. Pop. 203,000. Transcaucasia, trans-kaw-ka'she-d, a div. of the lieutenancy of the Caucasus, Asiatic Russia, S. of the Caucasus Moun tains, and bounded W. by the Black Sea, E. by the Caspian Sea, and S. by Asiatic Turkey and Persia. Area 85,766 sq. m. ; pop. 3,521,203. Transkeian Territories, trans-Wan, the name given to the country lying be tween the Great Kei River, S. Africa, and the W. boundary of Natal. They embrace the dists. of Fingoland, Tambooki eland, No- raansland, etc., annexed to Cape Colony; also the independent dists. of Pondoland. Total pop. est. at 475,000. Transvaal, trans-vdl' (beyond the Vaal River), an inland territory of S.E. Africa, lying between 22° and 28° S. lat., and 25° and S0£° E. long. Although in some directions its limits are still undefined, it may be said generally to be bounded on the N. by the Limpopo River; E. by the Libombo Mountains ; S. by the Buffalo and Vaal Rivers; and W. by the Kalihari Desert and the country of the Bechuanas. The country is well watered, and all the districts are thoroughly adapted for cattle- breeding and the growth of cereals. The mineral wealth is considerable, and em braces gold, copper, lead, cobalt, iron, and coal. Area estimated at 114,000 sq. m. ; pop. 815,000, of which about 39,000 are whites. The cap. is Pretoria, but the largest town is Potscherf strom, on the Mooi, a small trib. of tUe Vaal. The first European settlers in the Transvaal terri tory were emigrant Cape farmers, known as Dutch boers, who, dissatisfied with Brit ish rule, sought a country where they might establish a republic. Their num bers gradually augmented, and for some years they formed three independent com munities, which, in 1858, united under the name of the South African Republic. From various causes the new state failed to be successful, and, in 1877, for fear of a general war between the natives and the colonists, the government of Cape Colony deemed it expedient to annex the terri tory and declare it a portion of the British dominions in South Africa. The dissatis faction which this occasioned ultimately led to armed rebellion on the part of an important section of the boer population. This issued in a convention, dated 3rd August 1881, by which the country was retroceded to the boers, Queen Victoria being acknowledged as suzerain to a limited extent. Transylvania, tran -sil-vd' ne- d (the country beyond the woods, so called be cause of its frontier forests), a prov. of the Austro- Hungarian empire, E. of Hungary ; its minerals, including gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, mercury, antimony, rock- salt, etc., are a great source of wealth, and the trade is in a great measure confined to the natural produce of the country. Area 21,160 sq. m. ; pop. 2,115,024. Trapani, trd-pd'ne, anc. Drepanum (from Gr. depranon, a scythe or sickle, so called from the shape of the tongue of land on which it is built), a seaport of the island Sicily, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, 46 m. W. of Palermo. Pop. 31,742. Traquair, trd-kwdr' (supposed by some authorities to mean " sheep strath," and by others " strath of the winding burn"), a pa. and small vil. of Scotland, co. Peebles, 1£ m. S. of Innerleithen. Pop. of pa. 754. Tras-os-Montes, trds-os^mon'tds (be yond the mountains), a prov. in the N.E. of Portugal, separated from Spain by the river Douro. Pop. 393,279. Trautenan, trou'teh-nou, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Aupa, 25 m. N.E. of Koniggrlitz. Pop. 9536. Travancore, trav-an-kdri , a prov. of India, forming the south -western ex tremity of the peninsula from Cochin to Cape Comorin. It is physically divided into two regions — an inland table-land elevated from 2500 ft. to 4000 or 5000 ft. above the sea, and a low strip of country bordering on the sea, and nowhere exceed ing 50 m. in breadth. It is governed by a rajah, and is one of the most progressive and best regulated states remaining under the rule of Indian princes. Area 6730 sq. m. ; pop. 2,401,158. Trave, trd'veh (the grassy river, from Sclav, trawa, grass, or it may be another orthography for Drave, from Celt, dwr-au, 412 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. water), a river of Hol6tem and N. Ger many, flows S.E. and E., passes Liibeck, and enters the Baltic at Travemiiude, after a course of 50 m. Travemunde, trd - veh - mnn ' deh (the mouth of the Trave), a town of N. Ger many, at the mouth of the Trave, in the Baltic, about 9 m. N.E. of Liibeck, of which it is the port. Pop. 1730. Travers, Val de, vdl deh trd'vers, a picturesque district in the S.W. of the cant. Neuchatel, Switzerland; it contains several villages, whose inhabitants are chiefly occupied in lace and watch making. Here is found a bituminous rock, used for paving purposes in several European cities. The largest village is Travers, 12 m. S.W. of Neuchatel. Pop. 1971. Travnik, trdv'nik (the grassy place, from Sclav, trawa, grass), a fortified town of Bosnia, Turkey in Europe, on the Lasva affluent of the Bosna, 45 m. N.W. of Bosna- Serai, with manufactures of Bword-blades. Pop. 12,000. Trawden, traw'den, a town of Lanca shire, England, 1J m. S.E. of Colne, and 6 m. from Burnley. Pop. 2164. Trebia, trd'be-d, or Trebbia, treb'be-d, a river of N. Italy, rises among the Apen nines, 10 m. N.E. of Genoa, flows N.N.E., and joins the Po 3 m. above Piacenza, after a rapid course of about 60 m. Trebitscb, trd'bitch, or Trzebiczke, a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Moravia, on the Iglawa, 19 m. E.S.E. of Iglau, with woollen manufactures. Pop. 9343. Trebizond, treb'e-zond, anc. Trapezus (so called because built in the form of a trapezium, from a Greek word signifying literally a little table), a city of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of the pash. of the same name, on the S.E. coast of the Black Sea, 120 m. N.W. of Erzeroum; it is the most important Turkish seaport on the Black Sea, and is a depot of merchandise destined for Armenia and Persia vid Erzeroum, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 45,000. Trebnitz, treb'nils, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, 15 m. N.N.E. of Breslau, with linen and woollen manufactures, etc. Pop. 4783. Trecate, trd-kd'ta, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Novara, situated in a fine plain near the Ticino, 6 m. E.S.E. of Novara, with manufactures of silks. Pop. 6906. Tredegar, tred'e-gar, a town of England, co. Monmouth, 10 m. S.W. of Abergavenny, with extensive coal mines and iron works. Pop. 18,771. Tremegen. See Tlemsen. Trent, Germ. Trient (corr. from its ancient name Tridentum, which some affirm was derived from the trident of Neptune, to whom the city was conse crated, and others, from three high rocks in the neighbourhood, which appear like three teeth, tres denies), a city of Austria- Hungary, prov. Tyrol and Vorarlberg, on the Adige, 13 m. N.N.E. of Roveredo; it gives name to the famous Council of Roman Catholic prelates, from all parts of Europe, held here from 1645 to 1563, for the purpose of suppressing the Refor mation, and was chosen as the place of meeting because thereabouts the German race and language meet the Italian. Pop. 19,585. Trent (said to be derived from a British word signifying " to wind," and so called from its circuitous or winding course), a large river of England, rises in the N. of Staffordshire, flows through the cos. of Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and unites with the Yorkshire Ouse to form the estuary of the Humber, after a course of 170 m. It is connected by canals with the Mersey, the Severn, and the Thames, and its navigation is of great importance to the country, as a means of exporting the produce of the manufacturing, mining, and agricultural districts. Trent, a river of the Dominion of Canada, prov. Ontario; after a very tortuous course of 120 m., it enters the Bay of Quinte", ou Lake Ontario, 10 m. N.E. of Newcastle. Trenton, tren'tun, a town of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, on the Trent, at its entrance into the Bay of QuinW, 101 m. E. of Toronto. Pop. 3042. Trenton (named in honour of Colonel William Trent, who was Speaker in the House of Assembly about 1720), a city of New Jersey, U. S., on the Delaware River, 30 m. N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop. 29,910. Treport, Le, leh tra-por' (corr. from its ancient name Veteris Partus, derived thus, veterisportus, terisportus, tresport, tre port), a seaport town of France, dep. Seine*- Inferieure, at the mouth of the Bresle, in the English Channel, 17 m. N.E. of Dieppe. Pop. 3937. Treptow, Alt, dlt trep'tov, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Tollense, 17 m. S.S.E. of Demmin. Pop. 4034. Treptow, Neu, noi trep'tov, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Rega, 54 m. N.E. of Stettin. Pop. 7052. Trescoe, tres'ko, one of the Scilly Isles, to the S.W. of Cornwall, England; it is 2 m. N.W. of St Mary's. Tresbinisb Isles, tresh'in-ish, a group of the Hebrides, co. Argyll, Scotland, 2 m. W. of Mull, and 5£ m. S.E. of Coll ; they are uninhabited, and are chiefly in pasture. Treuen, troi'en, a town of Saxony, Ger many, 8 m. E.N.E. of Plauen. Pop. 5565. Treuenbriezen, troi'en-breefsen, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Niep- litz, 22 m. S.S.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 4994. Trevandrum. See Trivandrum. TreveB, treevz, Germ. Trier, anc. Augusta Trevirorum (named from its inhabitants the Treviri), a city of Rhenish Prussia, beautir* fully situated on the Moselle, 57 m. S.W. of Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn, 413 Coblentz ; it is one of the most celebrated cities in Germany, is rich in Roman anti quities, has a cathedral remarkable for the size of the stones with which it is built, and here is preserved a coat, said to be the coat of Jesus, without seam, for which the soldiers cast lots. Pop. 24,200. Treviglio, trd-veel'yo, or Triviglio, a town of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. S. of Bergamo, with a large trade in raw silk and cattle. Pop. 11,883. Treviso, trd-ve'so, a town of Venetia, N. Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Sile, 15 m. N.W. of Venice, with silk manufactures, and considerable trade in cattle, etc. Pop. 18,301. Tricala. See Trikbala. Tricarico, tre-kd're-ko, a town of Basili- cata, S. Italy, prov. and 18 m. E. of Poleuza, between the Basiento and the Bradano. Pop. 6856. Triobinopoli, tritch-in-op'ol-e (the town of the giant Trisird), a city and fortress of British India, presidency of Madras, in a district of the same name, on the S. bank of the Cauvery; it is famed for jewelry, hardware, saddlery, and cheroots, and for a large pagoda, situated on a rock 600 ft. high, a great resort of devotees. Pop, of city 76,600 ; of dist. 1,200,406. Triobur, tre-tchoor', or Tirachur, a walled town of Cochin, India, 40 m. N.W. of the city of Cochin ; it is the residence of the rajah, and is celebrated throughout Malabar for its sanctity. Trier. See Treves. Trieste, or Triest, tre-esf (corr. from its ancient name Tergeste), a maritime city of Coast Land, Austria-Hungary, on the Gulf of Trieste, at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic, 73 m. E.N.E. of Venice; it is a free port, with extensive commerce, and shipbuilding is actively carried on. Pop. 133,019. The Gulf of Trieste is 20 m. in length, and of the same breadth at its en trance. Triggiano, trid-Jd'no, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. and 5 m. S.S.E. of Bari, in a plain 3 m. from the shore of the Adriatic. Pop. 7009. Trikbala, or Tricala, tre'kd-ld, a town of Thessaly, Greece, the cap. of the nomarchy of the same name, 37 m. W.N.W. of Larissa. Pop. 12,000. Trim (contr. of ath-truim, the ford of the elder bushes), a munic. bor. and the co, town of Meath, Ireland, on the Boyne, 11 m. S.W. of Navan, and 27 m. N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1586. Trincomalee, or Trinkomali, tring-ko- md-lee', a seaport on the N.E. coast of the island Ceylon, with a strong fortress and an excellent harbour, capable of accommo dating any fleet in the world with the greatest safety. Pop. 9900. Tring (said to be derived from Brit, tre, a vil., and Lat. angulus, a corner, the latter having probably been added by the Romans on account of its situation near the Ikenild Street, by which the pa. is intersected), a town of England, co. Herts, 7 m. S.E. of Aylesbury, with manufactures of silks, straw-plait, and canvas. Pop. 4354. Trinidad, trin- l-dad'( Spanish for trinity, so called by Columbus when he discovered it iu 1498, on account of its three peaks having been the first land seen by him there), the largest of the British West India Islands, with the exception of Jamaica; it is separated from the continent of S. America by the Gulf of Paria, and is dis tinguished for its fertility, picturesque scenery, and magnificent forests. Area 1754 sq. m. ; pop. 153,128. — Port of Spain, on the W. coast, is the cap. Pop. 20,000. Trinidad, a seaport of the West Indian Island of Cuba, on its S. coast. Pop. 14,500. Trinidad, or Trinity, a river of Texas, U.S., flows S. and enters Galveston Bay, after a course of 400 m., about 40 m. N. of Galveston City. Trinit6, La, Id tre-ne-td', a town of the West Indian Island Martinique, on its S.E. coast, 16 m. N.E. of Port-Royal. Trinity, a western suburb of Leith, Scot land, on the Firth of Forth. Trinity, a town of Newfoundland, British N. America, 63 m. from St John's. Pop. 1450. TrinityTCxask (the three united braes or slopes), a pa. and vil. of Perthshire, Scot land, on the Earn, about 7 m, S.W. of Perth. Pop. of pa. 396. Trino, tre'no, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Novara, in a fertile plain near the Po, 12 m. S.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 7803. Tripoli, trip'o-le, one of the Barbary States, N. Africa; it consists of a long low line of coast, and is a pashalic of the Tur kish Empire. For a few miles inland it is extremely fertile, except along the Gulf of Sidra, but beyond this it is occupied either with mountainous tracts or deserts of sand. Pop. 600,000. Tripoli (three cities), a town of N. Africa, the cap. of the above state, stands on a rock washed by the sea, and defended by numerous batteries, in 32° 48' N. lat., and 13° 3' E. long. It takes its name from occupying the site of the three ancient Carthaginian cities Leptis Magna, Oea, and Sabrata. Pop. 30,000. Tripoli, or Tarabius, td-rd'bloos, a sea port of Syria, Asiatic Turkey, on the Medi terranean, at the mouth of the Kadisha. It was called Tripoli, i.e., " three cities," be cause originally it was a joint colony from the three cities Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus. Pop. 24,000. Tripolitza, trip-o-lit'sd (three cities), a town of the Morea, Greece, on the high table-land of Arcadia, near the head waters of the Rouphia, at the foot of Mount Mcenalus; it is so named from being built of the three cities Tegea, Mantvnea, and Pallantium. Pop. 10,057. 414 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine,ptn; note, ndt; tunc, t&n. Tristan d'Aounha, tris'tdn dd-koon'yoV (so named after their Portuguese dis coverer), the principal of three small islands in the S. Atlantic, about 1700 m. to the W. of the Cape of Good Hope, and nearly midway between Africa and America. Pop. 109. The other islands are called Nightin gale Island and Inaccessible ; the latter is so named because its coast is so wild and dangerous, that it is impossible to reach it except in the calmest weather. Trivandrum, or Trevandram, tre-vdn'- drum (corr. from Tiruvananthapuram, the town of the Holy Eternal One), a town of S. India, the cap. of Travancore, and the residence of the rajah, on the Malabar coast, 50 m. N.W. of Cape Comorin. Pop. 12,000. Trivento, tre-ven'to, a town of Abruzzo and Molise, Italy, prov. and 16 m. N.W. of Campobasso, on the Trigno. Pop. 5000. Trogen, tro'ghen, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 6 m. N.E. of Appenzell, on the Goldbach. Pop. 2629. Troia. See Troja. Troina, tro-e'nd, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. Catania, on the summit of a mountain 3000 ft. above the sea, 13 m. W. of Bronte; it has the oldest monastery on the island. Pop. 10,193. Trois Rivieres, trwd re-ve-air' (three rivers), a town of the West Indian Island of Guadeloupe, on its S. coast, 8 m. E.N.E. ef Basse-Terre. Pop. 3206. Troitsk, or Zemninki, zem-nin'ke, a town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, on the Ooi, 70 ra. S.S.E. of Tcheliabinsk, with an active trade. Pop. 8298. Troitskoi, troit'skoi, a town of Russia, gov. and about 40 m. N.N .E. of Moscow ; it is famous for its Greek monastery founded in the 14th century, and, after that of Petchersk at Kiev, the richest in the empire. Pop. 7000, chiefly employed in making toys of wood and stone. Troja, or Troia, tro'yd. a town of Pug lia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, 33 m. S.W. of Manfredonia. Pop. 6337. Tromsde, trom'su-eh, the most northerly prov. of Norway. Pop. 54,019. — Also, a town in the above prov. on an island of the same name; it is an outport of Ilammer- fest. Pop. 4073. Trondbeim. See Drontheim. Trondra, tron'drd, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, 6 m. S.W. of Lerwick. Pop. 133. Troon (the promontory), a seaport of Ayrshire, Scotland, on a promontory in the Irish Channel, 6 m. N. of Ayr; it is fre quented as a bathing-place. Pop. 2383. Tropea, tro-pd'd, a town of Calabria, S. Italy, prov. Catanzaro, on a rock at the S. extremity of the Gulf of St Eufemia, 12 m. W. of Monteleone. Pop. 4907. Troppau, trop'pou (the au or meadow of tbe Oppa), a fortified town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Silesia, on the Oppa, at its confluence with tbe Mohra, 36 m. N.E. of Olmiitz. Pop. 24,854. Troqueer, tro-kweer', a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcudbright, comprising Maxwell- town, a suburb of Dumfries. Pop. 5524. Trossacbs, tros'aks, a valley of Perth shire, Scotland, between Lochs Katrine and Achray, much frequented by tourists for its picturesque scenery. Trouville, troo-veel', a beautiful and fashionable watering-place of France, dep. Calvados, at the mouth of the Touques, 7 m. N.E. of Pont-l'Eveque. Pop. 5711. Trowbridge, trow'bridj (probably corr. from trutha-burh, the loyal town), a town of England, co. Wilts, on a rocky eminence, 10 m. S.W. of Devizes, with manufs. of cloth, kerseymeres, and tweeds. Pop. 11,040. Troy, a ruined city of Asia Minor, sup posed to have stood on a height at the S. extremity of tbe plain of Troy, 9 m. S.E. of the entrance of the Hellespont from the ^Egean Sea; it was first called Dardania, afterwards Troia, from Tros its king, and when Tros was succeeded by lulus it was called Ilium. It has been rendered famous by the Iliad of Homer. Troy, a town of New York, U.S., on tho Hudson River, 6 m. above Albany. Pop. 56,747. Troyes, trwd (named from the Tricasses, a Celtic nation, whose chief town it was), anc. Augustobona, a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Aube, on the Seine, 90 m. E.S.E. of Paris, with various manufs. and an important trade in wine, brandy, grain, wool, etc. It was famous in the Middle Ages for great fairs held here, at which the weight now called in England Troy weight was first introduced. Pop. 46,067. Triibau, tm'bou, a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov Bohemia, 6 m. W. of Lands- kron. Pop. 4572. Trujillo. See Truxillo. Truro, troo'ro (corr. from Corn, (re-ru, the castle on the water, named from a castle be longing to the Earls of Cornwall, which probably was the origin of the town), a city, munic. and pari, bor., and seaport of England, co. Cornwall, in a deep dell at the confluence of the Kenwyn and the Allen, about 10 m. N. of Falmouth; it has a considerable trade, chiefly connected with the mines. Pop. 10,619. Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, cap. of Colchester co., 61 m. from Halifax. Pop. 3461. Truxillo, or Trujillo, troo-heel'yo, a town of Estremadura, Spain, prov. Caceres, 130 m. W.S.W. of Madrid. Pizarro, the con queror of Peru, was born here in 1475. Pop. 9428. Truxillo, or Trujillo, a seaport of Pera, S. America, on a small river, about. 1J m. from the Pacific ; it was founded in 1535 by Pizarro, who gave it the name of his native town in Spain. Pop. 6000. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 415 Tullamore, tul-ld-more' (the great hill), a munic. bor. and the co. town of King's County, Ireland, in the centre of the Bog of Alleu, on the Grand Canal, about 50 m. W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 5098. Tulle, tnll, anc. Tutela (the watch tower), a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Cor- reze, at the confluence of the Correze and the Soulane, 44 m. S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 10,612. TuUiailan, tuV-U-al'lan (from Gael. tulach-aluinn, the beautiful knoll or hill), a pa. of Scotland, co. Perth, containing the town of Kincardine on the Forth. Pop. 2207. Tullibardine, tul-ll-bar'din (from Gael. tulach-a-bhaird, the bard's knoll), a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, pa. and 3 m. S.E. of Muthill. Tullibody, tul-U-bod'e, a vil. of Scotland, co. Clackmannan, 2J m. W.N.W. of Alloa. Pop. 694. Tullich. See Glenmuick. Tulliebole. See Fossoway. Tullocb, tul'luh (from Gael, tulach, a knoll or little hill), a vil. of Scotland, co. and 2 m. N.W. of Perth; it has bleach and print works, said to be the first established in Scotland, and here potatoes were first introduced by an Irish gentleman named Christie. Tullow, tul'lo (from Gael, tulach, the little hill or knoll), a town of Ireland, co. and 8 m. E.S.E. of Carlow, on the Slaney. Pop. 1977 TuBynessle and Forbes, tul-le-nes'sl and forbz or for'bes, a united pa. of Scot land, co. Aberdeen. Tullynessle means " the knoll of the turn sunwise," and re ceived its name from a heathen custom of the Gael, viz., always making a turn in the direction of the sun before they undertook any important operation- Pop. 981. Tultcba, or Tuldja. -See Toulcba, Tumbez, toom'bes or toom'beth, a town of Ecuador, S. America, on the Rio-Tumbez, 70 m. N.W. of Loja. Here the Spaniards first landed in 1526. Tumloong, tum'loong, the cap. of the native state Sikkim, India, on the Teesta, 32 m. N.N.E. of Darjeeling. Tummel, tum'me'l, a river of Perthshire, Scotland, flows through Lochs Rannoch and Tummel, and joins the Tay near Logierait. Tunaberg, too'nd-berg, a town of Sweden, gov. Sb'dermanland, on the Baltic, with large iron-works. Pop. 2500. Tunbridge, or Tonbridge, tun'bridj (named from the bridge over the Tun, one of the six streams of the Medway, which here unite), a town of England, co. Kent, on the Medway, 15 m. S.W. of Maidstone; it has long been noted for fancy articles of wood, known as Tunbridge ware. Pop. 9317. Tunbridge, or Tonbridge Wells, a towu and famous watering-place of Eng- Truxillo, or Trujillo, a town of Vene zuela, S. America, in the dist. or section of the same name, state Los Andes, 60 m. N.E. of Merida. Pop. of town 27,819 ; of section 108,672. Truxillo, or Trujillo, a town of Central America, state Honduras, on the Caribbean Sea, with exports of mahogany. Pop. 4000. Tsarskoe-Selo. »See Zarskoe. Tsa-yuen, tsd-yoo-en' , a town of China, prov. Che-Kiang, near which is a hill chiefly composed of beautiful green granite, which is extensively quarried and exported. Tsi-nan-foo, a city of China, the cap. of the prov. Shang-tung, on the Ta-tsin, with manufactures of silks and glass wares. Tsin-obou-foo, a city of China, prov. Shang-tung, 80 m. E. of Tsi-nan-foo; it is the centre of a large silk-producing dis trict. Pop. 70,000. Tsi-tsi-har, the most northerly prov. of Manchooria, in the Chinese Empire, sepa rated from Asiatic Russia by the Amoor.— The cap., of the same name, is on the river Naun. Tsu-sbima, or Tsoosima, tsoo-se'md, two islands of Japan, iu the Strait of Korea ; they are separated by a narrow channel. Pop. 30,000. Tuam, tu'am (named from an old sepul chral mound called Tuaim-da-ghualann, meaning " the tumulus of the two shoulders," and so called from its shape), an episcopal city, munic. bor. and town of Ireland, co. and 19 m. N.E. of Galway. Pop. 3567. Tuat, or Twat, an oasis of the Sahara, Central Africa, nearly equidistant from Marocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Fezzan. Tubingen, tn'bing-en, a city of Wiir- temberg, Germany, on the Neckar, 18 ra. S.W. of Stuttgart; it is the seat of a uni versity founded in 1477. Pop. 11,708. Tuouman, too-koo-mdn', a city of the Argentine Republic, S. America, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Dulce, 94 m. N.W. of Santiago del Estero. Pop. 17,500.— The prov. has a pop. of 108,953. Tudela, too-dd'ld, anc. Tutela (the watch tower), a city of Spain, prov. Navarre, on the Ebro, at the influx of the Queiles, 50 m. N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 10,086. Tugela, tu-ghel'd, a large river of S. Africa, forming the boundary between the colony of Natal and Zululand. Tula, too'ld, a gov. of Russia, S. of Mos cow, and N.of Orel. Area 11,957 sq. m.; pop. 1,279,715. Tula, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Upa, about 110 m. S. of Moscow ; it has extensive manufactures of firearms, hardware, aud cutlery, and maybe called the "Birmingham " of Russia. Pop. 57,374. TuUa, tul'ld (from Irish tulach, the little hill), a pa. and town of Ireland, co. Clare, 10 m. E. of Ennis. Pop. of pa. 4436 ; of town 758. 416 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. land, cos. Kent and Sussex, 5 m. S. of Tunbridge. Pop. 24,308. QJundergartb, tun' der -garth (the en closure at the oak hill), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 3 m. S.E. of Locker bie. Pop. of pa. 466. Tunis, tu'niss, one of the states of Bar bary, N. Africa, situated between Algeria aud Tripoli, and bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Mediterranean. It is subject to France. The northern coast is rock- bound, and contains the two most northerly points in Africa— Capes Blanco and Bon; the eastern coast is sandy. The S. part is interspersed with "chotts," or large marshy lakes, which reach in a kind of chain from Cabes, on the coast, to about 300 m. inland. These chotts, which are below the level of the Mediterranean, it is proposed by French engineers to flood, by means of a canal starting from a point not far from Cabes. It is expected that the sea thus admitted will form a vast lake some 2000 or 3000 sq. m. in extent, and deep enough to admit vessels of a large size. Before France interfered in the government of the country in 1881, Tunis was regarded as, next to Algeria, the most enlightened of the Barbary states. Pop. 2,000,000. Tunis, a city of N. Africa, the cap. of the above state, on the W. side of a lagoon, in 36° 46' N. lat., and 10° 9' E. long. It has extensive manufactures of silk and wool, and has a more extensive commerce than any other town in Barbary. About 10 m. N.W. of the city are the ruins of ancient Carthage, the rival of Rome Pop. 140,000, Tunis, Gulf of, an inlet of the Mediter ranean, extending inland for 30 m. between Capes Bon and Farina, N. Africa; it is 45 m. wide at its entrance, and affords good anchorage for ships of the largest size. Tunja, toong'hd, a town of the United States of Colombia, S. America, the cap. of the dep. Boyaca, on an elevated table-land, 70 m. N.N.E. of Santa Fe de Bogota. Pop. 7000. Tunstall, tun'stdll (a place on a hill, from A. S. dun, a hill, and stael or stal, a place), a town of England, co. Stafford, on the declivity of a considerable emi nence, 4 m. N.N.E. of Newcastle-under- Lyme, with numerous iron-foundries, brick and tile works, collieries, and chemical works, but the staple manufacture is that of earthenware and porcelain. Pop. 14,244. Turfan, toor-fdn', a district and town of Eastern Turkestan, in the Chinese Em pire, at the foot of the Thian-shau, 180 m. W. of Khamil; the inhabitants cultivate the arts and sciences, and are not at all addicted to war; they abstain rigidly from eating animal food and drinking wine. Pop. of the town 10,000. Turin, tu'rin, It. Torino (named from its early inhabitants, a Ligurian tribe, called the Taurini), a city of Piedmont, N. Italy, in a beautiful plain, at the confluence of the Dora-Riparia and the Po, 77 m. W.S.W. of Milan ; it has a well-attended university, numerous societies for the promotion of science and literature, and various manu factures; but the staple commodity of Turin is silk, both in its raw and its pre pared state. Pop. 226,307. Turkestan, Eastern, toor-kis-tdn' (the land of the Turks), a region of Central Asia, forming part of the Chinese Em pire. It is bounded on three sides by snow-clad mountains, viz., on the N. by the Thian-shan; S. by the Kuen-lun; and W. by the Pamir plateau. Eastward it is flanked by the Chinese prov. Kan-su, which here embraces a portion of the Great Desert of Gobi, whose shifting sands sometimes advance like waves, and under which lie buried the ancient cities of Lob and Katah. The total area of the country is estimated at 430,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 1,000,000. The surface is generally a gently undulating plain, with a sandy soil, which in many parts is rendered fertile by irrigation, for the climate is almost rainless, except near the mountains. The many rivers which con tribute to this irrigation descend from the mountainous regions on the N., S., and W., and all unite in the Tarim, which is lost in the lake or congeries of marshes called Lob Nor, Cotton, silk, wheat, rice, and fruit are produced in abundance. The Thian-shan and Kuen-lun Mountains are rich in minerals, including gold, silver, iron, and coal. The natives, mostly Tar tars, and all Mohammedans, are a robust, industrious, and frugal people, among whom neither riches nor poverty are to any ex tent known. Till 1863 they were under the dominion of China, but in that year they abjured that supremacy, and mur dered all the Chinese in the country who would not embrace the Mohammedan reli gion. In 1865, Yakoob Beg, the liberator of the country, seized the reins of govern ment, and ruled despotically till his death in 1877. He was succeeded by his eldest son, but in 1878 Eastern Turkestan was reconquered by the Chinese, and re united to the Chinese Empire. The four great divisions of the country are — Kash- gar, Yarkand, Khotan, and the Northern Provinces. The cap. is Kashgar, after which the whole region is sometimes called Kashgaria. Turkestan, Western, a country of Cen tral Asia, bounded N. and W. by Asiatic Russia; S. by Persia and Afghanistan; and E. by Eastern Turkestan. Its area is estimated at about 300,000 sq. m., and its pop. at 3,000,000. The western and central parts of the country consist to a great extent of sandy deserts, unpro ductive and uninhabited, but the eastern and south-eastern parts exhibit a diver sified surface, and abound with valleys Fate, fdt, fdr; mete, mtt ; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tiin. 417 copiously watered, and of remarkable fer tility. The vegetable products are fruits of incomparable excellence, grain of all kinds, cotton, flax, hemp, and tobacco. The mineral riches are iron, copper, lead, salt, rubies, turquoises, and lapis-lazuli. Gold has been found from time imme morial in the sands of the Amoo-Daria. The climate is subject to great extremes of heat and cold. Storms and whirlwinds are frequent in the plains and steppes. Agriculture and cattle rearing are the occupation of the great mass of the popu lation, but silk, cotton, linen, woollen, and other manufactures are carried on in the larger towns. The commerce is consider able, but limited to caravan traffic. The inhabitants are of various tribes, of which the most important are the Usbecks (a people of Turkish origin, and the most prominent race in both Eastern and Western Turkestan), the Tadjiks, the Turcomans, and the Kirghiz. They are all Mohammedans. Most of the territory is divided between the two khanates, Khiva and Bokhara, the former of which is under Russian influence, having been taken bound to hold direct relations with no other power, and to allow traders from no other country ; and the latter has been at the mercy of Russia ever since that power occupied Samarcand, because Samar- cand commands the waters of the Zarafshan, on which part of the Bokhara khanate, and especially its capital, depends for existence. The government of the khan ates is despotic. The cap. of each is called by its own name. Turkey, tur'ka, properly the Ottoman Empire, occupies a central position in the Old World, embracing as it does large contiguous portions of the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It consists of Turkey Proper, partly in Europe and partly in Asia, which is under the direct rule of the Sultan, and of several depen dent or tributary states in Europe and Africa governed by their own princes. The total area is estimated at 2,396,692 sq. m.; pop. 42,213,000. Turkey in Europe is bounded N. by Austria-Hungary, Servia, and Roumania; E. by the Black Sea and the Strait of Con stantinople ; S. by the Sea of Marmora, the Strait of the Dardanelles, the Archipelago, and Greece; W. by the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic, and Austria-Hungary. Area about 115,289 sq. m. ; pop. 8,631,400. Turkey is a highly mountainous country, although its peaks are not to be compared in elevation with those of the Alps. The best defined ridges are the Balkans, a great chain stretch ing from E. to W., and separating the basin of the Lower Danube from the countries which send their drainage to the Archi pelago; Despoto-Dagh, or the Rhodope Mountains, running N. and S. from the Balkans to the Archipelago ; and Pindus, an ancient name for the ridge running N. and S. which serves as a watershed between the Adriatic and the Archipelago. The well-known Olympus, the gathering- place of the gods in Greek poetry, is one of several isolated summits of a short chain overlooking the Gulf of Salonika. Rilo, the meeting point of the Despoto-Dagh with the Balkans, is the highest peak, with an elevation of 9842 ft. Mount Olympus is 9754 ft., and Tchar-Dagh, the N. ex tremity of Pindus, is 9700 ft. high. In the large tract of Roumelia there are extensive and beautiful plains. Turkey is watered by numerous rivers, but, ex cepting the Danube, they are too much of the nature of torrents to be of use for navigation. The soil is generally a rich mould, and, if properly cultivated, would be highly productive. The climate is de lightful and salubrious, although in winter it is more severe than might be expected from the geographical position of the country. Notwithstanding the fertility of the soil, agriculture is in a very back ward state, and only a small portion of the country is under cultivation. Other causes of this are to be found in the want of roads, the peculiarities of the tenure of land, and the general apathy of the people. The principal crops are wheat, barley, maize, millet, rye, rice, and cotton. Vari ous fruit and odoriferous trees are promi nent in the vegetation of the southern slopes and lowland plains. The horses of Turkey have long been celebrated for their symmetry and strength. The mineral treasures of the couutry are for the most part undisturbed. Almost the only manu factures are carpets, silks, leather, tobacco, and sword-blades. The commerce is chiefly in the hands of foreigners. Mohamme danism is the religion of the state, but in 1876 the toleration of other creeds was proclaimed, and since then Bibles have been circulated and the gospel preached in many places. Education, though still de fective, is in an advancing condition. The population consists of a great variety of races, of which the three principal are Turks, Sclavonians, and Greek-Latins. The Turks, who are the ruling race, are distributed over the whole country, but, comparatively, they are few in number. The Sclavonians are found chiefly in Bosnia and Bulgaria. The Greek-Latins are numerous in the south. Besides these, there are Armenians, Greeks, and Jews, aud the number of Gypsies wandering about the country is estimated at 200,000. The form of government is absolute, provided the will of the Sultan is not in opposition to the Koran. The Sultan's government is called the Sublime Porte, because under the triumphal arch of the old seraglio or palace at Constantinople, which was destroyed by fire in the middle of the present century, the Sultan used to receive petitions and dis- 2d 418 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. pcnse justice. The provinces are ruled by pashas, whose authority is not unfre- quently capricious and severe. The power of the Sultan has been gradually declin ing for nearly two centuries. Greece has been separated from his dominions, Egypt raised into a tributary state, and Russia, with the hope of possessing Constanti nople, in 1854 seized Moldavia and Wal- lachia, then known as the Danubian Prin cipalities. These principalities were united under one ruler in 1859, and under one administration in 1861, when their name was changed into that of Roumania. In 1877, in consequence, it was alleged, of cer tain atrocities perpetrated by the authority of the Porte, Russia declared war against Turkey, and was joined by Roumania, Servia, and Montenegro. The war con tinued till March 1878, and in June of the same year plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers of Europe met in Congress at Berlin to consider the " Eastern Question," aud formulated their will in the Treaty of 1878. By this Treaty, Roumania, Bul garia, Servia, and Montenegro ceased to be under the jurisdiction of Turkey, and were declared independent states, with the exception of Bulgaria, which, though self- governed, is still tributary to the Sultan. Bosnia and Herzegovina are to be occu pied and administered hy Austria-Hun gary, with the exception of the sandjak of Novi-Bazar between Servia and Monte negro; but in that sandjak Austria-Hun gary has a right to establish garrisons and maintain military and commercial routes, with a view to maintain the new political condition, and that the freedom and se curity of the communications may be pre served. Eastern Roumelia, though still under the direct military and political authority of the Sultan, who may erect and garrison fortifications on its inland and maritime frontiers, is to be self-gov erned by a Christian Governor - General appointed for a term of five years by the Porte, with the assent of the Great Powers. For administrative purposes, Turkey is divided into vilayets or govern ments, sandjaks or districts, and two still smaller subdivisions. The following are the present vilayets, with the chief town in each: — 1. Constantinople, a small terri tory, consisting of the capital and its environs. 2. Adrianople, corresponding nearly to the southern half of ancient Thrace. Chief town, Adrianople. 3. Eastern Roumelia, corresponding nearly to the northern half of ancient Thrace. Chief town, Philippopolis. 4. Salonica, correspond ing somewhat to ancient Macedonia, and might be called Western Roumelia. Chief town, Salonica. 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina, including Turkish Croatia. Chief town, Bosna-Serai. 6. Prisrend, including Scutari. Chief town, Prisrend. 7. Janina, embrac ing ancient Epirus. Chief town, Janina. 8. The island of Crete. Chief town, Canea. As a people, the Turks, while hospitable and brave, are also proud, bigoted, and implacable. Literature and science are little studied, the principal object of edu cation among them being ability to read the Koran, which may be said to contain their religion, laws, and literature all in one. Turkey in Asia, one of the most cele brated regions in the ancient world, is bounded N. by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, the Straits of Constantinople, the Black Sea, and Russia ; E. by Russia and Persia; S. by Arabia and the Medi terranean; and W. by the Levant and the Archipelago. It comprises Asia Minor,with a number of contiguous islands; Armenia, Kurdistan, Mesopotamia or Algezira, and Irak-Arabi ; Syria, including Palestine ; Arabistan or Hedjaz and Yemen in West ern Arabia, and El-Hasa, stretching along the Persian Gulf, conquered in 1871. Its area is about 729,350 sq. m., and its popu lation is estimated at 16,172,000. In 1878, Turkey lost 10,000 sq. m. of Asiatic terri tory, having ceded to Russia, in conformity with the Treaty of Berlin, the district in Armenia north-west of Ararat, in which are situated the fortresses of Kars and Ardahan, the inland towns of Olti and Artvin, and the port and adjoining terri tory of Batoum on the Black Sea, and to Persia the town and district of Khotoor east of Lake Van. The surface presents a great diversity of aspect. Bold wooded mountain ranges stretch along the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean ; high table -lands, treeless, but affording excellent pasture, occupy various parts of the interior; between the mountains and along the river courses are many extensive valleys of great beauty and fertility ; while the Dead Sea and its surroundings present a scene unsurpassed for bleakness, barren ness, and wild desolation. Though several livers, by no means insignificant, traverse the country on their way to the Black Sea, the Archipelago, and the Mediterranean, the only two that are navigable are the Euphrates and Tigris, which unite to form the Shat-el-Arab, by which their joint waters are conveyed to the Persian Gulf. The soil generally is rich and fer tile, although there are also sandy tracts on which only a scanty, coarse vegetation is found. The climate varies with the elevation of the surface. While high up among the mountains it is cold, and allows only such plants to grow as are found in elevated situations, the valleys have a temperature almost tropical, and produce fruits of the finest quality, either spon taneously or abundantly with cultivation. Arabistan, or Turkish Arabia, is one of the hottest regions on the face of the earth. Olives, figs, pomegranates, grapes, and dates are the chief fruits. Luxuriant Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. 419 crops of rice are obtained when the in undations subside, and the coffee grown in Yemen, and known as Mocha coffee, is nowhere surpassed. The minerals are the useful metals, coal, and salt. Agri culture is pursued in a very defective manner, and scanty crops are often the result. There are some manufactures in the larger towns, consisting of silk, woollen, and cotton fabrics, shawls, leather, orna ments, and soap. Carpet weaving is carried on among the wandering tribes, but not to any great extent. The foreign trade is chiefly in the hands of Europeans; the internal trade is carried on by means of caravans. The people are of a very mixed character, embracing Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Turcomans, Jews, Maronites, Druses, Yezidees, Sy rians, and other tribes. The religions are nearly as numerous as the tribes. The Turks, who are the most numerous race, and who prevail in Asia Minor, and the Arabs, who prevail elsewhere, are Mohammedans. The Armenians, Greeks, and Nestorians profess Christianity. The Yezidees worship the devil, believing that he is the mightest created spirit, and. that he will yet be restored to the Divine favour, but they will on no account pronounce his name, or any word resembling it. Jews are supposed to amount to perhaps 175,000. By a treaty between the British government and that of the Ottoman Empire, signed 4th June 1878, it was settled that Asiatic Turkey should he placed under British protection, to be defended, if necessary, by force of arms against any invader, and the Sultan promised to introduce necessary reforms into the government of the country, aud assigned the island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by England. The Turkish Possessions in Africa em brace the vilayet of Tripoli and the pro tectorate of Egypt. Turks Islands. See Caicos Islands. Turnau, toor'nou, Turnow, toor'nov, or Turnawa, toor-nd'vd, a town of Austria- Hungary, prov. Bohemia, on the Iser, 16 m. N.N.E. of Buntzlau. Precious stones are found in the environs. Pop. 4893. Turneffe, tur-nejf, an uninhabited group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Belize, Central America. Turnbout, toorn-houf , a manufacturing town of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, situated on a wide heath, 25 m. E.N.E. of the city of Antwerp. Pop. 15,800. Turnow. See Turnau. Turriff, tur'rif (a mount or height), a pa., burgh of barony, and town of Scot land, co. Aberdeen, about 10 m. S.E. of Banff, with linen and thread manufactures, dyeworks, and an extensive bleachfield. Pop. of pa. 4343; of town 2304. Turton, twritun, a township of Lanca shire, England, 4 m. N. of Bolton-le-Moors, with cotton spinning mills, bleach eries, and calico print works. Pop. 5653. Tuscany, tus'can-e, It. Toscano (sup posed to be derived from Tooskoi, the Greek name of the early inhabitants, and given to them on account of the religious ceremonies in which they in dulged, the name being derived from a Greek word signifying " to sacrifice"), anc. Etruria, formerly a grand ducal state, now a compartment of the Kingdom of Italy, bounded N. by Emilia; E. by Emilia, the Marches, and Umbria; S. by the prov. Rome ; and W. by the Mediterranean. Area 8599 sq. m. ; pop. 2,208,516. Florence is the cap. Tusculum. See Frascati. Tuskar Rocks, tus'kar, four dangerous rocks off the coast of Wexford, Ireland, 5 m. S.E. of Greensore Point.— 52° 11' N. lat., 6° 12' W. long. Tutbury, tut'ber-e, a town of England, co. Stafford, on the Dove, 4£ m. N.N.W. of Burton-on-Trent. In a castle here Mary Queen of Scots was confined in 1569-70. Pop. 2306. Tuttlingen, tnt'ling-en, a town of Wiir- temberg, Germany, on the Danube, 21 m. W.S.W. of Sigmaringen, with various manufactures, and a considerable trade in corn. Pop. 8313. Tuxford, tux'ford, a town of England, co. Notts, 13J m. N.W. of Newark, with trade in hops. Pop. 962. Tuzla Gol, tooz'ld gol, or Koch Hissar, a large salt lake, 2500 ft. above the sea, in the centre of Asia Minor; it is 45 m. in length, 16 m. in greatest breadth, and, though it receives several rivers, during a great part of the year its bed is com pletely dry. Tver or Twer, twdr, a gov. of Russia, having Novgorod on the N., Moscow on the S., Pskov on the W., and Jaroslav on the E. It is mountainous, and well covered with forests, particularly in the N. Area 25,736 sq. m.; pop. 1,638,198. Tver, a town of Russia, the cap. of tbe above gov., at the confluence of the Volga and the Tvertza; it is a handsome and regularly built city, and, being on the road from St Petersburg to Moscow, has a great transit trade in corn and other goods from the south destined for the capital. Pop. 38,246. Tvertza, twart'sd, a river of Russia, gov. Tver, flows S.E. and joins the Volga, after a course of 110 m. Tweed (said to be from Brit, tuedd, the border or limit of a country), one of the principal rivers of Scotland, rises in Tweedsmuir, on the confines of Peebles shire, near the sources of the Clyde and Annan ; it pursues an easterly course, pass ing Peebles, Abbotsford, and Melrose. Four miles below Kelso it becomes the boundary between England and Scotland, and, after a course of 96 m., falls into the German 420 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, met ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Ocean at Berwick. It is noted for its salmon fisheries. Tweeddale. See Peeblesshire. Tweedmouth, tweed'mouth (named from its situation), a pa. and township of Eng land, co. Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tweed, opposite Berwick, and connected with it by a bridge. It has a thriving sal mon fishery. Pop. of pa. 5420. Tweedsmuir, tweeds-mure', a pa. and vil. of Peeblesshire, Scotland, about 15 m. S.W. of Peebles. Pop. of pa. 215. Twickenham, twik'en-am (corr. from its ancient name Twitt-anham, so called from its situation between two streams that flow into the Thames, one at each end of the town), a town of England, co. Middlesex, on the Thames, 1 m. W. of Richmond; it was the residence of the poet Pope, and has long been considered one' of the most beautiful spots in the vicinity of the metrnpolis. Pop. 12,479. Twickenham Ait, an island in the Thames, is a favourite resort of the Londoners. Twynholm, twin'om, anciently written Tvjynham (from Brit, twyn, a bank or hillock, and Sax. ham, a dwelling), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 3 m. N.N.W. of Kirkcudbright. Pop. of pa. 681. Tyndrum, tin'drum (from Gael, tigh-an- droma, the house on the ridge), a vil. of Scotland, co. Perth, 12 m. E. of Dalmally, with lead-mines. Tyne (from Brit, tain, a river or lim ning water, or from the Gael, teihan, pro nounced tayan, the warm water), a river of England, co. Northumberland, formed by the junction of the North and the South Tyne, flows E., and falls into the North Sea after a course of about 80 m. Tyne, a small river of Scotland, flows N.E. through Haddingtonshire, and enters the North Sea about 2g m. N.W. of Dun bar, after a course of 26 m. Tynemouth, tln'muth (named from its situation), a township and munic. and pari . bor. of England, co. Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tyne, about 1 m. N.E. of North Shields, with which it is united, and which is included within the limits of the bor.; it is much frequented as a bathing- place during the summer months. Pop. of township 22,548; of bor. 44.11S. Tynninghame. See Whitekirk and Tynninghame. Tynron, tin'ron (from Gael, tigh-an- roinne, the house at the point), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 3 ra. S.W. of Penpont. Pop. of pa. 416. Tyre. See Sour. Tyree. *See Tiree. Tyri-Fiord, tu're-fyord, a lake in the prov. of Christiania, Norway, 16 m. long and 7 m. broad ; from it, on the S., flows the Drammen River. Tyrie, tir-ee' (the king's house), a pa. of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, 4£ m. S.W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. 3391. Tyrol and Vorarlberg, tir'ol, Germ. pron. te-rol' and for-arl'berg, a prov. of Aus tria-Hungary, lying between Venetia and Bavaria, and traversed through its whole extent by the Rhsetian Alps; it lias a great transit trade between Germany and Italy, facilitated by its many passes through the Alps. Its manufs., thougn. numerous, are unimportant. The rearing of canary birds is extensively carried on in the valley of the Inn. Area 10,981 sq. m. ; pop. 805,176. Tyrone, tir-dn' (corr. from its ancient name Tir-Eoghain, Owen's territory, which formerly included the cos. Tyrone and Derry and the baronies of Raphoe and Inishowen, though the name is now re stricted to the present co.), an inland county of Ireland, bounded N. by co. London derry ; E. by Lough Neagh and co. Ar magh ; S. by Monaghan and Fermanagh; and W. by Fermanagh and Donegal. Its greatest length from N. to S. is 46 m.; its greatest breadth from E. to W. 60 m. Area 1260 sq. m. ; pop. 197,719. The sur face is for the most part hilly, rising into mountains on the N. and S. Slieve-Sawel, on the Londonderry border, is 2240 ft. above the level of tbe sea. The soil in the low- lying districts towards the E. is fertile and watered by numerous branches of the Foyle and Blackwater rivers. Much of the central district is reclaimed moor or bog, but a great deal may yet be done towards improvement by judicious draining. Oats, potatoes, and flax are the principal crops. Coal is mined near Dungannon and at a populous village called Coal Island. Marble is quarried in the neighbourhood of Mona ghan, potter's clay about Coal Island, and in the uplands indications of lead, copper, and iron are frequent. The leading branch of industry is agriculture, but the manu facture of linens, coarse woollens, and other useful commodities employs a large portion of the inhabitants. — Omagh is the co.town. Tzaritzin, tsd-rit'sin, a town of Russia, gov. Saratov, on the Volga, at the influx of the Tzaritza ; it is celebrated for its mineral waters. Pop. 25,588. u Uanapu, oo-d-nd-poo' , Anapu or Gua- napu, a river of Brazil, prov. Para, flows N., and, after a course of about 400 m., joins the Para S. of the island Marajo. TJbeda, oo-ba'dd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 24 m, N.E, of Jaen, in a fertile plain between the Guadalquivir and the Guadalimar. Pop. 18,149. Uberlingen, n'ber-ling-en, a town in the grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, on the Uberlingen See, an arm of Lake Constance, 8 m. N. of Constance. Pop. 8999- Fdte, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tun. 421 Ucayali, oo-ki-d'le, a river of Peru, S. America, one of the principal head streams of the Amazon. Uccle, uk'ld, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, in a fine valley, 2 m. S. of Brus sels. Pop. 7760. Uckfield, uk'feeld, formerly spelt Oken- feld, a town of England, co. Sussex, 8 m. N.E. of Lewes, with a good trade in corn. Pop. 2146. Udaipur. See Odeypore. Uddevala, ood-deh-vdl'ld, a town of Gothland, Sweden, gov. Gottenburg, on an inlet of the Cattegat, with trade in fish, wood, and iron. Pop. 7037. Uddingston, ud'ding-stun, a vil. of Scot land, co. Lanark, on the Clyde, 4 m. N.W. of Hamilton, noted for the manufacture of agricultural implements. Pop. 3542. Udine, oo'de-nd, anc. Vedinum, a city of Venetia, N. Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Roja, 60 m. N.E. of Venice. Its cemetery is considered one of the finest iu Europe. Pop. 23,254.— The prov. has a pop. of 501,649. Udny, ud'ne, a pa. of Scotland, co. Aber deen. Pop. 1638. Udong, oo-dong', or Odung, a city of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, the former cap. of Cambodia, on the river Tali Sap, a trib. of the Mesap. Pop. 12,000. Udvarbely Szekely, ood-var'hel sd-kel', Germ. Oberhellyen, a town of Austria-Hun gary, prov. Transylvania, on the Great Kokel, 26 m. E.N.E. of Segesvar. P. 5003. Uelle. See Welle. Ufa. See Oufa. Ufnngton, uffing-lun, a pa. of England, co. Berks, in which is the Vale of the White Horse, so called from the figure of a white horse, 314 feet in length, cut out on the face of a chalk down, and supposed to com memorate a victory gained by Alfred the Great over the Danes. Pop. 1246. Uganda, oog-an'dd, an important king dom of Central Equatorial Africa, on the N. and N.W. shores of the Victoria Nyanza. In 1875 its cap. was visited by Mr Stanley, the celebrated explorer, who met with a most flattering reception from the late King Mtesa, an intelligent and generous African. Mr Stanley estimated the total pop. of the country at 2,000,000. Ugie, oo'ghe, a river of Scotland, co. Aberdeen, rises near New Deer, flows S.E., and enters the German Ocean 2 m. N.W. of Peterhead. Uglitcb, orOoglitcb, oog'litch, a town of Russia, gov. and 60 m. W.S.W. of Jaroslav, on the Volga. Pop. 13,069. Uig, wig (a solitary place), an insular pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, comprising the W. part of the island of Lewis and the islands Bernera, Vinavore, and Pabay. Pop. 3489. Uig, a vil. in the island of Skye, Scot land, pa. of Snizort. Uist, North and South, wist (from Scand. vist, an abode), two islands of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. of N. 3371; of S. 3825. Uitenbage, oi-ten-hd'gheh, a town of Cape Colony, the cap. of a div. of the same name, on the Zwartkops, 18 m. N.W. of Port Elizabeth, with which it is connected by a railway. Pop. 3693.— The div. has a pop. of 21,392. Ujijar, or Ugijar, oo-he-har', a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 50 m. S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2792. Ujiji, oo-jee'Jee, an Arab vil. of Central Africa, on Lake Tanganyika, where Mr H. M. Stanley found Dr Livingstone, 28th October 1871. Ujjain. .See Oojein. Ukerewe, ook-er-e'weh, a populous and extensively cultivated country ou the S.E. shore of the Victoria Nyanza, Central Equatorial Africa. Ukraine, u'krdn or oo-krdn', Pol. Ukrai- na (a frontier or boundary), an old sub division of Russia, comprising the country now included in the govs. Kiev, Poltava, and Kharkov, and called Little Russia. Uleaborg, oo'le-o-borg (town on the Ulea), a seaport of Finland, Russia, at the mouth of the Ulea, iu the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 9705. Ullapool, ul'ld-pool, a seaport and fish ing vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, on the N.W. coast, 35 m. N.W. of Ding wall. Pop. 897. Ulldecona, ool-da-ko'nd, a town of Cata lonia, Spain, prov. Tarragona, near the Cenia, 15 m. S.W. of Tortosa. Pop. 6009. Ulieegunge, ulAe-gunJ', 'or Aliganj, a town of British India, North-West Pro vinces, dist. Furruckabad, 32 m. N.W. of Futtehghur. Pop. 8500. Ullswater, ulz'wd-ter (named from Ulla, a Norse chief), a picturesque lake of Eng land, between Cumberland and Westmor land ; it is zigzag in shape, 9 m. in length, and 1 m. in average breadth. The echoes on its banks repeat five or six times. Ulna, ulm, Germ. pron. oolm (the place of elm-trees), a town of Wurtemberg, Ger many, on the Danube, about 50 m. S.E. of Stuttgart; it is fortified, and was a military port of great importance in the German wars. Its cathedral, 416 feet long, with a tower 337 ft. high, is, next to that of Cologne, the largest in Germany. Pop. 32,669. Ulster, ul'ster (contr. of Ulla-ster; its ancient Irish name was Uladh (pron. ulla), and ster, contr. of stadr, meaning "place" or " station," was added by the Scandinavi ans who settled in this part of the island), an extensive prov. in the N. of Ireland, and the chief seat of the linen manufacture. It is in a great measure peopled by emigrants from Scotland and their descendants, among whom the Presbyterian religion chiefly pre vails. It contains the cos. Antrim, Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Donegal, and. Londonderry. Area 8568 sq. m ; pop. 1,743,075. 422 Fate, fat, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Ulundi, oo-loon'de, the chief place or kraal of King Cetewayo's portion of Zulu- land, S.E. Africa, near the White Umvolosi River , it was burned by Lord Chelmsford's army, July 4, 1879. Ulva, ul'vd (from Scand. Ulffur, the isle of wolves), an island of the Inner Hebri des, Scotland, co. Argyll, separated from the W. coast of Mull by a narrow strait. Pop. 53. — Also, an island in the pa. of Knapdale, in the same co. Pop. 19. Ulverston, ul ' ver - stun (said to be derived from Ulpha, a Saxon chief, and in old records written Olvestona), a town of Lancashire, England, on Morecambe Bay, 16 m. N.W. of Lancaster; it has various manufactures, iron - mines, shipbuilding yards, etc. Pop. 10,008. Ulzen, nlt'sen, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. S.S.E. of Luneburg. Pop. 6973. Umballa. See Ambala. Umbria, oom'bre-d (named from the Umbri, a Gallic tribe, whose name seems to be a corr. of Amhra, meaning " nobles " or " valiant men "), a compartment of Central Italy, forming the prov. of Perugia, with extensive forests and pasture grounds, on which are reared large numbers of buffa loes and other horned cattle. Area 3719 sq. m. ; pop. 572,070. Umea, oo'me-o, a seaport of Norrland, Sweden, the chief town of the gov. Wester- botten, at the mouth of the Umea in the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 2818. Umritsir. See Amritsar. Umrohab, or Amroba, um-ro'd, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, North-West Provinces, dist. Moradabad, and 20 m. N.W. of the town of that name. Pop. 35,000. Umvolosi River, oom-vo-lo'ze, a river of S.E. Africa, flows through the centre of Zululand, and falls into St Lucia Bay; it is formed by the union of the Black Umvo losi and the White Umvolosi. Undercliff, un'der-klif, a picturesque terrace formed by successive landslips from a range of chalk hills facing the sea in the Isle of Wight, co. Hants, England ; it stretches for 6 m. along the S. coast, with an average width of about three-quarters of a mile, and includes Bonchurch, Ventnor, Niton, and some other villages resorted to by invalids on account of the mildness of the climate. Unghvar, or Ungvar, oong-var', a town of N.E. Hungary, the cap. of a co. of the same name, on the Ungh, 80 m. N.N.E. of Debreczin, with a trade in wines. Pop. 11,373. Unieh, or Unyeh, yoo'ne-eh, a town of Asia Minor, 50 m. E.S.E. of Samsoun. Pop. 18..000. United States of North America, a great federal republic, occupying the cen tral portion of the continent of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, bounded on the N. by the Dominion of Canada, and on the S.by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. It includes also the detached territory of Alaska in the N.W. of the continent. The greatest length of the country from E. to W. is 2800 m.; the greatest breadth from N. to S. is 1600 m. Area, including Alaska, 3,602,990 sq. m. According tothecensusof the people taken in June 1880, the total pop. is 50,155,783. The Union embraces the Federal District of Columbia, 38 States, viz. : — I. North-Eastern or New England States: MaineNew Hampshire VermontMassachusettsRhode Island Connecticut II. Middle States: New York PennsylvaniaNew Jersey Delaware Maryland III. Southern States: Virginia North Carolina South Carolina GeorgiaAlabamaFlorida MississippiLouisianaTexas IV. The Pacific States: CaliforniaNevada Oregon V. North-Western States: NebraskaIowaMinnesota WisconsinMichiganIllinois IndianaOhio VI. Mid- Western States: West Virginia KentuckyTennessee MissouriKansas ArkansasColorado and 10 Territories, organized but not yet erected into states, viz.: AlaskaWashingtonIdahoMontanaDakota WyomingUtahArizonaNew Mexico Indian Territory the last being set apart by the U. S. Government as a settled home for the Indian tribes. Of each of these the area and population will be found under its own name. The country is traversed by two great ranges of mountains, viz., the Rocky Mountains in the W., and the Appa lachian or Alleghany Mountains in the E. Between these is a great level lowland plain, known as the Mississippi Valley, whose soil is exuberantly rich and fertile, so much so, that in some places heavy crops of maize have been produced for fifty years without manure. Between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic is another plain far inferior to the basin of the Mississippi, but containing the principal centres of wealth and civilization, and so populous, that its inhabitants amount to one-third of the entire pop. of the U. S. W. of the Rocky Mountains, between them and the Pacific Alps, is an elevated table- Fate, fdt, fd^r ; mite, mU; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tifai, 423 land, with an average height of 6000 ft., rainless, and unproductive; while, on the other hand, the narrow Pacific sea-board, still farther west, is rich and fertile in a high degree. Of the magnificent rivers which flow through the United States, the largest are the Mississippi and the Mis souri. Although the latter is generally spoken of as a tributary of the former, it has the longer course of, the two before their junction. The distance between its source in the Rocky Mountains and its confluence with the Mississippi is about 3000 m. ; thence to the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico 1265 m. It is deep and rapid, and many of the rivers which it receives are of large size. The Mississippi takes its rise in Lake Itasca, not far west of Lake Superior, and is navigable to the Falls of St Anthony, 1200 m. in direct distance from the Gulf. About 160 m. below its junction with the Missouri, it receives the Ohio from the E., swelled by the waters of the Wabash, Cumberland, and Tennessee, and lower down it receives the Arkansas and the Red River from the W. Most of its great tributaries are navigable for enormous distances. "An idea of the vast network of highways afforded through the United States by this river may be formed from the fact that it has not less than 1600 navigable branches; an exten sive system of canals also unites its tribu taries with the lakes of the St Lawrence." The great riverB of the Pacific slope are the Columbia or Oregon, the Sacramento, the San Joaquin, and the Colorado. The last of these is of no value to commerce or agriculture, but is remarkable for the wonderful canons or precipitous ravines, which it has cut to a depth of 3000 ft., and through which it rushes for more than 600 m. Lagoons are common along the eastern and southern coasts, and lakes are numerous in the highland region of the N.E. Crowds of steamers constantly ply on all these lakes and western streams. The climate is distinguished by rapid alternations of temperature, both the heat of summer and the cold of winter being excessive. Notwithstanding the clearance of large tracts of the surface consequent upon the increase and spread of popu lation, the general aspect of the country is still that of a vast forest, becoming denser as the traveller proceeds west ward. Magnificent oaks of various kinds, black walnuts, tulip, locust, plane, maple, cedar, hiccory, and magnolia trees flourish over an undergrowth of beautiful flowering shrubs, while in the vale of the Ohio and in California are found trees unsurpassed in size by those in any other part of the known world. Maize and wheat are the grains most extensively cultivated. Cot ton, rice, sugar, indigo, and tobacco are the great staples of the south. Flax and hemp are raised chiefly In Kentucky, Orchards abound in the northern and middle regions, the apples and pears being of the finest quality, and from the peaches a kind of brandy is distilled. The principal wild animals are the bison, moose-deer, caribou or reindeer, elk, bear, wolf, spotted tiger, and American panther. The domestic ani mals of the agricultural states are very abundant. At the census taken in 1880 there were 11,429,600 horses, 33,306,366 cattle, 43,576,900 sheep, and 36,247,600 hogs. Birds of prey and birds of beautiful plumage are numerous. Song birds are not common, but the power of imitation in the mocking bird is very surprising. Rep tiles, including the deadly rattlesnake, are frequently met with, and the coasts, rivers, and lakes abound with fish. The United States are exceedingly rich in minerals. The coal-fields are probably the most ex tensive on the globe. These are estimated to occupy an area of 200,000 sq. m., or con siderably more than twenty times the area of all the coal-fields of Britain- Gold is found in great abundance in California, Nevada, and Arizona, and has also been discovered in most of the other territories. Silver is found in California, New Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona. Iron is widely diffused, and in many places occurs in proximity to the coal-fields. Copper is found iu several of the states, and in very rich ore in Michigan, in the vicinity of Lake Superior. Mercury is found in large quantities in California, and in Kentucky, Ohio, and on the borders of the great lakes. Lead, zinc, and tin are also found. Salt is procured from brine springs in Utah, and all over the valley of the Mississippi. In Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio occur springs of petroleum or rock-oil, which are a great source of wealth, and give rise to a great trade and export. Agriculture holds a first place in the national industry, and every year large additions are made to the amount of surface under tillage. In 1880 it was found that 118,631,923 acres were under cultivation for Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat. The manufactures are important, but till lately were chiefly confined to the north-eastern states. The principal are cotton in Mas sachusetts, woollen goods in Pennsylvania, iron in New York and Pennsylvania, sugar, manufactured in the northern and middle states from the maple, and in the southern states from the cane ; indiarubber goods, machinery, agricultural implements, etc. Clock-making is largely carried on in Connecticut, and ship-building in Maine. The commerce, both foreign and internal, is very extensive. The chief commercial ports are New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, on the Atlantic; New Orleans, in the Gulf of Mexico; and San Francisco, on the Pacific. The internal trade is greatly facilitated by 424 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tiin. the many navigable rivers of the country, and vast canal and railway systems. The government is republican. The adminis tration of affairs is confided to a Presi dent, who holds office for four years, a Vice-President, and a Congress, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two members from each state, chosen by its legislature for a term of six years, one-third of them being elected every two years. The Vice-Presi dent of the United States is President of the Senate. The House of Representatives is composed of members elected by the people of the several states for a term of two years, the population of each state determining the number of its repre sentatives, and one delegate from each territory, who may take part in the de bates, but has no vote. Each state is inde pendent of the others, and has a separate Legislature for the management of its local concerns. In 1861 the slave-holding states attempted to separate from the Union, aud to constitute a southern confederacy, but after a disastrous warfare of four years, they were forced to succumb, and slavery was, in 1865, abolished throughout the Union. The great bulk of the people profess the Christian religion. The sects, with insignificant exceptions, correspond with those of Western Europe. All the clergy are independent of the civil power for support, being entirely maintained by the voluntary contributions of their hearers. Education is carefully attended to by the Legislature, and greatly appreciated by the people. Literary and scientific societies arc numerous. Public lectures may be reckoned a specially American institution, and the periodical press is the most pro lific in the world. A great mixture of races exists among the population, but the grand distinction of race in the United States is that between the white man and the black. By the census of 1880, there were 43,402,976 whites, 6,580,793 coloured, 105,613 Asiatics, and 66.407 Indians settled in the several states and territories, besides those in the Indian Territory and those unsettled. As the Anglo-Saxon race is by far the most numerous, so the English language is gradually superseding all others. United States of Colombia. See Co lombia, United States of. Unst, anc. Oynst (the eagle's nest), the most northerly of the Shetland Isles, Scot land. Length 11 m.; average breadth 3£ m. Pop. 2173. The vil. of Unst is about 2 m. N.E. of Yell. Unter-See, oon'ter-sd, a lake formed by an expansion of the Rhine, partly in Baden and partly in Switzerland, about 3 m. below Lake Constance, under which name it is often comprehended. Unterseen, oon - ter - sd'en, a town of Switzerland, cant, and 28 m. S.E. of Berne, on the Aar, between Lakes Thun and Brienz, with silver and copper mines in its vicinity. Pop. 1995. Unterwalden, oon-ter-vdl'den, a canton in the centre of Switzerland, bounded N. by the Lake of Lucerne; W. by Lucerne; S. by Berne; and E. by Uri. It consists of four valleys, which are covered with meadows and pasture lands, and in which cattle rearing and dairy husbandry are the chief employments. Area 295 sq. m.; pop. 27,348. Unyamwezi, oon-yam-we'ze (the land of the moon), a country of Central Equatorial Africa, S. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and E. of Lake Tanganyika. Unyanyembe, oon-yan-yem'be (the place of hoes), an Arab trading station of Central Equatorial Africa, about 200 m. E. of Ujiji; it is on the route usually taken from the E. coast to Lake Tanganyika. Unyeb. See Unieh. Upball, up-hall', anciently called Strath- brock (the valley of brocks or badgers), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and 6 m. S.E. of Linlithgow, and 13 m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of pa. 4812 ; of vil. 591. Upholland, up-hol'land, a township of Lancashire, England, 4 m. S.W. of Wigan. Pop. 4435. Upper - Keitb, up'per-keeth, a vil. of Scotland, co. Haddington, pa. of Humbie. Upper Mill, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. E. of Oldham. Pop. 1384. Uppernavik, up-per-nav'ik, a town of Greenland, the most northerly of the Danish settlements in that country. Upperthong, up-per-thong' , a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 5 m. S.W. of Huddersfield. Pop. 2419. Uppingham, up'ping-yam, a town of England, co. Rutland, 64. m. S. of Oak ham. Pop. 2436. Upsala, oop-sd'ld, a gov. of Sweden, having Lake Maslar on the S.; Westmau- land on the W.; and Stockholm on the E. It contains the iron-mines of Dannemora, the most valuable in the world. Area 1978 sq. m.; pop. 111,019. Upsala, or Upsal (from Scand. Upsalr, the high halls or dwellings, or it may be so called from its situation on the Sala), a town of Sweden, the cap. of the above gov., on the Sala, about 40 m. N.W. of Stockholm; it is an ancient city, the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a cele brated university, in which Linnceus, the distinguished botanist, was a professor. It was long the residence of the Swedish kings, and in its venerable cathedral they used to be crowned. Its archbishop is the Primate of Sweden. Pop. 15,675. Upton-on- Severn, up'tun-on-sei/em, a town of Worcestershire, England, situated on a cliff near the Severn, 9 m. S. of Wor cester. Pop. 2485. Uracb, oo'rah, a town of Wurtemherg, Fate, fdt, fdr ; mlte,rritt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tUne, tiin. 425 Germany, in a deep valley of the Alps, 23 m. S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3704. Ural, u'ral (a Tartar word signifying "the belt or girdle"), a river of Russia, has its source in the Ural Mountains, and flows into the Caspian Sea after a course of 1040 m. Ural Mountains, an extensive range, which, with the river Ural, forms the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia ; several of the peaks rise to between 8000 and 9000 ft. above the sea. Uralsk, u'ralsk (town on the Ural), a town of Russia, gov. and about 155 m. W.S.W. of Orenburg, on the Ural, with various manufactures. Pop. 17,590. Urbania, oor-bd'ne-d, a town of the Marches, Central Italy, prov. Pesaro-e- Urbiuo, on the Metauro, 8 m. S.W. of Urbino. Pop. 2004. Urbino, oor-be'no, a town of the Marches, Central Italy, prov. Pesaro-e- Urbino, 20 m. S.W. of Pesaro. Raphael the painter was born here in 1483. Fop. 5162. Urda, oor'dd, a town of New Castile, Spain, prov. Toledo, in a valley watered by the Amarguillo, 32 m. S.E. of Toledo; it has manufactures of hosiery, aud in its vicinity are quarries of jasper and mines of silver and antimony. Pop. 3234. Urdingen, ur'ding-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine, 11 m, N.W. of Diis- seldorf, with silk and cotton manufactures. Pop. 3348. Ure (from Gael, oire, meaning "the river that flows by the edge or margin"), a river of England, flows from Westmor land S.E. through Yorkshire, and joins the Swale to form the Ouse 14 m. N.W. of York. Urfabr, oor'fdr, a town of Austria- Hungary, Prov. Upper Austria, on the Danube, opposite Linz. Pop. 6994. Urgel, Seo-de, sd'o-dd oor-hel', a forti fied town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 68 m. N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 2392. Uri, oo're, a canton near the centre of Switzerland, bounded N. by Schwytz and the Lake of Lucerne ; W. by Unterwalden, Berne, and Valais ; S. by Tessin ; and E. by Grisons and Glarus. The natives gene rally are Roman Catholics, speaking the German language, and their chief occu pation is the rearing of cattle. Area 415 sq. m. ; pop. 22,343. Uri, Lake of, in Switzerland, is the name given to the S.E. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne. Urlingford, ur'ling-ford, a town of Ire land, co. and 14 m. W.N.W. of Kilkenny. Pop. 847. Urqubart, urk'hart (said to have been named from the great length of its sea margin, from Gael, oire, coast, edge, or brink ; fad, long ; and amhan, river, or water), a pa. of Scotland, co. Elgin, ex tending along the Moray Firth, between the Lossie and the Spey. The vil. of Urquhart is about 4 m. E. of Elgin. Pop. of pa. 2139. Urqubart and Glenmoriston, a pa. of Scotland, co. Inverness. Pop. 2438. Urqubart and Logie Wester, a pa. of Scotland, co. Ross, but comprising also the district of Ferintosh in the co. of Nairn. Pop. 2525. Urr, a pa. of Scotland, co. Kirkcud bright. Pop. 5490. Urr, Loch, loh urr, a small lake of Scot land, between Dumfriesshire and Kirkcud brightshire, 4 m. S. of Minihive. It dis charges by a river of the same name, which enters the Solway Firth midway between the Nith and the Dee. Urray, ur'rd (from ur-a, the new ford), a pa. of Scotland, cos. Ross and Inverness. Pop. 2474. Urris or Erris Head, ur'ris or er'ris hed, a cape on the N.W. coast of Mayo, Ireland.— 54° 16' N. lat., 9° 58' W. long. Ursel, Ober, o'ber oor'sel, a town of Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the Ursel, 8 m. N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pop. 3942. Uruguay, oo-roo-gwi', originally called Banda Oriental del Uruguay, i.e., Eastern Side of the Uruguay, is a coun try of S. America, bounded N. by Brazil; W. by the Uruguay, which separates it from the Argentine Republic; S. by the Rio de la Plata; aud E. by the Atlantic and Lake Merim. Area 73,538 sq.m.; pop, 438,245. The surface near the coast is level, bare, and opeu ; inland it consists of grassy undulations traversed by ranges of hills which, in the S.E., become forest-clad rugged heights designated by a great stretch of imagination "the Oriental Swit zerland." The climate, though moist, is on the whole temperate and healthy. The soil is favourable to the growth of fruits, grain, and vegetables, but its cultivation has hitherto been an object of little care. Its pasturages, which are luxuriant and extensive, constitute the wealth of the country, and vast herds of horses, cattle, and sheep are reared, while their produce — hides, horns, tallow, dried beef, and wool — forms a large profitable export trade. Valuable minerals are known to exist, but for the most part they have been left un disturbed. The people are mainly of Span ish descent, but a large proportion are foreigners of almost every nationality. The country is an independent republic. It is governed by a president elected by the people once in every four years, with two legislative chambers, but for many years back its prosperity has been blasted by ever - recurring revolutions. — Monte Video is the cap. Urumiah, oo-roo-me'd, a lake of Persia, prov. Azerbijan,70 m. long and 30 m. broad ; it is so impregnated with salt that no fish can live in it, and large cakes resembling 426 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tunc, a white pavement are often found at the bottom. Urumiah, a walled town of N. Persia, prov. Azerhijan, in a plain 64 m. S.W. of Tabreez ; it is the reputed birthplace of Zoroaster, and for many years was the sacred city of the fire- worshippers. Pop. estimated at 50,000. Urumtsi or Ooroomtsee, oo-room'tsee, Chinese Ti-hoa, a city of the Chinese Empire, in a district N. of the Thian- Shan Mountains, on the Hi River, on the route between Khamil and Hi ; it is said to be the seat of a good trade and of several colleges and temples. P. 150,000. Urup or Ourup, oo-roop', one of the Kurile Islands in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is 50 m. in length, 12 m. in breadth, and consists of mountains and deep glens clothed with timber and long rank grass. —45° 20' N. lat., 150° 0' E. long. Usambara, oo-sam-bd'rd, a mountainous country of E. Africa, between 4° 20' and 5° 25' S. lat., and 38° 20' and 39° 10' E. long. The people are industrious, and export rice, Indian corn, indiarubber, and tobacco. Usedom, oo'zeh-dom, an island of Prus sia, prov. Pomerania, formed by the mouths of the Oder, which communicate with the Baltic by the Dammer Lake and the Great and Little Haffs. Area 148 sq. m. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in cattle-rearing and fishing. The town Usedom is on its S.W. coast. Pop. 1771. Usbant, ush'ant, Fr. Ouessant, a small island off the W. coast of the dep. Finis tere, France; it has an active fishery of pilchards. Pop. 2351. Usk (from the Ga.el.uisge, water), a river of England and S. Wales, rises in Breck nockshire, flows through the centre of Mon mouthshire, and enters the estuary of the Severn, 3j m. S. of Newport, after a course of 60 m. ; it is celebrated for its salmon and trout. Usk, a town of England, co. and 12 m. S.W. of Monmouth, on the Usk. Pop. 1495. Uskup, oos'kup, or Scopia, sko'pz-d, a town of Roumelia, European Turkey, the cap. of a sandjak, on the Uskup River, about 100 m. N.W. of Salonica, with manufactures of leather. Pop. 10,000. Uslar, oos'lar, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, in a valley on the Ahle, 16 m. N.W. of Gbttingen. Pop. 2210. Usman, oos'man, a town of Russia, gov. and 85 m. S.W. of Tambov, on the Usman. Pop. 7488. Usogo, oo-so'go, a country of Central Equatorial Africa, on the N. shores of the Victoria Nyanza. Ussel, ns-sel', a town of France, dep. Correze, on the Sarsonne, 34 m. N.E. of Tulle. Pop. 3051. Usting, Veliki, vd-le'ke oos-te-oog' (the great Ustiug), a town of Russia, gov. Volog da, at the confluence of the Yoog and Suk- hona. Pop. 16,700. Usumasinta, oo-soo-md-sin'td, a river of Central America, flows N.W. through Chi apas and Tabasco, and joins the Tabasco River after a course of 400 m. Utah, u'td, a territory of the United States of N. America, bounded N. by Idaho ; W. by Nevada; S. by Arizona; and E. by Colorado. It is a mountainous and natur ally barren region, and its population is principally composed of Mormons, who settled here in 1847 after their expulsion from Missouri and Illinois. Area 84,476 sq. m.; pop. 143,963. — Salt Lake City is the cap. Utica, u'tt-ka, a town of New York,U.S., on the Mohawk, where the Erie Canal joins that river, 56 m. E. of Syracuse. Pop. 33,914. Utiel, oo-te-el', a town of New Castile, Spain, prov. Cuenca, 9 m. N.W. of Reque- na. Pop. 8198. Utoe, u't\i-d, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 25 m. S.E. of Stockholm, with pro ductive iron-mines. Utrecht, u'trekt, Dutch pron. u'treht, a prov. of the Netherlands, E. of Holland Proper, and S. of the Zuyder Zee. Area 634 sq. m. ; pop. 197,638. Utrecht (corr. from its ancient name Ultra-Trajectum, "on the other side of the ford "), a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the above prov., on the Old Rhine, 23 m. S.E. of Amsterdam; it is the oldest city in the kingdom, and the seat of a celebrated university. The city gives name to two documents famous in history, the one called the Union of Utrecht, by which the united provinces declared their independence of Spain in 1579; the other called the Peace of Utrecht, which terminated the war of the Spanish succession in 1713. Pop. 71,337. Utrecht, a district and town in the S. of the Transvaal Territory, S.Africa. The Buffalo River divides the dist. from Natal. Utrera, oo-tra'rd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. Seville, in a luxuriant valley, 17 m. S.S.E. of Seville, with salt-springs in its vicinity. Pop. 15,093. Uttozeter, ut-tox'e-ter (corr. from its Saxon name Uttokeshather, afterwards changed to Uttoceaster and Utcester), a town of England, co. and 13 m. E.N.E. of Staf ford, on the Dove. Pop. 4981. Uxbridge, ux'bridj (probably the bridge over the Ux, i.e., the water, from Brit. isca, or Gael, uisge, water), a town of England, co. Middlesex, 15 m. N.W. of London, with large corn markets and manufactures of agricultural implements. Pop. 7669. Uxbridge, a town of Massachusetts, U.S., on the Blackstone River, 18 m. S.S.E. of Worcester. Pop. 3111. Uya, or Uyea, oo'ya, one of the Shet land Isles, Scotland, pa. of Unst. Pop. 5. Uzes, n-zdcff, a town of France, dep. Gard, on the Auzou, 14 m. N.N.E. of Nismes, with trade in silk, corn, wine, and brandy. Pop. 4746. Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tiki. 427 Vaal, vdl (so named by the Dutch set tlers from the river Waal of the Nether lands), or Ky or Yellow Gariep, a river of S. Africa, rises in the Quathlamba Moun tains, flows S.W., forming the southern boundary of the Transvaal Territory, and unites with the Gariep or Orange River in the S. of Griqualand West. Vaigat. See Waygat. Valais, vd-ld' (the district of valleys), a canton of Switzerland, containing the pic turesque valley of the Upper Rhone. Cat tle rearing is the chief occupation. Area 2026 sq. m. ; pop. 100,216. Valdagno, vdl-dd/t'yo, a town of Venetia, N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. N.W. of Vicenza, on the Agno. Pop. 4247. Valdai, vdl'di, a town of Russia, gov. and 80 m. S.E. of Novgorod, on Lake Valdai, and on the route from St Petersburg to Moscow. Pop. 3734. Valdai Hills, in the gov. of Novgorod, Russia, consist of plateaus which extend between the S. end of Lake Peipus and the Southern Dwina, rising to the height of 1200 ft., and forming the watershed be tween the rivers flowing to the Baltic and those flowing to the Black and Caspian Seas. Val-de-PeHas, vdl-dd-pan'yds (valley of rocks), a town of Spain, prov. and 29 m. S.E. of Ciudad Real, on the Jabalon; it is celebrated for its wines. Pop. 13,876. Valdivia, vdl-de've-d, a city and seaport of Chili, S. America, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a capacious harbour on the Valdivia River, about 16 m. from its mouth. Pop. 2000. The prov. is in the midst of the country occupied by the Araucanian Indians. Its area is estimated at 740 sq. m., and its pop. at 31,826. Valenoay, vd-ldng-sd', a town of France, dep. Indre, on the Nahon, 25 m. N.N.W. of Chateauroux; it is chiefly noted for its castle, where Ferdinand VIL resided dur ing the usurpation of Napoleon in Spain in 1808-13. Pop. 2060. Valence, vd-ldngss', anc. Valentia (the powerful), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. Drome, on the Rhone, 42 m. S.W. of Grenoble, with silk manufs. and calico- printing and dye-works. Pop. 21,941. Valencia, vd-len'she-d, an old prov. in the E. of Spain, forming the modern provs. of Valencia, Alicante, and Castellon- de-la Plana. Area 9512 sq. m. ; pop. 1,371,145. Valencia, anc. Valentia Edetanorum, a maritime city of Spain, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, near the mouth of the Guadalaviar; it is a busy seaport, and one of the most thriving towns in Spain. It is the seat of a university founded in 1470, and has a cathedral of great antiquity, uninteresting as an architectural structure, but rich in paintingB by the great masters of the Valencian school. Pop. of city 143,856; of prov. 679,030. Valencia, a city of Venezuela, S. Amer ica, state of Carabobo, near Lake Tacarigua or Valencia, 77 m. W.S.W. of Caraccas; it has an active commerce. Pop. 61,699. The Lake of Valencia is 22 m. in length, with an average breadth of 6 m., and is studded with islands. Valenciennes, vd-ldng-se-enn' (said to have been named after the Emperor Valen- tinian), a strongly fortified town of France, dep. Nord, on the Scheldt, 28 m. S.E. of Lille, with manufs. of lace, linen, muslins, cambric, etc. Froissart the historian was born here in 1337. Pop. 23,291. Valentia, vd-len-she-d (said to have been so called by the Spaniards when long ago they traded to the W. of Ireland ; its ancient and present Irish name is Dairbhre, a place producing oaks), a fertile island of Ireland, off the coast of Kerry, 7 m. long and 2 m. broad ; it is the Cis-Atlantic ter minus of the telegraphic cable laid in 1866, and has valuable slate-quarries. — 51° 55' N. lat., 10° 23' W. long. Valenza, vd-len'zd (said to have been named after the Emperor Valentinian), a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. and 7 m. N. of Alessandria, ou the Po, with manufs. of woollen cloth, wine, leather, and soap. Pop. 8918. Valetta, vd-let'td (named in honour of John Parisot de la Vallette, a Grand Master of the Knights of St John), the cap, of the island Malta, on its N.E. coast, with a fine harbour and fortifications of great strength ; it was taken by the Eng lish in 1801, and is the centre of the com merce of the island. Pop. 60,000. Valladolid, val-la-do-lid' , Span. pron. vdl-yd-dd-leed' ' , a city of Spain, the cap. of a prov. of the same name in Old Castile, on tbe Pisuerga, 27 m. S.S.W. of Palencia; it has several important manufs., and is the seat of a university famous as a school of jurisprudence. Philip II. was born here in 1527, and here Columbus died in 1506. Pop. of city 52,206; of prov. 247,453. Valladolid, an inland town of Mexico, N. America, state Yucatan, 90 m. E.S.E. of Merida; much resorted to by invalids be cause of its salubrious climate. Pop. 18,472. Valladolid-de-Michoacan, or Morelia. See Morelia. Vallamartin, vdl-yd-mar-teen', a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 44 m. N.E. of Cadiz. Fop. 6765. Vallata, vdl-ld'td, a town of Campania, S. Italy, prov. Avellino. Pop. 3742. Vallay, val'la, an island of Scotland, co. Inverness, separated hy a narrow sound from the N.W. coast of North Uist. P. 29. VaUelunga, vdl-ld-loon'gd, a town of the 428 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt ; tune, tUn. island of Sicily, prov. and 18 m. N.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 5167. Vails, vdls, a town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 10 m. N. of Tarragona, in a plain watered by the Francoli. Pop. 13,250. Valparaiso, vdl-pd-ri'so (the vale of Paradise, so named from its delightful situation), a city of S. America, the princi pal seaport of Chili, on a bay of the Pacific, 90 m. W.N.W. of Santiago, of which it is the port, and with which it is connected by a railway; it is the seat of a university, and has a large foreign trade. Pop. 97,737. —The prov. of the same name has a pop. of 180,324. Valreas, vdl-ra-d', a town of France, dep. Vaucluse, on the Coronne, about 20 m. N.N.E. of Orange, with manufs. of silk and leather. Pop. 3364. Valtellina, vdl-tel-le'nd, or Valtelline, vdl-tel-leen' , a dist. of Lombardy, N. Italy, consisting of a long valley traversed by the Adda, and forming the prov. Sondrio. Valtos, val'tos, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Uig. Pop. 332. Valverde del Camino, vdl-veridd del kd-me'no, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. Huelva, in the Sierra Morena, 38 m. W. of Seville. Pop. 7014. — There are several other towns in Spain called Valverde, but they are not large or important. Van, a salt lake of Turkish Armenia, 70 m. in greatest length, and about 50 m. in greatest breadth. Area about 2000 sq. m. Van (so called from having been built by King Van), a strongly fortified city of Turkish Armenia, the cap. of a pashalic of the same name, on the E. shore of the above lake. It is called by the natives Shamiramakert, i.e., Semir amis-town. Vancouver Island, van-koo'ver (named after Captain Vancouver, who visited it in 1792), an island off the W. coast of the Dominion of Canada, forming part of the prov. of British Columbia. It is separated from the rest of the prov. by Queen Charlotte Sound and the Gulf of Georgia, and from the United States territory by the Juan de Fuca Strait. Its surface is well wooded, and diversified by mountain ranges and extensive prairies, whose soil possesses agricultural capabilities of the highest order. Coal is abundant, and Vic toria, the cap. of the prov., has become an important coaling station. Estimated area 16,000 sq. m. Van Diemen's Land. See Tasmania. Vannes, vdnn (supposed to be named from the Veneti, a Celtic people originally from Sarmatia, whose capital it was), anc. Dariorigum, a seaport of France, the cap. of the dep. Morbihan, 61 m. N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 16,667. Vanua Levu, vd-noo'd la'voo (big land), the second largest iBlandof the Fiji group, in the Pacific Ocean ; it is 95 m. long, and from 25 to 30 m. broad. Var, a dep. of France, bounded N. by the dep. Basses-Alpes ; E. by Alpes-Mari times and the Mediterranean; S. by the Mediterranean ; and W. by Bouches-du- RhGne. Area 2349 sq. m.; pop. 288,577. Var, a river of France, rises in the Alps, in the dep. Basses-Alpes, flows S., then E. and S. to the Mediterranean, which it enters near St Laurent-du-Var after a course of 60 m. Varazze, vd-rdt'sa, or Varaggio, vd- rdd'jo, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. and 18 m. S.W. of Genoa, with some ship building on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 4394. Vardar, vdr-ddri, anc. Axius, a river of European Turkey, rises in the Tchar-dagh, flows S.E., passing Uskup and Kopnli, and, after a course of 170 m., falls into the Gulf of Salonica 12 m. W.S.W. of Salonica. Varel, fd'rel, a town in the grand-duchy of Oldenburg, N. Germany, 17 m. N. of Oldenburg. Pop. 4937. Varese, vd-rd'sd, a town of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. and 13 m. W. of Como, on the small river Verbano, E. of the Lake of Varese. Pop. 5207. — The Lake of Varese is 5 m. long and 2 m. broad. Varese, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. Genoa, 14 m. N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 2552. Varinas, vd-re'nds, a town of Venezuela, S. America, state Zamora, on the San Do mingo, 80 m. S.E. of Merida. Pop. 3950. Varna, vdr'nd (the fortress), anc. Odessus, a seaport of Bulgaria, on a bay of the Black Sea, 47 m. E. of Shumla ; it has con siderable trade, and here the British and French forces embarked in 1854 to invade the Crimea. Pop. 24,649. Vasa, or Wasa, vd'sd, a seaport of Fin land, Russia, on a small bay in the Gulf of Bothnia, 56 m. N.E. of Christianstadt. Pop. 3900. Vasarhely, Hold-Mezo, hold- ma' zo vd'shdr-hel (the market - place of the beaver's meadow), a town of Austria-Hun gary, co. Csongrad, on Lake Hodos, 14 m. N.E. of Szegedin, with manufactures of wine and tobacco. Pop. 50,966, for the most part Calvinistic Protestants. Vasarhely, Somlyo, shom'lo vd'shdr-hel (the market-place of Somlyo), a town of Austria-Hungary, co. and 25 m. W. of Veszprim, at the foot of Somlyo Mountain, on the Torna, with manufactures of wine and tobacco. Pop. 25,000. Vasilkov, or Wasilkow, vd-sil-kov', a town of Russia, gov. and 20 m. S.S.W. of Kiev, on the Stugma. Pop. 16,597. Vassy, a town of France, dep. Haute- Marne, on the Blaise, 12 m. N.W. of Join- ville ; it is noted in history for the massacre of its Protestant inhabitants by the Duke of Guise in 1562. Pop. 3047. VaBto, vds'td, a town of Abruzzo and Molise, S. Italy, prov. Chieti, near the Adriatic, 18 m. W.N.W. of Termoli; it has manufactures of silks, etc, an active Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt , pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, 429 fishery, and a large annual fair. Pop. 13.797. Vatan, vd-tdng', a town of France, dep. Indre, 13 m. N.W. of Issoudun. Pop. 2095. Vatersay, vd'ter-sd, or Watersay, wd'- ter-sd, an island of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness, between the isl ands of Barra and Sanderay. Pop. 19. Vatskrr, vafskir, a vil. of Scotland, co. Ross and Cromarty, pa. of Stornoway. Pop. 396. Vatu-Lele, vd'loo-ld'la, one of the Fiji Islands, S. of Viti-Lele.— 18° 31' S. lat., 177° 35' W. long. Vauclin, Le, leh vo-kleng', a town on the E. coast of the French West Indian island Martinique. Pop. 5200. Vaucluse, vo-klnz' (corr. from Lat. vallis- clausa, the enclosed valley), a dep. in the S.E. of France, bounded N. by Dr6me ; W. bytheRb6ne; S. by the Durance; and E. by Basses-Alpes. Area 1370 sq. m.; pop. 244,149. Vaucluse, a vil. of France, long the residence of the poet Petrarch, dep. Vau cluse, 15 m. E. of Avignon. Here is a remarkable fountain of pure water, which rises in a vast cavern, surrounded by rocks and mountains, and forms the little river Sorgue, an affluent of the RhSne. This fountain was celebrated for the loves of Petrarch and Laura, whose residence was in the vicinity. Vaud, vo (the valley), a canton of Swit zerland, bounded N. by the cant, and lake of Neuchatel; E. by Fribourg, Berne, and Valais; S. by the Lake of Geneva; and W. by France. Area 1245 sq. m.; pop. 238,730, nearly all Protestants. Vauxhall, vaux-hall' (corr. from Fauks~ hall, named from Faulk de Brent, a Nor man, who by his marriage became possessor of the manor at Lambeth, afterwards called Fauks-hall), a suburban district of London, co. Surrey, England, 2£ m. S.S.W. of St Paul's. Veoht, weh(, a river of Prussia aud the Netherlands, rises in Westphalia, flows N. and W., and, after uniting with several streams, falls into the Zuyder Zee at Genemuiden, the length of its course being 90 m. Vecbt, a river of the Netherlands, branches off from the Old Rhine at Utrecht, flows N., and, after a navigable course of 18 m., enters the Zuyder Zee at Muiden. Veglia, val'yd or vel'yd, an Austro- Hungarian island of the Adriatic, in the Gulf of Quarnero, E. of Istria, and N.E. of the island Cherso ; it is 23 m. in length, 12 m. in greatest breadth, and produces con siderable quantities of wine, fruit, silk, marble, and salt. Pop. 16,800.— Its cap., which is of the same name, is on the S.W. coast, 81 m. S.E. of Trieste. Pop. 6815. Veile, vi'leh, a town of Jutland, Den mark, at the bead of the Veile Fiord, 13 m. N.W. of Fredcricia. Pop. 7145.— The Veile Fiord is 15 m. long, and at its entrance 4 m. broad. Vejer, vd-har', or Bejer de la Fron- tera, bd-har' da Id fron-td'rd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 29 m. S.E. of Cadiz, on the Barbate, with woollen and sacking manufactures. Pop. 11,132. Velez-Malaga, vd'leth-md'ld-gd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 14 m. N.E. of Malaga, in a fertile dist. near the mouth of the Velez in the Mediterranean, with trade in oil, sugar, and wine. Pop. 24,332. Velij, Velisb, or Velizb, vd-lizh', a town of Russia, gov. and about 50 m. N.E. of Vitebsk, on the Dwina, with exports of com, hemp, and linseed. Pop. 7858. Velletri, vel-ld'tre (corr. from its ancient name Velitroe), a walled city of Italy, prov. Rome, near the Pontine Marshes, 16 m. S.E. of Rome. Pop. 14,800. Vellore, or Vellur, vel-loor', a town and strong fortress of S. India, presidency of Madras, div. North Arcot, on the Palar, 15 m. W. of Arcot; in its fort state prisoners have from time to time been confined, and it has a large and curious pagoda dedicated to Siva. Pop: 38,000. Venado, va-nd'dd, a town of Mexico, N. America, dep. and 45 m. N. of San Luis Potosi. Pop. 11,520. Vence, vdngss, a town of France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, on the confines of Pied mont, 11 m. N.E. of Grasse. Pop. 2371. Vendee, vdng-dd', a river of France, rises in the dep. Deux-Sevres, traverses the dep. Vendee, and alter a S.W. course of 45 m. falls into the Sevre-Niortaise a little above Marans. Vendee, a dep. in the W. of France, bounded N. by Loire-Inferieure; W. by the Atlantic; S. by Charente-Inferieure; and E. by Deux-Sevres and Maine-et- Loire. Area 2588 sq. m. ; pop. 421,642. Venddme, vdng-ddm' (named from the Veneti, a Celtic tribe, whose name, accord ing to some, means " dwellers in marshy lands," but others derive it from Celt. gwent, the fair plain), a town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire, 30 m. N.E. of Tours. Pop. 7913. Venetia, va-ne'she-d (the territory of the Veneti, a Celtic tribe originally from Sar- matia), a compartment of N. Italy, bounded N. by Austria; E. by Austria and the Adriatic; S. by Emilia; and W. by Lom bardy and Austria. Area 9135 sq. m. ; pop. 2,814,173. From 1815 to 1866 it formed a division of the Austrian Em pire, but by the Treaty of Vienna, 3rd October 1866, it was re-united to Italy, and now comprises the provs. Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Udine, Venice, Verona, and Vicenza. Venezuela, ven-Sz-we'ld, an indepen dent republic of S. America, bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea; W. by the United States of Colombia; S. by Brazil; 430 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tune, tUn. and E. by Guiana. Area 439,120 sq. m. ; pop. 2,075,245. The northern part of the country is traversed hy the E. cordillera of the Andes, rising in Sierra Nevada to the height of 15,027 ft., and in the S.E. is the forest region within the bend of the Orinoco generally called the Moun tains of Parimi. Elsewhere, and more than three-fourths of the whole, the sur face consists of vast plains called llanos, which are watered by the Orinoco, whose whole course is in this region. With the exception of a few palms, the flat country is destitute of trees, but after the annual rains it is luxuriantly covered with long grasses, which during the season of drought disappear, and give it then the appearance of a wide-extended arid waste. So low and level is the country, that on the periodical rising of the rivers it is submerged for hundreds of miles, the Orinoco itself forming a lake 600 m. in length and 100 m. in breadth. During the time of submergence, the native Indians take refuge on scaffolds erected among the tops of the fan-leaved palms, whose fruit and pith for the time is their chief if not their only food. About 80 or 100 m. from the sea the Orinoco begins to form its delta, and, though it divides into about 50 chan nels, only 7 are navigable, and even these are of difficult navigation. Towns are not erected along the river courses, but in Lake Maracaybo, a large inlet of the sea, cover ing 7800 sq. m., in the N.W., are numerous villages built upon piles rising from 5 to 7 feet out of the water. It was from observ ing one of these the first explorers named the place Venezuela, i.e., " Little Venice," which afterwards extended to the whole country. In the low grounds the climate is hot and unhealthy, but in the table-lands it is cooler and more agreeable. For the most part the soil is fertile. The plants chiefly cultivated are cotton, coffee, sugar cane, indigo, cocoa, tobacco ; and these, with sarsaparilla, dye-woods, timber, and cattle, are the principal sources of wealth. Great herds of wild horses roam over the llanos, and mules, asses, sheep, goats, and pigs are extensively reared. Mines of silver, tin, and copper exist, and on the N.E. shore of Lake Maracaybo is an inexhaustible mine of asphalt. The population is made up of whites of Spanish extraction, Indians, who are the miners, agriculturists, and manufacturers of the country, some negroes, and a very large proportion of mulattoes. Since 1881 the country has been divided into eight large states, viz., Guzman Blanco, Carabobo, Bermudez, Zamora, Lara, Los Andes, Falcon-Zuha, and Bolivar, besides the Federal District, one colony, and five territories. Each of the states is subdivided into districts or sections. The government is vested in a senate and house of repre sentatives, whose seat is at Caraccas. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Venice, ven'iss, Ital. Venezia (named from the Veneti), a city of N. Italy, the cap of the prov. of the same name, is situ ated on a lagoon or salt lake at tbe head of the Adriatic, from which it is sheltered by strips of land called Lido, 2 m. from the con tinent. As a city it is unique, both as regards position and construction, being built on piles on a cluster of islands, separ ated by 150 canals, and connected by up wards of 300 bridges, the most remarkable of which is the Rialto, consisting of a single marble arch, 90 ft. in span, with shops on each side according to the old fashion. The city contains many magnificent edi fices, and presents at a distance the singu lar appearance of domes and spires, churches and palaces, floating on the waves. Its square of St Mark is one of the finest in Europe, and on the portico of the church of St Mark are the famous bronze horses which, after adorning ancient Corinth, were removed hy the Romans first to Rome and then to Constantinople, thence by the Venetians to Venice, thence by the French to Paris, where for eighteen years they adorned the triumphal arch of the Place du Carrousel, and were at length restored to Venice by the peace of 1815. The manufs. of Venice are unimportant, but its printing presses are active, and send out more works than those of any other town in Italy. Pop. 129,276. Venloo, ven-lo' (named from its situation in a marshy plain, from Dan. veen, a marsh, and loo, a plain), a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. Limburg, on the Maas, 15 m. N.N.E. of Roermond, with consider able trade and numerous distilleries, oil- mills, bleacheries, tanneries, etc. Pop. 9133. Vennacbar, or Vennacboir, Loch, ven'- nd~har (the lake of the fair valley), an ex pansion of the river Teith, co. Perth, 2£ m. S.W. of Callander; it is 3| m. long, 1 m. broad, and surrounded by finely-wooded scenery. Venosa, vd-no'sd, anc. Venusia, a town of Basilicata, S. Italy, prov. Potenza, beau tifully situated on a hill among vineyards and olive groves, 11 m. E. of Melfi. Horace the poet was born here about 67 B.C. Pop. 7222. Ventimiglia, ven-te-meel'yd, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, at the mouth of the Roya in the Mediterranean, 18 m. E.N.E. of Nice ; with environs noted for wine, fruit, and oil. Pop. 4080. Ventnor, vent'nor (the shore of Gwent, or the shining shore), a town on the S. coast of the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, England, about 4 m. E. of Niton; it is much resorted to as a watering-place, and because of its genial climate is a favourite winter residence of invalids. Pop. 5504. Vera, vd'rd, a town of Andalusia, Spain, prov. and 40 m. N.E. of Almeria, near the Mediterranean; it carries on extensive fisheries. Pop. 8665. Flic, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, not; tunc, tUn. 431 Vera Cruz, vd'rd krooss (the true cross), the principal seaport of Mexico, N. America, in a state of the same name, on the Gulf of Mexico, 185 m. E. of the city of Mexico; it is a great centre of trade, but is very unhealthy owing to the prevalence of yellow fever. Pop. 16,848.— The state has a pop. of 581,931. Veragua, va-rd'gwd (named from the river of the same name, which Columbus, when he first ascended it in 1503, from the colour of its waves, called Verdes Aguas, of which the name afterwards applied to the town is a corruption), or Santiago de Veragua, sdn-te-d'go dd va-rd'gwd, a town of the United States of Colombia, state and 125 m. W.S.W. of Panama, with trade in gold dust, copper, cotton, and dye-woods, Pop. 5000. Vera Paz, vd'rd pdss or pdth, a dep. of Guatemala, Central America; its sur face is full of deep ravines, and is covered with thick and impenetrable woods. The chief products are dye-woods, cedar, tim ber for shipbuilding, sugar, cocoa, and cotton. Verbicaro, ver-be-kd'ro, a town of Cala bria, S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, in a fertile valley, 28 m. N. of Paoli. Pop. 5199. Vercelli, ver-chel'le, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Novara, on the Sesia, 14 m, N. of Casale, with a fine cathedral, silk and woollen manufactures, and an active trade in rice. Pop. 20,165. Verden, ver'den, Germ pron. fer'den, a town of Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Aller, 21 m. S.E. of Bremen. It is enclosed by walls, and has an export trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 8553. Verdun, ver-dung' (corr. from its ancient name Verodunum, the fort on the water), a fortified town of France, dep. Meuse, on the Meuse, 35 m. W. of Metz, with manu factures of liqueurs, confectionery, jewelry, etc. Pop. 15,682. Vereya, Vereia, or Vereja, va-rd'yd, a town of Russia, gov. and 63 m. W.S.W. of Moscow, on the Protva; it is of great antiquity surrounded by high earthen ramparts, and carries on an active trade. Pop. 5502. Veria, La, Id ver-tfd, a town of Rou melia, European Turkey, 36 m. W. of Salonica, with cotton manufactures and dyeworks. It is alluded to by its ancient name Berea in Acts xvii. 10. Pop. 8000, mostly Greeks. Verkhni - Uralsk, verk ' ne-u' ralsk, a town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, on the Ural, 145 m. S.E. of Ufa. Pop. 4957. Vermebo, ver-ma'ho (vermilion), also called Bio Grande, re'o grdn'dd, a. river in the N. of the Argentine Republic, rises on the confines of Bolivia, flows S.E., and joins the Paraguay after a course of up wards of 750 m. Vermont, ver-mont' (named from the Fr. verts-monts, green mountains), one of- the United States of N. America, bounded N. by the Canadian Dominion; E. by New Hampshire ; S. by Massachusetts ; and W. by New York. The centre is traversed by parallel ranges of the Green Mountains, which are only a few thousand feet high, covered with firs or brushwood on the slopes, and with scanty grass or lichens on the top. The highest is Mansfield Mountain, 4359 ft. The state abounds in picturesque and sublime scenery. In the valleys the soil is rich and fertile, and the rougher and mountainous parts afford excellent pas ture for sheep and cattle. The climate, though severe in winter, is one of the healthiest in the Union. Area 10,212 sq. m. ; pop. 332,286. — Monlpelier is the state cap. Pop. 3219. Vernon, ver-nong', a town of France, dep. Eure, on the Seine, 28 m. S.E. of Rouen, with manufs. of velvet, etc. P. 6596. Verola Nuova, vd-ro'ld nwo'vd, a town of Lombardy, N. Italy, prov. and 16 m. S.W. of Brescia, on the Savorola, with trade in silk. Pop. 4642.— Verola Vecchia is about 1 m. W. Pop. 2447. Verona, va-ro'nd (said to owe its origin and name to the Tuscan family Vera), a city of Venetia, N. Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, beautifully situ ated on the Adige, 22 m. N.E. of Mantua. Here is a fine amphitheatre, built by Domitian to accommodate 22,000 people, the most perfect specimen of Roman archi tecture which now exists. Pop. 60,768. Versailles, ver-sdlz', Fr. pron. ver-sa'ye, a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. S.W. of Paris, with a royal chateau in which the King of Prus sia lodged during the investment of Paris, 1870-71, and where he was proclaimed Emperor of Germany. Pop. 48,102. Versecz, Versetz, or Werscbetz, verJ- shits, a fortified town of Austria-Hungary, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, 41 m. S. of Teineswar, with a good trade in wine, silk, and rice. Pop. 22,329. Verviers, ver-ve-a', a town of Belgium, prov. and 14 m. E. of Liege, romantically situated among the Ardennes, on the Vesdre ; it has extensive woollen manu factures, and is much frequented for its chalybeate springs. Pop. 44,944. Vesoul, veh-zool', a town of France, the cap. of the dep. Haute-Saone, in a fertile district 27 m. N.E. of Besancon, with lace and cotton manufactures, and an active trade in wine, corn, etc. Pop. 9431. Vesuvius, ve-su'vS-us (said to be derived from Greek words signifying " to throw from within or with violence," or " to throw a dart or missile," because the smoke and fire which issue from it denote a violent agitation within, and may be com pared to the hurling of darts or other mis siles), a volcanic mountain in Italy, about 8 | m. S.E. of the city of Naples. In its first 432 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. great eruption on record (A.n. 79), which was accompanied by an earthquake, the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were buried beneath lava and ashes. Excavations made during the last century, by uncover ing these ancient cities, have furnished the world with many curious and interesting relics of classic times. The eruptions of August 1834 and April 1872 were the most destructive of modern times. The moun tain is 4165 ft. high, and in 1880 a railway was constructed to carry passengers to the top. On the lower slopes of the mountain is produced the wine called Lachrymce Ghristi. Veszprim, ves'prim, or Wesprim, a town of W. Hungary, the cap. of a co. of the same name, on the Sed, 60 m. S.W. of Buda, with trade in wine, corn, salt, glass, and timber. Pop. 12,575 Vevay, ve-vd' (named from its situation on the Vevayse), a beautiful town in the cant. Vaud, Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the Vevayse, 11 m. S.E. of Lausanne; it has chocs-late and tobacco manufactures, and a good trade in wine. Pop. 7820. Vezir-Kopri, va-zeer'-ko'pre (the bridge of the Vizier), a town of Asia Minor, pashalic Sivas, 42 m. W.S.W. of Samsoun. Pop. 5594. Viadana, ve-d-dd'nd, a town of Lom bardy, N. Italy, prov. Mantua, on the Po, 20 m. S.S.W. of the city of Mantua, with linen manufactures. Pop. 5985. Viana, ve-d'nd, a seaport of Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the Lima, 40 m. N.W. of Oporto, with an active fishery and trade in wine, corn, fruit, and oil. Pop. 8816. Viana, a town of Spain, prov. Navarre, near the Ebro, 4 m. N.E. of Logrono, with manufactures of coarse woollens and hats. Pop. 2984. Viareggio, ve-d-red'Jo, a seaport of Tus cany, Central Italy, prov. Lucca, 16 m. N.W. of Leghorn; it is much frequented for sea-bathing, and has an export trade in statuary marble. Pop. 9983. Viatka or Wjatka, ve-dt'kd, a gov. of Russia, between Kostroma and Perm, with Vologda on the N. and Kazan on the S. Area 59,114 sq. m. ; pop. 2,620,000. Viatka or Wjatka, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., at the confluence of the Viatka and the Tcheptza, 58° 24' N. lat., 50° E. long.; it has extensive distil leries and iron works, and is the great centre of the commerce of the government. Pop. 21,694. Viazma, ve-dz'md, a town of Russia, gov. and about 100 m. N.E. of Smolensk, on the Viazma, with trade in linen, flax, linseed, hemp, and hempseed. Pop. 11,637. Viborg or Wyborg, ve'borg (holy town), a fortress and seaport of Russia, on the Gulf of Finland, 72 m. N.W. of St Peters burg. Pop. 14,638. Viborg, or Wiborg, an ancient town of Denmark, on a small lake nearly in the centre of Jutland, 24 m. W. of Randers. Pop. 7653. Vicenza, ve-chen'zd, a city of Venetia, N. Italy, the cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the Bacchiglione, 38 m. N.W. of Venice, with various manufactures, and a trade in corn and other agricultural pro duce. It contains many fine specimens of the architectural skill of Palladio, who was a native of this place. Pop. 24,331. Vicb, vik, or Vique, veek, a town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. and 37 m. N. of Barcelona. Pop. 12,478. Vichy, ve-she', anc. Aquai Calidm, a town of France, dep. Allier, on the Allier, 1 m. W. of Cusset, and 14 m. S.W. of La Palisse ; it is greatly resorted to for its mineral springs and baths, which were known to the Romans. Pop. 8204. Vicksburg, viks'burg, a city of Missis sippi, U.S., on the Mississippi River, 400 m. above New Orleans, and 50 m. W. of Jackson. It was captured from the rebels by General Grant after 48 days' siege, 4th July 1863. Pop. 11.814. Vico, ve'ko, a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. Foggia, on Monte Gargano, 12 m. W. of Viesti, with trade in wine, olives, and saffron. Pop. 7813. Victoria, vik-td're-d (named in honour of Queen Victoria), a British colony, founded in 1836, situated at the S.E. corner of Aus tralia, separated from New South Wales by the Murray River, and from Tasmania by Bass Strait. Its extreme length from E. to W. is 480 m., its breadth 240 m., and its area 87,884 sq. m. ; pop., exclusive of aborigines, 862,346. Its surface is moun tainous, except in the N.W., in the Wim- mera, a region of great swamps, caused by the overflow of the river Murray, yet with splendid pasture, which first suggested its former name Australia Felix. The plains are of such extent, and so sparingly wooded, that it has been said "the plough could in some parts be drawn continuously for 100 miles across tracts well suited for agricultural purposes." The climate is more genial to the British race than that of any other colony on the Australian mainland. The south-western district is especially attractive and fertile. The discovery of gold-fields in 1851 attracted emigrants not only from the United Kingdom, but from various other quarters of the world, and soon placed Victoria at the head of the Australian colonies in point of both population and wealth. Melbourne, on the Yarra- Yarra, is the cap. Victoria, a town of the Canadian Do minion, the cap. of the prov. of British Columbia, on Juan de Fuca Strait, at the S.E. extremity of Vancouver's Island; it is remarkable for the beauty of its situa tion, and its harbour, frequented as a Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; ndte, ndt; tune, tUn. 433 coaling station, is one of the best on the Pacific. Pop. 7301. Viotoria, a town of the Argentine Re public, S. America, prov. Entre Rios. Pop. about 5000. Victoria, a town of the British colony Hong-Kong, Chiua ; it was founded in 1842, and now stretches 4 m. along the N. coast. Pop. about 10,000. Victoria, a seaport of Brazil, the cap. of the prov. Espirito Santo, on an island in the fine bay of that name, 270 m. N.E. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 6000. Victoria East, a district on the E. frontier of Cape Colony, between the Great Fish River and the river Keis- kama. Area 576 sq. m.; pop. 8894. Victoria Falls, on the river Zambezi, S.Africa; the river, which here contracts from 1900 yards to 60 or 80 ft. broad, rushes over a precipice of 100 ft. into a zigzag gorge of basaltic rock nowhere more than 200 ft. wide. The falls are also called Mosiwatunja, i.e., "smoke sounding." Victoria, La, a town of Venezuela, S. America, in the state of Guzman Blanco, 35 m. S.W. of Caraccas. Pop. 20,608. Victoria Land, in the Arctic regions, between 69° and 71° N. lat., and 103° and 108° W. long. Victoria Nyanza (named in honour of Queen Victoria: Nyanza means a lake or inland sea, and is pronounced by the native tribes round the lake either nee-ydn'zd or nee-ydn'Jd; the Arabs, however, pronounce it n'yan'zd, the n and y being joined in the mouth, and not pronounced separately), a lake in Central Africa, on the equator; it is studded with islands, is about 300 m. in length, 90 m. in breadth, has a superficial area of 21,500 sq. m., and is 4168 ft. above the level of the sea. This lake was discovered by Captain Speke in 1858, and circumnavi gated by Mr H. M. Stanley in 1875 ; it and the Albert Nyanza, about 100 ra. N.W., are great reservoirs of the White Nile. See Albert Nyanza. Victoria, South, a large tract of land in the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Sir James Ross in 1841. It is the land nearest to the South Pole that is at present known. Near its N. extremity is Mount Erebus, an active volcano 12,369 ft. high, which is believed to be the only phenomenon of the kind in the frigid zones.— 72°-78° S. lat., 173° E. long. Victoria West, a div. in the N.W. of the Eastern Province of Cape Colony. Area 15,815 sq. m. ; pop. 13,247.— The seat of magistracy is Victoria West. Pop. 754. Vienna, ve-en'nd, Germ. Wien (supposed to he named from the river Wien, which may be derived from Celt, beag-an, the little river), anc. Vindobona, the cap. of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, situated in a rich and picturesque country, about 2 m. from the main stream of the Danube, at its confluence with the little river Wien, which flows through the city, 340 m. S.S.E. of Berlin. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1365, and famous for its medical school. It is unquestionably the first manu facturing town in the empire, its manufs. comprising silks, goldandsilverlace,silver- plate, cloths, linens, mirrors, and porce lain, while in the arts of letterpress and lithographic printing, and in the adapta tion of the electrotype process to printing, the specimens produced cannot he surpassed elsewhere. Pop. 1,103,857. Vienne, ve-enn', anc. Vienna, a city of France, dep. Isere, on the Rhone, 45 m. W.N.W. of Grenoble; it contains several Roman remains, and in its neighbourhood is produced the excellent wine known as C6te Rotie. Pop. 22,740. Vienne, a river of France, rises in the mountains of Auvergne, and falls into the Loire above Saumur, after a N. and N.W. course of upwards of 200 m. Vienne, a dep. in the W. of France, formed of part of the old prov. Poitou, and bounded N. by Maine-et-Loire and Indre- et-Loire; E. by Indre; S. by Haute- Vienne and Charente; and W. by Deux Sevres. Area 2691 sq. m. ; pop. 340,295. Vienne, Haute, a dep. of France, bounded N. by Vienne and Indre; E. by Creuse ; S. by Corrfcze and Dordogne ; W. by Charente and Vienne. Area 2130 sq. m. ; pop. 349,332. Vierlande, feer-ldn'deh, a small territory of N. Germany, between the Elbe and the Bille, S.E. of Hamburg. Cattle-rearing and market-gardening are the chief indus tries. Viersen, feer'sen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Niers, 4 m. N.N.W. of Glad- bach. Pop. 20,997. Vierzon, ve-er-zong' , a town of France, dep. Cher, on the Yevre, near its junction with the Cher, 19 m. N.W. of Bourges; it has manufactures of parchment, porcelain, and earthenware, extensive Bteel and iron forges, and an active trade in wool and timber. Pop. 9969. Viesti, ve-es'te (named from a temple dedicated to Vesta), a town of Puglia, S. Italy, prov. and 47 m. N.E. of Foggia, on the Adriatic, at the N.E. extremity of the promontory of Monte Gargano. Pop. 6595, Vigan, ve-gdn', a seaport town of the Philippines, at the mouth of an arm of the Ahra, on the N.W. coast of the island Luzon, with an active trade. Vigan, Le, leh ve-gang', a town of France, dep. Gard, on the Arre, 41 m. W.N.W. of Nismes, with manufactures of silk and cotton hosiery, etc. Pop. 4269. Vigevano, ve-ja-vd'no, a town of Lom bardy, N. Italy, prov. Pavia, on the Mora, 10 m. N.E. of Mortara, with manufactures of silks, maccaroni, etc. Pop. 13,684. Viggiano, vid-Jd'no, a town of Basilicata, S. Italy, prov. and 24 m. S. of Potenza. Pop. 5242. 2E 434 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin ; note, ndt; tune, tUn. Vignola, veen-yn'ld, a town of Basilicata, S. Italy, prov. and 6 m. S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 5839. Vigo, ve'go, a seaport of Galicia, Spain, prov. and 14 m. S. of Pontevedra, on the S. coast of the bay of Vigo, with an export trade in wine, and an active pilch ard fishery. Pop. 13,416.— The Bay of Vigo is 20 m. in length, and 6 m. in greatest breadth. Vigo, a lake of Russia, gov. Olonetz, 45 m. N. of Lake Onega. Area 336 sq. m. It is traversed by the river Vig, by which it discharges into the White Sea. Vigten Isles, vig'ten, a group of islands off the coast of Drontheim, Norway. — 64° 55' N. lat., 11° 0' E. long. Vilagos, ve-16-gosh' , a town of Austria- Hungary, co. and 15 m. N.E. of Arad. Vilaine, ve-lain', a river of France, rises in the dep. Mayenne, flows W., passing Rennes, where it receives the Hie, thence it flows S.S.W., till, after a total course of 130 m., it falls into the Bay of Biscay at Penerf, dep. Morbihan. Villa- Cidro, vil'ld-che'dro, a vil. of the island Sardinia, prov. and 26 m. N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 4749. Villa -d el- Fuerte, veel'yd-del-fwer'td, a town of Mexico, N. America, state and 75 m. N. of Sinaloa, on the Rio-del-Fuerte. Pop. 9470. Villafranca, vil-ld-frdn'kd, a town of Venetia, N. Italy, prov. and 9 m. S.W. of Verona, on the Tartaro ; here was signed a treaty between the French and the Aus- trians, by which was ended the Italian war of 1869. Pop. 4766.— There are several other towns in Italy of this name, but they are not large or important. Villafranca de los Barros, veel'yd- frdn'kd da loce bar'roce, a town of Estrema dura, Spain, prov. Badajos, 21 m. S.W. of Merida, with numerous oil-mills. Pop. 8524. Villafranca de Panades, veel'yd-frdn'- kd da pd-nd'des (named from the franchises granted to it by one of the Counts of Tou louse, by whom it was subjected in 1000), a town of Catalonia, Spain, prov. Tarragona, on the Tet, 36 m. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 69S1. Villajoyosa, veel-yd-ho-yo'sd, a town of Valencia, Spain, prov. and 19 m. N.E. of Alicante, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 9321. Villalon, veel-yd-lon', a town of Old Castile, Spain, prov. and 34 m. N.W. of Valladolid, noted for its cheese. Pop. 3646. Villanova, veel-ld-no'vd, several towns of Portugal, the largest being Villanova de Porto, on the Douro, a suburb of Oporto. Villanueva, veel-yd-nwd'vd, numerous towns and vils. of Spain. The largest are — I. Villanueva y la G-eltru, 25 m. S.W. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 13,613. — II. Villanueva de la Serena, in the prov. of Badajos, near the Guadiana. Pop. 10,710; and III. Villanueva de los Infantes, in the prov. of Ciudad Real, near the Jabalon. Pop. 6812. ViUa-Keal, veel'yd-ra-dl' (royal town), a town of Valencia, Spain, prov. aud 6 m. S.W. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, in a fertile plain, on the Mejares. Pop, 12,887. Villa-Real, veel'ld-rd-dl', a town of Por tugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, on the Corgo, 15 m. N. of Lamego. Pop. 5296. Villa Rosa, veel'ld ro'sd, a town of the island of Sicily, prov. and 12 m. N.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 6340. Villa Vicosa, veel'ld ve-so'sd (abundant town), a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 15 m. S.W. of Elvas. Pop. 3538. Villa Vicosa, a town of Brazil, prov. and 150 m. W. of Ceara,on the Sierra-Hibia- paba. Pop. 5000. Villefranche, veel-frdngsh' , a town of France, dep. Aveyron, 25 m. W. of Rodez. Pop. 8433. Villefrancbe-sur-Saone, veel-frdngsh'- snr-sdn, a town of France, dep. RhSne, on the Morgon, an affl. of the SaSne, 18 m. N.N.W. of LyonsL Pop. 12,038. Villena, veel-ya'nd, a town of Valencia, Spain, prov. and 26 m. N.W. of Alicante, at the foot of Santo-Christoval. Pop. 11,424. Villeneuve - sur - Lot, veel-nuv'-sur-lo' (the town on the Lot), a town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the Lot, 15 m. N.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 9520. Vilna. See Wilna. Vilvorde, veel-vord', a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 6 m. N.E. of Brussels; here William Tyndale, who first printed the New Testament in England, was stran gled and burnt for heresy in 1536. Pop. 7299. Vimiera, ve-me-d'rd (the place of osiers), a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 7 m. N. of Torres Vedras, celebrated for the victory gained by Wellington over the French under Junot, 21st August 1808. Vinaroz, ve-nd-roth',a. town of Valencia, Spain, prov. Castellon-de-la-Plana, to the S.W. of the embouchure of the Ebro in the Mediterranean, 9 m. N.N.E. of Peiiis- cola. Pop. 9528. Vincennes, vin-senz', Fr. pron. veng- senn', a town of France, dep. Seine, 4 m. E. of Paris ; it is celebrated for its castle, used as a state prison, in which Cond£, Diderot, Mirabeau, and many other distinguished persons were confined ; and here the Due d'Enghien was shot by order of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804. Pop. 20,530. Vincennes, vin-senz', a city of Indiana, U.S., on the Wabash, 28 m. N.E. of Pal myra, and 56 m. N. of Evansville ; it is the oldest town in the state, having been founded by a body of French emigrants from Canada about the year 1735. Pop. 7680. Vincent, St. See St Vincent. Vindhya Mountains, vind'yd (the bar rier), a range in India, from 2000 to 2600 ft. high, between 22°-24° N. lat. and 74D-80° E. long. Fate, fdt, fdr ; metc,m%t; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. 435 Vingorla, or Vingurla, vin-gur'ld, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri or Southern Concan, at the mouth of the Vingorla, 32 m. N.N.W. of Goa. Pop. 5000. — The Vingorla Islands are 25 ra. distant in the Indian Ocean. Vinnitza, vin-nit'sd, a town of Russia, gov. Podolia, on the Bug, 82 m. N.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 18.780. Virginia, vir-jiu'e-d (named in honour of the virgin Queen Elizabeth of England and Ireland), one of the United States of N. America, bounded N. by Maryland; E. hy Maryland, the Bay of Chesapeake, and the Atlantic Ocpan; S. by North Carolina and Tennessee ; and W. by West Virginia and Kentucky. It presents a great variety of surface, from the mountain ranges of the Allei^hauies to sandy flats on the sea-coast. Useful minerals are found in abundance, and the soil, though various, is admirably adapted for agricultural purposes. The state is especially famous for tobacco. Area 38,348 sq. m.; pop. 1,512,565.— Rich mond is the capital. Virginia City, the commercial cap. of Nevada, U.S., is situated on the E. slope of Mount Davidson, 15 m. N.N.E. of Carson City. Its silver-mines are said to be the richest in the U.S. Pop. 10,917.— Also, the cap. of Madison co., Montana territory, located in the midst of a rich mining dist. at an altitude of 5713 ft. above the level of the sea. Virginia, West, one of the United States of N. America, formerly the western sec tion of the state of Virginia, from which it separated in 1862, when the eastern part declared for secession from the central government. West Virginia was erected into a state and admitted into the Union in 1863. Area 23,000 sq. m.; pop. 618,457.— Wheeling is the capital. Virgin Gorda, one of the Virgin Isles belonging to Britain, in the West Indies. —18° 30' N. lat., 64° 26' W. long. Virgin Isles (so called from having been discovered by Columbus on the day sacred to St Ursula and the eleven thousand vir gins), a numerous group in the West Indies, to the E. of Porto Rico. Santa Cruz, St Thomas, and St John belong to Denmark; Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, etc., belong to Britain, and are attached to the colony of Leeward Islands, their pop. being 5287. Viscaya. See Biscay. Viseu, ve'sd-oo, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, 46 ra. N.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 6956. Vishni Volotcbok, vish'ne vo-lo-tchok' , a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N.W. of Tver, on the Zna or Tsna, with a large trade in corn, butter, tallow, chicory, etc. Pop. 17,408. Viso, Monte, mon'ta ve'so, a summit of the Cottian Alps, in Piedmont, Italy, 12,598 ft. high, about 40 m. S.W. of Turin. Vistula, vis'tu-ld (the west flowing river, or, according to others, the floody river), Germ. Weichsal, a river of Europe, rises in Austrian Silesia, at tiie foot of the Car pathian Mountains, and flowing through Poland and West Prussia, divides into three branches, two of which, the Nogat and Old Vistula, run into the Frische Haff, while the main stream, turning westward, falls into the Baltic below Dantzic. The Vistula is to a lar^e extent navigable, and is the great channel for conveying corn and other commodities from the interior of Poland. The length of its entire course is about 530 m. Vitebsk, ve-tebsk', a gov. of Russia, E. of Courland, S. of Pskov, and W. of Smolensk. Area 17,439 sq. m.; pop. 1,073,539. Vitebsk, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., at the confluence of the Southern Dwina and the Viteba, 95 m. N. of Mohilev. Pop. 40,401. Viterbo, ve-ter'bo, a city in the prov. of Rome, Italy, at the foot of Monte Cimone, 40 m. N.N.W. of Rome. Pop. 16,326. Viti Islands. See Fiji. Viti Levu, vee'^e la'voo (big Fiji), the largest island of the Fiji group, in the Pacific Ocean. It is about 90 ra. long and 50 m. broad. Pop. est. at 50,000. Vitoria, ve-ld're-d, a town of Spain, the cap. of the prov. Alava, in the Basque Pro vinces, 30 m. S.S.E. of Bilbao. Here Wel lington gained a great victory over the French in 1813. Pop. 25,039. Vitre, ve'trd, anc. Victoriacum (the vic torious), a town of France, dep. Ille-et- Vilaine, 20 m. E. of Rennes. Pop. 9846. Vitry le Frangois, ve-tre' leh frang-swd' (named after Francis I., in whose reign it was built), a town of France, dep. Marne, on the Marne, 20 m. S. of Chalons. Pop. 7760. Vittoria, vit-tr/rc-d. a town of the island of Sicily, in the Val-di-Noto, 14 m. W.N.W. of Modica. Pop. 21,755. Vivero, ve-vd'ro, a town of Galicia, Spain, prov. and 46 m. N. of Lugo, near the mouth of the Landrovo, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 11,345. Vivi, ve've, a station on the river Congo or Livingstone, 115 m. from the coast, founded by the International Committee for investigating the countries of the Upper Congo. Vizagapatam, vc-zd-ga-pa-tdm', a mari time town of British India, presidency of Madras, the chief town of the dist. of the same name, on the Coromandel coast, 57 m. E. of Golconda, famed for its elegant ivory, sandal-wood, and elk -horn boxes. Pop. 32,500. Vizianagram, ve-ze-an-d-grum' (the town of victory), a town of British India, presi dency of Madras, dist. and 25 m. N.E. of Vizagapatam. Pop. 23,000. Vlaardingen, vlar'ding-en, a town of the Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 6 m. W.S.W. of Rotterdam, Pop. 9519. Vladimir, vld-de-meer', a gov. of Russia, 436 Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tiin. E. of Moscow, W. of Nijni-Novgorod, and S. of Jaroslav and Kostroma. Area 18,082 sq. m. ; pop. 1,332,156. Vladimir (named from the ducal family Of that name by whom it was founded in the 12th century), a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov, on the Kliazma, about 115 m. N.E. of Moscow. Pop. 16,422, many of whom are Jews. — Also a town in the gov. Volhynia on the Lui, 27 m. S.S.W. of Kovel. Vladivostock, vldd- iv-os'tok (dominion of the East), a seaport of Asiatic Russia, in the S. of the Maritime Province of Siberia, on an inlet of the Sea of Japan; it has a safe and capacious harbour surrounded by scenery resembling that of England. Its chief exports are fuel and timber. Vlieland, vlee'ldnt, an island of the Netherlands, at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, 10 m. in length and 1J m. in greatest breadth. Pop. 620.-53° 15' N. lat., 5° 0' E. long. Voel, Loch, loh vo'el, a lake 3 m. long and 1 m. broad in Balquidder, co. Perth, Scotland. Vogbera, vo-gd'rd, a town of Piedmont, N. Italy, prov. Pavia, 19 m. N.E. of Ales sandria, on the Staffora, with silk and woollen manufactures. Pop. 11,903. Volcan de Agua, vol - kdn' da d'gwd (water volcano), a remarkable volcano of Central America, state and from 25 to 30 m. S.W. of Guatemala; it is 15,000 ft. high, and is so called from its discharging tor rents of water and stones instead of fire. — Volcan de Fuego (fire volcano) is in the vicinity. Volcano. See Vulcano. Volga or Wolga, vol'gd (Sarmatian for the great), the largest river in Europe, rises among the Valdai Hills near the frontier of Novgorod, Russia, and flows eastward till it reaches the city of Kazan, below which it is joined by the Kama ; it then takes a southerly direction, and, after separating into numerous branches, dis charges its waters by 70 mouths into the Caspian. It contains an abundance of fish, and salmon, sturgeon, etc., are extensively exported. Being navigable through almost its whole course of 2400 m., it forms the principal channel of commerce in Russia, in consequpnee of which, taken in connec tion with its central position and the value of its fisheries, it is fondly called by the Russians the " nursing mother " of the empire. Volgsk or Volsk (town on the Volga), a town of Russia, gov. and 70 m. N.E. of Saratov, on the Volga, with an active trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 31,269. Volhynia, vol-liin'e-d (Sclav., the plain), a gov. of West Russia, between Grodno and Minsk on the N. and Podolia on the S. Area 27,039 sq. m. ; pop. 1,981,300. Volkhov, vol-kov', a river of Russia, issues from Lake Ilmen, flows N.N.E. through the govs. Novgorod and St Peters burg, and enters Lake Ladoga after a course of 130 m. Although navigable, its naviga tion is impeded by its rapidity and by falls. Volo, vo'lo, a seaport in the E. of Thes saly, Greece, on the N. side of the gulf of the same name. Pop. 2000.— The Gulf of Volo is about 18 m. in length, and of the same breadth. Vologda, vo-log'dd, a gov. of Russia, S. of Archangel and N. of Kostroma, Viatka, and Perm. Area 151,384 sq. in.; pop. 1,131,584. Vologda, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., on the Vologda, about 110 m. N. of Jaroslav; it has an active trade and various manufactures. Pop. 17,255. Volpiano, vol-pe-d'no, a town of Pied mont, N. Italy, prov. and 12 m. N.E, of Turin. Pop. 4440. Volsk. See Volgsk. Volta, vol'td, a river of Guinea, W. Africa, rises in the Kong Mountains, forms the boundary between the Gold Coast and the Slave Coast, and enters tbe Gulf of Guinea at Adda, after a course estimated at 360 m. Volterra, vol-ter'rd, anc. Volaterro3, a town of Tuscany, Central Italy, prov. Pisa, 32 m. S.W. of Florence, with alabaster manufactures, which employ one-half of the males of the town ; it has also trade in corn, wine, oil, and salt. Its monuments and walls of Etruscan construction prove it to be a place of great antiquity. Pop. 5796. Voltri, vol'tre, a town of Liguria, N. Italy, prov. and 9 m. W. of Genoa, at the mouth of the Ceruso in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 5943. Volturno, vol-toor'no, a river of Italy, rises iu the Apennines, flows S.E., after wards W., past Capua, and enters the Mediterranean 20 m. S.E. of Gaeta, after a course of 90 m. On its banks, in October 1860, the Italians under Garibaldi defeated the army of the King of Naples. Voorn, or Voorne, an island of S. Hol land, about 13 m. in length and 6 m. in breadth, between the Maas and the Har- lingvliet. Vorarlberg, for-arl'berg (in front of the Arlberg, properly Adler's berg, i.e., the eagle's mountain), a mountainous district of Austria-Hungary, connected officially with the prov. of Tyrol, of which it forms the W. extremity. Voronetz, vo-ro-nets', or Voronej, vo-ro- nezh', a gov. of Russia, N.W. of the Don Cossacks, N. of Kharkov and E. of Kursk. Area 25,441 sq. m.; pop. 2,340,266. Voronetz, or Voronej, a town of Russia, the cap. of the above gov., at the confluence of the Voronetz and the Don, about 130 m. E. of Kursk; it has considerable trade in wine, iron, corn, oil, etc. Pop. 46,279. Vosges, vozh, a chain of mountains in the N.E. of France, and the W. of Ger many. Many of them are of a rounded shape, and are hence called ballons; of Fate, fdt, fdr ; mete, pine, pin ; note, ndt ; tune, tUn. 437 these the highest is the Ballon d'Alsace, which attains an elevation of 4688 ft. They are extensively covered with forests, and contain silver, copper, lead, and coal ; but the most valuable mineral product is rock salt. Vosges, a dep. in the N.E. of France, bounded N. by the deps. Meuse and Meurthe- ct-Moselle; E. by Germany; S. by Haute- Saone; and W. by Haute-Marne. Area 2266 sq. m.; pop. 406,862. Vosnesensk or Wosnesensk, vos-nd- sensk', a town of Russia, gov. and 85 m. N.W. of Kherson, on the Bug. Pop. 9458. Votka or Wotka, vot'kd, a town of Russia, gov. Viatka, on the Ij, with im perial iron works, anchor forges, and mus ket factories. Pop. 9000. Vou-ohang, voo-chang, or Woo-cbang, a city of China, the cap. of Hoo-pe, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, at the influx of the Han- Kiang; it is one of the finest cities in China. Pop. 200,000. Vukovar, voo-ko-var' (the fortress on the Vuka), a town of Austria-Hungary, prov. Croatia-Sclavonia, at the confluence of the Danube and the Vuka, 23 m. S.E.of Eszek. Pop. 6590. Vnlcano, vool-kd'no, or Volcano, vol- kd'no, anc. Vulcania, the most southerly of the Lipari Islands in the Mediterranean, 12 ni, N. of Sicily ; it is about 12 ra. in circum ference, and has near its centre a crater about 3000 ft. in height, which constantly emits smoke and vapour charged with sul phur, ammonia, etc. w Waag, wdg or vdg, a river of Austria- Hungary, rises in the Carpathian Moun tains, flows S.W. and S.E., and, after a course of upwards of 200 m., joins the Danube at Komorn. Waal, wdl or vdl, a large branch of the Rhine, flows westward through N. Brabant, in the Netherlands, and joins the Maas near Gorkum. Wabash, wd'bash, a river of the United States of N. America, rises on the W. border of Ohio, separates Indiana from Illinois, and joins the Ohio 100 m. above its confluence with the Mississippi. The h-ngth of its course is estimated at 550 m. Wadburst, wdd'hurst (from A. S. wad, a ford, and hurst, a wood), a pa. and town of England, co. Sussex, 6 m. S.E. of Tunbridge Wells. Pop. of pa. 3216. Wadswortb, wdds'wurth, a township in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 7 m. W.N.W. of Halifax, Pop. 4707. Waeregbem, wd'reh-ghem, a town of Bel gium, prov. W. Flanders, 9 m. N.E. of Courtray. Pop. 6674. Wagram, wd'grdm or vd'grdm, a vil. of Lower Austria, 10 m. N.E. of Vienna, the scene of a victory gained by the French over the Austrians, 6th July 1809. Wahleren, vd'leh-ren, a town of Switzer land, cant, and 9 m. S.W. of Berne. Pop. 5154. Waikato, wi-kd'to, a river of North Island, New Zealand, flows N.W. from Lake Taupo, and enters the ocean at Waikato Harbour after a course of 140 m. Wainfieet, xodn'fleet (the way by the harbour), a town of England, co. Lincoln, on a small creek in a marshy district, 16 m. N.E. of Boston. Pop. 2054. Waitzen, wit'sen, or Waatzin, vddt'sen, a town of Austria-Hungary, beautifully situated on the Danube, 20 m. N. of Pesth, with large cattle fairs and trade in wine. Pop. 13,199. Wakefield, wake'feeld (the field by the wayside), a pari, and munic. bor. in the N.R. of Yorkshire, England, on the Calder, 9 m. S. of Leeds; it has various manufactures, iron-works, and an active trade in corn; wool, cattle, and coal. Pop. 30,854. Walcheren, vdl'hdr-en, or wdl'ker-en (the island of the strangers), an island of the Netherlands, prov. Zealand, in the Ger man Ocean, at the mouth of the Schelde; it is about 12 m. in length, 10 m. in breadth, fertile, and well cultivated, but in spring and autumn very unhealthy. Pop. 40,000. Waldeck-Pyrmont, wdl'dek peer'mont (Germ. pron. vdl'dek peei-'mont), a principal ity of Germany, consisting of the principal ity of Waldeck, N. of Hesse-Nassau, and of the principality of Pyrmont, W. of Bruns wick. About a third of the surface is covered with forests. The mountainous tracts contain iron, copper, and lead. Salt, alabaster, and marble are also important mineral pro ducts, and Pyrmont is especially famed for its mineral waters. The chief occupations of the inhabitants are cattle-rearing and agriculture. Area 439 sq. m; pop. 56,522, nearly all Protestants. Waldenburg, vdl' den-boor g, a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the Polsnitz, 10 m. W.S.W. of Schweidnitz; it has exten sive coal-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 12,063. — Also, a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, 14 m. W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2981. Walden, Saffron. See Saffron Wal- den. Waldbeim, vdlt'hime, a town of Saxony, Germany, 31 m. W. of Dresden, with linen and woollen manufactures. Pop. 7764. Wales, Principality of, a mountainous country on the W. side of S. Britain, ex tending from the Bristol Channel in the S. to the estuary of the Dee in the N. It gives the title of the Prince of Wales to the heir apparent of the British Crown, and is occupied by a purely Celtic popula tion, who speak a Celtic dialect known as British or Welsh. Area 7398 sq. m.; pop. 1,360,513. The Cambrian Mountains (so called from Cambria, the Latin for Wales) 438 Fate, fat, fdr; mite, mtt ; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. traverse it in all directions, the main range running from N. to S. The chief summits are — Snowdon, 3590 ft. ; Caern-y-Llewellyn, 3482 ft. ; Caern-y-David, 3430 ft. ; Arran- Fowddy, 2972 ft.; Cader Idris, 2959 ft.; Brecknock Beacon, 2910 ft. ; and Plinlymmon, 2481 ft. The country is divided into two sections, North and South, and Plinlym mon may be regarded as the boundary between the two. This mountain is also important as containing the sources of the rivers Severn and Wye. The coast-line is deeply indented by a number of bays, the principal of which are Cardigan Bay, Car narvon Bay, and Carmarthen Bay. The island of Anglesea, in the N.W., is the largest of the Welsh islands; it forms a county, and is linked to the mainland by a tubular iron bridge across the Menai Strait. Wales is politically incorporated with England, and divided into twelve counties, six in the N. and six in the S. In North Wales are Flintshire, Denbigh shire, Carnarvonshire, Anglesea, Merio nethshire, and Montgomeryshire; in South Wales are Cardiganshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire or Breconshire, Glamor ganshire, Carmarthenshire, and Pembroke shire. The chief ports are Swansea, Cardiff, Newport, Carnarvon, and Beaumaris. Holy head, on Holy Island, close to the W. coast of Anglesea, is the point of S. Britain nearest Ireland, and derives its importance from being an Irish mail-packet station. The mineral wealth of Wales is very con siderable, and embraces iron, copper, coal, lead, silver, slate, and limestone. Merthyr- Tydvil, in Glamorganshire, is the centre of the South Wales coal and iron district. At Swansea and Neath, large quantities of American and other copper ores are smelted. The Welsh flannel trade has been long celebrated, and its principal seats are Welshpool and Wrexham. At Milford, in Pembrokeshire, an extensive government dockyard has been estab lished. Walfiscb Bay, wdl'fish, or Walvisch, an extensive harbour on the coast of Damara, S.W. Africa, under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. It was formerly the resort of American whalers ; hence its name. Walker, wd'ker, a town of England, co. Northumberland, on the Tyne, 2£ m. E. of Newcastle, with iron shipbuilding, chemical manufactures, and collieries. Pop. 9527. Walkerburn, wd-ker-burn' , a vil. of Scot land, co. Peebles, on the Tweed, 1 m. E. of Innerleithen, with woollen manufactures. Pop. 1026. Wallacestone, a vil. of Stirlingshire, Scotland, pa. of Polmout. Pop. 292. Wallacetown, wdl ' lace - town (named after Sir T. Wallace of Craigie, by whom it was founded in 1760), a populous suburb of Ayr, Scotland. Wallachia, wol-ld'ke-a (the land of strangers, from Sclav, vlach, foreign, so called because colonized by Romans). See Roumania. Wallasey, wdl'lds-a, a town of England, co. Chester, %\ m. N.N.W. of Birkenhead. Pop. 21,192. Wallensee, vdl'len-sa, or Lake of Wal- lenstadt, a lake of Switzerland, between cants. St Gall and Glarus, connected with the Lake of Zurich by the Linth Canal ; it is 11 m. in length, 2 m. in breadth, and abounds in fish. Wallenstadt, vdl'len-stdtt (the town of the foreigners, i.e., the Romans), a town of Switzerland, cant. St Gall, at the E. ex tremity of the above lake. Pop. 2831. Wallingford, wdl'ling-ford (the ford at the old fort, from Brit, guallen, an old fort, and ford), a pari, and munic. bor. of Berk shire, England, at a ford on the Thames, 13 m. N.W. of Reading, and 13 m. S.E. of Oxford. Pop. of pari. bor. 8194; of munic. bor. 2803. Wallkill, wdll'kill, a town of New York, U.S., 18 m. W. of Newhurgh. Pop. 11,483. Walls (probably from voes, a bay or inlet of the sea), a pa. of Scotland, co. Shet land. Pop. 2262. Walls aud Flotta, a pa. in the S. Ork ney Isks, Scotland. Pop. 1506. Wallsend, wdlz'end (so named from being at the end of the wall built by Severus), a town of England, co. Northum berland, on the Tyne, 4 m. E.N.E. of New castle ; in its neighbourhood are extensive coal-mines, which produce an excellent quality of coal known as Wallsend coal, largely exported to London and elsewhere. Pop. 6351. Wallyford, wdl'le-ford, a vil. of Scot land, co. Edinburgh, pa. of Inveresk. Walmer, wdl'mer (the embankment by the sea), a town of England, co. Kent, on the E. coast, 1 m. S.W. of Deal ; it is much frequented for sea-bathing, and near it is a castle in which the Duke of Wellington resided as Lord-Warden of the Cinque Ports, and in which he died, 14th Septem ber 1852. Pop. 4309. Walsall, wol'zel, a munic. and pari. bor. and market town of England, co. Stafford, 8 ra. N.W. of Birmingham, and 6 m. E. of Wolverhampton, with extensive iron works, manufactures of saddlers' iron mongery, and a good trade in malt. Pop. of munic. bor. 58,795; of pari. bor. 59,402. Walsham, North, wol'sham, a town of England, co. Norfolk, 14 m. N.E. of Nor wich, with trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 3234. — South Walsham is a vil. 11 m. W.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 596. Walsoken, wol'so-ken (the place near the wall where the judicial courts were held), a town of England, co. Norfolk, 1 m. N.E. of Wisbeach, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 2697. Walston, wdls'tun, a pa. of Scotland, co. Lanark. Pop. 340. Waltham, wdl'tham, a town of Massa- Fate, fdt, fdr ; mite, mtt; pine, pin; note, ndt; tunc, tUn. 439 chusetts, U.S., co. Middlesex, on Charles River, 10 m. N.W. of Boston. Pop. 11,711. Waltbam Abbey, or Holy Cross, a town of England, co. Essex, on the Lea, 13 m. N.N.E. of London, with silk and other manufactures, and government gun powder mills in the vicinity. Pop. 5368. Waltbam, Bishop's, bish'up's wol'tum, a town of England, co. Hants, 10 m. E.N.E. of Southampton. Pop. 2484. Walthamatow, wol'tum-sto, a pa. of Eng land, co. Essex, on the borders of Epping Forest. Pop. 21,715. Walton-le-Dale, wol'tun-le-dale, a town ship of Lancashire, England, on the Ribble, 14, m. S.E. of Preston. Pop. 9286. Walton- on -the -Hill, a town of Lanca shire, England, 3 m. N. of Liverpool, in which borough it is partly included. Pop. 18,536. Walton-on-tbe-Naze, a small water ing-place of England, co. Essex, about 9 m. from Harwich. Pop. 1371. Walworth, wol'wxtrlh, a populous suburb of London, co. Surrey, 2 m. S. of St Paul's. Wamphray, wdm'frd (from uamh-fri, the den or deep glen in the forest), a pa. and vil. of Scotland, co. and about 18 m. N.E. of Dumfries, and 6 m. S.E. of Moffat. Pop. of pa. 455. Wandsbek, vdnds'bek, a town of Prussia, prov. Schleswig - Holstein, 3 m. N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 16,138. Wandsworth, wonz'wurth (the estate or manor on the Wandle), a pa. of England and suburban dist. of London, co. Surrey, at the confluence of the Wandle and Thames, 5£ m. S.W. of St Paul's. Pop. 28,004. Wanganui, wdn-gd-noo'e, a river, town, and. co. in the provincial dist. of Welling ton, North Island, New Zealand. Pop. of town 4646. Wanlockhead, wdn'lok-hed (named from its situation at the head of the Wanlock), a vil, of Scotland, co. Dumfries, 6i m. E.N.E. of Sanquhar, with extensive lead-mines. Pop. 788. Wanstead, wdn'sted (Woden's town or place, from Woden, the Saxon god of war, and A. S. stead, a place or town), a town of England, co. Essex, on the Roding, 7 m. N. E. of Loudon. Pop. 5362. Wantage, wdn'tage, a town of England, co. Berks, on the border of the Vale of the White Horse, 22 m. N W. of Reading. Alfred the Great was born here in 849. Pop. 3488. Wapping, wdp'ping, a pa. of England, co. Middlesex, included within the metro polis, on the Thames, 2 m. E.S.E. of St Paul's ; it contains extensive docks and warehouses, and its inhabitants are chiefly employed in manufactures connected with Shipping. Pop. 2225. Waranger, wdr'ang-gher, a bay of the Arctic Ocean between Swedish and Rus sian Lapland, Waraadin, or Varasdin, vdr-ds-deen', Hung. Varasd, voh-roshd', a town of Aus tria-Hungary, prov. Croatia- Sclavonia, on the Drave, 28 m. N.N.E. of Agram. Warm mineral springs and sulphur baths are in the vicinity. Pop. 10,700. Warberg, vdr'berg, a town of Gothland, S. Sweden, on the Cattegat, 36 m. N.W. of Halmstad, much frequented for sea-bath ing. Pop. 2961. Warburg, vdr'boorg, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the Diemel, 22 m. S. E. of Paderbom. Pop. 4592. Wardbuus, wdrd'hooss, a small island of Norway, with a fort, off the N.E. coast of Finmark.— 70° 22' N. lat, 31° 7' E. long. Ward - Hunt Strait (named in honour of the Right Hon. George Ward-Hunt, who was for some time First Lord of the English Admiralty in the Beaconsficld ministry), a channel between Cape Vogel, on the N. coast of the E. part of New Guinea, and Goodenough Island. Ware (so called from being originally a weir or dam, constructed and fortified by the Danes on the river Lea in 964), a town of Hertfordshire, England, on the Lea, 2 m. N.E. of Hertford, with an active trade in malt, grain, and coal. Pop. 6277. Warebam, ware'am (corr. from its Saxon name Waerham, dwelling or habitation on the weir), a town of Dorsetshire, England, near the mouth of the Frome, 15 m. S.E. of Dorchester, with trade in potters' clay found in its neighbourhood. Pop. 2112. Warendorf, vd'ren-dorf, a manufactur ing town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Ems, 16 m. E. of Munster. Pop. 4817. Wari, wd-re', a town of Benin, Upper Guinea, W. Africa. Pop. 5000. Warkworth, wdrk'wurth (the estate or manor near the fortress, i.e., Wark Castle), a pa. of England, co. Northumberland, 7 m. S.E. of Alnwick, with limestone quarries and coal-mines, Pop. 6917. Warley, wdr'ld, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, England, 3 m. W. of Halifax, with iron-foundries, chemical works, stone quarries, and woollen mills. Pop. 3211. Warminster, wdr'min-ster (the monas-- tery near the weir), a town of England, co. Wilts, on the Willey, 4 m. S. of West- bury, and 21 m. W.N.W. of Salisbury, with trade in corn and malt. Pop. 5640. Warrenpoint, wdrir en-point, a seaport town and bathing - place of Ireland, co. Down, 6 m. S.E. of Newry. Pop. 1887. Warrington, wdr'ring-tun (corr. from its Saxon name Weringtun, derived from wmring, a fortification, and tun, a town), a munic. and pari. bor. and important manufacturing town of Lancashire, Eng land, on the Mersey, about midway between Liverpool and Stockport; the bor. extends into Cheshire. Pop. of munic. bor. 41,452: of pari. bor. 45,253. Warrnambool, war-nam-bool', a seaport of Victoria, Australia, 170 m. S.W. of Mel bourne, with extensive works for pre- 440 Fate, fat, fdr ; mete, mtt ; pine, pin ; ndte, ndt ; tune, iUn. serving meat for exportation. Pop. about 4850. Warsaw, wdr'saw, anc. Varsovia (the fortified place), a town of Russia, the ancient cap. of Poland, finely situated on the Vis tula, in 52° 20' N. Lat., 21° 10' E. long. It suffered terribly in the sieges of 1794 and 1831. It has extensive manufactures, and large fairs held twice a year. Its univer sity was suppressed in 1834, and its library of 150,000 volumes has been transferred to St Petersburg, but it still contains two colleges, a theological seminary, and nu merous learned associations. Pop. 339,341. Warta, vdr'td, a river which rises in Poland, flows N., then W., through Posen, and joins the Oder at Kiistrin, in Branden burg, Prussia, after a course of 450 m.— Also a town of Poland, on the above river, 24 m. E. of Kalisz. Pop. 4490. Warwick, wdr'ik (the fortress town, from A. S. waring, a fortification, and wic, a dwelling or town), a munic. and pari. bor. and the co. town of Warwickshire, Eng land, on the Avon, 2£ m. W. of Leaming ton ; it is chiefly noted for its castle, which is the most complete specimen of a feudal fortress in the kingdom. Pop. 11,800. Warwickshire, wdr'ik-shir, an inland co. of England, bounded by Stafford and Leicester on the N. ; Northampton on the E.; Oxford and Gloucester on the S.; and Worcester on the W. Area 885 sq. m.; pop. 737,339. The scenery is eminently beautiful. The soil is fertile, and iB nearly all under tillage or in meadows and pas tures. The chief rivers are the Avon, Tame, Leam, Rea, Stour, Alne, Arrow, Anker, Blythe, Swift, Dene, &n; I M 0 R B I J. aval/ - FfiifUR£.4a#5:y*/^'-^\. 6 i .T '^o?iC LOT f S3 C DV N a COT 6 JJO" ?p& ... B01UCHES.DU RHONE p^V * a V^°^i. • ' "Aba Jr eEJione \MEDlTERRU*EA*r SEU $tinxfa*"> 9. GERMAN EMPIRE. fill I LIU J.3ar€wVrmev. 2dmT 10. HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 11. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. C- °***(i> r^wcadr Tarts ~ ^1 Bote-rA* iVovi/i, _ i (i,. •/,<.- chief Towns trhirh ufida-tmed •S.e&ieiixrntz , '¦-¦ U ' L I Ul S A ,'V' 4! jEaahan. \J •Brian ^Jr &fe eW? iTdt^y' 14. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 15. SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND DENMARK. 7 / SCANDINAVIA IDS JfMATii SWEDEN. Lams or Districts NbrrboUen ffestai Jemtlan-fWeata' Norrbotten Geflehonj 15 EUbon 16 ffs&e&i 17 ffoBaiid IU J&nkSpuw 19 Calmar " 20 Kroiwborg 21 Blefdfwe 22 Oirtsttamttini 23 Mabnx'hus 24 OotliLvid 16. ASIA. a i s i -&• s ~""~ 17. TURKEY IN ASIA, ARABIA, PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN, AND BALUCHISTAN. 18. INDIA BURMA, SIAM, Etc. 19. CHINESE EMPIRE AND JAPAN. 20. AFRICA. 21. CAPE COLONT, NATAL, Etc. E R T I Kolobeaj SliosKong T \4 ?®m tvr a n s 3$ Mi ^tusli£.buj-£. i^tyflW Jir.rm inju burg' \ ^retO^Tl 71 ^ I /^^*~- ^^ '"I ''' L--^-~* '¦'"' 22. NORTH AMERICA. J.. jl^iluixHud \\\i^f^i sass&$& ii_di a,TKtOr«(iiil»is; TlZVlti^ Tor'ri-Fi \SA3/ ^S?^ \mlt-A )um /y- -Jeer 17 i»- ^j^'JjJU-lcrrtt'D- V ?/it*.u G E-O^^/H-tarujav &B- Ir^^S! 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El a .-?»»• 1 i. «*' ' SfCfuz orQK'laailotif 1 loaI- __****»& ifociy I QUi 1 ands !-lal5l»5'i,-. ,uii jamkort/t spintu Santo l^J i"Arf™J . '.osettija WHetfnd^s ; liotumah, j 7 ,__. j5 V j S»,fll ^ .... - '-, /-Fohina i Tutu^' irides ¦¦ T % -#'' &¦ FiuViidlvls iN' \ ', jFJXE I? .-T&^a -^:lTap BjiFOtontfH * Cook Is ^^ Loyalty I" C ale doma 7^ ¦ Part &?<*** HWjebfe :/^> Tongatabu/i i ¦IJyUtadM?; '\\. ' .. . y , -'.,n>r:tvrrt •¦ .. J q~:-\.-. ,.-!,:, i Z.jj.,-, ; 29. AUSTRALIA. 30. NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTORIA, Etc. -Q.y r"fii> C.retf- 3trWdTLwii^ " S ^ A \peg yar fTortGr i (9f£j&fHZ« 'P'i-->aL''' €. ?Hi;vnn D a, i G.Jternowuju <\ ¦ .HEW 1WTM mJLES, "«!% T1€T©1.IA &€. ""Jg -gjjP0 lacepede B.\ C.Bernou.illi'-\^^l " *q y BrtjiUs-% J\file-* SO lQf> ISO COO zso BAB S S ZRAZ 2 81. NEW ZEALAND. IJTujTxs}-- MJjC/t^ / ' FORTH ISLAND , .... VngaroaJXca °4 yf" ¦^¦S'"( Cape yB<™.£tmlaa Lfp-zaJL_ ""¦""»* for--"11 ** r'""n" .«*„ JWafa, o VX ?**. Tpa-sl*1 Jot I\I7U} tlAu. \&.u 'ortlanaz ¦Bay 2Y 2 Hokianga 4 wfU 5 Rois'on 6 Itoaney 7 Waiiernata 8 .£,£«« 9 AfanvXau 10 Coromandtl. 11 Thantes 12 Ifoi&oAj 13 Raqlari, J4 Jl^>a. 15 AaAo 16 Tauranga. BefereiLC ^Korth Island17 Whal:o l/iam/fthua 41 £t<£cf> 42 £reK 43 -AjXZ&j- 44 Akaroa. 45 SeZtryn 16 Ashburton 47 Gerd2ctate 48 ticsdand 49 Wavbaki, 50 TJ&imoie 51 \\'ai kuuaUi, 52 Peninsula, 53 Tederii 54 fflaniototo 55 Vincent 56 Z.iic 57 Tuapeka- 58 .#™«- 59 CJuilux 60 Southland, 61 Tf&ZZaoe G2 JSunZ 63 Stewart Is ianiX 32. PALESTINE Coesarea,fc «1 ?t