YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^ yi^£>^^ A HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEVADA Its Resources and People THE LATE HON. THOMAS WREN OF RENO EDITOR-IN-CHIEF "Knowledge of kindred and the genealogies of the ancient families de- serveth highest praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knozvledge of a man's ozmi self. It is a greai spur to look hack on the worth of our line." — Lord Bacon. "There is no heroic poem in the world but is at the bottom the life of a man." — Sir Walter Scott. ILLUSTRATED COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK : : CHICAGO 1904 Cr5'f.05'0 PREFACE. "A History of Nevada," which has been in course of preparation for more than a year, has, through the careful and unremitting diligence on the part of the editors and publishers, been brought to a satisfactory state of completeness. Within the pages of this work will be found, it is thought, the truest expression of the romantic career and wonderful greatness of the" State of Nevada. While this Commonwealth is redundant with its wealth of mineral resources, while its fertile valleys are a veritable horn of plenty which the good goddess of grain and the harvest has upturned on the thrifty agriculturist, and while all the industries and arts of man thrive and flourish — all the which are given their due and proper estimation and description in these pages, — yet Nevada history is most entrancing, as a narrative, and most valuable, as a portion of the world's life story, when it sets forth, not its material products and wealth and extent of domain, but its Personnel — the men who traveled the devious ways and braved the untold dangers of pioneer emigration, who climbed and explored the mountain fastnesses and laid bare to the world the long-hidden mineral wealth; who brought water to the thirsty desert places, planted a tree and made the wastes bloom and blossom as the rose and bring forth of all the fruits in their season ; who built dwell ings and gave communities a habitation and a name; who founded institu tions and from a congeries of human abodes founded ^a body politic and erected a firm and enduring social structure ; and, finally, those who still dig and delve and sow and reap, who toil in the hives of industry, who hold the marts of trade, who teach and minister unto others, and who carry out the public will and as chosen servants guide the craft of state. Of such does this History treat. In it will be found a carefully pre pared and authoritative narrative of the history of the State from the times of its earliest explorers and settlers to the men of the present, with trust worthy accounts of the political, material and social growth and development during the same period, with the institutions, industries and varied arts given due recognition, and, lastly, in biographical form, the facts concerning the men of the State whose careers have made them conspicuous among their fel lows, whose deeds and lives have lifted them to the high plane of success, and who stand as representatives of the greatness of Nevada. The editorial supervision and compilation of the History of the State of Nevada was among the last works to occupy the time and attention of the late Hon. Thomas Wren, than whom the State could boast no more conspicuous ¦t PREFACE. representative, in all that goes to make up public-spirited citizenship and noble and upright manhood. This History is therefore in the nature of a memorial to the eminent career of its Editor-in-Chief, and is dedicated to his memory and the Commonwealth of which he was so truly representative. In the preparation of "A History of the State of Nevada" the best printed authorities have been consulted, and many other facts hitherto un published have been procured through local annalists and custodians of papers of historic worth. The work has been appropriately illustrated with por traits and historical scenery. (The publishers acknowledge indebtedness to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company for furnishing several excellent illustrations and scenic views.) All personal sketches have been submitted for correction or addition to the parties concerned, and no efifort has been spared to secure accuracy' and to make .the work a true and reliable account nf the State, its resources and its people. contents. CHAPTER I. Introductory 1 1 CHAPTER II. First Emigration and .Vttendant Results 14 CHAPTER III. 1846-1850 23 CHAPTER IV. 1851 26 CHAPTER V. First County Organization 28 CHAPTER VI. 1857-1858. Carson County Depopulated 32 CHAPTER VII. First Discovery of Silver 38 CHAPTER VIII. Settlement of Territory 55 CHAPTER IX. Territory of Nevada 61 CHAPTER X. Organization and Political History of State 67 CHAPTER XI. Political History, 1880-1904 87 CHAPTER XII. Lines in Nevada Established 100 CHAPTER XIII. Pioneer Transportation 107 CHAPTER XIV. Waters of Nevada 117 CHAPTER XV. General Geological Features 125 CHAPTER XVI. Laws Afifected by Mining 138 CHAPTER XVII. Mining and New Discoveries , . . 146 ^ CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII. Irrigation in Nevada 152 CHAPTER XIX. Agriculture and Stock ' 159 CLIAPTER XX. The Railroads 170 CHAPTER XXI. Religion in Nevada 182 CHAPTER XXII. The Schools of Nevada 206 CHAPTER XXIII. State and Government Institutions . 218 CHAPTER XXIV. The Sons of Mars 225 CHAPTER XXV. The Bench and Bar of Nevada 231 CHAPTER XXVI. Secret Orders in Nevada 234 CHAPTER XXVII. I. O. O. F 248 CHAPTER XXVIII. K. of P. and Other Orders ••- 255 CHAPTER XXIX. Indian Annals of Nevada 261 CHAPTER XXX. Nevada Literature 3^^ INDEX. Abbott, G. D 587 Allen, George 501 Allen, Lemuel 317 Alt, George 438 Anderson, Henry 720 Angel, Warren M 487 Anker, Peter 630 Argus, The Lovelock 481 Atclijson, John G 422 Badt, M. and Company 474 Baker, B. F 493 Baker, Henry 535 Bank of Austin 500 Bank of California, Agency of 548 Bank of Nevada 630 Barrett, Charles H SS3 Bartine, Horace F 610 Beck, H. H .* 736 Belknap, Charles H 380 Berk, George 694 Berrum, Louis '. 674 Bonnifield, M. S 344 Bonnifield, S. J., Jr 318 Booker, Simeon M 451 Bovard, Milton , . . . . 525 Bowler, P. M 408 Boyd, Daniel B 729 Boyle, Edward D 359 Boynton, John W 419 Bradley, John R 326 Bradley, Lewis L 326 Brady, Edward 505 Brady, Hugh J 505 Bray, Charles E 461 Bray, John E 746 /Brougher, Wilson 372 Brown, George S 700 Broy, C. L 621 Buckle, Charles 580 Burdick, Truman A 607 Burke, James 463 Burns, William A 663 Caine, Edwin E 376 Canavan, Andrew J 684 Capell, W. R 582 Carpenter, L. N 601 Caughlin, William H 539 Cavell, W. H 746 Cazier Brothers S14 Cazier, Jefferson D 514 Cazier, John H S14 Cliartz, Alfred J ^. Sog Cheney, A. E 549 Chism, Gardner 604 Chronicle, The 43° Clark, James 458 Clark, Lincoln G 407 Cobb, William A ' 533 Coffin, Trenmor 429 Cohen, Sidney B 436 Colcord, Roswell K 338 Cole, A. M 732 Comerford, James 711 Conboie, Joseph A 356 Considine, Jolin L 440 Conway, K. J 638 Cooke, Herman R 654 Coppersmith, William . . . .^ 329 Cottrell, G. W. S 561 Cottrell, Wiliiam D 719 Cox, William L 370 Craig, John S 504 Ciescenzo, Samuel , 333 Crocker, Alvan W 410 Cromer, Lawrence W 641 Cronant, C. H 713 Crosby, David 565 Curler, Benjamin 600 Curler, Benjamin^ F ' 342 Daily Evening Report 449 Dale, George W 679 Dalton, Peter 637 Dalton, Thomas H 661 Dangberg, Henry F 359 Davis, Herman 368 Davis.', P. E 513 Davis, Samuel P 418 Dawley, A. G 468 Dawson, D. A 586 Deal, W. E. F 723 Dewar, James 751 Dotta, Emilio 620 Dunn, James T 345 Dunn, Herbert C 443 Dutertre, Louis 478 Dyer, Henry W 351 Easton, James 485 Easton, William 484 Eckley, J. W 547 Ede, Stephen 491 Eggers, J 363 Ellis, P. B 704 Elmore, George 725 Enterprise, Daily Territorial 590 Eureka County Bank 631 Eureka and Palisade Railway Co 587 Evans, Alvaro 354 Evans, John N 488 Farrell, John C 593 Farrington, Edward S 707 Fielding, Frank E 598 8 INDEX. First National Bank of Winnemucca 320 Fisher, A $12 Fitzgerald, Adolphus L 386 Fitzgerald, John A 377 Flanigan, P. L '. 357 Flaws, T. J. A 375 Fletcher, A. G 692 Fletcher, Merrill 322 Fogg, William A 530 Frazer, William H 519 F-rench, A 756 French, Greeley 697 Freudenthal, Herman E 446 Fulton, John M 699 Fulton, Robert L 681 Fuss, Henry W 634 Gallagher, Patrick 590 Garcia, G S 416 Garrecht, Gertrude 442 Gates, Byron 384 Genzel, Henry 569 Gibbs, William B 540 Gibson, Samuel C 619 Gignoux, Jules E 360 Giroux, David 675 [Golconda Hot Springs Hotel 478 \JGooding, Jacob , 650 Gorham, Harry M 335 Gosse, H. J 546 Gray, Enoch 745 Green, George S 454 Greer, Henry H 705 Griffin, Thomas 562 Griffin, Watson E 635 Griswold. Eugene 595 Grover, Charles W 363 Gulling, Charles 404 Gulling, Martin 35° Guthrie, J. W , 328 Hamilton, Cyrus 603 Hancock, William H 013 Hardesty, Edward P 452 Hawley, Thomas P 398 Hawthorne, William A 709 Haydon, Thomas E 646 Heidenreich, Henry 475 Henderson, George S 748 Henley, W. J 402 Henning, George 573 Herraan, Thomas G 59^ Hesson, Abraham W 30d Hester, George H 0S2 Hill, John 612 Hodgkinson, S. J fo Hoegh, J. H S97 Hoenstine, Frank G 34i Hofer, T. R 402 Hofer, T. R., Jr 486 Holcomb. Grove R 49» Holland, Jacob F 507 Honcyman, Frank S4i Hood, Charles J 449 Hooper, W. J 324 Horton, Robert L 552 Howe, H. H 496 Howell, Eugene 742 Huffaker, Dan 45° Hunken, Henry C 536 Hunter, Thomas 698 Hymers, Thomas K 623 Independent, The Elko 492 Ingalls, W. A 476 Ingham, W. H : . . . . 685 Isola, J. A 575 Jacobs, S 572 Jenkins, Edith 564 Jenkins, William T 564 Johnson, Hiram 625 Johnson, J. W 426 Johnston, James 577 J Tones, Henry J 433 Jones, Joseph E 647 Jones, Robert 391 Jones, W. D 644 Jones. Willis R 735 Josephs, Joe 482 Judge, James R 388 Kaiser, Charles ..; 690 Katz, Frederick 544 Kelley, Edward D 374 Kind, Henry 315 Kinkead, James H 670 Kinney, R. H 428 Kinnikin, J. W 744 Kleinhaus, Andrew 649 Kleppe, John 435 Knox, Charles L 707 Kyle, Alfred C 726 Lake, Mary E 38S Lamb, Alvin M 456 Lamb, J. M.^.. 721 Langan, Francis P 4o6 Laveaga, Paul 683 Leavitt, GrandviUe 1 5I7 Lee, S. L 348 Leete, B. F 738 Lemaire. August D 494 Lemmon, Henry A 443 Levy, Herman 575 Le wers, Ross 551 Lewis, D. E 332 Lewis, Frank R 741 Lewis, John A 466 Litch, Andrew 425 Littrell, Charles F 701 Loftus, Andrew J 395 Logan, Hugh R ..........!.' 522 Lonkey, Oliver 526 Lord, Frederick C 583 Lothrop, John 702 Lovelock, George \[[ ,,q Lynds, John B .......,'. 617 Lyon County Times .......'. 417 INDEX. Mackey, Will J 453 Malloy, Thomas C 656 Mapes, George W 330 Marker, H. C 639 Martin, Harry M 669 Martin, W. O'H 321 Marzen, Joseph 632 Massey, W A 346 Mathews, Frank J . . . r 543 Mathews, Joseph C 549 Maute, Andrew 558 Mayer, Charles E 447 Mayhugh, John S 424 McBride, J. A 393 McCuliough, James B 657 McDonell, A. J 559 McGrath, John 662 McGrath, Philip J 477 McKinty, James 631 McLeod, Angus 580 McMullen, Samuel 748 Meacham, Robert S 605 Miller, J. A 500 Miller, J. H 420 Moran, W. T 592 Morgan, George A 554 Morrill, Enoch 633 Morrow, John M 439 Murphy, Michael A 440 Murphy, Michael J 673 Nash, Richard 655 Nelson, Nels 618 Nevada Planing Mill Company 665 Nevada State Herald 461 Newlands, Francis G 717 Nixon, George S 320 Norcross, Frank H 6x5 O'Connor, Daniel W 316 O'Kane, John 752 O'Neal, Joseph 755 Onyon, William T 696 Osburn, Ralph S 367 O'Sullivan, J. D 472 Overton, J. B 434 Owens, W. C 750 Patey, Henry 624 Patterson, Webster 388 Pearce, William 628 Peckham, George E 4^4 Pedroli, Stephen 47i Phillips, J. Warne 68g Piazza, Luigi D 616 Pickard, J. E 334 Pike, W. H. A 5o6 Pinson, Paul A 685 Pitt, W. C 518 Pixley, Myron 754 Piatt, Samuel 7o8 Pollard, A. K 740 Pooly, John H 343 Prater, Nicholas 7i6 Press, The Free 467 Puett, John W 568 Pursell, H. 0 537 Quirk, James 412 Raftice, Robert E 615 Rammelkamp, George 389 Randall, Dixie P 378 Raycraft Brothers 470 Raycraft, James 470 Raycraft, Joseph 470 Reid, Robert J 319 Reinhart, E. and Company 660 Reno Mill and Lumber Co 405 Report, The Daily Evening 449 Reveille, Reese River 528 Reymers, William A 755 Richards, Charles A 665 Rickey, Thomas B 364 Riddell, Samuel 527 Ring, Orvis 524 Riter, Henry 676 Riverside Mill Co 371 Roberts, Dillon 534 Robins, F. C 672 Roff, Nate W 714 Rosenthal, Benjamin 437 Ross, Gilbert C 643 Ross, Orrin C 626 Ruddell, W. C 606 Russell, James 666 Rutledge, James 579 Rvan, Dave M 376 Ryan, Joseph R 588 Ryan, M. E 652 Sauer, Andrew 483 Saunders, Wiltshire 352 Schailer, George ,. 642 Scheel, Robert C 529 Schoer, Claus 556 Schneider, F. J 538 Scott, James 402 Scully, Dennis 341 Segal, Marcus 602 Sentinel, Eureka 511 Shallenberger, George N 695 Sharon, W. E 680 Sheehan, Jerry 348 Shields, Michael 396 Smiley, William 521 Smith, Andrew H 337 Smith, George J 361 Smith, George S 465 Smith, Hugh A 578 Smith, J. E 485 Smith, Lorenzo D 733 Smith, Oscar J 555 Snyder, Charles 585 Sparks, John 313 Spencer, A 664 Spencer, John ¦ 749 Spindel, Stephen 636 INDEX. Spinner, Williain 592 State Bank & Trust Co 366 Steele, Robert 445 Steele, Robert M 545 Steinmetz, Frank J 358 Stubbs, Joseph E 570 Summerfield, Alexander 431 Summerfield, G. W 653 Summerfield, Sardis 608 Sutherland, William 608 Sweeney, James G 383 Taber, James H 381 Talbot, George F 392 Taylor, .0. F , 444 Thoma, George H 658 Thomas, William 432 Thorpe, Margaret 457 Tonkin, Walter J , 325 Torreyson, James D 712 Tribune, The Lovelocks 503 Triplett, J. F 399 Trousdale, Atwell F 667 Turrittin, George F 629 Twaddle, Ebenezer 507 Vanderlieth, E. D 734 VanPatten, Francis P 677 Waldo, Gilbert B 515 Walker Lake Bulletin 397 Ward, Albert M 687 Warren, Charles D 581 Washoe County Bank 409 Wedekind, George H 576 Westfall, Andrew 686 Wheeler, Daniel C 594 Whitacre, E. H 502 Wild, Albert 727 Wildes, Frank L 532 Williams, Absalom B 380 Williams. Edward . .' 668 Wilson, David 557 Wilson, George W 557 Wilson, Nathaniel E ; 566 Winfrey, Edward E 404 Winters, Theodore • 479 Wiseman, Abner H .'. 715 Wood, John C 728 Woodbum, William 394 Woodbury, James P 516 Wren, Thomas 757 Wright, John 459 Wright, John T 415 Wright, William , 448 Yerington, E. B 422 Yerington, Henry M '. 410 Yerington, James A 411 Young, Stephen R 314 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTER I. Introductory. The State of Nevada is often referred to as "The Battle Born," and, not counting the years which have elapsed since she earned the title by a baptism of blood, many citizens of the United States still regard her as one. of the few remnants of the frontier. With her early history many are conversant through the medium of the United States histories; and that she came reluctantly into the Union just at the close of the Civil war, forced, almost, to don the robes of statehood to aid in the reconstruction legislation when she had neither the population nor the wealth to justify such a step. Only a personal visit to Nevada can prove to many that Nevada is not on the frontier ; that her railroads and the march of civilization and progress have placed her many decades beyond that period. Again, Nevada has been handicajqied by the fact that aliens look on her through the golden haze of past glories, back to the days of the famous Comstock, the lode which gave her the soubriquet of "The Silver State." It is true that Nevada has produced more mineral than any state in the Union, $625,000,000 in gold and silver, more than one-fourteenth of the entire stock of gold and silver in the world "to-day. It is only by her mineral wealth Nevada is known to many. She is not thought of as a land for the farmer, and yet for forty years at every great exposition Nevada has placed samples of what the soil and climate can produce, carrying away prize after' prize. Nevada profited little by her mineral output, for the promoters of Nevada's mines sunk all profits in San Francisco, inaugurating world-wide enterprises and erecting magnificent homes and public buildings. To-day they stand, not as a monument to the greatness of Nevada, but of California. None of that wealth was expended in promoting the development of Nevada, along any Hne. Being a neighbor to California has not proved an unmixed blessing for Nevada, in many particulars. Lying so close together Nevada invariably sufifers from the comparisons made. She is not attractive to the eye, her general grayness of volcanic ash and sagebrush, her low hills 12 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and uncultivated plains at first repel, where California's velvet greenswards and wealth of blossoms win all hearts. But below the surface lies an Alad din's lamp which, when used by Nevada, will make California's glories pale into insignificance, the wonderful power of water will call into life every form of plant known to man, from the tropic to the frigid zone. Much of Nevada is called desert, and Nevada is just learning that deserts are the richest land of all when touched by the life-giving water. And yet history states that "All the glories of antiquity sprang from the heart of the desert." One has only to look uixin the fragrant, cool green oases of the beautiful farms of Nevada, where water has been abundant, to foresee what the future holds in store for the fortunate inhabitants of Nevada when irrigation is in full sway. The general government has taken up the work and great progress has already been made, and five million acres are to be reclaimed. Nevada will base much of its assured future prosperity upon its agriculture. Again, the railroad status has always afifected Nevada unfavorably. Generally when transcontinental lines are built through a new country, that country is built up by the railroad promoting settlement. The Central Pacific was involved in a controversy with the government, and as a result, instead of trying to promote the settlement of Nevada, its owners en deavored to divert all business possible to the Southern Pacific. Thecountry traversed by the Southern Pacific was advertised and advanced at the ex pense of Nevada, which was, and has always been, powerless in the matter. The public came to look upon Nevada simply as a means to get from Ogden, Utah, to California. Because it was not advertised the Central Pacific was regarded as a worthless railroad running through a barren state. But times have changed, and the policy of the railroads toward Nevada has changed also. The prospects are that 1904 will more than double Nevada's railroad mileage. Three lines are in process of construction which will secure to Nevada practically a monopoly of the great oriental Irafific, which must cross this continent. One is the Southern and Western, .to run from San Francisco to Salt Lake City, through California, Nevada and Utah; another is the one which will connect Salt Lake City, Utah, with Los Angeles, California, and will cross Lincoln county, Nevada, opening up an immense district of farm lands and a rich mining country; the third is the one which will give the great Tonopah and Goldfield mines an outlet via the Carson & Colorado and Virginia & Truckee to Reno, where it will connect with the overland of the first named road. No state sufifered as severely as did Nevada from the depressing efifect- of our financial legislation, which resulted in the fall of silver from $1.29 an ounce to 60 cents. The demonetization of silver caused the suspension. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 13 almost entirely, of silver mining. The operating expenses of Nevada's mines amounted to from one-half to three-fourths of the gross receipts, and the price of the products of those mines was reduced one half. The conditions were all speculative and the result was chaos. Under all these unfavorcible conditions Nevada has declined in popu lation from sixty-five thousand in 1880 to forty-five thousand in 1903. With a territory of nearly seventy-one million acres, the fourth state in the Union in point of size has had to retire in the background, a forgotten empire, while the other intermountain states and territories trebled in population. Yet no one can contend that one of these was equal to Nevada in either mineral or agricultural resources. In the past four years conditions have changed wonderfully, for Nevada has felt new life in every vein and artery. The impetus came with the discovery of the great Tonopah mining district in 1904, and since then vein after vein has been opened up, treasure after treasure uncovered, through out the length and breadth of the state. The efifect has been magical, and Nevada has attracted not only the attention of the government, but of the capitalists and captains of finance. Her possibilities have been proved to be realities, golden, glowing realities, beyond the dreams of the most sanguine optimist. The "turn of the tide" has arrived and Nevada is taking advantage of it, not in the speculative mode of the Comstock days, but on the solid foundation of integrity in all things. The Comstock itself is rehabilitated, not only in its methods of working, but in the ways of legitimate mining enterprise. Nevada is far from being a "new country" in fact, but it is one entirely as far as its opportunities are concerned. No state freely ofifers richer opportunities in every line to man than does the glorious state of Nevada. In the past, Nevada sat in her temple of silver, with her golden sceptre prone in the dust, waiting, like the Sphinx, for something that never came. To-day she has opened the temple doors and with her sceptre of gold waves a v.^el- come to all mankind to come and share her mineral and agricultural wealth, her comfortable climate, and all the satisfying gifts with which Mother Na ture endowed her at birth. 1* A HISTORY OF-NEVADA. CHAPTER II.' First Emigration and Attendant Results. Discovery of Great Salt Lake— First White Man in Nevada 1825— Dis covery of Gold in Mono Gulch 1825— The Rival Fur Companies- Smith's Second Expedition — Sublette Trapping Expedition 183 1— Walker Guides Bonneville Expedition 1833 — McCoy's Hudson Bay Ex pedition 1833— First Bona Fide Emigrants 1841— Fremont's Second Expedition of Exploration 1843— A Terra Incognita— Emigrants of 1844— Fremont's 1845 Expedition — Awful Fate of Donner Party 1846 — Increase of Emigration in 1847. In 1825 the first white man visited a portion of the country which is now known as Nevada, Jedediah S. Smith, a native of New York. Previous to this visit he had been in partnership with William H. Ashley, of St. Louis, who discovered the Great Salt Lake of Utah in the year prior, as well as the small lake near by which bears his name. Ashley, with his partner, Smith, built a fort at Ashley Lake and the mountaineers made it headquarters for some time. Smith until his trip to the now Nevada and Ashley for the entire time he followed trapping in the Rocky Mountain. Ashley was well known as a mountaineer and trapper when he set up his lares and penates at Ashley Lake, and his entire life was a series of ad ventures while pursuing his vocation. Smith passed through even more thrilling adventures in rapid succession, with hairbreadth escapes from wild animals and the still more to be dreaded Indians. He was murdered in 183 1 by an Indian, who shot him down from ambush, the arrow killing him instantly. Smith left his rendezvous on Yellowstone river to go on one of his long trapping expeditions, heading a party of forty trappers, crossing the country to California and passing through a portion of the country now known as western. Wyoming. He went down the Humboldt, which he named after his Indian wife, Mary, on through the Walker River territory and out into Tulare Valley, California, via Walker's Pass. He reached this goal in July, with but two trappers, and three months later he went back over the trail he had followed in, his companions remaining behind engaged in trapping on the Sacramento river. That he did not retrace his steps exactly is shown by notes now in possession of Captain Robert Lyon, of San Buena ventura, California. Smith spoke of the discovery of Mono Lake (Dead Sea) in these notes, taken on his return trip, and stated that the upper end was very rich; that when Cord, the discoverer, first prospected it in 1859, gold was washed up by rains on to the granite rocks, where he collected it. Gold was so easily obtainable at that time that Smith stated in these notes A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 15 that there was not one placer to be found in the country between Sacra mento and Salt Lake where the veriest tyro in mining could not take a pan and a knife and with the two simple implements gather a golden harvest, just as was being done in Mono Gulch, at least in the upper end of the gulch. While the gold in Mono was not at all coarse, pieces were often found weigh ing from twenty-five cents to two dollars. Captain Lyon says that both Rocky Mountain Jack and Bill Reed, both well known old trappers, spent the summer of i860 in Mono and that both men declared they were with Smith in 1825 and that they all spent a week prospecting in the foothills, where they picked up gold, in that year, which would supixjrt the assertion of Bill Byrnes, well known in Carson City, that Jedediah Smith was the original discoverer of Mono Gulch. To further support the claim is the fact that old stumps of trees which must have been cut many years, in 1859 had grown again into large trees. Soon after Smith reached the headquarters of the firm, Ashley decided to withdraw, and Smith formed a partnership with David Jackson and M. Sublette under the name of "The Rocky Mountain Fur Company." So well did these new partners think of the California expedition that no time elapsed before Smith was heading another party of trappers to the Golden West. Although greater in numerical strength than the first party, the last one met with disaster, the entire party being massacred by the Indians with three exceptions, the leader Smith and Turner and Galbraith. After a narrow escape the three reached eventually the missions of California. But their troubles were far from being over. The government was extremely suspicious of strangers, the more so if the strangers were Amer icans. So the three trappers were at once placed under arrest. An inter esting account of Smith's arrest and detention is among the legacies received from the old Spanish authorities now laid away in the archives of California. By good fortune Captain Smith, as he was now called, was able to find reliable men to vouch for him, men in whom the authorities felt it to their interest to place faith. As soon as Smith was released he fitted out another expedition at his Sacramento headquarters and started for the Columbia river in Oregon. At the Umpaqua river he was again attacked by Indians and again he escaped with two companions to Fort Vancouver. Smith finally recrossed the Rocky Mountains, going by a more northern route, accompanied by Peter Ogden, a native of New York, who was at the head of a trapping party from the Hudson's Bay Company. Previous to this trip the Rocky Mountain Fur Company and the Hudson's Bay Company had been antagonistic to each other because the latter company claimed all the ground for trapping purposes lying between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountains. Because IG A HISTORY OF NEVADA. of their kindly treatment of him in his extremity Smith decided to leave the disputed region to the Hudson's Bay people. Pursuant with this idea he left the Ogden party in 1829 at the head waters of the Lewis river, in order to. find his partners and inform them of the change of feeling on his part. Ogden proceeding with his trapping west of the Rocky Mountains moved south to what Smith had named Mary's river. He followed Smith's route to California down the river, .and until Fremont overtopped the two by the name of Humboldt, it was as often called Ogden's river as Mary's. On the 23rd of July, 1832, Milton .Sublette headed the next expedition into the country, leaving' Peerass Hole in the Rocky Mountains on that date, the purpose being to trap the waters of Mary's river. In August they reached the headwaters of the river in safety. Here the party divided, one, headed by Nathan Wyeth, starting for Oregon. Sublette with thirty men commenced trapping down the river but discovered a scarcity of wild game. At last they were forced to eat the flesh of the beavers fhey captured, which was almost fatal to many of the men. The beavers, owing to the famine which had afifected all animals, had been compelled to eat wild parsnips, thereby impregnating their flesh with poison. It was out of the question to stay on the river, so they struck out northward across the eountry. The march was one of horror and untold suffering. Four days" were spent almost entirely without food" of any kind. It took them several weeks to reach Snake river, some fifty miles above the fishing falls, and all that time they partially assuaged their terrible hunger with ants, crickets, parched moccasins and even puddings, made of |he blood drawn a pint at a time from their equally hungry animals. In 1833 the next expedition set out, a party of forty men fitted out by Captain B. L. E. Bonneville to trap for beaver between the Great Salt lake and the Pacific ocean. For a guide they were fortunate in possessing the since widely known Joseph Walker. From Green Ri\er valley this party went to the headquarters of Mary's river, trapping down to its sink; , hence they crossed west to Pyramid lake, from there to Truckee river, which they followed up into the Sierra Nevada, going across into California. Cap tain Bonneville achieved honors the other explorers did not, in that Washington Irving, by touching them with his magic pen^ made his Rocky Mountain- adventures live forever in the eyes of all men. Irving in his narration speaks of the thrice named river as the Ogden river. Bonneville died on June 12, 1878, having attained eighty-five years, in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Captain Bonneville was an ofificer in the United States army and fitted out the expedi tion when on furlough. In the same year, 1833, another party of trappers set out for Nevada RIVERSIDE HOTEL, RENO A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 17 a little company of Hudson's Bay -men under Thomas McCoy. The cele brated Christopher (Kit) Carson with five companions joined this party. Owing to the rejxirts of the previous visitors that Mary's river fairly teemed with beavers, the pai-ty was sorely disappointed when they met with such poor success that they had to turn back afte;j- reaching its sink, crossing over north to Snake river. This was Kit Carson's first visit to our now Nevada, and eleven years passed before he revisited it. It was the summer of 1841 before the first party of bona-fide emigrants crossed the Great Basin of Nevada on their way to the Land of Promise, that California of which common report made fairy land. Hitherto all emigrants had gone through the awe-inspiring voyage around Cape Horn or toiled wearily down by way of Oregon. It was left to a group of adventuresome young men, educated and full of enthusiasm, to "blaze the trail" so that emigrants as well as trappers and Indians might walk therein. From all parts of the United States they met at Independence, Missouri, on May 8, 1841, and started on that long journey. Westward Ho! and in the fullness of time these hardy pioneers emblazoned their names in the history of the west, many of them in golden letters. The party was well ec[uipped with horses and pack animals. They made no deviations from the well known trail to Salt Lake by-way of the south pass, from there to the Humboldt, Walker and Carson rivers. Pass ing down the Walker to almost the source, they then crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains and passed down its western slope following it between the Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers to the San Joaquin valley. When they reached the ranch of Dr. Marsh, located at the base of Mount Diablo, on November-4, 1841, they parted company, seeking dififerent parts of the land of their hopes. It took them six months and four days to make the trip. For some time Fremont had been aware of the manner in which the maps of the country dififered from the reports of the frappers in regard to a number of geographical features. On his second expedition he visited the Great Basin to ascertain the truth. He entered it on December 16, 1843, and in doing so discovered a lake which he named Lake Albert, after the chief of the Topographical Engineers, to which he belonged. On January 3rd, 1844, Fremont found that he had reached and run over the positions where, if his best maps could be dqsended on, he would have found Mary's river or lake. Instead he wa^ on the edge, seemingly, of a desert which had been reported to him, presumably by the trappers. The whole aspect of the country was such that Fremont felt afraid to enter it, and accordingly bore away to the south, but in hope of reaching the Buenaventura river kq)t close to the mountains. While on the mountains Fremont, descrying at a distance of sixteen miles a column of steam which showed the existence of hot 18 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. springs, immediately set out for them, finding the most extraordinary of all they met with on the trip. In his writings he went into details and a:lso enthusiasm over their many curious qualities. After reaching and naming Pyrainid lake, the party, on tlie 15th of January, reached the point where the Truckee flows into Pyramid lake, and after camping one night followed along up the river. Owing to the great abundance of that fish Fremont named the stream "Salmon Trout River." They finally left that river at about the point where Wadsworth now stands on the Central Pacific Railway, and continued the search for Buenaventura river. They went to the southeast, following an Indian trail. They reached what is now known as Carson river, at a point where it emerges from the foothills near Ragtown, where it sinks into the vast plains in Churchill county. Down this river they dragged themselves for three hours and went into camp. By this time Fremont had become convinced of the im possibility, apparently, of reaching the Rocky Mountains in this direction. The men were worn out and in too exhausted a condition to tempt fate further in that direction, so it was decided to travel across the Sierra west into California. Accordingly, the next day the march up Carson river was commenced, and in two days they came to where now stands the ruins of Fort Churchill. Fremont secured a vantage point on a mountain adjacent, and after a thorough inspection pf Carson valley and the Sierra beyond came to the conclusion that the most feasible route would be farther to the south. On January 21st the forlorn expedition moved south to Walker river, and for three days followed the east fork, leaving it to struggle to the west. It took the Pathfinder and his loyal following thirty days' arduous struggle to win the tortuous pass through the Nevada mountains, but his eventual suc cess and its attendant results is known to all the world. To Fremont's bitter disappointment he had to give up the eiBfort to carry the mountain howitzer further, and he abandoned it on January 29th. It passed into the possession of William Wright, at that time well known by his nom. de plume of "Dan de Quille," by right of discovery. He gave a description of its resting place and it was to have been taken to Virginia City. But warring elements were at work, for both the Union and Secession forces of Nevada were determined to secure its powerful influence for their own good. But the Union rose triumphant as Captain A. W. Prey, when the gun arrived in Virginia City in June, 1861, paid two hundred dollars to the party who brought it in. The howitzer, of the pattern used by the French army against the Algerians, is now the property of Captain A. W. Prey. It lies at Glenbrook on the shoires of Lake Tahoe. Despite the well known perils, the very next winter after Fremont over came all difificulties, another band of hardy men determined to reach Cali- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. i 9 fornia through the shimmering, mocking white fastnesses of the mountains, starting from Council Blufifs, May 20, 1844. Fortune favored them, "for they came unscathed through the mountains and down to the Humboldt. It was there the Indian g•uic^,e was secured whose name Truckee was given by the party to the river when the lower crossing, now known as Wadsworth, was reached. From the same source is derived the appellation for the famous Truckee trout. On the shores of Donner lake it was decided to build a cabin, out of pine saplings, roofed by brush and rawhide, with one opening for door and window; and it has gone down in history as the first attempt at erecting a cabin ever made by white men in the confines of Nevada county, California, and yet it took but two days to put it up. In the party were Dr. Townsend, Allen Montgomery, Moses Schallenberger, John Flomboy, Captain Stevens, Joseph Foster, G. Greenhood, John Greenwood, Britt Green wood, James Miller, Mr. Calvin, William and Patrick Martin, Dennis Martin, Martin Murphy and five sons, Mr. Hitchcock and one son. Moses Schallen berger, Joseph Foster and Allen Montgomery determined tO' stay in the cabin ancl guard the stores, as the cattle had given out. Leaving one half- starved cow and a meager supply of provisions for the three young men, the rest of the party left about November 15th. It took them a whole month of such toil and privation as tried even their robust frames and heroic natures to reach Sutter's fort. Snow and storm impeded every step of the seemingly endless journey, but they were on the way battling forward at every step while the three left Ijehind were inbedded in fifteen feet of snow. The storm had driven every living thing before it, and when the carcass of the cow was on the point of giving out they determined to make an efifort to overcome the barricade before it was entirely gone. Successfully they mounted to the summit, when to their horror Schallenberger became so ill that the only chance for them was to take him back to the abandoned cabin, which he begged them to do, and go on alone. Never was the trite old adage, "where there's a will there's a way," better exemplified than in this case. Alone in the white solitudes Schallenberger fought bravely for his life. Discovering among the goods several steel traps, he caught enough foxes to keep the vital spark alive until the rescuing party reached him, which was not until three weary months had passed. When Fremont started on his next expedition in October of 1845, 'i^ had both Kit Carson and Joseph Walker in his party. They left Salt Lake, and, as soon as they had crossed the desert beyond, the party divided, Fremont taking fifteen men, among them Kit Carson, who was his favorite scout, going west through the country to the south of Mary's river. The others, under the leadership of Theodore Talbot, with Josepli Walker for guide, went direct to Mary's river to a rendezvous appointed near the point where RagtO-wn, in 20 A HISTORY OF NEVAD.V. Churchill county, now stands. True to compact the two parties came together at the designated point, but only for one night in November, separating the next morning. Fremont followed the course of the river he had named Carson, in honor of Kit Carson, up through th? canyon and valley of the same name to Lake Tahoe. From this point he went into the Sacramento valley. Talbot went to the south by way of Walker's lake and river, which had been named by F"remont for the famous scout then acting as Talbot's guide. In a brief letter written at Prescott, Arizona, in February, 1881, Fre mont states that he had named Lake Tahoe on his first crossing it in 1843-44 Lake Bonpland, giving to the river basin the name of Humboldt, so placing them on his map of that expedition. Fremont stated that probably Tahoe was the Indian name, and he had no doubt it was the same lake, though he had not then seen it since 1844, when he crossed the Nevada. The Bonpland referred to by Fremont was Amade Bonpland of France, who accompanied Humboldt when that celebrated traveler and scientist came to America. He was a native of Rochelle and was born in 1773. After becoming a physician he became a famous botanist, collaborating with Hum boldt in several celebrated books on natural history, botany and monuments of the new world. After being made a prisoner in Paraguay by the Dictator Dr. Francis, because he dared to attempt the cultivation of the Mate or Para guay tea of that country, he died in that countiy at Montevideo in 1858. In April of 1846, commenced, with the starting of an emigrant party from Springfield, Illinois, the darkest tragedy of the western trail, the soul- harrowing fate of strong men, devoted women and helpless little children. It was the Donner party, headed by George and Jacob, brothers of that name, and their families numbering sixteen. In the party at the start were also James F. Reed and his family of seven, and Franklin W. Graves with a family of twelve. Patrick Breen and family of nine joined them at Inde pendence, Missouri, and beyond Fort Bridger a widow, Mrs. Lavine Murphy, and her family, were added. Altogether in the party were ninety persons, the train being increased finally to nearly three hundred wagons. At Fort Bridger the first step on the road to death was taken when the Donner brothers, with a portion of the other emigrants, left the others to try the new route to California via Salt Lake and the Hastings Cut Ofif. The con servative ones who stayed with the old route reached their goal in safety, while the others were destined to misfortune after misfortune and to the endurance of almost incredible sufifering, to which more than half suc cumbed. Instead of seven it was thirty days before they reached Salt Lake crossing the. great desert with ever sinking hearts. When the western margin was reached it was apparent that some one must go forward to Sutter's Fort A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 21 seven hundred miles' journey, and come back with provisions. William McCutcheon, of Missouri, and C. T. Stanton, of Chicago, Illinois, volunteered and left on horseback. By the time Gravelly Ford was reached all were on short rations, cattle and emigrants alike half staiwed. In an altercation at this point, John Snyder, a team driver well liked but possessing an ungovernable temper, be came involved in a quarrel with James F. Reed. In an efifort to stop the fight. Mrs. Reed laished between the combatants and received a blow from a. whip intended for her husband, which so enraged the latter that he stabbed Snyder, inflicting a fatal wound. Reed was banished from the party, to make his way without gun or food the best he could. A friend managed to convey his gun to him, and his little daughter Virginia went to him, taking some crackers she had coaitrived to hide. This saved his life. On October 9th Hardcoop and Keseberg fell behind, the latter coming up at night, the former dying. Indians ran ofif twenty-eight of their cattle at Humboldt sink, and, actually starving, the party wandered on, only the children riding. After leaving the Humboldt sink Keseberg, with a rich man, Wolfinger, fell behind, Keseberg coming on alone. When dying later, Joseph Reinhart confessed to having a hand in the murder of Wolfinger. Relief in the person of C. T. Stanton met them near where Wadsworth now stands. Stanton had not only provisions, but mules, with twO' Indian vaqueros to aid in transporting them, all furnished by the generosity of Captain Sutter, who refused all compensation. When the party reached Reno they made another mistake, one fraught with dire results, in. deciding to rest three or four days. A fearful storm was gathering in the mountains, and, eagerly as the emigrants urged their party forward, the elements outstripped them, and three miles below Truckee, at Prosser creek, on October 28, 1846, four weeks earlier than it usually , came, the snow commenced falling, six inches at that point, but on the summit in some places five feet in depth. Many and desperate were the futile attempts to cross that awful barricade of snow from the camp hastily made at Donner lake, but all in vain; the pitiless snow descended, bringing in its wake agony and death. It was impossible to move in any direction, so all, perforce, made what arrangements they could to try to weather the storm. All live stock was buried alive in the huge drifts, and from their carcasses the meat, already frozen, was prepared for food. The cabin where young Schallenberger made his successful battle for life was still standing, but cabins had to be erected for all who could not find shelter in it, the Breen family having been assigned to that. Little as they ate, grim starvation was soon 'beside them, and on the i6th of December, 1846, a party of seventeen 22 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. started out'to bring relief if possible, and if not to die in the attempt, a little band known always as the "Forlorn Hope Party." THE FORLORN HOPE PARTY. Ere they went far two had to return to camp, but the fifteen pressed on, among them, Mrs. Sarah Fosdick, her sister Mary Graves, C. T. Stanton and F. W. Graves. One by one death stalking by their side snatched first one, then another, until only seven were left. What pen could describe the revulsion of feeling when suddenly they came upon footsteps in the snow, and following these with awakened hope came to an Indian rancheria. Stoical as is the Indian the condition of the seven emaciated, starving persons im pressed them deeply, and they gave every assistance they could. Taking up the march with Indian guides, on they pressed only to gradually give out, and Mr. Eddy, leaving one man and five women, reached Johnson's ranch on Bear river, then the only ranch on Sierra's western slope. A relief party went back fifteen miles and brought in the six who had fallen by the way. A month had passed since the party left Donner lake, and over half their number had literally laid down their lives for their friends, not knowing whether the sacrifice would be rewarded or not. Help from Sutter was secured by John Rhodes in a week, and six men under Captain Reasin P. Tucker provided with provisions and mules, left for Donner lake in less than two weeks. a second RESCUING PARTY. At Donner lake the slow tragedy of life, sustained in a few, while the many perished, dragged on, until on the 19th of February, 1847, the rescuers appeared. Every moment was precious and the return was soon commenced by twenty-three survivors of that fearful siege with their rescuers, and of these two had to return and three soon died. Their trials were not over, for soon provisions were all gone, and just as they had given up hope a second rescuing party appeared, headed by John F. Reed, on the 25th of February, 1847. Reed had preceded the Donner party several months, and the joy of his reunion with his family was soon cut short, for Reed pressed on to Donner lake, where his two little daughters were, having been carried back I^y the preceding party. When Reed's party reac^led them provisions had given out and the party of seventeen commenced the journey onward. They had not gone far when a terrible storm broke and camp was made, that camp known to history as "Starved Camp," and Mr. Reed, with his two little ones and a companion, went on ahead to secure aid if possible. Cady and Stone soon caught up with the four, and on the third night all reached Wood- worth's camp at Bear valley alive. One can only imagine the sufiferino-s of the ones left at Starved Camp. A third relief party, John Stark, Howard A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 23 Oakley and Charles Stone, were near, and W. H. Eddy (saved by a former party and W. H. Foster), were coming on the same errand of mercy. They, with the addition of Hiram Miller, left Woodworth's camp the next day after Reed arrived, but when they reached Starvation Camp only two of the eleven could stand upright. John Stark urged and entreated until a portion started out, the others remaining for another relief party to find them. When Foster and Eddy's relief party, the third one, reached Donner lake, George Donner and his wife were the only survivors at Alder creek. Knowing he was dying, George Donner urged and entreated his faithful wife to leave him and go with her children under the care of the third relief party. Steadfastly she refused, her heart torn with conflicting emotions as her little ones added their entreaties tO' her .-husband's. Willingly she retraced the weary way where at the end the devoted couple met death together, and such a death ! Time can never efiface the horror of that tragedy. While the third relief party s.aved four of the five survivors a fourth party was required to save Lewis Keseberg, which they did on August 7, 1847. Of the members of the Donner party, six failed to even reach the mountains, forty-two died horrible deaths one by one, leaving only forty- eight survivors. From the year 1847 emigration steadily increased, the discovery of gold in California giving it further impetus, many following the trail marked by so many graves, and as if safety laid in numbers the record of sufifering and death seemed ended with the Donner tragedy. CHAPTER III. 1 846- 1850. Ceding of Great Basin 1848— The Change of Flag— Boundaries of State of Deseret — Territory of Utah Established — First 'Discovery of Gold in Nevada 1850 — First Settlement of Carson Valley. While the Donner expedition was struggling for life and death the American and the Mexican authorities were struggling for supremacy in California, the Bear Flag war having been inaugurated in Sonoma on June 14, 1846, the American poi>ulation coming out triumphant. While this war was on the United States and Mexico were engaged in active hostilities terminating in the usual victory for the American arms. In the treaty of February 2, 1848, Mexico ceded to Uncle Sam an immense tract of land and dated the session from July 7, 1846, the date when Commodore Sloat '2* A HISTORY OF NEVADA. raised the stars and stripes at Monterey. The territory acquired com prised all of Mexico lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Moun tains that was bounded on the north by the forty-second degree of latitude, being the line between California and Oregon ; on the south it was bounded by the Gila river and the present south line of California. What is now known as Nevada, Utah and Arizona was, until the 1846 conquest, part of Mexico and the Mexican territory of Alta California. ORGANIZATION OF STATE OF DESERET. In convention at Salt Lake on March 18, 1849, the Mormons organized what they named the "State of Deseret," a territorial government. This territory included within its boundaries what is now Nevada, Arizona and Utah, a portion of Colorado, a slice of Oregon, and the part of Wyoming lying south of the Wind River mountains. Of what is now California the portion comprising San Diego and Los Angeles counties as far up the coast as Santa Monica was included. The line ran directly from there north to the ridge of the Sierra Nevada, and in its boundaries were half of Kern county, a part of Tulare county, all of Mono and Inyo, part of Alpine, part of Shasta, part of Siskiyou and all of Lassen. TERRITORY OF UTAH ESTABLISHED. The territory of Utah was established by the act of Congress on the 9th day of September, 1850, the same date California was admitted as a state. Its boundaries were laid down as "Bounded on the west by the State of California; on the north by the Territory of Oregon; on the east by the summit of the Rocky Mountains; and on the south by the thirty- seventh parallel of north latitude." The exact date of the first discovery of gold in Nevada is placed in 1850, as in the spring of that year a train of emigrants left Salt Lake district for California, and, forced to wait on the eastern base of the Sierras for the snow to melt, made the time pass by prospecting for gold, which they found in a stream tributary to Carson river, flowing from a canyon near where Dayton stands. It was not rich enough to prevent their going on to California, but they took the news of the existence of placers in the Great Basin with them. Regarding this discovery and its results, Hon. C. N. Noteware, at one time Secretary of State of Nevada, stated that in passing the mouth of Gold canyon on July 3, 1850, he met a party of miners from California going into the canyon and they informed him that a party of emigrants had the year before found gold there. About the i8th of the same month Captain Rol^ert Lyon passed over the same route, and. Writing from San Buenaventura, California, said that A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 25 at that time placer mining was being done in the canyon and that same year Carson, Steamboat and Washoe valleys were thoroughly prospected for gold. He made camp about the 20th of July at the old Mormon station, now Genoa, and met Mormon miners from California prospecting in Gold can yon; while they had some gold dust they said the placers at Hangtown, now Placerville, were richer, and unless they struck something better they w^ould soon return to California. To still further authenticate the statement that gold was discovered in 1850 the statement of Walter Cosser, a resident of Nevada in 1852, is given. Mr. Cosser said that he was mining in Gold canyon late in 1852 when two young men, Robinson and Cole, came through en route from California to Salt Lake to visit their parents and they remained from that fall to the spring of 1853. Robinson during that time told Mr. Cosser that he was one of a party from Salt Lake who in 1850 on the way to California stopped in the Carson valley, and wli,ile waiting for the snow to melt found gold, as before stated, in the spring of 1850. FIRST SETTLEMENT OF CARSON VALLEY. In 1 85 1 the first settlement of Carson valley was effected through the medium of John Reese, of Salt Lake City. In the spring of that year he left home with ten wagons filled with butter, eggs, flour and other articles of commerce with the object of establishing a trading post on the overland road east of the Sierras. With Stephen A. Kinsey, teamsters and pas sengers, there were sixteen in the party. Arriving at Ragtown they went on to Carson valley, Mr. Kinsey going on ahead to select a favorable locality; when he reached the point known in 1849-50 as "Mormon Sta tion," he selected it as a good vantage point and camped until the party came up with him. No trace of former occupancy remained, for after the white men deserted it the Indian removed all signs of the first settlers. Mr. Kinsey on July 4, 185 1, took possession of the land and it retained the name of Mormon Station until four years later; then it was surveyed and re-named "Genoa." Half a dozen miners were at work in Gold can yon when this party reached there, and twelve of the new-comers joined them; in less than six months over one hundred miners were delving away in the canyon. The log house put up by the Reese party was the first house built in Nevada, and it stands at Genoa, the sole reminder of the pioneer past. After putting up a stockade corral covering an acre they felt secure from Indian attacks. A garden was set in turnips, showing soon the fertility of the soil. Mormons, among them Condie, Lee and Gibson, soon arrived, and the population was further increased by parties 26 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. of emigrants who stopped on the way to California, fearing the mountain passes in winter. In November of 1851 the celebrated Eagle ranch was taken up by a party of miners from California, Frank and W. L. Hall, Frank and Joe Barn, A. J. Rollins and George FoUensbee; they left Bents Bar, Placet county, to mine in western Utah, but finding little to reward them took up the ranch where the State Capitol now stands. A log cabin for a station was rented to Dr. Daggett and Mr. Gay. Frank Hall killed an eagle soaring Over the station and thus the name was derived for not, only the station but the surrounding valley. CHAPTER IV. 1851. The Squatter Government of 185 1— Citizens Hold First Meeting— Perfecting System of Government — Provision for Civil Government. As the population increased it become evident that some form of gov ernment must be instituted so that the rjghts of the people to acquire and hold property could be enforced. To that end a meeting of citizens was called on November 12, 185 1, and a Squatter Government organized. Either they were not cognizant of the fact that in many things they were subject to the laws of Utah Territory or else they did not think they covered the necessary ground. The object was declared to be the adoption of a system by means of which the settlers could so subdivide the valley as to secure for each one their right to the land taken up by them and improved by them, and further to agree upon a petition to Congress for a distinct terri torial government, the creation of public offices for the valley, the adoption of by-laws and regulations to govern the community. Colonel A. Wood ward acted as chairman and T. G. Bernard as secretary. But six resolu tions were adopted, at this meeting. The survey of land claims and employment of a competent surveyor were provided for in number one. James H. Haynes acted in that capacity later, so he must have been selected at that time. The ofifice of recorder and treasurer, one party to fill both positions, was created in number two; his duty was to record and issue certificates ci claims, and the fee was to be twenty-five dollars. An accounting of all moneys was to be made to the committee. The third resolution limited claims to quarter sections, while number four gave the commSttee full jurisdiction over the recorder and treasurer, it having power to appoint A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 27 and remove; that ofificial also had to account to the committee for all his acts. Jn number five the recorder was required to collect all fees before performing duties. Number six provided for the committee of seven which was to have charge of all business regarding claims, in fact act as head of the organization and also appoint a recorder, for whom they were responsi ble. The committee elected consisted of N. R. Flaskill, T. A. Hylton, Will iam Byrnes, John Reese, E. L. Barnard, A. Woodward and H. H. Jameson. John Reese, H. H. Jameson, Wash Loomis, William Byrnes and J. P. Barnard were appointed to prepare and present at the next meeting further resolutions to perfect the system of government. After reading the petition to Congress and approving it the meeting adjourned to meet again the nineteenth of the same month. Accordingly the meeting assembled in due form on November 19, 185 1, with John Reed in the chair and T. A. Hylton acting as secretary. Five resolutions were adopted and added to the first six. In number seven settlers were given the right to take up a new claim when they had disposed of the one in possession. A prepayment of twenty-five dollars to the recorder was required in numljer eight. Number nine compelled all claim ants to put five dollars in improvements on their land within a hundred and eighty days after receiving their certificate. By number ten's provisions a company was permitted to take claims for each individual of the company, and improve one location -sufificiently to cover expense on all. Number eleven provided that all timber was to be common property, save to persons who would erect sawmills a certain number of acres was to be allotted. PROVISION FOR CIVIL GOVERNMENT. After the petition to Congress was read and another committee of five appointed to draft by-laws for the civil government of the settlement, the meeting adjourned until the next evening. At this adjourned meeting the same officei's presided as at the last meeting, and T. A. Hylton, H. H. Jameson, W. Byrnes, Wash Loomis and J. P. Barnard, the committee ap pointed at that time, reported a preamble and resolutions which provided for the civil government. A justice of the peace, a clerk of the court, and a sherifif were declared the necessary ofificers; they were required to exercise and enforce the law according to the acknowledged rules of equity govern ing all civilized communities. The resolutions further provided : "There shall be four individuals, associated with the justice — himself making the fifth — in forming a court, and he shall be empowered to summon any four whenever occasion shall require it, to take cognizance and adjndicate summarily in all cases of 28 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. controversy, debts or ofifenses against the public weal; and to enforce fines or other sufificient penahies upon ofifenders; to issue warrants and authorize arrests. But to provide against the abuse of these powers, citizens and others shall have the right of appeal ta a court of tiveh/e citizens, summoned promiscuously, who shall constitute a court of inciuiry from whose decision there shall be no appeal; scrutinize and reverse i.f necessary the decrees of the magistrate's court ; and who shall have power to remove the magistrate or impose upon him any other just penalty, in the event of abusive exercise of his authority. To strengthen them and provide for the execution of tlieir verdicts, etc., there shall be a clerk and constable appointed to aid and execute the decrees of these courts." The resolutions having been adopted, the ofificials provided for were elected as follows: Magistrate, E. L. Barnard; Sherifif, William Byrnes; Clerk, Dr. T. A. Hylton. A committee was appointed to rejiort on further matters, and the meet ing adjourned until the 29th instant, but for some reason it was never held. The next record is of a meeting of citizens with J. C. Fain in the chair on May 22, 1852. At this meeting authorization to take up a section of timber land was given to any one who would build a sawmill. E. L. Barnard's name was signed as recorder in this report. CHAPTER V. First County Organization. Utah Legislature Creates Several New Counties — County Judges Elected — The Book of Records — Carson River Toll Bridge^-Amendmait of Land Laws — Act Creating Carson County — Mormons Defy All- Law — Buchanan Sends Army. The first county organization was efifected in 1852, Utah by an act of legislature creating on March 3 several new counties and defining their boundaries. There were seven in what is now Nevada, California forming their west line, what is still Utah the eastern limits, and the north and south boundaries parallel lines running east and west. The name of Weber county was chosen for the division farthest north; Deseret came next, and on the south lay Tooele, the three comprising one hundred and fifty-six miles of the north end of Nevada. The most of what is now Washoe and all of Storey county was included in the next division, which was about thirty-six miles wide and was named Juab. Millard was the name given to the next strip south A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 29 which was about fifty miles wide ; it included most of Walker's Lake and all of what is now known as the counties of Douglas and Ormsby. Two counties of equal size were formed of the balance of the territory. Iron and Washington, the latter bounded on the south by the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude, which was at that time the south line of Utah. Judges for these counties were elected by the Territorial Legislature in February of that year, to each serve four years, as follows : For Weber and Deseret counties, Isaac Clark; for Tooele county, Alfred Lee; for Juab county, George Bradley; for Millard' county, Anson Call; for Iron and Washington counties. Chapman Duncon. THE BOOK OF RECORDS. In a little book of records containing only sixty leaves all records were kept, and fortunately for posterity it was preserved by Mart Gaige, of Carson City. In it was recorded all meetings, entry of land claims, and in fact all public transactions. This shows that the first land claim was re corded by John Reese on December i, 1852, a one-fourth section extending ¦from Mormon Station south to a lone tree, including all between the mountain base and Carson river. On the same day one-fourth section claims were filed by W. Byrnes, E. L. Barnard, S. A. Kinsey, James C. Fain, J. Brown, all to the north of Reese; J. H. Scott on the same day recorded a half section to the south of Reese. These were the only claims recorded in that year. The first toll road grant was accorded to John Reese and Israel Mott on December i, 1852. It was to be a toll road bridge on Carson river, and they were to repair the road up the mountain also. They asked for a five years' franchise and secured it, promising to expend one thousand dollars on the work before July ist. For the benefit of the Mormons a mail route was established by the government in 1852 between Salt Lake, Utah, and San Bernardino, Cali fornia. To Mormons was awarded the contract for carrying the mail. In order to i>lace a supply station near the Potosi lead mine which they had determined to work, Brigham Young established a post at Los Vegas Spring, in what is now the south end of Nevada, on the old Spanish trail. The post was not abandoned by the Mormons until after the Mountain Meadow massacre in September, 1875. LAWS ARE AMENDED. The next meeting of citizens was called on March 21st, J. H. Scott acting as presiding ofificer and F. G. Barnard as secretary. The laws previ ously made were amended sO' that all parties in order to hold land had to first file a notice with the recorder and then put one hundred dollars in improvements on the land within sixty days. To make the title good ^^ A I-ilSTORY OF NEVADA. either owner or agent had to occupy the land, and an absence of thirty days cancelled all claims. A single person could take up three hundred and twenty acres, a man of family six hundred and forty ; all land disputes were to be settled by arbitration or by the jury of actual settlers. The recording fee was reduced to five dollars. On May 27, 1854, the citizens again assembled, J. L. Cary officiating as chairman and M. G. Lewis as secretary. At this meeting a resolution was adopted whereby it was provided that although every settler should have water sufificient for household purposes, yet it must not be diverted from its original channels and when more than one lived on the banks of the same stream .they should share the water according to the acres culti vated, each using it on alternate days when water was not abundant. ACT CREATING CARSON COUNTY. Carson county was created by an act passed by the Territorial Legis lature of Utah on January 17, 1854, reading as follows: Section i. Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah : That all that portion of country bounded north by Deseret county; east by the parallel of longitude 118; south by the lx)undary line of the Territory ; and west by- California, is hereby included within the limits of Carson county, and until organized is attached to Mil lard county for election, revenue, and judicial purposes. Section 2. The Governor is hereby authorized to appoint a probate judge for said county, when he shall deem it expedient; and said probate judge, when appointed, shall proceed to organize said county, by dividing the county into precincts, and causing an election to be held according to law, to fill the various county and precinct offices, and locate the county seat thereof. Carson county included within its boundaries all of what is now Ormsby, Washoe, Douglas, Storey, and Lyon counties, with half of Esmer-' alda, three-fourths of Churchill and a portion of southwestern Humboldt. llie second day after creating the county, the legislature divided Utah into three judicial districts, Carson being the third, Hon. George P. Styles, United States Judge for Utah Territory, being selected to preside over it. The fact that the new county was entitled to representation in the legis lature caused Weber county to lose a member of the legislature. The Governor having appointed Orson Hyde, a Mormon elder, probate judge of Carson county, he left Salt Lake to occupy the position on May 17, 1855. He was 'accompanied by Judge Styles, United States Marshal Joseph L. Haywood and Enoch Reese, of the firm of J. and E. Reese & Company and an escort of thirty-five men. They reached Mormon Station on June 15th, and before fall many other Mormons had followed them into Carson county. A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 31 The officers elected to serve first in Carson county were : sheriff, James C; Fain; surveyor, Henry W. Niles; prosecuting attorney, Charles D. Dag gett; treasurer, Richard D. Sides; assessor and collector, Charles D. Dag gett; clerk, Henry W. Niles (the latter not being appointed until Octol:>er 2nd); constable, H. M. Flodges; constable, James A. Williams, bonds six hundred dollars; Nicholas Ambrosia, justice of the peace, was not able to write and signed his name with his mark. Henry Van Sickle, another justice of the peace, was placed under one thousand dollar bonds. On December 3, 1855, James McMarlin was appointed justice of the peace for Gold Canyon. Henry D. Sears, William P. Allen and James McMarlin were the selectmen, each being under one thousand dollar bonds. This organized the. county. MORMONS IN MAJORITY. The next move was to settle upon the agricultural part of the country, and accordingly a party of Mormons left Salt Lake for Carson county on May 7, 1856. Enough others followed to place the Mormons in the majority, and at the election the 4th of August following, the following Mormons were elected : recorder, Richard Bentley ; sherifif, Russell Kelley ; surveyor, Richard Bentley; selectmen, William Nixon and Permens Jack- man; justice of the peace, Chester Loveland; constables. Nelson Merkley and Seth Dustin. On December ist Charles D. Daggett was appointed assessor, collector and treasurer. In this year the Mormons had become so hostile to the government of the United States that an armed mob of them had driven the United States district judge not only from the bench but from the territory. They defied all laws, and murders committed by them were frequent. Wherever the Mormons were in the majority there terror reigned. Carson county was the exception. Finally things reached such a chaotic stage that Presi dent Buchanan was compelled to send a small army under General A. Sydney Johnston to Salt Lake in order to uphold the government's suprem acy. Brigham Young termed this small force an "armed mob of Gentiles" and promptly called upon his followers to defend their stronghold. Salt Lake City, against the advance of the men under Captain Johnston. To further the projects of the Mormons the legislature of Utah on Jan uary 14, 1857, enacted the following law, directed against Carson county: "* * * Said county is allowed to retain its present organization so far as county recorder, surveyor, precincts, and precinct officers are concerned, and may continue to elect those officers in accordance with the existing arrangements and laws, until further directed by Great Salt Lake county court or legislative enactment. "Section 5. — The record books, papers and blanks, and seals, both of 32 ' A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. probate and county courts, shall be delivered over to the order of the probate court of Great Salt Lake county." Jn accordance with this mandate Judge Chester Loveland adjourned the county- court on April 13th until the first Monday in the following June, but it was not until September 3, i860, that this branch of the judiciary was again in session. CHAPTER VI. 1857-1858. Carson County Depopulated. Brigham Young Orders Mormons Away From Western Utah, 1857 — Terri torial Government Again Attempted— The Petition to Congress — The Deed of Blood at Mountain Meadow — Hanging of "Lucky Bill" and the Efifects Politically— 1858— County Election 1858. The first contingent of Mormons to leave Eagle Valley for Salt Lake was one known as the P G. Sessions California Mormon train, and in it were sixty-five men, women and children, with a train of seventeen wagons, forty horses and thirty-two mules. They departed on the i6th of July, and it was not until the 5th of September that the order came calling every Mormon away from western Utah. It was brought by the Conover Company Express just after sundown, and twenty-one days after ward a train load consisting of one hundred and twenty-three wagons bore away four hundred and fifty of "the Elect," among whom were persons from both Oregon and California. It took them until the 2nd day of November to reach their destination. For a time the departure of the Mormons left Washoe and Truckee valleys sparsely settled, but people from California soon came in, being able to buy for a trifle the property and improvements of the Mormons. It was not long before the vacant places were more than filled by Gentiles and deserters fi-om the Mormon ranks. A second attempt at territorial government was made on August 3, 1857, by the people living on the east base of the Sierra Nevada, a meeting being called at Genoa on that date. It was called after the departure of the Sessions Mormon train on July i6th, but about four weeks before the whole sale exodus of Mormons from western Utah. Judge Loveland was invited to speak at this meeting but did not do so. The initiatory step to procure the authorization of a new territory by Congress was taken at a primary meeting on the evening of the date above mentioned. The citizens of Carson A- HISTORY OF NEVADA. 33 and surrounding valleys assembled in Gilbert's saloon to arrange for a mass meeting of all citizens to prepare the petition to Congress for a new territory to be organized from portions of Utah, California and New Mexico. Colonel John Reese was chairman and William Nixon acted as secretary. Chairman Reese briefly stated the object of the meeting, and the following resolutions were adopted by unanimous vote : Resolved: That a mass meeting of the inhabitants of the Territory of Utah, lying east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, west of the Goose Creek mountains, and between the Colorado river on the south and the Oregon line on the north, be held on Saturday, the eighth day of August, 1857, to take into consideration this subject, and to provide ways and means for presenting this whole question to the eamest consideration of the President of the United States and both Houses of Congress. Resohfed: That a committee of nineteen be appointed to make arrange ments for holding said mass meeting in the town of Genoa, Carson Valley, on Saturday, the eighth day of August, 1857. Resolved: That Judge Crane and Judge Loveland be invited, and are hereby requested, to address the meeting on that occasion. The following gentlemen were appointed as a committee of arrangements : R. D. Sides, Clear Creek; Dr. B. L. King, Eagle Valley; Dr. Daggett, James McMarlin, William B. Thorrington, Orin Gray, John S. Child, Daniel Woodford, Major Ormsby, D. E. Gilbert, Samuel Singleton, H. L. Alexander, and eight others, Carson Valley. On motion adjourned to meet en masse, on Saturday, August' 8, at one o'clock P. M. John Reese, Chairman. William Nixon, Secretary, Genoa, August 3, 1857. On the day appointed the mass meeting assembled in due form, and after being called to order by Major William M. Ormsby, Colonel John Reese was elected president, and Isaac Roop, Captain F. C. Smith, Dr. B. L. King and Solomon Perrin were elected vice presidents. Major Ormsby moved that a committee consisting of Major Ormsby, R. D. Sides, Elijah Knott, Thomas J. Singleton, Dr. B. L. King, Daniel Woodford, S. Stephens, Warren Smith and John McMarlin be appointed to present business to the meeting. This was done and the committee retired, and while they were away Judge James M. Crane addressed the meeting for an hour. The resolutions presented by the committee were adopted unanimously by the citizens assembled. This move for a new territory received a wonderful impetus when the horrible massacre of the emigrants at Mountain Meadow by the Mormons and Indians became known. Although it really occurred about four weeks after this meeting it was not until over two months that it began to be sus pected that the Mormons were implicated with the Indians in the perpetration of that deed of blood. This, added to the open defiance of the government 3* A HISTORY OF NEVADA. by Brigham Young, aroused popular feeling in support of the proposed new territory, the papers of California rallying to its support, even to the point of exaggerating its importance, lx)th editorially and by means of correspond ents. It was claimed that western Utah was a veritable miners' and farmers' paradise. THE TRAGEDY AT MOUNTAIN MEADOW. Just before General Johnston's army arrived in Utah an emigrant train of one hundred and fifty persons stopped at Salt Lake to procure provisions, not one being aware that there was open hostility between the Mormons and the government. They learned it only when they found that the Mormons would neither give nor sell provisions to the Gentiles. In the party were young and old, white-haired grandparents and nursing babes, and starvation stared them in the face although they had plenty of money. Provisions had been taken to last them only as far as Salt Lake, and after leaving that place they passed settlement after settlement of Mormons and in not one could they secure a pound of food. From the Indians they managed to procure eight bushels of corn. The emigrants were far above the average, not only farmers and mechanics and artisans, but ministers and professional men, all hoping to find in California everything they had hitherto lacked. The live stock and transportation was valued at three hundred thousand dollars, while many carried large sums of money. Until they reached Salt Lake the expedition had been regarded as almost a picnic, but now terror oppressed them. They pushed on and finally made camp at Cave Springs, in the Mountain Meadows, on September 6th, where they intended to rest long enough to give the live stock time to graze and gain strength for the journey ahead. The very next morning they were attacked by Mormons disguised as Indians, and bona-fide Indians under the direction of John D. Lee. Fifteen were wounded and seven killed outright. In a moment the emigrants rallied and beat the attacking forces ofif, killing two of the Mormons. The Mormons being compelled to withdraw for reinforcements, William Aden and another emigrant tried to break through and obtain assistance, though there was no help nearer than California. They reached Pinto creek, where Bill Stewart and a boy companion met them ; young Aden was instantly killed, and his companion though wounded managed to escape. Stewart visited the spot years later and boasted of killing a Gentile, kicking the bones of young Aden to show his contempt. The emigrants in camp were exposed day and night to a merciless rifle fire all during Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. They sufifered most from the want of water, and finally a heroic woman, thifiking perhaps her sex A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 35 would protect her, left the enclosure to milk a cow, but she was shot down at once. Then two tiny children were dressed in pure white and like angels of innocence started to the spring to try to fill a small pail with water. Not even they were spared, and before the eyes of their agonized mothers the life blood of the infant mailyrs dyed the path. This spurred the besieged little band to fresh exertions; a manuscript was written, giving the names of the entire party, the church, and secret orders to which each belonged, the history of the attack, the condition of the party and all details. That night three heroes set out, without food, water or guidance, to try to reach California, that California lying hundreds of miles across trackless deserts and formidable mountains. In safety they passed the line of Mormons and Indians, but the .trail was discovered in the morning and a band of Indians under Ira Hatch sent to murder them. While asleep on the Santa Clara mountains the pur suers came up with them ; two were killed at once, and one escaped, wounded in the wrist. In a pitiable condition he reached Las Vegas in northern Cali fornia, close to the California line. Here he met two men, one, John M. Young, and they ofifered him assistance and said they would get him to Salt Lake in safety. He turned with them and at Cottonwood the pursuing party met them and forced his new-found friends to give him up. By order of the white fiend, Hatch, the Indians sent volley after volley of arrows into his quivering flesh until death ended the scene. The paper to which the emigrants had pinned their faith was in possession of the Mormons for years, John D. Lee finally destroying it. At last the Mormons decided that to secure their victims by force would mean a loss of life to them and so decided to accomplish the desired end by stratagem. A flag of truce was carried by messengers to the emigrants, who heard their declaration that the Mormons had come to save them from the Indians, and that if the emigrants would surrender to them they would simply be held, as prisoners and protected from the Indians. Their tale was believed and the doomed garrison followed instructions and, unarmed, left their defenses, carrying the children and wounded in wagons, the women in single file and the men last of all. Without warning Indians and Mormons united to exterminate them, and in five minutes, of the hundred and fifty, only eighteen tiny children were alive, they being too young tO' talk. Details of that carnival of blood, the atrocities committed by red and white man alike, have been told and retold until it is familiar history, and yet the fate of that ill-starred expedition was only surmised until John Cradelbaugh, in 1859, was sent to Utah as United States district judge. Just and unafraid he determined to unravel the mystery. One of the red-handed Mormons had committed suicide and another had gone insane from the memory of that horrible scene. The children saved were located, but of course could re- 36 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. member nothing. Finding he could make no further progress Judge Cradel baugh published to the world what he had been able to unearth, and it was twenty years before justice was meted out to even one, and then, on March 23' '^'^17^ John D. Lee, bishop and murderer, was shot by order of the court for his participation in that crime, of which he was one of the instigators. and leaders. But he was the only one who paid any penalty for participation in that wholesale butchery. HANGING OF LUCKY BILL. In the year 1858 occurred an event concerning which opinions have always dififered, and that was the hanging of William B. Thorrington, pop ularly known as "Lucky Bill," on June 19th. He was a native of Chenango coiinty. New York, and removed from there to Michigan in 1848 with his parents. Two years later he crossed the plains to California, removing to Carson Valley in 1850. He was a favorite with all classes, handsome and jovial; he was of massive frame, six feet one inch in height and weighing two hundred pounds. While his hair was jet black, his eyes were gray. He had become quite wealthy and had purchased the Eagle ranch from the Reeses and the Carson Valley toll road from Israel Mott and possessed other valuable real estate. One of his characteristics was a tendency to always help the weaker party in any dispute, no matter if the weaker one had provoked it. He was generous to a fault and noted for his bravery. Despite his wealth he was a gambler and a most lucky one, his best game being the "thimble rig game." His luck not only in gambling but in every venture, gained him his sobriquet, "Lucky Bill." Hundreds of instances are given showing his generosity and bravery. Many emigrants who stopped at Mormon Station had occasion to bless him for his kindness. His surroundings had been such- that they implanted in his breast sentiments at variance with the ones usually harbored by humanity. He had more respect for a thief or murderer than for one who would betray either criminal to the authorities if they had been asked for protection by the criminal. This little eccentricity was known to everyone, as well as the fact that it sometimes prevented justice being meted out to criminals, for the bad citizens also' were aware of Lucky Bill's ideas. In the end this one defect led to his ignominious death. A man by the name of Bill Edwards in the spring of 1858 shot and killed a man by the name of Snelling, in Merced county, California, and he came 'straight to Lucky Bill. From him he went to Honey Lake valley and stopped with John N. Gilpin, W. T. C. Elliott and others. While there, with a man called Mulhns, he murdered Harry Gordier, the object being robbery. Gordier's body tied in a sack was found in Susan river, and an innocent man. Snow, was hanged for the crime. Suspicions finally falling on the true murderers Edwards went A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 37 to Lucky Bill and told him that he was innocent but must get away. He wanted to sell a valuable race horse and go to South America. Lucky Bill agreed to help him, but Elliott and Gilpin were determined to bring Edwards to justice, and, pretending to be friendly, were told all the plans for escape. They purchased the horse, and on the 14th of June all parties were ai-rested but Edwards, who escaped. He was betrayed by the son of Lucky Bill, Jerome Thorrington, who was told that if Edwards were secured his father would be set free. The boy knew the murderer's hiding place and di vulged it, but his father was not set free. On the 17th the trial, followed by conviction, took place; John L. Cary was judge and W. T. C. Elliott acted as sherifif. There were eighteen jui'ors, the evidence, all under oath, being taken down by C. N. Noteware, once Seci'etary of State for Nevada. From these notes, the only thing Lucky Bill was implicated in at all- was trying to help the murderer escape. Edwards himself swore that he had told Lucky Bill he was innocent and there was net one umrd of evidence to the contrary, yet Lucky Bill was found guilty of being an accessory to the murder after the fact and condemned to death. Edwards, on his own con fession, was condemned to hang. The others arrested were discharged save two, and they were fined one thousand dollars each and ordered to leave the country. Attempts to collect the fine were unsuccessful and one of them at least remained in the valley. Samuel Swager, Walter Cosser and Theodore Winters were appointed to take Edwards to Honey Valley to be hanged. This they did, the execution taking place on June 23, 1858. Lucky Bill was hanged first, on June 19th, the scafifold being erected before the trial was finished. The execution was primitive and took place between three and four in the afternoon. The rope from the beam was placed around the doomed man's neck as he stood in a wagon and when the horses pulled the wagon out from under him he slowly strangled to death. His son died later and his wife was consigned to the Stockton Insane Asylum in California. ELECTION OF COUNTY OFFICERS. In October of the same year a partially successful attempt to reorganize the county of Carson was made, an election for county officers being called for October 30th by John S. Child, who had been appointed probate judge by Governor Cummings, who succeeded Brigham Young. There were two tickets put up, one called anti-Mormon, though in the whole valley there was just one solitary Mormon; the name covered really the vigilantes who had participated in or sympathized with the act of hanging Lucky Bill. They referred to Judge Child and his party as Mormons. There were six precincts, bat because of illegal voting two only were counted, which elected men on 38 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. what was termed the Mormon ticket, with the exception of Abernathy. The candidates for representative receiving the same numlser of votes, the result was declared in favor of H. B. demons, according to the Utah Statutes, pages 234, Sec. 12. The votes thrown out would have given Stebbins a majority of 48, being as follows: Gold Canyon, 36; Washoe Valley, 18; Eagle Valley, 21; Smith's Station, i; total 76; Clemen's votes thrown out were: Gold Canyon, 2; Washoe Valley, i; Smith's Station, 10; Sink Hum boldt, 15; total 28. The legal vote cast gave the following results : For representative : H. B. Clemmons, 57; Mark Stebbins, 57. For sheriff, L. Abernathy, 58; George Chedic, 55. For surveyor, C. N. Noteware, 58; John F. Long, 54. For recorder, S. A. Kinsey, 56; S. Taylor, 53. For treasurer, M. M. Gaige, 56; H. Mott, Sr., 54. For selectmen, W. G. Wyatt, 58; James McMarlin, 57; R. D. Sides, 57; John L. Cary, 55; J. H. Rose, 56; W. Cosser, 56. Township No. i. Justice of the peace: Benjamin Sears, 25; A. G. Ham- mack, 22. Constable: T. J. Atchison, 31; J. M. Hering, 15. Township No. 2. Justice of the peace: James Farwell, 38; H. Van Sickle, 26. Constable: J. A. Smith, 26; J. M. Howard, 18. So little attention did the people pay to this election that the positions to which candidates were elected were nothing but sinecures. CHAPTER VIL First Discovery of Silver. Death of the Discoverers— Search for Placers Rewarded 1858— Naming of Gold Hill— The Comstock Lode— Located 1859— The Rush From Cali fornia—First Quartz Mill— Silver in Comstock Ores— Historical Book of Records — The Sutro Tunnel — Difficulties and Opposition— Inven tions at the Comstock. All these years miners had been prospecting throughout Nevada, and undoubtedly Allen and Hosea B. Grosh were the first to discover silver. They were well educated, intelligent men. well versed in assaying and min eralogy. In their cabin, near what is now Silver City, they kept a well stocked library, volumes of scientific works; they also had extensive as- sayer's and chemical apparatus. Mrs. Laura M. Dettenrieder, who moved to Nevada in 1853, knew the brothers. They returned from wintering at Volcano on their way to Sugar Loaf in Six-mile Canyon and stopped at her home for dinner. They told her they would camp at Sngar Loaf and prospect further for silver in the place A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 39 'where they had found it the year before. They promised to stake out a claim for her on the Pioneer Claim to be located for the "Pioneer Silver Mining Company." They had organized a company by that name while in Volcano. In the fall Mrs. Dettenrieder (she was Mrs. Ellis then), went to California, and on her return, in passing along the American Flat Wash on the way to Dayton, came upon the cabin of the Grosh brothers. Hosea was laid up with a sore foot, which he had driven a pick into. Allen came to the cabin, with their partner. Captain Galpin, before she left. He gave her a piece of rock and told her it was from her claim, a little above the pioneer location, which was three hundred feet' in extent. She was taken to some elevated gi-ound to see its location and Allen pointed to Mount Davidson and said it was at the base of that point. She told them bad news, the murder of George Brown, a station keeper at Gravelly Ford. They told her he was a partner and had intended coming out from the station in the fall to assist them to open their sih-er mines. He already had six hundred dollars buried. She told them that if they were sure it would be safe she would sell her property and raise one thousand five hundred dollars toi put in. They satisfied her completely by the locations they had entered in a book. She went to Johntown, and three days later Hosea Grosh was dead from blood poisoning in his foot. Allen started back to California, leaving Coni- stock in charge of things. He was overtaken by snow in the Sierra, and when relief reached him was so badly frozen his legs had to be amputated, from the efifects of which he died. She could not find out what became of the record book shown her. GOLD HILL DISCOVERY. Johntown was the rendezvous for the miners when the winter frost rendered placer mining impossible, around Mount Davidson, or, as it was then called. Sun Peak. In 1858 an unexpected thaw set in in January and prospecting parties took advantage of the water in the gulches to go to the head of Gold Canyon. At a knoll on the west side they tried for gold and found it, near what is now the north end of Gold Hill. John Bishop told of the discovery briefly. He said he had noticed indications of a ledge and got a little color. He spoke to "Old Virginia" about it and he remembered the place from hunting game there. He had seen quartz there too, and so he joined the party, Comstock following also. Bishop took a pan and had to fill it with his foot as they had neither shovel nor spade. Some of the others followed his example, some being supplied with shovels. Bishop further says : "I noticed some willows growing on the hillside, and started for them with my pan. The place looked like an Indian spring, which it proved to 40 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. be. I began washing out my pan and when I had finished I found that I had in it about fifteen cents and none of the others had less than eight cents, but none more than I had. It was very fine gold; just as fine as flour ; Old Virginia decided that it was a good place to locate and work. "The next difficulty was to obtain water. We followed the canyon along for some distance, and found what appeared to be the same formation all the way along. Presently Old Virginia and another man who had been rambling away, came back and said they found any amount of water which could be brought right there to the ground. "I and my partner meantime had a talk together, and" had- decided to put the others of the party right in the middle of the good ground. "After Old Virginia got back we told him this, but we were not under stood, as he said if we had decided to 'hog' it we could do so, and he would look around further ; but he remained and when the ground was measured ofif he took his share with the rest. "After we had measured the ground we had a consultation as to what name was to be given the place. It was decidedly not Gold Canyon, for it was a little hill; so we concluded to call it Gold Hill. That is how the place came by its present name." It was only the discoverers at first who thought well of the new diggings, but as the results of work became richer and richer and from five dollars a day the men began to wash out twenty dollars, crowds began to rush in. At first everyone camped out, but log houses at last started the town of Gold Hill, built over the Belcher, Crown Point, Yellow Jacket, Imperial, Empire, Kentuck and other mines of the famous Comstock Lode. STORY OF COMSTOCK DISCOVERY. It was on June 12 or 13, 1859, that the lode itself was discovered. The washes from the north and south sides of Mount Davidson came down from the west and passing through the foothills to the valley, by way of Carson river, cut their way through and over the Comstock Lode; the water picked up the gold freed by the decomposing quartz and left it along the way as far as the valley below. These washes cut the hills, forming Gold Canyon and Six-mile Canyon. As the pay dirt gave out in the former canyon the miners gradually worked nearer to the lode. The following description of the discovery of the Comstock Lode was given by Emanuel Penrod in October of 1880 : "I left Illinois in 1852 bound for California and stopping, mined vvith success for one month at Gold Canyon, and in November continued my journey to the Pacific coast. In November, 1853, I went back to that can yon, where I mined until June, 1854. I then visited Illinois, and returned ' A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 41 again in 1856 with my family and have since resided in this state, following in summer the occupation of farming and that of mining in winter. "I was on the jury when William Thorrington (Lucky Bill) was hanged. It was not as Dan De Quill has it, by a vigilance committee, but by a people's court. A vigilance committee was organized afterwards. * * * I was in Gold Hill when Peter O'Riley and Patrick McLaughlin were prospecting at what is now Ophir mine. They had just found a good prospect of gold when Comstock came to them and said : 'You have struck it boys.' He then told them that Old Virginia, James Finney, Jo Curby, James White and William Hart claimed this ground, and that they, O'Riley and McLaughlin, had better buy it or the old claimants would drive them ofif. O'Riley and McLaughlin sent for me and wanted me to buy the old claimants out, as Comstock and myself owned nine shares out of ten of the spring that furnished water for working the mine. Comstock was to buy the other share, and we four were to be equal owners in the claim. We thought it was only a continuation of the placers that had been worked lower down on the flat, where the Ophir hoisting works now stand. I got a bill of sale from Finney, White and Curby for the whole of the ground. Hart had left the camp. I paid $50 for it, I think, and Comstock gave an old blind horse for the share of water. There were about six inches of pay dirt after stripping ofif about three feet of surface. This streak, or stratum, of pay increased in thickness as we worked up hill. We found the. gravel all decomposed quartz, some of it as black as soot. When it became known that we had good pay — for we were taking- out three hundred cfollars per day to the rocker and were running three of them — Joseph D. Winters found that we had not Hart's signature to the bill of sale. He, Winters, found Hart and got a bill of sale for his interest, and to save trouble we took Winters in as a full partner. About this time, June 12 or 13, 1859, our pay-streak turned down into a lead about four feet wide. I contended that it was a quartz lead and the rest of the boys laughed at me. Comstock finally sided in with me, and we measured ofif our claim — 1,500 feet as the law allowed — 300 feet to the man and 300 for the discoverer. This was a day or two before Winters came in. After Winters came in the company we took in a man by the name of Orsburn, in consideration of his building and stocking two arastres, making six men in the company. After it was known to be a lead our coinpany gave Com stock and myself one hundred feet of it, joining our work on the north, for staking ofif the claim, and saving it to the company. This one hundred feet was the original 'Mexican.' " 42 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. THE RUSH FROM CALIFORNIA. "In a short time the news reached California of the richness of this mine and then followed a great rush of excited people. Threats were made to cut down claims to two hundred feet, so we each six of our company selected his man, and deeded off fifty feet each, making three hundred feet in all. This three hundred feet came ofif the north end of the Ophir. This was afterwards called the Atchison. Some of the company, I believe, got their part of this three hundred feet back. I from the first considered this a bona-fide sale, and still do. A majority of our company soon sold their interest in the Ophir, when the buyers proposed to build a two hundred thou sand dollar mill, and to keep, from being froze out, I sold my one sixth for five thousand five hundred dollars to James Walsh. I sold my fifty feet in the Mexican to Meldanado for three thousand dollars. Of the six original locators or company, Comstock died in Montana, O'Riley was taken to Stockton, McLaughlin, I heard, died in southern California, Orsburn went to the States, I believe. Jo. D. Winters was in California when last I heard from him, and all except Orsburn, I believe, quite poor. "In 1858 I, with others, mined in a little gulch we called Cedar Ravine, just below where Virginia City stands, then from the head of the ravine, working the flat, where the Ophir hoisting works now are and to within three or four rods of the lead where there was so much clay it could not be worked. O'Riley and McLaughlin were running the cut in this clay in June, 1859, when they struck the croppings of the lead broken over and covered three feet deep." When Dan De Quille published his book "Big Bonanza" he gave a full report of the discovery of the Comstock Lofle. Mr. Penrod took excep tions to this account and in a letter stated : "On page 52 of the 'Big Bonanza' Dan De Quille says: 'Comstock next demanded that one hundred feet of the ground on the lead should be segregated and given to Penrod and himself for the right to the water they were using,' which is incorrect. The one hundred feet of ground referred to, afterwards called the Mexican, was given to Comstock and myself. About a week after we four, i. c. O'Riley, McLaughlin, Comstock and myself, were all in company and working, following the pay up the hill, i. e., the croppings of the lead, brokeri over when it turned tO' gO' down. I was the first to claim that it was a quartz lead; the rest of the company laughed at me and said it was only a crevice washed out by a current of water. LOCATED FOR A QUARTZ LEAD. "I said it would do no harm to locate it for a quartz lead and did so. I wrote out the notice claiming three hundred feet to the man and three VIEW OF SIERRAS FROM GARDNERVILLE A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 43 hundred for discovery, four men, one thousand five hundred feet in the claim, as was the law, and signed the four names to it. Comstock then sided in with me and helped measure ofif the ground. O'Riley and McLaugh lin laughed at us all the time. In a few days .it was proved to be a lead and all the country taken up. "In consideration of the location and time and putting their names in the location O'Riley and McLaughlin gave us the one hundred feet to take it at any place we wished. We took it on the north from the discovery. Comstock and I owned the water that supplied the mine. We then gave it to the company." Less than ten days after the location of the Comstock Lode as a quartz vein, the following notice of an article of agi-eement entered into was re corded : This indenture, made and entered into this twenty-second of June, 1859, between Emanuel Penrod, Henry Comstock, Peter O'Riley, Pat Mc Laughlin, of the first part, and J. A. Orsburn, J. D. Winters, Jr., of the second part, witnesseth : That the first party above named d.o agree to sell and convey to the second party (J. A. Orsburn and J. D. Winters, Jr.) two-sixths of fourteen hundred (1400) feet of a certain quartz and surface claim lying and being located on Pleasant Hill, Utah Territory, for and in the following con siderations, to wit : The said second party (J. A. Orsburn and J. D. Win ters, Jr.) do agree to build two arastres and furnish stock to run the same, worth the sum of seventy-five dollars each, and the number of horses or mules are to be two. It is further agreed by the parties that after the com pletion of the first arastre, the proceeds from the vein and claim shall be equally divided between the members of the company after all debts settle (line worn ofif) copartnership. It is also agreed that the second arastre shall be built as soon as posible after the completion of the first. It is also agreed by the first party that the second party (J. A. Orsburn and J. D. Winters, Jr.) shall have an equal interest in all the water now on the claim for the use of working said claim and arastres. It is further agreed by the members of the company that, if any member of this company propose to sell he is to give the memlaers of the company preference in the sale. We do further agree that if there is any surplus of water that is not used by the above claim that it may be used by Messrs. Comstock and E. Penrod on the We do further agree that no' member of this company shall sell, convey or transact any business for the company unless he is authorized to do so by a majority of the company. In testimony whereof we, the parties herein mentioned, do cause seal to be made. Emanuel Penrod, Patrick McLaughlin, J. A. Orsburn, Peter O'Riley, 44 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ' Joseph D. Winters, Jr. Henry Comstock. Attest, B. F. Little. Recorded this day. V, A. Houseworth, Recorder. A RUSH TO RECORD. Copies of mine locations and other transactions which form the first entries in book A of the mining records of Virginia City show that all locations were put upon record less than ten days after the discovery; these copies also show that the miners were in doubt as to whether it was a quartz vein yet; the credit of discovery was given tO' Messrs. Penrod, Comstock and Company as shown by the first notice of the Sierra Nevada mine as follows : "We the undersigned claimants have this day located the supposed quartz vein, discovered by Messrs. Penrod, Comstock and Company, com mencing with the second ravine north of Penrod, Comstock and Company, and running north through the hill and with the vein three thousand, six hundred (3,600) feet, with all its depths, angles and spurs. June 22, 1859. Henry Miller, C. C. Gates, J. F. Stone, B. A. Harrison, E. C. Ing, R. Robinson, T. Schamps, (abandoned) T. Walsh, H. M. Trand, H. M. Trand, J. Sturtevant, (abandoned) M. Atwood, F. G. Murphy, Jos. Woodworth. Recorded this day. Fee paid $3. V. A. Houseworth, Recorder. The names of L. C. Porter and Joseph Gififord had been signed to this document and scratched ofif. On the next day Peter O'Riley and Pat McLaughhn filed a notice claim ing springs and streams on this property as designated by notices and stakes and also posted a notice claiming six hundred feet of the quartz vein com mencing with the south end of Finny & Company ancl running south six hundred feet "and two claims," both claims being duly recorded. Notice of the location of the Gould & Curry was recorded on May 12, 1859, by A. Curry, J. E. Clark, H. F. Clark and C. W. Curry. In this A TlISTORY OF NEVADA. 45 six hundred feet south were claimed including all leads, dips, angles and spurs together with the placer diggings on the same; also right of way to run dirt or metal to the ravine, taken by them for water. On June 25, 1859, V. A. Houseworth i-ecorded a notice of a bill of sale of one-half of his interest in a quartz vein discovered by Peiirod, Comstock & Company, situated on Pleasant Point, U. T., to B. F. Little. The price was stated to be one dollar. A notice claiming nine hundred feet including quartz and surface, com mencing at the notice and running north, was recorded on June 27, 1859, by E. Belcher, H. Comstock and G. W. Argin & Company. CALIFORNIA MINE LOCATED. On June 22, 1859, John Bishop filed a notice claiming one hundred and fifty feet of this quartz vein commencing with Messrs. Penrod & Com pany's claims on the south end and running south one hundred and fifty feet "and one claim." The second notice was filed by H. B. Camp, also on June 22, and claimed one hundred and fifty feet of this quartz vein commencing with the south end of the first claim and running south one hundred and fifty "and one claim." James Corey in his notice, filed on the same day, claimed one hundred and fifty feet of the quartz vein commencing with the south end of H. B. Camp's claim and running south one hundred and fifty feet "and one claim." THE UNION CONSOLIDATED. E. Payne and Cook, on June 10, 1859, recorded a notice in which they claimed "this spring' for mining purposes, and also six hundred feet of this quartz vein, commencing at the Comstock & Company vein and running northward" Book A is much worn and so many of the names are undecipherable, owing not so much to the lapse of time as to poor writing, that a complete list of the names of the locaters of the Comstock is unobtainable. It was kept in a saloon during the early days, when V. A. Houseworth, the first recorder, had charge of it, and when any of the miners wanted to look up their loca tions they went behind the bar and took it down to consult. If the boundaries of their locations did not exactly meet with their approval they altered the. whole thing to suit the latest ideas evolved. When it was not being used this way and any of the miners indulged in a friendly scuffle, the book of records often figured as an implement of warfare. The changes thus made and the fact that the notices of location were all couched in the vaguest lan guage, resulted in great work for the la-svyers later on. In locations for springs 46 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and streams, notices would read "I" or "We, the undersigned, claim" with out giving any location whatever. In the same way, recording location of mining claims, locaters would define boundaries as "beginning at this stake" and where the stake mentioned was to be found the records did not disclose. Thus it was easy when suits over the mines commenced to change or alter locations, which was done in many cases. As a sample, the notice of the loca tion of the Yellow Jacket mine is given, exactly as it appears in the historical old Book of Records : Notice. That we, the undersigned, claim twelve hundred (1,200) feet of this Quartz Vain, including all of its depths and spurs, commencing at House- worth claim, and running north, including twenty-five feet of surface on each side of the vain. This Vain is known as the Yellow Jacket Vain. Taken up on May i, 1859, recorded June 27, 1859. H. B. Camp, John Bishop, J. F. Rogers. It owed its name to the fact that when the owners were prospecting they came upon a nest of lively yellow-jackets. In the notice, as in all recorded, the word "depths" meant "dips," indi cating the desire to follow it and thus establishing their right to do so no matter where it led. In like manner the word "variations" was presumed to give them a right to everything desirable in that vicinity. FIRST QUARTZ MILL. It did not take long for the first quartz mill's establishment, for exactly one month after Emanuel Penrod had put up the first notice, which claimed the Ophir as a quartz ledge, Hugh Logan and John P. Holmes set about securing a location for one. The two men were in Nevada county, Cali fornia, when the news of the great discovery reached them, and they at once crossed over to investigate. They first purchased an interest in the Gold Hill location, south of the divide, and Mr. Logan went at once to Sacra mento for the necessary machinery. Of the Union Foundry he purchased a small mill, four stamps of four hundred pounds each, with motor and horse power to run it. In three days it was shipped to Gold Hill, trans ported in wagons drawn by eight horses and twenty-four oxen. It reached its destination the last of August, but the water by this time had all dried up, and it was taken to the mouth of the canyon on Carson river, where Dayton is located. It was ready for business early in October and continued until the heavy winter storms, when it closed down, there being no lumber at hand to cover the machinery. The castings for a water wheel had been A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 47 ordered from California, but were delayed by snow in transit, and did not reach Gold Hill until the following summer. SILVER IN COMSTOCK ORliS. At first the locaters never dreamed of any values in the Comstock ore save the gold extracted, and it was by accident the fact was discovered. Among the curious visitors to the mines was a farmer, W. P. Morrison. Prompted by curiosity he picked up some of the sulphurets thrown away as worthless. He was on his way to Nevada City, California. When in the office of the Journal in that place, in company with J. F. Stone, he exhibited the supposedly worthless ores. After inspecting it the ore was given to J. J. Ott to assay, and to say that the results astonished them would be putting it very mildly, for the test showed in addition to the gold values of $1,595, the sum of $3,196 in silver. Scarcely believing the marvelous truth, another test was made by another assayer, Mellville Atwood, of Grass Valley. The results were identical. Mr. Morrison informed those in the secret that there were tons and tons of the ore in plain sight already in the lead opened by the Ophir Company. It was to remain a profound secret until these men and their best friends could cross over and secure claims on this newly dis covered silver lode. This determination met with the usual result; one best friend confided in his best friend, forming a chain of men comprising half the population of Grass Valley, and all this before nine o'clock of the morn ing following the last assay made, which was done late at night. Without waiting for the others, J.udge Walsh and Joe Woodworth started out early that morning on horseback, leading a mule packed with provisions. It was not long before the entire population of Nevada county knew this, and hundreds of miners left the scene of mining operations in that location for this new tonanza. Many had to walk, with their provisions and tools carried by mules over the mountains. News of this wholesale exodus spread all over California in a few days, and when the first contingent sent back word that the first reports had not been exaggerated, the excitement spread. Not only miners but professional men and men of wealth followed the trail over the Sierra to the land of silver. Thousands were soon on the spot, and as it did not take long to locate all of the original discovery the prospectors swarmed over all the adjacent territory, locating every ledge which could be found, some of which realized the air castles built on their discovery and many of which did not. But in order to ascertain the value of these locations many had to remain during the winter in discomfort, little to eat and nothing to do. There had been a great ex change of property, all buying who had the price when they found they could not secure locations and could find someone who would sell. Those 48 A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. who sold left before snow fell, and hundreds of miners who cared for nothing but placer mining, left with them, glad to go to work again in the gulches of California. Those left behind had to pass through an unusually severe winter during which much of the live stock perished. The following spring, as soon as the melting of the snow permitted, a vast throng of peop'le invaded the mountain solitudes. Very few of the people, either from California or the east, knew what silver ore was. Placer mining the Californians were familiar with, but veins of quartz were a deep, dark secret, and all knew the mountains were honeycombed with quartz veins and that in those quartz veins lurked the wealth they were after. In consequence nearly every one worked blindly, locating every piece of quartz in sight. To the inexperienced eye all the indications were alike, and many and great were the disapix)intments as location after location had to be abandoned. Many of these lodes have been worked since, tunnels run and shafts sunk and every efifort made to bring out the precious metal if it exists, but few have been successful. At first the whole excitement had been over gold, but now it was silver ; the ore that assayed as high as eighty dollars had been thrown away by miners, who regarded it as utterly worthless. The scramble was intensified as fresh discoveries were made. Indications were found high up on the mountains to the west, particularly on Mount David. East of the Comstock, near Carson river, proved rich in metal, and the territory north and south of the first find promised well, and every foot of ground was soon taken up.- Trouble over locations occurred every day, and in many cases claims were held simply by right of might, ajid the fact is often that possession is in such districts not nine-tenths but ten-tenths of the law. Sometimes men resorted to "shotgun possession." The fact that there was much mineral on the surface encouraged every one, all thinking they had a second Com stock. The croppings from the first discovery looked as well as that did, both east and west, especially the latter. Yet while many had some milling ore, exploration generally proved them worthless. This afforded great opportunity for the "catting" of all kinds of mine frauds. Nevada is said to be the banner state in regard to "wild cats." Many fortunes were made and lost in this sort of schemes, and in fact all kind of swindling projects flourished. The presence of the "motmtain of silver" acted as a magnet to draw together not only miners, men of business and professional men, but the gambler and thieves as well, and one way and another, they, with the abandoned women, secured more than their share of the money in circulation, for they openly declared that they were entitled to a portion of the vast wealth, visible and speculative, which seemed to en compass the whole field of operations. With the latter class it was "easy A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 49 come, easy go" while many, hitherto unknown, by good judgment and energy rose to be kings of finance, possessing, it seemed, the touch of King Midas, whereas in reality it was only the force of brains backed by industry. The inexperience of the miners in ores left them at the mercy of those who did know, and they Avere saddled with all kinds of expensive machinei-y entirely useless to them, or, which, guaranteed to reduce the cost of reducing refractory ores, doubled it. Others were by many wiles convinced their claims were poor ones and sold out, sometimes for high prices but more often for a small sum. Many and costly were the mistakes and experiments made by those who knew they had wealth in their possession if they could "only get at it." But in time, while the rest of the woiid was puzzling over the deep mining proposition, Nevada miners solved the problem by means of air compressor drills, powerful hoisting machines and diamond drills. So successful were they that even when Adolph Sutro, using the best methods of mining known, started to tunnel the mines at one thousand six hundred feet depth these miners distanced him in the race, and before he could make the connection they were below the range of the tunnel. This Sutro tunnel was a scheme projected by Adolph Sutro to tap the mines at an average depth of one thousand six hundred feet below the sur face; at first the mining companies were decidedly in favor of it but, owing to outside pressure, in the end frowned upon it. Sutro, however, went right ahead in the face of all obstacles. He was born in Germany and was familiar with the system in use there for working deep mines by means of an adit. He knew that the elevation' of the mines about two thousand feet above Car son river, which was only a little over five miles distant, made a proper loca tion for a drainage adit. Sutro was the target for much ridicule, and opposition increased, not only the mining and milling companies but the banking and railroad corporations as well fighting the plan bitterly. He proceeded calmly and without a dollar to push the project, and in the end his unswerving perseverance and energy carried the day. Defeated in his efiforts to secure government aid, he went to the European money centers and met with refusal after refusal but in the end raised enough to begin the enterprise and then he knew success would be his. His persistency was due to the fact that from the beginning he had been certain that the Comstock vein was a tru^ fissure one and believed it would be productive of wealth to an immense depth. He began his plan by writing to the papers, in particular in the Alta Calif or nian in the issue of April 20, i860, calling attention to the lack of any system in working the Comstock mines. He had been in Virginia City then only one week and the explora tions had extended only thirty feet in depth. In 1861 he put up a mill 50 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and reduction works and took up his residence in the vicinity of the Com stock. In 1 86 1 he petitioned the legislature of Nevada for a franchise, which was granted, giving Sutro and his associates the right of way for a tunnel. The official sanction of the state was given, and the amount of royalty to be paid by the mine owners was left to the tunnel projectors and the many mining companies interested. It took Sutro and Senator Stewart, the latter being president of the Tunnel Company, eight months to psrsuade the mine managers to enter into some agreement so the work could go on. It took considerable money and much negotiating before the companies, rep resenting nine-tenths of the value of the lode, agreed that a royalty of two dollars per ton should be paid on every ton of pay ore extracted ; compensa tion was provided also for the waste rock and passengers which should go through the tunnel. The i^oyalty was considered the least part of the agree ment. With this agreement popular opinion, variable as usual, turned, and on all sides Sutro found people ready to help him, even the Bank of Cali fornia. Sutro thought that with the act of incorporation and the agreement he was safe. He went east and in New York put out a small pamphlet ex plaining the tunnel and the benefits which would accrue, and the vast amount of money which would be realized. They told him if the prospects were so glittering he ought to be able to raise money in California where the mines were located. But they agreed that if he could raise from three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand dollars they would give him three mil-. lion dollars. Back he came and informed the mining companies. By May, 1867, he had six hundred thousand dollars subscribed, many private citizens pledging from five thousand to twenty thousand dollars. He began to have hopes of raising the entire sum on the Pacific coast, thinking San Francisco good for one million dollars. At the time when popular opinion veered to Sutro, the title or fee to the mines was vested in the United States government and it reqiured an act of Congress to embody the general features of the act already passed by the legislature of Nevada, to grant the additional privileges thought neces sary. Sutro visited Washington and July 25, 1866, a bill, known as the "Sutro Tunnel Act," was approved. In this the government entered into a compact with Mr. Sutro direct for the completion of the tunnel, and, in addition to the right of way, granted by the first act, ^ave him power to purchase four thousand three hundred and fifty-seven acres of land at the tunnel's mouth; and also made him owner of the mines within two thousand feet on either side of the tunnel ; this he would have had under the common mining laws. The royalty of two dollars per ton was confirmed and made A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 51 all patents obtained by mining companies thereafter subject to the condition of the royalty. Some minor concessions were also made. All was not clear sailing by any means. People generally thought that instead of two dollars ijer ton royalty, it should be six or eight dollars. And just as things were most promising the Bank of California commenced a bitter opposition to all his plans, and as they controlled the mines and mills they forced them to repudiate their subscriptions. The bank claimed that Suti'o had failed to fulfil two conditions. The Tunnel Company had not secured $3,000,000 in bona-fide subscriptions and had not submitted the agreements to the stockholders in the mines at their annual meetings. Sutro plainly showed them in the wrong, but it availed him nothing. The real reason for the change of base, was that they feared the tunnel would ruin the business of the railroad owned by the bank. The people of Virginia City were arrayed against Sutro by the statements of the bank people, who told them that Sutro's erecting immense reduction works at the mouth of the tunnel would ruin their city. They claimed that a city would !>e sure to grow up around the reduction works. Once again Sutro was stalled. He could not raise a cent either in California or New York. A visit to Europe resulted the same, owing to the fears of the war between Prussia and France. He returned in 1867 to America undismayed. He submitted the memorial of the Nevada legislature to Congress and when it was re ferred to the committee on mines and mining, Sutro fairly haunted them, individually and in body, and was hand and glove with both houses of Con gress, and as a result the committee on mines and mining recommended to the House a loan of $5,000,000. Just as the conimittee was to be called in the House the impeachment of Andrew Johnson commenced and, lasting for months Congress adjourned without reaching his bill. The session of 1868-69 was so short he could not get a hearing. CONGRESSMEN VIEW MINES. When the ways and means committee visited California in 1869 Sutro determined to induce them to visit the scene of the tunnel. The bank people secured them as guests but they visited Sutro, went into the mines and sub jected themselves to the terrible heat and became satisfied of the truth of Sutro's statements. Sutro then went to work on the miners themselves, and by means of public addresses and cartoons roused them to action. He asked them to subscribe five or ten dollars apiece so he could carry on the work and in the end the miner's union subscribed fifty thousand dollars for an interest in the Tunnel Company, and that started the great work, and on the 19th of October, 1869, the first dirt, was tui'ned in the tunnel with appropriate 52 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ceremonies. By the end of the year four hundi'ed and sixty feet had been run. In the spring the bank people sent agents to Washington to get Sutro's franchise repealed, but he rushed after them and when it came up in debate, the ways and means committee, being able to speak understand- ingly, stood by Sutro. The vote to repeal the third section whicii gave him the royalty was defeated by a vote of one hundred and twenty-four against forty-two. Mr. Sutro had been promised fifteen million francs in Paris, but had to wait until Congress adjourned in order to watch his enemies. Before he could sail he received word that war was coming, and come it did, and Sutro could not get a cent. Back he went to Nevada and struggled along, paying miners some money and some stock. In December, 1870, he went to Washington and found the members of Congress arrayed against him. Finally Congress agreed to send out a commission to investigate. This com mission after examination did not consider the tunnel necessary for drain ing the mines. More work in Congress resulted in nothing, just when success seemed near. Sutro concluded to pin his faith to others and the money to complete the tunnel came from capitalists. Sutro secured a cast-iron contract with the mining companies, whO' signed it to get rid of him. He raised very little money in London or Paris, but on the strength of his contracts got most of it from the McColmont Brothers of Scotland. When the tunnel was com pleted its utility was quickly shown ; it was intended not only to ventilate and drain the mines and transport the ores to where they could be treated cheaply, but to serve as a channel for the transportation of passengers and supplies. It did not meet with the expectations of the projector, for no rich ore bodies were uncovered and as a means of ventilation it failed. Its greatest benefit was the increased facilities afiforded for the drainage of the mines. But it stands a monument not only to Adolph Sutro, but to perseverance and pluck and the determination which does not know when it is beaten. Sutro resigned in 1879 as superintendent of the company, disposing of his stock, at the same time a wealthy man, — wealth which nO' one begrudged him. INVENTION OF "SQUARE SETS." It was really to the Comstock Lode that the world of mining is indebted for the system now in universal use of timbering mines containing im mense ore bodies of great width, for it was invented for the mine by Philipp Deidesheimer. He was brought there for the purpose of trying to invent some plan to work the mines, and after devoting three weeks to' exiseriments succeeded beyond expectations. It was in the Ophir mine he achieved success, and soon the system was introduced all through the Comstock. He was too A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 53 busy to patent his invention, and thus lost a great fortune for himself, though the mining world is the gainer. Numerous improvements were also introduced at this mine by W. H. Patton, who foi-esaw and overcame the difficulty of placing machinery in the lower levels. The works and machinery installed by him will compare favorably with any in the world. All through the rigorous winter of 1859, one of the most severe ever encountered by the people of Nevada, the residents of California were wait ing for the snow to melt in order to invade the land of Comstock, and they chafed at the long winter, almost as much as the people who were ex periencing its discomforts. As spring drew near at last, the excitement instead of abating grew with delay until a large percentage of the popula tion was waiting anxiously to ru.sh in. Many would not wait for the snow to disappear but boldly forced the trails, after having to walk their mules over blankets laid on the snow to prevent their sinking in. John H. Kinkead, later governor of Nevada, shipped the first goods in this way. The mer chants of California knew they would obtain high prices for all goods they could get in, not only because it was a new mining camp in remote regions but also because of the severe winter which had reduced everyone's larder to the lowest possible ebb. It was not long before the larger percentage of the population of Cali fornia was anxious to reach Nevada, and while many rode on horseback and an equal number walked, many came through in vehicles, sleighs and even stage coaches. The snow at this time was in some places sixty feet in depth. When they reached their goal it was to find that only the first influx could be housed. Many sufifered from the cold, but as soon as the atmosphere warmed up a little building commenced in every direction; but by that time many had become so accustomed to camping out that they continued that nomadic existence all summer. The bona-fide miners were soon at work and by dint of watching them many tenderfeet were enabled to work, too, at mining, and soon all were as busy as the beavers. As they delved into Gold Hill and came close to the main ledge, the quartz became so firm that they had to pulverize it in order to obtain the gold, and sulphurets rec|uired like treatment. To do this the Mexican, grinding apparatus known as arrastra was used. This was not such an easy thing to make, for after digging the hole five to eight feet across and two feet deep and setting a post four to five inches in diameter in the center, firmly embedded, the whole thing had to lined with hard rocks so as to be entirely water tight. The cementing of the rocks together had to be done with stiff clay. Just the right quantity of Avater had to be used, for if too' httle the fine particles of ore would not settle to the bottom, and 54 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. if too much they would be washed out. It was Worked by horse power, a sweep being attached to the center beam, with an arm reaching some four feet, to which two or four horses were attached. The stones which did the grinding were attached to the sweep with chains or ropes, and by being dragged slowly around in a circle reduced every inch of quartz to a pulp or paste. The gold and silver, having amalgamated with the quicksilver used for that purpose, was found when the grinding was done at the Ixjttom or in the clay seams. The precious metals were then secured from the amalgam. by retorting. Where it was difficult to bring in machinery this was con sidered the cheapest way to reduce the ores. FIRST REDUCTION WORK. A number of these arrastras were in use, some of several tons capacity per day. Woodworth and Hastings had two of them running by horse power on the Carson river in the fall of 1859, each of which turned out three tons daily. An arastre was used at first on the Comstock Lode to reduce ore, and there was one near the spring at Gold Hill at the same time. Logan ancl Holmes soon establi.shed their four-stamp horse power battery at Day ton and that constituted the reduction ecjuipment of Nevada in the year 1859. Even this primitive way was better than shipping the ore to San Fran cisco as was done at first and paying twenty-five and thirty cents per pound to have it carried over the mountains on pack animals. At first no one would believe that the ore could be worked there, and finally when it was decided it could be, no one would try anything but dry crushing. The "wet crushing" was not tried for some time. , Dr. E. B. Harris, of Virginia City, later one of the prominent citizens of Nevada, carefully studied the situation, and became convinced of the richness of Gold Hill. After making arrangements to erect a mill in connec tion with Sandy Bowers and wife, on their mine, the plan failed because of the interference of the Bowers' lawyer, who was afraid some one else might make money. Harris then determined to put up a custom mill, and was guaranteed all the rock he could work at one hundred dollars per ton. After looking around he formed a partnership with C. H. Goover, of Sacramento, a wealthy business man. They located a millsite on a small stream running down from "Crown Point Pound." He brought from San Francisco one of Howland's nine-stamp portable rotary batteries, and with engine and boiler to run it. So rapidly did he work that when the machinery began to arrive on the 20th of July he was ready to install it. On the ilth of August he started the machinery, as one can imagine, a great event, hun dreds of people being present to watch its first operation. These witnesses A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 55 carried off pieces of the crushed rock as souvenirs of the occasion. Sandy Bowers donated the rock for the first crushing, valued at four hundred dollars per ton. Harris worked with the dr)- process until the following October and found it a losing business. So against the protests of friends he com menced the "wet process" and increased from working one ton to ten in twenty-four hours, besides saving about thirteen dollars per ton. Others soon followed his example. The cost of working the ore was less than six dollars per ton and one can see what a handsome revenue was derived from the work of the mill. Others stai'ted up mills and prices dropped until in the. spring of 1861 from one hundred dollars per ton the price fell to fifty dollars per ton. Even then the profit was a good one. The retorted bullion ran from ten to fourteen dollars per ounce, but as the mine increased in depth values fell off, the silver increasing. A. B. Paul erected two mills, one by Devil's Gate, the other below Gold Hill, and these were succeeded by many, running the price of cord wood up to fifteen dollars per ton, whereas Harris had at first paid four dollars and twenty-five cents per cord. Engineers were paid one hundred dollars per raonth and amalgamators sixty dollars. Water was scarce until the spring of 1861, when water was found in a tunnel in northern Virginia and con veyed to Gold Hill in sluices and boxes by Williams & Gas'nwiler who sold it for a dollar per inch to the mill men. CHAPTER VIII. Settlement of Territory. Third Abortive Attempt to Establish Government — Causes Given for Sep aration Exaggerated — Adoption of Constitution — First Legal Court in Carson County — Election a Fiasco — Death of Congressional Delegate Crane — Provisional Legislature Meets. Just before the discovery of the Comstock Lode the population of Gold Hill increased so rapidly that the importance of some kind of government became more apparent than ever, and a third abortive attempt was made to organize some form of territorial government. The last attempt, made when John S. Child was appointed probate judge and called a special election on the 30th of October, 1858, was a fiasco. In case of unforseen emergencies the miners had no established rules for action. A meeting was called by the miners for the nth of June, 1859, at Gold Hill, when a number of laws 56 A HISTORY OF NEVADA- were approved and adopted. Those bearing directly on the subject most important tO' the community were as follows : Whereas, The isolated position we occupy, far from all legal tribunals, and cut off from those fountains of justice which every American citizen should enjoy, renders it necessary that we organize in body politic, for our mutual protection against the lawless, and for meting out justice between man and man ; therefore, we, citizens of Gold Hill, do hereby agree tO' adopt the following rules and laws for our government: ' Rules and Regulations. Section i. Any person who shall wilfully and with malice aforethought take the^ life of any person, shall, upon being duly convicted thereof, suffer the penalty of death by hanging. Section 2. Any person who shall wilfully wound another shall, upon conviction thereof, suffer such penalty as the jury may determine. Section 3. Any person found guilty of robbery or theft, shall, upon conviction, be punished with stripes or banishment as the jury may deter mine. Section 4. Any person found guilty of assault and battery, or exhibiting deadly weapons, shall, upon conviction, be fined or banished as the jury may determine. Section 5. No banking game under any consideration shall be allowed in this district, under the penalty of final banishinent from the district. While the above rules were obeyed for a time, the influx from California soon placed them in the limbo of the past. The only record 'of any attempt to enforce the rules was the punishment of two men, David Reise and George Ruspas, who stole a yoke of oxen. The jury ordered an ear cropped off each offender and they in addition banished from the district. territorial organization again. The next well defined attempt at permanent organization was brought about by men who had well defined political aspirations and knew that politics without organization were impossible. They took advantage of the strong feeling of enmity still existing between the citizens of the United States and the Mormons to urge the advantages of ancl necessity for a separate government for the latter class. With this as a lever they incited the people to action. A mass meeting on June 6, 1859, ^t Carson City, called an election on July 14th following and apportioned the voting precincts for Carson county. The election was for a delegate to visit Washington; a coii- vention on July i8th was to convene at Genoa and count th^ votes and give the successful candidate his ci-edentials as well as transact all business neces sary. Delegates were regularly appointed to meet at Carson City on June 20th to select candidates for delega'tes to the Genoa convention,- to be elected the same time as the congressional repi'esentative. A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 57 The miners of Gold Hill met on Saturday, June ii, 1859, to take action on this movement. As chairman, A. G. Flammack briefly explained the ob ject of the meeting, V. A. Houseworth acting as secretary. Judge Crane gave a brief account of his labors as delegate of Nevada to Congress. It was on motion decided to endorse the action taken by citizens in Carson City on June 6th. It was decided to appoint five delegates to meet at Carson City, Eagle Valley, on June 20th, to appoint delegates of Gold Hill district to be elected by the people, to the convention to be held at Genoa, Carson Valley, on July i8th. Chairman Hammack appointed : V. A. Houseworth, J. A. Osburn, James F. Rogers, L. S. Bowers and Captain A. H. Parker as delegates. Judge Crane was unanimously endorsed for his able services as delegate to Congress. The proceedings of the convention, elected on the 14th and meeting at Genoa on the i8th, were printed in the Territorial Enterprise of July 13, 1859. -^ copy is in existence, but being much worn and yellow with age it is difficult to decipher. Its report shows that the session of the convention lasted nine days, adjourning until the 28th. In it are the names of many pioneers and the following declaration of the cause for desiring a sqiarate government showing in its statements some exaggeration : Cause Given for Separation. Whereas, We the citizens of the proposed territory of Nevada, con sidering that we have suffered from a series of internal and external evils of so grave a nature as to render forbearance a virtue no longer, and be lieving that the time has now arrived for us to take some permanent action upon our future well-being as a people, and believing further that a plain statement of the causes which have impelled us to take this course, will con vince a candid and unprejudiced public, we would therefore state: That a long train of abuses and usurpations on the part of the Mormons of eastern Utah toward the people of western Utah, evinces a desire on their part to reduce us under an absolute spiritual despotism. Such has been our patient sufferings, and such is now the necessity for dissolving all political relations which may have connected us together, and we deem it not only our right, but also our duty, to disown such a government, and such a people, and to form new guards for our future security. AVe would charge upon the Monnons a gross violation of the organic act creating the territory of Utah. They have declared themselves hostile to the Constitution, government and institutions of our country. They have refused to submit to its laws, while they have, whenever it suited them, claimed protection under these laws. They have denied to the judges of the United States a right to try in their court the violators of the law, when such violations wei-e numerous. They have so managed by their legislation, as tO' defeat justice, protect 58 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. criminals, and render the laws and the authority of the United States in Utah territory void and of no effect. ^ They have conferred powers on their territorial marshals so extensive as to render void the authority of the marshals of the United States in all cases. They have conferred upon probate judges the sole right to select juries in civil and criminal cases, in violation of all law and precedent. They have also given to said judges and justices of the peace absolute jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases. They have made all laws existing under the embryo State of Deseret binding upon the people of this territory, and in defiance of the laws of the United States. They have, by an act of the legislature, declared all unmarried men in eligible as jurymen, unless they have resided in the territory two years. They have imbued their hands in the blood of our citizens while they were peacefully pursuing their way across the continent and have deprived them of their property without due course of law. They have poisoned the minds of the Indians against us, forced us frequently to open war with them. We have petitioned them to redress and protect us in our right, but our appeals have e-\ier been treated with disdain and neglect. To continue the connection with Utah longer we fear would involve us in treason and re bellion to our country. We further consider that the danger, difficulty of transit and expense of communication with the seat of the territorial government of eastern Utah of themselves valid reasons tO' induce us to form a separate territorial organization. We have appealed for assistance to California, but she has declined to aid and protect us because we were without the jurisdiction of the state. Therefore, believing in the rectitude of our intentions and believing the time has arrived, we make known and declare our entire and uncondi tional separation from eastern Utah. To provide for and secure our future protection we pledge to each other our sacred obligations, to erect for ourselves a territorial government founded upon the republican principles of the Constitution of the United States, and that we will maintain and defend it to the best of our ability. Y\nd we look to the protection and support of the Federal Government and our fellow citizens in every part of the Union. constitution ADOPTED. The convention also framed a constitution to be voted upon by the people on September 7, following; an election was ordered at the same time to fill the offices created by it. Obscurity envelops the result, as no election returns were preserved, but Isaac Roop, for governor; A. S. Dorsey, for secretary of state; John D. Winters, for auditor, and B. L. King, for treas urer, were probably elected, but, if so, none of them ever served, except A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 59 Governor Roop. The majority for the constitution was about four hundred votes. FIRST LEGAL COURT IN CARSON COUNTY. At this time the increasing population of. Carson county necessitated another attempt at organization. John S. Child held the first legal court in Carson county after April 13, 1857, but found no business before the court and adjourned it until next day. Pursuant to adjournment the court con vened next day, but there being no business another adjournment was taken. The third day when court convened Judge Child made business by appointing W. P. Morrison as coroner and authorizing him to hold an inquest upon the body of John Buckley, who had been murdered at Virginia City. From then until the 19th of October, when an application for divorce was filed by Mrs. Rebecca A. Bristol, no business was transacted in the court. The case of Mrs. Bristol, which resulted in a decision in her favor, was the only case tried in 1859. Judge Child was determined to give a legal existence to the functions of Carson county, and, after dividing the county into ten precincts, called a special election for October 8 to fill the county offices. Despite the neces sity existing but three precincts opened polls, and they were, Carson No. 2, Gold Hill No. 5 and Walker River No. 8. The returns showed the plurality of C. H. Fountain, candidate for representative, to be 16, he receiving a total vote of 100, against J. C. Jones 84, and S. W. Sullivan and R. M. Anderson I each. For selectman W. C. Armstrong- received loi votes, L. Drixley 85, E. Lambe 84, and J. M. Luther 83. For sheriff E. C. Morse received loi votes, J. Farwell 84, and R. Abernathy i. For treasurer H. Van Sickle received 94 votes, L. A. Smith 85, J. M. Henry i. For receiver J. F. Long received 100 votes and P. C. Rector 63. Thomas Knott was elected justice of the peace for Carson City, and William Justice, justice of the peace of Gold Hill. George Wilder was elected constable of Carson City, and Alex ander White constable of Gold Hill. P. H. Lovel, county clerk, certified to the returns September 24. When A. Cummings, governor of Utah, received the election retums he forwarded commissions dated November 15, 1859, to Mr. Lovel. In doing so he wrote that there was no authority for calling the election and a legal investi gation would have to be held, but as he desired to aid in organizing the county he had forwarded the commissions. Judge Child wrote to Armstrong and Drixley on the ensuing fourth of June urging them to appear and take the oath of office and urging upon them the necessity of some kind of law, but none of the parties accepted the positions to which they were elected, and the only legally authorized county 60 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. officials in what is now Nevada in 1859 and up to August 6, i860, were the following : J. S. Child, probate judge; George McNeir, clerk (succeeded in March, i860, by P. H. Lovel); S. A. Kinsey, recorder; P. C. Rector, appointed surveyor March i, i860; D. G. Gloyd, road commissioner, appointed in Feb ruary, i860; A. Kinne, appointed road commissioner, February, i860; James White, appointed road commissioner in April, i860. Once again the attempt to oi-ganize under existing laws proved a failure. DEATH OF JUDGE CRANE. A blow to the organization of a separate territorial government came with the death of Judge Crane, the congressional delegate, who died sud denly of heart disease, at Gold Hill, on September 27. The organization had been so far perfected, as the adoption of the constitution and the election of officers and a legislative body, authorized by that constitution, could ac complish. Another election was called for November 12, 1859, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Crane. This election is also veiled in obscurity, but according to Sacramento papers of that date, J. J. Musser received 935 votes and was declared, by Governor Roop, unanimously elected, from which it is safe to assume that he had no opposition. After the counting of the vote Representative Musser started for Wa-sh- ington. Isaac Roop having been declared elected governor, subscribed to the following oath of office: Territory of Nevada, ss. I do solemnly swear that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the Territory of Nevada, and that I will, to the best of my ability, perform all the duties of Governor of said Territory during my continuance in office. (Signed) Isaac Roop. Subscribed and sworn to before me this thirteenth day of December, A. D. one thousand eight hundred ancl fifty-nine. F. M. Preston, U. S. Commissioner. Second Judicial District, U. T. provisional legislature meets. On the evening of December 15, 1859, the first legislature of the new territory of Nevada met and organized at Genoa, at the house of G. D. Blake. O. H. Pierson, of Carson City, was elected speaker; H. S. Thompson, clerk, and J. H. McDougal, sergeant-at-arms. A number of resolutions were passed and a committee of three was appointed to draft a memorial to Congress to expedite the organization, of the new territory. Governor Roop delivered his message amid great en- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 61 thusiasm. The legislature then adjourned until the first Monday in July, i860. After adjournment Mr. Roop continued to act as governor, most of his official acts being connected with the warring Indians and the tr(juble they caused in Nevada. The only documentary evidence of his ever exercising his authority as governor was the issuance of the following military com mission to M. S. Thompson, later state senator from Humtoldt county: Nevada Territory, Susanville, February i, i860. I, Isaac Roop, provisional governor of Nevada territory, do hereby appoint M. S. Thompson as my aid-de-camp to rank as colonel of cavalry, with pay and rations as such ; this appointment to take effect from date. In testimony whereof, I have this day and date affixed my private seal, there being no public seal provided. Isaac Roop, Governor. L. S. Mr. Musser while in Washington found that he could not obtain im mediate legislation favoi-able to his constituents, andl so he returned to Carson county. Flis work there, however, bore good fruit, for there was a growing sentiment in Congress against leaving the citizens of the United States under Mormon control. This feeling in Washington was intensified by the development of the Comstock and the subsequent immense increase in ix>pulation. The breaking out of the southern rebellion further increased that feeling and on March 2, 1861, the congressional act created the terri tory of Nevada, thus crowning with Success the ofttime foiled attempts to secure a separate government. CHAPTER IX. Territory of Nevada. Nye Commissioned Governor of Territory — Officers Appointed by Him in State and County — Establishment of Judicial Districts — Civil and Crim inal Codes — Division of Counties — The State Constitution — Its First Defeat and Subsequent Victory — Efforts to Remove Unpopular Judi ciary — Conditions of i860. Details have been given of the difficulty experienced by Judge Child, in his efforts to both hold elections and then prevail upon the men elected to fill the positions waiting for them. He tried again in i860, on August 6th. Carson, St. Mary's and Humboldt counties were jointly entitled to one member in the legislature. At this last election the offices of sheriff. 62 A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. selectmen, treasurer, surveyor and member of the legislature were filled 'for Carson county. Undeterred by the lack of business at the last session of court, some three years before. Judge Child convened the first session of the county co'urt of Carson on September 3, i860. His court, with the three selectmen, ti'ansacted the business usually done by a board of supervisors or county commissioners. The first transaction, recorded on the loth, was the repudia tion of all county debts and the cancelling of all county script. Business soon poured in; petitions of all kinds, for franchises of all kinds, from rail roads to toll bridge's. COURT HOUSE PROVIDED. The need for a court house being imperative, the court, in September, authorized the building of one, or rather the completion of one at Genoa. Seven hundred and fifty dollars was tO' be expended on finishing and fur nishing. It was not much of a building, in fact an old building repaired, thirty by sixty feet and one and a half stories in height. It was here Judge Cradelbaugh held the first session of the United States district court. He had to crawl up a ladder to reach the court room, but later steps were built. Up to the time of the creating of the territory of Nevada the country had been enveloped in legal shadows which soon, under the pressure of a new system of laws, passed away forever. Governor Nye applied the new system of laws to the old subdivisions as in existence under Utah, and when the legislature met on the 25th of November, 1861, Nevada was segregated into nine counties, but there was no Carson or St. Mary county. The records of these were turned over to the secretary of state. NYE COMMISSIONED GOVERNOR. On the 22nd of March, 1861, James W. Nye, of Madison county. New York, was commissioned governor of Nevada territory, and the legislature was soon convened. Governor Nye, in his first proclamation, in July, 1861, announced the appointment of various officers as follows : To All Whom It May Concern: Whereas, By an act of Congress of the United States of America, en titled, "An Act to organize the Territory of Nevada," approved March 2, 1861, a true copy of which is hereto annexed, a Government was created over all the country described in said Act, to be called the "Territory of Ne vada" ; and, whereas, the following named officers have been duly appointed and commissioned under said act as officers of said Government, viz. : A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 63 James W. Nye, Governor of said Territory, Commander-in-chief of the Militia thereof and Superintendent of Indian Affairs therein; Orion Clemens, Secretary of said Territory; George Turner, Chief Justice, and Horatio M. Jones and Gordon N. Mott, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of said Territory, and to act as Judges of the District Court for said Territory ; Benjamin B. Bunker, Aftorney of the United States for said Territory; D. Bates, Marshal of the United States for said Territory; and John W. North, Surveyor General for said Territory; and the said Govei'nor and the other officers having assumed the duties of their said offices according to law, said Territorial government is hereby declared to be organized and estab lished and all persons are enjoined to conform to, respect, and obey the laws theixof accordingly. Given under my hand and the seal of said Territory this eleventh day of July, A. D. 1 86 1, and of the independence of the United States of Amer ica, the eighty-fifth. James W. Nye, Governor of Nevada Territory. The succeeding officers were appointed as follows : United States at torney, Theodore Edwards, August 31, 1863; judge of the first district court, John W. North, October 2, 1863; assistant justice of the supreme court, Powhaton B. Locke, October 14, 1863. OFFICERS APPOINTED BY NYE. Warden of prison, Abraham Curry, January i, 1862; treasurer, John H. Kinkead, February i, 1862; auditor. Perry G. Child, February i, 1862 (Child resigned and W. W. Rose was appointed September 8, 1863) ; school superintendent, William G. Blakely, February 24, 1862 ; superintendent of public instruction for two years, A. F. White, December 24, 1863. CARSON COUNTY APPOINTMENTS. During the year 1861 Governor Nye made the following appointments for Carson county : Probate judge, L. W. Ferris, Virginia City, July 29 ; clerk. Nelson W. Winton, Virginia City, July 29 ; recorder, Samuel D. King, July 29; district attorney, Marcus D. Larrowe, August 12; county surveyor, S. H. Marlette, August 14; treasurer, Alfred Helm, August 20; selectmen, J. Williams and Chauncy N. Noteware, George W. Greer, July 31; John F. Long, September 2. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS ESTABLISHED. A peculiar division was made of the judicial districts in the proclama tion of Governor Nye on July 17. Gordon N. Mott was assigned to Dis trict No. i; this included all of Carson county lying west of the ii8th de gree of longitude; as it embraced what is now Douglas, Storey, Washoe, 64 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Ormsby, Lyoii and most of Churchill counties, practically all of the white population of the territory was in it. Chief Judge Turner was assigned to the second district ; this embraced that part of the territory lying east of District No. i and between the 117th and II Sth degree of longitude. This district was inhabited by whites at the stage stations, and Pah-Utes and Shoshones comprised the rest of the population. Judge H. M. Jones was assigned to District No. 3. This included all the territory lying east of the 117th degree of longitude. In this district were a few stage stations and a number of Gosh-Ute and Shoshone Indians. The proclamations stated that the court of the first district would be in session two weeks, commencing at Virginia City on July 23, and would alternate between Carson and Virginia City. The times and places for hold ing terms of the district court in the seconci and third districts _were t6 be designated in a subsequent proclamation. The idea seems to have been tO' insure the administration of tbe law among the Indians as well as whites. Another proclamation was issued, on July 24, districting the territory for election and census purposes. Dr. Henry De Groot, of Carson City, was appointed to take charge of the enumeration and the returns showed a total population of 16,374. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CODES. The civil and criminal codes were passed in complete form by the first legislature, which was in session forty-nine days. The results of their work filled a royal octavo book of five hundred and eighteen pages, eight being devoted to toll 'road franchises. Six of these were granted. DIVLSION INTO COUNTIES. Nevada territory was divided into nine counties by an act approved November 25, 1861. St. Mary's and Carson were erased, the nine being: Lake (changed to Roop December 5, 1862), Washoe, Churchill, Douglas, Esmeralda, Humboldt, Lyon, Ormsby, and Storey. Nearly four-fifths of the territory were included within the boundaries of Churchill, Humboldt and Esmeralda, but the other six held the most of the population. Soon after the division of counties the two branches of the assembly met in joint con vention and nominated three commissioners for each county. It was the duty of these commissioners to apportion their respective localities into precincts, and arrange for the general election, to be held on the ensuing 14th of August, 1862. At this election county officers were to be chosen. The officers elected at this time were to serve only until September, when another election of the county officers was to be held. In consequence some of the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 65 counties were more than blessed with officers, three sets in all — two elected and one appointed. CONDITIONS IN 1860. Wages paid were high, looked at from the view point of these later days, but not so considering the times and condition of i860. Female help of any kind was paid on an average of foi'ty dollars per month. The men were paid, for farm work, three dollars per day if boarded, and thi'ee dollars and fifty cents if not, while carpenters and like trades commanded seven dollars per day without board. The laboring men generally paid twenty dollars per week for board, so they had to make fairly good wages. As can be seen by. the judicial districts, the ix)pulation was not widely scattered, all converging to the several central points. In Ruby valley there was just one farmer, the Indian agent at that time, Wilham Rogers. One United States marshal. J. P. Waters, said that Humboldt was the most barren of any land he had ever passed through. That there were no inhabitants except those connected with the mail service. He said the only other living things were snakes, lizards, crickets and Indians, the latter living on the former a portion of the year. THE STATE CONSTITUTION. It was not long before the citizens of the territory decided that the robes of statehood would be becoming to Nevada, and the legislature of 1862 passed an act authorizing at the general election in September, 1863, the choice of delegates to frame a state constitution. A popular vote of the people as to whether they desired statehood or not resulted in a majority of 3,656 in favor of it. The delegates assembled on the 2nd of November, 1863, and continued in session until Decemljer nth, and in that period framed the constitution under which Nevada e\^entually became a state. Will iam M. Stewart, delegate from Storey county, made this a stepping stone later to the United States senate. STATE CONSTITUTION DEFEATED. Owing to political dissension and the ire of disappointed candidates when the convention assembled in Carson on December 31, 1863, there was strong opposition developed. The controversies were mostly of a personal nature, but the effects were serious. The constitution provided that all the officers created by it should be filled at the time it was submitted to the people. In consequence the political aspirants who failed tO' receive nominations for the offices desired by them, determined to fight the constitution. And they did. Many delegates bolted the convention, declaring there was a slate. The newspapers took a hand because some of the owners wanted office. 66 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. notably J. T. Goodman, of the Territorial Enterprise, and John Church of the Daily Union, both desirous . of becoming state printer. George W. Bloor landed this plum. M. N. Mitchell received the nomination for Governor. John B. Winters of Lyon county was nominated for Congress. The fifty-one delegates were in convention three days and a full state ticket was nominated. There was but the one ticket, the "Union Ticket," and this was supported by all the nine newspapers of the territory, excepting four : The Old Pah Ute, Humboldt Register, the Virginia Union, and the Aurora Times. The fight was made upon the organic law, and the opposition succeeded in defeating the State Ticket. SECOND EFFORT FOR STATEHOOD. The next effort to don statehood robes was made when Senator Doolit tle, of Wisconsin, introduced a bill in the United States senate, authorizing another trial. The Doolittle bill was signed by President Lincoln, on March 21, 1864, Governor N3'e issuing a proclamation calling for an election on the sixth of June following, to choose delegates once more to frame a state con stitution. This time no state officers were to be voted for, by its provisions, and the clause which had helped to defeat the first constitution, authorizing the taxing of "shafts, drills and bedrock tunnels," was changed so that it could not be used as a slogan tO' rouse the "poor miners" to opposition. • The convention was harmonious ; no bolters, no friction and the only trouble was in Storey county, where the contest was renewed, this resulting in the defeat of the regular nominees for county offices. THE UNPOPULAR JUDICIARY. A change in the judiciary was desired and strongly advocated, both by press and people. So much so 'that a petition asking the whole bench to re sign received over 4.000 signatures. This monster petition, for those days, was printed in full in the Territorial Enterprise, and it occupied six double columns of that paper. Because -one of the supreme judges was more than suspected of selling decisions for "cash paid in hand," the people desired to do away with the whole bench. To do this the adoption of the constitution was necessary, or so represented to- the voters. The resignation of the entire supreme bench was brought about by charges made by J. T. Goodman, editor of the Enterprise. They were called on to answer charges of corrup tion and bribe-taking or resign. They could not face the facts, and resigned as the attorneys refused to practice law before them. The time set for the general territorial election was September 7, 1864, and the county officers, a legislative assembly and delegates to the House of Representatives were to be chosen. The territorial convention assembled in Carson on the loth of August preceding, fifty delegates being in attendance. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 67 Of these twenty-six were proxies; Thomas Fitch was put in nomination as delegate to the House of Representatives, on the regular Union ticket. .V. C. Bradford was the choice of the Democrats and Hon. John Cradelbaugh the choice of Storey county in the first convention, ran independently, the vote at the general election being: Thomas Fitch, Republican, 1,208; A. C. Bradford, Democrat, 3,716; John Cradelbaugh, Independent Union, 3,781 ; scattering, 4; a total of 8,709. The constitution polled a majority vote of 9,131. The large \ote at Amador was thrown out because of fraud, but Nevada, having adopted the constitution, only waited for the proclamation of the President to become one of the glorious galaxy of states. CHAPTER X. Organization and Political History of State. Redistricting of States^Judicial Elections to 1878 — Many Elections the First Year of Statehood — First Presidential Election — Contest for U. S. Senator in 1864 — Ashley Elected Congressman. 1865 — Exciteiiient Over Attempted Removal of Capital — Senators Determine Choice of Tei-ms by Lot — Election of Nye to U. S. Senate, 1867 — Fitch Nominated Con gressman by Acclamation and Elected, 1868 — Senatorial Contest Be tween Sharon, Jones and Nye, Jones Winning, 1872 — Battle of the "Money Bags" — Shai-on Elected U. S. Senator, 1875 — Dissatisfaction with Sharon — Election of Fair to Succeed Him. 1880. The great day for Nevada, when the parchment making her a state was signed by the President of the United States, was October 31, 1864. This was the year for all kinds of elections in Nevada; there had been three before becoming a state, and a fourth was now necessitated, as the territorial legislative officers and congressional delegates could not of course serve !he state. The members for the House of Rq>resentatives were to be chosen on the date of the presidential election, November 8, 1864. A full state and national ticket was therefore placed in the field by both Democrats and Re publicans. These tickets included representatives, state senators, state officers, state assemblymen, nine district attorneys and eleven district judges. The result was as follows, every Republican being elected : For Presidential Electors — 9,826 votes. Total vote cast, 16,328. Member of Congress, H. G. Worthington — 9,776. Total vote cast, 16,328. Governor, H. G. Blasdel — 9,834. Total vote cast, 16,389. Lieutenant Governor, J. G. Grossman — 9,786. Total vote cast, 16,348. 68 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Secretary of State. C. N. Noteware — 9,839. Total vote cast, 16,335. Controller, A. W. Nightingill — 9,842. Total vote cast, 16,309. Treasurer, E. Rhoades — 9,824. Total vote cast, 16,315. . Superintendent Public Instructioii, .\. F. White — 9,823. Total vote cast 16,331. Surveyor General, S. H. Marlette — 9,828. Total vote cast, 16,326. Supreme Court Judges, C. M. Bi-osnan — 9,838; H. O. Beatty, 9,804; J. F. Lewis, 9,826. Attorney General, George A. Nourse — 9,278. Total vote cast, 16,308. Supreme Court Clerk, Alfred Helm — 9,846. Total vote cast, 16,310. The Democrats elected were two in number, both for the legislature : J. A. St. Clair, assembly, Churchill county; Frank M. Proctor, senate, Nye county. UNITED STATES SENATORS CHOSEN. The next thing was the choosing of two United States senators, which was done in joint convention by the two branches of the legislature on De cember 15, 1864. There was a bitter contest, amounting almost to a dead lock at one stage of the proceedings. The first vote cast resulted as follows : William M. Stewart, of Storey county- — 33. James W. Nye, of Ormsby county — 23. Charles E. DeLong, of Storey county — 23. John Cradelbaugh, of Ormsby county — 12. B. C. Whitman, of Storey county — 13. Necessary for a choice — 27. Mr. Stewart was de(2lared elected. For the second senator the vote stood as follows : James W. Nye, of Ormsby county — 23. Charles E. DeLong, of Storey county — 17. John Cradelbaugh, of Ormsby county — 9. B. C. Whitman, of Storey county — 3. After this result the convention adjourned until next day at 1 p. m. Mr. Stewart, having been elected himself, turned his attention to getting what he could out of the other senatorships, according to common report. He sent a message to Judge Cradelbaugh assuring him that if he would .turn over to him all government patronage which would accrue to him if elected, he would himself promise that he would be elected. Knowing the record of Judge Cradelbaugh one can imagine how this message affected him. His reply is said to have been: "Tell Stewart that I had rather be a dog and bay the moon, than such a senator," That settled it, and the next day it took but one vote to give the result : James W. Nye, of Ormsby county — 29. Assemblyman ' Assemblyman H. H. BECK. R. M. SHACKELFORD. Senator Assemblyman Senator CHARLES LAMBERT. J. A. ENGRICK. J. S. SLINGERLAND. WASHOE COUNTY DELEGATION TO FIRST SESSION STATE LEGISLATURE CARSON CITY, NEVADA, 1864-65. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 69 Charles E. DeLong, of Storey county — 7. Necessary for a choice — 27. EFFORT TO REMOVE CAPITAL. In the early part of 1864 a land company, with a large amount of capital back of it, laid out a town in the flat just south from Gold Hill and christened it American City. The next move to make the scheme "go" was the offer of fifty thousand dollars to the territory, a donation if it would remove the state capital to American City. It was offered in extenuation of this proposed re moval, or was the alleged reason, that Ormsby county had agreed to furnish rooms for the assembly- and then turned around and asked four thousand five hundred dollars per session for them. Storey county papers, of course, advocated its removal and left, no stone unturned to bring it about. Storey and Lyon counties had been endeavoring to secure the removal of the capital, each to its own locality. They took advantage of the fact that when the legisla ture first met in 1861, when the capital was established at Carson City, it was forced to meet where the state ]>rison is located. Storey county wanted to locate it at Virginia City and Lyon at Dayton. The Ormsby people had then bestirred themselves and by petition asked the legislature to ad journ to Carson City, stating that if it did rooms would be furnished, free of charge, and this was clone. Quite a sum of money was expended in this fight, and it is alleged that some of it found its way into the legislature, thus establishing a bad precedent for future legislatures, or members. The up shot was that the capital remained where it was. The charge that the Ormsby people had charged rent for the rooms to be free of all charge, resulted in strong feeling, for the county could not deny it. But the citizens of that county tried to create a diversion by getting up and circulating a petition, requesting their county commiissioners to resign, accusing Commissioner Adolph Waitz, in particular, of having acted in bad faith in making a charge for the room. They accused him of using his office for speculation and said they would not take "No" from him in answer to this petition. Mr. Waitz sent back a strenuoiis reply, concluding as follows : "A proper regard for the public good and those who elected me, as well as a feeling of self-respect, forbids that I should hasten to gratify your malice. If it be your purpose to intimidate me it only proves what I sup- jxDsed was the case, that you were not well acquainted with- my real char acter. I am not apt to l>e scared by the threats of armed desperadoes, much less those of peevish and excited citizens." The Carson Past, in March, 1865, wrote an editorial on the subject and in closing, said: "And to show that we are not mistaken in these matters 70 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. we will add that we individually collected the money that was paid to a mem ber of the legislature, to vote against removal." TO SUCCEED WORTHINGTON. The term of Hon. H. G. Worthington expiring in March, 1865, it be came necessary to elect his successor at the state election on November 7, 1865. Nevada had twO' United States senators, but no member in the House of Representatives; three Republicans at once volunteered to serve in that capacity. Delos R. Ashley, of Lander county ; Colonel Charles A. Sumner, and Hon. W. H. Clagget. The former won the election, as claimed by the Gold Hill Nezvs, through the agency of the Democratic votes cast for him. He was supported in his campaign by the Territorial Enterprise of Virginia City; Sumner was the choice of the Gold Hill Nezm, and Ashley by the Reese River Rez'eille. When the Republican convention met at Carson on the loth of October it soon became apparent that Sumner, Claggett and Ashley were the real contestants, but Sumner withdrew when twelve ballots resulted in no choice. John B. Winters then came on the scene as a candidate, but he could secure only forty-nine votes. Mr. Ashley received on every ballot fourteen votes. At four in the afternoon the convention took a recess, the vote standing: John B. Winters — 49. , W. H. Claggett— 48. Delos R. Ashley— 8. On the next ballot twenty-six of the Claggett's following voted for Ash ley, and, it becoming apparent he was the man, the Winter's delegation in turn cast their vote for him, making him the nominee of the Republicans, Mr. Ashley, in the customary speech, promised to endeavor to obtain all the aid he could from the government in land and money, to build as soon as possible every railroad which would connect the state of Nevada with the outside world. At this time the Central Pacific had not reached the state, but two roads were seeking subsidies, one known as the Dutch Flat road, in reality the Central Pacific; the other the Placerville road. Their advent was eagerly looked forward to, and all possible concessions were made to them both. So strong was the feeling that the prominent plank in the Republican platform was the one affirming the same position regarding the railroads. The vote on November 7th resulted in the following vote : Delos R. Ashley received 3,691 votes H. K. Mitchell received 2,215 votes Total votes , 5.946 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 71 And by this vote the Republican candidate was elected. STATE ELECTION OF I 866. The next year these two gentlemen were pitted against each other again, Ashley being again the nominee of the Republican party, and H. K. Mitchell of the Democratic party. This time there were, of course, national issues brought on by the Pi-esident, Andrew Johnson. The entire Republican party was elected, the votes being cast as follows : Member for Congress, D. R. Ashley, 5,047 votes, total vote 9,243 Governor, H. G. Blasdel, 5,125 votes, total vote 9,230 Lieutenant Governor, J. S. Slingerford, 5,211 votes, total vote 9,208 Secretary of State, C. N. Noteware, 5,207 votes, total vote 8,257 Controller, W. R. Parkinson, 5,203 votes, total vote 9,257 Treasurer, E. Rhoades, 5,157 votes, total vote . 9,239 Superintendent Public Instruction, A. N. Fisher, 5,218 votes, total vote 9,250 Surveyor General, H. S. Marlette, 5,209 votes, total vote 9,256 State Printer, J. E. Eckley, 5,208 votes, total vote 9.273 Supreme Judge, James F. Lewis, 5,193 votes, total vote 9,266 Attorney General, Robert M. Clark, 5,193, total vote 9,249 Clerk Supreme Court, Alfred Helm, 5,193 votes, total vote 9,262 When the territory became a state the senators were allotted terms end ing March, 1867, and March, 1869. This making them short terms of two and four years, respectively, the senators drew for it in the open Senate, James W. Nye drawing the short term. Fle came before the legislature as candidate for re-election on the 15th of January, one of the six candidates, and the first vote resulted: Charles E. DeLong 21 votes James W. Nye . ._ 18 votes John B. Winters '. 7 votes Thomas Fitch 4 votes Thomas H. Williams 7 votes Total 57 votes The contest between Mr. DeLong and Mr. Nye was exti'emely bitter, as the former had been for some time making attacks upon Nye's work as senator, especially his administration of affairs appertaining to the Indians in Nevada. He alleged fraud in this connection, all this by means of corre spondence in the columns of the papers. The day after the above combined vote of both houses, the papers had a good deal to say on the subject, particularly anent the personal feeling between DeLong and Nye. In the Daily Appeal H. R. Mighels vented his feeling in strong editorials, appealing to the whole United States to work 72 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. for Nye. The population of Nevada to rise up and elect "The Grey Eagle." Mighels insisted that not only Nevada, but all the Pacific states and terri tories, and the entire United States, desired the re-election of Mr. Nye. The San Francisco Call and the Humboldt Register were the only papers opposing the re-election of Nye. James W. Nye 25 Charles DeLong 27 Thomas Fitch 4 Thomas H. Williams 21 Necessary to a choice 29 The day following Mr. Nye received 32 votes and C- E. DeLong 25, electing the former; the latter received the seven Democratic votes through out. Mr. Nye's term was to commence on March 4, 1867, and end on March 3, 1873- DE LONG AGAIN A CANDIDATE. Mr. DeLong, like Banquo's ghost, would not "clown," but came to the front again in SqDtember, when the Republican convention met at Carson City, on the i6th of that month. At this convention Mr. DeLong made a very politic move in withdrawing from the fight against William T. Stewart in the race for the United States Senate. This was to secure harmony in the ranks, which was becoming rather attenuated. So great an impression did this make that the convention passed resolutions eulogizing him therefor. Later he was appointed minister to Japan, and here he proved his fitness for lX)litical preferment by making a fine record. Thomas Fitch was by acclamation nominated for congress and with the rest of the entire Republican ticket elected in 1868. VOTE FOR STATE TICKET, 1868. The Republican ticket elected was in its entirety : For Presidential Electors. Republican 6,476 votes For Presidential Electors, Democratic 5,215 votes Member of Congress, Thomas Fitch, 6,230 votes, total vote ii,579 Surveyor (unexpired term), John Day, 6,391 votes, total vote. .11,677 State Printer, H. R. Mighels, 6,425 votes, total vote 11,698 Supreme Judge (long term), B. C. Whitman, 6,476 votes, total vote 1 1,698 Supreme Judge (unexpired term), Neely Johnson, 6,398 votes, total vote II ,632 In this legislature were fifty Republicans and nine Democrats. STEWART RE-ELECTED. William M. Stewart was in Washington on the 12th day of January, 1869, when re-elected by the legislature, receiving all but one of fifty Re publican votes. The nine Democrats voted for Thomas H. Williams. A lilSTORY OF NEV.\DA. 73 STATE ELECTION OF 187O. It was time for the Democrats to score a victory, and they proceeded to do so in the state election of November 8, 1870. The Republicans had met in Elko, on September 21st, and placed a ticket in the field, of course, with every hope of another sweeping victory. The "Democrats won out as follows : Member of Congress, Charles W. Kendall, 6,821 votes, total vote.. 13,312 Governor, L. R. Bradley, 7,200 votes, total vote i3,349 Lieutenant Governor, Frank Denver, 6,689 votes, total "vote 13,309 Treasurer, Jerry Schooling, 6,942 votes, total vote 13,333 State Printer, Charles L. Perkins, 6,751 votes, total vote 13,302 Supreme Judge, John Garber, 6,787 votes, total vote 13,349 Attorney General, L. A. Buckner, 6,650 votes, total vote 13,277 The Republicans elected the following officials : Secretary of State, J. D. Minor, 6,689 votes, total vote 13,341 Controller, W. W. Hobart, 6,770 votes, total vote I3>353 Superintendent of Public Instruction, A. N. Fisher, 6,793 votes, total vote 13,366 Surveyor General, John Day, 6,902 votes, total vote 13, 375 Mineralogist, H. R. Whitehill, 6,711 votes, total vote 13,363 Clerk Supreme Court, Alfred Helm, 6,801 votes, total vote 13,365 Of those elected, L. A. Buckner resigned on January 4, 1874. Judge Garber resigned on the 6th of November, 1872. These were Democrats, and of the Republicans, Alfred Helm resigned on January 2, 1875, his successor having been elected the 3rd of November previous. complexion of legislature in 187o. Senate. Assembly. Dem. Rep. Dem. Rep. Churchill i o i i Esmeralda i i 4 o Elko o I 2 o Humboldt 2 o 3 o Lander 2 o 4 o Lincoln i o i o Lyon o 2 o 3 • Nye I o I I Ormsby o 2 i 2 Storey i 3 3 9 Washoe o 2 o 3 White Pine i i 2 3 Totals . 10 ' 12 22 22 An Independent Senator and twO' Independent Assemblymen were elected by Douglas county. 74 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. senatorial contest. Although it was more than suspected that various sums of money had been expended in the fight for the removal of the state capital and in several other moves of political schemers, the campaign of 1872 was to show the power of money, when skilfully used, in encompassing the election of an untried man as United States senator, and the elevation to the place right fully belonging to the man who had been tried and not found wanting. It was a three-sided fight, two moneyed kings of finance and a man of the people, the first twT) combatants opposed to each other and, of course, also to the man of the people. William Sharon, when he first discovered the senatorial bee buzzing in his bonnet, was a very rich man, even rich enough to be called a monopolist. With his discovery of political ambition came to the i>eople of Nevada the discovery of the power of money in a great political fight. Money was plentiful, in the hands of the few, the mines of Neva'da having created the so-called kings of bonanza, and with money came desire for political prefer ment. This was the case with a number, but the two men who came to the front, willing to serve their state in the United States senate, and who stayed in the front, were William Sharon and J. P. Jones. Jones was a min ing operator and stock dealer and had many friends. When the lep-islature met on Januaiy 21st, following, there was but one ballot, and it stood : J. P. Jones 23 W. W. McCoy 17 Charles E. DeLong i Robert McBeth i Total 42 The friends of Jones entered heart and soul into his fight and forgot that the Republican convention had, when in session at Reno in September. nominated C. C. Goodwin for Congress, and that the nomination had been forced upon him. The Democrats, becoming aware of this state of affairs, lost no time in working for the election of their nominee, Charles W. Kendall, electing him triumphantly. The Republicans elected the supreme judge and the state printer, the only state offices to be filled. The vote was : Republican Presidential Electors 8,413 votes Democratic Presidential Electors . 6,236 votes Member of Congress, C. W. Kendall; total vote 14-993 Supreme Judge, Thomas P. Hawley, 8,195 votes; total vote. . . . 14,021 State Printer, C. A. V. Putnam, 8,179 votes; total vote 15,008 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 75 contest for u. s. senator in 1874. For the two years following the senatorial election, in which he was really defeated by Jones, William Shai'on had been laying his plans to secui'e the senatorship in 1874. To that end he conciliated Senator Jones. In a public meeting, or reception, to Senator Jones in Carson, 1874, Sharon eulogized Jones and thanked the people for Jones for giving him such a welcome, alluding in words of flattery to Jones' record in the senate. He had something to work upon, as Jones had made an exceptionally good sen ator in the eyes of his constituents. Adolph SutrO' had succeeded to the place of contestant, chiefly because Sharon was head of the forces opposing the construction of the Sutro Tun nel, and as United States senator he would wield considerable power against its completion. A third party, the Independent, took the field. The "silver tongued" Thomas Fitch was paid by the Sharon, powers to enter the lists against Sutro, which he accordingly did. The Democratic party at that time was composed of two elements, those opix)sed to the Confederacy and those who were sympathizers with it. The latter element was in control and made a fatal mistake in throwing aside C. W. Kendall, whO' had twice been elected member for congress, and nomin ating an ex-Confederate officer. Colonel A. C. Ellis. As will be seen from the ticket put up, the Independents selected several men from both the Republican and Democratic tickets, only putting up as third candidate. Lieutenant Gov ernor A. J. Hatch, of Washoe county; Attoroney General A. B. Elliott, of Storey county; Superintendent of Public Instruction H. H. Howe, of Orms by county. The latter gentleman declined the nomination, and the others went down to defeat. Of those they selected from the Democratic ticket, Hereford, Belnap, Ellis and Stewart were defeated at the polls. The Democrats, when they set Kendall aside, throught he could be prevailed upon to work for the party, but they reckoned without their host, for Kendall took the opposite course. He was invited to make a ratification speech at Virginia City, on October 8th. He accepted the invitation; when he appeared and was introduced by the chairman of the Democratic state central committee, he did not waste a moment in prefacing, but started in with a fierce attack upon the party platform, candidates and managers, with some inside information regarding them, and made a damaging accusation. He was ordered fropi the platform, and, going outside, followed by the crowd, got upon a box to finish his denunciation. The Democrats forced him from the box and created such a tumult he had to cease. But he re sorted to the opposition papers and had published some very damaging state ments. 76 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The Republicans had to hold their meetings in the streets, as the Demo crats and Independents had chartered the Opera House at Virginia City for the entire campaign. The tunnel came to the front as an issue and Sutro had a number of magic lanterns used in the campaign, all showing Sharon as the oppressor of the people, and of course people flocked to see them. Sharon worked upon the people of Storey and Ormsby counties by asserting that if Sutro were elected it would mean the ruin of both counties, as he would, of course, remove all business possible to the town growing up at the mouth of the Sutro tunnel in Lyon county. The Republicans in convention at Winnemucca on September 24th, nom inated the following ticket : For Congress, William Woodburn, of Storey county. For Governor, J. C. Hazlett, of Lyon county. For Lieutenant Governor, John Bowman, of Nye county. For Secretary of State, J. D. Minor, of Humboldt county. For Controller, W. W. Hobart, of White Pine county. For Treasurer, L. J. Hogle, of Eureka county. For Superintendent Public Instruction, S. P. Kelly, of Eureka county. For Surveyor General, John Day, of Lyon county. For State Printer, C. C. Powning, of Washoe county. L. J. Flogle withdrew afterwards, and George Tufly, of Ormsby county, was substituted. Mr. Hogle must have had" an insight into the future and pi'eferred not to go down in history as a defeated candidate. For Mineralogist, H. R. Whitehill, of Churchill county. For Supreme Judge, W. H. Beatty, of White Pine county. For Supreme Judge, Warren Earll, of Elko county. For Attorney General, Moses Tebbs, of Douglas county. For Clerk Supreme Court, C. F. Bicknell, of Ormsby county. The Democrats, at their convention two days later, held in Carson, placed the following ticket in the field : For Congress, A. C. Ellis, of Ormsby county. . For Governor, L. R. Bradley, of Elko county. For Lieutenant Governor, Jewett W. Adams, of Storey county. For Secretary of State, Charles D. Spires, of Lander county. For Controller, T. R. Cranley, of White Pine county. B'or Treasurer, Jerry Schooling, of Washoe county. For Superintendent Public Instruction, E. Spencer, of Lander county. For Surveyor General, George Haist, of Storey county. For State Printer, J. J. Hill, of Humboldt county. For Mineralogist, W. F. Stewart, of Storey county. For Supreme Judge, A. M. Hillhouse, of Eureka county. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 77 For Supreme Judge, C. H, Belknap, of Ormsby county. For Attorney General, J. R. Kittrell, of White Pine county. For Clerk of Supreme Court, B. H. Flereford, of Lincoln county. Spencer was taken oft' the ticket later and Mr. Willis was the candi date for the office of superintendent of public instruction. The Independents met two days later in Carson and nominated their ticket. When the election came off on November 3rd the following candidates were successful : Member Congress, William Woodburn, 9,240 votes; total votes, two candidates, 17,867. Governor, L. R. Bradley, 10,310 votes; total vote, two candidates, 18,095. Lieutenant Governor, Jewett W. Adams, 9,529 votes; total vote, three candidates, 18,060. Secretary of State, J. D. Minor, 10,592 votes; total vote, two candidates, 18,091. Controller, W. W. Hobart, 11,019 votes; total vote, two candidates, 17,937- Treasurer, Jerry Schooling, votes; total vote, three candidates, 18,079. Superintendent Public Instruction, S. P. Kelly, votes ; total vote, four candidates, 17,865. Surveyor General, John Day, 10,078 votes; total vote, two candidates, 17,983- State Printer, J. J. Hill, 9,071 votes; total vote, two' candidates, 18,038. Mineralogist, H. R. Whitehill, 9,043 votes; total vote, two: candidates, 17,946. .Supreme Judge (short term), Warren Earll, 9,322 votes; total vote, two candidates, 18,064. Supreme Judge (long term), W. H. Beatty, 9,932 votes; total vote, two candidates, 18,088. Attorney General, J. R. Kittrell, 9,050 votes; total vote, two candidates, 18,006. Clerk Supreme Court, C. T. Bicknell, 9,209 votes; total vote, two can didates, 18,038. legislative assemblymen 1875. The main fight had been, of course, over the assemblymen, and the following gives the showing made by each county : Counties. Rep. Dem. Storey 14 o Churchill o 3 Douglas 3 o 78 A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. Elko o 6 Esmeralda - 2 3 Eureka i i Humboldt i 3 Lander 2 i Lincoln o 4 Lyon 4 0 Nye o 2 Ormsby 4 o Washoe o 4 White Pine ' 7 o Flold-over Senators 9 i Total 47 28 When the vote was taken in both braiiches of the legislature, in Jan uary, 1875; the vote for senator to replace W. M. Stewart was: William Sharon, 49; H. K. Mitchell, 21 ; Thomas P. Hawley, 4. . presidential election 1876. By way of contrast the next political campaign was a quiet one. doubt less owing to the fact that there was no senatorship to be fought over. Conse quently, instead of relying on money to aid them, the candidates had, one ancl all, to rely upon their own exertions and ability. Both [sarties nomin ated men of high standing, intellectually and morally, the Republicans at their convention, August 24th and 25th, at Carson City, and the Democrats, in their convention at Vii'ginia City, August 28th. The election gave the Republicans the victory, for presidential electors a majority of 1,075 '> ^^^ Congress, Thomas Wren defeated Colonel A. C. Ellis by a majority of 911; for Supreme judge, O. R. Leonard defeated M. Kirkpatrick by a majority of of 581. Thei'e was a demand for a new constitution, and the cjuestion of whether one should be framed or not was voted upon at this election, being defeat^ed by a majority of 3,941. There has been a change in the politics of the legislature, which will be shown best by comparison with the table of 1875. legislature of 1876. COUNTIES; Rep. Dem. Rep. Dem. Senate. Assembly. Churchill o i o i Douglas I o 2 o Elko I I I 2 Esmeralda o i 2 o Eureka o 2 2 2 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 79 Humboldt o 2 o 3 Lander i q 2 i Lincoln i i 2 i Lyon I 1 3 o Nye o I ,0 2 Ormsby 2 o 3 o Storey 2 2 12 2 Washoe i i 3 o White. Pine 2 o 2 2 Total 12 13 34 16 Seven Republicans and six Democrats were hold-overs. state election of 1878. Senator Jones had so placed himself in public esteem by his brilliant statesmanship that everyone knew it would be hopeleSs to run against him. So the fight centered this election upon the gubernatorial office. The Re publican party had many would-be candidates. In Storey county there were three, A. J. Tyrrell, General Batterman and R. M. Daggett. Daggett with drew just before the county primary; this resulted in an uninstriicted dele gation from that county, in the state convention. Both parties put in a plank in their platforms, regarding the railroads, denianding reduced prices upon passenger and freight rates. The Re publicans knew they would have hard work to defeat the Democratic gover nor, L. R. Bradley, for he had become very popular by reason of his incor ruptibility and devotion to duty. The party was almost bankrupt, and tlie "bosses" did not know which way to turn for funds. What really helped, in fact did, defeat Bradley, was a speech made in Virginia City, by General Kittrell, candidate on the Democratic ticket for attorney general. He handled his subject, the "Big Four," or "Bonanza Kings," in a way calculated to make those gentlemen uncomfortable. Sure of his ground, he went into personalities which made the kings of finance wrathy, especially Fair and Mackey. And the bonanza firm entered the ranks of the Republican party and furnished the sinews of war. The Republicans accordingly elected all but two of their candidates. The defeat of Henry R. Mighels, of Ormsby, candidate for lieutenant governor on the Republican ticket, was a surprise. He had no opposition in the nominating. Railroad interests defeated him. The Virginia & Truckee Railroad Company wanted to see S. H. Wright, on the bench^ and when approached to support him Mighels declined to do so. He was told they would defeat him if he [jersisted, but he did so, and was "slain for his con victions." And one of the worst things used against him was his own arti- 80 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. cles in the Appeal, in which, when the railroad was trying to rqalace Cornish- men with Chinamen, Mighels had upheld the railroad. Mighels had always, in all elections, led his ticket, even in the home counties of his opponents. Mr. Mighels has labored early and late for the Republican party, and with his ready pen had aided greatly in every campaign and in "times of peace." The articles of which the Cornishmen complained were written b_\- a man A\-ho assumed temporary charge of the Appeal while ^lighels was on a ^•isit to New York. He could easily have shown this, but held that such an explanation Avould look like "crawfishing." He was offered the solid Cornish vote of Storey if he would make a public apology to the Cornish in the Virginia City Opei'a House on the eve of election. He spoke to a packed house, ancl stated that while he was absent from Carson City when the objectionable articles appeared in the Appeal and did not write them, he was not in the habit of repudiating the acts of any subordinate on his paper, and that he would not then, even to win his election. He endorsed the articles to the limit, as they fully expressed his sentiments. Standing on the platform he flung defiance in the faces of his Cornish audience. Next day the election sealed his doom, but to this day Nevada honors the memory of a man who would not bow to any faction to get votes. There were but two tickets in the field : REPUBLICAN TICKET. Congress, Rollin M. Daggett, of Storey county. Governor, John H. Kinkead, of Humboldt county. Lieutenant Governor, Henry R. Mighels, of Ormsby county. Secretary of State, Jasper Babcock, of Storey county. Controller, J. Ft Hallock, of Lincoln county. Treasurer, L. L. Crockett, of Washoe county. Superintendent Public Instruction, J. D. Hammond, of Ormsby county. Surveyor General, A. J. Hatch, of Washoe county. Supreme Judge, Thomas P Hawlev-, of White Pine county. Attorney General, M. A. Murphy, of Esmeralda county. Clerk Supreme Court, C. F. Bicknell, of Ormsby county. DEMOCRATIC TICKET. Congress, W. E. F. Deal, of Storey county. Governor, L. R. Bradley, of Elko county. Lieutenant Governor, Jewett W. Adams, of Storey county. Secretary of State, George W. Baker, of Eureka county. Controller, M. R. Elstner, of Ormsby county. Treasurer, J. E. Jones, of Washoe county. Superintendent of Public Instruction, D. R. Sessions, of Elko county. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 81 Surveyor General, S. H. Day, of Ormsby county. Supreme .Judge, F. W. Cole, of Eureka county. Attorney General, J. R. Kittrell, of White Pine county. Clerk Supreme Court, Richard Rule, of Storey county. The Democrats elected two of these, Jewett W. Adams, lieutenant gover nor, and D. R. Sessions, superintendent public instruction, defeating H. R. Mighels and J. D. Hammond. The vote on constitutional amendment was : Constitutional Amendment, Article 18 — Yes, 5,073 votes; No, 337 votes. Constitutional Amendment, Article 11, Section 10 — Yes, 3,357 votes; No, 91 votes. Constitutional Amendment, Article 9 — Yes, 2,429; No, 22 votes. JONES AGAIN SENATOR. It was known, there being a majority of Republicans, that Senator Jones would be elected, but the vote was a mere formality. His re-election was a foregone conclusion, and there was no talk at any time of another candidate. The Democratic candidate was Hon. A. M. Millhouse, of Eureka. He was an able lawyer and stood well, but Jones had by his career of six years in the United States senate so demonstrated his ability that even if the Republicans had not been in the majority he would have been re-elected. The perfunctory vote was: J. P Jones, 60; A. M. Millhouse, 14. legislature of 1 878. Senate. Assembly. Counties. Rep. Dem. Rep. Dem. Churchill i o i o Douglas I o I I Elko •. ¦ ¦ I I 3 ° F^meralda i o i o Eureka i i 4 o Humboldt i i 3 o Lander ¦ i o o 3 Lincoln 2 o 2 i Lyon 2 o 3 o Nye o I I I Ormsby 2 o 2 i Storey 2 2 14 o Washoe 2 o 3 o White Pine 2 o 3 i Totals 19 6 41 9 There were five Republican hold-overs, five Democratic and one Inde pendent. e 82 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ELECTION OF 1880. When the campaign of 1880 commenced the Republicans were without money, and a great deal of political prestige had departed. The people of the state were ready for a change, especially in the United States senate. Senator Sharon had neglected his duties completely, not being in Wash ington half the time, but staying at home, attending to his own private affairs.' In fact his conduct had turned even the leaders of his own party against him, they preferring the defeat of the Republicans to the continuance of Sharon in the position. Sharon refused to provide the funds to help enable the Republicans to win out, and this still more embittered them. He went out on stump, but his speeches were not calculated to win any votes for the party. Then James G. Fair came forward from the Democratic ranks as their choice. Later on Adolph Sutro tried to gain recognition, but in vain. In place of Sharon, Hon. Thomas Wren was candidate from the Republican party. Of the sixty-one members elected to the twO' branches of the state legislature only nine were Rq>ublicans, two being senators, W. W. Hobart, of Eureka, and J. D. Hammond, of Ormsby. The sad fate of the Republicans speaks in the returns : ELECTION RETURNS. For Democratic Electors 9,61 1 For Republican Electors 8,732 Democratic majority 879 The vote against Chinese immigration was an overwhelming one, 17,259 against, to 183 in favor of. AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION. Elimination of the word "white" from Section i of Article 2 — ^Yes, 14,215; No, 353. Add Article 18, granting rights of suffrage and office-holding, notwith standing color or previous condition of servitude — Yes, 14,215; No, 560. To add Section 10 to Article 11, forbidding the use of public funds for sectarian purposes — Yes, 14,848; No, 560. legislature of 1880. Senate. Assembly. Counties. Rep. Dem. Rep. Dem. Churchill i o o i Douglas I o o 2 Elko o 2 o 3 Esmeralda i o o 2 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. »3 Eureka '7 o I 3 0 I Humboldt I 3 Lander 1 o I I o -p Lincoln . . I I 3 Lyon I I o 3 Nye o I -0 2 Ormsby 2 0 3 O Storey 2 2 o 14 Washoe I 1 0 34 White Pine I I 0 Totals 15 TO 7 43 The Democrats spent money freely, as of course they could afford to, and Fair was elected United States senator by the following vote : James G. Fair — Senate, 10 ; Assembly, 42 ; total 52 Thomas Wren — Senate, 13 ; Assembly, 7 ; total 20 Rollin M. Daggett- — Senate, i legislature of 1 88 1. The state of Nevada was reapportioned in 1881, and the number of mem bers reduced from seventy-five to sixty. This was done to reduce expenses, the sum total being reduced over' $10,000 per session by this drastic means. legislature re-apportioned. Counties. Senate. Assembly. Churchill i i Douglas I 2 Elko 2 3 Esmeralda i 2 Eureka 2 3 Humboldt i 2 Lander i 3 Lincoln i 2 Lyon I 2 Nye I 2 Ormsby .='. 2 3 Storey 3 10 Washoe 2 3 White Pine i 2 Totals 20 40 hobart's reduction bill. \ At this session of the legislature Senator W. W. Hobart, of Eureka, who had, as state controller, proved himself one of the ablest financiers of -84 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Nevada, introduced a salary reduction bill. This was to take effect in 1883. Its provisions were as follows : Present New Salary. Salary. Supreme Court Justices (three) $7,000 $S,ooo Governor 6,000 5,000 Secretary of State 3,6oo 3,000 Controller 3,600 3,ooo Treasurer ' 3,600 3,000 -Surveyor General 1,000 1,000 Superintendent of Public Instruction 2,000 2,000 Lieutenant Governor 3,600 Ex-Officio Register 2,400 2,000 Clerk, Supreme Court 3,600 2,400 Ex-Officio Curator and Sec'y Orphans' Home 800 ' 400 Governor's Private Secretary 3, 300 • 2,000 Deputy Secretary of State 3,300 2,000 Deputy Controller 3,300 2,000 Deputy Treasurer 3,300 2,000 Deputy in Surveyor General's Office 3, 000 ' 2,000 Warden Prison 3,000 2,000 Clerk State Library 1,800 1,000 Superintendent and Matron Orphans' Home 3, 000 2,000 Superintendent Printing 2,400 2,000 Totals $77,600 $53,800 The mileage of the members of the legislature was reduced from 40 cents to 25 cents, a reduction of about $3,000 per session. The bill passed, making a total reduction of $26,400 per annum. judiciary from '61 TO '78. When the office of probate judge was created in 186 1, his duties were about the same as of those of district judge now. One was appointed for each county by the governor, subject to the approval of the legislature. The term of office was two years. There was no district attorney. The law was amended in 1862 making the office elective and a prosecuting attorney was provided for each county, except in Lyon and Churchill, where one official served both. In 1864 the state was apportioned into districts, to which district judges were to be elected. In 1865 the office of prosecuting attorney was abolished," the office of district attorney succeeding, the first being elected on November 6, 1866. All these judicial officers were really county officers. Often two and sometimes more, counties, were included in one judicial district as follows: A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 83 VOTE FOR DISTRICT JUDGES OF 1864. First District, Stoixy county, C. B. Burbank, 3,416 votes; R. S. Messic, 3,443 votes; R. Rising, 3,418 votes. Six candidates. Second District, Ormsby county, S. H. Wright, 687 votes; two candi dates, total votes, 1,276. Third District, Lyon county, William Haydon, 964 votes ; two candi dates; total vote, 1,232. Fourth District, Washoe and Roop counties, C. C. Goodwin, 1,063; two candidates; total vote, 1,852. Fifth District, Nye and Churchill counties, S. L. Baker, 247 votes; two candidates; total vote, 442. Sixth District, Humboldt county, E. F. Dunne, 445 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 816. Seventh District, Lander county, W. H. Beatty, 1,278 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 2,512. Eighth District, Douglas county, D. W. Virgin, 462 votes; two candi dates ; total vote, 637. Ninth District, Esmeralda county, S. H. Chase, 590 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 1,030. The state was redistricted two years later and gave the following results : ELECTION NOVEMBER 6, 1866. First District, Storey county, Richard Rising, i,8ii votes; two candi dates; total vote, 3,280. Second District, Ormsby and Douglas counties, S. H. Wright, 683 votes; two candidates; total vote, 1,058. Third District, Washoe county, C. N. Harris, 603 votes ; two candidates ; total vote, 1,169. Fourth District, Lyon county, William Haydon, 465 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 762. Fifth District, Humboldt county, G. G. Berry, J53 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 305. Sixth District, Lander county, W. H. Beatty, 795 votes; one candidate; total vote, 797. Seventh District, Nye and Churchill ^counties, Benjamin Curler, 369 votes; two candidates; total vote, 671. Eighth District, Esmeralda county, S. H. Chase, 324 votes; one candi date; total vote, 324. Of the winners in this election, when the district of White Pine county was created, W. H. Beatty resigned May 17, 1869, to take charge of that. 86 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. S. H. Chase died October 28, 1869, and Charles A. Leake, who was elected in 1868, Ninth District, Lincoln county, died in August, 1870. ELECTION OF T87O. First District, Storey county, Richard Rising, 1,698 votes; two candi dates ; total -vote, 3,300. Second District, Douglas, Ormsby and Washoe counties, C. N. Harris, 1,169 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,266. Third District, Esmeralda ancl Lyon counties, W. M. Seawell, 620 votes; two candidates; total vote, 1,067. Fourth District, Humboldt county, George G. Berry, 378 votes ; two candidates ; total vote, 73 1 . ¦Fifth District, Nye and Churchill counties, Benjamin Curler, 399 votes; two candidates; total vote, 753. Sixth District, Lander county, D. C. McKenney, 781 votes; two candi dates; total vote, 1,445. Seventh District, Lincoln county, M. Fuller, 465 votes; two candidates; total vote, 800. Eighth District, White Pine county, W. H. Beatty, 914 votes; two can didates; total vote, 1,719. Ninth District, Elko county, J. H. Flack, 642 votes; two candidates; total vote, 1,211. Of these. Judge Berry resigned on March 3, 1871, and the vacancy was filled by the election of O. R. Lenard, on November 5, 1872. Other changes were made in the various districts and the next election was as follows : ELECTION OF 1874. First District, Richard Rising, 3,758 votes; two candidates; total vote, 5,962. Second District, Ormsby, Douglas and Washoe counties, S. H. Wright, 1,584 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,751. Third District, Lyon county, William M. Seawell, 766 votes; one can didate; total vote, 766. Fourth District, Humboldt county, W. S. Bonnifield, 503 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,879 votes. Fifth District, Churchill, Lander and Nye counties, D. C. McKenney, 1,065; t"w° candidates; total vote, 1,831. Sixth District, Eureka and White Pine counties, F. W. Cole, 1,290 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,555. Seventh District, Lincoln county, Henry Rives, 655 votes; 'three candi dates ; total yote, 1,354. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 87 Eighth District, Esmeralda county, James S. Jamison, 248 votes; three candidates; total vote, 555. Ninth District, Elko county, J. FI. Flack, 772 votes; one candidate; total vote, 772. ELECTION OF I 878. First District Storey county, Richard Rising, 3,510 votes; two candi dates; total yote, 5,708. Second District, Ormsby, Douglas and Washoe counties, S. D. King, 1,663 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,922. Third District, Esmeralda and Lyon counties; William M. Seawell, 967 ^'otes; two candidates; total vote, 1,589. Fourth District, Humboldt county, W. S. Bonnifield, 533 votes ; two candidates; total vote, 914. Fifth District, Nye and Lander counties, D. C. McKenney, 1,039 votes; two candidates; total vote, 2,051. Sixth District, White Pine, Lincoln and Eureka counties, Henry Rives, 2,104 votes; two candidates: total vote, 3,862. Seventh District, Elko county, J. H. Flack, 1,011 votes; two candidates; total vote, 1,852. CHAPTER XI. Political History, 1880 — 1904. Fair's Success — Constitutional Amendmaits — Land Laws — Effort to Grab Indian Reservations — Organization of Silver Party — Fusion Party^ Taxes in Annual Installments — Prize Fighting Licensed — Efforts to Cut Down State Expenses — Reno Incorporated 1897 — Encouragement of Mining — Senator Jones' Retirement — Francis G. Newlands, Three Times Congressman and Now United States Senator — Death of "Black Wallace" and A. C. Cleveland. To the delight of his friends and the surprise of his enemies, James G. Fair made a fairly good senator, serving his six years from 1881 to 1887. But when his term of office had expired ex-United States Senator William M. Stewart had returned to Nevada and taken up the cares of, a political life, so there was no second term for Senator Fair. In 1885 a number of constitutional amendments were voted upon, one being the changing of the session of the legislature from the first Monday in January to the first Monday in February. Another disfranchised any one convicted of selling his vote at any general or special election. The third changed the mode of amending the constitution. The fourth authorized 88 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the investment of the school fund in the state bonds as well as in United States bonds. At this period there was great trouble between the ranchers and the cattlemen over the unlawful occupancy of land. An act was passed by the United States senate preventing "unlawful occupancy of land." It was aimed to prevent the land-grabbers from enclosing any and all land to which they happened to take a fancy. Such persons were warned to severely let alone lands to which they had "no claim or color of title, made or acquired in good faith, or an asserted claim thereto made in good faith with a view to entering thereof at the proper land office under the general laws of the United States at the time any such enclosure was made, are hereby declared unlawful." Such enclosurre was prohibited. If parties were found guilty of enclosing land unlawfully the fences must be removed within five days. Settlers were to be protected in their residence on any public land. And any one violating the provisions of the act or anyone found advising any one to violate them, "shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not more than $i,ooo and imprisoned not more than one year." The president was authorized to enforce the land laws, using civil and military force if necessary. These arbitrary measures helped the ranchers greatly in their fight against the encroachments of the cattlemen. The legislature of 1885 in a joint memorial and resolution asked that the Walker River Reservation be abolished and the Pyramid Lake Reser- .vation be reduced in territory. Since then similar efforts have been made, but the noble red man still has the reservations upon which the covetous white men keep an anxious eye. It is rumored that another effort will be made at the next session, and that it is likely to be crowned with success. It was soon discovered that the constitutional amendments adopted by the legislature of 1885 were null and void, because the laws prescribing how they were to be submitted to the people had not been complied with. Many attempts have been made since to alter the state constitution without going to the expense of a constitutional convention. In the legislature of 1885 Senator John P. Jones, because of his fine record, had a walk-over, George W. Cassidy, ex-Congressman from Eureka, receiving the complimentary vote. Political energy seemed to have burned itself out, at least for a few years. In 1882 Jewett W. Adams was elected governor by the Democrats, while the Republicans elected C. E. Laughton lieutenant governor, the elec tion being held on strictly party lines. Mr." Laughton removed to the state of Washington, where he was elected lieutenant governor. In the state election of 1887 C. C. Stevenson was elected by the Re publicans,, .who also elected the lieutenant governor, H. C. Davis. By a A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 89 very strange coincidence Mr. Davis died August 22, 1889, and Governor Stevenson died on September 21, 1890. S. W. Chubbuck was appointed to fill the lieutenant governor's office; he resigned on November 30, 1889, and Frank Bell was appointed to fill the vacancy the day Chubbuck re signed. When Governor Stevenson died, Mr. Bell, by virtue of his office as lieutenant governor, became acting governor. Mr, Bell was warden of the penitentiary. In 1887 William M. Stewart was cheerfully elected to serve another term as United States senator, Robert T. Keating, a mining .superintendent of Virginia City, receiving the complimentary vote of the Democrats. Mr. Keating died not long afterwards. In 1890 R. K. Colcord was elected governor by the Republicans and J. Poujade was elected lieutenant governor by the Republicans. And that was the last victory for either Republicans or Democrats. In 1892 the Silver party was organized and waged a most relentless battle against both the Republican and Democratic parties of Nevada. And to them hence forward belonged the spoils. Men deserted both the old parties to cast in their fortunes with the triumphant new party. And to-day silver is not in Nevada the dead issue it is in some states. In 1894 the Silver party elected for governor and lieutenant govemor, John E. Jones and Reinhold Sadler, and in 189 1, before the party had definitely organized in the state, John P. Jones was re-elected by the silver men to the United States senate, receiving the unanimous vote. For a number of years previous both parties considered the silver question when making nominations; the object of a one-issue party in Ne vada was to bring together in one party all the independent voters of the state who favored the remonetization of silver at the ratio of 16 to i. Its members were pledged to support no man for the presidency who^ did not believe in the free coinage of silver and stand upon a free coinage platform. Many of the old guard of the silver party remain true to that party, although many who left their respective parties through loyalty to the state have re turned to their old allegiance. In 1900 the Democrats and Silver men fused and endorsed' Hon. F. G. Newlands, roasting Senator Stewart in their platform. In 1897 F. G. Newlands and Hon. A. C. Cleveland, of White Pine county, wanted to succeed Stewart. Judge Wren desired to succeed New- lands. In John P. Jones was the choice of the Silver men, and he received the unanimous vote, 35 ; Hon. George S. Nixon, of Humboldt county, re ceiving 3 votes ; 7 members did not vote. In 1896 an attempt was made to divide Lincoln county and consolidate Storey, Ormsby, Lyon and Lincoln counties. Both measures were defeated 90 A HISTORY OP NEVADA. when submitted to the people, the former by a plurality of 419 and the latter by a plurality of 641. In 1895 an attempt was made tO' consolidate Storey, Ormsby and Washoe counties, but it did not get past the legis lature. For years efforts have been made to establish a state lottery, and thf matter has come before nearly every legislature since 1880. Nevada has legalized prize fighting, and many think a state lottery would bring in outside capital besides keeping in the state the thousands of dollars sent out each week for lottery tickets. The legislature of 1897 on March 16 provided for the payment of taxes in annual installments, which proved a most beneficial thing. In 1895 and 1896 the saving in a reduction of salaries of state officials amounted to $28,495. The effort to remove the office of the surveyor gen eral to Winnemucca proved abortive, as did the effort to do away altogether with the office of lieutenant governor. The consolidation of the offices of lieutenant governor and state librarian was successful. In 1897 the city of Reno was incorporated by act of legislature, on March 8th. This year the state debt was less than that of any other state, in tlie Union, and yet was near the limit, allowed by the Constitution, of $300,000, being $227,000. Taxable property had decreased in five years $8,000,000, at the state valuation of 90 cents on the hundred. A majority of both houses were engaged in agricultural pursuits. The state, controller reported that the assessed valuation for 1896-97, was less than any year since 1872. Mines which for twenty years following the organization of the state had paid $80,000 per year, in 1897 paid less than $1,000. In an effort to raise money the legislature licensed prize fighting. When Fitzsimmons and Corbett.took advantage of the license and fought in Carson City, March 17, over $100,000 was spent in Carson by outsiders and this in addition to the money paid for license and other "legitimate" expenses. In the years of 1896-97 the state borrowed $77,000 from the School fund. In endeavoring to cut down expenses an effort was made to abolish the State Board of Health, but it had done too good service, especially in the smallpox epidemic in the Indian schools, and it was not done. A like effort was made to abolish the state weather bureau. This same session the legislature again indefinitely postponed calling a constitutional conven tion. The legislature, however, passed a bill licensing the sale of cigarettes and cigarette paper. The legislature of 1897 ^Iso passed a bill on March 5th, amending Sec tion 2, of "An Act to Encourage Mining," approved March 3, 1887. It effectually prevetited all controversy regarding title to mining claims dis covered upon lands selected by the state and disposed of to settlers, or A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 91 speculators. Under this new law the discoverer of a mine on such lands can secure a patent for same horn the Ignited States by complying with the mining laws. It give> prospectors a show and prevents the grabbing of valu able lands for $1.25 per acre. In 1807 John P. Jones was re-elected to the United States senate by a unanimous vote. .\ big Ixinquet was given by the Senator to com memorate the occasion. In 1808 the Silver j-arty electetl the lieutenant governor, Reinhold Sadler, governor, and J. R. Judge, lieutenant governor, .\lthough a nom ination from the Silver party was considered equivalent to an election, Mc Millan, the Democratic candidate, came so close to Sadler that it was at first thought he had beaten him. Recourse to the courts was had, and after nine months the decision was given to Sadler, by a vei-y close margin, his plurality being less than 25. Orvis Rnig. superintendent of public ii-istruc- tioii, was the only Republican electetl in Nexada at this election. In 1809 ^^' -^I- Stewart found it more difficult to secui"e his election. He had stumped the state the pre\-ious election, and, on account of his many chang-es of attitude, did not receive his usual heart)' welcome, .\fter the election was over Congressman Newlands openly charged Stewart with treacb.ery, gi\-ing specific details. Stewart also charged Newlands with treacheiy, and at a meeting of the State Central Silver committee, Sharon, the chairman, was removed from the chairmanship for having aided Newlands, his brother-in-law. Newlands' treachery was clearly proven. Newlands had been in Congress three tenns and his record had been such that the people had learned tc^ place implicit confidence in him. Consequently, their confidence in Stewart was shaken. One of the charges was that funds had heen .sent by the Republican national committee to buy Stewart's election. Col. Jack Chinn having charge of the fund. On January 24 Stew art was re-ek-cted to the United State.'^ senate on the first ballot, the xote being 1 5 for Stewart; 6 for Cleveland; one for \\'illiams and one for Flannig-an. In the House the vote was: Stewart 15; Cleveland 2: \\'illiams 8; \^'(X-ldburn one and Mason 3. .-Vssemblyman Gillespie was absent. His yote would have made it a tie xote. Charges of treachery were preferred against him. and at the inxestigation Gillespie said that he was not in favor of Newlands and was not elected to support Stewart. Hon. .\. C. Cleveland had been regarded as Stewart's most formidable opponent, but withdrew liefore the voting commenced. Before his term expiretl in 1903. Lhiited States Senator Jones an nounced his retirement after thirty years' service in the Senate. In 1902 Senator Hanna, of the national committee, sent another fund to help Sen ator Stewart elect the hold-over state senators; eleven were to be elected, 92 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. one-fifth of the legislature which will convene in 1905, Senator Stewart expecting to be a candidate again before that body. Senator Stewart en couraged Judge Hawley to try for the United States senate, but the legisla ture could see nothing but Francis G. Newlands. His opponent was W. W. ^^'^illiams, state senator from Churchill county. In August, 1902, the Silver and Democratic parties fused, John Sparks, for governor, and C. D. Van Duzer, for congressman-at-large, heading the ticket. A. C. Cleveland was offered the gubernatorial nomination by the Republican convention, but he refused to take it on a silver platform and also because he was a warm friend of John Sparks. In the interest of har mony he was forced to take it, Frank H. Button being nominated for lieu tenant-governor and E. A. Farrigton for congressman-at-large. C. C. M-^allace, commonly known as "Black" Wallace, O'f Eureka county, who had bitterly fought Van Duzer for years, died January 30, 1901, and Mr. Van Duzer was elected with the rest of the fusion ticket. Hon. A- C. Cleve land died August 23, 1903. territorial officers. Prior to the admission of Nevada as a state, its territorial officers were as follows : Governor. James W. Nye, appointed March 22, 1861. Secretary af State. Orion Clemens, appointed March 27, 1861. State Treasurer. John H. Kinkead, appointed February i, 1862. Attorneys General. Benjamin J. Bunker, appointed March 27, 1861, and resigned the same year. J. W. North, appointed in 1861. Theodore D. Edwards, appointed August 31, 1863. Superintendents of Public Instruction. W- G. Blakley, appointed February 24, 1862. A. F. White, appointed December 24, 1863. Justices of Supreme Court. George H. Turner, appointed March 27, 1861.* Horatio N. Jones, appointed March 27, i86i.-t- Gordon N. Mott, appointed March -27, i86i.:j: *Was chief justice from March 27, 1861, to November i, 1864. fResigned in 1864. iResigned in 1863. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 93 J. W. North, appointed October 2, 1863. Powhatan B. Locke, appointed in 1864. Clerks of the Siipreiiie Coiirl. J. McC.'Reardon, appointed in 1862. Alfred Helni, appointed in 1863. state officers. The first state officers qualified in January, 1865. Since its admission as a state, Nevada has had the following state officers : Governors. Blasdel, H. G., Rep 1865-1866 Blasdel, H. G., Rep 1866-1870 Bradley, L. R., Dem 1871-1874 Bradley, L. R., Dem 1875-1878 Kinkead, John H., Rep 1879-1882 Adams, Jewett W., Dem 1883-1886 *Stevenson, C. C, Rep 1887-1889 Bell, Frank, Rep. (acting from September 9th) 1890 Colcord, R. K., Rep 1891-1894 f Jones, John E., Silver Party 1895 Sadler, Reinhold, Silver Party (Acting Governor) 1895- 1898 Sadler, Reinhold, Silver Party 1899-1902 Sparks, John, Dem.-Silver 1903 *Died September 21, 1890, and Frank BeU became Acting Governor by virtue of his office as Lieutenant-Governor. fDied April 10, 1895, and R. Sadler became Acting Governor by virtue of his office as Lieutenant-Governor. Lieutenant Governors. Crosman, J. S., Rep 1865-1866 Slingerland, J. S., Rep 1867-1870 Denver, Frank, Dem.- 1871-1874 Adams, J. W., Dem 1875-1878 Adams, J. W., Dem 1879-1882 Laughton, C. E., Rep 1883-1886 *Davis, H. C, Rep 1887-1889 fChubbuck, S. W., Rep 1889 ^Bell, Frank, Rep 1889-1890 Poujade, J., Rep 1891-1894 Sadler, Reinhold, Silver 1895-1898 Judge, J. R., Silver 1899-1902 Allen, Lemuel, Silver-Dem 1903 *Died August 22, 1899, and S. 'W. Chubbuck appointed September 9, 1889, to fill the vacancy. fResigned November 30, 1889. JAppointed November 30, 1889. 54 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Secretaries of Stale. Noteware, C. N., Rep 1865-1866 Noteware, C. N., Rep 1867-1870 Minor, J. D., Rep 1871-1874 Minor, J. D., Rep 1875-1878 Babcock, Jasper, Rep 1879-1882 Dormer, John M., Rep 1883-1886 Dormer, John M., Rep 1887-1890 Grey, O. H., Rep 1891-1894 Howell, Eugene, Silver Party. . . r 1895-1898 Howell, Eugene, Silver Party 1899-1902 Douglass, W. G., Rep 1903 State Treasurers. Rhoades, Eben, Rep 1865-1866 *Rhoades, Eben, Rep 1867-1869 ¦{•Batterman, C. C, Rep 1869-1870 Schooling, Jerry, Dem 1871-1874 Schooling, Jerry, Dem 1875-1878 Crockett, L. L., Rep 1879-1882 Tufly, George, Rep 1883-1886 tTufly, George, Rep 1887-1890 Richard, George W., Rep 1890 §Egan, J. F., Rep 1891-1894 Richard, Geo. W., Rep 1894 Westerfield, W. J., Silver Party 1895-1898 Ryan, D. M., Silver Party , 1889-1902 Ryan, D. M., Silver-Dem 1903 *KilIed himself in the Occidental Hotel, San Francisco, September 9, 1869. fAppointed to fill unexpired term, 1869. ^Resigned August 13, i8go, and George W. Richard appointed to fill vacancy, August 13, 1890. §Died April 14, 1894, and George W. Richard appointed to fill unexpired term, April 17, 1894. State Contrallers. Nightingill, A. W., Rep 1865-1866 *Parkinson, W. K., Rep 1867-1869 ¦f-Doron, Lewis, Rep 1869-1870 Hobart, W. W., Rep 1871-1874 Hobart, W. W., Rep 1875-1878 Hallock, T. F., Rep 1879-1882 Hallock, J. F., Rep 1883-1886 Hallock, J. F., Rep 1887-1890 Horton, R. L., Rep 1891-1894 LaGrave, C. A., Silver Party 1895-1898 Davis, Sam P., Silver Party 1899-1902 Davis, Sam P., Silver-Dem 1903 ¦•'•¦Died October 14, i86g. fAppointed October 15, 1869. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 95 Justices of Ihe Supreme Conrl. Elected. Lewis, J. F., Rep November 8, 1 864 *Beatty, H. O., Rep. November 8, 1864 •t-Brosnan, C. M., Rep November 8, 1864 Lewis, J. F., Rep November 6, 1866 Johnson, J. Neeley, Rep November 3, 1868 Whitman, B. C, Rep , . November 3, 1868 ^Garber, John, Dem November 8, 1870 Hawley, T. P., Rep November 5, 1872 Earll, Warner, Rep November 3, 1874 Beatty, William H., Rep November 3, 1874 Leonard, O. R., Rep November 7, 1876 Hawley, T. P., Rep November 5, 1878 Belknap, C. H., Dem '. November 2, 1880 Leonard, Orville R., Rep November 7, 1882 §Hawley, T. P., Rep November 4, 1884 Belknap, C. H., Dem November 3, 1886 Murphy, M. A., Rep November 6, 1888 Bigelow, R. R., Rep November 4, 1890 Belknap, C. H., Dem November 8, 1892 Bonnifield, M. S., Silver Party November 6, 1894 I |Massey, W. A., Silver Party November 3, 1896 Belknap, C. H., Silver Party " November 8, 1898 Fitzgerald, A. L., Dem. and Silver Party November 6, 1900 Julien, Thomas V Sepember 15, 1902 Talbot, George F.,- Silver Party and Dem November 4, 1902 *Resigned November 9, 1868, and B. C. Whitman appointed to fill vacancy. fDied April 21, 1867, and J. Neeley Johnson appointed to fill vacancy. tResigned November 7, 1872, and C. H. Belknap appointed. §Resigned September 27, 1890, and R. R. Bigelovsr appointed to fill the vacancy, De cember 2, 1890. ||Resigned September i, 1902, and Thomas V. Julien appointed on September 15, 1902, to fill unexpired term. District Judges. DISTRICT. IN OFFICE. Mesick, R. S First 1865-1866 Burbank, Richard First 1865-1866 Rising, Richard *. First ; 1865-1894 Wright, S. H Second 1865-1870 Wright, S. H ' Second 1875-1878 Haydon, Wm Third, Fourth 1865-1870 Goodwin, C. C Fourth 1865-1866 Baker, S. L Fifth 1865-1866 Dunn, E. F Sixth 1865-1866 Beatty, W. H Seventh, Eighth, Sixth 1865-1874 Virgin, D. W Eighth 1865-1866 Chase, S. H Ninth, eighth 1865-1868 Harris^ C. N Third, Second 1867-1874 'J6 A HISTORY OF NE\^\DA. Berry, G. G Fifth, Fourth 1867-1871 Curler, Benj Seventh, Fifth 1867-1874 Flubbard, Chas. G Ninth 1867-1868 Boalt, J. H Sixth - 1869-1870 McClinton, J. G Eighth 1869-1870 *Lake, Chas. A Ninth 1869-1870 Gorin, J. D Ninth 1870 Kenney, Geo. D Eleventh, Sixth 1869-1870 Seawell, W. M Third 1871-1878 Fuller, Mortimer Seventh 1871-1874 •fFlack, J. H Ninth, Seventh 1871-1882 Leonard, O. R Fourth 1872-1874 Bonnifield, W. S Fourth 1875-1878 McKenney, D. C Fifth 1871-1884 Cole, F. W Sixth 1875-1878 Jameson, J. S Eighth 1875-1878 Rives, Henry Seventh, Sixth 1875-1886 King, S. D Second 1879-1882 tBigelow, R. R Seventh 1882-1890 Edwards, T. D Second 1883-1886 Murphy, M. A Third 1883-1890 Boardman, W. M Seventh 1883-1886 §Fitzgerald, A. L Third 1887-1900 Wells, Thomas Fourth 1889-1890 Jones, W. D Third 1901^1902 Talbot, G. F Fourth 1891-1902 ||Cheney, A. E Second 1891-1898 Mack, C. E First 1895-1902 Murphy, M. A Fir£t 1903-1906 Curler, B. F Second 1898-1906 Breen, Peter Third 1903-1906 Brown, Geo. S . . Fourth 1903-1906 Bonnifield, S. J., Jr Fifth 1899-1906 ?Died in 1870; J. D. Gorin appointed. fDied in 1882; R. R. Bigelow appointed. {Appointed to Supreme Bench December 2. i8go. §Elected Supreme Court Justice in 1900, and W. D. Jones appointed to fill unexpired lerm of 1901-1902. I [Resigned November 25, 1898, and B. F. Curler appointed to fill the unexpired teriii. A ttorn ey-Genercds. Nourse, G. A., Rep 1865-1866 Clarke, R. M., Rep 1867-1870 Buckner. L. A., Dem 1871-1874 Kittreh, John R., Dem 1875-1878 Murphy, M. A., Rep 1879-1882 Davenport, ^V. H., Rep 1883-1886 Alexander, J. F., Rep . . . 1887-1890 Torreyson, J. D., Rep 1891-1894 A HISTORY OF NEN'ADA. 97 *Beatty. R. M., Silver Party 1895-1896 •I- Judge. J. R., Silver Party .'. 1896-1898 tjones. W. D.. Silver Party 1899-1901 Woodburn, William, Silver Party 1901-1902 Sweeney, J. G., Dem.-Silver 1903 *Died December 10, 1S96. fj. R. Judge appointed to fill unexpired term. December 24, 1896. {Resigned January 15. 1901. and William Woodburn appointed upon the s.tiuc day to fill the unexpired term. Siirc'cyor-Generals. Marlette, S. H., Rep 1864-1866 Marlette. S. H., Rep 1867-1868 Day, John, Rep 1869-1870 Day. John, Rep 1871-1874 Day. John. Rep 1875-1878 Hatch. .\. J.. Rep 1879-1882 Preble, C. S.. Rep 1883-1886 Jones, John E.. Rep 1887-1890 Jones, John E.. Rep 1891-1894 Pratt. A. C, Silver Party 1895-1898 Kelley, E. D., Silver Party 1899-1902 Kelley. E. D.. Silver-Dem 1903 Clerks af Supreme Court. Helm, Alfred, Rep 1865-1866 Helm. Alfred, Rep 1867-1870 Helm. Alfred, Rep 1871-1874 Bicknell. C. F., Rep 1875-1878 Bicknell, C. F.. Rep 1879-1882 Bicknell, C. F., Rep 1883-1886 Bicknell. C. F.. Rep 1887-1890 Josephs. Joe. Rep *. 1891-1894 *HowelI, Eugene. Silver Party 1895-1898 *Howell, Eugene, Silver Party 1899-1902 *Douglass. ^^'. G.. Rep 1903 • *Ex-officio Clerk of Supreme Court by virtue office Secretary of State. State Printers. Church, John, Rep 1865-1866 Ecklev. J. E.. Rep 1867-1868 Mighels, H. R., Rep 1869-1870 Perkins, C. L.. Dem ? 1871-1872 Putnam, C. A. Y.. Rep 1873-1874 Hill, John J.. Dem 1875-1878 7 >98 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. *Siipei4ntendents of State Printing. fMaddrill, John W., RqD 1881-1882 Harlow, J. C, Rep 1883-1886 Harlow, J. C, Rep 1887-1890 Eckley, J. E., Rq> 1891-1894 McCarthy, J. G., Silver Party 1895-1898 Maute, Andrew, Silver Party 1899-1902 Maute, Andrew, Silver-Dem 1903 White, A. F., Fisher, A. N., Fisher, A. N., *Th'e Legislature of 1877 abolished the office of State Printer (to lake effect Janu ary I, 1879) and state printing was done by contract in 1879 and 1880. (Stats. 1877, p. 161.) The contract .system having proved unsatisfactory and detrimental to the interests of the state, the legislature of 1879 re-established the office under the name of "Superintendent of State Printing" (Stats. 1879, p. 138), and made an appropriation tO' purchase neces sary material. fAppointed by Board of State Printing Commissioners, under Slats. 1879, P- 138, for the years 1881-1882, since which time, under the law, the Superintendent of Stale Printing has been elected by the people every four years, as is the case wilh all other state officers. Superintendents of Public Instruction. Rep 1865-1866 Rep 1867-1870 Rep 1871-1874 Kelly, S. P., Rep 1875-1878 Sessions, D. R., Dem 1879-1882 Young, C. S., Rep 1883-1886 Dovey, W. C, Rep 1887-1890 Ring, Orvis, Rep 1891-1894 Cutting, H. C, Silver Party 1895-1898 Ring, Orvis, Rep 1899-1902 Ring, Orvis, Rep .^ 1903 Regents of State University. Wells, Thomas, Rep Long Fish, H. L., Rep Long George, E. T., Rep Short Haines, J. W., Rep. , Long Fish, H. L., Silver Party Long Mack, C. E., Silver Party Short Deal, W. E. F., Silver Party Long Starrett, H.. S., Silver Party Short Evans, J. N., Silver Party Long Starrett, H. S., Silver Party Short Deal, W. E. F., Silver Party Long Starrett, H. S., Silver Party Short Evans, J. N., Silver Party and Dem.. .Long Boohei-, W. W., Dem. and Silver Party. Short Booher, W. W., Dem. and Silver Party. Long Kirman, Richard, Silver Party and Dem . Short Long-Term Regents are elected for four years; Short-Term Regents for two years. Elected. Term . . . Novefnber 6, 1888 Term . . . November 6, 1888 Term . . November 6, 1888 Term . . . November 4, 1890 Term . . . November 8, 1892 Term . . November 8, 1892 Term . . . November 6, 1894 Term . .November 6, 1894 Term . . .November 3, i8q6 Term . . . November 3, 1896 Term . . November 8, 1898 Term . . .November 8, i8q8 Term . . . November 6, 1900 Term . . . November 6, 1900 Term . . . November 4, 1902 Term . . . November 4, 1902 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 99 United States Senators.Tenn Began. To Sen'e. James W. Nye March 4, 1865 Two years William M. Stewart March 4, 1865 Four years James W. Nye March 4, 1867 Six years William M. Stewart March 4, 1869 Six years John P. Jones t March 4, 1873 Six years William Sharon March 4, 1875 Six years John P. Jones March 4, 1879 Six years James G. Fair March 4, 1881 Six years John P. Jones March 4, 1885 Six years William M. Stewart March 4, 1887 Six years John P. Jones March 4, 1891 Six years William M. Stewart March 4, 1893 Six years John P Jones March 4, 1897 Six years William M. Stewart March 4, 1899 Six years Francis G. Newlands March 4, 1903 Six years RepresentatiZ'es in Congress. Thirty-seventh Congress John H. Cradlebaugh Thirty-eighth Congress Gordon N. Mott Thirty-ninth Congress H. G. Wortliington — Delos R. Ashley Fortieth Congress Delos R. Ashley Forty-first Congress .^ Thomas Fitch Forty-second Congress Chas. W. Kendall Forty-third Congress Chas. W. Kendall Forty-fourth Congress William Woodburn Forty-fifth Congress 7 Thos. Wren Forty-sixth Congress Rollin M. Daggett Forty-seventh Congress George W. Cassidy Forty-eighth Congress George W. Cassidy Forty-ninth Congress Wm. Woodburn Fiftieth Congress Wm. Woodburn Fifty-first Congress Henry F. Bartine Fifty-second Congress Henry F. Bartine Fifty-third Congress Francis G. Newlands Fifty- fourth Congress Francis G. Newlands Fifty-fifth Congress Francis G. Newlands Fifty-sixth Congress Francis G. Newlands Fifty-seventh Congress Francis G. Newlands Fifty-eighth Congi'ess Clarence D. Van Duzer 10.0 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTER XII. Lines in Nevada Established. Great Boundary Line War — County Claimed by Two States — Roop County the Cause of Trouble — Two County Elections in One County — Blood shed by Californians and Nevadans- — Peace Compromise Effected — New Boundary Line Surveyed — Roop's Garden of Eden Taken by Cali fornia — Aurora Left to Nevada — Relincjuishment of Esmeralda Mining Territory — Boundaries of Nevada as at Last Established. Up to the year 1862 the question of the boundaries of the state of Ne vada had not troubled any one. The act of Congress, March, 1861, had established the lines of the state as follows (with a proviso excepting from the area covered any portion of California that might by mistake have been included if that state objected) : Beginning at the point of intersection of the forty-second degree of north latitude with the thirty-ninth degree of longitude west from Washing ton. Thence running south on the line of said thirty-ninth degree of west longitude, until it intersects the northern boundary line of the territory of New Mexico (later Arizona). Thence due west to the dividing ridge separating the waters of Carson \-alley from those that flow into the Pacific. Thence on said dividing ridge northwardly, to the fifty-first degree of north latitude. Thence due north, to the southern boundary line of the state of Oregon. Thence due east to the place of beginning. A SOURCE of trouble. When the territory of Nevada was organized the lines of California had not been established by survey and the boundaries of Nevada were sup posed to cover the beautiful and prolific Honey Lake valley. It was the home of Hon. Isaac Roop, governor of the territory in the preliminary or ganization of 1859, and was the ninth, council district when Governor Nye called an election for members of the first legislature. To it were appor tioned one councilman and one representative. On August 31, 186 1, at the first election, Isaac Roop was elected councilman and John C. Wright rep resentative. Governor Nye, on October 25, 1861, advised the legislature to appoint a commission "to confer with California and secure consent to the running of the Sierra Nevada mountain line of division, between the two sections. Such a commission, by a joint resolution of both bodies, was passed Novem- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 101 ber 9, 1861, and the commission was to be appointed by a joint resolution of both houses, but for some reason the convention was never held. The legis lature, however, on November 2^. divided the territory into nine counties, among whicli was .the county of Lake, the boundaries as follows : Beginning at the northwest corner of Washoe county, and running easterly along the northern boundary of said county to the mouth of Truckee river; thence due east to the summit of the first range of mountains east of said river; thence in a northerly direction along said range, and in the main granite range of said mountains, to the Oregon line; thence west along said line to the summit of the Sierra ; thence south along said summit to the place of beginning. The county seat was to be selected at the first election. Lake and Washoe counties in the same act were created the first judicial district. DqDuty United States Surveyor John F. Kidder surveyed the line as designated in the act of Congress, from Lake Tahoe northerly to Honey Lake. The legislature of 1861 also' made an appropriation of one thousand dollars to be expended, under certain conditions, by the governor, in run ning' the west boundary line from Lake Tahoe southerly tO' or beyond Es meralda county. As Esmeralda county extended to the south hne of Ne vada territory the members of the legislature must have had a very hazy idea regarding the outlines of their territory. In 1862 J. F. Kidder and Butler Ives ran the line leaving Aurora in Nevada, but California never recog nized the survey. Honey Lake valley was the Garden of Eden of Lake county, and Cali fornia claimed that it rightfully belonged within the boundaries of Plumas county, California. Nevada was determined not to give it up, and to that end the legislature, in an act of December 2, 1862, changed the county name from Lake to Roop. The governor, on the 14th of December, appointed officers for the new Roop county, issuing their commissions the next day; the officers had been elected the September previous. The governor also commissioned John S. Ward to act as probate judge, and a special term of the first district court was ordered to be held in Roop county in January, 1863. The legislature of 1862 asked California tO' cede to Nevada the terri tory included in the original description of boundaries in the act of Con gress. The legislature of California could not see its way clear to this. On July 14, 1862, a bill introduced by Judge Cradelbaugh, adding to the east line of Nevada one degree, or sixty miles in width, of territory lying Ije- tween longitude thirty-eight and thirty-nine degrees west from Washington, was approved by the president and became a law. Roop county, without the disputed territory, was nothing but a long barren strip of land, with nothing to recommend it as a place of residence 102 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. to either white man or Indian. Low ranges or hills running north and south enclosed two chains of valleys. If the western boundary line was run as the people of California wanted it to be, the magnificent valleys of Honey Lake and Surprise would be within the boundaries of the latter state and nearly all the population supposed to belong to the county of Roop would really be residents of California, a rather complicated state of affairs. Matters were still in an unsettled condition regarding the western boundaries until 1863, when open warfare broke out along the border of Roop valley. It was virtually a conflict of authority, the officials of Roop county resisting the efforts of the officers of Plumas county to exercise authority in the territory in dispute. A Plumas county judge precipitated the war when he enjoined a Roop county justice of the peace from holding court in Roop county, and when the justice held court, fined him a little matter of one hundred dollars for being in contempt of his court. Following this up, the Plumas county courts ordered the sheriff and county judge of Roop county to cease performing their functions or exercising any authority in any part of Roop county. Naturally no attention was paid to this com mand by the Roop county officers, and the Plumas county sheriff and his deputy came boldly over the line into Roop county and arrested the two offending officials. As one man the citizens of Roop county rose in their might and re lieved the Plumas county officials of their prisoners before they could cross the mountains. Not to be outdone, the Plumas sheriff, E. H. Pierce, swore in a posse of Plumas county citizens, consisting of one hundred and eighty persons, and came back across the line to enforce his authority and resent the indignity to which he had been subjected. The delegation was backed by a piece of artillery. But when the invaders tried to arrest Probate Judge John S. Ward and Sheriff William H. Naileigh they had them in custody but a little time, for the Roop county men rescued them in the streets of Susanville. The Roop county belligerents made a fort of a log house and the Plumas county officials followed this example and fortified a large barn in the vicinity. On the morning of February 15, 1863, the Roop county forces fired upon the opposing forces and seriously wounded one of them. Then the fight was on in earnest, for the Plumas county ranks retaliated, and the fighting became general, the Roop county people having two of their party seriously wounded. It is a matter of conjecture as to which side first came to a realization of the futility of this guerrilla warfare, but at all events a truce was arranged, so as to agree upon some kind of compromise. The compromise was finally agreed to as follows : A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 103 COMPROMISE OF COMBATANTS. A State of war existing between the authorities 'of Plumas county, Cali fornia, and the authorities and citizens of Roop county, Nevada territory, a committee of citizens of Honey Lake valley and the leaders of the bellig erent parties, convened at Susanville for the pui'pose of making some ar rangements for the establishment of peace and to stop the further shedding of blood. Frank Drake was appointed president, and H. U. Jennings, sec retary. Mr. Pierce, sheriff of Plumas county, made the following propo sition, to-wit : "Both parties to suspend hostilities and disband their forces, he taking his men home with him, and report the case to the govei^nor of California, requesting him to confer with the governor of Nevada territory, that the question of jurisdiction may be settled peaceably; pending such settle ment neither party to claim jurisdiction : also- that the citizens of the valley shall draw up a full statement of the case and forward the same to the gov ernors of California and Ne\'ada territory, requesting them to settle the difficulties peaceably and as soon as possible." Mr. Elliott thought the proposition a fair and honorable one, and that it would lead to a speedy settlement of our present difficulties. He was, therefore, in favor of Mr. Pierce's proposition. Mr. Pierce (sheriff) moved the appointment of a committee of four citizens (two of each party) to make the statement to each of the governors; carried. Mr. Elliott moved that we adopt Mr. Pierce's proposition for a settle ment of our difficulties; carried unanimously. The chairman appointed upon the committee of correspondence, Messrs. Roop, Murray, Jones and Young. On motion meeting adjourned. Frank Drake, Chairman. H. U. Jennings, Secretary. The above proceedings is an agreement of settlement between the con tending parties of Roop and Plumas counties. (Signed) E. H. Pierce, William Hill Naileigh. The above is a true and correct copy of the proceedings of the peace meeting held in Susanville, February i6, 1863. William Hill Naileigh, Sheriff of Roop County, Nevada Territory, ACTION OF GOVERNORS. When these difficulties were going on. Secretary of State Orion Clemens (brother of Mark Twain) was acting governor. Hostilities had ceased since the referring of the whole matter to the two governors, but excitement still 104 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, ran high and there was no' knowing when some overt act on the part of one side or the other would bring about the sacrifice of human lives. So inter ested htld the whole state and territory become in the affair that the conse- quencfes threatened to be serious. Governor Stanford, of California, ap pointed Judge Robert Robinson, of Sacramento, to confer with Governor Clemens. Together they drew up an instrument the first and second clause of which provided: First, that the governor of the territory will appoint a commissioner to meet a commissioner appointed by the state of California to run and per manently establish the boundary line between the state of California and the territory of Nevada, during the present year, 1863. The second clause provided that the line should be temporarily regarded as running north through eastern end of Honey Lake, this being proposed by Robinson and agreed to by Governor Clemens on the consideration that the line south of Lake Bigler, as run by Kidder and Ives in 1862, which placed Aurora within the Nevada lines, should be regarded temporarily as the true line. Judge Robinson would not consent to this and the document was not signed, both agreeing that if the governor of California approved it, it would be signed by him. But Governor Stanford did not approve it and it went to the legislature of California, which enacted a law providing that the surveyor general o-f California should run, measure and mark the entire eastern Ixiundary of California, a commissioner appointed by the governor of Nevada territory to accompany ancl act with the official, "pro vided that Nevada territory shall pay all expenses of such person or persons appointed/' All this Governor Clemens embodied in a message to the Ne vada legislature. There was no provision then providing money for the pay ment of such a commissioner. On May 16, 1863, Governor Clemens appointed Butler Ives, Esq., a very competent surveyor, to act for Nevada territory, Butler was to "prepare and file in the office of the secretary of the territory three copies of the maps and field notes of such survey within sixty days after the completion of the survey, and make a full ancl detailed report of the manner in which said survey had been made" to the legislature. Ives was to be paid $3,000 for the work, hiring all assistants himself. In his report to the legislature Gov ernor Clemens said : "In conjunction with Mr. Kidder, who was appointed by the surveyor .general of California, Mr. Ives ran, the line from the initial point in Lake Bigler, north to the southern boundary of Oregon, and south to within about a degree of the southern boundary of the territory, when the severe cold and other difficulties compelled a suspension of the labors of the commission, but the important points were gained, by showing the true location of the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 105 boundary line in the Floney Lake region, and thus preventing further diffi culties, while, in the south, upon the running of the line und'er this com mission, the state of California immediately yielded a jurisdiction, long main tained, over the rich Esmeralda mining i-egion, and the position of the line and respective jurisdiction of Califoi-nia and Nevada are now clearly known where\'er there are settlements along our western Ixirders." ACT APPROVING LINE. An act was approved on February 7, 1865, making the line between Califoi-nia the same as had been decided upon by California in April, 1863. All that was necessary to finish the affair was to have line surveyed in its entirety. The year before an act had been approved ordering such a survey where the line had not been established. A congressional act in May, 1866, ceded to Nevada a strip of territory sixty miles in width, extending from Oregon to the Colorado river, and all of Arizona, lying between Colorado river and Nevada's south line, and including in its boundaries 11,000 square miles of Arizona, and 20,850 sc^uare miles of L'tah. January 18, 1867, the Nevada legislature by act ac cepted the gift. 'The legislature made an appropriation of four thousand dollars to pay for a survey of the east line of Nevada, that by the congressional act had been made on the thirty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington. As a consequence of the dense ignorance as to what really constituted the west line of Nevada, there were many complications, both regarding real estate, and mining and also politics. Litigation was rife, and the town of Aurora was not located in either California, or Nevada uiitil 1863. Of course both claimed it, and it was the county seat of two counties, Esmeralda, Nevada, and Mono county, California. When Esmeralda county was made one of nine counties, November 25, 1861, Auroi^a was made the county seat. Aurora was a new but rapidly growing town and proved a bone of conten tion between California and Nevada for two years. In 1861 the town of Monoville was growing rapidly also and California, by act of legislature, organized the county of Mono, placing the county seat in Aurora, already the county seat of Esmeralda county. In 1863 Thomas N. Machin, of Au rora, was by California elected to the California assembly, and Dr. John W. Pugh was elected tO' the Nevada assembly at the same time, resulting in a ijolitical phenomenon. It was a curious sight to see two judges holding court concurrently and exercising jurisdiction by virtue ol authority derived from two different sources. Both were wise men and thei'e was no conflict of authority. People simply took their choice as to which court should pass upon their cases. 106 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. One curio'US affair happened in 1863, for the boundary line had not yet been surveyed as far as Aurora, and no one knew on which side they would land. The term of office had expii'ed for the officials elected in 1861, and some wag hit upon a plan to make things gO' smooth and evenly, namely: an election for Mono and one for Esmeralda. The idea was seized upon and both counties had two tickets. Republican and Democratic, in the field. The best of feeling prevailed and a laughable state of affairs prevailed dur ing the voting. The .polls for MonO' county had been 'placed in the police station and for Esmeralda in the Armory Hall, a little distance apart. Many people seeined undecided as to which county they really belonged and hun- drecis voted "early and often" patronizing both polls indiscriminately. In both counties the full Republican ticket was elected. It was only about twenty days after this election was held that the surveyors reached Aurora; they passed to- southwest, leaving the city in Nevada. Although the California adherents insisted that the lines were run around Aurora purposely and that there was a jog in the state line, yet it was more good-natured banter than ill feeling. Fearing that legal cpiestions might arise, the governor of Nevada ap pointed the officers elected at the election. All were sworn into office on September 22nd. The Californians helped the officers elected in Mono county to load up a wagon and take the records across the line to Bodie, then a small town. In the following spring Bridgeport was declared the seat ol justice and thither the records were taken. As many of the officers elected to fill Mono county did not want to cross the line,-^ but remained in Aurora, their places were filled by appointment by the e-overnor of California. In 1 87 1 a joint resolution was passed by the Nevada legislature, asking Congress to give to Nevada all of Idaho that lay south ol the Owyhee river, but it did not meet with a favorable reception. Nevada, in the same year, asked the legislature ol California to make a line of division between Nevada and California, following the lines established in the organic act of Nevada, and this also met with a chilling reception. The boundaries of the state ol Nevada as finally settled are as lollows: BOUNDARIES OF NEVADA. Commencing in the center of the Colorado river where the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude crosses that stream (near Fort Mojave) ; from thence in a direct northwesterly line to the point where the thirty-ninth par allel of north latitude intersects the forty-third degree of longitude west from Washington (near the center ol Lake Tahoe) ; thence north on said degree to flie lorty-second parallel of latitude (which is the south line of Oregon) ; A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 107 thence east on said parallel of latitude to the thirty-seventh degree; thence south on said degree to the center of the Coloi-ado river; thence down said river to the place of beginning. Area, 120,000 square miles. CHAPTER XIII. Pioneer Transportation. Modes of Emigrant Transportation — Through Purgatory to Paradise — First Mail Contract — Mail Carriers and Guards Killed by Indians — Dangers From Snow and Flood — Tra\'eling on Snow Shoes — Pioneer Stage Line — The Overland Mail — The Famous Pony Express — Overland Telegraph Line — Stage Lines in 1881. In the new territory ol Nevada means of transportation were at first extremely limited, especially for the mail service. It was the year 185 1 before any regular mode of transporting the mails was secured, yet Nevada was in a most prosperous condition before a mile of railroad was constructed. Many emigrants had passed through the country, down the Humboldt to the green, smiling valleys of California, and only shuddered their way over the sage-brush which covered the alkali plains. Nearly all such emigrants went via the ox team train. There was much to learn of the great, resource ful state ol Nevada, as it was afterwards known. There was not a perma nent settlement in the valley in 1850, and consec(uently no need for the trans portation ol mail into what all considered the acme ol horror in the way of a country to live in. Year followed year, the emigrants looking simply on the Great Basin as a sort of purgatory which must be passed through to reach pai^adise, California, only to be endured because it was a shorter route and more desirable than the stormy voyage around Cape Horn or the toil some line of march via Oregon. When the hurrying emigrant halted at all within the confines of the great state of Nevada, it was simply to afford his live stock grazing enough to carry them on to California. The valleys, which have since been the means of attracting population, were not explored at all until after the dis covery of the Comstock mines. Not until then was the magnificent yalley of the Humboldt known to possess the treasures that it does. With the commencement of the settlement of Carson valley, in the spring of 185 1, first started by the Reese trading post, it became necessary to have some kind ol mail facilities. A regular mail route was established by the government between Salt Lake and southern California, the Mormons securing the contract for carrying it. 108 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Before this, in 185 1, a firm known as A. Woodard & Company had a contract to carry mail froin Sacramento, California, to Salt Lake, Utah territory. The men composing the firm were Colonel A. Woodard and a Mr. Chorpening. The entire route covered over seven hundred and fifty miles, through many dangers and difficulties. The trip was made only once a month, the mail going and coming on the backs of mules. The route com menced in Sacramento and ran via Folsom, to Placerville, California, over the Sierra Nevada through Hope and Strawberry valleys into Carson valley. From there, by way of Genoa, Carson City, Dayton, Ragtown, then across the Forty-mile Desert to the Humboldt river, near the Humboldt Sink; from there it followed the old emigrant road east along the Humboldt river to \vhat was later the Stone-house Station, when the Central Pacific Railway came along; .soon after leaving this point the i^oute left the river and, going to the southeast, went into Salt Lake by way of the "Hastings Cut-off." The shorter route to California, which the ill-fated Donner had tried to follow, when it was first discovered, was little known. It was no path of roses, the carrying of mail over this route. The whole country was infested with hostile Indians, on the watch day and night to pick off emigrants and mail carriers, sometimes for purposes of robbery, and often for pure love of deviltry and bloodshed. They would lie in the long grass, crouch behind brush or roc'ks, and from there, secure themselves, shoot down the victims. So many were killed thus, it was found necessary to send guards with' the mail carrier. When Colonel Woodard started on his trip in the fall of 1851, he had with him a guard of two young men, Oscar Fitzer and John Hawthorn; they had gone in safety as far as Gravel point, near where they left the river, when a band of the hostile Indians killed all three. The partner of Colonel Woodard did not give up the contract after the latter's tragic death, but con tinued to carry the mail himself until the fall of 1853. He formed a part nership with Ben Holiiday, and continued to carry mail. The only change was using four mule teams and covered wagons, which afforded better se curity from the Indians. In order tO' change to this mode ol conveyance permission had to be obtained Irom the government. Mail was carried in this manner until June, 1857, when a tri-weekly line ol stages was estal> lished running Irom Placerville to Genoa, by J. B. Crandall. This Ielt only the line iTetween Genoa and Salt Lak^e to them. In that same year, a station agent on their line, near Gravelly Ford, was killed by the Indians. In lact the Indians continued warlare until 1863, when General Connor put a stop to them by yigorous means. A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 109 DANGER FROM SNOW AND FLOOD. There Avere just as great dangers to be overcome from the play of the elements as from the Indians. Etei'iial vigilance was the price of life. The snow laid in masses of from fifteen to twenty feet on the level and from fifty to sixty feet, in some instances, in the raountain passes. There were few bridges and when the snows melted the Humboldt and Carson valleys were often flooded for days at a time. The only way to get across was to swim, as keeping a boat anywhere would have been an impossibility. The use of snowshoes did away with the difficulties of getting over the deep snows, at least partially. In the spring of 1853 Fred Bishop and a Mr. Drift carried the mail in this manner, their trips alternating. Both used the Canadian snowshoe. These two were succeeded in the work by George Pierce and John A. Thompson. The latter was such an exjiert that his sobriquet was "Snowshoe Thomp son." He had learned this plan of traveling in his native country, Norway, and, of course, wore the style of snowshoe used in that country ; he was the first to use that style. They were about ten feet in length, turning up in the front like skates, and were about five or six inches in width -and one and a half inches in thickness; they were generally made from the fir tree. Stories ol his feats while carrying the mail between Genoa and Placer ville remain as a part of the history of early times. He had heard of the great difficulty experienced in getting the mails across the mountains in the dead of winter; he remembered the snowshoes of his boyhood and made a pair. - After giving them a trial he applied for the job and secured it. He made his first trip in January, 1856, taking only three days to go from Placer ville to Carson valley. The mail weighed from sixty to eighty pounds and was carried in mail bags. Thompson carried mail all winter, never wearing an overcoat or carryr ing blankets. He looked upon them as unnecessary incumbrances, and when he could not travel at night cut down some spruce limbs and used them for a bed. He would find some dead pine stump and set fire to it and lie down by it on his spruce bed. And not once was he lost. He was never diverted by the swirling snow or the rainy mists, but went on his way se renely. In fact he seemed to love to be out in the fiercest storms. So greatly did he tax his enormous strength that he literally wore himself out and died a comparatively young man. He died in May, 1876, twenty years after his initial mail trip, only forty-seven years of age. He participated in several Indian fights in the '60s, the whites being victors every time. THE PIONEER STAGE LINE. The first stage Hne was established in the summer of 1857 by Colonel J. B. Crandall, running between Placerville and Genoa. They made tri- no A HISTORY OF NEVADA. weekly trips and carried the "Carson Valley Express," the manager being Theodore F. Tracy. E. W. Tracy was the agent at Placer\'ille, and at Genoa the agents Mere Major Ormsby and Mr. Smith. In June, 1857, another line was established, or rather stations were added on this route, between -Placerville and Genoa ; at Silver Creek, Gary's Mill, Brockliss' Bridge and Sportman's Hall. This was known as the "Pio neer State Line," and was the one connecting at Genoa with the mail route established by Woodard and Chorpening. THE OVERLAND MAIL. It was not long before a semi-weekly line of stages ^as put into service between Sacramento and Genoa, and to the new operators, Lewis Brady & Company, Crandall ti-ansferred the Pioneer State Line. A brother ol Mr. Chorpening, the mail route contractor, had secured the contract to carry the mail Irom Placerville to Salt Lake, and this line was to connect at Salt Lake City with the regular overland mail to St. Joseph. This, ol course, changed conditions greatly and travel on this route into Carson increased. Under this new system the first coach Ielt Placer ville on June 5. 1858, and the first overland mail stage arrived in Placerville on Monday, July 19, ol that year, at ten oclock in the evening. The coach brought both passengers and mail, and its arrival was greeted by an outburst of public enthusiasm. Bon-fires, general illumination and speeches testified to the new hopes aroused b}' the Overland Mail's coming. Crowds gathered and speeches by S. AV. Sanderson, G. D. Hall and D. K. Newell were lis- tended to. A fine balloon was sent up by Dr. Pettitt as a testimonial of his joy. It was not by any means smooth traveling for the Overland Mail, for just as many difficulties beset its path as the first mail carriers had ex perienced. Danger from Indian attacks was just as much to be feared as ever, and so dangerous was the road as far as the Big Meadows, near the Sink of the Humboldt considered, that guards had to be engaged as far as that point. At that place the coach went on unguarded and the guards returned with the west-bound coaches. Mr. Lindsay and Mr. Rightmire were the first guards employed. They often came across emigrants in deadly fear not only ol the Indians, but Mormons fleeing from Salt Lake, fearing the Mormons of that city were pursuing them. On the 5th of September, 1858, Mr. Lindsay, one of the first guards, returned to Placerville, with just a portion of the Salt Lake mail of August i6th, and the inail which left there August 23rd. He reported that on the night of August 20th the Shoshone Indians, in quite a large band, had at tacked the mail coach and had stampeded the stage horses, which they had A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Ill dri\en off. All through the night the guards had stayed, with the con ductor, and guarded the mail, but when morning came they saw that the Indians were in such force they could not remain with the coach in safety, so they took to the mountains, .\fterwards the coach was found, in small pieces, die mail bags ri]>ped open, and letters scattered in evei-y dii-ection. The latter Avere gathered up and taken to Placerville. This, coupled with other outrages, led the United States government to take measures to pre vent such interference with the mail. On September 20, 1858, the Overland stage, coming with mail and pas sengers from Salt Lake, brought the n-iore than welcome news that United States troops had been ordered forward from Utah to protect the emigrants and mail. On October 13th the Overland mail came in on horseback in ad vance of the stage, which had been delayed. The news came in this mail that Dr. Forney, the Indian agent for Utah, was at Gravelly Ford and was working with the Shoshones. Finally the Indians were argued into a more peaceable state of mind, and the mails came in on time, good time being made. The Overland mail brought in letters ten days in advance of the ocean steamers, and in consequence the public began to patronize the stage line. The largest amount of mail ever shipped by the mail coach was on April 23, 1859, when five hundred pounds were sent east. It had been reported that a new and shorter stage route was to be sur veyed, and in June, 1859, Captain Simpson, of the United States Topo graphical Engineers, surveyed a new route running from Camp Floyd to Genoa, which it was thought Avould shorten the route used then by about three hundred miles. By the old Humboldt route the distance from Camp Floyd to Genoa was said to be eight hundred and fifty-four miles; the Simpson sur\ey, it was said, would cut this down to five hundred and si.xty- fi\-e miles. All necessary preparations were made and the company prepared to move down on the Simpson i^oute. This they did the winter following, Lewis Brady & Company secured the contract to carry the mails carried by the agents of the Chorpening route, they having neglected to call for the mail at Placerville in October, 1859. They carried it then until March, i860, when Chorpening got it back, agreeing to carry it with four-horse teams. A new stage line was started in October, 1859, by Judge Child and J. A. Thompson, to run tri-weekly between Genoa and Placerville. They used coaches as far as Strawberry Valley and from there on to Carson Valley they used two fine sleighs with three seats, the first ever used on this mountain road. They commenced to use them in December ol 1859. In the following spring the "Pioneer State Line" sold out to Louis Mc Lane, then running between Placerville and Genoa. McLane the next year 112 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. sold out to Wells, Fargo & Company, and this gave the latter company the entire route tO' Salt Lake. McLane had had serious opposition in running the line, A. ]. Rhodes having started an opposition line Ijetween Placerville and Carson City, via Genoa. He had reduced the fare from forty dollars to twenty dollars, and, using six-horse teams, was enabled tO' cut down the time some eight or ten hours. He ran this from i860 to 1862 and then sold to McLane, pledging himself not to start another opposition line. THE PONy EXPRESS. If there was one line better remembered than the others of that far away time, it was the famous Pony Express, started in the spring ol i860. It was organized by Jones, Russel & Corripany. It was put in operation by W. W. Finney, who organized the line between Sacramento and Salt Lake. All matter came to Sacramento Irom San Francisco by steamer, and at the former city it was met by a man on horseback, who followed the old emigrant route over the Sierras until Carson Valley was reached, and from there the Simp son route was followed. This route led east thi"ough Churchill county desert, crossing the Reese river at Jacobsville; then northeast to Ruby Valley and then southeast, passing out through Deep Creek around the south end of Salt Lake to Salt Lake City. This Pony Express took only three and one-half days to cover the dis tance between Sacramento and Salt Lake City. Relays were provided every twenty-five miles and each rider had to cover seventy-five miles each shift. He was given only two minutes to change horses at each relay station, and the riders generally made about nine miles an hour. Thirteen days between San Francisco and New York was the schedule time, going via St. Joseph, Missouri. Five dollars per letter was charged, and the first express, which left Sacramento April 4, i860, at 2:45 p. m., carried fifty-six letters from San Francisco, thirteen from Sacramento and one from Placerville. The first express, from the other end of the line, New York, reached Sacramento on April 13, i860. Eight letters only were brought. Ten days' time was con sumed between St. Joseph and Sacramento. When the third express came in it brought all kinds of news, from a prize fight in London to the adjournment of the Democratic national con vention at Charleston, South Carolina, to meet at Baltimore the next June, as there had been no decision regarding the presidential nominee. When the Pony Express brought the first message ol President Lincoln they made the record time, coming from St. Joseph to Carson City in five days and eighteen hours, covering 1,780 miles. Double sets ol horses were made, -with Iresh horses between stations. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 113 THE OVERLAND MAIL STAGE. In the year 1859 anticipated troubles along the southern line, owing to the war of the rebellion, caused the transfer of the Southern and Daily Overland Mail to the Central or Simpson route. The Southern line had been established that year tO' go through northern Texas and to California. The transcontinental telegraph line was also built along the Simpson route. It was started in 1859 and completed in September of 1861. Before this telegraph line was constructed the portion of telegraph line between Placerville and Virginia City had been built and operated by the "Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph Company," and this was more pop ularly known as the "Bee's Grapevine Line." It had been planned and built by Colonel F. A. Bee. It was the cause of much merriment and a great deal of annoyance. On the mountains the wire was attached to trees instead of to poles and when the wind struck the trees it would stretch the wires, and nearly all the time the wire laid along the ground in divers places. Another thing which caused trouble was the taking of wire by teamsters whenever a piece was needed in repair work. They seemed to regard it as their right to cut out a piece of wire any place along the line. When a message was delayed it was transferred to the Pony Express, which thus beat the telegraph in. The news of the first election of Presi dent Lincoln, and also his first message, was delayed in this way and then taken in by the Pony Express ahead of the telegraphic news. But things changed greatly for the better with the transfer of the Southern Overland Mail to the Simpson or Central route. Mail facilities were improved, new roads were built and old ones improved so that heavy loads could be carried over them in good time. Across the Sierra two toll roads were built, one called the Dutch Flat and the other the Placerville, the former also known as the Donner Lake road. These last two roads were built so that teams could pass on any part of the road. In consequence the Overland stage could run with perfect regularity. With the great discovery of the Comstock and the increase of popula tion at Virginia City, competing lines of stages were started, as quick trips had to be made from Virginia City to Sacramento. The Pioneer line made the trip on February 20, 1864, in less than twenty-four hours. The record time was made on June 20, 1864. The Larue line on that date made the trip from Virginia City to Sacramento in twelve hours and twenty-three minutes, carrying not only the mail but three passengers, S. Cook, William M. Lent and John Skae. The three passengers had chartered the coach and were determined to cut down the record. It was not long before the Overland line had to add new stations all along the route, and in the spring of 1865 they had thirteen stations be- 114 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tween Virginia City and Austin, a distance of one hundred and eighty miles, using eight drivers, fifteen coaches and mud wagons and seventy-eight horses. From Austin to Salt Lake the company used twenty-drivers, one hundred and ninety horses and sixty wagons, covering the thirty-six stations. This was the Western division, and it was owned by the Overland Mail and Stage Company. The Eastern division was owned by New York men, Ben Holladay being their manager. This covered the distance from Salt Lake to the eastern terminus, 1,220 miles. THE OVERLAND STAGE FARM. All these years the Mormons had been charging the Overland Stage Company the highest prices for hay, grain and provisions, and at last the company rebelled. They set about establishing a farm, selecting Ruby valley as the best place for their experiment. Success was theirs from the start, and by spring, 1865, they had their farm so well developed that one hundred men, thirty plows and ninety yoke of oxen were employed, and ninety thousand pounds ol grain were sowed. When harvest time came they had 8,575 bushels of barley, 8,745 bushels of oats, 1,655 bushels of potatoes, 1,854 bushels of turnips, 1,000 bushels of carrots and 78 bushels of beets. And thus the first farm was established in eastern Nevada. OVERLAND TELEGRAPH LINE. For some time telegraphy struggled along without making much progress. The Placerville and Humboldt line was commenced in Placer ville, July 4, 1858; the line reached Genoa that fall, and Carson City in the spring of 1859; Virginia City was not reached until i860, and Salt Lake until the fall ol 1861., The money came Irom private sources and Irequent appeals had been made to secure first state, then national aid, so as to admit ol extension. Nothing came of it until June, i860, when an act was passed by Congress, directing an advertisement by the secretary ol the treasury for sealed proposals for "the use of the government" of a line of telegraph, to be constructed in a period of two years, from July 31, i860, from some point on the west line of Missouri to San Francisco, for ten years' period. The secretary was instructed tO' give the contract to the lowest bidder, the sum not to be more than $40,000 per year. The Pacific coast companies united to secure this contract and the result was the organiza tion of the Overland Telegraph Line, the capital being $1,250,000. James Gamble was given siipervision over the entire line. Edward Creighton had charge of construction from Salt Lake to Omaha; James Street from Salt Lake to Ruby Valley; J. M. Hubbard from Ruby Valley to Carson. Horace Carpentier had charge from Placerville to Salt Lake as general superin tendent. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 115 On May 27, 1861, operations were commenced by Mr. Gamble's con struction train of thirty wagons leaving Sacramento and so perfectly was the work planned, together with the fact that they did not stop for any thing, storms or bad roads, that less than four months from its commence ment the great enterprise had reached completion. On Septemlier 22nd the first message came over the wires, the news of the Union defeat at Ball's Bluff, Virginia, and the death of Colonel E. D. Baker, United States senator from Oregon. The telegraph line was built along the central route. through Nevada and operated in connection with the Overland Stage and Mail line until the Overland Railway was finished, on May 13, 1869, when both were taken away and the route abandoned. STAGE LINES IN 1881. The Overland Mail and Stage line being withdrawn and its place sup plied by the Overland Railway, things of course changed greatly. In the in terior, stages, well equipped, ran between the mining camps and towns, there being no railroad lines in operation. In the year 1881 the following stages were run from the different towns and camps : From Reno, two daily, one to Susanville, California, and the other to Fort Bidwell in California, ending at Willow Ranch, thirteen miles west. From Rye Patch to Vanderwater and fo Unionville, tri-weekly, carry ing mail. From Mill City to Dun Glen, semi-weekly. From Winnemucca north, two daily lines; one carrying mail to Boise, Idaho, and the other to Spring City. From Battle Mountain, a daily stage, to Mountain City. From Cornucopia, a tri-weekly line. From Battle Mountain, a tri-weekly line to Lewis. Form Elko to Tuscarora, daily, connecting with the Battle Mountain line. From Palisade to Bullion, a ti'i-weekly stage. From Elko a circuitous route covering many towns, to Eureka, and the stage over it left weekly. From Eureka to Belmont, a daily. From Morey to Duckwater, weekly. Osceola east, connecting with the Utah Southern at Frisco, tri-weekly. From Pioche to Hiko, semi-weekly. From Pioche through Bullionville, Panaca and Clover Valley, daily east to connect with the Utah Southern. From Pioche to Mineral Park, , Arizona, connecting with the line running to Yuma, tri-weekly. 116 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. From Spruce Mountain to Arthur and Ruby Valley, weekly, carrying mail. From Alpha to Mineral Hill, daily. Eureka to Pioche, going so as to cover 215 miles, tri-weekly. From Hamilton to Eberhardt and Treasure City, tri-weekly. From Wells to Hamilton, by a route covering 216 miles, tri-weekly. From Genoa to Monitor and Silver Mountain in California, a tri-weekly mail, the mail being carried by a special supply line between several points. From Walker River to Coleville, weekly, carrying mail. From Carson City there were many lines ; one daily to Glenbrook, one daily to Aurora and to other smaller points. From Aurora to Bodie, California, daily ; from Aurora, also daily, to Southern California, passing through Mono and Inyo counties and con necting with the Southern Pacific Railroad. From Aurora daily to Columbus. From Columbus to Montezuma, semi-weekly. From Mason Valley to Aurora, tri-weekly. From Dayton to Wellington, tri-weekly. From Wadsworth to Belmont, covering many points and making the route 248 miles in length. From Austin, the terminus of the Nevada Central Railroad, to Canda- laria, tri-weekly. From Austin to Belmont, tri-weekly. Nearly all these stages carried mail and were most important ad juncts; in fact the stages and the express companies have played a most important part in the development of the great state of Nevada. The stage naturally followed the late ol the mining camps, lor as soon as a new dis covery was made, people rushed in and a stage must rush also, to carry pas sengers and, above all, the mail. People at this late date can scarcely imagine how eagerly the mail was looked lor by the prospector and pioneer. The first thing arranged lor, when a new settlement started, would be the mail, a petition being sent as soon as possible to the government; and the gov ernment in those days responded quickly, granting subsidies and contracts lor mail carrying at once, without the red tape ol these later, more civilized days. Sometimes, but not olten, this generosity was meanly rewarded, the privileges being abused in many ways. Often the mining boom would col lapse suddenly at some point and the stage would be abandoned or placed on some other route. So rapid was the rise and fall of some ol the mining camps that speedily as the government acted, the application lor a postoffice would scarcely be granted when there would be a general exodus. But if the parental govern- RESIDENCES ON TRUCKEE RIVER, NEAR RENO A HISTORY OF NEVADA. UT ment sometimes failed them they knew they could always fall back upon the "Wells, Fargo & Company Express," which was making itself a power in the days of gold. No matter how inaccessible the place, if there were letters or gold dust or bullion to be sent, some emissary of the company stood ready to bear them to the outer world. In fact the company seemed to always have a man ready to go with the rush, anywhere and everywhere. And these messengers were always faithful and prompt; the company only charged from two to seven cents more per letter than the government and in time they did the principal carrying. To them was intrusted nearly all the bullion of the country, and so faithful a record was kept of all trans actions that their statistics have become the authority for everyone. CHAPTER XIV. Waters of Nevada. One of the greatest drawbacks to the rapid settlement of Nevada has been the scarcity of water, a scarcity which can only be overcome by means of irrigation. The few rivers are small in size and very few in number, the largest and most important being the Humboldt river. The Truckee river, the Walker, Carson, Amargosa are next in point of size, while the Little Humboldt, the Reese, the Little Truckee and similar streams are simply tributary to the large rivers, if any can be so designated, for they are large 6nly by comparison in the state of Nevada. Of these rivers only two are at all navigable; the Carson being used principally in floating cord wood down to Virginia, Carson and other points. The Colorado is navigable in spots. There is only one river which reaches the ocean, the Owyhee, and this goes by way of Snake river and the Columbia river. That there should be a scarcity of water seems strange when one remembers the mighty volumes of water which gather upon the eastern .slope of the Sierra Nevada and other ranges ol mountains dividing and subdividing the state. But when these waters reach the base ol the various mountains they are, lor the greater pa4-t, absorbed by the soil, the balance discharging into the lakes and rivers. Many of the rivers are formed from springs, and many from the melted snow of the mountains. Many of the creeks are curious, in that they sud denly appear on the surface, coming apparently from nowhere, but none the less eagerly welcomed. They Avill go merrily on their way, singing and dancing, with the waters as cold and refreshing as ice water, then suddenly, apparently gone forever, the waters disappear. For long distances the bed 118 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. of the creek will be entirely dry, and then there comes the glint of the water and on it flows serenely, until it takes a notion to again disappear. Very few of the smaller rivers and creeks have a continuous course. At first when the water leaves the base of the mountains it moves rapidly, and being large in volume has great strength and rapid currents. But this is only for the moment, for soon they dwindle down, then all at once are gone forever. Yet small as they are, they are of inestimable value to the farmer, for every drop possible is used for irrigation. Nevada's largest river. The Humboldt river is the only one flowing from east to west through the Great Basin and the Central Pacific Railway that follows its course for many miles, nearly -its entire course. The emigrants followed through the valley made by the Humboldt, the old route to California. The Humboldt rises in the Goose Creek Range, about 7,000 leet above the level of the sea, and from the northeast of the state runs in a southwesterly direction some three hundred miles. It finally empties into Humboldt lake, which is on the border of Humboldt and Churchill counties. Here it is about 4,100 feet above sea level. The path over which the Humboldt wends its way is dreary enough to discourage it completely, for it goes over desert land, sandy plains, with not a trace of vegetation save where the ri\'er has gently touched the sandy plains into life, resembling a green ribbon winding through a land of desola tion. In summer the banks are beautiful to look at, but the mosquitoes, gnats and flies make lingering undesirable when it can be avoided. The Little Humboldt rises in the Cotton Range, about one hundred miles north of the Humboldt; it flows south as far as Paradise valley, striving with might and main to reach the Humboldt, but it loses the way and disappears from view in the hot sand. The Reese, apparently starts on the same errand ; after it rises from its source in the Toiyabe Range, some two hundred miles south of the Humboldt, it is a magnificent river for about one hundred miles. It has a current of great rapidity and strength, until just before it reaches Jacobsville in Lander county, and when it passes there it is a feeble stream, vanishing entirely some forty miles beyond that city. There is a legend extant to the effect that several times, when there had been a great fall of both snow and, later, rain, the Reese did manage to reach the Humboldt, but nO' one can state that they themselves ever saw the phenom enon. Where the Reese disappears at the lower end ol the valley it certainly had cause to try to get away, even il by means ol total annihilation, for the land is almost utterly barren, and for any purpose useless. The timber is nothing really but brush, and the vegetation is "conspicuous only by its A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 119 absence." Yet when farmers settled in the upper part of what are now Lander and Nye counties in early days, the desert truly blossomed like the rose; the valley of the Reese was changed utterly and raade rich and very productive by making irrigation ditches and bringing the water from the Reese and its many tributaries. THE RAPID TRUCKEE. The Truckee ranks next in point of size to the Humboldt, but is a much more rapid stream. It rises in Lake Tahoe, some 6,167 feet above the sea level, and then flows to the north about twelve miles. At this point it flows into the Little Truckee, on its way frora Donner lake, then running for sixty-nine miles to the east, it makes another turn and going to the north runs about sixteen railes before reaching the Pyyramid lake at the southern extranity of Roop county. At the lake it is about 4,890 feet above the sea level, thus making a descent of over 1,277 f^^t ^^ ninety-seven miles. The Truckee's waters are the best in any stream in Nevada, cold and very pure and clean. The upper portion of the Truckee valley makes excellent farming land, for the river affords much moisture. Its banks are for many miles thickly covered with a heavy growth ol spruce and pine. These make excellent shin gles and lumber. As mentioned in the chapter devoted to early emigration, the Truckee river is stocked with the finest trout, named as was the river, Truckee, from the Indian guide ol 1844. There is one variety, called the "Lake Bigler trout," which delights every palate and may be the one variety named Truckee by the emigrants. Fremont called the Truckee the "Salmon Trout River" Irom the lact ol the great prevalence ol that fish in the river. In time the Truckee, to call it by its best known name, -became pretty well fished out, and the legislature passed a resolution calling lor the stocking of the river afresh. This was done in 1879, McCloud river salmon being used for the purpose. Later on, the Carson, Walker, Hum boldt and a number of the other rivers of Nevada were stocked in a similar manner. THE WALKER RIVER. Next to the Truckee, in point of size, is the Walker river. It is really a zigzag river, for it runs in a very roundabout way over one hundred miles. It is formed by the union of two forks which have their source in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Alone they traverse thirty miles, and then unite. First they go to the north thirty railes, then to the east, then to the south another thii'ty miles, finally finding a resting place in the bosom ol Walker lake, forty miles south of Carson lake. All through Mason's valley, in fact along its entire course, is gome ol the best larming land in T;he state of Nevada, 120 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. a fact soon known to ranchers who settled on it. The Walker was named for Joseph Walker, well known in early days as a trapper and guide, and who accompanied Fremont in October, 1845, ^^ ^^ expedition, the Path finder naming both lake and river. Walker. Walker accompanied the Bon neville expedition in 1833, also. THE CARSON RIVER. This river was named Carson by Fremont, in honor of his favorite scout, Kit Carson. There are two branches, the East and West Carson. The former is the main stream, and rises in California, in the Blue lakes in Alpine county, right on top of the summit ol the Sierra Nevada. Following a vari able course it wends its way through canyons and dense pine forests down the eastern slope, into Carson valley, whence it flows to the north, and a few miles south of Genoa, in Douglas county, it is joined by the smaller branch. United they go to the northeast, passine through Ormsby, Lyon and Storey counties, discharging into Carson lake. Both branches have a' course alto gether of less than two hundred miles. In some places it is wide, but the average width is sixty feet, and the depth three to four feet. This is taken as an average, lor when there is a great fall of snow or rain it attains great depth and width. It is fed entirely by the snow which melts on the Sierra Nevada. In some parts the land the river flows through is very fertile. Genoa, the county seat ol Douglas county, is built in the valley of the Carson, and many farms create oases in the land. There Was at one time trouble between the mill men and the ranchers, the latter resent ing the mill men using the waters to run their mills; for when the river was low and the mills in operation, irrigation was almost impossible, which meant great loss to the ranchers. A singular RIVER. One of the queerest of the queer rivers ol Nevada is the Amargosa. This river rises in the Amargosa mountains, from which it derives its name, in the Mountain Spring range. These mountains are in the southwest corner of Nye county, and the Amargosa runs first in a southeasterly direction one hundred and fifty miles, often entirely disappearing under ground, to come up again in soriie unexpected place. It turns the southern end of the range and scurries to the northwest, disappearing in Death valley, on the borders ol California. This is one hundred and seventy-five feet below the sea level. The waters are pure at first, but it received its name Amargosa from the Spaniards, from the unpleasant taste its waters acquire before disap pearing. In its course it runs over salt plains, alkali plains and other dis agreeable soils until it is impossible to drink it. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 121 THE SMALLER RIVERS. The only rivers in addition to the above, worthy of being named, and they are not really, are the Vegas, Rio Virgen and Quinn rivers. The first rises in the southeast corner of Nevada, somewhere in the broken mountains of that locality ; it loses no time in flowing into the Colorado river. The Rio Virgen is, as its name implies, a pure, cool stream. When the Spanish explorers first found it, on the Old Spanish Trail, they were so delighted to find it in that dreary spot they named it Rio Virgen. The Quinn river transforms a large area of land into rich grazing ground along its entire course. It rises in the Santa Rosa hills, in the northwestern part of the state, near the Owyhee mountains. It runs south for eighty miles and then turns west towards Mud Sink, sometiraes into the Sink. The valley it traverses is called Quinn valley. THE DECEPTIVE LAKES. According to the showing on the maps western Nevada can boast of more water than land. This is on the maps, though. In reality the vast sheets of water so faithfully depicted are mud flats, which sometimes are under water, if there are unusual freshets. There are just two which are navigable, the Pyramid and Walker. The Carson and Humboldt are large bodies of water, but very shallow. These four lakes are the goal for many rivers and creeks, and in consequence are high or low, as the waters flowing in them are small or rushing torrents. All this is determined, of course, by the quantity of snow which has fallen and melted, or to the rainfall, though that is an indifferent factor. While there are so many inlets, there is not one outlet. The waters have no way of escaping save through absorption, and consequently all the waters of these lakes become brackish and bitter, salty and disagreeable. There was for some time a theory which received cre dence, to the effect that these lakes had a subterranean outlet or else percolated through the rocks to the ocean, the process being necessarily very slow. WALKER LAKE. Walker lake is about forty miles in length, from north to south, and lies in Esmeralda county ; it is from five to fifteen miles in width, and is fed by Walker river, principally. It lies between great rugged mountains and hills, theJiighest being Mount Corey. These shield the lake from the sudden and fierce winds which blow along the eastern base of the Sierras. These mountains and hills are almost destitute of both wood and water. Where the Walker river reaches the lake there is a large area of fine land. The Carson & Colorado Railroad runs along the easterh shores; there are many indentations of bay and inlets, the outline of the lake being very irregular. The lake is navigable, small steamers dotting its surface. 122 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. HUMBOLDT LAKE. On the line between Humboldt county and Churchill county lies Hum boldt lake, into which the water of the river of the same name flows. It is about thirty miles long and ten miles wide, and lies 4,100 feet above the level of the sea. It is a lake by courtesy, for it is merely nothing but a great widening of the Humboldt river at this point; this is shown by the fact that when there is extreme high water, the river continues on through the lake basin and on to the Lower Carson Sink, in the south. THE CARSON LAKES. The Lower Carson Sink, into which the Humboldt river flows under conditions noted above, is directly south of the Humboldt, and is ten miles in width, and over twenty-five miles long. The Carson lake proper receives the water from Carson river ; when there is an extremely wet season, the strearas from east and west overflow the lowlands about these lakes and they go on towards each other, and form what is known as the Lower Carson Sink or lake; an inland sea is thus created, which finally covers the intervening land until the two Carson lakes become one, stretching so far north as tO' be within a few miles of Humboldt. As stated before, these lakes have no outlet, but so powerfully do the sun's rays beat down on the waters that the lakes gradually diy out, until quite small, thus leaving a large area of country dry and bare. Fremont's pyramid lake. Pyramid lake is justly celebrated. It was discovered by John G. Fre mont on January 10, 1844. They camped on its banks for a day or so after the discovery. It is the largest lake lying wholly within the boundaries of Nevada, and is situated in the southern extremity of Roop county. It is thirty-five miles long and twelve miles wide. It is named Pyramid because of a rock in the shape of a pyramid which rises from the center ol the lake some 600 leet above the surlace. It lies amidst the most picturesque scenery, walled in by sheer, precipitous mountains, rising in height Irom 2,000 to 3,000 feet, walling in the emerald gem, for the waters are of a green tinge. The waters ol the Truckee flow into it, the water being very cold and pure, 'mostly melted snow. When the Truckee is swollen with the melted snow, it overflows its banks, the waters running along through a channel to the northeast, forming another lake, which has been given the name ol Winnemucca lake. When sawmills were established along the Truckee river the sawdust Irom them was carried to the lake, creating a shoal which dams the outlet of the river, causing a larger amount of water to flow into Winnemucca lake, increasing its depth some feet, and also the area. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 123 The lake made a great impression on Fremont, accustomed as he was to fine scenery. His account of his discovery is as follows : "Beyond, a defile between the mountains descended rapidly about 2,000 feet, and filling up all the lower space was a sheet of green water some 20 miles broad. It broke upon our eyes like the ocean. The neighboring peaks rose high above us, and we ascended one of them to obtain a better view, and their dark green color showed it to be a deep body of water. For a long time we sat enjoying the view, for we had become fatigued with mountains, and the free expanse of moving waves was very grateful. It was set like a gem in the mountains, which, frorruour position, seemed to enclose it almost entirely. Its position at first inclined us to believe it Mary's lake (Humboldt), but the rugged raountains were so entirely discordant with descriptions of its low rushy shores and open country, that we con cluded it some unknown body of water, which it afterwards proved to be. "We encamped on the shore, opposite a very remarkable rock in the lake which attracted our attention for many miles. It rose, according to our estimate, 600 feet above the water, and, from the point we viewed it, pr/fe- sented a pretty exact outline of the great pyramid of Cheops. This striking feature suggested a name for the lake, and I called it Pyramid lake; and though it may be deemed by some a fanciful reserablance, I can undertake to say that the future traveler will find much more striking resemblance between this rock and the pyraraids of Egypt than there is between them and the object from which they take their name." Nevada's most noted lake. Nevada claims one-third of the most noted lake on the Pacific coast, and one now famous throughout the country. It lies on the Sierra Nevada, 6,000 feet above the sea level. It is about fourteen miles west from Carson City, occupying the westerly portions of Douglas, Washoe and Ormsby counties. California is fortunate in possessing two-thirds of the beautiful sheet of water. The boundary line of Nevada and California passes from the north to the center of the lake, to the intersection of the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, and then diverges to the southeast. At its north end are the celebrated hot springs, lying near the Nevada line. Not _far from the hot springs is a fine spring of clear, cold water, which is free from any mineral taste. The lake is. twenty-two miles long and tai miles wide, the waters as clear as crystal and very cold. There is no buoyancy to the waters, and as the depth is over 1,700 feet todies never rise to the surface. In the summer the waters at the edge of the lake become very warm, making bathing a dehght. In the winter the edges freeze slightly. The lake is also noted for its fine trout, large in size and of fine flavor. 124 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The shore line is indented with beautiful bays and inlets, and all along the shore villages have grown up and sumraer homes have been built. The lake is alive with all kinds of pleasure craft and steamboats which ply between the shores. All around the lake and vicinity there are good hotels, and they are filled to overflowing during the summer months. Tourists come from all over, it being the Mecca for Californians. Six miles from Tahoe City, on the west side, is a spur of mountains, and on each side of this spur streams of water run into the lake. To the south is Emerald bay, an inlet four hundred yards wide at the mouth and widening as it goes inland until it forms one ol the most exquisitely beauti- lul inland harbors in the whole world. Lake creek enters Lake Tahoe at the south end and is led by the snows ol the hills to the south. The valley along which Lake creek wends its way is a beautilul valley, green, smiling meadows and agricultural lands, Irom the mountain slope to the lake. To the north ol Lake creek's entrance, peaks of the Sierras rise either side of the lake three to four thousand feet, and are covered with snow two- thirds of the year. Lake Tahoe is fed entirely from the springs and snows of its encompassing mountains; its outlet is the Truckee river on the north west. The lake is only twelve miles from Truckee and fourteen from Car son City. By many Lake Tahoe is thought to be a crater of some extinct -volcano, the surrounding raountains presenting evidences of volcanic formation. Mar lette lake lies to the northeast of the rim ol Lake Tahoe, and Vir ginia City is supplied with water Irom this lake. It is said to be one ol the highest lakes in the world, being at an altitude ol 1,500 leet above C street, Virginia City, which would make it 100 leet above Lake Tahoe or 7,700 leet above sea level. It is without doubt the highest lake in the world whose waters have been used to supply the inhabitants of city with water for domestic use. SMALL lakes. Washoe lake is in the eastern part of Washoe valley and covers about six square miles. Its waters are very shallow and taste of the alkali. It is led by several sraall streams which come Irom the Sierras and into the valley; here they sink out ol sight, but underground find their way to the lake. Franklin and Ruby lakes are on the east base of the Humboldt range ol mountains, in Elko county. They lie in the valley and are reservoirs lor the surplus waters of the surrounding mountains. At high water they unite, and then are about seven miles wide and fifteen miles long. The waters are brackish and in summer are nearly all evaporated. To the east oDOinra > A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 126 is the Gosh-Ute lake, or rather pond, and northeast of that Snow lake, all a reproduction of Ruby and Franklin. ACROSS THE LINE. OA'er across in California lie several lakes Avhich form a part of the series of reservoirs on the rim of the Great Basin near the line of Nevada, and should, many think, be included in the boundaries of Nevada. Several were before the last survey. The one farthest across the line is Owens lake in Inyo county, less than ten miles from the state line of Nevada. It is very deep and navigable for steamers. It is eighteen miles long and twelve in width. It is slightly alkaline and has no outlet, being fed by the Owens river, which is 150 miles long. Mono lake is ten miles from the Nevada line and is a peculiar, and in many respects, unpleasant lake. It has been sounded to the depth ol three hundred leet and no bottom yet found. The waters are acrid, and fish, frogs nor any living thing can exist long in its Avaters. At this lake the peaks ol the Sierras leach their highest altitude, and the scenery is mag nificent, almost awe-inspiring. It is in Mono county. Honey lake is ten miles across the line and is a sheet of Avater supplied by Susan, WilloAv and Line Valley creeks; its Avaters are alkaline and very shalloAv, so shallow that in very dry summers they disappear. The famous Donner lake, often mentioned in emigrant days, is tAvo miles northwest of Truckee, is three miles in length and one mile wide. It is 200 feet deep, the water as cool and clear as that of Lake Tahoe. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains covered with fir, spruce and pine; its waters are discharged into the Truckee river. CHAPTER XV. General Geological Features. Complex Deposit ol Minerals — Longitudinal and Cross Elevations — Rich- tholen's Description ol Comstock^General Structure of Comstock — Character of Quartz — -Varieties of Ore — Peculiar Formations in Each County — Diverse Mineral Features — Precious Gems — Future Bonanzas — The Wonderful Mountain Ranges. The geology of Nevada is interesting, especially so to those interested in her mines and topography of the country, the basins which for the most part hold the state presenting a varied and complex deposit of minerals. The topography of the country was undoubtedly fixed in the time of the 126 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. great ice age, Avhich, Avhile it did not form the deposits of ores, exposed the mineral deposits. In the basins are vast beds of borax, salt, soda, and sulphur, with the raany resulting compounds, remains of the great sea once held in the embrace of the great mountains upheaved by volcanic action. In southern and north ern Nevada this great sea lound an outlet through the Colorado and Colum bia rivers, but in the great Utah Basin they were land-locked, the vast de posits of minerals, as the waters evaporated, gradually, through the many geological epochs, changing the character of the land. Luckily for the human race of to-day, the forces of nature did not stop at the elevation of the Rocky raountains and the Sierras, but sent up parallel and shorter ridges of raountains between the two, rising in some instances over 10,000 feet above sea level. It Avas no sudden upheaval, but the slow processes of nature, taking century ujxvn century to do' her work. In this way was the Great Basin formed and the Sierras lifted from the vast sea depths. It is due to the interior longitudinal and cross elevations between the Rockies and Sierras that Nevada has mines far away Irom both the Com stock and Colorado bodies ol ore. These elevations are Irom twenty to one hundfed leet apart, some rising thousands of feet and others only hundreds; the mining experts differ as to the plane ol elevation at the time of the de posits. Clarence King, Baron Richthofen, and others give an inclination to the slopes at the tirae of the outpour of propylite and trachyte ; while later authorities fix the plane nearer to horizontal. Taking Mount Davidson for the axis of elevation, it is reasonable to suppose that eleA^ation and eruption took place at about the sarae time. At any rate sufficient time elapsed be tween the deposit of propylite and the trachyte overflow for the surface of propylite to become covered with soil ; the remains of charred and silicified timber and impressions of vegetation are often to be met with in the up turned strata. Clarence King states that the upheaval caused numerous fissures and rents through the rock, even the solid syenitic rock, and especially along the line of the junction of different rocks. Through these fissures poured a third kind of lava, dark color, and known to miners by many different names. It is certain it was erupted after the elevation of the mountains, as it spread out in horizontal strata over the inclined propylite and trachytes which formed the mountains themselves. These rocks are often termed porphyry, meaning a kind ol rock altered by heat, pressure, or exchange of mineral bases so as to have crystals of feldspar scattered through them, these crystals having different names. When a portion ol the overhanging wall breaks off it is called by the miners a porphyry horse. The term "por phyry horse" is only used to designate porphyry lying inside a ledge between A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 127 the hanging and foot wall. It was during this distui-bance the great Com stock Lode was formed, the eruption ol the veins being intimately connected Avith the deposits of minei-al. Really, a description of the Comstock Lode affords a key to the geology ol Nevada. This is detailed at length in the Avorks of Clarence King, Rossiter ^V Raymond, and Baron I^ichthofen. Their accounts will be interesting to those Avho have not read the books or have not personally examined the geology of Nevada. The description of the Comstock will also give the key to most of the Great Basin. RICHTHOFEn's DESCRIPTION OF COMSTOCK. "The range of the Washoe mountains on which the Comstock vein is situated is separated frora the steep eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada by a continuous raeridianal depression, raarked by the deep basins of Truckee, Washoe and Carson valleys. Its shape is irregular, though in general a direction from south to north may be traced in the Summit range. South, it slopes gradually down to a smooth tableland, traversed frora west to east by the Carson river flowing in a narrow crevice, beyond which the Washoe range continues in the more elevated Pine Nut mountains. Sorae peaks in the latter have an altitude of probably more than 9,000 feet. To the west the Washoe mountains sink rapidly beneath the detrital beds of Washoe and Truckee valleys, but are connected with the Sierra Nevadas by two low granite ridges, stretching at right angles with its general course across the northern and southern ends of Washoe valley, and thus isolating the basin. To the north and east the Washoe range passes into a very extensive moun tainous region which has been but little explored; while to the southeast it disappears abruptly below one of the middle basins of Carson river. The width of the entire range is not more than 14 miles, while its length from north to south is not determinable on account of the scanty knowledge we possess about the northern part of the country. "The culminating point of the range is Mount Davidson, the elevation of which was determined by J. D. Whitney, 7,827 feet. The altitude of the other places are: Virginia City, 6,205 feet; Devil's Gate, 5,105 feet; while the basins to the west and south have the following elevations: Washoe Lake, 5,006 feet; Carson City, 4,615 feet; Dayton, 4,490 feet; all according to barometrical measurement by Professor Whitney. "Mount Davidson, a prominent central point, consists ol syenite, a granitic rock, which is here composed of two kinds of feldspar (orthoclase and oligoclase), hornblend in laminated prisms of greenish black color, some mica and occasionally epidate, but no quartz. It is probably a continuation of the granitic axis of the Pine Nut mountains, and forms, with the meta- morphic rocks which accompany it, the backbone of the Washoe mountains. 128 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The latter rocks join the syenite to the north and south and are intercepted by dykes of that rock, thereby proving its later origin. Lithologically, they exhibit a great A^ariety; but they may be subdivided into three chstinct groups, one of which is of triassic age, and was discovered by Professor J. D. Whitney in El Dorado canyon near Dayton; this is the most recent group and its rocks are ordinarily but little metamorphosed. They are imme diately preceded in age by a series ol micaceous and quartzose slates, which usually contain some beds of limestone. Both these groups occur only at some distance from the Comstock vein. Of more importance for the latter is a third series of hornblendic (uralitic) rocks with inter-stratified layers of quartzite, gray slate and crystalline layers of limestone, which is often accom panied by extensive deposits of crystalline limestone, with extensive deposits of pure specular iron. These rocks form the hills which flank the American Flat to the west, as well as those between Silver City and Carson. They are capped by an overflow of cj[uartzose prophyry, and eruptive rock, which, however, is of nO' importance, except as forming a foot wall of the Justice vein. "These rocks form the ancient series. They partly preceded and partly were contemporaneous with the emergence of the Sierra Nevada and the Great Basin, and the entire range of the Cordilleras, from the ancient sea, whose traces are left in the saline incrustations and salt pools at the bottom of the numerous basins between the Sierra and Rocky mountains which had formerly remained filled with the water of the retiring sea. The Washoe mountains undoubtedly formed an elevated range during the long period which elapsed till the commencement of the formation of the recent series of rocks, which bear still closer relations to the ComStock vein than the former. These rocks are eruptive and volcanic, and belong to the latter part of the Tertiary and to the post-Tertiary periods. "To the first of them in age we apply the recently introduced term, propylite period.' In Washoe the names 'feldspathic porphyry' and 'horn- blended porphyry' are commonly used to designate two prominent varieties of it. They are very appropriate miners' terms; but scientifically applied, will be capable of very differing interpretations. In other countries the terms 'diorite,' 'dioritic porjDhyry,' 'greenstone,' 'porphyritic greenstone' have been applied, which confusion of names best shoAvs the indistinctness of the ex ternal characters of the rock. Propylite has this remarkable peculiarity, namely, that it resembles many ancient rocks exactly in appearance and yet is among the most recent in origin. It is prominent among the inclosing rocks of the Comstock vein, and besides incloses several, perhaps most, of the largest and most productive silver veins in the Avorld, as those in the Carpathian mountains, of Zacatecas and other places in Mexico, and prob- mr- A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 129 ably several veins in Bolivia. Mineralogically, it consists of a fine-grained paste of ordinarily greenish, but sometimes gray, red and brown color, with imbedded crystals of feldspar (oligoclase) and columns dark green and fibrOus, seldom of black, hornblende, which is also the coloring matter of the base. A peculiarity ol the rock is its lerruginous character when decom posed. Probably it contains other metals besides iron. , Geologically it is an eruptive rock; but it is accompanied by vast accumulations ol breccia, which is sometimes regularly stratified. The flats of Virginia City, Gold Hill, American City and Silver City, consist of propylite; it lies, in general, east of the mountains consisting of the ancient formations, and contains several raineral veins besides the Comstock Lode. Its distribution in other countries of the world Is not very general. "Several different kinds of eruptive and volcanic rocks followed the outbreaks of propylite; but only to one of them have we to direct the atten tion in reference to the Comstock vein, as it probably caused its formation, besides taking a prominent part in the structure ol the country. It is known in Petrology by the narae of Sanidin-trachyte ; for convenience sake we sira- ply use the name Trachyte. Its essential character is 'a predominance of a species of feldspar, called glass feldspar or sanidin, which, along with horn blende and mica, is imbedded in a base or paste of peculiarly rough texture, caused by microscopical vesicles which fill the rock. It has a beautiful appearance and presents very different colors.' * * * "There is no doubt about the eruptive character of the lava, and this term has been, applied to it in Washoe. The mode ol occurrence shows that it has been ejected through long fissures in a viscous or liquid state and at a high temperature. In some places the eruptions were subaqueous, as at Dayton. The entire tableland around that place is built up ol trachytic tufa. The solid trachyte rises from it in rugged mountains, which form an ele vated and very conspicuous range, passing east ol the Gould and Curry mill, across Seven Mile canyon (where, lor instance, the Sugar Loaf Peak con sists ol it), and bending in a seinicircle ai^ound to Washoe Lake. Pleasant valley is entirely surrounded by trachytic hills; and farther north this rock covers the country to a great extent. Sanidin-trachyte has never been found to contain silver-bearing veins, and in Washoe none occur in it, and yet it has evidently been mainly instrumental in the formation of the Comstock lode and other veins in that region. * * * Volcanic and eruptive ac^ tivity gradually died away, and we now behold their last states in the action of the thermal springs, such as Steamboat Springs. The surface underwent but slow and gradual denudation, and the events ol the volcanic period are recorded so perfectly ^nd distinctly in the nature of the association of the 136 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. rocks as to aid us greatly in explaining the mode of formation ol the Com stock vein." GENERAL STRUCTURE OF COMSTOCK VEIN. "The Comstock runs nearly in the direction ol a magnetic meridian (the variation being i6j4 degrees east) along the slope of the Mt. David son range, which descends at a steep grade until it abuts against the g'entle slope of the three flats, on which, at an altitude ol frora 5,800 to 6,200 feet, are situated the towns of Virginia, Gold Hill and American City. The out croppings of the A'ein extend in a broad belt along the foot of the steep grade and immediately above the three towns. The course of the vein as far as yet explored is somewhat dependent on the shape of the slope, as it partakes of all its irregularities, passing the ravines in concave bends and inclosing the foot ol the different ridges in concave curves; the greatest convexity being around the broad uninterrupted base of Mt. Davidson itself. These irregularities are important as they influence the ore bearing character of the vein. * * * "The Comstock vein, at a depth of from 400 to 600 feet beneath its lowest out-crops, fills a fissure of from 100 to 130, and even 200 feet in width, but contracting in places, so as to allow both walls to come in close contact. Both of the latter, at tliat depth, descend easterly at an angle vary ing from forty-tAvo to sixty degrees. Upwards from the average depth of 500 feet, the western wall rises to the surface with the same inclination, which, however, occasionally diminishes at the upper levels to forty, and forty-eight degrees, Avhile the eastern wall soon bends to the vertical, and gradually turns to a western dip, which, at places, is forty-five degrees. Its general position to the depth mentioned, therefore, is about vertical, with an inflation to the west. The vein, consequently, contracts toAvard the sur face, in the shape of a funnel. The increase in volume is especially pro duced by the intervention, between the vein matter, of large fragments of country rock, broken from the walls, but usually moved only a little way downward, by sliding from their original place. The bulk and number of these fragments, or 'horses,' increase towards the surface, where some of them have a length of 1,000 feet, and a Avidth of 50 to 100 feet. "Vein matter branching off from beloAv, fills the spaces between the fragments, but is generally near the surface, far inferior in bulk, as com pared with the country rock. The Avidth of the belt in which these branches come to the surface, and there form scattered outcroppings, is generally more than 500 feet. "On the western side (Avest of the Virginia and El Dorado croppings) the Comstock vein is accompanied by a number of smaller veins, the out- A FIIS:rORY OF NEVADA. 131 croppings of which are visible on Cedar Hill, Central Hill, Ophir Hill, and Moiint Davidson, and are, in some places, of considerable size. They are nearly parallel to the main vein, and dip to the east. Probably they will unite in depth with the Comstock vein, which by its relation to them may be considered as the main vein of what German miners call 'a gangzug.' The western boundary of this main vein is exceedingly well defined by a continu ous clay selvage (gouge) lying on the smooth foot wall, and separating the vein matter A'ery distinctly from the country rock; but it is different on the eastern side, where the adjoining country rock, as is often the case with true fissure veins, is impregnated with raatter sirailar to that which fills the fissure. It is frequently concentrated i'n channels running parallel to or descending Irom the vein but, in lact, forming parts ol it. The well-defined east wall ol its main body has, therefore, not often the same position rela tively to the entire vein, and with the growing depth gained by successive explorations the development of vein matter, east of what was formerly con sidered the east wall, increases. INCLOSING ROCK. "The' rocks which accompany the Comstock Vein change in its course. They are different varieties of propylite on the eastern side, throughout its whole extent. In some places the frequent and large crystals of feldspar give it a porphyritic character, which in certain varieties is rendered more striking by green columns of hornblende; at others the rock has a very fine grain, and the inclosed crystals are of very minute size; again, the rock is either compact and homogeneous, or it has a brecciated appearance from the inclosure of nuraerous angular fragments. Also, the color changes, though it is predominantly green, and the different varieties of decomposition create finally an endless variety. We will presently have occasion to consider the causes to which it is due. "The western country offers more differences^ Along the slope ol Mount Davidson and Mount Butler, from the Best & Belcher mine to Gold Hill, it is formed by syenite, which, at some places, is separated from the vein by a crystalline rock ol black color, having the nature ol aphanite, but altogether obscure as to the mode of its occurrence. It is from three to fifty feet thick, and the elucidation of its real nature may be expected from fur ther developments. (This report by Richthofen was written in 1866. The rock was after wards termed "andesite," and is thought to be of volcanic origin, subse quent to the upheaval or elevation of the strata accompanying it. It was also decided to be contemporaneous with, and instrumental in the deposit of the mineral matter forming the Comstock Lode.) 132 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. "As syenite to the west and propylite to the east, occur in that portion of the Comstock vein Avhich' has been most explored, and where Avorks, more than anyAvhere else, extend in both directions into the country, it has been generally assumed in Virginia, that the lode follows the plane of contact be tween two different kind ol rocks, and is thei'efore a contact deposit. But immediately north of Mount Davidson, where propylite extends high up on the western hills, this rock forms the Avestern country as Avell as the eastern — as at the California and Ophir mines — though at the latter metamorphic rocks and syenite are associated with propylite on the western side. "On Cedar Hill syenite again predominates; but further north propy lite forms the country rock on both sides. South of Golden Hill the syenite disappears from the western wall, and its place is taken, to some extent, by propylite, but in greater part by metamorphic rocks of the before-mentioned classes, principally quartzite and uralitic rocks. * * * Nowhere have syenite and metamorphic rocks been found on the eastern side. OUTCROPPINGS. "The outcroppings ol the Comstock Lode do nof form a continuous line, but consist rather of small and detached fragments of quartz, ordi narily protruding Irom the surrounding ground, and sometimes forming broad crests, which, in the aggregate, form a broad, uninterrupted belt. The horizontal distance across the vein of the outcrops of the different branches, amounts to upwards of 600 feet. Those of the western branches which retain the eastern dip of the western wall of the vein, carry principally crys tallized quartz of a very glassy appearance, ordinarily ol white, or at least of light color, and comparatively ol pure quality. Angular Iragraents of the country rock are imbedded in the quartz, and form the center of its crystallization ; they usually occur in large pieces and in finely disseminated particles. "Metalliferous minerals are scarce, though not entirely wanting. Noth ing indicates underground wealth, nor, indeed, has such been found by sub sequent mining. The only exception is Cedar Hill, where native gold was found abundantly in places; but its scarce dispersion never justified great expectations. Of this nature are the Sacramento, Virginia and El Dorado outcrops, and others on Mounts Davidson and Butler. They have, in several places, a width of 120 feet, besides other branches which form part of them. "In the eastern outcrops, particles of the country rock, together with others of clayey matter and metallic substances, occur, finely disseminated through the quartz, causing thereby a marked difference from the character of the western outcrops. A certain porous structure of the quartiz, evi dently originating from the removal of fine particles of ore, and the brown A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 133 and red coloring, caused by metallic oxides, indicate the ore-bearing char acter of large portions in depth; and the dissemination of native gold and silver in small pores and larger cavities, gives evidence of the presence of ores of the precious metals. Also the chloride and simple sulphuret ol silver occur in the eastern outcrops. These different characters ol the 'Pacos' and 'Colorado' of the Mexican, and the 'iron hat' of the German miner, continue doAA'nward to a varying depth. * * * VEIN MATTER. "The vein matter of the Comstock Lode is of a highly varied character, if we consider e\'ery substance Avhich enters into the composition of the body of the vein betAveen its two walls as belonging to it. Its chief component parts are fragments of country rock, clay and clayey matter, quartz and ores. FRAGMENTS OF COUNTRY ROCK. "Near the surface, about five-sixths of the mass ol the Comstock vein consists ol country rock — 'horses' as the Cornish miner calls them. They are olten of large size, and then terminate below ih a sharp edge. Their shape and size vary soraewhat with the nature of the rock of which they consist. Those of propylite, which along the whole range occur on the eastern side, and only occasionally extend throughout the whole vein where the country is ol the sarae. character on both sides, are ordinarily very much elongated in the direction ol the vein, Irequently to i,ooo leet or more, Avhile their breadth is lar inferior, and their height is intermediate between both. At their ends they thin out gradually. Those of syenite terminate more abruptly, and their dimensions are more equal, though they are always in the direction of the strike of the vein. From the large 'horses' every variety of size occurs doAvn to the smallest fragments. The quartz is olten .so thickly filled Avith angular pieces as to have a brecciated appearance. Pro pylite is more common among them than syenite, and brecciated vein matter is therefore prevalent in those parts of the lode where propylite incloses the same on both sides, or where, at least, it furnishes the larger part of the material for 'horses.' It is for this reason abundant in the California, Cen tral and Ophir mines, and in the southern part of the Gold Hill mines. CLAY AND CLAYEY MATTERS. "Few large veins are so abundant in these substances as the Comstock vein. Clay forms the eastern selvage from north to south in continuous sheets, sometimes of ten to twenty feet in thickness. Other sheets of clay divide 'horses' frora quartz, or different bodies of the latter; and where two walls come in close contact they have in places a united width of twenty 134 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. to sixty feet. This clay is ordinarily tough and putty-like, arid contains rounded pebbles of the adjoining rock; only where quartz is on both sides it partakes of its nature, and is more earthy and dry. But, besidies, clayey matter occurs in the body of the vein to a great extent, and in places takes a prominent part in filling the fissure. Most 'horses' terminate at their lower end in a clayey substance, and continue downward as well as in the direction of the vein as sheets of clay. Out of the vein the same matter occurs to a great extent in the eastern country, but scarcely, if ever, in the western, thereby giving another evidence of the indistinctness of the eastern boundary of the vein. CHARACTER OF QUARTZ. "The differences mentioned before as prevailing in the quartz of the outcrop continue downward, but are not so conspicuous in depth on account of the general white color of the quartz. But even then the finely dissem inated particles of the wall rock are more peculiar to the eastern than the western portion, and are always abundant where the quartz contains ore. At the upper levels, some bodies of quartz are of a reddish color; this is where the 'Colorados' continue downward. Frequently, however, this color is only due tO' the red clay filling the fissures of the fractured quartz. In this case it is probably produced by the percolation of the vein matter by water, while in the former it is likely that it is connected with the original forma tion of the vein, as are all the phenomena presented by the coated iron hat. The quartz in the Comstock vein is rarely solid, and blasting is applied for its removal in but few instances. Generally it is fractured, and in numerous places the effects of the dynamical action on it are such as tO' give it the appearance of crushed sugar. It occurs in this condition when inclosed in clay matter, and then frequently reminds one of the waving lines of damask. But then, also large and continuous bodies consisting entirely of 'crushed quartz,' as we may call it, are occasionally met with. Such was the case throughout the larger part ol the great bonanza of the Ophir mine. VARIETY OF ORES. "The principal ores of the Comstock Lode are stephanite, vitreous silver ore, native silver and very rich galena; also small quantities of pyrargyrite or ruby silver, horn silver and polybasite. Besides these are found native gold, iron pyrites, zincblende, copper pyrites, carbonate of lead and pyror- phite, the last two being very scarce." KING ON GENERAL GEOLOGY. A better idea will be gained of the general geology of Nevada -by read ing an extract from Clarence King's exhaustive and authoritative report : A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 135 "Both the Sierra and Desert ranges are composed first of crumpled and uplifted strata, from the x-Vzoic period to the Jurassic; secondly, of ancient eruptiA-e rocks which accompany the Jurassic upheaval; and thirdly, of modern eruptive rocks belonging to the volcanic family, ranging in date probably from as early as the late Miocene to the glacial period. Folds of more or less complexity, twisted and Avarped by longitudinal forces, often compressed into a series of zigzags, sometimes massed by outbursts of granite, s)'enitic granite, or syenite, and, lastly, built upon by or frequently buried beneath immense accumulations of volcanic material ; these are the characteristic features of the mountain chain. They are usually meridianal and parallel and separated by vallcAS Avhich are filled to a general le\el by quarternary detritus, the result of erosion frora the early Cretaceous period doAvn to the present time. The east slope of the Sierra, directly facing the Washoe region, is, in brief, a relic of metamorphic schists and slates, skirt ing the foothills and resting at high east and west angles against the great granite bod}-, Avhich, for many miles to the southAAard, forms not only the summit but the main mass of the range. Rising through the granite and forming the eastern summit is a lofty mass of sanidin-trachyte, of a dull chocolate color, and only reraarkable for the beautifully regular prisras of black mica Avhich intersect. The ridge known as the ^^'ashoe mountains is of this trachyte. Its culminating height, Washoe Peak, lies directly east and Avest across the valley from ]Mt. Davidson, the center and summit of the Virginia mining region. "Little can be learned of the ancient structure of the \'irginia range, for eight-tenths of its mass are made up of volcanic rocks. Only at rare intervals, Avhere deep erosions lay bare the original range or where its hard summits have been lifted above the A-olcanic floAvs, is there any clue to the materials or position of the ancient chain. Mt. Davidson is one of these relics, being composed of SAcnite. Inclined against the base of this mass, and in the bottoms of ravines eroded in the A'olcanic materials occur consid erable hills of metaphoric rocks, schists, limestones, graphitic shales and slates. SouthAvard in the canyon of the Carson, and in the ravines of the Pine Nut hills, are uplifted slates and carbonaceous shales, associated with irregular limestone beds, the Avhole surrounded and limited by volcanfc (andesite) rocks. S.till further southward the crest ridge of the Pine Nut region, Avhich is a continuation of the Virginia range, is syenitic granite, forming high, rugged crags, of an extremely picturesque aspect. Every analogy Avould point to the belief that these aqueous rocks and the granitic masses accompanying them, are identical AAith the similar rocks Avhich pre dominate in the majority of Cordillera ranges; but Ave haA-e positive proof 136 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. of this in the fact that in El Dorado canyon, one of the ravines of the Pine Nut hills, Professor Whitney has found triassic fossils. "In resufne, it may be said that this range is one of the old Jurassic folds of stratified rocks, and through fissures granite and syenite have obtruded'; that after a very long period of comparative repose from the early Cretaceous to the late Tertiary the old range was riA-en in innumerable crev ices, and deluged by floods of volcanic rocks which have buried nearly all of its older mass, and entirely changed its topography. During this period of Vulcanism the present valleys were in great part filled with fresh water lakes; and near the base of the Virginia range we had evidence, in the tufa de posits, that a considerable quantity of A'olcanic material was both ejected under water and flowed down into it. Water penetrating the fissured range and meeting melted rock gave rise to the solfataras and hot springs, whose traces are everywhere apparent. FolloAving this age of lava and steam eruptions came the glacial epoch with its sequel of torrents and floods, and finally a great desiccating- period, introducing our present condition." OTHER PORTIONS OF STATE. While the extracts form the works of King and Richthofen, particularly that ol the Comstock Lode, will give a key to the general geology of the state, yet an idea ol local characteristics would be necessary to thoroughly gain an idea of the geological conditions of Nevada in their entirety. Each county has some peculiar formation or deposit not contained even by its sister counties. For instance, several counties possess indications of the existence of precious gems; in Nye county many beautiful turquoise have been found, handsome enough to shine on any fair hand, and many of them have been mined. Bodies of low-grade ores have been located in nearly every county in the state of Nevada, and when these can be Avorked by some cheap process, a fortune will be within the grasp of hundreds of men. It is more than probable that among these prospects are some which Avill in the course of time develop into "bonanzas." In addition to mines, Nevada has immense beds of salt, sulphur, antimony, borax, alum and soda, Esmeralda, Churchill and Humboldt counties ix>ssess the largest num ber of these saliniferous minerals. As they are situated in the lowest por tion of the Great Basin, they are of course near the sinks of the four largest rivers, the Humboldt, Truckee, Walker and Carson. The counties of Nye, White, Elko and Eureka possess great beds of limestone, remains of pre historic coral beds. Lava seems to overlie the iiorthAvestern part of Nevada, from the great overfloAV Avhich formed the Modoc lava beds. Fossils of various periods are found; in the limestone of the Pilot A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 137 Rock mountains are fossils of recent origin; the ones first found were dis covered in 1866 by Professor Joshua E. Clayton, at Silver Peak, Esmeralda county, and belonged to the lower Silurian period. He found them in a large valley incrusted Avith saline deix)sits, and the valley has always been knoAvn as ClaA'ton A'alley from the discoACrer. Large thermal springs are numerous in the vicinity and the adjacent hills contain ledges of gold, iron, lead, silver and copper. These fossils are also found on the ranges of Dia mond Peak, and erosion in all the places mentioned has so loosened their environment that the fossils can be easily procured. They are found in a bed of thinly laminated yellow sandstone, the frilobites, the earliest living creatures on the earth, having their impressions clearly defined on each sep arate layer of rock, as the layers are separated. Limestone is predominant, the most prominent mines lying in it, the limestone seeming to be associated Avith the gold and silver veins, and to have been active in producing the precipitation. This is the case in Elko, White Pine, Eureka and Nye counties, while in Lander, Esmeralda, Ormsby, Washoe and the mines of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the deposits are in granite, in nan-OAV fissures, with small indications of deep or extensive fissures. In Nevada can be found fine specimens of petrified, or silicified Avood, and exquisitely beautiful crystals and agates. Nevada's wonderful mountains. The mountains of Nevada are \'aried in e\'ery respect; some of them affording magnificent scenery, picturesque, Aveird, aAve-inspiring and Avon- derfully beautiful. Clear, cool lakes nestle in their embrace, wonderful springs of every nature, deep, dense Avoods, beautiful floAvers, birds of song, everything Avhich the lover of nature Axorships. And then again, bare, bleak, precipitous mountains, destitute of foliage, grass, or any vegetation Avhich could charm the eye, lakes filled with brackish Avater, utter absence of song birds and flowers. Yet all Avere created for some purpose, for under the most forbidding aspect may lurk the precious metal or gems. Nevada can boast ol over one hundred mountain ranges, and all seem to possess some leature making them Avorthy of attention. Some of them are of immense height, and on the highest ele\'ations have been found some of the richest mines, and in a horizontal position beds of limestone have captured and held them for future generations. The United States geolog ical exploration of the fortieth parallel gives the following altitudes of the elevations rivalling the parent Rocky mountains in height : Pogonip Peak, in White Pine county, 10,792 feet above sea level; Treasure Hill and Tele- 138 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. graph Peak, 9,228; Treasure City, 8,980, and many others of about the same height. There is a general regularity in the appearance of the raountains, the trend of all being southerly and northerly, yet there is great irregularity in the lithological formation; this is what makes Nevada such an interesting field for the mineralogist and geologist. The general trend of the interior elevations is generally parallel to that of the Rocky mountains and the Sier ras, though there are transverse elevations, and sometimes mineral veins corresponding. The parallelism of their trend and the regular recurrence are indicative ol lateral pressure as the cause. In the nortliAvest the principal ranges are the Antelope, Pine Forest, Black Rock, Trinity, Cottonwood, Hot Spring, Independence and Goose Creek; these, Avith a myriad of smaller raountains lie north of the Humboldt river; south of the river and north of the central parallel are East Humboldt, West Humboldt, Toano, Pequop, Pinon, East Range, Sonoma, Battle Moun tain, Fish Creek, Cortez. In the central belt are the White Pine, Schell Creek, Snake, Carson Sink Range, Augusta, Ncav Pass, Desatoia, Sho shone, Toiyabe, Toc[uima, Monitor, Hot Creek, Diamond, Pancake, Egan, and Long Valley Range. To the south and southAvest lie the Red Moun tain, Monte Christo, Pilot, Excelsior, Wassuch, or Walker river, KaAvitch, Reveille, Pahranagat, Mount Irish, Hiko, Ely, Highland, Spring Mountain, Cedar, Mormon, Virgin, Grapevine, Belted, Desert, Vegas, Muddy and Buckskin. Many of the ranges, notably the East Humboldt, Diamond, Toi3'abe, Schell Creek and Egan, extend for 100 miles or more unbroken; the highest peaks are from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. CHAPTER XVI. Laws Affected by Mining. Efforts to Adopt a State Constitution — Taxation of Mines and Results — The Revenue Law — Why It was Changed Later — Bullion Increase in 1 87 1 — Pledges Made by Legislators and Ignored — Effects of the Veto — A Political Anomaly — Schemes of the Bonanza Firm — Compromise Arranged — Sharp Practice to Avoid Paying Penalties. Nevada became first known as a mining state and is so regarded to-day, and Irom the first mining has been paramount. The mineral development ol the country was the first thing to be considered. Consequently when an effort was made to frame a state constitution the question of taxing the mines becames one of paramount interest. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 139 The framers inserted a section authorizing taxation of property, which placed all mines, whether productive or not, upon the same basis. In the convention there was strong opposition to this. It was regarded as taxing futurity altogether tooi much. William M. Stewart, afterwards United States senator, led the opposition, and finally proposed an amendment. This authorized a levy only upon the net proceeds of that class of property ; it was defeated. In his speeches he Avent on record as "Opposed to taxing the hopes of poor miners; his shafts, and drifts, and bed rock tunnels." Tl-iis sentence formed one of- the warcries of the campaign later, and the principal reason the constitution Avas rejected by a large majority on the 19th of January, was the fact that the Stewart amendment had not been adopted. Knowing this, the next convention, in 1864, took the constitu tion which had been defeated, made slight changes and added the Stewart amendment and it was adopted by an overwhelming vote — 10,373 to 1,284. A tax of $1.50 Avas authorized by this act, for the county; and for the state, $1.25 oh each one hundred dollars of valuation. But section 99 lim ited the levy on proceeds of mines to one dollar on the $100, one-half for county and the other half for state purposes. This was a discrimination of $1.75 on the $100 in favor of mining property. The law also provided that $20 should be deducted for Avorking the ores, and only three-fourths of the remainder should be taxed. On a ton of ore worth $100 the tax Avould be sixty cents. changing of the law. The question of the constitutionality of the 99th section was often dis cussed, and the first case to settle it was brought before Judge Wright on January 8, 1877. The question was most important. If the 99th section was found to be antagonistic to the state constitution, the decision would increase greatly the tax that producers would be required to pay on bullion. For example: — The assessor of Storey county had reported $11,951,876 as the gross amount of bullion produced in that county. A tax of $17,772.54 had been paid on it. If the revenue paid had been in accordance with that portion of the laAV which the supreme court finally decided to be constitu tional, the amount would have been increased to $123,776.29 in Storey county alone. When the Comstock was yielding from $15,000,000 to $17,- 000,000 in bullion every year the income would have been an enormous one for the state. A special session of the legislature met on the 15th of March follow ing the commencement of the suit and two revenue bills were introduced, materially changing the provisions of the law in question. One provided a further exemption on the amount of bullion to be assessed; this one 140 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. allowed $i8 per ton on free ores and $40 per ton on such as had to be roasted. The other, introduced by D. W. Welty, of Lander county, looked to the relief of the tax-oppressed bullion. The latter one passed the senate by a vote of ten tO' five and the assembly by a vote ol twenty-three to five. It became, by approval, a laAv on April 2nd. The 99th section was finally declared unconstitutional on the sixth ol June following, because it made "taxation unequal." If it did, the new laAV did not equalize things, but made them still raore unequal. In Storey county the bullion tax Avas then 25 cents on $100 for county purposes, and a tax on other properties was $1.50 on $100 for any other property. If the owner of land paid $1.50 in taxes on $100, the OAvner of a mine paid, if the ore yielded $100, and Avas free milling, twenty and a half cents on Avhat remained after taking out the $18 allowed by the laAV, and if it had to be roasted, fifteen cents, taking out the $40 allowed by law. It Avas no AVonder that the citizens, especially those of Storey county, rebelled. BULLION increase IN 187I. In 187 1 the bullion increase over the previous year was as follows, shoAvn by the reports of the county assessors : Esmeralda county, bullion assessed in 1871, $137,079; in 1870, $92,910; increase, $44,169. In Storey county, bullion assessed in 1871, $10,644,702; in 1870, $6,053,949; increase, $4,590,753. Elko county, bullion assessed in 1871, $614,946; in 1870, $219,169; increase, $395,777. Humboldt county, bullion assessed in 1871, $499,458; in 1870, $378,840; increase, $120,618. Lyon county, bullion assessed in 1871, $579,279; increase, $579,279. Lander county, bullion assessed in 1871, $2,099,013; in 1870, $1,104,- 590; increase, $994,423. Lincoln county, bullion assessed in 1871, $3,604,802; in 1870, $1,662,- 916; increase, $1,941,886. Nye county, bullion assessed in 1871, $474,108; in 1870, $191,061; increase, $283,047. White Pine county, bullion assessed in 1871, $1,347,528; in 1870, $1,177,679; increase, $169,849. Total increased buUion assessment of 1871 over i'870, $8,119,801. rich men evaded taxes. Another thing which made the miners restive was the fact that the richer men, the owners of the bonanzas, Avere disposed to evade the payment A HISTORY OF NE\ADA. 141 of the bullion tax. The ones less able to bear it Avere, of course, not willing ti.> pay the tax and let the millionaires escape paying it. The latter Avere detennined to bring influence to bear upon the legislature so as to secure exemption from the tax on mining products. Another fact that weighed heavily in favor of exempting mining products Avas the fact, that in i8oq the legislature had authorized Storey county to issue 8300,000 in bonds, to be given to the Virginia & Truckee Railroad Company. A yearly levy of one-half of one per cent Avas to be made upon-the property- of the county to pay interest upon the bonds, and also to create a sinking fund for the accumulation of moneys in order to pay them eventuall}'. The men Avho OAvned the best pacing mines, also OAvned the st^^>ck of the railroad, all being under the control of the Califomia Bank stockholders. composed of these same men. The power Avielded by these men Avas enor mous. As a result, the legislature, on Februan,- 28. 1S71, again changed the taxation laAv. It alloAved a reduction from the product of the mines, of just the amount per ton it cost to extract tlie ore and convert it into buUion. The amount alloAved for such expense Avas limited; the deduction on ores going Si 2, or less, per ton, could not exceed 90 per cent of tlieir Aalue. A yield of anvAvliere betAveen S12 and S30 could be deducted 80 per cent. If betAveen S30 and Sioo, a 60 per cent deduction might be made. Fifty per cent deduction Avas alloAved for oact Si 00 A'ield, but the OAATier had to prove that Avas die actual expense. An additional deduction of S15 per ton Avas alloAved on ores Avhicli had to be roasted. Owners could, vmder this laAV. figure expenses so high on the ores Avhich had to be roasted as to leaAC but Si per ton. liable to assessment: Avhile on the free ores tliat w^ere assessed S22 per ton. assessment might be reduced to S16. the piper bill. In 1874 the people of Storey county sent John Piper, of \'irginia City, to the legislature. He introduced a bill Avhicli became a laA\ , the vote in the senate being unanimcus. and in the assembh' only one Aote was opposed to it. This bill repealed the portion of die laAv of 1867 Avhicli limited the tax on bullion in Storey county to 25 cents on Si 00, the limit S1.50 and on other kinds of property- the limit Avas placed at Si. 50. This Avent through easily because \\'illiam Sharon and his associates had almost exhausted the ore bodies in their mines and Avanted a change. A heavier tax on mines Avould draAv little from tliem, but it Avould increase tlie sinking fund out of Avhicli StoreA county Avas to pay their railway bonds. This Avas all right for Sharon, but Avhen, immediately after, the big 142 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. bonanza firm, John \\'. ]\Iackey, James G. Fair, Flood and O'Brien, had opened up their big bonanza, the Consolidated Virginia and the Califomia mines, it Avas different. This thrcAv the burden of taxation upon them, forcing them to pa\- a large proportion of the Storey county railway bonds, and that Avas aa hat made them make a determined effort to change the com plexion of affairs. A\'ar A\-as inaugurated against \\'illiam Sharon and his associates, for the}- held him responsible for this state of affairs. To this end they refused to pay the taxes, county or state ; they declared the law un constitutional. The case Avas decided against them in the United States circuit court. They appealed it to the supreme court, and it lay unde cided during the contest Avhich folloAved closely. This refusal to pay taxes Avas made on the eve of an election; it made a ucav political issue. Both parties Avere opposed to any change in the taxation of the net proceeds of the mines; property OAAuers Avould haAc to pay themseh-es any deficiencies in county or state. All candidates for the legislature pledged themselves as opposed to any change in the laAV taxing bullion. All did so — but as to keeping them — that Avas a different question. White Pine county did not exact such a pledge. When the legislature met, the report of the state controller showed that the state had to pay, Avithin the next tAvo years, $968,929.38, by borrowing, taxation, or both. ExclusiAe of the tax on mines, the revenues of the state for that period Avould be $711,210; add to this $64,464 as the income from mines, not including the big bonanzas, and the state Avould have a sum of $775,774, leaving a deficiency of $193,255 to meet, if the bonanza kings did not pay the tax on their mines. The above were the figures of the state controller, but they were in error. His estimate for running the state government was $12,643.47 more than was spent. The mines of the state also paid in to the treasury, $93,626.20 raore than was estimated. storey county's condition. Storey county had, at the close of 1866, reported no floating debt, its only obligation being the Virginia & Truckee Railway bonds. Of these $218,000 remained unpaid, bearing interest at 7 per cent. When the Bo nanza firm refused to pay taxes, there Avas a deficiency in the revenues, and $100,000 was borrowed to maintain schools and pay for the new court house. The Bonanza firm OAved to the county of Storey and the state, $290,275.72. They owed penahies for not paying the sum when due, $77,578.22, a total of $367,853.94. The question Avas Avhether to borrow $200,000 for the state, force A HISTORY OF Nl'.VADA. 143 Stoi-c}- counly to borrgw $100,000 (o maintain her credit, or go back on tlioir s.'icrcd jiledge and compromise wilh the "Bonanza Firm." It Avas prac tically (Iccitled to do the latter, as a choice of evils. 'I'llE fOM I'KOMISIC lULL. \ bill was introduced on February 17, 1877, which was a compromise, the iiarties to it being the lionanza firm, the county officials of Storey county, and the state controller and treasurer. Governor Bi-adley acquiescing. These officials were elected before the question of a compromise had been raised and Avere not pledged in the matter. This bill differed from the existing law ill that where the former said: Assess the value of what bullion remains, after deducting the actual cost, and no raore, of producing it, placing a limit to the amount per ton, beyond which owners were not allowed to bring in bills of exiiense. The latter allowed a deduction for expenses equal to the limits named, regaixlless of whether the actual cost had reached those figures or not. It made a reduction in the tax on bullion "product in the stale of thii-ty-one and a half per cent, or equal to twenty per cent of the entire taxable property of the state. This was admitted by the ones in favor of the bill; those opposed to it claimed that it relieved from taxation nearly fifty per cent of the entire taxable mining products of the state. Nar rowed down it meant that if the state would cut off thii-ty-one and a half per cent of the tax on their bullion product, the Bonanza firm would pay all they OAveil in county and state. The bill passed the senate on February 24, 1877, with 11 opposing Notes and 14 in fa\'or. It passed the assembly on the 27th of February, by a vote of 27 to 27,. On March i, Govei'iior L. R. Bradley vetoed the bill, the \eto message being a strong one, in fact an arraignment ol the legisla ture ; in one passage he said : "We are sent here, as the servants of the people, to execute and carry oul. their will. T.here is no ]xiA\cr on earth to release us from the pledges excicted of us by our constituents, e.xcept theinselxcs. The success or failure of our go\ernment depends upon the honesty of the representatixe in car rying out his instructions. The whole people, in their state conventions, and in their county con\'entions, ha\e instructed us as to our duty in relation to the assessment of the proceeds of the mines. On no other subject were the people of this state ever so outspoken, so unanimous. No member of this legislature came here in doubt as to the Avishes of those Avho sent him. \Ve all will haAc an accounting with our respective constituencies upon our return home, for the proper execution of the trust confided in us. While some may return, covered with the Avreck of broken pledges, others, I am happy to say, will meet their people, and receive the reward of ''well done, 144 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. good and faithful servants.' Many will go forth ,from this feast of the vultures Avith pledges kept sacred, A\ith manhood unsullied, and the people Avill learn zvhoin to trust in future." What the people did learn Avas not to reward the eleven senators who remained faithful to their pledge. Fcav received any further office, from the hands of their supposedly grateful constituency. Others who betrayed the people Avere rcAvarded generously for breaking faith. But the worst form of appreciation shown by the people was the defeating of Governor Bradley at the next election and in sending to the United States senate one of the Bonanza firm, James G. Fair. And if Fair did make a senator to be proud ol, it does not overcome the treachery of the ones who sent him to the senate and Governor Bradley to retirement. For while at the time there was a fine display of enthusiasm, congratulations galore and pledges to stand by him until death, yet he was defeated the first time afterwards that he claimed their suffrage. Sometimes the minority wins out in the long run, and the small ntinor- ity which condemned the vetoing of the bill, proved a powe." in the future. Every newspaper in Storey county came out in a flood of invective and vituperation. "Ass," "imbercile," "old fool" were among the choice terms applied to that brave and courteous gentleman. Yet on the other hand papers opposed to him, notably the Eureka Republican, said, editorially: "Governor Bradley deserves well of the people of this state. We are always glad to do justice to a political opponent, and on this occasion we tender the governor out hearty thanks for his action. He has, we believe, saved the already overburdened tax-payers of the state from the imposition of additional and unjust burdens." another compromise proposed. •But little time elapsed after the vetoing of the bill on March ist, before the Bonanza firm made another attempt at a compromise. On March 17 they made an offer to Storey county, through its commissioners, to loan Storey county $80,000 and later advance -quarterly for one year an amount equal to half of one per cent on their bullion yield, after deducting the cost of production. Attached were three conditions; the money Avas to be used only for the general and school funds, which left the railroad bonds and other debts unprovided for; when the suit then before the supreme court was settled, no more money would be advanced. All money advanced was to be credited against the amount of taxes due county and state, if the result of suit was adverse to the Bonanza firm; otherwise not. II the latter, the commis sioners were to remit and release as far as possible, all percentages and pen- >D oH X A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 145 alties for whicii the companies would be liable, for having failed tO' pay the assessments at the time they became due. This attempt was turned down and finally withdrawn. But the great men would not give up trying to avoid paying the penalties. They tried to effect another compromise. the final compromise. On May 3rd they offered to pay all they owed Storey county and the state of Nevada, including costs of suit, less penalties and per cents that had accrued by reason of noniDayment. That if the pending case in the United States supreme court was terminated adversely to them, then the district court of Storey county was to issue a mandamus staying execution for sat isfaction of so much of judgment as included penalties and per cents, until April I, 1879. By so doing the raatter Avould be carried beyond the next session of the legislature giving an opportunity to avoid paying them by an act of the legislature. The proposition was accepted and the money, $290,275.72, was paid on May 5th. Two days later the supreme court decided the case in favor of the people, so some one must have sent inside- information to the Bonanza firm, enabling them to make the deal just in time. THE penalties COME UP AGAIN. At the next session of the legislature, Februai-y, 1879, a bill was intro duced, which had it been constitutional, would have allowed the Bonanza firm to avoid paying the amount due state and county. It passed the legis lature, was approved by the governor, but when the legislature adjourned. Attorney General Murphy asked the supreme court to place the cases again on the calendar (the California and Consolidated Virginia) that they might be re-argued; in order to test the constitutionality of the bill just passed. This was done and the law found to be unconstitutional. The reasons given were: First — That the district attorney had no right, or power, to consent to the entry of a judgment, or to receive less than the full amount of taxes due and penalties accrued, to the state and county. Second — That the act was in plain violation of sections 20 and 21, of Article 4, of the- constitution of this state, in this, that it was a special act. It was therefore ordered that the judgment of the district court be reversed, the demurrers overruled, and the defendants be permitted to answer. J. H. Harris, district attorney of Storey county, filed an amended com plaint on July 9, 1880; the 6th of November, the court rendered judgment in favor .of the state, against each company, for the sum prayed for in the 146 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. complaints and the penalties, in all $77,578.22. The companies" immediately filed an appeal. Another effort was made through the legislature to avoid leaving the issue for the courts to settle. On the 27th of January, 188 1, senate bill No. 68, Avas introduced by Senator Haines, ol Douglas county; in it an effort Avas made to avoid if possible by phraseology of a general form, the objection found in Section 20, Article 4 of the constitution, Avhich had proved so disastrous to the former act on the same, subject. It passed, at the final passage the senate standing: Republicans, aye, 8; no, 5 : Democrats, aye, 5 ; no, 4 ; one Democrat Avho favored its passage being absent. In the assembly, aye, 28; no, 18. Once again a governor took a hand in the matter. Governor Kinkead vetoing the bill on March 3rd. This veto to the "bullion tax penalties bill" was almost entirely unexpected. Or so it was claimed, although the plat form on which Governor Kinkead was elected contained clauses pledging candidates to oppose any and all such bills. So Governor Kinkead by tliis veto justified the man he supplanted. Governor Bradley, in his veto of just such an acti- CHAPTER XVU. Mining and New Discoveries. Nevada a Star of the First Magnitude in Mining Firmament — Fame of the Comstock — Comstock Pumping Association — Rehabilitation of Com stock — Repairing Sutro Tunnel — Bullion Tax Bill, Signed — Carson River Placers — Nevada's Mint — Discovery of Tonopah— J. L. Butler, Father of Tonopah — Mines Being Worked and Future Prospects — Great Camp of Goldfield — The Wedekind Mine and Its Discoverer — Purchase by Governor Sparks-:^Other Sections of State — Nevada Objective Min ing Region of United States. Undoubtedly Nevada shines today as a star of the first magnitude in the mining firmament of the world, chiefly because Avithin her boundaries lies the Comstock's four-mile deposit of riches untold — the story of whose rise and fall is the mining romance par excellence of the world. Of her past his tory everyone knows, but the past is past, the past when stockholders and superintendents carried on the boldest mining operations known in the world of mining, and the Comstock has aAvakened from her long years of industrial lethargy, to a rejuvenation along the lines of legitimate mining enterprise. Six years ago, September ist, the controlling interests of the leading properties after months of deliberation, decided that it would be a paying en- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 147 terprise to exploit the immense loAv-grade ore reserves, scornfully passed by the bonanza hunters of early Comstock days. It Avas well known, when the mines were alloAved to fill Avitli Avater to the level of the Sutro tunnel, that great bodies of these ores axvaiting exploration, lay in the lower levels, as Avell as those discovered and passed by. The cost would be great, but that did not deter the owners. The Coin- stock Pumping Association was formed, composed only of the companies interested in the lode, and plans laid to rid the lower levels of the waters in which they had been so long submerged. In September, 1899, contracts were let to supply the Comstock Avith cheap power, electricity, the maximum cost of which per horsepoAver A\-as to be $7, the minimum, $4, as against past cost of $20 to $30 per horsepower. The plan Avas to umvater to a depth of 3,000 feet with the increased plant. The assessments Avere levied and in Oc tober, 1899, the Evans hydraulic elevator began the work. For over three years the water level Avas kept 450 feet below the level of the Sutro tunnel, and the work of exploration and raining has been carried on quietl)', chiefly by the Consolidated California and Virginia Company, over a million dollars being produced the first three years. Not much as compared to the $400,- 000,000 produced in the great past, but simply a starter for the new and great productive era of the Comstock, one A\'hich will cast even the vaunted past into the shade. The new conditions, new policies, and new economics guar antee all this. There, is abundant poAver, the one thing needful, generated in the Truckee river in California, and transmitted 37 miles for the operation of mills and machinery. It is one of the most notable installations of electric power for mining purposes in the world. The owners are determined to leave nothing undone, and last year and this they are working to -still further unwater the very lowest depths of the oldest workings by the use of the Riedler pumps, driven by electric power. BULLION tax law. In 1885 after duly passing the Legislature, the Governor signed the "Bullion Tax Bill," over which there was great feeling aroused. It relieved the mines of the tax on the gross yield and was as follows : "Section i. — All ores, tailings and mineral bearing material, of what ever character, shall be assessed for State and County purposes in the fol lowing mamier: "From the gross yield, return, or value of all ores, tailings or mineral- bearing material of whatever character, there shall be deducted the actual cost of extracting said ores or minerals from the mine, the actual cost of sav ing said tailings, the actucd cost of transportation of said ores, mineral or 148 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tailings, to the place of reduction or sale, and the remainder shall be deem.ed the net proceeds and shall be assessed, and taxed as provided in this Act." CARSON RIVER PLACERS. While in the past the river bed of the Carson river was worked with more or less success during the summers, no great successes were ever re ported until the past tAvo or three years. Dredges were not very successful. Finally a company known as the "Nevada Mining Company" put in a fine plant on the river. For some reason or other Avork was not Avhat Avas expected. This year hydraulic mining en gineers from San Francisco are superintending the reconstruction of the en tire plant and great results ai'e looked for next summer. Throughout Nevada are fine placers which can be worked after the irrigation plant is finished. There is no Avater now and owners are simply waiting for the water to come. In these placers gold nuggets weighing some times several hundred dollars are found. The Nevada Company intends to Avork the Carson river bed thoroughly. Nevada's mint. The Nevada Mint at Carson City has had an eventful career, since the days of pohtical pulls. It was a magnificently equipped plant, but all that is left is the fine building and the assaying plant. The machinery has been distributed to the other mints in the United States. In 1885 politics closed the Mint. It was reopened, again on April 9th of that year, with Democrats in control. It was a political seesaw all its years of existence. It closed and reopened. When it reopened on April 12, 1889, 1t had $1,600,000 in gold in shoe bars. In July, 1891, salaries were all cut down as appropriation did not cover them. In 1895 came the uncovering of the stealings which had been going on, according to coramon belief, for years. The flight and return of one of the guilty ones, the trials and the results, Jolm Heeney, 8 years at hard labor and $5,000 fine, first, and then John T. Jones a similar sentence, Avith lighter punishment for Brule and minor offenders, gave material for the Associated Press for months. It was never known to the outside world, if it was to the Government, just how much was taken; one bar stolen from the Standard. mine was wortli $40,000, and stealing, it was proved, had been going on for ten years, and amounted to at least $100,000. In July, 1898, the Mint was partially dismantled, and it was decided to run it as an assay office only. There was a long and loud wail and the later developments have justified the people of Nevada in making it, but the Gov ernment was unrelenting. In September, 1886, the Director called attention to the fact that deposits had ceased because depositors were paid in drafts; cz HmDtnH> Hmc/i zO> W Ozo H A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 149 and also because transportation Avas higher than private shippers. When the Washington Mint ordered all bullion in Carson shipped to Washington $200- 000 per day went for some time, ^^'hen the Mint closed the people sent an address to the president, and the courts were appealed to, the people claiming that the laAV Avas violated in closing the Mint after it had been in existence 15 years. Ex-Governor R. K. Colcord is in charge of the assay office and W. M. David is chief clerk. For the year ending June 30, 1903, there Avere 246 deposits of bullion containing gold and silver; value, $282,475.25, a decrease of $37,614.33 against last year's receipts. There Avere 266 assays, includ ing melts, consolidations, bullion and ore assays of gold, silver, copper and lead. Deposits Avere $271,622.06, silver, $10,853.19. The earnings Avere $967.70 and expenditures $12,196.44, Avith a percentage of net expenses to deposits of $3,875.12. GREAT camp OF TONOPAH. The famous Tonopah Mining District lies on the western slope of the southern portion of the San Antonio mountains and lies partly in Esmeralda county and partly in Na'C county. For years the Avhole area Avas unknoAvn as far as mineral possibilities are concerned, being used for a cattle range. Many accounts have been published regarding the discovery of Tonopah but the following letter, Avritten November 19, 1902, by the discoverer, J. L. Butler, is an authentic account : "Dear Sir : In compliance Avith your request I submit the folloAving : "Tonopah is an Indian narae Avhich, I learned Avhen a boy, signifies 'a small stream.' The Indians on their periodical trips from the Cowich mountains and other places to Rhodes' Salt Marsh, camped at this spring. Rich mines have been discovered in the San Antonio range, and, the country being highly mineralized, I long considered the mountains in the vicinity of the spring a good field for the prospector. Attention to other matters kept me away from the range until May, 1900, Avhen I left Belmont, the county seat of Nye county, on a prospecting expedition to the south. I passed over the Manhattan mountains, left Rye Patch, and traAcled all day to the springs known by the Indians as Tonopah, near Avhich I found quartz. I followed up the float and found leads. There were bold, black croppings of fine-grained quartz showing a great quantity of mineral, so much in fact that I consid ered it of very little or no value. However, I took several samples, passed over a great number of ledges, went on about four miles and camped on May 19, near what is now known as the Gold Mountain mines, and saw those leads also but as they were sraall, compared with the large ledges I had dis covered earlier in the day, I did not think much of them, though I took samples with me which I afterwards had assayed. 150 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. "The first sample from Tonopah Avhich I had assayed contained 395 ounces in silver and 153/2 ounces in gold to the ton. I speiii some time in waiting for an assay to be made at Southern Klondike by Mr. H. B. Higgs, and on May 26 I returned to Tonopah, made a dry camp, and next day took about 75 pounds of ore from several ledges which I subsequently had assayed by Mr. W. C. Gayhart, at Austin, the result being 640 ounces in silver and $206 in gold to the ton. I Avas absent from Belmont when the returns from the assay reached there, and when I did return to Belmont I had office duties to attend to, and also to harvest hay on my ranch, so I did not return to Tonopah to locate the mines until August 25, 1900. Mrs. Butler accompanied me and assisted materially in locating the claims. My first location was the Desert Queen, next the Burro, and then I told my wife to name one, which she did, naming it the Mizpah, Avhich at that time did not look any better than the others, but since has proved to be the richest on record. I also located the Valley View, Silver Top and Buckboard, and the group as a AA'hole proves to be among the richest opened up to date in any country. "The mines are in porphyry or rhyolite and crop at the base of Mt. Oddie and radiate like a fan. The whole country is porphyritic; no lime stone. The quartz contains gold, siher and manganese. The leads have talc casings, the formation^ being the same on the foot and hanging Avails. The, country is a mineral zone intersected Avith fissures filled Avith quartz containing rich sulphides cai-rying gold and sih'er. The Avidth of the min eral zone is as yet unknown, but there are 20 or 30 shafts being sunk in an area of five or six miles, so that later on the secret will be divulged and the extent of the mineral belt known." In the past two years since the letter was Avritten, prospecting has been actively carried on for a fe\A' miles around Tonopah. Prospectors are out in all directions and new discoveries and new fields are being found frequently. A large number of companies have been organized and are in active opera tion. In the camps of Gold Field, Ray, Liberty, Lone Mountain, Gold Mountain, Silver Peak, Montezuma, Klondike and Grand Pa district ex tensive developments have taken place. The first named. Gold Field, bids fair to be even a richer camp than Tonopah. There are four producers at present, the Diamond Field, Combination, January and Jumbo. The first named has been bonded to eastern parties. J. L. Butler, now known as the "Father of Tonopah," with his asso ciates, T. L. Oddie and W. Brougher, completed their locations by Novem ber. Others soon heard of it and miners from Silver Peak were ffiven leases on portions of the ground. Mr. Butler started a shaft on the Mizpah ledge. An examination of the property was made by Captain J. R. Delamar's ex perts in January, and he acquired a bond on the property to permit examina- A HISTORY OF NE\'ADA. 151 • tion and sampling, for S200.000. What he considered a lack of water, pre vented the purchase of the property by Captain Delaniar. Ba- January. 1902, the leasers had extracted $3,000,000 Avorth of ore, paying the OAvners 25 per cent of the amount. Delamar discharged his experts for not realizing the value of the property. June I a bond for S360.000 Avas secured on the property by O. A. Tur ner, of Grass \'alley, lor Philadelphia capitalists. The bond Avas taken up and the ncAV oAvners organized as the Tonopah Mining Company. The transfer Avas made on January i, 1902. and active developments Avere com menced Avithout delay. Only the highest grade of ore is extracted as a heavy loss is entailed for team freight, railroad freight, smelting charges and percentages. The ore averages about Si 50 per ton net, the cost of mining. shipment and production being S50 per ton. The company decided to build immense retluction Avorks, and it is building a railroad from Rhodes" ]\Iarsh, on the Carson & Colorado, to Tonopah, a distance of 60 miles. The Tonopah Alining Company has three hoists installed, tAvo gasoline and one steam. TAventy-one companies have one or two hoists each. A stamp mill of 50 tons capacity Avith amalgating pans is in operation. Fine Avater Avorks haAC also been established. The Western Ore Purchasing Companv, at Reno, receives many cars of ore from the Tonopah district even,- day; the Gold Field is also a shipper. The Tonopah Mining Company, for the quarter ending December 31, 1903. paid the countj' a bullion tax of Si. 544, Avhich means that the mines produced during that time 542,000 above operating expenses. \\'hen the reduction Avorks are finished the holders of property in the Tonopah district figure on tlie output being at least $5,000,000 per month. The first of tlie a ear Tonopah had a population of more than 5,000 and nearly 100 buildings Avere in course of construction. The place is lighted bv electricit)' and pure Avater is supplied in abundance. There is an efficient fire department, tAVO churches, good hotels, a first-class graded school Avith DAer 100 pupils and two good nCAVspapers. A railroad noAv connects Tono pah Avith SodaA ille'on the C. &. C. R. R. THE AAEDEKIXD MINE. The famous Wedekind mine was discovered in 1896 by G. H. W^ede- kind, a piano tuner of Reno, Avho used to spend all of his spare time in prospecting. Prospectors and mining men told him he Avas Avasting his time. that there Avas no mineral there. When he made the discoACry these same Avise men said that the mine Avas not justified in being there, but Avas there simply because Wedekind detemiined there should be one there. The sam ples he had assayed in Febman,-, 1900, shoAved a value of S 1,400 in gOld to 152 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the ton. Wedekind immediately summoned his sons and son-in-law, and the entire district was located by them. As soon as news of the strike was known Charles Bell disputed the title and the case Avas fought through the courts, Mr. Wedekind gaining the decision although Mr. Bell secured property adjacent. Offers for the property poured in to Mr. Wedekind, but at the begin ning Governor Sparks told Mr. Wedekind that he would give several thou sand dollars more than the highest bidder. One of the unsuccessful bidders was Senator W. A. Clark, of Montana. Governor Sparks acquired title to the property in 1901. A town has grown up around the mines, and on September 10, 1902, the people of Reno and vicinity Avere guests of Governor Sparks at a grand barbecue. Over 4,000 people attended. From every source and from every corner of the state news is received almost daily of mineral strikes and the discovery of new districts. As a mining state Nevada is coming into her own again. CHAPTER XVIII. Irrigation in Nevada. The Early Efforts of Pioneers to Irrigate their Lands — What the Irriga tion LaAvs W^ill Accomplish for Nevada — The Richest Soil in the United States — Trouble Over Water Rights — Resort tO' Courts — Artesian Well Bounty Proposed — First Artesian Wells in Nevada — The Land To Be Irrigated and the Terms of Allotment — Secretary of the Interior To Fix Prices and Terms — Many Filings Already Made — The Great Water Power To Be Created and the Benefits To Be Derived There from — Progress of Work — No Rush Anticipated But Steady Influx. It is related in stories of the "days of old, the days of gold, the days of '49," that a little child, coming Avith a party of emigrants through Nevada, en route to Cahfornia, asked earnestly as she saw vista after vista ol sage brush, "Did God forget this country?" A question that il the child is alive to-day she will find ansAvered in the negative. It is well known that of all lands arid lands are the richest, once they feel the touch of the life-giving water. Where in other states the soil has to be enriched, here in Nevada the soil is filled with lime, potash, magnesia and sulphuric acid, with all the essentials necessary to make Nevada, "after the desert, the rose." Within the borders of Nevada is some of the richest soil known to man, largely volcanic, with its richness undissipated by the showers of ages. Where there has been A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 163 an adequate water supply the crops of Nevada have been unfailing, the yield greater a hundredfold than in the so-called rainy states. Water, only water, that is all Nevada needed to make her the richest, most populous state in the Union. For Nature dealt kindly with her desert child, giving her everything at birth necessary for the upbuilding of a great state; the measure of gifts Avas filled to overflowing, but so cunningly did Mother Nature hide her rich gifts that it has taken years to make men see it; to make the necessary human endeavor to bring forth the jewels from Nature's casket, the soils of Nevada. The first settlers flocked to the Avaters which meant life, and as these were fcAV in comparison Avitli the settlers, trouble has always been rising to the surface. The farmers near certain canyons would agree to each take so much water, on a pro rata basis. Then some one would be found taking more water than was necessary. Recourse was had in suits, dragging on intermin ably. Sometimes death was the harvest, for a number of men have been killed in different portions over the state, in disputing the title to water. In 1883 there was a great water famine and the farmers of King's Canyon and Gregory's Creek, near Carson, became entangled over the question. In 1872 they had agreed as to water rights. A farmer named Phillips sued Sweeney, the latter claiming and using not only his 16 one-hundredths allotted but an additional eight inches for sale and distribution through pipes to the city of Carson. The court allowed him the first but denied the right to the eight inches. Another dry year was 1875 and the farmers lound Sweeney was again using the eight inches. He was arrested and fined $100, which he did not pay. He was again arrested and fined $500 for contempt In not paying. He appealed to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the de cision of the lower court, but he did not pay the fine. In 1876, when another dry year came and Phillips lost quite a sum of money through crop failures, he had Sweeney arrested. He was again fined $500, which he did not pay. Things dragged along until the summer of 1883, Avhen Sweeney was again arrested. He said he had leased his 80 acres and water rights. But it was proved that in addition to this he was using one-fourth of the water in King's Canyon for distribution in Carson. He was arrested, and ordered to. remain in jail until the fine of $500 was paid, for he had been fined $500 for the third time. He appealed to the Board of Pardons, which declined to inter fere. He was finally given 30 days' parole to raise money lor the fine. While he was in jail a hole was bored in his reservoir, the water all escaped and that settled the fight of years. In 1886 a boy, William Crow, killed Curly Hogan in revenge for water troubles. Mary Jane Walsh had a water suit in court several years, finally winning her suit against 15 men, securing the water she asked for from 154 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. King's Canyon and Gregory's Creek. The Government in 1885. had men looking for reservoirs, and in 1888 the United States Geological Surveyor had men looking for Avater storage reservoirs, and to say that they failed to find many because they did not knoAv Avhere to look for thera, is but to voice the opinion ol all Nevadans of that time. In August, 1889, the United States Irrigation Coraraission met in Cai-&on, and the same year NcAvlands made his great irrigation speech in Reno. The legislature of this year took $100,000 from the school fund to build a dam to store Avater on the Carson river, but used only a portion of the sum. An effort Avas also made in this year to revive the bill PoAvell introduced in 1887, to make art appropriation of at least $10,000 to off'er bounties for artesian Avells. In 1886 the WilloAV Creek dam of the Nevada Land & Cattle Company's ranch Avas finished. It Avas 50 feet high, a reserA'oir of 500 acres, depth 25 feet. The same A'car a company in eastern Nevada Ijuilt a rock dam in a narrow defile surround ing SquaAV Valley in Elko county. It filled a basin of 2,000 acres to a depth averaging 13 feet and containing 8,500,000,000 gallons. The company also built 28 miles of irrigating ditches, the main canal having a capacity of 25,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. It put 12 inches of Avater over 26,000 acres of land. The company had 1,000 acres in alfalfa and many acres of grain and vegetables. So that many Nevadans Avere alive to the water question. In 1886 many artesian Avells Avere bored in Carson; Otto Schultz had fiA'e wells of 2,500 gallons' capacity each daily. EUsAvorth had one at 70 feet Avhich gave 2,000 daily. At a depth ol 135 leet S. P. Davis, on the Hol- stone i-anch, .struck a Aoav of 40 gallons a minute. In 1894 a desperate at terapt Avas raade to have the National Irrigation Congress meet in Nevada, but Denver could offer raore and secured the meeting. The Avell at Cradle- baugh's i-anch near Genoa flows a million and a half gallons daily. The Avell on the Blossom ranch, Humboldt county, Aoavs over a million gallons daily. The Avell at Governor Sparks' ranch flows 125 gallons per minute of toiling water. It is 700 feet deep. In 1902 A. E. Chandler spent the season in Carson Valley and on the Carson river, measuring streams and collecting data for irrigation. He gaA'e lectures the Avinter following in the University and before the Farmei's' Institutes. Mr. Chandler accepted service Avith the Hydrographic Bureau, but Avas soon State Engineer of Nevada under the provisions of the irriga tion law passed by the legislature of Nevada and approved February 16, 1903. Then came the light, after years of struggle, on the part ol raembers of Congress from the arid states, chief among whom Avas the then repre sentative from NevEida, F. G. Newlands. It simply had to come, for the Avhole Nation knew that Nevada wanted an irrigation system badly, and A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 155 results in Arizona and Colorado' justified the act which was passed appro priating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in arid states and territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands. The benefit which Avill result in Nevada is incalculable, and it was fitting that to Nevada should be given the initiatory AVork. The fund is already considerably over $10,000,000 and growing steadily. The work here has so far advanced that almost certain calculation can be made as to its grand results. One thing is sure, the popuJation of this state, estimated Jan uary I, 1904, at from 40,000 to 60,000 according as to Avhether the estimator was an optimist or pessimist^ will increase a hundi-edfold before the Avater is turned on, whicii Avill be, a small portion, in the summer of 1905. In 1905 the amount Avill be small, the following year larger, and so on indefinitely. About 70,000 acres of the land to be irrigated belongs to private par ties and the railroads ; 20,000 belongs at present to the Pyramid Lake Reser vation and the reraaining 125,000 to Uncle Sara. Of this 85,000 acres are now open to the right of entry under the Homestead laAv, subject to the "National Irrigation Law" of June 17, 1902. By this law the Secretary of the Interior can limit the area ol land not less than 40 or more than 160 acres, giving to a family Avhat he thinks it will take, if carefully cultivated, to support said family, when it is under irrigation. He also fixes the price, terms and conditions. The lands immediately commanded by and Avhich will be irrigated from the canal under construction in Nevada, lie in the vicinity of Wadsworth and Carson Sink Valley. Parts of Lyon, Storey and Washoe and Churchill counties are included in this, the larger portion in Churchifl. Anyone can file on these lands in the United States Land Office in Carson at any time, paying the homestead fee. There is no charge for the land, and the limit of homestead entry had not been determined in March, 1904. No price has been fixed for water or for the payment or conditions upon which it will be furnished, as the lands have not been classified as yet. As soon as practicable the lands will be subdivided . into homesteads. The character of the soil and the topography Avill be points of consideration. Many filings have been made, subject to the conditions noted. The land first divided will be the 160 acre tracts, 80 irrigated and 80 pasture. Only the heads of families can file, and one distinct cjuarter section is allowed, picking land from two or more quarters is not allowable. The quarter must be filed on as a whole. And while no one can make a living on these lands until the water arrives, yet all who file must prove actual and continuous residence. And title will be given only when the water is all paid for, though the water right can be paid in in annual installments without interest. Set tlers should have a cash capital of $1,000 at least to pay for water right, buildings and stock. The authorities state that no building a shack and living 156 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. there twenty-four hours tAvice a year be tolerated. Bona fide residence is the thing, for the Government has been deceived thousands of tiraes by fraudulent residences. There will be no delay, things are moving with machine-like rapidity, but too much publicity was given the Truckee-Carson system from the start. Would-be settlers Avanted to file and receive Avater at once. All great bodies move slowly, and this is a stupendous scheme. The rate of progress rnust be fixed by the space available for Avorkmen, in tunnels, foundation dams and kindred work. Many inexperienced engineers have been given Avork at $2,000 per year; some only $50 per month, the consulting engineers only .$3,500 yearly. Instead ol $10,000,000 many state the lund noAV available is $18,000,000. The Truckee riA-er will supply the water power principally. Coming as it does Irom great snoAvfalls on the summit of the Sierra Nevadas and floAving and draining 1,100 square miles of land, water power Avill be created all along the irrigating ditches by the dams, some 200 feet high. Power plants will spring up like magic in many localities. And this means manufactories, for power Avill be supplied cheap. And it means cheaper poAver for the miners. Many and diA'crsified are the channels through which population and resultant wealth will come via the great irrigation canal. It will not be much longer that tourists coming from California will sit in the cars and make invidious comparisons for the benefit of the NcA'adans within range. The stock-breeders will be able to fatten their own stock for the raarket, because they can water thera all, and this will soon increase the industry. Those Avho have seen the heavy timber of Washington, Oregon, and eastern states where heavy tiraber groAvs, know that it will cost far less to irrigate than to fell timber. Irrigation raeans a new and glorious Nevada, and her future agricultural glory Avill make the glory of Comstock pale into insignificance. It means increased opportunities for every line, whether it be raining or dairying, for every man and woman in the state or yet to come. It means relief for the congested and effete east; it means independeiiice for thousands. Nevada has 71,000,000 acres, and over 80 per cent can be irri gated. The Truckee, Carson and Walker rivers will furnish a tremendous water power, second to none in the United States. And all the waters of these rivers and of the Humboldt and numerous others Avhich now evaporate on the desert air, will be saved, every drop, to enrich Nevada, "The Battle Born." If only one acre in ten can be irrigated, Nevada will have as many larms as there are- in one-hall the states. And the balance can be used as grazing lands. All this could have been done long ago, but the people were not alive to its need. Irrigation did not appeal to the masses at larg-e in the early days of Nevada. If the land was worth anything they thought it A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 157 Ought to have timber on it which would have to be removed to give place to farms. But each generation becomes Aviser, and now that the project is under Avay, the people of Nevada chafe and fret because time is required for the perfection of the plan. HOW the work progresses. The work on the big canal is forging ahead. Contractors must have the Avork done on time, for the Go\erninent has announced that no excuse will be accepted. November ist is the time set for the two sections in Churchill county; 750 men are working on thera. This includes 14 railes from the intake of the Truckee river to Wadsworth. Several tunnels are over half completed, and some, 900 feet long, have over 400 feet done. One problem is the disposition of the drainage from the irrigated lands. About May I the Government will issue maps showing the location of the lands to be reached by water. Fraudulent land agents are claiming to know just what land is to be reached and ha\-e imposed upon many persons who have pur chased land on their raisrepresentation. There will be no great rush, but a gradual, steady influx, reaching to, no one can estimate, what number. Nevadans have heard that the Salvation Army is making an effort to secure the land to be reclaimed by the Government at Carson Sink, and one and all are opposed to the Array having the land for colonization .schemes and to the raaking of Nevada a dumping ground for "assisted" or pauper emigrants. It is not thought that the Indians will have any particular yearning for any farms under the irrigation scheme,' and it is more than probable that the lands allotted to the Indians in Churchill county will be opened for entry by the whites. A peculiar feature of the work being done is that over half of the laborers employed in the work have decided to remain and take up land. By being brought in contact with the work they appreciate its scope and the result to be attained therefrom. Every laborer who applies is given work, and Warren & Company, who have only three sections of the irrigation canal to complete, employ over eight hundred raen, paying over $1,700 per day. No one realizes what is being done until a visit is paid to the works, and an effort is being made at this time to secure a special train to run between Reno and the irrigation works, which will probably be successful. Without doubt the federal irrigation law means much more to Nevada and her citizens than to any other state possessing arid lands. Nevada has never tried, seemingly, to secure settlers. It has been, rather, seeking to secure capital for the development of mines. The consequence has been, as often explained by her public speakers, that Nevada, as far as population 168 A HISTORY OF NEVADA' goes, has been at a standstill for years. She will continue to so stand until farm lands are opened for settlement in small tracts through this govern ment irrigation. It is always spoken ol as the government or irrigation "scheme," when il there ever was a legitimate enterprise this is one. When Avorked out in their entirety Nevada will have reclaimd about 3,000,000 acres. Just why Nevada has this land is not generally understood. When she was admitted to the Union instead of receiving the usual donation of alter nate sections 16 and 26 in every township, to be used Or sold for educational purposes, the governraent gave her a flat grant of 2,000,000 acres of public land, to be located anywhere the legislature saw fit. As told elsewhere in this history, one legislature gave over to the stockmen the bulk of this land, with out the state realizing anything wortli mentioning therefor. For the stock men, as contended by the ranchers, located the lands surrounding the springs, water holes, rivers and creeks. The result has been that while Nevada has to-day 60,000,000 acres of public land, there is not a quarter section of it on which a rancher can make a living, without irrigation. Thus it is that the land granted to the state for educational purposes only, by the manner it" was disposed of, practically ruined the state for homesteaders. It is no wonder the state becomes indebted to the school fund. In 1884 Surveyor General Preble reported that in two years over 200,000 acres had been sold and that $15,000 per month was being paid thereon. The receipts at the land office for 1901 were $138,524.34 and for 1902, $137,528.85, aggregat- over a quarter of a million dollars and in excess of any two former years by a large sum. Daily from fifty dollars to several thousands was received. Not a day but money is paid into the Land Office. And this all goes into the School Fund, which, in proportion to population, is the largest of any state in the Union, with the possible exception of Texas. On the other hand, few and far between are the contests over land en tries. And the homesteaders who filed and then disdained to take the land, after making payments, were legion, 925,757.72 acres of land having reverted to the government after $226,781.01 had been paid; 110,000 acres of the forfeited lands have been reapplied for, and with the hope ol irrigation in a Avay to be realized, probably the filers Avill complete payment, thus providing new life blood for Nevada and hundreds of ranches in the land of great nat ural agricultural possibilities. A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 169 CH.VPTER XIX. Agriculture and Stock. Cultivation of Crops in Early Days — Fruit Culture — Commencement of Stock Raising — Average Rainfall — Disastrous Cloud Bursts — Uncer tainties of Cattle Raising — Climatic Conditions. When the average Nevadan discourses upon the agriculture of Nevada he says alwaxs,- with truth, that all Nevada needs is "plenty of water" to enable her to raise any of the cereals, fruits or vegetables of the temperate zone. Avliich is perfectly true, and where the great benefits of the Newland Irrigation Bill come in. In the pioneer days the emigrant suffered from this lack of water, later on the pioneer farmers suffered, and so it has con tinued until the present day. ' The Indians kncAv the value of irrigation, for when the first pioneers settled in Walker valley they found the Indians were using irrigating ditches to cultivate an edible root, which, like the taro root of the Kankas, formed the larger portion of their living. In addition to the work of the Indians was added the work of the Mormons in Carson valley, prior to 1850. There is practically no record of the early, spasmodic attempts at farm ing, though in Deceml>er, 1862, a society was incorporated, called the "Washoe Agricultural, Mining and Mechanical Society" ; at the fairs whicii were held under its auspices, the first on October 12, 1862, the great possi bilities of the state of Nevada were shown. One has to look at the natural growths of the state to understand how diversified farraing raay be so successful in the state. There are raany varieties of edible roots, used first by the Indians and trappers; ground nuts or amole, wild leeks, and onion, foreshadow the success of potatoes and all root vegetables. Wild sage is plentiful, while perennial Ixinch grass is the mainstay of the stockman. The capacity for small fruits is shown by the luxuriant gi"owth of wild currants, especially on the upper Humboldt, the service berry, and the buffalo and marizanita berry. That the cultivation ol sugar cane would be most profitable is again shown by Mother Nature. All along the banks ol the lower Humboldt, and in other portions of the state, groAvs a dwarf sugar cane, generally from three to twelve feet in height, and one-c[uarter to half an inch in diaraeter. So full is it of saccharine matter that vyherever insects bore a hole the sap exudes and crystallizes into sugar. The Indians simply detach the minute crystals, mainly by threshing out the stalks. They make "a sort of harvest festival when they go for sugar. The state of Nevada lies at an elevation of more than three thousand 160 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. five hundred feet for the greater portion, although the elevation in some valleys is over six thousand and the mountains from ten thousand to four teen thousand feet. As the rainfall is very small, rehance must be placed upon the melted snow from the mountains. The rainfall, sometimes for an entire year, will be only four inches, but the immense snow drifts when they melt and run down, overcharge tlie rivers and creeks so that they over flow. The most fertile of land lies along every one of these streams of water, illustrating, so that all may see, what irrigation will do for the greater part of Nevada. The only ground which cannot be made a veritable Para dise is, of course, the alkaline and salt plains, and they constitute less than one-fourth of the valley lands of the state. the climate generally. If there is anything more puzzling than the climate of Nevada it is not to be found within the confines of that state. The high mountains in most localities shut off' high winds, but in Nevada they seem to accentuate their fierceness. The gales come roaring down the deep defiles of the ravines and canyons, at the rate of fifty miles an hour, sweeping everything "before it. The clouds of dust in summer are stifling and penetrate to every crevice and corner, through the tiniest of cracks. Then the cloudbursts are sources of destruction and trouble. Science says a cloudburst "is a point of condensation of or between two opposing currents of air, both saturated with moisture, suspended for some con siderable time over a sraall space." Cloudbursts destroyed Eureka, for their force is irresistible, and acres of forests may be leveled, farms buried and lives lost, and Eureka has suffered Irom this cause several times; the most disastrous one occurred in 1874, when the town was unprepared for it, and many buildings were washed away and lives lost. The region lying between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountains is subject to visits Irom cloud bursts, whereas in many places visited by cloudbursts, it is one visit and no more. Austin has been a sufferer a number of tinies, and both Austin and Eureka are located in ravines with the incline about ten feet to the one hundred, and when the water rushes down the ravines no human power can withstand its onslaughts. Sometimes the flood will last an hour or more. Miners and prospectors have been caught in mountain ravines and swept away like ants before its awful force. With the felling of the timber for commercial uses, the number of cloudbursts increases. Nevada wants water, but not by means of a cloudburst. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 161 The climate ol Nevada is, as stated, puzzling. The thermometer may register thirty-one degrees in the morning and at noon ninety-seven de grees, a condition often compared to the Great Desert bf Sahara. All along the foot of the Sierra Nevada this condition prevails, but as one travels east it is modified by differences of latitude and altitude. An alti tude of six thousand five hundred is attained at the head of the upper Humboldt, with frosts nightly. In consequence, in Elko county only the hardiest grain and vegetables can be raised. Yet Humboldt valley itself is considered to have a most desirable climate, no frosty nights, and yet near enough to the mountains to benefit by the rainfalls. In Carson valley the farmer has to keep an eye out for frosts sometiraes as late as June, frosts so late in the year being most destructive to the fruit, as they are almost in variably preceded by Avarni spring days; the fruit buds are encouraged to peep out and the result is annihilation to the fruit crop. Another bad feature of these late frosts are the heavy Avinds from the southeast which act as heralds of Avarni weather. The force of these winds cut up the ground, sand and gravel flying in great clouds, while the early spring grain is often injured so that it easily falls a victim to the following frosts. Go to the south of the state, around Colorado Canon, arid almost trop ical conditions prevail. Warm nights and warm days bring the semi-tropical fruits to perfection. average rainfall. While, as stated, in some portions of Nevada the average rainfall is sometimes four inches, in others (in some of the valleys) it may reach fifty inches a- year; it has reached sixty, but rarely. On the desert lands the rainfall is often less than three inches. At Carson valley the rainfall in 1880 was thirteen and one-tench inches, and this can be taken as about the aver age rainfall for the northern and west portions of Nevada. Many advocate the planting of trees to bring about more rain, others the inauguration of a chain of immense reservoirs, but the majority favor irrigation. If the waste waters each winter could be cached in some practical manner, it would be a wise move — the question is just how tO' do this. Irrigation is what people place most reliance on when building on the future ol the state. If the water which goes to waste could be saved, every square inch of the erst while barren state would be transformed into a living green loveliness, charm ing alike the eye ol the tourist and the resident. Writing on this subject the assessor of Ormsby county, H. H. Bence, covered the whole question, in detailing the condition of his county and efforts which had been made to use the waste water, as lollows, under date ol November 30, 1880: "The approximate area ol agricultural land in thist. county is eight 162 A FIISTORY OF NFVADA. thousand acres, but owing tO' a scarcity of natural supply of Avater for irri gation only about one thousand one hundred and sixty-four acres are ac tually under cultivation, and the question arises, how Avater is tO' be obtained for irrigating purposes. "Nuraerous attempts have been made to supply it by means of artesian wells, but all efforts in that direction have failed ; and, in ray opinion, the only solution of this ciuestion is that carried out by Charles M. Schultz, on his ranch near the mouth of Clear ci'eek. "Some three years ago, Mr. Schultz constructed a reservoir covering a surface area of about twenty acres, about ten feet deep at the deepest l^oint and an average depth of three feet. This reservoir is filled from Clear creek in the spring of the year, Avhen there is an abundance of water .run ning to waste, and the water is thus stored up for use when most needed. When tapped for use, it furnishes a nice, clear stream of water for irrigation from four to six weeks at a tirae. "By means of this reservoir Mr. Schultz has been enabled to cultiv.ate about sixty acres more of land than could have Ijeen successfully cultivated with the natural supplies of water at hand, and his success in this particular has been such that he contemplates not only increasing the capacity of the present reservoir, but the construction of others immediately below it, thus completing a system of reservoirs, one below the other, that Avill undoubtedly reward his enterprise with a large increase in agricultural products. "There are many other suitable sites for reservoirs, and by a reasonable outlay in their construction, the agricultural resources of the country might be more than doubled. Statistics have shown that the rainfall along the western border of the state, also in the mountains of the Avest and east, is about thirteen inches per annum, which if gathered into reservoirs, would be sufficient to irrigate all, or nearly all, the land of the valleys, redeeming the state from its present bari-enness." In 1850, when the Mormons came into Carson valley, they brought' with them butter, eggs, fat cattle- and many other things, looking to a per manent settlement. They planned to make use ol the great lertility ol the yalley to farra, and sell at good figures all produce raised, to the eraigrants. A reputation was soon established, and raany emigrants made Carson valley a supply point. Some grain was used, the Reeses, so often mentioned in the chronicles ol early days in that valley, using a threshing machine as early as 1854. While the eraigrants bought in quantities, still emigrants were not everyday visitors, and California received the bulk of everything raised. All this was changed Avith the discovery of the Comstock, for when the population increased by leaps and bounds, some one had to feed the in- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 163 habitants of the raany towns Avhich grcAv, raushrooni-like, in a single night. California did her best, and this was supplemented by the efforts ol the Carson valley larmers. Prices were in the clouds, for these men of the days of gold wanted not only necessities but luxuries. Poultry, fruit, eggs, much of the goods wanted was perishable, so that strive as they might, keep ing on the move day and night, many things would not arrive in good con dition. Yet all fruit was high, one dollar per poui-id the usual price. Freight was an item of great expense, so in sheer desperation an effort was made to find out if the state could not supply the needs of those within her borders. Grain went up to almost prohibitive prices. Hay was from the first raised in Nevada, but barley was imported from California, sixty dollars per ton for freight being paid, which added to the original price was outrageous. It came to about one hundred dollars per ton. It was the high prices charged by the Mormons which made the Over land Stage Company start their highly successful farra in Ruby valley in 1864, and the high prices of the Californians which drove the Nevadans to agricultural work as a means of self-preservation. The Humboldt river land was found to be adapted to the raising of grain and vegetables, and the same was learned of the valleys north and south. It did not take long to demonstrate that Nevada could supply her citizens with everything needed. The desirability of the one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land in Paradise valley Avas known in the '6o's, but, owing to the hostile Indians, it was some years before settlers could locate in safety. KnoAving that they had passed many fine valleys on the way to California in earlier days, settlers coraraenced to hunt them up, among these being Thousand Spring and other valleys in the eastern part of the state. They soon filled them up ; the valley of the Humboldt and all its branches was soon occupied, and Humboldt county was considered to be a .great county when it came to the raising of grains, vegetables and hay, while sorghum grew luxuriantly. As soon as agricultural pursuits began to be followed,, raore attention was paid to climatic conditions. They were soon found to be equal to many ol the northern states, even ahead ol some. In 1864, when first watched closely, there were seventy-eight days without frost, and the next year eighty-seven, consecutively. In 1867 the barley crop was one million pounds in Humboldt county. The estimated value of the barley, wheat and potato crops was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and less than half the arable land was under cultivation. Ruby valley, in portion to area of land cultivated, had as fine a crop. Carson valley, being nearer to the big mining center, grew more rapidly. Flour mills were soon established to take care of the grain grown, the first one at Kingsbury Grade in 1859, a larger one following in 1865. 164 ^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. LARGE CROPS IN 1868. Humboldt County — 2,500 acres of barley, averaging 40 bushels, worth $2.50; 1,200 acres ol wheat, averaging 40 bushels per acre, wortli $3.00; 3,000 tons ol hay, worth $20 per ton. Lincoln County — 150 bushels of barley, $4.00 per bushel; 130 bushels of oats, $2.80 per bushel; 600 bushels of corn, $3.50 per bushel; 10 tons ol beets, at 6 cents per pound; 2 tons of parsnips, 7 cents per pound; 10 tons of squashes, 4 cents per pound; 15 tons of cabbages, 123^ cents per pound; 40 tons of ixitatoes, 53^ cents per pound; and 8,000 melons, no price given. The foregoing were raised on three ranches, of a combined extent of ninety- five acres. Douglas County — 20,000 tons of hay, 2,000 bushels of wheat, 40,000 bushels ol barley, 15,000 bushels of oats, 1,000 bushels of corn and 5,000 bushels of potatoes. In Ormsby county the hay,' grain and vegetable crop was valued at one hundred and six thousand five hundred dollars. It was hard work to gather any idea of crops from the Mormons, for they would not give them, at least until late in the '60s, even running the assessor off with guns when he came to inspect their farms. AGRICULTURAL REPORT OF 1 874. By the year 1874 the farmers had begun to reap the profits from their farms, the figures for tliat year being : Acres Sown. Yield Per Acre, Total Yield Kind. in Bushels. in Bushels. Wheat 4,346 17 76,300 Barley 26,651 20 506,790 Oats 5,372 14 74,695 Rye 100 10 ' 1,000 Corn 493 28 13-690 Buckwheat 12 17 200 Peas 326 1034 3,450 Beans 53 n 593 Potatoes 4,136 70 290,458 Sweet potatoes -34 96 24 Onions 76 553^ 4,210 Tons. Hay 72,101 I 1/12 72,101 Hops I 125 lbs. Beets (tons) 314 Turnips " ^20 Pumpkins and squashes " c -icq A HISTORY OF NEVADA. , 165 Butter (lbs.) 227,240 Cheese " 22,200 Wool " 668,738 Honey " 7,400 FRUIT CULTURE. As far back in the past as 1871, success with fruit trees is recorded. Shade and ornamental trees were also iraported and planted. G. W. G. FeiTis planted hard and soft maples, hickory, black walnut, butter-nut, chestnut, and other varieties of trees. In 1872 there were in Ormsby county over one thousand five hundred imported trees, fruit and shade, nearly twice as much of the former as of the ornamental trees. Many of the fruit trees had borne fruit, but the ravages ol the Irost made the fruit returns uncertain. But no matter how unfavorable were the climatic conditions, every farmer tried to raise sorae variety ol Iruit. In the early days it was found that Lincoln county was admirably suited for the culture ol grapes, and that in Humboldt nearly every kind of fruit could be grown. As time went on, different localities, as Avill be seen Avere found adapted to every kind of fruit grown in any climate, even to the semi-tropical fruits. To shoAV by counties the fruit grOAvn in 1874 the folloAving table is given: County ^ *- u a '^ V, o > SSS.3.C (uEiP,C <:;PhPhPhU :2;a<;o Churchill .... 40 2 4 4 2 Douglas 3000 300 200 400 200 10 Elko 100 150 ^ r 200 Esmeralda ...3500 100 1000 1050 250 * . • • .... 500 20 20 .... .... .... .... .... 400 400 120 200 250 230 100 500 4 18 6 • « • • 20 25 31000 .8 7 .... 18 20 10 10 .... .... 10 .... ,S,50 400 400 20 70 10 88 35 3« I 6 3 8 600 900 400 5 10 10 300 Eureka 20 20 Humboldt . . . 3000 3000 Lander 430 .... Lincoln 118 482 Lyon 45 23 Nye 300 50 Ormsby 5000 100 Storey 240 40 Wa,shoe 6000 700 White Pine ... 50 100 CATTLE RAISING. As one may readily understand after reading of the climatic condition and the lack ol grass, it was difficult in early days to solve the cattle prob lem. At first ambitious settlers brought in fine, thoroughbred stock. In 1.66 , A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the sheltered farms, kept under bounds, this was all right, but to put on the range, the American cattle were not desirable. As one early writer put it, "cattle were wanted that could fight or run away," and this the Texas variety could do. By 1880 there were immense herds of the latter breed, long horned, fleet of foot, wandering contentedly through the sage and the bunch grass. About two hundred thousand were apportioned in that year as follows : Lux & Miller, ten thousand; Glenn & Company, thirty thousand; Todhunter, twenty-five thousand; and N. H. A. Mason, numlDer unknown. It was diffi cult in those days to get anywhere near a correct idea of the number of cattle belonging to any of the so-called cattle kings, for the reason that the "kings" only rode the range once a year, at the rodeo, and literally did npt know how many cattle they possessed. These rodeos are held once a year and the cattle owner goes from one to another, branding all the calves he finds with his mark, that are seen follow ing cows bearing his brand. That is the only way to determine the owner ship of calves when on the range. For the cattle stray miles away from home, sometimes fifty miles. When the cattleman wants to have a drive, there is joy aniong the cowboys. In a "drive" all the fat cattle are singled out and separated from the rest ol the herd and eventually reach the open market. Even in those pioneer days thousands of animals were sent in one drive, ten to fifteen thousand. The friend of the cattleman Avas the bunch grass, for the range cattle like it, and it is nutritious and hardy; nothing seems to kill it and the cattle know how to get at it even in winter; they will paw the snow away and get fat on it in winter. This worked very well at first, but the cattle owners lound out that after the grass was once eatai off it took several years for it to groAV into condition for eating ; true, there was wild sage, but as the herb impregnated the flesh it was not the most desirable thing for i>eople who like sage only in dressing. Again the bunch grass does not seem to be evenly distributed, sometimes miles apart. So cattle had to keep on the move to keep in good condition. In unusually cold winters, or in dry weather, when the grass is literally dried out, herds suffer great loss. The summer and winter ranges were kept far apart, sometimes over one hundred miles ; if kept on summer ranges during winter, the cattle knew instinctively that no amount pi pawing would find uncropped grass and they would not try to find it. Another lact-learned by the cattlemen was that cattle must not be fed during winter; once started in this direction and the cattle Avould not try to hunt food but would just stay around the place where they had been fed, Avaiting for food. In 1879 and 1880, one-third ol the cattle in Nevada died during the A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. I(i7 winter. In 1869 the cattlemen had suffered about the same loss. The loss generally w;is among the herds unaccustomed to the range. DtSE ASICS .AND STAMPEDES. Many tliseasos were known and feared on the range. The "big jaw," the "big melt" and "black leg," as thoy ai'e unscientifically known, killed off hundreds, no cui-e being known for the "black leg." It usually made its ap pearance in July and .August, and from the first symptoms to the last breath, only three or four hours avouUI elapse. The stampede Avas a thing to be dreaded and feared, the more so that 110 one coukl or can explain its cause, and once started no human jwu-er can stop one, though the coAvlxiys. knoAving the signs, avert them often. .\t night when the cattle were resting, the cowboys by singing sometimes kept oft' the mysterious foe. The greatest loss is not caused by the cattle falling into ravines and gullies and over precipices, but from the nerA-ous exhaustion following, which takes months for the cattle to lecoAcr fi'om. One herd of fat cattle in a corral in Paradise \alley stampeded and breaking doA\ni all fences i-an for miles. The loss was exactlx^ $10,000, so it is no AVonder the cattlemen dread stampedes. If a cinvboy happens to lie hear the leader in a starapede, or can reach it, he can I'un Avith the herd, and gradually turn it and bring it under conti'ol, but it A\as not often done. Not only cattle, but horses, sedate family horses, and stolid mules, will become irabueil Avith the wild, unreasoning horror, and stampede with as much 1-eckless abandon as the i-ange cattle. Cattle Aoked together sometimes join ii-i a stampetle, in fact nothing in the way of stock seems to be exempt from it. PESTS OF E.-ARLY D.-AVS. One of the most desti-uctive pests of early daAS in Nevada was the grass hopper, and as late as 18S1 they tlevastated the entire \-alleys along the eastern Ixise of the Sierra Xexada. They were regarded as a deadly menace by the pioneer farmers, for a fiekl of grain or vegetables Avould be cut off close to the ground and eaten. They Avere fought by many devices, but nothing was entirely successful. Smoke and smudging sometiraes turned them aAvay from threatened territorA'. Another pest, but one which could lie destioyed, was the cricket, a Avild, untametl cousin of the gentle hearth variety. .Vt first they attacketl only the grain and vegetables Avhen their natural food was cut short by drouth or excessive moisture. But it Avas a habit soon acquired, and, like the taste for oli\es, an appetite for life was formed. The farmers caught them in ditches, or placed i-ows of tin next to the ground around the gardens and fields. In 1868 and 187 1 they created great havoc. The cricket not l)eing b 168 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. able to fly much, was forced to remain near the place where he was hatched, while nothing could stop the flight of the agile grasshopper. Wild animals were extremely troublesome in pioneer days, skunks, wild cats, coyotes, all varieties ol "small varmints," as the trappers termed them, kept the larmers busy watching poultry and sheep. LIVE STOCK. The live-stock industry has grown to be ol the greatest importance and one of the most profitable. There are large areas of the public domain which afford pasturage for herds and flocks the greater part of the year. Stockmen, however, have to devote more attention to Avinter feed than they did twenty years ago Avhen herds and flocks subsisted the year round upon the feed afforded on the range. At the second meeting of the Nevada Live Stock Association, at Win nemucca, March 4, 1887, the 177 merabers OAvned 350,000 cattle, 21,000 horses and 49,000 sheep. Governor Sparks has for many years been in terested in live stock, importing Irom England and other countries. In igoo he purchased the Royal Hereford, Lemester, in Lemester, England, which had won all royal prizes in the yearling class the season previous. Governor Sparks has taken first prizes with his blooded stock all over the United States. As early as 1884 Governor Sparks was known as the cat tle king of Nevada. In that year he branded 14,000 calves. In the Cham ber of Commerce at Reno is a case filled with thirty gold and silver medals awarded his live stock, and he has several similar cases at his home near Reno. In August, 1901, he considered that the assessor had placed too low a valuation, $50 on his cows and $70 on his bulls, and voluntarily raised it to $100 on his cows and $500 on his bulls. In 1884 the cattlemen suffered severe losses, but in 1890 the herds were decimated by the thousands, the loss being 95 per cent. The drouth of the previous summer had left the cattle in poor condition to face the cold and blizzards ol that winter. In the spring the ravines and gorges were filled with their dead bodies. In 1896 the firm of Miller Brothers secured 600,000 cattle for shipment east, showing that the recovery was rapid.' In 1898, 31,000 cattle were sent to Denver in one shipment. In 1903 many Nevada cattle were found infected with "black leg," and it was learned that the disease was contracted from California cattle. Since then there has been a running fight* between the cattle and sheep men ol Nevada and those of California, a quarantine having been established against a portion of California. Nevada's alfalfa-fed beef and mutton command the highest prices in the markets. east and west and are considered equal if not superior to the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 169 corn-fed meats of the states east of the Rocky Mountains. After 50 years of support given to flocks and herds, o^ immense numbers, the earlier range conditions are rapidly ceasing to exist. Winter feeding has to be done in order to continue the magnificent record as meat and wool producers. In 1902 a total was reported, with no report from Nye county, of 7,688 horses and mules; 216,679 cattle; 731,075 sheep; 3,445 goats; and 7,995 hogs. This shows a decrease ol cattle in Churchill, Humboldt and White Pine counties and a material increase in Washoe and Lyon counties. It is estimated that 175,000 sheep will be herded near Golconda this summer, and stockmen admit that the actual number ol cattle and sheep in the state is greatly in excess of Avhat the assessors report. AGRICULTURE. Agriculture, owing to the lack of water, has not advanced as rapidly as other industries. Nevada's hay is in great demand in the markets ol the east. As early as July 30, 1885, 275 tons of hay were shipped to J. B. Haggin for the use of his thoroughbreds, and it cost $20o per ton to land it in New York. Nevada potatoes have won a great reputation. In May, 1891, the first carload ol potatoes was shipped to Kentucky by Mr. Dangberg, ol Carson, and was followed by several others, and after all charges were paid Mr. Dangberg received a quarter of a cent raore than he would have received in the home market. In 1 89 1 Nevada received a first prize for wheat, at the New Orleans exposition. The same year Truckee ranchers shipped hay to South America and the Hawaiian Islands, while Paradise and Humboldt ranchers shipped grain to Liverpool. In 1889, after eight years devoted to sugar beet culture in Nevada, the government returns showed Nevada beets to be at the head. They contained 2.12 per cent sucrose. The largest beets stood '39 inches high. In 1903 the wheat crop at Lovelocks averaged 67 bushels to the acre, ranchers making from 900 acres $35,000 net. That improved ranches have increased in value in Nevada is evi denced by the fact that on April 30, 1903, Senator W. A. Clark paid $55,000 for the Las Vegas ranch, in Lincoln county, while Robert L. Douglas, in January, 1904, sold his ranch at the Carson Sink for $100,000 to H. R. Kline, of South Dakota. 170 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTER XX. The Railroads. Organization of First Road and Its Operation — Railroad a Plank in Every Political Platforra — The $3,000,000 Subsidy — The Competing Line — Completion ol Central Pacific — Discrimination Against Nevada — Reno Pays Freight to San Francisco Irom East and Local Rate Back Again — Virginia and Truckee Road — Nevada Central — Eureka and Pal isade — Early Days ol Other Roads in Nevada — Tavo Roads lor To nopah, Carson & Colorado and Broad Gauge Irom Daggett — Sierra Valley To Be Extended to San Francisco — Reno a Raih-oad Center — The New Shops at Harriman — Ncav Liie lor Nevada. Nevada is one state in the Union ol Avhich it can be truthfully said that railroads did not "raake her." Long before bands of steel connected her Avith the outside Avorld, bustling, prosperous cities dotted the state; farms were under cultivation, vast territories Avere explored, and mining thrived apace. Stages and freight Avagons coraing and going brought everything necessary for the Avelfare of the citizens and afforded them a means of transportation. The magnificent products of Nevada's mines reached the markets ol the world, Avithout a helping hand Irom any railroad. And still people were not content. The thing they did not haA-e Avas the one thing longed for ardently. A railroad Avas to be the panacea lor every earthly ill, in Nevada. Pic tures Avere draAvn of the great benefits to lie derived. Nevada wanted her Old Man of the Sea and she got him, and, true to history, has never been able to get rid of him. A story comes from the mists of 183 1 to the effect that at that time General LeaveuAvorth planned a road through Nevada; and a year or two later a niissionai-y by the name of Whitney introduced in his sermons a plan for a railroad, a government road. In the succeeding years the question of railroads Avas'the question of the hour; politicians used it to further tlieir own ends, and every platform had to have a railroad plank in it before it went before the people. Of course, for the sake of argument, there had to be two sides to the question, and in this case it was AA'hich was the more feasible, a southern or northern route. Then caine the war and effectually settled the question in faA'or of the northern route. T. D. Judah, who had been engineer for the California roads, had explored the routes and passes and had decided upon the Lake Donner route. In i860 he went before Congress and showed the practicability of the route and Avhy it could not be built without government aid. He finally triumphed in 1862. Then came the organization of a company. He finally interested C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins and Leland Stanford Avith other Avealthy and A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 171 influential men. The railroad company received from the state thi $3,000,000 it asked for. The constitution of the United States forbade the creation of a debt save for war purposes, and it was decided that the building ol the road was a war measure. The idea was to build the road Irom Sacramento to Nevada, there to connect with any road Irom the east. The first earth was thrown lor the construction ol the Pacific road on January 8, 1863, at Sacramento. Progress was slow, however, and Congress allowed the issuance ol first-mortgage bonds by the company, equaling the amount ol the national guarantee. As the work progressed the company began to understand the great scope of the work, and Avhere they had doubted the ability to build even to Nevada, the right was secured from Congress to extend the road to meet the Union Pacific coming from the east. The merabers of the com pany found that every mile of road gave them not only land but much coin as well. In October, 1863, T. D. Judah, the great engineer, died very sud denly while in New York on business for the corapany. The first charter gave the company right to build only to the state line of California, but when they sought to extend the line through Nevada, the very first legislature gave them the right of way, Leland Stanford being president ol the company. At the sarae session the legislature gave iranchises to the Esmeralda and Walker to run Irom Aurora to Walker river, the Vir ginia and Washoe tO' run Irom Gold Hill tO' Washoe city, the Virginia, Carson and Truckee, to run Irom Virginia City to the Truckee river by way ol Carson ; the latter road was given the right to extend to the California line, and to build a branch to Dayton. Not one of the three railroads were built under the franchises granted at this session. But the Central Pacific took every advantage under the franchise given theni. In December, 1863, a clause was introduced in the Constitutit)n, per mitting the legislature to give any company connecting Nevada by a railroad, with navigable waters, $3,000,000 in bonds. The people were wise enough to overwhelmingly defeat the Constitution. An effort was made to insert a similar clause in the Constitution in 1864, in order to urge the railroads to the state line. It was finally made a part of Article VIII, Section 9, giving aid to the road after it reached the territory and then only to the first road so doing. Leland Stanford appeared before the convention, under a suspen sion of the rules, and objected strongly to the clause, and declared the com pany would rather "be left alone than that the state shall grant assistance to the first road that conies to the state." By a unanimous vote the clause was stricken out. In December the legislature passed a resolution which was forwarded to, Washington, as follows : 172 A HIS'];ORY OF NEVADA. "Resolved, by the Assembly, the Senate concurring, that our Senators be and hereby are instructed, and our Representatives in Congress requested, to use their utmost endeavors to secure the passing of a law by Congress, fixing the sum of $10,000,000 in U. S. bonds, at dates of thirty years or less, to such corporation as shall first complete a line of railway, and estab lish the same in perfect running order, without break or interval of stage transportation, between the navigable Avaters of the Sacramento River and the base ol the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas." At this tirae the Central Pacific had a possible rival in the San Francisco & Washoe, running from Freeport to Latrobe, and which had surveyed a. line from Placerville to^ Nevada by way of Carson Valley. The estimated cost of the road was $7,015,568, or $76,256 per mile, a total cost to connect the road with Carson City, the capital, of $8,726,568, to navigable waters. The only effect the resolution had was to force the Central Pacific to use its influence at Washington to prevent it becoming a law, which it very promptly did. Engineer Judah had estimated that it would cost the Central Pacific $12,000,000 to reach the summit ol the mountains; Stanford calculated it Avould cost $13,000,000 to^ make connection between the state line, eleven miles west ol where Reno is now located, and the navigable waters ol the Sacramento. This gave the competing line an advantage ol $5,000,000 over the Central Pacific at that time, but as since ascertained $9,000,000, on which sum the people of Nevada have been compelled to contribute toward paying dividends ever since, a needless expenditure. the road completed. December 13, 1867, the first locomotive ran into Nevada, and on May 4, 1868, the track and telegraph were completed toi Reno. The 19th of June the' last rail was laid between Sacramento and Reno, and on the 13th of May, 1869, the two oceans were united at last. But the people of Nevada found that their joy was not to be unmixed, for from the first a system of freight and passenger tariffs Avorked harm to Nevada. They were low enough to cut out competition from freight teams and stages, for freight the railroad had to have; but things were so managed that manufactories were practically impossible. The people rebelled, and in 1874 the Republican convention introduced a plank in their platform denianding that the national Congress and the Nevada legislature pass laws establishing fares and rates at a reasonable figure; also laws prohibiting discrimination in charges and compelling the railroads to pay a fair and equal amount of taxes on all property owned by A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 173 them in the state. This accomplished nothing and matters rested quietly for some time. Nevada seemed helpless in the .giasp of the Central Pacific. Her mer chants paid through rates from ocean to ocean, and from $200 to S500 per carload for the privilege of paying freight. For instance, if an Elko mer chant asked to have a carload of merchandise left there as the train passed through en route to San Francisco they avouKI charge $500 more than if the car Avas taken the 619 miles to San Francisco and return, \\nien W^ashoe county compelled the Central Pacific to pay $45,000 taxes, freight Avas doubled, and the people paid 52,500,000 for that $45,000.. When people agitated the question of cheaper rates the road immediately threatened to impose greater exactions. NcAada's rich and rebellious ores could not be sent OA-er the road to Avhere they could lie reduced AA-ith cheap fuel. Limestone Avas a necessity, and Avhen a quarn,- Avas opened ten miles from ^ irginia City the rejoicing Avas great, for Califomia lime AAas not needed. The railroad at once put the rate on limestone so Ioav that California lime Avas sold cheaper than the Nevada product. Tlie result Avas the quarry closed doAvn, the men Avere throAvn out of enlployment; and in no time the railroad put the price of lime back to where it Avas formerly. In 1865 a laAv Avas passed requiring all railroads Avliolly or in part Avithin NcArada to report each year to the Secretary of State the amount of cash expended in purchasing land, for the construction of roads, the cost of such construction, cost of buildings, engines and cars used in the state. The roads paid no attention to this until 1878. Avhen the laAV Avas amended fixing the penaltv for non-compliance Avith the laAV at S500 per day. Even the Central Pacific refused to comply. The claim was made that it was im possible as the}- had no data to give the facts. The attempt to raise the valu ation of anv of die roads property met Avitli extensiA e litigation. On April 5. 1885. the Central Pacific Railroad and all its branches north of Goshen Avere leased to the Southern Pacific for a period of 99 vears. including all the Central Pacific's leased roads in Califomia. The minimum rental Avas to be Si, 200,000, and from that as much more as the surplus earnings justified, up to 53,600,000. On September 5th the Central Pacific began to advertise its grazing lands, offering to lease or sell them on easy temis; 4,000,000 acres (28 ranges) Avere thus advertised. aaluatiox in 1903. Total A'alue of main track, $6,900,150; total Aalue of side track, $668.- iio; total A-alue of telegraph, S23.8 18; Aalue of rolling stock. $1,286,665; A-alue of other propertj', $226,090; nimiber of acres of land, 3,050,609, valued 174 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. at $1,347,679; a grand total of $10,452,512. On this there was a tax for state purposes ol $78,393.84, and for county purposes of $107,041.37; a grand total tax of $185,435.21. VIRGINIA and TRUCKEE. While the first franchise for this road was never operative save in theory, the successor to it came into being under a special law approved December 20, 1862; the general direction of the main line was so changed that it would pass through Carson City. It had to be completed under four years or forfeit the franchise. This road also existed only on paper. But before the charter expired a new company was organized to build a narrow gauge road over the route; a special act of incorporation was ap proved by the governor, Noveraber 2, 1865. This also failed to materialize. May 8, 1867, i^apers were filed by Williams Sharon proposing to build a railroad from Gold Hill to a point on the Truckee river six miles east of the Stone and Gates crossing. The road was surveyed and that was as far as it went. It had the effect of frightening the people of Eagle and Washoe val leys, as the route would leave them out. The proposition was made by the officers of the proposed road, that if the people of- Ormsby county would take $200,000 of the company stock at $1 ijer share and the Washoe county people the same the route would be changed to include them. The com missioners of these counties signed articles ol agreement, but it was lound necessary to petition the legislature to pass an enabling act. Incorporation papers for the road were duly filed, and on June 20th the completion of the survey of the road was announced. Later it developed that the road was' not to be built as agreed. The people would have to put .up more money. In the end the people were informed that if Ormsby county would doncde $200,000, Sharon would build a road from Virginia City to Carson City. TheJegislature passed bills authorizing the issuance of bonds for $200,000 in Ormsby and $300,000 in Storey county. Ground was broken on February 18, 1869, and the first passenger coach went over the road November 29, 1869. On the 7th of November of the following year the road was completed to Steamboat Springs, Irom Reno, and in August, 1872, the road between Carson and Virginia was com pleted. In 1872 the company commenced the construction ol the car and machine shops at Carson City. The same month the telegraph line from Reno to Virginia City was finished. It cost the company $52,107 per mile for construction. The total value of its assets on completion was $3,379,500, rolling stock included. The road reported in 1880 that the net earnings for the year were $4,856,042.25. In 1869, 'when the assessor placed the railroad A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 175 assessment at $20,000 per mile, one-half of what the coinpany had asserted it should be Avhen they were inducing the people to give them assistance, Ormsby county, $200,000, Storey cixmty $300,000, and the Comstock com panies $387,383.53,— there Avas instant remonstrance on the part of the coaipany., The assessor i-educed it to $14,000; later the county commis sioners reduced it to $11,333 per raile. In 1879 1"^- H. Bence was assessor of Ormsby county, and he visited the assessors of Storey, Lyon and Washoe counties and urged thera to raise the assessment. This was done, the raise being $500,496. The next year it dropped to $[95,027, for Mr. Bence was not elected, the railroad bringing all its influence tO' bear to prevent it. In 1880 the road reported amount of capital stock, $6,000,000; net traffic earnings, $4.49,746.94; total araount expended constructions, rolling stock, etc., $4,- 856,042.25 ; amount of indebtedness, $992,600.08. For years the road raade immense amounts of money and in return gave as little as possible to the people. It, in company with everything con nected with Virginia City or the state, suffered considerably when silver was demonetized. With the rich discoveries in Tonopah and Goldfield there has been an immense rush of business lor the road, for everything has to go by that road to Mound City. For the year ending December, 1904, the road raade the following state ment as to its valuation : Total of property in Lyon, Ormsby, Storey and Washoe counties, $663,109; average value of all property, per mile of raain track, $12,040.75; tax for state purposes, $4,973.31; tax for county purposes, $7,715.52; total tax, $12,688.83. NEVADA CENTRAL RAILROAD. * Lander county in 1874 was without a railroad, and the slow freight facilities were very expensive. It seemed only a question of tirae when its residents would have to leave it in order to live. M. J. Farrell, of Austin, foreseeing this, commenced agitating the railroad cjuestion, in the press and at meetings called for the purpose. A bill was drawn up, to be presented to the legislature, granting a franchise and $200,000 to anyone who would build a road. Mr. Farrell was elected to the state senate, and after hard Avork got the bill passed. GoA'ernor Bradley, who was bitterly opposed to railroad subsidies, vetoed it, but Mr. Farrell got it passed again over the veto. Farrell went to California and consulted with Stanford, for he in tended the road to meet at Battle Mountain, with the Central Pacific. He commenced studying narrow gauges ; then he took charge of the petition made necessary by the bill, and brought it through in triumph. Other citi zens gave it up, and it was laughed at as "Farrell's Folly." From 1875 to 1879 he wrote volumes on it, corresponding with hundreds of people. 176 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. He called a meeting detaihng the information he had received; he then proposed a subscription to pay for surveying the route. Ready response Avas made and a survey was made with maps and specifications as to cost. He submitted these to several parties and finally Colonel Lyman B. Bridges, of Chicago, came out and formed a coinpany, Nevada and Ncav York men being the organizers. Work was commenced at once, and on February 9, 1880, "Farrell's Folly" Avas a tangible thing, for the road was completed. It is a three- foot gauge, the steepest grade 115 feet to the mile. At one place there is 25 railes of continuous air line, at another 27 continuous miles of air line. The road when completed was nearly 95 miles in length. The intention at the time was to extend the road to Grantsville, the extension to be the "Nevada Southern Road" and eventually to connect with the Califor nia Central road. Tt cost $944,590.58 to construct. Lander county paying the $620,000. The profits the first year were a little over $2,000. Their report for 1903 shows that the valuation of their property is as follows : Total value, of main track, $146,940.00; total value of side track, $1,000; total value of rolling stock, $15,475.00; number ol acres, $92.00; value of other property, $3,950.00; total, $167,388.00. EUREKA AND PALISADE. The Eureka and Palisade road was constructed to run between the two towns from which it derived its name. The company was organized on No- A'ember 19, 1873, by E. Woodruff, W. H. Ennor, M. Salisbury, J. T. Gilmer, J. R. Withington and C. H. Hempstead. The capital stock was $1,000,000, but was doubled in September, 1876. The road was not built by them, but in 1874 the franchise was secured by William Sharon and others and the road was constructed at a cost of $1,355,346.78; right of way, equipment and other expenditures brought the total up to $1,556,616.73. The company purchased the. Ruby Hill road in 1875, paying $75,000, and $75,000 was spent in building six and one-half miles of branches. The company's shops at Palisade were erected at once. In 1880 the capital stock was $2,000,000.00; capital paid up, $1,090,- 375.00; amount of indebtedness (outstanding bonds) $928,289.52; amount due the company, $388,297.79; total profits for 1880, $248,232.94. In 1904 the total value of the main track was $159,600.00, and of the side track, $2,500.00; the rolling stock was valued at $16,040.00; value of other property, $16,655.00; total value of land, $4,575.00; total value, $199,370.00. .The tax for state purposes was $5,133.08 and for county, $14,070.89; total tax, $19,203.97. WASHOE COUNTY BANK A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 177 CARSON .ANO CtiLOR.ADO KO.\D. On May lo, 1880, a compatiA- Avas formetl to build a road from the Mound House to Candelaria, to supply the freight and passenger transporta tion to and from the mines of the southwest. Work started at the Mound House and the road was completed as far as Hawthorne, a distance of one hundred miles on .\pril 18, 1881. The road is a three- foot narroAV gauge, steel rails and i-edwood ties, and Avas Avell equipped from the start. On May 31, 1881, the capital stock Avas $6,000,000, In 1904 the total value of main track Avas $360,750.00 and of the side track, $11,350.00; value of rolling stock, $26,557.58 and of other property, $8,635.00; total A-alue of land Avas $152.00, and the total values, $649,199.58, The state tax Axas ,$4,869,00 and county, $12,603.65; total, $17,472.00. other ROADS PROJECTED. In 1880 a number of roads Avere planned and incorporation papers filed. The Nevada Northern Avas to run from Battle Mountain to the Idaho line and connect Avitli the XeA-ada Central railroad. The capital stock paid in Avas $i5o.cxx). The Eureka and Colorado Avas built from Eureka to the Colorado river and Avas an extension of the Eureka and Palisade. It AA'as commenced in 1881. Arrangements Avere made also to build a road from Quincy, Cali fomia, to Reno, X^CA-ada. in 1881. It Avas to be called the Reno and Quincy. The Humboldt and Colorado road Avas projected in 1868 in Austin, the road to run from the Humboldt rixer to the Colorado. It Avas fully organized and incorporated, but tlie project finally collapsed. The Eastern NeA-ada Railroad Avas incorporated in 187 1, and White Pine county granteda subsidy of $250,000. but the road Avas never constructed. The X'^evada Southem Avas to extend the line of the Nevada Central road from Ledlie Station to CloA-er- dale. It is a three-fimt g-auge; the company Avas formed on February 25, 1880. The capital stock paid in was $80,000 in 1880. The Salt Lake and Western company was organized in June, 1881, and the papers of incorpora tion dulA^ filed. The project wa.s the outgroAvth of trouble betAveen the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific. The Pioche and Buillionville road Avas commenced in the summer of 1872 and completed in February of the next year. The road Avas a failure and was abandoned practically Avlien the mines at Pioche ga\e out. The Lake Tahoe narroAv-gauge Avas built in 1875, bA- H. M. Yerrington ,iiid D. L. Bliss, to freight lumber and AVOod from Lake Tahoe to the summit of the Sierras. It cost $30,000 per mile to constmct and Avas a paying institution from the start. The X'^eAada and Oregon Avas chartered to run from Aurora. Aia Bodie, California. Carson City and Reno, etc, to Oregon Line. The company Avas organized in June, 1880. The bonded debt Avas $10,000 per mile. 178 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ROADS OF NEVADA IN I904. In addition to the roads given, the folloAving Nevada roads filed a state ment with the State Controller, January i, 1904. The Glasgow and Western of Humboldt county had a total value of main track of $10,000.00 and of side track, none; the value of its rolling stock was $2,200.00, and there were' no land or other values. The Nevada, California and Oregon, of Washoe county, had a total value of main track of $73,160.00 and of side track, $2,040.00; the rolling stock Avas valued at $4,680.00 and other property at $14,360.00, a total of $94,240.00. The Verdi Lumber Company of Wash ington constructed several years ago a road to carry lumber of the great lumber carap of Verdi. The raain track is something over two miles i^ length and the side tracks less than half that length. The total value of the main track is $6,000.00 and of the side tracks, $1,500.00. The rolling stock is A'alued at $4,830.00, and other property at $600.00, a total of $12,930.00. The San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake road of Lincoln county ranks next to the Eureka arid Palisade in value and amount of business. The total value of main track is $182,160.00 and of the side track, $4,425.00; its roll ing stock is placed at $4,048.00, and other property, $5,025.00, Avhile its land is placed at $1,625.00, a total of $198,283.00. The Nevada railroads pay for state purposes, all told, on total valuation of all railroad properties in the state, $93,369.23 ; for county purposes they pay a total tax on total valuation of all railroad property, $146,564.51 ; total tax, $239,933.74. The total valuation of all railroad property in NcA'ada is $12,449,231.58. The Quartette Railroad of Lincoln county, and the^ Pioche and Pacific Transportation filed no report, the valuation being left to the assessors of each county to fix. The former is a sixteen-mile narrow-gauge, and the latter carries ores from Jackrabbit. the RAILROADS AND THE PEOPLE. In the state of Nevada it has always been apparent that there was an antagonistic feeling betAveen the people and the railroads, the aftermath of the unjust treatment of the people by the Central Pacific. And each road as it was built seemed to try to place itself on a similar footing. Every effort has been made to evade taxation. In 1887 the legislature passed an act re quiring the Surveyor General of the state to make an accurate survey of all railroads from boundary line to Ixiundary line; $2,500 was taken from the General Fund for the purpose. And then when it was finished Humboldt county was deprived of 2 miles of Central Pacific road and a strip of territory north ol the railroad to the Elko line. Humboldt county sued Lander, and A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 179 the court so ruled that eventually the state lost four miles of railroad, assessed at $45,000 per year. In 1897 the people of Storey county won a suit against the Virginia and Truckee road for $7,298.75, Avhich the road had to be forced to pay. Almost every road has been sued for taxes and forced to pay the full sum and costs, as a rule. On the other hand the roads have just as often forced a reduction of taxes. In 1900 the Carson and Colorado Avas purchased by the Southern Pacific on March ist. The Virginia and Truckee was negotiated for then and the deal is still hanging fire. On February 5, 1900, the California and Northern Railroad filed incor poration papers. The plan was to build a broad gauge 90 miles in length, from Eureka, Humboldt county, to Crescent City, Del Norte county, Cali fornia. In April, 1902, the Virginia and Truckee road made an elaborate survey for a road to southern points, going out through Carson Valley. In 1903, July 2, the railroad west of Osino, Elko county, completed a 3,000 foot tunnel in the mountains. In 1903 a proposition was being considered to move the Mound House freight sheds to Carson and transfer all C. and C. freight. Since the Tonopah discoveries the C. and C. has been doing a tremendous amount of business. This is the road of which Arthur McEwen once said, after completing a trip over it, that it started from nowhere and ended in the Same place. Another matter under discussion is the terminal of the C. and C. ; rail road officials have gone over the road to determine whether to establish a terminal where the new Rhodes-Tonopah road will meet the C. & C. If it is not established it will be because of lack of water, and early in 1904 the country was being thoroughly prospected with a view to establishing adequate water facilities. On the Tonopah road things are moving rapidly. Grading camps are established along the line of the road ; several car loads of material were on the ground early in 1904. Track laying is proceeding as fast as the road bed can be made. The first of the year the Sfate Board of Assessors raised the assessment on all roads; the Southern Pacific received the 'highest rating. The main line was assessed at $15,500 per mile and the side tracks at $5,500 per mile. The -others were raised in proportion. The Southern Pacific has inaugurated the automatic block system from Truckee to Reno, at a cost of $1,000 per mile. In 1903 184 miles had been ec[uipped and the entire line will be changed as fast as possible. Great interest is centered on the new transcontinental road, the Western 180 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Pacific. Its authorized bond issue of $50,000,000 has been financed and the mortgage recorded in every county in California, Nevada and Utah through Avhich the road Avill pass. It has ample backing and has made immense in- A'estments in rights ol Avay, terminals and other expensive matters, preliminary to construction. At great expense six artesian wells have been bored in Utah and Nevada, and enough others Avill be bored so as to have one every twenty miles or less, apart, and Avill supply first the construction gangs and then the engine tanks. The southern ami of Salt Lake Avill be bridged, sav'ing man^ miles of distance and a number of hours. It has been so surveyed as to take in the new town of Harriman. The line passes about 15 miles north of the Humboldt House and last December several car loads of pipe to be used in sinking Avells Avere unloaded at the Humboldt House. The objective point from there is the famous BeckAvith Pass, 35 miles from Reno and Avhich is conceded to be the only natural pass over the Sierras. Nevada people are hoping much from the advent of this new road HARRIMAN AND THE RAILROAD SHOPS. While ill the past no denunciation of the unjust railroad discrimination against Nevada could be too severe, yet in the past two years, 1902-03, many abuses have been greatly modified ; a little better spirit toAvard Nevada and her people has been manifested by the present management. Centralization is the point uoav in railroad circles. Rumors of great changes in NeA'ada com menced to circulate more persistently than ever in 1903. The straightening out of the road of the Central Pacific in 1902 was thought to be just a pre liminary to some great change. By the straightening out, Avhich cost over $2,000,000, the road was shortened by six miles, but the surveys shoAved that sooner or later WadsAvorth Avould be cut off the main line and the railroad shops would be removed — soraewhere, ancl the heaA'y gracie to the Sierras commenced at Reno. The motive power should be changed there, where the grade for switching Avas perfect. And early in 1903 it developed that Reno was to be the point of centralization ; that the new AVorks Avould be located on Marlin ranch east of Reno; the filling in commenced in May, 1903, and soon a town sprang up like raagic; on October 13, 1903, Mr. Harriraan directed that patents be obtained for all Central Pacific unpatented lands in Nevada, and there were 2,500,000 acres. There was some competition over the naming of the new railroad tOAvn, for Reno people thought it should be called East Reno. On September 11, 1903, it was settled by a postoff.ce being instituted under the name of Harri man. Reno was already doing a business of $2,000,000 per annum, competi tion being keen in all but railway traffic. And since the induction of the new town, business has been greatly augmented. But Reno's suffering in A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 181 not being a terminal point it Avas hoped Avould soon be over with. Even in 1904 merchants had to pay the freight on merchandise from the east to San Francisco and then the local freight back from San Francisco. If the raer chant desires a carload ol goods in a hurry and Avants it detached at Reno he has to pay the full rate down and back, and often cjuite a sum in addition. Reno was already a railroad center, the Central Pacific, first of course, and the Nevada-California-Oregon, running north neai'ly to Oregon, the Vir ginia & Truckee, running to Virginia City and connecting with the Carson & Colorado, Avhich in a very short time Avill be connected directly with the Tonopah mines and .\rizona, and the Sierra Valley, which is being extended to San Francisco via Beckwith Pass and Feather River, all having terminals in Reno. The official time for the removal of the shops frora Wadsworth to Har riman has been fixed for Augu.st i, 1904. It is thought the new shops Avill be practically corapleted at that tirae: at the sarae date the division point will be changed from Winnemucca to Humboldt, provided that a sufficient water supply can be found in the latter place. In Harriman an army of Avorkmen are eraployed. First of all the yard site Avas filled in, a solid foundation of clay and gravel being used, while the old river Avash was used for the fill. Nearly 1,000 men were kept busy and gi'avel trains came and Avent every moment of the day and often at night. Immediately after the grading the building of the shops commenced, and the laying ol the 78 miles of track in the yards. The shops are on the regular S. P., C. P. and U. P system, and the round house is only second to the largest in the AVorld. It is a cjuarter of a mile around. It Avill contain 44 stalls and measures 1340 feet around. It is apple shaped, and the curvature is 315 degrees. The stalls Avill accommodate 88 engines. It exceeds the capacity of the Los Angeles roundhouse by 7 stalls. The turntable is larger by 10 feet than any turntable on the system. The transfer table upon which engines designed for repair are conveyed to the repair shops is the best and largest skill can design. The repair shops proper exceed by two stalls those at Sacramento. The car shops are all 1,000 feet loiig and 150 feet wide; that is a sixth of a mile long : there are over a dozen of these ; the machine shop was erected lor the temporary repair Avork, first thing; it is of brick and stone, 465 feet long and 185 feet wide. The boiler shop is of similar size. The steel water tank which will be used to supply the engines leaving and entering the roundhouse holds 50,000 gallons. It is ol steel, built on a solid cement foundation. Elec tric power will be used to convey the ponderous machinery from one depart raent to another, as necessity arises. The plant covers over 200 acres of ground and there are 57 long side 182 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tracks. The company has donated to the men who have their homes in Wads worth, a lot for a home, and all the houses whicii can be transferred from Wadsworth will be transported by the company. When asked how many men will be employed, answers are vague, but it is certain from 1,500 to 2,000 will have to be employed from the start, in the shops ; this is the skilled workmen; four in a family are figured on, though fiA'e is the usual number, and that will give 8,000 persons for the shops alone. In the division terminal there will be, both freight and passenger, about one hundred crews employed, which with the general officers, chspatchers and other officers, will make about 10,000 inhabitants living on the wages paid by the Southern Pacific. It is estimated that 7,500 more will come to minister to the needs of the railroad people, and that means "a city in a night." The new division ter minal will change the map of Nevada in the vicinity of Reno, and elsewhere. It is true Wadsworth and Winnemucca will be the sufferers, but it is a case of the greatest good to the greatest number. When the terminals of all the roads are established, every railroad in Nevada Avill converge at Reno and Harriman. (The town has since been called Sparks, after Governor Sparks.) And these will tap the great farming and, mining regions, reaching even into California and Oregon. On January i, 1904, there were over 1,200 inhabitants in Harriman. A small army of mechanics were kept busy erecting structures for homes and stores. Graded streets soon took the place of the alfalfa and meadow lands of the Marlin ranch. The franchise for an electric road between Har riman and Reno was immediately secured by J. B. O'Sullivan. He sold it to H. E. Huntington,- of Los Angeles, and it is probable that the road will be in operation this summer. CHAPTER XXI. Religion in Nevada. Mormons the Pioneers — Their Peculiar Doctrines — First Missionary Work — Brothers at the Faro Table — California. Bible Society — ^First Episcopal Service in Virginia City — Trying to Convert Chinamen — Diocesan School for Girls at Reno — Pioneer Church in Nevada — Silver City Episcopalians — Pioneer Priest in Genoa — M. E. Church in 1859 — First Presbyterian Church in 1861 — First Baptist Church in Virginia City 1863 — First Congregational Church in Nevada in 1873 — Churches of . Nevada To-Day. The first religion in Nevada was, of course, the peculiar religion known as Mormonism, introduced when Nevada was not Nevada, but Carson county, A FIISTORY OF NEVADA, 183 Utah territory. The first of that sect were the settlers in Carson valley and in Washoe x-alley, but the)- were recalled by Brigham Young Avhen he first came in conflict Avith the United States government, in 1857. Their places were filled by apostate Mormons, avIio iHiught their abandoned farms. In Clover and Meadow valley the original settlers Avere all from Utah, about thirty-five families in all, in charge of Bishop Samuel Lee. By 1872 they had increased to o\-er sexenty families, then decreased again until in 1881 about the original number Avere there; of these Bishop Luke Syphus Avas in charge, as he was also of the Eagle Valley settlement. There are to-day few Mormons in Nevada, and they do not call theni selves Mormons, but memliers of the Reoi-ganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Mormons did not long remain pioneers alone in religion. Many and varied are the stories told of the efforts of ministers and missionaries to establish good Avorks in Nevada in early tinies. Some are pathetic, but they are for the most part humorous in the extreme. Manifold were the disappoiintraents and (hscouragements experienced. No results or very meagre ones. The .shifting population, now a bustling town, then a deserted camp, together Avith a total disregard for the Sabbath on the part of the citizens, whether in camp or city, raade a hard combination for the ones seeking to bring spiritual influences to bear. Little progress Avas made at first, and late as 1880, in his ele\'enth report. Right Reverend O. W. Whitaker, Episcopal Missionary Bishop of X^evada, said among other things: * * * "They have been years of almost unremitting labor, much of which has lieen attended Avith discouragement and apparently meagre results. * * * If they could be persuaded to rela.x their laboi's for one da}' of a week, a much larger attendance upon Sunday services could be easily secured. Whether this Avill ever be in this generation is Aery doubtful. It is certain that but little progress has been raade in this direction in the last ten years. * * * " One can imagine the feelings of a cultivated minister, fresh from his university, full of enthusiasm and eager to be saving souls, Avheii he first arrived in some of the mining camps of Nevada. When seeking brothers to aid them in organizing the church, they often had to seek them in laro rooms, or around the roulette wheel. .\nd some of the sisters Avere not as strong morally as they should haAe been, according to earlier records. One thing the early settlers demanded — a funeral service for everyone. No bad Avomaii or man A\as buried without one if there Avas a minister at hand. It must have puzzled a clergyman often to know what to say, Avith out offending friends or relatives, hoAV to find some good [xjint to eulogize in the deceased, AA'ho might perhaps haAe been shot oxer a gambling game, 184 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. or for some crime helped into eternity. Some queer stories are related anent religious services in early times, especially regarding marriages. The Rev. John Brown married many people while in Elko, and the only couple he married in church lived together just twenty-four hours. At many marriages and many funerals, shooting would commence outside, or some excitement, and the entire crowd, including the bridal couple if it was a marriage, would melt away. If a funeral the corpse would often be the only one left with the minister. Yet it is to the pioneer workers that Nevada owes a great debt, for truly they blazed a trail for others to walk therein, although few saw any great results of their Avork, while in the field. They were self-denying workers in the vineyard of the Lord, and many and great Avere their sacrifices, both of the spirit and the flesh. Luxury there Avas not, barely necessities, olten a shanty lor a home and a tent or the open air lor a church. Yet "in His name" they worked, long and earnestly, founding churches, doing His work in pioneering the gospel through dangerous shoals. Everywhere they sought not their own welfare but that ol the community with Avhicli they had cast in their lot. the M. E. CHURCH. Early in 1859 Jesse L. Bennett carae to work in the cause of Methodism in Carson valley, then a part of Utah territory. Several others had been before him in the valley, one being Rev. Ira P. Hale, in 1857. But there is no record ol his Avork or any one's, until Mr. Bennett came. He was allowed by the conference four hundred dollars per year for the work in Carson valley. He preached sometimes in Genoa and Eagle Ranch. Rev. A. L. Bateman came to Genoa in 1859, organized a society and stayed six months. The society dissolved. Mr. Bennett also organized a society in Carson, first known as Eagle Ranch. When he left in i860 it also ceased to exist. Many members went to other camps, others left for the Presbyterian church and only two members were left. Mr. Bennett preached in Virginia City after the discovery of the Com stock, the first sermon ever heard there. He had for a church the street, C street, and when finished he passed his hat, and was astonished to find it filled with gold and banknotes, several hundred dollars. It vvas the gay happy times, the days of gold, the days of old, and everyone was ''well heeled" with gold as with weapons. In September, 1861, Bennett was ap pointed to take charge of the church at Washoe, then next in importance to Virginia City. In the same month and year Rev. Samuel B. Rooney was also ap pointed to a Nevada charge by the conference. He was sent to take Bennett's A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 185 place in Virginia. He Avas an earnest worker, preaching any place he could get to speak in, from a tent to a lodging house. He built the very first church in Virginia, a tiny wooden frame house, at the corner of D and Taylor, on Avhich a real church was erected afterwards. It cost about $2,000 and was built in 1861. He had fifty-one members of the church and fifty Sunday-school scholars. HoAvever, Mr. Rooney did not remain long; in 1862 he was succeeded by Rev. C. V. Anthony, who, after being there one year erected a fine brick church, costing $45,000. A parsonage was built on a lot adjoining which cost another $2,000. The church was dedicated in 1864. Mr. Rooney came from Stockton, Calfornia, and was succeeded by Rev. T. S. Dunn. The California Annual Conference, at the same meeting Rev. Mr. Rooney was sent to Virginia City, created a new district, the Nevada Territory District, Rev. N. E. Peck being presiding elder. In 1864 the General Conference created a district, with an independent conference, embracing Nevada arid that part of California lying east of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. The Nevada Conference held its first annual session in September, 1865. Mr. Dunn was relieved in 1866 by Rev. James E. Wicks, the church having attained a membership of 100, and the same number in the Sunday- school. Mr. Wicks stayed two years, being succeeded by Rev. A. F. Hitch cock; this gentleman lell Irom grace, in that his relations with one ol his lair parishioners created a scandal, and he was removed in filteen months. Rev. T. H. McGrath followed him, the same McGrath Avho years later was sexton of the Odd Fellow's cemetery in Virginia City. He had not been ministering in Virginia but a year when a high wind demolished the church, taking the roof in, instead of off, and wrecking one wall. He was not at all discouraged ; he Avent to work with indomitable will, and in a month the wreck was cleared away ready for the rebuilding, when a disastrous fire took what was left ; he then sold the bricks and built a frame church, costing in the neighborhood of $8,000. Two years later, on Christ mas eve, another wind visited the church, and doors were blown in and windows out. To repair the plastering and other damage cost another $3,000. McGrath remained another year, and then was succeeded by Rev. George W. Fitch. He stayed two years, and his successor. Rev. C. McKelvey, of Canada, had been installed only a few weeks when Virginia City was visited by the destructive fire of 1875, and the church building burned with the rest of the town. The old site was used in 1875 to erect a fine frame building, costing $20,000; it was named the "Centennial Methodist Church" because it was dedicated the year of the Centennial celebration. In 1878 Mr. McKelvey was relieved by Rev. W. C. Gray. 186 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The people ol Virginia City were always generous in giving to the church. SECOND M. E. CHURCH. An ill late Avas that of the second Methodist Episcopal church. It was erected in Dayton, in 1863. J. Kilpatrick, the first minister, did not have a regtdar church to officiate in ; Rev. J. H. Maddox was the first regular min ister sent to Dayton, Kilpatrick being a local preacher; under Maddox the first church, costing $3,000, was erected. Maddox stayed only a year. Rev. A. F. Hitchcock succeeding him, the same gentlem.an who' Avas removed from Virginia City later on. Mr. Flitchcock was succeeded by numerous others, Rev. Warren Ninis, W. C. Gray, A. N. Fisher, but only ten years elapsed when it was not necessary to send any ministers, for the town was so run down the churcli had to be abandoned. In 1876 a tramp burned the church to the ground, in the thirteenth year of its existence. THIRD. M. E. CHURCH. As stated before. Rev. J. L. Bennett Avas the first Methodist minister in Washoe. He Avas afterAvards elected justice of the peace of that city. He Avas succeeded in 1862 by Rev. W. G. Blakely, one year later and Rev. T. H. McGrath replaced hira, building a frame church at a cost of $4,500, with a neat little parsonage. In two years Rev. A. F. Hitchcock took his position and also remained two years. Rev. Warren Nims was the last minister, as the charge had to be abandoned in 1873. It was finally given to tlie school trustees to use as a school house, and it made a good one. FOURTH M. E. CHURCH AT GOLD HILL. The Methodists placed their fourth church in Gold Hill, in 1865, the first minister being Rev. A. F. Hitchcock; it was a frame edifice and cost nearly $5,000. After Mr. Hitchcock came a succession of ministers. Revs. A. L. Shaw, L. Case, R. A. Ricker, Colin Anderson, A. Taylor, George Jen nings, T. S. Uren, and George W. Fitch. V. Rightmyer, one of the ministers, literally starved to death. He had a very large family, and a small salary. To give his family the necessaries of life, he went without ; when he died it somewhat shocked the people of his church and the community at large to knoAV -that while it was said pneumonia was the cause, the doctors said it was inanition, a pleasanter word, than starvation. He was very sensitive, retiring and gentle, and never complained, but died in harness, in April, 1873, a Christian martyr. If his Avants had been known hundreds of people, irre spective of creeds or dogmas, would have corae to his rescue. His widow was given a small pension by the Nevada Conference. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 187 A BUSINESS MINISTER. All the citizens of Austin agreed that when Rev. J. L. Trefren entered the ministry, the business world lost an able financier. The first church work was done by Rev. C. A. E. Hertel, Avho Avas there in 1864-65. Mr. Trefren found, Avlien he succeeded him, that the people wanted a church, were Avill ing to help build and support one, but AA'hile there were many rich mining claims to be developed, fcAv people had ready cash. Whereupon Mr. Trefren did some very hard thinking. He had been offered interests in claims in lieu of cash ; he decided to accept all those interests and some way convert all into cash. He did so, by pooling the claims and organizing the Methodist Mining Company. But how to sell the stock? Back east he Avent Avith his stock; he boomed it according to his best ideas, and how the brethren did buy that Nevada mining stock; he secured over $250,000 and returned in triumph. He built the finest brick church in the state of Nevada, next to the Roman Catholic church in Virginia City. A brick parsonage Avas also added and a magnificent organ. This cost over $35,000 and then became apparent a mistake Trefren had made in selling his stock on installments. The boom collapsed, and there was $6,000 due on the church. The county bought it for a court house, but the Church Extension Society of the Methodist Episcopal church redeemed it, paying the debt. Trefren was a disappointed man, and in 1868 he requested to be transferred to the California Conference. This was done. He Avas followed by Revs. W. A. Cheney, Warren Nims, John D. Hammond and W. C. Gray. Mr. Gray was followed by Rev. C. W. Crall, who resigned in 1881. The fifth churcli was the finest one built. C^.RS0N CHURCH IN 1867. A sixth church was established by the Methodists in Carson City in 1867. Rev. Jesse L. Bennett, the pioneer minister, had for eight years been look ing after the spiritual needs of the city, but he had no church to discourse in. Really Carson City was where the Methodists first commenced their work, but they were poor, and the church was built by subscription. Rev. G. Blakely was pastor in charge of the station and at the Quarterly Conference meeting, on November 4, 1861, an effort was made to raise funds. In at tendance were such men as Governor J. W. Nye, and $500 was raised. The first trustees were: William P. Harrington, Hugh V. Hudson, Judge Tur ner, Dr. H. H. Herrick, W. D. Chillson and Mr. McLane. A year after Rev. T. H. McGrath reported that he had four church members, including his wife, two other women and one man. Soon a Sunday school was or ganized, 3nd that did much better, six officers and thirty pupils. Rev. War ren Nims was in charge of the station in 1863 and in a year had a parsonage 188 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. costing $800. In December of the next year Governor Blasdel and R. L. Higgins were chosen as trustees ; a block of land costing $1,000 was purchased for a church site. And to this day it is remembered how hard Mr. Nims worked to build that stone church, hauling stone, raising money, encouraged by everyone, and he himself hauled all the stone in a lumber wagon, usually drawn by mules. By June, 1866, $5,000 had been spent and the building Avas not complete. In November, Rca'. J. W. Stump succeeded Nims, and the build ing slowly struggled on. A raarked increase in membership and enthusiasm Avas noticed in 1867, when Rev. A. B. Earle, an evangelist ol the Baptist church, arrived. Under this impetus the church, costing $10,000 Avas dedi cated by Bishop Thompson, in 1867, September 8. But next year and succeeding years the merabership fell off. Rev. J. D. Hararaond succeeded Mr. Stump; Governor Blasdel, in 1869, paid off the church debt of $1,500. Rev. A. N. Fisher succeeded Hammond in 1871, the ministry not being a success under Mr. Hararaond. Mr. Fisher stayed three years. The churcli Avas renovated in May, 1874. Then came Rev. A. H. Tevis, and there was constant friction, he and his flock falling far apart. The Rev. J. D. Hammond came back in 1876, and his attempt to heal Avounds was not successful. He left in 1878 and preached occasionally that Avinter. Rev. J. T. Ladd came from Chicago in 1879 and stayed until fall, when Rev. E. C. Willis came to take charge. OTHER METHODIST CHURCHES. When Hamilton Avas booming. Rev. T. H. McGrath, so often maitioned in this chapter, Avas the only preacher in the camp, in 1868. Rev. W. J. White and Rev. W. C. Gray came after Mr. McGrath, and a hall used by the mining brokers was the church. The charge was soon abandoned. In Winnemucca the first preacher Avas Rev. L. Ewing, a reformed gambler who, after being converted, studied for the ministry. He was considered an able man. Mr. Ewing and his successor. Rev. T. S. Uren, preached in the school house. When George B. Hinkle carae he built a church costing. $4,000, and when Rev. W. Carver followed him he built a parsonage, costirg $800. Rev. George W. Fitch and Rev. F. M. Warrington Avere the tAVO next, and Rev. John B. Willis took charge in 1881. In Unionville a Avooden church Avas built in 1872, Rev. L. EAving acting there as well as in Winnemucca. John C. Fall, in Virginia, had giveii largely to the fund for the first brick church, and in Unionville he offered to give $1 for every $1 given by others to help build the church. So Mr. Fall paid half the cost, $2,800. Before Unionville went down to decay Ewing Avas followed by Revs. A. P. White, Colin Anderson, George Jennings and John W. W. Pendelton, before it was abandoned. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 189 METHODISM AT RENO. In 1863 religious services were held by the Methodists in Reno, Revs. G. M. Flinkle and F. M. Willis preaching, but in Washoe Valley there was no regular service until Reno commenced groAving. Services Avere then held for several years in a schoolhouse. Rev. A. R. Ricker, in 1870, commenced building a church which was dedicated on July 30th of the next year. It cost about $4,000. Re\'. A. J. Wells came out from Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1873, and soon had a parsonage on West street. He remained only a year' and then Avas succeeded by Rev. Mr. Arnold. In a year carae Rev. G. W. Fitch ; he Avas followed in a year by Rev. Thomas S. Uren, and when a year elapsed he folloAved the example of the others, and his successor was Rev. W. C. Gray, in 1877. Rev. C. McKelvey came to Reno in 1878. He found the church in need of repairs, and much persevering effort resulted in raising $1,000, the society being small. This was expended in papering, painting and refitting, even carpeting the church. An addition Axas also built on for the use of the choir and the lot fenced. The building did not burn in the great fire of 1879. Mr. McKelvey, Avhen pastor as stated in Virginia City, lost his library in the second fire, and all his personal effects. Eureka's first three ministers. Revs. Arnold, L. Case and John De La Matyr, preached in the court house. Rev. John Gray built a church and a parsonage in 1875 which cost over $4,000, and both were burned in the first fire in 1879. Rev. R. A. Ricker partially rebuilt it, but in the second fire of 1880 it was burned to the ground. In September of that same year Rev. J. T. Ladd took charge, and he succeeded in building a church costing $2,000. He assumed the debt of $250 and the church started free ol debt, the third one built in two years. Ruby Hill stands unique in church annals because its first church Avas built without any pastor being concerned in it. The Methodists of that city built it, and paid for it in 1876, and Rev. R. A. Ricker was assigned to it first, in September, 1880. Tuscarora did not have any minister until in the eighties, and then Avhen Rev. T. W. Pendleton arrived he could not be paid a salary; but that did not deter him in the good work, for he went into the mines and worked on week days and preached on Sundays. He was given a parsonage to live in, which cost $500. Pine Grove and Mason's Valley are one charge, and the first minister was Rev. R. Carberry, in 1866. Rev. Orn came next and then Rev. Thomas Bartlett. Mr. Bartlett started a church society with two or three members in 1874, which steadily increased in merabership. Rev. J. T. Ladd erected 190 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. a church in 1880, costing $1,700. Dr. Richardson, C. Hernlabin, J. J. Fox, B. F. Rymers helped actively in the work. Rev. G. B. Hinkle took charge in 1880, and since his coming a parsonage costing $600 had been erected. Elko in 1881 was a Methodist station, with tAventy church members. Rev. Mr. EAving came first and then Rev. George Jennings, preaching as .supply. The negroes of Virginia City in 1873 organized a church society and built a small church on E between Center and Union, but it Avas destroyed by fire in October, 1875, and after Rev. Weir left it died down. An effort Avas made to organize a Methodist Church South in Virginia City in 1862, but failed, although ministers of that denomination came to Virginia to look over the field several tinies. Rey. T. H. McGrath, so often mentioned in churcli history of Methodism in Nevada, was an earnest, actiA'e and faithful laborer. He grew more liberal in his views, and finally resigned his churcli work in Virginia in 1873 and organized a liberal society of Unitarians. His successor, George W. Fitch, followed his example, in 1878, and was confirmed by Bishop Whitaker, of the Protestant Episcopal church in Reno, July 7, 1878. He became a postulant the next day, and July 23rd was admitted as a candidate for deacon's orders. In two years he recanted and rejoined the Methodist church, in 188 1 serving as minister in Auburn, California. WORK OF METHODISTS. In Nevada the Methodists have been active from the first. Wherever possible the influence of the church has been extended. In 1881 they OAvned $64,700 worth of property, and had lost by fire $59,600, and by abandon ment from boom failures $6,500. The Conference has been helped by the Board of Church Extension very greatly; it has given practical aid, erecting new churches and helping re build those destroyed. Every new mining camp was visited, no territory, no matter how isolated, was neglected, for their traveling niinisters were ahvays ready to visit them. PROTESTANT EPISCOPALIANS. Episcopalians received the visits ol a rector as early as 1861, a visiting minister preaching. In the spring ol 1862, Rev. Franklin S. Rising was sent Irom New York by the American Church Missionary Society, and he com menced the church organization. Missionary Bishop Talbot held services in Aurora, Esmeralda county, on October 4, 1863. The Bishop held services also in Austin and other camps, and consecrated the Episcopal church in Virginia City, the first church built by them in Nevada. A parish was organized in Aurora and Rev. William Stoy came there on A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 191 December 22, 1863, as regular rector, at a salary of $150 monthly. The parish did not last, hoAvever. Right Rev. Ozi William Whitaker, later Missionary Bishop, did much to promote the groAX'th of the church in Nevada. He was beloved not only by his own people, but by those of every faith. He xvas born in 1830, in New Salem, Massachusetts, and xvas ordained a bishop at Grace church, Boston, in 1863. After being ordained in the fall of that year he was detailed for xvoi-k in Nexada. In 1868 he was elected Missionary Bishop of the diocese. In 1869 he receixed the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Kenyon College, Ohio. lie was consecrated a bishop in X^ew York, the same year. Rev. Whitaker, xvhen he became Missionary Bishop, had one clergyman in the jurisdiction, and in 1880 he had seven. There Avere two rectories at first and in 1880 eight. The merabership Avas increased frora 100 to 340 in ten yeai-s. From 320 Sunday scholars to 1,242, and from 30 Sunday school teachers to 93, Avas the record for the ten years. The value of the church property was increased in the ten years from $36,400 to $166,529; of this $33,071 was given fi-om persons outside the state. Bishop Whitaker held services not only in Virginia but many small places as well, in many camps that to-day are unknown. Bishop Whitaker established work araong the Chinese, and Ah For, a convert, collected $500 for a mission in Carson, $300 from Chinamen and $200 frora white men. Bishop Whitaker opened it, "the Chapel of the Good Shepherd," on Septem ber 23, 1874. It seated fifty persons. Ah For built another chapel in Vir ginia City in 1875. He used to preach to his fellows on Sundays and teach them evenings. Ah For translated the Order for Evening Prayer into Chinese, Avith the help of Bishop Whitaker, an^l used it in his services. He was earnest and intelligent, but his mission in Carson did not flourish. In a year fire destroyed the one in Virginia City, and there was no insurance. Ah For became discouraged and Avent as a missionary for the Established Church in England to China. DIOCESAN SCHOOL AT RENO. Bishop Whitaker commenced in 1870 to plan the erection of a Girls' School at Reno. In 1873 an appeal was answered with $300 from abroad. In 1875 M'ss C. L. Wolfe, of New York, told the Bishop that if he would raise $10,000 she would donate a like amount. Then Bishop Whitaker "girded up his loins" and secured $4,000 from the people of Reno; from a friend, in Nevada, $2,500; and of Mrs. M. A. Grosvenor, of Nexv York, $1,000; the balance was paid in small amounts. The Central Pacific Rail road donated half a block of land, and another half block was purchased on condition that the school would be located in Reno, by the citizens of that 192 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. city. It was commenced in June, 1876, the ist day, and the folloxving October 12th it was opened. It was from the first possessed of every modern improvement. It Avas 40x88, three stories, heated by steam, hot and cold water, and cost $28,000, leaving $8,000 debt. Miss Kate Hill was the first principal; there was ample room for 55 day scholars and 45 boarders. In 1880 the debt was paid. Miss Wolfe giving $2,500, Mrs. M. A. Grosvenor $1,000, Daniel Cook, of San Francisco, $1,000, the rest being donated in small sums. Tavo thousand dollars more was spent after the school opened, nearly half in securing perma nent and abundant Avater supplies for the school and for irrigation. The beneficial effect of the school was soon felt all through the state of Nevada. In no place Avas such a school more needed, placing the op portunity for Christian education within the reach of those who would not otherwise have been able to secure one. The regular course of study was four years. FIRST CHURCH BUILT. The first churcli of the Episcopalians cost $30,000 and was opened in December, 1863, for teraporary use, but was formally dedicated February 22, 1863. Its cost was paid by members of the parish. The first Sunday school was organized May 11, 1862, with 14 pupils and 5 teachers. When Bishop Talbot visited the city in 1863 he consecrated the church and held a confirmation service, conferring the apostolic rite on 13. As stated Rev. F. S. Rising was the first rector, coining in 1862 and remaining until 1866, when his health failed and he returned east, losing his life in a steamboat collision on the Ohio river in 1868. He Avas a brother of Judge Rising and was A'ery popular, his death a source of. great regret. Rev. H. D. Lathrop, D. D., of Gold Hill, held afternoon services until April 2 1st, Avhen Rev. Whitaker succeeded him. That same year Bishop Talbot was elected Bishop of Indiana, and that left Nevada's missionary district without a head. Bishop W. Ingraham Kip, of the diocese of Cali fornia, looked after things. He visited St. Paul's church, Virginia City, in October, 1867, confirming 24 persons. The next year fire damaged the church to the araount of $2,700, covered by insurance. In 1872 the church was enlarged, six pews being added. Two years afterwards $9,000 was expended in an extension of twenty feet on the east, a gallery being built at the west end. A pipe organ, costing $3,000, was put in the gallery. There was a large congregation, a Sunday school of 350 pupils and 24 teachers; in the fire of 1875 both church and rectory were destroyed; the rectory was rebuilt at once and the church in the summer of 1876. It was larger, than the old church, seating 400, and was finished in December. In that month it Avas dedicated. Its total cost was $25,000'. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 193 Since he first took charge Rev. \\'hitaker has remained, but since he Avas appointed bishop he has had many assistant ministers. Aniong them were Revs. J. W. Lee, William Henderson, Rush S. Eastman, W. R. Jenvey, and George X^. Eastman. The assistant ministers also had to hold regular serv ices in Dayton and Silver City on alternate Sundays. After the great fire, Sunday school Avas held in the basement of Beardsley's building, opposite the Presbyterian church. Morning services AAcre held in the Presbyterian churcli also until the Odd FelloAvs' Hall Avas rebuilt, Avhen that was used. The first services in Gold Hill Avere held in May, 1862, and a Sunday school of five persons organized. On July 8th a second service was held and the parish of St. John's organized, Avitli Rca-. Rising as sector. At first church services were held in Gold Hill Theatre, but as gambling was carried on all night, the schoolhouse Avas soon utilized for services. Rev. O. W. Whitaker succeeded Mr. Rising oil October 18, 1863, and in July of the next year a handsome brick churcli Avas commenced and finished in the fall, at a cost of $13,000. Rev. H. D. Lathrop took charge in June, 1865, leaving on September i, 1867. Bishop Kip consecrated St. John's church on October 13. 1867. Rev. Whitaker again took charge of the church in Gold Hill, and Avith Virginia and Carson, he had three churches in charge. He held as many services as possible, until in 1870 Rev. J. McCormac took charge. He re mained one year. Bishop ^^'hitaker then officiating, alternating Avitli Rev. G. B. Allen, of Carson, until July 2, 1872. Avhen Bishop A\'^hitaker took full charge again. With Revs. R. S. Eastman and \\^ R. Jenvey regular services AA-ere held in Virginia City, Gold Hill, Silver City, and Daj'ton. In 1876 Rev. R. S. F^stman was elected rector of Gold Hill, serving until 1879, and after his departure occasional services Avere held, although the Sunday school continued to meet regularly. Hon. N. A. H. Ball Avas senior Avarden and superintendent, and his death Avas a great loss to school and clwirch. SERVICES IN HALL. Rev. Rising xvas also the first rector in Silver City, holding his services in Chrysopolis Hall, on June 6, 1862. nearly 100 persons attending. Services were held regularly until December, 1873, Avhen they Avere discontinued until 1874, when Rev. Jenvey commenced holding services, and in Septem ber of 1875 the erection of a church was commenced, but a fearful storm razed it to the ground, on Xovember 13th. Mr. Jenvey, undaunted, com menced the rebuilding, and it Avas ready for occupancy December 25, 1875. Mr. Jenvey remained until August, 1878. x\fter that Rev. George N. East man held bi-weekly services until the eighties. 194 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. CARSON CITY SERVICES. Rev. Mr. Rising was again the pioneer rector, in Carson City, holding services on September 25, 1862, in the county court house. The first regular rector appointed was Rev. W. M. Riley, who assumed charge of St. Peter's parish on October 29, 1863, remaining until April, 1866. He resigned be cause his pro-southern viexvs Avere not liked by his parishioners, his sympa thies being with the south. Rev. D. H. Lathi-op then held services every Friday evening from August, 1866, to Septeraber, 1867. A church Avas commenced in the latter year, being finished in one year; but from 1867 until the church was finished in July, 1868, Rev. Whitaker held a weekly service in the sftte capitol. Bishop Kip visited Carson in 1867 and confirmed twelve candidates in the Methodist church. Rev. George B. Allen assumed charge as rector on August 9, 1868; the church being consecrated on June 19, 1870, by Right Rev. O. W. Whitaker, then Missionary Bishop of the diocese- of Nevada, as Trinity church. It cost $5,500, a plain but substantial building. It was enlarged 24 feet in December, 1873, making- an auditory 70 feet in length ; in it were 59 pews in three rows. At the same time two wings 58x21 feet were added; the stained glass windows were all donated by mem bers of the congregation. The entire cost was $12,000, only half of which could be paid. On Easter Sunday, 1874, the first service in the church after it was enlarged, was held by the Rev. Allen. On the following Sunday, Bishop Whitaker formally reopened it. Mr. Allen remained until Deceraber 31, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. P. Kelly, who remained until October 11, 1876; he was followed by Rev. H. L. Foote, who reraained until May 11, 1878. George R. Davis took charge of the parish on October 13, 1878, and proved a very popular rector. When he came the church was $3,000 in debt and he went to work at once to pay it. With the aid of the ladies of St. Peter's parish, in eighteen months after Mr. Davis arrived the entire debt was cancelled. In 1881 the church had sixty communicants and one hundred Sunday-school children. THE CHURCH IN RENO. The first service ol the Episcopal church was held in the school-house in Reno by Bishop Whitaker on October 16, 1870, and the second service was held in the same place on April 12, 1872. Services were held on al ternate Sundays in the court house Irom January, 1873, until Rev. William Lucas took charge on May 5, 1873. The parish had been organized in February, 1873, under the name of Trinity church; J. C. Lewis was elected senior warden; A. J. Hatch, junior A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 196 warden; B. F. Leete, secretary; D. A. Bender, treasurer; J. S. Shoemaker, Joseph De Bell and C. H. Eastman, vestrymen. In July, 1873, $400 was paid for a lot, and a rectory was built which Avas occupied in October. On Sq>teinber 6, 1874, the first confirmation service was held in the court house, six candidates being confirmed. The corner-istone of the church building was laid on May 24, 1875, and on De cember 12, of the same year, the church was formally opened by Bishop Whitaker. It was constructed of Avood, 32 by 70 feet, but was not quite completed at that time. When Rev. W. R. Jenvey substituted for Mr. Lucas on September 3, 1878, he undertook the completion of the church building. While this was being done Mr. Jenvey held services in Smith's Opera House. When, on December 17, 1878, the church was formally reopened by Bishop Whitaker, there Avas not a dollar indebtedness on it, and it was con secrated on June 8, 1879. Finding that Mr. Lucas could not return, Mr. Jenvey was appointed rector. The tptal cost of the church was about $6,000. CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION,. The pioneer rector. Rev. Rising, held services in Dayton, in December, 1862, and a year later a parish was organized by Rev. O. W. Whitaker, under the name Church of the Ascension. From then until June, 1865, regular services were held. In November, 1865, Rev. W. H. Dyer was in charge, remaining until April, 1866. In 1867 Rev. Whitaker held regular Wednesday evening services during the suramer, but after that, ruitil 1874, siervices were held only occasionally. From 1874 until 1878, Rev. W. R. Jenvey officiated at the court house regularly. From that time until July, 1879, services were only occasionally. On that date Rev. G. N. Eastman commenced a bi-weekly service. CHURCH IN AUSTIN. The first services of the church were held in 1863 by Bishop Talbot, and it was not until 1866 that regular services were established. At that time Mr. D. M. GodAvin began a lay service in the court house. Two years afterwards. Rev. Marcus Lane held services in Austin for one year; a regular parish was organized under the narae of St. George in 1873. The first rector was Rev. C. S. Stevenson, who remained until 1874; he was succeeded by Rev. S. C. Blackiston, who remained five years. He was succeeded in May, 1879, by Rev. Samuel P. Kelly, who remained only a few months. In 1880 Rev. R. S. Eastman took charge of the parish on Easter Day, 1880. On Easter Sunday, 1877, Mr. Blackiston spoke ol the great need of a church, the services then being held in the court house. He would apply^ 196 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. he said, the Easter offerings to such a purpose. The parish already possessed a lot, which the members had themselves graded and on whicii they had built a foundation. He asked all to write on a card xvhat amount they would give. When the contribution plates were , returned, Mr. Blackiston was pleasantly surprised by their contents. The Easter offering of Mr. AUen A. Curtis, the superintendent of the Manhattan mine, pledged himself to build a church and pay for it, if the others would furnish it. W. S. Gage and John A. Paxton united in the gift ol a fine bell for the steeple, while Jaraes S. Porteous presented a $i,ooo pipe organ. When finished the church cost $15,500, all of which but $500 Avas given by residents of Austin. The bank at Austin loaned the society $750 to build a wall around the church, to maintain the grade. The total value of the church property was about $17,000. , - THE CHURCH IN OTHER PLACES. Bishop Whitaker held the first Episcopal services in White Pine county, in the town of Treasure City, on June 20, 1869; the evening ol the same day he held the first services at Harailton, in a court room. The next service was held on August 7, 1870, in the city hall of Hainilton and serv ices were continued for twO' months. St. Luke's parish, of Hamilton, was organized on Septeraber 24, and Rev. S. P. Kelly was chosen as rector. After his arrival a house Avas purchased and fitted up for a rectory. The next year a franie church was erected, which Avas consecrated July 14, 1872. Mr. Kelly remained a month after the consecration and was succeeded by Rev. John Cornell, who remained one year, when he resigned. Since that time there has been no regular rector in Hamilton. One of the most notorious camps in Nevada was Pioche, in 1870. The first services there were held in a saloon by Bishop Whitaker on Septem ber 13, ol that year. ¦ Over 150 rough miners crowded in the saloon and as large a number were unable to gain admittance. The next year services were held twice by Bishop Whitaker ; then the Rev. J. W. Lee officiated three or lour months, followed by the Rev. H. L. Badger. When Mr. Badger arrived, September, 1871, he found the town had burned tO' ashes three days before; he held services in private houses until July 21, 1872, when a frame church and rectory were completed. Mr. Badger remained four years and was succeeded by Rev. H. H. Kline, who left in January, 1877; after a year's absence Mr. Kline returned and remained one year, preaching on Sundays and teaching on Aveek days. He was the last Episcopal minister in Pioche. A canvas tent Avas used for the first services in Eureka, on September 28, 1870; the tent being used as a restaurant. Services were announced for 7 o'clock, but it was nearly 9 Avhen Bishop Whitaker arrived, owing to A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 197 a breakdown. The people had dispersed, but messengers wei-e sent out and fifty returned. The next Avinter Rev. S. P. Kelly officiated several times and the corner stone of the church xvas not laid until May, 1871 ; Bishop Whitaker officiated at this ceremony and spent a month in Eureka, during xvhich time a comfortable rectory yvas built. Until November, 187 1, the services xvere conducted in a tent, Axhich also served as a schoolroom. Rev. W. Flenderson took charge of the parish in Augxist, 1871. He reraained 'until August, 1872, and the next month was succeeded by Rev. S. P. Kelly. In March, 1872, Rev, C. H. Marshall became assistant minister and on April 5, Avhen Mr. Kelly Avas elected state superintendent of public instruc tion, Mr. Mai'shall became rector. He served until February, 1877, and in August Rev. C. B. CraAvford assumed charge. A parish yvas organized in Belmont on February 16, 1874, Rev. S. B. Moore being the fii'st rector. He remained four years, building a church at a cost of $3,790. Rev. Daniel Flack succeeded Mr. Moore in 1876, re maining a year. After Mr. Flack resigned, in 1878, the church was closed until December. Rev. S. P. Kelly served until June i, 1879, being the last Episcopal rector in Belmont. Mrs. R. M. King, Avho was superintendent of the Sunday school, reorganized it in 1888. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The first church of this faith was built in Virginia City, in the summer of i860, by Rev. Father H. P. Gallagher. It was wrecked by a storm. Father Gallagher at the sarae time built another church in Carson, which shared the same fate as the first, but in this instance the lumber was taken away by unpaid lalxirers. Father Gallagher also built a church in Genoa about the same time, which Avas not paid for, and by virtue of the liens was afterwards turned into a court house. A $12,000 church was erected in 1872 by the Rev. Patrick Manogue and it Avas consecrated under the name of "St. Mary's of the Mountains." A frame church, built on the divide between Virginia City and Gold Hill, was reraoved to Gold Hill. It was built by the Passionist Fathers. In 1864 Rev. Father P. O'Reilley built a more commodious church, which was dedicated July 26, 1864. St. Au- gustin's church was established in Austin in 1864, by Rey. Father Monte- verde, who also built a church at Hamilton. A church was commenced at Aurora, but abandoned. In 1868 a brick church, costing .$65,000, was erected in Virginia City, by Rev. Father Manogue, who was soon after Avards appointed vicar general of the diocese ol Grass Valley. St. Theresa's church, in Carson City, was built in 1870 by the Rev. Father Thomas Grace at a cost of $5,000. Father Scanlan organized a Catholic society at Pioche, in 187 1, and that year a frame church and par- 198 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. sonage, costing $4,000, were completed. In 1874, a $3,000 church was built in Belmont, but no regular services were ever held. St. Brendan's church was built in Eureka in 187 1, but was replaced in 1874 by a brick church, costing $5,000, Father Hynes being in charge. Reno's first Catholic church was built in 1871 by Rev. Father Merrill. In 1868 a fine churcli was built by Father Manogue and destroyed by the great fire in 1875. Father Manogue, in 1877, erected a magnificent edifice at a cost of $60,000 on the same lot, on E street. The first church was. burned doAvn in the fire of 1879. A church was built at Cherry Creek, by Rev. William Maloney in 1881, and it is one of the prettiest churches in eastern Nevada. Rev. Father Patrick Manogue was one of the most prominent priests in Nevada from his first advent, in 1862. In November, 1880, he was ap pointed as coadjutor to Bishop O'Connell, of Grass Valley. To give the complete history of Bishop Manogue Avould fill several volumes and form an exciting and interesting history. Other prominent priests were: Reverend Fathers Mevel, Daniel O'Sullivan, John Nulty, Patrick O'Kane, James J. Callan, Luke Torniey, Andrew O'Donnell, Joseph Phelan, William Maloney and D. Monteberde. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The New School brancli of the Presbyterian churcli organized a society May 19, 1861, Rev. W. W. Brier officiating. The Presbyterian church was the least successful of any of the denominations in planting the standard of their religion in Nevada soil. The first meeting was successful, $5,000 being raised by subscription. Judge Flemonkan was chairman and the trustees were W. M. Stewart, H. B. Pomeroy, S. Fraser, J. Gasharie and G. A. Sears, the latter being elected chairman ol the board. June 2, 1861, a letter was written to Mr. Brier, asking that he organize "a church ol Jesus Christ to be known by the name ol the First Presbyterian church, in Carson City, and to be placed by you under the care ol the Presbytery ol Sierra Nevada, and ol the Synod ol Alta California." September 12, A. F. White arrived in Carson City as a temporary supply. Another $5,000 was soon raised, a church site was purchased and building commenced. In May, 1864, the brick church was dedicated by Rev. White, assisted by Rev. W. C. Pond and Rev. Warren Nims. In 1868 Rev. Mr. Alexander replaced Mr. White. Then came a succession of ministers, Rev. H. V. Rice taking charge in January, 1881. On September 21, 1862, Rev. W. W. Brier organized a church in Virginia City. E. Caldwell and N. W. Wilson were elected ruling elders; Rev. D. H. Palmer was in charge until 1864, when he was replaced by Rev. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 199 W. W. Martin. There Avere various changes until April, 1881, when Rev. E. F. Walker assumed charge. A curious method was followed to raise funds to pay for the church. The trustees received a sure tip on the stock market and, taking the treasury money, they bought stock Avhicli rose sexeral hundred dollars in value and they xvere Axise enough to sell out l^efore the crash. They bought four lots on C street, Avhere thcA' erected buildings, from the rent of Avhich they are enabled to pay all expenses. The church escaped the fire of 1875. The Presbyterians organized a society in Gold Hill in 1863, but the or ganization soon died out. The Presbyterian organization of Austin lasted from 1864 to 1868. Efforts Avere made to build a church but never succeeded. Elko Avas more fortunate than Austin, for Rev. John BroAvii, in March, 1870, was given four lots by the railroad company, on Avhich to build and the members built a church costing $3,500. An organ was presented to them by the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Mr. Brown was succeeded by a number of ministers, and a parsonage Avas built. Four of the memljers became converts to the Mormon faith. The depopulation of the town so affected the church that Rev. A. J. Compton, Avho Avas appointed in April 1880, and resigned in September, was the last to fill that position. In August, 1873, six persons organized a church at Eureka, Rev. W. C. McDougal being the first pastor. Rev. Josiah McClain succeeded him, remaining until 1876; Rev. Samuel M. Crothers took charge until May, 1879, and in 1880 he was replaced by Rev. George W. Gallagher. On March 26, 1881, Mr. Gallagher renounced orthodoxy and resigned his charge. Mr. Gallagher Avas a very popular raan, not only with his own congregation but with everyone. He Avas a very eloquent and forceful speaker, and a petition bearing hundreds of names was sent to him, asking hira to give publicly the reason he renounced the tenets of his church. On March 30, Mr. Gallagher delivered an address setting forth his point of view. Pioche was unfortunate, for her society, started in 1873, died out alto gether in 1879 "and was taken off the roll of churches. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. The first active step taken by the white Baptists towards organizing a church, was made on December 14, 1873, when the First Baptist churcli ol Virginia City was organized. Rev. C. L. Fisher being the first pastor. A church costing $2,100 was ready for o.ccupancy on July 12. It was located on C street and afterwards a lodging house Avas converted out of the base ment of the church^at an expense of $1,200. When Mr. Fisher resigned in 200 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. October, 1875, he was followed by several regular ministers until March 1878, when the church closed until November ol that year. Rev. T. J Arnold then assumed charge, leaving in May ol the next year. Rev. H. W Read asstflned charge on January i, 1880. An attempt was made in 1874 to hold services in Carson City, and 01 November i. Rev. C. A. Bateman organized the first Baptist church o that town with 16 members. In 1876 Rev. J. G. Burchett acted as pastoi lor a few weeks, but the church soon died from want of support. When Rev. C. L. Fisher left for Virginia City, he went to Reno, when on November 28, 1875, he organized a Baptist church in the opera liousi with a membership of 15. The next year a $2,800 church was erected, anc shortly afterwards Mr. Fisher resigned. In 1877 Rev. T. J. Arnold servec for 14 months, but on March 2, 1879, the church was burned. On July 12 following, the Baptists built a ' church costing $4,006, assuming an indebt edness of $2,500. In 1880, D. B. McKenzie assumed charge, but remainec only a few days. In 1881 Rev. Mr. Scott was installed as pastor. Shortlj afterwards, he was succeeded by Rev. Winfield Scott, Avho proved to be ar energetic pastor, building up a large congregation. THE CONGREGATIONALISTS. On June 7, 1870, a cah was issiled for a council of Congregationa] churches, and a meeting was held at the schoolhouse in Reno, on Februarj 18, 1871, and on the following day the First Congregational churcli of Rene was organized, Avith Rev. A. F. Hitchcock as pastor. A church was built at once and owned jointly with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was entirely free from debt. A number of niinisters succeeded Mr. Hitch cock, and in 1881 C. F. G. Morgan assumed charge. CHURCHES OF NEVADA TO-DAY. Instead of gaining with the flight of time, the congregations of the various churches of Nevada gradually decreased until in many instances churches were altogether abandoned and stand to-day a monument of the past. The Methodists are decidedly in the majority in 1904. Wherever ar opportunity is afforded for a church, there a church will be found. If not large enough for a church, then a mission will be instituted ; if not a mission, then a Sunday-school will be organized. There have been no dissensions, nothing to mar the harmony ol the church workers. In 1889 the Rey, E. W. Vandevanter aroused great indignation at the Methodist EpiscopaJ conference in Carson by his pamphlet referring to the un-Godly tempera ment of the Nevadans. It was a temble denunciation ol all classes anc faiths. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 201 For a number ol conlerences, 1884, '85, etc., there were no presiding elders at the conferences or at the mission conference held at Owens River, 1885. By far the largest and most influential Methodist congregation is that of Reno. In August, 1900, the Gothic brick church was finished in that city costing $7,000. It is 100 feet long and there is seating capacity for 300 in the church and 200 in the Sunday-school room. In 1897 the Methodists built a fine church in Gardnerville, dedicating it on Novaiiber 28, 1897. The church debt was paid at the time, Fred Dan- berg assisting greatly. Rev. A. C. Welch was appointed to the church in Reno, September, 1903. Since then the church debt has been paid. Mr. Welch is a native ol Ohio, served charges in Niles (the birthplace of President McKinley) Youngstown, Cleveland, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Omaha, Chico, and from the latter place went to Nevada. He is the author of "Character Photography" and other works. He is working to increase the membership. Private mailing cards are sent to strangers and others every week inviting them to the services. The church was built under the pastorate of Rev. G. H. Jones, and was, as stated above, dedicated in 1900, but the debt was not paid until Dr. Welch took charge. The note was burned on January 23, 1904, amid great rejoicings. In 1904 the Methodist churches in Nevada were located, — in Austin, of which church S. W. Albone had been pastor for two years, membership 20; Battle Mountain, Allen Bartlett, pastor for one year, membership 6; Winnemucca, H. O. Edson, pastor lor one year, maiibership, 41 ; Paradise Valley, E. J. Bradner, pastor six months, membership, 16; Carson City, E. E. Dodge, pastor three years, membership, 60; Gardnerville, W. P. Ran kin, pastor two years, membership, 18; Lovelocks, D. S. Wigstead, pastor one year, membership, 1 1 ; Ruby Hill, Rev. Joseph Arthur died in harness, and no pastor appointed to fill his place, there is a Sunday-school maintained but no church; Virginia City, F. R. Winsor, pastor, one year, membership, 3 1 ; Wellington, G. M. Bigelow, pastor two years, membership 2 1 ; Yering ton, T. H. Nicholas, pastor one year, membership 44; Tonopah, Hawthorne, Davis Creek and Tuscarora remain on the list as prospective. The cry ol the Methodists is "Educate." The Epworth League is doing a good work. Winnemucca, Carson, Reno and all the larger towns have ¦Leagues and prosperous Sunday-schools. There are 2,000 children in the Methodist Siinday-schools ol Nevada. The missionary work aniong the 5,000 Indians in Nevada is progressing lavorably under Rol>ert G. Pike. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. The Baptists of Nevada are working hard to create interest in the church in Nevada. Rev. Driver, who has been pastor in Reno for nearly 202 A HISTORT OF NEVADA. eleven years, is especially active. With Rev. Adams and other traveling ministers he visits the rural districts holding services and baptising converts. Many missions will be established in Nevada through their efforts. In 1903 a new church was built in Loyalton, California, and a nuraber of mem- Ijers of Nevada churches were dismissed to join that one. The corner stone was laid Septeraber 13, Rev. Robert Whittaker being pastor. In Verdi, a church was built in 1899 and dedicated in June by B. F. Huddelson. The latter pastor was greatly loved in Nevada; he died on a train coming from California on January 17, 1903. Rev. Boyd is pastor of the churcli in Loyal- ton. Verdi is simply a mission as yet. At Wadsworth there has been no minister for some time and when the town is abandoned by the railroad people the churcli will be abandoned and a mission kept up. A church will l>e awaiting- thera in Harriman. A temporary church has been erected in Harriman to serve for three or four months. Then a handsome church to cost $4,000 will be erected. First services Avere held in the temporary church on Easter morning, 1904. The church in Reno has a fine choir, with a salaried soprano; the Nevada Quartette also sings evei-y Sunday. The church has a good financial record, no debts and a merabership of over 200. The Sunday-school is also flourish ing. At the Christian Endeavor convention of two years ago, Mrs. C. Cutts, of Carson, presiding, twelve societies wei'e represented. The annual con vention meets in Reno in June, 1904. THE CONGREGATIONALISTS. The First Congregational churcli of Reno, and the only one in Nevada, was organized in 1871, February 18, occupying first a wooden church. The handsome brick church was erected on the corner of Fifth and Virginia in 1903, quite a debt being assumed. There are uoav alx)ut 120 members. In 1903, despite the fact that the church was without a pastor, the entire debt of $2,500 was paid up, through the efforts of members and friends. The regular services and work of the churcli were also kept up. The auxiliary organizations of the church are the Ladies' Aid Society, which earned $500 last year, the St. Margaret Society, dedicated to the social life of the church, the choir and the Christian Endeavor Society. There are 119 in the Sunday-school, and a boy's brigade. The latter is give» regular military training. The choir and. orchestra under Professor A. F. Atkinson is doing well. The church is fortunate in having a new minister in Rev. C. L. Mears, who first officiated on Easter morning, 1904. Rev. Mears is only thirty- four years ol age and is a native of Kent county, Michigan. His first ex- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 203 perience was five years in Minneapolis and three years in Snohomish, Wash ington. To come to Reno he refused an enthusiastic call to remain in Sno homish a fourth year, and also a flattering call from Portland, Oregon. The vacancy in the church in Reno was caused by the death of a raost able pastor. Rev. M. Burkett. A churcli will be organized in Flarriman early in the summer. A Sunday school was organized in March of 1904, with a membership of 25. A school was organized in the North Truckee schoolhouse near the Wede kind mine in 1901, and the chapel has made good progress. THE PRESBYTERIANS. In 1903 the Presbyterian churches of Nevada were all doing excellent work. The church at Carson City, organized on June 2, 1861, still holds its own and owns its building. The pastor is Rev. H. H. McCreey, and the membership is 89. The church at Virginia City, organized in i860 owns its building. The pastor of 1902 having left the field there, no one has been appointed to fill the vacancy. At Elko, organized in 1870, the con gregation owns the churcli buildings and parsonage. The pastor is Rev. George H. Greenfield, and the membership, no. The latter minister also officiates at Lemoville Valley; the churcli there having been organized in 1890, October 26th, membership 9. Rev. W. P. Friedrich officiates in the church at Star Valley, organized June i, 1890, which has a membership of 38 and owns its church and parsonage. He also officiates at Wells, where a church was organized in 1892, and it has a membership of 29 and owns its church building. The church was organized in Eureka, March 2, 1892 ; the membership is 20 and the congregation owns the church building. Rev. J. Erwin Johnston is pastor. The church in Reno was organized August 31, 1902; the church building is owned by the congregation and the mem bership is 30. The first minister was G. R. Bird, of Bakersfield. He was succeeded by Rev. S. H. Jones. A church was organized at Tonopah (But ler) September 21, 1902. There is no regular minister, but the congrega tion of 24 own the church property. EPISCOPALIANS. It is impossible to secure correct data of the Episcopal churches of Nevada. The churches in the larger cities have loeeii maintained, but have all decreased in membership, save in Reno, which has a membership of over two hundred. The pastor is Rev. Samuel Unsworth, and he has been in charge over twelve years. They have a vested choir of twenty-eight young ladies and eight men. They have the usual auxiliaries of guilds. The church is the one built in early days but large enough as yet. 204 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. In Carson City Rev. B. J. Darneille is rector. The church is the one of early days and there is a vested choir of young ladies and six men. Nearly every rector, including Revs. UnsAvorth, Darneille and Ballamy serve a number of churches, going to and fro. The removal of the dearly loved Bishop Whittaker to Pennsylvania, the death of Bishop Kip, in- 1893, and the death of Bishop Leonard in 1903 have all been great bloAvs to the church in Nevada. A ncAv church was erected in Dayton in 1903 and dedicated in Decem ber of that year. Rev. Ramsey, of Virginia City, also serves this charge. Rev. Unsworth has been working for tAvo years in Verdi and has estab lished quite a membership, but as yet there is no regular service and no church. In Nevada all told there are about 700 communicants of tlie church. Statistical iiiforniation is hard to get as the death of Bishop Leonard left them Avith no bishop for eastern Nevada, and reports are not available. ; THE. CATHOLICS. Of all the religions the Catholics have lost ground fastest in Nevada the past twenty years. In Reno they have about as many communicants as the Methodists; in Virginia there are quite a number, and Carson City and Winnemucca have parishes. In many places the people' are visited occasionally by priests. The priest at Reno, Rev. Father Reynolds, has been there a great many" years. The jjarochial school has dwindled doAvii to a small affair, in charge of the Dominican Sisters, and with small attendance. It is the only school the Catholics have in X^evada. The churcli in Reno has an auxiliary in the Society of St. Agnes. The priests, it seems, do not collect statistics, nor are any obtainable by which a satisfactory account can be giA'en of the groxvth of the church and its present status. Only surface accounts can be giA'en. The number of churches abandoned, the number of priests who have left, and such things as can be seen by the outsider, are the only data to be obtained. And these only by a town to town canvass. The death of Bishop Manogue, so closely identified Avith the early his tory of Nevada, in February, 1895, Avas a great loss to the Catholics. Rev. Father Henneberry, xvho conducted a mission in Virginia City, died in Sep tember, 1897. THE ADVENTISTS. Nevada is under the California Conference of Adventists and embraces all that portion of California lying east of the mountains and on through Nevada. Ministers are sent from " Califomia to labor in the field, thei'e being only two located ministers in Nevada, of the ScA-enth Day Adventist A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 205 faith. Elder A. J. 0.sbornc, Bishop, Inyo county, California, and Elder C, E, Leland, of Reno, Nevada. In this diocese there are four church buildings, at Susanville, California, Bishop, California, Reno, Nevada, and St. Clair. There are four small companies, one at Virginia City. The mem bership of the Reno church, of which Rev. C. E. Leland is pastor, is alx)ut 50 and the others in proportion. OTHER CHURCHES. The other religions are all I'epresented in different parts of Nevada. The German Lutherans have a small congregation in Reno, under M. M. Kussner, the only one in the state. All die churches have auxiliaries and Sunday-schools. THE SALVATION ARMY. In May, 1903, the Salvation Army sent officers to Reno, and the noble work of the army is being pushed ahead, with the usual services by night and day. They have no barracks as yet, being in teinporary quarters on Walnut street. Governor Sparks, who is in sympathy with the Army, has offered to head the subscription list when the officers decide to build, which they will do as soon as possible. Whites and Indians, or, as the Army calls them, natives, know the Army is on a mission of love, and they are welcomed everywhere. They go direct to the gaining tables where contributions are made regularly to the Army. They stoop to the vilest and lowest, outcasts and prisoners, and the best ol their efforts in Reno are being devoted to the lallen. One brave Canadian girl laid down her life in the service ol the Army. She rests in the cemetery at Reno, a tombstone over her reading: "Pro moted to Glory. Hallelujah ! Captain Dora Hamilton, aged 26 years. Died Dec. 14th, 1903. Erected by her friends." Reno is headquarters for the Salvation Army in Nevada. VOLUNTEER ARMY OF AMERICA. Reno is headquarters for the Volunteer Army of America; meetings are held on a similar plan to those of the Salvation Army. Sunday morn ings the members preach and sing in the county jail. They also work among the unchurched people and the hospitals. A free reading room has been established in Reno. Carson City, Virginia City, Winnemucca, Lovelocks, Wadsworth and Verdi are held as outposts by the Volunteers as well as the Salvation Army. The places are visited at intervals. Regimental officers. Colonel and Mrs. Walter Duncan, of San Francisco, will visit all the out posts in the summer and establish permanent ix>sts. President Ballington Booth will visit Reno April 27, 1904. Captain E. E. Jones is in charge at Reno. 206 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTER XXII. The Schools of Nevada. •Early History Wrapped in Obscurity — Public School System Under State Organization — Growth of Schools — Diversity in Text Books — ^The State University at Elko — Sectarianism in Schools — Private Schools — The Schools of Nevada To-day. The early school history of Nevada is shrouded in mystery; it is known that there were schools, but where located and by whom carried on, is a matter for conjecture only. The first two annual reports made by the superintendent of public instruction to the legislature were lost. The third report and the first one on record, is that, of A. F. White, December 12, 1864. In this report Mr. White states that when the state was organized there were but twelve school districts, eight schoolhouses and eighteen schools, and the number of pupils in 1864 was nearly 1,000. Two counties only furnished financial reports, and the cost given for maintaining schools was placed at $7 1,739- 79- There was not a school in the state thoroughly graded, and in 1862, in the whole territory, there were but five primary classes. There were no fixed sources for school revenue, and there were but few free schools maintained. People were liberal, when" appealed to, and always contributed cheerfully, but the school system in the early days ol Nevada was not ol a public but private character. Many curious methods ol adding to the school funds are related. In 1863 steps were taken to start a school in Austin, then the county seat of Lander county, and trustees were elected and a committee appointed to raise funds. Only $930 was raised. To add to this fund, it was decided to auc tion off a pair of Colonel "Dave" Buel's shoes. He -was a very large man and his feet, of course, corresponded with the rest of his body, and he always wore his shoes very loose. On May 26, 1864, they were auctioned off by Tom Wade, and $106.05 was realized from the sale. Carson City contributed largely to the school fund in 1862. Two men, prominent afterwards, while under the influence of liquor entered a theatre, while a play was in progress, and ordered the curtain dropped as they walked down the main aisle. They were both armed with six-shooters and bowie-knives, and when their command was not obeyed they rushed on the stage. The actors fled in terror and the two men used their knives to carve the objectionable curtain. For this pleasure they paid $1,000 into the school fund ol Carson. Great difficulty was encountered in securing school buildings. In some ol the more sparsely settled counties adobe houses were used, with floors ONE OF THE FIVE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, RENO A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 207 of dirt and thatched roofs, and in lieu of desks or chairs, wooden boxes of every size were used. Another great obstacle xvas the lack of uniformity in te.xt books, and confusion prevailed. In a Avhole school there xvould soinetimes be but two or three books alike. :\11 such obstacles xvere gradually overcome owing to the pioneers and not to the public fund. PUBLIC school fund. After the organization pf the state a complete and rigid system xvas in force. The laAv provided "the principal of all moneys accniing to this state from the sale of lands heretofore given or bequeathed, or that may hereafter be given or bequeathed, for public school purposes; all fines collected under the penal laAvs of the state ; tAvo per cent of the gross proceeds of all toll roads and bridges; and all estates that may escheat to the state, shall be and the same are hereby solemnly pledged for educational purposes, and shall not be transferred to any other fund for other uses, but shall constitute an irre ducible and indivisible fund, to be known as the State School Fund, the interest accruing from xvhich shall be divided semi-annually among the counties in this state, entitled by the provisions of this act, to receive the same, in proportion to the ascertained number of persons be,tween the ages of six and eighteen years, in said counties, for the support of public schools." A state ad valorem tax of one-half mill on the dollar was levied on all taxable property, to Avhich five per cent of all state tax collected is added. Semi-annually this money was apportioned aniong the counties by the state superintendent, each county levying the necessary supplementary tax. The donation of land by the United States government for school pur poses has been more than generous. The first grant was of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, but so much of it was barren that Congress later gave Nevada 2,000,000 acres to be selected anywhere in the state. These dona tions, with the indemnity grant of 12,708 acres, given in lieu of land under the sixteenth and thirty-sixth section grant, amount to 2,574:665 acres. It would be an endless task to find out how much land has been sold and im possible to prophesy how much more will be sold. sectarianism. In 1865 the school law became operative which provided that no books, papers nor tracts of a sectarian character should be used in any school estab lished under the provisions of the act, nor any sectarian or denominational doctrines be taught therein, nor any school whatever receive any of the public school funds, which has not been taught in accordance with the provisions of this act. The uniformity of text books is complete and rigidly kept so. 208 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the statute for the violation of this provision of law requiring that the school district violating it shall be deprived of its apportionment of state school money. STATE officers. The educational officers of the state of Nevada are superintendent of public instruction, county superintendents, school trustees and state board of education, the latter being composed of the governor, surveyor general and superintendent of public instruction. In order that the provisions made for free education in Nevada might attain their fullest scope, an act was passed by the legislature in 1873 com pelling children to attend school, but the compulsory law has proved a dead letter. When Nevada was admitted into the Union, her statutes drew the color line, provision being made only for the education ol white children. All colors are now educated in the Iree school ; several schools for negro children were started but died out. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. In December, 1861, the territorial legislature passed a law authorizing the incorporation of the Sierra Seminary, at Carson City, but the incor poration was never made. About that time Miss H. K. Clapp, one of the pioneer educators, started a private school for boys and girls, under that name. Associated with her was Mrs. E. G. Cutler and Miss E. C. Babcock. The Sisters of the Catholic church established a school for girls at Reno, and they also established an orphanage and school at Virginia City. At Reno was also established the Diocesan school for girls, described in a previous chapter. STATE UNIVERSITY. When the state constitution was adopted, its provisions made it obliga tory upon the legislature to provide for the establishment of a state uni versity, embracing departments for mining, mechanic arts and agriculture. The board of regents, for the first four years, was composed of the governor, secretary of state and superintendent of public instruction. The regents were ordered to immediately organize and maintain a mining department. The United States government donated 42,080 acres of land to aid in the e^stablishrnent of the university. The same grant was made to Nevada as to the other states of 30,000 acres for each representative in Congress (90,000 acres) for the maintenance of a School of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Mining being the chief industry of Nevada, this fund was afterwards made available for the support of the Mining College instead. The site was selected' at Elko, in Elko county, the citizens themselves building and furnishing the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 209 brick edifice. This was completed in the winter of 1874 and accepted by the regents. the preparatory DEPARTMENT. In 1874 the "Preparatory Department of the University of Nevada" was opened by D. R. Sessions, A. M. and B. P., of Princeton College. His first class consisted of eight boys and girls, all residents of Elko. In 1876 a dormitory was erected and great effort made to induce pupils to attend the university from the other counties of the state. No charge was made for tuition or lodging, and board was reduced to the lowest possible minimum ($30 per month). There xvere never more than three pupils at a time from outside points. Elko won the state university by offering the greatest induce ments, and her citizens paid $20,000 in building and furnishing the uni versity. The placing of the university at Elko was always felt to be a great mis take as the town had less than 1,000 population. Elko, however, did not want to lose the money she had put into the university. Reno was in first place when the transfer of the university to sorae more favorable point xvas discussed. She agreed to pay Elko $20,000 for her title and alsp to give $5,000 with which to erect buildings. The legislature of 1885 passed two bills, which conflicted with each other, one authorizing the transfer to Reno if $20,00 is paid; the second authorizing Washoe county to pay $20,000 to Elko county aifter Elko transferred title to university site to Washoe. Hap pily all difficulties were smoothed over and the university removed to Reno. From the time it opened in Elko to the time of its closing, in 1885, the uni versity was such only by courtesy, for it was only a preparatory school at Elko. It is now as it should always have been, the head of the educational system of Nevada. It is in fact the only institution of university or college grade and equipment within the state boundaries, beginning its life as such with the academic year 1886-87, when it formally opened in Reno. The Constitution of Nevada provides that the legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion ol intellectual, literary, scientific, mining and mechanical improvements, as well as agricultural and moral improve ment, and shall provide for the "establishment of a State University which shall embrace departments for agriculture, mechanic arts and mining." The support of the university is provided for under the provisions of the general government, which says : "Each state and territory to maintain at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other sci entific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts." It is further aided by means of biennial appropriations from the legislature of the state. From the- general government the university receives $25,000 an- 14 210 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. nually, and the sum from the state varies each year. The legislature of 1891 appropriated $12,000 for the construction and ecjuipment of a stone and brick building to be known as the "Chemical and Physical Laboratory." It has been completed and is used for instruction and research in chemistry. The same year the legislature appropriated $3,500 for a hospital for sick stu dents. The two buildings are a handsome addition to the university. The hospital is well equipped with a competent nurse always in charge. Since it was finished, September 22, 1902, to March, 1904, forty-four students have been cared for. The president's house has proved c[uite a bone of con tention. It is always desirable that the president's house should be upon the grounds proper, personal supervision otherwise being an impossibility. Un able to* secure an appropriation for one, the public-spirited citizens of Reno erected a building costing $9,000 which will be rq>aid so that the state may own the building. The president sadly needs a library building, the present quarters, in the basement of Morrill hall, being badly cramped; $25,000 will build one and the only hope seems to be outside of the state legislature. Some friend of education may donate one. Another building badly needed is a Metal lurgical building. Appropriations have been asked for and not "granted. The present Mining Laboratory contains the metallurgical laboratory and one class roora, the chemical laboratory of the School of Mines and the mineralogical- laboratory. The assay office has accommodations for only tAvelve students and the quantitative chemical laboratory for but sixteen. The students have built a small mill in connection with the concentrators, amalgamating and leaching plant. The state legislature ol 1895 passed an act authorizing citizens of Ne vada to send ores ancl minerals to- the university for assay, without cost to themselves. The value of the analytical and assaying work has been very great to the citizens of Nevada. Now that the mining industry is advancing so rapidly in every part of the state, much more interest is being manifested in the School of Mines. An annex Avill be added to the present School of Mines, containing a metallurgical laboratory and an assaying laboratory under one rool. The School ol Mines ol Nevada, handicapped as it has been always, has established an enviable record. Graduates have taken the highest of positions, notably in South America. buildings of university. The University ol Nevada now has eleven buildings on a campus of thirty-five acres. The oldest of these is Morrill Flail, named in honor of Senator Morrill. It contains the college administration offices, the presi dent's office, the faculty room, the departments of Latin, physics, histoiy. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 211 drawing, the commercial school and the library in the basement. Northeast of Morrill Hall is the United States Agricultural Experiment Station. It is devoted to the research work in agriculture. In the basement is one of the recitation rooms'and a laboratory; on the first floor there are two recitation rooms and the third floor is devoted to the botany recitation room and the second to a laboratory. The chemical laboratory is used also by the station. The station laboratory, the dairy laboratory, and the nitrogen laboratory, used exclusively for station purposes, are on the second floor of the building. It is often called the Hatch Experiraeiit Station, confounding it with the Agricultural Station proper in which are taught not only botany but zoology and entomology. Stewart Hall, named for United States Senator W. M. Stewart, is west ol Morrill Hall. It contains the normal school, departraents of French, mathematics, English, domestic arts and science. The base ment contains the dining room for dormitory students. The Y. M. C. A. rooms are also in the Stewart building. The Chemistry building is devoted entirely to chemistry for university courses and for experiment station as detailed above. The Mining building is occupied by departments of mining, geology and civil engineering. The Mechanical building contains the me chanical shops and the draughting room. On the ground floor are the ma chine and blacksmith shops, boiler room, etc. The wood shop is on the second floor and contains jig saws, band saws, Avood-working machines, wood lathes, trimmers and grindstones. There are tAventy-four benches for the students and twenty-four lockers, fully equipped. Every department is finely equipped for practical work. The gymnasium is devoted to physical training and indoor sports. It is also used as an assembly hall for the faculty and students. It is modern in construction, 60 feet Avide and 120 feet long. The equipment is modern and ample for all college purposes. Lincoln Hall is the dormitory for young men, the legislature appropriating $35,000 for this and the "Cottage," the dormitory for young woraen. It is a delightfully modern college hall, and a Avell furnished home for the young men. "The Cottage" is the hall for young women and is also modern and well furnished. It is located upon the plaza in the southwest part ol the campus and overlooks both Reno and the Avhole valley. There are single and double rooms to accommodate forty young women, and there is a reading room and parlor for the students as also for the lady in charge, best knoAvn by the title "Mistress of the Cottage." The rightful title ol "The Cottage" is "Manzanita Hall," but it is seldom spoken ol by the latter narae, as its name was changed Irom the former to the latter as late as 1903. If only the library had pleasant quarters it would be a great addition to the university. It has over 10,000 bound volumes, and about 8,000 pam- 212 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. phlets. Daily and weekly newspapers are supplied, many by courtesy of the publishers. The books of reference are especially fine. The library is classi fied according to the Dexvey Decimal Classification System. EXPERIMENT STATION FARM. Five minutes' walk from the university campus is the Experiment Sta tion Farm. It contains over sixty acres of land, with ninety inches of Avater for irrigation. Not only ordinary experiments but special irrigation experi ments have been carried out. It is finely located, and since its purchase the land has nearly doubled in value. This land has not all been made aA'ailable for the production of farm crops, there being about three acres on a rise of ground in the northAvest corner of the farra, for xvhich water is hard to secure. The buildings for live stock will be placed here and also supply an area for testing range grasses xvithout irrigation, eighteen acres having been plowed and mapped into acre plats and fractions of acres. There are several Ioav places Avliich ai'e being gradually leveled. The balance of the farm is seeded to alfalfa and Kentucky blue grass. Five acres of the hay land was used for crops the past two years and more money realized than from the hay. The station staff in 1901 held the first farmers' institute ever given in Ne vada, and in 1903 three institutes Avere held, one in Elko, one in Lovelocks and one in Gardnerville. The vice director was in charge and highly pleased with results. The recent fire caused great loss to the station, plants, insects' and birds being destroyed, but the loss has been nearly replaced already. The station is supported entirely by the United States Hatch Fund, and what is realized from the sale of farm products. The state of Nevada has not given a dollar to the station, ranches and stockmen receiving all benefits without cost to themselves. The board of regents of the university conistitute a "board of control" for the station, having charge of all moneys. THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. All male students, unless physically unable, are required to belong to the company of cadets. The course includes instruction in military tactics, with company and battalion drill every day. A commissioned army officer is always in charge, detailed by the War Departraent. A nuraber gave un satisfactory results, being totally unfit to have charge of young raen, and Captain H. C. Clark, by reason ol his Avounds, Avas incapable. The cadets are known as "The Battalion of Cadets of the Nevada State University." There are two companies and a fine band. The cadet officers receive commis sions from the governor, who is entitled to their services in case of insur rection or rebellion. There are literary societies and social clubs, which with the informal A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 213 dance- once a month serve to make social life pleasing. The various classes also give dances. Football, baseball, tennis and basket ball have raany fol lowers. The athletic field consists of six acres, loaned to the university by Regent J. N. Evans. The tennis courts and baseball and railitary drill fields are located here. The Athletic Association comprises every student. Semi annual assessments pay expenses. The track team, the baseball team, the football team, and the basket ball team for 1904 are all doing good work and indulging in competition xvith other 'varsity teams. In the xvay ol music, in addition to the cadet band, there is also an excellent orchestra and an equally fine Symphony Club. THE UNIVERSITY PAPER. In September, 1893, the upper classmen agitated the matter of publish ing a college paper. At first the regents agreed, then forbade its issuance. The Adelphi, then the literary society, had the matter in charge, but upon the action of the regents severed all connection xxith the idea. Twenty stu dents of the senior, junior and sophomore classes, decided to issue a paper in defiance of the regents. It xvas call "The Student Record" and in secrecy printed by the Nevada State Journal. It has groAvn in size every year and is a credit to the students. The students who publish it form an indqjendent association and have raade raoney, donating $200 to the gymnasium fund. The college annual is also published by the association. It is beautifully bound in blue and silver, handsomely illustrated, xvith full records of all 'varsity societies and proceedings. The literary xvork, fiction especially, is entitled to high praise. In addition to the social and literary societies there is a Young Men's Christian Association and a Young Women's Christian Association of the University of Nevada. The dramas and farces played are sometimes written by the students and sometiraes culled from the outer xvorld. From the beginning the university has had much to contend Avith. It started off in Reno Avith $12,700 for the first floor and exterior, Burke Brothers receiving the contract in July, 1886, and it xvas gradually added to. Her first presidents accomplished all that was possible, excepting Professor Le Roy Brown, xvho was asked to resign in November, 1889. The present president, Joseph Edward Stubbs, D. D., LL. D., was appointed in [894, and has given great satisfaction to students, regents and the state. The de velopment of the institution has been remarkable in his nine years of admin istration. The course of study has been raised, the enrollment of students increased from 189 to 356; a nuraber of fine buildings have been erected, the campus enlarged, and his efforts in organizing University Extension 214 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. classes has made the university influence widely felt. He has shown great tact, energy, enthusiasm, and sound business judgment, and his influence is felt not only in the university but by the community at large. Dr. Stubbs was born in Ashland, Ohio, March 19, 1850, receiving his early education in the Ashland high school, later entering the Ohio Wesleyan University at DelaAvare. He has held many responsible positions. When president of the Baldwin University at Berea, he was given two years' leave of absence, which he spent in the University of Berlin and in travel. Dr. Stubbs is assisted by a faculty of 24. The standard of admission to the University of Nevada is reasonably high, and is equal to the colleges of second rank throughout the United States. The faculty is made up of young men and women of approved learning and ability, and they are pushing the work ol the university in all its departraents as last as possible to a practical but yet scholastic standard. COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. The university has three colleges. College of Arts and Science, College of Applied Science, and College of Agriculture and Domestic Arts. The first has two schools, the School of Liberal Arts and the School of General Science; the second has three schools, the School of Mining Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, and School of Civil Engineering. The third has two schools, the School of Agriculture and School of Domestic Arts and Science. The State Normal School is a co-ordinate part of the university and has two departments — one for schools of the grammar grade, the other preparing teachers for high schools. The university also maintains a high school designed for students from sections of the state which have no high schools. The University high school offers a three years' course, either Latin, German or commercial. The high school is organized separately from the university. In the high school are 146 students. The degrees given are: Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and Master of Science. In addition are the engineering degrees. Mining Engineer, Mechanical Engineer and Civil Engineer. The university is delightfully situated on the northern bencli of the Truckee Valley, with a beautiful view of the mountains sweeping in a semi circle around it. Mt. Rose and Mt. Slide of the Sierra Nevada range are on the west, and a lower but not less beautiful range ol mountains to the south and east. The surroundings all make for health and beauty. The university is at the junction of three railroads, another fact in its favor. The town of Reno is growing so rapidly that the enrollment at the university is certain to keep pace. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 216 Nevada's public school system. The public school system has not greatly improved in Nevada. It is not frora lack of money, for in December, 1901, there was a net balance in the State Educational Fund of $1,596,958.62, the total amount of bonds, with accrued interest, and cash held by the State of Nevada in trust for the State Educational Fund. In December, 1902, there xvas $1,631,002.63 and relatively the sarae amount in 1903. One great draAvback is the inequality in the length of the school terms. There are four schools whose terras are less than three months; there are nineteen maintained three months ; there are thirty maintained over three and less than six months; 83 are in session more than six and less than 9 months, while 132 are maintained nine inonths and over. Of these forty- four are primary, 211 unclassified, forty-eight grammar and fourteen high schools, a total of 273 in 239 school districts. In consequence the teachers ol the ^hort term schools are often poorly paid and inefficient. When the children of these schools come in to the graded work of towns and cities, the showing is pitiful. If the population were not so scattered, districts could be consolidated but -the state is so sparsely populated, and the 60,000 people so widely scattered, it is almost impossible. A great mistake was made when the office of county superintendent was abolished and district attorneys compelled to act as ex-officio superintendents yyithout additional pay. The office should be re-created and salaries commensurate allowed. Another false economy, or so regarded by the teachers, is the non-allowance of help for the state superintendent. He has to do clerical work and cannot visit the schools. The sum alloAved hira for expenses has been nearly all tumed back to the state treasury. Yet with all this lack ol supervision the schools are improving, noticeably so the past few years. When one stops to- think that these rural schools are scattered over 110,000 square miles of mountains, valleys, plains and deserts from thirty to fifty miles apart, the teacher often a graduate of Nevada's high schools or university, it seems wonderful that so many find their way from them to the State University. Although, as stated, many of the teachers are inefficient, many more are wide-awake, pro gressive and earnest workers in the cause of education, but you do not often find them in poorly paid, short-termed schools. The educational achievements of Nevada have made her an enviable name in the older and more populous states. It rests with the people of Nevada whether the school system shall be improved and placed where it should be. Many forget that conditions change with the flight of time, rendering ncAv modes of education, new school laws, imperative. What was all that was required in 1863 is totally inadequate in 1904. One thing was done which was commendable, and that was the adoption of a new series of text books in 1901, the same year the legislature 216 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. appropriated $200 to pay the expenses of a state institute, the first one being held in Carson the April following. The State Board authorized in 1902 the purchasing of United States bonds, 4 per cent, of the par value of $1 15,000, which cost $158,766.07, or a premium of $43,766.07, greatly reducing the income. HIGH SCHOOLS. In March, 1895, a bill was passed by the legislature, allowing the estab lishment of County High Schools. Elko county took advantage of this at once, locating one in Elko, the county seat. Funds were raised by taxation and a fine brick building erected. Considei^able apparatus, chemical, physical and physiological, was purchased and three teachers employed. Elko Avas the only county taking advantage of this opportunity of educating children at home after they passed out of the grammar grades. Nearly all the principal schools have high school departments. Carson, Gold Hill, Virginia City, Reno, Wadsworth, Gardnerville, Winnemucca, Au.stin and Eureka give three-year courses in high school AVork. A number of other schools give instruction in high school branches. The number of children in Nevada is constantly changing. From 2,601 in 1865 it jumped to 10,592 in 1880, then down a thousand or so until 1890, when it reached 10,022, and in 1904 it has increased several thousand, no census having been taken since 1902, Avhen it Avas 9,277. That is the num ber of school children between the ages of 6 and 18. Only 6,952 were en rolled on the public school register. A compulsory school law is needed and will probably be framed and approved. The present one is., as stated before, a dead letter, and is not effective, and when put into execution is unable to stand the test ol legality. The salary paid to teachers is high, averaging $100 per month lor men and $61.58 for women, whicii means that good ones are very well paid and poor ones very badly, and yet in accordance Avith their deserts. There are 281 women and 38 men teachers in Nevada. In January, 1902, $69,918.43 Avas apportioned to the different counties, and in July, $61,524.44. The school census raarshal, one in each district, has to take an annual census every May, and his report is embodied in the report ol the state super intendent. Although the legislature ol 1903 authorized school trustees to unite school districts on the plan outlined above, so lar little has been done. Under the act school children can be translerred Irom one district to another, with all school moneys apportioned to it. Under the old law children could not be translerred, and if there were not ten in a district, that district could not draw any money. The text books have not ahvays lieen accurate and the teachers experi- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 217 enced great trouble with them. For instance, when Harper's Geography appeared in 1885, it Avas found to be full ol inaccuracies. High schools and even towns were wrongly located, populations either lar atove or lar below census reports. It was soon superseded by reliable geographies. The legis lature ol 1901 made many radical changes in the fish and game laws, and all teachers are now required to read thera to the pupils. In July, 1887, the industrial school at the Orphan's Home, the gilt ol Senator Sharon, was discontinued, owing to the small number of pupils who could take advantage of the opportunities afforded. In 1887 the Land Office at Washington approved the selection of 773.72 acres of agricultural land made by the state of Nevada for university pur poses.' Carson City has tried repeatedly to secure an appropriation for a ucav school building, but the best that could be secured was the addition to the old buildings. The matter was submitted several times to the vote of the people, the last time April 30, 1889, but Avas always defeated. The school bond election, $40,000, was again defeated in Carson in May, 1892. In 1884 the regents of the State University raised the price of school lands from $1.25 to $2.50 per acre. There was trouble over this, for it was Avhen the cattlemen were at war with the farmers, the latter contending that the cattlemen would secure land near water and then use all land adjacent for grazing purposes, for the farmers could not use the land without having access to the water. In 1886, about the time the university was accepted by them, the regents reduced the price of land to the old price, $1.25 per acre. In 1885 the state was deeply indebted to the school fund, and also bor rowed $20,000 from the University Fund. And the state has gone on bor rowing intermittently from the School Fund whenever nedessary. At Reno a $40,000 schoolhouse Avas finished in 1904, and small school- houses erected in the new raining districts. A small schoolhouse Avas also built in Harriman (now Sparks). But the majority of the school children of Harriman go over to Reno to attend school. Private schools are an unknoAvn quantity in Nevada. The university has removed all necessity for such a fine school even as Bishop Whitaker's Girl School in Reno, which closed its doors forever in June, 1894, having been in existence for over eighteen years. So popular was the school that an addition of 50 by 24 was made in 1886. In 1884 there were forty day scholars and forty-four boarders, eight teachers being employed. In 1886 a friend of the school and of the Bishop left $10,000 to the school. The will was contested but the school won the suit. Senator Sharon also left the school $5,000. The Bishop Avorked hard to make the place attractive, and 218 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. his garden was a marvel of beauty. The school building was sold in 1903 for a private hospital, it being admirably adapted to such an institution. The children of NcA'ada celebrate every holiday. Arbor day is a day special stress is laid upon. The first Arbor day was celebrated April 13, 1887, . Adolph Sutro gave 1,000 trees to the children to plant, evergreens, maples and locusts. Governor Stevenson sent east for another 1,000 and it was estimated that 10,000 trees were -planted in all that first Arbor day. The day is set by the governor and is a legal holiday. Admission day is also celebrated by the schools, and the children are well drilled in patriotic exercises, flag-raising and kindred exercises. Reno has a fine kindergarten, the corner stone of whicii was laid by the Masons, the Grand Lodge, on May 29, 1901. It is known as the Bibcock Memorial Building, its erection as a free kindergarten being the labor of love of Miss Clapp and Miss Babcock. CHAPTER XXIIL State and Government Institutions. The Orphans' Horae at Carson City^ — Loss by Fire — Nevada Hospital for Mental Diseases at Reno — New Hospital Building-— The State Prison at Carson City — Work of Prisoners — Improvements Instituted by New Warden, John Lyons Considine — The State Library — The State Print ing Office at Carson City^New Government Building in Reno — Car son's Public Building — The Indian Reservations and Indian Schools. Nevada has not as miany state and government institutions as many other states, but those she has are kept up in perfect condition, whether state or government is in control. The Orphans' Home in Carson is a most worthy institution. It has been under the management of Mr. and Mrs. J. Josephs for a number of years. On the morning of July 4, 1902, the main building of the Home was found on fire. It was a wooden fire trap, and it did not take long for it to burn to the ground. The fire originated in a defective flue. Occurring in the daytime not a life was lost. Had it occurred at night the loss of life would have been heavy. The children are in temporary quarters while the ucav home is in process of construction. The remaining buildings are used for the purpose. The new Home will cost about $35,000 and will be buiU of stone from the prison quarries. It costs about $15,000 to maintain the Home yearly, exclusive of teachers' salaries. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING, CARSON CITY A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ' 219 In 1 90 1 there were eighty children in the Home and about the same average each subsequent year. It costs 50 cents net each child per day. An extraordinary number of children have left the home during the past year, going to relatives or to homes which have been procured for them. In the whole number of children less than a dozen are full orphans. A profit of nearly $2,000 yearly is made off the live-stock. Chickens, cows, hogs, tAvo horses are kept and all kinds of vegetables raised in addition to wheat, grass and alfalfa hay. March 3, 1869, the act providing for a State Orphans' Home was passed, and on the 27th day of September, 1870, the directors of the Nevada Orphan Asylum at Virginia City were notified that all orphans in their charge would be received at the State Home. On the 28tli day of the following October the first children were received. Since the opening to 1903 nearly 700 chil dren have been admitted. In the thirty-two years but four deaths have occurred in the Home. NEVADA HOSPITAL FOR MENTAL DISEASES. On March 5, 1880, the board of commissioners formally accepted the State Hospital for Mental Diseases, or as it was known then, the State In- -sane Asylum, from the contractors. On the 2nd of the following July, 148 insane patients were removed to the new hospital from the Insane Asylum at Stockton. On July 22nd of the same year the widow of Jerorae Thornton (Lucky Bill) died in the hospital. Her husband's horrible deatii unseated her reason, and when her son died she gradually faded away. The hospital officials are: W. H. Patterson, M. D., superintendent; J. G. McCarthy, supervisor and clerk; Mrs. Ida Sheehy, matron; F. G. F'olsom, engineer. F. L. Wildes is secretary of the board of commissioners for care ol indigent insane. The 1st ol January, 1903, there were 142 males and 57 lemales in the hospital. During the term just passed there were 25 deaths, and 16 patients were restored to reason. From the pay patients the sum ol $1,591.25 was collected during the term. The total expense was $71,000, leaving an actual cost to the state ol $69,408.75, a per capita per diem ol 50.79 cents. The larni is a source of profit, as well as a healthful employment for patients. Each year 24 acres of run-out land is broken up, used as farm land for two years and then seeded to alfalfa. The past term, two years, a net profit of $14,047.18 was made. At the meeting of the last legislature $6,000 was appropriated for a new hospital building and improvement of heating appliances in main building; $1,500 was expended for the latter and another appropriation of $2,500 had 220 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. to be secured to erect the new building, which is made of stone frora the old prison Avails. In' the tailoring departraent, under Thoraas Speck, 988 articles Avere raade during the tenn. THE STATE PRISON. The State Prison is located about three miles from the city of Carson. There are altogether eight buildings, made of the stone from the prison quarries, which is very fine. In 1901 there were sixty-seven prisoners and forty-five added during the year, a total of 112. Thirty-six were discharged, sentence having expired. Thirteen xvere pardoned and one died, and one was sent to the State Insane Asylum. In 1902 sixty-one Avere in prison at com mencement of year and thirty-seven xvere received, a total of ninety-eight. The sentences of thirty-three expired and six xvere pardoned. Two Avere sent to the insane asylum. December 31, 1902, there Avere fifty-seven pris oners. March 21, 1904, there Avere seventy-nine prisoners. On January 23, 1903, John Lyons Considine succeeded L. O. Hender son as warden, and he has already made a record. He has instituted a num ber of reforms in the prison. The two arc lights in front of the main build ing have been removed and incandescent lights have been scattered around the grounds in a complete circle ol an eighth ol a mile on every side ol the main building. The safety of the prison at night, and from an attack from the outside, has been greatly augmented. A complete electrical alarm system has been introduced, and at the touch of a button the entire guard, the captain ol the guards and warden are summoned. These precautions make a prison delivery almost an impossibility. Warden Considine has also replaced the steam pumping plant with an electrical one which is cheaper to support and instantly available in case ol fire. Judging Irom the progi'ess made in such a short time Mr. Considine's four years' term will be extended over many subsequent ones. He received word several times that arms and ammunition would be planted in the vicinity of the prison by criminals from California; consequently every night the bloodhounds of the prison are released and roam the grounds until daylight. Mr. Considine has also been utilizing the prisoners by grading and filling in the boulevard from the prison to Carson. For quite a distance lead ing from the prison, shade trees have been planted, and these will be added to until there will be a shaded boulevard clear to Carson. The prison is not self-supporting, the only revenue being an insignificant amount from the sale of stone, dressed and undressed, from the quarry. The cost of running the prison per 3'ear averages $33,500. The prisoners make jewelry, hair bridles, rawhide riatas, headstalls, quirts, miniature fumiture, A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 221 handkerchief sachets, pin cushions, satchels, etc. What they make is solely for their personal profit. The prison religious exercises ai-e conducted alternately each Sunday afternoon by four clergymen of different denominations, comprising all the churches represented in Carson. The services consist ol a sermon, prayers and hymn-singing. A large part ol the vegetables consumed, chiefly potatoes, onions, cab bages and garden vegetables, are raised in the prison gardens. The prison surroundings are thoi-oughly hygienic in every respect. A cosy office has been fitted up for the physician for his interviews xvith the prisoners. It is safer than the former plan ol seeing patients in the room just off the entrance to the cell room. The prisoners are employed in the quarry, bakery, shoe shop, tailor shop, laundry, carpenter shop, dining room and in general work. THE STATE LIBRARY. The act consolidating the offices ol secretary of state and state librarian took effect January 8, 1895. There is much detail and routine work in the libi'ary, for all volumes that come in have to be stamped, recorded and cata logued with the title, price, date and character. All books going out are re corded in full and charged to the individual and credited when returned. Correspondence is also kept up Avith other state institutions relative to ex changes. Tn early days attorneys were the principal patrons, but now all tax payers are entitled to its privileges. • All the standard literature of the day, in the way of magazines and periodicals, may be found there. All the news papers, daily and weekly, printed in the state, can be found at the library and at the end of the year the papers are bound, in yearly volumes, for future use. All the different law yolumes, required by the supreme court, all the latest editions ol text books published, court reports Irom the different states, federal reports and digests, are to be found on the library shelves. Standard works of fiction have been added to the library. The catalogue is graded in two separate and distinct forms, one known as the law catalogue and the other known as the miscellaneous catalogue. In 1899 more room was necessary and this was obtained by adding the forraer office ol clerk of the supreme court. It is now known as the north room ol the library, and it accommodates 7,000 additional volumes. On the library exchange list are all the states in the Union, the territories, lederal govern ment and all universities and educational institutions. In the dome are sev eral thousand volumes, and the accumulation ol many years of valuable docu ments and reports. The immense weight is causing the dome tO' settle. Over 222 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. $i,ooo per year is expended for books and sometimes double that amount. The money for the purchase of books comes from the library fund, which is kept up from fees from the office of secretary of state and the office of clerk of the supreme court, no legislative appropriation being made for that purpose. The State Library is located on the second floor of the capitol building, in Carson City. STATE PRINTING OFFICE. The State Printing Office is located at Carson City, in the rear of the capitol, but across the street. It is built of stone from the prison quarry and cost $5,000 to construct. The first floor is devoted to the machinery and mechanical work, while the binders are upstairs. State Superintendent of Public Instruction Ring also has his offices on the second floor. Next to his rooms is located the museum, donated to the state by the disbanded Society of Pioneers. E. D. Chandler, in charge of the government irriga tion work at Carson, also has rooms on this floor. Andrew Maute is superintendent ol state printing and has offices on the ground floor. By him the state printing office and binding department has been conducted in a most thorough, excellait and systematic manner. Will U. Mackey is his foreman. The class of work annually turned. out by this department cannot be excelled by any government or state printing estab lishment in the United States. Work is increasing constantly. In 1901-2 the total number of copies turned out was 138,133, a total number of im pressions ol 1,144,924. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS. On January 5, 1885, in Washington, D. C, on motion of Cassidy, rules were suspended, and the senate bill was passed, appropriating $100,000 for a public building in Carson. A commission was appointed to select land in Carson for a site. C. M. Noteware, Judge W. M. Cary, S. C. Wright, M. Cohn and Jacob Kline were appointed as a commission. Judge Cary was elected as chairman, and then ensued a long and bitter fight over the loca tion. It was a number of years before the building was completed. While the fight was going on, Reno offered a $30,000 block in the center of that city, which quelled the fighting in Carson. It is a handsome block, and in it are located the postoffice and a number of federal offices. Three, blocks down the street from the postoffice building is located the state capitol, a massive block constructed of stone from the prison quarries. It is surrounded by handsome grounds, in which is stationed the band stand used by the celebrated Carson City Band. In the capitol are located all of the state offices and the state library. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 223 Shortly after the granting of the appropriation for the public building at Carson, a similar appropriation was made for a public building in Raio. The affair has dragged along for a number of years. Last year a magnificent site was purchased on the banks of the Truckee river, just below the iron bridge and across the stream frora the Carnegie library. Work on the build ing will be commenced early this summer. INDIAN RESERVATION AND SCHOOLS. There are nearly 6,000 Indians in Nevada, belonging to the Pah-Ute (vulgarized by the whites into Piute), Shoshones and Washoe tribes, the Pah-Utes being in the majority. The Shoshones live in the northeastern part of the state, the Washoe in the western part, near Carson City and Reno, and the Pah-Utes scattered throughout the state, some living in nearly every valley and settlement. There are four Indian reservations in Nevada : The Western Shoshone reservation in the northern part ol Elko county, lying partly in Idaho; it is the home ol sorae 500 Indians about equally divided betAveen Shoshones and Pah-Utes. This reservation is in charge ol Superintendent H. H. Miller and a corps of employes. A boarding school is maintained with an attend ance of from sixty to seventy pupils. The Pyramid Lake reservation, near Wadsxvorth, is occupied by some 600 Pah-Utes and is in charge of Superintendent F. B. Spriggs. A board ing school is maintained with an attendance ol about sixty. The Walker River reservation, south ol Virginia City, is the home ol nearly 500 Pah-Utes and is in charge of the superintendent ol the Carson training school. There is a day school there with an attendance of about thirty. The work of the agency is in immediate charge of a neighboring farm. The Moopa reservation in the southeastern part of the state is a very small reserve and occupied by but very few people. Steps are being taken to establish a small school there. The work is in .charge ol Williain Sharp. The Indians ol Nevada are almost Avholly self-supporting. The only ones getting any help are a lew old people on each reservation who are unable to work, but the whole number so helped will hardly aggregate 250 people. Many on the reservations have their own land on which they produce hay, grain and Iruit and make a good living. The men are in demand as ranch hands, sheep shearers and vaqueros, and they do such good work that em ployers express their prelerence for Indians over transient labor. The women do domestic work., for which they are the raain dependence throughout the state. The poorest class of Indians live about the town, along the railroads and create a most erroneous impression of the race. 224 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The principal Indian school ol Nevada is three miles from Carson City, and has an attendance ol some 220 pupils. This is a training school with departments lor instruction in carpentry, blacksmithing, tailoring, shoemaking, sewing, cooking, farming and all useful trades. Pupils attend school half of each day and are engaged in some industrial dq>artment the other half, this being necessary for the accomplishment ol the work as well as lor instruction. The clothing lor girls, and a large part ol that lor the boys is all made in the school. The laundry work, cooking, sewing and general work lor such a number is no small task. The pupils print a little monthly paper which is sent to regular sub scribers as second-class matter. All the mechanical work is done by the pupils and much of the literary work. The pupils of the school are skilful in all mechanical work, excelling all white children in matters of art or hand work. The girls go out into families and give great satisfaction in work and general conduct. The supply is not equal to the demand for servants from the school. The Carson school has twenty-two employes, including teachers, matrons, clerks and industrial instructors. The efficient superintendent is C. H. As bury, who has been in charge since 1903, and has been in the Indian school service over twelve years in yarious schools as teacher and superintendent. The great trouble, in point of education, has been the failure to keep pupils to fixed habits of industry and temperance. They leave in a short time to be classed by the whites, in derision, as "educated Indians." The time is too short to educate anyone, especially when the starting point is so low. The prejudice against Indians is strong and the average white refuses to see any good in them, thinking they should do their drudgery eternally and cheer fully and any manifestation of independence is classed as shiftlessness and bad faith to the whites. The Indians are becoming used to such treatment and are able to look after their own interests. The Indians do some basket and bead work. A band has been maintained at the Carson Training School for a long time, and several members of last year are to play in an Indian band, selected from throughout the country, at the St. Louis fair. The Indians are good at football and baseball and wherever organized have held their own against all comers. A point in their favor is the fact that Indian agents and superintendents are devoted to their charges. C. H. Asbury, of the Carson Training School, is especially enthusiastic, and says that considering the few years the Indians have been removed from utter Savagry he thinks they are doing well to dress as citizens, make a livelihood at labor and compete with white people. CDOr o5 zDm o > Hm z:^m zo A HISTORY OF NE\^\DA. 225 CHAPTER XXI\'. The Sons of Mars. Early IMilitary .Vffairs — The Secession Conspiracy — First Call to .Arms — Action of the Democrats — Raising and Forced Lowering of Confederate Flag — The First X'^evada \'olunteers — The Sanitary Commission and Sack of Flour — Paying the Wager — Only Militia in State At Present — All Forts Have Been Abandoned — National and State Appropriations For Militia — Roster of Officers — Nevada's Militia in Late War. Nearly the entire history of the Militia is told in the chapters on In dians and the Avarfare carried on by them. The history of the regular army lies largely in that epoch, also. But the unxvritten history of both State Militia and the regularly enlisted rank and file AA'ould make more interesting reading than that of the Indian Avars, even. The great Civil Avar came at a time Axhen X'^exada xvas strixing to emerge from the condition of a territory to the dignity of a state, starting xvhen she Avas not even a territory and not ended when she Avas admitted as a state. In what Avas then truly the outposts of civilization, Nevada, only rumors of the Avar xvere heard at first. X'othing xxas knoxvn save Avhat came through the mails and over the xvires. Yet there xvere patriots and to spare. The population Avas composed of both northern and southern men, and while the former Avere in the majority the foreign element sympathized Avitli the south. The southerners Avere emboldened to the extent of desiring a cIaII Avar in Nevada. This led to many demonstrations of violence. The southerners Avere still further encouraged by the fact that the military department Avas in charge of General A. S. Johnston, a natixe of the soutli and understood to be ready to co-operate xvith the Confederate government. General EdAvin \^ose Sumner suddenly arrived in San Francisco and took command, ending the hopes of the southerners on the Pacific coast. Tt Avas believed that there Avas a secession conspiracy, of from 20.000 to 30,000 men, having for its object the establishment of state and territorial govemments under Confederate authority. Commissions of governors and militan,- officers, signed by Jefferson Daxis, xvere sent to the leaders of the conspiracy. But all xvere under the xvatchful eye of the Federal government. At this time General W. C. Kibbe Avas adjutant general of California. He applied to the United States military authorities, asking for 10,000 stand of arms. The conspirators, it xvas said, had promised David S. Terry that he should be gox-ernor of Nevada. Many thought the Democrats xxere con cerned in this plan, but many Avere open in expressing their loyalty to the Union and others as open in disavoAving such loyalty. So many xvere there of the latter class that the military authorities took a hand and arrested them. 226 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. imprisoning them in Foil Churchill and punishing them by making them carry sacks of sand under guard of Federal soldiers. At that time the gov ernment took the stand that every man who Avas' not for the government was against it. Many southerners declared that Avhichever Avay their native state went they Avould go. Many Avere Kentuckians, but when their native state failed to go the way they wanted her to they still Avere rabid secessionists. The Democracy Avas helpless on the Pacific coast, and especially so in Nevada. They had no part in the organization of the territorial government. Naturally they Avanted a party. On February 14, 1863, a call for a meeting was issued, signed by 64 leading Democrats, in Virginia City. The results Avere doubtful. Rebellious as they Avere there Avas only one occasion when the Confederate flag Avas hoisted. A man by the name of John L. Newman hoisted it in Virginia City, over his store, corner of Sutton avenue and A street. He, Avith a croAvd of southerners, stood around to protect it Immediately, R. M. Waterhouse, the partner of X^CAvman, hoisted the Union flag at the other end of the building and, pistol in hand, defied the whole southern Confederacy, and said he Avould kill anyone who made a move to take it down. Feeling ran high, but the southerners had to yield and run down their flag. The secessionists Avere told that death Avould be the portion of anyone attempting to again raise the flag of the Confederacy. And they heeded the warning. Later, they organized the "Golden Circle" to further the Confederate cause. To counteract this the Unionists organized the "Union League." Both orders Avere branches of those orders in the east. THE VOLUNTEERS. While Califomia commenced the organization of four regiments in 1861, it Avas the spring of 1862 before a recruiting office was opened in Ne vada, the first one being in Virginia City. Lieutenant Soaper, the officer in charge, as xvas the custom then, secured two drummer boys and a flag bearer and started through the streets to announce the opening of the office. A southerner rushed towards them and destroyed one drum, and had started on the other xvlien he xxas knocked doxvn by the flag bearer. Lieutenant J. T-T. MatthcAvson. Unionists came to his aid. Jack Williams acting as drummer, a great procession of Union men was formed. The company marched to the city hall, where an enthusiastic Union meeting xvas held. Nevada gave 75 volunteers to California before she received permission to raise companies of her own. In 1862 the Third Regiment of California Volunteers under com mand of Colonel P. E. Connor took possession of the United States posts in Nevada. In the spring of 1863 Nevada received permission to raise a battalion of cavalry. J. H. MatthcAvson, afterxvards lieutenant, opened a recruiting A HTSTORY OF NEVADA., 227 office at Gold Hill, he being the first officer mustered into service, with the rank of first lieutenant of Coinpany B, Nevada Territory Cavalry Volun teers, N. Baldwin being captain. At this time a company was recruited at Silver City, Company A, Captain E. B. Zabriskie. The two companies were mustered into service and marched to Salt Lake, in 1864. Zabriskie declined promotion and Baldwin was promoted to major of the battalion and placed in command of Fort Bridger. Four more companies were added to this battalion ; Coinpany C, recruited through out the state, H. Dalton, captain; Company D, recruited iri Gold Hill, Milo George, captain; Company E, recruited in Genoa, Carson and Silver City, Robert Lyon, captain; Company F, recruited in Aurora, J. W. Calder, cap tain. There were also 1,000 men in six infantry companies, under captains A. J. Close, M. R. Hasset, G. A. Thurston, Wallace, A. B. Kelly and Lieu tenant W. G. Seamonds. They were stationed at various places in Nevada territory and Utah. SANITARY COMMISSION AND FLOUR. When the members of the ~ Sanitary Commission came to the Pacific coast to collect money and secure assistance Avherever possible, they were surprised at the amount subscribed. Many who could not go to the front sent their fortunes. Of the $4,800,000 raised by the Commission over one-fourth came from the Pacific coast. Douglas county gave $2,975 ! Es meralda, $10,080; Lander, $10,650; Lyon, $13,830; Ormsby, $13,600; Storey, $109,760.07; Washoe, $2,686; a total of $163,581.07. Churchill. Humboldt and Nye counties gave largely, but no record was kept of their contributions. At Austin, in April, 1864, there was a city election. The candidates for mayor were: Charles Holbrook, a Republican and a hardware merchant, and Colonel David E. Buel, one of the proprietors of the townsite, and a Demo crat. Excitement ran high over these two; Dr. H. S. Herrick, an ardent Republican, then in the Internal Revenue service, discussed the status of affairs heatedly with R. G. Gridley, a grocer. Gridley urged Herrick to bet on the election. A wager was finally made, the stake a sack of flour, fifty pounds; if Buel was elected Herrick should purchase it and carry it from western Austin to Gridley's store, about a mile. If Mr. Holbrook was elected Gridley was to carry a sack of flour from his store to Herrick in western Austin. A band was to accompany the carrier of the flour, if Herrick, play ing "Dixie," and if Gridley, "John Brown's Body Lies Mouldering." The Republican candidate was elected the next day, and Dr. Herrick appeared at Gridley's store demanding the wager. Dr. Herrick decorated the sack with small Union flags and the procession set forth, Herrick carrying Gridley's coat. 228 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. The procession xxas headed bx^ the .\ustin Brass Band, the nexvly elected city officers, on horseback. Dr. Herrick, then Gridley ; Gridlex-^ son marched by him, carrying a flag, and a man folloAved them carrying a broom, the insignia ol Democracy, di-aped in niourning. A large throng of citizens, carrying banners, etc., folloxved, among thera a man xvith a sponge. When the place of destination xvas reached, the sack xxas delivered, the sponge xvas tossed up in token of surrender, and the broom placed aAvay in token of submission. Appropriate speeches xxere made, and the hilarity and joy xvas great. Dr. Herrick donated the flour to the Sanitary Commission. It xvas to be sold at auction. Then ensued a scene iKit soon forgotten. A stand xvas erected in front of Mayor Holbrook's .store, and T. r>. Wade, former mayor of Placerville, California, announced as the auctioneer. Music by the band and a fexx- speeches xvarmed the bidders up. Republicans and Democrats strove to outbid each other, all anxious to shoxv their sympathy for the boys at the front, Buel, the defeated candidate, offered a certificate of indebtedness of $1,115 from the Indian Department, but ready cash xvas demanded. INIining stocks, mines, toxvn lots, Avere all offered. .\ L^nionist bid $350 and asked to go to his home to get the coin, but Avas I'efused and the sack giveii to M. J. Noyes for the same amount. He presented it to the Commission to be auctioned again. EverA'one enjoyed the bidding, and the flour Avas sold and resold, individuals purchasing it and later joining Avith others of their party to buy it again. Gridley's firm bid $200, and the mer chants united and bid $300; lodges bid, the Masons bidding $113.50. and the attaches of the Reese River Rc-t'cillc, $iqo, until $4,549 in gold, or $6,000 in currency Avas realized. Accounts of the affair xvere xvidely published, and then copied throughout the United States. Photographs of Gridley and the sack found an immense sale, and the city of Austin adopted as a seal and coat of arms a representation of the sack. Mr. Gridley then determined to travel Avith the precious sack of flour, repeating the sales, paying his own expenses. He left his store and started out in May. When the procession started in Virginia City, Mark Twain accompanied it and Tom Fitch made a speech. At a previous gathering there he realized $580. But this second sale Avas held in Gold Hill and $6,062.50 realized. The procession xvent to Sil\-er City xvhere $895 xvas bid; then to Dayton, xvhere $1,200 xvas bid; then back to Gold Flill, Avliere $1,200 more Avas bid; then to Virginia City. Here $12,025 xvas bid, in all, $25,042 in gold, or $40,000 in United States currency. From Nevada Gridley xvent through the principal cities of Califomia realizing about $174,000 for the Sanitary fund. He went east then, realizing large sums. A peculiar thing Avas that the sack of flour changed Gridley from a rabid secessionist to an ardent Unionist. In a a ear he returned to Austin, A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 229 ill and tjadly in debt. His business had gone to pieces in his absence. He AA'-ent to Stockton, California, where he died in 1881, and Avhere he rests with out even a wooden headstone to mark his grave. A poor recompense for loyalty. The sack of flour had brought about a change of feeling in Nevada. Men realized that they could feel differently about the Avar and still be friends. DEATH OF LINCOLN. The feeling over the death of Lincoln Avas intense, every toxvn and city, every xvorthy residence in Nexada, xvas di'aped in deep mourning. On the day of his interment, April 19, 1865, public services followed those in the east as closely as possible. All places ol business closed for the day. And it seemed that xxith the burial of the inailyr xvere buried all partisan animosi ties in Nex-ada. Fexv but sorroAved for the great dead. One man, Avho remarked at Gold Hill that : "It's a pity he Avas not killed years ago," was arrested and sen tenced to receive thirty lashes on the bare back; Avhen ten had been given the sentence Avas commuted to carrying the Union flag from Gold Hill to Vir ginia City, a card on his back reading : "A traitor to his country." On the Avay he Avas arrested by the provost guard and imprisoned. MEXICAN WAR VETERANS. On January 12, 1877, the Mexican War Veteran Association was organ ized for the state of Nevada in Carson City. It flourished for years, but fcAV of the old guard are left. W. F. SteAvart was its first president and A. D. TreadAvay first vice president; W. Garrard was corresponding secre tary, and E. B. Zabriskie, recording secretary. The Association started Avith fifty-txvo meml)ers, many prorainent raen. THE SPANISH WAR. Nowhere in the United States xvas there raore intense feeling over the Maine incident than in Nevada. It seeraed as if the whole state wanted to march to the scene of action en masse. There were meetings and parades and enthusiasm ran high. Delay after delay did not dampen the patriotic ardor. Men enlisted, and while many did not get to the front, only as far as Jacksonville, Florida, and some went only as far as Carson, it was their great misfortune, not their fault. The bravery of the Nevada patriots is on record and is an enviable one. Nevada furnished 600 raen to the United States War Departraent, as folloxvs : Troop A, Cavalry, U. S. V., Captain F. Linscott coraraanding. Troop M, Second Regimental Cavalry, U. S. V., Captain W. L. Cox commanding. 230 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Cglonel Torrey's Rough Riders. First Nevada Battalion Infantry, U. S. Volunteers, 426 men commanded as follows: Company A, Captain Charles H. Colburn; Company B, Captain W. G. Sanders ; Company C, Captain C. H. Stoddard ; Company D, Captain W. C. Carney. Troop A succeeded in reaching the seat of war and served one year in the Philippines. Troop M reached Jacksonville, Florida, enroute to Cuba Avith the Rough Riders. The First Battalion of Tnfantry'remained at Carson City, in camp, about , four months. Tt was mustered out, to the deep disappointment of the boys at that time, not having been called into active service. THE STATE MILITIA. The present strength of the National Guard of Nevada is 140, the com mander-in-chief and staff numbering 5 ; Company A, Infantry, stationed at Virginia City, 70; Company B, Infantry, stationed at Virginia City, 61; both companies having eight commissioned officers. ROSTER OF OFFICERS, I9O4. Commander-in-Chief — Governor John Sparks, Carson City. Brigadier-General — Lieutenant-Governor Lem Allen, Adjutant-General, Ex-Officio Quartermaster, etc., Carson City. Paymaster-General — Colonel J. A. Conboie, Virginia City. Surgeon-General — Colonel S. L. Lee, Carson City. Chief-Engineer — Colonel Joseph Marzen, Lovelocks. Advocate-General — Colonel James H. Kinkead, Virginia City. A. D. C's — Lieutenant-Colonel F. L. Wildes, Virginia City; Lieutenant- Colonel Frank Golden, Reno; and Lieutenant-Colonel W. L. Cox, Reno. Colonel and Assistant Adjutant-General — S. H. Day, Carson City. Compamy A. Captain — D. M. Ryan, Virginia City. First Lieutenant — Henry Conrad, Virginia City. Second Lieutenant — Melville E. Lamb, Virginia City. Com,pany B. Captain — George D. Pyne, Virginia City. First Lieutenant — James Mahoney, Virginia City. Second Lieutenant — George E. Wren, Virginia City. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 231 APPROPRIATIONS. As there has never been made any requisition on either government or state for any property for use of the National Guard, since early in 1898, there is left of the national appropriation over $18,000. The legislature of 1901 appropriated $600 for the Guard, all of Avhich xvas spent. LAST OF INDIAN FIGHTERS. In 1880 the bodies of the soldiers buried at Fort Churchill were re moved to Carson City. Only txvo could be identified. Major Ormsby and Major McDermit; the little son of the latter was buried with him. The headstones of all other graves had rotted axvay. The bodies were in terred with great ceremony, on February i8th; public services and military ceremonies xvere used. There Avere fifty bodies. In 1885 the body of the hero, M^jor Ormsby, and his Avife Avere taken frora Carson to Oakland by his sori-in-laAV, A. Donnell. CHAPTER XXV. The Bench and Bar of Nevada. The Lawyers Came With First Emigrants — Early Litigation — First Case in Utah Territory, Noxv Nevada — First Session of Probate Court in Car son County — First Criminal Case — First Admission to Bar — U. S. Dis trict Court — Admission of Attorneys — First Grand Jury — First In dictment — Nevada Territory Judiciary. It is often asserted by Nevadans that they were never without lawyers, for they came with the first emigrants. For a year or two there was nothing for them to do. In 1853, when E. L. Barnard was acting as justice of the peace, the first case was brought before him on March 14th, John Reese suing Woodward and Company for $675. Tavo days later the first probate court in and for Carson county, Utah territory, was held by Orson Hyde, probate judge, where Genoa uoav stands. The county had been organized, and the territory was an immense one for one judge to cover. Tt was really little more than a court of a justice of the peace. In October, 1855, the first case was heard, J. Mclntyre vs. A. A. Knouse, an action to recover $187.75. The court found for the defendant, taxing him with costs of suit. The first criminal case was that of a negro, Thacker, who had openly threatened A. B. Wyckoff and Mrs. Jacob Rose. He was firrested, fined the costs of the suit, $50, and advised to go over the mountains. 232 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Dr. Charles D. Daggett and Solomon C. Perren Avere the first attorneys admitted to the bar, on November 2, 1855. UNITED states DISTRICT COURT. In 1856 Judge Drummond came from Salt Lake to Carson Valley with one hundred families. His first grand jury had no Mormons, but at the ex piration of nine days he expelled seven, replacing them with Mormons. The court met in Mott's barn at Mottsville and the grand jury met in Mott's house in the cool mornings and in a blacksmith's shop in the afternoon. The jury found one true bill against twO' parties, one E. Lamb, for stealing two horses. Lamb immediately made his escape. Later Judge Drummond threatT ened to "iron" the jury, but failed to do so. Tn six weeks the judge left Mottsville forever, going to California. Judge Cradelbaugh succeeded him, convening court at Genoa on September 5, 1859. On the loth of October following, C. H. Bryan, R. Anderson, G. D. Hall, J. J. Musser, W. H. Brum- field and W. Stewart were admitted to the bar of the territory. FIRST INDICTMENT FOR MURDER. On the 2 1st of the same month the first indictment for murder, against William Sides for homicide, committed at Gold Hill, Avas found. Tavo in dictments were found for lewdness, one lor adultery, and one lor robbery. Altogether that year five bills lor lewdness, one lor adultery, one lor rob bery, six for assault with intent to kill, three for murder, and one for felony, were found by the grand jury. In i860 three indictments for murder are recorded, but these indictments must have been without merit as none Avere prosecuted. Tn October, i860. Judge Cradelbaugh was succeeded by Judge R. B. Flaniken. The latter Avas accompanied by United States Marshal Henry Grice. Judge Flaniken held court in Carson City until its close. JUDICIARY OF NEVADA TERRITORY. When the new territory of Nevada was organized in 1861, Governor James W. Nye, on July 17th, divided the territory into three judicial dis tricts as follows ; First Judicial District — The county of Carson, including all that por tion of Nevada lying west of the 11 8th degree of longitude, west from Greenwich; Gordon N. Mott, judge. Second Judicial District — All that portion of the territory lying be tween the 117th and ii8th degrees of longitude; George Turner, judge. Third Judicial District — All that portion of the territory lying east of the 117th degree of longitude; Horatio M. Jones, judge. This was the beginning of Nevada judicial history, . entirely discon nected from the influence of the Mormon church, in Utah. However, Judge A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 233 Cradelbaugh established a national reputation by firmly opposing the Mormon powers during his administration. MINING LITIGATION. The first district court was held principally in Virginia City, and the litigation was nearly all over mining properties. A sort of common law, customary in mining districts, largely determined the questions involved. The best lawyers of the California bar participated in these cases. The trials were ahvays marked by great excitement, and the stock lists of San Fran cisco and Virginia City rose and fell Avitli judicial rulings. Perjury and bribery were rampant, and even the judges did not escape suspicion but were openly charged Avith being corrupt. The peculiar conformation of the Comstock gave rise to txvo theories "the one ledge" and "two ledge." Tn 1863 Judge Mott resigned, and Hon. J. W. North, first surveyor- general of Nevada, xvas appointed by President Lincoln to fill the vacancy. He was an honorable man of unexceptional character, but the attacks on him by attorneys and litigants were as fierce as they had been upon his prede cessor. Hon. W. M. StCAvart was especially savage in his charges of corrupt conduct on the part of Judge North. The result was a lawsuit for libel, which Avas tried in 1865, and Judge North was exonerated and alT accusations against him declared to be without basis of fact. Judge North resigned in October, 1864. The appointment of North's successor was never raade by the president, as the^constitution of Nevada was adopted in September of that year. At the general election of the November folloAving, the following judges of the supreme court were elected : Hon. James F Lewis, of Washoe county; Hon. H. O. Beatty, of Virginia City; Hon. C. M. Brosraan, of Vir ginia City. Lots were drawn according to the state constitutional provision, and Judge Lewis became first chief justice, having drawn the short term of two years ; Judge Beatty drew the term of four years, and Judge Brosm'an drew the term of six years. Judge Brosraan died April 21, 1867, and Hon. J. N. Johnson was appointed to fill the vacancy, reraaining upon the bench until January, 1871. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS OF NEVADA. In 1864 there Avere nine judicial districts : First district — Storey county ; second district — Ormsby county; third district — Lyon county; fourth district — Washoe county; fifth district — Nye and, Churchill counties; sixth district — Humboldt county; seventh district — Lander county; eighth district — Douglas county ; ninth district — Esmeralda county. The first district was or ganized to allow for the election of three judges with equal poAvers and jurisdiction so that the accumulated, unfinished business might be rapidly finished. Hon. R. S. Mesick, Lion. Richard Rising and Hon. Caleb Burbank 234 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. were elected to fill those three positions. The next legislature provided that but one judge should be elected in 1866, and Judge Rising was re-elected. The other district judges elected at the first election were : S. H. Wright, W. Haydon, S. M. Baker, E. F. Dunn, W. H. Beatty, D. Virgin and S. H. Chase. Some of them had not been trained to the law and the district courts had almost entirely original jurisdiction. Since the fii'st organization many changes have been raade until in 188 1 the state had but seven judicial districts, and in 1904 but five. CHAPTER XXVI. Secret Orders In Nevada. Masons First To Institute Lodge In Nevada — The Order Very Strong In Nevada To-day^First Lodge Under Nevada Jurisdiction — Losses by Fires — Subordinate Lodges — Coraraanderies — General Grand Chapter — Grand Lodge F. and A. M. — TheOrder Strongest in Nevada^ in 1903 — Location of Lodges and Officers — The Grand Lodge — Grand Lodge Royal Arch Masons — Other Masonic Bodies — The Eastern Star. As the Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons is the oldest secret organization in the world, it was fitting that it should be the first secret organ ization instituted in Nevada. It was to Carson City 1;he honor was giA'en, and the lodge was named for that city. Previous to the organizing of this lodge Masons had gone to California to attend lodge whenever possible. Many Masons, banded in companies before leaving the east, had applied for dispensations to open lodges in the west, wherever they might make their homes. The first funeral ever held in the west took place in California in 1849. The body of a man was found floating in the San Francisco bay. On his body was only one mark — the silver mark of a Mark Master, bearing the initials of his narae. No other clue was there, but the Masons took the body to prepare for the grave, and soon found other tattooing besides the silver mark. His body was covered with Masonic emblems, beautilully executed, in all the appropriate colors. It must have taken years to. do the work and a A'ast expenditure ol money have been required. Over his heart was the Pot ol Incense and on his breast the Lights ol Masonry. On his right arm were the plumb, the level and the square ol the Fellow Cralt, and on his left the emblems of Entered Apprentice — the Holy Bible, the square, the compass, twenty-lour gauge and the common gavel. In addition to these Averethe Mosaic pavement. King Solomon's Temple, the tassel which surrounds it and the blazing star in the center. On the right arm was also the Five Orders A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 236 of Architecture, Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. On the other parts of his body were the trowel, all the tools of Operative Masonry and the emblems of the Master Mason Degree, the bee hive, the Tyler's SAvord, guarding the book of constitutions, the sword pointing to the naked heart, the all-seeing eye, the ark and anchor; the hour-glass and the forty-seventh problem of Euclid were there, Avitli the sun, moon and stars and comet; on -one portion of his body were the three steps, emblematical of youth, man hood and old age. The work was something marvelous. The broken column upon which rests the book of constitutions was a" masterpiece. Reclining against it was the weeping virgin, holding in her left hand the Pot of In cense, in the right the sprig of acacia, embleras of a pure heart and the im mortality of the soul. Winged Time stood beneath her, his scythe by his side, his hand resting on the maiden's head. Masons came from far and near to see the body. Never before nor since has such a work of Masonry been seen. The identity of the man was never known, but every Mason in the vicinity, and among them many Nevadans of to-day, attended the funeral, and the Grand Honors were given to the stranger unknown. Thirteen years after this the first lodge between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras was established, Carson Lodge No. 151. In February, 1862, a dispensation was granted by the Grand Lodge of California, the petitioners being Henry Grice, Abraham Curry, Phillip Stoner, R. B. Ellis, F. A. Tritle, F. W. Peters, J. W. Wayman, W. C. Phillips, Seymour Pixley, D. L. Britton, Herman Armer, Wellington Stewart, W. B. King, and H. F. Rice. Until May 15 the lodge worked under this dispensation, when a charter was granted, and they had legal Masonic existence, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of California. The first officers were Marcus D. Lar rowe, Worshipful Master; Edward J. Smith, Senior Warden, and Henry Rice, Junior Warden. At the second meeting ten were initiated, and the order grew wonderfully, until in January, 1865, when the Grand Lodge of the State of Nevada was created, new charters were ordered with new numbers •for the lodges within its jurisdiction, and Carson Lodge No. i, replaced Carson City Lodge No. 154, of California. Its membership then was 50, and in 1877 it was 138, but from that time it gradually decreased. Its earliest Past Masters were: Marcus D. Larrowe, Henry G. Blasdel, Charles Mar tin, Jacob Tobriner, B. F. Foster, H. A. Mason, Benjamin Edson, R. W. Bollen, H. I. Bickner. The second Masonic Lodge was organized on July 26, 1862, under dis pensation from California, receiving its charter on May of the following year. It was given the name ol Washoe Lodge, George W. Brown being Worship ful Master, R. R. Johnson, Senior Warden, and T. B. Prince, Junior Warden, 236 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. under the charter ; under dispensation the officers were : D. J. Gloyd, Worship ful Master, P. E. Shannon, Senior Warden, and R. R. Johnson, Junior Warden. When the Grand Lodge of Nevada Avas organized, Washoe Lodge severed, of course, its connection with the California Grand Lodge. It started xvith nineteen members as Washoe City Avas just commencing; it had 58 mem bers in 1868, but gradually merabers left, until very lew reraained. The Washoe lodge was better off than the Carson lodge, for it owned its own hall, furniture and regalia, Avhile the former had no temple. Among the Past Worshipful Masters were: W. Foote, C. N. Harris, G. Robinson, C. F. Wooten. Tn 1863 a number of lodges received dispensations from California. On January 15, Virginia Lodge No. 162 was organized, receiving its charter in May, 1863. The officers were: W. H. Howard, Worshipful Master; J. De- Bell, Senior Warden; J. S. Kelley, Junior Warden; when it came under the jurisdiction of the Nevada Grand Lodge it had over 100 members, and in 1878, when Virginia City was in its glory, it had 213 members. Soon alter it commenced to decline, going down by degrees. Tt was known under Nevada jurisdiction as Virginia Lodge No. 3. In charity this lodge spent over $12,000. In the great fire which swept Virginia City in 1875 every thing the lodge possessed was lost ; a lew things were saved, . among them the jewels; when the second fire carae, the lodge was meeting in Odd FelloAvs' Hall ; alter this fire the jewels were dug out ol the ruins, only one jexvel be ing missing. They were made of Ophir gold ancl presented to -the lodge by Colonel W. H. Howard. Their cost was over $500. Past Masters were W. H. Howard, Albert Hires, J. C. Currie, M. J. Henley, J. H. Dygr, W. McMillian. Silver City had the fourth lodge, organized under California, March 20, 1863. Its charter xvas received the following May. Its officers xvere J. C. Currie, Worshipful Master; M. J. Henley, Senior Warden; W. B. Hickok, Junior Warden. It started with 34 members, had 76 in 1878, and then commenced like all the secret orders to decline. At first it was Silver City- Lodge No. 163, changing under XTevada to Amity Lodge No. 4. Its Past Masters had among them : Charles D. McDuffie, James McGimiis, Harvey Randall, Isaac Haas, W. F. Frame. Gold Hill was the horae of the fifth lodge, organized under dispensa tion, receiving its charter October 13, 1864, working under dispensation from July nth of the previous year. It was first Silver Star Lodge No. 165, changing under Nevada in 1865 to Silver Star Lodge No^. 5. It commenced Avith 13 members, and in 1880 had 177. Then with the others it started losing ground. Among its Past Masters were: S. W. Chubbuck, J. Mc- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 237 Allister, L. C. Wiggans, A. Gillispie, W. D. Sutherlin, W. B. Wheeler, A. Ingrund, D. Thoburn, J. H. Hubbs. Esmeralda Lodge No. 170 Avas organized under dispensation in Septem ber, 1863, receiving its charter October 15th following. Its first officers were J. H. Richardson, Worshipful Master; J. L. Carter, Senior Warden; A. A. Green, Junior Warden. In 1864 it had 64 members, changing its name in 1865 to Esmeralda Lodge No. 6. It Avent down until in 1881 it had less than 30 members. Among the Past Masters were: M. A. Murphy, J. Neidy, F. Neal, D. J. Lewis. Escurial Lodge No. 171 Avorked under dispensation frora January, 1864, until October 13, folloxving, xvhen it received its charter; its first officers Avere : G. W. Hopkins, Worshipful Master ; W. A. M. Van Bokkelen, Senior Warden; C. Walker, Junior Warden. When it came under the jurisdiction of Nevada it was known as Escurial Lodge No. 7, and had 42 members. Tn 1869 it had 154 raembers, declining with all secret orders from that year. Pa.st Masters AA'ere: S. Owen, R. H. Taylor, G. W. Hopkins, H. A. Gaston, Henry Rolfe. Lander Lodge No. 172 was the last lodge in Nevada organized under dispensation from the Grand Lodge of California. Tt received its dispensa tion March 25, 1864, Avith a full set of officers, I. A. Titus, W. M. ; A. D. Rock, S. W. : G. W. Terrill, J. W. ; T. A. Waterman, treasurer ; J. W. Jones, secretary ; R. C. Gridley, S. D. ; E. X. Willard, J. D. ; D. A. Metz, Tyler. It received its charter October 14, 1854, and had 20 members. It was known as Lander Lodge No. 8 when it came under Nevada jurisdiction. Its Past Masters were: D. M. Goodwin, I. S. Titus, W. A. Rankin, A.. Nichols, H. Mayenbaum, De Witt C. McKenny, W. W. Wixom, M. A. Sawtelle. FIRST LODGE UNDER NEVADA. The first lodge to be organized under the Grand Lodge of Nevada was Valley Lodge No. 9 at Dayton. Its dispensation was given March 7, 1865, its first officers being : C. F. Brandt, W. M. ; H. Sweetapple, S. W. ; A. Gallatin, J. W. Tn 1865, October 15, when it received its charter, it had 19 raembers, in 1879 it had 39 raembers, then began declining. Its Past Masters were : J. Crawford, C F. Brandt, G. W. Keith, J. L. Campbell. Austin Lodge No. 10 was granted a dispensation on -April 12, 1865, and on the following October was given a charter. Its first officers Avere : Thomas Wren, W. M. ; W. S. Thomas, S. W. ; M. A. Sawtelle, J. W. In 1868 it had 57 members, and then declining, in 1871, by vote of the members its charter Avas surrendered, its property turned over to Lander Lodge No. 8, and its life ceased. Seventeen Masons in Belmont applied for a dispensation, which was 23S A HISTORY OF NEVADA. granted to them on January 7, 1868, organizing Oasis Lodge No. 11. The charter was given them on September of the same year. The first W. M. was James M. Kennedy; first S. W., D. W. Cutts; first J. W., S. Goldstein. Tn 1880 the membership was only 43, while in 1877 it was 53. It also suffered the declination with other Nevada lodges. Among Past "Masters were ; Samuel P. Kelly, F. McNeal, Woodson Garrard. Douglas Lodge, of Genoa, was organized by twelve Masons in 1868, the dispensation being given them in February, 1868, the charter September 17 following. The first officers Avere: R. W. Bollem, W. M. ; S. E. Tuttle. S. W. ; H. Doyle, J. W. Its highest number was 56, and it went down hill with the others. Reno Lodge No. 13 was from its organization a successful Masonic body. It secured a dispensation January 14, 1869, and its charter, Septem ber 23 following. Its first officers were: James Z. Kelley, W. M. ; Barent Springsted, S. W. ; George Gisin, J. W. The first year its membership was 34, in 1880 it Avas 90. Tt has gone on increasing with the years. The lodge first met in a frame building, but in 1872 the lodge incorporated, a lot was purchased, corner of Commercial Row and Sierra street, Reno, on .Septem ber I and on October 15, 1872, the corner stone was laid with impressive ceremonies. Tn 1880 the lodge owned property worth $10,000. Its first officers were : H. L. Fish, W. M. ; George H. Fogg, S. W. ; F. J. Windrell, J. W. ; T. K. Hym.ers, treasurer ; B. E. Hunter, secretary ; W. L. Bechtel, S. D. ; B. S. James, J. D. ; Martin Sanders and L. B. Batchelder, stewards; N. C. Haslund, Tyler ;• W. A. Walker, marshal. Past Masters are : Joseph De Bell, L. L. Crockett, H. L. Fish, J. H. Kinkead, F. J. Winchell," f. C. Hagerman, Charles Knust. White Pine Lodge No. 14 Avas the outgrowth of the Masons of Hamil ton, Treasure City and Shermantown combining for mutual assistance. They secured a dispensation in 1870, March. The charter was received Sep teraber 22 following. The first raembers numbered 52, increasing to 84 in 1872, then gradually declining. In that year a fire deprived them of their original charter, which was duplicated by the Grand Lodge. The lodge .built a stone temple in 1869. The Past Masters were: T. N. BroAvn, G. P. McConkey, E. Harris, J. L. Robertson, E. H. Morton. Tn January, 1869, the Masons of Elko organized, and received a charter Septeraber 21, 1871, working under dispensation from January, 1871, until then. The first membership was 20, and in 1874, 75, in 1880, 65. Tt suffered from depression as did the others. In 1880 the lodge owned a half interest in a brick block, furniture, regalia, etc. Its first officers were : J. D. Treat, W. M.; H. Armer, S. W. ; E. S. Yeates, J. W.; R. Oliver, treasurer; T. N. Stone, secretary ; J. J. Hoffman, S. D. ; J. C. Echnaner, J. D. Past Masters, A HTSTORY OF NEVADA, 239 M. P. Freeman, G. B. Able, T, N. Stone, J. >D. Treat. The name is Elko No. 15- Eureka Lodge No. i6 xvas organized in 1871, receiving dispensation April 5, 1872; their charter Avas granted in September following. It had 42 members, and its first officers were : D. B. Imrael, W. M. ; D. E. Bailey, S. W. ; J. Rilley, J. W. ; its Past Masters are : D. E. Bailey, A. D. Rock, J. Gillispie, R. Gillispie, Hirara Johnson, C. J. R. Buttlar, Reinhold Sadler. In 1897 a fire destroyed temple, jexvels, regalia and furniture, the loss being $20,000 with $5,000 insurance. Humboldt, Eureka county, was the home of this lodge. Humboldt Lodge No. 17, of Unionville, came into existence by dispensa tion November 6, 1871. The charter was given November, 1873. Tts fir.'^t officers xvere : W. L. French, W. M. ; G. F. Muller, S. W. ; O. R. Stampley, J. W. Its Past Masters xvere : W. L. French, George F. Miller, Its member ship was never over 25, oftener 18. Pioche Avas the scene of operation for Masons some time before the dispensation was given them, August, 1872; the charter following in Novem ber, 1873. Its first officers were : J. F. Gray, W. M. ; D. R. Mitchell, S. W. ; D. K. Dickinson, J. W. Past Masters : R. H. Elam, J. F. Halleck, C. F. Myers, J. M. Hanford. Its highest membership was 84 in 1874, gradually falling aAvay. Its name Avas St. John Lodge No. 18. Winnemucca was the home of Winnemucca Lodge No. 19. The dispen sation Avas given on June 17, 1874, the charter Noveraber 18 folloAving. It started with 16 members, its first officers being : P. W. Johnson, W. M. : A. J. Shepard, S. W. ; Thomas Shone, J. W. Its highest membership xvas in 1877, when it had 47. It dwindled away with the rest. Its Past Masters were : A. J. Shepard, P. W. Johnson, T. Shone. Palisade Lodge No. 20, of Palisade, had a hard time getting established, Elko Lodge against it and Eureka Lodge for it. Tt had a very small mera bership, never more than 20. Tt secured a dispensation on June 20, 1876, and a charter June 13, 1877. T. F. Lawler, W. M. ; G. Rogul, S. W. ; J. E. Marshall, J. W., were the first officers. Past Masters were: T. F. T..awler; ¦W. S. McLellan. A dispensation was given to Tuscarora Lodge No. 21, of Tuscarora, in February, 1878. Its charter was given in June of the following year. It had 36 members when the charter was given. Its first officers were : J. Z. Kelly, W. M. ; W. T. Smith, S. W. ; W. J. Hamilton, J. W. Past Masters : J. Z. Kelly, E. S. Yeates. Hojpe Lodge with ten members was given a dispensation in 1880, but even next year no charter was secured. Its first officers were: S. B. Hinds, 240 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. W. M. ; J. E. Hart, S. W. ; B. M. Hague, J. W. Its home was in' Mason Valley. A Masonic Association was formed by Masons in the vicinity of Ward in 1876, and it was in force for years. Its membership was 40, then 52, at last 20. Tt dispensed nearly $2,000 in charity. It was knoAVn as the Ward Masonic Association. SUBORDINATE CHAPTERS". In May, 1863, a dispensation was given to Carson City Masons to or ganize Lewis Chapter No. i ; its first officers were : G. W. Hopkins, High Priest; J. H. Wayman, King; J. Stewart, Scribe. Its charter was given Sep tember 8. 1865, by the General Grand Chapter of Columbus, Ohio. Sixty-six Royal Arch Masons were on the roll in 1874. Tt also suffered loss of members. Virginia Chapter No. 2 secured dispensation in September, 1865, and a charter, September 18, 1868. It had at one time 113 members. Its first officers were: G. W. Hopkins, Tiigh Priest; S. W. Chubbuck, King; S. Owen, Scribe. Royal Arch Chapter Masons of Austin, secured dispensation for Austin Chapter No. 3, in October, 1866, and charter in September, 1868. Its mem bership decreased from 47 to a small number, then built up to 51 in i,S8o. Its first officers were : DeWitt C. McKenney, High Priest ; W. W. Wixom, King; H. Mayenbaum, Scribe. White Pine Chapter No. 4 secured dispensa tion in January, 1871, charter the September following. It started with 14 members, gradually increasing in 1880 to 27. Its first officers were : T. P. Hawley, High Priest; W. Timson, King; J. Tyson, Scribe. The Royal Arch Masons of Eureka, secured a dispensation for ,St. John's Chapter No. 5, April 26, 1873, and a charter November 21 of the same year. The first officers were: Samuel P. Kelly, High Priest; G. C. Robinson, King; F. A. Belknap, Scribe. Tn 1874 there was a membership of 36 and in 1880, 55. The chapter lost all its property in the great Eureka fire of April 19, 1879. Past High Priests were; P. Kelley, Hiram Johnson. Keystone Chapter No. 6, Pioche, worked under dispensation from June 12, 1873, until a charter was received Noveraber 21 of same year. Its fir.st officers xvere: E. D. L. Cutts, Pligh Priest; G. R. Alexander, King; T.'W. Abrams, Scribe. Starting with 14 members, it reached 50, and then in 1880 had 23. A dispensation was given Reno Chapter No. 7, of Reno, on March i, 1875, a charter being granted on November 23, of the next year. The first officers were: Frank Bell, High Priest; C. Knust, King; A. H. Manning, Scrite; L. W. Lee, C. of H. ; J. Boyd, P. S. ; C. Courtois, R. A^ Captain. It increased its membership of 29 ten members in ten years. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 211 The Grand Chapter granted a dispensation to Gold Tiill Chapter No. 8, of Gold Hill, in November, 1876, and a charter in the following year. Its first officers were: S. W. Chubbuck, High Priest; G. Robinson, King; B. H. Carrick, Scribe; W. C. Davis, C. of H. ; J. McAllister, P. S. ; A. Ingrund, R. A. Captain. This chapter increased from 39 members to 70 in 1880. COMMANDERIES. DeWitt Clinton Commandery was organized by Sir Knights at Masonic Hall, in Virginia City, December 16, 1866, and a petition was answered by a dispensation February 4, 1867. At the first asseinbly Jacob L. Van Bok kelen was Eminent Commander. He also served in 1867 and 1868. Sixteen members increased to 92, and in 1880 there were 86. The Commandery lo.st everything in the fire of 1875 save the charter and officers' jewels, and a committee report on preparation of bylaws. This Commandery was No. i. Tn July, 1880, Eureka Commandery No. 2, of Eureka, received a dispen sation, working under it until August 19 following, when the charter Avas granted. H. H. Conklin was its First Eminent Commander. Silver Lodge of Perfection, Scottish Rite No-, i, was organized in Vir ginia City, April 23, 1874, Henry St. George Hopkins being T. P. G. W., and its membership in 1880 was 100. GENERAL GRAND CHAPTER OF NEVADA. On November 18, 1873,' a convention of the High Priests, Kings and Scribes of the four chartered chapters of Nevada, acting under a warrant from J. H. Drummond, Gen. G. H. P., in 1873, November i, formed the First Grand Chapter lor the State of Nevada. George Robinson was G. H. P., and when the Chapter convened for the first time three days later, Sam uel C. Wright of LcAvis Chapter No. i, was chosen G. H. P.; John C. Currie ol Virginia City was G. H. P. in 1875 ; DeWitt McKenney, of Austin, in 1876 and in 1877; Phillip Seldner, ol Virginia, in 1878, and David E. Bailey, of Eureka, in 1879; Frank Bell in 1880. GRAND LODGE F. AND A. M. OF NEVADA. A Convocation of Delegates from the six Masonic lodges of NcA'ada organized a Grand Lodge for Nevada, in Virginia City, January 16, 1865, and adjourned, the Grand Lodge convening the following day. Joseph De- Bell was Grand Master, and George W. Bailey, Deputy Grand Master. New charters were ordered for all state lodges and other important business trans acted. Three times in 1875 •^i'^ the Order suffer from, fire; May 19, the Masonic building in Virginia City was burned and with it most of the Grand Lodge Library. The Masons then met in I. O. O. F. hall, and when that was burned September 3, it took nearly all that was left. When the third fire 242 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. came on October 26, nothing Avas left the Masons but the funds they had in a fireproof bank vault. For a time there was no building in which a secret order could meet, and then took place the famous lodge meeting on Mount Davidson. This mountain is 7,927 feet above sea level. In early days of the craft high bills Avere used for lodge rooms and sirailar meetings were held in Califomia, in Eureka and Auburn, 1851, but this was on greater heights, a meeting far from human habitation. It was held by Virginia Lodge No. 3, but Masons Avere present from all portions of the globe, the folloAving being represented : XTevada, California, New York, Kansas, Michigan, West Virginia, Utah, Mis souri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Maine, Colorado, New Jersey, Washington (District of Columbia), England, Scotland, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Washington Territory, Oregon, Virginia, Nova Scotia, North Carolina, Nebraska, Penn sylvania, Illinois, Canada West, Idaho, New Zealand, and Kentucky. A row of pickets, designated by white badges around their left arms, were stationed around the summit so none could pass without permission. An altar of rough Ashlar supported the three great lights of Masonry, rough granite chairs were used by the Worshipful Master, Senior and Junior Wardens. After the opening ceremonies the Masonic flag umvrapped its folds, showing the square, compass and Letter G, and it was greeted with three cheers and a tiger. Grand officers. Past Grand officers and raembers and dignitaries, enjoyed the banquet which was, served before opening lodge. The regular order of business was followed, and afterwards speeches were made, Col. R. H. Taylor read a poem, the evening closing Avith the singing of "Auld Lang Syne." MASONS IN NEVADA IN I9O3. The Masonic Lodges of Nevada are to-day in a fairly prosperous con dition. They have performed more work, and although their losses by death and dimissions have been ciuite large, still the net gains are much larger for 1903-4 than for many years prior. Erstwhile dormant lodges have awakened to new activity. There are on the rolls 944 Master Masons. Of the older lodges, Carson Lodge No. i has for Past Masters : G. C. Bryson, Trenmor Coffin, P. A. Doyle, P. G. M., G. Gillson, M. A. Murphy, P. G. M., C. N. Noteware, G. W. Richard, C. J. Rulison, D. G. Kitzmeyer, G. W. Keith. It has over 100 members. The present officers are : Samuel Piatt, W. M. ; T. G. Farrer, S. W. ; W. H. Cavell, J. W. ; C. W'. Friend, treasurer; E. D. Vanderlieth, secretary; W. M. David, S. D.'; G. B. Russell, J. D.; S. S. Robinson, steward; H. Heidenrich, steward; W. U. Mackey, M. ; B. J. Darnielle, chaplain ; A. Jacobs, Tyler. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 243 Virginia Lodge No. 3 of Virginia City, Storey county, has for Past Masters: Wihiani Dunn, H. Patey, Williara McMillian, P. G. M.; R. M! Jackson, M. C. McMillian, A. O. Percy, E. Strother. P. G. M., J. Steffan. There are 54 members. The present officers are : J. F. Steffan, W. M. ; S. A. Chapman, S. Warden ; J. D. R. Corbett, J. W. ; R. S. Meacheam, T. ; William Dunn, secretary ; J. H. Sutherland, S. D. ; R. Bravin, J. D. ; J. W. Richards, S. ; J. Gentz, M. ; A. O. Percy, Chaplain ; L. Lobenstein, Tyler. Escurial Lodge No. 7, of Virginia City, has for Past Masters: C. E. Mack, J. W. Eckley, P. G. M., H. M. Clemmons, G. Henning, G. A. Morgan, P. G. M., H. Levy, R. A. Bulnier, H. R. Shade. It has 80 members and the present officers are; H. Levy, W. M. ; R. A. Bulnier, S. W. ; J. W. Locklin, J. W.; G. A. Morgan, T. ; G. Henning, S. ; M. C. Pacheco, S. D. ; D. P. Morgan, J. D. ; W. H. Trathen, Steward ; W. H. Flancock, Steward ; J. A. Conboie, Chaplain; L. Lobenstein, Tyler. Valley Lodge No. 9, of Dayton, Lyon county, for Past Masters: J. L. Campbell, W. W. Stephens, \A'. J. Harris, L. Vincent, B. Gates, M. L. John son, M. J. King, J. E. Gignoux. There are 30 members and the present officers are: C. E. King, W. M. ; A. J. Loftus, S. W. ; A. M. Smith, J. W. ; B. Gates, T. ; M. J. King, Sec. ; H. Davis, S. D. ; F. P. Shirley, J. D. ; J. M. Tailleur, Tyler. Douglas Lodge No. 12 has for Past Masters, C. W. Dake, F. Fettie, W. D. Gray, D. W. Virgin, H. H. Springmeyer, T. Tillman, L. Springmeyer, C. L. Fulstone. It has 36 members and the present officers are : D. W. Virgin, W. M. ; W. H. Helberg. S. W. ; L. E. Jones, J. W. ; J. R. Johnson, T. ; C. W. Dake, Sec. ; F. Fettie^ S. D. ; J. Raycralt, J. D. ; S. Rice, Steyvard ; A. Lentz, Steward; T. Tillman, Tyler. Reno Lodge No. 13, of Reno, Washoe county, has for Past Masters: L. L. Crockett, F. Bell, P. G. M., R. H. Kinney, F. D. King, W. H. Patter son, S. Logan, R. Lewers, W. L. Bechtel, A. D. Bird, S. Summerfield, C. A. Richardson, T. Wren, J. M. McCormack, P. G. M., J. A. Christie. There are 164 members and the present officers are : F. H. Norcross, W. M. ; T. J. Steinmitz, S. W. ; E. Barber, J. W. ; T. K. Hymers, T. ; S. M. Jamison, Sec; F. Grob, S. D. ; A. W. Holmes, J. D. ; Stewards, H. G. Wedekind, T. W. Clarke; L. L. Crockett, Tyler. Elko Lodge No. 15, of Elko, Elko county, has for Past Masters, T. Hunter, S. S. Sears, J. M. Morrow, W. T. Smith, J. A. McBride, J. Hender son, J. L. Keyser, C. H. Hale. Its present officers are: C. B. Henderson, W. M. ; G. Hunter, S. W. ; P. S. Greely, J. W. ; J. Henderson, T. ; J. F. Trip lett, Sec. ; R. H. Mallit, S. D. ; M. H. Wallace, J. D. ; Stewards, J. Ackland, J. Clark; James Russell, Tyler. There are 80 members. Eureka Lodge No. 16, of Eureka, Eureka county, has for Past Masters, 244 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. A. L. Fitzgerald, P-. G. M., D. •Falconer, J. N. Hill, R. Sadler, A. Fraser, J. S. Burlingame, C. S. Batchelder, R. J. Reid, J. H. Shoemaker, J. H. Hoegh, J. H. Jury, J. Hancock, M. G. Foster, R. A. Laird. It has 47 members. Its present officers are; J. Hancock, Jr., W. M. ; B. L. Snioth, S. W. ; H. C. McTerney, J. W. ; R. McCharies, Sec. ; A. McCharles, S. D. ; F. J. Brossa- nier, J. D. ; A. Hintze, Steward ; T. Dixon, Steward. Winnemucca Lodge No. 19, of Winnemucca, Humboldt county, has for Past Masters, T. Shone, E. D. Kelley, S. J. Anderson, A. Brown, M. Rein hart, G. F. Muller, R. Battels. It has 55 raembers. Its present officers are: W. A. Brown, W. M. ; F. Poulin, 5. W. ; A. Ruckteschler, J. W. ; T. Shone, T. ; C. Wolf, Sec. ; C. W. Muller, S. D. ; T. D. Brown, J. D. ; Stewards, J. A. Hill, A. L. Brackett; James Hurst, Tyler. Tuscarora Lodge No. 21, of Tuscarora, Elko county, has for Past Mas ters, E. L. McMahon, A. H. Smith, F. Barnaba, W. McL McMasters, J. C. Doughty, W. S. Hillman, O. Graham, A. W. Sewall. It has 26 members. Its present officers are : C. C. Vach, W. M. ; A. L. Anderson, S. W. ; L. H. McMahon, J. W. ; E. L. McMahon, T. ; J. C. Doughty, Sec. ; O. Graham, S. D. : A. A. Primeaux, J. D. ; Stewards, W. S. Hillraan, A. W. Sewell ; J. P. Burkett, Tyler. Hope Lodge No. 22, of Yerington, Lyon county, has for Past Masters, C. T. Martin, H. H. Reymers, G. I. Leavitt, G. W. Kneirim, W. G. Larue. It has 25 members. Its present officers are: W. H. Metseher, W. M. ; W. N. Aiken, S. W. ; H. A. Meissner, J. W. ; W. A. Reymers, T. ; G. L. Leavitt, Sec. ; J. S. Craig, S. D. ; G. W. Kneirim, S. D. ; Stewards, J. Walters, G. W. Webster. Steptoe Lodge No. 24, of Cherry Creek, White Pine county, has for Past Masters, H. A. Corains, D. R. Collins, W. D. Campbell, G. E. Parker, A. T. Stearns, B. B. Bird, J. B. Williamson, E. Harris. It has 30 members. Its present officers are: W. D. Campbell, W. M. ; W. C. Gallagher, S. W.; C. F. Pahlan, J. W. ; D. R. Collins, T. ; J. Wearne, Sec. ; J. P. McOniie, S. D. ; H. Bress, J. D. ; Stewards, M. McAuley, H. Olson ; A. Huesser, Tyler. Wadsworth Lodge No. 25, of WadsAvorth, Washoe county, has for Past Masters, T. L. Bellam, L. S. Bridges, M. Kline, G. A. McPherson, C, A, Beemer, E. Shepley. Tt has 26 members. Its present officers are: E. H. Beemer, W. M. ; C. W. Lipe, S. W. ; J. B. Woods, J. W. ; T. L. Bellam, Sec. ; L. S. Bridges, T. ; C. A. Beemer, S. D. ; A. W. McRacken, J. D. : Stew ards, E. Shepley, G. W. Davis ; C. Griffin, Tyler. Amity Lodge No. 4, ol Silver City, Lyon county, is among the later lodges. Its Past Masters are Harvey Randall, J. Bennett. Tt has 19 mem bers and its present officers are : H. Randall, W, M. ; A. N. Bennett, S. W.; A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 245 C. F; Stock, J. W. ; A. R. Pollard, T. ; R. Trimble, Sec. ; C. G. Hamilton, S. D. ; F. Windish, J. D. ; W. Stock, Tyler. Silver Lodge No. 5, of Gold Hill, Storey county, has for Past Masters, F. L. Clarke, A. W. Perkins. Tt has 36 members. The. present officers are: W. D. Bray, W. M. ; W. H. Schweis, S. W. ; A. Washburne, J. W. ; W. S. James, T. ; L. A. Lichtenberger, Sec; F. L. Clark, S. D. ; W. L. Bray, J. D..; Stewards, C. G. Butler, B. F. Hazeltine; F. Marohn, Tyler. Lander Lodge No. 8, of Austin, Lander county, has for Past Masters, A, Dren, W. D. Jones, E. Craine, W. C. Gayhart, J. A. Miller, P. G. M. It has 36 members. Its present officers are : G. J. Polkinghouse, W. M. ; J. Tallack, S. W. ; W. Easton, J. W. ; J: A. Miller, T. ; W. D. Jones, Sec. ; P. Terwillger, S. D. ; E. Williams, J. D. ; Stewards, T. Thomas, L. Steiner; E. Crane, Tyler. St. John Lodge No. 18, of De Lamar, Lincoln county, has for Past Mas ters, E. D. Turner, T. J. Osbourne, J. D. Campbell, H. W. Miles, G. Nesbitt. Tt has 28 members. The present officers are : George Nesbitt, W. M. ; H. W. Miles, S. W. ; E. D. Turner, J. W. ; J. Roeder, T. ; J. Shier, Sec. ; M. Churich, S. D. ; J. Fugle, J. D. Battle Mountain Lodge No. 23, of Battle Mountain, Lander county, has for Past Masters, T. Nelson, E. T. George. Tt has 20 members. The present officers are: F. A. Lirabaugh, W. M.; I^. A. Lemaire, S. 'W. ; J. C. Moore, J. W. ; M. McGregor, T. ; A. D. Lemaire, Sec. ; E. T. George, S. D. ; L. Egoff, J. D. ; Stewards, B. F. Wilson, W. C. Flancock ; M. M. Yirt, Tyler. Churchill Lodge No. 26, of Fallon, Churchill county, has for Past Mas ters, William H. Sifford. It has 13 members. Its present officers are: W. H. Sifford, W. M. ; I. H. Kent, S. W. ; G. W. Webb, T. ; J. W. Richards, Sec; T. Dolph, S. D.'; F. Small, J. D. ; W. W. Williams and W. R. Lee, Stewards ; L. Allen, Tyler. Humboldt Lodge No. 27, of Lovelocks, Humboldt county, has for Past Masters, J. Marzen, J. A. Ascher, R. Fulstone. It has 19 raembers. Its present, officers are: J. A. Ascher, W. M. ; J. M. Foltz, S. W. ; H. B. Mc Donald, J. W. ; H. C. Marker, T. ; A. R. Edraondson, Sec. ; A. W. Edmond- soii, S. D.; E. Stiff, J. D. ; Stewards, B. C. Maris, P. Anker; A. Bojland, Tyler. Tonopah Lodge No. 28, of Butler, Nye county, has for Past Masters, G. T. Holmes, A. L. Smith. Tt has 25 members. Its present officers are: A. L. Smith, W. M. ; H. N. Stevens, S. W. ; J. Lazorovich, J. W. ; G. David- ovich, T. ; J. R. Duffield, Sec. ; A. L. Hudgens, S. D. ; M. Sheridan, J. D. ; Stewards, G. A. Bartlett, G. P. Holmes; J. F. McCambridge, Tyler. 240 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. THE GRAND LODGE. The Grand Lodge held its thirty-ninth annual Grand Communication in Masonic Hall, Virginia City, June 9 and 10, 1903. The Grand Lodge officers elected for the year were: M. W., Trenmor Coffin, (i) Grand Master; R. W., George Gillson, (i) Deputy Grand Master; R. W., Chas. A. Beemer, (25) Senior Grand Warden; R. W., William H. Sifford, (26) Junior Grand Warden; R. W., George A. Morgan, (2) Grand Treasurer; R. W., C. N. Noteware, (i) Grand Secretary; V., Rev. Thomas L. Bellam, (25) Grand Chaplain; W., Samuel Piatt, (i) Grand Orator; W., B. H. Reymers, (22) Gran'd Marshal; W., J. D. Campbell, (18) Grand Standard Bearer; W., George F. Parker, (24) Grand Sword Bearer; W., E. D. Kelley, (19) Grand Bible Bearer; W., J. C. Doughty, (21) Senior Grand Deacon; W., C. L. Fulstone, (12) Junior Grand Deacon; W., F. H. Norcross, (13) Grand Steward; W., E. H. Beemer, (25) Grand Steward; W., Thomas L. Cara, (7) Grand Organist; W., B. C. Maris, (27) Grand Pursuivant; W., Adolph Jacobs, (i) Grand Tyler. ROYAL ARCH MASONS. The subordinate chapters of Nevada, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Chapter of Nevada are: LeAvis Chapter No. i, of Carson City. Ormsby county. It has 72 members. Past High Priests, T. Coffin, P. G. H. P. ; P. A. Doyle, P. G. H. P. ; C. N. Noteware, P. G. H. P. ; T. J. Edwards, T. P. Hawley, D. W. Cutts, E. D. L. Cutts, M. A. Murphy, P. G. H. P. ; G. C. Bryson, Jr. ; C. J. Rulison, G. Gillson, C. L. Fulstone. Its present officers are : C. L. Fulstone, H. P.; J. Piatt, King; E. D. Vanderiieth, Scribe; C. J. Ruli son, C. of H. ; Trenmor Coffin, P. S. ; S. S. Robinson, R. A. Capt. ; D. G. Kitzmeyer, M. 3d Vail; W. H. Cavell, M. 2nd Vail; F. J. Steinmitz, Master ist Vail; C. W. Friend, T. ; G. W. Keith, Sec; A. Jacobs, Guard. Virginia Chapter No. 2, of Virginia City, Storey county. Tt has 62 members; its Past High Priests are: W.- Sutherland, P. G. H. P.; E. Strother, R G. H. P. ; Harvey Randall ; J. W. Eckley, P. G. H. P. ; A. O. Percy, P. G. H. P.; H. Levy, S. Gerrans, W. J. Harris, William McMillian, Wilham Southwell, S. Dowling, W. S. James, G. A. Morgan, William Dunn. Its present officers are : William Dunn, H. P. ; R. S. Meacham, K. ; S. A. Chapman, S. ; Wilham Sutherland, C. of H. ; A. O. Percy, P. S. ; H. R. Shade, R. A. C; J. F. Steffan, M. 3d V.; J. W. Locklin, M. 2nd V.; H. Levy, M. ist V. ; J. W. Eckley, T. ; William Southwell, Sec ; L. Lobenstein, G. Austin Chapter No. 3, of Austin, Lander county. It has 17 members. Its Past High Priests are : T. H. George, L. Steiner, W. C. Gayhart. Its present officers are : W. C. Gayhart, H. P. ; E. Williams, K. ; Charies Pol- kinghorne, S. ; W. D. Jones, C. ol H. ; L. Steiner, R. A. Captain ; William A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 247 Easton, M. 3d V.; J. A. Miller, T. ; J. A. Miller, Acting Secretary; lour offices were not filled. St. John Chapter No. 5, ,of Eureka, Eureka county, has for Past HTigh Priests, J. S. Burlingame, P. G. H. P. ; A. L. Fitzgerald, P G. H. P. ; A. Fraser, R. Sadler, R. J. Reid, J. H. Hoegh, J. H. Shoemaker, John Hancock, Sr. It has 31 members. Its pi'esent officers are: M. G. Foster, High Priest; H. C. McTerney, K. ; C. Kiauss, S. ; R. J. Reid, C. of H. ; J. H. Hoegh, P. S. ; B. L. Smith, R. A. C. ; T. Dixon, M. 3d V. ; A. Fraser, M. 2nd V. , J. H. Shoemaker, M. ist V. ; H. Kind, T. ; J. H. Jury, Sec. ; J. Hancock, Sr., Guard. Keystone Chapter No. 6, of De Lamar, Lincoln county, has 17 members. Its Past High Priests are : S. D. EdAvards, FI. \y. Miles. Its present officers are: H. W. Miles, H. P.; G. Nesbitt, K. ; Williara Oxman, S. ; P. Saliovich, C. of H. ; J. Knight, P. S. ; J. E. Jennison, R. A. C. ; B. F. Hill, M. 3d V. ; M. Churich, M. 2nd V. ; T. J. Osborne, M. ist V. ; John Roeder, T. ; J. Shier, Sec. ; E. D. Turner, Guard. Reno Chapter No. 7, of Reno, Washoe county, has yy members. Its Past High Priests are: A. D. Bird, F. P. Bell, P. G. H. P., R. L. Fulton, P. G. H. P., G. H. Thoma, Matthew Kyle, P. G. H. P., R H. Kinney, P. G. H. P.: F. J. Winchel, W. L. Bechtel, J. M. McCormack, P. G. H. P.; F. D. King, G. H. Fogg, L. L. Crockett, S. Logan. Its present officers are: H. Werner, H. P. ; G. H. Cunningham, K. ; F. Grob, S. ; G. R. Oliver, C. of H. ; J. M. McCormack, P. S. ; T. J. Steinmitz, R. A. C. ; B. J. Geiisey, M. 3d V. ; W. H. Noyes, M. 2iid V.; F. M. Schadler, M. ist V.; F. D. King, T. ; W. L. Bechtel, Sec. ; G. H. Fogg, G. Humboldt Lodge No. 9^ of Winnemucca, Humboldt county, has for Past High Priest, Charles D. Duncan. It has 45 members. Its present officers are T. Shone, H. P. ; W. A. Brown, K. ; C. D. Duncan, S. ; F. Paulin, C. of H. ; A. L. Brackett, P. S. ; A. Ruckteschler, R. A. C. ; G. H. Nease, M. 3d V. ; J. A. Rogers, M. 2nd V.; A. C. Webb M. ist V.; G. Berk, T, ; C. Wolf, Sec ; W. S. Porter, G. There are in all 321 Royal Arch Masters. GRAND LODGE ROYAL ARCH MASONS. The Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the state of Nevada met in its 30th annual Grand Convocation, in Masonic Hall, Virginia City, June 8 and 9, 1903. A. L 2433. The Grand Lodge officers for the ensuing year xvere elected as follows : M. E., J. A. Miller, Grand High Priest; R. E., H. Levy, Deputy Grand Priest; R. E., George Gillson, Grand King; R. E., Charles L. Fulstone, Grand Scribe; R. E., George Morgan, Grand Treasurer; R. E., C. N. Noteware, Grand Secretary; E., William Dunn, Grand Captain of the Host; E., H. C. 248 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. McTerney, Grand Principal Sojourner; E., William A. Brown, Grand Royal Arch Captain; E., E. D. Vanderlieth, Grand Master 3d Vail; E., Herm.an Werner, Grand Master 2nd Vail ; C. B. Pohl, Grand Master First Vail ; E., William Southwell, Grand Chaplain; E., S. A. Chapman, Grand Organist; E., Adolph Jacobs, Grand Guard. OTHER MASONIC BODIES. No reports were available of Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rites, Reno Consi-story Pyramid Council of Kadosh, Washoe Chapter Rose Croix, Ne\-ada Lodge of Perfection. Neither could data be obtained of De Witt Command ery No. I, Knights Templar, or Eureka Commandery No. 2, of Eureka. Silver Lodge,. of Perfection, Scottish Rite, of Virginia, has nothing available. EASTERN STAR IN I904. The Eastern Star has no Grand Chapter in Nevada, but works under dispensation. There are lo chapters, located at Carson, Esther; Virginia, Agatha; Wadsworth, Martha; Reno, Adah; Tonopah, Austin, De La Mar, Elko, Winnemucca, Eureka. Adah Chapter, O. E. S., of Reno, has the following officers: Ella James, W. M. ; W. L. Butler, W. P. ; Anna Schadler, A. M. ; Nellie Hughes, Sec. ; Emily Luke, T. ; Echo Loder, Cond. ; Marion Caplan, Asst. Cond. ; Adah, Miss E. Webster ; Ruth, Miss L. Shiriey ; Esther, Edith Krall ; Martha, Mrs. L. Sadler ; Electa, Felicie Grummon ; Warden, Kate Robinson ; Sentinel, C. Keinast; Organist, Emma Butler. Esther Chapter No. 3, of Carson, celebrated its ist anniversary March 28, 1887. NEW LODGE AT HARRIMAN. A fine brick block has been erected in Harriman, the upper floor of which will be fitted up as a Masonic Temple. A Blue Lodge is to be instituted in the early spring. CHAPTER XXVII. I. O. O. F. Wildey Lodge No. i — Lodges Instituted in Early Days — Odd Fellows Asso ciations — Subordinate Encampments — Grand Encampment of Nevada — Grand Lodge I. O. O. F. — Rebekah Lodges From Institution — Rebekahs in 1904 — I. O. O. F. in Nevada in 1904. "Friendship, Love and Truth," is the watchword of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and their work in Nevada has always been along those lines. It is a strong order, running a race in Nevada with the Knights ol A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 249 Pythias, to hold second place in the world ol secret orders, the Masons being first. Gold Hill was the home ol the first lodge, which was organized April I, 1862. It was given the name of the founder of the I. O. O. F in America, and was known as Wildey Lodge No. i. The charter members were L. Hite, P. Meyer, W. W. Shelly, J. Pfoutz, M. Schwartz, O. Eastman, J. W. Phil lips, W. H. Beegan, H. C. Jacobson, A. D. Elder, J. Lambert and D. Van Vranken. J. W. Phillips was elected _N. G. ; J. Pfoutz, V. G. ; and W. H. Beegan, Secretary. On April 14, 1862, Silver City Lcxige No. 62 was instituted in Silver City with P. J. H. Smith, Casper Naupt, W. G. Blakely, R. C. O'Neill and F. McMahan as charter members. Mount Davidson Lodge No. 3 was instituted at Virginia City, April 22, 1862, with E. Bond, A. Phillipson, J. Steele, M. Holmes, J. W. Noyes, W. B. Hall and H. J. Witte as charter members and first officers. On April 25, 1862, Carson Lodge No. 4 was instituted in Carson City. D. B. Woolf, E. B. Rail, J. H. Wayman, E. Barkely, J. W. West, B. F. Clark, M. Bick, J. Mandlebaura, W. D. Noland, F. W. Blake, J. Wagner and F. A. Tritle were the charter members. Dayton was the home of Dayton Lodge No. 5, which was instituted June 2, 1863. The charter members were R. E. McConneU, L. Lamb, I. G. Har lan, J. B. Brazelton, D. J. McQuilty, T. Madden, W. Haydon and J. E. Sabine. Esmeralda Lodge No. 6 was instituted in Aurora, September 16, 1863, with J. Fisher, W. Eichelrath, M. Schwartz, G. O. Kies, J. W. Riens, J. W. Simpson, C. Cardinell, E. P. Davis and F. Lambert as charter members. A second lodge was instituted in Virginia City on January 15, 1864, and given the title of Nevada Lodge No. 7. The charter members were D. B. Woolf, D. M. Love, T. Heffron, M. White, J. A. McQuaid, I. Pfor- shiener, J. Feldberg, F. Denver, R. M. Black and C. M. Cornell. Washoe Lodge No. 8 was instituted in Washoe, January 18, 1864, with J. Stark, H. Barton, L. Wertheimer, ' W. M. Bradley, T. H; McGrath, and C. A. Gibson as charter members. On January 23, 1864, Austin Lodge No. 9 was instituted in Austin, the successor to an Odd Fellows association which had been organized September 12, the year previous. The charter members were A. D. Rock, N. R. Davis, J. H. Crane, F. V. Drake and E. X. Willard. ' A third lodge was instituted in Virginia City on May 18, 1865, and was entitled Virginia Lodge No. 10. The charter members were E. Bond, F. B. Smith, W. L. Von Allen, D. N. Love, J. S.~ Kaneen, E. W. Hines, W. Doolin, C. M. Brown, J. Steele, C. Finley, G. C. Burnett, G. Downey, J. Earle, J. B. Rennie and J. B. Farrington. 250 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. A second lodge was instituted in Austin on March 14, 1867. Tt lived only three years, surrendering its charter in 1871. Virginia City secured a fourth lodge on April 4, 1867, in Olive Branch Lodge No. 12. The charter members were C. M. Cornell, H. S. Winn, W. H. Virden, A. Williams, J. B. Safford, H. Somers, J. Estep,' R. M. Black, B. Callaghan, J. L. Duraiit, M. Collins, T. Cowin and J. Cowin. Gold Hill received its second lodge October 8, 1868, it being given the name of Parker Lodge No. 13. The charter members were H. H. Motze, J. Nelson,' S. E. H. Spurling, W. H. Dolman, G. Stockle, D. Young, J. F. Parks and E. Schaefer. Reno received her first lodge, Truckee Lodge No. 14, on October 28, 1868. Its charter merabers were G. W. Cunningham, W. L. Hudnall, T. P. Sikes, B. F. Ingram, J. Borland, D. Lachinan and T. F. Lewis. Genoa Lodge No. 15 was instituted in Genoa, December 25,^ 1868, with L. S. Greenlaw, J. Kilpatrick, J. Martin, and I. W. Duncan as the first officers, there being no record of the charter members. J. E. Sabine, T. W. McGren, T. V. Julien, J. Barnes, C. F. Moeller, C. Haupt, J. Hunkins, were the charter members of Humboldt Lodge No. 16, which was instituted in Winnemucca on August 29, 1869. On April 26, 1870, the seventeenth lodge, Hamilton Lodge, was insti tuted in Hamilton by the following charter members : J. P. Dayton, J. T. Matthewson, J. O. Darrow, J. Marchant, J. W. Simpson and R. Sadler. Elko Lodge No. 18 was instituted in Elko on October 19, 1889, Avith these charter members : A. J. Clark, J. B. Fitch, T. C. Kenyon, F. A. Rogers, E. S. Yeates, J. Ainly, C. B. Johns and W. A. Harvey. Reno Lodge No. 19 was instituted in Reno on May 18, 1871, with D. H. Pine, J. S. Sellers, D. McKay, W. T. Frank, P. B. Comstock, J. Harwood, N. J. Roff, T. Forbes, D. C. Martin, H. P. Cowels, N. C. Kenney, _and R. Harrison as charter members. Carson City Avas the home of Capitol Lodge No. 20, which was instituted July 28, 1871. The charter members were: W. D. Torreyson, J. H. Connor, G. H. Maish, J. D. Minor, J. Trap, D. G. Kitzmeyer, J. A. Risdon, G. W. Chedic, J. W. Waters, J. W. Robinson, G. W. White, and N. McD. Kennedy. Buena Vista Lodge No. 21 was instituted in Unionville on October 26, 1871, with S. S. Grass, E. D. Kelly, F. X. Banks, H. A. Waldo, James Mc Cormick, O. R. Leonard and J. W. Tyler as charter members. Eureka Lodge No. 22 was instituted in Eureka on March 14, 1872, the charter members being: M. Borowsky, M. Levy, W. Head, E. L. Willard, A. Charson, O. Peterson, P. Keyser, C. G. Hybbard, Q. Waidhass, C. GoU, N. Raffaelovich, W. Emery, S. Aschiem, S. Ridge, M. Fredenburg, W. A. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 251 Seaton, S. Goldstone, E. E. Phillips, E. Schaefer, J. H. Haslam, and James Stewart. Pioche was selected for No. 23, Pioche Lodge being instituted in that city on September 10, 1872, with the following for the charter meml^ers : J. W. Wright, E. M. Crane, H. M*. Barnes, H. Boone, E. Willett, A. Brown, and J. R. James. Belmont Lodge No. 24 was instituted in Belmont on March 5, 1873, the foUoAAdng being the charter members : W. S. McCornick, J. Cornelius, R. N. Oliver, S. Black, J. H. Hatch, T. Wharburton, J. Burnett. Paradise VaUey received the 25th lodge. Paradise Lodge, whicii was instituted on October 17, 1873. Its charter members were: R. H. Scott, T. Shirley, R. F. Jaraes, B. F. Riley, T. MuUineaux, and F. Bauman. Palisade Lodge No. 26 was instituted in Palisade on April 23, J874, the charter members being: J. B. ToUey, J. Marchant, J. Talbott, J. C. Wil kinson, J. B. Rosburg, C. Zimmerman, W. S. Eyans, D. L. Davis and W. N. Rabbits. Mountain Lodge No. 27 was instituted in Eureka on May 11, 1875. Its charter members were : C. G. Hubbard, N. Simonson, J. Beese, P. Wagner, T. J. White, R. A. Doak, and James Hunkins. Tybo Lodge No. 28 was instituted in Tybo on April 17, 1877. S. Rosen thal, J. Gregovich, J. Wheatly, J. D. Page, D. O'Niel, R. Wheatly, W. Wheatly, J. S. Hammond, D. B. Austin, R. N. Oliver and J. T. Walker Avere the charter members. This lodge was the successor to an Odd Fellows' Asso ciation which had been organized on December 18 of the year previous. A hall of brick had been built by the Association costing over $3,000, which the lodge paid the association for, the latter disbanding when the lodge Avas instituted. Cornucopia instituted Lodge No. 29, named for the town, on May 31, 1877, D. Meacham, M. Tobias, A. S. Eisenberg, W. W. Rogers, S. L. Stark, and W. T. Early being the charter members. Tuscarora Lodge No. 30 was instituted in Tuscarora on June 7, 1878, by the following charter merabers: E. S. Yeates, G. W. Phillips, A. D. Ayers, A. P. Adams, D. B. Higgins, L. Curry, M. Tiffany, and A. D. Walsh. This lodge succeeded an Association formed the year previous. Battle Mountain Lodge No. 31, ol Battle Mountain, was instituted on March 19, 1879. Its charter members were: R. McBeth, J. Mc Williams, J. Bachedler, F. Northway, P. T. Mackrow and A. D. Lemaire. Gardnerville Lcxige No. 36 was instituted in Gardnerville, Douglas county, February 27, 1897, with 11 charter members, and added 17 new members same date. An Association was formed in Grantsville on November 17, 1878, as 2.52 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. there was no lodge nearer than Austin. It had 15 members, but soon was reduced to 10. Its object was to care lor the sick and helpless members ol the Order in that vicinity. J. Irvine was president, R. L. Thoraas, secretary, and A. J. Franklin, treasurer. A similar Association was organized in Cherry Creek in March, 1880, the following being officers: Dr. J. H. Tol- ford, president; E. K. Phipps, secretary, and Jacob Weber, treasurer. The nearest lodge was at Hamilton. This Association purchased a cemetery for deceased members. It started with 22 raembers, gradually declining. SUBORDINATE ENCAMPMENTS^ I. 0. O. F. The Grand Encampment of California gave authority for the first six Encafnpments in Nevada. No. 7 was authorized by the Sovereign Grand Lodge arid the last three by the Grand Encampment of Nevada. Pioneer Encampment No. i was instituted in Virginia City on July 17, 1864, its charter members being: D. B. Woolf, I. Pforzheimer, E. Bond, W. Heaton, F. Seely, J. L. Durant, J. S. Kaneen. Carson Encampment No. 2 was instituted on November 18, 1867, in Carson City, by the following charter merabers : A. Waitz, J. S. Vandyke, W. D. Torreyson, A. Curry, G. Tufly, D. B. Boyd, A. M. Clark. Piute Encampment No. 3 was instituted in Virginia City on February 20, 1867. D. M. Love, C. Sutterly, C. Finly, S. Rosener, G. T. Finn, J. A. Moch, G. Downey, C. J. Collins, were the charter members. Reese River Encampment was instituted at Austin, on November 19, 1869, by the following charter members : F. V. Drake, W. A. Rankin, H. Sarter, H. Van Winkle, L. Steiner and T. Obenfelder. Reno Encampment No. 5 was instituted on January 8, 1872, its charter members being: A. Prescott, A. Trant, M. Ash, J. F. Ferguson, R. A. Frazier, A. F. Hitchcock, ^nd J. P. Richardson. Garden Valley Encampment No. 6 was instituted with the following charter membei's at Dayton on December 13, 1873 : W. H. Hill, H. Kennedy, L. L. Crockett, L. Lamb, L. Stoner, J. Newman, T. P. Mack, T. Shedden, L. A. Guild, J. D. Sims, P. Barnes, J. Gates, J. S. DaUas and S. AUen. Silver State Encarapment was instituted on February 17, 1874, in Vir ginia City, being No. 7. The charter members were : F. V. Drake, H. Black, L. Schoenfeldt, J. E. Guild, J. Russ, W. James, F. Schmadeke. Mount Vemon Encampment No. 8 xvas instituted in Pioche on June 17, 1875. Its charter members were: R. H. Elam, H. S. Lubbuck, J. A. Spraker, J. N. Curtis, D. A. Fulks, S. W. Steele, and C. F. Bowen. Elko Encampment No. 9, of Elko, was instituted on September 3, 1877, with fifteen charter members, the following being selected for officers: M. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 253 P. Freeman, R. R. Bigelow, FI. W. Brown, P. A. Rowe, G. Russell, W. Chase. Bullion Encampment No. lo Avas instituted in Eureka, September 6, 1877, with 21 charter members, and from them were selected the following for first officers : W. H. Davenport, W. Doolin, B. C. Levy, A. T. Stearns, W. J. Smith. R. Sadler. GRAND LODGE AND GRAND ENCAMPMENT. The Grand Lodge of Nevada, I. O. O. F., was formed in 1867, the first ten lodges having been formed under the jurisdiction of California. The convention organizing it was held in Virginia City January 21, 1867, the Grand Master being J. S. Van Dyke ; the Deputy Grand Master, J. W. Tyler ; Grand Warden, P. J. H. Smith; Grand Secretary, R. H. Taylor; Grand Treasurer, R. M. Black; Grand Representative, J. E. Sabine; Grand Chap lain, J. A. Collins; Grand Marshal, J. B. Brazelton; Grand Conductor, C. Finley ; Grand Guardian, D. L. Beam ; Grand Herald, C. C. Wright. The Grand Encampment of Nevada, I. O. O. F., was organized in Carson City, December 28, 1874, the dispensation being granted the February fol lowing. At that time the encampments of the state had 321 members, and a revenue of $3,500. The first officers were: J. C. Smith, G. P.; W. H. Hill, G. H. P. ; G. W. Chedic, G. S. W. ; C. W. Jones, G. J. W. ; F. V. Drake, G. S. ; G. Tufly, G. T. ; H. O. Douchy, G. M. ; C. H. Maish, G. S. ; J. V. Peers, Dep't G. S. REBEKAH DEGREE LODGES. Colfax Lodge No. i was organized in Virginia City some time in the seventies, but no record could be obtained of organization or first officers. The Noble Grand in 1881 was Mrs. C. A. Hancock; Mrs. M. Lochlin, V. G.; Mrs. J. M. Lamb, R. S. ; Mrs. I. Goodfriend, T. ; Mrs. A. A. Goe, P. S. In 1903 the officers were: N. G., Minnie Mudd; V. G., Lillian Richards; S., Mrs. H. V. Lawson; T., A. Greenhalgh; P. S., Julia Murphy; D. D. P., Fredrica Shade. Esther Lodge No. 4 was the only other lodge making any reports to the Grand Lodge. ' It was organized May 13, 1880, and the fate of the lodge was unlucky as the date of its organization. It went into oblivion with Lodges 2, 3, and II, and the lodges of Rebekahs and officers in existence in 1903 were in addition to No. i : Harmony No. 5, of Dayton. N. G., Daisy Lothrop; V. G., Eniile Tail leur; R. S., Mrs. L. Whitten; T., Emma Lothrop; D. D. P., Annie E. Mack. Naomi No. 6, of Paradise. N. G,, Dora Lye; V. G., Francis Case; R. S., Mrs. Nelhe Mealey; T., Eva Byrnes; D. D. P., Minnie Bradshaw. Nevada No. 7, of Reno. N. G., May Dunning; V. G., Tillie Neasham-,'" 254* A HISTORY OF NEVADA. R. S., Miss L. LaLotte; T., Mary Brown; P. S., Lizzie Curtis; D. D. P., Lizzie McGrew. Diamond No. 8, of Eureka. N. G., Melia Fletcher; V. G., Grace Travers; R. S., F. J. Brossemer; T., W. J. Hooper; D. D. P., Caroline Lewis. Queen Esther No. 9, ol Wadsworth. N. G., Luella BuUer; V. G.,. Lulu Behler; R. S., Mrs. L. Herbert; T., Anna Sisson; P. S., Nellie Bastian; D. D. P., Josephine Beemer. Ruth No. 10, ol Genoa. N. G., Mary Heimsoth; V. G., Mattie Jepson; R. S., Rose Klotz; T., Ida McCormick; D. D. P., Mabel Ritchlord. Martha No. 12, ol De Lamar. N. G., R. J. Gordon; V. G., Libbie Reed; R. S., Charles Fernander; T., Mary Pettee; D. D. P., Margaret Kendrick. Austin No. 13, of Austin. N. G., Mary Christian; V. G., Etta Hodge; R. S., M. Polkinghorne; T., Susan MitcheU; D. D. P., Jessie Schmidtlein. Capitol No. 14, of Carson City. N. G., Delia Dorrity; V. G., M. Lind say; R. S., Mrs. M. Furlong; T., M. Kitzmeyer; P. S., Jenny Jacobs; D. D. P., Mary McCabc Ivy No. 15, of Elko. N. G., Molly E. Lane; V. G., Peari Bruce; R. S., V. Bruce; T., Marie Mayer; P. S., Libbie Harris; D. D. P., Ella Grant Silver Star No. 16, of Tuscarora. N. G., Alma Plumb; V. G., Etta Douglas; R. S., F. Doherty; T., Bessie Henderson; P. S., Clara Plumb; D. D- P-, Bessie Dove. Garden City No. 17, of Lovelocks. N. G., Lizzie Marker; V. G., Etta Thies; R. S., Addie Stoker; T., Myrtle Marker; D. D. P., Emily Marker. Loyal No. 18, of Battle Mountain. N. G., N. R. Ramsdell; V. G., Lisette Hoffman; R. S., L. A. Lemaire; T., Jane Woolcock; D. D. P., Kate Lemaire. Fair Oak No. 19, of Winnemucca, sent no report 1903 nor in 1902. Her D. D. P. is not assigned. Tt is. probable that the charter of Fair Oak will be recalled as members fail to attend to duties or to meetings. Queen of the Lake No. 20, ol Hawthorne. N. G., Emma Marx; V. G., Rose White; R. S., Mrs. A. Wichman; T., Lydia J. King; P. S., J. H. Miller; D. D. P., Delia Woodruff. Martha Washington No. 21, ol Gardnerville. N. G., Pearl Rankin; V. G., M. Heningsen; R. S., A. Goldstein; T., Edna Neilson; D. D. P., Georgie Dangberg. At the Rebekah Assembly, held in June, 1903, the following officers were elected: President, Mary E. Woodbury, ol Reno; Vice President, Jennie T. Coll, ol Tuscarora; Warden, Ella GiUilan, ol Paradise; Secretary, Anna M. Warren, ol Virginia City ; Treasurer, Emma A. Lothrop, ol Dayton ; Trus tees : Mary J. Mack, ol Virginia City; Adda Leeper, ol Reno; and Emma B. Coffin, of Dayton. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 255 At the same meeting the finance committee reported $609.25 cash in hand and capitation tax on 846 members in the state. The expenses were estimated at $425. The majority of the lodges reported a gain in member ship, while some few showed discouraging losses, due to business depression, and in some instances lack of interest. CONSOLIDATIONS^ I. O. 0. F. Wildey Lodge No. i, of Gold Hill, consolidated with the Virginia Lodge, and is now known as Wildey No. 3. Carson Lodge No. 4 consolidated with Capitol Lodge No. 20, at Carson City. October 28, 1895, and is noAV knoAvn as Capitol Lodge No. 4. Truckee Lodge No. 14 consolidated with Reno Lodge No. 19 on May 2, 1 90 1. CHAPTER XXVIII. K. OF p. AND Other Orders. First Lodge in Nevada — Present Lodges — G. A. R. — Consolidations and Present Posts — Independent Order of Red Men — Aeries of Eagles — The, Elks in Nevada — Their Fine Building at Reno — ^Rathbone Sisters — De gree of Honor — Ladies' Relief Corps. The Knights of Pythias founded their order upon the ancient story of Damon and Pythias, those shining examples of devoted and honorable friend ship, who were the disciples of the Pythagorean principles of friendship. The first lodge was instituted in Nevada in 1873, March 23, at Virginia City, through the efforts of S. H. Goddard. It was known as Nevada Lodge No. I. The charter members were: E. F. Clarkson, J. P. Flanningham, M. Nel son, A. G. Koch, C. Becker, J. W. Varney, A. Borlini, P. Gugnina, G. Bet- tiiiger, F. Schroeder, M. Strouse, W. P. Bowden, T. H. Quinlan, W. Waltz. Damon Lodge No. 2 was instituted in Carson City, July 18, 1873, the charter members numbering 18. Mystic Lodge No. 3, of Gold Hill, was instituted Noveraber 24, 1874. There were 45 charter members. Carson Lodge No. 4, of Carson City, was instituted in 1873, December 21. There were 24 charter members. Humboldt Lodge No. 5, of Genoa, was instituted in March, 1874, with 23 charter members. It surrendered its charter in less than a year and its paraphernalia was delivered to Nevada Lodge No. i, when that lodge lost all its property in the great fire of 1875. At a later fire all this property was burned. 256 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Lincoln Lodge No. 6 was instituted in Virginia City, on March 29, 1874, with 1 1 charter members. Tt grew AvonderfuUy and then declined with other secret orders. Tt xvas suspended in 1875 but reinstated a month later. Beatific Lodge No. 8 was instituted in Eureka on September 22, 1874, with 25 charter members. Amity Lodge No. 8 was instituted in Reno on January 31, 1875. It had 20 charter mera.bers but grew rapidly. Toiyabe Lodge No. 9 was instituted in Austin on November 9, 1875. It had only ten charter members. Argenta Lodge No. 10, of Battle Mountain, was instituted on July 20, 1876, with 25 charter members. Triumph Lodge X^o. 1 1 was instituted in Virginia City on October 29, its charter members being members of Mystic Lodge of Gold Hill. For a time it met in Gold Hill. Lyon Lodge No. 12, of Dayton, was instituted on October 15, 1880, with 19 charter members. The Knights of Pythias lodges in Nevada are as follows, the number of members, and number of lodge, with the name of the Keeper of the Records, being all that was obtainable in 1904. Nevada No. i, Virginia City; 118 members; K. of R., H. G. Maish. Carson Lodge No. 4, Carson City; 100 members; K. ol R., P. H. Mulcahy. Beatific Lodge No. 7, ol Eureka; 41 members; K. ol R., S. Reynolds. Amity Lodge No. 8, of Reno; 130 members; K. of R., S. H. Rosenthal. Toiyabe Lodge No. 9, of Austin ; 43 members ; K. of R., O. J. Clifford. Argenta Lodge No. 10, of Battle Mountain; 25 members; F. E. Wool cock, K. ol R. Lyon Lodge No. 12, of Dayton; 39 members; K. ol R., E. F. Hayard. Elko Lodge No. 15; 53 members; K. of R., W. G. Kline. Esmeralda Lodge No. 16, of Hawthorne; 51 members; IC. of R., W. J. Henley. Owyhee Lodge No. 14, of Tuscarora; 47 members; K. of R., W. J. Stuckler. Pyramid Lodge No. 19, of Wadsworth; 71 members; K. of R., T. L. Bellam. Ivanhoe Lodge No. 18, ol Winnemucca; 34 members; K. ol R., C. B. Brown. Myrtle Lodge No. 20, of Verdi ; 33 members ; K. of R., J. E. Sanchereua. Abraham Lincoln Lodge No. 21, of De Lamar; 36 members; K. of R.. J. W. Scott. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 257 Aquila Lodge No. 22, of Lovelocks; 72 members; K. of R., O. T. Owens. Wells Lodge No. 23, of Wells; 52 members; K. of R., E. F. Stanton. Alpine Lodge No. 24, of Fallon; 28 members; K. of R., R. T. Fortune. Mizpah Lodge No. 25, of Tonopah; 45 members; K. of R., A. P. Kauters. rathbone sisters. The Auxiliary of the Knights of Pythias is known as Rathbone Sisters. There is a temple in nearly every large city of Nevada where there is a Knights of Pythias lodge. The one at Reno, Calanthe Temple No. 11, is the largest, having for charter members, 130. It now has 143 members and is constantly growing. Tt Avas instituted on May 12, 1902, by the State Organ izer, Ida M. Pike, who Avas assisted by Pyramid Temple No. 10, of Wads worth. They have no insurance branch yet. The officers arc as lollows ; P. M. E. C, Mrs. Harriet Williams; M. E. C, Mrs. Bertha Doane; E. S., Miss Ivan Sessions; E. J., Mrs. Kate Dromiach; M. ol T., Miss Edna Robinson; M. ol F., Mrs. Dora Ziegler; M. ol R. & C, Mrs. Jennie Kerr; P.. ol T., Mrs. Ruby Lumslord; G. ol O. T., Mrs. Carrie V. Sessions. Mrs. Catherine Marsh, ol Virginia City, is at the head ol the Grand Lodge, G. M. ol R. & C. G. A. R. OF NEVADA. Of late years there has been a wonderful falling off in the member ship of the G. A. R. of Nevada. In 1868 the ex-Union veterans of Virginia City organized under the name of "Boys in Blue" to promote the election of U. S. Grant to the presidency. Later they reorganized as Post No. 8, G. A. R. Their first Commander was A. H. W. Creigh. They went out of existence in the fire of 1875, having 60 members. Tn 1878 they organized again as Phil Kearney Post No. 10. They had 20 members, and soon 40. G. E. Gaukin was Commander. Stanton Post No. 29, which was organized in 1870, with J. A. Burlingame as Post Commander, disbanded three years later, or rather consolidated Avith Phil Kearney Post in 1878, after a brief reorganization as Stanton Post No. 10. Other posts organized and passed out of existence Avere : Baker Post No. II of Pioche; McPherson Post No. 12, of Reno; Col. Baker Po.st No. 13, of Cherry Creek, and Upton Post of Eureka. The only posts now are Phil Kearney Post No. 10, of Virginia City, General O. M. Mitchell No. 69, of Reno, Custer Post No. 5, of Carson City, and McDermitt Post, of Win nemucca. The latter post is all but out of existence, and it is probable the posts ol Carson, Reno and Virginia will be consolidated in one post, in Reno city, under the title ol Gen. O. M. Mitchell Post No. 69. This post was 17 258 ^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. organized in 1884, and chartered October 2, 1884. Its present officers are: E. J. Wood, Post Commander; C. J. Kienast, Senior Vice Commander; G. W. Robison, Junior Vice Commander; Dr. G. H. Thoma, Surgeon; G. O. Wright, Chaplain ; A. G. Fletcher, Quartermaster ; Walter S. Long, Adjutant. Major Long is National Aide de Camp on staff of Commander in Chief, and also special Aide de Camp on staff of Department Commander, in charge of patriotic instruction. The Reno post has a fine cemetery, and through the efforts of Congress man Van Duzer marble headstones for deceased raembers have been obtained from the governraent and were placed in position on April 3, 1904. The different posts have Relief Corps, the one in Reno being especially active. The membership of the posts is: Custer No. 5, 12 members; Phil Kearney, No. 10, 54 members; G. O. Mitchell Post No. 69, 70 members. The mem bership of Phil Kearney Relief Corps No. 85, of Virginia City, is 17; Custer Relief Corps No. 15, of Carson City, is 18, and ol Gen. O. M. Mitchell Corps No. 27, ol Reno, is 60. ORDER OF ELKS. The Reno Lodge ol B. P. O. Elks No. 597 xvas organized in Reno on June 30, 1900, H. J. Gosse being the moving spirit and assisting in the organization. D. D. G. E. R., F. L. Gray, instituted the lodge, assisted by officers Irom Sacramento, Grass Valley and other points. The first officers Avere: Exalted Ruler, H. J. Gosse; Esteemed Leading Knight, F. D. Dun can ; Esteemed Loyal Knight, W. L. Cox ; A. E. Cheney, Esteemed Leading Knight; Kyle Kinney, Secretary; H. P. Kearns, Secretary. "There were 45 in the class. The local Elks had a band out to greet the visitors and after the initiation a grand bancjuet was served. W. L. Cox was elected Exalted Ruler at the next election and he was succeeded successively by Frank Stewart, A. E. Cheney, Joseph McCormack, and Ralph B. Hawcroft, the latter serving in 1904. The Elks laid the corner stone of a $35,000 lodge building September 30, 1903, Avith appropriate ceremonies, H. J. Gosse being Master of Cere monies. Elks came from far and near to assist. It was formally dedicated on April 23, 1904. Elks came from all over the coast, Sacramento and San Francisco Elks predominating. A grand banc[uet closed the ceremonies. A. o. u. w. The first lodge of the Ancient Order ol United Workmen Avas instituted in Eureka, March 11, 1879. The first officers were M. Rockman, P. M. W.; H. A. Unruh, N. W. ; E. A. Robinson, foreman ; C. J. Scanland, O. ; I. C. C. Whitmore, recorder; B. C. Levy, financier; W. Pardy, 'receiver; F. W. Pen- field, G. ; S. S. Slass, I. W. There were 32 charter members. Several lodges A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 259 have been instituted in the principal cities of the state, Reno lodge being especially flourishing. R. H. Buncel is G. M. ; and R. Buncel is foreman. H. F. Pavola is overseer. The Degree of Honor is the auxiliary of the A. O. U. W., and there are lodges in Reno, Carson City, Virginia City, HaAvthorne, Dayton, Winne mucca and Elko. Ivy Lodge No. 4 AA-as instituted in Reno in March, 1900, by P. S. M. W., J. W ICinsley. There Avere 48 charter members. The present officers are P. C. of H., Alma Pavola; C. of H., Gertrude Buncel; L. of H., Kate Kline; C. of C, Mrs. D. Smith; Usher, Mrs. M. Buncel; Financier, Dora Ziegler; Recorder, Mrs. Jennie Kerr. The A. O. U. ^^^ and the Degree of Honor are making arrangements for a lodge in Harriman. Supreme Deputy C. S. Thurston is to visit Harriman to assist in installing the order there. FRATERNAL ORDER OF EAGLES. The Fraternal Order of Eagles, although only in existence in Nevada for three years, has six aeries, being represented in Tonopah, Winnemucca, Elko, Virginia City, Carson City and Reno. There are 800 members in all. Reno Aerie X'^o. 207 Avas instituted in Reno, February 20, 1902, Avith 61 charter members. Januan' i, 1904. it had over 200 members. Among its members are John Sparks, Governor of XTevada; L. Allen, Lieutenant-Gov ernor ; Congressman A^aii Duzer and Assemblymen P. J. AlcCarran and W. D. R. Graham ; Senator A. LiA-ingston. Present officers are : G. W. Perkins, senior past president ; G. ^^^ PettigrcAv, junior past president ; G. W. Callahan, worthy president. The motto of the order is "Liberty, Truth, Justice and Equality." IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN. The Grand Council of I. O. R. M., of X^CA'ada, was instituted January 7, 1873, Jonas Seeley being the G. T. Piute Tribe No. i Avas organized at Carson City, January 19, 1879, with A. Curry as Sachem. There Avere 20 charter members. In 1904 there were Red Men lodges at Tuscarora, Carson City and Vir ginia City. The Grand Lodge is at Carson City, C. E. Slingerland being Great Sachem, ^^'ashoe Tribe Xo. 11 Avas organized in Reno Avith a full complement of officers, H. R. Cooke being Sachem. It disbanded in three months. VARIOUS SECRET ORDERS. The Independent Order of Foresters have several lodges in the state and several auxiliaries. Tt is a beneficiary order. The first lodge of the order in Nevada AAas instituted in Virginia City in 1879. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, the Order of Pendo, tlie Fraternal 260 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Brotherhood, the Italian Benevolent Society, the -Order ol Dania, Woodmen ol the World, Maccabees, Sons of the Revolution, Cajedonians, and Italian Druids, all have lodges in the state, some only one. Many have auxiliaries. The Modern Woodmen of the World, though only established two years in Nevada, are growing rapidly, each Carap having an auxiliary of Royal Neighbors. Peavine Camp was organized in Reno in 1901, and the others later. The Pioneers forraed two societies. Society of Pacific Coast Pioneers and Reese River Pioneers, the fomier in 1872 and the latter the year folfow- iiig. Both have disbanded. The magnificent museum of curiosities belong ing to the former society was by them donated to the state. It is now in an upper room of the State printing office in Carson. The State Superintendent pf Public Instruction, Orvis Ring, acts as curator. It is a valuable collection ; many of the Indian relics it would be impossible to duplicate, Nevada is, as are all mining states, a strong union state. There are Miners' Unions in every toWn of any size. The first one was organized in Virginia City in 1863, and the last two at Tonopah and Gold Field. The unions have helped the miners greatly in Nevada. The Miners' Union Library Avas established in 1877 in Virginia City. The first building was swept away in the great fire there and the present one Avas erected in 1876 at a cost of $15,000. There is not only the library but a ball and chess room. There are many thousands of dollars' worth- of books in the library. The Nevada State Medical Society was organized in 1878 and is in creasing in membership all the time. The Historical and Scientific Society was organized in 1865 and did good work in early days. The Wheelmen's Club of Reno is a unique organization, organized by the leading business men of Reno to provide a place for young raen to pass leisure hours. From a sraall beginning it has grown until it possesses a magnificent building with all atbletic and social paraphernalia. Its teams in many branches ol athletic Avork have proved victorious and the name is known all over the west. Next door to the Wheelmen's Club is the Nevada Club, also owning its own building. Tt is purely social, knoAvn as an adjunct ol Reno's 400. Its membership includes both men and woraen. The Y. M. C. A. and its auxiliaries are well established in Nevada. In lact there is scarcely a secret, Iraternal or benevolent or social order not represented in Nevada, il it is by only one organization. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 261 CHAPTER XXIX. Indian Annals of Nea'ada. In detailing reminiscences ol Indian troubles in Nevada, the narrator generally gives the "tale as told him," for there are few survivors of to-day who actually saAv any of the incidents they relate, and Poor Lo is, according to representation, or misrepresentation, always the aggressor. To prove this contrary to the facts one has but to turn back the records to the first inscrip tion, the first meeting ol the white and red men, in 1832. Tt will be remembered that in a foregoing chapter mention is made ol the trapping expedition ol Milton Sublette, in 1832, and authentic history states that in this party were the men avIio started the murdering ol Indians out ol wanton cruelty. Opposed to this is the story ol the liie and death ol Jedediah S. Smith, which states that Avhen he was on his first return trip Irom California, in 1825, all of his party but twO' "were shot and killed. Smith escaping with Galbraith and Turner," and he finally raet death "by the arrow of an ambushed Indian assassin on Cimarron river." Be that as it may, the first account of Indian contact Avitli Avhite men, in which there were hostilities on either side, was in 1832. Among the trappers with Sublette Avas Joe Meek, and he shot down and instantly killed a Shoshone Indian. He defended his action by saying that it was a gentle hint to the Indians not to steal any of their traps. He was asked if any had been stolen, but said, "No, but he looked as if he was going to." ' Joe Walker, the famous trapper and guide, was the next aggressor, when with the Bonneville expedition of 1833. Meek was also one of this party and probably urged the action taken. At first the Indians- had been afraid of the curious looking pale faces, but as they saw they were unharmed, they, childlike, followed them in greatly increasing numbers. So many of the articles used by the scouts were new to them that occasionally one of the Indians would steal some trifling thing. But generally they kept at what they considered a safe distance, not knowing the power of the rifles, or, in deed, that there was such a thing in existence. Then followed an event which fails to show any reason therefor, and which also shows the white man in a poor light. One morning the trappers were preparing to cross the Humlx)ldt river, by fording; on the opposite shore stood a number of Shoshone Indians, watching their movements with great curiosity. By order of Walker, who said afterwards he feared an attack, the trappers fired upon the Indians, killing twenty-five instantly. Not one Indian tried to return the fire, but fled in every direction, howling and 262 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. wailing, overcome with terror at their first introduction to the rifle. The trappers were not content with this Avanton murder but chased the Indians as they fled in terror, killing many more, some of the trappers giving the number at seA'enty-five and the others at over one hundred. Soon after one of the trappers found some traps missing and cooly shot down the first Indian he met. In the next seventeen years, until 1849, there was no further slaughter of the Indians by the white men. Then emi grants killed a number of Shoshones in a spirit of bravado. That was the last uncalled for murder of Indians which went unpunished. For the next year the Indians of this tribe started to average things up, and kept at it tmtil 1863. A first attempt at reprisal was made in June of 1850, when one of an emigrant train from Joliet, Illinois, yvhile on picket duty, was shot through the heart with an arrow. In the course of a few hours this party came up with a party of twelve men, standing by seven wagons, the stock having been all stampeded by the Indians. Determined the Indians should not have the wagons and contents, they burned everything which could not be added to the outfit of the first party and went on foot the rest of the way to Cali fornia. The Indians met a a check that same summer, for later on when they stampeded stock from a party of emigrants, there happened to be in the party several mountaineers, and the Indians, Shoshones, xvere overtaken, over thirty killed and the stock recovered. This stopped the Indians for a while and all might have been peace if it had not been for the actions of a party of Mormons, among them Walter Cosser, afterwards a resident of Douglas county, Nevada, and the infamous Bill Hickman, whose actions in the Danite murders have made him exe crated of men, Hickmen being the guide. The party left Salt Lake to go to California, and en route shot down two Shoshone Indians, who stood near them watching them curiously. Four days later, on the Humboldt river, these Danites shot and killed two Indians and one Indian woman, and then scalped them. Tt is small cause for wonder that the Indians lost no time in seeking revenge. To them all Avhite raen were the sarae, and the kindly eraigrant externally presented the same aspect as the Destroying Angels. The killing of Colonel A. Woodard, ol the mail contracting firm of Woodard & Chorppening, followed soon. He was killed with two guards, John Hawthorn and Oscar Fitzer, on the very spot where Hickman had killed the Shoshones. The carrier of the east-bound .mail, S. A. Kinsey, found the bodies, mangled and mutilated. With his two guards he had a narrow escape, as the Indians laid in ambush, the three whites escaping only by strategy. The body of a white man, name unknown, was found in June A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 263 of that year, and his body buried by. Joseph Zurawalt and party near Pyramid lake. He had been killed by Pah-Utes, judging from the Indian signs. events of 1852-59. The Indians began to acquire the stock of the settlers, and this, of course, caused trouble. In the summer of 1852, a party of men under Pearson, a noted Indian fighter atterwards, undertook to recover some stock Irom a band ol Washoe Indians, but had to retreat. Two men, Frank Hall and Cady, determined to try Iriendly means and went to the Indians with small gilts; the Indians accepted the gilts and then told the two men to "go home," and they lost no time in doing so. All during that year the Indians carried off stock, and the settlers in Carson valley captured two ol thera, a boy and a man. The latter was set Iree, alter his companion had been killed while trying to escape. Until the year 1857 there were many murders committed on both sides ol which there are no authentic records. In the latter year tAvo raen, John McMarlin and Jaraes Williams, were killed by Washoe Indians while in charge of separate pack trains going from Mor mon Station to California. In 1859 a party of prospectors, among them Peter Lassen, for whom a peak of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada is named, were in the Black Rock country. They separated for a tirae and Lassen and tAvo men. Clapper and Wyatt, reached a rendezvous agreed upon. Indians fired on them and Clapper was instantly killed. Lassen, brave old hero, rifle in hand, Avatched the shadoAvs where the enemy lurked, while Wyatt was trying to remove their effects to a safer spot. Another volley and Lassen sank mortally wounded. He told Wyatt to make his escape, Avhich the latter did, bare backed on one of the horses. The party whicii had preceded them, reached the rendezvous only to find the two bodies. They buried thera where they fell, but in Noveraber the body of Lassen, the famous mountaineer, was takeii up and buried near Honey Lake. WHITES BLAMED FOR STORMS. To add to their real wrongs, the Indians then secured an imaginary one, for when the cruelly severe winter of 1859-60 came, it was easy to believe that the whites were also' responsible for this. The red raan suffered terribly, and when visited by Governor Roop and party at Truckee Meadow, they were actually afraid to eat the food given thera, fearing it was poisoned. Fires were built for them, but many died. Tn January Dexter E. Demming was murdered at his ranch in Willow Creek valley, and a petition signed by ninety-one white men was sent to Governor Roop, asking him to send out the military forces and punish the Indians. This he did, and a detachment was sent out at once. On January 24th Lieutenant U. J. Tutt reported to 264 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the governor that the murderers had been tracked to the Pah-Ute camp. On the 28th two commissioners were appointed by the governor to visit Winne mucca, the chief of the tribe and demand the murderers, under a treaty Winne mucca had previously made. The commissioners, T. J. Harvey and WiUiam Weatherlow, reported on February 11 that their errand was fruitless; not only that, but on the third day out they had laeen made prisoners over night to prevent them reaching the Pah-Ute camp. They were ordered to return to Honey Lake valley, and on the way a log came up; taking advantage of this they recrossed the river, finding a camp of the Indians, who refused to give them any information as to the whereabouts of the chiefs. Going ten miles down the Truckee to Pyramid lake, they found the camp of Chief Winnemucca, and to their disappointment were told that he would not go to Honey valley. He said he knew that, if he acted according to the treaty he would give up the murderers, but he Avould not obey the treaty conditions. He would not promise to try to prevent future depredations. He declared that the white men must pay him sixteen thousand dollars for Honey valley. After leaving camp the two comraissioners found that Winnemucca was mak ing the unprotected herders give him two beeves weekly, and they had to do it, as they could not get near the settlements owing to the deep snows. Finally the commissioners returned home. Governor Roop asked aid from the Pacific Department in the following document, now historic, as its failure resulted in the horrible death of so many brave men. Tt follows, in full : General Clarke, U. S. A., Commander of the Pacific Department. Sir: — We are about to be plunged into a bloody and protracted^ war with the Pah-Ute Indians. Within the last nine months there have been seven of our citizens murdered by the Indians. Up to the last murder we were unable to fasten the depredations on any particular tribe, but always believed it was the Pah-Utes, yet did not wish to blame them until we were sure of the facts. On the thirteenth day of last month, Mr. Dexter E. Dem- ming was most brutally murdered in his own house, and plundered of every thing and his horses driven off. As soon as I was informed of the facts I at once sent out fifteen men after the murderers (there being snow on the ground they could be easily traced) with orders to follow on their tracks until they could find out to what tribe they belonged, and if they would prove to be Pah-Utes, not to give them battle, but to retum and report, as we had, some two years ago, made a treaty with the Pah-Utes, one of the stipu lations being that if any of their tribe committed any murders or depreda tions on any of the whites we were first to go to the chiefs and that they would deliver up the murderers or make redress, and that we were to do the same on our part with them. On the third day out they came on to the Indians and found them to be Pah-Utes, to which I call your attention A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 265 to the paper marked "A." Imemdiately on receiving this report and agree able to the said treaty, I sent Captain William Weatherlow and Thomas J. Harvey, as commissioners, to proceed to the Pah-Utes' headquarters, and there inform the chief of this murder and demand redress. Here allow me to call your attention to the paper marked "B." It is now pretty well an established fact that the Pah-Utes killed those eight men, one of them being Mr. Peter Lassen. How soon others must fall is not known, for war is now inevitable. We have but few good arms and but little ammunition. Therefore, I would most respectfully call upon you for a company of dragoons to come to our aid at once, as it may save a ruinous war, to show them that we have other help besides our own citizens, they knowing our weakness. And if it is not in your power at present to dispatch a company of men here, I do most respectfully demand of you arms and ammunition^ with a field piece to drive them out of their forts. A four or six-pounder is indispensable in fighting the Pah-Utes. We have no Indian agent to call on, so it is to you we look for assistance. I remain your humble servant, Isaac Roop, Governor ol Nevada Territory. Susanville, February 12, i860. P. S. — Dear Sir: — II you should forward to us arms, ammunition, etc.,- I hereby appoint Col. I. H. Lewis to receive and receipt lor and bring them here at once. I. Roop. Despite the urgency ol the case. General Clarke sent neither men nor arms, and in May followed the outbreak resulting in such loss of life. It was the commencement of the most important Indian war Nevada ever suffered. The Pah-Utes took the initiative. They held a great council the latter part of April, i860, at Pyramid lake, to decide what to do to prevent further encroachment, as they termed it, by the whites. Before the ist of May a large number were there, from all over the territory. Of the big chiefs all were for war, save only one, Nuniaga, and his efforts were in vain. Of the big' chiefs who urged the war, nearly all met with violent ends. Some of the chiefs were not Pah-Utes. One, Qu-da-zo-bo-eat, was a Sho shone who had married a Pah-Ute woman. Sa-wa-da-be-bo was half Pah-Ute and half Bannock. The former was killed by his own tribe for getting them into trouble by stealing stock. The latter was killed by the whites. Sa-a-ba, a Smoke creek Indian, who had married a sister of Old Winnemucca, was also killed by a feUow tribesman. No-jo-mud, chief of the Honey lake tribe, was killed also by his tribe for his continued hostility to the whites. Ho-zi-a was killed by Captain Dick. Yur-dy, called Joaquin by the whites, died a natural death. Se-quin-a-ta lived afterwards on the reservation, dying there; he was the one who prevented any peace talk before the battle commenced, 266 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. by rushing his followers past YoUng Winnemucca (Numaga), as he halted his band to try and have a talk Avith the whites. Mo-guan-no-gO', known to the whites as Captain Soo, later became a great friend to the xvhites and was killed for leading soldiers into the Black Rock country where they killed some Pah-Utes. The real chief of all, Old Winnemucca, said nothing, for or against war, though he favored the latter. He saxv that it was coming- any way and wanted his own skirts clear. NUMAGA, THE PEACE CHIEF. Of them all, only one stood forth for peace, and that was Numaga. He was called Young Winnemucca by the whites, who supposed him a war chief. His own name told his nature, meaning the giver ol food and indi cating a generous, kindly man. The chief in command of the Indians at the battle ol Pyramid lake was Poito' or Old Winnemucca. Tlie two were enemies, not by choice ol Numaga, but ol the former. Numaga lived on the reservation, and was leader ol that tribe, and was not related to Old Winne mucca. Numaga was an Indian chief, but he was also a statesman and diplo mat. Numaga knew the real power of the Avhites, and the other Indians did not. He had lived in California and associated with whites. He knew that if the Indians assembled went on the war path, their victory would be short lived. If he had had tirae enough he might have changed the tide of affairs, for he was eloquent and untiring. He rode from camp to camp, urged one chief and then another not to fight. He told them war might mean de struction for some of the whites, but that there were thousands Avho' would come from far away and wipe them out ol existence. He was listened to with great respect, but not one would promise to obey him. When every thing lailed this great-hearted chief withdrew and, lying_prone on the ground, hid his face from sight and in silence mourned over the coming destruction, first of the whites and then ol his brothers. For three days he laid thus,' and it began to have a great effect, some beginning to waver. Tliis so angered the bloodthirsty chiels that they tried to force him tO' leave, and he was threatened with death. He urged them to kill him, saying he had no desire to live. But this they did not dare to do. ELOQUENCE OF NUMAGA. On the fourth day the council met, and chiel alter chief arose and de tailed, incident by incident, the wrongs suffered by his people, at the hands of the whites. All had spoken when in stalked Nuniaga, more dead than alive, for he had not eaten or drunk for all those three days and nights. He commenced his speech, which was listened to with axve and respect, as follows : A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 267 "You would make war upon the whites," he said; "I ask you to pause and reflect. The white men are like the stars above your heads. You have wrongs, great wrongs, that rise up like those mountains before you ; but can you, from the mountain tops, reach out and blot those stars ? Your enemies are like the sands in the bed of your rivers ; when taken away they would only give place for more to come and settle there. Could you defeat the whites in Nevada, from over the mountains in California would come to help them an army of white men that would cover your country like a blanket. What hope is there for the Pah-Ute? From where is to come your guns, your powder, your lead, your dried meats to live upon, and hay to feed your ponies while you carry on this war ? Your enemies have all these things, more than they can use. They will come like the sand in the whirlwind and drive you from your home. You will be forced among the barren rocks of the north, where your ponies will die, where you will see the women and old men starve and listen to the cries of your children for food. I love ray people. Let them live; and when their spirits shall be called to the Great Camp in the southern sky, let their bones rest where their fathers were buried." While the council sat listening to Nuniaga, an Indian rode up hurriedly with news which made aU the efforts ol Numaga in vain; lor he walked into'the center ol the grave circle and said: "Moguannoga, last night, with nine braves, burned Williams' Station, on the Carson river, and killed four whites." As he ceased, Numaga, pointing to the southeast, said : "There is no longer any use lor counsel ; we must prepare for xvar, for the soldiers will now come here to fight us." BURNING OF WILLIAMS' STATION. The news brought by the Indian was only too true. James O. Williams, the owner ol the station, escaped, because he was in camp only two miles Irom the scene of the horror. His two brothers, Oscar Williams, a raarried man and a native of Maine, and David Williams, single and a native of New York, were killed, as were Samuel Sullivan, married, and a native of New York; John Flemming, a single man and a native of New York, and "Dutch Phil" name, age and place of nativity unknown. They were all young men, Oscar Williams, 33; his brother, 22; Sullivan, 25, and Flemming, 25. What torture preceded the killing was unknown, though the bodies were mutilated. Lack of time only saved the lives of other settlers, for daylight was the signal for the Indians to retreat. J. O. Williams returned to his station the next morning to find his home burned to the ground and brothers and friends' bloody corpses. He at once started for Virginia City to inform the people there and bring aid to 268 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the settlers near. C. M. Davis, next to the Williams' Station, was considered a real friend by the Indians and so they did not attack him. Tt was three days before he and the others near him heard of the massacre, and when they did they started to Dayton, and reached *Buckland's Station just when the Ormsby party, on its way to punish the Indians, arrived there. May 9th. PREPARATIONS FOR REVENGE. When Williams arrived in Virginia City and told his tale of horror, men were up in arms to punish the murderers. Anxiety was great, for all over Nevada were small parties of prospectors, miners and ranchers, and it was leared lew would escape if the Indians were really on the war path. Dozens of relatives and friends of these isolated ones, without thought ol danger to themselves, went swiftly on horseback to xvarn the threatened ones of their peril. Then came the call for volunteers, for one and all Avere determined, if possible, to wipe the Pah-Utes off the face of the earth. Small com panies were organized in Virginia, Carson, Genoa and Silver cities, and aU met in the first place, going to Buckland's Station and then on to bury the corpses at Williams'. After doing this a vote was taken as to whether it would be better to return home or go on into the land of the enemy. By a unanimous vote Jhey marched on, camping that night on the Truckee river, where Wadsworth now stands, and rescuing five men who were fortified in a cabin on the opposite side of the river. They had, the Sunday before the massacre, been hunting with three others at Pyramid lake; the Indians had killed three and these five'had escaped and shut themselves in the cabin. They were brought across on logs, drawn by lariats, and joined the expedition, going on foot. AN ILL-PREPARED ARMY. There were, all told, in the revengful little army, but one hundred and five men, in four detachments ; there was no one in charge, as chief ; Thomas F. Condon, Jr., was in command of the Genoa detachment; Major Ormsby, of Carson City, Richard Watkins, of Silver City, and Ai'chie McDonald, of Vir ginia City. Major Ormsby, J. Gatewood and others urged the men to choose a leader, but they did not do it for some reason. At heart, few believed the Indians would fight, if they had, very few would have retreated; but both boys and men were for the most part brave and courageous; needing but a leader to make them victorious ; hence the awful result. And worst of all, they were poorly armed, and so the iU-fated party ^ went on to its doom. Tt is impossible to get a complete list of the men and boys in the "Ormsby party," as it has been called. Tf it had been, indeed, Ornisby's party and he in charge, no^ such fate would have overtaken that gallant officer, as did. The list as it A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 269 is on record is as follows, the riaines of many, lx)th heroes and cowards, not ori it : SINGLED OUT BY FATE. Carson City Rangers: Major Williara M. Ormsby, John L. Blackburn, Chris. Barnes, Williara S. Spear, William Mason, Richard Watkins, Samuel Brown, Dr. Anton W. Tjader, Eugene Angel, F. Shinn, Lake, James Mclntyre, Jaraes Gatewood, Frank Gilbert, C. Marley, John Holmes, Dr. Williara E. Eichelroth. With thera were nine enlisted soldiers. Silver City Guards : Anton Kauffraan, James Shabell, Keene, Albert Bloom, James Lee, Charles Evans. They were captained, as stated by Watkins; he was a veteran of the Walker filibustering expedition to Nicar agua and lost a leg there. At first he refused to take charge and go, but when told that some of the raen who were under him in Nicaragua wanted him he went. He was strapped to his powerful horse and afterwards wrote an accurate account of the battle and raarch preceding (his account being used as a book of reference). Genoa Rangers : Captain T. F. Condon, Michael Tay, M. Pular, J. A. Thorapson, C. E. Kimball, Robert Riley (better known as "Big Texas"), Lee James. Virginia City : First Company — Captain F. Johnston, F. J. Call, McTerney, Charles McLeod, Henderson (a Greek), Marco Kuergerwaldt, 0- C. Steel, Hugh McLaughlin, John Fleming (a Greek), Andreas Schnald (an Italian), John Gaventi George (a Chileno). Comjpany Second — Captain Archie McDonald, Charles W. Alien, G. I. Baldwin, J. C. HaU, F. Hawkins, A. L. Granis, A. K. EUiott, Arch Haven, George Jones, William Armington, G. F. Brown, D. D. Cole, Charles Fornian, F. Gatehouse, R. Lawrence, Henry Meredith, Pat McCourt, Henry Newton, A. T. Peck, M. Spurr, Col. M. C. Vane, H. Mcintosh, S. McNaughton, John. Noyce, O. Spurr. Un known Company — J. Bowden, James McCarthy, J. F. Johnson, N. A. Chand ler, A. G. B. Hammond, Armstrong, Galehousen. After camping that night the, little army pushed on north down the Truckee river. No Indians were met until bottom land was reached, one- half mile north of the present reservation building. The bottom land widened out, a broad meadow on both sides of the river, belted with cotton trees and brush, and enclosed on the west by a mountain and on the east by a com paratively smooth table-land, elevated slightly above the meadows. The elevation increased in height until terminating in a bank fifteen feet high at the south end of the valley, where the meadows dwindled to a few yards on each side of the Truckee; a trail runs from this south end down into the lower ground and then runs on the east side of the river to Pyramid lake. 270 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. It was where this trail passes into the yalley that the Ormsby party made its last stand. A CHARGE AND RETREAT. The Indians made their appearance just as the white men were nearly tAVO miles into the lowland, a band the size of the whites, keeping out of gun range. Major Ormsby gave the order to dismount and tighten girths, and as they were doing this A. K. Elliott, who had a globe-sighted rifle, tried to pot some ol the Indians, in vain. When the order was given to charge, the company made a dash up the grade, but the Indians melted away, appearing again just out of rifle range. They encircled the whites completely. The Indians fired with both rifles and bows, and Avith usual demoniac war cry. If the whites had continued right on after them, success would have been tlieirs, but the larger num1>er dropped behind, horses became frightened, forcing revolvers from holsters and compelling- riders to drop their guns to keep on their backs. Fear infected the whites, for all thought themselves already defeated. The volunteers of the first charge turned and rode after the laggers, who Avere in full retreat. And they rode to the bottom to the west, where Se-quin-a-ta (Little) Winnemucca and band lay in ambush. The Indians outflanked the whites and moved south, shooting down into the timber; Se-quin-a-ta (Little) Winnemucca was joined by other Indians in the timber; as the Indians rushed forward Numaga, who had just come up, rushed between them and the whites, waving his own band back, trying to obtain a parley. Winnemucca and followers dashed by him, Numaga's band following; the whites fell back, but in a few hundred yards reformed. William Headley, under Ormsby, was so conspicuous by his bravery the Indians named him "White Brave." He was supposed to be in command and was killed. Tt was in vain the bravest men tried to make a stand; some tried to cross the river, but were swept back ; half a mile from where the battle began the river approaches within fifty feet of an elevated point and here a number of mounted Indians were grouped and the whites had to run the gauntlet; the horse of Eugene Angel, of the Carson City Rangers, was shot under hira, and he was thrown to the ground. He did not shrink and beg for mercy, but turned and shot at the foe, wounding one in the knee before falling, riddled with bullets and arrows. The white men, three-quarters of a mile farther south in the bottom land, made another rally; to the north there was an open space, and in his anxiety to kill, Se-quin-a-ta rode into it ahead ol his band. Henry Meredith, a mere boy, with the Virginia City company, was killed in the raUy, and the "White B.rave" had been lingering behind his party; when he saw Winne- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 271 mucca he forgot that he did not have a shot left, but rode straight at him; Winnemucca fled to his band, Headly after him ; and together they passed the line of Indians, when Headley Avas shot through the head from behind. Ormsby's command made a last effort less than a quarter of a mile from Avhere the trail passed out of the loAA-land, up a steep bank to the tablelands. If the whites xvere to escape this point had to be held, for if the Indians gained it, the only point of exit from the valley, the fate of the Avhite men was sealed. Major Ormsby ordered Richard Watkins and Thomas F. Con don to go with their commands and hold this point, and they did start, but were deserted by nearly all their men before it was reached. Anton Kauff raan, a boy of sixteen, said afterAvards that the last he saxv xvas Major \\^atkins standing on his crutch on the trail, firing at the foe. The horse that Se-quin-a-ta had been riding xvas shot under him as he returned after the killing of the brave Headly, so he took no part in the massacre which followed. Thomas F. Condon rode back to inform Orrasby of the critical condition at the pass. And it was critical. First young Meredith fell, and the xvhites gave Avay as the Indians pressed them out of the timber. The whites went to the south to reach the upper country, and perhaps safety. The Avar cries of the Indians, their yells of triumph, with the constant rain of arrows and bullets, ghanged the retreat to a wild stampede. When they reached the steep bank they were jammed together in the rush and eight were killed, Richard N. Snowden, another boy of the Virginia City company, reaching the summit before he fell. DEATH OF MAJOR ORMSBY. When the upper country Avas reached it Avas a mad flight for life, any way to get away from the merciless foe. As they grew bolder the Indians rode up to the raen who could not keep up and, putting an arra around hira, lilted the white man Irom the saddle. The first man offered no resistance. But the second, the heroic Calilornian, William S. Spear, ol the Carson City rangers, was ol different metal. He shot at the Indian with his pistol and they rolled to the ground, fighting hard, rolling over and over ; the Indian was nearly strangled to death when his companions killed Spear. Many other brave acts ol the white men are recorded, the names ol the heroes unknown. Major Ormsby had Ielt Lake, ol the Carson City Rangers, where a mountain came down to the river, a narroAV neck of land, through which the trail passed down to the meadow and then in half a mile out to the high open country. Lake had a number of men, and Ormsby intended, if de feated at the lake, to make a stand here, with a favorable position to aid him. At the narrow pass Lake waited Avith his men, but when he saw the retreat and knew the white men were flying before the enemy he, with the reserves, 272 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. joined the retreating fugitives. One dozen of real men could have held the pass against the enemy for a time at least. One can imagine Ormsby's feelings xvhen he arrived ancl found the reserves gone, and he had to ride on. The men xvere croAvded in the narroAv pass, the Indians forcing the horses of those in the rear back, and, leaving their helpless riders to be killed by the warriors in the rear, rode on after the fugitives. Fix-e xvere known to have been killed here. Major Ormsby had been shot in the mouth and both arms had been shot through, and he Axas mounted on a mule Avhich had been shot in the flank. Major Watkins passed him trying to rally the men, and ordered Lieutenant Chris. Barnes to remain xvith Ormsby and try to urge the mule along. When he found he could not rally the men Watkins returned to Ormsby. The Indians xvere close and, firing, hit Barnes. Captain Watkins tells of what followed, shoxving he thought discretion the better part oi valor, yet he could not really be blamed, for always "self preservation is the first law of Nature," or nearly always. "I then made up my mind that the fight was up, that I could do no more for the Major but might save myself, so making a motion to Barnes to go, I said to Ormsby that I would tr}- once more to rally the men. He replied that it would be of no use, but to look out for myself, as it was but a question of a few more minutes with him, and that all he now asked was strength to face the foe when he received his death shot. The Indians were gaining on us rapidly; one look at them, and thought of self conquered valor, and the next moment, with a few parting words to Ormsby, I was on my way to Carson." Captain Watkins farther on took a man up on his horse and saved him. Left alone, helpless in the face of the foe, Major Ormsby struggled on as best he could, reaching the last little valley by the river where the five men had been killed ; here he was passed by many fugitives and left behind and just where the trail leads out to the open country he was overtaken by the Indians. His saddle turned, he was thrown and his mule went back towards the enemy. Major Ormsby walked to the top of the grade and, recognizing one of the pursuing Indians Avho had been his friend, advanced to meet them, blood running from his wounds, his palm extended as he waved his hand. "Don't kill me," he caUed to the Indian friend, and he mentioned his name; "I am your friend; I'll go and talk with the whites and make peace." "No use now," replied the Indian; "too late," and he sent an arrow through the face and another through the stomach of his one-time friend. Ormsby rolled from the ridge to the guUey, where he died. In advance of Ormsby were two men ; one there, N. A. Chandler, of the A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 273 unknoAvn company, because he had no horse. As he saw Ormsby descend the hill to talk to the Indians he ran down to a steep point, laid down his revolver and escaped. Not so the other, who Avill always be known to fame as "The Nameless Hero." He was mounted on a good horse, but when he saw Ormsby thrown from the mule he. dismounted. He was only twenty feet from them when Orrasby was talking to his supposed friend. As Ormsby fell, two Indians rushed past him to kill the young boy, but he got behind his horse and fired, but without effect. The struggle xvas soon ended, and he went down on the trail; but he was found and buried afterwards. The Indians themselves recounted this brave effort to help Ormsby, as they did other acts of bravery done by other whites that day of fate. He died gloriously, but those who buried him felt it keenly that they did not know his family or home so they could inform his relatives of the brave death ol the "Nameless Hero." ENDING OF THE BATTLE OF PYRAMID LAKE. The last victims to fall were Charles McLeod and George Jones, of the Virginia City conipanies, and Jaraes McCarthy, of the Unknown Corapany. They were overtaken in the open country and made one of the most desperate resistances of the day. They kept the Indians at bay with their revolvers as long as their ammunition lasted, and then were killed. So brave did the Indians con sider these three men that they honored them, for it is an honor in the eyes of the Indian, by dancing a war dance around the bloody corpses. After the sun went down, as it did as they danced, they kept up the pursuit, but in vain, for in the darkness the white remnant readied safety. It will never be known how many perished on each side. The Indians claim they killed forty-five only, though some wounded might have crawled off and died. Their loss, which the survivors knew to be a false statement, they stated was only two horses killed and three warriors wounded. ALARM OF ALL NEVADA. When the worn, weary and often-wounded stragglers reached civilization, terror overcame the whites. The disaster was soon known all over Nevada and also wired to California. Tt was exaggerated, of course, and prepara tions for protection were made all through Nevada. The women and chil dren in Virginia City were placed in a half-buUt stone building, which was soon converted into a fort. Tt was christened Fort Riley, and became afterwards the Virginia Hotel. Silver City citizens at once built a stone fort, on the rocks overlooking Devil's Gate and the town itself ; they had no cannon, so an ingenious citizen made one of wood, hooped with iron, and trained it so as to rake the canyon T? 274 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. beloAv, in event of an attack. When the Avar was OA-er Iiien took the cannon back on the hill and it proved to be a torpedo instead of a cannon, for when a sloAV match Avas applied to it, it burst in all directions. The Avomen and children of Carson City xvere fortified in the Penrod House, and men picketed, day and night, the country around the city. \A^arren Wasson proved another hero; the only building in Genoa suita ble to fortify was his stone cabin. He vacated the night the nexvs of the battle was brought, and left alone for Carson City, to find out Avhy no telegraph messages had come frora there, fearing that the Indians had cut the wires. The Genoa operator had called Carson Cit)' repeatedly, Avith no result. When he reached Carson City he found the operator had paid absolutely no attention to the calls frora Genoa. \\'hy, is not stated. He was told that no Indians had appeared in either Carson or Eagle valleys, biit that a party xvas being organized, under Theodore Winters, to take a dispatch from Governor ^^"right, of Califomia, to a conipan)- of cavali-y, somewhere in the vicinity of Honey Lake A'alley. The dispatch contained orders for the cavalry to march at once to Carson City. At once Wasson requested to be allowed to carry the disi>atch to the cavalry, alone. This he did, in fourteen hours, covering one hundred and ten miles, without change ol horse, his being a poAverful animal ; he found the cavalry, and the coinpany left at once for Carson. On the entire trip Was son did not see an Indian. CALIFORNIA SENDS AID. When the news of the fate of the "Ormsby Party" flashed over the Avire, Californians Avere intensely excited and eager to aid the Nevadans. In DoAvnieville, thirty-six hours after the death of j'oung Meredith Avas known, a company numbering one hundred and sixty-five men Avas raised, equipped, and with forty rounds of ammunition, reached Virginia City five days later, having made the journey on foot. Tn Sacramento, Placerville, Nevada CitA' and San Juan, other com panies Avere organized at once,- and Avere soon in Virginia City, eager to make an immediate advance upon the Indians. The Nevadans Avere all x-olunteers, companies being organized in Car son, Gold Hill, Genoa, Silver City, Dayton and Virginia City, the men flocking from all over the state as soon as they heard the story ol the battle to some- one of these points. Governor Wright, of California, sent to the Nevadans five hundred Minie muskets and plenty of ammunition. The citizens ol Nevada contributed to provision the entire force, and a thorough and com plete organization ol each corapany was enforced. The following were the men xvho set out as soon as posible, to annihilate, if possible, the red fiends. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 275 Washoe Regiment Organization, with eight companies ol infantry and six ol cavalry: Field officers^John C. Hays, colonel commanding; J. Saun ders, lieutenant colonel; Dan E. Hungerlord, major; E. J. Bryant, surgeon; Perkins, surgeon; Bell, surgeon; Charles S. Fairlax, adjutant; J. S. Plunkett, acting adjutant of infantry; Alex Moit, department quarter master; Benjamin G. Lippincott, regimental quartermaster; John McNish, assistant regimental quartermaster; R. N. Snowden, commissary. (R. N. Snowden, Jr., had been killed in the battle of Pyramid lake.) Company A (known as Spy Company) — J, B. Fleeson, captain. Company B (known as Sierra Guards)— E. J. Smith, captain; J. B. Preasch, first lieutenant; Williain Wells, second lieutenant; J. Halliday, third lieutentant; men under thera, forty-seven. Company C (knoxvn as Truckee Rangers) — Alanson W. Nightingill, captain. Company D (knoAvn as Sierra Guards) — J. B. Reed, captain; N. P. Pierce, first lieutenant; D. C. Ralston, orderly; nuraber of men under thera, fourteen. Coinpany E (known as Carson Rangers) — P. H. Clayton, captain. Company F (known as Nevada Rifles) — J. B. Van Hagan, captain. Company G (knoAvn as Sierra Guards) — F. F. Patterson, captain; C. S. Champney, first lieutenant; T. Maddux, second lieutenant; A. Walker, third lieutenant ; number of raen under thera, forty-one. Corapany H (known as San Juan Rifles) — N. C. Mrller, captain. Company I (known as Sacraraento Guards) — A. G. Snowden, captain. Company J (known as "From Sacraraento") — Joseph Virgo, captain. Company K (known as Virginia Rifles) — E. T. Storey, captain; number of men under him, one hundred and six. Company L (known as Carson Rifles) — J. L. Blackburn, captain; A. L. Turner, first lieutenant; Theodore Winters, orderly sergeant. Company M (known as Silver City Guards) Ford, captain. Company N (known as Highland Rangers, or Vaqueros) — S. B. Wallace, captain; Robert Lyon, first lieutenant; Joseph F. Triplett, second lieutenant; number of men under them, twenty. ¦ Coinpany O (known as Sierra Guards) — Creed Hammond, captain; George A. Davis, first sergeant; H, M. Harshbarger, second sergeant; number ol men under them, twenty. Total number of men enrolled, rank and file, five hundred and forty-four. ON THE MARCH. The . Washoe regiment moved out of Virginia City, cheered by the citizens of that city, and Gold Hill and Silver City, as it passed through them. 276 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. They camped the first night. May 24th, at a place called "Chinatown," at Miller's ranch. The next day they remained in camp, receiving commissary stores, the poor cjuality being a subject of much comment. Companies A, C, F, G, H, L, N, and half of the Virginia Rifles, Avere mounted; the entire regiment xvas armed with Minie rifles and muskets xvithout bayonets. On the 26th they struck camp and xvhen they reached Reed's Station, a scout, Michael Bushy, Avent out over the Txventy-Six Mile Desert to locate the Indians. He never returned, and two years later his bones xvere found by. Warren Wasson eight miles from Williams' Station, where he had been killed by the Pah-Ute Indians, sorae of thera guiding Wasson to^ the spot. They (old of the brave fight for life raade by Bushy, and how he finally was murdered. He xvas a celebrated Indian fighter, having been conspicuous in the Indian wars in Washington territory and Oregon. ¦ The banks of the Carson river, on the meadoxv where the river turns to flow towards Williams' Station, was the next encampment place. The Indians fired into the carap the next raorning, the fire being returned, with no results on either side. The Indians reti'eated. The body ol James Flemming, one of the men killed at Williams' Station, was found here and" buried: The station was only a mile aAvay. .May 31st, the Washoe regiment was joined, at the present town of Wads Avorth, by the detachment ol. United States troops. The officers were: Captain Jasper M. StCAvart, commanding; Captain T. Moore, quartermaster; Charles C. Keeney, surgeon. Corapany G, Third Artillery — Jasper M. Stexvart, captain; eighty-two enlisted raen under them. Detachment ol Com pany I, Third Artillery — Lieutenant Gibson, with two hoAvitzers, and ten men. Company A, Sixth Inlantry — Captain F. F. Flint, xvith sixty-two enlisted men ; Company H, 6th Inlantry — Lieutenant McCreary, xvith filty-three enlisted men; a total ol two hundred and seven, making, Avith the A'olunteer force, a gra-id total ol seven hundred and fifty-four men, a far different force from the little handful of undisciplined men they were going to avenge. It was decided by regulars and A'olunteers, that Colonel Jack Hays should assume command of both forces. That night, as they lay in camp at the lower crossing of the Truckee river, tAvo of the men discovered the body of one of the Avhite raen killed in the previous battle. The body was terribly mutilated and no means of identification could they find save a heart-shaped gold ring on his left hand, on the fourth finger. The body had been partially eaten by sorae Avild beast, but they found that the third and fourth toes of one of the feet were webbed. On June ist the sraall army camped eight miles further down the Truckee river; here small earth works were thrown up; the place is now known as Fort Storey, for the captain of the Virginia Rifles, Here one of his com- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 277 mand was accidentally shot and killed. He was buried with military honors; it xvas S. C.« Fletcher. NEAR ormsby's BODY. Without knowing it the command was only one raile from the corpse of Major Ormsby, which still lay in the gully xvhere it had rolled. From being determined not to be caught, as had been the first command, the forces under Colonel Hays Axere, if anything, over-cautious. On June 2nd, a detail ol forty men Irom Captain J. B. Van Flagan's command and forty Irom Captain E. F. Storey's command, those officers in charge of their oxvn men, went scouting down the Ti-uckee river, to the Pah-Ute village at its mouth; if they met any of the redskins they xvere to fall back to Camp Storey, as it was called, and give the information. The little company moved over the recent battlefield, grewsome sights on every side, making them more eager to punish the slayers of the white men. Reacing the point xvhere the battle oj Pyramid lake had been fought, part of the force went doxvn the abrupt trail to the yalley, the others remaining on the higher ground. Here was xvhere Spear and Snowden had fallen ; the coinpany on the lower land had just found the body of young Meredith when the company on the tableland signaled that the enemy was in sight. The Indians were three hundred in number, and were coming rapidly, in a wedge, with the point advanced, on horseback. Three hundred more were running up the yalley, in no form at all. The Avhite men raade an orderly retreat, but it galled thera, brave raen that they xvere, to have a fusillade constantly in the rear, the balls xvliistling frora a rifle in the hands of an Indian riding in advance of his fellows; evidently the globe-sighted rifle A. K. Elliott, of the Virginia coinpany, had carried, and which was probably tom from his dead hand by the Indian. Only one of the retreating men was hit, Andrew Hasey, who vvas severely wounded in one hip; he never men tioned it rmtil his companions passed him in a charge later; he Avas weak from loss of blood and it was several years before he recovei'ed, after a severe operation performed in San Francisco. As the enemy followed in perisistent pursuit, the officers of the scouting party saw, as they passed over the rough ground on the east side of the Truckee, the main body of troops under Colonel Hays, coming to raeet, thera, and they determined to give battle. It was the best of ground for the Indians, steep, sloping sides for a lookout and signal station, and a barrier to any flank movement on the west side. The Truckee river flowed on the east, preventing any flank movement on that side; consecjuently, all the Indians had to do was to watch the foe in the open front, with nO' trees to screen their aijproadi. A large number of the Indians masssed on a round, rocky butte. 278 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. about two hundred feet high. It was located about a quarter of a mile dow the mountain, as it sloped to the river. Between the butte and the rive were numerous gullies. THE VICTORY TO THE WHITES. In a moment the scouting party was under fire, not only from the butt but from a line extending from the river far up the mountain. Captain Storey and Van Hagan decided to take the rocky butte before the main bod under Colonel Hays reached them. They did so, in one gallant dash; am they retained it, despite a raking fire from the river and the mountain side they soon found theniselves in the enemy's lines, by the arrival of the mail force. The regulars passed to the west of the butte, deployed as skirmisher in open order, then alOng the mountain side, forcing everything before their The volunteers, on foot, passed to the east of the butte, in the same order firing as they went; this made a continuous line from the river to near th top of the mountain, and when this was formed the battle began, the Indian having a similar line. As the cavalry advanced every sixth man was lef to hold the horses, the cavalry being ordered to dismount. The infantry wa held as reserves. The Indians sent forth their blood-curdling war cries mingled with exultant yells when they thought they had sent a shot home even their death cries were shrill and ear-piercing, and there were many of th latter as the day wore on. The whites forced the fighting, charging every stronghold, driving th^ painted, howling Avarriors back. Every inch of ground Avas hotly contested But this time right was might, and bold and fearless as they were, the Pah Utes were forced backward ; at first they carried their dead and wounded witl them, but some participants in the battle state that towards the last the dea( were concealed in the cliffs; the Avounded were taken at any cost. Thi battle gave a most decisive victory to the whites, and only two-thirds o the white force was engaged in the real fighting; two hundred being held a a reserve and fifty guarded the camp. How the Indians held out as they di( was a surprise to everyone engaged in the fight. The whites were armec with long-range rifles and rifle muskets, carrying a heavy ball i,ooo yards, anc five hundred were constantly in action, there being plenty of ammunition and re loading rapid. ROLL OF DEAD AND WOUNDED. Glorious as was the result of the battle, there was a saddening after math, for Captain Storey, loved of all men, was mortally wounded, sho through the lungs; he insisted on remaining on the field while the batd' raged; A. H. Phelps and John Cameron, of Storey's command, were sho through the head, dying that night. A number of the regulars' were severel; A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 279 wounded. The bodies of the two privates were buried near Camp Storey; the body of Major Ormsby had been found and it was buried temporarily, being removed at a later period to Carson City. The bodies of McLeod and McCarthy, the two men who had raade such a desperate resistance that the Indians had honored their corpses with a war dance, at the close of the battle of Pyramid lake, Avere found, where the Indians had in their dance beaten the earth down solidly and hard in a circle around thera. The raen Avho found them said that the sinews along the back bone had been cut frora McLeod, evidently to make bow strings. The faces of both men wore an expression of defiance. The body of Jones, killed at the same time, was 'found three hundred feet from these two. The bodies were buried Avith the ceremonies of the Odd Fellovj'S, at the camp. The Indians always denied that their loss was raore than four killed ancl seven wounded, but a correspondent to the Territorial Enterprise, who claimed to have participated in the battle, asserted that there were at least one hundred and sixt}', his informant having been a spy from the regulars, who was with the Pah-Utes during the fight. This correspondent said that seventy bodies were found in the cliffs. Joseph F. Triplett, a citizen of Elko county, stated that he learned from four Pah-Ute chiefs, Buffalo Jim, Big George, Captain Natchez and Captain Breckenridge, right after the war, that forty-six Indians were kiUed. He was a participant. But not one of the whites could say they saw raore than three dead Indians. THE MARCH RESUMED. On the 4th of June the command marched on, in pursuit of the Indians, leaving a company behind at Fort Storey, under Captain Joseph Virgo, of Corapany J, Sacramento, to look after the wounded, araong them Captain Storey. On the march the men constantly carae to bodies of the victiras ol Lake Pyramid battle, and all were buried where found, as they were en tirely nude and last decomposing. The bodies of Williara S. Spear, Henry Meredith and John Snowden were, however, taken up and later sent to their former homes in California. When they reached the Pah-Ute village not an Indian was to be seen, but they found the trail, and, as it led to the north, to the north the pursuers raarched. While this command was marching on, a force of thirty men, under Captain Weatherlow, was scouting on the north side of Lake Pyramid, ac cording to advices he sent Governor Roop, under date of June 4th ; he said he was in view of the ground where Major Orrasby died, and said : "I wish to God I had fifty raen; I would clean out all the Indians from this region." He wanted more men sent to him, saying his men wanted to fight. He 280 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. closed by asserting that there were no Indians in the north end of the valley. Captain Weatherlow was lucky enough to get out of the valley before the Indians did reach the north end, else the letter spoken of might have been his last. BRAVE but RECKLESS DARING. Warren Wasson, the brave man often mentioned in the history of the Indian wars, together with Captain Thoinas F. Condon, had induced eight men to go with them to guard a pass to the west of the south end of Pyramid lake; the Pah-Utes would probably try to escape through^ this pass if de feated by the Washoe regiment. Tt Avas an important position, but the ten men would have lasted but a few moments if the Pah-Utes had come that way. May 31st a detachment of twenty-four men came from the yalley, giv ing a force of thirty-four men, under Captain Condon. Their position was made more tenable by this reinforcement. Snow fell to the depth of two feet on June 2nd, and on the night of June 4tli, this command reached the opposite side of the river frora Captain Stewart's command, at the south end of Pyrainid lake. Here they found the remains of seven white men ; their legs were burned off, but the rest of their bodies were intact, even the beards and mustaches being unharmed. There Avas no way to identify them "at the time, thought they were supposed to be a party of Californian prospectors. They knew nothing of the Indian outbreak and were never heard from after May 13th. Their naraes were: Charles Ruth, Daniel King, N. H. Canfield, Spero Anderson, John Gibson, Courtright, Cenovitch. CAMPAIGN ENDED. On June 5th the main command moved to the north, as stated; when they reached the base of the range of mountains separating the east bank of Pyramid lake from Mud lake they raarched along until they came to a canyon running from the low land to the mountains; here they halted, and WiUiam S. Allen, Captain Robert Lyon, Samuel Buckland, S. C. Springer and Benjamin Webster, were sent ahead as scouts. At the upper end of the canyon they carae to a large rock, and Lyon and Allen passed around it while the other three halted. A volley rang out and Alien dropped dead, a ball through his mouth- and brain. Captain Lyon never thought of the danger to himself but tried to raise the body of his friend ; they, for some reason, did not shoot Lyon down at once, and, as they grabbed at his horse, he reached for his revolver and fired a shot, then turned his horse and rode for his life. Flow he ever rode clown the steep mountain at that breakneck speed no one could comprehend. Bullets and arrows whizzed passed him, and he passed two bands of Indians on the xvay, both firing at him but doing no harm. He passed the three men by the rock and then Colonel A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 28i Hays and Captain Nightingill, in advance of the command. Captain Lyon asked for his company to go with him to recovef the body of his friend. Colonel Hays told him they Avould all go; but xvhen they reached the spot it was lying nude, the Indians having takeii clothing, horse and arms. The body was placed on a horse and taken to camp. This xvas the last hostile act of the Indians in this Avar, and the volunteer army started back to Virginia City the next morning, where they buried Allen with military honors. Captain Lyon's company had lost txvo men. Tlie Carson Company bore the body of Major Ormsby to that city. On June 7tli, the volunteer forces under Colonel Hays disbanded, but those under Captain Stewart, the regular troops, remained at Pyramid lake, where earth works were thrown up and named Fort Haven for General HaA-en, of California, Avho had volunteered as a private under Colonel Hays. COLONEL lander's EXPEDITION. Colonel F. W. Lander Avas engaged in surveying and constructing a wagon road across the Sierra Nevada and Great Basin in the summer of i860, and was near Honey lake when the war was going on. He had in August about seventy men Avith him, all armed, and they had a lively skirmish with the Indians in the Black Rock country, losing one man, Alexander Painter, for whorn a valley in Roop county is named. Lander was in the service of the general government at the time. He then had a peace talk with Numaga, the gentle chief of the Pah-Utes, and the redskins were quieted down. Numaga said that his people Avere starving, being driven from their homes at Pyramid lake. For his services then and subsequently. Colonel Lander's name was given to a county in Nevada soon after it was organized as a territory. Colonel Lander became iprominent in the Avar of the rebellion, a general of volunteers, and died of Avounds received in a battle in Virginia in 1863. AFTER THE WARS. After the brave volunteers of California had returned home, the regu lars, no less brave, were retained under Captain Stewart. By their coolness, perfect discipline and ready obedience to orders, they had been an example of great worth to the inexperiaiced volunteers. After the volunteers left the troops on June 8th, Warren Wasson Avas engaged by Captain Stewart to act as scout, and, fortunately for posterity, Wasson kept a complete record of aU his connections with the Indians. He helped Indian Agent Major Frederick Dodge in his efforts tq pacify the Indians, return them to their reservations and give them the necessities and even comforts they needed so sorely. The Pah-Utes returned to Pyramid lake in force and committed depre- 282 A HISTORV OF NEVADA. dations and were extremely hostile, though after that last conflict with th( conquering race they did not care to try conclusions again. W^asson acted as scout and express rider, and had many hairbreadth es capes from death and torture while doing his duty. A number of settlers. M. A. Braly, Washington Cox Corey, J. D. Roberts, Thomas Marsh, Robert Reed, Hans Parian, O. Spevey and Anderson Spain took up farming locations on the Truckee river, late in June, near Pyramid lake. The two first, Washing ton Cox Corey and M.A. Braly, iliscovered the mines at Aurora, and gave their names to Mounts Braly and Corey. They nearly lost their lives, for, when the soldiers left Fort Haven to help build Fort Churchill^ the Indians were determined to murder them and all whites in the vicinity. Major Dodge had left Wasson as Indian agent. Numaga, the peace loving, and Oderkeo, another peace chief, prevented the massacre. The last of July Major Dodge, then stopping at Buckland's Station on Carson river, directed Wasson to post. notices on Pyramid Lake Reservation, defining the boundaries and warn ing all intruders to leave at once. They were printed, dated Ma'y 20, i860. The 5th of September, Major Dodge went to Washington, leaving Wasson to act as Indian agent. His record as such is an enviable one. He induced the Indians to cut hay, put up adobe buildings, with other work, at both Pyramid and Walker Lake Reservations. He gave a "pot- latch" in December, i860, and gave each man a hickory shirt and blue over alls; to all the women he gave calico, needles and thread. An aged Indian arrived after Wasson had given away all he had. The Pah-Utes were de lighted, waiting to see what Wasson would do. What he did made a good impression on them all, for he stripped off his own white linen shirt and cotton drawers and gave to this las.t guest. Captain Truckee, the Indian guide whose name was given by the emi grants to the river and trout, was on the reservation under Wasson; he had papers from Fremont, detailing his services to the great explorer. Truckee died on October 8, i860, in the Pine Nut Mountains, south of Como, Lyon county. Wasson had in his book of records many odd things ; one was the burn ing ol the head medicine chief of the Pah-Utes, of Mono lake; the people of his tribe insisted that on the third day after his death, a whirlwind came and the ashes were blown into a huge pillar and out of it walked the medicine chief, Waz-adz-zo-bah-ago. Wasson adds that "if I had seen it myself, I could not have believed it." ANOTHER WAR THREATENED. Wahe, a vicious brave, a brother of Old Winnemucca, tried to create trouble in April and May, of the next year, 1861. He gathered them, to the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 283 number of 1,500, at the fisheries near the mouth of Walker river. Wasson was informed of this by a servant and interpreter. Wahe intended killing Wasson and then by strategem gaining admittance to Fort Churchill and there kill the entire garrison. Only forty soldiers were there at this time. Wasson at once went aniong the Tndians, finding Bannocks and Pah-Utes from all over, the former from both Idaho and Oregon. He argued with them and was reinforced by some of thfe Tndians who had mingled with the white men and knew their power. Wahe claimed to be a spirit chief, but he had to flee, going to Oregon. He returned in May of the next year and was killed by two of the Pah-Ute chiefs, who desired to see if he were really a spirit chief. They found he was not, but still were superstitious enough to cut his body in bits and throw it broadcast. Governor Nye arrived in Nevada in July, 1861, and assumed charge of the Indians, but their power was gone in eastern Nevada, The increasing population of whites gave the Indians more clothing and food than they had ever possessed, the hatchet was buried, at least outwardly. WAll AT OWENS RIVER. California in this same year, 1861, was having trouble with the Tndians in Owens valley. The red men this time started the trouble by stealing stock from the settlers; by way of reprisal the settlers killed a few Indians, and the war was on in earnest, for the savages proceeded to kill every white man they could find aAvay from his fellows, for they did not want to incrim inate themselves. The men they were known to have killed were R. Hanson, E. S. Taylor, J. Tallman and Mr. Crosen. The white rrien rounded up their stock some thirty miles above, Owens lake and entrenched themselves as best they could, sending to Carson, Nevada, and Visalia, California, for aid. There were forty-two cattlemen in the fortified point, and on March 28, 1862, eighteen men joined them, coming from Aurora. ' Colonel Mayfield was in conimand, and the white force soon moved on the enemy. When they had gone fifty miles they camped on an old Indian camping ground. Tt was not until the 6th of April that the redskins ap peared. Then a large force came from the southwest, and the white men divided in two divisions and hastened forth to give them battle. The Indians killed C. J. Pleasants, of Aurora, and retreated. The Tndians followed up their victory, and the white men retreated to an irrigating ditch built by the Tndians, and until night the firing was general at long range. Sheriff Scott, of Mono, was shot through the head and instantly killed; a Mr. Morrison, formerly of Visalia, was shot and died next day. As soon as the moon went down the. Indians stopped firing and the whites escaped to their fortified post. They buried their ammunition but had to leave the bodies of the dead 284 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. and eighteen horses. They had killed one Indian. Tn their retreat they met Colonel Evans, with some of the Second California cavalry. On March 25th, Warren Wasson wrote to Governor Nye, of Nevada. He informed hira as to the condition of affairs at Owens river and of his fear that the hostiles would advance into Nevada territory. Wasson said that a sufficient force of men should be sent to" check thera, for if defeated by the Tndians the latter xvould xx'age bloody and unrelenting war. Wasson had just visited Walker River Reservation and found the Pah-Utes had heard of the trouble, and were greatly excited. The governor telegraphed to Wasson that General Wright would order fifty men to accompany him to the scene of action, and also told Wasson to take fifty muskets from the fort and ammunition. Wasson repaired to Fort Churchill, and after consultation with Captain Rowe left for Owens river. Lieutenant Noble was in charge of the little detachment and instructed to let circumstances determine his actions, but that he xvas "to consult Avith Indian Agent Wasson, avIio accompanies the expedition for the purpose of restraining the Indians from hostilities. Upon no consideration xvill you allow your men to engage the Indians without his sanction." Probably a better idea can be formed of the whole trouble by giving extracts from Wasson's report of the fight at Owens river: * * * "We left Aurora for the scene of action on Oyvens river, on the 3rd of April, sending you at that date a brief report of our proceedings, disposition of arras, and our plan of operation, .as far as xve could form them at that time. George, the interpreter, having become Avorn out and unable to accompany me, at Walker river I procured the services of Robert, a Pah-Ute, with Avhoni I left Aurora, in advance of the command, and pro ceeded by Mono lake, where I found the Pah-Utes of that section congregated and much excited, but in an intervieAV succeeded in quieting them. They were much pleased that I Avas going to stop the troubles, as they feared they might themselves become involved in the difficulties, and they sent with me one of their tribe who spoke the language of the Owens River Tndians. "We joined Lieutenant Noble at Adobe Meadows, thirty miles from Aurora, on the night of the 4th of April. The next day I left the command, with the two Indian interpreters, and traveled eight or ten miles in advance of the troops. About noon avc passed the boundary between the Pah-Ute and Owens River Tndians Country, and traveled twenty-five miles, and encamped, seeing no Tndians but abundance of fresh signs. My Mono Lake Indian, on the morning of the 7th instant, informed me that he knew by certain signs that the Indians were to the right and up the valley, and I sent him towards where they Avere, while we proceeded down the valley towards the fort, which was fifty miles distant. I instructed him to tell the Indians A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 285 that xve had not ctime to fight them, but to inquire into the cause of their difficulties with the whites; and that if they would do right, and were will ing to corae to a fair settlement, justice should be done to them; that at all ex'Cnts I desired to see and consult with them ; I also instructed him how to approach our carap that night in order to avoid danger of being shot down by the soldiers; and told him our camp would be twenty miles below on the river. After we had pi'oceeded about twelve miles down the stream, I saw a body of about one hundred men at the foot of the mountain to our right, some three miles distant, and concluded to await the arrival of Lieutenant Noble and his command, xvho wei'e in the I'ear about five miles. When they arrived. Lieutenant Noble and myself left the soldiers, and rode over to see xvho the parties Avere. We found Lieutenant-Colonel George Evans, also Lieutenants French and Oliver, with about forty soldiers, Second Cavalry, Califoi-nia Volunteers, and Colonel Mayfield, a citizen, in command ol about loi'ty or filty residents ol the yalley. We made known to thera our business and instructions, but found little or no encouragement to make peace with the Indians, 'their desire being only to exterminate them. "They informed us that the citizens from the fort, some sixty in num ber, had had a battle the day before on a creek some txvelve miles above, and in the direction my Mono Indian had gone that raorning. In the fight they had three men killed and were shamefully defeated. The citizens were retreating toxvards their fort, when they met Colonel Evans, who induced forty-five of them to return with him in pursuit of the hostiles, and they were also in pursuit when we fouiid them. Evans being Colonel of Noble's regi ment took command of the entire expedition, ordered Noble to bring up his company, and when he had done so, we proceeded to the scene of the fight between the citizens and Indians, and camped on the battleground. The next morning by daylight Evans had ordei'ed out scouting parties in all directions, numbering from six to ten men eaeh. About noon that day some of them re turned, reporting the enemy in force txvelve miles above,and at the extreme head of the valley. Colonel Evans then ordered a rapid movement in that direction, and in two hours we reached the mouth of the canyon in which the Indians were reported to be. Here we encountered a terrific snow storm, accompanied by violent wind in our face?. Notwithstanding which Evans ordered an ad vance up the mountains each side of the canyon for a distance of three miles. Fortunately for us, however, we found no savages there, otherwise an easy victory would have been obtained over us, as arrows assisted by that gale, would have had dreadful effect. We could have had no choice of position, and the enemy choosing theirs, could have taken advantage of the wind. "Becoming satisfied that no Indians were in the canyon, we were ordered to retrace our stq>s, and encamped in the valley three miles below. T remained 286 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. behind, and, the storm having abated, with the aid ol a glass I observed Indiai signs in a canyon one mile north. T concluded to visit the locality, am when near the mouth ol the canyon I discovered a large Indian trail, Ireshl; made, leading out ol it in a northerly direction. As night was approaching I was unable to see any Tndians, and turned my horse towards camp that wa some two and a half miles distant, when I heard an Indian halloo, some fou hundred yards from me among the rocks. I answered him in the same way but heard no reply. T then hallooed in English, Spanish and in Pah-Ute, alsc making friendly signs, several times, but received no reply, but as I turned t( go away, the hallooing was repeated. I replied, but got no answer. This was repeated several times, and becoming satisfied that he only intended tc decoy rae, I proceeded to camp. On my arrival, looking back, I discoverec fires in the same canyon. "The next morning Colonel Evans ordered Sergeant Gillispie, with nin( of Noble's men, to reconnoiter it, at the same time moving the whole com mand in that direction. The detail advanced some three hundred yards uf the canyon, when they were fired upon, Gillispie being instantly killed, anc Corporal Harris wounded in the left arm, when they retreated, leaving behind the sergeant's body and his arms. They met the command half a mile below the mouth of the canyon, when as many as were not required to hold the horses, were ordered to the attack. Lieutenant Noble and his company were sent to take possession of the mountain to the left of the canyon. Colonel Evans was to have taken the mountain to the right. Colonel Mayfield and four citizens accorapanied Noble, the balance of Mayfield's company re maining below. Lieutenant Noble succeeded in gaining his position under a brisk fire from both sides Irom concealed Indians.. Here Colonel Mayfield was killed. Lieutenant Noble, finding it impossible to maintain his position without great loss, or to proceed up the mountain on account ol its precipitous nature, or return the fire upon the concealed foe with effect, retreated in good order down to Colonel Evans' company, carrying with him Sergeant Gillis- pie's body. Colonel Evans, Irom the rugged and inaccessible nature of the mountain, being unable to advance to the position he intended to take, ,the Avhole command retreated down the valley, the Tndians following and build ing their defiance fires on our camping ground before the rear of the column was a mile and a half distant. "We encamped that night twelve miles below, at the spot where Sheriff Scott, who had been killed the day before in the fight between the citizens and Indians, was buried. Colonel Evans, being without provisions, except beef obtained in the valley, was compelled to return to his former post near Los Angeles, three hundred miles distant. Lieutenant Noble, with his com pany, acconipanied him as far as the Citizens' Fort, fifty miles below, for A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 287 the purpose of escorting the xx'hites xvith their stock, amounting to alx)ut 4,000 head of cattle and 2,500 sheep, to this territory. During the engagement aboxe mentioned, I selected a high rock at about the center of operations, xvhere I could observe all i>arties, and I am satisfied there xvere not over txventy-five Indians, xvho had pi-obablx- been left behind as a decoy to the xvhites and to protect the main Ixxlx^ and families, xvho had gone on into the mountains to avoid a collision xxith the troops. "These Tndians have dug ditches and irrigated nearly all the arable land in that section of the country, and lixe by its products. They have been repeatedly told by officers of the government that they should have exclusive possession of those lands, and they are now fighting to maintain that possession. Their number is betAveen 500 and 1,000, and they belong to the California Digger Indian tribes. ]\Iany of them are the refugees from Tulai-e yalley, xvho in 1852 and 1853 massacred the xvhite inhibitants and de populated the Four Creek country. At .ereat expense to the govemment thex- Avere driven over to this side of the Sierra Nevada from Tulare valley, and having taken up their abode along Oavcus river as a place of last resort, they Avill fight to the last extremity in defense of their homes. "Lieutenant X''oble conferred AX'ith me and we agreed as to the cOurse to be pursued till xve met Colonel Evans, xvho then assumed command. This re enforcement ruined all our plans. We might haxe done better; we certainly could not have done Avorse. Lieutenant X'oble and his men behaved gallantly ^ on the field. "The next morning after the fight, finding it out of my power to do any good in the neighborhood under the circumstances, and leai-ing the effect of the victories these Indians had gained over us Avould be to incite the Pah- L^tes to hostilities, I left, accompanied only by my intei-preter ; and the fol lowing night reached the line ol the Pah-L^te country. Frora the time of en tering it I met many of that n^ion Avho Avere anxious to hear the nCAVs from the seat of war, and what Avould be the possible result. I told them not to participate in the difficulties and assured them that unless, they did so they should not be molested, etc. Thex' promised to be governed by my instrne tions and advice. "I arrived at the Walker River Reservation on the i6th instant. The Indians were all glad to see me return. Said they had been afraid the inter preter and myself xvould be killed b}- Oavcus RiA-er Diggers, and if such had been the case they had six hundred warriors ready to go and avenge our deaths. "I was detained at Walker reservation and at Fort Churchill three days, on account of the officers at the latter place insisting upon herding the government stock, caA-alry horses and all, thirty miles from the fort in the 288 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Indians' country, notwithstanding grass was just as good near the fort (an argument used by the Tndians), having excited and alarmed the Pah-Utes, who regarded it as an inlringement on their rights. I took such measures as were calculated to allay the difficulty ; and I will add here, that lor the first time since the establishment ol that jiost, its management promises to be productive ol more evil than good aniong the Tndians." Tn the end Wasson helped to end the war ol Owens river, for he was called to San Francisco to confer with Governor Stanford, General Wright and J. P. H. Wentworth, Indian agent, as to the best way to settle the war. Wasson collected the Tndians of that section at Fort Independence, where Wentworth met him with goods for presents and a treaty was made. Four hundred Tndians assembled, the presents were distributed and the Tndians held a great peace dance, closing the war of 1862. WASSON ARRANGES CONFERENCE. In May of that year Governor Nye desired to meet the principal Pah-Utes and Wasson arranged a meeting. Old Winnemucca and Nuniaga were the highest, but the latter Avas north and at first refused to be present, wanting to force the old chief to settle his own affairs. Governor Nye, with an escort of one hundred cavalry of California volunteers under Capain Price, reached the lower bend of the Truckee river, and beyond that point Winnemucca would. not allow them to move. He had two hundred warriors, mounted and armed, concealed beyond. Captain Price was not fold of this for fear he would resent it and cause trouble. That evening Wasson came with his Pah-Utes, four hundred strong. They were gaily dressed in all their gala attire and made a great display, for two days keeping up a continuous war dance, undergoing tortures to show the whites how indifferent they were to pain. Winnemucca was with them, but ' Numaga did not come until the night of the 25th ; he was the diplomat ol the tribe, and it was with him Governor Nye discussed affaii'S. No treaty was made, but presents were exchanged before the separation. Wasson gave to Winnemucca the property ol his brother, Wahe, the bad chiel who had been killed by two Pah-Utes, as related previously. Numaga, the peace loving, gave Wasson as a sign of peace and friendship his pipe of peace, a magnificent bow and arrows, and his war cap, made of a whole otter skin, trimmed with great eagle plumes, and his tomahawk, all articles worn by hira in all his battles. COMO INDIAN SCARE IN 1863. It seems strange that Numaga should ever have been the cause of terror to the whites, of his volition, but in 1863 he met the whites of Como and A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 289 uttered a protest against the Avhites destroying the pine nut groves ; he said these groves were the main reliance of his people, their chief food, their orchards in fact. The whites Avere welcome to the dead and fallen trees, but the food-bearing trees must be left alone, he would not permit their de struction. No attention was paid, for was it not Numaga who had warned them? Suddenly prowling, skulking forms appeared before the wood chop pers, with stern faces and hostile looks, but no show of violence. Then the people of Como had a genuine war scare, which turned into a fiasco. The .town was put under martial law, couriers secured a lieutenant and twenty men from Fort Churchill. That night everyone was giveii the password, but two forgot it, and meeting in the dark blazed away at each other until ammunition was exhausted. Alarm and consternation spread over the town, sorae one in the excitement also fired at nothing and pandemonium was let loose. The joke of it all was that next morning solemn-visaged savages came down to the town to know what had caused the shooting and general Fourth of July celebration the night previous. WALKER RIVER CHIEF MURDERED. The wanton murder ol E-zed-wa, a chief of the Walker River Indians, came next. He had a complaint to make to N. H. A. Mason, regarding his overseer, John F. Hale, and while on his way to see that gentleman, he was met by Hale, who beguiled him into drinking and when the chief was drunk Hale killed hira and then killed his horse. Members of the tribe found their chief's body in the Carson river, where Hale had thrown it, but before they could secure him, he had informed Mr. Mason, and then made his escape. Thirteen hundred Indians assembled and sent a raessenger to Fort Churchill demanding redress for the murder of Captain George as the whites called the chief. Lieutenant Oscar JcAvett was sent to hold a parley with them and in the end they were cjuietedby a gift ol a wagon load of provisions and clothing and one thousand dollars in cash from Mr. Mason. TROUBLES IN 1864-65. On the 4th of March, 1863, three men. Dr.- J. H. Smeathman, Frank Thompson and W. F. White, were prospecting near the north line of Nevada, west of Pueblo. They were fired upon and Dr. Smeathman fell wounded from his horse, crying for help, but, without waiting to see how many In dians were in ambush, his two partners fled, leaving him to the savages. making their way to Humboldt City. The following May, in that same portion of the country, a party of seven prospectors were fired upon by Indians and four killed, among them G. W. Dodge. Of the three left, one, named Noble, although wounded in the neck. 290 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. shoulder and groin, kept the foe at bay until the other tAAO brought up horses, Avhen they escaped to Star City. The peak xxhere this occurred a named Disaster Peak. Early in 1865 txvo Walker Rixer Pah-Utes murdered txvo prospectc Isaac StCAvard and Robert Rabe, near Walker Lake. Rabe Axas in car lighting the fire, xvhen shot through the Imck. The Indians killed' him smashing his head in, and then started after Stexvard Avho jumped into ¦ lake and Avas never heard of again. Rabe had a large sum of money on him a the txvo had each txvo horses, .V friendlx- Indian informed the authorit and the murderous red men xvere captured. For some reason both xvere leased. On the dax- the two men Avere arrested. Captain Wells, Avith a co pany of cavalry, surprised a camp and killed evei-y Indian there, thirty-t in all. The same day Avord Avas receiA'ed that Black Rock Tom had gone the Avar path in the north. That night txvo men, George Thaxei-, Lucius Arcularius and an unkno man Avere killed on the Hone)- Lake road. The Indians Avere said to gathering at the head of Humboldt Canal. M. W. Haviland, on March 20 arrived in Star City, asking help for Paradise valley people. A NARROW ESCAPE. In Paradise valley Avere a number of settlers, and a friendly Indian formed A. Denio, that in "txxo sleeps" xvarriors xvould corae to kill the s tiers and stampede their stock. Mr. Denio, A. and T. J. Bryant, T. J. Fi: and Mr. Stockham lived near each other. Mr. Stockham xvas axx-ay, seeki military help, but his xvife was there. Mr. Fine xvas hdpless Avith rheun tisiii and both he and the children of the Denies had to be carried. .\ c; Ax-as arranged but a terrible storm sxvept doAvn on them, making it impossil to go until morning, and then Thoinas Byrnes and John Lackey arrived, lA other settler, Rembreaux arrived also. They started to reach Willow Poi having to ford the sxvollen creeks and a sxvamp of mud oxer xxhich the chi' ren and Mr. Fine had to be caiTied. Denio and Rembreaux had to pull t cart, but raet Jacob Hufford and he attached a riafa to the cart and xvith t other end tied to his saddte hauled it along. The rest of the party stayed CottouAvood creek to try to get the goods, pi'oxisions, etc., across. They e pected Christopher Fearbourne along, he having gone up the valley with 1 ox team the night before, to get the effects of Messrs. Barber and Collii and they xvere expected with him. Fearbourne had reached the place, but in the morning xxlien they arc the three men found Indians in force all around the house and corral; demonstration xxas made at first, but thex- soon became insolent. Bart xvanted all three to go out, get their horses and ride axvay ; the others objei A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 291 ed saying a bold Iront was better. Barber Avent, telling his friends he would try to get through to get help, and if there xxas trouble for than to shut them selves in the cabin and try to hold out. He got his best horse and an In dian asked him what he was going to do; he said "going out to drive in a beef to kill" ; they let him go but two rode some xvays with him. Then convinced, they went back, and Barber, once over an elevation, rode for his friends' lives. He reached the party at Cottonwood creek waiting for Fearbourne still. As Barber was telling of the danger of his friends, smoke was seen in the valley and they knew the cabin had been fired. Byrnes and Barber with Lackey started to the rescue. The Bryant and a Denio lx)y left for Hamblin's corral, where the rest of the party was to meet thera. Barber and Byrnes and Lackey xvere assailed by twenty-twO' Tndians on horseback and more on foot, but reached the corral, and seeing the Bryants and the twelve year old Denio boy being cut off by the Indians made a raid and all reached the Hamblin corral ; now that all the emigrants were within the enclosure there were just ten men, one Ixiy, three women and four small children, Mr. and Mrs. Denio and four children, Robert Denio, the boy, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Hufford, Mrs. Stockham, T. J. Fine, A. Bryant, T. J. Bryant, John Lackey, Waldron Foster, Thomas Byrnes, Rembreaux and Barber. Denio was virtually in command of the tiny garrison. Fifty yards from the corral was Hamblin's house, xvhich would afford a fine vantage point for the Indians to station sharpshooters. At once T. J. Bryant and Waldron Foster sallied out to burn it ; they succeeded in the face of an incessant fire from the foe. All the arms the garrison possessed were one navy and five small Colt's revolvers, two double-barrelled shot-guns, one musket and three common rifles, wliile the Indians were armed with long range guns. It was soon apparent that it was only a question of time when the en tire party would have to succumb to the Tndians; as a last resort, some one must go for aid ; if by a miracle the one who went should get through the line, the people of Willow Point would come to the rescue. Thomas Byrnes was - the hero who' volunteered, and mounting his horse he rode straight at the Tn dians, through their lines and .away over the plain, with a dozen or more savages at his heels, shooting as they rode. But not a bullet touched him and at 3 in the afternoon he reached the Willow Point Station and there found thirteen men and twelve horses. All started at once for Hamblin's corral. The thirteenth man, an old veteran, white-haired but full ol vigor, whO' would not be Ielt behind, grabbed his rifle, laid hold ol the pommel ol a saddle with one hand and ran all the thirteen miles; his name was Givens, and he would not ride, having only one thought, to save the women and children, and they were saved. When the Indians saw the relief party they hurriedly decamped, and nine o'clock the reenforced emigrants started for Willow Point Station, 292 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. When they reached there at 3 in the moming, they found Lieutenant Joseph Wolverton and twenty-fiA-e men xvho had arrived late the evening previous. The next day Lieutenant \\'ol\'erton and his command, xvith a number of settlers, found and buried the bodies of Collins and Fearbourne ; they had evidently remained in the cabin until it was fired; Fearbourne's body was frightfully burned, his hands and arms cooked; he had run out of the house when his agony became unendurable, and had been shot in the back. Collins Avhile alive had been placed oxer a funeral pyre, his heart cut out and his body horribly mutilated. On the 15th the whites killed eighteen Indians, and scalped them. Lieutenant Wolverton and command, on the- 17th, found a band of Tndians and killed ten, and going thirty-two miles further killed txvo more. TIRED OF DESULTORY WARFARE. James Emory, a prospector, was shot and killed by Pah-Utes on May 5th; he was with a party of seven, and another man, Spencer, Avas wounded, while in the fight four Indians xvere killed. Five hundred Indians, becoming tired of the desultory xvarfare deter mined to show the xxhites they could do much better, and accordingly assem bled seventy-five railes from Paradise valley, facing Captain Wells and only thirty-six men; the xvhites of course being repulsed xvith the loss of two men, James Monroe and I. W. Godfrey, of the First Nevada Cavalry, Company D. Four raen were also xxounded ; the Indians' loss being unknown, if any. Grown bolder, on July 3rd the Tndians attacked a party of seventeen men, en route to Boise, at the time twenty miles from Quin's river. One man, P. W Jackson, of Virginia City, xvas instantly killed; Thomas Ewing was shot through the body, Thomas Rule, of Humboldt river, Axas shot in several places; a French Canadian, from Virginia City, Avas shot through the lungs. The fight lasted over two lioui's. SHOSHONES GO ON WAR PATH. For the Shoshone Indians the Avhites felt contempt, as did the Pah- Utes, Avho held them in subjection. The Shoshones Avere compelled by the Pah-Utes to stay in one section of the country, the Shoshone mountains on the west. They were oppressed in every hianner, not being alloxved to oxvn horses, or in fact any property. They never built Avigwaras, or had any aspirations, living on raice, snakes, pine nuts, pine burs, gophers and rab bits seldom killing any larger garae. The coming of the white man had been a blessing to the Shoshones, for it had enabled them to throw off the yoke of the Pah-Utes and bettered in every way their inferior condition. Great Avas the wrath of the settlers. A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 293 therefore, when they learned that, not content Avith thieving depredations, the Shoshones were ready to go on the Avar path. They had assembled in a number of large bodies in Lander county. The people did not Avait for the Indians to take the initiative, but sent for military aid at once. Colonel Moore, of the California Volunteers, was in charge at Fort Ruby, and he promptly sent Lieutenant W. H. Searnands, xvith forty men and a mountain howitzer, to the northern part of Reese River yalley, the seat of the trouble. It took that young ancl energetic officer but Httle time to settle the trouble, for he fired enough shots to fill them xvith terror and put them to rout, xvith great loss to them and none at all to himself or his com mand. The Tndians subsided, save a fexv refractory ones, and they xvere wise enough to leave the neighborhood of that hoAvitzer, going to northern Nevada and southern Oregon, and allying themselves with predatory bands in petty Avarfare and crimes, principally stock stealing. COLONY SCHEME TRIED. In 1865 the settlers in Paradise Valley determined to try to raise at least one crop of grain, despite the savages. It xvas thought that if several colonies were formed the Tndians xvould be loath to attack them. On a ranch afterwards owned by Rice, B. F. Riley and Charles Singhas, seven men joined together to try and farm some of the land ; scA'eral of them had, as xvill be seen from the names, previously suffered from the In dians : Charles Adams, A. Denio, Thomas Byrnes, Maryland, Doom, and Travis xvere in the little party. They cultivated eighty acres successfully, and xvith no molestation from the Indians. On July ist they went to another farm, afterxvards oxvned by R. Brenchly, to cut hay. Here they found unmistakable signs of the proximity ol hostile Indians. Another colony xvas on the east side of the valley, Avitli Martin Creek running betxveen the txvo colonies, and consisted of Michael Maylen, Joshua Warford, Victor T. Schanu, Edward Lyng, C. A. Nichols, Richard Brenchly, Charles Gegg, and R. PI. Scott, all xvorking in the daytime on their oxvn ranches and at night congregating at the cabin of Scott. This colony, like the other, xvas successful. Four left in July and the others remained until the Indians were in the vicinity, xvhen they became alarmed, and Scott left in seaixh of militai-y aid. On the way he came across the temporary camp of Colonel McDermit, who detailed a corporal and six teen men under Sergeant Thomas, of Company D, Nevada Volunteers, to accompany him to his imperiled friends. They went north to occupy an advanced position in the valley, and di vided, the corporal and six men going ahead. Suddenly, on July 26th, they were confronted, when four miles from the main conimand, with a large 294 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. body of Tndians, who did not make an attack but acted in a hostile manner. A courier soon had Sergeant Thomas and his raen on the spot. When the Indians saw this force, they put up a white flag, but the sergeant charged them, driving them into a swamp, which proved a trap for them. An ob stinate battle ensued, every man fighting his own way, and imitating the Indian style of skirmishing. Several settlers helped the white forces, mak ing an equal number on each side. It resulted in a complete victory for the whites, who killed twenty-three Indians. The whites killed were: Joseph Warfield, a citizen, Hereford, private. Company I, California Volun teers ; wounded :. Privates Daniel Muffly, Rehil, Travis, all of Company I, California Volunteers. M. W. Haviland, settler, was also wounded. The revenge for this was the killing of Colonel Charles McDermit, as he Avas returning to Camp McDermit, from a scout on Quin's river. He was in command of the Department of Nevada and his body xvas buried at Fort Churchill. This happened on August 7th, Colonel McDermit having just sent word that "We have killed 32 Tndians since I took the field and have had one man killed and one man wounded." On August nth the whites recognized an Indian "Tom," as one of the participants in the Para dise Valley outrages, and shot him. INDIAN TACTICS ADOPTED. As the trouble with Indians cos-tinued the soldiers adopted their meth ods, waiting no longer for attacks but shooting them down xvhen in sight, and hunting them when they were out of sight. Lieutenant Penwell, with twenty men, surprised a camp of hostile Pah-Utes, on September 3rd, at Table Mountain, being guided by friendly members of the tribe. There Avere ten Indians and not one escaped. September 13th Captain Payne and company attacked a camp of Tndians at Quin's River valley, at Willow Creek, and a fight which lasted three hours resulted in the killing of thirty- one Tndians, one white man being wounded. In March previous, great trouble was started by the going on the xvar path of Black Rock Tom, who on the 14th of that month started in putting up a hostile front to the whites, terrorizing all the whites in Paradise Val ley and on the northern frontier. The friendly Pah-Utes Avere incensed at his actions, for the majority of his band were Shoshones and Bannocks. The Pah-Utes feared the result to their whole nation, and concluded to sever all tribal relations and aid the soldiers in killing off the hostile rene gades. This action was hastened by the killing of a driver of an ox team, the stealing of the goods and settling fire to the wagon. The driver, with A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 295 three others, was going along the Honey Lake route, and got in advance of the rest. ¦ Lieutenant PoAvell and twenty-six men Avent in pursuit. Captain Soo, the leader in the Williams' massacre, being the guide. He looked at the signs and said Black Rock Tom was the guilty party. When they found the hostiles they could not dislodge thera from their stronghold in the moun tains. They had to retreat, neither side Sustaining any loss. A stronger force was sent out on November 13th, Lieutenant R. A. Osmer, of Com pany B, Second California Cavalry, Avith sixty men, "four citizens and Cap tain Soo with fourteen warriors going in pursuit. At Quin's river sink they left the wagons in charge of fourteen men. The morning of the 17th, Captain Soo pointed out the smoke frora Black Rock Tom's camp. The whites got to within two miles witbiout the hostiles discerning- them, and the lieutenant issued the order : "Corae on, boys ; we can't all go around, the best" man will get there first," and it was a race then for the enemy. And Captain Soo was the best man, for he cut his saddle off and charged the enemy. After the battle fifty-five dead Tndians xvere found, 'out many were in the gullies and sage brush, for the battle raged over three miles' area. Black Rock Tom, five men and five squaws escaped. A corporal noticed an Indian xvoman who had been wounded, lying with a little baby and two-year old child ; he told a prix'ate who was with him to call a certain citizen to help him take them dovvn to camp. The private came soon and told hira that the citizen had "shot the whole lot of them, babies and all." Tt chagrined the militia to find Black Rock Tom had escaped, and more so when he gathered more renegades and established quarters on Quin's river. His camp Avas finally discovered by militia from Camp McDermit, uart of Company I and part of Corapany B, frora Dun Glen. They met at Kane Springs for a scout under Captain Conrad, early in December. The Tndians were discovered on Fish Creek and surrounded in the night. All warriors, forty, were killed, and one squaw, a boy and old man were cap tured. Not one man of the whites was injured. Black Rock Tom, when he heard of this crushing blow, surrendered himself to Captain Soo, who turned him over to the militia. Captain Soo was informed that Tom was going to .be lynched by citizens, and he had better be given a chance to escape. The hint was taken, and the renegade was killed as he tried to escape. Captain Murray Davis, with Lieutenant John Lafferty, second in com mand, with Company A, United States Cavalry, established Camp Winfield Scott, on the 12th of Deceraber, 1866, in the north end of Paradise Valley. Lieutenant Lafferty proved biraself a terror to the Indians. On January 12, 1867, he killed a number ol Inchans on the Little Humboldt; he also 296 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. drove many into the mountains, they escaping because of the deep snow He was left in command the last of February. When on March 13th In dians ran off stock belonging to Charles Gegg, he pursued t'nem nine dayj in a fierce storm, killed six and captured their arms. This quieted the hos tiles down until August, and the farraers put in good crops. The ist of the month, Hon. James A. Banks, of Dun Glen, visited the Camp Winfield Scott, with Re.v. Temple, of New York city. , Mr. Banks went up the stream for a walk; when he did not return search was made and his bodj was found, shot through the breast, nude and mutilated. He was buried ir the camp cemetery, his friend preaching his funeral sermon. This murder aroused everyone, for Mr. Banks Avas Avell knoAvii. He was only thirty- nine, a native of Pennsylvania. He Avent to California in 1852, and Avas for several years a member of the legislature of that state. He came tc Nevada in 1863, and Avas a member of the convention that framed the state constitution, and was speaker of the house during the second annual session of Nevada's legislature. He was an able man, public-spirited and Avell liked. It was ascertained that three Indians had murdered him, and the first detail sent out returned unsuccessful. Lieutenant Lafferty took his entire command and started himself after the murderers ; he found them at the headwaters of the Owyhee, killed four and captured four; later in the day, while alone in a canyon, he found four more, killed txvo in a hand to hand fight, and drove the other txvo into his camp. Lieutenant Lafferty was re lieved from his command NoA'ember ist. Lieutenant Joseph Karge arriving in camp with reinforcements. IN 1 867- 1 868. With Lafferty out of the running, the Indians at once made a raid and drove off nearly all the stock in. the eastern part of the valley. A pursuit was in vain. It was a hard Avinter for the settlers ; with the spring came the Indians again, and they drove off all the stock of M. W. HavUand. Big Foot, a greatly feared Indian, and twenty braves did the work. Lieutenant Karge ordered young Hunter, a just-arrived lieutenant, to cake three men, Sergeant Kelly, Corporal Thomas Reed and Private Thomas Ward, to catch the Indians, "whip them and bring back the stolen property." A big order indeed. When Lieutenant Lafferty heard the order he asked to go in place ol the inexperienced officer, and unpleasant words passed. The three men, with a settler, John Rogers, started out. Lafferty was shortly alter al lowed to take selected men, a sraall force, and go after the detail. He sooii met a messenger, telling him his friends were in peril. He found that Lieu tenant Hunter had been Avounded and the sergeant and private niortallj A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 297 wounded. The corporal and citizen took refuge behind a rock, and Rogers took off coat, hat and boots and making a dash got away. He soon reached, first, liafferty, who was just starting, and then the camp. The entire force started for the scene, eight miles away. They found that Private Thomas Reed had protected his wounded comrades, killing several redskins and keep ing them off, by sheer nerve and courage. Hie later received a medal for his gallant conduct. But when the command arrived, the Tndians, all that Avere left, escaped. Lieutenant Lafferty did not come with the command. Later, Lieutenant Lafferty was ordered to Arizona, where he made him self conspicuous by his bravery, in fighting with Cachise's Apaches, the most dreaded Indians on the continent. In his last fight, October 20, 1869, he was holding the Apaches in check, trying to recover the bodies of comrades, when he was disabled and disfigured for life, his lower jaAv being carried' away by a bullet. Colonel R. F. Bernard, in reporting the fight, said : "The conduct of Lieutenant Lafferty,. Eighth Cavalry, Avas most gallant and brave. The cavalry arm in Arizona has lost, for a time, a good and brave officer in Lieutenant Lafferty, A government, in extending thanks to their officers, cannot bestow them too freely upon such officers as Lieutenant Lafferty, Eighth Cavalry." INDIANS IN EASTERN NEVADA. The settlers of the Pyramid Lake section were not the only ones Avho suffered from Indian outrages in i860, for in eastern Nevada the Tndians committed many crimes. One encounter, knoAvn as the "Dry Creek Fight," was caused because the keqDcr of a station. Si McCanless, Avas living with a Shoshone squaw. Her tribe wanted her to return to them, but she refused. On May 22nd, some twenty braves went to McCanless and told him he must give up the squaw or take the consec[uences. McCanless raade them a present ol provisions and they left, apparently content. In the station were McCanless and the squaw, John Applegate, Ralph M. Lozier, and W. L. Ball ("Little Baldy"). The station had just been built and the logs had not been "chinked" with mud, leaving open spaces. About seven o'clock the Indians returned, and before the men inside were aware that the savages were upon them, a volley had been fired through the open spaces between the logs. -Lozier was instantly killed, and Applegate wounded in the fleshy part of the thigh, the ball ranging up and coming out through the pocket of his jaants. McCanless and Ball left the station, accom panied a little way by Applegate, then weak from, loss of blood. The latter asked Ball for a revolver he had let him take when the trouble commenced. He knew he could not run any longer and deliberately blew his brains out, to escape torture from the red fiends yelling at their heels. The squaw helped 298 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the white men by keeping between them, trying to keep her friends back. McCanless and Ball ran for life, throwing off their garments as they ran, and finally reached safety at Robert's Creek, thirty miles from the station. "A pony rider and a Spanish cook were there and next morning the four set out for Diamond Springs, thirty miles away. Here they met R. H. Egleston, a resi dent of Eureka, who promised that when he and his party reached Dry Creek they would bury the bodies of the two men at the station. Mr. Egleston, with Thomas Smith and Elisha Mallory, ol Genoa, was on his way to Carson, Irom Camp Floyd. Tt was nearly a week before the party reached there, and they lound the body ol Lozier, horribly mutilated, the coyotes having torn it to pieces. Applegate's body was little harmed and the remains were buried, and a monu ment of stones piled up to raark the double grave. McCanless must have been really attached to the squaw, for he went back and got her, then took her to Salt Lake and married her, raising a family there. MASSACRE AT GRAVELLY FORD IN '6l. In the fall of 1861 a party of emigrants from the east, thirteen persons in all, including five children, came over the plains in four Avagons draAvn by oxen. The party stopped at the Stebbins' trading post in Ruby Valley; in the party was one little girl, so- charming that Mr. and Mrs. Stebbins be came greatly attached to her during the short stay. They tried every induce ment to persuade the parents to let them have her, if not for adoption, for a long visit. But in A'ain; if the parents could have knoAvn what, the future held for the beautiful child they would gladly have consented. Not only did Mr. and Mrs. Stebbins love the little girl, but an Indian squaw who worked for them manifested much affection for the little one. The day after the emigrants went on, this sc[uaw, Maggie, disappeared. She did not return for several nights, then late at night some orfe knocked and the squaw came in, so cut and bruised that Mr. and Mrs. Stebbins scarcely knew her, and .she could not speak at first. Finally she told her story, so full of horror that she Avas not at first believed. Maggie had learned, before the emigrants left the station, that young- warriors of her tribe^ — Shoshone — intended toi murder the entire party. She followed the emigrants, deterniined to save the child who had Avon all hearts ; she had reached the party when all arrived at Yago Canyon, Avhich is a few miles southeast of Gravelly Ford. When the killing commenced the old squaw obtained possession of the little girl, and managed to get aAvay, as she be lieved, unseen. Carrying the child she fled an entire day and night before two Tndians overtook her. She was beaten senseless and the innocent litde girl tied to a stake driven into the ground; before the squaw came to her A HISTORY-OF NEVADA. 299 senses the savages had used a knife to aid them in committing a nameless outrage, killing the child after horrible tortures. It seeined as if her beauty and helplessness had only incensed thera the more. Mr. Stebbins gathered a party of men and took the trail until they came to Avhere the child he had loved so fondly lay, staked to the ground, bloody and disheveled but still beautiful, the innocent, agonized eyes Avide open. Maggie had told the names of the tAvo Indians, and Mr. Stebbins and the others SAVore vengeance above the body of the murdered girl. It Avas a full year before the tAvo murderers made their appearance; then they came into Ruby Valley, and one Avas hanged, the other shot dead Avhile trying to escape. TROUBLE OVER SQUAW. In Elko county lived a Shoshone chief Avho was friendly to the whites. He died of consumption in the house of Charles Stebbins, mentioned above, who afterwards removed to Austin. His tribe Avanted to foUoAv the usual cus tom and kill his scjuaAv. The chief's name Avas Sko-kup and he xvas well liked, so the Indians wanted him to have the company of his wife on his journey to the Happy Hunting Grounds; she objected and fled to the Stebbins' trading post, and asked for protection. The protection was accorded, and xvhen the Indians found she xvould not be given up to their tender mercies, they determined to take her by force. The whites appealed to Governor Nye for aid and once more Warren Wasson, uoav knoAvn as "Colonel" V^'^asson, partici pated in the settlement of an Indian difficulty. He Avas sent to the scene by Governor Nye to take Avhat action he deemed best. Colonel Wasson left on December i6th, and reached the seat of Avar in Ruby Valley on the i8th. This Avas Smith's Creek, the first station in the Shoshone country. Two days later he arrived at Reese River and met To-to-a, a Shoshone chief, Avith one hundred Shoshones. He told Wasson he was at peace with the whites, and Avould assist to bring about a settlement of the difficulty. Wasson, hoAvever, preferred to settle it alone. He found that To-to-a had four hundred foUoAvers, and all xvere destitute. He also learned that the Overland Mail Company was issuing rations of grain to keep the Indians from starving. At Robert's Creek, Wasson met a young chief. Buck. with one hundred warriors. Buck told Wasson that the squaxv Julia had been left by Sho-kup to him, as he Avas to be Sho-kup's successor. His tribe did not obey his last wishes, but after trying to capture the squaAv, Julia, killed the chief's horses, and made preparations for the funeral pyre. Great Avas their wrath when they found she objected to the "suttee" and that they could not gain possession of her. She Avas very intelligent, and determined efforts were made to secure her, the Tndians threatening to kill every white person in 300 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the Valley. The savages placed a guard around Stebbins' Station ; an Indian of the White Knife band killed Sho-kup's old favorite Indian doctor, and whether he xvas accepted as the victim instead of Julia, the xvhites could not learn, but the excitement cooled greatly. The Indians promised not to kill Julia, and Buck led her to his carap. He returned to the station and later a gun report was heard, and the Avhites feared Julia had been murdered. Buck ran for his horse, but xvas shot at and prevented from mounting. Tn the end it proved a false alarm and ex-erything simmered doAvn. All this Wasson embodied in his report to Governor Nye, ending by say ing that Captain McLean and detachment had arrived on the 27th. Wasson informed the Governor further ; "The dangers of interruption to- the raail and telegraph lines, apprehended in the coining spring, are fi'om a band of Shoshones, called the "White Knives," occupying the country betAveen the upper Humboldt and the present mail road. Also from the Gosh-Utes, Avho reside east of T^uby Valley. The former are quite numerous and said to be A-ery hostile. I sent for them to come and meet rae in Ruby Valley, but bad Aveather prevented them from coming, and the same reason prevented me from visiting thera. I xvould respectfully recommend that they receive early attention in the spring. "The remaining provisions sent out by you for the Indians, I placed in charge of G. W. Jacobs, the road agent, xvho xvill see that it is properly issued to the Indians from Reese River to Robert's Creek; and xve estimated that it xvould be ample for their necessities until spring. In viexv of the vast number of xvild Indians in the eastern portion of this territory xvho xvere not included in the estimate for the expenses of this superintendency for the present year, and the increasing- necessity for prompt action to keep them quiet, from the fact of the rapid settlement of that portion of the territory by the whites, and for the protection of the mail and telegraph lines, as well as the overland emigration, I xvould most respectfully suggest that this Con gress be urged to make at least as large an appropriation for this service as for the Pah-Utes and Washoe tribes. "I would also recoinniend txvo more Indian reservations, one to be located near Gravelly Ford, on the Humboldt, and the other in the neighborhood of Reese River. * * *" In the face of Wasson's recommendations and delineation of what might be expected, no such appropriations were made, trouble ensuing. The Sho shone Indians along the Humboldt proceeded to attack emigrant trains, killing all the whites they could and running off the stock. Of one party all that xvas left was some letters, a wagon and three yokes for oxen. About the same time a party of two men and their wives and nine children xvere killed, both the tragedies occurring near Gravelly Ford. Another party xvas more fortu- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 301 nate, for when their stock xvas run off at Graxelly Ford, the emigrants man aged to keep the Indians at bay until aicWreached thera frora Unionville, George L. Comstock, a resident of Nex'ada since i860, being one of the rescuers. In ihe force were thiily-txvo men under Captain Pool. They effected a rescue, and next morning Captain Pool's command xvent scouting, killing thirteen Avarriors out of sixty; later in the day five of the Pool command killed five xvarriors out ol a band of sixteen. GOSH-UTES MAKE WAR IN 1863. As predicted by Wasson, the Gosh-Utes, under their great war chief. White Horse, commenced making trouble early in 1863. On March 22nd they killed the keeper ol Eighf-Mile Station ; then they waited for the overland stage east bound. It carae in with a popular driver, kiiOAvn as "Happy Harry," and four passengers : Judge G. N. Mott, of NeYada, and a man and his two little boys, on the way to their home in the east. The Indians fired, with exultant yells, but although mortally wounded, Happy Harry sent the horses on, clinging to his seat. Inside the stage, the father had been Avounded by an arrow. The heroic driver by sheer force of will, kept the horses on the way, until he knew he could not last another moment ; then he called Judge Mott, Avho managed to climb along the sides of the coach, until he reached the driver's seat. As he grasped the lines, Happy Harry sank dead on the floor ol the coach. Surely another hero, who thought last of all of himself, intent on saving those in his charge. Judge Mott reached Deep Creek Station safely, one horse dying from the run; the father recovered afterwards. Left behind, the Indians burned the station, and emboldened by the fact that they had been so far successful, planned other murders. The Eight-Mile Station crime commenced the war always spoken of as "The Overland War of 1863." Finding the Tndians were ready to give battle from Schell Creek to Salt Lake City, all along the route of the Overland, 225 miles, Coinpany K, Second California Cavalry Volunteers, under Captain S. P. Sraith, Avas sent frora Camp Douglas to Eight-Mile Station, but divided, the main body arriving at Fort Ruby the last ol April. On May 5th Corapany E, Third California Infantry Volunteers, left Camp Douglas to act as guards for the Overland road between Austin and Salt Lake. Soldiers, usually four, Avere left at each station, and as the stage arrived at a station Iavo of the soldiers on guard in the station would accompany the stage to the next station, then guard the next return stage. The cavalry in the meantime was ranging over the country, patrolling the road and scouting. Tn spite ol these precautions a stage was ambushed soon, when five soldiers were on board. The latter 230 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. returned the fire and the only loss was a stage horse, shot to death, dying a mile ahead ol the ambush. *- Henry Butterfield, an interpreter of the Shoshone language, had been appointed as Indian agent at Ruby Valley by GoA'ernor Nye. Pie sent out two friendly Tndians as spies; they soon returned, having ascertained which Tndians were guilty of the raurder at Eight-Mile Station. Tt was found that they were Gosh-Utes. Captain Smith's company of California cavalry moved at once to Schell Creek, reaching it on May 2nd, haying marched sixty miles in less than twenty-four hours. Here they kept concealed until night, then moved soutli in Steptoe Valley, at the base of the Schell Creek Mountains. By daylight the command camped in a deep canyon, sending the Indian spies ahead. These returned at sundown, stating that some of the Gosh-Utes were camped on Duck Creek, ten miles south. At night the cavalry surrounded the camp, and when daylight broke, a pistol shot gave the signal for the work of revenge to commence. In camp were twenty-six warriors and only two escaped. Next morning five Tndrans approached, unsuspecting the presence of the soldiers, and they were killed, one cavalry man being wounded. Captain Smith determined to keep on and avenge the death of Happy Harry by the death of as many Indians as he could find, going north to Spring Valley, reaching there May i6th. Ari Indian camp was found but 'the ground was all swampy and many of the cavalry horses mired; this allowed some of the Indians to escape but twenty-three were killed. Captain Smith having one man wounded and one horse disabled. This made a total of fifty-two Gosh-Utes sent to the happy hunting grounds, and Captain Smith returned with his conimand to Fort Ruby. They reached there about the middle of May. They did not stay long, for on the 20th the Overland was fired on and the driver, Riley Simpson, killed, a passenger named Egan bringing che stage in. Captain Smith and Corapany K returned to Deep Creek and re mained there the balance of the year. CANON STATION ATT-^CKED. The day after killing Happy Harry the Tndians burned a station about eight miles east ol Deep Creek, killing the station-keeper. When Company E, Third California Infantry, Avas posting soldiers at the stations, four were left here: Jacob H. Elliott, Jacob Burger, Ira Abbott and W. S. Hervey, residents of Tuolumne county, California. They found at the station "Deaf BiU" and an assistant, who cared for the stock of the Overland Stage. Abbott and Hervey guarded the stage from Deep Creek to their home station the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 303 last ol June; Flervey told a lady passenger that he had a presentiment of coraing disaster. After reaching the station they had to go with a wagon for Avater, it being Avhat was known as a dry station, all water having to be hauled under guard from Deep Creek Slough. Abbott and Hervey took Deaf Bill as a driver for the Avagon. Hervey spoke of his presentiment to Abbott, who told of it afterwards : "I dreamed last night that I Avas going to be shot and killed by Indians to-day, and " he did not finish the sentence, for a shot silenced him forever and he pitched forward in the road, dead. The Indians, eighteen in nuraber. had wounded Abbott in the right shoulder, knocking hira frora the Avagon. A shot cut off one of Deaf Bill's thumbs, and AVOunded one horse. Deaf Bill could not hear the shots but he felt the wound, and stopped the horses after they had run one hundred feet; he opened fire, wounding one of the Gosh-Utes. Abbott ran to the wagon, got his gun, and Avith the redskins only a few feet away, ran back to get the body of his friend. The Tndians kept firing, concentrating it all on Abbott, hoping to disable him. He Avas shot in both legs. He reached the body, and took up the gun, dropped from the nerveless hands. He fired, but the barrel was bent where the wagon's wheels had passed over it and he hit no one. He then took Hervey's reA'olver but his wound began to paralyze his arm, and he had to cease firing; he picked up the body of his friend and took it to the Avagon; Avhile struggling along, bending under the weight of the inert body, he xvas hit tAvice more, once.. on each side; but he held on, and after he put the body and Aveapons in the wagon. Deaf Bill started the horses on a dead run and they reached the station. Arriving there the assistant hostler told them Elliott and Burger had gone to hunt sage hens ; Icxjking in the direction they had taken, Abbott saw a rifle in the hands of one of the Tndians, on a knoll near by, Avhich he knew had belonged to Elliott. He knew then both men were dead. The men in the station fired repeatedly on the Indians, who at last withdrew. Sure enough, when an emigrant train drew up at the station half an hour after, the body of Elliott was with thera, they having found it in the road. Elliott had made a hard fight for life ; his body was badly mutilated ; his heart had been cut out and taken away. He Avas bald but wore whiskers, and tiiese the Indians had scalped from his face, The next day the body of Burger was discovered, he evidently having been killed first. A surgeon with this party dressed Abbott's many wounds. ANOTHER ATTACK ON STATION. The result of this attack but made the Tndians more desirous of burning the station, but they waited only until new men replaced Abbott. Deaf Bill 304 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. was there, with his assistant (Deaf Bill's name was William Riley) and four soldiers, of Coinpany E, Third California Cavalry,: Tarsey Grimshaw, Michael McNaraarra, Lewis Pratt and Anthony Myers. On the 6th of July, as Deaf Bill Avas currying a horse at the barn he was shot dead, from ambush. His assistant heard the shots and rushed from the barn, being shot down as he appeared. A soldier who heard the shots came out of the station and Avas also killed. The three soldiers in the station, which . was a "dug out" under ground, knew they stood no show there, so made a dash for the barn, and GrimshaAv was killed Avhile half Avay there; this left Myers and Pratt ; they reached the barn, and for half an hour kept the enemy at bay. Then the savages set fire to a stack of hay against the barn. Death was certain there and the two decided to mount horses and try to get past the lines of howling redskins. One horse was very swift, and they drcAV lots to see whicii should use it — Pratt winning; the two men shook hands and dashing from the barn rode for their lives; they had gone sorne distance, when Myers fell from the saddle; his horse staggered a fcAV steps, then dropped dead. Pratt, although mortally wounded, got away from the Tn dians before he dropped. Later in the day an emigrant train came across Lewis Pratt, dying in the road, his horse lying dead by his side; he lived long enough tO' be carried to Willow Station, and tell the story of the mas sacre. Corapany K, in pursuit, could not "catch up with the perpetrators of this last crime, but killed two Tndians, for the "general good." MORMONS INCITED INDIANS. After this the militia kept on the trail of the Gosh-Utes and finally the tribe sued for peace, which being granted them, they returned to their reserva tion and received rations. Tt was considered strange that the Gosh-Utes singled out the Overland Stage Company for victims. -The company lost sixteen men, 150 horses and had seven stations burned. But even with all these disasters to. struggle against, seldom was a stage late, and the schedule trips were always made. The coinpany treated the -Indians well, fed them and gave them employment. The Mormons Avere at enmity Avitli the Overland Coinpany, the company resenting the exorbitant prices the Mormons charged them for everything, it ending finally in the company starting a farm, as narrated early in this history. The Mormons, so White Horse informed Henry Butterfield, urged the Gosh-Utes on to war ; they told the Indians that the whites were holding back the annuities Irom the government to the Indians, and keeping them for their own use. When the Gosh-Utes came back to the reservation war was^ ended for ever in Nevada, though there were several scares, notably one in eastern A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 305 Nevada in September, 1875. Trouble over a mine caused a killing; Gosh- Ute Indians offered to sell a mine to A. J. Leathers and James Tollard. The price for a location was to be $50 ; on looking at the ledge it was found to be worthless and the white men refused to pay for it. To the Indians all quartz ledges were the same, so when payraent was refused, To-ba killed Tollard ; Leathers escaping to the ranch of A. C. Cleveland. That gentleman Avent on the warpath himself and captured an Indian, killing him when he at tempted to escape. Mr. Cleveland was going to hand him over to the au thorities. One of Cleveland's herders killed an Indian who refused to give up his gun. At the time ol these incidents the Gosh-Utes were gathering pine-nuts in large bands. They Avere the ones Irightened, but a war scare was spread, volunteer troops were organized. Governor Bradley was asked lor aid ; he in turn asked help ol Major-General Schofield, in San Francisco. Major Dennis and command reached Spring Valley, and nearly scared the Gosh-Utes into a panic. The murderer ol Tollard was demanded and at once given up. Citizens took him aAX'ay Irom the militia and lynched him. And that was really all there Avas to the great war scare ol 1875. For several years the Indians kept up an intermittent annoyance, on one occasion going into Tone, the county seat then ol Nye county, and de- raanding money because some jolly boys had offered some of the tribe what they considered indignities. The money was paid and no blood was shed. Tn 1874 Naches, a tall, fine-looking chief of the Pah-Utes, Avas said to be striving to cause trouble among the Tndians on the Humboldt. He was arrested and taken to Fort Alcatraz, San Francisco. He was made much of, loaded Avith gifts, and sent home frora the harbor rejoicing. Naches said that Mr. Pateman, Indian agent, wronged his tribe and the government. Some Nevada papers upheld Naches, saying Pateman wanted the Pah-Utes on the reservation to swell the nuraber. In June, 1878, Naches resigned his position of authority with his tribe. Captain Charley, of WadsAvorth, succeeded; he was killed, the tribe thpn killing his murderer. Naches was ahvays a leader among the Piutes, and Avas regarded by the whites as a most intelligent Indian. In 1884 he was elected Big Chief ol the Piutes ; he declined emphatically, but at a later pow-poAV yyhen he was re elected he accepted, as he was regarded as the head of the tribe always. He cultivated for some time land belonging to the Central Pacific Railroad, and in 1885 he purchased it, 190 acres, for $400. It was located on Big Meadows, and when he secured the deed he was very proud of it. He secured the land very cheaply, the railroad recognizing his great influence over his fellow Tndians. When Tom Naches died in 1885, Chief Naches and Princess Sarali Winnemucca entered suit in court to secure horses and other farm articles 306 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Avhich they claimed to OA\n, and probably Chief Naches did oxvn xvhat he claimed, but Sarah Avas regarded as an unreliable Indian. Sarah Avas an educated Indian and traveled over the United States lecturing on the condition of the Tndians and the cruel manner in Avhich they Avere treated by the Indian agents. She illustrated her lectures by putting money on the floor and then grabbing for it, acting the agent for the time being. She xvas deeply attached to her people and at the last it Avas decreed she should die aAvay from home. She had a sister, also educated, who had married a xxhite man and removed to Monida, Montana. Sarah xvent to visit her and died there, October i6, 1891. At the time it was decided to bring her body back to. Nevada, but xvhere it is interred there is no record. Old Winnemucca Avas always a stumbling block to the Indians. He had been on the warpath, Avorsted the Avhites and could not forget it. His tribe in council decided in 1873 to send hira to Malheur Reservation, Ore gon, and that as many of his tribe as desired should go too. Those who Avere peacefully earning a living. or had farms, should remain in Nevada. Those vvho went to Oregon were to take up land in severalty, each head of a family a tract of land. But he did not go. When he became ill in Sep tember, 1880, his tribe promptly stoned his Avife and child to death, but that did not save the old chief, and he died October 27, 1880, his funeral services being most impressive. With his death the long feud of the Washoes and Piutes seemed certain to end, as the Washoes had always regarded him as a supernatural being and his death made them more aggressive. On December 28 the hatchet was formally buried. Later on the feud with the Shoshones was ended. The latter race was always regarded as the lowest tribe, unable to call even their lives their own if a Washoe or Piute wanted to take them. That they would advance if given a chance was shown by the fact that on December 28 Avhites visited the Indians at Duck Valley and reported that the fifty-one Shoshone families had over 2,000 horses, each family two or three cows, plenty of chickens, pigs and farm animals. They raised vege tables, cut 250 tons of hay, built an iri-iigating dam, log houses and barns, all under the supervision of two Indian farmers. Captain Charley and Captain Buck, the latter often spoken of in the account of Indian wars. A ten-horse thresher Avas one implement used on the reservation. Tn November, 1884, the Piutes and Washoes met to pow-pow at Pyra mid Lake; two Piutes had been killed, one it was thought the victim of a Washoe. The Washoes offered $500 to the father of the murdered man as reparation, but it Avas not accepted. Naches, the Big Chief, then proposed that the murderer be given up to the Avhites for trial. The Washoes met at Carson in council and did so. About this time Naches was re-elected Big Chief. A I-IISTORV OF NEVADA. 307 In 1884 ^^^ D. C. Gibson Avas conlimieil as Indian agent and incurred the enmity of Sarah Winnemucca, xvho preferred charges against hiin. Later she xvas arrested, ch.arged x\ ith drunkenness and poker playing, both pastimes to xvhich Gibson and others asserted she \\ as addicted. In 1895 the Piutes killed a si|uaxv because she could speak French, and her child also. Every little xvliile some act Avould show that civilization xvas only skin deep, as Gibson put it. Tn 1887 the Piutes shipped to San Fran cisco 1,000 sacks of pine nuts. .\nd at the Midxvinter Fair in San Francisco maps done by the Pyramid Lake Reservation Indians aroused great ad miration. The coloring xvas done by pigments thex- made fi-om the soil around the lake, the secret of xvhich thex- steadfastly refused to reveal. There AA'as another xvar scare in 1880, die ^lono xvar scare. Piute Jack killed Louis Sammann at Mono Lake and the \\'ashoes then killed another Piute. The tribes xvere greatly excited. The governor of California Avas asked for troops, but the scare soon died out. Killings Avere frequent among the Tn dians. A Western Shoshone squaAv Avas killed because it Avas alleged she kiUed a medicine man. Tn October, 1890, a Sraokey Valley Indian, Abe Minnum, loved a squaAv avIio froAvned on his suit; he killed her and her family. Sam then killed hira. In this year it Avas claimed not tAvo-thirds of the Indians Avere on their reserA-ations. In December, 1890, Avar in Owens \"alley Avas feared, 1,500 Indians gathering there. The people Avanted the legislature to proAide military companies for the valley. In Januar)', 1892, there Avas great religious excitement among the In dians, Jack Wilson on the Walker reservation claiming to lie the ^Messiah. Piutes and ^^'^aslloes, and even Dalvota and ^Montana Indians g-athered, but the prompt action of X'aches and agents ax-erted trouble. In February, 1897, there xvas quite a xvar scare at Yerington, better loioxxn as Pizen Sxvitch. Txvo Avhite men, Logan and Genzell, folloxved txvo squaxvs. and xvhen an Indian protected them, Logan killed him. Log-an escaped, and the Indians became so enraged that the xvhites gathered in a stone building and arms Avere sent to them. Logan Avas arrested in Winne mucca, and the Indians Avere a])peased. Then there Avas a farce of a trial, and the Indians, armed lieavily. surrounded the court house Avhere Logan hid, afraid to come out. This Avas finallA^ settled, and the Indians xvere pacified. In 1897 a number of Indians xvere in the big xvreck on the railroad Avhile going to California. Fix-e Piutes and three ^^'ashoes xvere killed. They xvere riding on the platforms, and many xvere badly injured. Captaiti Sam, of the Piutes, xvas in charge, as the Indians xvere g"oing to California to pick hops. The Indians considered it as a command from the Great Spirit to remain in Nevada. 308 A HTSTORY OF NIWADA. Tn October, 1898, Reese farmers yxere much alarmed for fear of the Indians rising. Ballard, an Indian, was beaten severely by McLeod, a white man, but the trouble finally blew' over. In April, 1899, a relic of the Indian wars was dug up near the city of Reno'. In 1859 the Washoes and the Piutes were at war, and incidentally killing the whites. Kit Carson and four scouts heard that the Indians had just murdered a settler and carried off his Avife. Carson and one scout started to rescue the woman, the other three waiting in ambush. When Carson returned he found the Washoes had killed the three scouts and buried their heads. The skull dug up Avas that of one of the three scouts. Many people wonder xvhence carae the name Winnemucca, for it is not strictly Indian. Away back in the fifties txvo xvhite men came through Ne vada, the first the Piutes had ever seen. The chief Avas a very young man, and he Avore one moccasin, in Indian "Mucca." Tn part English and part Indian the trappers called him "Onennemucca," or one moccasin. The chief was pleased with the name. It was afterAvards corrupted into_ Winamuck. Tn 1863 S. B. O'Bannon named the tOAvn Winnemucca. There is also Wina muck Valley and Winamuck Lake. Tn September, 1899, two Piutes in the ranch ol the Dangbergs in Car son Valley Avere quarreling, one being employed on the ranch and the other a visitor. W^ill Dangberg, a son of the owner, attempted to drive him away, and the Indian fired upon him, killing him instantly. There Avas instantly great excitement aniong both Indians and Avhites. A posse went after him, capturing hira, and landing him in jail. Later he escaped and he was trailed by an Indian posse. He Avas armed and in attempting his capture the Tndians killed hira, he first killing one of the posse. A rcAvard of $500 Avas offered for his capture. In the last smallpox scare it was ordered that all the Indians on the reservations, and if possible those off, should be vaccinated. There was flat rebellion. Old Johnson Sides, the United States peacemaker, wrote letters to the papers expostulating. He said that all had been vaccinated that ought to be. T-Te concluded his letter Avith the veiled threat that if the Indians fled to the hills to escape vaccination, many would be Avithout food — "if they kill cattle, then trouble." The vaccination order was recalled. When Johnson Sides died in California Avhere he had gone for his health his people wanted him buried in Nevada. Allen C. Bragg, of Reno, circulated a sub scription list and the old chief Avas brought back. He was buried with great ceremony, the whites all participating, even the governor making a few remarks. He Avas buried in the Reno cemetery, the ceremonies taking place in the city park. His picture now adorns the Nevada postcards^ He has' been A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 309 succeeded by a nephew. Young Johnson Sides. Tom Harris is a leader among the Reno Indians. In June, 1901, the Washoes solemnly announced that they woidd for ever give up medicine men, painting their faces and other savage methods, but they have apparently forgotten about the medicine men, who still flourish. In the old days Avhen a medicine mkn lost three patients, they killed him. Now they take him to an isolated spot, give him food and water for several days and leave him to die, Avhich he nearly always does. Once in a long while one is rescued by the xx'hites. They are always very old men, resorting to the arts of the medicine man when other means of earning a livelihood fail. Tn October, 1903, the government decided that the Indians were entitled to the hill lands southeast of Carson Valley, where they gathered the most ol the pine nuts for winter use. A long feud over these trees was thus settled, the. white man desiring to cut the trees down for wood. How it is done the authorities fail to find out as a rule, but the noble red man, and woman, is ahvays well supplied with liquor. Very few can be convicted for the crime, raany of the offenders being women. In 1891, twenty were sent to the penitentiary for the crime, and of these six were Chinamen, while in 1899 fifteen were sent for the crime, twelve being China men. In 1900 only ten went in and only three were Chinafnen, and in 1903 the fact that the Chinamen were wiser was evidenced by the fact that Avhile thirteen went in not a Chinaman was in the nuraber. Even above drinking the Indian likes garabling. They are inveterate poker players, and the bridge, or rather under it, at Reno, is known as the "Indian Monte Carlo." Male and female alike play, and no small suras are wagered and lost. The Indians ahvays have plenty of money. The Piutes have the pick of the fishing, no Avhite man being allowed to fish in the Avaters of the reservation, and the trout sell for 20 cents per pound the- year around. The Washoes are the only Indians in America who have not been allotted a reservation, and why no one seems tO' understand, for they are very numer ous. Still they are cunning fishermen and trappers, and can always find money to play with. A peculiarity is that the Piutes still keep the Washoes in what they consider their proper place. No Washoe dares ride a pony, or go beyond the boundaries laid down for them hundreds of years ago by the Piutes. Just so, the Shoshones are kept within their boundaries, not daring to come beyond the foothills of the Shoshone mountains. The Piutes are kept in check in turn by the Apaches, the only Indians they are alraid of. They have tried conclusions more than once and have always been worsted. So they keep away from the eastern state line. Any infringement of the laws laid down 310 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. causes several deaths. A Washoe dared to ride into Reno in 1900, and he, with a feAV relatives, was never seen again. The Washoes are lax in their ideas of morality, offenses in that line being condoned, the scjuaws sometimes being beaten, but rarely killed, and never if her lord and master profits thereby. The Piutes still uphold the old stern laws — a squayy who oversteps the line is killed and generally tortured, though this cannot be proved nor can the whites find proof to punish the husband. Many a white man meets with summary justice when he dares hang around the Piute camps. Their bodies are generally found, in one of the irrigating ditches. The Avhite men look for certain signs, and finding them abandon any idea of bringing the murderer to justice. On this subject the Piutes stand massed together. A pure life is exacted for every scjuaw, and Avoe be to the xvhite raan who would tempt her therefrom. It is an old say ing that thieves, cowards and lexvd Avomen are never found among the Piutes. At first glance all Tndians look alike. Closer inspection shows the Washoes to have a round, chubby face, an inconsequential sort of face. The Piutes have a long face, rather narrow, and a Avonderful cranium develop ment. There is nothing the Piute cannot learn, and they are gifted Avidi wonderful powers of oratory. This is proved in the schools on the reserva tions. In mechanical work the Washoe does Avell, it is head work he fails in ; while the Piute is good in both mental and physical tasks. The teachers becorae g'reatly attached to their pupils, who learn all sorts ol useful arts, from sewing, tailoring, carpentering, mechanics, to dairying. Some of the Tndians have graduated and in thdr turn become teachers. Many work out as servants, arid capable ones they make, being extremely loyal to their employers. Their niarriag-es are ahvays strictly according to the white man's law. The great majority dress as the white man, the squaws wearing aprons generally. But nearly all cling to the gaudy blanket, Avear- ingit over their heads if the day be stormy, around their shoulders if it be fine weather. One thing they have learned— to rush into print if any Avrong is done thera. They have leaders Avho can tell what the trouble is, and the papers always give space to them. Many a Avrong is thus prevented, for many white men are ahvays trA'ing to get the best of Poor Loo, and generally failing nOAv they are civilized. A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 311 CFI AFTER XXX. Nevad.\ Literature. Some ol the Avriters who have enriched the literature of the west are Mark Twain, Joseph T. Goodman, C. C. Goodwin, RoUen Daggett, Harry Mighels, Thomas Fitch, Sam Davis, P. V. Mighels, Fred Harte, Dan De Quill, Dr. Gaily, Mariain Michelson and Sarah Winnemucca. Nevada, though a young state, has made a lasting mark in literature. Mark TAvain Ijegan to first attract attention Avhen Avriting on the Virginia Enterprise. Joseph T. Goodman was the publisher, and, his eye falling on a communication Avritten toi the paper by Mr. Samuel Clemens from Dayton, he remarked to his partner, D. E. McCarthy, that he had discovered a genius and immediately sent for the young raan to corae to Virginia City and take a job on the Enterprise. The man was first a sort of laughing stock of the office, as he was a slouchy, ungainly fellow, with a pronounced drawl, but Good man, whose literary judgment xvas unerring, never lost faith in his man and gave him every encouragement. The rest is too xvell known tO' dilate on here, and the man whom Goodman picked up and backed is now one of the best read and most popular xvriters of the world. Next in order comes Mr. Goodman. He is the author ol one of the greatest archeological works ever written. Tt is entitled "The Biologia ol Central America." For years the different governments ol the world have been sending- expeditions ol scientists to Yucatan to investigate the railes and miles of ruined cities which lie there. It is estimated that they antedate anything in the known world, but up to the tirae of the publication of Mr. Goodman's book, it was all surmise. He has succeeded in translating the in scriptions on the Avails and monuments and shows conclusively that they were meant to be chronological tables. He shows that when this race went to its doom it had kept a record of the time covering over two hundred and eighty thousand years. This people flourished before the pyramids rose from the sands ol Egypt, before the songs of the worshipers rose in the pillared temples of Karnac Mr. Goodman began the task of deciphering these seemingly meaningless hieroglyphics much as Edgar Poe describes the reading of the cipher in his famous story ol " The Gold Bug." This Avork has now become standard throughout the civilized world. The author was refused a hearing before the California Acaderay of Sciences, and it remained for the Archeo logical Society ol London through its representative, a Mr. Godraan, to ap preciate the value ol the work and stand the expense of piiblication. "Dan De QuiU," whose right name was Qiarles Wright, Avas one of the quaintest Avriters ol Nevada. He published "The Big Bonanza" and gave 312 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the world a more general and accurate knowledge of the history of the Com stock than any other writer. Hon. C. C. Goodwin wrote "The Comstock Club" and was one of the best editorial writers of the west. He was also a rare poet, like Goodman and Daggett. RoUen Daggett Avas also one of the famous editorial writers of the Enter prise and wrote " Braxton's Bar " and a number of fine poems. Dr. Gaily was the author of " Big Jack Sraall," a strikingly original work. Hon. Tom Fitch, known as the "Silver Tongued," wrote "A Wedge of - Gold." Sam Davis, noAv State Controller, published a volume of "Short Stories and Poems." The story whicii heads the work, "The First Piano in Camp," has been translated in fordgn languages arid will live as a classic ol the West. Harry R. Mighels, just before his death, wrote a striking book, " Sage brush Leaves." His keen humor and delightlul English reminds one of Oliver Wendell Holmes. His son, Phillip Verril Mighels, is now a regular con tributor to the leading magazines, and such publishers as Harpers and Mc- Clures are bidding for his books. Fred Harte wrote the "Sazarac Lying Club." Mariam Michelson, a young lady born on the Comstock, was the author of one ol the striking books of 1904 entitled "The Bishop's Carriage." It has already gone into several editions. Sarah Winnemucca, the daughter of old Chief Winnemucca, a full- blooded Indian, wrote a remarkable book, "Life Among the Piutes." She was educated at an eastem seminary and becarae a very bright woraan. She traveled about the country and delivered lectures Avhich drew large audiences. jdiyx-^^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 313 HON. JOHN SPARKS, governor of Nevada, has long resided in the state, having come here in 1868. He is a native of Mississippi, where he was born August 30, 1843, ^""^ comes of old English stock. Four brothers bearing the name of Sparks emigrated from England at an early date and, settling in Maryland, established the family in America. This faraily was Avell represented in the Revolutionary war and in the war of 1812, and its members have always been numbered aniong the brave and loyal citizens of this country. The grandfather ol Governor Sparks, Millington Sparks, was born in Maryland and became a prorainent planter and attained to a ripe old age, dying firm in the laith ol the Baptist church, to Avhich he had adhered through a long and uselul life. His son Samuel, father of Governor Sparks, was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, and married Sarah Deal, a native of South Carolina, and both were corisistent Baptists. They were the parents of ten children, five of whom are still living. Of this family Governor Sparks was the seventh in order of birth, and is the only one residing in Nevada. Tn 1857 the entire family removed to Texas, settling at Lampasas, and became the pioneer stock-raisers in that portion of the state. At that time there were many Indians in the state, and the Sparks family engaged in raany skirmishes with the savages. Governor Sparks bearing his part in the fights, which events he recalls with much enjoyment, for those were days of excitement, when all the bravery in a raan's nature was called forth and opportunities were numerous for courage to be tested and proved. Governor Sparks began working for himself at the age of fourteen years, and since then has made a great success of raising cattle. He came to Nevada to extend his large business, although he still has large holdings in Texas. Upon settling in Nevada he bought out several large cattle ranches, and at one time owned seventy thousand head of cattle. Tn the very hard winter of 1889-90 he lost thirty-five thousand head. He calls that winter the great equalizer, as it affected all alike. Early in his business career he realized the value of fine thoroughbred stock, and has the honor of being the pioneer importer of registered Hereford and Durham. He has sold and established twelve fancy herds of Hereford on the Pacific coast and has also shipped to Honolulu, and sold to the Utah Agricultural College their first registered Herefords. He keeps and raises both Herefords and Durhanis, of pure strains, and has also experimented in making a cross of them, and has thus produced a grade of buff cattle of wfiich he is very proud. For years he has exhibited his Hereford cattle at the California state fairs and has taken numerous first prizes. His Duke of Shadeland carried off the honors at the World's Fair. Governor Sparks is also greatly interested in both elk and buffalo, and has had a family of the former for the past twenty years, and of the latter for the past ten years. These run among his other cattle and are perfectly docile, and the country owes the Governor much for his efforts to keep these animals Irom extermination. In addition to other interests Governor Sparks is the owner ol the celebrated Reno Star mine. Both in public and private liie Governor Sparks has taken a leading part in the development of the state, and is generally recognized as- one of its 314 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. leading men. Upon his magnificent tAvo thousand five hundred acre ranch, located on the railroad between Reno and Carson City, he has a flowing Avell which produces one hundred and . twelve gallons per minute and is a little over five hundred feet deep. Upon this ranch he has a very comfortable residence and excellent farm buildings, and needless to say the premises are supplied with every convenience and all the improved machinery on the market. Governor Sparks has been in politics since boyhood as a Democrat, his first service as a public man being when he discharged the duties of county commissioner. Tn 1902 his party prevailed upon him to accept the nomina tion for governor of the state. After making an excellent canvass he was elected by a majority of one thousand eight hundred, and is giving the people of his state a clean, honorable administration. When the president arrived in Carson City upon his late western trip, he xvas cordially and enthusiastic ally received by Governor Sparks who welcomed him in a very appropriate manner, his speech being happily chosen, and the txvo Ijecame fast friends, in spite of differences of political opinion, each recognizing the sterling worth ol the other. In June, 1872, Governor Sparks Avas inar'ried to Miss Rachel Knight, a native of Texas and the daughter of D. F. Knight, xvho xvas born in Ohio and came of English stock. One daughter has been born of this union, Maud, who is. now the wife ol A. McKinzie, a son ol the Rev. Dr. Mc Kinzie, a noted Presbyterian divine. Mrs. Sparks died in 1878, and a year later Governor Sparks married her half-sister. Miss Nora Knight. They have three sons, namely: Benton PL, now in Andover College, preparing for Yale; Charles, attending the State University; and Leland, who is attending high school. Governor Sparks is a very active member of the Order of Elks, the Order of Eagles and the Order of Odd Fellows. In their present governor the people of Nevada have a man xvliose sympathy, broad ness of mind and thorough knowledge of human nature particularly fit him for his exalted position and enable him to administer the affairs of the state judiciously, honorably and to the highest interests ol those xvhose destinies he is now controlling. STEPHEN R. YOUNG has been one of the foremost men in the upbuilding and improvement of the fertile valley in whicii the town ol Love locks is situated. He is the oxvner ol the only large brick block in the town, which he built in 1891. It covers seventy by one hundred feet of ground space, and the Avest half is occupied by the Lovelocks Commercial Coinpany in the conduct of a large department store, and the east half is the Young's Hotel ; the ground floor of the hotel is occupied by the office, restaurant and dining room, while the upper part is divided into a front parlor and large, Avell-furnished sleeping rooms. Mr. Young also has a livery stable, a good residence and several dwellings in the town. He owns twelve hundred acres of land in the vicinity, and tp .make this productive has expended sixty thousand dollars on a water and irrigation system, which is perhaps his most important enterprise both from his oxvn standpoint and because of its im- A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 315 mense value to this section of the county. He has a water power which noxv furnishes one hundred horsepower, and the plant is so constructed that nine other wheels can be put in of one hundred horsepower each, making a total of one thousand horse power. It is the intention soon to install an electric light plant and also to pipe the water to the town, Avhich innovations will place Lovelocks at the front in the matter of civic improvements. One half mile of the water canal is thirty feet deep, seventy feet wide at the top and twenty-five at the bottom, and it conveys water to ten thousand acres of land, and ultimately the whole upper end of the valley will -be covered by its water. The Big Meadoxvs, in Avhicli the town of Lovelocks is located, is about ten miles wide and thirty miles long, and its rich dark loam soil needs only irrigation to make it produce abundantly, as its many fine farms already indicate. Irrigation to any important extent is a great undertaking and requires capital, and where it is not carried through by government management some man of enterprise, executive ability and public spirit must step forward and assume the risks and labors attendant upon such endeavors, and such a man has Lovelock valley found in Mr. Young. Stephen R. Young was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January 24, 1855, and is of German and Irish ancestry, and the son of S. R. and Julia (Madigan) Young, the former a native of Canada and the latter of Ireland. These parents died at the respective ages of forty and sixty-five years, and of their six sons Stephen is the only survivor. . He was educated and reared to manhood in the state of Maine, and came to Unionville, Humboldt county, Nevada, in 1873. He has the credit of discovering the first pay dirt in Spring valley, and from eight to eleven miles of the valley has been placer- mined. He came to Lovelocks in 1876 and conducted a general mer chandise store for ten years, after which he sold out to the Lovelocks Com mercial Company. All his time is now taken up Avith the care of his exten sive irrigation and other property interests. Tn September, 1885, Mr. Young was married to Miss M. E. Wilson, a native ol the state of New York. Four children have been born_ to them, all in Humboldt county, namely : Clarence, Leland, Blanche and Mary, Mr. Young is a Republican in politics, but has never had tirae to consider politics in any other way than to cast his vote for the man and principles that seem to him to represent the best interests ol town, county and state. •HENRY KIND, one ol the most public-spirited as well as successlul of the pioneer merchants and business men of Eureka, has had an enviable career in business since coming to this country forty years ago, at which time his equipment for a career in the new world did not even extend to a knowledge of the language, but he did have the quick business acumen of his race and the unflagging energy and perseverance which bring success anywhere. He has a fine business in Eureka, and the town and county have greatly benefited by his generous efforts toward improvement and de velopment. Mr. Kind was bom in Bohemia in 1847, a son of Adolph and Mary (Lank) Kind, also natives of that country, where the former died when 316 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Henry was a boy. He was educated there, and in 1862 set out for the new world, landing in New York. The following year his mother and her three sons and three daughters followed him. lie went to Sam Francisco, and thence to Auburn, Placer county, California, where he was a clerk in a store for a year, after which he was taken in the business as partner, and continued in the general merchandise trade there with good success for nine years. He came to Eureka, Nevada, in 1872, and established a store in the lower end of the town, where he carried on business for tAvelve years. He then bought the stock of W. H. Clark, and has done busines at this stand ever since. His store is a substantial stone building twenty-five by one hundred feet, with two stories and a basement, and he also has a large warehouse. His large stock of general merchandise is the best in the town,- and attracts a patronage from all directions about Eureka. Mr. Kind has given close attention to the development of this enterprise, and he merits the large trade which he now enjoys. He OAvns two other store buildings in the town, which he rents, and he is a partner in the firm of E. Marks and Company at Tonopah. Besides this he has valuable mining interests, and his business relations extend well over the county and state. While a life-long Republican in principle, Mr. Kind gives his vote and influence to the silver cause. He has served his town as school trustee for ten years, and his county as commissioner, and has given a helping hand to every enterprise intended to foster the advancement and well-being of tOAvn or county. He is a blue lodge and Royal Arch Mason, and has served as treasurer of his lodge for six years. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, in which he has passed all the chairs, and belongs to the B. B. Lodge at Reno. Tn 1874 Mr. Kind was united in marriage to^ Miss Eliza Lobner, a native of New York city and a daughter of Leopold Lobner, of that city. Seven children have been born of this union in Eureka, as follows : Eddie, who was educated in San Francisco and is now in New York; Frederick, a graduate of the Eureka high school, is with his father; Rose is at school in San Francisco; Leon is also a student in San Francisco; Clarence, is in his father's business in Tonopah ; May Ethel is a successful teacher ; and Harold is at school. They are adherents of the HebrcAv faith. Tn Noveraber, 1903, Mr. Kind with his family moved to Tonopah, Nevada, intending to locate there. His business interests in Eureka continue as before. DANIEL W. O'CONNOR. Men who have been the founders of the state of Nevada and who have borne their full share in pioneer development and later advancement are deserving ol the gratitude ol all the citizens ot this commonwealth. Mr. O'Connor is numbered among the early settlers and has been a resident of Nevada since 1862. He is the builder and OAvner of the O'Connor block at Reno, and In this Avay has contributed to the improve ment of the city. A native son of Canada, his birth occurred in Ontario on the i6th of November, 1837, and he is of Irish lineage He was educated in his native province, and in i860 came to the United States, then a young man of about A I-TTSTORY OF NEVADA. 317 twenty-three years. He made his Avay to California by the isthmus route and later engaged in mining in Grass Valley, settling- in Nevada county. He was not very fortunate, however, in his mining experiences there, barely making a living, and in 1862 he made his Avay to Virginia City because of the discovery of gold there. In that place he worked Avith a pick and shovel in the mines for two years and on the expiration of that period he reraoved to Glendale, where he purchased a ranch of four hundred acres. This he developed from sage brush and annually raised a large crop which brought as high as one hundred and nxty dollars per acre. Clearing his farm he placed it under a high state of cultivation, erected thereon good buildings and eventualy sold the property at an excellent price. In 1889 he came to Reno, to reside. Going ±0 Texas, he bought cattle, but the drought that year xvas severe and he lost raoney on the venture. Again he came to Reno, and in 1898 he built the O'Connor block, a two-story brick structure, seventy by sixty-five feet, with a very neat and artistic front. This is rented for store and office purposes and is a credit to the city. Mr. O'Connor was among the first to show his faith in Reno by the building of valuable prop erty, and since that time many fine structures have been erected here. Tie also owns a good residence in that city. His political support xvas given to the Republican party until it an nounced its platform in favor of the gold standard. He has since been identified with the silver movement in this state, believing in the free coinage of the white metal.^ He is a meraber of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He believes in following the Golden Rule, and has exemplified that high principle in all of his dealings with his fellow-men. He is justly regarded as one of the reliable residents of Reno. ¦ HON. LEMUEL ALLEN, lieutenant governor of Nevada, has been a resident of the state since 1862 and has been prominently identified with the legislation of the commonwealth for many years. For nine terras he was a member ol the state assembly, and during three of the last terms he was speaker and proved himself so thoroughly just in his rulings as to give fullest satisfaction to both parties. Tn 1902 he was the candidate of his party for lieutenant governor, and after a very able canvass was elected by a majority of 1,558. Governor Allen is a native ol Ohio, having been born in Harrison county, April 12, 1839. He comes ol English and Scotch ancestry, his people being araong the early settlers ol Connectfcut and later ol New York. His grandlather, Joseph Allen, settled in the latter state at an early date. His father, Cranston Alien, was born in Oswego, New York, July 14, 18 16. He married Elizabeth Hootnian, a native of- Ohio, and they had six chil dren. The father now resides in Nevada, aged eighty-seven years. His wife died in 1893, aged seventy-seven years. Governor Alien was educated and reared to manhood's estate in Iowa, attending the private log schools. When old enough he began farming and stock-raising. After his arrival in Nevada he read law and was admitted to the bar, and in addition to his farming interests he was for many years 318 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. prosecuting attorney of his county, and he then entered upon his legislative career. Until the formation of the gold standard he had been a Democrat, but, believing as he did upon the question of silver, he felt that there was no other course open to him but the promotion of the interests of the silver party, and was retumed to the office of lieutenant governor by a large ma jority in what had been conceded a Republican state. On March 13, 1859, he was married to Sarah Ann Peugh, a native of Ohio and a daughter of J. Peugh, of that state. Nine children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Allen, namely : Hugh Judson, a blacksmith and liv eryman in Wadsworth, Nevada; Eva May, Avho married E. H. Proctor and resides in Wadsworth ; Charles Loren, a farmer residing near his father ; Mary Daisy, at home, is her father's bookkeeper; Lemuel L., at home on the farm; Sarah Elizabeth, who married R. T. Fortune and resides at Soda Lake ; and three who died in infancy. Governor and Mrs. Allen have seven grandchildren and are very proud of their children, and most deservedly so. Governor Allen ha~s been a highly honored member of the Masonic fraternity for sixteen years, and is also a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Eagles. HON. S. J. BONNIFIELD, Jr., judge of the fifth judidal district of the state of Nevada, has risen to a high place in the ranks of the legal pro- fessiori, and his prestige at the bar of Humboldt county stands in evidence of his ability and likewise serves as a voucher for intrinsic wortli of character. He has been a resident of the "Silver" state during the past forty years, having arrived in the territory in 1863. Judge Bonnifield is a natiA'e of the commonwealth of Iowa, his birth having occurred in Jefferson county on the 12th of December, 1847. He is' of French descent, his ancestors having been early settlers in the colony of Virginia, particpants in the war for independence and prominent in the early history of the country. His father, S. J. Bonnifield, was born in Ran dolph county, Virginia. In 1853 he made the journey to California, where he Avas engaged in stock-raising in Yreka and Shasta counties, and he uoav resides in Oakland, that state, having reached the age of eighty-seven years. In 1841 he was united in marriage to Miss Nancy Ross, who was born in Rush county, Indiana, in 1825. Their marriage was celebrated in ToAva, and in 1857 the wife and mother was summoned into eternal rest, passing away at the age of thirty-two years. They became the parents of six chil dren, three sons and three daughters, namely: W. S., an attorney in Winne mucca; S. J.; Mary, the widow of J. W. McWilliams and a resident ol Berkeley, California; Margaret and Nancy, who have passed away; and W. E., a resident ol Lovelocks, this state. S. J. Bonnifield received his elementary education in the public schools of Shasta and Siskiyou counties, California, while his law studies were pursued in Allegheny College, of Meadville, Pennsylvania. With his par ents he crossed the plains to California in 1853, and ten years later, in 1863, took up his abode in Unionville, Humboldt county, Nevada, engaging in teaming and freighting from Red Bluff and Marysville, Cahfornia; to the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 319 different mining camps in Nevada, including Virginia City. Fle also worked in the mines in the latter city aud in the different mining camps of Lander and Humboldt counties and at Gold Hill, Stoi-ey county. Fle received four dollars a day in compensation for his mining labors, and xvhile working in the Arizona mine near Unionx'ille he xvas elected to the offices ol county recorder and auditor, in xvhich he served during the years ol 187 1-2-3-4. He was also employed in other county offices, at the same time read law and xvas admitted to the bar in 1879, alter which he entered upon the active practice of his profession. Mr. Bonnifield was soon elected by his felloxv- townsmen to the position of district attorney, and on the expiration of his four years' term of service returned to the duties of his private practice, in xvhich he continued until elected to the high office he is now filling, that of district judge, this being his second tei-ni in that capacity. In matters political the Judge has been a life-long Democrat, but took an active part in the oTganization of the silver party. Public-spirited and prog-ressive, he gives his political support to all enterprises xvhich he believes calculated to advance the public welfare, and is justly numbered aradng the valued citi zens of his adopted county. On the 13th of February, 1879, Judge Bonnifield was united in mar riage to Miss Annie Peterson, a native of Denmai'k, but she was reared to mature years in the states of Utah and Nevada. This union has been blessed with two children, Mary and Blanch, both native daughters ol the "Silver" state. The wife and mother yvas called from this life on the 4th of April, 1897, and the daughters are now serving as their father's housekeepers. The Judge is a member of the Masonic fraternity, having received the master's degree at Unionville in 1872. He has closely studied the tenets of this noble order, and its principles have actuated his daily life. ROBERT JAMES REID. xvho has been carrying on a fine business as blacksmith and carriage-maker in Eureka for over thirty years, came to Nevada in 1869, and has been one of the most industrious and capable citi zens since that tirae. He derives his intelligent industry and solidity of character and business ability from good Scotch ancestry, and is a repre sentative of the class of men who have done most for the industrial, intel lectual and moral life of his state. In other words he has been the opposite of the parasite on the body politic, and has been able to do more than pull his own weight in life, with the result that he has been helpful and useful in all departments of life and to all with whora he has corae in contact in busi ness or domestic relations. Mr. Reid was born in Calais, Maine, May 14, 1848, and is a son of James Reid, who was born in Scotland and emigrated to the United States when a young man. Mr. Reid was educated and learned his trade in New Brunswick and in Maine, and was twenty-one years old when he came to the state of Nevada. He worked for wages of five dollars a day at White Pine, and also had a shop of his own for a year. Tn January, 1871, he arrived in Eureka, where he opened his own shop, and in 1879 built his present shop. His scale of prices when he first came here was twenty-five 320 A HISTORY OF NEVADA.. cents for sharpening picks, two dollars for steeling picks, four dollars for shoeing a horse. He made money and saved it, and has never had to lose a day on account of sickness. For some years he Avas engaged in the cattle business in White Pine county, Avhere he had tAAcnty-eight hundred acres of land and kept as high as a thousand head of cattle. He has since disposed of this property to advantag'e, and his principal interests are now centered in his trade. In Avhich he takes great pride and is known everywhere as a skilled and thorough mechanic. Mr. Reid has been a life-long Republican except during the silver iiioA'e- nieiit, Avhen he devoted all his influence and votes to the cause of bimetalism. He has shown deep interest in educational matters, ?nd for ten years has been a school trustee. He Avas made a Master Ma .son in Eureka Lodge No. i6, F. & A. M., in 1872, and has since received the Royal Arch degree in St. Johns Chapter No. 5, R. A. M., and Avas made a Sir Knight Templar in Eureka Commandery X'o. 2 ; he has been an active Masonic Avorker, and is a past high priest of his chapter and holds the office of captain general in the commandery. • In 1873 Mr. Reid raarried Miss Louisa Barber, a native of his own town in Maine, and the foUoAving children have been born to them in Eureka : Nellie A. graduated from the high school and then from the Nexv England Conservatory ol Music at Boston, and is now an accomplished teacher ol music; the son, M. R., died in his eighteenth month; and Robert Albert Blaine and Stella Louise are the youngest. The iamily have one ol the pleasantest homes in Eureka, and they are all bright and popular members ol the social circles ol the toAvn. FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF WINNEMUCCA. The First Na tional Bank ol Winnemijcca had the distinction ol being the only national bank in the state of Nex'ada up to X^ovember, 1903.. Tt Avas organized on October 20, 1886, George S. Nixon, uoav its president, being the chief factor in the enterprise. It Avas started Avitli fifteen stockholders and a paid-up capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, which was later increased to eighty- two thousand, its present capital, and it now has a sui-plus of thirty thousand dollars. The First National does a general banking business, and has en joyed a splendidly successful record and a reputation for reliability since its organization. Its total resources are uoav $735,500.68. Mr. Nixon Avas cashier for fifteen years before his election to the presidency ; Frank M. Lee is the cashier and one of the stockholders, and was chosen to this position in 1900, for fifteen years having been connected with the Washoe County Bank at Reno ; Mr. J. Sebbald is vice president, and R. C. Moore and H. T^. Busch are directors. Mr. Nixon is also president of the large commercial company at Lovelocks, and Mr. Lee is vice president. They are connected AvIth the Lovelocks Land and Development Company, and have a large tract ol rich land at Lovelocks which is being farmed to grain and alfalfa. George S. Nixon was born in NcAvcastle, Placer county, California, April 2, i860, his parents, J. H. and May (Estdl) Nixon, having crossed the plains to California in 185 1 and located at Dotens Bar, where the former t- mc^ '^—''y rie:~.'-y Ic^^i^r- '( A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 321 was a successful farmer. Mr. Nixon xxas reared and educated at Newcastle, where he remained till his tAventieth year. He learned telegraphy, and came to the Humboldt Flouse in Humboldt county, Nevada, in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad, as agent. In 1883 he Avent to BelleviUe, on the Carson and Colorado road, where he Avas agent for a year. In 1884 he accepted a position in the First National Bank at Reno, Avhich is now the Washoe County Bank, and in 1886 carae to Winneraucca for the purpose of organizing the bank Avhich has been described above, and with whose suc cessful conduct he has been identified CA'er since, its position as one of the leading financial institutions of the state being in no sraall measure due to his judgment and executive ability. Mr. Nixon as a Republican served in the Nevada state legislature in 1891. Tn 1891-2 he was chairman of the silver party state central commij?-* tee, but at present holds an Independent attitude toward political questions. He is state agent ol the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in Nevada. Mr. Nixon is a member ol the Masonic Iraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Elks. January 29, 1887, he Avas married to Miss Kate Imogene Bacon, a native of Princeton, Illinois. They have one son, Bertram Estell. Mr. and Mrs. Nixon haA-e hosts of friends in Winnemucca and throughout the state, and their pleasant residence in Winnemucca is one of the society centers of the town. HON. W. O'H. MARTIN. The name of Hon. W. O'H. Martin is in delibly inscribed on the history of Nevada because of his active connection with its early progress and development; all who examine into the annals of the state will recognize the fact that his labors have been raost effective and helpful in the expansion of the trade interests of the cpranionwealth, in which lies the basis of all prosperity. Mr. Martin was born in Platteville, Wisconsin, September 9, 1845, and AA'as of Scotch-Irish lineage. His paternal grandfather, Morris Martin, emi grated to the new Avorld in 1822, settling in New York city, Avhere his son, Morris Washington Martin, was born. The latter married Miss Margaret O'Hara, a native of Canandaigua, New York, and a daughter of Captain William O'Hara, who was a graduate of Dublin University, and later entered the British army, under George III. Captain O'Hara afterward resigned his commission and came to New York city in the same year in xvhich the Martin family was established there. He subsequently became a resident of Wisconsin, and died in Platteville, in 1847, at the age of sixty-four. Morris W. Martin, the father of W. O'H. Martin, removed to Wis consin at an early epoch in the developraent of that state, and becarae a prominent and influential citizen, serving for several terms as recorder of his county. He afterward returned to New York, and in 185 1 sailed with his family for San Francisco, attracted by the discovery of gold and the busiriess possibilities of the rapidly developing west. He continued to reside in the Golden state until his death, which occurred in Cherokee, Butte county, in September, 1865. Hon. W. O'H. Martin obtained his early education hi California, and 322 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. engaged for a time in placer mining. In 1868 he xvent to Empire, Nevada, and accqjted a clerkship in a general merchandise store, but after a few years he purchased the interests of the firm and continued in trade there until 1 88 1, when he sold out and spent a year as a stock broker in San Francisco. In 1883 he located" in Reno, Washoe county, Nevada, where he purchased a xvholesale and retail merchandise store. With characteristic energy and en terprise he built up a splendid business, which he later incorporated as the Reno Mercantile Coinpany; through his honorable methods, keen sagacity and diligence he .established a firm which has continued to prosper to the present time, and is now one of the leading mercantile concerns of the state. In 1895 Mr. Martin was elected president of the Washoe County Bank, and effected its reorganization; the capital stock xvas advanced to three hundred thousand dollars, and a little later it was advanced to five hundred thousand, all of Avhich was paid up. During his presidency the increase in the business of the bank was almost phenomenal : financial conditions improved throughout the state during this period, but his guidance of the affairs of the Washoe County Bank strengthened its position materially. Its prosperity was due in no small measure to his personality and influence. He continued at the head of the institution till death, which occurred September 14, 1901. At the time of his death Mr. Martin Avas also president of the River side Mill Company and the Reno Real Estate and Investment Corapany, cor porations xvhich owe their success in large measure to the farsighted judg ment and unselfish spirit of their president. Tn his political affiliation Mr. Martin xvas a Republican, and xvhile living in Empire represented Orrasby county in the state senate. His devotion to the public good stood as an unquestioned fact in his career, and though his business interests raade heax'y demands upon his time he always found opportunity to co-operate in measures for the general xvdfare. But he con sistently refused to accept the political preferment which the leaders of his party urged upon him. Kindness and unciuestioned integrity were dominating traits of his char acter. His life was in harmony with the teachings of the Masonic fraternity, in which he advanced to the Knight Templar degree. He was a devoted hus band and father, a reliable man of affairs, a loyal citizen, and one xvhose true nobility of character awakened for him honor and respect wherever he was known. Mr. Martin was married in 1873, and his xvidow and seven children occupy one of the beautiful homes of Reno. MERRILL FLETCHER, of the firm of Fletcher Brothers, liverymen, of Eureka,_ has the honor of being one of the compartively few grown men who are native sons of this town, where he Avas born July 3, 1876, and is also the son of a man who held a conspicuous place among the pioneers of the state and was eminent in the commercial and public life of town, county and state. Mr. Fletcher is a member of a family Avhich has played as honorable and useful a part in the Avorld's afl'airs as has any other in history. Its A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 323 antiquity dates back to the Middle Ages, and the name, which must have originated in France many centuries ago, under the form of "de la Flechier," signified an arrow-maker or one xvho feathers arrows. The faraily is known to have had its seat in England as far back as the thirteenth century, and contained raembers of the nobility and Avas honored with a coat of arms. The history of the American branch of the family begins xvith Robert Fletcher, who was born in England in 1592 and emigrated to the colony of Massachusetts in 1630, making settlement in Concord. His posterity now numbers over ten thousand, and many of them have held high positions of honor and trust, have been noted for their fidelity to duty and their patriot ism, and the early history of Massachusetts and of other colonies c'ontains many of their names as high in official positions. The American descend ants of Robert Fletcher have published an interesting and valuable genealogi cal record ol the Iamily. One brancli of the Fletchers existed in Sxvitzerland for some genera tions, where they were as noted as the Swiss themselves for piety and pa triotism. The great Methodist divine. John Fletcher xvas a native of that little republic, and his name xvas Jean de la Flechier, which in England became simple John Fletcher. In the records of the family in America it is leamed that two Fletcher brothers lost their lives in the colonists' wars with the Tndians; a large number ol Fletchers Avere enrolled in the colonial militia and fought at Concord ancl Lexington and at Bunker Hill ; Paul Fletcher died at Valley Forge, and Henry xvas killed at White Plains; two hundred and filty-eight ol the name fought for the Union cause in the Civil war. Three Fletchers were governors of states, ten xvere members of Congress, and the name is also represented in high positions on the bench. Of the daughters, Annie Fletcher became the xvife ol Daniel Emerson, ancl Grace Fletcher the wife of Daniel Webster. Samuel Fletcher, the great-grandfather of Merrill Fletcher, was born in Chesterford, Vermont, about the year 1750, and was a soldier in the Revolution, so that by this record his descendants can have membership in the patriotic order of Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution. Arad Fletcher, the grandfather of Merrill Fletcher, was born in Waterford, Vermont, September 27, 1799, and his son, Granville A. Fletcher, the Nevada pioneer raentioned above, was born in Barnston, Province of Quebec, April 18, 1840. He came to California by Avay of the Isthmus of Panama in 1859, and in the following year arrived in what afterward became the state of Nevada. He was ¦ engaged in various mining and milling enter prises, and built the Norton mill in Mountain City. He Ax-as in business in Elko for some time, and from there came to Eureka in 1870, where he at first had a hay and grain business below the depot. In 1889 he bought the property on which his sons have built the livery barn, and he himself Avas engaged in the livery business from 1880 till the time of his death, which occurred on the 24th of October, 1899. He was a Republican in politics, but supported the cause of silver. His county, elected hira county commis sioner, and in 1890 sent him to the state legislature. In every position of life to which he was called he acquitted himself honorably and creditably. 324 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and the record. Avhich he left behind is one of capable service to his family and tOAvn, county and state. In 1874 Granville Fletcher xvas married to ^Nliss Permelia ^IcCoxven, a native of the state of Ohio. His xvife and tAvo sons survive hira, and make their home in one of the nice i-esidences of Eureka. Granville A., Jr., and Merrill built their pi-esent livery barn in 1900, and liaA-e been successfully carrAing on the business xvhich their honored father established. Theirs is the leading establishment of the kind in toxvn. and the)- have a large patronage and are esteemed in business and in social circles. Merrill is Master \\'orknian of the .\ncient Order of 1,'nlted Workmen, and is also a member of the Knights of Pythias. W. J. HOOPER, the assessor of Eureka county and one of the best kiiOAvn and most capable mining men in this part of the country, has been a resident of XTevada since childhood, and in the subsequent tAventy-seven years has made himself a pi'osperous place as a man of affairs. There are fexv men xvho understand mining conditions and the mineral resources of the state better than he, and he is likexvise popular and esteemed in political circles and has received one of the important county offices at the hands of the people. Mr. Hooper xvas born in England, .\.pril 2, 1864, a son of T. J. and Ellen (May) Hooper, xvho xvere both born in England and a year after the biilh of their son emigrated to the United States. The former died in Ruby Hill, X'^evada. in 1884, at the age of forty years, but his xvife is still residing at Ruby Hill. Mr. Hooper xvas but a baby xvhen he xvas brought to the nexv xvorld, and his early training xvas received in A'irginia City and Gold Hill, Nevada. He began xvorking in the mines Avhen a boy, and Avas employed in the Eureka Consolidated, the Richraoncl_ and in allof the large mines of the district at that early da}'. Mining enterprises haA'e been the principal object of his endeavors all his life, and he knoAvs the business from the ground up, both technically and practically. He is noxv superintendent of the Jackson mine on Ruby Hill, xvhich has produced over a million dol lars" Avorth of gold, silver and lead, and is also superintendent of the Flani- burg raine four miles south of Eureka. ]\Ir. Hooper is satisfied that all this part of Eureka county lies in a AvonderfuUy rich mineral belt, and it is only a question of proper management and capital to produce much larger amounts of bullion than have yet been brought to light. He has the reputa tion in this part of the country of a practical miner, and his judgment is correspondingly respected and rauch sought. Mr. Hooper xvas an ardent Republican up to the tirae that party xvas split on the sih'er issue, and he then became active in the silver movement and xvas a prominent factor in the organization of the silver partv and is still loyal to its prindpleS. In 1900 he xvas elected assessor of Eureka county, having served as deputy assessor for several years previously, and he has given eminent satisfaction in this office. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd FelloAvs and of the Rebekahs, and is a member ol the grand lodge of the state; he also affiliates xvith the Ancient Order of United Work- A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 325 men. Mr. FTooper xvas married on Febi-uary 21, 1889, to Miss EstcUa E. Manuel, and three children have come to brighten their home in Eurck.-. county: Richard W., Elsie "May and Judson V. HON. WALTER J. TONKIN, a leading merchant and business raan of Eureka, first came to Nevada in 1875, and has been engaged in various lines of commercial and industrial activity ever since. Merchandising has been the occupation in which he has made his principal success, but he has also mined and been interested in stock-raising. Besides his respected posi tion in business circles, he stands as high in Masonic honors as any other man in the state, and is foremost in the beneficent work of this ancient order. Mr. Tonkin Avas born in Cornwall, England, January 29, 1854, and was educated in that country. I-Te xvas twenty-one years old when he carae to the Lhiited States, in 1875, and his first destination was Virginia City, Nevada, xvhich was at that time in the height of its prosperous developraent. Fle had learned merchandising in his native country, but on his arrival here he got a place in the mines at four dollars a day. Fle was already sorae what familiar xvith mifting operations, for he had corae from the mining center of England, and he was on sure ground when he came to the raining regions of the Avest. From Virginia City he xvent to Bodie, California, and was appointed night foreman of the Noonday mine, having full charge of it during the night. Mr. Tonkin came to Eureka on September 18, 1880, and opened a stock of liquors, which business he carried on successfully for ten years. He then sold out and opened a dry goods and clothing store on March 4, 1891. He has a large trade in this line of merchandising, and has been applying all his energy to building up the business, with gratifying results. Tn 1887 he began stock-raising in Eureka county with his brother, John G. Tonkin, as partner. They had a ranch of six hundred and forty acres, on xvhich they kept as high as six hundred cattle, but he has since sold these interests in order tO' devote himself unreservedly to his principal work. Mr. Tonkin has the honor of having been made a Master Mason In One and All Lodge, No. 330, F. & A. M., at Bodmin, England, and he re ceived the Royal Arch degrees in Bodmin Chapter, and -\vas made a Sir Knight Templar in Eureka Commandery No. 2. He has also received all the Scot tish Rite degrees including the thirty-second. He affiliates xvith all the lodges in Eureka, is a meraber of the Reno Consistory, and his standing as a Mason in Nevada is equal to the best. Mr. Tonkin has been a consistent adherent of the Republican principles since coining to this country, but gave his vote and influence to the cause of silver. On December 16, 1889, he married Miss Rebecca Crombie. Her father, John C. Crombie, xvas born at New Boston, New Hampshire, Janu ary 10, 1834, and married Miss Elizabeth Lee. He came to Nevada in 1864, and has been one of the most enterprising of the state's mining men. He is still owner of valuable gold and copper mining property, and has done much for the development and prosperity of his state. His pioneer Wife also survives. Mr. and Mrs. Tonkin have two children, both born in Eureka, Walter Crombie and Celia Ailene. They have one of the nice 326 A T-TISTORY OF NEVADA. hollies of Eureka, cheerful and bright in all its comforts and surroundings, and he also oxvns his store building. They are Episcopalians in religious faith, and are popular merabers of the society of the county seat of Eureka county. LEWIS LEE BRADLEY, one of the wdl known and highly respected business raen of the community, is a member of the firm of Bradley & Dunn, owners of the Commercial Hotel, the leading hotel in Elko. He is also extensively engaged in the stock business in this county, and is numbered among the leading and public-spirited citizens of his adopted county. I-Te is a native son ol California, his birth occurring in Stockton on the 17th of November, 1866. He is a grandson of ex-Governor L. R. Bradley, of Nevada, and a son of John R. Bradley, who married Miss Betty Hitt. The family were Virginians. •' Lewis Lee Bradley attended the public schools during the period of his boyhood and youth, and later became a student in the Pacific Business Col lege in San Francisco. After completing his education he embarked in the cattle business at Deeth, Nevada, in company with his brother, J. D. Bradley, and his brother-in-law, J. H. Clemins. This company was organized in 1900, but all had previously been engaged in the cattle business, and the company at one time oxvned between seven and twenty thousand head of cattle. During the hard xvinter of 1899-1900, however, the firra suffered heavy financial losses, losing eighty per cent of the cattle, and Mr. Bradley and his father xvere in vei-y straightened circumstances at one time. But they have since been eminently successful in the stock business, and are now breeding the Hereford and Durham cattle. Tn company with Mr. Dunn, Mr. Bradley purchased the Commercial Hotel, and they are now doubling its size. It is built of brick, being one hundred by one hundred leet in dimensions, contains sixty-five sleeping rooms, a large dining room, office and all modern conveniences, and is considered the leading hotel ol Elko. Tn his fraternal relations Mr. Bradley is a member of the Ancient "Order of United Workmen and the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Mason in Elko Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., in 1900. Although not a seeker after political preferment, he gives a stalwart support to the Deraocratic party, and is an active worker in the ranks of his party. On the 25th of February, 1891, Mr. Bradley was united in marriage to Miss Mary H. Armstrong, who was born in Star valley, Elko county, and is a daughter of Benjarain Armstrong, also of this county. They have two daughters, Beulah and Alice May. The family reside in a commodious brick residence in Elko, and they enjoy a wide circle of friends and ac- c|uaintances. HON. S. J. HODGKINSON. There is no druggist of Reno who has longer been a resident of the city than has Hon. S. J. Hodgkinson, and he is likewise numbered among the pioneers of Nevada, having settled here in territorial days. Widely knoxvn and respected throughout the state, his record will prove of interest to many of our readers, and it is therefore with pleasure that xve present this record. A native of Missouri, he was bom oT^ m (f^-f-^^^c^^-^jO^ , '/^-'^c.aC\iiy. A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 327 in 1852, and is ol English ai-icestr)-. His parents, S. PI. and Mary Ann (Jackson) Flodgkinson, xvere both natixes of England. Crossing the Atlantic to the United States, his father resided in Mis souri for some time. In the fifties he, accompanied by his wife, three daugh ters and son crossed the plains to California. He a\ orked on a ranch in Santa Clara county, and in i860 came to the territory of Nexada, settling on a ranch on the east fork of the Carson rixer near C;irson City. There he cultivated and improved a farm, and, selling that propeily, purchased a home in Carson City and xxas engaged in teaming there. For some time he held the oflice of constable, and he xvas captain of the guards at the state penitentiary under P. C. Hynian. Both he and his xvife were earnest Chris tian people, his merabership being xvith the Methodist church, xvhile she be longed to the Episcopal church. In politics he xvas a Democrat, and as a citizen xvas knoxvn for his loyalty to all that he bdiex-ed xvould prove ol gen eral benefit. He died in 1891, and his good xvife, still surviving him at the age of seventy years, is noxv living in San Francisco. S. J. Hodgkinson xvas in his ninth year xvhen he arrived in Nevada. He xvas educated in a private seminary in Carson City, and xvhen thirteen years of age entered the drug store of O. P. Willis as a clerk. For eight years he remained xvith that gentleman, acquiring a thorough knoxvledge of the business and serving his employer so faithfully that he xvon his un qualified confidence and regard. He xvas at first paid txventy dollars per month, and his xvages Avere advanced from time to time as he became more capable and acquired a raore comprehensive understanding of the business. On leaving the service of Mr. Willis he accepted a clerkship in the store of John G. Fox, a dealer in genei-al merchandise, jexvelry and notions. Later he spent a year and a half in marking clothes in a laundry, and for two years was inside guard at the penitentiary under General Batterman. It xvas on the 22d of September, 1882, that Mr. Hodgkinson arrived in Reno, xvhere he secured a position in the drug store of John Myers. A little later he borrowed the four thousand dollars xvith xvhich he purchased the business of his employer, and from that time until the present his patronage has steadily grown. Soon he had discharged all of his indebtedness, and he noxv owns a store building as well as his stock and is enjoying a most extensive patronage. For more than tAventy-one years he has engaged in business in Reno, and his reputable business methods, his enterprise and pi-obity haxe won for him the confidence and good will of the entire public. In 1890 Mr. Hodgkinson xvas joined in Avedlock to Miss Eugene E. Wall, a native of Rensselaer Falls, New York, and a graduate of St. LaAv rence University. Three sons graced this marriage, all bom in Reno : Lawrence J., Francis and Samuel J. Mrs. Hodgkinson is a valued member of the Episcopal church and is an estimable lady, presiding xvith gracious hospitality over their pleasant home. Mr. Hodgkinson is a raenil>er of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and in the latter is past grand chancellor. His political allegiance is given to the Republican party, and he has been chief of the Reno fire de partment for txvelve years. He xvas elected and served for txvo terms in the Nevada state assembly, and he served on the staff of Governor Bradley with 328 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the rank ol lieutenant colonel. He has also been a captain of Corapany C of the National Guards of Nex'ada. He was the first president of the first board of pharmacists ol the state. He has been active in public liie as a representative of coraraercial and political interests, and the salient features of his character have been allegiance to duty, strong p-jrpose and unfaltering energy in carrying forward any task or trust reposed in him. J. W. GUTHRIE, the efficient county assessor of Humboldt county, Nevada, was born in Ohio on the 15th of March, 1858. His father, John Baker Guthrie, was a native of Penn,sylvania, but was married In Ohio, the lady of his choice being Miss Harriet Watt, a native of that comraonwealth. With his wife and four children, two sons and two daughters, John Baker Guthrie crossed the plains to California, being six months on the journey, and they were fortunate in escaping disease and from the Tndians. On their arrival in the Golden state the family located at Texas Springs, Shasta county, where Mr. Guthrie engaged in teaming from Sacramento to Union ville, Nevada, and In 1862 the family located at the latter place, the father continuing his teaming operations, hauling goods from Sacramento to Unionville, wood to the mills and salt from the Humboldt salt, marsh to Silver City, Idaho. He owned the old Humboldt salt marsh, and oxen were used in his hauling. In those early days many thus engaged were killed by the Tndians, but Mr. Guthrie fortunately escaped. He owned nine ox-teams (nine yoke to the team) and each teamster was furnished with a Henri rifle; and thus the redskins were afraid to attack the party. Later in life he purchased a ranch twelve miles southwest of Winnemucca, the tract con sisting of four hundred acres, and there he planted one of the finest fruit orchards in the state. He was called to his final rest in 1890, when he had reached the age ol sixty-four years, and his Avidow, who bravely shared Avith her husband in all the trials and hardships of a pioneer life, still resides on the old home ranch, being now in her seventy-second year, and her many noble characteristics have won for her many friends. 01 the lour children who crossed the plains with this worthy couple in 1859, the second daughter, Minerva Jane, is now deceased; Florence L., the oldest daughter, married C. S. Varian, a prominent attorney, and resides in Salt Lake City, Utah; S. R. Guthrie resides in Winnemucca. The following children Avere born to them in their western homes : Sarah Melissa, now Mrs. Charles McDeid, and a resident ol Winneraucca; Carrie, the wile of G. M. Rose, a printer, also of that city; John Frank, a resident of Pleasant valley; Hattie A., the wife of W. A. Brown, a druggist in Winneraucca ; James Albert and Charles, deceased; and Arthur W., who makes his home on the ranch Avith his mother. J. W. Guthrie was but one year old when he was taken by his parents across the plains to California, and in Unionville, Nevada, he was reared to mature years and received his education in the public schools. Since attain ing his raa jority he has devoted his attention to ranching and the stock business, and is now interested in a sulphur mine near the Humboldt House in which locality the first sulphur in the state was found and where large quantities are now being produced. In political matters Mr. Guthrie allied A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 329 his interests with the Republican party, but has supported the movement in favor of silver when he believed it a benefit to the community to do so. In 1890 he was elected to the responsible office of assessor of the county of Humboldt, to which he has since been re-elected for three four-year terras, and is now serving in a two-year term. When he first became a candidate for the position on the Republican ticket in a strongly Democratic com munity, he received only a small majority, but at each succeeding election he has polled a handsome majority. He is thoroughly posted as to prop erty valuation in the county, and is considered by his fellow-citizens as the right man for the place. In 1879 Mr. Guthrie was united in marriage to Miss May Viola George, a native of the state of Iowa, and they have six children: Vera Ethlyn, Malvina Grace, Edna Elizabeth, John Ira, Charles William and Florence May. The famUy reside in a pleasant residence in Winnemucca, and are among the highly esteemed residents of the city. Mr. Guthrie is a past master in the Ancient Order of United Workmen. WILLIAM COPPERSMITFI. The enterprise and efforts of William Coppersmith have contributed materially to the improvement of Reno, for he has erected a number of residences here and their attractive style has added to the beauty as well as the growth of the city. In various ways he has been associated with the development of the great west, and the spirit of progress which has so long been dominant here is exemplified in his life record. Mr. Coppersmith was born in Baden, Germany, on the 6th of March, 1843. -His father died in that country, and his mother, Mrs. Francisca Coppersmith, afterward emigrated to the United States, bringing her two children, while two of the family had preceded them to the new world. Subsequently the mother returned to Germany and spent her remaining days in her native country, dying at the advanced age of eight-seven years. Mr. Coppersmith was a youth of eleven years when he arrived on this side of the Atlantic The faraily home was established in Quincy, Illinois, where, in the public schools, he continued his education, which had been begun in the fatherland. Almost from the time he arrived In America, however, he has been dependent upon his own resources for a living, and is deserving of great credit for what he has accomplished in the business world. In i860 he crossed the plains with oxen, desiring to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the great west, which was just being opened up to the civilization and enterprise of the east. He first settled on Blue river, and there engaged in placer mining, but in that venture met with poor success. In 1862, attracted by the raining excitement in Montana, he made his way to Grasshopper Gulch, where he carried on mining, having a rich claim and being one of the first to meet success in his undertakings there. His brother Louie was killed there by the caving in of a mine. After making a stake at Grasshopper Gulch, Mr. Coppersmith went to San Francisco, where he engaged in dealing in sheep. He also made a trip to Los Angeles, where he purchased two hundred and fifty head ol horses. 330 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. whidi he drove to Reno. After seUing a part of tliem here, he drove the remainder to Winnemucca, where he completed his sale. On the expiration of that period he returned to Inyo county, California, xvhere he purchased cattle which he took to Lassen county, California, and there he secured a ranch of eight hundred and fourteen acres, on whicii he built a residence and made good impro'vements, later selling the property at a good advance, so that he realized a very desirable financial return on the investment. Mr. Coppersmith then came to Reno. This was in the year 1897, and, having faith in the development and progress of the city, he invested in lots ancl began building residences for renting. In this enterprise he has since continued, and has now erected a number of fine residences which add to the material growth and improvenient of the city and make his labors of much value to Reno as xvell as a source of good income to himself. Although he is not a carpenter and therefore takes no part in the construction of the houses, he superintends the building and has both practical and excellent ideas concerning the building of attractive and commodious homes. Mr. Coppersmith is likewise a stockholder and one of the directors ol the Co-operative General Mercantile Store ol Reno. His present enviable posi tion In financial ancl business circles is in marked contrast to his condition xvhen as a boy he started out to make his oxx-n xvay in the world. In 1869 Mr. Coppersmith was united in marriage to Miss Paulina Peck, a native ol Germany, and they now have two children : Willie, the present manager of the Co-operative store; and Fannie, the wife of C. A. Scott, a resident of Long Valley, California. In his political affiliations Mr. Copper smith is a Republican and served as postmaster under the administration of President McKinley, before leaving California. He is a business man of the highest integrity and ability, and Reno has profited by his labors here, for he belongs to that class of enterprising, progressive citizens Avho Avhile promoting their individual success also enhance the general Avelfare. GEORGE W. MAPES. Flistory is no longer a record of wars and con quests nor the account of the subjugation of one nation by another, but is formed of business annals and is a representative of what has been ac complished in commercial, agricultural and mining circles. The men who are therefore prominent in tOAvn, county or state are they who are managing the important business affairs which largely affect the interests of state. Tn such connection George W. Mapes is well known, being the president of the Washoe County Bank. He came to Nevada in 1863, and through his own un aided efforts in the stock business has risen to a position prominent among the wealthy men of the state. A native of Ncav York, Mr. Mapes was born in Hartland, Niagara county, on the 21st ol March, 1833. His paraits were likewise natives ol the Empire state, but in 1847 his lather, Ira Mapes, removed with his Iamily to Michigan, settling on a larm in Eaton county, near the town of Bellevuc There he cultivated and improved a good tract ol land, making a valuable farm property. Industrious and honorable in all his business deal ings, he met Avith good success and acquired a comfortable competence lor EnQ &y Hcr-jryTci. ^^ A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 331 old age. He departed this life in the seventy-fourth year of his age, while his wile attained the age of seventy-three years. They were the parents of six sons and one daughter. George W. Mapes, who is the only representative of the family in Nevada, was a youth of fourteen years at the tirae of the removal of his parents to Michigan. The family home was in a district which was then largely wild and unimproved, and pioneer conditions existed to a consider able extent. He worked upon the home farm during the summer months and attended school through the winter seasons, completing his education in the Congregational College in Olivet, Michigan. The great west, with its broad opportunities, then attracted him, and in 1854 he proceeded by steamer to California. He Avas engaged in placer mining in Sierra and Nevada counties for four years, but raet with only moderate success in that work. In 1858 he engaged in the stock business in Sonoma county, Cali fomia, and since that time has been actively connected with that depart ment of business activity. He prefers high-grade Durham cattle, and is now engaged in raising stock of that kind. His success has been such that he is now proprietor of large stock ranches in California, in Oregon and Nevada, having many thousand acres of land. He reraoved to Plumas county, California, in 1863, and resided in the Sierra valley for seventeen years, during which time he did business in Virginia City and later in Reno, furnishing the towns with beef cattle. During the forty-four years ol his con nection with stock-raising interests he has placed upon the marked many thousands of cattle, his sales reaching a large annual figure, and to-day he is justly numbered among the leading representatives of the business on the Pacific coast. He has a thorough knowledge of the needs of stock, and in all his work is particularly capable and progressive. In 1866 occurred the marriage of Mr. Mapes and Miss Josephine Whit- craft, a daughter of John Whitcraft and AUuna (Shaw) Whitcraft, who crossed the plains in 1852. Mrs. Mapes' father was a native of New York, and in early days was a school teacher and afterAvard an attorney. Mr. and Mrs. Mapes have three children : George L., who is connected with his father in stock-raising interests; Charles W., who is receiving teller in the bank ; and Echo, who is now a student in San Francisco. In 1880 Mr. Mapes removed with his family tO' Reno and now has one of the most attractive and beautiful homes of the city. He has invested a large amount of money in realty here, and owing to the rapid growth of the city this has greatly advanced in value. He owns the large block in which the Reno Mercantile Company is now doing business, the block in which the Levy store is located and also the block in which the Frank clothing house is located. He is likewise proprietor of the telephone building, and is associ ated with the conduct ol various business enterprises ol Reno, all of which are being capably conducted, his advice and wise counsel being important factors in their successful management. Mr. Mapes is a member of the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows, with which he is identified in all its branches. He was a Democrat in early life, but is now a believer in the principles of the Republican party, and he keeps well informed on the questions and issues of the day, although he has never been a seeker for public office. 332 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. He is a large stockholder in the Washoe County Bank, is now serving as its president and takes an active and deep interest in promoting its success. He has beai connected with the bank since it organized with fifty thousand dollars capital, and has been one of its principal stockholders tO' the present time. He possesses untiring energy, is quick of ;perception, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution, and his close application tO' busi ness and his excellent management have brought tO' hira the high degree of prosperity which is to-day his. His course demonstrates the truth of the say ing that success is not the result of genius but the outcome of clear judgment and experience. D. E. LEWIS, a successful and long established business man of Eureka, is one of the old settlers of Nevada, and made his acquaintance Avith it as a territory in 1854, when he passed through with an emigrant train to California. He has been engaged in various enterprises since coming to the west, and has met with more than his share of unavoidable reverses, but his energy and true western spirit of never-give-up have each time placed him on his feet again and made him more prosperous than before. During thirty years of residence in Eureka he has gained the respect and esteem -of* all with whom he has come in contact in business or personal relation's, and he and his sons are classed with the solid and progressive citizenry of the town and county. Mr. Lewis Avas born in Wales, April 28, 1837, and is a son of Edward and Mary (Thomas) Lewis, also natives of that country, and who eraigrated to America in 1846, bringing with them their nine children. They settled in the state ol Missouri, where they reraained a few years, and in 1854 made the journey across the plains to Calif.ornia, six of their children accompany ing them. They dro've oxen, and were four and a half months on the way. They brought their live-stock with them, and when they arrived in Sacra mento county they engaged in farming. EdAvard Lewis died in California ¦in 1883 at the ripe age, of eighty-six years, and his pioneer wife had passed away In 1863. But two of their children are now living. Mr. Lewis was but a child -wheri he was brought to this country, and was still a boy when the journey Avas made across the plains. The greater part of his education was received in California, and before he started out independently he helped his father Avith the farm work. He had a farm of his own in Sacramento county, but alter the flood came in i860 and drowned all his stock, he gave up that business and for a nuraber ol years was successfully engaged in teaming. There Avas all the work in this line that one could attend to in those days, and it paid avcU, although it was an outdoor life and exposed to hardships and many dangers. While thus en gaged he freighted to Virginia City and Silver City, Nevada, and, having thus made the acquaintance of the country, he came to the state in 1868 and raade it his permanent headquarters while he continued teaming. He hauled ore frora the Yellow Jacket mine, and followed this occupation for two years. He came to Eureka in 1870, and for the following three years was foreman of the furnaces. He began his livery business in 1889, and A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 333 has continued in this Avith good success to the present tirae. Tn addition, he now deals in hay and grain, and his wide acquaintance in the state and his straightforward methods of doing business have brought hira a good patronage. During his residence in California and Nevada he has had the almost unparalleled record of having been burned out fourteen tiraes, each time -without insurance, and he Avas nearly financially ruined every time. In 1874 the opposite demon of Avater visited hira, and carried away his resi dence, so that there seems to have been some malice in late's constant attend ance upon him. He has never surrendered, however, and each time his sterling manhood has only come out the stronger. In i860 Mr. Lexvis xvas married to Miss Mary Mathews, and of this union four children Avere bom, of Avhom two are living, Frank and Fred, the former driving stage and the latter with his father. Mrs. Lewis died in 1894, after a happy married life of nearly thirty-five years. She was a faithful wife ancl a good mother to her children, and her loss 'has been felt in the community as Avell as in her family. Mr. Lewis has a good residence in Eureka, and is well known throughout the county where he has been active for so many years. SAMUEL CRESCENZO, the wdl known retired capitalist of Austin, Nevada, is one of the oldest living pioneers of the state, having first come here in 1864. He has been in business in Austin almost continuously for forty years, which marks him as one of the conspicuous men of Lander county. He has had a life of A'aried experiences, and has been leading an independent existence since he Avas twelve years old. He was a young man when he came to the Pacific coast, but had saved his earnings, and from the time he started his first mercantile enterprise he has prospered and enjoyed increasing success till the present. He gave up active business life -a lew years ago, and is uoav living in pleasant retirement, enjoying the esteem and confidence of those Avith Avhom he has been associated through so long a period of years. Mr. Crescenzo was born in Italy on April 8, 1833, and was educated in his native land. He went to sea, working his way through the grades of seamanship, and was in New York city as early as 1845. F"'' twelve .years he sailed on vessels, and had some savings when he took up a perma nent residence in the United States in 1854. In 1856 he landed at San Fran cisco, and shortly afterward opened a store at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras county. He also sold general merchandise at Angels Camp, and made money at both places. He afterward Avent to Washington territory, where he sold goods for two years. He had been in NeA'ada in 1863 and in 1864 he located permanently at Austin and bought the International Hotel, which he con ducted for thirty-seven years, selling it only a year or so ago. He also built the hall in connection with the hotel, and he was the enterprising man ager of both, making them pay profitable returns. He still has a number ol other business places in the town. In 1881 he built the large brick store which his son, John A. Crescenzo, is conducting. They have a large stock of general merchandise, and the large double store is full of first-class goods 334 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. bought for cash and retailed to an ever increasing patronage at reasonable prices. His son is a native of Austin, and is one of the prominent young business men ol the town. Mr. Crescenzo has been a lile-long Democrat, but casting his ballot intelligently has been his principal political effort. Fle was made a Master Mason in Austin, and has received all the York and Scottish Rite degrees, including the thirty-second. Tn 1868 he was married in Austin to Miss Eliza beth Oertli, and they had three children. Samuel A., the eldest, died at the age ol thirty, and the other son has been mentioned ; Lucy, the only daughter, is the wife of Oscar Clifford, a prominent citizen and druggist of Austin. Mrs. Crescenzo died January 3, 1892, after they had spent nearly twenty- five ¦years of happy life togetlier. Mr. Crescenzo has a pleasant home in Austin, and has proved himself a public-spirited and conscientious citizen in all the affairs of life. J. E. PICKARD, M. D. A prominent physician and surgeon of the regular school, practicing his profession at Virginia City, Dr. J. E. Pickai'd enjoys the admiration and respect which the world instinctively pays to the man whose success has been worthily achieved and whose prominence is not the less the result of superior ability than of an irreproachable life. A native of Ontario, Dr. J. E. Pickard was born in Kent county, on the 14th of July, 1856, and is descended from an old Pennsylvania family, his ancestors having resided through several generations in the Keystone state. His parents were Elias and Elizabeth (Everett) Pickard, who were farming people and settled in Kent county, Ontario, where they reared their family. They have always been adherents of the Methodist and Presbyterian faith as a family, and the representatives of the name have been people of sterling worth of character. Both the parents have passed away, the father having died at the age of seventy-one years, while his wife departed this life at the age of sixty-two years. Of their family of five children, three are now living. The son John Everett Pickard is the only member of the family in Nevada. He pursued his education in the Chatham Collegiate Institute and the Ottawa Normal School, and his medical degree of M. D., C. M. was obtained in the Victoria University at Coburg, in the year 1885, and his M. D. in Toronto University in the same year. He then practiced his profession in Thamesville for seven years, at the end ol which time he deterniined to try his fortune in the west, believing that he might have better opportunities in this great and growing section of the country. Accordingly he came to Nevada, settling in Virginia City in January, 1892, and here he soon secured a large and remunerative patronage. He is a member of the State Medical Association and the American Medical Association, and is the county physician for Storey county. He has a large suite of rooms, and has all the latest electrical appliances, including an X-ray machine. He uses the latest and raost perfect surgical instruments, and, while he conducts an extensive general practice, he takes especial in terest in surgery and has met with eminent success in this branch of the A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. 335 profession. Pie has a comprehensive and accurate knowledge of anatomy, a nicety of touch and a cool head and steady nerve which have made his surgical work of great benefit to his fellow men. He is a close and earnest student of his profession, discriminating in his reading, and he readily selects the ideas and methods which are advanced that will prove of most benefit to him in his practice. Fle is an enthusiast in his profession and when called upon to alleviate human suffering he never takes into consideration the financial standing of his patient, but renders his aid as freely to the im pecunious as to those who are abundantly able to amply repay him for his work. Fle has thus made his professional labors a' benefit and blessing to his felloAV men, and while he has acquired a comfortable competence it has never Ijeen xvith him the paramount issue. In 1893 Dr. Pickard xvas united in marriage to Miss Mary Collier, of Sarnia, Ontario, a lady of refinement and culture and a valued member of the Presbyterian church. The Doctor is a Sir Knight Templar, belongs to the Mystic Shrine, and aims to square his life by the tenets of the craft. HARRY M. GORI-TAM, of Virginia City, Nex'ada, superintendent of the Challar Potosi and Sooage mines, came to this locality in 1877. He is a native of Cleveland, Ohio, xvhere he was born March 4, 1859, and he coraes of 'old English ancestry. The founder of the faraily in America xvas John Gorham, xvho emigrated to New England in 162 1, and was a sea captain by occupation. He married Desire, the daughter of John Howland, of X^ew England fame. Members of both sides of Mr. Gorham's family xvere active participants in the early history of the country and served in both King Philip's war and that of the Revolution. Edward Gorham, the father of H. M. Gorham, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, July 31, 1832. He married Miss Cornelia Jones, a native of Cleveland, Ohio, bom June 11, 1839, a daughter of Thomas Jones, Sr. who was one of the founders of the city of Cleveland. Edward J. Gor ham had gone to Cleveland Avhen a young man, but later in life went to California, and there died May 9, 1903. Ilis wife survives, aged sixty-four years. These parents had two children, Harry M. and Mrs. Schuyler Cole, of Cole Grove, California. Mr. Gorham was educated in Cleveland, where he grew to manhood, and then came to Nevada, at fii'st accepting a position with the Crown Point Company as timekeeper, but soon was made superintendent of the Kentuck, and gradually advanced to higher and more responsible places. Mr. Gorham has been connected with several of the leading mines of this locality, and his reputation as a mining expert is very high not only in Virginia City but throughout the state. Until the silver question arose, Mr. Gorham was a Republican, but he then felt that the party had departed from its true principles, and from then on he has been a silver Republican. He has always been active in politics, attending county and state conventions, and supporting those measures he believed would work for the best interests of the state and country. On April 15, 1885, he was married to Jessie Anderson, a native of 336 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. San Francisco, California, and a daughter of Hon. Thomas Anderson, now deceased, of that city. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Gor ham but only a son, Harry Winthrop Gorham, remains. Fraternally Mr. Gorham is a member of the order of Elks and is a Knight Templar Mason. Successful, enterprising, thoroughly posted in his chosen profession, Mr. Gorham occupies a very high position aniong the leaders in the city, and has a host of warm personal friends. GEORGE LOVELOCK, pioneer, the founder ol two towns which bear his name, honored and respected as the patriarch ol the town of Love locks, Humboldt county, Nevada, has had, during his life of eighty years, a career of varied experience, passed in different climes, and of successful effort and accomplishment. He is a native of England, born March ii, 1824, and was reared and educated in that country. He married Miss Mary Forest, and shortly after their marriage they took ship to Australia, being four and a half months on the voyage, and their first child,. Fred Lovelock, was born on the passage. In Australia he was employed in the copper mines for over txvo years, after xvhich he and his family embarked for the Sandwich Islands. When seven railes from the islands they were wrecked on a reef, . and during the storm their infant daughter died, but was buried on land. Leaving his wife and child on these islands of the Pacific, Mr. Lovelock set sail for San Francisco, in the schooner Starlin. Tn the course of the voyage he chanced to overhear the plot of some pirates, stowed away on board, to capture the ship, throw the passengers overboard and sail away on their freebooting enterprise. Mr. Lovelock revealed this information to the captain during the night, who took measures to frustrate their plans by battening them down under the hatches, whence they were allowed to come forth one by one and surrender, being kept under guard all the rest of the Avay. On arriving at San Francisco, on April 3, 1850, the pirates effected their escape. Mr. Lovelock had learned the carpenter trade, and for the first few xveeks he was engaged in building houses in Happy valley. In May he went to Sacramento, where, in June, he was joined by his xvife and family, after which they reraoved to Brown's valley, and thence to Feather river, Avhere he built the second house in what is now the city of Oroville, and his son Thomas was the first"child born there, in September, 1851. In 1852 he moved to Marysville, California, for a more healthful location for his family, and thence to Butte creek, cutting Out the pine trees to raake a road thither. He built a little store there, and the place yvas named Lovelock in his honor, so that this little California village stiU exists as a memorial to his efforts there. He remained there until the spring of 1855, when he made the wagon road over the mountains to Honey Lake valley, where he was engaged in placer mining at Meeker's Flat, above Rich Bar,' and had fine luck, taking out from eighty to one hundred dollars a day. He was also engaged in teaming. He removed to Butte, California, in 1859. He also built a sawmill at Lovelock, but at the beginning of the Civil war the demand A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 337 for lumber ceased and he abandoned his Califomia enterprises and struck out, for Nevada. He was located at the mouth of Rocky canyon, Humboldt county, until 1866, when he removed to Avhere the town of Lovelocks has since been built, and bought the squatter's right of two old men, three hundred and twenty acres, for $2,250, and got Avith it the oldest water right on the river. When the Southern Pacific Railroad Avas being built in 1867 he gave eighty-five acres for a toxvn site, which the company named Lovelocks, and they also promised to give him a block in the town ; but this agreeraent was not kept, and he had to pay five hundred dollars for half of the block. Also, in return for giving the road the right of xvay he was to receive a free pass, but he had only one free ride; and, as the corapany now has no title to the right of way, he intends to make them pay for it. Besides his extensive real estate interests, Mr. Lovelock has always continued his prospecting and mining, and is a thoroughly posted mineralo gist. He now owns in Churchill county, near the Humboldt county line, three claims, a mile and a quarter long, xvhich contain a high per cent of cobalt, nickel and copper, and this property is now bonded at fifty thousand dollars to_ parties who are developing the mines. Eight children xvere born to Mr. and Mrs. Lovelock in Nevada, and five of them are living. Fred resides In Tonopah, and the daughters and their husbands all live in Lovelocks, on lands ol Avhich Mr. Lovelock Avas the owner at an early day. In 1882 his first wile died, and Mr. Lovelock then married Mrs. Evans, who lived Avith him happilv for three years, Avhen she was drowned In the river near at home, where she had been fishing. Mr. Lovelock has a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and has had a happy family life, being beloved and honored by both relatives and his many friends. He has never joined any society, and has made his own way in life, his career being its OAvn justification and eulogy. Tn politics he has always voted the Republican ticket, and is a member of the Episco pal church. ANDREW H. SMITH. The German-American element in our citi- zen.ship is an important one. The Teutonic race has been a factor in the civilization of the world for many centuries, and the Gerraan empire has sent its sons into many lands, carrying with them the civilization and progress of their own country. They have assisted materially in the upbuilding of various sections of the world, and in the United States have torne an im portant part in the work of developraent. Andrew H. Sraith, a representatix'e of the fatherland in Nevada, Avas born on the 5th of January, 1854, His father. died in Gerraany, and in 1862 the mother, with her two sons, Joseph and Andrew H., emigrated to the United States, locating at Buri ington, Wisconsin. Andrew H. Smith was then a lad of tAvelve summers. He had attended school to some extent in Germany, and he afterward spent one winter as a student in the schools of Burlington. Tn that city the mother continued to reside until called to her final rest when in the sixtieth year of her age. 338 A HISTORY OF NEWVDA, Mr. Smith is the only member of the family in Nevada, and from his arriA'al in this country he has earned his oxvn living, and assisted in the support of his mother xvhile she Avas yet living. In Wisconsin he Avas em ployed in a brick yard, foUoAving that pursuit until his remoA'al to the Avest in 1871. Coining to Nevada, he Avas employed in ^^'aslloe county for thirty dollars per month and his board. .A little later he Avent to \^irginia City, xxhere he began xxorking in the mines xxith pick and shovel, being thus em ployed until the great fire there. He then removed to San Francisco, xvhere he secured a situation in a feed store, but in 1876 returned to Nevada, .settling in Tuscarora, xvhere he worked in the mines for txvelve years, acquiring a practical knoxvledge of the business and gaining information that has been of much value to him in later years. He xxas for a time engaged in the brewing business, and in 1896 he purchased an interest in the Bull Run mine. In 1900, in connection xvith a partner, he built a ten-stamp niUl and put in a cyanide process. They began the operation of the raill on the ist of Novem ber, and continued it until the ist of January, 1903, during xvliich time they shipped one hundred and fort}' thousand dollars' xxortli of bullion. On the expiration of that period they sold the mine and plant for one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Smith then retired from mining interests and established his home in Reno, purchasing- a fine residence at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, Avhich he occupies xxith his family. In 1887 occurred the marriage of Mr. Smith and Miss Katie Cuneux, a native of Nevada, born in Unionville and of French ancestry. They now have txvo children : Velina and Frank, both of xvhoni are students. Mr. Smith is a Republican in his political allegiance, and fraternally is connected xvith the Knights of Pythias and the Masons, having been raised in Tuscarora Lodge No. I, F. & A. M. He is a past master of his lodge, and is deeply interested in its development, believing firmly in its principles and tenets. Mr. Smith certainly deserves to be classed among the self-made men xvhose life records are xvorthy of the highest commendation and of emula tion. Starting out for himself at the early age of tAvelve years, he has since been dependent upon his oxvn resources. Difficulties and obstacles have at times beset his path, but these haxe seemed but to serve as an Impetus for renewed effort, and with laudable ambition to stimulate his energies and enterprise he has gradually worked his Avay upAvard until he is now in the possession of a handsome competence that enatiles him to live retired. HON. ROS\VELL K. COLCORD, ex-governor of Nevada and super intendent of the United States mint at Carson City, has been a resident of the state since 1863. He is a native of Maine, having been born in Waldo county, April 25, 1839, and is descended from a family whose members have borne an important part in the upbuilding of the country. His grand father, David Colcord, xvas born in Nexv Hampshire, and spent his life in farming and as a local Methodist minister, living to the age of eighty-seven years. His son James was born in Maine, xvhen that state formed a part of Massachusetts, in 1803, and xvhen a young man engaged in a seafaring life, but later became a farmer. He married Eliza Curaiingham, also a A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 339 native of Maine, and both were consistent members of the Methodist-church. She died at the age of fifty-eight years, xvhile he lived to be seventy-three years of age. Six children xvere bom to these parents, namely: Sarah E., Maria N., James W., Rosxvell K., Flax'illa and Orilla, but Governor Colcord is the only one living in Nevada. The education of Hon. R. K. Colcord xvas received in the town of Seaport, and also learned mechanical engineering in the evening school of that place. When but fifteen years of age he was apprenticed to the ship-carpenter's trade. Tn the meantime, in 185 1, his father visited Cali fornia, and spent txvo years there, and in 1856, impressed with the possi bilities of that country, he returned, taking his son Roswell xvith hira, the latter being then seventeen years of age. They rained in Tuoluinne and Calaveras counties. About 1863, after some years spent together mining with marked success, the father returned to his eastern home, and the son journeyed to Nevada, Avhich Avas to become the scene of his future great ness. Upon locating in this state Govemor Colcord engaged in building bridges and mills, and goon became well known as an expert mechanical engineer and contractor, and to this day he has been identified Avith the most important triumphs In mechanical construction throughout the state. Perhaps his most marked success along these lines Avas his AVork on the old mine at Bodie. This mine had been worked for twenty years without any definite results, but after Governor Colcord took charge of it, putting in his machinery and developing all its resources, it became one of the best paying mines in the locality. He Avas also the superintendent of the Imperial mine at Gold Hill at the time it Avas one of the largest mines in the state, and was general manager ol the English Company's property at Aurora, out ol which he took one hundred thousand dollars in bullion in sixty clays, run ling the stock up to tAventy-two shillings, and ol which he continued manager lor a nuraber of years. He is now general superintendent of the consolidated raines of the Esmeralda Corapany, which is a. fine property OAvned by one of the most reliable companies in the country. During all of these years Governor Colcord has been acquiring valuable property of his own throughout this state and California, including a beautiful home in Carson City, surrounded by extensive grounds, where he and his family reside, enjoying aU of the luxuries of life. Since casting his first vote Govemor Colcord has been a stanch Repub lican. In fact his sympathies were with the principles promulgated by that parlry when. It was organized, but he was too young to give expression to them legally, although on the passage to California, Avhen a vote was taken among the passengers, he was happy to support General Fremont, the Re publican candidate. Out of the eleven hundred passengers Fremont received a majority of two hundred and eighty-seven votes. Although so ardent a supporter of party principles, he never sought office, and it Avas with diffi culty that his friends induced him to accept noraination for governor. The fact that he was elected by a majority of eight hundred and sixty-three, however, proved that the people approved of the choice, and during his administration he fully justified the confidence placed in him by the party and his constituents. While acting as governor he was also ex-officio regent 340 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. of the State University, and in that capacity succeeded in having a depart ment of mechanical engineering founded, Avith full equipment of tools and other appliances provided so that a thorough practical knoAvledge of this most useful science could be obtained by the students. During the general strike in 1893, President Cleveland sent United States soldiers to protect the mail routes across the country, and the Gov ernor received a telegram from Reno asking if he Avould call out the state militia to assist the United States troops If required. He immediately replied "yes" and that he Avould take personal coraraand. During that strike there Avere trying times along the lines of the railroads in XTevada, and it Avas the only time Governor Colcord Avas ever knoxvn to completely lose his temper xvhile in office. A petition xvas presented to him containing three hundred and eighty-seven signatures, requesting hira to demand of the presi dent that he immediately AvithdraAV the Federal troops from the state. He replied that any raan Avho Ax'ould circulate or sign such a petition xvas a traitor to his country, and that President ClcA'dand's action in calling out the troops to protect life and property, enforce the laAVS and preserve order Avas thought justifiable and the most commendable cf any during his ad ministration. By the state legislature he xvas also made chain-nan of the state board of assessors and equalizers of taxes, and the valuation xvas raised on all property to practically double the former assessment. This raised a great deal of opposition, but Govemor Colcord xvould not recede from the posi tion he had taken, and he never failed to stick firm to his convictions and to carry out Avhat he belicA'cd Avas right, no matter Avhat pressure Avas brought to bear upon him. On October 14, 1898, to the satisfaction of the entire community, he xvas appointed superintendent of the United States mint at Carson City by President AlcKinley, Avhich honorable position he StiU holds. On the 25th of April, 1868, GoA'ernor Colcord Avas married in Bishop Whittaker's church, at Virginia City, NeA'ada, to INIiss Mary F. Hopkins, and one daughter, Stella G., has been born of this union. The young lady is very accomplished and an important factor in the highest social life of the community. Governor Colcord has been a A'ery prominent member of the Masonic fraternity since 1865, Avas master of Silver Star Lodge in Gold Hill in 1866, joined the chapter the same year and has since passed all the degrees in that order. The highest praise Avhich can be accorded him lies in the Avords: "He ahvays has done his full duty." Whether as the young boy -working under his father in the mines of California, the enterprising mechanical engineer redeeming A-aludess property, the keen, practical raining expert successfully directing the affairs of pricdess property, the fearless, honorable director of a raighty commomvealth, the skilled and incorruptible government official, or the private citizen, Governor Colcord has conscientiously and faithfullv performed his Avork and done Avhat he believed Avas his Avhole duty, and none could do raore and fexv as much. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 341 HON, FRANK G. HOENSTINE, treasurer of Hurabokh county, Nevada, and for some years a soldier of the reg-ular United States army, during which he saw much service in the xvest against the Indians, xvas born in St. Clairsville, Delaware county, Pennsylx-ania, April 2^. 1852. His grandfather, Thaddeus Hoenstine, a native of Germany, emigrated to Amer ica in 1818, and his parents, Thaddeus, Jr. and Lea (Cam) Hoenstine, xvere both born in Pennsylvania, xvhere they spent their entire lives. They xvere members of the German Reformed church, and he xxas by occupation a farmer and miller. He died in 1888, in his eightieth year, and his xvife still survix'es, being noxv (1903) eighty-five years old. They xvere the parents of eight sons and four daughters, txvo sons and txvo daughters still living. Frank G. Hoenstine, xvho Is the only one of this family in the state of Nevada, Avas educated in the public schools of Pennsylvania, and Avorked on his father's farm until he xvas eighteen xears of age. He then xvent to Canada and was engaged in lumbering- for the next nine years. In 1879 he enlisted in Company E, Sixth United States Infantry, and xvas stationed at Fort Buford, Dakota, and also in Colorado and at Fort Washakie, Wy oming. After eight inonths of service he Axas promoted to first sergeant, and after five years of service against the Indians, in the course of Avhich he Avas in numerous campaigns and conflicts, he yvas discharged at Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, in 1884. He had ahvays escaped uninjured in battle, but was ill Avith inflammatory rheumatism for seventy-nine days. Tn 1884 he arrived in Paradise Valley, Nex'ada, and secured xvork in the mines at four dollars a day. Since then he has been engaged in various occupa tions, and has gained a due share of success from his efforts. Mr. Hoenstine has been a life-long Democrat, and In 1897 xvas elected a member of the Nevada state legislature, xvhere he xvas a conscientious Avorker for beneficent laAvs and measures for his county and state. In 1902 he Avas chosen treasurer of Humboldt county, the office of which he is at present the efficient and popular incumbent, and he has ahvays discharged his official duties so as to Avin the commendation of the public Mr. Hoenstine is a member of the Independent Order of Odd FelloAvs and of the Eagles. DENNIS SCULLY, who has served, by repeated re-elections, as sur veyor of Lander county, Nevada, for the past ten Acars, is one of the raost prominent men in his profession in the state. He is a raaster of his art, and during the- last txventy or txventy-five years has gained a fine reputation in different parts of the west, his work having called hira into various states and territories from the Mississippi valley to the coast. Mr. Scully was born in county Cork, Ireland, in April 24, 1848. He Avas educated in his native land, and learned the rudiments of his profession there. He came to the United States in 1879, and from Nexv Yoi-k xvent to Indiana, thence to Nebraska, to Wyoming, and then to Austin, Nevada. He is an expert in mining, surveying and engineering, and after coining to Nevada was engaged in raining in Austin and at Tuscarora, making some inoney by his operations, Fle was elected county surveyor of Lander county in 1894, and has been chosen at each succeeding election. 342 ' A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Scully surveyed for the Union Pacific Railroad in Wyoming and Utah, and has done much professional Avork in the mines of the west. He was employed by the United States government in surveying in Lander and Nye counties, and through the northern part of the state he ran the standard lines preparatory to making the subdivisions. He has the reputation of being one of the best if not the best mathematician in the state, and he is devoted to both the theoretical ancl the practical side of his profession. Mr. Scully is a member ol the Roman Catholic church, and is a Democrat in political principles, but now adheres to the silver narty. He is a man of thought, well posted on general affairs, and has made a reputation for his efficient work in his profession and also for the intelligent part he has taken as a citizen of his adopted county and state. HON. BENJAMIN F. CURLER. The legal profession demands a high order of ability and a rare combination of talent, learning, tact, patience and industry. The successful laAvyer and the competent judge must be a man of Avell balanced intellect, thoroughly familiar Avith the law and prac tice, of comprehensive general information, possessed of an analytical mind and a self-control that will enable hira to lose his individuality, his personal feelings, his prejudices and his peculiarities of disposition in the dignity, impartiality and equity ol the office to which liie, property, right and liberty must look for protection. Posse'ssing these qualities, Hon. Benjamin F. Curler justly merits the high honor which was conlerred upon him by his election to the bench ol the second judicial district ol Nevada. Judge Curler was born in La Plata, Churchill county, Nevada, on the i8th of February, 1866, and on the paternal side is connected with the prominent and well known Van Cuyler family of New York, of Holland Dutch ancestry. Representatives of this family were among the" first settlers of New Netherland, now Nexv York city, and Dr. Theodore Van Cuyler, a prominent divine of Brooklyn, Is of the same family. On the maternal side Mr. Curler is a representative of the Thompson family, ol Scotch and English lineage. Judge Benjamin Curler, the father of Judge Curler, was formerly upon, the bench of the fifth judicial district of Nevada, which district then comprised one of the counties which is uoav in the present judge's district. He was elected to that position when thirty-two years of age, and a strange coincidence is that Judge Curler was chosen to the same high and important office Avhen also thirty-two years of age, and just thirty-two years after his father's first election. . Judge Curler was educated in the University of Southern Califomia in Los Angeles and in the California State University at Berkeley. When he had acquired bi'oad literary learning he took up the study of law Avith the desire of becoming a member of the bar, matriculating In the law coUege in San Francisco. Previous to this time he had engaged in teaching school for one year in -Hawthorne, Nevada, and it was subsequently that he entered the California University. Following the completion of his legal course he retumed to Ha.wthorne and opened an office in that place. He was elected district attorney and served for a term of tw'o years. His first case was the A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 343 prosecution of a man named Pollock, Avho had killed the postmaster of Silver Peak, Nevada. Robert Linsey, a distinguished criminal lawyer, was era ployed on the defense, but Mr. Curler carefully prepared his case, mar shaled Avith precision the points in evidence and presented his case so clearly and forcefully that the prisoner Avas convicted of manslaughter and was sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years. The next criminal case xvith which he xvas connected Avas that of the state against Stephanzyn, and on this suit the Judge's father, Avho is also a noted criminal laAvyer, xvas on the defense. The son, however, put forth his best efforts and gained a verdict of manslaughter, and again the prisoner was sentenced to a term of ten years. Winning in contests xvith men of greater years and experience. Judge Curler soon manifested his marked ability and won high reputation as an able public prosecutor. On the close of his term of service he remoA'ed to Reno, where he practiced law for tAVO years, and Avas then elected district attorney of Washoe county, and by re-election Avas continued in that office for two terms, during Avhich time he conducted many noted criminal cases, which he prosecuted with his usual ability. In 1896 he was nominated on the Populist ticket for supreme judge, and ran far ahead of the party vote, although defeated by Judge Massey, a very able and popular lawyer representing the opposition. In 1898 Mr. Curler was elected district judge, and after serving for four years was re-elected in 1902, so that he is the present incumbent and xvill continue in the office until his service on the bench shall have covered eight -years. He is making a most satisfactory record, his decisions indicate strong mentality, careful analysis, a thorough knowledge of law and an unbiased judgment. His legal learning ancl the readiness with which he grasps the points in an argument combine to make hira one of the raost capable jurists that has ever sat upon this bench, and the public and the profession acknowl edge him the- peer of many of the strongest rqaresentatives of the Nevada bar. Judge Curler was a stanch Republican up to the time that the silver question came prominently before the people, since which tirae he has favored biraetalisni. Tn 1888 Judge Curler xvas united in marriage to Miss Dirsey D. Vogel, a native of Mississippi and a daughter of A. B. Vogel, of that state. They are now the parents of three children : Gussie R., Mollie D. and Ben Vogel. The attractive home of Judge and Mrs. Curler is situated in Reno and its hospitality is enjoyed by. many. They are memloers of the Baptist church, and it is their good fortune to enjoy the friendship of many of the leading citizens of Reno and of the state. The Judge's nature is kindly, his tempera ment jovial and genial, and his manner courteous. He is a raost companion able gentleman, but when on the bench his attitude at once Indicates the studious, earnest and scholarly judge, Avhose course fully upholds the majesty of the law. CAPTAIN JOFIN H. POOLY, foreman ol the Gould & Curry mines, has been connected with the mining interests of the Comstock mines since 1870. He is a native of Cornwall, England, where he was born October 25, 1846, and his father, John Pooly, was born in the same locality. Being 314 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. interested in mining affairs, the latter emigrated to America in 1848, at the time of the great gold excitement. Prior to his emigration he had lived in Brazil and in San Domingo, and finally died in Spain in May, 1864, aged fifty-four years. He married Elizabeth Trevern, a native of England, and she died in 1869, aged sixty years. They Were merabers of the Church of England, and are both buried in England. They were the parents of nine children, of whom Captain Pooly is the only member in Nevada. For fourteen years John H. Pooly worked in the ChoUar mine, and also for Hon. W. E. Sharon in the Yellow Jacket and all the Gold Hill mines for nine years. He was made foreman of the Gould & Curry mines in 1900 and is now doing developing work and quartz mining. As he thoroughly understands every detail of his work he is very well qualified for it. Captain Pooly was married in his native land to Mary Richards, who was born in Cornwall, England. One son was born to them, William J. Pooly. After twenty-eight years of happy married life, Mrs. Pooly was taken away by deatii January 17, 1903. She had been an excellent help mate, a true wife and wise mother. William J. Pooly was born in Virginia City in 1877 and was educated in the public schools of his native place, and was a very intelligent young man. He had been living in San Francisco but upon the death of his mother he returned to Virginia City, and after remaining with his father as long as he felt he could, the young man retumed to San Francisco, intending to take the civil service examination, but was taken ill and died March 9, 1903. The doubly bereaved father brought his only child's remains to his native town, and the citizens of Virginia City turned out in a body to do honor to the brave young man, scarcely out of boyhood, who had been taken away from what promised to be a long and honorable life, filled with useful deeds and true happiness. They also united in their expression of heartfelt sympathy towards the heartbroken father, whom they so esteemed and honored. HON. M. S. BONNIFIELD, of Winnemucca, for a number of years judge of the supreme bench of the state and now actively engaged in the practice of law, is one of the eminent merabers of the Nevada bar. He is also numbered among the early pioneers of the state, having crossed the plains to the territory in 1862, and his name has since been indissolubly identified with its annals. Mr. Bonnifield was born in West Virginia on the 14th of September, 1833, and it is claimed that the family were originally of French ancestry but had for centuries resided in. England. Rhodham Bonnifield, his father, married Miss Mary Minear, a lady of German ances try, and they removed from "W^est Virginia to Iowa in 1836, In which latter commonwealth they were numbered among the brave and loyal pioneers. They were farming people, and were merabers of the Methodist Episcopal church. The father passed away in death in 1838, at the age ol filty-four years, and his widow survived him only three inonths. A son and daughter also passed away within three months of each other, dying of pneumonia,, Mr. -and Mrs. Rhodham Bonnifield became the parents of filteen children, /Ji^^. <^^r?t^C^C^.^,^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 345 five of whom still survive, but M. S. Bonnifield is the only representative of the family in Nevada. Judge M. S. Bonnifield received his literary education In Allegheny CoUege, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, and after his graduation therefrom was elected president of Richard College, serving in that capacity for one year. Removing to Kansas In 1856, he Avas there admitted to the bar by the celebrated Judge La Compt, and after practicing his chosen profession in the Sunflower state for tAxo years returned to Ottumwa, Toxva, there resum ing his legal duties. In 1861 he crossed the plains to Red Bluff, California, the journey being made with horses, and the long trip was accomplished in three months' time. While residing in Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1855, Mr. Bonnifield had married Miss Laura Ames, and she accompanied him on his removal to the Golden state. In_i862 they came to Humboldt county, Nevada, where for the past forty-one years the Judge has continued to make his home, and throughout this long period he has been constantly engaged in the practice of the law, with the exception of the time spent on the supreme bench of the state. Tn addition to his large law practice he has also been interested in many mines, one being the celebrated Crown Point mine, in which Hon. J. P. Jones received his vast fortune. While a resident of Kansas Judge Bonnifield was a prominent Free-soil man, and by that party was elected a member of the Kansas senate. After ward he allied his interests with the Democracy, and in 1892 became one of the active organizers of the silver party, and is still a stalwart believer Ini bimetalism. He has represented Humboldt county in two sessions of the state senate, and in 1892 was made presidential elector and was selected to carry the vote of the state to Washington, the three electors casting their ballots engraved on silver plates. In 1895 Mr. Bonnifield was elected judge of the supreme court, having served for six years on the supreme bench of the state, and since retiring from that high office has continued his laxv practice. The union of Judge and Mrs. Bonnifield was blessed with three daugh ters, namely: Emily, the wife of J. A. McBride, of Elko, this state; Delia, who became the wife of J. D. May and resides in Portland, Oregon; and Dora, the wife of J. P. Slaughter, of Pueblo, Colorado. Mrs. Bonnifield was called to her final rest in 1887, and two years later, in 1889, Judge Bonnifield married Mrs. Nellie Lovelock, the widow of George Lovelock, Jr., and they reside in one of the delightful homes of Winnemucca. The Judge has taken the degrees in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Workmen and the Chosen Friends, and was made a Master Mason in Iowa in 1885. His religious A'iews are in harmony with the principles of the Methodist Episcopal church. JAMES T. DUNN, who is now serving his third term as clerk of Humboldt county and ex-officio clerk of the district court, is one of the comparatively few men who can claim Nevada as their native state. His father, L. F. Dunn, is a prominent pioneer mining man of the state, and was ' likewise for several years an official of Humboldt county. He was born in 346 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Fayette county, Wisconsin, June 3, 1843. Tn 1864 he crossed the plains to California, and as the Sioux Indians were then on the warpath ^ emigrants we^r-e compelled to collect themselves in bands of one hundred or more in order to defend themselves. During the first year in California he hunted deer and bear for the San Francisco market, but in the fall of 1865 came to Humboldt county, Nevada, and engaged in mining, which has been his principal occupation ever since. For eight years he served in the same official capacity in which his son is now serving, antl he has gained a wide accjuaintance with the greater number of the inhabitants ol the county. He mined in the Spring Valley placer, which valley is eleven miles long, and it was rocker cliggings, from which some coarse nuggets wortli forty or fifty dollars were found. He located claims throughout this canyon and in Dry Gulch, and got ouf, in all, about sixty-three thousand dollars' worth of gold. He is now the owner of the Chicago mine, a C[uailz claim in the central district, whose assays run from six dollars to six thousand dollars a ton, and the development work Avhicli has been done on this property indi cates that it will be very profitable to its owner. Mr. L. F. Dunn was mar ried September i, 1873, to Miss Philapena Pfluger, and they had four chil dren, ol whom three are still living, Robert P., a miner, Kathryn E., and James T. The mother ol these children died in 1891. James T. Dunn Avas born in Nevada, November 21, 1876, and Avas educated in Oakland, California. Tn 1893, at the age of sixteen, he came to Winneraucca, and has been connected in some capacity with the county clerk's office ever since that tirae. As his father's deputy he became thor oughly convetsant with all the details of the business, and also Avon his way into the confidence of the people to the extent that he Avas elected to ¦ the office of county clerk and clerk of the district court in 1898. He was twenty-two years old at the tirae of his first election, and has been twice re-elected, so that his record as a county officer has received the stamp of public approval and is satisfactory to all concerned. Besides his official duties he is interested with his father in mining. Like his father, he is an adherent of the Democratic party, and fraternally is connected Avith the Knights of Pythias and the Eagles. HON. W. A. MASSEY has been connected Avith Ixjth the framing and the interpretation of the laws, .having served as a member of the general assembly of the state, a member of the supreme court, and for a long period has been accounted one of the eminent practitioners at the bar of the state. He belongs to the prominent laAv firm of Cheney, Massey & Smith, of Reno, which has a very large and distinctively representative clientage, embracing connection with much of the most important litigation tried in the courts of the state. Judge Massey was born in Perry county, Ohio, on the 7th of October, 1856. His grandfather, Mathew Massey, was a native of the noi-fh of Ire land, and when a young raan came to the United States, locating In New York, where he was married, thus becoming the progenitor of the family in this country. He removed to Morgan county, Ohio, Avhere his son, William A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 347 Massey, the father of Judge Massey, was bom on the 5th of May, 1826. During the greater part of the Civil war William Massey was a member of the Union army, serving first in W^est Virginia, after Avhich he Avas trans ferred to the Western Army. He was present at the investment of Vicks burg and served under General Sherman in the thirty days' fighting on the Avay to Atlanta. He also participated in the capture of that city as Avell as of" Vicksburg. By profession he Avas a physician, but Avent to the front as a lieutenant, although he Avas later made surgeon of the Sixty-eighth Ohio Battery. FoUowing the cessation of hostilities he established his home In Paris, Illinois, where he continued in the practice of medicine up to the time of his death, Avhich occurred in 1882. He had Avedded Miss Mary Thorp, who was born in Perry county, Ohio, and their union was blessed with five children, of Avliom txvo are yet living, the brother of Judge Massey being J. A. Massey, of Illinois. Judge William A. Massey xvas but a small boy Avhen his parents re moved from Ohio to Illinois, where he was reared. His early education, acquired in the public schools, xvas supplemented by study in Asbury Uni versity, at Greencastle, Indiana, and then preparing for the practice of laxv he was admitted to the bar in Sullivan, Indiana. Tn 1885 he removed to San Diego, California, and after spending a year there came to Nevada. He engaged in mining in Elko county for lour years, but was very unfor tunate in his mining ventures, losing all his money. He then resumed the practice ol law, ancl his ability in the line of his profession soon won recognition and a liberal clientele. While residing there, he Avas, in 1892, elected a member of the state legislature, and proved a most active Avorker in the house in the interests of those measures xvhich he believed would prove of greatest benefit to the state. In 1896 he was elected a member of the supreme court of Nevada and removed to Carson, but in 1898 he resigned from the bench to form his present law partnership and is now actively engaged in a very successful practice, embracing connection with all depart ments of jurisprudence. He is thoroughly well inforraed concerning legal principles, and he took to the bench the highest qualification for that most important office in the gift of the people. Patience, urbanity and courtesy made him a successful jurist inasmuch as these qualities,, supplemented broad legal learning and an analytical mind, which is readily receptive and re tentive of the points brought forth in every case. In argument he is strong, forceful and convincing, and his deductions follow in logical sequence. In 1879 Judge Massey was united iri marriage to Miss Florence Mas sey, who was descended from the same ancestry as the Judge, but is not a near relative. This union has been blessed with twa sons : R. R. Massey, now in college; and W. H. Massey, also a student. The wife and mother died in 1890, and a few years afterward Judge Massey wedded Miss Annie Sheehan, a native of New York. They occupy delightful apartments at the Riverside Hotel, and they enjoy the hospitality of the best homes of Reno. The Judge belongs to the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Mason in Elko Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M. Faultless in honor, fearless in conduct and stainless in reputation, he stands as a high type of our American man hood. 348 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. JERRY SHEEHAN, county recorder and ex-officio auditor of Hum boldt county, Nevada, has been a resident of this state ever since he was five years old. He was born in Johnson county, "Wyoming, May 19, 1870, a son of John and Catharine (Buckley) Sheehan, both natives of county Cork, Ireland, whence they emigrated to America in. 1850. They first located in New York, and then came to Wyoming, and from there to Nevada in 1875. Jerry Sheehan was left an orphan at the age of thirteen, and thus de prived of the care and assistance of- these worthy and excellent parents, he fought the battles of life pretty much by himself, and has won most of them. He was educated in the public schools and in the Nevada State University before it was reraoved from Elko to Reno. He then leamed telegraphy, and was in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com pany for sixteen years, a part of the time in the office as operator, and in the train service from Wells to Wadsworth rose from brakeman to conductor, which last position he held until he was appointed recorder of Humboldt county in June, 1902, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. J. J. Hill. In the fall of the same year he was elected to this office, whose duties he has so capably and energetically discharged to the present tirae. He is a good business man, and because of his splendid pentnanship and his methodical care the records of the county are beautifully kept. In 1895 Mr. Sheehan Avas married .to Miss Fanny Muller, of German ancestry. They have two little daughters, Evaline and Grace. Mr. Sheehan is a meraber of the Order of Railway Conductors and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In politics he is a Democrat, and is highly esteeraed by all for his pleasant, genial ways and for his Avhole-souled Avorth as a citizen and official. S._L. LEE, M. D. One of the distinguished merabers of the medical profession in Nevada is Dr. S. L. Lee, of Carson City, whose pronounced ability and broad experience have gained him prominence scarcely second to any in the state. Fortunate is the man who has back of hini an ancestry honorable and distinguished, and happy is he if his lines of life are cast in harmony therewith. In person, talents and character Dr. Lee is a worthy scion of his race. TTe comes fi-om a family that has not only figured promi nently in public affairs in this country, but can also trace his ancestry to the Lees who went with William the Conqueror to England at the time of the invasion in 1066. John Lee emigrated from "the nierrie isle" to New England in the year 1641, and afterward became a resident of Farmington, Connecticut, while his cousin, Richard Lee, settled in Virginia and became the founder of the branch of the, family that has furnished' so many eminent men to the Old Dominion. William Lee, a direct ancestor of Dr. Lee, was a participant in the Revolutionary war, and the love of liberty and the hatred of oppres sion has ever been a dominant trait in the family. William Lee Dr. Lee's great-grandfather, and his sons, were all participants in the war of 1812, and one of these sons was Lemuel Lee, the grandfather of the Doctor. S. L. LEE, M. D. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 349 Benjamin F- Lee, Dr. Lee's father, was born in Onondaga county, X^ew York, on the 15th of September, 181 7, and was but three inonths old when his parents reraoved Avith their family to Illinois, Avhere he has since lived, having now attained the eighty-sixth year of his age. He married Miss Charlotte Loraine Bishop, a descendant of the noted De Aubrey family, her grandfather being Dr. De Aubrey, Avho was a surgeon in the continental army during the war of the Revolution. Mrs. Lee died December 19, 1894, at the age of seventy-two years. By her marriage she had become the mother of seven sons. The eldest, James Monroe, was killed in the battle of -Shiloh, xvhile fighting in defense of the starry banner, the symbol of the Union cause. His regiment xvas the Thirty-second Illinois Infantry. When this brother enlisted, Simeon Lemuel Lee, the subject of this biography, was but a youth of sixteen years, having been born in Vandalia, Fayette county, Illinois, on the 4th of Septeraber, 1844. He becarae fired with patriotic zeal, inspired by his brother's exaraple and his own knowledge of the condition of affairs in the south, and in 1863, he prevailed upon his father to alloxv hira to take the place of his deceased brother as a defender of the Union. Enlisting as a meraber of Corapany FI, Eighth Illinois Vol unteer Infantry, he went to the south to aid in filling the ranks of that regi ment, which had been very much depleted. The comraand proceeded im mediately to the scene of hostUities, and he served Avith General Sherman in General John A. Logan's division of McPherson's corps, from February, 1864, until November of that year, when the raembers of the command re- enlisted and were given a thirty days' furlough. After the return to the front, this regiment led the assault on Fort Blakely, being connected with the Nineteenth corps of Granger's army. There Avere but thirty-five mera bers of the company when they started on that movement, and fifteen of these were either killed or Avounded in the charge, but they carried the fort, which was the defense of the city of Mobile, and which then surrendered. By gallant service and unmistakable loyalty Dr. Lee had risen to the rank of second lieutenant and was discharged as such in Springfield, Illinois, on the 1 6th of May, 1866. Previous to the war Dr. Lee had been a student in the high school of Vandalia, and after his discharge he began preparation for his life Avork by becoming a -student in the Cincinnati Medical College of Ohio, in xvhich he completed the prescribed course and was graduated with the degree of M. D., in the class ol 1870. Iraraediately after leaving - college he carae to Carson City and entered upon the practice of his profession, which he has since continued here with marked ability for thirty-three years, during which time he has been recognized as one of the most learned and capable members of the medical fraternity in the state. He became a member of the first board of health of the state, and for several years has been a member of the state board of medical examiners and is now surgeon general on the gov ernor's staff, with the rank of colonel. He educated his youngest brother, Ortey Frederick Lee, for the medical profession, of which he became a most prominent and progressive member. He was engaged in the practice of medicine in Marysville, CaUfornia, when overwork brought his brilliant 350 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. career to an untimely close and caused a severe loss to the ranks of the fraternity in that state. Dr. Lee is a prominent Mason, belonging to the blue lodge, chapter and commandery, and also to Islam Temple of the Mystic Shrine in San Francisco. He is thoroughly informed concerning the tenets of the craft, is in sympathy xvith its purpose, and in his life exemplifies its beneficent and helpful spirit. On the 26th of November, 1868, Dr. Lee was happily married to Miss Lola Montez Watts, a member of the noted Watts family of Ohio, while her mother was an own cousin of Hamilton Fisk, United States secretary of state. They have three sons : Bishop Frank Lee Is in southern California. William L., an electrical engineer, was graduated in a school fitting him for his chosen profession. Adelbert Watts is a graduate of the medical de partment of the University of California and is now assistant in the chair of anatomy there. He expects soon to go to Leipsic, Germany, to perfect himself in his profession. He stood at the head of his class in college, and is a young man of strong mentality and laudable ambition, and undoubtedly a bright future awaits him. Both the Doctor and Mrs. Lee are well known in Carson City and other parts of the state, and occupy an enviable position in social circles, while their oxvn home is the center of culture, hospitality and good cheer. Mrs. Lee is a member of the Episcopal church. The Doctor has always been a student, reading broadly and thinking deeply, not only in the line of his profession but over a wide range of sirb- jects. He has a library of more than two thousand volumes, and is also the possessor of a choice and valuable collection of minerals, of chinaware brought from foreign cities and of Indian baskets, some of which are of very early manufacture and are very costly. He takes just pride in these, and they prove an interesting feature of his delightful home. MARTIN GULLING, who is now living a retired life, is a self-made man and all that he has enjoyed and possesses in life has been acquired through Ilis own determined purpose and capable energy. He was born in France on the nth of Novemebr, 1829, and when tAvo and a half years of age was brought by his parents to the United States, the family home being estab lished in Stark county, Ohio, near Canton. There the son was educated iuxthe public schools, and upon his father's farm he vvas reared to manhood and became familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. On the 20th of February, 1855, ^'^^ sailed from New York to San Fran cisco, going by way of the Isthmus of Panama and reaching his destination in the month of March. He then went direct to Camptonville, Yuba county, California, where for two weeks he engaged in placer mining, but meeting Avith no success during that period he abandoned mining and secured a situ ation in a sawmill, where he was employed for two years. He then went to San Juan, Nevada county, and worked in a sawmill for two years. On the expiration of that period he removed to Butte county, California, and secured, a tract of land nine miles from the present site of the city of Chico, A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 351 although the toAvn had not been founded at that time. With characteristic energy he began the development and improvement of his land, and con- tinuecl to engage in farming there until 1866, Avhen he sold out and came to Washoe county. X'evada. Xear the vicinity of Glendale he purchased a farm of four hundred and forty acres. AvhIch he cultivated for a time and then sold. X'^ext, in company Avitli a partner, he purchased an interest in another tract of land and dcAOted his energies to general farming until 1873. He made a specialty, liOAveAer, of raising hay, Avliich sold in \'irgiiiia City at from thirty to one hundred dollars a ton. After some time had passed Mr. Gulling also disposed of this property and engaged in the stock business at High Rock, Lassen county, California. He purchased land there, and at times he has had as many as nine hundred head of cattle. In this business he prospered, and eventually he traded his property there for tAvo hundred acres of land near the Wedekind mine, retaining possession of that tract until March, 1903, Avhen he sold the land to a good advantage and returned to Ohio to visit relatives In that state. On again coming to X'eAada he retired from active business life and is uoav enjoying a Avell earned rest in a ncAv and attractive home in Reno, Avhicli he has erected. His career has been one of activity, and year after year he labored in an untiring manner until his indefatigable industry, guided by sound judgment, had brought to him very creditable success. In May, 1856, Mr. Gulling was united in marriage to ^liss Rosanna Sosie, a native of France, and this marriage has been- blessed Aiitli four chil dren : Charles, Avho is a stockholder in and manager of the Reno Mill and Lumber Company; Mrs. Mary LeVrie, of Reno; Josephine, the xvife ol James Eason, ol this city ; and John, who is also married and living in Reno. Mr. Gulling and his Iamily are all members ol the Roman Catholic church, and are highly respected citizens ol the state in xvhich they have so long resided. In his political vicAVS he is a Democrat, and Avhile he keeps Avell informed on the issues ol the day and is interested In his party, he has never sought or desired public office. HENRY W. DYER, recorder and ex-officio auditor of Lander count}-. is a native son of Austin, xvhere his birth occurred on the 14th of January, 1880, and he is of Scotch ancestry. His father. George M. Dyer, Avas born in Missouri, on the 26th of January, 1828. In an early day he Avent to California, but at the time of the secession of the south from the Union he returned to his old home, and true to his loved southland enlisted in its service, continuing in the commissary department of the Confederacy until 1863. Returning thence to X'evada, he located in Grass Valley, on a ranch which he had previously purchased, but later removed to Reese river, and thence -came to Austin. Tn this city he embarked in merchandising. A stanch Democrat in his political viexvs, he xvas elected on its ticket to the position of treasurer of iLander county, and in 1898 became the auditor and recorder of the county, successfully serving in those positions until his death, which occurred on the 19th of March, 1903. He Avas numbered among the honored early pioneers of eastern X'evada, and Avas a man of strong convic- 352 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tions, exceedingly loyal to his friends, a competent and efficient public officer and an upright and honorable citizen. On the 25th of April, 1867, he had married Miss Augusta Elgum, and they became the parents of. eight children, six of whom are living, as follows : Maggie, the wife of Dan W. Mitchell, of Austin; WiUiam R., residing in Tonopah, Nevada; Alexander L, of Austin; and Inez M., Louis C. and Henry W. Henry W. Dyer received his education in the public schools of this his native town, and for a tirae after leaving the schoolroom was employed in one of the mercantile houses of Austin. He then entered the recorder's office as his father's deputy, and after the latter's deatii was appoirited to that office by the county board of commissioners, the duties of which he is now filling with marked ability. Tn politics he, too, is allied with the Democ racy, and is a native son of Austin of which she has every reason to be proud. WILTSHIRE SAUNDERS. Few residents of Reno have longer been connected Avith the city and its development than has Wiltshire Saunders. Almost half a century has passed since he becarae a California pioneer. The traveler of to-day, seeing the thriving towns, the splendidly developed farms and the excellent ranches and industries of every character, can scarcely realize the condition of things which faced Mr. Saunders at the time of his arrival. He was born in Nova Scotia, September 13, 1830, a son of John and Jemima (Wilson) Saunders. The Saunders faraily is of English and Scotch extraction, and the grandfather, John Saunders, Avho had emigrated to the new world, settling in Ncav York, Avas a loyal defender of King George's cause, and at the time of the Revolutionary war removed to Nova Scotia. There he was given a fine grant of land and became one of the prominent and influential early settlers of that part of the continent. John Saunders, Mr. Saunders' father, was born in Nova Scotia on the 26th of October, 1782, and throughout his life carried on agricultural pur suits. He wedded Jemima Wilson, who Avas a native of his own town, born on the 20th of March, 1790. Both held membership relations with the Baptist church, taking an active part in its work, -and Mr. Saunders became a preacher of considerable ability, although never ordained to the ministry. He died in the seventy-fifth year of his age, while his wife passed away at the age of eighty years. They had become the parents of elcA'en children, but Wiltshire is -the only one now living. Wiltshire Saunders spent his early years in his native town, but when nineteen years of age removed to Boston, Massachusetts, and learned the carpenter's trade in Watertown, a small place near Boston. After com pleting his apprenticeship he reraained with his employer for one year as a journeyman, and because he had attained efficiency in his chosen field of labor he found it easy to secure good paying positions. He had also worked in a lumber yard in Boston prior to learning his trade, the firm building houses for San Francisco and shipping them ready to be erected. Mr. Saunders also was employed for five years at his trade iri Nova Scotia, but >ri^ /ji-i-t/*-t ait A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 353, he had heard much ol the west. Its development and its possibilities, and in 1858, attracted by the opportunities of the Pacific country, he raade his way to California by the isthmus route. I-Tis brother Charles had gone to Cahfornia in 1849, and Mr. Saunders joined him in the Golden state nine years later. There he worked at his trade of carpentering and also followed carriage-making. He and his cousin Stephen, who came out with him, joined his brother, who Avas located at Monte Cristo. Later he and his brother and cousin went to what is known as Whisky diggings, near Gibson, and were there engaged in raining. The work was carried on by means of tun nels, and they were thus enabled to prosecute their labors throughout the winter. Mr. Saunders did the outside Avork, hoxvever, framing the timbers for the tunnel. In the spring they sold their property, receiving for it txventy-one hundred dollars, or a sum of seven hundred dollars for each one. The following winter they mined on the other side of the ridge, but again sold out, and as Stephen Saunders was a daguerreotype artist Wiltshire joined him in the conduct of a photographic gallery. They took some of the first daguerreotypes in Califomia, charging at that time from five to eight dollars each. They journeyed from camp to camp, carrying with thera their outfit, and at Onion Valley they established a gallery which they conducted for one season. In 1862 they removed to Marysville and purchased the Heath gallery on D street, Avhere they ^id a photographic business for two years and during the time of the great flood. Soon afterAvard Mr. Saunders sold out to his partner and removed to Oroville, Califomia, where two years Avere also passed. On the expiration of that period Mr. Saunders and his brother Charles went to Honey Lake and rented the Dr. Spalding farm of one hundred and sixty acres. Tn the meantime he had been ill, and thus much of his savings had dwindled aAvay. The first year the brothers cut hay, which brought a comparatively low price that season, while potatoes sold at a very high price. Therefore, they decided to devote their ground to the raising of the latter vegetable, and planted four acres of ground. They plowed the ground three times, getting it in excellent condition, and paid nine cents q pound for seed potatoes. The plants grexv splendidly, and when about a foot high the array worm carae and ate every living green thing in sight. In the succeeding fall Mr. Saunders engaged in hauling goods in order to earn money to pay for his seed potatoes. He teamed to Humbolt and on taking the last load he was caught in a severe storm on Smoke creek, having his foot frozen on that occasion. However, he managed to reach Humboldt, but his foot and limbs were very badly frozen so that a bed of straxv xvas made in his wagon and he xvas placed upon it, his team following the others back to the starting point. After severe suffering he eventually recovered, losing only one ol his toes. He and his brother spent the remainder of the Avinter in Honey Valley, Dr. Spalding residing Avith them. They then took another ranch, and Mr. Saunders continued to engage in teaming, hauling freight to Virginia City. He had two wagons and ten big horses, and, receiving quite a liberal patronage, he was enabled to pay off all his indebtedness. Later he engaged in teaming between Reno, Carson and Genoa. He began his carpenter work and built a number of the best homes in Reno Surveyor »3 354 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. General Hatch also employed -^him to make a coffin, xvhich xvas one of the first made in the tOxvn, and this led to more patronage in that same line, so that he eventually did cjuite an extensive business. Having invested in village lots at a time xvhen land xvas very cheap he located the Hillside cemetery, and now oxvns that property together xvith a nice home in the city and several other residences, his realty possessions bfeiiig a monument to his industrious efforts and diligence. The growth of this city and the consequent rise in land values have made him one of the substantial residents here. In 1871 Mr. Saunders was married to Miss Margaret Williams, a native of Cardiff, Wales', and a daughter of Thomas and Ann (FTopkins) Williams. They haA-e txvo sons, Robert Wiltshire, noxv a student in the Industrial Art .School in San Francisco and a very bright young raan; and John Olin, who is now attending the high school In Reno. Mr. Saunders and his sons arc members ol the Baptist church. He has always been a stanch Rqaublicaii in politics, and Avhile living in Oroville,- California, during the Civil war, he served as lieutenant in the Oroville Guards, For many years he has been identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and deeply interested in the success of that Avorthy organization. Fexv men hax'e undergone more of the pioneer experiences than has Mr. Saunders, and while engaged in teaming he often encountered great danger, for the Indians were frequently upon the war path and he and his comrades had to sleep on their guns in the wagons. The Pacific country owes a great debt to the brave pioneers Avho inaugurated the civilization of this section. ALVARO EVANS is one of Nevada's pioneers axIio dates his arrival in the territory from 1859. He was born in Defiance, Ohio, on the 23d of May, 1827, and coraes ol a family of Welsh origin. His great-grandfather on the paternal side emigrated from Wales and settled in Virginia, in Avhich state Pierce Evans, the father of Alvaro Evans, Avas born and reared. Having arrived at years of maturity Pierce Evans Avedded Miss Mary Braucher, Avho was a native of Virginia and of German descent. They re moved to Ohio, and he helped to build the first brick building in what is noAV the large and beautiful city of Cincinnati. In the war of 1812 he xvas a loyal defender of the country. Throughout his entire business career he folloxved merchandising, and his energy and activity in that field of 'labor brought to him a gratifying prosperity. A man of marked capability and strong intellectuality he was v/ell fitted for leadership, and left the impress of his individuality upon public thought and feeling. He filled the office of circuit judge for several years and took a very prominent part in the presidential campaign of 1840. Both he and his wife died on the same dav in 1862, and each xvas about sixty-five years of age at the tirae. They were the parents of eleven children, but only three are now living, namely: Al varo, J. N. Evans and Mrs. Mary Arrowsmith. In the state of his nativity Alvaro Evans acquired his education. He was a young raan of about twenty-three years when he sought a horae in the xvest, hopmg that he might improve his financial condition in the state m which fortunes were rapidly being made through the discovery of gold. lyL£^^'^('^^ (9^7nfi.-f.t^ A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 355 Tn 1850 he arrived in California, going by xvay of the Isthmus, and folloxving his arrival upon the Pacific coast he engaged in mining in Nevada county, California. He became one of the oxvners of the Buckeye Hill mine, which the company mined for eighteen years, eight years being occupied in making . a tunnel in order to open the mine. This property yielded about half a million dollars to the corapany and xvas then sold for two hundred thousand dollars. During this time Mr. Evans returned to the east and purchased cattle in Illinois and Iowa, driving them across the plains in 1859. He had eight hundred head in the herd and was engaged in the stock business in Lassen county, about forty miles north of Reno. Tn that business he continued for several years, and his sound judgment resiUted in bringing to him very gratifying success. On leaving Lassen county Mr. Evans removed to Hum boldt county, Nevada, and, securing cattle in Texas, he was engaged in stock dealing in Humboldt county on a very extensive scale, having at one time as high as ten thousand head of cattle, which he sold for one hundred thousand dollars. He noxv has a ranch at Reno, comprising one hundred and sixty acres in the northwestern part of the city. A part of this land he has platted, calling it the Sunny Sicle addition to Reno. Upon his land he has a fine brick residence, and much building is now being done upon the adcUtion, which is becoming one of the most desirable residence portions of the city. Mr. Evans also owns eight hundred and sixty acres of land eight miles south of Reno, constituting a finely improved farm. He is noxv retired from the cattle business and is spending the evening of a very active and successful business life in this city, surrounded by many comforts and luxuries which go to make life worth the living. In 1847 occurred the marriage of Alvaro Evans and Miss McCurdy, a native of Pennsylvania. They had one son Pierce Ex'ans, now a prominent attorney of Los Angeles, California. Mrs. Evans died in 1873, and in 1884 Mr. Evans Avas again married, his second union being with Miss Annie Gull. Two children were born of this union, Alvaro and Lester, both stu dents in the public schools.' Tn early life Mr. Evans gave his political allegiance to the Democratic party and voted for General Cass for the presidency in 1848. He continued to affiliate with the Democratic party until 1864, when, because of his sym pathy vvith the Union, he supported Abraham Lincoln, and since that time has been a Republican. He has filled the office of county commissioner and while still living in Ohio he was receiver in the land office. Tn 1848, in Defiance, Ohio, Mr. Evans was made a Master Mason. He has taken all ol the York Rite degrees and is now a Knight Templar, belonging -to DeWitt Clinton Commandery at Virginia City. He is one of the oldest Masons in the state of Nevada and is a very prominent and representative member of the craft. He has, too, a railitary record, for in 1846 he enlisted at Defiance, Ohio, to serve in the Mexican war. With his regiment he went as far as Galveston, Texas, but it was there learned that the troops were not needed, and they received an honorable discharge in that place. Mr. Evans' hearing is slightly impaired, but with that exception he is a hale and hearty old gen tleman in the possession of all of his faculties, and is a splendid representa tive of the California and Nevada pioneer. 356 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. HON. JOSEPH A. CONBOIE, now county clerk and treasurer of Storey county, Nevada, xvas born in Ireland, and xvhen a child was brought to the United States by his parents'", George and Maty G. (Neri) Conboie, both natives of Ireland. They settled in New York city, xxdiere his father was a constructor and builder. Later he removed to Cincinnati, returning to New York and there dying, xvhen fifty years of age. His wife survived him and lived to be ninety years of age. They were the parents of five daughters and three sons, Mr. Conboie and three sisters alone surviving. Mr. Conboie xvas educated in Nevv York city, in the public schools and by private tutors, and remained xvith his parents until he Avas seventeen, learn ing the carpenter and brick-layer trades, but not liking the latter, he worked for some years as a carpenter. Later he read raedicine with a physician, Dr. -Bond, of X^exv York, for some time. In 1859 he went to California and worked as a miner at Gold Run and Gold Flat, Nevada county. His party was disbanded, and he returned to Sacraraento, xvhere he found xvork at his trade. Then he moved to Chico, xvhere he built for General Bidwell the Masonic hall and postoffice building. During the xvinter of 1861 he xvas in Sacraraento, and participated in some of the incidents of the flood. Later he engaged in an undertaking business in that city, and thus continued until 1874, when he sold out and bought a di'ug store in San Jose, but as it did not prove a success he sold the property for six thousand dollars and went to San Francisco and remained two years. Thence he went to Vir ginia City and engaged in the undertaking business, and is noxv the oldest in that line in the city. He has given much attention to his business, and is very capable and in demand Avhenever his offices ai'e required. A patent of his has been found very desirable for holding the hands of the deceased in place, and he folloxvs many original ideas in his xvork. Like raany others in Virginia City, Mr. Conboie has taken an active interest in raining stock, and still has holdings. Mr. Conboie is a Republican and xvas coroner in Sacramento. In 1895 he was elected to the Nevada legislature, but was defeated for the following term. He was then elected to the state senate, as it was believed that the incumbent could not retain his seat and the position of army paymaster, but he could and did. Mr. Conboie xvas returned to his present responsible office by a good majority. Mr. Conboie is held in the highest esteera throughout the state. He serx'ed on the staff ol Major General Keating xvith rank ol colonel, and upon the staff ol two ol the succeeding governors, and is now on the staff of Governor Sparks xvith the same rank. For the past forty years he has been a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Felloxvs, and for twenty years a Knight of Pythias, and is on the staff of Major General Carnahan xvith the rank of colonel in the uniform rank. In 1876 he xvas happily married to Alice Agnes Fuller, a native of Cali fornia and a daughter of Richard Fuller, who was a connection of the family of Chief Justice Fuller. One son was born ol this union, namely, Joseph " l^A'r. """^ married and a resident of San Francisco. Mrs. Conboie died m 1888. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 357 P. L. FLANIGAN. When we think that P. L. Flanigan carae to Reno a young raan of nineteeri years Avithout any capital and began life here as a sheep herder, and that he is to-day the largest individual taxpayer of his county, it is a record that seeras almost phenomenal, and yet his entire career has been one of business activity that will bear the closest investigation and scrutiny. He has based his business principles and actions upon strict ad herence to the rules whicii govern industry, economy and unswerving in tegrity. His enterprise and progressive spirit have raade hira a typical Araerican citizen in every sense of the Avord, and he well deserves raention in this history. What he is to-day he has raade himself, for he began in life with nothing but his xvilling hands and unfaltering energy to aid him. By constant exertion, associated xvith good judgment, he has raised himself to the prominent position he uoav holds, having the friendship of many and the respect of all Avho know him. Mr. Flanigan Avas born in Tioga county, Ncav York, February lo, 1858, and is of Irish lineage, his father, Jaraes Flanigan, having been born on the Emerald isle, whence he came to the United States when sixteen years cf age. He settled in New York and for a number of years engaged in teach ing school in Nexv York city. He married Miss Hannah Linahan, a native of Ireland, and he departed this life in 1902, at the age of eighty years, while his wife survives him and is now living iri Reno in the seventieth year of her age. He was a raan ol strong mentality and attained considerable prominence and success as an educator. To him and his wile were born seven children, four ol whom are residing in Nevada, one daughter living with her mother in Reno. James also niakes his home in this city, and Joseph D. Flanigan is engaged in the sheep business Avith his brother, P. L. Flanigan. In his native town P. L. Flanigan was reared and educated, and at the age ol nineteen years came to Nevada, at once making his way to Reno, where he took up his abode in 1877. Here he began life on his own account as a sheep herder, but, saving his wages, he soon made arrangements to engage in business on his own account. Since that time he has continually increased his holdings in live-stock, and is the oxvner of sixty thousand head ol sheep, five thousand head ol cattle and sixty thousand acres ol land, all in Washoe county, Nevada, and Modoc and Lassen counties, California. This is an indication of Mr. Flanigan's prosperity, but it does not by any means represent the extent ol his business interests. He is a man ol resource- lul ability, quick to note and improve an opportunity, and he has developed in Reno one of its most important enterprises. Here he has built the large brick warehouse and cold storage plant, the warehouse being one hundred by one hundred and sixty feet. When it was built in 1901 it was believed by many to be far too large and that it could never be used, but to-day every foot of space is occupied clear to the ceiling and more room is needed. The cold storage is used for the storage of fresh and salt meats and has proved a paying concern. Mr. Flanigan also handles large quantities of wool and many other commodities, and his business has reached a very extensive figure. He is also the principal stockholder in the Water, Light & Power Company of Reno, furnishing the city with water, poxver, electric light and gas. Of 368 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the company Mr. Flanigan is the president. He Is also a stockholder, a director and one of the vice presidents of the Bank of Nevada, and, is thus closely associated with some of the mammoth enterprises of the state, adding vastly to its wealth, as well as to his individual success. Tn 1900 Mr. Flanigan was united in marriage to Miss Hannah Linahan, a native of California. She bore the same maiden name as did his mother, and yet they were not related. They have two children, Paul L. and Helen May, who add life and light to the household. Mr. Flanigan has erected one of the finest residences in Reno on Soutli Virginia street, and his wife pre sides with gracious hospitality over this beautiful horiie, whicii is supplied with all the adornrhents that wealth can secure and refined taste suggest. Mr. Flanigan is an earnest Republican, but not an office-seeker. He belongs to the Catholic Benevolent Society, and he and his family adhere to the faith of his ancestors and are members of the Roman Catholic church. Few indeed within the space of a cparter of a century have achieved so brilliant a success in the business world as Mr. Flanigan. Tireless energy, honorable effort and a genius for devising and executing the right thing .at the right time, added to every-day common sense — these are the thief char acteristics of the man. They have made him a prominent factor in industrial and agrcultural circles of the west, and he stands to-day as one of the lead ing business men of the state. FRANK J. STEINMETZ, one of the progressive young business men of Carson City, Nevada, and the oldest druggist in the place, was born in Sutter Creek, Amador county, California, February 10, 1862. He comes of Gerraan and English ancestry. His father, Jacob Steinmetz, was born in Germany and came to the United States in the year 1847, when fifteen years of age. Tn 1854 he went to California and located in Amador county. His trade was that of a shoemaker, but he afterwards became a manufac turer of harness. Later he became a merchant, and now makes his home in Warm Springs, Alameda county, California. In the year 1861 he married Miss Helen S. Hubbell, a native of Ohio and of English ancestry. They are the parents of four children, of xvhoni Frank J. is the eldest and the only one residing in Nevada. Mr. Steinmetz received his education In the common schools of Cali fornia. At the age of seventeen years he entered the drug business in Yolo county, California. In the spring ol 1882 he went to San Francisco, where he served as a clerk In a drug store and attendecf the College of Pharmacy. He removed to Carson City in June, 1885, where he has resided alraost con tinuously since. Eight years later he becarae proprietor of the .store Avhere he is now doing business, and has since then by his honorable methods built up a valuable trade. On February 15, 1896, he was raarried to Miss Lola F. Glidden, of San Francisco, the second daughter ol A. K. P. and Mary H. Glidden. They have one child, Ruth Lolita. Mr. Steinmetz is one ol the five members of the Nevada State Board of Pharmacy, and upon its organization was elected its secretary,' which office he still holds. He is a most Avorthy and A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 369 prominent member of the Masonic order, both blue lodge and chapter, the Eastern Star and the Knights of Pythias. Tn his political affiliations he is a Republican. EDWARD DOUGHERTY BOYLE was a natixe of county Donegal, Ireland, coming Avith his parents to the United States in 1833, when they settled in the state of Pennsylvania. As a youth he woi^ked in the iron works of Brady's Bend, and in 1852 came to the Pacific coast by the isthmus route. He mined through California until 1863, xvhen he carae to Nevada, xvhere he xvas identified xvith the mining industries of the state, and especially the Comstock Lode, until his death. He xvas prominent in politics, having represented Storey county for twelve years in the senate of the state legislature, took an active interest in the militia, in AvhIch he Avas a lieutenant colonel ; and was an active and conspicuous figure in the public Work of the communities in Avhich he resided. He xvas a fellow in the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and dex'oted his spare time to astronomical and literary research. Lack of opportunity in his youth did not hinder him in the gaining of an exceptionally broad and finished education, for he was as competent in the technical branches of his engineering profession as his vast mining experience made him in its practice. Prior to 1877 he was in charge of the Justice and Waller Defeat Mines in lower Gold Hill, leaving the forraer named tO' take the superintendency of the Alta, Avhich position he held for twenty-five years, accumulating at the same tirae extensive mining interests throughout the state and the west. In "1 90 1 he took the management of the North Rapidan Mine in Como, Nevada. On January 2, 1902, Avhile driving to Dayton frora the mine Avitli a companion, his team became unmanageable, and from the injuries receiA'ed he died on the 9th of the folloAving month, leaving a wife, who survived him only a few xveeks, and txvo sons, Einraet D., and Alexander M., the forraer of whom succeeded his father in the management of the North Rapidan. Mr. Boyle leaves, a memory conspicuous for charity, ability and scrupu lous honesty, and his death deprived the state of Nevada of one xvho for nearly a third of a century had devoted his best energies to her upbuilding. By his death Nevada lost one of her most honorable and respected citizens. HENRY FRED DANGBERG, SR., principal member and founder of the well known firm of H. F. Dangberg Land and Live Stock Coinpany, in Gardnerville, Douglas county, Nevada, has had a characteristic Avestern career, and his life history is best told in the successive enterprises to Avhich he has devoted his energies from the time of boyhood. After coming to America he engaged in hard manual labor for raany years ; he came to Nevada in the early days, and frora mining turned his attention to the stock business, in which he has progressed, oftentimes by leaps and bounds, until he is now one of the largest producers in the state, as well as one of its most honored and esteemed business men and public-spirited citizens. 360 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. He was born in Westphalia, Germany, September i6, 1830, being a son of William and Katrina (Duckweiler) Dangberg, the former also a native of Westphalia and a farmer by occupation. Henry. Dangberg attended school in his native land, and at the age of eighteen, in 1848, came to the United States, where his first work was in rafting logs on the Mississippi, that rough yet care-free life which Mark Twain has so interestingly described and left as a picture of past scenes never to be reviA'ed in real life. While in the old country he had worked in a. flour mill, and while stopping in St. Louis secured employment in a mill, where he worked for a year. He Avas then on a larm in Illinois for three years, but in 1853 Ielt the middle west and set out for the goal ol his luture endeavors and successes. He worked his way across the plains by driving two hundred head ol stock, and landed in Dayton, Nevada, October 11, 1853. On the following day he went to the raines in Virginia City, and was engaged in mining until 1857. He made permanent location in Carson valley in that year, and that has been the scene of his activities ever since. He started in stock-raising, which industry he has built up from sraall beginnings. The H. F. Dangberg Land and Live Stock Company was incorporated in 1902, and it now controls twenty thousand acres of fine land and is one of the largest stock-raising concerns in the state. Mr. Dangberg was three times a member of the state lower house and twice represented Douglas county in the state senate. He is an independent in politics, and is a member of the Lutheran church. He married Miss Margaret G. Ferris, a native of Illinois, and they had the following chil dren : Henry F., Jr.; Albert, born March 22, 1868, died March 20, 1870; John B., born January 10, 1871 ; Eva K., born August 19, 1873;. George F., born July 20, 1875 ; and Clarence O., born March 30, 1879. HON. JULES E. GIGNOUX is one of Nevada's most prominent citizens and raine-owners. He is a native of the Empire state, his birth hav ing occurred on Staten Island, New York, on the 14th of July, 1848, and he is of French and English ancestry. His grandfather, Claude Gignoux, was born in France, and after coraing to New York was lor many years engaged as a silk importer, in which occupation he acquired wealth. His son, who also bore the narae ol Claude, was born in New York city and became identified with his lather's business, spending his entire life in that city, and he attained to the ripe old age of eighty-two years. He raarried Miss Harriet Christ mas, a native of Brooklyn, New York, and she was called to the home beyond when seventy-one years of age. They becarae the parents of ten children, of whom five are still living. J. E. Gignoux, the only representative of the above family in Nevada, acquired his higher education in Germany, and he is now recognized as a chemist and metaUurgist ol erainent ability. For three years he was a mining engineer in Virginia City, and in 1879 came to this city as chemist lor the Lyon MiU & Mining Company. Three years ago he purchased stock in the Nevada reduction works and cyanide plant, one ol the most complete A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 361 mining, milling and reduction works in the state ol Nevada. The mill has twenty stamps, ol one thousand pounds, and by constant remodeling has been made modern in every particular. By the cyanide process they consume one hundred tons a day, and the coinpany mine their own rock, haul it to the mill and there it is utilized for raany purposes, even to the refining of gold. They use a new cyanide process, invented by Mr. Gignoux's partner, Herman Davis, and this is a very valuable improvement. The company also mariufacture all their own tools and the large mountain wagons. In fact making everything needed in the conduct of their extensive business. Mr. Gignoux is also the owner of a ranch on the East Walker river. The marriage of Mr. Gignoux was celebrated in 1885, when Miss May Loftus became his wife. She is a native daughter of the Golden state. Four children, all born in Nevada, have graced this union, — Harold, Raymond, Frank and Marion. Mrs. Gignoux is a valued meraber of the Episcopal church, and in his fraternal relations her husband affiliates with the Ancient Order of United Workmen, being a member of River Lodge No. 6, of Day ton, and is a past grand master workman of the state of Nevada; is also past master of Valley Lodge No. 9, A. F. & A. M. He has been a life-long Democrat, and as such Avas elected to the state legislature in 1881 and again in 1 89 1, and two years later, in 1893; was made a meraber of the state senate. While serving his fellow citizens in those positions he was the champion of reform, having introduced all the bills save one for the reduction of the expenses of the state, and he is the author of the bill which reduced the num ber of county officers to about one-half of the original number, thus greatly diminishing the expenses of the county. In this way he assisted in placing the state on a sound basis and greatly reduced the burden of taxation. Mr. Gignoux is a gentleman of much natural and acquired ability, and has a very wide circle of acquaintances in the state of his adoption. GEORGE J. SMITH, who is one of the successful mining men of Nevada, had the foresight to recognize the possibilities of the great west, and, coming to this section of the country, has t^ken an active part in the developraent of its natural resources. Nature has been bountiful in her gifts to all portions, of this great country. There are the forests of Maine and of Wisconsin, the great agricultural states of the Mississippi valley and the coal fields of other sections and the mining interests of the west. Mr. Smith has so directed his efforts as to improve the advantages that nature has offered, and in his mining operations has met with gratifying success. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1858, his parents being Thomas and Margaret (McElroy) Smith, both of xvliom were natives of Ireland, the former having been born in county Cavan, while the latter's birth occurred in county Tyrone. James Sraith, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was of the same ancestry. Thomas Smith was a resident of Dublin, Ireland, and in the year 1835 he crossed the At lantic to America, establishing his home in Vermont. His occupation was that of dyeing silks and fine dress goods, and after living in the Green Moun tain state for a time he . removed , to Concord, New Hampshire While a 362 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. resident of that city he joined the array under General Pierce for service in the Mexican war. Following the close ol hostilities with the southem republic, he settled in Philadelphia, and for thirty-five years did an extensive business as a dyer of silks, satins and other fine goods. Late in life he re moved to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where his last days were passed, his death occurring in 1872, when he was sixty-seven years of age. Thomas Smith was twice married, his first Avife being Miss Margaret Davis, a native of England. There were twelve children by the first wife, and of the second marriage there were fourteen children, so that the family numbered twenty- six in all. Seven of the nuraber yet survive, two being residents of Reno, namely : George J. Smith, and Walter J. Smith, who is also a raining man. In taking up the personal history of George J. Smith we present to our readers the record of one Avho has become widely known in the west. He was educated in Natrona, about twenty-four miles distant from Pittsburg. When his father died he was but fourteen years ol age, and soon afterward he began to earn his own living by learning the tinsmith's trade. In foUoAv- ing that pursuit he not only provided for his own wants, but also aided in the support of his mother. Attracted by the development and business oppor tunities of the great western district, he came to Nevada in 1878 and here began mining for wages, foUoAving that pursuit in Tuscarora, Elko county. He worked in the Grand Prize, out of which many millions of dollars were taken, and through practical experience he became an expert miner and a splendid judge of the quality of ore. He also went to Tombstone, Arizona, and after working in the mines there for a time he engaged in prospecting for four months in Mexico. On the expiration of that period he returned north Avard, making his way to San Francisco by way of Los Angeles and thence to Tuscarora, Avhere he engaged in prospecting. He discovered the Eyrie mine, out of which he took one hundred and "eighty thousand doUars, and then sold the property to Salt Lake City and Boston capitalists for ten thou sand dollars. He has since retired to Reno and established his family here in a beautiful horae at the corner of Washington and Fifth streets, one of the finest residences of the city. He has not, however, lost his taste for prospecting for the yellow metal, and has discovered a number of silver and gold clairas near Reno, among which are the Viola, St. Joseph, Metallic and the Seldom Seen. He is still prospecting and engaged in developiiieiit work and his business interests'are of an important character. In 1891 Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Nevada Biirner, who was born in Elko, this state, and is a daughter of Professor J. F. Burner, a prorainent representative of educational interests and of journal istic note. Mr. and Mrs. Smith now have tAVO children : Viola, who was- born in Tuscarora; and Harold, whose birth occurred in Reno. The Smith household is the center of a cultured society circle. Mr. Smith is in his political views a Democrat, and he and his family are valued members of the Roman Catholic church. His life has been one of untiring industry, and he is still an active worker in the realms ol mining development. He'is to-day the same genial, courteous gentleman that he was ahvays known to be in his earlier years, prosperity having never changed in the slightest degree his kindly nature or caused bim to forget old friends. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 363 J. EGGERS. On the roster of Elko county's officials appears the name of J. Eggers in connection with the positions of county assessor and ex-officio mining tax collector. This Is an inclication of his popularity and prominence, and all who know him willingly accord him a leading place among the esteemed citizens of the community. Mr. Eggers came to Nevada in 1875, and is a native of Germany, his birth occurring- in the fatherland on the 12th of January, 1854. When a boy he came to this country and made his Avay to Illinois, Avhere he resided for a time at Bunker Hill, there receivin.g his education in the public schools. After attaining his majority he came to Nevada, spending a short time at Battle Mountain, and thence came to Elko county, which has been his home during the past txventy-eight years. Plis first employment was in the mines at Cornucopia, where he was paid four and sometimes as high as five dollars a day, later becoming a lessee of mines, and was engaged in working and leasing mines for fifteen years, being still interested in mining claims in Nevada. In politics Mr. Eggers has been a life-long Republican, and during the silver movement took an interest in its behalf. In the fall of 1890 he was elected assessor of Elko county, to xvliich he has thrice been elected to a four-year term, and is now serving on a two years' term, while during this long period of service he has endeavored to do his duty as a trustworthy servant of his fellow citizens. In his fraternal relations he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having passed all the chairs in both branches of the order, and is now serving as grand warden oi the state of Nevada. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, in which he has held all the offices in his lodge and is now a member of the grand lodge of the state. The marriage of Mr. Eggers Avas celebrated in 1898, when Miss Rebecca Alexander became his wife. She is a native daughter of California, her birth occurring in San Francisco. They have a pleasant home in Elko, where they have hosts of friends. CHARLES WILLIAM GROVER is one of the most popular and efficient financiers and officials of this section of the state, actively interested in all measures for the good of people, and is now, serving as recorder and ex- officlo auditor of Elko county. He came to the "Silver" state in April, 1875, but is a native of Indiana, born in Vigo county on the 27th of January, 1856, and is of English and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. His father, Charles Wesley Grover, was born -in Newark, Ohio, but at a very early day in its history the latter's father removed to Inchana, where Charles Wesley received his education. Tn 1879 he came to Nevada, where for a time he taught school at the Huraboldt Wells in Lanioille valley, Elko county, but later moved to Elko and purchased the Independent from S. S. Sears. After re raaining the successful editor ol that publication lor a number of years he sold it to its present owner, W. ^W. Booker. Mr. Grover passed axvay in death on the 13th of March, 1894, when sixty years of age. He had married Miss Phebe A. Wines, a native of Indiana, and she still survives him and makes her home in Boise, Idaho, being now sixty-six years of age. They reared four children, txvo sons and tAvo daughters. Charles W. Grover, 364 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. who is the only member of the family in Nevada, attended the public schools of Indiana during the period of his boyhood and youth, and later became a student in the seminary at Farmersburg, that state. When twenty years of age he came to Elko, Nevada, where for over twenty years he followed farm ing and stock-raising, raising a fine gracie of Hereford and Durham cattle, and his horses Avere mostly for the saddle. In his political affiliations Mr. Grover has been a life-long Democrat, and as its representative was elected to the position of county recorder in 1900, this office having been tendered him without solicitation on his part, and he is now serving in his second term. At his first election he received a majority of one hundred and eighty- seven votes, and at the last election had no opposition, having been endorsed by both parties. In his fraternal relations Mr. Grover is an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having filled all offices in both branches of the order, and is now district deputy grand master ol Elko Lodge. On the 19th ol March, 1882, Mr. Grover was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ellen Holland, who was born in Utah, the daughter of John Holland, now of Elko, Nevada. This union has been blessed with ten chil dren, all born in Nevada, namely: Ethel, Charles F.. Maude, Nellie, Inez, Raymond, Oliver, Albert Carl, Vivian and Ada. The family are members of the Presbyterian church, in which Mr. Grover is now serving as chairman of its board of trustees. They have a pleasant home in Elko, and are highly esteemed residents of the town in xvliich they haA'e so long made their home. THOMAS B. RICKEY. Prominent among the leading and enter prising men whose efforts along business lines have been of the greatest benefit to the state as Avell as to the individual stands Thomas B. Rickey, now the president of the State Bank & Trust Company, of Carson City, and one ol the wealthiest men of Nevada. A number of the important business interests of the state have felt the stimulus of the energy and executive abil ity ol Mr. Rickey, whose labors have formed no unimportant element in ad vancing business activity, nor has he been remiss in citizenship; on the con trary, he has been a co-operant lactor in many movements lor the general good, and his liie record has become an integral chapter in the history of the state. Since August, 1859, Mr. Rickey has been a resident of Nevada. He is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in Highland county, on the 23d of August, 1836. He comes of Scotch-Irish ancestry, three brothers, Henry, Thoinas and Benjamin Rickey, having eraigrated from the north of Ireland to Pennsylvania at an early epoch in the history of that state. Tt is to Thoinas Rickey that the ancestry of Mr. Rickey can be traced. Another Thomas Rickey, his grandfather, Avas a farmer by occupation, and spent" his entire life in the Keystone state. In his religious faith he was a Methodist, active and zealous in the work of the church. His son, William Rickey, the father of Thomas B. Rickey, was also born in Pennsylvania, and like his father followed agricultural pursuits and held membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. He raarried Miss ^ ^# \ m M h^ Trr^z^. 1? A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 365 Eliza Jane Brinly, a representatixe of an old New Jersey faraily. In 1852 he emigrated Avestxvard to California, and there his xvife passed away in 1858, her remains being interred in the cemetery at HoUister, that state. He long survived her, living to the advanced age of eighty-two years, and his death occurred in Antelope valley of California, where he now lies buried. He took a very deep and helpful interest in public affairs, giving of his time, means and aid for the promotion of many measures of general good. He was also active in politics, and in early life supported the Whig party. His advanced ideas conceming the extension of slavery led him to become one of the organizers of the Republican party, and to endorse its principles with a zeal that xvas not xvithout satisfactory results. Both he and his wife were devout members of the Methodist church, and in that faith they reared their family. They had eleven children, of xvhora eight are yet living; Mr. Thoraas B. Rickey, hoxvever, being the only one in' Nevada. In the public schools of Ohio and loAva Thomas B. Rickey pursued his education, and in 1852 the father, mother and their eleven children crossed the plains to California, he being then a youth of sixteen years. They lo cated in Amador county, and Thomas Rickey engaged in mining, raeeting with fair success. At one time he took out sixteen hundred dollars in a single day. Later he turned his attention to the stock business, which he has since carried on so extensively that he is now known as the stock king of Nevada. He first took a drove of cattle into the Antelope A'alley, and has since continued in the business, gradually extending the scope ol his opera tions. He has owned very large herds of lx)th cattle and sheep, and he has forty-two thousand acres of land in Antelope valley, affording excellent range for his stock. He also has a large ranch in Alpine county, California, and is the OAviier of nearly all ol Long valley, having in all tAvo hundred thousand acres ol land. He raises not only cattle but horses as well, and he employs a large force of men in the care of his lands and stock. His busi ness has reached such mammoth proportions that he is to-day the leading representatiA'e of this department of agricultural life in the state, and his annual sales reach a large figure. Mr. Rickey is the owner of extensive water rights and an irrigation system. His labors in this direction have been of much benefit to the locality, reclaiming the arid lands and making them rich and productive. He is a man of resourceful business ability, of keen foresight and marked enterprise, capably controlling extensive interests, forming his plans read ily and executing them with determination. ' Irr 1863 Mr. Rickey Avas happily married to Miss Jane C. Gillis, a na tive of the state of Iowa and of Scotch ancestry. They had four children, aU born in Antelope valley, Nevada, in Douglas county. Charles William, the eldest, who is general manager of his father's land and cattle interests, is married and has one child. Nellie, uoav deceased, was a graduate of the Female Seminary at Oakland, and was an accomplished young lady. Ber tha is now the wife of L. Scott, a hardware merchant of San Francisco, Carrie M. is the wife ol Charles M. Olney, of Oakland. Mrs Rickey died in 1891, while visiting her daughter in San Francisco, She was found dead in bed one morning, her demise probably being caused by heart disease. 366 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. They had had a very happy married life, and her deatii was a most sad be reavement to her husband and family. In 1893 ^^- Rickey was again mar ried, his second union being Avith Mrs. Alice B. CroAvell, who by her former marriage had three sons, Avhom Mr. Rickey is rearing and educating. There is one daughter by the present marriage, Alice Brinly. The Rickey home is one of the finest residences in Carson City, and is the center of a cultured and select society circle. Mr. Rickey is a Republican, stanch in support of the party, yet never an office-seeker. He has never joined any society, but as a citizen is pro- - gressive and has been generous in his contributions for measures of public benefit. His intelligent efforts have been the basis of his splendid success. Quick to note and utilize an opportunity, he has extended his labors into many fields of endeavor, finding them fruitful, and at the same time his work has been of a character that lias contributed to the development and prosperity of the state. For almost forty-five years a resident of Nevada, the state honors him as one of its most prominent, prosperous and reliable citizens. STATE BANK AND TRUST COMPANY. The State Bank & Trust Company, located at Carson City, Nevada, opened its doors for busi ness on the 1st of August, 1902, with a paid-up capital of two hundred thou sand dollars. Its officers are Thomas B. Rickey, president; George H. Myers, vice-president; Dave M. Ryan, second vice-president; D. W. Rich ards, cashier; and James T. Davis, assistant cashier. A general banking and trust business is conducted, and already the institution ranks xvith the best in the state, doing a large amount of business and having behind it men of well known reliability and enterprise. The bank had its origin in a sav ings bank which afterward became the Bullion & Exchange Bank, and was purchased by the present owners in 1902. The policy inaugurated com mends itself to the consideration of the public, and the business methods fol lowed are such as awaken the highest confidence. Therefore the bank is enjoying splendid success, although but in the second year of its existence. ABRAHAM W. HESSON. One ol the most straightforward, ener getic and successful business men of Elko is A. W. Hesson, ^ member of the hardware firm of A. W. Hesson & Company, the other representative of the firm being G. C. Englehart. Mr. Hesson is a native of the state of Maryland, where he was born on the 23d of November, 1852, and is of German descent, representing the fifth generation of the family in the United States. His father, Abrahara Hesson, was born In Maryland in 1828, and for his wife chose Miss Ann Margaret Waybright, a lady of English ances try. Tn his eariier life Abraham Hesson was a millwright, but later en gaged in agricultural pursuits, and is still living in Maryland, aged seventy- five years, his wife passing away in her sixty-third year. They became the parents of seven children, six of whom are still living. - A. W. Hesson, the only member of this faraily in Nevada, received his A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 307 education in the public schools of Pennsylxania, and remained with his father until he xvas nineteen years of age, after xvhich he spent a year and a half in loxva engaged in farrtiing. He then came to Nevada, the date of his arrival being in April, 1873. He had intended, hoxvever, to make the journey to Califomia, his ticket having been .purchased to that state, but finding so many on the train xvho xvere making their way to Nevada, he, too, decided to make this his destination ancl accordingly stopped first at Reno. He next xvent to Carson City, xvhere he xvas employed in driving an ox team, and from there made his xvay to the northern part of Elko county and en gaged as a coxvboy and also worked in the quartz mills in Tuscarora. A short time afterward he had charge of the Defreze Mill, also in 1881-2 of the Grand Prize, a large producing mine, and xvith Senator Hunter and others is still interested in valuable mining property. They are now operat ing the Syyeep Stake mine, containing copper, gold and silver, with copper predominating. In 1897 the hardware firm of A. W Hesson & Company xvas established, his partner in the business being G. C. Englehart, and they have since built up a large and successful trade, dealing in heavy and shelf hardware, stoves, ranges, tluAvare, paints, oils, powder, mining supplies, all kinds of farming implements, and they also handle the famous Studebaker wagons and buggies. Their store building is one hundred feeit deep, and they also have a large Avarehouse. The firm of Hesson & Coinpany have made a good business record, and both of its members are deservedly popular among their associates. In 1882 Mr. Hesson Avas united in marriage to Miss Jessie A. Yates, a native of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and two children have corae to bless their home, both born in Elko county. The son, Robert W., is i- graduate of the State University Avith the class of 1903, in whicii he received a mining and engineering course, and is now engaged in business Avith his father. The daughter, Margaret, is at home. Mr. and Mrs. Hesson attend the ser vices of the Presbyterian church, of AvliIch the latter is a valued member. Tn political matters Mr. Hesson has been a life-long Democrat, and as its representative was elected to the position of assessor of Elko county, serving in that important office for eight years. He is a prominent member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having passed all the chairs in both branches of the order, and is now a past grand patriarch and past grand master of the state. RALPH S. OSBURN, who died in Reiio, Nevada, July 30, 1901, Avas at the time ol his death and lor many years before one of the most promi nent men of the city in business and public affairs. He was a citizen for nearly thirty years, in fact spent the best years of his noble and virile man hood within the confines of Reno, having takeri up his residence there xvhen it was a small place and only a few years after it was founded. He Avas a man of unusual business capacity and ability, Avas noted for his efficiency and reliability in several public offices of which he was incunibent, and in all the other many relations by which he Avas connected Avitli society, family or the body politic gained the esteem and Avholesome regard of his fellow men. 368 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Osburn was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, September 20, 1849, a son of William and Rebecca (Deeter) Osburn, who are both deceased. His father Avas a druggist and also interested in the stock business. The family moved to Eugene, Oregon, when Ralph was a young man, and his father engaged in the drug business in that city, where he remained till his death, in January, 1890; his wife died in Eugene in April, 1895. Ralph Osburn lived in Eugene until 1873, and in that year came to Reno, Nevada, and established a drug business under the firm name of Simp son and Osburn. Later he became associated Avith H. S. Shoemaker in the same line, and the partnership lasted for many years On the organization of the Nevada Bank Mr. Osburn accepted the position of cashier, Avhicu ,he held until the day of his death. He was also a st-ockholder and director in the bank, and was interested in mining in Washoe county. November 2, 1880, Mr. Osburn was elected county clerk on the Demo cratic ticket, in Avhich office he gave efficient service for two terms and then declined further nomination. His next office was that of chief clerk of the United States mint at Carson City, during Cleveland's administration, and at the eamest solicitation of Major Garrard he held the place one year, after Avhich he resigned in order to giA'e proper attention to his business. In 1887 he was elected a meraber of the state senate from Washoe county, and devoted himself to state legislation for two years. At the incorporation of Reno he became its first mayor, and in many subsequent matters his influence for good and progress was felt in his adopted city. He Avas a member of the Episcopal church and was a vestryman at the time of his death. His fra ternal affiliations were with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. March 20, 1872, Mr. Osburn married Miss Annie E. Lemmon, a daugli-' ter of Fielding and Matilda (Foley) Lemmon, who Avere natives respectively of Tennessee and Missouri, and were residents of Nevada, both" bdng now deceased. Two children Avere born to Mr. and Mrs. Osburn, namely : Ralph Lemmon Osburn and Louis William Osburn, but both are deceased. CAPTAIN HERMAN DAVIS is one of Nevada's most prominent mining men, being president, superintendent, and owner of the control of the Nevada Reduction Works at Dayton. He Is a native son of the Golden state, for his birth occurred at Tsleton, in Sacramento county, California, on the 22nd of January, 1865 ; and he is ol Scotch-English ancestry, Avho were settlers in Virginia and New York, and active participants in the early his tory of the country. Representatives of this family were also found as sol diers in the war of the Revolution. Hugh Davis, his father, was born in the then territory of Michigan, in 1828; and immediately after the Mexican war, in which he was an active participant, started on the long and arduous journey to California, from the Rio Grande river, arriving in the Golden state as eariy as 1847. "He at once became engaged in stock-raising in the Sacramento valley, in which he met with marked success, and also became the owner of vessels on the bay and Sacramento river. While a resident of that commonwealth, Mr. Hugh A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 369 Davis was united in marriage to Miss Rosena F. Smith, a native of Tennessee and a representative of an old Virginian family. When the Civil war was inaugurated, Mr. Davis returned to Michigan and enlisted, with his brothers, in one of the first formed regiments in the state, serving until the close of the struggle, and fighting in many battles! During his military career he was twice wounded, but was in the hospital only a short time, and after the close of hostilities returned to California and resumed his business operations, where he prospered in his' undertakings, and became the owner of a farm on the Sacramento river. His political support was given to the Republican party. In 1870, when forty-tAvo years of age, he was called from this life, leaving his widow and five children, three sons and two daughters, four of whom are still living, three being residents of Califomia. Mrs. Hugh Davis, who has reached the age of seventy years, is a faithful member of the Metho dist church, and is one of California's noble pioneer women. Herman DaA'is received but limited educational advantages in his .youth, circurastances preventing his attendance at school for more than eleven months, all before his dghth year; but throughout his life he has been at all times a close student, and has earned the reputation of being one ol the most practical and best informed metallurgists in the country. When a young man he served his time at the machinist's trade in the Risdon Iron Works ol San Francisco; then obtained a knowledge ol marine engineer ing at San Francisco, and from the government has received captain's papers and engineer's papers, of bay and river vessels and steamers. Mr. Davis also built and operated several dredging machines, and has had many years' experience in work of this class. In 1881-2 he was engaged in mining and miUing in New Mexico and Arizona, and was a volunteer with Captain Law- ton in his pursuit of Chief Geronirao for four months, when he saw active and trying service against the Apaches. He came to Nevada in 1893 to operate a dredge for the Carson River Dredging Company at Dayton, and has ever since been engaged in mining and in the reduction of ore. Mr. Davis and J. C. Pierson purchased the old twenty-stamp Rock Point mill from the Union Mill and Mining Company in 1898, which they rebuilt and remodeled, making it one of the most com plete mills in the state. Their cyanide plant was built in 1897, and in 1899 Mr. Davis purchased Mr. Picrson's interest in the business, Mr. Gignoux subsequently purchasing an interest, and they now own the entire stock. They do their own mining, hauling ore, refining and assaying, build their own wagons, and do their own blacksmithing, and give employraent continually to about fifty men. Mr. Davis has patented two improvements in the cyanide process for the extraction of metals from their ores, which makes success possible with the class and grade of ore they are treating. They have an abundant water supply with which to run their mill, and they are numbered among the public benefactors of Dayton. In September, 1888, Mr. Davis was united in marriage to Miss Chris tina Orth, a native of San Francisco and of German ancestry. Six children have been born of this union, four daughters and two sons, namely : Hazel Etta, Freda Margarite, Phyllis Adele, Eileen Gertrude, Stanley Charles and Herman Pickard. The family are of the Protestant Episcopal faith, and 370 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. they reside in a commodious and pleasant residence in Dayton. Mr. Davis is a Republican in his political affiliations, but is independent in action, and fraternally is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and 1s past master of Valley Lodge No. 9, F & A. M., of Dayton. He still retains Interests in California, and both as a business man and citizen his record is of the highest. CAPTAIN WILLIAM L. COX. Within recent years there has been another chapter written in American history, the chapter unlcj[ue in the annals of the world because it records the efforts of one nation to secure the liberty of another. While Captain Cox Avas among the number of volunteers for the Spanish-American war avIio Avere not called to active duty beyond the borders of this country, he nevertheless manifested his loyalty to the United States and his interest in the cause of liberty by offering his services and joining the army. It was thus that he won his title. He is well knoxvn as a rep resentative young business man of Reno, and is one of Nevada's native sons, his birth having occurred in Virginia City in 1868. His father, F. A. Cox, was born In Virginia, and when crossing the plains to California made his way through what is now the state of Nevada in 1851. On reaching the Pacific coast he engaged in mining in Mariposa county, California, where he met with good success, and later came to Ne vada, atracted by mining excitement at Virginia City in 1864. There he was engaged in searching for the precious metal for a time, and also devoted his energies at a later date to the lumber business, becoming a prominent and influential resident there. He served as justice of the peace for four years, and his decisions xvere so strictly impartial that he won high encomiums from all. Subsequently he reraoved to Genoa In the Carson Valley, and there died in 1884 when fifty-two years of age. Throughout his entire life he was a stanch Deraocrat, deeply interested in the success and xvelfare of his party. He married Miss A. F. Preston, a native of Alabama, who crossed the plains with her people when a young girl. They became the parents of seven children, of whom three are noAV living. The mother also survives and is making her horae in San Jose, Califomia, in her fifty-second year. Captain Cox is the only member ol the family in Nevada. He attended public schools to some extent, but is largely self-educated, having greatly broadened his knowledge through reading and study in his leisure hours. He began earning his own living Avhen only tAvelve years ol age, and when a youth ol thirteen was in charge of the telegraph office at Bridgq^ort in Mono county, California. He was operator and manager at Bodie at the time of the .second big strike there, and in his business affai'i-s he i-nanifested marked fidd- ity to the interests which he represented. Subsequently returning to Genoa he lived at that place for three years, and then came to Reno, serving as assistant postmaster of the city under the administrations- of President Cleve land. He afterward became telegraph operator and agent on the Virginia & Truckee Railroad^ in which capacity he served for seven years, and next ac cepted the position of state manager for the New York Life Insurance Com- pany._ TTe was filling the position at the time of the inauguration of the Spanish-American war. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 371 Captain Cox had previously been a member of the Nevada National Guards, which he joined when seventeen years of age, and In military ranks he had risen from private to the position of lieutenant colonel. He Avas serving as major in the National Guard xvhen the nexvs of the sinking of the Maine yvas received, and he was among those xvho offered service to the government when war Avas declared Avith Spain. He took an active part in the organization of a company, and Avhen the troops xvere ordered to camp he was placed in command of the provisional camp while the troops were being mustered in. Govemor Sadler commissioned him captain of his cora pany. When the men were stationed at Fort Russell Colonel Torrey remarked that he would have no officer in his command that xvas not unaniraously elected by a secret ballot of the volunteers, and Captain Cox was thus chosen by his company, a fact whicii indicated his popularity xvith his men. After drilling for a tirae the regiment xvas sent to Florida, but the war soon after closed and he was honorably discharged at Jacksonville in that state. He was then chosen to go to "Washington to settle with the government in behalf of the officers of his regiment. While in Florida he was one of only four of his company that escaped being ill, and his corapany yvas the only one in the regiraent that" did not lose a single man through sickness. His command was known as Nevada Company Troop M, and Captain Cox being well drilled and familiar with military tactics placed his men in excellent condition for service. Upon his return to Nevada he received an appointment as captain in the Forty-fourth United States Infantry, but declined the honor tendered him as he had decided to establish a home of his own and engage in business. On the 19th of June, 1901, he Avas united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Taylor, a native #f California, born in Sutter Creek, and a daughter of G. F. Taylor, in Jackson, Amador county, California. This marriage has been blessed Avitli an interesting little daughter, to Avhoin they have given tJie name of Ruth. Alter his return from the Avar Captain Cox accepted the position of manager of the Rix'erside Mill, which is a roller process flouring mill with a capacity of one hundred and fifty barrels jDcr day. The business is incorporated and is owned by a number of the raost prominent and substantial men of Reno. Tt is a valuable enterprise in the city, and under the capable control of' Captain Cox is proving ^ profitable investment. The Captain is a Democrat in his political views, and socially is connected with the Masonic fraternity and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, while in military circles he is yet prominent, serving noxv as a member of the governor's staff with the rank of lieutenant colonel. THE RIVERSIDE MILL COMPANY, incorporated, has the only flouring mill in the city of Reno. This Is a roller process enterprise, and the mill is operated by water poxver from the Truckee river, which passes through the town. The plant is a model structure, having a capacity of one hundred and fifty barrels, and is one of the pioneer enterprises of Reno, its establish ment dating back to 1863. Its incorporators are A. H. Maning, vvho Is the president of the company, and C. T. Bender, who is the secretary, and is also the cashier of the Waghge County Bank, The directors of the institution 372 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. are G. F. Turrittin, M. E. Ward, H. M. Martin, in addition to the two gen tlemen who hold the official positions mentioned. Captain Cox is manager of the mill, and all of the memljers of the directorate are raen of high financial standing in Reno. The business furnishes an excellent raarket for the wheat producers of this section of the country, for they buy AX'heat in large quantities and manufacture it into flour which finds a ready sale On the market. They have a large local demand for their product, and likcAvise sell extensively in the border counties of California. Because of the excellence of the flour their business has continually grown until it has now reached very profitable pro portions. HON. WILSON BROUGHER. No compendium such as the prov ince of this work defines in its essential limitations will serve toxoffer-fit memorial to the life and accomplishments of the honored subject of this sketch — a man who is remarkable in the breadth of his Avisdom, in his indom itable perseverance, his strong individuality, and yet one whose entire life has not one esoteric phase, being an open scroll, inviting the closest scrutiny. Truly, his have been "massive deeds ancl great" in one sense, and yet his entire life accomplishment but represents the result of the fit utilization of the innate talent which is his, and the directing of his efforts in those lines where mature judgment and rare discrimination lead the way. There are in Hon. Wilson Brougher a weight of character, a native sagacity, a far- seeing judgment and a fidelity of purpose that command the respect of all. A man of indefatigable enterprise and lertility of resource, he has carved his name deeply on the record of the political and business history of the state, which owes much of its advancement to his efforts. » Mr. Brougher has for twenty-eight years been a resident of Nevada. He is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having occurred in Adams county on the 19th ol July, 1854, and is ol Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. His parents, William and Susan (Snyder) Brougher, were also natives ol Penn sylvania, whence they removed to Iowa and are now residents ol Nebra.ska. Williara Brougher has been an, active larraer, having cleared and developed several farms, meeting with well deserved success in his undertaking. In his political views he has been a life-long Republican, and his family are Lutherans in religious faith. To him and his wife were born five children, of whom thi-ee are yet living. The mother, however, departed this life in 1868, and William Brougher is now in his seventy-seventh year. H. C. Brougher, one of the sons, is a prominent mining man in Tonopah, Nevada. Hon. Wilson Brougher was educated in the public schools of Iowa, pur suing his studies through the three months of winter, while in the summer seasons he worked upon his fathers' farm, early becoming familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agricuUurist. He was twenty- one years of age when he arrived in Nevada, having come "to the west to make his own way in the worid. He had no capital, but possessed resolu tion and determination, and to-day is numbered aniong the distinguished and wealthy men of the state, having attained to this proud position by reason of his marked abUity and stering worth of character. Tie began to earn his living here by cutting wood and burning charcoal in Nye county. Later A T-HSTORY OF NEVADA. 373 he turned his attention to merchandising, and in 1876 he was called from private life to public office, being elected sheriff of Nye county on the Repub lican ticket. He served for one terra so acceptably that he was re-elected, and at the close of his second term he Avas nominated and elected auditor and recorder of the county. No higher testimonial of his capability in that position can be given than the statement of the fact that he was elected to the office for six consecutive terms, serving for twelve years. He then re- signed_that position to accept the nomination for state senator from the district formed by Ormsby county. He made a thorough canvass of the county and was elected by a majority of one hundred and seventeen votes. In the senate he belonged to the minority party, but nevertheless was active and influential in affairs pertaining to the Avelfare of the state. He gave his closest attention to the public interests and has left the impress of his indi viduality upon the legislation of XTevada. . At the time of the first rich discovery at Tonopah it was Mr. Brougher's good fortune to become one of the first owners of the Mizpah, Bureau, Valley View, Desert Queen, Sand Grass and Red Plume clairas, these being ei.ght of the original clairas in a group, and he is now the possessor of one-eighth interest in these. He is also interested in the Belmont, ancl the property is now being developed. The mines are attracting a great deal of attention bcause of the richness of their ore, and in two years Tonopah has grown to be a town of between four and five thousand inhabitants. Tt has been through the development of its mining interests that Mr. Brougher has gained his capital, becoming one of the wealthy men of this state. Tn July, 1902, he purchased the Arlington Hotel at Carson City, and this is now the leading hotel of the city and one of the best hostelries of the state. It is located in the center of the business district, has sixty sleeping rooms and is splendidly equipped throughout, no pains being spared to add to the comfort of the guests. This hotel is the headquarters of the leading men of the state, of the state officers and of the state legislators when the general assembly is in session. In 1885 Senator Brougher was united in marriage to Miss Julia Cannon, a native of Illinois and a daughter of EdAvard and Julia Amelia (Manvill) Cannon. To them have been born four children, three daughters and a son: Ida S., Alice J., Nellie M. and William Henry. Senator Brougher is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the blue lodge and chapter, and Royal Arch degree. He also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a business man of raarked integrity and ability, and has a wide and favorable acquaintance throughout the state. Starting out in life for himself with limited educational privileges and with no financial assistance, he became imbued with a laudable ambition to win success and prominence, and has steadily advanced in these walks of life denianding intellectuality, business ability and fidelity, and to-day commands the respect and esteem not only of his community but the state. Over the record of his public career and his private life there faUs no shadow of wrong, for he has ever been most loyal to the duties of friendship and of citizenship, and his history well deserves a place in the annals of his adopted state. 374 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, HON. EDWARD DAVIDSON KELLEY, surveyor general and state land register of Nevada, is one of the honored pioneers of the state. He arrived in the fall of 1861, soon after the organization of the territory. He is a native of Livingston county, Ncav York, Avhere he was born July 17, 1834, and comes of Irish, Scotch and English ancestry. His grandfather,, Philip Kelley, emigrated from Ireland to western Nexv York, and was one of the pioneer settlers of that Avilderness. There he cleared up a farrii and spent the remainder of his life, dying aged scA'cnty years. His son, Arthur ICelley, was born and reared there, and married Helen Davidson, a native of New England and of Scotch ancestry,. her people coming to New England from that country several generations ago. In 1842 they emigrated to Michigan and thence in 1845 ^ Iowa, there improved a farm and became very prosperous, and Avere prominent members of the Presbyterian church. They had three sons and one daughter. John Willis served in the Union army and Avas killed in August, 1862, near Shiloh; Arthur is an Iowa farmer; Edward D. is the subject of this sketch; Helen became the wife of Frank M. Meachan, reared a family and is still living. The father died at the age of fifty-five years, and the mother died in 1866, aged seventy-seven years. General Kelley was educated in Iowa and is a graduate of Mt. Carrol Seminary. Tn 1856, when twenty-tAvo years of age, he crossed the plains to California, passing through xvhat is now Nex'ada. He prospected and mined in Shasta county, became the owner ol placer clairas in which he took out an average ol an ounce ol gold a day, but in 1861 he removed to Humboldt county, Nevada, and continued his raining operations lor nine years, owning several claims and a large interest in the Arizona mine, which he sold to John C. Fall and David H. Teraple lor his own price. Later this mine becarae a great producer and one ol the noted mines of the state. Tn i86g he established the Elko Independent; later he was connected with the owner ship of the Silver State, and still later oxvned and published the Nevada State Journal, all of these being Democratic journals, he having been a Douglas Democrat and a great admirer of the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas. He also has the honor of being a member of the convention called in Nevada in favor of supporting the Union, and he gave that cause his best efforts. He was also an active participant in the organization of the silver party and did all in his power to promote its success. Although he never sought for office he was induced in 1898 to accept the nomination for his present office, and was elected by a large majority. He was re-elected by about tAVO thousand majority, and is now faithfully filling his second term. Such has been his life work in Nevada, as a miner, stock-raiser, newspaper man and publisher, as well as a successful business man and upright public official, that he comraands the deepest respect frora all Avho know him. By many he is lovingly called the "Grand Old Man of Nevada." Tn 1876 he Avas married to Miss Amelia Huston Sheriff, a native of Missouri, and a daughter of Dr. Sheriff, of Calloway county, in that state. They have one daughter, Rebecca, now at home. She is a member of the Episcopal church, while her mother is a member of the Methodist church. The pleasant hoin.e of the family is a gathering place for their many friends, and they are very impoilant factors in the social life of Carson City. Mr. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 375 Kelley is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and has been for the past twenty-five years, and has been an officer of the grand lodge for a long time. In the Scottish Rite he has attained to the thiily-second degree. He is also a veteran member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. T. J. A. FLAWS. Among the business men of the city of Dayton, none is more prominent than T. J. A. Flaws, who for many years has been identified Avith its mercantile Interests, and he is regarded as one of its most successful and prosperous -citizens. He is a native of Canada, his birth haying occurred in Saint Sylvestre on the loth of April, 185 1, and he is of Scotch ancestry. His father, James Flaws, was a native of Scotland, but in 1840 emigrated to Canada, and as a means of livelihood followed the blacksmith's trade. He married Miss Ann Stoken, also a native of Saint Sylvestre, and they becarae the parents of three sons and two daughters. The parents AX'cre Avorthy and ccMisistent merabers of the Presbyterian church and were people of sterling worth of character. The father was called to his final rest when he had reached the age of sixty years, and his wife preceded him to the grave one year. T. J. A. Flaws, the only representative of this family in Nevada, received his educational training in the public schools of Canada, and at the early age of sixteen years started out in the Avorld to make his own liveli hood. Making his way to the Green Mountain state, he there secured em ployment on a farm, his energies bdng thus directed for the four folloxving years. He then came to Dayton, Nevada, xvhere he became an employe of the Lyon Mill & Mining Coinpany, manufacturers of blue stone, borax and sulfuric acid, where he spent seven years in the chemical department, and later had charge of the refinery at Six Mile Canyon. Thence, in 1888, he returned to this eity and embarked in a small way in a general mercantile business, in which he has ever since continued, but his excellent ability and close attention to his duties have enabled him as the years passed by to increase his facilities until his is noxv one of the largest and best equipped stores in the city. His store building is thirty by one hundred feet in dimensions, and Is filled with a large and xvell selected stock of general merchandise, such as is required by the people of Dayton and the surrounding country. He enjoys a large and lucrative patronage, but Avhat he prizes even higher than success in business is a good name as an upright merchant, and this he enjoys to the fullest extent. • In 1883 Mr. FlaAvs was happily married to Mrs. John Barton, a native of California and a daughter of A. J. Markwdl. By a formei- marriage Mrs. Flaws had two children — Maude S., who became the Avife of E. Tallier and resides in California, and Lucretia, who is at home. Mr. and Mrs. FlaAvs have become the parents of four childi'en, three daughters and a son, as follows : Annie, the wife of William Norris ; Flora, who is now Mrs. C. Stock; and Clara and Thoinas, who are at horae. The family reside in a pleasant and attractive home in Dayton, and enjoy the respect -and esteem of a large circle of accjuaintances. In his fraternal relations Mr. Flaws is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and politically has been 376 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. a life-long Republican, true and loyal to its principles, although he has never been an active participant in party affairs, preferring to give his undivided time to his extensive business interests. EDWIN E. CAINE is one of the leading educators of Nevada, having been successfully engaged in his chosen calling for over ten years. Mr. Caine was born in Boston, Massachusetts, August 30, 1873. FTis parents were both natives of New England and of Irish ancestry. In 1876 his parents removed to Nevada, where they have since resided, his father, Ames B. Caine, being actively engaged in contracting and building until death ended his labors, June 7, 1902. Mr. Caine received his education in the schools of Nevada. He grad uated Irom the Reno high school in 1889, and took his Bachelor's degree at the Nevada State University in 1893. Since then he has been actively and continuously engaged in teaching. His first work was done at Verdi, Nevada, where he yvas principal ol the public .schools lor lour years. He then became principal of the Wadsworth public schools. It was Avhile in that position, which he held for five years, that he established his repu tation as an educator and executive ol ability. He brought these schools up to a high state of efficiency, employing a full corps of teachers including a special instructor in music. He also succeeded in having erected in this town one of the finest public school buildings in the state. He is now principal of the Elko County High School, the only county high school in the state. His ability as a:n organizer is again evident, as the school has increased the number of its students over fifty per cent In the two years in which he has been directing its affairs. Several new teachers have been added to the faculty, and the equipment of the school has been so per fected that it is now becoming one of the most important educational insti tutions of the state. Mr. Caine is also deputy superintendent iri and for Elko county. He has always taken great interest in the general educational affairs of the state. In politics Mr. Caine is a Democrat, and was once the nominee of his party for state superintendent of public instruction. However, his friend ship for the opposing candidate made it necessary for him to decline the honor. He takes an active interest in political and fraternal matters. HON. DAVE M. RYAN, treasurer of Nevada, came to the state in 1874 and is a native of New York, having been born in Albany in October, 1856. His father was born in Ireland and eraigrated to New York* when twelve years of age. He became a dry-goods merchant, having stores in Albany and Philadelphia, He Avas married in Ncav York in 1854 to Cathryn Lambert, and with his wife and five children later removed to San Fran cisco, where he resided the remainder of his life, dying in 1902, aged seventy- nine years; his wife died in 1889, aged sixty-live years. Mr. Ryan was only four years of age when the family arrived in San Francisco, and he received his education in the public schools of Sacramento and Avas graduated from a business college. Tn 1874, when only eighteen A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 377 years- old, on account of ill health, he removed to Nevada and accepted the position of bookkeeper in a mercantile house in Virginia City. Tn 1886 he formed a partnership with Mr. A. J. McDonell under the caption of Mc Donell & Ryan in the stock broking business in Virginia City and San Fran cisco. Still later Mr. Ryan established the mercantile firm of Ryan & Stenson in Virginia City. This latter venture proved such a success that branch houses were established in Tonopah, Nevada, and Grass Valley, California. Tn 1894 Mr. Ryan was elected county clerk and treasurer of Storey county; was re-elected in 1896, and distinguished himself as a most faithful and efficient official, and when he received the nomination of the silver party for state treasurer he had the unanimous support of the Storey county dele gation. After making a successful campaign he was elected by the largest majority on the ticket, and entered upon the duties of his office January i, 1899. When he assumed charge it was with the full intention of conducting the state finances upon a purely business basis and to make every penny of state money count for its full amount. Believing it best to secure the office against any attempted invasion by burglars, he had alarms attached from his office in the building to the sheriff's office in Carson, and to all other offices in the building. He also provided Winchester rifles to all the other officers to be used in case of attack. Tn 1901 he was re-elected, and his majority led the ticket. Earlier in life he was independent, but when the silver question came before the public, he espoused it ardently. Mr. Ryan has taken a deep interest in the state militia, and for years has been captain of Company A, Virginia City, and at the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he organized the first battalion and was offered the position of major, but declined in favor of others. He is very popular as a citizen and public official, and through his strenuous efforts he has placed the finances of the state in a very good condition, and is honored as a public official of strictest integrity and a high order of ability. Fraternally he is a valued member of the Knights of Pythias and the Elks. JOHN AUGUSTUS FITZGERALD, who was the proprietor of the Palace Hotel of Reno, one of the popular hostelries of the state, for the last seven years, was born in Massillon, Ohio, on the 17th of April, 1850, and comes of Scotch, Dutch and Irish Uneage. He was educated in north Indiana In a little log schoolhouse which was built upon his father's farm, the senior Mr. Fitzgerald being the merchant and agriculturist of that locality. He was left an orphan at quite an early age, and when a youth of seventeen years went to Illinois, where for a time he followed farming. Soon after ward, however, he. became engaged In railroading on the Illinois Central Railroad, running out of Chicago, advancing from the position of brake- man to that of extra conductor. For a number of years following his railroad ¦experience he was in the hotel business and gradually worked his way up ward in that line frora the position of night clerk to raanager and proprietor. For a tirae he had charge of the Depot Hotel in Champaign, Illinois, and 378 A PITSTORY OF NEVADA. met with excellent success in the management of that enterprise. Tn Septem ber, 1878, he arrived in Nevada, turning his attention to quartz mining at Pyramid. Tn this he was associated with R. W. Perry, but they were not successful, and Mr. Fitzgerald lost much that he had saved. He then came to Reno, where he assumed the management of the Palace Hotel, and after ward in connection with Mr. Perry he purchased the old DepotHotel, which Is a sixty-room house. A little later a disastrous fire visited the town and this hotel was destroyed, causing the owners to lose heavily. For a year foUoAving this misfortune Mr. Fitzgerald was ill, and his ex penses were so great that again his savings were largely dissipated. He was then successfully engaged in the saloon business on Vir ginia street in Reno for a time, and when his financial resources enabled hini to again raake investment in property he purchased the Palace Hotel. The lot on Avhich its stands is thirty-five by one hundred feet, and the building is three stories in height with basement. It covers the whole lot, and is a Avell lighted structure because it fronts on both Commercial and Center streets. It is only a short distance southAvest of the Southern Pacific depot, and this excellent location is appreciated by travelers. Mr. Fitzgerald also OAvns a fine property near the corner of Third and Ralston streets, one hundred by two hundred feet, Avhich is_ planted to fruit and shade trees, his home being surrounded by ornamental shrubs and flowers. In April, 1887, occurred the raarriage of Mr. Fitzgerald and Miss Frankle Smith, who was Ixirn in Plumas county, California. They have become the parents of Iavo children : Nell and Jack, both born in Reno. Mr. Fitzgerald is a Republican, but has never sought or desired office, al though he has put forth effective and helpful effort for his party, desiring its success. He has served on the Republican state central committee, and his wise counsel has been favorably received by the organization. A courte ous gentleman, he has gained raany friends among his fellow citizens in Reno. DIXIE P. RANDALL. From colonial days the Randall family has sent its representatives into various Avalks of life to become active and influential residents of the communities xvith xvhich they have been connected. They are of English descent, and settled in the east prior to the war of the Revolution. The grandfather of D. P Randall fought valiantly In the old historic battle of New Orleans under General Jackson. He was a blacksmith and machinist by trade, and in 1838 removed from the old family home in the east to Kentucky, xvhere he became identified with agricultural pursuits, and there his death occurred xvhen he had reached the sixty-fifth year of his age. His Avife bore the maiden name of Mary Thornton, and she was born in London, England. Her death occurred at the good old age of eighty-nine years, she passing axvay in the faith of the Baptist church, of which she and her husband were worthy members. George Perry Randall, a son of this sterling old pioneer couple, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1830, and when twenty-two years of age, in 1852, started on the long and arduous journey across the plains with ox teams, settling at Angels Camp in Calaveras county, xvhere he became A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 379 the owner of a mine. On the 22d of April, 1855, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Eliza Catherine Williamson, and their names were inscribed on the roll ol the honored pioneers ol the Golden state, as well as that of the Silver state. In 1864 they came to Nevada, where Mr. Randall erected a sawmill at Markleyville, and subsequently removed to Carson valley, Doug las county, where he turned his attention to ranching and the stock business, beirig for a time also engaged in blacksmithing and freighting at Enterprise. In 1874 he took up his abode in Dayton, where he resumed his blacksmith operations and also continued to cultivate his ranch in the Carson valley. The Democracy has always received his hearty support and co-operation, and on its ticket in 1881 he was elected to the office of sheriff of Lyon county, the duties of which he performed faithfully and efficiently for four years. He has now reached the seventy-third milestone on the journey of life, but is yet an active and industrious man. To this honored old couple have been born twelve children, eight of whom still survive, four being residents ol California and four of Nevada. D. P. Randall, the second in order of birth of this numerous family, is a native son of the Golden state, for his birth occurred in Calaveras county, California, on the 2d of July, i860. When only four years of age he was brought by his parents to Nevada, his education having been received in the public schools of Dayton, and in his youth he learned the blacksmith's trade of his father. As the years have passed by he has prospered in his business ventures, and is now the owner of a fine ranch of five hundred and sixty acres, located one and a half miles east of Dayton, where he is engaged in the raising of alfalfa, hay, wlieat, barley and potatoes, the land being espe cially well adapted for general farming. He, too, has been a life-long Democrat, and in 1892 was elected to the position ol county commissioner ol Lyon county, in which he served laithluUy and efficiently for four years, while for two years he was the deputy sheriff under his father, and was subsequently elected to that position. Mr. Randall gave such excellent satis faction in the latter position during his first term that he has been thrice elected, and is now serving his third term. While filling the position of assessor of the county he was faithful, honest and diligent in the discharge of his duties, and thus won the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. When he assumed command the property valuation was very low, while the tax rate was as high as three dollars and thirty-five cents a hundred, but through his instrumentality the valuation was raised and the rate of tax reduced to one dollar and seventy-five cents a hundred, and this gave to the county the same revenue. Mr. Randall is one of the county's most public- spirited and enterprising 'citizens, taking a deep interest in everything per taining to the public welfare, and he .withholds his support from no movemenl intended to prove of public benefit. Tn the year 1888 he was united in marriage to Miss Emma Gertrude Hazlet, who was born in Dayton, Nevada, being a daughter of Dr. J. C. Haz let, a prominent pioneer physician of the state and at one time the candidate of his political party for governor ol Nevada. Four children have been born to this union, as lollows : Dixey Clark, Ray Frank, Arthur Hazlet and 380 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Dorothy, Gertrude. The family reside in one of the pleasant residences in the city ol Dayton, where they dispense a gracious hospitality to their many Iriends and acquaintances. HON. CHARLES HENRY BELKNAP, chiel justice ol the supreme court ol the state of Nevada, has resided in the state since 1865. He is a native of New York, having been born there July 20, 1842, and comes of Puritan ancestors who emigrated from the old England to the New England at a very early date. Representatives of the Belknap family took an active part in the early history of the country, as well as in later days, and the narae is a prominent one throughout the country. Both parents of Judge Belknap passed to their reward some time since. Three sons were born to them, namely : Judge Belknap and Clayton residing in Nevada, and Alden Welling. Judge Charles Henry Belknap was educated in public and private schools and in the Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn, New York. Tn 1865 he came west to Nevada, and corapleted his law studies, being admitted to the bar in the spring ol 1869, and began the practice ol his prolession in Virginia City. Tn 1873 he was appointed judge ol the supreme court, and he also served two terms as mayor of Virginia City. In 1880 he was further hon ored and elected suprerae judge of the state, and for twenty-three years has honoral;)ly filled that august position, now being the oldest judge in com mission. Tn 1873 Judge Belknap was married to Miss Virginia Bradley, and four children have been born of this union, namely : Carrie, Virginia, Alden and Dita. Judge and Mrs. Belknap Avith their family have a beautiful home in Carson City and naturally are numbered aniong its raost honored people. Fraternally Judge Belknap is a prominent Mason; ABSALOM B. WILLIAMS is a respected pioneer who became a resi dent of the territory of Nevada at a very early date in its development. He crossed the plains in 1850, and in i860 he took up his abode in Virginia City. He was born in Mount Vernon, Indiana, on the 30th of October, 1828, and comes of a family of Welsh origin, his grandfather, James Williams, having emigrated from the little rock-ribbed country of Wales to the state ol Virginia. His father was bom in the Old Dominion and was married there to Miss Elizabeth Williams, who, though of the same name, was not a rela tive. They removed to Iridiana and afterward to Illinois, becoming pioneer settlers of both states. Mr. Williams was a farmer bv occupation and became actively identified with agricultural interests in the Mississippi valley. Both he and his wife were devoted members of the Episcopal church, and were people of the highest respectability. He departed this life at the age of sixty-three years,' while his Avife was called to her final rest at the age of seventy years. Absalom B. Williams Avas their only child, and upon his father's farm A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 381 he was reared, early becoming familiar xvith the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. During the xvinter months he pursued his studies in the little log schoolhouse near by, and in the summer seasons he assisted in plowing, planting and harvesting. In this way he secured only a limited education, but he afterxvard supplemented it by study in a night school in Illinois. Not desiring to make farm work his life vocation, he learned the trade of a carpenter and joiner, and in the year 1850 he crossed the plains to California, attracted by the discovery of gold in this portion of the country. He Avas engaged in mining first In Esmerdda and spent ten years of his life as a miner in Benton. Purchasing the Diana mine at that place he built a four-stamp mill at a great cost, the materials being very expensive, xvhile he had to pay six cents per pound for freight. The mine gaxe a rich yield, but the profits xvere all eaten up in the Avorking of it. On the expiration of ten years he sold the property to pay for its indebtedness, and left Benton Avithout having accumulated anything in the meantime. While engaged in mining in Benton Mr. Williams had returned to the east, in 1863, and he brought his family to X'^evada. He had been married in 185 1 to Miss Anna E. Gates, a native of Bedford county, Pennsyh'ania, and as the years passed six children were added to their family, four of whom are living, namely : Charles A. ; Abbie A., uoav the Avife of T. M. Byrne, of VaUejo, California; Annie L., the wife of Alexander Penycook, -of Val- lejo; and Grace G., who is the AvIfe of Lester G. Loomis and resides in Los Angeles. Tn 1876 Mr. Williams removed his faraily to Reno, where he has since lived. While engaged in the operation of a quartz raill he had learned assay ing, and on coming to Reno he engaged in this line of work, Avliich he has followed for the past thirty-eight years. As his financial resources have increased he has invested in city property in Reno, on which he has made many good improvements, and as the city has grown he has subdivided his land and sold it as town lots. The rise in values has been of great benefit to him, and he is now one of the substantial citizens of this locality. His own horae is a handsome residence, surrounded by beautiful grounds, adorned with flowers and shrubs and Avith fruit and ornamental trees. His political aUegiance has been given to the Republican party since the Civil yyar. While residing in Moline, Illinois, he served as postmaster pf that city under the administrations of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan, and at Benton he was for eight years justice of the peace, but he has ncA'er been an active politician in the sense of office-seeking, his devotion to the party arising from his firm belief in its principles. He and his family are mem bers of the Episcopal church, and he has taken a very actiA'e part in its xvork, serving as its senior Avarden for the past fifteen years. A man of strong character, living an upright life, he has gained the regard and good will of his fellow men, and well deserves representation in this volume. JAMES HENRY TABER, of Elko, Nevada, is one of the old and hon ored pioneers of the state, where he has made his home since 1862. He •yvas born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, on the 26th of August, 382 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 183 1, and his fathei', James Dax'is Taber, claimed the state of New York as the place of his nativity. The latter married Miss Sarah Hamilton, a native daughter of the Empire state, and two children were born to them during their residence in Pennsylvania. Tn 1832 they removed to Henry county, Illinois, Avhere they resided during the period of the Black HaAvk war, and there the father took up land, which he cleared and improved. For twelve years that comraonwealth continued to be their home, on the expira tion of which period, in 1844, they made their way to Iowa, having been numbered araong the early pioneers of that state, and from there crossed the plains to California in 1846. The journey thither was made with ox teams, and Mr. Taber was accompanied by his wife and six children. They took up their abode in Contra Costa county, and the father and his eldest son Joseph served their country as soldiers in the Mexican war. Tn the Golden state Jaraes Davis Taber spent the remainder of his life, dying at Chico in January, 1891, when he had passed the ninety-third milestone on the journey of life. His first wife had died ere the family removed from their Illinois home, and by his second wife he had four children, making ten ill all in his family. James Henry Taber is the only representative of his father's family in Nevada, and his first experience after removing to California was his enlist ment under General John C. Fremont, with whom he marched to Los Angeles, and his is the honor ol participating in the taking ol California from the Mexicans, Avhile for the meritorious services which he then rendered his country he now draws a pension. When nineteen years of age he began the active battle of life for himself, his first occupation having been as a miner at Folsom and Mormon Island, in Avhich he made money, but like other early miners he put much of it back In mining enterprises which did not prove so successful. Abandoning the pursuit of a miner, he then went to Sierra county, California, and embarked in merchandising, carrying principally miners' sup plies, three years being thus spent and with only moderate success. Selling his possessions there Mr. Taber removed to Marysville and soon afterward engaged in freighting with oxen from that city to the different mining camps, conducting this business, yvith five yoke of oxen and a wagon. The teamsters then went in groups, camping out at night, and as they xvere so well fortified tljey were not molested by the Tndians. In 1862 he arrived in Cai'son City, Nevada, and in the following spring followed the mining excitement to Austin, Avhere he engaged in the search for the precious metal for a short time and then was elected to the position of sheriff, Avhich he filled acceptably for tAvo years, Avhile four years were spent as a deputy in that office. During his tenure of the office he was active in the arrest of the raany noted layy-breakers which then infested the country, and by his persistent efforts life and property were thus made more secure. In 1 87 1 Mr. Taber arrived in Elko county and engaged in the stock business, carrying it on with success for twelve years, during which time he often owned as many as fifteen hundred head of cattle at one time. Selling his possessions in the county he removed to the town of Elko, and in 1882 was elected to the position of sheriff, in which position he served for a "term of two years, and for six years was in the same office as a deputy. Since retiring A PIISTORY OF NEVADA. 383 from the office of sheriff he has lived quietly at his home in Elko, enjoying the fruits of his forraer toil. Tn 1877 Mr. Taber was united In marriage to Miss Margaret D. Schoer, who was bom in Germany but was reared and educated in this country, and has been a resident of Nevada since 1875. They have two daughters, born in Wells, Elko county, Clara Mabel and Cora Emma, the former a graduate of the Stanford University and the latter of the Michigan State University, and both are at home with their parents. Mr. Taber has just erected a fine residence in Elko, AvhIch is a fitting place for this brave pioneer couple to spend the evening of their useful lives. Mr. Taber is a meraber of the Masonic fraternity, having received the sublime degree ol a Master Mason in Austin many years ago, and is noAv a valued member of Elko Lodge No. 15, A. F. & A. M. The daughters of the family are Avorthy members of the Presbyterian church at Elko. HON. JAMES G. SWEENEY, attorney general of Nevada, is a native of the state, having been born in Carson City, January 22, 1877. He enjoys the honor of being the youngest man in the entire United States who ever occupied the office of which he is now incumbent. He is a son of Edward D. Sweeney, one of the honored early pioneers of Carson City, who located in that locality In the spring of 1857. He Avas born in Ireland in 1829, but came to America in 1833, when only four years of age, so that nearly all of his life has been spent in the land of his adoption. In 1849 he was attracted to California by the discovery of gold, and Avas a placer miner at Hanghtown, now Placerville. Later he went to the Frazer river, and experi enced many thrilling adA'entures. Upon arriving in Nevada he Avent directly to Eureka, Humboldt county, built a cabin and conducted a toll road, some tiraes taking- in as much as two thousand dollars a day. TTe delivered water at Carson City in barrels to the first settlers of that place, and a little later piped the first water to the city.- Among his other holdings was a ninety- acre ranch above the toAvn, on which he built a reservoir and frora it sup plied the city with water. He also acquired three thousand five hundi'ed acres of woodland, on which he built a sawmill and supplied the tOAvn with wood and lumber, and many of the buildings now standing were put up Avith his lumber. Later he built the first brick structure in the city, which was for years occupied by the state land office and law office. Edward D. Sweeney has been a life-long Democrat, and for years Avas chairman ol the district central committee of the state. Tn 1866 he was married to Miss Ellen Cavanaugh, a daughter of Peter Cavanaugh, a pioneer of Nevada and a noted architect and builder. Among the buildings for which Mr. Cavanaugh had the contracts were the United States mint building and the capitol building, as Avell as raany others too nuraerous to raention. Both Mr. Edward S-weeney and his wife are living, occupying a very pleasant horae in Carson City. They had six children, of whom four are now living, namely : NeUie, who married George L. Lemon„ of Oakland, California ; Margaret, at home with her parents; Louise, a successful teacher in Carson City; and James G. 384 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. James G. Sweeney Avas educated in the public schools of Carson City, graduating from the high schools, after whicii he went to St. Mary's CoUege at Oakland, California, frora which he was graduated with the degree of B. A. He then returned to Carson City and studied law, and Avhen only twenty-one years of age was admitted to the bar. After that he entered the Columbia Law University at Washington, D. C, from which he -Avas also graduated with high honors. Once more he returned to his native city, and soon thereafter the brilliant young attorney was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate to the general assembly. Mr. Sweeney stumped the district and was returned with a large majority. While so very young, Mr. Sweeney possessed unusual ability and distinguished himself as a legislator, and returned horae at the close of the session covered with political honors. The intervening time between his return and 1902 was spent im carrying on a large and extremely successful practice, but in that year he was nominated by his party as candidate for the office of attorney general of the state. Tn his own behalf and that of the ticket Mr. Sweeney stumped the entire state, meeting with an enthusiastic reception everywhere, and so effective was his campaign that he was elected by a majority of 1,570. Since entei'ing upon his duties he has faithfully discharged them personally, having no deputy. On December 14, 1902, he was united in marriage with Miss Mable Trembath, the accomplished daughter of Hugh Trembath, of Virginia City. Mrs. Sweeney was born in Virginia City, Nevada, and Is a most charming and highly educated lady. Although barely twenty-six years of age, Mr. Sweeney has already accomplished more than many men in a lifetime, and honors have been heaped upon him. That his future will be equally briUiant is a certainty to those who have the privilege of his acquaintance or have followed his remarkable career. BYRON GATES, who is serving as county commissioner of Lyon county, came to Nevada in the spring of 1876. He is a native of Carroll, Maine, born on the 4th of October, 1848, and is a representative of an old English family that was established In New England during the early period ol the colonization in America. His grandfather, Alden Gates, and his father, Galen Gates, were both natives of the Pine Tree state. The latter xvedded Miss Esther Chase. They became farming people, living in the east until 1849. when he, attracted by the discovery of gold in California, made his way, to the Pacific coast. There he engaged in placer mining xvith good success, taking home with hira several thousand dollars. His remaining days were spent on his farm in his native state amid comfortable surround ings. He was a citizen ol worth and held the office ol selectman in his town, was also treasurer there, and for twenty years fiUed the office of post master, discharging every official duty with promptness and fidelity. To him and his wife were born six children, Induding two pairs of twins, and three of_ the children are yet living. The parents were Universalists in rdigious faith, and both attained to advanced ages, the father passing away at the age of seventy-four, while the- mother reached the Psalmist's span of three score years and ten. - A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 385 Byron Gates is the only representative of the family in Nex-ada. The public schools of his native town afforded him his educational privileges, and early in bis business career he conducted a shingle mill, being engaged in the manufacture of shingles in Carroll, Maine, until his emigration to the west in 1876. The city of Dayton, Nevada, was the place of his destination, and after his arrival here he was employed in the lumber yard ol Mr. Crocket for a time. Subsequently he secured a position with the Lyon Mill & Min ing Coinpany and later entered upon an independent venture, becoming interested in the bee and poultry business, in which he has gained good profit. Pie now has seven hundred fowls of high grades, and owns a fine apiary, containing two hundred and forty stands of bees. He has made a study of both departraents of his business and has all the best equipments and acces sories for producing the best results in his work. Upon the market his honey, eggs and poultry bring the highest prices, and his annual sales reach a large figure, returning to him a A'ery gratifying income. Everything about his place is neat and thrifty in appearance, and his business capability is marked. In 1884 was celebrated the marriage ol Mr. Gates and Miss Charlotte A. Ahl, a native daughter of California. They now have three children : Hazel E., Mary Belle and Lottie C, all of whom are yet at home with their parents. Mr. Gates owns a good residence in Dayton, and he and his family enjoy the respect of their neighbors and many friends, Mr. Gates belongs to the Masonic fraternity and is a worthy exemplar of the teachings of the craft. He was made a Master Mason in Horeb Lodge No. 125, F. & A. M. in Maine, filled all of the offices in the lodge and is now one of its past mas ters.. On his removal to the west he diniitted frora the lodge in Carroll and is now affiliated with Valley Lodge No. 9, F. & A. M., of Dayton. Tn politics he has always been a life-long Democrat, and during the controversy on the money question he took a firm- stand on the silver side, believing in both gold and sUver as standard money. In 1898 he was elected to his present office of county commissioner of Lyon county, and after four years of faithful service the public gave evidence of its trust in him and its recognition of his fidelity to duty by re-electing him, so that he is noxv serv ing for the second term of txvo years. He puts forth every effort to advance the best interests of the county, and his labors have been effective, beneficial and far-reaching. During more than a quarter of a century's residence in this portion of the state he has so lived as to win the warm friendship and favor of his felloxv men and is justly accounted a valued citizen here. MRS. MARY E. LAKE. In the year 1859 what is now the state of Nevada was only an undefined part of the territory of Utah. Its population was almost entirely miners or raen connected in some way Avith that industry and indirectly deriving their support in that way. Only the student of his tory and the readers of Bret Harte can form an adequate conception of liie as it was in those days and places. For that reason.it Is the unique distinction of Mrs. Mary E. Lake that she arrived in Reno in that year, and there is probably not another woman living who came at that time. This long period of residence has made her' exceedingly familiar with all the developments 386 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. from the extreme frontier life ol that year until the more settled conditions ol the present. And we can imagine that her arrival was somewhat ol a sen sation to the miners as she was the first young girl to make her appearance in that district. Mrs. Lake was born in Toxva in 1845, the daughter of James Morrison, who died when she was a child, and her raother afterward married Mr. James Alexander; on the latter's death she married James H. Hickman, with whora she crossed the plains to Nevada in 1859, taking yvith her two sons, Mrs. Lake, and a step-daughter. One of the sons was John F. Alexander, xvho graduated from the Califomia State University, became a lawyer, was district attorney of Washoe county, later was attorney general of the state of Nevada, ancl was also the founder of the Reno Gazette; he died in 1891, 'aged thirty-eight years. Mr. Hickman xvas killed by a runaway team in Virginia City in 1862, and Mrs. Lake's mother ched in southern Califomia in 1896, aged seventy years. Mrs. Lake gained the principal part of her education iri Virginia City, after she was fifteen years of age, and in 1865 she married George W. F. Vosburg, who was a native of New York state and had come to Nevada in 1861. He was elected county clerk of Storey county, and at that time was a resident of Virginia City. Later he was in the lumber business at Meadow Lake, California, and then had a ranch In Long Valley. He was in delicate health, and then traveled for some time, also Avith the intention of securing some more congenial occupation ; during this time his wife reraained with her mother in Glendale. On Mr. Vosburg's retum he located in Reno, where he resided for five years, until his death, Avhich occurred in 1879, at the age of forty years. His Avife was left Avith tyvo children: Harriet L., now Mrs. William B. Thorn, of southern California ; and Gertrude Jane, at present a school teacher, and the widow of Mr. R. L. Hall. In 1888 Mrs. Vosburg was raarried to Winfield Scott Lake. He is a native of New York and carae to Reno in 1880. His cousin, M. .C. Lake, was one of the founders and first settlers of Reno. One son has been born to the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Lake, Winfield Scott, Jr. Mr. Lake is in the planing raill business. Fle is a Republican in politics, a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and is one of the highly respected citi zens ol Reno, where he has a nice home. Mrs. Lake has also been a pioneer in the sense of sharing in the hard work of the. frontier. When she was left alone xvith her txvo children she supported and educated them by dressmaking, and she has performed all her parts in life equally faithfully and well. She is an Episcopalian, Avhile her husband was reared in the Baptist faith, and she is a meraber of the Guild of the church and one of its valued members. HON. ADOLPHUS LEIGH FITZGERALD, one ol the judges ol the supreme court ol Nevada, dates his arrival in the state August, 1878. He is a native ol North Carolina, where he was born October 27, 1840. He comes ol English, Irish and Welsh ancestry. He is one ol the noted Irish family of Fitzgeralds which was founded in America by William Fitzgerald, Jk.}^- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ^^'i' who settled in Virginia about two hundred years ago. The mother ol Judge Fitzgerald was Martha Jones Hooper, and she descended from one of the first families of Virginia. Judge Fitzgerald Avas the youngest in a family of ten children, and was reared and educated in his native state, being graduated from the famous University ol North Carolina, receiving his degree in June, 1862. The war was then at its height, and he enlisted in the Confederate service as a private in a cavalry regiment and so served until the close of the war, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Petersburg and the siege of Richmond. One ol his horses was shot under hira, but he himself never received any injury. Young and enthusiastic, he made a brilliant record as a soldier. After the conflict AX'as over he xvent to California and became professor of Latin and Greek in the Pacific Methodist CoUege, but resigned that position to become deputy state superintendent of instruction under Rev. O. P. Fitzgerald, now a bishop ol the Methodist church. South, in California. Later he resigned to becorae president of the college in Santa Rosa. For five years he was the honored head of this institution of learning, but, havin.g begun the study of law, he was adraitted to the bar by the supreme court ol California, in Janu ary, 1878. He then went to Eureka, Nevada, where he practiced his pro fession until 1887, and was then elected district judge which position' he ably filled until January i, 1890, when b}' election he became a member of the supreme court- of the state. In his first election for judge he was the only Democrat elected, and in his second election for the sarae office he received double the vote of his party and thirty votes additional. Tn his third election he met with no opposition, and the same state ol things existed in, his fourth. His fifth election was when, he Avas the candidate for the supreme bench, and he carried every county in the state and received the largest vote of any man in Nevada, Avhich proves more conclusively than anything else the wonderful personal popularity of Judge Fitzgerald. The stand the Judge takes upon national aff'airs, particularly upon the financial questions of the day, has been reached after careful and conscientious deliberation and exhaustive reading upon both sides. In 1869 Judge Fitzgerald was married to Miss Nannie McCoy, of S;in Jose, California, and three children have been born to them, namely : McCoy, a graduate ol Harvard LaAv School, now an attorney ol Shasta county, Cali fornia; Geraldine, now with her father; Richard, a prominent attorney of New York City. Mrs. Fitzgerald died in 1882, and in 1884 Judge Fitzgerald married Mrs. Chappel, a lady of great attainments and high social position. Fraternally Judge Fitzgerald is a Mason, having become one in 1862, and has advanced until he has taken all the degrees in both the York and Scottish Rites, and is now past grand master of the state, past high priest of the state, and for the last seventeen years he has been inspector general of Scottish Rite Masonry. He is also a member of the Royal Order of Scot land, and has had in all fifty degrees, so that there is no Mason east or west Avho is higher in the order than he. In writing of a man of the attainments and high standing ol Judge Fitzgerald the biographer must naturally led that no mere words ol his can sufficiently express the esteem and admiration accorded such a subject. 388 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Throughout a life of honorable dealing Judge Fitzgerald has always acted wisely, judiciously and conscientiously, whether it was in a matter concern ing himself alone, or upon occasions when the welfare of many was at stake, and as a most natural result his name is exalted and his popularity increased Avith each succeeding day. HON. JAMES R. JUDGE, ex-attorney general and ex-lieutenant gov ernor of Nevada, is not only one of the representative men of the state, but also a laAvyer of national reputation. He came to Nevada in 1877. He is a native of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, where he was born September 9, 1849, coming of Irish ancestry. His parents, James and Mary (Smith) Judge, both were born in Ireland. His father was a farmer and railroad man, and lived to be seventy-five years of age, while his mother was seventy-four Avhen she died, the two passin.g away Avithin a year of each other. Three sons were born to these parents, James being the only one to come to Nevada General Judge Avas reared in his native state and educated in St. Francis College, Avhere he learned civil engineering, and he followed that calling for a number of years. For a short time after arriving in Nevada he was en gaged in surveying for a railroad, and then entered upon the study of law in the office of Colonel Ellis and his partner Mr. King, and was admitted to the bar May 5, 1 881, by the supreme couil of the state. Immediately there after he entered upon the practice of his profession. Tn December, 1896, he was appointed attorney-general of Nevada by Governor Sadler and served in that office until 1899. Tn the fall of 1898 he was elected lieutenant governor, and entered upon the duties of his office January i, 1899, and filled the office Avith credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction ol all concerned until January- i, 1903, when his successor assumed charge, and General Judge re turned to his large practice. He has been a lile-long Democrat and has always taken an active part in local and state affairs, being a prominent lactor in the organization of the sih'er party. He has also been identified with various mining interests, and is to-day a wealthy man, although he has never forgotten the days when his income depended upon his own exertions. Tn 1893 General Judge was unitecl in marriage with Mrs. D. R. Upton, a native- of Maine, who came to the Pacific coast in 1870 and thereafter made her home in California. She is a lady of high education and culture, and in religious faith is a Presbyterian. It is scarcely necessary to say that General and Mrs. Judge are accorded a very high position socially, and that they have a host of warm .friends to whom they dispense a very gracious hospitality at their beautiful horae in Carson City. HON. WEBSTER PATTERSON. Conspicuous in the role of names of men who have conferred honor upon the legal profession stands that of Webster Patterson, a prorainent and well knoAvn resident of Elko. He is, however, a native son of the east, his birth having occurred in Wilmington, Ddaware, on the 30th of March, 1863. In the same town his father, John A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 389 C. Patterson, was born, and Avas there married to Miss Laura A. Webster, Avho was born in Maryland, and several generations of the family on both sides have had their nativity in this country. John C. Patterson was a grad uate of Princeton College, and Avas a lawyer of prominence. He spent his entire life in the state which gave him birth, attaining the ripe old age ol eighty years, while his wile was called to her final rest at the age ol filty years. During his active business career many honors were conlerred upon him. He served as a United States district attorney under the administrations of Garfield and Arthur, was dean of the Nexv Castle county bar, and was an active and influential Whig. Both he and his wife were valued members of the Presbyterian church, and in their family xvere four children, all of whom are living, but the subject of this biography is the only representative in Nevada. Webster Patterson received his early educational training in the public schools of his native toxvn and later matriculated in Cornell University, graduating from that well known institution with the class of 1886. Two years later, in 1888, he arrived in Nevada, where he began the reading of law in the office of Webster Dorsey, then one of Nevada's prominent lawyers, but now a practitioner of San Francisco. Admitted to the bar in this state in 1891, Mr. Patterson has ever since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession in Elko. In his political affiliations he has been a life-long Republican, and during the memorable silver movement was an active par ticipant in behalf of both silver and gold as standard money. As a repre sentative of his chosen party he was elected and served the county of Elko as district attorney for several years, was also county surveyor, and in 1898 was elected a member of the Nevada legislature. In which he served as chair man ol the judiciary committee and took an active part in all the legislation enacted during that term. The marriage ol Mr. Patterson was celebrated in 1888, when Miss Lizzie Dorsey became his wile. She is a native daughter ol the Golden state, her birth occurring in Placerville, California, and her lather was the Hon. John M. Dorsey. They have had five children, all born in Elko: Dorsey, Laura (who died at the age ol five years), Dorothy E., John and Marguerite. The Iamily reside in one ol Elko's pleasant homes, and Mr. Patterson is a mem- _ber of the Knights ol Pythias Iraternity. GEORGE RAMMELI<:AMP. Widely and lavorably known in the city ol Dayton and this section of Nevada, George Rammelkamp dates his residence in the state since 1869. He is a native of Prussia, and in his life exemplifies many of the sterling traits of his race. He was born in the year 1846, and remained in the fatherland until about thirteen years of age, when he crossed the Atlantic to the new world. He had attended school in his native country and thus laid the foundation for a good practical education. On reaching the United States he made his way to a sister who was living in Galena, Illinois, after which he worked upon an Illinois farm until he became large enough to secure employment in the lead mines of that portion of the state. He obtained a position as teamster, hauling lead from the mines, and 390 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. while thus engaged Avas intrusted by the company with the work of carrying back to the office the money received for the lead. On one occasion he had a very narrow escape from death. He xvas walking behind his wagon, and in his pocket xvere seventy-two dollars which he had just received. Three ruffians attacked him and knocked him down. He fell upon his bull dog that yvas chained to the back of the wagon. Although excited, he had the presence of mind while down to quickly loosen the chain xvhich held the dog. It was a savage animal, and, realizing the danger ol its master, it at once leaped upon one ol the men while Mr. Rammelkamp struggled with another and the third ran axvay. Mr. Rammelkamp xvas very strong and vigorous, and in the struggle xvas too much for hi.s antagonist, although he received In the skirmish a severe wound in his hand xvhich disabled three of his fingers, so that he has never been able to use them. He was also stabbed several times in other places, but succeeded in putting off his assailants, and they were afterward all three arrested and each sentenced to fifteen years in the Illinois state penitentiary. This little incident is sufficient to show the courage and strength of character which the young German had in him. The faithful animal that had aided in his defense sustained sex'eral knife Avounds, but eventually recovered frora these. In the year 1869 Mr. Ramradkarap drove a team across the plains to California. The party had some difficulty Avith the Indians on the Snake river, but all of the number got through in safety to Sacramento. On the 2d of August, 1869, Mr. Rammelkamp arrived in Silver City, Nevada, and became engaged in mining and milling. His first work was in the Sucker mine, where he labored with pick and shovel. He also worked for a time in the Burk mine at Silver City, and in 1870 he came to Dayton to work in the Sutro tunnel in the employ of Mr. Sutro. He had charge of the stock, and later was intrusted with the xvork of improving Mr. Sutro's seventeen hundred acre farra, which he developed from a sage brush, irrigated and placed under a high state of productiveness, raising thereon barley, oats, and alfalfa, and other farm products. All this required much labor, Avhich Avas capably performed by Mr. Rammelkamp, Avhose methods Avere practical and success ful, resulting in making the tract a land very valuable. He also built the road to Virginia City, and continued in the employ of Mr. Sutro until that gentleman sold out. He had the entire confidence and regard ol Mr. Sutro, who entertained lor hira Avarin Iriendship and respect, .and the business relations between them were mutually pleasant. As the years passed Mr, Rammelkamp saved his money and made judicious investments, so that he is now enabled to live retired from active business. He loans his money, and, receiving a good interest, has an Income sufficient for his needs and also to supply hira Avith many of the comforts and luxuries of life. He owns and occupies a good horae in Dayton, and he also has three hundred and sixty acres of rich land in this section of the state., Tn 1876 occurred the marriage of Mr. Rammelkamp and Mi.ss Ann Daugherty, a native of Ireland. Their union has been blessed with three daughters. Clara and Elizabeth are graduates of the Nevada State Univer sity and are successful school teachers, while Georgiana is noAv pursuing a course in the university. The family are all communicants ol the Roman A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 391 Catholic church, and Mr. Rammelkamp holds membership relations with the Anicent Order of United Workmen and the Knights of Pythias. In politics he Is a Republican, but has never desired office, preferring to perform his public service as a private citizen. He is true and loyal to the stars and stripes, although born across the Avater, and America and her institutions are very dear to him. . ROBERT JONES, Avho died October ii, 1903, was one of the honored pioneers of the great west, and his identification with the Pacific coast coun try covers a half century. He was born on the 25th of October, 1830, in Shropshire, England, and the years of his boyhood and youth Avere passed there. He Avas a young man of twenty-three years when he made his Avay to California, crossing the plains from the eastern portion of the country. He walked from Salt Lake City to the Golden state, a distance of five hun dred miles, accomplishing the journey in seven and one-half days. Seven young men started together, but Mr. Jones and two of his corapanions were the only ones who reached California at that tirae. At the sink of the Hura boldt there was a trading post, and they tried to buy food, but found that no supples could be obtained save whisky, and they gave one dollar a pint for this. Each one of thera drank a pint, it being two waters to one whisky. They also succeeded in getting a pint of flour, which Mr. J(?nes raade into "slap-jacks." One of the men took his cakes out when they Avere baked on only one side, but the others waited to have theirs baked on both sides. At length Mr. Jones arrived in California and was engaged in mining in Rabbitt creek, where he met with prosperity. Subsequently he returned to the east by way of the water route, thence made his way to England in order to bring his parents to the new world. It was their intention to travel by water from St. Louis to California, but the mother died in St. Louis and was laid to rest in a ceraetery there. The father died Avhen only one day off on the Mississippi, and thus fate prostrated the plans of Mr. Jones in provid ing for his parents in the new world. During his visit in England, however, he had been married in 1857 to Miss Jane Williams, who was born in Shrop shire, England, and they came to the Eldorado of the west, journeying across the plains. They brought with them two ox tearas and two Avagons and six head of cows, ancl for tAvo years they reraained in California, but In 1859 removed to Virginia City, Nevada. Mr. Jones also took xvith him a few head of cattle and some oxen to Virginia City. The town had just been established and the habitations of the people were largely tents. Mr. Jones and his wife spent the winter in one of these canvas affairs and experienced all the hardships and privations of pioneer life, although they xvere more fortunate than some of their neigh bors. They had brought with them a ton of flour, a sack of coffee, rice, bacon and a box of candles. At Virginia City they met a man who OAvned a cow, but had nothing to feed her, and he prevailed upon Mr. Jones to trade him food for the cow.- Mr. Jones then obtained all the hay that was brought to Virginia City in order to feed his cow. Supplies of all kinds were limited because the snoAV lay from five to ten feet deep, and before spring he lost all 392 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. of his stock, save one cow and an ox. Prices were very high that spring. Flour sold for fifty dollars per fifty-pound sack, and other provisions brought equally exorbitant prices. Mr. Jones engaged in chopping wood, which he hauled with his cow and ox yoked together. He often stopped in the streets and milked the cow as she stood in the team. At one time he received two hundred and fifty dollars for hay. His vwjod brought from ten to fifteen dol lars per cord, and he worked very hard and long in the west in order to gain a start. However, he made money, and for twenty-five years engaged in the dairy business at Gold Hill. During the great mining excitement there he made frora five hundred to one thousand dollars a month. He bought land at Steamboat from tirne to tirae until he was the owner of twenty-two hun dred acres, and he and his sons engaged in operating the ranches until his son raarried. Tn the year 1889 Mr. Jones removed to Reno and occupied a pleasant home in the city. To Mr. and Mrs. Jones were born nine children, but six ol the number have passed away. The son Frank was the first boy born in Gold Hill, his natal year being i860. He now resides in California. Emma is the widoAV ol Robert Williams and resides with her mother, and Charles C, the youngest son. Is on the ranch. Mrs. Jones is a member ol the Episcopal church. Mr. Jones held membership with the Independent Order ol Odd FeUoAvs, and politically was* never allied with any party, but voted lor the men whom he thought best qualified lor office. TTis life was an extremely busy one, indo lence and idleness being utterly foreign to his nature, and his hard work and persistent purpose resulted in bringing to him prosperity. Like other pioneers of the great west, he bore hardships and trials, experiencing all the difficulties of making a start in a new country where there were no improvements and no advantages. Tt is to this class of citizens, however, that Nevada and other western states owe their developraent, lor such men laid the foundations for the present progress and prosperity ol the different western common- Avealths. HON. GEORGE FREDERICK TALBOT, a judge of the supreme court of Nevada, came to the state in 1869. He is a native of Connecticut, where he was born April 16, 1859, coming of English and Irish ancestry, representatives of both sides of the family being early settlers in New Eng land. His father, Henry M. Talbot, was born in Connecticut and married Almira Ayer, of English and Scotch ancestry, who traced her ancestors in Connecticut back to John Ayer, who was one of the progenitors of the family in the United States. John Ayer was born in February, 1688, and died February 20, 1760, aged seventy-two years. Joseph Ayer was born April 3, 1721, and died April i, 1814, aged ninety-three years. Elisha, the son of Joseph, was born August 16, 1757, married Thankful Drake, a de scendant of another old New England family, and he died June 20, 1853, aged ninety-six years. His son, George Ayer, was born February 12. 1796, married Julia Stoddard, and died February 23, 1891, aged ninety-six years. The last two named Avere the grandparents of Judge Talbot on the maternal A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 393 side. The Ayer family is a very long-lived one, and members of it were active in the Revolutionary war. Iri religious belief they were Congrega tionalists and Unitarians. The death of the father of Judge Talbot took place in 1901, when he was sixty-five years of age, but his mother survives and is noxv sixty-three years old, and she makes her home in San Jose, Cal ifornia. Henry M. Talbot, the father of the Judge, crossed the plains to California and became a farmer in that state, but later, enticed by the White Pine excitement, removed to Elko county, Nevada, in 1869, and took up land, and from it improved a fine farm and engaged in raising barley and potatoes. The only child of these parents was Judge Talbot, and he was only ten years old when the family settled in Nevada, but prior to that he had re ceived instruction in Grass Valley, California. Later he attended school in Nevada, but in 1872 was sent to Connecticut and later went to Dickinson, Pennsylvania, where he finished his education. He then returned to Ne.vada and continued the law studies he had begun in Pennsylvania, in the office of Judge BigloAv in Elko. Tn 1881 he was admitted to the bar, and prac ticed until 1884, when he was elected district attorney, and was re-elected in 1886. Tn 1890 he Avas elected district judge, the state being then all in one district. After the new districts were forraed he was elected, in 1894, judge of the fourth judicial district, and in 1898 re-elected without oppo sition. Still greater honors awaited Judge Talbot, for in 1902 he was elected suprerae judge and entered upon the duties of his office in January, 1903. Few lawyers in the country are as well read and highly educated as Judge Talbot, and his decisions are marked by their clearness, justice and impartiality. Judge Talbot is largely interested in sheep and cattle raising, and is a • large stockholder in several veiy valuable mines. He is the owner of several thousands of acres of land, and is a very successful business man, as well as an honor to both bencli and bar. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and after casting his first vote was a Republican until the silver question confronted the people, when he felt compelled to give his support to the principles upon the raoney question he deemed right and just, and is now one of the leading lights of the silver party in Nevada. J. A. McBRTDE was one of the incorporators and is now the manager of the Elko Lumber Corapany, and has been a resident of this commonwealth since 1877. He is a native son of the west, his birth having occurred near Auburn, California, in July, 1859, and '" the public schools of the Golden state he received his early educational training. After reaching mature years he received the position of telegraph operator with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, reraaining therewith for thirteen years, and during the last three years of the time held the important position of train master. Concluding his services with that corporation, he then served as accountant for the W. T. Smith Company for four years, while for the foUoAving three years he was manager of that large establishment. Since reaching legal age Mr. McBride has given a firm support to the 394 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Republican party, and after severing his connection Avith the W. T. Sraith Corapany he was made the representative of that party for the office of treas urer of Elko county, filling that position with honor to himself and credit to his fellow citizens. For some tirae past he has given his entire attention to the management of the Elko Lumber Company, at Elko, which was estab lished in 1868 by W. J. Urton, who conducted the business for a number of years and was later succeeded by Wilsey and Earl, v/ho were succeeded by Frank Smith. Tn time Payne & Fennell became the owners of this establish ment, while the name and ownership was later changed to Payne & MiUer, and finally, in 1895, the narae was again changed, Payne & McBride assum ing control of the establishment. Tn 1901 the business was incorporated by Messrs. John Payne, M. H. Miller and J. A. McBride, its capital stock being- fifteen thousand dollars. The lumber for this concern is received from the Sierra Nevada mountains, and they now supply the country north and south of Elko for a distance of many miles, also having a large local trade. The business Is conducted upon the most honorable terms, and the members of the company are men of the highest business integrity and responsibility. In 1883 Mr. McBride Avas united in marriage tO' Miss Emily A. Bonne- field, the daughter of ex-Supreme Judge M. S. Bonnefidd, of Winnemucca, Nevada. " Their home is brightened and blessed with two sons, Allen G. and Bonnefidd G., and the faraily are raembers of the Episcopal church, in which Mr. McBride holds the office of senior warden. In his fraternal relations he is a member of the Masonic order, having received the blue lodge degrees. in Winnemucca Lodge No. 19, on the 19th of November, 1883, and is now a memljer and past master of Elko Lodge No. 15. He is also a member of the "Old Time Telegraphers' Association," Avhose membership claims many of the most prorainent and successful business men of our country. Mr. McBride was the promoter of the law providing for the establishment and maintenance of county high schools in this state-. Ke was one of the first trustees and most zealous supporters of the Elko county high school, noxv acknowledged to be one of the best educational institutions of its character in the west. HON. WILLIAM WOODBURN, thrice a member ol Congress from Nevada, and now one of the state's most able lawyers, making his home at Carson City, dates his arrival here in 1863. He was born in Ireland, April 14, 1838, and came to the United States when ten years of age. His educa tion xvas secured at St. Charles College in Maryland, and in 1855 lie went to California via the isthmus. After arrival in the state he mined, meeting xxith the usual success of those days. He had claims which yielded an ounce per day, and these he sold for txvo hundred dollars and xvent in search of something better. While mining one of his claims in Sierra county he found a nugget worth over one thousand, one hundred dollars, but while making raoney easily he also lost it. Finally he began to read law in Jackson, and frora there went to Vir ginia City, Nevada, and was admitted to practice in 1866. In 1869 he Avas dected district attorney, and being a very active Republican he xvas elected A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 396 by that party to Congress in 1874. His campaign against Colonel A. C. ' Ellis was so powerful that it brought the young Irishman before the public very prominently, and gave him a majority of nine hundred. At the end of his term he declined a re-nomination, and was succeeded in Congress by I-Ioii. Thoriias Wren. Mr. Woodburn practiced law in Virginia City until 1886, when he was again nominated by the Republicans and ran against Hon. George W. Cassady, who had served a term in Congress and was the raost popular Democrat in the state. Mr. Woodburn again made a very able canvass and received a majority of eight hundred and fifty, and at the end of his second term was re-elected to succeed biraself. During his life In Con gress Mr. Woodburn did much for his state, and was regarded as one of the most enterprising and able statesmen from the west. Once more returning to his law practice, he was again called upon to serve his people, as he was appointed by Governor Sadler attorney general of the state. In 1902 he was again the candidate of his party for Congress, but was defeated by Newlands. He is now the veteran lawyer of his state. Until 1896 he was a, stalwart Republican, but when that party adopted a gold standard Mr. Woodburn felt constrained to advocate principles of free sih'er, and since then has devoted all his efforts toward the advancement of the new party. He was the norainee for district attorney of the first juchcial district and lost by only tAvo hundred, and fifty majority. His legal career has been marked by success, and his knowledge of his profession is almost unlimited. Tn 1877 he was married to Mary Duffy, a native of Carson City. They have had two children, namely ; William, who served in the Spanish-Amer ican war and is now in Washington, D. C. ; Grace, Avho is also in the same city. General Woodburn is a member of the Ancient Order of United Work men, and very few men stand higher in the estimation of his felloAV citizens. ANDREW J. LOFTUS is one ol the proprietors of the extensive mer cantile establishment conducted under the firra name of Braun & Loftus at Dayton. He is a rascii of good business ability, executive force and keen discernraent, and is numbered among the prominent, energetic and far-see ing citizens of Dayton. A native son of Califomia, his birth occurred in the Golden state, October 4, 1862, and in 1868 he was brought to Nevada by his father, Andrew Loftus. The family is of Irish Uneage, and his father was born on the Emerald Isle, whence he came to the United States as a young man, crosing the Atlantic in the year 1844. He settled in New York and was there united in marriage to Miss Mary Waldron, also a native of Ireland. After several years' residence on the Atlantic coast they made their way to the Pacific ocean, arriving in Califomia in 1852. They had jour neyed westward by the isthmus route, and Andrew Loftus engaged in placer mining in Tuolumne and Amador counties. His attention was given to the search for gold for about sixteen years, and then in 1868 he brought his family to Nevada, settling in Dayton. Here he secured employment in the Sulphur Acid Manufacturing establishment, and he afterward worked in Nome. He is now retired from active business life, residing in Dayton at 396 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the age of seventy-six years. His wife, however, departed this life in the sixty-seventh year of her age. He has ever given his political support to the Democracy as it exemplifies his opinions regarding the issues and questions of the day. He is a worthy member of the Independent Order of (Ddd Fel lows and is widely known in this portion of Nevada. To him and his wife were born three children, of whom two are living, one daughter and Andrew J. The former is now the wife of J. E. Gignoux, of Dayton. Andrew J. Loftus being but six years of age at the time of the removal of the faraily to Dayton, acquired his early educational training in the pub lic schools of this city, while later he entered Napa College of California, being a graduate of that institution. On putting aside his text books and en tering a business career, he familiarized himself with the methods of mer chandising through a clerkship in different stores of this city. He was tor a time with T. J. Flaws, and prior to that Avas in the employ of J. A. Bon- ham. On the I2th of November, 1900, the firm of Braun & Loftus was es tablished, and they at once acquired a large and prosperous business, which, under their close attention and honorable raethods, has continued to grow so that the firm now enjoys a very good trade and has the confidence and the good will of the entire public. Their patronage coraes from the best people of Dayton and the surrounding country, and the business is now upon a very profitable basis, owing to the faithful labors, energy and honorable methods of the owners. Mr. Loftus espoused the cause of the silver party when the money ques tion becarae the paramount issue before the people of this country, and in that connection he became a candidate of the silver party for county clerk and treasurer. To the dual position he was elected, and faithfully served in that capacity for six years. Tt was upon his retirement from the office that he entered upon his present business relations. Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic order, yvith the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the .Ancient Order of United Workmen. He belongs to Valley Lodge No. 9, F. & A. M., of which he is senior warden, and at the present time he is also the honored treasurer of Dayton Lodge No. 5, I. O. O. F. On the 14th ol October, 1897, Mr. Loltus was united in marriage to Mrs. E. N. Barton. By her first marriage she had a little son, George Ches ter Barton, Avhom they are now rearing. Both Mr. and Mrs. Loltus are well known in this city and enjoy the lavor and Iriendship ol all with whom they have come into contact. He is extremely popular as a business man in Lyon county, and is recognized as a valued representative ol the commercial inter ests ol Dayton. MICHAEL SHIELDS, a retired larmer ol Reno, has been a witness of the development of the western states from the year 1856, and has been a resident of Washoe county, Nevada, since 1871. He was born In county Cavan in the north of Trdand on the 13th of August, 1837, and was educated on the Emerald Isle. However, he attended school to some extent in Con necticut, having when sixteen years of age crossed the Atlantic to the new worid and taken up his abode in the Charter Oak state. He came for the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 397 purpose of seeing America, intending to return to his native country, but xvas so well pleased Avith this land, its opportunities and its prospects that he has never recrossed the Avater to the Emerald Isle. In Connecticut he learned the trade of carriage painting, and in 1856 came to California by way of the isthmus, arriving in San Francisco in Avhat was the golden age of the state. That city xvas then a comparatively small place and the buildings erected there xvere crude, having largely been put up merely for temporary use. Mr. Shields made his xvay to Sacramento and began xvorking in a livery stable, in which he remained for a year. On the expiration of that period he removed to Coloma in Eldorado county, where Marshall first made the discovery of gold. There he was employed in a grocery store from 1857 until 1871, being in the services of Robert Bell, and in the latter year he arrived in Nevada. In this state Mr. Shields turned his attention to railroading, being first employed as a freight conductor and afterxvard as a passenger conductor on the Southern Pacific Railroad, running betxveen Ti-uckee and Winnemucca. Two years later, with the money that he had been able to save from his earn ings, he purchased a farm in Washoe county five m.iles from Reno, com prising one hundred and eighty-five acres of rich and arable land. He then turned his attention to the cultivation and development of his property, and remained an enterprising and prosperous agriculturist of the community until 1901. Avhen he sold his property and took up his abode in the city, Avhere he now owns and occupies a nice brick residence located on Second street. He had been married in 1887 fo Miss Annie Murphy, Avho was born in the toAvn in which his own birth occurred. They had been neighbors from childhood, and the friendship of early years Avas cemented by the ties of marriage. Four children have been born to them : Minnie, now the wife of James F. Hailey, a ncAvspaper publisher in Truckee, Nevada; Bessie, Clara and John, all at home. Since becoming a citizen of the United States, Mr. Shields has given his political support to the Republican party, and Avhile residing in Eldorado county he served as constable and as deputy sheriff, Avliile in Washoe county he has also filled die position of deputy sheriff. His social relations connect him with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and he was made a Mason in Acacia Lodge No. 92, F. & A. M., at Coloma, California. He now affil iates Avith the Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M., and has taken the Royal Arch degrees in the chapter. The family are all members of the Roman Catholic church. Mr. Shields has had no occasion to regret his determina tion to remain in the new world, and has profited by the opportunities af forded in this country Avhere effort is not hampered by caste or class. His life has been one of unfaltering diligence, and as the years have passed he has steadily advanced toward the plane of prosperity. THE WALKER LAKE BULLETIN is a weekly paper published at Hawthorne on each Friday by Alfred J. McCarthy. The sheet is sixteen by thirty-two inches and is a twenty-lour column journal. It Avas established at Hawthorne in 1883 by M. N. Glenn, who sold out to J. M. Campbell, while 398 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. in 1899 ]\Ir. McCarthy became its OAvner and editor. He has since published it with much ability, making of it a paper xvhich is a credit to the town. The paper Avas Republican in sentiment until the silver movement came before the people, Avhen it became an exponent and adherent of the cause of silver, ably setting forth the principles of that party and doing much effective work along that line. Mr. McCarthy, the present editor and proprietor, is a native son of California, his birth having occurred in San Francisco on the 3d of April, 1853. His father, Eugene McCarthy Avas a California pioneer of 1850 and Mr. McCarthy's brothers, Denis E. and J. F., as xvell as himself, were aniong the most noted newspaper men of San Francisco a,nd of Virginia City, Nevada. Denis E. McCarthy, having edited tFe San Francisco Chronicle xvith much ability, became the founder of the Chronicle at Virginia City, and Avas recog nized as a journalist of marked talent and power. Mr. McCarthy learned his trade in the balmy days of Gold Hill as an employe in th^ office of the Gold Hill Nezvs, and since that time he has been connected with the Sacramento Bee, the Sacramento Union, the San Fran cisco Chronicle, the Post, and was also in newspaper work in Alta, California. For twelve years he Avas on the Chronicle of Virginia City, after Avhich his health failed him and he spent a year in Honolulu. He then returned to Cal ifornia and Avas connected Avith the Sierra City Tribune for a year, while later he Avas foreraari of the Reno Gazette, but being still in poor health he thought a removal to Hawthorne Avould prove beneficial. Accordingly he came to HaAvthorne in 1888, and has since been the OAvner, editor and pub lisher of the Bulletin. Tn 1882 Mr. McCarthy Avas married in Reno to Miss Ada Holmes, and they have three children: Margaret D., Mary R. and John Arthur. Mr. McCarthy oxvns his office and home in Haxvthorne. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United W^orkmen and of the Typographical LTnion. As a citizen he is very public-spirited and progressive, and advocates all measures for the general good, giving substantial assistance through the influence of his paper. HON. THOMAS PORTER HAWLEY. Hon. Thomas Porter Hawley, United States district judge of the district of Nex'ada, and since 1895 designated by the circuit judges to attend the sessions of the circuit court of appeals at San Francisco, has been a resident of the state since 1868. He is a native of Ripley county, Indiana, haA'ing been born near Milan, on July 18, 1830. He comes of English ancestors Avbo settled in Connecticut and Massachusetts at an eariy day. His father, Ebenezer Sanford Hawley, Avas born in Connecticut in 1803. He married Eliza Porter Stevenson, a native of Kentucky, and five children Avere born to thera. Judge Hawley, the second in order of birth in the family, Avas reared and educated in his native state. In 1852 he crossed the plains to California. He arrived in Upper Hangtown, uoav Placerville, and remained in Eldorado county until June i, 1853, in Avhich year he located in Nevada county. From 1852 to 1855 he engaged in mining. He lived in Nevada county from 1853 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 399 to 1868, and during 1855-56 he served as county clerk. He was admitted to the bar in Nevada county in January, 1857, and in 1859 was admitted to the bar of the supreme court. ' He xvas elected district attorney of Nevada county in 1863. I" 1868 he settled in White Pine county, Nevada, and practiced his profession until the fall of 1872, xvhen he was elected justice of the supreme court of the state; was re-elected, and served three successive terms, eighteen years in all, lacking three inonths. In September, 1890, he was appointed by Pi'esident Plarrison to his present high judicial office. November 15, 1858, Judge Hawley Avas raarried to Miss Eudora Mur rell, a native of Mississippi. Three children were born of this union, namely : Ernest, now residing in San Francisco ; Lilian, the wife of Joseph L. Trainor, of Santa Barbara, California; and Jessie, Avho died at the age of twenty- two years. Mrs. Hawley died in 1891, aged fifty-one years. Her deatii was deeply felt not only by her own family, but by many friends, who loved her for t-he Christian, kindly virtues she always displayed. Judge Hawley is one of the old Masons of the state, and the date of his entrance into the order was in July, 185 1, at Milan, Indiana. Tn 1856 he received the Royal Arch degree, and became a Knight Templar in 1858. He was master of Nevada Lodge, in Nevada City, for three years, and Avas for three years high priest of Nevada Chapter, and for two years was high priest of the chapter at Hamilton, Nevada. For five years he was prelate of the Nevada Commandery. Nevada has no better representative of the highest elements of learning and ability on both the bench and the bar than in the person of Judge Hawley. J. F. TRIPLETT, a citizen of the town of Elko, is, one of the oldest living pioneers of Nevada. His career has been eventful enough to furnish material for a book, and few men have seen fnore or been more closely iden tified with the kaleidoscopic life of the west during the last half century. From boyhood he has been acquairjted Avith the scenes of, the Pacific slope, and has traA'ded pretty much over all that part ol the world. He has had experience as a miner in California and in Nevada, has tried the rough life of the cowboy and freighting and teaming araong the mountains and plains of Nevada, was in the livery ancl stock-raising business for some time, and in the public service of his state as an officer ot the law and an Indian fightei' won raany laurels for his courage and rendered raore secure both the lives and property of the citizens. It was while in pursuit of horse and cattle thieves that he made his first acquaintance with what is now Nevada, in 1855, and only two years later became a permanent settler near where the tOAvn of - Genoa now stands, being among the very first to locate there. Mr. Triplett is of a southern family. His grandfather was a native of Culpeper county, Virginia, was one of the pioneers to the state of Kentucky, and afterward fought in the war of 1812. George W. Triplett, the father of J. F. Triplett, was born in Kentucky in 1809, and his wife, Pamelia Head, was a native of Scott county, that state, and the daughter of John Head also a Kentucky pioneer. George Triplett was a surveyor and surveyed all the Green river country of Kentucky. He passed all his life in Kentucky, and 400 A HTSTORY OF 'NEVADA. lived to be over seventy-five years old, while his wife was eighty-one at her death. They were members of the Baptist church. They were the parents of ten children, and five are living at the present time. J. F. Triplett, the only representative of the fariiUy in Nevada, was born in Kentucky, in 1835. He received some educational advantages up to the time he was fourteen years old, but then began making his own way in the world. When seventeen, in 1852, he went to California by way of the Nica- raugua route, and made a living for a time by mining in Eldorado county. He then worked for Dorsey and Pierce, cattlemen of Placerville, and for several years was a cowboy in both California and Nevada. Tn 1857 he secured a claim to land near Genoa, Nevada, and began raising stock there. He cut the hay for his own use, and the cattle pastured on the hills. He and Sam Buckland built the first house on the big bend of the Carson river, in which he lived for seA'eral years. After this he freighted with ox teams from Folsom and Placerville, California, to Carson City and Virginia City, Nevada, and as this was a paying enterprise at the time he continued it until 1863. Tn that year the mining excitement at Austin brought hira to that place, and he mined and prospected, and was also in the livery business there for seven years. At that time he was under-sheriff of Lander county, under Sheriff Spires. Lander county then covered a great part of the state, includ ing Eureka, and he was kept busy chasing criminals and outlaws of all kinds. especially stock thieves, and his successful efforts in this direction helped much to render industry profitable and living safe. Following this period ol his life he moved to Lamoille valley, Elko county, and located lands, and had several ranches during the next ten years and was a successful grain and stock raiser. He had three or four hundred head of stock at a time, and prosperity smiled on his efforts so that he retired Irom the business in 1882 and came to Elko lor the purpose of educating his children. He stiU has four hundred and eighty acres *of land in the valley and two good residences. After coming to Elko to reside Mr. Triplett was appointed deputy sheriff under Ben Fitch, and was also employed by the Nevada Live Stock Associa tion to pursue and arrest cattle thieves. He had charge of Mr. Fitch's office until the latter's term expired' During this time he had one of the most thrilling experiences of his life, and one that shows hoAv courageous and de termined Mr. Triplett has always been in the performance ol duty. In the course of a long career among desperadoes he was continually in per sonal danger and almost daily running risks to make an ordinary man shudder, but this particular occasion is deserving of mention In this biog raphy. Three cattle thieves had been arrested and jailed at Baker City, Oregon, but had broken jail and escaped into Nevada. Mr. Triplett was put on their trail. He started with five men, but after nine days' fruitless pursuit they all gave up the chase, and he was left to follow alone. The trail Avas often lost on the stony ground, but he Avent on with dogged resolve to find his men. After fifteen days he got a raan to accompany him, and on the twenty- ninth day he caught up with the gang. They were all large men, over six feet, and the leader Avas six feet four, and was armed with a long rifle. Mr. Triplett disguised himself as a farmer — which he certainly resembled. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 401 with his many days' growth of beard and rough looks — and entered their camp inquiring for a lost coav. He went on Avith them for some distance, all die time looking for a chance to get the man with the rifle by himself, and after capturing him the rest he thought xvould be easy. Finally, xvhen the dinner hour arrived, they separated to get food, the leader going into one house and the other tAvo further on to another. Mr. Triplett kept Avith the big man, and, getting the drop on him, had him handcufled and a prisoner before he could make a shoxv of resistance. He bundled his captive into the wagon, and drove on to the house xvhere the others were awaiting. Mr. Triplett, leax'ing his man in the Avagon, Avitli the admonition that he had better raake no move to escape, rushed into the house, caught and handcuffed one of the thieves, but the other started to run out the back door. Mr. Trip lett followed him, and, after a brief struggle, succeeded in putting the irons on him also. He had done all this yvith only slight assistance, and he then ordered the precious trio to sit doAvn to the table, Avith one hand free, and eat their dinner before their long journey back to Oregon. There was great excitement in Baker City Avhen Mr. Triplett arrived with his three prisoners, and there was strong talk of lynching them before they could reach the jail. On coming to the outskirts of the crowd which packed all approaches to the jail, Mr. Triplett placed a rcA'olver in the hand of each of the prisoners, and told them to defend themselves if an assault Avas made. He then ordered the crowd to stand back, and clearing a path brought the raen without harra through to the prison, delivering thera to the sheriff and receivin.g a receipt for them in due form. So grateful xvere all the citizens of the town that they gave him the best they had Avithout a cent of remuneration, and he was also given a ticket back to Elko, besides other rewards. The names of the thieves were Steel and tAvo Prescotts, and they Avere convicted and sent to the Salem penitentiary for ten years. Tn i860, during the Piute Indian outbreak, Mr. Triplett joined a com pany of cowboys under Captain Sara Wallace. There were forty-seven of them, armed with rifles, but Avhen they came upon the Indians, the latter were so strong that they were obliged to fall back and Avait for more men. Being rdnforced to one hundred and tAventy-nine men, they went against nine hundred Tndians, and in a fight Jasting all day and until night they killed forty-six ol the redskins and lost but tAvo ol their oavu men, and compelled the Tndians to retreat. Tt was a desperate conflict, and every Avhite man earned the title ol hero. A short time before the Tndians had annihilated Major Ormsby's company, and by this success were emboldened to further violence, which was effectually checked, hoAx-ever, by the brave coxvboys. Mr. Triplett xvas married in 1867 to Miss Emma T. Sheldon, Avho was born in' Chicago and reared in the state of Illinois, and was the daughter of Philo Sheldon, who brought his faraily to California when Mrs, Triplett was ten years old. Three children have been born of this marriage, all in Nevada. Phil is editor of the Wells (Nevada) Herald; Dora is the wife of George W. Bruce, of Elko ; and Emma is at home Avith her parents. Mr. Triplett has been a life-long Democrat. He received his Master Mason's degree in 1867, in Austin Lodge No. 10, F. & A. M., and for four years was its secret-ary, and has also served as secretary of Elko -Lodge No. 15, 26 402 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. for ten years, and has held the office of junior warden. Mr. Triplett has not entirely given up his old love for mining life, and about once a year goes out on a prospecting trip. He located two claims on Bald mountain for Avhich he was paid one thousand dollars without having done any development work on them. Mr. Triplett is a splendidly preserved specimen of the Nevada pioneer, and his worth as a citizen, a public official and business man marks him as a man of influence and power in his county and state. HON. T. R. HOFER, ex-superintendent of the United States mint at Carson City, Nevada, and one of the most prominent men of the city, came to the state in 1869 from Washington, D. C., as one of the corps of clerks to open the mint at Carson City. He served first as a clerk, later as chief clerk, and then was raade superintendent by President Harrison. Mr. Hofer is a native of Maryland, having been born in Baltiraore, May 24, 1853, and coraes of Gerraan ancestry. Tlis father was a dealer in hardware in Balti more and became very successful. His faraily consisted of three sons, namely: Theodore Robert, Charles A. and Albert C. Theodore R. Hofer was reared and educated in Baltimore, and was only si.xteen when he located in Nevada, where for so many years he has pursued a successful business career. After txventy years of faithful service in the mint, Mr. Hofer was for sorae time cashier of the Bullion Bank of Carson City, and is now one of the largest Insurance agents as well as one of the substantial mine-owners of the city. His mining interests are centered at Tonopah, one of the most productive mining districts in the state. His partner, Mr. Harris, attends to his interests in San Francisco under the title of Harris & Hofer, and the firm does a large and constantly increasing business. Since casting his first vote Mr. Hofer has always been a stanch Republican. Fraternally he has been a member of the Masonic order, the order of Elks as well as of the Knights of Pythias for Nevada, of Avhich he is past supreme representative. On July 23, 1872, he yvas married to Florence Evelyn K^ingsley, a native of Eldorado county, California, and a daughter of Ilenry Kingsley, one of the prominent pioneers of that state. Mr. and Mrs. Hofer have one son and four daughters, namely; Theodore Robert, Jr., postmaster of Car son City; Ethelyn Dana, Hazel Adele, Gladys and Claire, all at home with their parents. Mrs. Hofer and her daughters are memlaers of St. Paul's- Episcopal church, and Mr. Hofer and the entire family are very important factors in the social life of the community. They have a beautiful home in Carson City, where all their friends are cordially welcomed and treated with that hospitality which is a characteristic of all the Hofer family. JAMES SCOTT, now deceased, was for many years an honored and respected citizen of Dayton, Nevada. He was torn on the Isle of Jersey, February 3, 1825, and was the ddest of the five children of William Scott and wife. William Scott was born in the north of Trdand, but his wife was born in England. The only member of the family now living is John A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 403 Scott, a brother of James, and is noxv engaged in the banking business in Sacramento, California. During the infancy of James Scott his parents moved to Woolwich, county Kent, England, and there he Avas reared and educated. When but thirteen years of age he went to sea, and followed the life of a seaman until his twenty-fifth year, sailing to various parts of the Avorld. During those years he studied navigation and Avas granted navigation papers. He spent several years in Australia, and arrived in California in the early fifties. He spent sorae time in the gold diggings at Murphy's camp in Calaveras county, Avhere he met with moderate success in his search for the yellow metal, his brothers William and John being his partners In the business. WhUe in Calaveras county, California, Mr. Scott married Miss Mary E. Cooper, a native of New Jersey, born in Franklin, Morris county, that state, on the 14th of October, 1839, and a daughter of David and Anna (Ayers) Cooper. Five children Avere born of this union but two of the number died in infancy. Those still living are Lillian E., who attended for several terms Bishop Whittaker's Seminary in Reno and is now the wife of William Whitten, a resident of Dayton; Mary A., who was educated in the Dayton high school and is now at home with her mother; and William Henry, who was educated at Heald's Business College in San Francisco and the Nevada State University, and now lives with his mother and is serving as bookkeeper for the Nevada reduction works. For a little over a year after his marriage Mr. Scott reraained at Murphy's camp in Calaveras county, California, engaged in ranching, and .in 1873 came to Dayton, Nevada, Avhere he was placed in charge of the Leete and Birdsall toll road In Gold Canyon, between Virginia City and Dayton. At that time ther'e was much excitement over the recently discovered gold and silver mines in this section, and the country was in the midst of great pros perity. Mr. Scott Avorked for the Birdsall Mill and Mining Com.pany for some time. In 1875, seeing the need for additional water facilities at Dayton, he purchased pipe and supplied the town with its water Avorks, most of the residences in the place being piped. He had charge of the plant until his death, and since then his wife has carried on the business with the assistance of her son and daughter. Politically Mr. Scott was a strong Republican, and took a deep interest in educational matters in his town, serving on the school board for some time. He was an active and worthy member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, passed all the chairs of the order and was district deputy grand patriarch of the state. He Avas a citizen of the highest integrity of character and led an honorable life, so that his death, which occurred on the 13th of January, 1896, was widely and deeply mourned. His funeral was very largely attended, and was under the auspices of his brethren of the Odd Fellows society. Mr. Scott was a loving husband and indulgent father, and his memory Is a sacred inheritance and is cherished by a multitude of friends. Throughout his career of continued and far-reaching usefulness, his duties were performed with the greatest care, and during his long life, his personal honor and integrity Avere without blemish, 404 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. EDWARD E. WINFREY, who is principal of the Reno schools, is acknowledged to be one of the most prominent and capable educators in the state of Nevada. His zeal and devotion to his work inspire and encourage the pupils and teachers Avho are under his direction, and as the result of his guidance the schools of Reno have made rapid and satisfactory advance. Edward E. Winfrey was born in Sutter county, Califomia, but lias resided in this state since its infancy. He represents an old Araerican family, his ancestry having settled in Virginia in colonial clays. EdAvard E. Winfrey obtained his early education in the schools ol Nevada, and afterward con tinued his studies at Napa Collegiate Institute, California. Throughout his entire business career he has devoted his energies* to educational work, and has been very sincere as a loUoAver ol this prolession. For the past eighteen years he has engaged in teaching in Nevada, spending two years in connection . with the schools ol Eureka, twelve consecutive years in Winnemucca, and in July, 1903, he was elected principal ol the schools ol Reno. He is A'ery de voted to his prolession and is a most earnest worker in behalf of intellectual advancement. He gives close attention to all the details ol school work, and as a successful teacher enjoys a very high reputation in the state in Avhich his life has been passed. His history sets at naught the old adage that a prophet is never without honor save in his own country, for in the midst of the people among whom he was reared he has gained distinction and success in the line of his chosen calling. Mr. Winfrey is a worthy example of the Masonic fraternity and its principles, and now holds ineinbership with both the lodge ancl chapter. He was raised to the sublime degree of a Master Mason in Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M., and received the Royal Arch degrees in Reno Chapter. He is also a past grand chancellor in the Knights of Pythias fraternity. A man of broad learning and scholarly attainments, his influence has been a potent factor in the intellectual development of his state, and it is to be hoppd that for years to come his labors will be effective and far-reaching in advancing the educational welfare of Nevada. CHARLES GULLING, Avho is the secretary and manager of the Reno Mill & Lumber Company of Reno, is Avdl known in the Industrial and com mercial circles ol this .state. In reviewing the history ol Mr. Gulling one is reminded ol the words ol a great new York financier : "TI you're not a suc cess, don't blame the times you live in, don't blame the place you occupy, don't blame the circumstances you are surrounded Avitli — lay the blame where it belongs — to yoursell. Not in time, place or circumstance, but in the man lies success. TI you want success you must pay the price" Realizing the truth ol these statements, Mr. Gulling has paid the price ol concentrated effort, indomitable energy, of perscA'crance and Avell applied business principles, and in the end has Avon the prosperity for which he has been striving. Bom in California, he first opened his eyes to the light of day in Oak valley on the 14th of October, 1855, his father being Martin Gulling, who is mentioned elsewhere in this volume. In 1859 the family removed to Chico, and in 1866 came to Washoe county, Nevada. Mr. Charies Gulling A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 405. Avas educated in the public schools of both states, and is a graduate of lieald's Business College of San Francisco, having completed the course there with the class of 1878. Previous to this time he had entered upon his business career as a teacher, and he followed the profession in the schools of Reno from 1875 until 1881. He Avas also connected with the surveying party that surveyed the road for the Nevada, California & Oregon Railroad, and in 188 1 he was employed at Verdi by the Crystal Peak Lumber Com pany, with Avhich he Avas associated for seven years, Avhen the business was sold to the Trucker Lumber Company. Mr, Gulling remained with the new firm until 1887, and then became connected with the Reno Mill & Lumber Company. Txvo years later, xvhen the business was incorporated, he tocanie one of the stockholders and incorporators, and Avas elected secretary and manager. He has since filled the dual position in a most satisfactory manner. covering a period of sixteen years, and under his guidance the business of the company has attained a most gratifying degree ol prosperity. He was also one of the incorporators of the Union Building & Loan Association, of which he is the president, and he has been the secretary of the Orr Water Ditch Company for the past twenty years, being thus connected with the enterprises whicii have proved of the utmost importance to the state in the development and expansion of its business interests. He is a trustee of the charaber of coninierce of Reno, and is taking a raost active and helpful part in the up building of the city and in the progress which has led to the rapid develop ment of Nevada within recent years. Tn 1883 Mr. Gulling was united in raarriage to Miss Margaret Plenry, of Verdi, Nevada. She was born in Canada, and by her marriage has becorae the mother of three children: Ailene, Harry and Charles. Mr. Gulling is an active supporter of the Democratic party, and is a member of the Democratic state central committee. His influence carries weight in the councils of his party, and his efforts have been" a co- operant factor in the success which has attended its measures and secured the adoption of its principles. Mr. Gulling has built a nice residence on Fourth street in Reno, and he and his faraily have hosts of warm friends in the city. THE RENO MILL & LUMBER COMPANY at Reno was incorporated on the 1 2th of March, 1889, the capital stock being then about thirty, thousand dollars, but since that time, as. the business has grown, the stock has been increased at intervals until the company is now capitalized for two hundred thousand dollars. This has becorae one of the leading manufacturing interests of the city, having reached mammoth proportions. Employment is furnished to from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty workmen, and the mill is splendidly equipped with the latest improved machinery. The company owns a band sawraill in Plumas county, California, which has a capacity of sixty thousand feet of lumber per day. It is equipped vvith a steam log-turner and a steam log carriage, and in that same locality the company owns seven thousand acres of timber land. The mill is situated in Loyalton, and was erected at a cost of forty thousand dollars. The com- pa'ny's mill at Reno was built of brick at a cost of thirty thousand dollars. 406 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. and the lumber yard in Reno is situated on East Fourth street^ covering an area of four hundred and ten by seven hundred and fifty feet. The planing mill is in another block, where the company OAvns a lot which is three hundred by one hundred and fifty feet. The building fully covers the entire area. The Incorporators of the Reno Mill & Lumber Company were P; Henry, W. S. Bender, C. T. Bender, Williara Henry, C. Cuortois, George H. Taylor, D. A. Bender and Charles Gulling, all well known business men and capitalists of the highest reliability. The mill manufactures a general line of house materials, and all the machinery is of the latest improved kind, soi that the Avork cannot be surpassed by that turned out In any mill in the country. HON. FRANCIS P. LANGAN. The true raeasure of success is de termined by what one has accomplished, and, as taken in contradistinction to the old adage that a prophet is not Avithout honor save in his own country, there is particular interest attaching to the career of the subject of this re view, since he is a native son of the place in which he has passed his active life, and has so directed his ability and efforts as to gain recognition as one of the representative citizens of Virginia City. He is actively connected with a profession which has important bearing upon the progress and stable prosperity of any section or community, and one which has long been con sidered as conserving the public Avelfare by furthering the ends of justice and maintaining individual rights. As a capable lawyer Mr. Langan is well known, having practiced at the bar of Virginia City sinee 1887. Mr. Langan was born in Gold HUl on the 5th of November, 1865. His father, James Langan, was one bf the respected pioneers of the state, having come to Virginia City in i860. He was a native of Ireland, born in the county of Waterford, in 1833. He eraigrated frora his native land to north ern Michigan and worked in the Calumet and Hecla mines until his removal to Nevada. He was a yyell informed miner, having practical knowledge of the best methods of extracting the ore from the earth He was soon made shift boss, and from 1883 until 1900 Avas foreman under Superintendent W. E. Sharon, ol the Segregated Belcher, the Belcher, Crown Point, Yellow Jacket, Imperial and other mines ol that Avonderful group of producers. He had much to do with winning the high bullion-producing record of these mines, and he continued his connection therewith as foreman until 1900, Avlien, at the age of seventy years, he retired from business cares after a suc cessful career, having for many years been connected with mining interests, during which time he had steadily worked his Avay upward. At the time of his retirement he removed to Santa Monica, California, where he died on the 31st of May, 1903. Having acquired his preliminary education in the public schools, F. P. Langan continued his studies in St. Mary's College, in San Francisco, where he was graduated with the class of 1882. He then prepared for his chosen profession as a student in the law departraent of the State University of California, Hastirigs Law College, and Avas graduated there in 1886, receiv ing his degree at that tirae. The following year he opened an office and began practice in the county in which he first saAv the light ol day, and has .\ I US roKv OF \'i'A\\n.\. -i*'" ao<|ui<"od >i romuner.uixo busiiioss, luuulliug nuich import;uit liti.i^atiou, oii- Irusttnl to him Kvau.^^e of his xvoU known aliility and his devotion (o the in- tciX'sts of his cliouts. In Iv^vx^ Mr, l.;u»g,u\ xvas joined in wedlock to Miss Louise Mcrklo, a daughter ol' Thomas Mcrklo. \t tl«o lime of her lu.irri.ii^o sho xxas a suo- oossful toaohor and hii;hly ostcouHHl in oduc.uii>nal ciivlos. To Mr. and .Mrs. I.aiigan haxo bwn born threo childion, all natix os of X'irginia City l'r;ui ox\s, Xonna and l,ui\os. Mr. ,uid Mr,-. l.;u»gau ;u'o mcmbors of tho Catholic chuivh ami aro roaring thoir briglit, iutolligXMit family in tluit faith. l''r;Uor ually Mr, l.angau is oounootovl with tho IWnevolont ,iud PoM^vtivo ("irilor of l-~lks, tho \nciout vhdor of L'nitod Workmen, the Indopondont Order of Odd I'Vllows, and ;uhI Is jvist gr.uid p.itri.uoh of tho last naniod tor ilio state of Nevada, In iH>litios ho is a silver Ropublioan, aud h;>s hoon honored with a nunilKM" »>f olVioi.d positions, Iio has Ktu oUvtod and sorxod his countv as district attoruoy .»ud o\ otlicio suporiutondont of sclux^ls, and in i888 was olootod a uunubor of tho state logiskituro. Uo t.vkos au ;ictivo (xut in the |H.>litioal xxork v>l" tt>o st,uo ;md is iuthiouti.ii in its cvniucils and coiwoiuion,;. Having sinnU his outiro lito in \irgiuia City, ho is well knoxvn ti^ her ptvplo, and onjoys tho hii^li ro.s;;irvl of his ;»s,-iooi,uos wluMU ho ha< mot In businos* and socl.d ciivU^, I.IN*.X'>1,X «.iK.\X r <."LARK. who Is orodllablx and othcioutly fiUing tho oftico *^f shorltY of l-'lko Cvvmiy. has Ikxmi ,i ri\l xotor.ius of tho Civil war, and his aiKVstry on Iho ivu ternal sido Is Sov^toh and on llio ni,uoru;il sk!o Welsh. Ills parents. K>th ol \\h<,Miv aro still siv»ri\l to him. aro Mosos and b'll.-.ilvth (alamos'! (.lark, Knh of xvhom Avoro Ixahi in ShoUwvillo. hullana. Mosos *.lark fol- loAAi\l fanning np to tho broakius.; out of tho t."i\ll war. and Iio then onlisttxl frnm Iowa, n> xxhloh state ho had romovod, in tho Thirty-fourth loxva X'ohni- tiXM- Infantry. Uo xvas in tho I'uumi .\rmy of tho Potomac for four yoai-s and sl\ uuM>ihs. ,nul g.ivo Iris full nt^wl t>f -^orxkx" on many hanl-fonght Knilotiolds, .Vl'tor tho war ho was okvtovl and .pIo Ihoy woro tho p-iroats of sovon cluKlron, llnw sons and fvnn- vtav«i;luois. aud llnxx^ aro rosido^ns of Novaila, Lulu Ivinsi' a loaohor in iho public soIhv^Is ..nd Gv\'ri^o i-o»x\>t adnrirali<>n for tho two vNMtsplonvnts tigiiros ol tho Civil war. xvas K^ni in Wanxni ^xninty, Kwxa. Xoxomlvr v"^. i.^o- Ho was txlncattxl in tho puWio .vIuxaIs and tx\ux\i U> Iho .igv of twottty thixx> in his n.nivo state, and then O.UUO lo Xox.ula, «\l tii^^t ho was a «.\>wl\w in the empKAv of tho "sovontv- ono oullil." Axlih hoadquarioi-s nine inilos .lUwo Halleck. and aflor having had a tho<\H»^1\ o\po»io»KV in that work cvmkIuoI^xI a hotel at WoUs for sv^nio the Elkv> tin»e. Ho h;is Kx?u a lifoKM>g RopuWican. and his jvputaritv among t lAOvAjvIe of iho ^\»unty was shown hy his election lo the otiioo of shoritY of Ell 408 A HISTORY OF NE\^\DA. county in November. 1902, Avhich responsible position he is noAV filling to the utmost satisfaction of all concerned. He has much talent in dealing with men, and his personal Avorth and energy,- insure him a prosperous career in the future. XoAember 16, 1898. Mr. Clark married Aliss Rose ]Mc^IuIlen, and they have two children, both born in Elko countx-, namely; James Moses and Leah Glenn. Mrs. Clark is a member of the Presbyterian church and he affiliates Avith die Knights of PAlhias. and is highly respected in the ordei- and in the entire community. HON. P. M. BOWLER, or "Patsy." as he is familiarly knoAvn, who has attained distinction as one of tlie ablest members of the.NeAada bar, is noAv liA'ing in HaAvthorne, though he has offices at Tonopah, and his prac tice extends throughout this state and California. In liis profession probably more than any other success depends upon indiA idual merit, upon a thorough understanding of the principles of jurisprudence, a pOAver of keen analysis, and the ability to present clearly, concisely and forcibly the strong points in a cause. Possessing these necessary qualifications, !Mr. Bowler is accorded a foremost place in the ranks of the profession in XcAada. A native of Ohio, he Avas born in Bdlefontaine, Logan county, on the 8th of January, 1855. and is of Irish descent, his lather, Patrick Michad BoAvler, having been torn in county Kerry. Ireland. In 1840 he came to the L^nited States and settled in Ohio, Avhere he married Miss Ellen Shine. For several j^ears he engaged in farming in that state, but is now liA-ingon Reese riA'er in Nye count)-. NeAada, Avhere he OAvns a nice ranch. In his family Avere ten children, of Avhom three daughters and tAvo sons are hoav liA'ing, namely: J. F., avIio is conducting a stock ranch on Reese river; Mrs. Kate Philips, a resident of lone, Nye county ; ]\lrs. E. E. Saylor, of Tonopah, Nye count)'; Mrs. George Keougli, residing on Reese river; and P. M. Bowler. The family are all active niemtors of the Roman Catliolic church and are people of the highest respectability. Patrick Michael BoAvler, Jr., Avas educated in the public and Catholic schools of Ncav Orleans. He took up the study of laAv in the office of Judge Benjamin Curler, Avhose son. B. F. Curler, afterAAard studied under the direction of Mr. BoAvler and is hoav serving as district judge. Mr. Bowler Avas adraitted to the bar in April, 1880. and togan the practice of his chosen profession at Belmont, Nye county. Nevada, rapidly g-aining a large and remunerative patronage, Avhich extends all over this state and into Cali fornia. He does a general laAV practice, but niakes mines, mining laAVS and Avater rights his specialty, and has gained a very enviable reputation as a thoroughly inforraed and able attomey in that brancli of the profession. On the 14th of August, 1881, iMr. BoAvler Avas united in marriage to Miss Inez Adelaide Curler, a native of Nevada and a daughter of Judge Benjamin Curler. They had a daughter, Emma Inez, Avho is uoav a student in the NcA-ada State University. The Avife and mother departed this life September 26, 1887, and in October, 1889, Mr. BoAvler Avas again married, his second union being Avith :\fiss Louella Titus, avIio Avas torn in Cloverdale, A HISTORY OF NEX'.XDA. 409 California, and is a daugliter of T. J. Titus of that state. This union has been blessed Avith six childron, all torn in HaAvthorne, namely: Elsie Ellen, Walter Herbert, Harold Maurice, X'era Titus, .Mice Hanorah and Catherine Uiura. They are rearing their childron in the Catholic faith, the parents being maiibers of that church. Since attaining his majority Mr. BoAvler has been an ardent supporter of the Republican party and its principles, taking an active part in its con ventions and aiding in its success by his voice and counsel. For txvo terms he acceptably filled the office of district attorney of Esmeralda county, and in I0O2 xvas the candidate of his party for supreme judge, running against Jud§"e Talbot. He made a xery able and creditable campaig-n. canvassing a number of counties, but that year the Republican ticket Avas defeated in this state and Judge Taltot, Avho is a very popular man, Avas elected by a small majority. Mr. BoAvler has A'arious mining interests of value, and has met Avitli success iu his busuiess ventures :is Avell as in his laAv practice. Holding marked precedence among the members of the Ixir in XcAada and retaining a clientele of so representatixe a character as to alone stand in evidence of his pro fessional ability and personal popularity. ^Ir. BoAvler must assuredly be accorded a prominent place in this volume, Avhose province is the portrayal of the lives of the leading men of the state. WASHOE COUNTY BANK. The oldest bank in the state of Nevada is the XX'ashoe County Bank of Reno, occupying a fine building in that city. It noAV has a paid-up capital of fiAO hundred thousand dollars, and seventy- fiA-e thousand dollars surjilus. Its resources amount to $1,965,523.75. Its organization dates back to 187 1, Avhen D. A. and C. T. Bender opened its doors for business. In 1880 it became the First Nat'onal Bank Avitli a paid- up capital of fifty thousand dollars. The stixlcholdcrs and directors Avere D. A. Bender. C. T. Bender, A. H. Manning. G. W. Mapes. Jacob McKisick and John Johnson. The first named Avas dected president. George XX'. Mapes A'ice president, and C. T. Bender cashier. As the business increased the capital stock Avas raised from time to time until it readied tAvo hundred thousand dollars, and the institution continued as a national bank until 1896. at AA-hich time its directors and stockholders changed it to a state bank, giving it the name of the XX'ashoe County Bank. .\t that time D. .\. Bender retired from the presidency and XX". O. H. Martin Avas elected to the otfice, Avhile GetArge XX'. lylapes Avas continued as vice president. C. T. Bender as cashier and George H. Taylor as assistant cashier. The last tAvo named have been connected Avith the bank since its org-anization. In 1002 the capital stock Avas increased to five hundred tiiousand dollars, all paid in. and its surplus and undiA'ided profits in April, 1003, Avere $82,203.31. In September. 1901. XX'. O. H. Martin died, and Georg-e XX'. Majies Avas elected president. Avhich office he now fills, while M. E. XX'ard is vice president and F. M. RoAvland second vice president. The directors are George X\'. Mapes. H. M. Martin. D. A. Bender. :M. E. XVard, C, T. Bender. .\. H. :Manning and F. M. RoAvland. -Ml are gentlemen of large means, of marked integritA^ of character and are 410 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Avidely known in business circles. The bank is doing a large and constantly increasing business, carrying on a general banking business and selling ex change on any part of the world. Recently a savings bank department has been added. The Washoe County Bank owns its own splendid block, and the bank, its officers and directors are a credit to the state of Nevada. ALVAN W. CROCKER. Before the territory ol Nevada was organ ized Alvan Winslow Crocker located within its borders, and is one ol its honored pioneers and representative "citizens as well as a lawyer ol prominence. He is now practicing in Hawthorne, and his clientage- is large and ol a dis tinctively representative character. While engaging in the general practice, he makes a specialty ol mining laAv, and in this connection has handled many important cases. Mr. Crocker was torn in Barnstable, Massachusetts, May 27, 1830, and is descended Irom an ancestry that Avas established in New England at a very early period in the colonization ol the new world. He acquired his literary education in his native state and prepared lor the bar In California and Nevada, being admitted to practice in the latter state in 1874. It was in the year 1850 that he sailed from Boston, making a safe voyage around the Horn to California, where for ten years he engaged in placer mining in PlacerviUe and other camps. He was also engaged in merchandising and had a store at Monoville and one at Aurora, conducting the last one until 1869, when he removed to Bridgeport, California.- While there he was elected clerk and recorder of the county and served for five years. He was then chosen by popular suffrage to the position of district attorney, in which he served for two years, and his residence in Aurora continued until 1875. Having been admitted to the bar he opened a law office there, and soon gained a good clientage, Avhich connected him Avith very important litigation. Tn 1883 he removed to Hawthorne, NeA'ada, Avhere he has since conducted a general law practice, although making a specialty of mining law. In that department of jurisprudence he is particularly well informed, and has made a good record as an honorable and painstaking and conscientious attorney. Mr. Crocker is a member of the Masonic fraternity, having been raised in the lodge at Aurora in 1876. He has since taken an active and helpful part in the work of the craft, and is a past master of his lodge. During his long residence in Nevada he has made many friends and is Avidely and favor ably known throughout the state. He has never married, but has a pleasant residence in Hawthorne and boards at the hotels. His business career has been attended xvith satisfactory success, and he is recognized as one of the capable lawyers practicing at the Nevada bar. HENRY MARVIN YERINGTON was born in Coltorne, Canada, in 1828. At Port Stanley, Canada, he married Susan B. Hume, a member of the same faraily as the noted historian Hume. In 1863 H. M. Yerington carae to Carson City and became one of its most prosperous business men. Aniong his earliest work xvas the construction of the Merrimac mill for the A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 411 crushing of Comstock ore, the first mill In the state of that description, and it stood on the Carson river. Later he became associated xvith D. O. Mills, William Sharon and XX'illiani C. Ralston in the construction of the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, and he had the honor of driving the first and last spikes. He xvas made general manager of the road, xvhich position he holds to this day. Also he was instrumental in bringing about the construction and had charge of the xvork of the Carson & Colorado Railroad xvhich was completed in 1882 and Avas sold to the Southern Pacific Company in 1900. He is also heavily interested in the Inyo Development Company, Avhich oxvns big soda xvorks at Keeler, and is also prominently interested in the Southern Improve ment Company at Haxvthorne, xvhere the company owns extensive timber and Avater rights. Mr. H. M. Yerington also OAvns a large amount of stock ill and is president of the Carson Avater Axorks, and has large interests in California as xvell as throughout Nevada, being president of sixteen different companies. He also constructed the first flume for sending wood and timber doxvn the mountains; built the Carson yard for the timber and flume com panies and the Eldorado XX'ood and Flume Company, through Avliich they delivered a large portion of wood and timber for the Comstock mining conipanies, embracing atout three hundred and ten miles of drifts. He is still a man of extraordinary- mentality, although his life has been a strenuous one, and as he possesses the gift of making and retaining friends he is personally very popular. Three sons and one daughter Avere torn to bis first marriage, namely : E. B., M. H. and J. A., all of Carson City and very prominent business raen, and Jennie AAcry. Mrs. Yerington died in November, 1873, aged thirty-six years. She Avas a very beautiful lady, a leader in all charitable yyork and one Avho Avas beloved by a very large circle of friends. In 1876 Mr. Yerington married Clara V. Bender, the niece of Judge E. B. and ^Irs. Crocker, and she Avas reared by them in Califomia. This union resulted in one son, namely: Herbert, now a promising young college man. The entire family are valued members of the Episcopal church. Fraternally Mr. Yerington is a member of the Masonic order, xvhile in politics he has long been a stanch Republican. HON. JAMES A. YERINGTON, one of Nevada's most prominent sons, xxas torn in Carson City, October 6, 1864, and on totli sides of his family comes of English stock. He Avas only nine years of age xvhen he lost his dearly beloved mother. His education xvas secured first in the public schools and later at St. Matthew's Hall, San Mateo, California, and he finished his education at Trinity College, Canada, toth of the latter institutions of learning being under the manage ment of .the Episcopal church. He Avas graduated from Trinity in 1882, since which time he has been prominently identified with various mining enterprises, having been placed in charge of the Esmeralda mines when they xvere first opened, and he is uoav mariaging director of the Consolidated Esmeralda mines. Mr. Yerington has served his state as executix'e commissioner at the XX'^orld's Fair, the Paris Exposition and at the Pan-American Exposition in 412 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Buffalo, and has received the appointment from Governor Sparks to fill the same position of honor at the St. Louis Exposition. At the Pan-American Exposition he had the honor of being elected president of the executive com mission, there being seventy-eight members representing the western hemis phere. Such was the exhibit he made at the World's Fair that Nevada received fhirty-two gold medals. This was all the more creditable in that he had but thirty days in which to make preparation, and within that limit covered two thousand two hundred miles. His exhibit in the mining build ing was particularly fine. His exhibit was excellent in both agriculture and horticulture. At the Pan-American Exposition Nevada received the only gold medal in the mining building. By careful search, Mr. Yerington had raany prehistoric exhibits and his mineral exhibit was one of the best -at all, the expositions. By virtue of his high office Mr. Yerington was very near President McKinley xx'hen he made his last speech at Buffalo, and was repre sentative at his funeral. He also was among the first to congratulate President Roosevelt after he took the oath ol office, and he presided over the meeting of the executive commission which passed resolutions relative to the lament able death of President McKinley. The great work Mr. Yerington has done for Nevada is appreciated by its people, and he has teen shown in many ways that he is regarded as a representative man. In 1888 he made a tour of the xvorld. His valuable collection of photographs and curios is a great source of pleasure to him and his many friends. Of such a man as Mr. Yerington it is difficult to speak enthusiastically enough. Mere words will not express what he has accomplished, not only for his state, but the entire country, in maintaining its prestige and carrying out in every particular the duties of the offices with which he has teen hon ored. No other state has ever had a more courteous, talented and polished representative than Nevada in the person of the gentleman who has formed the subject of this too brief reviexv. JAMES QUIRK. Storey county figures as one of the most attractive, progressive and prosperous divisions of the slate of Nevada, justly claiming a high order of citizenship and a spirit of enterprise which Is certain to con serve its development and marked advancement in the material upbuilding of the section. The county has been and is signally favored In the class of men who have controlled its affairs in official capacity, and in this connection the subject of this sketch demands representation as one who has served the county faithfully and Well in positions of distinct trust and responsibility. He is now serving as sheriff of Storey county, having been elected for six suc cessive terms to that important office. He has resided in Virginia City during the past tyventy-six years, and has gained for himself an enviable reputation as a reliable and honorable citizen. A native of the state of Illinois, Mr. Quirk Avas born in Lasalle county, on the nth of June, 1843, and is of Irish ancestry. His parents, John and Johanna (Courtney) Quirk, were both natives of county Kerry, Trdand, and in 1830, soon after thdr raarriage, they bade adieu to the Emerald Isle, sailing for Boston, Massachusetts. For a number of years they' remained A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 413 in the old Bay state, and in 1837 removed to the west, taking up their abode in the young' city of Chicago, which only a few inonths before had ucen incorporated as a city. Mr. Quirk purchased lots there that are now worth a large fortune. Later, however, he traded his town property for a faim near Galena, Illinois, where he reared his faraily of eleven children, nine of whom reached years of maturity, while five are still living. The father died in 1853 at the age of fifty years, and his wife survived hira for a long time and departed this life on the 19th of January, 1898, at the very advanced age of ninety-eight years. James Quirk Avas reared upon the old family homestead in Illinois and pursued his education in the district schools near by. In 1863 he left his native state and went to Montana, being one of the early miners in the noted Alder Gulch, where Virginia City, Montana, now stands. Placer mining has been carried on now in that gulch for a distance of fifteen miles and millions of dollars have been taken out, and still the work of mining is car ried on there very successfully. Mr. Quirk made money, but like many other mining men lost it in other mining speculations. In 1876 he went to the Black Hills and engaged in prospecting in the Wind River valley. He Avas on the Custer battlefield before the soldiers were buried, and saw the terrible effects of the desperate engagement in whicii the gallant General Custer and his men met death. There were fifty men in Mr. Quirk's party, and their horses were stampeded and they had several skirmishes with the Tndians, but none of the white men of the party were killed. Mr. Quirk returned from his prospeclang trip to Virginia City, and for sixteen years worked in the Yellow Jacket raine under his brother, Thomas Quirk, who was foreman, and during a period of that time Jaraes was shift boss. Tn 1892 he was called to public office, teing elected sheriff of Storey county and, as before stated, he has been elected to that position continu ously since and at the close of his present terra will have filled the office for twelve years. No more worthy official has ever been known in Storey county than this gentleman, who is fearless and faithful In the discharge of his duties and most loyal to the trust reposed in him. In connection with the office of sheriff he is ex-officio county assessor. During the earlier part of his services as sheriff it became his duty to capture a numter of criminals, which he always succeeded in doing without taking life, and he has taken as many as five prisoners to the state penitentiary at one time. He hoav has in his custody the United States prisoners who are In jail for the violation of the federal law. Under his regime crime has greatly diminished in this section of the state, for he is a constant menace to the evil-doers, while the law-abiding citizens have great faith in hira as a protector of their rights and interests. Mr. Quirk was happily raarried to Mrs. Ann Burk, and their union Avas blessed with one son, Franklin, who was born at Gold Hill. Mrs. Quirk departed this life in 1891, and her remains were interred at Gold Hill. In his political affiliations Mr. Quirk has been a lifedong Democrat, and is a stanch believer and advocate of the principles of bimetallism. Fraternally he is connected with the Ancient Order of United Workmen and with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He has spent over a quarter of a 414 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. century in this locality, and is an affable gentleman, of cordial, genial man ner, and has many friends, and at the same time has made a splendid reputa tion as an officer, whose course has ever been above reproach. HON. GEORGE E. PECKHAM. Perhaps every state in the Union as well as many foreign lands have contributed to the citizenship of Nevada, and from all sections ol the world have come men of firm purpose, of un faltering energy and of strong determination. They have made valuable citizens of this comraonwealth and have largely promoted Its interests along every line leading to the iraproveraent of the state. Mr. Peckham is a worthy .son of Massachusetts, his birth having occurred in FaU River on the 8th of March, 185 1. The family is of English origin and was estabUshed in New England at an early period in the colonization of this country. The grandfather of George E. Peckham was a Baptist minister, devoting much of his life to that holy calling. J. C. Peckham, the father, was born in Rhode Island and Avas united in marriage to Miss C. B. Sherman, a descendant of the the noted Roger Sherman, who was also the ancestor of General William Sherman and of Hon. John Sherman, so long secretary of tlie United States treasury. Mr. J. C. Peckham became a merchant and was active in business life in the east. He adhered to the faith of the church in which he was reared and lived a life in harmony with his professions. Tn 1854 there was a cholera epidemic in the toAvn of Fall River, and Mr. Peckham, his wife's mother and one of his daughters all fell victims to that dread disease, dying ' Avithin a few hours. The widow and her two children survived, and in i860 they started for California, making the trip by way of the isthmus route. George E. Peckham was then about nine years of age.. After a time spent in the Golden state they reraoved to Galena, Nevada, wiiere the brave pioneer mother engaged in cooking for a lumber camp in order to provide for herself and her children. George E. Peckham, then a youth of thirteen years, carried the m.ail from Washoe city to the camp near Galena, the trip being about thirty miles. He covered that distance on foot six days a week, carrying from five to twenty- five pounds of mail upon his back. While in California he had been engaged in driving stock from the range to Oakland, and he was such a good pedestrian that he preferred to walk father than ride horseback. After living in Galena for a tirae the family removed to the vicinity of a sawmill two miles from Reno. The raother was again married in Virginia City, becoming the wife of T. W. Norcross on Christmas day of 1865. By her second marriage she also had two sons : Frank and Charles Norcross, who are now prominent citizens of Nevada. Mrs. Norcross passed away in 1897 at the age of sixty- seven years, but Mr. Norcross is still living and is now a resident of Oregon. Almost continually since his arrival in California when a toy of nine years, George E. Peckham has made his own way in the worlds and in his youth he also assisted his raother. After her second marriage he remained with her and his stepfather until he attained his majority. He was educated in San Francisco, and when he became of age Mr. Norcross deeded to him A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 415 eighty acres of land, upon which he now resides and to which he afterward added an additional tract of eighty acres. Since then he has sold a small portion of the farm, but still retains possession of one hundred and forty acres of this property. He has developed one of the fine farms of Truckee meadows, and upon it has erected one of the nice residences, a large barn and other substantial buildings for the shelter of grain and stock. The home is in a delightful location, and the entire place is characterized by neatness and thrift. Mr. Peckham makes a specialty of the raising of hay and pota toes, although he also prcxluces other crops and utilizes a part of his land for pasturage purposes, which pays hira as well as to plant it to grains. He built his residence in 1875 and has planted all of the trees upon the place, which add greatly to its A'alue and attractiA'e appearance. On the I oth of February, 1876, Mr. Peckham was united in marriage to Miss Emma Jane Shepherd, a native of Ontario, Canada, and six children have come to bless their home, namely : Ethel May, who is now an accom plished school teacher; George Arthur, who is upon the home farm, Avith his father; Hattie A., also a teacher; James Garfield, who is raarried and works in the quartz mill at Dayton; Alfred Rufus, of Reno; and William, at home. The son's Arthur and James are noted bicycle riders, and were in the team that won the championship for Nevada in the fifty-mile relay race. Mr. Peckham was an active Republican until 1892, but, becoming dis satisfied with the principles contained in the party platform, he joined the ranks of the Populist party and was its candidate for governor of Nevada in 1894. Tn 1896 he was a candidate for elector on the Bryan ticket and in 1898 was candidate for regent of the university, while in 1900 he was elected on the fusion ticket to the state asserably. He proved a most capable repre sentative and was the author ol the apportionment bill which raised the mera bership ol Washoe county frora four to seven merabers in the assembly. As a legislator his career was marked by unfaltering loyalty to the general Avel fare, for he ever placed the good of the state tefore partisanship and the advancement of public interests before personal aggrandizement. He has a wide and favorable acquaintance throughout Nevada, and has inscribed his narae high upon the roll of honored citizens because of his splendid career, in' which, depending upon his own efforts from early boyhood, he has steadily worked his way upward to a leading position in financial, po litical and social circles. JOHN T. WRIGHT, who is connected with one of the large stock companies of Nevada, and is a leading citizen of Elko, is one of the men who came to this state with little or- no capital and by their industry and thrifty habits worked themselves into a place ol prominence in the stock-raising industry. Nevada abounds in opportunities for such men, and Mr. XVright took advantage of them with excellent results. When he came to the state about thirty years ago he worked for wages, and only by careful saving did he get his start. Mr. Wright is of Scotch ancestry and of a Virginia family. His 416 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. parents, Joel M. and Martha (Nance) Wright, were natives of Virginia, and in i860 moved to the state of Missouri, where the former was engaged in merchandising and stock-raising for the remainder of his life. He died in 1899, at the age of sixty-six, and his wife some time previously. They were raembers of the Methodist church, and much respected people in their home community. They had eight children, of whom Gordon K. Wright is also a resident of Nevada, being a stockman in Ruby valley. John T. Wright was born in Bedford county, Virginia, July 30, 1856, but nearly all of his younger days were spent in Missouri, where he received his education in the public schools. He had considerable farming experience on his father's place, and when he came to Nevada ih 1876, at the age of twenty, he began life on his own account as a cowboy in Ruby valley. He worked for Frank Moony for four years at fifty dollars a month and board, and with his accumulated earnings embarked in the stock business on his own hook. He bought a few head of cattle, which he ran in Ruby valley, and since then has beeri on the up road all the time. He later began raising the standard of his stock by thoroughbred breeding, and in this way com mands higher prices. He organized the J. T. Wright Cattle Company, in which he owns raost of the stock, and this company has ranged as many as two thousand head of cattle at one time. The company has thirty-five hundred acres of land, and most of the water in Ruby valley, so that it has a definite basis for continued prosperity. Mr. Wright has a nice residence in Elko; and he and his faraily have raany friends in this part of the county. In 1883 he raarried Miss Jane Gedney, a native of the state of Missouri, and they have one son, Cleveland Rows, who is at home. Mr. Wright has cast a Democratic vote for over twenty years, and has attended the party conventions and done what he could to promote the interests of the party, but has never been a candidate lor any office.- He is a member in good standing ol the Knights of Pythias, and has enjoyed the esteem of his fellow men in whatever relation he has met them. G. S. GARCIA, whO' is the proprietor ol one ol the raost important of the industries at Elko, Nevada, and who by his skill and business ability has built up an enterprise which is an honor to the town and the state, has been a resident of the city for only about ten years and has made almost his entire success in that tirae. His principal business is the raanufacture of saddles and leather goods, in which he employs consta.ntly from fifteen to twenty raen. He has taken up a special branch of this industry and de veloped it to a high state of perfection. He turns out sorae of the finest exaraples of leather carving to be found anywhere in the world, especially in the Mexican carving of pocketbooks and purses. The large product of his factory is now sent to all parts of the United States, and the trade is growing rapidly. He is now making for exhibition at the St. Louis Exposition a superb saddle and bridle, at a cost of one thousand dollars. The carved work on this is magnificent, and it is to be mounted with pure gold and silver, and everything in connection with the saddle is of the most 4 4 & A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 417 artistic workmanship and of his own exclusive design. He confidently expects it to take first prize in competition xvith all the world. Mr. Garcia has wonderful talent in this direction, and fcAv artists are more devoted and successful in their work than he has been. Mr. Garcia was born in San Luis Obispo, California, in 1864, and is of Mexican ancestry. His father, G. G. Garcia, was born in Mexico, where he raarried Miss Marie Silva and they were early settlers in the state of California. Mr. Garcia was reared and educated in San Luis Obispo, and learned his trade there. He was thirty years old and a thorough artist in his trade when he carae to Elko, on June i, 1894. He brought with him his entire capital, about three hundred dollars, and from that as a beginning has built up his present prosperous business in the short time that has since elapsed. Mr. Garcia is all energy and business, and these qualities, com bined Avith his remarkable skill, have placed him to the front with the busi ness men of Elko. In addition to his other interests he has a ranch of two thousand acres, and in partnership with J. S. Jones, is engaged in raising cattle and sheep on an extensive scale. Tn 1889 Mr. Garcia was married to Miss Saturnina Floi'is, who is a native of his own town. They are the parents of three children, Margar- etta, Guadalope and Lazaro. Mr. Garcia is a Republican, and he and his faraily are members of the Roman Catholic church. They have a nice horae in Elko, and they are all a most happy and highly esteemed faraily. THE LYON COUNTY TIMES, a weekly, five-column, four-page paper is published on Saturday morning by I. XV. Fairbanks, editor and proprietor. It was established in 1872 in Silver City, Nevada, when that city was one of the booming gold and sih'er producing towns of the state. Frank Kenyon was the first proprietor, but a little later Frank Pecotte became its owner and for two years it was published daily. Tn 1880 it was removed to Dayton by Mr. J. M. Campbell, who edited for two years, and he was joined by Mr. Fairbanks, avIiO' a little later pur chased the entire plant and continued to publish it at Dayton until August, 1901, when he removed it to Yerington and placed it in a new office which he had built for it, and which is one of the most complete and artistic in the state. He has large presses and a complete plant for neAvspaper and all kinds of job work, and enjoys an excellent patronage. Until the silver question came tefoi'e the public the paper was Re publican, but for. several years it was the organ of biraetallisra. However, realizing that perhaps the country is not yet ready to decide upon the matter, Mr. Fairbanks uoav conducts his paper upon the old methods and niakes it a Republican organ. Mr. Fairbanks is a native ol Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he was born January 8, i860. He was educated in the public schools and Lawrence University at Appleton, Wisconsin. After this he learned the trade of a printer in Milwaukee, and his life has since been devoted tO' newspaper work of some kind or the other. For the past twenty-three years he has been in Nevada, and is closely identified with its test interests. Fraternally he 418 A T-TISTORY OF NEVADA. is a member of the Knights of Pythias and also of the Ancient Order of United Workmen ol Yerington. Both he and his wile are important lac- tors .in the social life ol the city in which they have niad'e their home lor so many years. HON. SAMUEL P. DAVIS, controller of Nevada, came to the state some thirty years ago under engagement to write on the Viriginia Chronicle then owned by Dennis McCarthy. He was torn in Branford, Connecticut, April 4, 1850. He comes of Welsh ancestry; but several generations of the faraily have resided in New England. His father. Rev. Geo. R. Davis, an Episcopal clergyman, was born in Ncav Haven, Comiecticut, where he mar ried Sylvia Nichols, a native of Maine. He came to Nevada in 1875 and spent a long and useful career in the ministry, but is now retired and resides in Carson City, a man revered and beloved by all who have the honor of his acquaintance. Four children were born to him : Robert, now on the editorial staff of the New York World; William, a writer on the Stockton Mail; Mrs. H. G. Shaw, of San FranciscO'; and the subject of this sketch. Mr. Davis received his education at Racine College, Wisconsin, and since that time has devoted himself to journalism, having teen connected with the Chicago Times, Omaha Herald, Marysville Appeal, Chronicle, Examiner and Argonaut, of San Francisco, Virginia Clvronicle and Salt Lake Tribune. For more than twenty years he has been the editor and publisher of the Carson Appeal, the oldest paper to be published continuously in the state, and now one of the leading fusion organs. Mr. Davis has been in active politics since young manhood, and for a nuraber of years was an ardent Republican. In January, 1890, he startled the politicians of the state by hoisting the flag of revolt against the party and called upon those Avho did not believe that Nevada was benefited by a high tariff and the deraonetization of silver, to join In the formation of a new party. He was derided by his late political associates and read out of the party, but a few years later had the satisfaction ol seeing, not only his own state but the Avhole Avest, fighting on the sarae political lines. In 1889 he was nominated for controller by acclamation by the silver party and elected. Immediately upon assuming the duties of "his office, he, in conjunction with Governor Sadler, made a tour of the state in the in terests of a reorganization of the revenue system, and opened an aggressive Avar upon the interests which xvere escaping a just proportion of taxation. The result of this agitation was the passage of what is known as the Pitt revenue bill, and other revenue legislation tending to raise valuations and lower tax rates. Mr. Davis has made a thorough study of revenue matters not only in Nevada but taxation in other states, and is regarded as authority upon all questions connected Avith taxation and revenue. During his ad ministration the system of equal taxation, based upon high valuations and' low rates, has been featured systematically, and as a result JSlevada has added many millions each year to its assessment roll, and outside capital has floAved in to further distribute and equalize- the burdens of taxation under which Nevada staggered for a long time. In the administration of his office he <^-i^yy\rKy^:^r^inri4 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 419 has treated the rich and the poor impartially, the corporation and the cabin- owner being upon the same footing. He has ahvays been an advocate of state development, and was the first to import thoroughbred Holstein cattle to the state. He still maintains a breeding- farm two miles from Carson City. In. 1880 he married Nellie V. Mighels, widow of Flarry R. Mighels and sister of Professor Addison Verrill, of Yale College, one of the leading zoologists of America. Txvo lovely daughters have been born to them, Lucy and Ethel. For years past Mr. Davis has enjoyed a national reputation as a writer, and contributed, to . the leading magazines and periodicals of the United States. His test story, one which has been translated into several languages and republished and rex'amped raore than any of his works, is "The First Piano in Camp." As a public speaker he is regarded as at his test when called upon after the wine and xvalnuts at a public function. He generally sets the table in a roar, and a contemporaneous xvriter has said of him that his oratory is gov erned by the brand of xvine on the menu. A stem-winding effort frora "Sam," as he his affectionately called by his friends, raeans the best brand in the market. The best of these efforts and a piece of Avord painting which will always IIa'c, is his glittering oratorical tribute to electricity at the banquet given in honor of the introduction of cheap power on the Comstock. Tn political campaigns he delights in being in the thick of the fight, and his off-hand talks tO' a political audience are noteAVorthy for their entire absence of any atterapt at eloquaice and the abundance of hard slugging whiqli characterizes them. He calls a spade a spade, and his talks are re garded as vote-getters for the party. Only when the entire fire of the opposition can be concentrated upon hiinself does he consider that he is doing his duty by his associates upon the ticket. In 1885 he published a book of "Short Stories and Poems" Avhich met with a very cordial reception from the critics of the country. JOHN W. BOYNTON, a prominent stock farmer of Truckee mead ows, has the distinction of having crossed the plains toi California in 1855. He is a native of Connecticut, having been born in Tolland county on the 1st of March, 1837. In both the paternal and maternal lines he comes of old English farailies, and the ancestry in the raother country eari be traced back to 1000, a castle having been built at that early date by representa tives of the Boynton narae. The raembers of the family belonged to the nobility of England and possessed a coat of amis. Mr. Boynton has a picture ol the old castle and a facsimile of the coat of arms. Two of the Boynton brothers, John and William, leaving their native land in 1638, braved the dangers incident to an ocean voyage at that period and estab lished homes in Connecticut, thus becoming the progenitors ol the family in the new world. Their descendants now number several thousands in America, and annual meetings of the relatives are held in Connecticut, at 420 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. Avhich usually several thousand representatives of the name and their kin dred gather. George Boynton, the father of John W. Boynton, was born in Con necticut in i8o'3, and there wedded Miss Cynthia Whitman, also a native of that state. Under the parental rool John W. Boynton spent the days ol his childhood, and in 1855, when eighteen years of age, he bade adieu to friends and family and started westward, his destination being the state of Missouri. He then joined a freight train that was going to Salt Lake City, and on reaching that place, in connection with fourteen others, he ]jurchased three yoke of cattle and a wagon, after whicii the journey was resumed with Hangtown, California, now Placerville, as their destination. When about nine miles from Hangtown, hoAvever, Mr. Boynton secured a situation and worked lor two weeks ere continuing his journey to Placer ville. At a later date he went to Sacramento, where he spent about three days, proceeding thence to the American river, yvhere he secured a position at placer raining, receiving two dollars per day. He was also- paid one dollar a day lor his board. His next removal took him to Folsom, Sacra mento county, where, with others he worked in a hydraulic mine. He and his partner got one-third ol what they made. In the spring of 1861 Mr. Boynton came to Truckee meadows in -Washoe county, and that fall located ,a ranch of one hundred and sixty acres, upon which he has since resided. His labors have wrought a great change in its appearance, for he has placed many improvements on the land, and has also' added to it from time to tirae until he now owns eight hundred acres of choice grass land. On this ranch he raises hay and cattle, feeding all ol his hay to his cattle. His is one ol the rich farms of the valley, and it is splendidly equipped with good buildings, including a nice residence. He keeps as high as three hun dred head of cattle at a time. In 1872 he went to Oregon and purchased seven hundred head of cattle which he wintered at Lost river in that state, being associated in the entei-prise Avith a partner by the name of Pete Young. That was just prior to the Modoc war, and they were 'fortunate in managing to leave that country alive. Mr. Boynton has been an interested witness of the political progress of the country, and for raany years supported the Republican party, in fact, still endorses its principles on "many subjects, although he is a biraetallist. He has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows for over thirty years, and has passed all of the chairs in the subordinate lodge. The neat appearance of his farm indicates him to be a man ol industry and business enterprises, and is the visible evidence ol his active and useful career. J. H. MILLER. It would be difficult to name a citizen of Nevada more popular with his fellow men or enjoying to a greater degree the con fidence and trust of those with whom he is associated, than J. H. Miller, who is now serving for the fourth term as derk and treasurer of Esmeralda county ._ Elected the first time by a majority of only two, at the last dection he received no opposition at all, because his capability in office and his prompt- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 421 ness and fidelity had so won the approval and trust of the public. He is equally prominent as a merchant here, and in social circles the number of his friends almost equals the number of his acquaintances. John Harvey Miller is a native son of Nevada, his birth having occurred in this state, April i6, 1871. Fle is descended from an old Virginia family. His father, Nicholas Miller, Avas born in the Old Dominion and crossed the plains Avitli an ox team to California in 1858. He mined for some time in the different California diggings, but only Avith partial success, and in 1868 removed to Austin, Nevada, attracted by the raining excitement at that place. I-Te then engaged in contracting and in quartz raining at Austin and at Bel mont until 1880, Avhen his business career Avas terminated in death in the fifti^eth year of his age. He had married Miss Maria T. Bums, also a native of Virginia, and they Avere the parents of sex'eii children, of Avliom four are living: Alva, an engineer on the Carson & Colorado Railroad; Lilly, now the wife of J. E. Adams, the partner of our subject; and M. C, the wife of Frank Sloan, of Tonopah, Nevada. J. H. Miller was principally educated in the public schools of Nevada, and "when twelve years of age he entered upon his business career. He was very young tO' face the battles of life, but he has come off conqueror in the strife. He was first employed as a clerk in the store of F. A. Angel & Com pany, of Haxvthorne, at a salary of ten dollars per month, and during the three years he remained xvith that firra his wages were increased to thirty dollars per month. Subsequently he spent two years in the employ of Mr. Sunimerfidd, the pioneer merchant of the town, and afterward Avas Avith Knapp & Laws for seven years, receiving one hundred and ten dollars per month. Joining Mr. Adams in business, the present firm of Adams & Miller xvas formed, and since that time its business has grown rapidly. Theirs is one" of the successful mercantile houses of the city, and they are now doing a very large xvholesale and retail business, handling- all kinds of merchandise including hay, grain, lumber and builders' supplies, in addition to dry-goods and other commodities demanded in the household. Their trade extends over an area of txvo hundred miles. Their close attention to busines and liberal, progressive methods have brought to them xvell earned success, and the house of Adams & Miller is noxv one of the leading- mercantile establishments of this part of the country. They carry a very large stock and also have a number of warehouses well filled. In 1896 Mr. Miller xvas chosen as the candidate of the silver party for clerk and treasurer of the county of Esmeralda, and has now been elected for four successive terms. At the first election he received a majority of only txvo, but discharged his duties widi such fidelity and capability that at the second election he receix'ed a majority of three hundred and ninety-five, and at the next election had no opposition at all, while at the fourth election he polled a larger vote than had as yet been gix'en hira. No higher encomium could be pronounced on his official service. Tn 1890 occurred the marriage of Mr. Miller and Miss Sadie Louise George, of Carson, Nevada, a daughter of Augustus George, of that city. She is a native daughter of the state, born in Virginia City. This uniori has been blessed xvith three children, all born in Hawthorne, namely : Ruble 422 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. E., Harvey A. and Florence E. In religious faith Mr. and Mrs. MiUer are Episcopalians. They have a nice home in Haxvthorne and the high esteera of a large circle of friends. Mr. Miller is a memter ol the Ancient Order ol United Workmen, the Knights ol Pythias Iraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Rebekahs and the Degree of Honor. His genial nature, his sterling xvorth and his trustworthinesss have made him a popular citizen. E. B. YERINGTON, general freight and passenger agent of the Vir ginia and Truckee Railroad, is the son ol the Hon. H. M. Yerington, who was the projector and builder ol the road, dr'iving the first and the last spike in it, and has been its general superintendent since its inception. Ed ward B. Yerington was born in Port Stanley, Canada, August 6, 1859, and was four years old when in 1863 he was. brought by his father to Carson City, Avhere for the past forty years he has resided, and since attain ing to manhood has been a very prominent business raan. He attended the Carson City public schools until 1872, Avhen he Avas sent to the Rev. Dr. Brewer's school in San Mateo, California, and he remained at that school until 1877, when he was sent east to the Gait Commercial College in Canada. After two years he returned home and engaged in raining at Bodie and Aurora for three years. In 1881 he Avent to Virginia City and tecame sec retary ol the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, holding that office until 1896, when the office was removed to Carson City, and the following year he was appointed general frdght and passenger agent. Since then he has dis charged the duties of this important position in a manner which reflects credit upon himself and his distinguished father, and has proved himself a worthy son of an excellent raan. " In 1886 Mr. Yerington was married to Miss Ella Cogswell, of Madi son, Wisconsin, who was reared in Virginia City. She is a daughter of C. H. Cogswell, a mining engineer. Mr. and Mrs. Yerington have three children, namely : Russell, Eleanor and Clara. The family are members of the Episcopal church, of which Mr. Yerington is, a member of the vestry. Fraternally he is a member of the order of Elks, and in politics has been a life-long Republican. Plonored' and respected by all Avho know hira, Mr. Yerington holds a position of prominence aniong the substantial men of the community, and has well torne his part in the upbuilding of Carson City. JOHN G. ATCHISON. The west has always been the home of John Graham Atchison, and he has witnessed much of its marvelous development. He has seen the pioneer claim the riches of the country and develop its resources, thus carrying forward the work of improvement and progress until now the west has all the conveniences and opportunities ol 'the older east. Mr. Atchison, who is now serving as recorder and auditor of Es meralda county and makes his home in HaAvthorne, was born in Forest City, California, corning of Scotch and Irish ancestry who settled in the' colonies long previous to the Revolutionai-y war. Flis paternal great-grand- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 423 father fought for the independence ol the nation all through the long struggle. His grandlather becarae a pioneer settler ol Ohio. His father, Samuel Scott Atchison, was born in the Buckeye state. Having arrived at years of maturity he married Miss Elizabeth Graham, a native of Baltimore, Maryland. With oxen he crossed the plains to Cali fornia in 1849, attracted by the discoveiy' of gold, and located near Sacra mento on the Sacraraento river. Tie rained at Forest City with success and in 1852 he returned east with several thousand dollars that he had accumu lated. Then he was married and brought his wife to California, making the journey by way of the isthmus route. They settled in Garden valley, Eldorado county, and in 1863 removed to Washoe city, Nevada, where his brothers, John and Silas, were living. Samuel S. Atchison tecame engaged in the building of mills. He built the iiiiU at Empire and the At chison mill in Washoe city, and also had charge of the toll road between Gantonville and Marysville, meeting with good success in his varied under takings. He later removed to Ventura county, California, and was en gaged in farming when toth he and I14S wife were killed in a runaway acci dent. Mr. S. S. Atchison was a RepubUcan, and while residing in "Washoe was a member of the convention which met to frame the state constitution of Nevada. In matters ol citizenship he was always practical and pro gressive, and was a valued resident ol every community in which he made his home for any length oi time. To him and his wife were born two chil dren, the daughter, Mrs. Mary A. Griffin, a widow, now living with Mr. Atchison iri Hawthorne. John Graham Atchison was educated in the public schools of Virginia City and in Santa Clara College, of California, after which he followed civil engineering, and was in the employ of the Carson & Colorado Rail road Company for a number of years, continuing his connection therewith from the time of the building of the road until 1890. In that year he was nominated by the Republican party for the office ol recorder and auditor of Esmeralda county, and has filled the position ever since with the excep tion of a period of two years. He has been again and again elected, and his popularity is shown by the fact that at the last election he had no oppo sition, a fact which is also indicative of the unqualified confidence reposed in him by his fellow citizens. He also served as clerk ol the state legislature in 1877. Tn 1889 Mr. Atchison was united in marriage to Miss Mary Striker, a native daughter ol California. They are members ol the Roman Catholic church, and Mr. Atchison is an active member ol the Ancient Order ol United Workmen. He has done much to sustain the order and has been its master workman lor six years. In Hawthorne he has been a co-operant factor in much pertaining to the welfare and upbuilding of the city, and, indeed, was one of the engineers that platted the town. He is spoken of by his fellow citizens as a man of excellent judgment and the highest probity of character, and he and his wife, occupying a nice home in Hawthome, enjoy the respect of all who know than. 424 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. HON. JOHN S. MAYHUGH, who died at his residence in Elko, ^ Xlevada, June 3, 1902, in the seventy-second year of his life, was one of the most accomplished and most public-spirited men his home city and state possessed. He had the honor of being a pioneer not only of Nevada but also of California, and many western communities knew and honored him throughout his useful life. His striking talents and versatility led him to engage in many lines of activity, and he graced thera all with his con spicuous ability. He held numerous offices under the general and local government, was one of the active workers of the Rqxiblican party, was an editor and publisher, at various times and places engaged in business enterprises, which were nearly always successful to a high degree, and wherever and in whatever relation he touched the coraraunity or state, in public or private capacity, was upright, honorable and efficient. Mr. Mayhugh was of English and German ancestry, who were early settlers in the state of Maryland, and he was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, January i, 1830. His education was received in Dickin son and Carlisle townships of that state, and was completed at one of the eastern colleges, so that he started* out in life with an excellent mental ec[uipment in addition to his inherited talent. In 1850 he went to Cali fornia, and for a time mined with Judge Dibble, ol Grass Valley, meet ing with good success. He was then collector of internal revenue, and in 1859 went to Virginia City, Nevada, Avhere he followed mining, as also in Esmeralda county. He was one ol the pioneers to this state, and xvas identified in many xvays with its public liie. During the Civil war he was a stanch upholder ol the Union cause, not only in his daily intercourse with men but as a spirited writer lor the press. He was the correspondent lor the Sacramento Daily Union, and also wrote for a number of other papers of the country. In this way he was able to accomplish much for the prog ress of Nevada by setting forth to the outside world the unlimited resources of the state. Mr. Mayhugh came to Elko to reside, in 1868, and was register of the United States land office for five years. He Avas elected tO' the legislature frora Elko county, and was a leader- in the work of that body. He was twice Indian agent, and had much experience in the selection of state lands and the proving of titles to the sarae. He xvas editor and publisher of the Nevada Tidings at Elko, and was thoroughly inforraed on all public. affairs. He was a splendid parliamentarian, and an acknowledged leader in debate and public speaking. He was one of the first regents of the State University of Nevada, and took much interest in ali departments ol public education. He was a life-long Republican, but favored silver when that ciuestion was a campaign issue. He served as chairman of the county central committee, and was the United States government disbursing and allotment agent for the Indian agencies in Arizona and Oregon. On June i, 1869, Mr. Mayhugh was married to Miss Julia A. » Cav anaugh, a native of New York city and die daughter ol Peter and Ellen Cavanaugh. Three children, Avere born to this marriage. John S. is a grad uate of the Nevada State University, and is now a civil engineer in the employ of the Southem Pacific Railroad Company at Ogden. Stella, a A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 425 graduate ol Stanford University, is a rausic and school teacher. Sylvania is now in the Elko high school. Mr. Mayhugh was a member of the Presbyterian church, and had been connected with the Masonic fraternity for over forty years, being buried with the rites ol that order. He was especially beloved in the home circle, where he was extremely generous and kind-hearted, and his character and example have torne good Iruit in the worthy children who are ready to take foremost positions in life's activities. He was very successful in business, and erected for his home a teautiful brick residence in Elko. He also possessed real estate and other buildings in the town, and txvo thousand acres of land in Ruby valley. Mrs. Mayhugh still resides in the family home, and shows her business ability by ably man aging the extensive interests which her husband has left. She is a lady of much refinement and culture, and her life has been spent in the praiseworthy effort to rear her children to noble men and women and in assisting her husband in the performance of the heavy tasks which life laid on him. ANDREW LITCH is a representative self-made man of Reno, and since 1862 he resided in Nevada, having come here when a young man, hoping that the natural resources of the west and the business develop ment would give him opportunity for the acquirement of a comfortable competence. In this hope he has not teen disappointed, and he is now a substantial citizen of Reno. He was born in Gerraany on the i6th of Novemter, 1833 his parents teing Michael and Lena (Longhurst) Litch, who were also natives of the fatherland, in which country they were reared and married. After the birth of four ol their children they emigrated to the new world, crossing the Atlantic to New Orleans. Thence they made their way north to Indiana, where Mr. Litch purchased two hundred acres of land near Louisville. This he improved, continuing its cultivation until his death, whch occurred in 1889, when he was eighty-four years ol age. His wile had passed away in 1879. Andrew Litch is now the only survivor ol the Iamily. He was but a toy when brought to the United States, and in 1850 he made a trip to California by way ol the Isthmus of Panama, being then a youth of seven-' teen years. He engaged in raining at BidweU's Bar, receiving two dollars and a half per day and his board for his services, but not rauch gold was taken out there, and he afterward went to the Sacraraento valley nine miles below the city of Chico, where he purchased a squatter's claim of six hundred acres of land. There he engaged in raising hay and grain, continuing in that business for six years, but his ranch proved tO' be a Mexican grant, and, after teing paid for the improvements which he placed upon it, he gave it up. Mr. Litch then returned to 'Honey Lake valley in Lassen county, making the journey with an ox team, and afterward went to Humtoldt county iri the year 1862. Tn the latter county he engaged in teaming with oxen, hauling fruit from Oroville and MarysviUe, California, to Humboldt, Nevada. Tt required a month to make die trip, and he re- 426 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ceived from five to six hundred dollars for each trip. Tn 1864 he went to Granite creek, where he established a trading post, and during the two years of his residence there he made considerable money, but the Indians caused him annoyance, stealing his- goods, and they also killed his partner, Lucius Archelaus. Others were also killed in the settlement, and the In dians burned the trading post. Mr. Litch undoubtedly would have been murdered by the red men had not he been away at the time of the massacre. Pie rebuilt the trading post and remained there an additional two years, but eventually he abandoned his place tecause of the depredations of the In dians. The Piutes stole everything that he had. He then went to Honey Lake and purchased a ranch, containing tetween six and eight hundred acres. On this he raised hay and also kept a station. For five years he re mained upon that place, at the end of Avhicli time he sold the property and removed to the old Erickson ranch only a mile distant frora his former farm. Again he raet with prosperity while living on the Erickson ranch and in 1882 he bought his present ranch a mile and a half south ol Reno, containing- ninety ^cres, upon which stands a good residence. Thereon he carried on general larming until 1900, when he retired Irom active business life and built a good home in Reno, which he now occupies, Avhile his son- in-law, Ike JcAvell, is living upon the farm. Mr. Litch was married in 1870 to Miss Mary Crass, a native of Ken tucky. He returned to the east for his bride, and the wedding was cele brated on the 22nd of February. Five children have been born to them, and the family circle yet remains unbroken by the hand of death. These are Clara, now the wife of Frank Gibson, who resides on Mr. Litch's ranch at Honey Lake; Fred, a stockman; Thoraas, who conducted a barter shop in Reno; Minnie, the wife of Ike Jewell; and George, also a resident of Reno. There are now seven grandchildren. Tn 1892 Mr. Litch was called upon to mourn the loss of his wile, who had indeed been a laithlul com panion to him and a devoted and loving wife and mother, putting forth every effort in her power to advance the interests of her family. Mr. Litch has always been a stalwart Republican, but has never sought or held office. He gives his support, however, to raeasures for the public good, and in religious faith is a Roman Catholic. His life has teen characterized by industry, and because of this he well merits the success which has come to him. J. W.JOHNSON, at present proprietor- of the Bull's Head Hotd at Wells, Nevada, has been a resident of the state for over thirty years. He has had a varied, busy and useful career. From his birthplace on the At lantic side of the country he came to the Mississippi valley, and while there was in the service of his country for over four years, battling for the cause ol human Ireedom. And the latter half of his life has been spent in various occupations on the Pacific slope— in freighting, stock-raising and running a hotel. The outcome of this activity has been a prosperous business and a secure place in the world of affairs and in the esteem of his fellow men. Mr. Johnson's Welsh ancestors settled in the east prior to the Revolu- ^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 427 tion, and a number of generations performed their part of the world's duties in their respective spheres in that portion of the country. ' Levi Johnson, his great-grandfather, was a resident of Maryland, the latter's son, Lewis, was a native of Delaware, as Avas also Joseph Johnson, the father of J. W. John- .son. Joseph Johnson married Miss Louisa Short, a native of his oax'u county, and they resided on a DelaAvare farm, all their lives. The former was seventy years old at his death, and the latter fifty-five. They had seven children, and two of them survive. Mr. J. W. Johnson, the only representative of the family in Nevada, was born in Essex county, Delaware, near the Maryland state line, on January ii, 1841. When seventeen years old he reraoved to Illinois, and worked for wages there until the breaking out of the Civil war. Tn July, 1861, he enlisted in Coinpany I, Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in the Army of the Cumberland. After three years of active and arduous service he re-enlisted, and in the fight at Macon, Georgia, xxas wounded and taken prisoner, being confined in Libby prison for nearly a year. When he was finally exchanged he was reduced to almost a skeleton, but as soon as he recuperated he rejoined his regiment in time to take part in the Atlanta cam paign. He was in the thirty days' fighting on the way to Atlanta, was at the capture of Atlanta, and was in Sherman's army on the raarch to the sea, winding up his army career by participating in that inspiring scene at the grand review in Washington. Tie received his honorable discharge at Springfield, Illinois. He was twice wounded after he returned to his regi ment, but altogether he was in active service almost as long as any other soldier of the Union, and fully earned the honor of being a veteran of one of the greatest wars in the history ol the world. After the war Mr. Johnson settled in Neponset, Illinois, and was en gaged in the grocery business for a while. He then went to Nebraska in 1866, and for two years was engaged in freighting on a large government contract, after whicli he went on further west to Laramie, Wyoming, where he was employed in the raaking and delivering of ties for railroad construc tion. From there he went on to South Pass, along the line of railroad, and frora there to the Sweet Water country, to Boise City, Idaho, thence to Kelton and Toana, Nevada. He has teen engaged in the stock business in Elko county for the past thirty years. He owns twenty-five hundred acres of land twenty-five miles east of Wells, and has had as high as one thousand head of cattle on the ranch. He has been conducting the Bull's Head Hotel for two years. This house has enjoyed the patronage of the traveling men and the residents of Wells for many years, and it has continued to grow in popularity since Mr. Johnson took charge. Tt has a large dining room, where the service and the things served are first-class, there are twenty-five bedrooms, and the moderate prices and good accommodations attract and retain a large patronage. Mr. Johnson married, in 1873, Miss Agnes Lewis, a native of the state of Wyoming, Their seven children were all born in Elko county: F. M. is in the sheep business; J. W., Jr., is with his father and also In the sheep business with his older brother; William M. assists his father at the hotel; Sheridan Blaine, Ben Harrison, Effie and liuldah are at home. Mr. John- 428 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. son is a member of the Masonic fraternity, receiving the blue lodge degrees in Elko Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., about 1888; is also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and in politics is a Republican. Mrs. Johnson has been a most amiable and excellent helpmate, being his assistant in the management of the hotel. HON. R. H. KINNEY, who is one of the leading agriculturists of Washoe county, owning a fine farm a short distance east of the city of Reno, is now serving for the seconci term as county commissioner, and at one time he represented his district in the state legislature. He is a native of Char lotte, Eaton county, Michigan, torn on the nth of March, 1840. The family is of Irish origin, and the ancestors in the new world located in America long prior to the Revolutionary war. Araos Kinney, the great grandfather of Mr. Kinney, xvas a soldier in the patriot array at the time the colonists attempted to throw off the yoke of British oppression and win independence for the nation. He took great delight in the victory which crowned the American arms and lived for some years to enjoy the fruits of his warfare. Amos Kinney, the father of R. H. Kinney, Avas born in Oneida county. New York, and became a pioneer settler of the territory of Michigan, having taken up his atode in Kalamazoo in 1832. Five years later he removed to Eaton county, that state, where he acquired a good farm and became one of the well known and prominent agriculturists of his locality. For more than a quarter of a century he resided there, dnd then in 1859 came to Nevada, settling in Genoa, where he spent five years. On the expiration of that period he returned to the east, but in 1871 again carae to Nevada and spent his re maining days in the home of his son, Hon. R. H. Kinney. His political alle giance was given to the Republican party from the time of its organization, and in religious faith he was a Methodist. In early manhood he xvedded Miss Mary Roberts, a native cf Bennington, Vermont, and they became the parents ol eight children, six ol whom are now living, two residing in Nevada; Alvin, a resident of Tonopah; and R. H. The father passed away in 1 89 1 and was laid to rest in the cemetery at Reno. R. H. Kinney obtained his education in -the schools of Eaton county, Michigan, but the institution was a pioneer school, the building teing con structed of logs and seated with slab benches. For three months during the winter he pursued his studies, and throughout the remainder of the year assisted in the work of ploAving, planting and harvesting upon his father's farm. He was thus engaged until nineteen years of age, when he started out in life on his own account by taking charge of his father's larm, which he operated until his removal to Nevada. While living in the east Mr. Kinney was married in Battle Creek in 1870 to Miss May A. Spencer. They had started on their westward journey Irom Charlotte, and in Battle Creek the wedding ceremony was performed, and they then continued on their way until they reached Reno, Nevada. After their arrival they purchased a r-anch on which they worked for four years. At the end of that time they bought the ranch upon which they have A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 429 since resided, a tract of two hundred and twenty acres, Avhich they have transformed into one of the finest farms in the valley. Here they have made their home for twenty-one years, and Mr. Kinney is extensively engaged in the raising of alfalfa hay, which is sold in the field to cattlemen, who bring their cattle to his land for pasture and winter feed. Mr. Kinney cuts his hay twice a year, getting from three to four tons to the acre, and it is sold in the stack at from five to seven dollars per ton. For many years Mr. Kinney was an ardent Republican. Tn 1892 he left that party because of its renunciation of the principles of bimetallism and joined the silver movement, to which he still adheres. In 1878 he was elected to the office of county commissioner and after serving for one term was re elected. Tn 1 89 1 he was elected to the asserably, and again in 1898. His legislative history is a commendable one, for he gave to each ques tion which came up for settlement his earnest consideration, and if he be lieved in the justice of any cause or regarded it as a measure for pubhc progress and improvement he became its stalwart supporter. Tn 1902 he was again chosen to the office of county commissioner, which he is noxv acceptably filling. His social relations connect him with the Masonic fra ternity. In 1864 he received the sublime degree of Master Mason in Char lotte Lodge No'. 120, F. & A. M., in Charlotte, Michigan; and in Eaton Rapids Chapter No. 27, R. A. M., he attained the Royal Arch degrees. He was made a Sir Knight Templar in DeWitt Clinton Commandery at Vir ginia City, Nevada, and has thus advanced to a high degree in the order. Mr. and Mrs. Kinney have two daughters, both of whom were born in Nevada: Kate, now the wife of Roy L. Robinson, of Reno; and May A., who is with her parents. Mrs. Kinney is a valued meraber ol the Congrega tional church and is a most estimable lady. Mr. Kinney has informed him self thoroughly concerning the tenets and obligations of Masonry and shapes his life by them. He is an exemplary representative of the craft, and because of this is an honorable and upright man and a loyal citizen. HON. TRENMOR COFFIN, a prominent citizen and leading repre- "sentative of the bar of Nevada, came to the state in August, 1871. He was born in Hendricks county, Indiana, August 22, 1848, and is a son of Addison Coffin, a native of New Garden, North Carolina, where he was born January 28, 1822. Addison Coffin was a farmer and Quaker. He walked frora his home in North Carolina to Hendricks county, Indiana, in 1844. On July 5, 1845, ^^ '^^^ married to Emily Hadley in Hendricks county. She was a native of North Carolina. It was on account of his opposition to slavery that Addison Coffin left his native state, and in Indiana he played an important part in the underground railway, assisting many slaves to escape. His raost excellent wife died when Trenmor was a child, but he survived until 1897, when he died in his home in Indiana, aged seventy- five years. Trenraor Coffin was reared upon his father's farm and attended the public schools in winter. Later he was sent to the National Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio, from which he was graduated, and he then began to teach 430 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. in Ohio. From that state he moved to Carson City, Nevada, and resumed his teaching. He worked with pick and shovel when It was necessary and did any honest work. After teaching in the grammar school he was placed in charge of the state library, and he then began his law studies under the direction of Ellis & King, being admitted to practice in October, 1874. Im mediately thereafter he engaged in the practice of his profession in Carson City and has since made it his home, becoming one of the most successful men in his profession. He is an active Republican, and in 1876 was nominated by his party for the office of district attorney and elected by a good majority. Tn 1880, unsolicited .by him, his party nominated him for the state assembly, and after a thorough canvass he was elected. After a very honorable career in the lower house, he Avas re-elected to succeed himself, and he then had the honor of being chairman of the assembly. He has also served as county treasurer for two years; United States district attorney of Nevada for four years, receiving the appointment frora President Arthur; served as regent of the State University and has always taken a deep interest in educational matters, serving as school trustee for a numter of years. He Avas also a candidate of his party for suprerae judge, but Avas defeated, and was also chairraan of the Republican state central committee and did effective service for his party in that capacity. But when the gold platform was adopted, he resigned and allied himself Avith the silver party and supported Mr. Bryan, although he has never joined the Democracy, styling himself a silver or bi- metaUist Republican. During his long life in Nevada he has become greatly interested in irrigation, and is now connected with a large canal being constructed in Inyo county, California, which Avhen completed will irrigate twenty thousand acres of land. The canal is forty-four miles in length and is proving a great success. On June 4, 1885, Mr. Coffin Avas married to Marie Tonisa Benoit,- a lady of French extraction. Two children have teen. born to them, namely: Tren mor, Jr., and Emily, both bright young people at school. Mr. and Mrs. Coffin have a pleasant horae in Carson City, AA'here their large circle of friends Is always warmly welcomed. Mr. Coffin has passed all the degrees in the Masonic fraternity and' held all the offices from lowest up, and is now deputy" grand master of the state. When the next grand master of the state is selected he Avill probably be called upon to fill that office if his health permits. He still adheres to the faith of his Quaker ancestry, and is a man highly respected throughout the state for his raany excellent traits of character. THE CHRONICLE, a seven-column, tAventy-three by thirty-two, daily evening paper, published at Virginia City, Nevada, by J. M. Davis, WiUiam Harrington and E. D. Blake, in the interests of the Democratic party, was founded in 1872 by John I. Ginn and E. I, Bean. Tn the eariy seventies it yyas purchased by Dennis McCastry, who had been editor of the San Fran cisco Chronicle, and was one of the ablest newspaper men who ever resided in Nevada. Under his management the paper had as contributors Mark Twain and others equally gifted, and was by far the best newspaper then A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 431 published in the state. The present publishers and editors are native sons of Nevada, and very enterprising and gifted gentlemen. Mr. Edward Blake was born and educated in Virginia City, and learned the printer's trade upon the Chronicle, having been connected with it for the past ten years. His entire business career has been given to journalism, and he is a man who thoroughly understands his business and appreciates its great possibilities. He is a son of S. A. Blake, a pioneer of the state, now one of the county comraissioners of this county. The Chronicle has a large circulation, not only in the state but through out the xvest, and is noted for its adherence to the principles of Democracy, and the strength and virility of its editorials. As a news organ it is also excellent, and the entire gef-up of the paper reflects credit upon its pub lishers and editors, as well as upon Virginia City itself. ALEXANDER SUMMERFIELD is the pioneer merchant of PlaW- thorne, having built the first store building in the town and stocked it xvith a good line of general merchandise in May, 1881. He is a Nevada pioneer of 1862, and six years before that he becarae a resident of California, so that his identification with the west covers alraost a half century. Born in Poland in 1842, he was but fourteen years of age when he arrived in the Golden state, where he began earning his own living as a clerk in a store in the old town of Shasta, in Shasta county, California. He arrived there in October, 1856, and in 1858 reraoved to San Francisco, where he con ducted several stores, meeting with fair success. He continued in business there until 1862, when he carae to Nevada and engaged in mining. In this venture he also prospered. For twenty-three years he has been engaged in business in Hawthorne, during which time he has always paid one hundred cents on the dollar. He has made for himself in mercantile circles a .reputation that is indeed enviable, never incurring an obligation that he has not met, nor making an engagement that he has not filled. He therefore has the good will of the people among whora he has been doing business for about a quarter of a century, and receives from them a literal patronage. Hawthorne and its development have ever been subjects ol deep inter est to him, and every object lor the welfare of the city has elicited his attention and aid. TTe has been a member of the school board and Avas postmaster for nine years. His political support is given the men and measures of the Republican party. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity, to the Ancient Order of United XVorkmen and the Independent . Order of Odd Fellows. He belongs to the grand lodges ol the first two organizations, and has received a gold badge in recognition ol twenty-five years' membership in the second. He is also connected with the Degree ol Honor, as are his wife and daughter. The lady who now bears the name of Mrs. Summerfield was in her maidenhood Miss Esther Bloomfield, and they were married in June, 1876. She is a native of New York, but was reared in Nevada, her father being Elias Bloomfield, one of the brave pioneer settlers of this state. Six 432 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Summerfield : SoU, who was mar ried and resides in Reno, Nevada, was elected a member of the state legis lature, at the age of twenty-three, representing Esmeralda county; this young man has a bright future before him and will bring honor to himself and parents. The other children are Abe; Rose, now the wife of J. H. White, a resident of Hawthorne; Hattie, Myrtle and Frances, all at home with their parents. The family residence is one ol the, finest in Hawthorne, the attractive house being surrounded by fine grounds, and there is an excellent garden and an orchard in the rear. All of the trees have teen planted by Mr. Summerfield. He and his wife are worthy pioneer people, and now have a most comfortable place in which to spend the evening of life amid peace and plenty. WILLIAM THOMAS, now deceased, was a resident of Washoe county, making his home a short distance east of Reno, and in the city and throughout the surrounding country was widely and favorably known. A native of England, he was born in 1836, and there was reared and edu cated, spending the days of his boyhood and youth. He was atout twenty- four years of age when he left his native country and crossed the Atlantic to America. The year i860 witnessed his arrival in the United States, but ere he had sailed lor the new world he was married in England to Miss Caroline Westlake, and one daughter" was born to them there, to whom they gave the name ol Polly. She is the only daughter that graced this marriage, and is now the wife of W. A. Martin. With their little child Mr. and Mrs. Thomas started for the United States, in i860, and after landing on the Atlantic coast they made their way to the interior of the country, settling first in the Lake Superior country, where Mr. Thomas was engaged in mining. There he resided until 1870, when he carae with his faraily to Reno, Nevada, and purchased the present homestead, comprising eighty acres of land. At once he began to cultivate^ and iraprove his propeily, and made ol it a very desirable horae and larm. There he continued to engage in agricultural pursuits until his death, which occurred July 29, 1876. He had been a thoroughly upright citizen, a loving husband and an indulgent lather, and his wile and daughter Ielt their loss very deeply. His political allegiance was given to the RepubUcan party, and his religious views vvere those of the Methodist church, to the teachings of which he was ever loyal. Mrs. Thoraas is a member of the Baptist church and is an earnest Christian woman. For the past twenty-seven years, or since her husband's death, she has with the assistance of her daughter capably managed the property. Later, however, they have sold the farm to the Southern Pacific Railroad Corapany for twelve thousand five hundred dollars, but still main tain their residence in the home, in which they have long lived, the dwdl- ing being surrounded by four acres of grounds spendidly kept. The rail road company has built upon the farm one of the best roundhouses along the entire line of this road. The shops are all to be located on it and the dty ol Reno is rapidly growing out in that direction. A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 433 Tn 1884 Miss Polly Thomas became the Avife of XV. .\. Martin, who is a native of Ohio and is now in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic order. Mr. and Mrs. Martin reside with Mrs. Thomas, and all have a wide accjuaint- ance in Reno and the surrounding district and are held in high esteem by many friends. HENRY J. JONES, who has been the popular ancl efficient postmaster of the city of Elko for six years, under appointment of President McKinley, has the honor of being Nevada's first Avhite son, and also the son of one of the first settlers to the state. At that early day Nevada was only a portion of the vast territory of Idaho, so that Mr. Jones and the state grew up together, and he is a witness of all its political unfolding and progress and developraent from a mining community to a great, prosperous commonwealth. Mr. Jones' ancestry on both sides is Welsh. He is the son of Evan J. Jones, who was torn in XVales, August 8, 1834,- and of Anna (Johns) Jones, also a native of Wales. Evan Jones crossed the plains .with oxen in 1850, and for two or three years met with only moderate . success in mining near Placerville, Califomia. • He came to what is now Nevada, in 1853, xvhen this noxv fertile region xvas a sage brush desert or mountains fit only for the minei-'s pick. He engaged . in driving a pack train from Placerville, California, to Carson City and other mining camps, and also mined in Gold Canyon before the discovery of the Comstock. He took up four hundred acres of public land in the Carson valley, and, clearing off the growth of sage brush, began ranching, xvhich he continued for ten years, when he sold his land at good advantage. He went to White Pine in 1869, ^wd was engaged in the teaming business, employing a number ol men, and he also took a ranch in Elko county txventy miles south ol the town of that name. He improved the property, ancl his ranch of two thousand acres was one of the finest in Elko county. It is now owned by Major Miller. Mr. Evan Jones now resides in Colorado, retired from active life at the age ol sixty-nine. He has been very successful, and has deserved it all by his hard labor and excellent business management. He has been a lifedong Republican, but has never held or desired to hold office. His wife died in 1869, leaving four children, who are all living. Henry J. Jones is the only one of the family hoav in Nevada. He was born in Carson City, .October 18, 1858, and was educated and reared to manhood in Elko county. His youth was passed on his father's ranch, and for some time he was a clerk in a store. The greater part of his active career has been devoted to ranching and stock-raising, and he now has two thousand acres ol land in Elko county. He and Mr. G. S. Garcia, another well known citizen ol Elko, have, in partnership, about six thousand head ol sheep ancl some twenty-five horses. Mr. Jones is active in Republican politics, and, at the request ol the citizens of Elko, President McTCinley appointed hira postmaster of the toyra in 1897, which office he has since administered. He owns the building in which the office is located and in which he has his residence, and also the 434 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. building in which the Free Press is located. He "is a fraternal member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and in the Knights of Pythias has passed all the chairs and is a member of the state grand lodge. Mr. Jones was married in 1885 to Miss Hattie Cullen, Avho was born in Austin, Ne A'ada, the daughter of Robert Cullen. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have three chil dren, Eva Vernie, Henry Lawrence and Leslie Bryant Cullen. They are popular residents of Elko, and Mr. Jones has continued to hold the place ol esteem in which his father preceded him while so long an honored resident of the county and state. CAPTAIN J. B. OVERTON. One of the wdl and favorably known citizens ol Virginia City, Nex'ada, is Captain J. B. Overton, who has teen identified with the interests of this place for the past thirty-one years. He Avas born in Allegany county. New York, April 13, 1824. The family is of English extraction, and xvas founded in America by three 'crothers of the name, one of whom setded in Ncav York, one in Connecticut, and the third in South Carolina. The progenitor of Captain Overton settled in the Empire state, and his grandfather, Stephen Overton, Avas 1»ni on Long Island. He became a Congregational minister and, served one congregation for a period of forty- one years, in Chester township, Essex county. New, Jersey, where his son, Nathan Overton, the. father of Captain Overton, was torn. Nathan Over ton married Jane Outcalt, of Gerraan extraction, a daughter of a prominent citizen of Essex county, a justice of the peace and for more than forty years a successful farmer. After marriage the Captain's parents settled in Alle gany county. New York, and there the father cleared up a farm. Later he returned to New Jersey and became a conductor on the New Jersey Railroad, which is now included in the Pennsylvania system, and while on duty was accidentally killed. As his mother had died previously. Captain Overton, who was then but eleven years of age, was left an orphan, one of a family of five children, of whom he is now the only s.urvivor. At the age of nine years he was bound out to a neighboring famier, Avith whom he lived two and a half years, dur ing this time suffering treatment which, in our modern days, Avould not be given to a faithful beast. That his complaints were just may te inferred when it is stated that the neighbors were so incensed that they encouraged hira in running • away. He found eraployment as a horse-driver along the towpath of the Morris and Essex canal, and here he Avas found by his father, who then took him to Newark and placed him in school. After the death of his father he went to work in the Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor locomotive works at Paterson, and a year later Avas employed by the Ncav Jersey Rail way Company, Avith Avhich corporation he remained five years. In 1849 h^ joined the argonauts bound for California, raaking the trip ai'ound Cape Horn, his voyage being taken on the bark Gri'ffin from Nexv York to San Francisco. He reached the Golden state safely and went imme diately to the gold diggings at Weaverville, made plenty of money, and, in the free-hearted and free-handed manner of the time, spent it, but had ^^.^z^^-fcfS^S""^ A T-HSTOKY OF NEVADA. 435 become well enough established by 1853 to start a store at Rich Bar, on the middle fork of the Feather river. He xvas very successful in this venture, and in 1866 built a sawmill in Onion valley. By 1868 he was looked upon with so much public esteem that he xvas elected county clerk of Plumas county, and filled that office for four years, returning then to San Francisco, where he lived three years, doing a brokerage business with a partner. Tn 1871 he came to Virginia City to take charge of the construction of the Vir ginia City and Gold HiU water works, and ever since has had charge of this company's affairs. The water works system of this company is xvhat is known as a gravity .system, and crosses Washoe valley in three txvdve-incli pipes. The water is noted for its purity. The original company contained such capitalists as Mackey, Fair and other-s, and the plant has never changed hands, a rather remarkable circumstance. Prior to leaving his native state. Captain Overton served as a captain of militia, and thus the title Is rightfully his. In his youthful days he was a Democrat, but the first gun fired on Fort Sumter broke his allegiance, and since then he has been a Republican. In 1856 he was made a Mason in Hiram Lodge No. 14, Jei'sey City, and is past raaster of his lodge and has also passed all the chairs in both branches of the Odd Fellows. Captain Overton belongs to the Society of California Pioneers and the Pacific Coast Pioneers, and is a valued member of both organizations. The Captain is a man of raore than usual intelligence and a most interesting conversation alist. JOHN KLEPPE, one of the well known and highly respected pio neers "of Nevada, who has now passed frora the scene of earthly ¦ activities, was torn in Germany in 1832, and Avhen a young man bade adieu to friends and fatherland and sailed for America. He raade his way to Illinois, where he remained for some time, but subsequently retumed to Germany. After visiting his friends and kindred in that country he started for California, making the voyage around Cape Florn. This Avas early in the sixties, and he had only thirty, cents reraaining Avhen he reached his destination in the Golden state. The raining industry was then at its height, and he engaged in placer raining at Marysville and afterward at Grass Valley, but was not successful in his search for the precious metal. He then obtained a position on a ranch, and in 1864 made his way to Churchill county, Nevada, driv ing with him a herd of cattle. T-Ie was cook ol the party, lor he traveled with a number ol others. Later he went to' Virginia City, where he worked at teaming by the day, and finally he purchased a team and wagon and began Ireighting on his own account. Tn this busines he prospered and alter a time purchased other teams and continued to haul goods Irom Washoe City to Virginia City. As the freight rates were very high at that time his labors were attended with very gratilying success. At length he disposed ol his freighting outfit and purchased a ranch of one hundred and sixty acres on Truckee meadows, east of Reno. This property he greatly improved, built upon it a .good residency and other substantial build- 436 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. ings and continued to engage in farming with a richly merited degree of prosperity up to the time of his demise. He led an industrious and honorable life, and his record proved conclusively that success is not a matter of genius but is the result of earnest labor and capable management. Mr. Kleppe was united in marriage to Miss Susan Becker, a native of his own country, and they becarae the parents ol two children. Mary Kleppe, the elder, was born in Washoe and died at the age ol twenty-two years, leaving behind her many friends, for she was a young lady who pos sessed excellent traits of character. The son is J. F. Klepi>e, who was about eight months of age at the time of his mother's death, in 1872. He was torn at the family home on Truckee meadows on the nth of March, 1872, Avas educated in the public schools at Glendale and in the Nevada State University, and was thus well equipped to meet the practical and responsible duties of life. John Kleppe continued to engage in farming until called to his final rest in the year 1894, when in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a Republican in his political views, and fraternally Avas connected with the Knights of Pythias lodge and with die Independent Order ol Odd Fellows. He was a raan ol genial disposition, kind-hearted and cordial, and he gained a host ol warm Iriends throughout Washoe county. J. F. Kleppe inherited his father's property and is conducting the farm with much ability, making a specialty of the raising of potatoes and hay and also raising onions on an extensive scale, selling each year from sixty to ninety tons. His farraing operations are tiierefore proving of profit. He was happily married in 1897 to Miss Pearl M. Morton, a native of Iowa and a daughter ol C. C. Morton, They have three children. Both toys v/ere born in the same room m which their lather first saw the light of day, and the girl was born in Reno. These are Fred, Neva and Ernest, interest ing little ones, who add life and light to the household. Mr. Kleppe is following in the footsteps of his honored father both in business life and in a political way, being a stanch Republican. He is one of Nevada's highly respected citizens, active in business, a citizen of intelligence and of broad general information, and a successful farmer. SIDNEY BERT COHEN, the leading dry-goods merchant of Car son City, Nevada, Avas born in England, October 28, 1865, and Avas edu cated in that country and Australia. He laid the foundations of his present prosperity after his health failed from overstudy. His original aim was to becorae an artist, and he devoted four years to careful preparation for that life, but after his health broke 'down he clerked in Modesto and Fresno, California, for five years, and thoroughly learned the details of the dry- goods business. After he felt prepared, he removed to Carson City, Nevada, arid he now has a floor space of forty-four by seventy-five feet, covered Avith a fine line of dry-goods, and has a large dressmaking establishment in connection. From the beginning he has raade a success of his enterprise, and he has firraly established hirasdf in, the confidence of the entire com munity, where he is so prominently identified with its best interests. In July, 1 89 1, he was niamed to Miss Bert Cohn, a native of Carson A T-TISTORY OF NEVADA 437 City and a daughter of the well known M, Cohn, of that city and a pioneer of the state. One daughter, Alice Majorie, has been born to Mr. and Mrs. Cohen. Tn politics he is a Republican, but aside from doing his duty as an American citizen he cjoes not take any part in local affairs. Enterprising, an excellent manager and good business man, Mr. Cohen has teen unusually successful, and has many friends not only in the city, but throughout the surrounding country. BENJAMIN ROSENTHAL, the proprietor of the Lake View Hotel at HaAvthorne, has ahvays resided in the west and is imbued with the progressive spirit which has been the dominant factor in the Avonderful growth and development of this portion of the country. Still a young raan, he has already attained a creditable position and gratifying success in the business world. A native of California, Mr. Rosenthal was born in Mariposa county, on the 1st of August, 187 1. His father, Davis Rosenthal, was born in Russia and in 185 1 went to California, engaging in merchandising for twenty-five years at Hornitos. He was also in Bodie for a time, and in 1882 cam© to Hawthorne, the town having been platted only the year before. He then purchased the Lake View Hotel and successfully conducted it until 1901, when his death occurred-, when he was in the seventy-third year of his age. He was a citizen ol excellent business habits and qualifications, and always met with lair success in his undertakings. He married Miss Augusta Golden, a native ol his own country. She now sui-vives her hus band and resides in Reno, in the sixty-fifth year of her age. This worthy couple were the parents ol four children : Aaron, now a merchant of Port land, Oregon; Samuel, who is engaged in merchandising in Reno; Kate; the xvife of W. J. Henly, an attorney of Hawthorne ; and Benjamin. The last named is the youngest of the family. I-Te was educated in the public schools of Hawthorne, being only about ten years of -age at the time of his parents' removal to this place. From his youth he has been con nected with the hotel business, assisting his father in the conduct ol the T^ake View Hotel, ol which he is now the proprietor. He has the laculty of making his guests feel at home, and does evei-ything in his power for their comfort. The hotel is fifty by ninety feet, two stories in height and contains twenty-five sleeping apartments. It is an excellent hotel for a town of the size of Hawthorne, and Mr. Rosenthal is doing a good business. He sets a good table, and his efforts to make his hostelry an attractive place of entertainment have resulted in winning him prosperity, Mr. Rosenthal is a man of robust health, of fine physique and takes great delight in athletics. He is one ol the best players ol the excellent ball team of Hawthorne and has also made a good record in running races. In matters of citizenship he is deeply interested in all that pertains to the welfare of the city and state, and he votes with the silver party, believing firmly in its principles. Prominent in the Knights of Pythias fraternity, he is now grand vice chancellor of the grand lodge of the state, and is also 438 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. connected with the subordinate lodge and the Rebekah degree of the Odd Fellows society. Mr. Rosenthal was married July 19, 1891, the lady of his choice teing Miss Vesta M. Rice, a native of California. She is of the Episcopalian faith and is a graduate of Bishop Whitaker's College fbr Young Ladies. Both Mr. and Mrs. Rosenthal are prominent members of society in Hawthorne, and he is also recognized as one of the most energetic business men of the town. HON. GEORGE ALT. While several years have passed since the Hon. George Alt was an active promoter in the affairs of Nevada, the influ ence and benefit of his labors are yet felt upon the commercial and political history of the state, where he long figured prominently as a leading citizen. He was the first to engage in the raising of vegetables in Nevada, thus demonstrating the -productiveness of the soil for that purpose ; he was the first to introduce Durham cattle here; and in political circles his efforts were far reaching and beneficial as he served in county and in state offices. A half century has passed since he came to the state, the date of his arrival being 1854, and the territory of Nevada had not been organized at that time. A native of Pennsylvania, he was born on the 3d of January, 1832, was educated in the east and then went to California, becoming one of the pioneers of Downieville, where he engaged in mining. His health faded him here, and he then went to Glendale, Nevada, where he purchased the Alexander place, but resided upon it for only a brief jjeriod. He then purchased two hundred and fifty-eight acres of land, which was then entirely uncultivated, but was capable of becoming a very rich tract. He developed it from the sage brush and raade it one of the best farms in the valley. When he took up his abode thereon the city ol Reno had not been founded, and he had to go first to Washoe city and afterward to Virginia City for supplies. With untiring energy and keen foresight he devoted his efforts to the improvement of his property and was the pioneer in the vaUey in the raising of onions and other vegetables, thus giving evidence of the productiveness of the soil in that direction and introducing a business which has since added greatly to the wealth ol the state, many others having since turned their attention to this industry. . He also engaged in cattle-raising and imported thoroughbred Durhanis frora Kentucky. In this Avay he vvas a prominent pioneer in the improvement of stock, and he had as high as five hundred head of cattle. An intelligent, progressive and successful fanner, he con tributed largely to the agricultural development of the state and was one of the organizers of the Nevada State Agricultural Society, acting as one ol its directors for many years and taking an active part in promoting its welfare. He was one of its life members. In Virginia City, in 1865, Mr. Alt Avas united in marriage to Miss Susan Carroll, who was born in county Cavan, Ii'dand, in 1841, a daughter of Jaraes Carroll, a prorainent linen draper, doing a large business in that line in Belfast. To Mr. and Mrs. Alt were born three children: James, who A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 439 is on the farm with his mother; Mary Veronica, who died at the age of two and a half years; and Susan Veronica, now the wife of Julius Carr. Mrs. Alt also adopted and reared two little girls, who are now young ladies and reside xvith her. During the Civil war Mr. Alt was a strong Union man, and -was an active and influential member of the Republican party, but after General Grant's second term of office he ceased to te in harmony with certain methods of the party and no longer gave it his support. He was twice elected and served as a member of the state assembly, and put forth his strongest efforts to secure just laws and to adopt raeasures that would pro mote the welfare of the majority and enhance the interests of the state. His legislative career is one which reflects credit and honor upon the district Avhich honored hira with election to that high office. Mr. Alt was also chosen a memter of the 'tx3ard of county commssioners of Washoe county, and in that capacity served with marked ability, discharging his duties with promptness and fidelity, his integrity and loyalty as a public official teing ever above question. Of a very literal and generous nature, he desired to have his home a most hospitable one, and in this as in raany other interests in life he and his wife were in full accord in their opinions. He advocated all measures for the material, social, intellectual and raoral benefit of the com munity, and when he Avas called from this life Reno and the entire state felt that he was a citizen whom they., could ill afford to lose. Mrs. Alt has, since her husband's death, managed the estate in a most competent man ner. She is a lady of intelligence and innate refinement, and is a valued communicant of the Roman Catholic church. JOHN M. MORROW, the freight and passenger agent of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Elko, Nevada, has teen in the railroad busi ness most of his life, as was his father before him. He started into the work in a minor capacity, and by steady application and hard study was adA'anced from one position to another until the present. He has the eritire confidence of the company, and has advanced the company's interests in Elko and the surrounding country, Avhere he has made himself popular by ready attention to the wants of patrons of the road. Mr. Morrow is of Irish ancestry, his paternal grandfather being the one who came from Ireland and founded the family in this country. Andrew Morrow, his father, was bom in Long Island, New York, and married Miss Ellen McCurdy. He was a railroad man in the employ of the New York Central, and lived in New York state all his life. TTe died in 1864, at the age of forty-two, and his Avile in 1868. They were members ol the Presby terian church. John M. Morrow is Ihe only one ol their five children in the west. He was born in New York city, September 10, 1858, and was educated in the public schools. He was a poor youth ol seventeen when he niJtde his start for the west, and after remaining in Kansas and dealing in lands for a time, he went on to California. Here he began his connection with rail roading, being employed in a freight house in Delano, California. He was 440 A HISTORY OF NEX'ADA. also night operator in Delano, and was afterward agent at Halleck and Cariin. and Avas promoted to the position at Elko in Novemter, 1890. where he has since done most efficient service for the company. He represents the road in the freight and passenger departments, and in his business relations has made many friends. !Mr. ^MorroAV takes much interest in public affairs and in the welfare of the state. In 1892 Mr. ^Morrow Axas married to ^Miss Abbie Sheehan. a natiAC of the state of New York. They have tAvo children, toth tom in Elko county. Chester Gerald and Nellie Catherine. They reside in one of the beautiful homes of Elko, and Mr. and Mrs. Morrow have man)- friends in the test social circles. JOHN LYONS CONSIDINE. the xvarden of the Nevada State Prison at Carson City, is a natiAC son of the state, his birth having occurred at Gold Hill on the 25th of Septemter. 187 1. He comes of Irish ancestry, his par ents, Joseph and Susan (Lyons 1 Considine, haAing been natiACS of Ireland. His father came to the United States in 1856. and the mother arrived in this countrj' in 1861. They Avere married in Pennsj-hania in 1870, and came to Nevada, in Avhich state Mr. Considine had made his home since 1865. Here he tumed his attention to mining. Avhich he followed for a numter of years. They had tAvo children. ]Mar\ E. and John L. John L. C'jusidine. the elder child, Avas educated in public and priA-ate schools. He has alAvays had a liking for journalism and possessed consid erable talent in that direction, Avinning for himself a creditable record be cause of his ncAvspaper. He Avas editor and manager of the Virginia Report for four years, and Avas afterAvards editor of the \"irguiia Chronicle for two jears. In his early life he was for five years engaged in the rail- Avay mail service. He Avas chosen to his present position of honor and trust in Januar)-, 1903. by the board of prison commissioners, consisting of the gOAernor. the secretary- of state and the attcniey general. He is a bright, intelligent and Avell-infornied young man, of unfailing courtesy and polite address and Is well qualified for the office Avliich he is now filling. He has shoAvn an enterprising and progres sIac spirit in his conduct of the instimtion. teing the first NcAada official to introduce the Bertillon sys tem into the state. XX'ithin the first six months of his incumtency he inaugu rated a numter of improAements. such as the installation of an electrical alarm system and an electrical pumping plant, and is now engaged in the constmction of a state toulcAard from the prison to Carson City. The Nevada State prison has the reputation of teing one of the most humane institutions of the sort in the United States, but at the same time the strictest discipline is maintained by Xyarden Considine. HON. MICHAEL A. MURPHY, judge of the district court of Ne x'ada. and one of the leading residents of Carson CitA-. xxas tom in New York. Septemter 29. 1837. and came to the state of Nevada. April 16, 1863, locating in Aurora. His father, Edxvard Murphy, xvas tom in Ireland and m "^ V V- X.. C^^!^H-«'C.ending his youth in that city. Tn 185 1 he removed westward to Iowa, and in 1852 xvent to California, crossing the plains with oxen. He spent the winter at Salt Lake City and then continued on his way to California in the spring, settling at Grizzly Flats, Eldorado county, where he engaged in placer min ing, but Avas never very successful in mining. He continued, however, in that Avork until 1861, after which he engaged in teaching school at Grizzly Flats and at Oak Grove for five years, giving good satisfaction as a teacher. In 1866 he went to Austin, NeA'ada, where he Avas engaged in mining for two years, and then retumed to his native state to visit his aged parents and other rdatives. He had been absent for fifteen years, and the reunion was a most happy one. On returning to Nevada Mr. Taylor engaged in teaching school in Lander and Nye counties, continuing there and in Eureka for some time. He also opened a store in Tone, Nye county, but afterward removed his stock to Grantsville, Avhere he engaged in selling goods until the town A I-TISTORY OF NEVADA. 445 became depopulated, when, in 1883, he removed to Plawthome. For the past twenty years he has carried on a good business here, dealing principally in dry-goods and notions. There are many elements in his character that are most worthy of emulation. He is a citizen of high moral worth and holds membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1901 he took the Chautauc[ua course and was graduated, showing the strength of his intellect even at an advanced age. A lover of pictures and floAvers, his taste in this direction is shown by the beautiful plants which groxv in his windows and the touciuet which is usually seen in his store. He is a strict temperance man, and in politics is a Republican., but has never desired office. In educational matters he has ever taken a deep and helpful interest, has served on the school board and has been a member ol the board ol school examiners during his residence in Hawthorne. He has also served as Sunday-school superintendent, and thus promoted the moral development and growth of the young. He has taken pleasure in literary work, and has written considerable poetry, raostly of a humorous character, which has been published in some of the best periodicals of the Avest. It has often been his purpose to^ teach a good lesson through a humorous writing. His own sense ol humor is highly developed and makes his a nature that throws around it rauch of the sun shine of life. . He is unmarried. ROBERT STEELE, who is successfully engaged in general farming- near Glendale, is numbered aniong the brave pioneer citizens that the Emerald Isle has furnished to Nevada. He was born in Ireland, on the 26th of May, 1826, a son of Alexander and Sophia (McKee) Steele. In 1847 the parents left their native country and sailed over the briny deep to the new world, establishing their home in Cleveland, Ohio, where Robert and his brother worked in the copper mines. They were also' engaged in farming, and found that a profitable source of income, their labors resulting in the produc tion of good crops. Subsequently they went together to California and were engaged in mining and prospecting in Plumas county. In i860 they came to Nevada and spent a short time in Virginia City, working in the mines. Tn the sarae year, however, Robert Steele purchased land on which he has since resided. Tt had not been surveyed at that time, but he secured for himself and brother about eight hundred acres altogether. It was all wild and unimproved, and Mr. Steele at once began the Avork of development, placing it under a high state of cultivation. The land Avas plowed and crops were planted, and as the years have gone by Mr. Steele has wrou.ght a wonderful transformation in the improvement of his property. It is now adorned with a commodious and attractive residence, surrounded by tall trees of his own planting. He has also built a large barn, and, indeecl, has one of the finest farms of the valley. Through his own capable and well directed efforts his perseverance, and the energy which has enabled him to overcome all difficulties and obstacles in his path, he has steadily worked him- 446 A T-TISTORY OF NEVADA. self upward and has become one ol the wealthy agriculturists of this part^ of the state. Tn 1868 Mr. Steele was united in marriage to Miss Harriet D. Weeks, a native of Cleveland, Ohio, and to them have been torn four children: Sarah Sophia, now the wife of Fred White, who is a journalist of ability and makes his horae on a ranch ; James Alexander, who was married Septem ber I, 190,1, to Miss Mae Hammersmith, of Reno; Pearl Rachel, at home; and Elizabeth, now the Avife of Charles Nash. Mr. and Mrs. Steele were reared in the faith of the Episcopal church, to Avhich they still adhere, and in his political belief he is a Republican, having never faltered in his aUegiance to the party. He has, however, never been an aspirant for public office, preferring to give his time and attention to his business interests, in which he is raeeting with gratifying success. Although now seventy-seven years of age he still gives active supervision to his farraing interests. His life has been characterized by unflagging industry, and now in the evening of life he can look back over the past without regret. He receives the venera tion and respect which should ever be accorded those who have reached his age, and as a worthy pioneer citizen of Nevada he deserves mention in this volume. HERMAN E. FREUDENTHAL, who has been connected wrth many of the raost important interests of the city of Pioche and of Lincoln county, Nevada, for twenty years, is a true westerner by birth, education and charac ter, endowed with all the indomitable spirit and enterprise, of the race. He has spent his life since childhood in Nevada, and his record as a business man, in journalisra, as a public official and in the halls of legislation is highly creditable toth to himself and the state and county. He Is genial and whole- souled, with the happy faculty of Avinning friends, and his popularity is shown by the lact that he has again and again held office in a community whose political complexion Is the opposite of his own. Furthermore, he is a self-made man, and has been Avinning;^ his oavu way since he was a toy of thirteen. Mr. Freudenthal was born in North San Juan, California, February 28, 1862, a son of Henry and Louisa Freudenthal, the former a baker Jiy ti-ade, who was a pioneer to Nevada of 1864, ancl Avho died in Pioche, Octo ber I, 1891. Mr. Freudenthal Avas taken to Virginia City in 1864, two years later the family moved to MeadoAv Lake, in 1868 moved to Reno, and in the latter part of the same year to White Pine county, and thence in 1871 to Pioche, Lincoln county. Tie attended the public schools of these various places until he was thirteen years old, and then began assisting his father in the bakery and restaurant. In 1881 he went to .Silver Reef, Utah, and worked Avith an aunt in the same line of business for a time. After that for a year he was leveler on the construction work ol the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, and in 1883 returned to Pioche, Avhich he has since raade the scene ol his most noteworthy endeavors. He went into the Record office and leamed the art ol printing, and has ever since been more or less connected with printing and newspaper Avork. He Avas manager ol the Lincoln County ^. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 447 Record from June, 1900, to September, 1903, when he resigned to take uj) other interests. Fle is now right-of-way agent for the San Pedro, Los An geles & Salt Lake Railroad in Nevada, having occujiied this position since 1901. Mr. Freudenthal is a Republican in iiolitics. In 1890 he was elected county assessor of Lincoln county, and held the office for ten years, resigning in 1900, with two more years to fill, because of his election as state senator in that year. For four years he also held the office of sheriff, that office being combined with that of assessor. He affiliates with the Ancient Order of United Workmen and is a charter member of Pioche Lodge, and is a member of De Lamar Lodge, K. P. He has teen appointed by the Nevada commission to take charge of the Nevada mineral exhibit at the .St. Louis exposition. December 31, 1896, Mr. Freudenthal was raarried to Mrs. Annie E. Jolly, a daughter of Harry Harville, a prominent man of Sacra mento, California, and for a number of years assessor of Elko county, Nevada. CHARLES E. MAYER, who has been a resident of the state of Nevada for thirty years, and during the latter half of that period has been tht popular proprietor of the Depot Hotel at Elko, belongs to a family whose members have been noted in various communities and states ot the Union. The family is German and English in descent, and was founded in this country by grandfather Henry Frederick Mayer, who was bom in Ham burg, Germany, and settled in Maryland, near Annapolis. Little is known of his career except that he stood high in the Masonic order, and one of his books on Masonry, Avhich was published in 1802, is uoav in the possession of Charles Mayer. His son, Henry Frederick Mayer, Jr., Avas bom at Annapolis, Maryland, in 181 7. He married Miss Fanny Bradshaw, a native of England, and in 1837 they removed to St. Louis, Missouri. He was one of Missouri's rep resentatives to Washington, and he made the entii-e journey on horseback. His life occupation was merchandising, and he xvas successful in business as well as in public and social life. He and his wife removed to Sheridan, Oregon, in 1876, and he died there in 1889, at the age of seventy-two. He was known by all as a man of honor and integrity, and his upright and worthy life made hira a conspicuous character in every community where he lived. His wife died in 1897, and they are toth interred at Sheridan, Yamhill county, Oregon, They had four children, and two are living. Laramie was born at Fort Laramie at the time ol the Indian massacre in 1856, and is noAV a merchant in the Klondike. Charles E. Mayer, the other living son, xvas born in the state of Illi nois, January 29, 1849. He was educated in Washington College, Virginia, being a student there while the great Confederate Genei-al Robert E. Lee was president. Shortly afterward he was married, and after residing in Bunker Hill, Illinois, for three years, came to Nevada in 1873. He was post trader at Fort Hallack for filteen years, and then settled in Elko, and took up the hotel business. The Depot Hotel is a first-class house, and is a very popular 448 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. resort for the traveling public who visit Elko. His wide and favorable acquaintance with people all over the state has brought him a large patronage, and he has been very successful. Mr. Mayer was married in 1868, at Northville, Virginia, to Miss Maria B. Crocket, and they have been the parents ol eight children; Fannie, now the wife of D. J. Bangs, resides in Butte, Montana ; Erskine is telegraph operator at Elko; "W. R. is a merchant at Deeth; Bessie is the wife of J. Taber, a druggist of Elko; Charles G. is a civil engineer on the Southern Pacific Railroad ; Harry is a graduate of the Elko high school, and is now assisting his father; Halleck is also assisting his father; Stewart is a printer ol Elko. He is a valued member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, having held the office of treasurer in the former and financier in the latter. WILLIAM WRIGHT, now decea.sed, xvas a native of Ireland, torn in the county of Wexford on the 25th ol March, 1837. He came direct from the Emerald Isle to Nevada in 1864, and bade adieu to friends and native country and sailed for the new world. The journey was made by the Tsthraus of Panama to the California coast, and thence he proceeded into the interior of the country until he had reached this state. At first he worked with his brother, John Wright, who had preceded him to America, and, when he had gained a start in a financial way, in 1866 purchased the ranch upon which he afterward resided until called to his final rest. This tract of land comprised two hundred and eighty acres, which at the time when it came into his possession was largely unimproved. With his own hands he planted the fruit and shade trees that now adorn and benefit the farm, and in 1888 he built a nice frame residence. He was largely engaged in raising hay and cattle, and also bred and raised a number of English shire horses. He not only took great interest in the improvement of his own horses, but did .much for the improvement of the grade of stock raised throughout this part of the country. Tlie first English shire stallion which he ever owned and brought into Nevada cost him two thousand dollars. Another branch of the business of Mr. Wright was that of dairying, and he owned thirty-five head of graded Durham and Hol stein cows. He was an industrious, progressive and honorable agriculturist, and puj; forth every effort in his power to gain a good position in financial circles, and in all his dealings was strictly straightforward and trustworthy. On the 22d of February, 1872, Mr. Wright was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Wan'en, who was bom in his own native town, and through their childhood days they vyere schoolmates. After becoming well estab lished in business in Nevada Mr. Wright returned to the Emerald Isle and there wedded the lady of his choice. She then accompanied him to Nevada, and as the years passed their union was blessed with seven children, of whom three are now living, .namely ; John William, who is operating the horae farm for the benefit of his mother; Elizabeth Johnston and William George. Since the death of the husband and father Mrs. Wright and her son have managed the horae property. They now have three hundred and A PIISTORY OF NEVADA. 449 twenty acres of choice productix'e land, and are meeting with very gratify ing success in the various lines of agricultural woi'k to which they direct their attention. Both the mother and son are members of the Methodist church and the family is one of pi-ominence in the community. Tn his political viexvs Mr. Wright was an earnest and unfaltering Repub lican, but always declined to hold office, feeling that it xvould interfere with his business duties. In his native country before coming to America he had been made a Mason, and in Nevada he affiliated with the Reno Lodge N^o. 13, F. & A. M., exemplifying in his life its beneficent spirit. He died on the 3d of July, 1902, respected by all xvho knew him. He was ever honorable in all relations, and xvas a worthy exemplar of the class of citizenship that the Emerald Isle has furnished to the new world. His hope of bettering his financial condition in this country was realized, and he not only won a competence, but also secured a good horae and gained many warm friends here. THE DAILY EVENING REPORT, published at Virginia City, Ne vada, a six-column, four-page paper, the organ of the silver Democrats, was founded in 1888 by Major D. L. Broxvn and Alfred Chartz. The Foot Light was established in 1872 by J. P. Plant, John A. Mahanny & Company. and in 1888 it merged xvith the Daily Evening Report. On March 23, 1891, the following company was incorporated with D. L. Brown, president; Frank S. Cox, treasurer, and John L. Considine, secretary and treasurer, and they form the board of directors. Major Brown has been a resident of Nevada since 1873, and is a native of St. Louis, Missouri. His education was secured in the public schools of San Francisco, he having located in California in 1849, when but seven years of age, and on his way passed through xvhat xvas then designated as the territory of Utah, now Nevada. He served in the First California National Guards, and has the honor of having been major of the first regiment of Nevada State Guards. In politics he has always been a Democrat, and now strongly advocates the cause of silver, both i^ersonaUy and in his paper. His strong sentiments in this direction, combined with his thorough comprehension of the vital cjuestions of the day, makes him a very prominent factor in the politics of the state, and a man universally respected and honored. CHARLES J. HOOD, M. D., the leading practitioner of medicine and surgery in Elko, Nevada, is one of four brothers who are prominent pro fessional men in the state. His partner in practice is his brother, A. J. Hood. W. H. Hood is a physician in Reno, and Bert L. Hood is an attorney- at-law. The ancestry of these professional brothers is English and Scotch, and memters of the family were early settlers of the New England colonies. A. J. Hood, the father of Dr. Hood, was born in New York. He moved xvest to Adrian, Michigan, in 1850, and in 1855 was married to Miss Mary S9, 450 - A HISTORY OF NEVADA. S. Knight. His occupation xvas farming. He xvas a stanch Republican, and a highly respected citizen of the community where he made his home for over fifty years. He died in 1902, at the age of seventy-six, but his xvife still survives, at the age ol sixty-seven. They xvere the parents of six children, and it is rather an unusual record that four of these took up the professional life, although reared on a farm, and are all residing in a state far- removed frorn their birthplace. Dr. C. J. Hood was bom in Adrian, Michigan, Febrarary 23, i860, and his higher education was obtained at Adrian College after xvhich, in 1884, he entered the medical department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and graduated with the class of 1887. He gained practical experience by six months' interne work in the hospital at Elizabeth, New Jersey. His first location as a practitioner xvas in Sjwkane, XVashington, xvhere he re mained for six years. During that time he xvas an active memter of Spokane County and Washington State Medical Societies; also a member of the staff at Sacred Heart Hospital. In 1894 he established his office in Elko, where he has built up a large and constantly growing practice, taking foremost rank in his profession in the nine years he has been there. He is the local physician and surgeon of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company ; also exam iner for ¦ nuraerous life insurance companies ; a meniber of the American Medical Association and, during its existence, of the Nevada State Medical Association. DAN HUFFAKER is one of the representative farmers of the Truckee Meadows. He was born in Kentucky, first opening his eyes to the light of day in Wayne county, that state, on the 13th of August, 1846. He represents an old Virginia family, of German origin, that was founded in America at an early period in the development of the new world. His father, Thomas Huffaker, was, however, a native of Wayne county, Ken tucky, and after arriving at years of maturity was married there to Miss Polly Shearer, also a native of that county. They spent their entire lives there, becoming well known throughout its torders and toth attained to an advanced age, the father passing away at the age of seventy-five years, while the mother is still living at the age of eighty-five years. Their home xvas blessed with seven sons, six ol whom are yet living, two teing residents of Kentucky, two of California and two of Nevada. F. M. Huf faker, one of the sons, is now living' in Virginia City and is one of the prominent members of the bar ol this state. Dan Huffaker was educated in the public schools of his native place and was there reared to manhood. On reaching adult age he started out in life on his own account, and with a young man's desire to see something of the world he xvent to Iowa, where he remained for twenty-two months, and in 1870 removed to California. He began xvorking upon a farm in Sutter county, and in 1871 he came to Nevada, xvhere he xvas employed for wages for sixteen years. When his earnest labor had brought to him capital suf ficient to enable hira to purchase land, he bough't his present ranch, becoming its owner in 1888. He and his cousin, Granville Washington -Huffaker, se- A HISTORY OF NEX^VDA. 4,51 cured three hundred and txvelve acres of land from the government, and they lived and xvorked together as brothers, the relationship betxveen them being maintained xvith mutual pleasure and profit until 1892, xvhen the cousin died. He xvas an industrious, kind-hearted and honorable man, and won the respect and good xvill of all xvho knexv hira. He left his share of the estate to Mr. Huffaker'. They had greatly improved the property and made it of marked x'alue, and uix>ii the ranch Mr. Huffaker is now annually raising about five hundred tons of hay. He has built a fine stone residence on the place, together xvith large barns and substantial outbuildings for the shelter of hay and stock. The home is surrounded by xxell kept grounds, and a beautiful laxvn extends from the house to the road in front. Everything about the place is attractive, shoAving the OAvner to te a man of good taste and -of progressiAe spirit. In 1876 occurred the marriage of ^Ir. Huffaker and [Miss Lizzie Arneld, a natiA'e daughter of Nevada, born in the beautiful Truckee MeadoAvs, on Avhich they now reside. Mr. Huffaker exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democracy, and in matters of citi zenship has performed an active and helpful part toxvard advancing the general xvelfare. Through his industry- and jDersexerance he has acquired a merited success, and is noxv one of the leading agriculturists of his com munity. SIMEON M. BOOKER, a xvell informed, alert and enterprising busi ness man, noxv dealing in general merchandise in Hawthorne, xvas torn in the far-off state of Maine, his birthplace being the toxvn of Bowdoinhani and his natal day the 24th of April, 1832. He is descended from English an cestors xvho were early settlers of Nexv England. His grandfather. XX'illiani Booker, served as a soldier in the Rex'olutionary xvar, fighting for the inde pendence of the nation, and XX'illiani Booker, Jr., the father of ]Mr. Booker, xvas a captain in the war of 18 12, doing valiant service to defend the rights which the colonial patriots had xvon. The latter married Miss Rachel Blake, a native of his oxvn state, and to proxide for his family folloxved merchandising. He died at the comparatively early age of forty-two years, and his Avife passed aAvay- at the age of forty-three years. They- xvere the parents of eight children, but Simeon M. Booker is the only surviving mem ber of the family. Mr. Booker xvas but four xveeks old at the time of his father's death, and xvas but eight years of age xvhen he lost his mother. He xvas sent to school in his native town, xvhere he pursued his studies until fifteen years of age, when he began to cultivate the home farm, and soon afterxvard he accepted a clerkship in a store, being thus engaged until 1856, xvhen, at tracted by the business opportunities of the west, so recently oi^ened to the cix'ilization of other sections of the country, he made his Avav to California, by the isthmus route. He xvas in the terrible accident of that vear in xvhich txvo hundred and fifty emigrants lost their lives. J\Ir. Booker, hoxv ever escaped, and, proceeding to the mining regions of California, he en gaged in searching for the precious metal at Oroville and Cherokee Flat, 452 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. For seven years he engaged in mining, but did not find his efforts in that direction profitable. The month of May,' 1863, witnessed the arrival of Mr. Booker in Nevada. He went to Aurora, and for thirteen years was engaged in freight ing, hauling goods from Reno to Carson, Aurora, Bodie and other parts of the state. He often slept out of doors, and he never carried a weapon, his fearlessness seeming to shield him from all danger. He met with fair success in that business and later engaged in mining at Bodie. He was the discoverer of the Booker mine and also the Spaulding mine and had a third interest in each. Selling out he made considerable money in this way. He next turned his attention tO' merchandising in Aurora, where he con tinued until 1884, when he disposed of his store there and removed to San Francisco, where he conducted a store for five years. Again he sold out, and returning to Nevada settled at Sweetwater. There he was appointed to settle up the Henry Williams estate, and later was the executor ol Mrs. XVilliams' xvill. He remained there lor five years and on the expiration of that period he purchased a stoie at SodaviUe. .In 1900 he sold this and bought his present store in Hawthorne. Here he is dealing in dry-goods, groceries, hats, caps, shoes and notions. Already he has built up a good business, whicii is constantly growing, his reliable business methods having gained for him the confidence of the public and, therefore, its patronage. Mr. Booker was married in 1853 to Miss Mary C. Cobb, -also a native of Bowdoinham, Maine, and their union was blessed with three children, but two have passed away. The son, John G. Booker, is married and has" a family. He is a civil engineer. Mrs. Booker died in Aurora in 1868, and Mr. Booker was married in San Francisco to Mrs. Catherine E. Dulin, who by her former maiTiage had a daughter, Dora, now the wife of J. C. Benton, of San Francisco. Mrs. Catherine Booker passed away February 18, 1902. Mr. Booker is a veteran meniber of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has been a life-long Republican. In 1872 he was elected and served as county assessor of Esmeralda county, and has always taken an active part in the conventions of his party and done everything to further its success. He has always exerted a strong influence in behalf of the se lection of good men for office. Viewed from a financial standpoint his life record has also been creditable and gratifying, and now in addition to the store he is associated with his son in the ownership ol valuable mining and water rights at Tonopah, HON. EDWARD FIAT HARDESTY, a rdired stockman of Wells, Elko county, has been ' a resident of the state ol Nevada lor over thirty years, but has been identified with western liie since pioneer times. He passed his younger days in the Mississippi valley, arid got his first taste of the west during the Mexican war, after which he fol lowed various occupations in the different territories in the Rocky mountain region until he began stock-raising. He has been one ol the successlul stock men ol the western prairies, whose operations are conducted on a magnificent Q?yf A^CL^\.e/Cfiy2>ci6r^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA, • 453 scale, and, xvbere a few hundred acres are employed for the business in the east, thousands are grazed over bx' the stock of the xvesterner. Mr, Hardesty has had the ups and doxvns of the business, but now enjoys a prosperous re tirement, Avith many friends to gladden his later years and with a happy home and a good record of public and private achievement. Mr. Hardesty's ancestry is Scotch-Irish, and his grandfather, XVallace Hardesty, born in the north of Ireland, came to .Xmerica before the Revo lution, and participated in that struggle for independence. His son, Jacob Hardesty, fought in the war of 1812, .so that thi-ee successive generations of the family have been re])resented in the three niost important foreign con flicts of the nation. Edxvard P. Hardesty xvas born in NcAvport, Kentucky, in September, 1824, and Avas educated in Boone county of that state. In youth he moved to Illinois, and thence to Colorado, and xvas in Denver xvhen only a fexv houses composed that noxv large city. From there he xxent to Montana, and was engaged in freighting from Salt Lake City to different points in Montana during the sixties. He came to Nevada in the fall of 1872 and bought a large herd of cattle, h'or a numter of years he Avas engaged in this business, and xvas one of the cattle kings of the state. He had large herds in XXHiite Pine and Elko counties, and also in Idaho. He lost heavily during the hard xvinters, but always managed to come out ahead. He had good grades of Polled Angus, Herefords, Durham and Devonshire cattle, and his high-class breeding not onh' improved his own stock but did rauch in the same line for the cattle of the entii'e state. Mr. Hardesty has been a life-long Democrat, and favored the cause of silver when that xvas an issue. He served in the state assembly and in the senate, teing elected in 1884 and 1886, and xvas a delegate to the Demo cratic national conventions held in Chicago 111.1884 ^^i^d 1896. He has at tended most of the state conx'entions, and has takeii an active interest in pro moting the success of his party. Mr. Hardesty xvas raarried January 6, 1880, to Mrs. Adeline Smith, a natix'e of Chicago and a daughter ol Edxvard Oxven Haymond. One son xvas torn to Mrs. Hardesty !))• her former marriage, and he is noxv in Idaho. Mrs. Hardesty is a member of the Presbxterian church, and is pi^sident of the ladies' aid society. Their union has been a very happy one, and they have many friends xvho delight to xisit their hospitable home in XX^ells. The gov ernor of the state, the former governors and many of the state officials are guests of this abode of hospitality, and many others delight in the refinement, good sense and solid comfort of this home. Mr. Hai'desty is a kind and generous character, although he is sometimes brusque and reserved, and his long and useful life gives him a jilace of esteem and high i-egard in the com munity and state. He has disposed of his ranches, 'and is noxv content to pass his remaining years in the joys and peace of a happy home. WILL U. MACKEY, deputy state printer of Nevada and mayor of Carson City, came to the Comstock in 1866. He is a native of Hannibal, Mis.souri, xvhere he Avas born in 1861, and comes of Scotch ancestry, al- 454 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. though sCA-eral generations of the family have lived in the United States. On the paternal side they are related to the noted Sam Houston of Texas, and on the maternal side to the famous StoAve family-. Uriah Mackey, the father of ^[r. Alackey, Avas a prominent man in Missouri, but died when the latter Avas only- ten months old. At the time of his death he xvas city marshal of Hannibal, ^Missouri. He married Miss ^lartha Thompson, of Illinois, and a daughter of John Thompson, of the same state. After the deatii of her husband JMrs. Mackey came to N^ex-ada, bringing her son, \X'ill, then five years of age, and she noxv resides in Carson City, teing sixty- nine years of age. ^Ir. Mackey xvas reared and educated in the public schools of Virginia City, also attending the business college of E. C. Atkinson in Sacramento, California. He learned the ti-ade of printer in the offices of the Virginia Chronicle and the old Gold Hill A'rtcw, also xx'orking as foreman of the Austin Rc-reillc and the Nex-ada Tribune, and for a short time, in 1883, xvas foreman of the Commercial Adz'crtiser in Honolulu. For the past txventy- years he has xvorked intermittently in the state printing office, and continuously for the past nine years. He is a thorough printer, under- .standing ex'ery detail of the business, and his office is a model. From boy hood he has been a Democrat, and as the present mayor of Carson City he is proving himself a good business man and upright statesman, and is giving the people a clean, honorable administration. He received President Roosevelt on the occasion of the presidential xisit to Carson City in May, 1903. In 1894 'Sir. Mackey xvas married to Miss Eva L. Chapman, a native of California, and one daughter, Dorothv, has been born of this union. Fra ternally Mr. ]Mackey is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, and he and his xxife are members of the Eastern Star and of the Rathtone Sisters. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Typographical Union. Mr. Mackay is admitted to be one of the state's best knoxvn and most highly respected citizens, and one Avhose future looks A-erA' bright, to judge by the past. GEORGE SUiMNER GREEN, avIio is district attomey and ex- officio assessor of Esmeralda county, Nevada, is one of the native sons of this state, his birth having occurred at SAveetwater on the 9th of March, 1874. He is a representative of an old American family, and. his great grandfather and one of his great-grariduncles fought Avith General Ethan Allen in the RcA'olutionary Avar, aiding x-aliantly in the struggle for inde pendence. Amos Green, his grandfather, xvas born in Berlin, Ncav Hampshire, and made the voyage around Cape Hom to California in 1849. There he engaged in mining Avith such success that in 185 1 he retumed to his home in the east and brought his family to California the foUoAving year. George A. Green, the father of Mr. Green, Avas one of the party. They setded at Oroville, and there the grandfather continued his mining operations. The other son of the household xvas Everett .\. Green, noxv a resident of Tona- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 455 pah. In his" later life the grandfather resided with his son, George A., at Sweetwater, and there died in 1900 at the advanced age of eighty-three xears. He was one of California"s brave pioneers, xvidely and favorably known, and he took an actixe part in the early development of the state. George A. Green is noxv the oxvner of the Nine Mile Ranch at Fletcher, Nevada, xvhere he has been located for a number of years. He is a promi nent stock-raiser and miner, oxvning sexeral good mining properties and his meadoxvs have been covered xvith tailings from the mines. To this he strongly objected at the time they were placed there, but he is now putting these tailings through a cyanide process and is getting gold from them in paying cjuantities. George A. Great xvas born in New Hampshire in 1831, and had attained his majority Avheii he arrived in California. He is self-educated and a man of natui-al talents avIio keeps thoroughly xvell in formed on all questions of the day. Throughout the years of his residence in Nevada he has teen the prominent factor in the affairs of his county and state and ever loyal in his supix)il of what he has believed to be for the best interests of the commonxvealth. His political allegiance is given to the Republican party and he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In the early history of Esmeralda county he served as one of the county commissioners. He noxv oxvns txvelve hundred and forty acres of agricultural land and twenty-fixe hundred acres of natural grazing land, and upon the latter he has a large herd of cattle. He married Miss Sarah White of Fulton, Missouri, xvho crossed the plains in the year of the Moun tain Meadow massacre. In the paternal line she comes of German ancestrj-, although the family was established in America at an early day. Tn re ligious faith Mrs. Green is a Methodist and has lived a consistent Chris tian life. By her marriage she has become the mother of six children, three sons and three daughters, all of xvhora are yet living and are respected resi dents of Nevada. George Sumner Green, the third child, xvas educated in the public schools of this state ancl also spent two years as a student in Stanford Uni- x'ersity of California. . Thus xvith a good literary knoxvledge to serve as a foundation upon xvhich to rear the superstructure of professional learn ing, he took up the study of laxv in the office and under the direction of the Hon. C. A. Reynolds, then in the Crocker building in San Francisco, and was admitted to practice by the suprerae court of the state of California on the 27th of April, 1896. He then returned to his horae in Nevada, opened a law office, and in the same year was elected district attorney of Esmeralda county. To this position he has been continually chosen at each succeeding election so that he is noxv serving for his fourth term. In addition to the duties of this office he engages in the general practice of laxv and has been most fortunate in his trial of cases. At the time when he was first elected to the office he received a majority of sixty, at the next election had a majority of sixty-four, at the third of sixty-six and at the fourth of fifty-seven, being elected over two candidates who were men of marked ability, all of which goes to show how popular is this native son of Nevada with his fellow citizens. Mr. Green was married on the loth of June, 1903, to Miss E. Nevada 456 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Marks, a native .daughter of Virginia City. She is a graduate ol the Nevada State University, and for three years prior to her marriage was the principal ol the Hawthorne schools, her capability in that direction rank ing her xvith the best educators of the state. Mr. and Mrs. Green now have a nice home in Hawthorne and enjoy the warm regard ol many Iriends, occupying a leading position in social circles, where true xvorth and intelli gence are received as the passports into good society. ALVIN MILO LAMB, who is widely and lavorably knoxvn as a lead ing farmer of Truckee Meadows and as a pioneer ol Nevada, has witnessed the progress and transformation of the state since 1859. When on his way to California he crossed Nevada, to which he returned as a permanent resi dent in 1863. He is one of the native sons of the Empire state, his birth having occurred in New York on the 14th of September, 1833. The Lamb family is of Scotch-Irish lineage and was founded in America by the pater nal grandfather of Mr. Lamb, who emigrated frorn Ireland, his native country, to New York. He became one of the early settlers of that state, and it was in New York that Hannibal Larab, the father of A. M. Lamb, xvas born in 1808. When the years had passed and brought him to adult age he Avas united in marriage to Miss Malinda Inches, a native ol Scot land, born in 1815. In 1842 this worthy couple removed to Wisconsin, settling upon a tract of land which was then Avild and uncultivated. With characteristic energy he began its development and improvement, and spent his remaining days upon the excellent farm which he there made from the once raw prairie. He lived to be seventy-six years of age, while his wife departed this life on the loth of Deceraber, 1863, at the age of forty-eight yeais. They were the parents of thirteen children, of whom nine are living. Alvin M. Lamb, the only memter of the family in Nevada, was reared under the parental roof upon the old homestead farm in Wisconsin, and there attencled school in a little log building, pursuing his studies for about three inonths in the winter seasons. At the time of early spring plandng he took his place in the fields to assist in sowing the seed that would later bring forlh good harvests. Much of the knowledge that he has obtained has been secured in the dear school of experience. When twenty-six years of age he started across the plains lor California. Five young men of the neighborhood had decided to make the trip, but all remained at home when the time for starting came, so Mr. Lamb joined another company and continued to carry out his resolution to secure a fortune on the Pacific coast. He left Wisconsin on the 4th of April, 1859, and arrived in PlacerviUe on the 14th of September following. He then tried his luck at placer mining, but that work did not agree with him and also did not yield to him the profit that he had anticipated, so he began driving a logging ' team, for which he was paid one hundred and twenty-five dollars per month. He continued to reside at Placerville until April, 1863, when he went to Virginia City, Nevada. He then worked for sixteen days in the Savage mine, at the end of Avhich time he rang the bell, which was the signal to hoist him out ol the mine. I-Te lound the occupation uncongenial, and A HISTORY OF NEX-ADA. 457 wisely sought a xvork that would prove more pleasant. For twenty days thereafter he engaged in sawing timber, and then again drove a logging team in the mountains for the same salary, one hundred and txventy-five dollars per month. For five seasons he xvas eraployed by T. K. Hymers, and at the end of that time purchased a team of his own, giving txvo hun dred and fifty dollars a yoke for six yoke of cattle. XX'ith them he hauled lumber from the mills to Virginia City. In 1869 he had ten yoke of oxen, and with these he hauled the IcKomotive from Reno to Virginia when the xvork of railroad construction was to begin there. This locomotive weighed sixty tons, and Avas the first engine on the Virginia &' Truckee Railroad. Although more than a third of a century has since passed, that engine is still in service on the road. Tt required four days for Mr. Lamb to move it, and he was paid txvo hundred and eighty dollars for his xvork. In 187 1 Mr. Lamb purchased his present property of txvo hundred and eighty acres, for xvhich he paid txventy-five hundred dollars, and through his earnest labor and careful management he has developed a nice attractive farm, on which he has erected a comfortable home. In 1877, in connection Avith others, he engaged in the building of a steamboat ditch, and after tliey had invested eighty thousand dollars in the Avork they lost the ditch, Mr. Lamb's loss amounting to thirteen thousand dollars. He felt his loss greatly, for his money had been accumulated through many years of hard labor, and it required many more years of earnest work to meet the indebtedness in curred through this loss. Tn 1868 Mr. Larab was married in Reno to Miss Almira HoAvard, and their married life was a happy one until 1886, xvhen the wife xvas called to her final rest. The following year he xx-edded Mrs. Cornalia Crook, a native of XVisconsin, who by her former marriage had two children, Fred and Minnie Crook. Mr. and Mrs. Lamb now have two children. Pearl and Clara. The family is xvell known in this portion ol Nex-ada. The hospitality of their home is greatly enjoyed by raany friends. In politics he has been a life-long Republican, but has never sought or desired office. He has, how ever, served as road coraraissioner for the past txventy-five years, and the good roads of his vicinity are an evidence of the work he has accomplished in this xvay. He has always made it the rule of life to live honorably and peaceably with his fellow men, and to so exercise his native talents that they would render to him a comfortable living and utilize his time to the best advantage, and he has thus becorae one of the substantial agriculturists of Nevada. MRS. MARGARET THORPE, who for a number ol years has had the reputation 61 being one ol the most carelul managers and business women in Elko county, has the additional credit ol being the first white xvoman to take up her home in Elko. She came here when the railroad was being built through, and, when the death ol her first husband left her to care for a large property in the county, she at once undertook the re sponsibility, and how well she has succeeded almost anyone in the county could tell. She has by no means been without her share of burdens and 458 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. care, and she has shown her great nobility and strength of character by the manner in which she has met every embarrassment and difficulty and has won the esteem and respect of every citizen of Elko. Mrs. Thorpe's maiden name was Margaret Randel, a daughter of John Randel, a native of Ireland. She was happily married to William Shaw, a native of England, and xvho was a contractor on the Southern Pacific Railroad xvhen it was- built through Nevada. Mrs. Shaxv xvas with him at the time, and she has resided in Elko county ever since. Mr. Shaw was a reliable and successful business man, as xx'dl as a kind-hearted husband and father. He died in 1870 of pneumonia, leaving a good property in Elko county. Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Shaxv, as follows : Ed xvard, George and Katie, the last named now the xvife of J. B. Hall, of Mountain City, Elko county, while the two sons are in Nexv Zealand. In 1872 Mrs. Shaw married Mr. John Thorpe, xvho is now deceased. Fle xvas born in Glasgoxv, Scotland, in 183 1, and came to Nevada in 1869. He had been a seafaring raan, and had sailed around the xvorld and visited nearly every knoxvn clime. They settled on her property in Elko county and were engaged in stock-raising for some ye^rs at Lamoille. Mr. Thorpe unfortunately tecame a hard drinker, and finally Mrs. Thorpe was obliged to sq>arate from him. She has throughout had the principal nianagement of her property, and made a success at stock-raising. She has recently sold her ranch and retired from farming, residing at present in her pleasant home in Elko. She is a meniber of the Episcopal church, and entirely deserving of the esteem of her many friends. JAMES CLARK, is numbered among the old and representative pioneers of the "Silver" state, and for many years has made his home in Elko. He arrived" in this commonwealth in September, 1862, but is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth occurring in GreenviUe on the 17th of October-, 1826, and he is of English ancestry. His grandfather-, William M, Clar-k, xvas born in the east, and his father, Robert Clark, claimed New York as the place of his nativity. Rotert Clark married Miss Sally Reed, a native of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, and her family originally came from Ire land. Robert and Sally Clark continued to make their home in Pennsylvania until death, the latter departing this life in 1844, when forty years of age, while the former survived until 1884, dying in his eighty-third year. They xvere farming people, and were members of the United Presbyterian church. Nine children were born to this worthy old couple, four of whom are still living, but the subject of this sketch is the only representative ol the Iamily in Nevada. James Clark is indebted to the public school system ol Pennsylvania lor the educational advantages which he xvas permitted to enjoy in his youth, and xvhen twenty-lour years ol age, in 1850, he made the long and at that time dangerous journey to California by the isthmus route. Alter his arrival he mined lor one day in Tone valley, Amador county, but this one day in the water proved a sufficient mining experience for the youth, and he then turned his attention to farming, renting land and following that occupation for ¦li^ y^^^ii^T-uZ^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 459 eleven years. He then made his way to Nevada, settling at what afterwai'd became Clark's Station, beloxv Reno, this having taken its name from him. There Mr, Clark acquii-ed six hundred and fifty acres of land, on which he raised hay and potatoes for the Virginia City market, hauling his products to that city, and in this xenture he raet xvith success. He, however, invested his raoney in mining stock, from which he never realized any returns. For eleyen years he made his home on his ranch at Clark's Station, and then visited his old home and relatives in the east and in Califomia, returning thence to Nevada. On his return to Nevada he located in Elko, here purchasing a half interest in the Depot Hotel, a year later purchasing the remaining half, and he remained the proprietor of that hotel for atout nineteen years. In 1884 he took in as a partner Mr. Henderson Green, and this partnership continued until 1893, at which time he became the proprietor of the Hum boldt House. For the following five years Mr. Clark xvas the proprietor of the Humboldt House, on the expiration of which period he embarked in the meat business in Elko, thus continuing- for three years. Since that time he has conducted the Commercial Hotel in this city, covering a period of two years, and under his management this has become the leading hotel in this section of the state. In 1874 Mr. -Clark xvas united in marriage to Mrs. Fowler, and this union xvas blessed xvith one daughter, Hattie A., xvho is now serving as her father's housekeeper. Mr. Clark gives his political support to Republican principles, and as the representative of that party xvas elected to the office of treasurer of Elko county, serving therein for a period of two terms, of four years each, and for four years he was also a county coraraissioner. Tn his fraternal relations he is a member of the Masonic order, having been made a Master Mason in Reno Lodge in 1875, and for twelve years served as treasurer ol Elko Lodge No. 15, i\. F & A. M., being now one of its stewards. He is also a Royal Arch and commandery Mason, receiving the degrees in toth these bodies in Eureka. JOHN WRIGHT, who is engaged in general farming on the Truckee Meadows, was born in Wexford county, Ireland, on the 9th of June, 1835. He was "a young man of twenty-four years when he carae to the western portion of the United States, and since i860 he has resided in Nevada. His parents were John and Margaret (Warren) Wright, both of wlioiii were natives of Ireland, where they continued tO' reside lihroughout their entire lives, both passing away when about sixty-nine years of age. They were memters of the Wesleyan Methodist chur-ch, and were people of excellent character and of the highest respectability. Tn their family were three sons and two daughters, and three of the number are yet living. Mr. Wright was reared and educated on the Emerald Isle, and when a young man resolved to test the truth of the reports which he had heard concerning the advantages afforded in the United States to men of energy and enterprise. Tn 1852, therefore, he crossed the Atlantic and located in Missouri, where he engaged in clerking in a grocery store for a number of years. In 1858 he removed to Iowa, and after a year spent there de- 460 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. cided to try his fortune in the Golden XX'est. Accordingly he started for California by xvay of the water route and arrived in San Francisco in De cember, 1859. He had at that time a cash capital of atout diree hundreil dollars. Here he obtained employment xvith a ditch company in Amador county-, and for his services xvas paid three dollars per day and his to)ard. For his first xvork in ^lissotiri he received only one hundred dollars per xear and his toard and lodging, so that the xxages he earned in Califomia were very satisfactory. In i860 the discovery of gold near X'^irginia City-, Nevada, caused great excitement, and people from all districts of the country flocked to the new Eldorado. The place became a tOAvn of tents and the people Avere all anxious to Avin fortunes by discoxering rich gold claims there. Tn California Mr. XX'right purchased a burro and a pony-, using the fomier for packing and the other for riding, and thus he made his Avay through Placerville and Hope Aalley to X'irginia City-, but AvIien he arrived at his destination he found that already there Avere more Avorkmen there than Avere needed. Therefore he continued his journey for a distance beyond X'irginia City- and secured a squatter's claim — die farm upon xvhich he has since resided. The country had not then been suneyed. and the district Avas largely covered xvith sage brush, but xvith diaracteristic energy Mr. XX'right began the development of a farm in the valley, being one of the pioneers in the inaug-uration of this xvork in this locality. He built a log cabin, and a fexv years later erected his present attractive residence. He found a good market for his hay in X'irginia City-, receiving ninety dollars per ton, and freighting cost txventy-fixe dollars per ton, xvhile cutting and baling amounted to sexen or eight dollars more. Later, hoxvever, he had as loAV as thirty dollars per ton paid for his hay. He still engages in raising this crop, and for the past tAventy-five years he has fed all his hay to his OAVU stock on the range, keeping from one hundred to one hundred and txventy head of cattle. He has thus utilized all the hav raised, and as a stock-raiser he has enjoyed a profitable business. In 1864 Mr. XX'right xvas united in marriage to ]\Iiss Emily XX'ebster, who xvas born in Scotland and xvent xvith her parents to loxva, in Avhich state Mr. and Mrs. XX'right became acquainted. Their union Avas blessed with four sons and four daughters, of Avhorii all are yet living, namelx- : Margaret, the xvife of James H. Good, a resident of Reno; Sierra Nevada, noxv the wife of Thoinas Saddler and a resident of loAva ; Amelia, avIio is acting as her father's housekeeper; Frances, a teacher in Reno: XX'illiani XX'alter, avIio resides in Virginia City; James XX'., an eng-ineer; John XV., Avho is at home with his father; and Roy, a resident of Reno. The Avife and mother de parted this life in 1900. She had been most dcA'oted to the Avelfare of her family, and her loss Avas deeply felt in the household and by many friends outside of the family circle. Mr. XX^right has been a stanch Republican since becoming an Ameri can citizen, but has alAvays declined to hold office. For many years he has been a Avorthy exemplar of the Masonic fraternitA-, having been made a Mason in 1858 in Alexander Lodge, No. 29, F. &'A. Al. He now affiliates Avith Reno Lodge No. 13, of Reno, and is most loA'al to the teachings of the craft. Tn Missouri he served as secretarv of his 'lodge until he resigned A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 461 the office, at the time of his removal fiom that state, .\fter coming to Nevada he affiliated Avith XVashoe Lodge until it gave up its charter. In this land xvhere opportunity is not hampered by caste or class, Mr. Wright has steadily advanced and noxv occupies a desirable position upon the plane of affluence. He has never had occasion to regret his determination to become an American citizen, and no natixe son of this land is raore loyal to the stars and stripes. THE NEVADA STATE HERALD, one of the oldest and most suc cessful newspapers of N^exada, was set upon its journalistic fed in 1896 by the Herald Publishing Corapany, which continued its publication for several years. Then George R. Vardey conducted it until July i, 1901, when the plant becarae the property of Mr. Phil S. Triplett, xvho has since teen its editor and publisher. The Herald is an eight-page, five-column journal, published every Fri day afternoon at XX^ells, Nevada, and is the official organ of Elko county. It is well managed, and has a circulation rauch above the average of papers in towns of like population. It is second in circulation only to the papers of Reno, and enjoys a larger patronage, as regards advertising and job work, than any paper in eastern N^evada. For the skillful execution of work in the latter department the plant is especially well fitted. Mr. Triplett, the genial and enterprising editor of the Herald, was born in Austin, Nevada, in 1868, a son of J. F. Triplett, of Elko, one of the state's earliest pioneers. He was educated in the public schools and in the Nevada State University, and got his liking and his knowledge of the printer's trade at Elko. He worked for S. S. Sears on the Elko Independent, and continued with the paper for fourteen years, being promoted to general foreman of the establishment. He has teen a life-long Democrat, and makes his paper a power for that party in local elections. Mr. Triplett xvas married on Novemter 20, 1902, to Miss Frances Mcx)re, who was born in Eureka, Nevada. Mrs. Triplett is also an expert in the printer's art, and is as good if not a better compositor than her husband. The son who has blessed thdr union has been named Charles Joseph after his two grandfathers. He is the first native son of a native son and daughter engaged in newspaper business in the state. Mr. Triplett is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and is highly esteemed in social and business circles in Wells. CHARLES E. BRAY, one of the honored early settlers of Carson City, arrived here in October, 1862. He is a native of Maryland, where he was torn in 1835, coming ol Scotch, English and French ancestry. His parents were Joseph and Mary (Flawkins) Bray. He was only ten years of age when he lost his mother, and when he xvas fourteen years old his father died. As there were eight children in the family and five of them younger than himself, he was obliged to take care of them. For three years during the winter months he attended school in the log" shanty, while 462 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. in summer he worked upon the farm. The xvork of the first year netted him one hundred dollars and by the time he was eighteen years old, in ad dition to caring for others, he had managed to save two hundred dollars. Later he became a huckster in the Baltimore market, buying and selling fruits and vegetables, but after three years, in 1857, he removed to Keokuk. loxva, and purchased a farm on whicii he resided until 1862. He then crossed the plains to Carson City, whence he made his way to Sacramento. After xvorking upon a farm there, he returned to Carson City and worked first in a livery stable, but soon tecame engaged in garden ing, and raised vegetables for the miners and sold them in Virginia City, and was very successful. In 1868 he xvent to White Pine, and for two years was engaged in freighting between Francis, Washoe county, and Hamilton, XXHiite Pine county. Still later he was in the employ of Trydel and Yerington in the mountains, getting wood and lumber, and he also worked on the construction of the capitol building. Tn 1871 he engaged in the transfer ancl baggage business, hauling freight and doing a general transfer business, in xvhich he has been successfully engaged for thirty-two years, the enterprise showing a steady and healthy increase. Like a num ber of the business men of Carson City, he has prospected for gold, and owns several paying claims within fifty railes of the city, out of each of which he has taken considerable gold. Since casting his first vote, he has been a Republican, and has served as trustee of the city for six years and is one of the county commissioners, and has always taken an active part in both city and county affairs, teing at all tiraes a conscientious and efficient public official. In Iowa, in 1861, Mr. Bray was married to Miss Nancy Highler, a native of Ohio, born near Cincinnati. Two daughters have been torn of this union, naraely: Olive, now Mrs. C. H. Adaras, of San Francisco; and Mary, at home. Mr. and Mrs. Bray have a pleasant home, where thdr raany friends are made welcome. In religious connections they are mem bers of the Episcopal church. Mr. Bray is a meraber of the Knights of Pythias and is very popular in that organization. HON. W. J. HENLEY, who resides in Hawthorne, Esmeralda county, has been prominent in public affairs here, serving formerly as a member of the state legislature and also as county clerk. Fle is now engaged in the practice of law. He has thoroughly informed himself conceming the prin ciples of jurisprudence, which he applies with accuracy to the points in litigation, so that his work at the bar has been attended with excellent suc cess. He is one of Peiinsylvania's native sons, his birth having occurred in the Keystone state on the 8th of Novemter, 1861. He went with his mother and her children to California in 1866 by way ol the isthmus route, his lather having previously died in St. Louis, Missouri. The widow and her children settled in Reno, Nevada, in 1877, and there Mr, Henley se cured a clerkship in a dry-goods store, at first receiving forty dollars per month, but later xvas paid a salary of seventy-five dollars' per month, having demonstrated his ability in business circles. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 463 In 1886 Mr. Henley arrived in Esmeralda count)-, xvhere he worked at xvhatever he could get to do until elected to the position of county clerk in the year 1887. In 1899 he xvas elected to the state legislature. While serving as county clerk he I'ead laxv and was admitted to the bar, and since that time he has received his ful! share, of the law practice in this portion of the state. He presents his cases xvith great fairness and precision and pre sents his arguments so as to make a strong iinpression on court or jury. His deductions follow in logical sequence, and he is a cogent, forceful rea soner. In 1887 occurred the marriage of Mr. Henley and Miss Katie Rosen thal, a native of California, born in Mariposa county and a daughter of Davis Rosenthal, who was one of the prominent early settlers ol Hawthorne. Six children have teen born of this union : Esther, Benjamin, Lloyd, XVillie, Dave and Cai-abella. The family have a good home in Hawthorne, which is a center of a cultured society circle, its hospitality being enjoyed by the leading people ol the community. Mr. Henley is a Democrat in his political viexvs and has raade an excellent record as a public official. Fraternally he is connected with the Knights ol Pythias, in which he has served as keeper of the records and seals. His analytical mind and close application to his Avork have gained him a very desirable reputation as a memter of the legal profession, and in the practice of law he is now enjoying a distinctively rep resentative clientage. JAMES BURKE, who is one of the leading agriculturists of the Truckee MeadoAvs and is a pioneer of toth California and Nevada, was born on the 12th of July, 1834, on the toundary line between Canada and Vermont. His parents were Richard and Mary (Collins) Burke, both of whom were natives of county Tyrone, Ireland, whence they emigrated to the new world in 1830. After four years spent in New England, they made their way to Illinois, tecoming pioneer settlers of the Fox river val ley, where Mr. Burke resided up to the time of his death. He passed away in 1875 ^^ the seventidh year of his age. He was an honest, industrious farmer and developed a good property, providing a comfortable living for his family. His wife survived him for only two years, passing away in 1877. They were the parents of ten sons and three daughters, of whom five are living, two being residents of Nevada. Hon. William Burke, a brother of James Burke, is now a prominent memter of the dental profession, living at White Pine, and was at one time the candidate for lieutenant governor of the state. James Burke was educated in the public schools of Illinois, and was there reared to manhood upon his father's farm, early tecoming familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. In company with his brother William he left home in 1849 and went to Cali fornia, for in the previous year gold had teen discovered in that state. The brothers raade thdr way westward by the way of the Isthmus of Panama and proceeded at once to Hangtown. They engaged in mining at Coloma and at Kelsey, and they took out considerable gold, much of which they 464 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. sent home to their parents. William Burke became a partner. of James W. Marshall and continued to be on intimate terms with him throughout the remainder of his life, and when Mr. James Burke was married he and his bride visited Mr. Marshall, who gave to Mrs. Burke as a wedding present the third nugget of gold that he took from the tail-race of the mill at eight o'clock in the morning of the historic 19th of January, 1848 — a day which has largely revolutionized the history of commerce in this country. It was the beginning of the development of the gold industries of the great west, causing many thousands ol people to remove to this section ol the country, here to become builders of the states which now form so important a part of the Union. Mrs. Burke still has this nugget and cherishes- it greatly, because it was the last piece of gold which Mr. Marshall had saved'. Tn 1868 James Burke came to Reno: The toAvn had just been platted, and the lot on which he built his store Avas the first purchased in the town. Tt was at the corner of Virginia and Second streets, just opposite the pres ent Washoe Bank building. Mr. Burke had conducted a store at Truckee in connection with Robert Bell, and after selling goods there for a year and a half he established a store in Reno, erecting the second brick building in the town, in fact, another building Avas being constructed at the same time. Upon the completion ol his store Mr. Burke stocked it with a good line of general merchandise and continued in that business until 1877. In 1871 his brother, William Burke, had brought J. W. Marshall to Reno, and the latter took the manageraent of the work of moving the xvooden building that was on Mr. Burke's land to the back of the lot so that the brick struc ture could be built in front of it. When the dirt for the new building was being shoveled Mr. Marshall took six pans of it to the run, washed it and got thirty cents ol gold. He afterwards went east with WiUiam Burke and gave to the latter the last piece he had of the head block of the Coloma Mills. Mr. Burke gave it to the Masons, and it was placed in the corner stone in the Masonic Temple at Reno. During the connection of James Burke with the business interests of Reno he xvas regarded as the most progressive and leading merchant of the town. In 1877, however, he sold his business and was elected super intendent of the steamboat canal which was being built from the state line for a distance of thirty-one railes to Steamboat Springs. Tt was constructed so as to carry water to all the Truckee valley. On the completion of this task Mr. Burke was engaged in prospecting and mining in Storey county in connection with B. F, and L. B. Brooks, cousins ol General Benjamin F. Butler. Both ol these gentlemen, however, died in the same year, and the raining enterprise was then dropped. Mr. Burke was also the superin tendent ol the Galena Creek and Washoe Lake canal and later he engaged ill larming on his present ranch. He at first owned six hundred acres of land ten miles south of the city of Reno in the edge of the Truckee Mead ows. In his farming enterprises he prospered, and as his financial resources increased he added to his ranch until he now owns one thousand acres of very rich land. A large portion of this is seeded to alfalfti hay, and he now raises upon his ranch about Jifteen hundred tons. He also has a large water supply for the land, and cattlemen bring their stock to his ranch to A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 465 be wintered, and his hay fattens them in excellent manner for the market. Mr. Burke cuts tAvo crops of hay each year, and during the haying season employs twenty men. A very gratifying degree of success has attended his farming operations, and he is one of the leading agriculturists ol the state who have proved that wealth can be secured through agricultural pursuits in Nevada. Mr. Burke is hoav about to erect a splendid larm residence upon his fine tract of land, and he has made other excellent iraprovements there. In 1871 occurred the marriage of Mr. Burke and Miss Jeannette Downs, a native of Springfield, Ohio, and a daughter of J. L. Downs and Katherine (Sheaff) Downs of that state. This union has been blessed with twO' sons and a daughter : Jaraes Edward, who resides near his father ; Dottie, the xvidoxv of Charles XX'^ard and now living xvith her parents; and W^illiam T. Sherman, who is on the ranch xvith his father. Tn politics Mr. Burke has always been a stanch Republican, save that he cast his first presidential vote for Hon. Stephen A. Douglas. At the next election, however, he supported Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and has voted fot each candidate of the party up to the present time. Socially he is connected with the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows. A x-ery progressive pioneer of the Pacific coast, he has lived to see its xvonderlul groxvth and improvement, his mind l>earing the impress of its historic annals and forming a connecting link be tween the primitive past and the progressive present with its splendid im provement and advancement. Tn many xvays he has been actively connected with the developraent of business interests which have proved not only of value to himself but have also greatly enhanced the progress and Avelfare of the state. His wealth has been worthily won, and he is one of the most highly respected and honored pioneers of Nevada. GEORGE S- SMITH, the well known and popular postmaster of Washoe city, who is also engaged in merchandising there, is numbered among the earliest settlers of this state. Fle carae in 1858, xvhen Nevada was still a part of Utah territory, and as the years have passed he has wit nessed its wonderful growth and iniprovement. From a sage brush desert it has been developed and through the efforts of man has yielded its splendid mineral resources, while the productiveness of the soil has teen proved through extensive agricultural interests. Flere and there have sprung up thriving towns and cities, and Nevada now enjoys all of the advantages and opportunities of the older east along educational, social and moral lines. Mr. Smith was born in England in 1839, and is a son of George Smith, who was also a native of that country. The latter wedded Miss Caroline Harrison, a native of England, and they became the parents of ten children, with whom they emigrated to America. While crossing the plains they lo.st their cattle, and one of their daughters died of cholera. On reaching Salt Lake City they established their home there and remained for four years, and thence proceeded on their way to Pleasant valley in Washoe county, Nevada, where the father continued to reside until 1893, when his death occurred. His wife and another of the daughters passed away the 466 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. following year, and, of the sons, Joseph Smith died in Virginia City, while Jaraes G. Smith resides in Washoe city, being a representative of the min ing interests of the state, and L. D. Smith now owns and resides upon the ranch which was formerly the family homestead. George S. Smith pursued his education in the schools of England and was a lad of fourteen .years when he carae xvith the faraily to America. He xvas reared in the west, and in early manhood became the oxvner of a ranch in Pleasant valley, which he still has. This comprises two hundred and eighty acres and has been raade a valuable tract of land through the cultiva tion and labor which Mr. Smith has bestowed upon it. In 1883 he opened a general merchandise store in Washoe city and has since continued in the business, noxv carrying a large and wdl selected line of goods. He also has a meat market, and supplies the farmers for miles around with meat, groceries and other commodities. I-le has the only mercantile establishment of the town, and his annual sales reach a large figure. Mr. Smith also has yarious raining interests, and his ore assays from txventy to fifty dollars per ton. To some extent he is engaged in stock-raising, having upon his own ranch all of the stock that is required for the raarket. In 1862 occurred the marriage of Mr. Smith and _Miss Ellen Cook, a native of Scotland. Three of their childi'en are living, but George C. died in the thirteenth year of his age. Ella M. is noxv at home with her father and is acting as bookkeeper in her father's store, to whom she is giving x'aluable assistance. David C. is married and resides upon his father's ranch. Vialo M. is the wife ol Frank' Sauer, of Washoe valley. Mrs. Smith died in the fall of 1889, and since that time the daughter has acted as her fatiier's housekeeper. He oxvns a good residence, a large brick store, and has become one of the substantial citizens of the community. He and his family have a xvide acquaintance and many friends, and he telongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, while in his poliitcal views he is connected with the Democratic party. JOHN A. LEWIS, M. D., has practiced medicine in Reno longer than, any other member of the profession now living in the city, and he maintains a foremost place in the ranks of the medical fraternity in this part of the state, having risen to a position of prominence in this calling in which advancement is only secured through merit, diligence and capability. Dr. Lexvis is a native son of the west, his birth having occurred in Plumas county, California, on the 25th of January, 1857. He was but four years of age when, with his parents, he came to Nevada. His father, John C. Lewis, was born in Lowville, Lewis county. New York, in 1820 and was a representative ol one of the old and honored pioneer farailies there, the county having been named in their honor, as was also the town of Lewiston, which was settled by the family. Tn 1849, "when the news of the discovery of gold in California had reached the east, Mr. John C. Lexvis resolved to try his fortune in the raines, and sailed frora the city of New York for Cali fornia, being one hundred and fifteen days upon the' voyage. Because of the long trip he did not reach San Francisco until early in the year 1850. He ,f1^' <¦ t^yC^/^-C^ A HTSTORY OF NEX'ADA. 467 xvas engaged in placer mining on Nelson creek and other places in the state, and met xvith toth success and rexerses, as did most of those xvho went from the east to seek fortunes among the mining districts of California. Tn 1861 he remox-ed to Carson City, Nevada, taking with him his xvife and three children, and in that city he xvas engaged in journalistic xvork in connection xvith tbe.Sil-i'cr Age. Later he xvas associated xvith the nexvspaper called the Eastern Slope, published at XX'ashoe, and afterxvard xvas on the Reno Crescent. He xvas continuously engaged in nexvspaper xvork until his death, xvhich occurred in 1883, in the sixty-third year of his age. He xvas a strong Union man at the time of the Civil xvar and a stanch Republican, gix'ing an unfalter ing support to the party Avliich AX'as the defender of the government at that time. His Avife survived him for ten years and departed this life in 1893, Avhai seventy-one years of age. She Avas in her maidenhood ^liss A. E. Minton, and Avas a natiAe of Ncav Jersey. By her marriage she became the mother of four children, the surAiving members of the family- being : ^Irs. T. K. Stewart, of N^exada; Dr. H. '\I. Lexvis. a practicing physician and surgeon of Nexv York; and John A. Lexvis. In the schools of Nexada Dr. John A. Lexvis xvas educated, and then. Avishing to tecome a memter of the medical profession, he tegan studying xvith this end in viexv, matriculating in the Long Island ^Medical College, in Brooklyn, N^exv York, from xvhich he xvas graduated xvith the class of 1877. He then tcx)k up hospital practice, gaining thereby broad practical experience to supplement the theoretical knoxvledge xvhich he had obtained in college. In Octoter, 1878, he opened his office in Reno and is the oldest physician in the city in years of continuous connection xvith the profession here. He has a very large patronage and xvhile he engages in general practice he yet makes a specialty of surgery. Dr. Lewis xvas married in 1896. the lady of his choice teing }kliss lone Gould, a native of Maine. He oxvns one hundred and eighty acres of land, adjoining Reno on the south, and there he resides in a comfortable home. He manages his farm and finds in it needful change and recreation from the onerous duties of his profession. His political support is given the Republican party, and he takes a x-ery actixe interest in the educational de velopment of this locality and has served as county superintendent of schools. Deeply interested in his party and its sticcess, he frequently attends its con ventions and does all in his poxver for its groxvth. He xvas nominated by the Republicans for elector on the McKinley- ticket, but in that year the party did not carry the state. In the line of his profession he is connected xvith the State Medical Society, and he stands very high as a meniber of the med ical fraternity. THE FREE PRESS, xvhich has enjoyed a continuously pi'osperous ex istence under one oxvnership for nearly a quarter of a century — an unusual record for nexvspapers — and is noxv one of the leading joumals of the citx- of Elko, Nex-ada. xvas first issued in Battle Mountain, Nevada, in 1881, and xvas remox'ed to Elko in 1883, since xvhich time it has been issued regularly- for twenty years. It is txventy-eight by forty-txvo inches in size, four pages. 468 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and has always been one of the stanch defenders of the doctrines and the progress of the Grand Old Republican party. Mr. C. H. Sproule, who has alxvays been the owner, editor and pub lisher of this enterprising western journal, xvas born in California, August 31, 1853, and received his education in his native state. He learned the printer's trade on the Austin (Nex'ada) Reveille. He came to Austin in 1868, and was first a nexvsboy, but spent the following xvinter on Treasure Hill in White Pine county, in charge of F. E. Drake's store. In 1871-72-73 he was employed on the government survey, and for two years held the position of chief transcript clerk of the United States land office at Virginia City, under General E. S. Davis. He xvorked in the ReiiO' Journal office in 1878, and in the following year came tO' Battle Mountain and leased the Messenger, which had been "established by Jule C. Forbes. From this time on he has been engaged in journalism. Mr. Sproule xvas appointed a memter of the board of regents of the Nevada State University in 1880. In 1888 he xvas elected a memter of the state senate from Elko county, and served for txvo sessions. He rep resented Nevada on the Republican national committee for four years, and has been a niember of the Republican state central coraraittee for the past twenty-five years. In 1885 President , Arthur sippointed hira postmaster of Elko, and he served until the Cleveland administration. In addition to his newspaper business, Mr. Sproule has a notion and stationery store and also a cattle ranch. In 1876 he was married to Miss Ann M. Bartlet, who was born in California. They have one son living, Hertert, a graduate of the Elko high school, and who is now in charge of the ranch of his father, on xx'hich they raise toth cattle and horses. A. G. DAWLEY, at present county clerk and treasurer of Elko county, residing in Elko, is one of the test known of the pioneers of the state of Nevada. He has taken part in all the phases of early life in this part of the country. He met with fair success in mining, but he made his greatest stake in ranching, which he carried on until he retired sorae twenty years ago, and since then has been foremost in the public life of his county. He has Iseen an inhabitant of the great west since he xvas fifteen years old, and ever since that tirae has been hard at work and striving for progress either in his oxvn affairs or in the county. Mr. Dawley is of Scotch and Dutch ancestry, and is the son of J. H. and Augusta (Donaldson) Dawley, both natives of the state of New York, where they were farmers and people of great integrity and respectability. The former died in 1876, at the age of sixty-three, and the latter in 1858. Of the six children of these parents, A. G. Dawley is the only one living. He xvas torn in Ontario county. New York, November 15, 1844, and was reared and educated in his native state up to the age of fifteen. Tn 1859, the year in which his raother died, he went to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama. He first clerked in a store in Nevada City, California, and in the spring of 1861 came to Virginia City, Nevada, xvhere he worked in a mill at five dollars a day. In the spring of 1862 he A HISTORV OF NEVADA. 469 and four others, knoxvn as the "X'eatch partx," Avent on a prospecting trip to the Reese Rixer mountains. On .\ugust 14, 18(12, they discovered and located the Comet mine, formed a mining district and elected J. M. Dawley recorder. They loaded their pack animals xvith ore fiom the Comet and J. M. Daxvley t.xik it to X'irginia City and xvorked it in the Central raill. It xvorked over four thousaiul dollars per ton. Thev made inoney for a xvhile but the mine playetl out after a time. Mr. Daxvley and partners built the first house in the Reese River mountains, just four miles south of .\ustln, ami it is still standing. The party xvere the pioneers of mining in this part of Xevatla. They reraained there until 1804, and Mr. Daxvley then went to Ruby yalley, noxv Elko county, and he and txvo others, the Myers brothers, took up a farm of six hundred acres, being among the first agricultural settlors in that district. They raised barley, oats and pota toes, ditched and brought Avater on their land, and made a success of the enterprise. Their first crop of grain Avas cut by hand Avith a cradle and threshed by tramping the grain out Avith horses. Mr. DaAvley finally sold his interest to his partners, and took up land on his oxvn account. He raised from fifty to one humlred acres of grain, and there xvas a good market for all his crops at Austin and stations of the overland stage road. In 1809 the large mining population of XX'hite Pine consumed i-eadily all the produce that the surrounding country atlorded. He sold barley as high as six teen tlollars a sack, pc>tatoes at txventy dollars a sack, and hay for fifty- dol lars a ton in the stack. He continued his fanning xvith increasing success, and tecame the oxvner of five thousand acies of land in the county. He raised a large numter of cattle and horses, and in txventy years from the time he came dtit to the xvest as a beginner in life and x\-ithout capital he had met XA-ith great prosperity and xvas xvell to do. In 1880 he sold his ranch property, and, retiring to Elko, built a residence, xvhere he intends to pass the remainder of his days. Mr. DaAvley has been a life-long Democrat, and, standing on the basic principles of that party, has been prominent in the public affairs of his adopted state. In 1864 he Avas deputy assessor of Lander county, Avhich in cluded most of the eastern part of the state, and he took the assessment OA'er a large part of this territt^rv. XX'hen Elko county xvas formed he xvas ap pointed deputy sheriff', and xvas also deputy assessor of the county for three or four years. He Avas elected county clerk in 1880, and held the office for three successive terms. He Avas under sheriff for txvo years, 1889-90, and in 1898 Avas elected county clerk and treasurer, being returned to the office in 19CX3 and 1902. In all these capacities he has proved a most cap able and public-spirited official, and as he has had no private ends to sub serve he has made the xvelfare of his county and state supreme, xvith the result that his public career has been xvithout blemish and has placed him in the forefront of the county's citizens. He has remained Democratic during all the changes of party allegiance OAving to the silver question and other campaign issues. Mr. DaAvley Avas married in 1873 to Miss Mary E. XX'illiamson, a native of Ohio, and one daughter was born to them. Mary- Gertrude, but she died at the age of fourteen. Mrs. DaAvle)- is a member of the PresbA- 470 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. terian church, and he gives that denomination his support, but the kernel of his religious belief is to do right to the 'best of his ability. He has earned the right to be looked upon as one of Nevada's leading citizens, for few of the old pioneers have been more thoroughly identified Avith the entire life and development of the state, and in so many ways connected with its in dustrial, commercial and political affairs. RAYCRAFT BROTHERS. Joseph and James Raycraft are promi nent, active and well known business men of Carson City. They are owners of valuable mining interests in the state and are proprietors of the Silver State Livery Stable, of the city. Since early pioneer times they have lived in this locality, and Joseph Raycraft, the senior partner of the firm,, is now serving as one ol the trustees of the city. In 1863 the faraily crossed the plains to Nevada, and they have since been residents of the west, identified with its rapid development and permanent iniprovement. Joseph Raycraft was born in McHenry county, Illinois, on the i6th of April, 1849, ^"d Jaraes was torn in Hannibal, Marion county, Missouri, in 1861 being, therefore, but two years of age at the tirne of the emigration to the west. The journey was made in a four-horse wagon driven by their sister Mary, now Mrs. D. W. Virgin, of Genoa, Nevada. Their parents were Joseph and Ella (Qumlon) Raycraft, toth natives of Ireland, whence they came with their respective parents to the United States in childhood. They were reared and married in McHenry county, Illinois, and at one time Mr. Raycraft was offered a tract of land, border ing the present Lake street of Chicago, in payraent of a sraall bill which he held against a man, but he regarded the land as practically valueless and xvould not receive it, but to-day it is worth raillions of dollars. In the year 1852 he went to California overland, and again went to the mines in 1856, taking out about one hundred thousand dollars, but most of this he after ward lost. He mined on the Feather river and in other "diggings" in Cali fornia, and the history of those early days in California xvas very familiar to him frora personal experience. In 1863, as tefore stated, he made his second trip to the west, bringing his family with hira to Nevada. This time he carae to remain, and he located on a farm near Genoa, where he continued to reside until the loth ol November, 1884, when his death occurred. He xvas then seventy-lour years of age. His brave pioneer wife still survives him and is yet living on the old home farm at the age of seventy-four years, enjoying excellent health far' one of her age.- Like her husband she has always teen a faithful communicant of the Catholic church, and the children still adhere to the faith of their honored parents. To Joseph and Ellen Raycraft were torn eight sons, the collective height of whom is forty-nine feet and seven inches. They also had three daughters. Joseph and James Raycraft were reared upon their father's farm and received a limited public school education, owing to the new condition of the country at that tirae, but they have gained broad practical knoxvledge, fitting them for the duties of business life and raaking them successful men. They have alxvays engaged in dealing in stock, handling horses principally, and A HISTORY Ol- NEVADA, 471 they have rai-sed many fine horses. They now have the best equipj^ed livery stalile in the state, a large substantial building filled with horses of high breed, together xvith a large line of fine carriages. They have made a suc cess of this business in xvhich they have been engaged for thirty-three years, conducting their stable in Carson City for twenty-one years. They own nice homes in Carson City and in addition to this jjroperty they have several hundred acres of ])laccr mining land, which is rich in gokl and will be very valuable xvhen they get water to it. They have already taken out consider able gold, yielding eighteen dollars and forty cents to the ounce. The brothers are partners in their mining interests as well as in their other business affairs, and haxe teen thus associated since 1884. They have a large stage route in Churchill county. They own altogether sixteen hundred and forty acres of land, having paid twehe thousand dollars for ten acres of what they deemed the richest portion. The leading mine from which they have taken the most gold is called the Buckeye. The mining property lies in the Pine mountain range, and they fmind there one nuggd worth one hundred and sixty-eight dollars. Josqih Raycraft was married in 1892, the lady of his choice being Miss -Xellie Jaqua, a native daughter of Nevada, born in Dayton. They have two sons, Frankle and Georgie. In 1886 James Raycraft was married to Miss Madge T. Morris, whose birth occurred in Empire, Nevada, and they have the following children : James Morris, Htitert Hoye, Francis Joseph, Margaret and Dorothy. The brothers are Democrats in their political affiliations and are mem bers of the Catholic church. It was in 1902 that Joseph Raycraft was elected a trustee of the city in which he has so long been an active business man and in xvhich he is noxv proving a capable official. Both brothers are well known here, and their value to the commumty in business circles and as public-spirited citizens is xvidely acknowledged by all. STEPHEN PEDROLI. Throughout many ages the sons of Switzer land have commanded respect and admiration because of thdr love of lib erty and their fearless allegiance to what they believe to be right. A worthy son of the land of the Alps noxv living in Franktown, Washoe county, Ne vada, is Stephen Pedroli, a successful farmer who has resided in this state for the past thirty years. He was born in Switzerland on the 20th of July, 1854, and is of Swiss ancestry. He was reared and educated in his native country, and as it was necessary for him to earn his own living he desired to use his time and efforts to the best advantage jxjssible. Tlius it was that he resolved to seek a home in /Xmerica, for he telieved that better opixjilunities were here afforded than in the older countries of Euroiae. When nindeen years of age he crossed the briny deep, and worked first in Virginia City upon a milk ranch. There he was paid forty dollars per month at the beginning, liut later his wages were increased to fifty dol lars per month and board. After two years he te,gan working in the mines, and was paid four dollars per day. Saving his money until he had accumu lated a sum sufficient to enable him to purchase land on his own account, he 472 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. then came to his present ranch, which to-day comprises six hundred and forty acres of choice land. Here he is engaged in the raising of hay, grain and stock. He does an extensive dairy business, keeping one hundred and forty head of cattle for this purpose. He devotes his time and energies to no other pursuit aside from farming in its various dqjartments, and by his close application to his work, his earnest attention and his well directed efforts is meeting xvith very gratifying success, having already become one of the substantial farmers of the community. Upon his land he has a nice residence and good outbuildings, and everything atout his place is neat and thrifty in appearance, indicating his careful supervision and his progressix'e methods. On the 6th of February, 1895, ^^- Pedroli xvas united in marriage to Miss C. Mora, also a native of Switzerland. Their union has been blessed with txvo sons and two daughters, namely : XVilliam, Joseph, Evaline and Tlielma. Mr. Pedroli is a Republican in his political views, and keeps well informed on the issues and questions of the day, but has never sought or desired public office. He and his family are memters of the Roman Catho lic church. His life proves xvhat can be accomplished in Nevada without engaging in mining. Mr. Pedroli came to America when a young man and xvith no knowledge of the English language or of the ways and customs of the people in this country, but his native intelligence enabled him to quickly ¦ understand the situations and to improve his opportunities, and his industry and enterprise have been the means of making him the owner of a valuable farra in XVashoe courity. J. D. O'SULLIVAN. Not far from the city of Reno, on the eastern side, is the farm of J. D. O'Sullivan, xvhose careful attention to his property and the excellent iraprovements which he has there made constitute this one of the most desirable places ol the locality. Mr. O'Sullivan came to the terri tory ol Nevada in March, 1863, and is one ol the xvorthy citizens that die Emerald Isle has lurnished to the new world. He is a native of county Cork, having been torn there on the ist of February, 1835. His father, Dennis O'Sullivan, was also born in Ireland and remained a resident of that country until 1865, xvhen he sailed for the United States, spending his remaining days in New York. There he died in 1870 at the age of sixty-five years. His wife in her maidenhood was Miss Margard Cronin, and she, too, was born on the green isle ol Erin. While still living in Ireland, they became the parents of six children, four sons and txvo daughters. The raother died in her native country, and txvo of the children who were remain ing there came over xvith their father and the others of the household to America. The surviving members of the family are two daughters and J. D. O'Sullivan. The parents were devoted conimunicants of the Roman Catholic church, and both died in that faith. One ol the sons, Dennis O'Sullivan, came to Nevada in 187 1. Later he rdurned to New York, but again made his way to this state in 1875, ^"^ di^d at the home of his brother, J. D. O'Sullivan, in 1877, when forty-two years of age. In the public schools of Ireland J. D. O'Sullivan began his education. AND GRANDCHILDREN. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 478 and when eighteen years of age crossed the Atlantic in order to enjoy the benefit of the better business oi)p of the country ai'e dipped every year. He raises on his farm six hundred tons of hay annuaUy, and he keeps about forty head of high-grade Durham cattle and fourteen head of horses, wihch are a cross of the Norman and Cleveland Bays, In 1870 Mr. O'Sullivan was called upon to mourn the loss of his xvife, who died on the 29th of December of that year, leaving "her husliand and four children to mourn her loss. The children are Dennis, who is on the ranch xvith his father and is raarried and has two children : Margaret, xvho died at the age of thirty years; John, a farmer residing at Pyrainid lake; and James, who is married and with his two children niakes his home in Reno. Tn March, 1872, Mr. O'Sullivan was again married, his second union being with Miss Ih'idget Farley, who xvas bom in county Cavan, Ireland. 'I'liey are faithJul members of die Roman Catholic church, and Mr, O'SuUi- 474 A HISTORY' OF NEX-ADA. van is a memter of the Hibernian Society. Fle still has a strong and deep love for the Emerald Isle, xvhich xvill ever haxe a xvarm place in his memory. He has had erected in his front yard a large cross modeled after the one upon xvhich his Savior died, and has imported from Ireland a pretty green plant which he has planted in the cross. XX'hile still retaining a commendable love for his native country, he is, hoxvex'er, a loyal American citizen, true to the institutions of his country and xvith great admiration for its republican form of government. He noxv has a home of xvhich he can te justly proud, and the three hundred and txventy acres of the rich farming land xvhich is in his possession has all been acquired through his oxvn industrious efforts. M. BADT AND COMPANY. The firm of M. Badt and Company xvas established in Elko in 1868 by Badt and Cohn, and a branch of this store Avas located at XVells in 1871. In 1875 Mr. Badt sold his store in Elko to Russell and Bradley, taking in exchange a large cattle ranch, but after running the ranch for eighteen months sold it back to its original OAvners. In 1876 he sold his interest in the Elko store, but retained the establish ment at XX'ells, and continued successfully in business there untU his death, xvhich occurred in January, 1899. The toxvn of XX'ells is in large part the result of the enterprise and public-spirited generosity of Morris Badt. He was the builder of the first brick building there in 1868, and the present large brick store block xxas erected in 1880. It is twenty-five by one hundred and fifty feet in dimen sions, and there are also three large warehouses and three large cellars where they keep their immerise stock of xvliolesale and retail goods. The company receixe their goods by the carload lot from St. Louis, Chicago, New York and San Francisco, and they carry every- article of general mer chandise in demand by the farmers ancl mining population of the surround ing country-. There being no bank in XX'ells, the company does all the bank ing for the surrounding country in the eastern part of Elko count)'. This indicates how thoroughly the institution has Ijecome a part of the people, and how much confidence the people feel in the integrity and reliability of its owners. All the XX'hite Pine mining trade conies to this store, and its busi ness extends as far north as Idaho and as far east as Utah. Elko county is one of the xvealtbiest counties of the commonwealth, and the x'olume of / its business xx'hich is transacted through the M. Badt and Company is amaz ing and still increasing. The founder and long-time owner of this great commercial enterprise Avas Morris Badt, Avho was torn and educated in Germany. He emigrated to Nexv Y'ork in 1847, and at that time did not know a xvord ol English, and in addition to this handicap in lile's race Avas a poor young man. He went Irom New York to New Orleans, Avhere he clerked in a store lor a time, but his ability soon caused his promotion to be manager of one of the largest mercantile concerns of that city. Tn 185 1 he went to San Francisco and opened a clothing store on California and Leidsdoff streets, Avithin tAVO blocks of the headquarters of the vigilantes, and during those early days of California history he saAV many an outlaw hanged AAith summary justice. A HISTORY OF NEX'ADA. 475 He had to be a good linguist to do business in such a cosmopolitan city as San Francisco, and in order to converse xvith this pdyglot populace he learned Spanish, French and English, xvhich gave him command oxer the four languages xvhich xvere most commonl)- used. This indicates his strong intellectual poxvers, and it also gave him a great adxantage in his dealings. His mercantile success xvas rapid, for it xvas not many years after he came to this country friendless and poor that he was in the forefront of the mer chants of the xvest. In 1898 Mr. Badt formed the firm of M. Badt and Compau)- by admitting io partnership his three sons, Mel S., Hertert and J. Selby Badt. They had gained a good education in San Francisco, and then entered their father"? business. They have shoxvn themselves to be xvorthy successors of their honored father since the conduct of the business fell upon their shoulders. Besides the large interests aheady mentioned. they are interested in ranching and cattle-raising. They have atout txventv thousand acres of land and three thousand cattle, and also own many resi dences and much real estate in XX'ells. Mr. Badt xvas married in 1868 to Miss Lina Posener. a native of his OAX'H toxvn in Germany. All the eight children bom of this union are living, and fill respected and useful places in society and business. Mr. Badt was one of the pioneers in mercantile xentures in this part of the state, and the large business xvhich he built up before his deatii xvill stand as the monu ment of his judgment, sagacity and honorable dealings, by xvhich he made his life efforts accrue to his oxvn material prosperit)- and result in benefit to his entire county. HENRY HEIDENREICH. One of the prosperous representatives of the agricultural interests of Nevada is Henry Heidenreich, xvho resides in the beautiful XX'^ashoe x'alley, xvhere he oxvns and operates a rich and arable tract of land xvhich he has transformed into a xaluable farming property. He is a natixe son of the fatherland, his birth having occurred in Germany on the 5th of Maj', 1853. His education xvas acquired in the schools of that coimtry, and he remained in Germany until his. nineteenth year. He xvas there reared to farm life, for his parents were agriculturists. They xvere members of the Lutheran church. They instilled into the minds of their children lessons of industry and uprightness, and cultivated their ambition to wjn success and advancement. Mr. Heidenreich determined to seek his fortune in the nexv xvorld and to enjoy the opportunities of the land of the free. He had no knoxvledge of the English language xx'hen he arrived, but he readil)- mastered it and also adapted himself to changed conditions and surroundings. He tegan leaming the carpenter's trade in the nexv xvorld, but soon afterxvard turned his attention to mining, for whicii he received tAvo and a half and three dollars per day. The sum Avas far in excess of any Avage Avliich he could have earned in Germany. In 1875 he arrived in Nevada, locating in Carson City, xvhere he xvorked at xxhatever he could get to do. He then went to Esmeralda county and xvas employed in the mines for a year, after xvhich he retumed to Carson Citv, xvhere he remained for txvo vears. On die ex- 476 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. piration of that period he made his way to Idaho, where he engaged in pros pecting and mining with very good success, acquiring several thousand dol lars. With this capital he then returned to Carson City, and soon after ward purchased his present ranch, comprising four hundred and twenty acres of rich and arable land. The years that have since passed have been a period of earnest labor, in xvhich his efforts have resulted in the develop ment of a splendid farm. He has made excellent improvements upon his place, and noxv has a commodious and attractive farm residence, large and .substantial barns and all the necessary implements for successful farming. He is largely engaged in raising hay and stock, making a specialty of high- grade Durham cattle. He feeds much of his hay to his oxvn stock and finds a ready market for his surplus product in Virginia City. He also annually makes large sales of cattle, and this brings to him a very desirable financial return. Tn Washoe city in 1885 occuri'ed the marriage of Mr. Heidenreich and Miss Katie Sauer, a daughter of Andrew Sauer, one ol Nevada's test known and most highly respected pioneers. She xvas born in this state and xvas trained by her parents both through precept and example so that she Avas xvell qualified to assume the duties of the household as the xvife of a success ful and enterprising farmer. Their marriage has teen blessed xvith seven children, naraely : Lillie May, Edwin Earl, Joseph Frederick, Martha Louise, Henry Ernest, Frances Regena and Roy Franklin. Both Mr. and Mrs. Heidenreich were reared in the faith of the Lutheran church, but as there was on church of that denoniination in this locality they had their children baptized by the Episcopal minister. Mr. Hddeiirdch is a memter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and his political allegiance is given to the Democracy. He keeps well informed concerning the questions ol the day, and is thus able to support his position by intelligent argument, yet he never sought or desired office, preferring to give his attention to the oijeration of his ranch. He is a man of marked energy, of keen foresight and of business sagacity. He and his family are generous jjeople, their home is celebrated for its hospitality and their circle of friends is very extensive. The record of Mr. Heidenreich is such a one as any fanner might te proud to possess, and his course is a credit alike to the land of his birth and to the land of his adoption. W. A. INGALLS, who is sheriff and ex-officio assessor of Esmeralda county, making his home in Hawthorne, was born in Oregon City, Oregon, on the 1st of September, 1854. He is descended from Scotch ancestry, but at a very early epoch in colonial histoiy the family was planted on American. soil. His father, Hem-y Ingalls, emigrated to Oregon in 1849. He had teen reared in the state ol Illinois, but, attracted by the business possibilities of the Pacific coast country, he made his way to Oregon and is now living in Walla Walla, Washington, a hale and hearty man, although seventy- seven years of age. He married Miss Sarah Brents. Through his active business career he lived the life of an industrious farmer. He has long teen a valued niember of the Christian church, and in his upright career has A lilSTORY OF NEViXDA. 477 exemplified his religious faith. His xvife died xvhen X\' A. Ingalls was but nine years of age, leaving two sons, XX'illis Ingalls teing a farmer living near Walla Walla, After the death of his first xvife the father married again, and by that union had two children, Ira and Otis. In taking up the personal history of W. A. Ingalls xve present to our readers the life record of one xvho is xvidely and favorably knoxvn in Nevada. He completed his education in Christian College, at Monmouth, Oregon, and afterward engaged in x'arious pursuits in XVashington, Idaho and Cali fornia. He carae to Nevada in 1878, and xvas engaged in merchandising for thirteen years in Candelaria, Nevada. His fitness for office and his activity in ix)litical circles led to his selection for positions of public trust. He has alxvays been a firm adherent of Democratic principles, and as the candidate of the silver party xvas elected sheriff of Esmeralda county. Faith fully has he served his felloxv townsmen as the protector of the rights and liberties of the people, and they have given evidence of their appreciation of his trustxvorthiness and capabilitv by electing him five tinies to the office, so that he is noxv serving in his fifth terra, and at the last election he received a majority of fifty over txvo opposing candidates, showing that both as sheriff and assessor of the coufity he has discharged his duties in a manner to win the fullest confidence and approval of the public. He is prompt and ener getic in the discharge of his official duties, and is possessed of excellent good sense and sound judgment in performing the ofttimes delicate and hazard ous duties of his position. Tn 1896 Mr. Ingalls was united in marriage to Mrs. Jennie Mercer, xvho xvas bom in Aurora, Nevada, a daughter of J. W. Clawson, a pioneer of this state. By her former marriage she had one son, Willie Mercer, who is now ticket agent on the Carson & Colorado Railroad at Hawthorne. Mr. Ingalls is a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and his brethren of the order regard him as one of its valued representatives. He and his wife occupy one of the attractive homes in Hawthorne, and he has valuable mining interests here. Over his private life and his official record there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil, his course having won for him high encomiums from a discriminating public. PHILIP J. McGRATH, superintendent of the Carson and Colorado Railroad, with headquarters at Hawthorne, Nevada, is a native of Cali fornia, having been torn in Weaverville, March 26, 1864. His father, Philip McGrath, was torn in Ireland in 1820. He came to this country in 1846, and for four years was in the employ of the Hon. Daniel XX'ebster. ' Tn 1850 he came to California and engaged in raining, but later started a store in San Francisco, most of his placer mining having been done in Trinity county. Still later he moved to Virginia City, Nevada, and was a machinist on the Comstock, spending the balance of his life there and dying in 1890, aged seventy years. He married Miss Catherine Burke, a native of Ireland, and she now resides in San Francsico aged sixty-three jfears. Tn politics he had teen a Democrat, and both he and his wife were 478 A I-IISTORY OF NEVADA. devout members of the Roman Catholic church. They were the parents of six children, of xvhom five are now living. Philip J. McGrath, the only one of the children in Nevada, Avas- edu-- cated in the public schools of Virginia City, and was only ten years of age Avhen the faraily located in that place. He learned telegraphy and was first employed by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad Company. For eight years he Avas in the railroad mail service, after Avhich he acted as agent at Mound House for the Carson and Colorado and the Vii'ginia and Truckee Railroads for eight years. His next change Avas xvhen he came to Hawthorne as clerk and train dispatcher under Superintendent Laxvs. Mr. Laws went to the Sacramento division of the road in 1902, and Mr. McGrath suc ceeded to the position of superintendent, having thus worked his way up from the position of telegraph operator. In politics he is independent. He is a member of the Elks fraternity, and adheres to the faith of the Roman Catholic church. In 1901 he was married to Mary Roberts, a native of Nevada and a daughter qf J. B. Roberts, a poineer of the state and the builder of the Lake House. Mr. McGrath is a very energetic and capable business man, and the success Avhich has attended his efforts is but the just rexvard of intelU gent work directed along legitimate channels. J.OUIS DUTERTRE, proprietor of the Golconda Hot Springs Hotel, is a native of France, born on the 30th of September, 1825, and is of French ancestry. He received his education in his native land, and when fifteen years of age eraigrated to the United States, locating in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 185 1 he made the journey tO' San Francisco, California, where he was engaged in the real estate business, and also mined in Nevada county, that state, being a part owner of the Derbec mine, in North Bloom field, Nevada county, which proved to be very rich in its mineral resources. From there he removed to Placer county and continued his mining opera tions, becoming the president of the Mayflower mine, also a fine producer. Coming thence to^ Golcolda, Mr. Dutertre purchased a large tract of land in the beautiful valley, which at that time was covered with sage brush, but with his usual enterprise and push he soon developed it into a splendid prop erty. Pie has built lakes south ol his property in the mountains, Irom which he obtains the water to irrigate his large ranch ol sixty-seven hundred acres, a large part of which is nieadoW land and xx'here he is raising immense quan tities of alfalfa and natural grass. A number of years ago Mr. Dutertre erected the large Golconda Hotel, fitted and furnished throughout lor the comfort ol the traveling public and lor those seeking the curative powers ol his hot springs. The spring is a A'ery large one and by analysis its xvater is sirailar to that ol the Arkansas Hot Springs, being one hundred and ninety-eight Fahrenheit, and containing valuable curative properties. When on trial for rheuraatisin and other blood diseases it has been found to be very valuable. Many have come to this spring aitirdy drawn out of shape by pain and were rapidly relieved of the malady, and may be likened to the healed man in the scriptures, who went away "leap- »*¦ ^.J-M^jtl- -i^.. *^ GOLCONDA HOT SPRINGS HOTEL. b A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 479 ing and jumping." The hotel building is one hundred by one hundred and fifty feet, 'built in the form of an L, and contains seventy-five sleeping apart ments, txvo dining rooms, a large parlor, and is modern in all its furnishings and appliances, being at times filled to its utmost capacity. It is a one-story building, the guests thus haA'ing no steps to climb, and Mr. Dutertre is en titled to much credit for expending so large a sura of raoney for the allevia tion and cure of the suffering. The springs are used toth as mud and plunge baths, and fumish ininiediate relief to the sufferers. V Mr. Dutertre Avas married in 1862, and has one son, Eugene, who is also married and has charge of the hotel. He is a well informed business man and takes delight in looking after the comfort of the guests. Mr. Dutertre gives his attention princii>ally to outside matters and to the care of his large estate. He is a gentleman of large business experience and understanding, and, although having reached the age of seventy-eight years, is remarkably active and in the full enjoyment of all his faculties. He is independent in his political vicAvs, giving his support to the man Avlioin he thinks best quali fied for public office. HON. THEODORE WINTERS. The valuable farming property of Hon. Theodore Wintei's is unsurpassed in point of excellence in the Washoe X'alley, and its splendid iraprovements and attractive appearance indicate the life of enterprise and activit)' which he has led. In N^ovemter, 1857, he arrived in this section of the country, although the territory of Nevada had not then been organized, this district teing still a portion of the territory of Utah. He xvas born in Illinois on the 14th of September, 1823, when that state was little more than a vast prairie and xvhen the populous city of Chicago was a mere hamlet of a few log houses. The Winters family is of Scotch, EngUsh, Irish and Gerraan ancestry, and was established in America at an early period in the development of this land. John D. XX'^inters, the father of Theodore Winters, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, and, imbued with the pioneer spirit and desir ous of securing a good home for his family, he made his way to the prairies of Illinois, casting in his lot with the frontier settlers there. He was mar ried in that state to Miss Elizabeth Wells, a native of South Carolina, and they remained in Illinois until after the birth of their childi'en, when they crossed the plains to California, in the year 1849. The most far-sighted had never dreamed of the building of a transcontinental railroad, and the journey was made in a covered wagon. At tinies there xvas no road save the old Indian trail, and the way led across the hot sandy deserts and over mountain passes difficult to climb. Such a trip was fraught with much hardships, and there was also danger from Indian attacks, but the XX'^inters family at length reached their destination in safety, and the father continued to reside in California until his death, which occurred in Stockton in 1877, when he was .seventy-eight years of age. His wife survived him and reached the ripe old age of eighty-one years. Mrs. T. A. Reed, of Reno, and Mr. XX'in- ters are the only members of the family in Nevada. In taking up the personal history of Hon. Theodore XX'inters we pre- 480 A HISTORY^ OF NEVADA. sent to our readers one AA'ho has a very xvide acquaintance in this state and xvho is honored and esteemed by all xvho knexv hira, being most highly re spected xvhere best knoxvn. He attended school in Illinois, but his educa tional privileges xvere x-ery limited, as the schools of that period Avere in a x-ery primitive condition and his labors were also needed in the develop raent, cultivation and improveraent of his father's farm. XX^hile still living in Illinois he was married, in December, 1847, securing as a companion and helpmate on life's journey Miss Sarah Marshall. XXTth their first born child they crossed the plains in 1849. This son, George D. XVinters, noxv resides in Reno. The destination of the family xvas California, for the discovery of gold in that state Avas draxving all w estern emigrants to the mining region. Mr. Winters engaged in mining in California for three years with the usual experience of most of the Califomia argonauts. He made consider able monev, but that Avliich is easily gained is as easily spent, and he sunk considerable of it in other mining ventures. XVhen he arrived at the end of his Avesteni trip he had seventeen dollars in money, four yoke of oxen and a wagon. He turned his cattle out to graze in Avhat is now the city- of Sacramento, and they stra)-ed axvay and he never saw them again. This xvas a considerable loss to the pioneer settler xvho xvas attempting to make a home for himself and family in the far west. In 1857 Mr. XX^inters removed from Forest City, Califomia, to his present location on the line between Franktown and XX'ashoe. He tought of a Mormon a tract ol land a mile xvide and two miles long and paid for this fifty dollars in cash and a yoke of oxen. With characteristic energy and firm determination he began to improve his pi-operty and has added to it as the years have passed, making judicious investments in real estate until now his landed possessions aggregate six thousand acres, all in one farm. It is located in one of the raost beautiful and fertile valleys of the west, and upon one side it is bordered by XX^ashoe lake, xvhile the mountains rise upon the other side, so that the Winters farm is located in the midst of grand and attractive scenery. Mr. Winters cuts upon his ranch from fifteen to eight een hundred tons of hay annually, and he keeps from six to eight hundred head ol cattle. He leeds all of his hay to his oxvn stock, and tecause he raises stock of good grades he finds a ready sale upon the market and receives good prices for his cattle. He also has a dairy upon his ranch, and for this purpose keeps three hundred cows, utilizing the milk in the manufacture of cheese in the suraraer time and of butter in the winter time. Another line of business to xvhich Mr. XX'^inters directed his attention has been the importing of race horses, and he has brought into the state of Nevada some of the best race horses ever seen xvithin its borders. His valuable horse, Norfolk, which he purchased in St. Louis, xvon five races in California in 1864. Mr. Winters was gready attached to this horse, which he kept until it died of old age. At tinies he has owned a large numter of other celebrated horses, and has done much to improve the grade of stock raised in the state. During the haying season he employs on his ranch twenty men in the cutting of the crop, and during the remainder of the year his two sons and a hired man take care of the stock. He has otherwise been very acdve in promoting the agricultural interests of Nevada, putting forth every effort A I-TISTORY OF NEVADA. 481 in his power that will stimulate activity along this line and will advance the interests of the farming community. Fle xvas one of the prominent organ izers of the Nevada State Fair Association, became one ol its directors and acted in that capacity for a nuraber of years, while for three years he was president of the association. This did much to awaken in the farming class a pride in their achievements because of the competition for prizes which stimulated their efforts and thus proved of direct benefit to the state. Mr. XVinters xvas called upon to mourn the loss of the Avife of his early manhood, who in 1853 was drowned when on a voyage. A collision oc curred in Suisun bay and the boat in which she had taken passage was sunk. XVith her was her little girl, xvho was also drowned. The only sur viving child of this marriage was the little son that accompanied the parents on their travel across the plains to Califomia. In i860 Mr. Winters Was again married, his second union being with Miss Margaret Martin, xvho was born in Scotland. Ten children graced this union, eight of whom were born in Nevada, and six are living, namely : Nettie, the wife of John M, Gregory, a resident of San Francisco, California; Nellie G., who is the wife of J. M. McCormick, of Sacramento, Nevada, who, is at home with her father and who he says is of much assistance tO' him ; Theodora, now the xvife of Seth Longobaugh, xvho is residing near her father; Lexvis W. and Archie C, who are still on the home farm. The mother of these children passed away on the 30th of May, 1898. She had been a devoted wife and a loving and tender mother, and her loss Avas felt deeply by her husband and children. Mr. Winters exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democratic party. He has always been an advocate of this party, yet he Avas a stanch supporter of the Union cause during the Civil war. He participated in the war with the Tndians in i860. He has twice been elected to represent his district in the territorial legislature, and gave to all questions which came before the house his earnest consideration, sup porting each measure that he believed would prove of general good. TTe was Democratic nominee for governor in 1888. He is now one of the oldest, if not the oldest. Mason in the state of Nevada, having received the sublime degree of Master Mason in Cavanaugh Lodge, F. & A. M., in Elizabeth, lUinois, in November, 1844. He now affiliates with both the blue lodge and chapter in Reno. He has the honor of being one of the oldest of the living pioneers of the state, and there is little concerning the history of Ne vada that is not familiar to hira. He has been an eye Avitness of the growth and progress of the state, and has contributed in large measure to what has teen accomplished here. His splendid 'farm is an indication of his life of industry and enterprise. He has a very attractive home, around which are trees and vines of his own planting — an admirable place for this honored pioneer to spend the evening of a brave and active life. , THE LOVELOCK ARGUS. The Argus, published weekly at Love lock, Humboldt county, Nevada, has been in existence since May, 1900, when C. W.. Patterson gave it its inception in the newspaper world. In 482 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. July, 1900, it became the property of Homer Riddle, and in August, 1902, it again changed hands, the Riddle Brothers assuming oxvnership and con trol, xvhich they retain to the present. The paper is Democratic in its polit ical A-iexvs. In August, 1902, it was enlarged from a five column to a six- column folio, and is noxx- veiy pcipular and almost an absolute desideratum in many households of the county, to which it brings all the news of local and general interest, and in every xvay exerts a beneficial influence. Howard and Frank Riddle, the proprietors of the Argus, are natives of Virginia and Kansas respectively, and the former has been in newspaper xvork for the past fifteen years. The brothers published the Elko Tidings for five )'ears, but xvhile thus engaged the xvar xxith Spain xvas declared, and they dropped their xvork and x'olunteered in their country's cause. They Avere assigned to Troop M, under Captain \X'. L. Cox, and Avere sent to Florida, xvhere they xvere kept four months, and, it then appearing that their services xvere not needed, the)- received an honorable discharge. On their retyrn to Elko they xvorked on a number of papers in the state until they purchased the Argus, since xvhen they have devoted their capable efforts to building up an influential and successful journal, and it is a pleasure to note that their work is bearing fruit, ^ HON. JOE JOSEPHS, the efficient superintendent of the Nevada State Orphans' Home, at Carson City, and one of the pioneers of the state, dates his residence in this portion of the country since i860. A native of Nexv York, he xvas born in the beautiful city of Albany, on the 2d of February, 1847. He is pre-eminently a self-made raan, having started out in life on his oxxn account xxheii only eight years of age, since xvhich time he has been entirely dependent upon his oxvn resources. He tegan earning his own living as a bootblack. His educational privileges xvere necessarily limited, but he has learned many x'aluable lessons in the dear school of experience. He has also served as his oxvn schoolmaster, getting much information from books xvhich he has read at night and in his leisure hours. He has improved his opportunities as the years have gone by, and is to-day a man of considerable learning, xvhich, added to a kindly nature and broad humanitarian principles, makes hira a man worthy of the highest respect and regard. In 1857, when but ten years of age, he went to California, and was but thirteen years old when he arrived in Virginia City, Nevada. He xvorked at any employraent Avhich he could obtain that would yield him an honest living. He waited on table in hotels, acted as pick toy in the mines, and thus he eventually became interested in raining on his own account. He followed that pursuit for twenty-one years with the varied success which always meets those who search for the miner'al deposits of the earth. He has also dealt in stock, sometimes making money and again proving un fortunate in his speculations. He has labored on persistently, however, year after year, always energetic and reliable in whatever rdation of life found. Tn 1873 Mr. Josephs Avas appointed and filled the position of engross- A HISTORY OF NEX'ADA. 483 ing clerk in the senate, and lor txvo years he xvas deputy constable in X'ir ginia City, occupying that position xvhen it required a great deal of coura.ne, because of the large number of the criminal class of th%t localitx-. His report of fees receixed for the txvo )'ears xvas twenty-two thousand dollars, and his salary for that time xvas eighteen dollars. He xvas nominated and elected clerk of the supreme court of the state, and filled that office for four years, "oeing the last one to occup)- the position, xvhich at the end of his term xvas merged Into tbe office of secretary of state. Mr. Josepjis xvas also deputy- county clerk of Storey county, and in i88t) xvas apix-)inted superintendent of the State Orphans' Home, at Carson City. When he had served for four years he xvas reappointed, and is noxx- serving for the second term, his faithfulness and capabilit)- in the office teing most com mendable. He has at present sixty-three oqihan children in his charge. As soon as good homes can be found in respectable families the children are placed therein that they may enjoy the benefits and privileges of home life. The institution is xvell kept by i\lr. Josejihs and his estimable xvife, AX'ho acts as matron. She has never had ain- children of her oxvn, and all of the mother lox'e of her nature is laxished upon these motherless little ones. xvho profit largely bx' her care and attention. Mr. Josephs xvas married in 1875 to Miss .\nna hdiza Klink, a natixe of California. She is a lady of innate refinement and makes an excellent matron, gxeatly assisting her husband in his xvork. Each Sunday the diildren are taken to the different churches of the city, first to one and then another, for the home is entirely unsectarian and the children are not biased in the least in their religious viexvs. Mr. Josephs is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Inde pendent Order of Odd Felloxvs, and has passed all the chairs in toth the subordinate lodge and encampment, and is a past grand. Both he and his xvife are xvidely and favorably knoxvn throughout the state, and ai'e held in high reg-ard especially by those interested in charitable and phil anthropic work. .XX'DREW S.XUER. Deeds of xalor have been the theme of song and story throughout all ages. There has never been displayed more marked endurance and courage than has been shoxvn by the pioneers of our .great xvest, xvho have not only faced difficulties and hardships, but have also braved danger in attempting to carry civilization into the xvild districts beyond the Rocky Mountains. One of the first to establish a permanent home xvithin the bonlers of Nex'ada xxas Andrexv Sauer. xvho came in 1859. Almost forty-five years hax'e since been added to die cycle of eternity, and during tlijs long period he has witnessed the Avonderful transfomiation that has been brought atout by the pioneers and their successors, Avho haA'e developed the rich resources of the state and have utilized the means at hand to establish business interests that haA'e been of A'alue to the individual and have also promoted the general prosperity. Mr, Sauer Avas born in the village of Deilhani, Germany, on the 14th 484 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. of January, 1829. In the year 1850 he emigrated to the United States, first locating in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he lived for three years, at the end of which period |je came to the Pacific coast and' spent the succeeding five years partly in the mines and partly in the butcher business, Avhich he successfully followed. A desire to see more of his adopted country led him to Nevada, as one of the early pioneers, in the year 1859, and he located in Washoe A'alley, where he has since resided. He was married June 21, 1859, to Miss Catherine Becker, a native of his own country. Eleven children have been born to them, eight of whom are living, namely: Mrs. Mary Kornmeyer, Mrs. Katie Heidenreich, Mrs. Louisa Zurfluh, 'Mrs. Ida Sraith, George M., Frank J., William F. and Louie A. Sauer. Mr. and Mrs. Sauer have long traveled life's journey together, and have reared a family of whom they have every reason to te proud. They are worthy citizens of the west. Mr. Sauer has lived a life of earnest purpose and of unremitting toil. Now in the evening of life he has a comfortable competence and he receives the veneration and respect Avhich should ever be accorded those who reach the psalmist's span of three-score years and ten. WILLIAM EASTON, proprietor of the International TTotel of Austin, Nevada, and also the county assessor of Lander county, came to this com monwealth in 1875, and is a native of Canada, where he was torn on the ist ol January, 1854. His grandfather, William Easton, was a native of Scot land, but eraigrated to America in 1800 and took up his abode thirty miles south of the city of Montreal, Canada. His son, Neal Easton, was born on the family homestead there, and married Miss Ann Jamieson, also a native of Scotland, and they became the parents of seven children. The mother passed away in death in 1866, Jjut the lather still survives and now makes his home in London, Ontario, being seventy-seven years of age. W^illiani Easton, the only member of his father's family in Nevada, re ceived his early education in Canada, and when fourteen years of age went to London, Ontario, to learn the blacksmith's trade. From there he went to Bismarck, on the Canada Southern Railroad, and thence came to Austin, Nevada, where he Avas employed as mining engineer by the Manhattan Com pany, also doing their blacksmithing. In 1890 he was dected sheriff and assessor and held that office for four terras of two years each. Mr. Easton in 1899 purchased the International Hotel, a building one hundred by one hundred feet in dimensions, with twenty-three sleeping apartments, a large hall for theatres and parties, a large dining-room and all modern conveniences to be found in 'a first-class hotel. He also owns a half interest in a livery stable in Austin, and is one of the city's most active and successful business men. In politics Mr. Easton was formerly identified with the Republicans, but when his party abandoned its iDimetaUic principles he became one of the active organizers of the silver party and is now independent in his political affiliations. In 1899 he was sergeant-at-arms in the state legis- ^^ ^^e^z^^-^.-^ / A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 485 lature. In 1902 he xvas again elected assessor of Lander county, being now in his tenth year in that important office, and is giving the utraost satisfaction in the performance of its duties. In January, 1888, Mr. Easton xvas united in raarriage to Miss Lucy Anna Stoxv, a native daughter of California, xvhere her birth occurred in San Francisco. They have three children : Neil Stow, attending school in California; Delia Louise, also attending school; and MelvUle PI. The faraily are Methodists in their reigious faith, and fraternally Mr. Easton is a Free mason, holding the office of senior xvarden in the blue lodge and is treas urer of the chapter. He has also filled all the offices in the lodges of the In dependent Order of Odd Felloxvs and the Knights of Pythias, and in the social and business circles of the comraunity he holds an enx'iable place. J. E. SMITH, of the firra of Drake and Smith, propridors of the Wells meat market, and also of the firm of Smith and Davis, ranchers and stockmen, has been a resident of Nevada and the west the greater part of his life. A large part of his active career has been spent as a railroad man, but he has made great success at ranching and the raising of stock. The meat market of xvbich he is part OAvner is the only one in Wells, and not only supplies the local trade but ships meat to the mining camps and the railroad Stores. It does a large and satisfactory business, and its proprietors are thoroughly reliable business men. Mr. Sraith xvas born in Bangor, Franklin county. New York, June 20, 1857, and was educated in his native state. He came west at an early age, and for a number of years xvas in the railroad work. He was at first a fireman, and for seventeen years was a locomotive engineer on the Southern Pacific, his run being from Cariin, Nevada, to Ogden, Utah. When he gave up this position he purchased a ranch six miles west of Wells, in Elko county, in Star valley. He and his partner, Mr. Davis, have two hun dred and forty acres of land for cultivation, besides a large amount of range, and they raise about one hundred head of cattle. As soon as these are fattened they are killed for the raarket, and others are bought for the same purpose, so that none of the product of the ranch is sent abroad. Mr. Smith was married in 1891 to Miss Lizzie XVilliams, a native ol Cariin, Nevada. Five children xvere born of this union, as follows : Maria O., Emery C, Mildred, Gladys and Talmadge. They reside in one of the pleasant homes of Wells, and many friends find a cordial welcorae within the portals of the horae. Mr. Smith is a member of the Order of Loco motive Engineers and of the Knights of Pythias, and as a rustling and successful business man has the confidence and esteem of every citizen of Wdls. JAMES EASTON is filling the position of county commissioner ol Ormsby county and is one ol Nevada's well known and respected settlers, having come to the state in 1864. He is now living retired alter many years ol connection with active business affairs, wherein his labor, intelli- 486 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. gence and energy proved an excellent foundation upon xx'hich to rear the superstructure of success. A native of Scotland, Mr. Easton was born in Octoter, 1838, and in the land of the hill and heather spent the first sixteen years of his life. He then started out to make his own xvay in the world, and, thinking that he might do better on the western continent, he crossed the Atlantic to Canada, xx'here he remained for five years. He then left the queen's domain, and in 1859 made his way to California, xvhere he engaged in mining at Columbia, Toulumne county. Later he became connected xxith the sheep-raising in dustry in the Saa'amento valley, having as high as txvo thousand sheep at one tirae. There he i'esided until his reraox'al to Nevada. Coming to this state, he xvent into the mountains above Carson City and engaged with the Carson Tahoe Lumber and Fluraing Company as superintendent ol the flume for conveying xvood and hunter to the mines in Virginia City. He was thus busied for txventy-seven years, and then retired. He xvas fortunate in his choice ol a business, and his energy, keen foresight and perseverance enabled him to so conduct his affairs that they, brought to him a splendid financial return, enabling him noxv to rest Irom further labor and to enjoy the fruits ol his former toil. In the fall of 1875 ^^- Easton xvas united in marriage to Miss Bessie Davidson, who xvas also a native of Scotland, but xvas reared in Canada, becoming a resident of Carson City in August, 1874. To thera have been born two sons, Jaraes Davidson and Thomas Hexvitt, toth born in Carson City. Their parents have given them good educational privileges, and they are a credit to their native city. The parents and sons are valued members of the Presbyterian church, alxvays attending its services, taking an active part in its work and doing much for its upbuilding and substantial groxvth. In his political views Mr. Easton has been a life-long Democrat, and has kept well informed on the questions and issues of the day, but has never sought or desired office. At local elections he has voted quite inde pendently of party ties, supporting the men whom he thinks fiest qualified for office. He is now acting as county commissioner in a manner Avhich niakes his devotion to the general good and his loyalty to the public Avdfare above question. In the discharge of his official duties he is both progressive and economical, and looks beyond the exigencies of the moment to the pos sibilities of the future. He has been a business man of high integrity, and he and his family have the respect of a xvide circle of friends in the" state in whicii they have so long been Avorthy citizens. T. R. HOFER, Jr., postmaster of Carsou City, Avas appoirited by President McKinley, in June, 1900, and has proved ^iiost capable in the discharge of his duties, his administration of the affairs of the office giving general satisfaction. Almost his entire life has been passed in Nevada. He Avas born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the 20th ol November, 1876, but was only one year old when brought by his parents to Carson City, Avhere he Avas reared, acquiring his preliminary education in the schools of this city. XVhen he had mastered the branches of learning here taught. ,A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 487 he matriculated in the Leland Stanford University of California, in which he completed his course. He then engaged in teaching school, following that profession for a )ear in Dayton, Nevada, and for one year at Gardner ville, meeting xvith excellent success in his xvork, because of the clearness of his explanations and the readiness xvith which he imparted to others the knowledge he had acquired. He then had the honor of receiving from President McKinley the appointment to the position of postmaster at Car son City, and returned to take charge of the office, of which he has Iseen the head since June, 1900. Since that tirae the business of the office has increased until it is noxv an office of the second class. His capable super vision of the business of the department, his systematic methods of work and his promptness in executing the business of the position have made him a popular official and a xvorthy representative of the government. On the Sth of January, 1899, Mr. Hofer xvas united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Stewart Fox, daughter ol A. W. Fox and a granddaughter of United States Senator Stewart. They now have a bright little son, to whom they have given the name of Stewart. Mr. and Mrs. Hofer are memters of the Episcopal church, and they have a nice home in Carson City, and hosts of friends in the city and state. Mr. Hofer belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity and to the grand lodge of the order, and he has always been a Republican in his political views. Active in the work of the party, his efforts haxe been discerningly directed along lines proving ol benefit to the organization, while as a citizen he has labored for the welfare of his state in a manner that at once indicates his loyalty and his devotion to the general good. He is a young man, genial, approachable and cordial in man ner, and his social qualities have made hira popular. WARREN M. ANGEL, justice ol the peace and school trustee and postmaster ol Wells, Elko county, Nevada, under appointment ol the late President McKinley, has been a resident ol this state for txventy-five years. He is a strictly self-made man. and has done for himself since he was fifteen years old. He has had many phases of fortune during this time, a number of ups and doxvns, but it is a pleasure to say that he is noxv on top, and deserves to be considered among the more pi'osperous and enterprising- citizens of his adopted state. His father, Fernando Cortez Angel, xvas born in the state of New York in 1829, and he married a native of the state ol Nexv Jersey, Miss Mary White, the daughter of Edward White, of New Jersey. Shortly after their marriage they came to the state of Toxva, and in the days before rail roads Mr. Angel drove a stage. One cold xvinter night he xvas so benumbed that at the end of his drive he could not speak or move, and had to te taken down from his seat. He never recovered from this exposure, and he died in 1862, when only thirty-three years old. His wife, thus bereft, courage ously reared her four children, sending them to school and giving thera xvhat advantages she could. She afterward married again, when XVarren M. Angel was ten years old. The latter was born January 18, 1856, and at the age of fifteen left 488 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. home and went to California. I-Te had received a fair amount of education, and also learned hoxv to work, and on arriving in this xvestern country he did Avhatever came to hand. He Avas tAventy-tAvo years old AA-hen he came to Nevada in 1878, and after foUoAving the active life of a cowboy for two years returned to California and took a commercial course in the Garden City Commercial College, He then returned to Nevada and at Wells opened a general meichandise store, Avhere he sold goods for tAvo years. He also opened a store in Spruceniont, Elko county, Avhere he sold supplies to the miners, but when the camp Avent down he lost all he had made. He then bought a ranch of four hundred and forty acres in the beautiful Clover valley, going in debt for the property and paying twO' per cent interest. He engaged in raising cattle and hay, and xvas getting along nicely xvhen he met with a serious accident xvhich almost resulted in crippling him for life. He fell xvith a derrick xvhich xvas used for stacking hay, and the bones in both his heels xvere broken. Fle had his feet in plaster of paris casts and had to xvalk on his knees for a number of months. He kept his farm but moved into XVells in order to save his feet and school his children, and is noxv nearly recovered from the fall. Mr. Angel continued steadfast in the Republican ranks xvhen all his neighbors espoused the cause of silxer, and in 1898 he received the appoint ment of postmaster of Wells from Pi'esident McKinley. He has filled the office very efficiently ever since, and to the eminent satisfaction of all con cerned. Tn the postoffice building he runs a notion and stationery store, and is making a success of all his endeavors. He is still engaged in the nianagement of his farm. He has a number of Merino sheep, Hereford cattle and some Hambletonian horses, and is an up-to-date stockman. Mr. Angel has been a Mason since 1885, when he xvas initiated into Elko Lodge No. 15; F. & A, M., and he is also past chancellor and the present master of finance of the Knights of Pythias, In 1885, while a resi dent of Spruceniont, Mr. Angel married Miss Ruth Helen Wiseman, who was born in Maysville, California, a daughter of Isaac Wiseman, xvho came to that state in 1869. The folloxving children have been born of this union: Loren C, Gertrude E,, Henry W, and Clifton E, Mrs, Angel is a member of the Presbyterian church, and his religion has been to do right and conform to the tenets of his fraternal orders, xx'hose teachings are alxvays uplifting and beneficent. HON. JOHN NEWTON EVANS. The life record of Hon. John Newton Evans forras a connecting link betxveen the pioneer past and the progressive present in Nevada. Fexv of the residents of the state longer resided within its torders, for he came here when this section of the country was yet a part of the territory of Utah, arriving in the year 1859. He xvas but a toy when he crossed the plains in company with his brothers and settled in the midst of a pioneer country forty miles north of what is noxv the popu lous city of Reno. Since that time marked advancement has been made until the traveler ol to-day can scarcely reahze xvhat was the condition of this dis trict at the time Mr. Evans took up his abode here. A I-TISTORY OF NEVADA. ' 489 John Newton Evans, who died November 14, 1903, was born in Defiance, Ohio, on the 13th of May, 1835, of Welsh ancestry. Four brothers of the name of Evans became early settlers of Kentucky, and of one of these. Pierce Evans, his father, was a son. He was reared in Highland county, Ohio, and, removing to Fort Defiance? selected lands there long tefore any survey had been made. He became the oxvner of a number of fertile farms there, and during the greater part, of his business career also carried ori merchandising. As a companion and helpmate for life's journey he chose Miss Mary Ann Braucher, a native of Highland county, Ohio, and they became the parents of eleven children, b'Ut only two are now living, Alvaro Evans teing now an honored pioneer of Nevada, residing in Reno, and Mrs. Mary Arrowsmith, a resident of Long Valley, California. In the public schools ol his native state John Evans was educated, and when he was still quite young he and his brother took a drove of cattle across the plains. When they reached their destination there were only five ranches in this entire country. They became the owners of five thousand acres of land situated in the midst of an attractive district noted for its healthfulness, its excellent climate and for the good pasturage it afforded. They had brought xvith them about five hundred head of cattle and with these began their stock- raising interests in the xvest. For ten years, however, the Indians frecjuently made raids upon their ranches, driving off the stock, soinetimes getting as high as four hundred head. They belonged to the XVinnemuccas, the Pah- Utes and the Sioux trites. On each occasion that a raid was raade upon the ranch Mr. Evans took command, of what few men he could muster and made a brave effort to regain possession of the stock, although on each occa sion he was in imminent clanger of losing his own life. They made friends with a young Winneraucca, and he often xvarned thera and put thera on their guard when the Tndians were about to starapede the cattle. On one occasion he came to their place and said there was a camp of Pah-Ute Tndians near by, saying also that if they would arm the Tndians they would go and help take the Pah-Utes. This was clone and nine of tlie invading red men were killed and the rest hastily made their departure. The following year the Pierson family were massacred, this occurring in the spring of 1867, and Mr. Evans xvas always of the opinion that it xvas in retaliation for the punishment which the Tndians had receiv.ed the spring before. At another time Mr. Evans was captain of a coinpany of nineteen men that went in pursuit of the murderers ol the Pierson Iamily. The trail Avas very plain, for the ground was covered with snow, but as this was in a slushy condition it made traveling very difficult. After following the Tndians for a number of days, eight of the party gave out. Mr. Evans pushed on with the remainder, hoping to come upon the Indians the next morning. They camped in the wet snow and did not dare to make a fire. They were compelled, however, tO' give up the pursuit, but afterward learned that they had come within five miles ol the headquarters of the entire band of In dians, and had they gone any farther every one of the white men would have undoubtedly been killed. Later General Kearney inflicted upon the Tndians several punishments, and they then remained peaceful until 1864. Tn that year Mr. Evans returned to Ohio for more stock, and on the plains he met 490 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Rigar and his company going out with about one hundred head ol horses, but the Tndians on the Sweetwater stampeded all ol his horses. Rigar was devoid ol fear and went in pursuit, but at a later date he was killed by the Indians. ¦ During that journey across the plains Mr. Evans never allowed his horses to be put of his sight. He again crossed the plains to Texas in 1869, but the Sioux Tndians were then upon the warpath and xvere so troublesome that he drove his two thousand head of cattle one thousand miles out of the way in order tO' avoid the redskins. At lengtii they arrived safely at Fort Kearney, and frora there on a coinpany of cavalry was at every other station for the protection of the emigrants. As they proceeded some Tndians made a raid upon Mr. Evans and his party, and succeeded in stampeding forty- nine of his fine horses. There were about eleven Sioux xvho did this depre dation, and Mr. Evans followed them until the following day, when he was joined by a cavalry company and they continued in pursuit, for four days longer, but xvithout success. Through yarious losses of this kind Mr. Evans had many thousand dollars' worth of claims against the g'overnment. After residing for fifteen years in Humboldt county he sold his large landed hold ings there, disposing at that time of two thousand head ol cattle for one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. About txvo years before, he- and his partners had sold from the ranch ten thousand head of cattle for about twelve dollars per head. Upon leaving the farm Mr. Evans removed to Reno. Until his death he leased the Vale ranch, on which he had about one thousand head of cattle and on which he annually raised large quantities ol hay. In 1878 he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining ReiiO' on the north, and on this tract built his fine commodious residence. He sub-divided a part of this land into town lots, and the Nevada State University is built upon it. Gradually the town has grown out in that direction, and some fine residences have been built upon the tract, which has become very valu able. He also owned two hundred and fifty acres ol land on the west side ol the city by the water works. In 1877 Mr. Evans was married to Miss Elizabeth Metcall, a native of Lima, Ohio, and a daughter of Judge B. F. Metcalf, one of Ohio's most prominent jurists and statesmen. The union has been blessed with six chil dren: J. N., who is UOAV in charge of a ranch; Ben Allen, who is a senior in the Nevada University; Mary Elizateth, a graduate of _ the university; Pierce Rice, at home; Nancy B., who died in 1901 ; and Rowena, at home. Mr. Evans was a Republican until the silver question came prominently be fore the people. He never sought or held office, except serving for twO' terms as regent ol the University of Nevada. He was one of the most prominent as well as successful representatives of stock-raising interests in the state, and there were few, if any, residents of Nevada who had been more actively con nected with events framing the pioneer history of this locality. He had many encounters with the Indians and many narrow escapes, so that he seemed, to possess a charmed life. His history, if written in detail, would constitute a story more thrilling than any romance of fiction, and would present a picture of pioneer experiences of which people ol the present day can form no clear conception. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 491 STEPHEN EDE. One of the pioneer farmers living in the Truckee meadows is Stephen Ede, who is successfully conducting agricultural inter ests. He crossed the plains in the year 1859, passing through that portion of the territory of Utah which is now included within the boundary lines of Nevada. He was born in England in 1838 and conies ol old English ancestry, his parents being Peter and Sarah (Willett) Ede, also natives of the "nierrie isle." In the year 1844, when their little son was a lad of six summers, they crossed the Atlantic to the ucav world and settled in Wis consin nineteen. miles from Milwaukee. The father Avas accompanied by his xvife and six children, and spent his remaining days in the Badger state, where he lived to the ripe old age of seventy-eight years and xvas then called to his final rest. His wife departed this life at the age of sixty-six years, and only two of the family are nox\' living, Mr. Ede being the only one in Nevada. It was under the parental roof in Wisconsin that Stephen Ede spent the days of his boyhood and youth, and in the public schools near by he acquired his education. He gave his father the benefit of his services until he was about twenty-one years of age, xvhen, imbued with a spirit of adven ture, a desire to see more of the world and also a laudable ambition to attain business success in the xvest, he crossed the plains in corapany with the Evans brothers, driving cattle on the long trip to the far west and settling on the Summit in Sierra county. This was the year of the great minin'g . excitement concerning the discovery of gold at Pike's Peak, and Mr. Ede and his corapanions purchased nearly txvo hundred head of the oxen that had been driven to Pike's Peak by the emigrants, who, having reached their destination, cared no longer to retain their stock. Mr. Ede and his companions had altogether one hundred ancl fifteen oxen and fifty cows. During the two years succeeding their arrival they sold their oxen for four hundred dollars a yoke, and the coxvs brought one hundred dollars each. After i-emaining in the Golden state for about tAX'o years Mr. Ede returned ^to San Francisco, and thence embarked for the east, but did not remain long in "the states." In 1864 he once raore crossed the plains, bring ing his faraily with him. He drove fifty head ol horses, and the trip was accomplished in salety. Mr. Ede was happily married in 1863 to Miss Eleanor Gleason, who was born in Ireland. On reaching the Pacific coast the young couple took up their atode in the Sierra valley, and there Mr. Ede engaged in the rasing ol stock and in the dairy business, following that pursuit until 1876. On the expiration ol that period he removed to Reno and purchased his present ranch ol two hundred and seven acres, which was partially improved. He gave eight thousand dollars lor this property, which a lew years before had sold for sixteen hundred dollars. This indicated the rise in land values in this section and also shows the rapid developraent ol the Washoe valley. Mr. Ede erected all of the substantial buildings which are now upon his farm, planted the orchards and developed a part ol his place from the sage brush; Soon after he obtained possession of his ranch, alfalfa was intro duced into Nevada, and when it was found that it grew well and yielded two large crops each year, so that the land could te utilized in producing 492 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. very paying crops, prices of land again rose, and yyithin recent years Mr. Ede has refused eighteen thousand doljars for his property. He has been a very successful farmer, and since coming to the west has prospered in his business affairs. His success, however, is the result ol close and con tinued effort guided by sound business judgment. In his work Mr. Ede has always been encouraged and assisted by his estimable wife, a worthy pioneer woman who for many years has been a witness of the development and progress of this portion of the country. They now have a nice home and are highly respected people. To them were born eleven children, but one has passed away. This Avas Rose, a j'oung lady who died in the twenty-second year ol her age. She had grad uated Irom the Napa College, and was pursuing a course in medicine pre paratory to becoming a practitioner when her liie was ended. The eldest daughter of the family, Alice, who has been a prominent -school teacher for a number of years, is now an instructor in the high school at Elko. The others of the family are Jared, who is living at Lake Tahoe; Everett, of Reno; John, of XVadsworth; Estella, the Avife of J. T. Brooks of San Jose, California, and prior to her marriage she graduated Irom the Nevada State University and had been a teacher in that institution for lour years; Ellen, the Avife ol Fred Wales, an engineer on the Southern Pacific Rail road; Robert, ol Oakland, California; Philip, who is at home with his father; R,ubie, the wife ol WiUiam Lunford, of Reno; and Hattie, who is also under the parental roof and completes the family. Mr. Ede Avas a stanch Republican for many years, but, being in favor of bimetalism, he does not consider himself bound by party ties now and votes independently. He is a member of the Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M. and by his brethren of the fraternity as well as by all who know him he is held in high regard. THE ELKO INDEPENDENT, which has had an uninterrupted exist ence for over a third ol a century, and has been as powerlul as any other one lactor in promoting the general progress and wellare ol the state of Nevado, is .now indigenous to the town ol Elko, but was first started at Unionville in 1867 as the Humboldt Register, its owner being Ed KeUey, the present surveyor general ol the state. S. S. Sears conducted it until 1888, when C. XV. Grover bought out Mr. Sears, and ran the paper until May I, 1 89 1, when the concern xvas leased to Mr. W. W. Booher, who conducted it on lease until January i, 1892, when he purchased it out right, and has since been its able editor and publisher. The paper has had a daily issue since January i, 1876. Its long and successful career is a matter of credit and pride to its various proprietors, and as a rnolder of public opinion toward progressive aims its influence has been incalculable. It was started as a Democratic organ, and, although it espoused the cause of silver and bimetalism during that movement, its trend has been steadily Democratic. Mr. Booher, who has been so successful in the management of the Independeitt for over twelve years, and has likewise teen identified with A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 493 many movements in the public interest and has had an interesting career, was born in East Groveland, Livingston county. New York, on Octoter 13, 1849, ^"d is of German-Swiss ancestry, his grandfather having been the progenitor of the family in this country. The parents of the present family xvere members ol the Methodist church and Mr. Booher was also reared in that laith. He was educated in the home schools, in the Genesee Wesleyan Sem inary at Lima, New Y'ork, and finished at the State University of Mis souri. In 1869 he went to Savannah, Andrew county, Missouri, and was a teacher in the schools of that county for six years. In February, 1875, he started for Nevada, and arrived in Virginia City on St. Valentine's day. At first he did whatever came to hand, was clerk in the law office of Eastman and McQuaid, where he xvas getting xvell started when the big fire ol 1875 turned him out ol employment. In January, 1876, he was appointed clerk ol the justice court ol township No. i, and after a year in that position was appointed deputy constable of township No. 2, which office he filled for two years. In 1880 he was employed to teach the Sutro school, which he did for four years, and iii the same year was made super intendent of the Storey county schools for two years. Tn i884-'85-'86 he taught the Hawthorne school, and in September, 1886, came to Elko, where he was engaged in teaching up to May 30, 1891, sinc% which time he has teen occupied in the main by his editorial duties. Mr. Booher has always been Democratic in political belief. Tn 1890 , he was candidate of the party for clerk of the supreme court of the state. In 1876, 1888 and 1892 he was a candidate for the state assembly, but each time his party ticket was defeated. In 1898, while he was absent in the east, his name was put on the state tickd for regent of the State Uni versity and was defeated, and in 1900 he was elected to the short term of that office and re-elected in 1902 for the long term, an office which he still holds. Mr. Booher believes he holds the record for the greatest number of defeats at the hands of political oijponents. He, has often allowed the u.se of his name in making up a party ticket, but ol late years his candidacy has -teen more successlul. Mr. Booher was married April 25, 1899, to Miss Mary A. Chapman, ol Dansville, Livingston county. New York. He has been a inembar ol the Independent Order ol Odd Fellows since 1873, has passed the chairs in all its branches, is a past grand master and past grand patriarch ol the grand lodge and grand encampment of the state, and has been repre sentative at the sovereign grand lodge held in Providence, Rhode Island, also in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Springfield, Illinois, and at Boston, Mas sachusetts. Mr. Booher has a fine record as an enthusiastic and successful teacher, xvhich he has duplicated in his journalism, and he is one of the best known and most highly esteemed men ol his county and state. B. F. BAKERi proprietor of the Nucleus Hotel at Hawthorne, has resided in Nevada for the past thirty-three years. He was born in Mis souri in January, 1867, and is of German ancestry. His lather, Henry 494 A- HISTORY OF NEVADA. Baker, was born in Ohio and removed to Virginia City in 1870 and is now a resident of Mason valley, where he has a good farm of two hundred and forty acres, which he has greatly improved. He married Miss Christiana Hernliben, a i-kative of Missouri and of German ancestors. He is now sixty- five years of age, and she is fifty-three, and their children are respected citizens of Nevada, When B. F. Baker was in his fourth year he xvas brought to Virginia City, but he was educated in the public schools of Yerington, Lyon county, Nevada, and reared upon his father's ranch. In 1896 he engaged in the hotel business in Yerington, and is still oxvner of the Conimercial Hotel in that city. Just before the discovery of gold at Nome he spent eleven months in the Klondike, but the season is so short and the climate so unfavorable that he retumed home. In April, 1903, he xvent to HaAvthorne and rented the Nucleus House, and has put it in fine condition. It has twenty-three large and well furnished bedrooms, the cuisine is excellent and the eniployes_ capable and courteous. Mr. Baker himself is an ideal host, careful of the comfort of his guests and anxious to provide them xvith whatever they may require, so that it is small wonder that the patronage of his house is constantly increasing. On April 2, 1894, he was married to Maggie Ellis, a native of Mis souri, but reared in Nevada. They have a son, Fay L. Baker. Mr. Baker is a niember of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and has passed all the chairs in the order, and is connected with the order of Foresters. In politics he is a good Democrat, although in local affairs he is inclined to vote for the raan best suited for the office. Mr. and Mrs. Baker were reared in the Methodist faith, and they give the church of that denomination in Yer ington their generous support. Few people stand any higher in the confi dence of the community than do these two most excellent people. AtJGUST DESIRE LEMAIRE. One of Nevada's- prominent pioneer citizens and business men, residing at Battle Mountain, is August Desire Lemaire, who has been a resident ol this commonwealth since August, 1863. Tie is, however, a native ol France, where his birth occurred on the 6th of February, 1839, and he was there reared to mature years. He subsequently made his way to the new xvorld, and arrived in California in April, 1859, after a journey across the isthmus, being at that time a single man, without any knowledge of the English language and with but very little money. He first engaged in mining at North Bloomfield and at Folsom, but without suc cess, and as a means of livelihood he began work on a farm at twenty-five dollars a raonth. Returning from Folsom to North Bloomfield, he was given the position of ditch-tender, for which he received ninety dollars a rtionth, this being four tinies the amount he could have earned had he remained in France. In July, 1863, Mr. Lemaire made his way to Virginia City, Nevada, and on the 23d of August of that year went to Golconda, whence in 1864 he arrived on the present site of XVinnemucca, but at that time a town had not been thought of. In company with his txvo cousins he bought a ranch noxv A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 495 within the present city limits, the purchase price being seventy dollars. They immediately began the erection of a toll bridge across Plumboldt river at that place, which was corapleted in the winter of 1864-5, ^""^ '*^ was given the name of French bridge. They had received the contract to construct the Humboldt Canal, extending from Golconda to Mill City, to supply a cpiartroad experience and persistency of purpose he is enjoying a well merited prosperity. Mr. Lonkey was born in Canada, November 5, 1832, and is of French extraction. He was reared in the country of his nativity and acquired the greater part of his education in the dear school of experience. He has, how ever, learned many valuable lessons there and has become a practical, pro gressive business man, capable of ably directing important industrial inter ests. Tn the year 1856 he went to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama and began earning his living in the far west by working as a chopper. Receiving good wages, he saved his money, and in 1859 was thus enabled to purchase a sawraill in Grass Valley. The mill was operated by steam and equipped with a circular saw, and had a daily capacity of twenty thousand feet of lumber. Mr. Lonkey sold the product of the raill for sixteen dollars per thousand feet at the mill and prospered in this undertaking. He thus continued the business until 1864, when he removed his mill to Washoe and there engaged in cutting lumber until 1872, when he sold his plant to H. M. Yerington and Captain Haney. Mr. Lonkey then re moved to Virginia City, where he owned a large lumber yard for a number of years, but in 1882 left that place and took up his abode at Truckee, where he had purchased a mill ten years before. In that year he had removed his family to Verdi, but retained his lumber yards at Virginia City and at - Prosser Creek. The mill which he now owns in Verdi has a capacity of one hundred and twenty thousand feet in twenty-four hours, and the com- A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 527 pany owns a timber tract ol twelve thousand acres, densely covered xvith fine trees. In 1901 Mr. Lonkey incorporated his business, with a capital stock of three hundred thousand dollars, under the name of the Verdi Lumter Coniijany, of which he is the president, and here he still continues in the manufacture of lumber, his business having reached extensive proportions. Verdi is a nice little toxvn which has been built up around his saw mill plant, many of its people being those xvho are employed in the mill, for Mr. honkey employs one hundred and fifty xvorkinen, and a large number of them have tecome the possessors of nice homes in Verdi. Mr. Lonkey has built for himself a palatial residence, in xvhich he is now spending the evening of a very active and successful business career. He also owns c]uite a numter of buildings in Verdi, and xvas practically the founder and pro moter of the town. The company, in addition to the lumber plant, has a large mercantile enterprise in Verdi, occupying a fine brick building whicii they also own. In i860 Mr. Lonkey was united in marriage to Miss May Cheverefels, also a native of Canada, and they have now traveled life's journey happily together for forty-three years, sharing their joys and sorrows, their ad versity and prosperity. They have long been devout communicants of the Roman Catholic church. Since tecoming an American citizen Mr. Lonkey has been a stalwart advocate of the Republican party, having firra faith in its principles. His influence has ever furthered the cause of teraperance, and his labors have been active in suppressing the liquor traffic to the full extent of his power in this direction. Such a life is surely a potent element for good in the community. His business career has been most honorable, and therefore the most envious cannot grudge hira his success. His course has not been altogether an easy one, for though he is now blessed with pros perity he has had raany difficulties and obstacles to encounter. Seven times he has suffered losses by fire, the aggregate sum amounting to quite a for tune, but with courageous heart and firm determination he has set to work to retrieve his lost possessions and to-day is numtered araong the men of affluence of the community. SAMUEL RIDDELL, for over twenty years a prominent and well known resident of Star • valley, Elko county, and now rdired from a life of activity whicii was so useful and gave him a full share of wordly pros perity, has been an American citizen for fifty-five years, and during only the last few years of that time has he given up his industrious endeavors in order to pass his remaining years in the peace and comfort which he has so well earned,Mr. Riddell was born in county Monahan, Ireland, in 1826, the son of John and Mary (McMullen) Riddell who were emigrants to America in 1852, and spent the rest of their long lives in Argyle, Washington county. New York, where the former attained the age of eighty years, and the latter passed away only three years previously to her husband. Mr. Riddell had preceded his parents to this great new world, having 628 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. made the voyage in 1847, when he xvas just of age. He remained awhile in New York city, and then took up his residence in Argyle, New York, where he spent a number of years. He came to Nevada in 188 1, and bought the land where his present ranch is located. The improvements which he effected, however, have made the place quite different from what it xvas then, toth in point of general appearance and in productiveness and value. His sons Eben and James now have four hundred acres of the place, and have good I'esidences and are successful farmers. Mr. Riddell has given up to these sons in large measure the active management of the estate, and he and his life partner have a comfortable home in a neat cottage on the ' ranch. Mr. Riddell was married in November, 1852, to Miss Mary McDonnie, a native of England. Of their six children, three have passed away. James and Ebenezer, the sons above mentioned, have nice homes near their father, and the daughter Minnie is the wife ol N. B. Armstrong. Mr. and Mrs. Riddell have been members ol the Presbyterian church all their lives, and ai'e deserving of the respect and esteem which are everywhere paid their old age. He is strong and active even though nearing the eighty-year mark, and his long life of usefulness may well be a model and incentive to effort for younger men. THE REESE RIVER REVEILLE, the wdl known semi-weekly joumal published at Austin, Nevada, has the honor of being the oldest continuously published paper, except one, in the state of Nevada. W. C. PhUlips, an enterprising newspaper man of New York, came to Nevada in the pioneer days, and when the first raining excitement broke out at Austin shipped in a printing press, and on the i6th of May, 1863, appeared the first issue of the Reveille, redolent of pioneer conditions and the raining life. It was a weekly with six columns to the page. Mr. Phillips xvas assisted in puttirig up the press and bringing out the first paper by Mr. O. L. C. Fairchilds, who continued as assistant editor and publisher. The price was fifty cents a copy, or twenty-four dollars a year, payable in the gold coin of the United States, and as Austin was in a high state ol prosperity at that time the paper was correspondingly successful and enjoyed a wide circulation. There was plenty to stir the feelings then outside of the stir and bustle of mining centers, for the Civil war xvas in progress, and the paper wa§ a stanch and courageous upholder of the Union and freedom. After the third issue it was decided that on the 3d of June the Reveille should appear thrice a week. Soon after this O. L, C. and J. D. Fairchilds leased the office. Adair Wilson was engaged as editor and in December Myron, Angel became assist ant. Mr. Wilson continued in that capacity until 1864, and then- Mi". Angel was editor until January, 1868. In 1864 Mr. Phillips sold the plant to the Fairchilds brothers, who enlarged it and on May 24 issued the first numter of the Daily Reese River Reveille, a morning paper of nine columns to the page. Mr. LOcke was made local editor, to te succeeded by Mr, Wil mington, and the latter in 1865 by B. J. Burns, who was an able journaHst and filled the position until 1869. A decUne occurring in the mining opera- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 529 tions, the paper was reduced to six columns to the page and fifteen inches in length on August 2, 1864, and in June of the following year the columns were made seventeen inches long, xvhich was the size of the paper until 1881. In October, 1868, J. D. Fairchilds sold his interest to his brother, and on August 14, 1871, the plant passed into the control of Andrew Casamayon and John H. Dennis. September 9, 1873, Mr. Dennis sold his share to John Boothe, Mr. Casamayon taking the position of editor, and on December 21, 1875, the paper appeared under the firm name of John Boothe and Company. Fred H. Hart became editor, and Mr. A. Maute (now state printer, 1903) was business manager. From 188 1 to 1883 ^1^ Doten was its able editor. On the death of Mr. Casamayon, Mr. Boothe became sole proprietor and continued the ownership and publicaition until March 13, 1884, when his death occurred. Mr. Boothe was a native of England, and was a man of much ability and large journalistic experience. He had made hosts of friends and was one of Nevada's best knoxvn and most esteemed pioneer ciitzens. He xvas a member of the Masonic fraternity, and was buried with the honors of that order. After the death of her husband, until 1886, Mrs. Boothe continued to publish the paper xvith John W. Madrill as editor. George XX'' Carpenter then had charge as editor and manager until 1888 when the plant was pur chased by C. W. Hichcliff, George Rutherford becoming editor. Tn 1890 A. F. Philips became editor, and filled the position until June 20, 1893, when the Reveille Publishing Company purchased the enterprise. Judge W. D. Jones was its able editor until the fall of 1898, xvhen F. H. Triplett was made 'editor and has continued to fill that responsible office to the present time. May 19, 1894, the Publishing Company sold the Rczville to Dalton and Clifford, the Lander county druggists and business men. These are able men, and the latter is a practical printer and a forceful writer, and under the present management the paper is receiving good patronage in subscrip tions, advertising and job work. The Reveille xvas continued as a daily until 1890, but has since been issued serai-weekly, a four-page, five-column, eleven and a quarter by seventeen inch sheet, and is published independent in politics. Mr. Triplett is a native son of Austin, Nevada, and xvas the first white male child born in the town, whicii important event occurred and was duly chronicled in January, 1864. He has been connected xxith the Reveille since 1876, serving in all the capacities from devil to editor and manager, with the exception of six years spent in newspaper work in California and other parts of this state. He has proved an able worker at the head ol the Reveille, and has done much to maintain the paper's reputation gained through forty years ol continuous existence. ROBERT C. SCHEEL, a prominent farmer and sheep-raiser of Mason valley, Nevada, was born in Prussia December 26, 1840, and was educated in his native country until he was thirteen years of age. At that time he went to sea, sailing before the mast to the different seaports of the world. In 530 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the spring of 1866 he sailed on an American ship from Boston bound for San Francisco, and upon landing there he went into the country and worked for wages until he became a sheep-oxvner, in 1875, in Calaveras county. He prospered in his business, owning as many as ten thousand sheq> at one time. In 1890 he removed to Nevada, believing he would find there better oppor tunities for his sheep-raising. Two years later he purchased -his present very. desirable farra of one hundred and sixty acres one and one-half miles south east of Yerington, where he has a good homestead and makes it his head quarters, while his large flocks ol sheep are in charge ol his herders in the mountains as high as nine thousand feet. He raises his own hay and grain as well as farm products, and is very successful in all he undertakes. The strain of his sheep is fine Merino. In addition to this property he owns a fine range of five hundred acres near Dayton. In politics Mr. Scheel is a Republican, and religiously was brought up in the Lutheran faith. He is a reliable man, who by hard work and thrift has raised himself to his present enviable position. Aniong his neightors he bears a good name, is recognized as a clean, honest fellow ancl one whose word is to be relied upon. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS FOGG, county clerk ol Washoe county and ex-officio clerk of the second judicial district court of the state of Nevada, in and for Washoe county, maintains his residence in Reno and is known as a citizen of worth, well deserving to be mentioned aniong the representative men of this commonwealth. He was born in Missouri on the 30th day of January, 1845, ^"cl is ol English descent, his ancestors, however, having been early settlers of New England. The first of the narae in the United States was Samuel Fogg, who came from Exeter, England, in 1630, and settled in New Hampton, New Hamp shire, in 1638. About the same date his ancestors on the Cleveland side of his faraily settled in the state of Massachusdts, and in colonial days were_ participants in the Revolutionary war. Rev. Ebenezer Cleveland, the mater nal great-grandfather of Mr. Fogg, fought in the battle of Bunker Hill and his remains now lie in Rockport, Massachusdts. Ivory Small Fogg, the father of W. A. Fogg, was torn in the Pine Tree state. He met and married Hannah Augusta Cleveland at her birth place, Rockport, Massachusdts, and in 1834 they removed to Quincy, Illinois. They afterwards reraoved to St. Louis, Missouri, and the father died of yellow fever in Selma, Alabaraa, leaving a widoxv and four children to mourn his loss. The mother carefully reared and educated her children, doing every thing in her power to promote their interests and xvelfare, and she now resides in San Francisco in the ninetieth year of her age, deserving and receiving the filial care and attention of her children. The eldest son, George H. Fogg, crossed the plains in 1849, ^^ter which he returned to the east, but again made the journey over the long stretches of desert and through the mountain passes to the Pacific coast in 1853. In i860 he became a resident of Vir-ginia City, Nevada, and he now resides in nr-^cj<. reraoved to Dayton, while some time later he came to the Washoe valley. Here he began clerking for Oliver Lonkey, a gentlera^i with whom he has raaintained business relations con tinually since, to the profit and pleasure ol both gentlemen. Tn 1869 he opened a mercantile store in Franktown, xvhere he engaged in selling goods for ten years, and in 1880 he took the census of Washoe valley. The fol lowing year he again became connected in business with Mr. Lonkey at Prosser Creek, and leaving that place came to Verdi. Subsequently he spent a year and a half in Reno, and then returned to Verdi, where he engaged in selling merchandise with Mr. I^onkey. He and his wife are now conduct ing the large boarding house owned by the Verdi Lumber Company. This is a well kept establishment, neat and attractive in appearance and an excel lent table is set. Mr. Cobb was married in July, 1878, the lady of his choice teing Miss Annie Crowder, a native daughter ol Califomia, born in Yolo county. Tliis union has been blessed with a son ancl daughter : Harry C, now a bright young man who is leaming the machinist's trade; and Georgie, who ched at the age ol seven years. She was a x'ery beautiful and attractive child, and her untimely death was deeply felt by her parents. Mr. Cobb has built a nice and commodious residence in Verdi, and he and his wife have many friends here. Mrs. Cobb belongs to the Episcopal church. He was made a Mason in Bethlehem Lodge, F. & A. M., in i860, in Augusta, Maine, and.. now affiliates with Reno Lodge No. 13, ol which he is a xvorthy exemplar. A stanch Republican in his political views, he has held the office of county commissioner of Washoe county, and his service was such that his fellow citizens had no reason to think their confidence in him misplaced. He wins friends wherever he goes. A hearty laugh and a jovial disposition are among his strongly raarked characteristics, and it is such men as Mr. Cobb who shed around them rauch ol the sunshine of life and add to the universal happiness. DILLON ROBERTS, xvho has one ol the finest stock ranches in Clover yalley and is one of the most successful stock and grain raisers of Elko county, has been in the state of Nevada for over thirty years, ever since he was a young man, and has resided at his present place for fourteen years. Tn the early days he was driver of a stage over many of the roads ol Nevada, and from that arduous occupation gradually worked into the stock business, which he has followed so- successfully ever since. Mr. Roberts comes of a southern family, his parents, Jesse and Nancy Caroline (Wickersham) Roberts, being natives, respectively, ol North and South Carolina. They were early pioneers to the state ol Indiana, and also later to Iowa, where they spent the remainder ol their lives. Jesse R,oterts A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 535 lived to be eighty-three years old, but his wife died at the age of forty. They xvere the parents of nine children, of whom six are living at the present time. Mr. Roberts was born in Lee county, loxva, April 26, 1846, and re mained on his father's farm and attended the neighborhood school until he Avas of age. He came to Nevada in 1871, and his first xvork xvas driving stage from Palisade to the different points then reached by stage, and also from Elko to Cornucopia, He drove stage between Spruce and Cherry creek for about txvelve years, and in 1889 purchased his present farm. He has two thousand acres in his ranch, and has I'aised much grain, whicii he feeds to his stock. He keeps about four hundred head of cattle and twenty- five horses, and has every facility for making his business pay large returns. Large and substantial barns give shelter to the grain, and protect the cattle from the rigor of Nevada xvinters. One of the most valuable adjuncts is a fine stream of mountain xvater xvhich crosses the place and affords an unfailing supply for his cattle and other agricultural purposes. The farm is one of the most valuable in the valley, and its present condi tion is largely the result of Mr. Robert's efforts since he took possession txvelve years ago. He has an artistic brick residence, the only one ol that material in the valley, and even the general appearance of the farm would indicate to the casual observer that its owner is a studiously enterprising and progressive agriculturist. To such raen farming in Nevada is a paying investment, and in all the fertile valleys of the state there are no better situated and prettier homesteads than that of Mr. Roberts. Mr. Roberts was married April 3, 1892, to Miss Melinda Jane Winchell, and they have a happy home and raany kind friends. He has always voted the Republican ticket, but has never taken time from his business to give to practical politics. HENRY BAKER, one of the successful farmers of Mason valley, is a veteran ol the Civil war and has resided in the valley lor the past thirty- three years, having corae to Virginia City in 1870. He is a native ol Ohio, having been born in that state January 8, 1839, and coraes ol German an cestry. His lather, Ignatius Baker, was born in Baden, Germany, where he was reared to manhood. There he raarried and then emigrated to Madi son county, Ohio, bringing xvith him the three children born tO' himself and wife in Gerraa-ny. He was the father of fifteen children, twelve of whom were reared to raaturity, and seven are noxv living. His deatii occurred when he was fifty-five years of age, while his widow lived to be seventy-one years of age. They were industrious farraers, and in religion were Roraan Catholics. When Henry Baker was six years of age the family moved to Missouri, and he was reared and educated in the public schools of his new home, work ing upon his father's stock farm. In 1862 he enlisted in Corapany G, First Missouri Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the battle of Pilot Knob, but was retained in St. Louis the greater portion of the tirae to protect the country from General Sterling Price. For three years he served faithfully, and was then honorably discharged to become a niember of the Home Guards to 536 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. protect Union men. During his long seryice he never received a hurt of any kind or served in the guardhouse an hour. After the war he remained in Missouri until 1870, when he came to Virginia City, Nevada, where two brother'S-in-law had preceded him. For a short time he worked in that city, and then removed to Mason valley and purchased his present fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres. This property he has improved and made it into one of the best in Lyon county, devoting it to hay, grain and vegetables, while he supports a dairy of twenty-five cows, Durham breed, and raises all his own cattle and horses. In 1867 he was happily married to Miss Christiana Hernleben, torn in Missouri. They have ten children living and two deceased. Mrs. Baker is a Methodist in religion, and a worthy lady. Two of the sons, Walter Rowley and Alfred Lee, are at home. Mr. Baker has always been a Democrat, but has never desired office. The family stands very high in the community, and all of the children have established themselves and are quite successful. HENRY CHRISTOPHER PIUNKEN has had an eventful and varied career. Bom in Germany, a miner in Australia, a factor in the business life of New York and of Chicago, and an interested witness of the devdopmait of Nevada, as xvell as a participant in business interests which have led to its substantial growth, he has gained broad knowledge frora his yarious ex periences, and also has won a comfortable competence in the management of his farm in the Washoe valley. Starting out in life empty-handed, he now has eleven hundred acres of valuable land, his home being situated only about a mile and a half northwest of Verdi. Mr. Hunken is a son of the fatherland, his birth having occurred in Germany on the 22d of November, 1838. He was educated there, and in 1852 came to the United States, being but fourteen years of age at the time. His cousin, who was proprietor of a grocery and provision store in Nexv York, sent him the money to pay his passage, and at the time of his arrival he had but a dollar and a half remaining. For five years he resided in the eastern metropolis, clerking in his cousin's store. He had no knowledge ol the English language at the time ol his arrival, but with the ready adapta bility ol a bright boy he soon picked up the speech of the new world. When nineteen years ol age he left America for the gold mines of Australia, -and was there engaged in a search for the precious metal, remaining in that country for ten years, sometimes meeting with success and again with failure in the mines. The year 1868 witnessed his arrival in Nevada. For six months he was employed in a sawmill in Truckee, and then came to Verdi, where he was first engaged in chopping wood through the winter months, while in the summer seasons he worked in a saxvmill. Thus twO' years were passed. Tn 1875 he xvent to Chicago and New York, but returned later to Verdi, and again worked in the sawmill for two years. In 1878 he purchased his present farm, then comprising eighty acres, and has since been identified with agricultural interests in the state. He began to improve his land and pre pare it for cultivation, and from time to time, as his capital has increased, A HISTORY OF NEVAt)A. 537 he has made additional investments in re^l estate until he is now the owner of eleyen hundred acres of land, much of which is covered with valuable timber. When the farm came into his possession it was largely covered with sagebrush, but he at once began to clear this away and to prepare it for the raising of crops. He has a good orchard and many modern equipments, in cluding the latest improved machinery. His barns are substantial and com modious, affording ample shelter for grain and stock, and he has upon his place ten cows, some young calves and several head of good horses. He has demonstrated the possibilities of the state as an agricultural district, and in his farming operations has prospered. In 1877 Mr. Hunken was married to Miss Frances Melissa Campbell, a native of Missouri, and to them have been born two sons and two daughters, namely: May Elizabeth, now the wife of Joseph Kane; Annie Katrina, the wife of Charles Powning; John Christopher, xvho died at the age -of seven teen years; and George Henry, who is noxv in school. An advocate ol the Democracy, Mr. Hunken always votes with that party, whose platform contains, in his opinion, the best elements of good government. Fraternally he is connected xvith the Ancient Order ol United Workmen, and his wife is a Baptist in religious' faith, while he was reared in the Lutheran church. He has given his financial aid for the furthering of moral teaching through the work of the church, but is not now identified with any denomination. His history is a splendid illustration of what honest effort can accomplish in a state like Nevada, and his life record should serve as a source of inspiration and encouragement to others. H. O. PURSELL, a prorainent pioneer fanner of Mason valley, xvho settled in the valley in 1868, is a native of Pennsylvania, where he was born, on the Monongahela river, Washington county, June 22, 1829. He comes of German and Irish ancestry. His father, Morris Pursell, was torn in Ohio, and married Miss Sarah Gormley, a native ol Pennsylvania. They were farmers, and he lived to be seventy-one years of age. In 1849 ^'^^ reraoved to Iowa, and his death occurred in that state. His wife passed away when forty years of age, while they resided in Pennsylvania. They were the parents of nine children, three of whom are living, but Mr. Pursell and his brother Morris are the only ones who came to Nevada. H. O. Pursell was reared upon a farm and attended the public schools, and in the meanwhile learning the trade of blacksmith, at which he worked until he came to Mason valley and took up two hundred acres oi land. From the wild tract he received from the state he has made one of the finest larms in the county, on which he raises barley, wheat and potatoes. His orchard is an excellent one, and in addition to that he raises a variety ol sraaU Iruits. Mr. Pursell also keeps a herd ol filty cattle, and sends the milk to the creamery in the vicinity. He has always been a Democrat, but has never sought or accepted office, except that ol sdiool trustee. On July 6, 1858, he was happily married to Miss Harriet Simpson. Thirteen children have been born to them, eight ol whom are living, namely : Rosetta married Richard Simmons 'and lives in California; Sarah Alice is 538 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mrs. Hogan, ol Colorado'; Samuel is married and resides with his father; Melvin is also married and lives with his father; Willie married and resides in Mason valley; Emma married Homer Stanley and resides in Mason valley; Laura married D. J. Butler and lives in Mason valley; Grace A. mar ried Matthew Penrose. There are twenty-two grandchildren in the family. Mrs. Pursell also survives and takes great pride in her fine family. Both these most excellent people are very highly esteemed throughout the neighbor hood where they have lived for sO' many years, and where they have been so closely identified with the development of the state. F. J. SCHNEIDER, deceased, xvas one of Eureka's most successful business men and pioneer citizens. He came to the state in i860, and was- the pioneer druggist ol the state, and xvas successluUy engaged in that trade in Eureka Irom 1870 until his death. He was a man ol shrewd and fine business ability, and though he met with some misfortunes he was in the main continuously successlul, and, what is more, gained the abiding respect of his felloxv citizens in whatever community he cast his lot. His business and his home xvere the centers of his affection and his activity, and the worthy performance of the duties connected with these relations gave him the love and esteem whicii he always enjoyed. Mr. Schneider xvas born in Cincinnati, Ohio,- October 24, 1834, and his German parents emigrated tO' this country and settled in Cincinnati when young people. Mr. Schneider was educated indiis native city and learned the drug business there. For three years he was engaged in trade in New York City, and then during the fifties came to San Francisco, where he followed his business for some years. He was next in Downieville, California, and came thence to Virginia City, Nevada, in i860. Thirty pack mules carried his stock of drugs and miners' supplies, and he employed Mexican drivers. Tie set up his establishment, building his own drug store, and was the first druggist to enter that prosperous mining center. He also built another build ing, xvhich at that time rented for six hundred dollars a month, but lost both structures in the devastating fire whicii swept the town. He at once rebuilt and continued his business until he sold out to Dr. A. M. Cole, who is noxv the oldest living druggist in the state. Mr. Schneider went from Virginia City to Mountain City, where he was in business a short time, was in Marys ville, California, two years, then in Truckee, and from the last named place came to Eureka in 1870. He opened his store as one of the pioneer business houses of the growing mining center, and in the early days of the town was burned out twice within eleven months. He succeeded, however, during the great flood, in keeping the water out of his place of business. No disasters disheartened him or caused more than a slight check to his prosperity, and he enjoyed a long continued career of business activity. Mr. Schneider died in Eureka on June 2, 1893. He had gained hosts of friends during his connection with the commercial life of his town, and his loss was deeply felt not only within the family circle, to which he was so devoted, but in the entire community. He was a Republican in politics, but had no time for practical politics. He had been happily married on Decemter .,--pi# ^ A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 539 10, 1863, to Miss Helen M. Champney, who was born in Massachusetts and came to the Pacific coast in 1863. Txvo daughters xvere born to Mr. and Mrs. Schneider. Hattie G. is the xvife of John Clendenin,g, a I'esident of Eureka. and Jennie B. is the xvife of Chester S. Batchelder, of Spokane, Washington. Mrs. Schneider and her son-in-law, Mr. Batchelder, settled the estate, and for the past seven years Mrs. Schneider has successfully continued the busi ness of her late husband. She keeps a drug clerk, and spends much of her time in the store. Her pleasant home is situated on the hill in Eureka, from which there is a fine viexv of the town, and she still enjoys the friendship of the raany friends she and her husband have made in the past thirty years. WILLIAM H. CAUGHLIN. Alraost every country on the face of the globe has sent its representatives to Nevada, and the stronger elements of various nationalities have combined in the developraent of a citizenship whose xvorth is shown in the rapid progress that the state has made along lines of material improvement and intellectual ancl moral growth in recent years. Mr. Caughlin is a native of Australia, his birth having occurred in that country on the i8th of December, 1847. Since 1864 he has lived in Ne vada. He is of Irish descent, his father, John Ii. Caughlin, having been born on the Emerald Isle, whence he removed to Australia, while in 1850 he crossed the water to California, which was then in the height of its mining excitement, gold having been discovered only two years before. He died there in the year 1852. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Honora Higgins, was also born in the Green Isle of Erin, and she survived her hus band for half a century, passing axvay in 1902, xvhen seventy-eight years ol age. They were the parents ol eight children, four of xvhom yet sur vive, but William and Jerry are now the only ones in Nevada. Williara Henry Caughlin was only about three years of age xvhen he carae with the family to the United States, and in California he acquired his education, while in this state he learned the blacksmith's trade, which he followed for a number of years. He located in Reno about the time of the establishraent of the city, and being an expert xvorknian he secured a liberal patronage and made money by his persistent and unfaltering labor. Tie also did blacksmithing in Carson City and at White Pine, and he came to his present location in 1896, having determined tO' put aside the duties of the smith and turn his attention to the tilling of the soil. He has a fine farm of two hundred acres pleasantly located a fexv railes xvest of Reno, and he also owns a side range of six hundred acres. He is now engaged in the raising of grain and stock, and upon his place are large and substantial barns for the shelter ol his cattle. The hay which he cuts annually is led to his stock, and the latter is sold at a good price upon the markets so that his labors bring a good return and make him one ol the men ol affluence in this locality. In 1900 he erected his fine residence, a modern home with splendid appoint ments and pleasing surroundings. A lile-long Republican, Mr. Caughlin was elected sheriff of Washoe county for three successive terms upon the ticket ol his party, and thus filled the office for six consecutive years. Prompt and fearless in the dis- 540 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. charge of his duties, he became a terror to all evil-doers and those who do not hold themselves amenable to law, and he succeeded in clearing the county of many desperate characters, arresting a number of men whose criminal records were very black. Property and life became more secure during his administration of the office, and he was accounted the most energetic, capa ble and reliable sheriff the county ever had. Tn 1872 Mr. Caughlin was united in marriage to Miss Cornelia J. Sloan, a native of Indiana, and to them three children have been born : Arthur, who is now living in Reno; and Albert G. and Edward, both at home. The wife and mother died in 1883. She was a most estimable lady, devoted to her family, faithful in friendship, and kindly in spirit, Mr. Caughlin re mained single until 1895, when he was again married, his second union teing with Miss Crissie H. Andrews, who was born in Washoe county, and is a daughter of George W. Andrews, a most worthy and honored pioneer settler of the state. This union has teen blessed with four bright and inter esting children : William, Syrene, Rowland and Elizabeth. Mr. and Mrs. Caughlin are weU known in Reno and throughout the surrounding district, and their many excellent traits of character and sterling xvorth have gained thera friendship and favor. An active business career, dominated by honor able purpose and upright dealing, has brought to Mr. Caughlin a fair measure of success, and he now has large and valuable agricultural interests, xvhich also demonstrate the richness of Nevada's soil for farming purposes. WILLIAM B. GIBBS, a prominent farmer and stockman of Clover valley, Elko county, is one of the pioneers of Nevada and the west, and has been in this state for over forty years. Like many others, he got his start in the west by teaming, and from that got into the stock business, xvhich he has followed with most gratifying success up to the present time. He has had many experiences in the early days of this country, and few men are more completely identified with the period of development and growth of this commonwealth than Mr. Gibbs. The ancestry of his family is English, and is traced back to early set tlers on the rock-tound coast of New England at Plymouth, Massachusetts. From there this particular brancli of the family settled in Vermont, and the grandfather of Mr. Gibbs was a soldier in the Revolution, so that the latter might claim membership in the Society of Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution. Lemuel Gibbs, the grandfather of William B. Gibbs, was a soldier in the war of 1812. Lemuel Gibbs, the father of William B. Gibbs, married Miss Joanna Bennett, and they resided in Vermont all their lives. He died at the age of sixty-five, but she lived to the ripe old age of ninety-four. He was twice married, and by the first union had three children, and five by the second. William B. Gibbs, a son by the second marriage, was born in Barnard, Windsor county, Vermont, January 25, 1838, and is the only niember of the family who took up his residence in Nevada. He was reared in his native state, and at the age of seventeen moved west to Wisconsin, where he worked on a farm for wages for five years. He then A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 541 engaged with a Mr. Cummings and helped bring a drove of horses across the plains to California. He enjoyed the trip exceedingly although he was compelled to stand guard every night. Tiis first employment on arriving in California was in a livery stable, and he came to Virginia City, Nevada, in i860. At first he xvorked at whatever he could get to do, and for seven years was in the employ of Williain Steel at Glendale, near the present city of Reno. He saved his raoney, and at the end of that time was able to buy four yoke of oxen, with xvhich he began hauling freight to the different min ing camps, at Austin, Surprise valley and Bidwell. He did xvell at this busi ness, and never had any serious misfortunes or trouble with Indians. It xvas outdoor life, and he was camping much of the time. He always carried a Henri rifle along for protection, for many of the teamsters were killed, but he was lucky in escaping injury. In 1869 he and Messrs. Weeks and Steel came to Clover valley, Elko county, and built a little structure in which they lived for the first three years. They each purchased land and engaged in stock-raising. Mr. Gibbs now has eight hundred acres, on which he has erected a good farm residence, has planted a nice fruit orchard, and has as pretty and as valuable a place as can be found in the neightorhood. He has had as high as eight hundred head of cattle at one time, and his stock is now all a good mixture of Durham and Hereford breeds, of good standard and bring good prices. He also raises horses, principally for his own use, the Black Hawk and Morgan for saddle and driving and the Norman for draft purposes. In December, 1884, Mr. Gibbs married Miss Rachel Weeks, a native of Wisconsin, and they have the following children : William Henry, at home assisting on the ranch; Ethel Sophia, in school at Salt Lake City; Sarah Aileen, at home; Lemuel Hunt, Lucia Harriet and Seneca Leroy. Mr. Gibbs is a Republican, and during his long years of residence in the state and county has gained the esteem of many friends and associates. HON. FRANK HONEYMAN is one of the best known pioneer citi zens of Nevada. For over thirty years he has been a fanner and stockraan in the beautiful Clover valley of Elko county, and he has had wonderfully good success in his ventures. In the early days he was connected with many phases of frontier life, and was an Indian fighter in the Union army during the troublesome days of the Civil war. All in all, there are few men who have a broader acquaintance with Nevada and the west from actual contact with its early development and industrial and civic growth, and he is rightly regarded as one of the most esteemed of Nevada's residents. Mr. Honeyman is an Irishman by birth, but fifty-five years of American citizenship have made him thoroughly American. He was born in county Leitrira, November 20, 1832, and was educated there. At the age of sixteen, in 1848, he came with other memters of the family to New York, and was landed after a five weeks' voyage on the 5th of March. He began work in a dyeing factory at four dollars a week, out of which salary he had to board himself at two dollars a week. Seven years were spent at this employment, and in 1855 he sailed for California, by way of the Nicaragua route. He 542 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. mined on the Yuba river in Yuba county, taking out at times from four to ten dollars a day, but had small success at the work, and later got a con tract for carrying the mail to Fort Yuma, on horseback, over a desert stretch of sand for a distance of two hundred miles. From San Diego, California, he took one hundred mules north tOi General Wright, whose camp was on the Snake river in Oregon, and on this trip he and his companion camped outdoors all the time. In 1857 Mr. Honeyman again tried his fortune in the mines, and, not succeeding in this, went to. Vancouver. There was a serious Indian uprising at this time, and he joined a regiment which had been raised by Colonel Stevens, and was engaged in several severe brushes with tlie redskins. In 1858 Mr. Honeyman returned to California, and for two or three years xvas in San Francisco and Benicia. When the Civil war came on and the president issued a call for troops fi'om the west, he enlisted in Coinpany I, Third California Volunteer In lantry. The men were all eager to hurry to the scene ol hostilities in the- east, and raised eighty thousand dollars to pay their own transportation and sent a telegram costing one hundred and twenty-five dollars tO' the author ities at Washington, but the reply was for the regiraent to proceed to the territory of Utah, where the govemment decided the men could be of most use in protecting the emigrants and keeping the Indians in subjection. They accordingly marched across the plains to the vicinity of Salt Lake City, starting from Stockton in, July, 1862. Mr. Honeyman was commissioned second lieutenant and two months later was promoted to first lieutenant. He was detached for special duty as commander of a light battery, with one hundred men under him. They fought the Indians at Bearver river and at Spanish Fork canyon, five companies of cavalry being engaged. Lieutenant Honeyman was sent ahead with a mountain howitzer and seven men, and one evening at sunset the Indians, wearing only breech-cloths, came unex pectedly out. of the canyon and attacked him. He directed the howitzer to be loaded with canister and run out to meet the Tndians, who at first came forward in a solid mass, but they understood the deadly character of the gun and scattered as they came on. He then hurried his men to an adobe house by the canyon, and, placing the loaded gun opposite the door, ordered the men to lie down and wait till the enemy should approach the dooi', when he was prepared to give them a warm reception. The Indians riddled the door and window with bullets, but with no other effect, and after the firing had lulled Mr. Honeyman raised himself so as to see the location of the red skins. He then ordered the howitzer to be discharged at the Indians before the door, and two Indians and two mules were killed. At daybreak the cavalry came up, and in the sharp fight which followed thirty Tndians were killed and the rest escaped to the mountains. Lieutenant Honeyman recovered his sabre, which he had lost in the fight, finding it on the body of an Indian that had been killed by a piece of shell. Lieutenant Honeyman was with his regiment till the close of the war, and resigned his commission at Camp Douglas. Following the war, Mr. Honeyman came to Ruby valley, Nevada, where he took up governraent .land, and lived there two years and a half. He came to his present home in Clover valley in 1869, being located eighteen L I A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 543 miles directly south of XX-'dls in Elko county. He secured a squatter's right at first, but has continued his land accumulation with the result that he now oxvns a fine ranch of sixteen hundred acres, one of the beautiful farms in this beautiful valley, on xvhich wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa and potatoes are raised in large quantities ; a fine apple orchard of his own planting increases the profits of a handsome estate. Mr. Floneyman has brought about all the im provements by his own industi-y, and there are few farms in the valley which xvill equal his ancl none that can excel it. Cattle-raising has also been an important part of his operations, and he has had as many as ten or twelve htindr.ed head of Herefords at one time. His favorite horses are the Clydes dale and the Cleveland Bays. He has been very successful in all these enter prises, and the wealth and prosperity of Elko county have been largely due to such men as Mr. Honeyman. Mr. Honeyman has been a life-long Republican, and has shown his public spirit by serving three terms in the important office of county commissioner. In 1854 he was raarried in New York city to Miss Julia McDavid, who was born in Vermont and lived there until she carae to New York to meet Mr. Honeyman. She carae out to California with her husband and also accom panied him to Ruby valley, where she died, in November, 1867, and where she is buried. She was the mother of four children, three of xvhora are living. The daughter, Mary Emma, is now Mrs. Wiseman, of Wells, and has two children, Walter and Julia ; the daughter Margaret died at the age of twenty- eight, leaving a son Frank by her husband, Mr. Kehoe. In 1872 Mr. Honey man married Mrs. James Gale, formerly Sarah Montgomery, who was born in Lexington, Kentucky, a daughter of Samuel Montgomery, a pioneer of Kentucky. Mrs. Honeyman is a niember of the Episcopal church, and she and her husband live in the enjoyment of the, highest regard of their neigh bors and friends, aniong whom they have passed thirty years of usefulness and honorable effort rewarded with prosperity and comfort for their later ' years. FRANK J. MATHEWS, a successful farmer residing in Mason valley, Nevada, xvas born in Portugal in 1858, and was there reared and educated. In 1878 he emigrated to New Bedford, Massachusetts, being a young man without means and ignorant of the language of the country. It took all his money to pay his fare to San Francisco, where he arrived July 18, 1878, but he immediately obtained employment as a sheep-herder and thus supported himsell, in the meanwhile learning the English language. In 1887 he brought to Nevada three thousand head of sheep. He and his brothers, Joseph and Anton, purchased five hundred and twenty acres of land in Mason valley, which was first owned in common, but is now divided, Frank J, owning two hundred and forty acres, on which he raises alfalfa hay, ancl feeds a herd of seventy-five head of graded Durham cattle and twenty head of other stock and sells his milk to the neighborhood creamery. His flock of sheep is a very fine one and nds him a handsorae income. Tn 1884 he married Miss Mary Freitas, also from Portugal, and two sons have been born to them, Ernest and Nelson, both born in Mason valley. \ 544 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Mathews is a Republican, and fraternally is a Woodman of the World. His religious affiliations are with the Roman Catholic church, and he is justly regarded as one of the leading men of the community. FREDERICK KATZ is now living a retired life in Verdi, with in vested interests and capital sufficient to supply, him with all of the comforts of life. Earnestly and long he has latored in the acquirement of his com petence, and at all tinies he has been straightforward in his business dealings, never taking advantage of the necessities of his fellow men in any trade trans action. Since 1867 he has resided in this state. He was torn in Calhoun county, Michigan, on the ist of December, 1828, and his faraily is of Ger man origin. His father, Peter Katz, was born in Germany, and when a young man made the long voyage across the Atlantic in a sailing vessel in order to establish his home in the new world. He married Miss Reka Katz, and they settled on a farm six miles south of Ann Arbor on Lodi plains. Later he sold that property and took his family to Calhoun county, Michigan, pur chasing a farm near the town of Marshall. To its cultivation and improve ment he devoted his labors until his death, which occurred when he was sixty-seven years of age. His wife survived him ten years. They were the parents of nine children, but only three of that number are now living. Michigan was a new state when they settled within its borders, and the family homestead was in the midst of the dense forest. Frederick Katz assisted in the arduous task of developing wild land and learned to be a good woodsman as well as an active and practical agri culturist, but his opportunities to secure an education were very limited, and like many another successful man he has gleaned his knowledge from reading and observation, also learning many valuable lessons in the school of experience. In 1852 Mr. Katz crossed the plains to California, driving a horse team. Tie made a safe though tedious journey, being upon the r'oad for five months, and at Nigger Hill, ih Placer county, he had his first experience in digging for gold. Tie was quite fortunate in his work there, taking out gold to the value of six thousand dollars, but he loaned thirty-three hundred dollars to a Mr. Hunt, who never repaid him. He continued to engage in mining for sex'eral years, sometimes securing good finds, again meeting with losses, but altogether his experience in mining was crowiied with a fair measure ol success. Tn 1867 he came to Nevada, and, settling first at Truckee, was there engaged in hauling sawlogs lor the railroad company. He then en gaged in the lumber and wood business lor himself for about ten years, during which time he manufactured fifty-nine million feet of lumber in a ]5lace known as Dog Valley, Sierra county, California. This lumber, as also the wood, was run through what is known as a V-flume, eight miles, to the Southern Pacific sidetrack at Verdi, Nevada. All of this lumber and wood was disposed of at remunerative prices. Timber became exhausted, and he entered into the cattle and farming business and has been very successful in the same. He purchased his present ranch, a tract of two hundred and A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 545 forty acres ol land a short distance east of Verdi, and there he carried on farming for a number of years, but recently he sold his farm for eight thousand dollars, and has since resided in a nice home in Verdi. He has, however, valuable realty interests at the present time, including ten hundred and seventy-two acres of timber land north of Verdi, and also eleven hun dred acres covered with timber in Dog valley, eight railes frora Verdi. As timber is annually growing scarcer and the demand increasing, his property is continually becoming more valuable, and he considers this as good an investment as he could make. Mr. Katz has been a life-long Republican. He received the sublime degree of a Master Mason in Michigan Bluff, Placer county, California, and rioW affiliates with Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M. He xvas junior warden of his lodge before leaving Califomia, and he is also a member of the Inde pendent Order of Odd Felloxvs, considering these the best of the secret societies. He has always been true to their teachings, exemplifying in his daily life the beneficent spirit of the fraternity. He has made a close study of Masonry, and has a deep attachment for the craft. In all of his dealings he has been fair and honorable, always paying one hundred cents on the dollar, and as the result of well directed and unflagging efforts he is to-day numbered aniong the men of affluence in the Washoe valley. ROBERT M. STEELE has the distinction of being the first white male child born in Clover valley, Elko county, Nevada. This happy event, marking the progress of civilization and the extension of society's influence over this beautiful section of Nevada, occurred January 11, 1873, and in the succeeding thirty years Mr. Steele has proved himself a xvorthy native son in the discharge of his duties of citizenship and individual work. He, with his brothers, is one of the most extensive ranchers and agriculturists in this part of the county, and has shown enterprise and business ability in the handling ol the large interests intrusted hira by an honored and suc cesslul father. James A. Steele, his father, an early settler of the valley, was bom in Ireland, March 29, 1836. but at the age of nine years xvas brought to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was i-eared and educated up to his nineteenth year. He then went to Waupaca, Wisconsin, and after residing there a number of years came to Virginia City, Nevada, and from there to Clover valley in the fall of 1868. He took up land, and Ijy his industry was so successful in his cattle-raising and kindred ventures that at the time of his death he owned a ranch of twenty-two hundred and forty aci'es and was known as one of the valley's wealthy citizens. He was a fine type of citizen, was honorable in his business dealings, meeting with good success in his under takings, and his death in 1896 was felt as a loss to the entire community. His wife was Diantha L. Randall, a native of Providence, Rhode Island, and she is still living, making her home in Ogden, Utah. Of their five chil dren, four are Uving : Robert M. ; Rachel M., the wife of Edward Haymond, of Ogden ; Stephen R. ; and James A. The sons are partners in the large ranch left them by their father, and have continued his successful efforts. They 546 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, raise high-grade Norman horses and Dui'ham cattle, often haxing as many as six or seven hundi-ed head of the latter, Robert M. Steele was educated in the common schools of Clover val ley, and has spent all his life on the ranch. In 1899 he married Miss Kathryn Honeyman, a daughter of Hon. Frank Honeyinan, of Cloxer valley, lie is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and the family religion is Episco palian and Presbyterian, He and his brothers ai'e Republican voters, and in many xxays haxe proved their efficient citizenship. Mr. ami Mrs. Steele are popular members of the societ)' of this part of Elko county, and they haxe before thera the greater part of a life oi usefulness and esteem. H. J. GOSSE. There is no one kind of business xvhich so quickly designates the character of a toxvn as does its hotels, and one of the most important factors in the improvement of a citx^ is its hotel interests, which, if in keeping xvith modern progress, attract the xisitor and thus promote the commercial acivity of the place. The Rix-erside Hotel of Reno is the finest hostelry of Nexada, and it is said that there is no hotel proprietor in the state so popular as H, J. Gosse, the owner and manager of this splendid in stitution, which he has developed from a pioneer structure until it stands to-day as one of the finest buildings in Reno. Thoroughly acquainted with the needs antl demands of the traxeling public, Mr. Gosse has made it his study to entertain his patrons in a xvay that xvill insure their continued pat ronage, and that success is attending his efforts is indicated by the fact that he is now erecting an addition to the Riverside. Mr. Gosse has alxvays lixed in the xvest and has spent, the greater part of liis life in Nevada. He is, therefore, imbued xvith the progressive spirit xvhich dominates this section of the country, and seldom fails of accomplish ment in any undertaking. He xvas born in California in 1857, and is of Ger man descent. His father, Theodore Gosse, was born in Prussia, and when a young man emigrated tO' the United States, where he met and married Miss Regina Moose, the wedding being celebrated in New Orleans in 1850, She, too, was born in the fatherland. After their marriage they started for California, the Eldorado ol the xvest, for gold had been discovered in that state and offered alluring prospects. They journeyed in an emigrant wagon draxvn by oxen, a traveling equipment rarely seen at this day, even in the most remote districts. Three men of their acquaintance accompanied them, and before they reached their destination they hatl but one ox and a small cart, xvhich a little later xvas traded in order to pay their passage to Hang- toxvn, noxv Placerville, California, After his arrival Mr. Gosse xx'as stricken with inflammatory rheumatism, but he attended to business as much as possi ble, and for a short time conducted a restaurant. Tie then removed to a ranch on the Sacramento river, and there his four children were born. He after ward sold that property and purchased a large ranch in the Sacramento val ley, but in the great flood of 1862-3 the family were obliged to leave that place, and removed to Silver City, Nevada, which xvas then a booming mining toxvn. Again Mr. Gosse conducted a boarding house, but later he removed to San Leandro, xvhere his death occurred in 1888, when he xx'as sixty-seven c/f^kf:U<^ A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 547 years of age. His wife, xvho shared xvith hira in all the pioneer experiences of the xvest, still survives and is yet living in San Leandro, in the ninety- first year of her age. H. J. Gosse, the only representative of the family noxv living in this state, was but six years of age xvhen he removed xvith his parents to Silver City. Nevada was then under territorial government and was yet a frontier .dis trict. When a small boy he attended school in Virginia City, and later continued his studies in Golden Gate Academy, in Oakland, California. Since that time he has been engaged in yarious business enterprises, and has alxvays been an active factor in the business world. Since 1896, however, he has been proprietor of the Riverside Hotel in Reno, which he has con ducted very successfully. This hostelry has grown xvith the city's growth, and, in fact, has teen a leader in general progress here. At first it was little more than a frame shack, but as the toxvn expanded the first building was moved back and a substantial frame building xvas erected, being at that time fully up to the need of the toxvn. Under the management of Mr. Gosse the Riverside continued to be the leading hotel of the city, and in 1901 a large, splendid brick structure was erected beside the frarae building and toth are noxv fully occupied, and soon the franie section is to be removed, and the remainder of the house, xvhich xvill be in the form of a letter "H," will be erected of brick. The nexv hotel is noxv modern in all its equipments and conveniences, and great taste has been displayed in its painting and deco ration as well as in the furnishing. When completed it will be an ornament to the city, and Mr. Gosse deserves great credit for the erection of such a superior building. Tt noxv has seventy-four rooms, and will, when com- plded, have one hundred rooms, xvith all modern iraproveraents for the con venience and comfort of the guests. It is said that each individual has a talent for some certain kind of work, and it would seem that Mr. Gosse has certainly entered the field of labor for which he is best adapted. He has made a study of the hotel business, and now manages the Riverside in a raost cap able way, the entire work being systematized so that it goes on Avith the smoothness and regularity of clockwork. In 1888 Mr. Gosse was raarried to Miss Josephine M. Mudd, a native daughter of California and a daughter of R. G. Mudd, of that state. They now have two children, H. J. and Margaret. Mr. Gosse votes xvith the RqDublican party, and he belongs to the Im proved Order of Red Men. He has filled all the chairs in the local tribe and is past grand sachem of the state. He is also a Mason, belonging to the lodge, chaptei', commandery and the shrine, and he was prominent in the organiza tion of the Elks lodge No. 597, of Reno. In i-ecognition of his seiwices in that order he has been made an honorary life member, and he is a memter of the grand lodge of the state. As a hotel proprietor he is very popular and has a very wide acquaintance, both in California and Nevada, J. W. ECKLEY, who has for many years been connected with the Bank of California as its agent and manager in Virginia City, is xvell knoxvn in financial circles, and his thorough understanding of the banking business. 548 A FIISTORY OF .NEVADA. his broad knoxvledge of the money questions of the coimtry and hiS' keen insight into coraplicated business problems render hira xvell qualified for the arduous and responsible duties which noxv devolve upon him. Mr. Eckley was born in Macon, Georgia, and is a son of Levi Eckley, whose birth occurred in the state of Pennsylvania in the year 1807. After arriving at years ol maturity Levi Eckley wedded Miss Mildred Scott Ket- ler, and removed to Macon, Georgia, whence in 1845 he removed with his family to Illinois, establishing his home upon a new farm in that state, for the locality in which he settled xvas then but slightly improved, the district being a frontier region. Tn 1849, attracted by the discovery of gold in California and the business opportunities thereby advanced, he made his way to the Pacific coast and was engaged for a tirae in merchandisirlg in the city of Sacramento. Later he removed to Pdaluma, where he resided continuously until his death. To him and his wife were born txvelve children, ol whom eight are noxv living. Joseph E. Eckley, one of the sons, is a resi dent of Virginia City, is a printer by trade and has been the state printer for two terras of lour years each. J. W. Eckley acquired his education in the public schools. He came to California and entered upon his business career as an employe ol the Bank of California. For that corporation he came to Virginia City in 1869, to fill the position of bookkeeper in their institution here, and later he was pro moted to the position of cashier, while subsec[uently he was appointed general manager of the agency. He has now served in the last named position for eighteen years, and his course has been entirely satisfactory to those whom he represents. The bank buys bullion, which is shipped to the main bank in San Francisco ; they also conduct a general banking business, which has proved of great benefit to the residents of the city. Tn 1885 Mr. Eckley was united in raarriage to Miss Ida A. Morgan, a native of New York city, and they now have four children — George, Mildred, Walter and Herbert, all born in Virginia City. They own and occupy the fine residence which was built for United States Senator Fair, and their home is celebrated for its gracious and cordial hospitality. Mrs. Eckley is a valued member of the Episcopal church and the family attend church services there. Mr. Eckley is a distinguished and prominent Mason, telonging to the blue lodge, chapter and commandery, in which he has been honored with the highest offices. His prominence in the fraternity in the state has been manifest by his election to offices in the grand todies of Masonry. He is a past grand master of the grand lodge of the state, past grand high priest of the grand chapter and past eminent commander ol the commandery of his city. He has also taken seventeen degrees of the Scottish Rite and has famil iarized himself with the tenets of the craft while exemplifying in his life its beneficent and helpful spirit. He has a very wide and favorable acquaintance throughout the state, and is one of the distinguished rejiresen tatives of its financial interests. THE AGENCY OF THE BANK OF CALIFORNIA was estab Ushed at Virginia City at a very early date in the history of this place, aud its business, as since conducted, has included the purchase of bullion and a A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 649 general banking business. This is now the only banking establishment of the city. The first representative in charge of the bank was J. A. Ralston, who was succeeded by Senator Williain Sharon, xvho had the manageraent of the institution for fourteen years. He was then succeeded by A. J. Ralston, who continued in charge for eight years, and it xvas then in chai'ge of J. P. Martin, who occupied the position for ten years. In 1888 J. W. Eckley was appointed and has since been its manager. During its business career the bank has purchased a large amount of the bullion that has been produced in the many rich mines in this vicinity and has shipped it to the home bank in San Francisco. The main institution also had an agency at Gold Hill for a number of years, but the business there was consolidated with that of the Virginia City Agency. The bank has proved an institution of value in this locality and is much appreciated by the people of Virginia City. JOSEPH C. MATHEXVS, a prominent farmer of Mason valley, Ne vada, xvas born in Portugal, March 7, 1861, and was reared and educated in his native land. XX'hen a lad of nineteen years he emigrated to Cali fornia and found employment as a sheep-herder at twenty-five dollars a month, and thus continued for four years, saving his money. By strict economy he xvas enabled to go into business on his own account, and came to Mason valley, Nevada, in 1888, with his brothers. In the comparatively few years whicii have elapsed he has accumulated two hundred and eighty acres, and has about two hundred acres of it in hay land and pasture, and a fine dairy of twenty cows. On the remainder of his land he raises grain and vegetables, and keeps his premises and farm in excellent condition. In 1896 he xvas happily married to Miss Mary Goraas, a native of Portugal, and four children have been born to them, naraely : Annie, Alfred, Joseph and Francis. Mr. and Mrs. Mathews are consistent members ol the Roraan Catholic church, and in politics Mr. Mathews is a Republican. Through hard work and unceasing thrift he has built up his fortune, and is to-day one of the most prosperous farmers of Mason valley. HON. A. E. CHENEY. One ol the leading merabers of the Reno bar is Hon. Azro E. Cheney, the senior member ol the law firm ol Cheney, Massey & Smith. He is also an ex-judge ol the second judicial district of Nevada, which included Washoe, Humboldt and Churchill counties. A native of the state of Ohio, his bii'th occurred in Ashtabula county on the 15th of April, 1854, and he is descended from English ancestry, the family hav ing been founded in New England at a very early epoch in the colonization of the new worid. Merabers ol the family were participants in the events whicii shaped the early history of the country, and took pride in the great struggle which won independence for the nation. His paternal "grand father, John Cheney, removed from Vermont with his wife and children to the Western Reserve in Ohio in 1836. Harvey Cheney, the father of A. E. Cheney, was born in Vermont, and when he arrived at adult age wedded Miss Julia Ann Everts, daughter of Calvin and Hulda Everts, of New England 550 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ancestry. He became a carpenter and farmer and lived a life of thrift and industry. His religious faith was that of the Universalist church. He died when in the seventy-eighth year of his age, while his wife passed away xvhen the Judge was only a year old. In their family were eight children. At the usual age Judge Cheney began his education as a student in the public schools of northeastern Ohio. Later he became a student in an academy of that' state, and when he had completed his own course he en gaged in teaching until he took up the study of law in the office of the Hon. S. A. Northway, in Jefferson, Ashtabula county, Ohio. Subsequently he xvent to Toledo, Ohio, where he continued his studies under the direction of the law firra of Scribner, Hurd & Scribner. By earnest and assiduous atten tion to the tasks assigned hira, he gained a broad and coraprehensive knowl edge ol the principles of jurisprudence and xvas admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Ohio in 1877. He then began practice in that state, there remaining until 1880, when failing health and the development of the west attracted hira, and, feeling that its business opportunities were superior to those ol his native state il a young man desired rapid advancement, he came to Nevada, settling in Eureka. There he was associated in the practice of law with the Hon. Thomas Wren for a period of ten years, during which time he served two years as district attorney of Eureka county. He also served for one term in the Nevada assembly, and while there xvas chair man of the judiciary committee. Tn the fall of 1890 he was elected district judge, and served so capably upon the bench that he was re-elected in 1894. He acted in that capacity until 1898, when he resigned and resumed his law practice, and was alone until Septemter, 1902, when the present firm of Cheney, Massey & Smith xvas formed. This firm has a very large and important clientage and enjoys a reputation second to that of no other firm in the state. Judge Cheney in 1887 was united in marriage to Miss Jennie Wethered, daughter of Thomas Wethered and Eliza Wethered, and a native of Portland, Oregon, but at the time ol her marriage a resident of Eureka, Nevada. To them has been born one son, Everett, who is now a student in St. Matthews school in San Mateo, California. The Judge and his wife occupy an attractive home in Reno and their residence is the center of a cultured society circle. He is interested in yarious mining enterprises in White Pine county, and his faith in the future of Reno has been indicated by his investment in real estate here. He is now the owner of considerable property, and as a public-spirited citizen puts forth every effort in his power to advance the welfare and substantial progress of the city. He has been a very active and helpful supporter of the State University and is one of the members of the board of trustees of the Carnegie Free Library. In his chosen profession he has won high rank. An excellent presence, an earliest manner, marked strength of character, a thorough grasp of the law and the ability to accurately apply its principles, make him an effective and successful advocate and insure him high rank aniong the jurists of the state. His decisions indicate strong raentality, careful analysis, a thorough knowledge of law and an unbiased judgment. The judge on the bench fails more frequently, perhaps, from a deficiency in that broad-mindedness xvhich A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 551 not only comprehends the details of a situation quickly but insures a com plete self-control, under even the most exasperating conditions, than from any other cause; and the judge Avho makes a success in the discharge ol his multitudinous delicate duties is a man ol Avell rounded character, finely balanced mind and ol splendid intellectual attainments. That Judge Cheney is regarded as such a jurist is a uniformly accepted fact. HON. ROSS LEXX^ERS, a i-epresentative of the farming interests of Washoe valley, living near Franktown, came to the territory ol Utah in 1859, and settled in Avhat is noxv Nevada. He is a native of Ireland, xvith the enterprise, the ready adaptability and progressive spirit so characteristic of the people of that land. Tie was born in the county Arniagh on the 6th of August, 1831, and is descended from French Huguenot ancestry who by the Edict of Nantes were compelled to flee from France to escape persecution. The name Lewers is derived from the French L'Ours, the bear, and the coat of arras shows a bear and the motto: Deo duce; virtiite comite. He Avas educated in the Emerald Isle, having as instructors the late President Jaraes McCosh, of Princeton, arid Professor David Masson. The discovery of gold in California turned his attention away from college, and he came to the United States in 1849, landing in New York and immediately sailing for San Francisco by way of Cape Horn, and arrived in California, July 28, 1850. He at once commenced mining in Placer county, meeting with fair success. He continued mining until 1856, and from Plumas county went over into Honey Lake valley, in Lassen county, took up a ranch and built a sawmill. Here he planted one ol the first apple orchards on the eastern slope of the Sierras. The discovery of the Comstock caused hira to move his sawmill to Washoe valley— -the first steam sawraill in Nevada — and he continued to manufacture lumber until the timber was used up. He then turned his attention to farraing and fruit-raising, and now has one of the finest apple orchards in the state. Tn 1861 Mr. Lewers returned to Ireland, where he was united in mar riage to Miss Catherine Taggart, ol Bellast. Seven children came to bless the home of Mr. and Mrs. Lewers, five sons and two daughters, all of whom were torn in Washoe valley. The eldest, Prolessor Robert Lewers, is now filling the chair of political economy in the Nevada State University and is a native son of" the state, whose career reflects credit and honor upon the comraonwealth. Henry Lewers is connected with the Bank ol Nevada in Reno; Edward Ross, the third son, lived tO' be thirty-five years ol age and was killed in a mining accident in May, 1903, while the younger daughter, Ellen Rosa, passed away two days later of typhoid fever. She was a gradu ate of the Nevada State University and was pursuing a post-graduate course in botany at Leland Stanford University. The son and daughter were brilliant young people of strong minds and rauch capability, and their loss was deeply deplored by many friends as well as their ininiediate family. Katie, the other daughter, is a teacher and artist. Albert is an examiner in the division of metallurgy in the patent office in Washington, and is a graduate 552 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. ol the Nevada State University, being the first graduate ol the Mining School. The youngest son, Charles Ross, is a graduate ol the Nevada State University, of the Leland Stanford University and of the Harvard, Law School, and is now a meniber of the law faculty of Stanford University. Both Mr. and Mrs. Lewers are now enjoying excellent health and are pi'ominent representatives of the pioneer citizenship of Nevada. They have reared a family of which they have every reason to be proud, and the parents and children are aniong the most respected and prominent citizens of the various communities in whicii they live. Mr. Lewers Avas reared in the Presbyterian faith, and his wife in the Meth odist. He has been a life-long Democrat, and was elected and served one term in the Nevada assembly. For twenty-seven years he has been post master at Franktown, and for very many years served as a school trustee, taking an active interest in education. No public trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed in the slightest degree, and in matters of citizenship he is most faithful, doing everything in his poxver tb promote the welfare of the state. HON. ROBERT L. HORTON, noxv deceased, was one of Nevada's well and favorably known pioneer business men, having conducted a large general merchandise store at Austin, and also served his state in the impor tant office of state comptroller. He came to this commonwealth in 1864, but was a native of Pennsylvania, his birlh occurring at Pittsburg on the 1 2th of October, 183 1, and is of English ancestry on the paternal and Scotch on the maternal side. His father, James Horton,, emigrated from England to Pennsylvania xvhen a young man, sdtling in Pittsburg, and he was there married to Miss McKqen, a native of Kentucky and of Scotch ancestry. They continued to make their home in that city during the remainder of their lives, the father departing this life in the fifty-third year of his age, but the mother survived him many years, passing away when seventy-three years of age. Both were members of the Episcopal church, and the father was a merchant. Seven children were born to these parents, four sons and three daughters. Robert L. Horton, the only one of his family to locate in Nevada, re ceived his education in his native city, and in 1850 crossed the plains to California, where he engaged in the wholesale and retail butcher business in Auburn, Placer county. He there met with good success, but, lured to Austin, Nevada, by the great mining excitement ol 1864, he in that year came to this lively young mining town. Previous to his removal here he had been engaged in the general produce business in San Francisco lor a year, and alter his arrival in Austin he opened a general merchandise store, having been one ol the early and successlul merchants ol the town. He continued this business up to the time ol his death, which occurred in May, 1897, in his sixty-sixth year. Mr. Horton was a life-long Republican, and on its ticket was elected a member of the state assembly and later as state comptroller, to which latter important office he gave his best efforts for four years, his business experi- ¦n/- -i^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 553 ence and excellent judgment making hira eminently fitted for that office of honor and trust. In his fraternal relations Mr. Horton xvas a niember of the Independent Or'der of Odd Fellows and of the Masonic fraternity, in xx'hich he received all the degrees in the York and Scottish Rites up to and including the thirt)'-second degree, and xxas one of the raost earnest workers in the order. He xvas one of the organizers of the Odd Felloxvs at Austin, thus becoming a charter niember of the order. In his religious faith he xvas a Presbyterian, and as a citizen, neighbor, husband and father was loved and honored, his having teen an upright and noble manhood. The marriage of Mr. Horton xvas celebrated in 1866, when Miss Elinor Curtis became his wife. She is a natixe of XX'isconsin, but Avas reared and educated in Sacramento, California. Her father, John Curtis, was a native of England, but became one of the early settlers of XX'isconsin and Avas a memter of the Episcopal church. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Horton was blessed with tAvo children : Marjorie H., uoav the Avife of Dr. J. J. Henderson, of San Francisco, and Robert M., Axho xvith his mother is man aging their large mercantile business at Battle Mountain and was also deputy state comptrbller during the incumtency of his lather in that office at the capital ol the state. Alter the death ol her husband, Mrs. Horton, aided by her son, took up the raanagenient ol the business, but in 1901 disposed ol thdr interests in Austin and removed to Battle Mountain, here purchasing the large store xvhich she has conducted so successluUy up to the present time. The main building is sixty by one hundred and twenty-five leet, is filled Avith a Avell selected and Avell arranged stcKk ol general merchandise, and in addition they haxe several large warehouses and an oil and powder house located several miles out of the town. Their extensive patronage extends throughout the surrounding countr)- for many miles in every direction, and the postoffice is located in their store, Mr. Sterret, one of the salesmen, teing the present postmaster. CHARLES HARRY B.XRRETT, a prominent farmer of ISlason val ley, is a native of California, having been born December 7, 1859. A. J. Barrett, his father, xvas born in Maine in 182 1, and xvas a California pioneer of 1851. He placer-mined on the American river and at other diggings, and finally established a cooper shop in Sacramento. In 1861 he came to Lake Tahoe and built the first saAvmill. His next removal Avas made to Clear creek, Ormsby county, where he took up land; then Avent to Dayton, Avhere he conducted a truck ranch of forty acres, and finally in 1879 he settled in Mason valley, Avhere he tecame the owner of fourteen hundred acres of land, improved it and resided upon it, making it one of the best ranches in the county. Before going to California A. J. Barrett married Olive E. Day, a native of Maine, and ^fter he had been four years in California he sent for her and their little son. She took passage on the Central America and was fortunate in her choice of time, for the next trip this same ship sunk and seven hundred passengers droxvned. Other children xvere added to the faraily on the Pacific coast, as folloxvs : G. May, noxv Mrs. Charles Malett, of 654 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Oregon; Isabella became a successful teacher and ched aged twenty-nine years, highly esteemed by all who knew her ; Lettie is now the wife of Hugh Gregg and resides in California. A. J. Barrett died February 6, 1903. He- had been a life-long Republican, and was a man of exalted character, whose friends were numerous. The son born in California, Charles Henry Barrett, now resides xvith his mother on the old homestead of four hundred and txventy acres. Tn politics he is, like his father, a Republican. His good mother is a Methodist and a very highly esteemed lady. The family is regarded as very representative of the pioneers who have made Nevada xvhat it is to-day, and rendered possible the prosperity of the Pacific coast. GEORGE A. MORGAN is a citizen of Nevada whose mind bears the impress of the historic annals of the state, for since pioneer tinies he has resided within its borders, dating his residence in Virginia City since 1863. lie was but a boy at the tirae of his arrival, and in the city xvhich has since been his home he has risen to prominence in business circles, teing at the present time the cashier of the California Bank Agency. Mr. Morgan xvas born in New York city, on the 26th of August, 1853, and is of English and Irish ancestry. His parents were James Edward and Caroline Catharine Morgan, the former a native of England, xvhile the latter was born in the Empire state. James E. Morgan xvas a member of the volunteer fire department of New York and was killed in 1862 while actively en gaged in the service. His good wife survived hira for some time and Uved to the age of sixty-two years, her remains being interred in the cemetery at Virginia City. There were two children of that marriage, the daughter being Ida E., wlio' is now the wife ol J. W. Eckley, the manager ol the California Bank Agency at Virginia City. The mother married a second time, and by that union had a daughter who is noxv Mrs. Williain McCaiin. George A. Morgan was a youth of nine years xvhen he arrived in Vir ginia City, and in its public schools he pursued his literary education. He then learned telegraphy and became a telegraph operator, . acting in that capacity until he was promoted to a clerkship, in the bank, while later his ability won recognition by appointment to the office of cashier, which he is now satisfactorily filling. Tie has thoroughly mastered the details of the banking business and thus qualified himself to meet the responsible duties which devolve upon hira. He is known as a systematic and correct business man, and his unfailing courtesy and agreeable manner have made him popu lar with the many patrons of the institution. In 1 887' was celebrated the marriage which united the destinies of George A. Morgan and Miss Nellie M. Kaneen, a native daughter of Virginia City. Tliey have two children: George A., who was born in Los Angeles, and Maud S., whose birth occurred in Virginia City, Nevada. In his fraternal relations Mr. Morgan is a Mason and has taken all of the degrees of the York Rite. He is a past master ol the blue lodge, past high priest of the chapter and past eminent commander of the commandery. He is likewise past grand master of the grand lodge ol the state, and is now treasurer A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 555 of the grand lodge and of the grand chapter of Nevada. Holding iiieni- bership in the Mystic Shrine, he crossed the sands of the desert with the Nobles ol Islam Temple, ol San Francisco. In his political views he is a stanch Republican, with firm faith in the principles of the party. He takes a deep and helpful interest in educational affairs of the city, doing everything in his poxver to advance the cause of the schools, and he is widely recog nized as one of the representative men of this portion of the state, whose up right life xvell entitles him the high esteem in xvhich he is uniformly held. Affable and genial in manner he has a circle ol Iriends that is alraost co extensive xvith the circle of his acquaintance. OSCAR J. SMITH. Concentration of purpose and persistently ap plied energy rarely fail of success in the accomplishment ol any desire however great, and in tracing the career of Oscar J. Smith, a well known lawyer of Reno, it is plainly seen that these ciualifications have formed the secrd of his rise to a position of prominence and respectability. Moreover, he possesses genuine love for his work and is continually adding to his knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence by reading and investigation. He is to-day connected with the well known laxv firm of Cheney, Massey & Smith, whose extensive clientage is an indication of prominence and proficiency in the practice of law. Mr. Sraith is a native of Rhode Island, his birth having occurred on the 15th of August, 1859, in that state. His ancestral history has long been connected with the annals of the nexv world. He comes ol good old Revo lutionary stock, members of the family having been connected with the patriotic army as defenders of the rights and liberties of the colonists. Major Cleghorn, who was his great-grandfather on his father's side, served xvith Massachusetts troops throughout the raoraentous struggle which won free dom for the people of this land. James A. Smith, the father of Oscar J. Smith, was born in Massachusetts and became a manufacturer of woolen goods. He married Miss Harriet Faraway, a native of the state of New York, and they continued to reside in Massachusetts until his death, which occurred in 1894, when he was sixty-three years of age. His wife died in 1902, when seventy years of age. They were the parents of four children, all of whom are yet living. Bert L. Sraith, who is the vice-president and manager of the Eureka County Bank of Eureka, Nevada, and the sub ject of this sketch are the only members of the family living in this state. Oscar J. Smith was educated in the public schools ol Massachusetts, and in early liie removed to Colorado, where he became connected with the smelting business in Pueblo. He followed that pursuit lor thirteen years in Colorado and Mexico. Determining to make the practice ol law his liie work, he began studying in Reno and was admitted to the bar in 1897. He then was alone in practice until the present firm ol Cheney, Massey & Smith was organized. He is the president and one of the principal stock holders in the Eureka Cotmty Bank of Eureka, Nevada, and has become quite heavily interested in real estate in Reno. He is a man ol good business ability, of keen insight and executive force, and at the bar he has manifested 556 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. possession of equalities which always insure success tO' the followers of the legal profession. He is now connected with a calling which has important bearing upon the progress and stable prosperity of any section or com munity and one which has long been considered as conserving the public welfare by furthering the ends of justice and maintaining individual rights. Earnest effort, close application and the exercise of his native talents have won him prestige in the practice of the law and now he has a very desiraWe clientage. In 1896 Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Mrs. Minnie D. Foley, of Reno. He gives his ix>litical allegiance to the Republican party, and fra ternally is connected with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. CLAUS SCHOER, a representative- and well known farmer of Qover valley, Elko county, has been a resident of this part of the state of Nevada for over thirty years, and in that time has made a reputation among his •neighbors for his industry and successful efforts in making the fertile land of Clover valley blossom as the rose and yield abundantly. He has met with obstacles in his career, but with no failures, and in the work of his own hands, and in the part he has played in maintaining the public welfare, and in the worthy faraily which he has reared, Mr. Schoer fully deserves and receives the esteem of his fellow citizens, and is conscious to himself of a life of duty well performed. Mr. Schoer is a son of John Claus and Katrina Schoer, natives of Gerraany, who emigrated to America in 1852 and settled in Wisconsin, eighteen miles from Milwaukee. Six children acconipanied them to the new world. He bought land at his first location and farmed it until 1863, when he sold out and removed to Calumet county, settling on a farm at Holstein, where he lived till his death, whicii occurred in 1901, in his eighty-eighth year. His wife had died September 19, 1881, when sixty- three years old. They were members of the Lutheran church, and highly esteeraed people in their coraraunity. Seven of their children are living, and of these Mrs. Henry Tober, of Elko, Mrs. Sherff, ol Wells, and Claus, are the ones living in Nevada. Claus Schoer was born near Hamburg, Germany, January i, 1843, and accordingly spent the greater part of his youth in the new world. He got xvhat education he could in Wisconsin, and early showed his industrious disposition and ability to earn a living. He came west to Nevada in 1868, ancl in the following spring settled in Clover valley. He was a single man, and by his continued diligence since that time has made marked success and constant progress. He purchased five hundred acres of land, but owing to a defective title he had to pay for it twice tefore he could own it. He at present has a farm of three hundred and twenty acres, besides extra range, and is engaged in raising horses and cattle. He keeps his farm in fine shape, and it is one ol the model places of the valley, made so by the hard work ol himsell and wile. Mr. Schoer married, in 1872, Miss Gerdina Rodenback, also a native of Germany, and they have had eight children, all born at the home in Clover A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 557 yalley, and ol these six are living: John J., a locomotive engineer on the Southern Pacific Railroad, is six leet three and a half inches tall, and the picture of athletic vigor; Plenry A. had just begun his railroading career xvhen he was accidentally killed; George A., also a giant in stature, is likewise a locomotive engineer; Claude P. is like his brothers in height, but in calling is a graduate ol the State University and is noxv principal of a school at Battle Mountain; Mattie Louise died in her twelfth year, and Charles E,, Gear- hard S. and Christian are at horae xx'itli their parents. Mr. and Mrs. Schoer were reared in the Lutheran faith ; he is a Democrat, and manifests his public spirit especially in educational matters, having served on the school board. GEORGE W. WILSON, one of the most prominent farmers of Mason valley, Nevada, was born in Iowa, August 9, 1862, and crossed the plains with his father, David Wilson, and family, in 1863. He was reared in Mason valley and was sent to school in Carson City. He is also a graduate of the Heald's Business College, San Francisco, California. Mr. Wilson has been largely interested in raining projects with his father and brothers, the four being the owners of the XVilson mine at Pine Grove, from which has been taken the enormous amount of six million dollars. Recently these partners sold some of the stock, but still retain an interest in it. The family crossed the plains, driving a number of cattle with them, and Mr. Wilson now has as many as eight hundred head in a single season. One season his crop of alfalfa amounted to six hundred tons. His ranch is one of the best in the valley, xvhile his house is substantial and comfortable. In 1883 he was happily married, to Miss Lillian B. Tillay, a native of CaUfornia, and they have two children. Queen and Earl, both of whom are being finely educated in California. Mr. Wilson is a Republican and takes an active part in the politics of his county and state, and has teen elected and served for four years as county commissioner. During his term of office three new bridges which were much needed were built, and .many excellent pubUc improvements made. He is not a member of any society or church, but takes the Golden Rule for his moral standard and governs his daily life according to its teachings. No man stands any higher than he in the community, and he is not only prosper'ous but ix)pular. DAVID WILSON, one of the prosperous farmers of Mason valley, was born in Harrison county, Ohio, June 3, 1829, and coraes of Scotch and English ancestry. His lather, David Wilson, was one ol the early settlers ol Ohio and was married in that state to Elizabeth Farin. They removed to Missouri in 1837 ^^^^ engaged in farming and stock-raising, and there he died in 1856, aged sixty-three years. His wife died when her son David was an infant. David Wilson was only nine years of age when he was taken to Mis souri, and he was reared to manhood there and also in Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1850 he crossed the plains to California, and placer-mined on the south Yuba river and at Mount City for about three years, and then returned 558 A HISTOIIY OF NEVADA. east by water to take care of his father, with whom he remained until the latter's death. The Civil xvar breaking out, he entered the Union army at Athens, Missouri, and served under Colonel Moore and participated in the battle ol Athens, but, receiving a sunstroke, was honorably discharged. Once again he crossed the plains, this time to Nevada, in 1863, and located in Mason valley, where he had his choice ol the land, being one of the first to take it up. He chose two hundred and twenty acres,' added to it, and at one time owned six hundred and forty acres, but has sold some, and now has three hundi'ed and twenty aci'es. This land seeined well fitted for stock- raising, and he has largely devoted it to that purpose. His brother, William Wilson, came west, and the two operated a very valuable mine. In 1855 he was married to Miss Abigail Butler, a native ol Ohio, and they have had five children, three sons and two daughters, namely: Louisa married George Plummer and died in 1889; James William is a ranchman and flour mill operator in the valley ; Joseph Isaac is also a ranchman and owner ol a mill; George Washington resides near his father; Elizateth Jane is at college. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson were United Brethren, but, there being no church of that denomination in the valley, they united with the Mdhodist church. Mr. Wilson is a life-long Republican, and is one. of the most highly esteemed men ol his county. HON. ANDREW MAUTE, superintendent of state printing in Ne vada, has been a resident of the state since the spring of 1863, and is one of the best known men throughout the commonwealth. He was foreman of the Nevada territorial printing office in 1863-4, and was one of the pub lishers ol the Carson Daily Independent. Tn 1871-2 he was made foreman of the Nevada state printing office and editor and manager of the Reese River Daily Reveille in 1875-6 ; was editor and proprietor of the Belmont Cowrie from Decemter, 1876, until December, 1898; served as state senator from Nye county during the twelfth, thirleenth, sixteenth and seventeenth sessions of the Nevada legislature, and is the author of the Union Label Law ol that state, as xvell as an intelligent and active lactor in all the legislation ol the sessions ol which he was a member. In 1898 he was elected superintendent ol state printing in Nevada, which position he still holds, his conduct of the office being both efficient and economical. So thoroughly modern is he that the quality of his work is said to be withotit question the equal of any in the United States. Superintendent Maute is a native of France, xvhere he was born June 28, 1844, and is a son of Pierre Maute, xvho was a teacher and professor ol mathematics. Andrew Maute xvas educated in France, and in i860 emi grated to the United States, taking the sea voyage for his health, but, upon his recovery, so pleased was he with the country that he decided tO' remain. He learned his trade in the Transcript office in Nevada City, California, and' Irom there went to Washoe city in 1863, and in the same year associated himself with the Carson Independent, which under his raanagenient was a strong Union and Republican organ and bore a very important part" in the exciting history of Nevada. Mr. Maute is a very strong biraetallist, and when ' A HISTOIIY OF NEVADA. 559 the silver cpiestion came before the people he was an active and able advocate of the remonetization of that metal, considering that such action would work to the ultimate bettterment of his own state and the entire country. He has been for many years chairman of the Republican central committee of Nye county. However when he becarae'- convinced that his party had left its fundamental principles he xvas very active in the organization of the silver party, and was elected the chairraan of its count}' central committee and has effected xvonderlul changes. In his business ventures he has been lairly successful, although a man so earnest in his endeavors to advance public interests is apt to put state fii-st, self second. Still he has some valuable mining property in N)-e county and owns a teautiful home in Carson City, Tn 1869 he xvas married to Miss Louise Van Derhyde, a native of Balti- inoi-e and xvho conies of German ancestry. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Maute, namely: Marguerite, now the wife of F. G. Humph rey; Adelaide, the xvife of Dr. EdAX'ard H. Spieker, a professor of Greek and Latin in the Johns Hopkins Unixersity of Baltimore ; Therese, who be came the wife of E. P. Esser and resides in Carson City; George Edmund, of Carson City. Superintendent Maute is a member of the Masonic frater nity and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Nevada, in which latter order he is a past grand master. Few men take such pride in the success of a state as Mr. Maute in Nevada. One of his toasts is that the state has erected all her state buildings and made the necessary improvements without owing a single cent outside ol the state, and that her luture is a very brilliant one. . HON. A. J. McDONELL." An enumeration of the men ol the present generation xvho have xvon honor lor themselves and at the same time have honored the state to which they belong, would te incomplete were there failure to make prominent reference to Hon. A. J. McDonell, for he has become one of the leading representatives of the .mining interests of Nevada, and at the same. time has been prominent in its public affairs, molding its legislative history during his active connection both with the house and sen ate in the general assembly. His residence in Nevada dates from its eariy pioneer days. Only three years after the oi'ganization of the territory he came to this portion ol the country, and has since been one of its active pro moters. At present he resides in Virginia City and is prominently con nected with its business affairs. Mr. McDonell is of highland Scotch ancestry and xvas Ijorii in Ontario, Canada, on the 29th of Decemter, 1843. His grandfather, Archibald Mc Donell, was a native of Glengarry, Scotland, and on leaxing the land of hills and heather crossed the Atlantic to the new world. Locating in Canada he there reared his family, following the occupation of farming in order to provide for the wants and needs of his wife and children. TTe held meniter- ship in the Catholic church. His son, Charles McDonell, was born in Canada and after arriving at years of maturity wedded Miss Ann Stuart, a native of Scotland, She emigrated to Canada with Lord Selkirk and made the x'oyage tip the McKenzie river. Tn 1849 she departed this life, leaving a faraily of 560 A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. five children. Charles McDonell survived her for only seven years, pass ing away in 1856 in the thirty-fifth year of his age. Tiis son, Archibald J. McDonell, is the only surviving niember of the family. In taking up the personal history of this gentleman we present to our readers one who is Avidely known in Nevada and Avliose efforts in behalf of the state have been far-reaching and beneficial. He was educated in the pub lic schools of Canada, pursuing his studies in a log schoolhouse. His ad vantages were somewhat meager, yet at the age of sixteen years he had quali fied hinisdl lor teaching, and lor three or four years followed that profession xvith good success. On attaining his majority he came to the xvest, telieving that he iiiight "have better business opportunities in this ncAvly developed region. Making his xvay to Nevada, xvhich only three years tefore had been organized under territorial government, he established his home in Virginia City, and with pick and shovel began xvork in the mines, being thus em- ploy'ed for a number of years. Gradually he advanced and has filled the positions in connection with mining from the most humble to the most im portant, acting at different tiraes as mine engineer, foreman and superin tendent. He also became president of the San Francisco stock and exchange board, and he is now devoting his time and energies largely to the stock brokerage business under the firm name of McDonell & Ryan, his partner being the Hon. D. M. Ryan, who is now state treasurer. Mr. McDonell is also the superintendent of Sierra Nevada and the Union mines, which are being developed with good results. He is an experienced and practical min ing man and in this line of work has no superior. He was connected with the Comstock mine for forty years, and there are few, indeed, among the settlers of Nevada, who have for a longer period been associated with the development ol the rich mineral resources of the state or have achieved more creditable success in connection xvith their work. Mr. McDonell's friends speak of him as "a perfect gentleman," and he is one ol Nevada's citizens ol the highest probity ol character. He has been a lile-long stalwart Republican, and has been honored with a number of official positions, the duties of which he has ever discharged with prompt ness and fideUty. He xvas elected and served as cotmty recorder in the years 1875 and 1876, and in 1887 was chosen to represent his district in the state legislature, where he had the honor of being elected speaker of the house Jor that term. In 1891 he was chosen to represent his district in the state senate and served through that and the succeeding year. Tn 1892 he xvas elected as delegate to the national convention at Minneapolis. He took a very active and helpful part in the legislation xvhich cleared away the in debtedness of the state and placed Nevada upon a sound financial basis. He and his associates in that work certainly deserve great credit for what they accomplished, and Nevada acknowledges her indebtedness to them. Mr. McDonell has for almost forty years lived in the west and is thor oughly familiar with its history, being actively connected with its progress and improvement, while his labors for the extension of its business affairs have been strongly felt. He is a man of strong purpose, of unfaltering de termination and of unquestioned honesty, and he certainly deserves great A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 561 credit for what he has done, having steadily xvorked his xvay tipxvard from a humble financial position until he is now accorded a place among the leading business men of the commonxvealth. G. XV SHUTTER COTTRELL is a representative of the class of sub stantial builders of a great commonxvealth who have served faithfully in the enterprising xvest and have taken an active part in establishing and main taining the material interests, the local status and moral xvelfare of the com munity and who has exerted a great 'influence throughout their adopted state. A resident of Reno, Nevada, he is the general manager of the Nevada Mining & Real Estate Exchange. Mr. Cottrell xvas torn in Pennsylvania, the place of his nativity being the town of York, his natal day the 8th of December, 1862. He is de scended from English and German ancestry, and the progenitor of the faraily in the United States was Daniel Cottrell, who emigrated frora England in the seventeenth century and took up his atode in the colony of Maryland. Later he reraoved to Pennsylvania, where he engaged in the practice of medi cine and surgery throughout his remaining days. He was the great-great grandfather of Mr. Cottrell. His son, James J. Cottrell, the great-grand father, was a Revolutionary soldier, xvho valiantly fought for independence, won promotion on the field of battle and at the close of the xvar was brev etted a major general. His son, Donald Cottrell, xvas born in Pennsylvania and was the father of George S. Cottrell, avIio xvas also born in the Key stone state, his birth having occurred in December, 1834. The last named xvas united in marriage to Miss Lydia Shutter, also a natixe of Pennsylvania and of German ancestry. George S. Cottrell after careful preparation became a practicing physi cian and surgeon, and xvon distinction by reason of his skill and ability in his chosen field of labor. He served throughout the Civil xxar in the Twenty- third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Avhich regiraent xvas Jissigned to the Array of the Potomac. He enlisted in 1861 and xvas the medical examiner for the First Pennsylvania Regiment of Volunteers. In 1866 he received an honorable discharge after rendering effective and valuable service to his country as a meraber of the medical corps throughout the long period of hos tilities. When the war xvas over and the country no longer needed his aid he returned to his home, and in connection with the practice of medicine engaged in merchandising. His death occurred in 1896, xvhen he was si.xty- two years of age, and his xvife passed away in 1898 at the age of fifty-eight years. He was reared in the faith of the Episcopal church, xvhile she xvas reared in the Lutheran church, but later in life toth became active and worthy members of the Methodist church. In their family xvere five sons and two daughters, but the Judge is the only member now living on the Pacific coast. Tn the schools of his native county, G. W. Shutter Cottrell was educated, and through the period of his boyhood and youth he remained in his parents' home, surrounded by its refining influences. He read law in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar in 1880. Removing to St. Louis, 36 562 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. he became connected with the laxv department ol the Missouri & Pacific Rail way Company, being retained in that position for five years, at the end of' which time he removed to Topeka, Kansas, where he continued in the private practice ol law. At a later date he went to Hutchinson and was an active and influential member of the bar there until his removal to Nevada. Be fore establishing his home in Reno he made a trip through Washington, Arizona and Oregon, but was more greatly pleased xvith Nevada than with any other state, and gave to Reno his preference as a place ol residence. Tt was in the year 1902 that he became general manager of the Nevada Mining & Real Estate Exchange. The business xvas established in that year xvith J. A. Bonhani as its secretary. These gentlemen are interested in the Mount Whitney Gold Mining & Mill Company in Inyo county, California. They have ten claims and a large electric power plant. This is a strong stock company with Judge Cottrell as its president. He is also interested in the South Bell Mining Company, of which he is the first vice president and general manager. This is likewise located in Inyo county, and its proprietors have had assays running as high as one hundred ancl sixty-eight dollars to the ton. Both of the companies with which Judge Cottrell is connected are buying and selling mines and also dealing in real estate in Reno, and they have a nuraber of mining interests in Nevada and California for sale. Judge Cottrell has informed himself thoroughly concerning mining and realty interests in the west and has thus been able to make judicious investments and advantageous sales, resulting largely to the benefit of the stockholders of the corapany. In Pennsylvania in 1881 was celebrated the marriage of Judge Cottrell and Miss Lillie M. Miller, who was born in Hellam, Pennsylvania, a daughter of Israel Miller of that state. They have become the parents of two sons and two daughters : John, Elsie, Rewel and Donna Bell. Judge Cottrell is a member of several leading fraternal organizations, including the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Woodmen of America, the Improved Order ol Red Men and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He and his family are very active arid influential memters of the Methodist church and he is now serving on the official toard and also as class-leader. A man of enterprise, positive character, indomitable energy, strong in tegrity and liberal views, he has been fully identified xvith the growth and prosperity of the state erf his adoption in recent years. He has since been prominent in public affairs, and no one has been more actively or commend- ably interested in the welfare and development of this section of Nevada. His life is exemplary in many respects, and he has the esteem of his friends and the confidence of those who have had business relations with him. THOMAS GRIFFIN, the well known stockman of Cariin, Nevada, has teen a resident of the state for nearly thirty years, arriving here as a poor young man, and in the course of that time has made a record of prosperous work the equal of that of any man in this part of the state. He necessarily began on a very humble scale, but the record of his career xvhich follows A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 563 tells of steady advance from one stage to another until he has gained the reputation of being one of the most successful stock-raisers and ranchers, and also of bdng one of the preraier judges of stock and an expert btner. Mr. Griffin was born in county Kerry, Ireland, in 1852, and xvas reared and educated in his native land. He carae to the United States in search of liberty and opportunity for gaining a due share of the world's goods, and arrived in Nevada on the Sth of August, 1874. Pie xvas a sheep herder on a ranch at a salary of forty dollars a month ; then chopped wood at two dollars a cord, and after three months' hard xvork he and his partner failed to get their pay; again tegan ranch xvork at forty dollars a month. Benson and Grayson then offered him a job as cowboy, and during his year's work at this occupation he gained considerable idea of the cattle business. He made a teginning of cattle-raising by buying a small bunch for which he was to pay twelve dollars a head at the round-up. He continued to work as coAvtoy and also had the privilege of looking after his own cattle. He bought a squatter's right at Cariin, for Avhich he paid three hundred and fifty dollars down, but OAving to a defective title he had to satisfy other claimants and in the end paid double for his land, besides the loss of much time. He paid the railroad three or lour dollars an acre for the land, most of which was meadoAV, and had to pay interest at the rate of one and a half per cent a month. He cut hay and sold it for txventy-four dollars a ton, and during the Avinter, Avith a haybaler xvhich he purchased, he baled hay for his neightors and made seven hundred dollars. In the folloxving spring he re turned to the cattle ranch, and twelve days later was made foreman. He con tinued this work for three years, at the same time retaining his OAvn ranch, but then decided to give his xvhole time and attention to cattle-raising on his own account. He fenced and improved his ranch, and his cattle increased and he was getting more prosperous. Atout that time Mr. Barney Horn, of San Francisco, engaged him to buy cattle on commission, sending him one thousand dollars for a starter. He tought stock to the value of six thousand dollars and raade thirteen hun dred dollars, and in the following year purchased fifteen thousand dollars' worth. He succeeded so xvell in this that he xvas given the privilege of draxv ing thirty thousand dollars at one time, and bought the cattle of all the lead ing cattle men in this part of the country, building up a large business. He continued with Mr. Horn, and engaged in shipping stock to the east, and then was a partner of George Russell. After this he came to Cariin and built his residence in this town, and tegan buying land in the vicinity. He now has atout two thousand acres, and has had as many as twelve hundred cattle at one time. He has purchased iraported bulls and brought up his stock to a high standard, and in all his operations is enterprising and pro"- gressive. His favorite stock is the shorthorns. He also has a slaughter house, and does much butchering for local trade. Mr. Griffin's long and suc cessful experience has made him one of the best judges of cattle in the state, and he knows all the ins and outs of the business. In 1885 Mr. Grifiin was married to Miss Kate XX'elch, of Eureka, Ne vada, and also a native of county Kerry, Ireland. They have had eight children, of whom Thomas died at the age of twelve, and the others 564 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. are all living at home: James, William, Margery, John, Virgmia, Georgia, and an infant boy, Charles. Mr. Griffin is a Democrat, but has no time from his business for participation in politics. He is a memter of the Elko Cattle Association, and he and his family are members of the Roraan Catholic church. MRS. EDITH JENKINS is one ol the most extensive wool and sheep growers in the state of Nevada, her home being located at Battle Mountain, Lander county. She is the widoxv of William T. Jenkins, who at the time of his deatii was extensively engaged in the sheep business. He caine to Ne vada in 1873, and was born in South Wales in 185 1, and emigrated to Canada when eighteen years of age. He was there engaged in mining until 1873, when he removed to Eureka, Nevada, which was at that time an active raining town, and there xvorked for xvages in timbering the raines, but was afterward robbed ol his money. Going to the I. X..L. district in Churchill county, Nevada, Mr. Jenkins again xvent into mining in company with John E. Jones and subsequently xvent into the sheep business, purchasing his first sheep Irom Charles E. Kaiser. He started in a small way but his flocks were subsequently increased to twenty thousand head, and these he sold in 1 89 1 and returned to Europe, remaining at his old home near Port Talbot, South Wales, lor one year. On the 1st ol June, 1892, Mr. Jenkins was married to Miss Edith Will iams, a native ol South Wales, her birthplace having been only twenty miles Irom the Jenkins laraily home. Alter their marriage this couple made their way to Nevada. Here Mr. Jenkins repurchased his flock ol sheep, and his wile became interested with him in his business, keeping his accounts and in many ways assisting- hira in the enterprise. But like many others engaged in the sheep industry, they subsequently witnessed hard times and he also became interested in a large mining deal whicii proved a lailure. Their good management, however, enabled them to surmount all the obstacles in their path to success, and at the tirae ol his death he xvas the owner ol twenty- two thousand sheep in Elko, Lander and Humboldt counties. He was called to his final rest on the 31st ol July, 1899, dying ol heart disease, and Avas buried with Masonic honors at Battle Mountain, he having been long a member ol that fraternity. His political support was given to the Republican party, and he was an esteemed and honorecl citizen, a generous neighbor and a loving, kind and indulgent husband and father. At his death he left his widow with four little daughters : Edith, who died in her eighth year, on the 30th of July, 1902; Mary; and Dorothy and Louise, twins. Mrs. Jenkins bravely took up the burdens of life alone, and has carried on the business in a very successful manner, thus demonstrating what a woman can do in the conduct of a large and somewhat precarious business. She now owns several immense bands ol sheep, and also has large tracts of land, a portion of which is devoted to alfalfa. She is the largest taxpayer in Lander county. The family reside in a pleasant and commodious residence in Battle Mountain, and Mrs. Jenkins is a member of the Eastern Star and of the Episcopal church. ^^ A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 565 DAVID CROSBY, who is one of the pioneer merchants ol Virginia City, has been continuously engaged in business here lor forty years, and is now dealing in house lurnishing goods and notions. Tie has contributed in large measure to the commercial activity o~f this city, and it is to the busi ness life and the energy of its representative men that every town owes its prosperity and devdopment. A native of Nexv York, Mr. Crosby xvas born in Syracuse on the 30th ol July, 1835, and is of Scotch descent. His parents, Joseph and Sarah (Johnston) Crosby, eraigrated to the United States, landing in New York in June, 1835, just a month before the birth of their son, David. From the Empire state they removed to Detroit, Midiigan, and settled upon a farm in Wayne county, xvhere Joseph Crosbx' cleared a tract of land and improved his fields, there carrying on agricultural pursuits throughout the remainder of his life. Both he and his wife were industrious and respected people and were Presbyterians in religious faith. He died at the age of fifty-two years, and, his xvife passed away in the sarae month, both dying of pneumonia, leav ing a family of eight children, of whom David is the eldest. All the chil dren are still living, but Mr. Crosby is the only one in Nevada. Reared upon his father's farm, David Crosby attended the public schools throughout the winter months, and in the summer seasons was busily en gaged with the labors of field and meadow. The sun shone down upon many a field which he ploxved and planted, and in xvhich he afterward gar nered rich harvests as the reward of his labors. XVhen he attained his ma jority, not desiring to follow the plow any longer, he embarked in the jewelry business in Detroit, Michigan, also carrying a line of fancy goods. He tecaine a senior member of the firm of Crosby, Lovell & Company, and conducted his enterprise until i860, Avhen, having disposed of his business interests there, he came to the Avest. He set sail for California, going by way of the isthmus route, and eventually landed at San Francisco. He then went to Sacramento, where he was engaged in the wood, coal and lumber business. He extended the scope of his labors by adding a trucking and freighting department, thus transporting goods frora Sacramento to Vir ginia City, Nevada. Tt was thus that Mr. Crosby gained a knowledge of the city in which he has so long made his horae. It then required three weeks to make the round trip, and he was paid from three to twenty-two cents per pound for hauling, according to the kind of goods which he carried and the season of the year. Tn 1864 Mr. Crosby opened a general mercantile store on C street in Virginia City, and he has throughout the intervening years teen identified with the commercial interests of the city. On this street he carried on a suc cessful enterprise, and the house has ever sustained an enviable reputation for straightforward methods and honorable dealing as well as on account of the excellent line of goods carried. They have ever been prompt in meet ing obligations, paying one hundred cents on the dollar, and their word has come to be as good as their bond. Prospering in his undertakings as the years have gone by, Mr. Crosby is now one of the capitalists of the city. While promoting his individual success he has alsO labored for the public welfare, and l\as done rauch for the upbuilding and improvement of the 566 , A HISTORY OF NEVADA. town, giving hearty co-operation to movements that have for their object the substantial pro,gress of Virginia City. He erected one of the best build ings here, and is still the owner of the property. On the 13th of March, 1865, Mr. Crosby was united in marriage to Miss Isabella McKinsie, a native of Prince Edward Island. Mr. Crosby is a jovial, genial gentleman, cordial in manner and kind- hearted in disposition. In his younger days, however, he possessed much of the fire and hot temper of youth, and, teing fearless, it was well not to molest him. On a certain occasion, atout eleven o'clock, near his own home, he was attacked by three men. He shot two of them and thelhird escaped with a bullet through the tail of his coat. The grand jury made an investi gation and acquitted him. Mr. Crosby possesses not only personal bravery, but also the courage of his convictions and has ever been fearless in defense of what he believes to be right. In politics he says he is a "black Repub lican" and has been very active in support of the party. He never with drew from any position through fear, and maintained his cause, if need be, Avith strength and muscle. The old days have long since gone by. With the passing of the freighting period there came the improvements known to the older east, and Nevada progressed as have the other western states, Virginia City keeping pace with the general progress and Mr. Crosby doing his full share to make the city a prosperous coraraercial center and a desirable place of residence. He stands to-day as one of the honored pioneer merchants of the state, and in the evening ol his life his lators are crowned with an abundance of the coniforts and luxuries xvhich go to make life worth the living. PROFESSOR -NATHANIEL ESTES WILSON, who occupies the chair of chemistry and dairying in the Nevada State University, has built up in this institution a dejjartment which is most creditable and satisfactory in its work, and he has become recognized as one of the leading educators of the state. He is a native of Maine, his birth having occurred in Orono, Penobscot county, on the i5tli of Octoter, 1867. The family is of Scotch Irish lineage, and the ancestry can be traced back to Nathaniel Wilson, his great-grandfather, who emigrated from the north of Ireland and became a resident of New Hampshire. Nathaniel Wilson, the second ol the name, was born in Lancaster, New Hampshire, and Nathaniel Wilson, the third, the lather ol the Professor, was a native ol Orono, Maine. Having arrived - at years ol maturity, he wedded Miss lUdefaunce C. Estes. In order to pro vide for his faraily he tecarae engaged in the lumber business, which he fol lowed for a number of years. Both he and his wife are members of the Congregational chui'ch and still maintain their residence in the east. They were the parents of two children, the daughter, Annie Louise, now the wife of Oscar L. Grover, a resident of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Professor Wilson, having acquired his preliminary education in the public schools, became a student in the Maine "University, and after applying himself assiduously to the mastery of the branches of learning taught in that institution xvas graduated, and he is also a post-graduate o^ Cornell Univer- A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 567 sity. Pie completed his course in the State University of Maine in li and took his post graduate xvork in Cornell in 1889-90. In the following year he accepted a position in the chemical xvorks of the Standard Oil Com pany, with xvhich he xvas connected for fifteen months. On the expiration ol that period he xvas offered the position of prolessor of chemistry and dairying in the Nevada State Unix'crsity, and, deciding to accept this, he removed to Reno. He is continually adding to his own knowledge through research, study and inx'estigation, and he has the happy faculty of imparting with clearness and conciseness to others the knowledge that he has acquired. He has built up in the institution a department which is a credit to the uni versity, and has xvon for himself a very gi-atifying rqiutafion as one of the leading educators of the state. On the 6th of January, 1890, Professor Wilson was united in marriage to Miss Emily L. Tuck, a native of Maine, and they noxv have three children : Nathaniel XX'ilson (the fifth). Whitman F. and Ruth. Their home is cele brated for its gracious hospitality, which is enjoyed by their large circle of friends. Professor Wilson has designed and erected a most commodious and attractive home on Maple street in the north part of Reno. He and his family are Congregationalists in religious faith, and have brought to the west the culture and refinement of the east, xvhich has been an important element in the intellectual and material development of Nevada, and yet there is no family in all Reno so free from ostentation and display as the one which occupies the attractive home of Professor Wilson. Politically the Professor is a Deraocrat and a teliever in bimetalism. Tie was elected a meraber of the city council of Reno, being chosen to the position oil the 5tli of May, 1903, and now he is heartily co-operating with the council and the mayor in the work of improving the conditions of this fast growing city. They have already accomplished much commendable work and have raised money enough to pay off the floating indebtedness. Improve ment has been carried on along raany lines, and Mr. Wilson is a co-operant factor in all that tends to promote the city's welfare and substantial develop ment. JACOB FOSTER HOLLAND, a wdl known and respected resident of Nevada for the past twenty-nine years, and for the greater part ol that time one ol Mason valley's successful farmers, first came to the state in charge of the Indian reservation in southeastern Nevada. He is a native of Georgia, xvhere he was bom in 1827, and is descended from an old South Carolina family. His father, Elijah lioUand, was born in the last named state, and there he married Sarah White, they becoming the parents of nine children. Tlie father died aged fifty-three years and the mother aged fifty- four years. By occupation they were farmers, and they held to the faith of the Baptist church. Mr. Holland was reared upon his father's farm and educated in his native state. Tn 1847 he removed to Mobile, Alabama, and made that city his home until the discovery of gold in California caused hira to go^ to that state in 1850, via the isthmus, in a coinpany knoxvn as the Mobile Company. 568 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. This company of men settled in Nevada county on the Yuba river, at Parks bar, and, turning the river frora its channel, had rich diggings and took out fifty pounds of gold in one day, but when the rainy season carae on the river rose ancl destroyed the works and the}' abandoned the claims and re turned to Georgia. Mr. Holland remained in the United States until after the war, in which he xvas a volunteer under General R. E. Lee, and partici pated in the battle of Gettysburg and was at ChanceUorviUe. He then served in the quartermaster's department until the close of the war. In 1853 he had been happily married to Miss C. A. Black, a native of Lafayette, Georgia, daughter of Judge Black, a prominent lawyer of the state. During the war the wife and little son of Mr. Holland remained with her father. When the war was over he returned to them, and in 1867 he brought them to the land of promise along the Pacific coast. At Sacra mento he became interested with his brother, James Holland, in a farm and orchard. After some years he was offered a position with the govern ment as agent of the Indian reservation, and, selling out to his brother, he brought his faraily to Nevada to assume his duties. During seven years he served the government faithfully, and during three of them he was also in charge of the Walker rix'er reservation. Atout this time he purchased six hundred acres of land on which he now resides. This was but slightly improved, but through good management and untiring energy Mr. Holland has made it into -a fine home. Upon this fine property he carries on stock- raising to a large extent. Many of the improvements in this locahty have been inaugurated and carried through by him, among xvhich is the first graded road. He also introduced fine road horses and still has a blooded stallion. Bocks, noxv txventy-three years old, with a record of 2 :34 minutes. Mr. Holland has been a life-long Democrat, and has held the office of county commissioner for txvo years. In religious faith Mrs. Holland, a most charming lady, is a Methodist. The son Charles is his father's assist ant in all his enterprises. He married Miss Frances Byers, and they have four children, namely : Harry F., Alice Lydia, Anna Louise and Frances Ethel. The younger Mr. Holland is, like his father, held in highest esteem throughout the neighborhood, and they are important factors in all the im provements of Mason valley. JOHN W. PUETT, the proprietor of the Palace Hotd at Cariin, Ne vada, is one of the best known business men in the western part of Elko county. Pie has been in the state abOut fifteen years, and in that time has acquired extensive business and property interests in Cariin. The Palace Hotel is the leading resort for traveling men, and under Mr. Puett's manage ment its standard of excellence will te maintained and increased so that no town of similar size in the state will furnish more comfortable entertainmait for the traveling public than Cariin. The Palace contains forty large, well furnished rooms, and it is a comparatively new structure and much the best building in the town. It has been rented, but Mr. Puett is now putting it into improved condition, and it wiU reopen with increased facilities and the .best of cuisine and arrangements for interior comfort. A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 569 Mr. Puett was bom in the state of South Carolina, April 13, 1865, and is of English, French and Scotch ancestry. Flis father, Elijah Puett, was tom in North Carolina, was a soldier in the Confederate army, and died in 1882, at the early age of thirty-seven. Iiis xvife xvas Miss Sylvia Martin, a native of South Carolina, and she is still residing on the old homestead at the age of sixty-seven. Of their seven childi'en, five are living, and the txvo in Nevada are Andrexv B., a mining raan of Tonopah, and John W. John W. Puett xvas born during the short residence of his parents in South Carolina, but xvas reared and educated in North Cai'olina, at the town of Shelby. From there he xvent to Seattle and Taconia, Washington, and was a firenian for about six months on the Northern Pacific Railroad, across the Cascade mountains. After about a year in XX^ashington he gave up railroading, and, coming to San Francisco, entered Heald's Business Col lege, from which he graduated in 1888. Tie then entered the employ ol Sisson, Crocker and Coinpany, and was xvith thera for six years. He xvas manager of three of their stores, and finally bought out the branch store at Cariin, and is still the owner of this establishment. He also has con siderable other town proiierty, from which he receives satisfactory returns in the way of rentals. He was at the outset of his business career when he came to Cariin in 1888, and he has been forgilig rapidly and steadily to the front ever since, so that he is regarded as one of the most reliable and jii'ogressiye business men of the town, Mr, Puett affiliates with the Democratic party, and President Cleveland appointed him postmaster of Cariin, He is now serving his third terra as notary public. In 1896 he was raarried to Miss M. Bruce, of Elko, the daugh ter of Alfred Bruce. The three children of this union are Sylvara, John W., Jr., and Euretta. Mr. Puett received the subliine degree of Master Mason in Elko Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., in 1890, and xvas S. D. of that lodge for a time. He is an active worker in the fraternity, and is a memter of the chapter and commandery at Eureka, Nevada. HENRY GENZEL, a successful farmer of Mason valley, Nevada, is one of the many Germans who have located in the United States and helped to make our land what it is. He was torn in Germany in 1840, and was there educated and learned the trade ol a tanner. While there he married Miss Martha Feiganspan, and eight children were born, as follows : Charles, Anna, Minnie, Hulda, Gretchen, Sadie, Frank and Warran, the latter being killed in his nineteenth year, in 1899, by an accident caused by his team rtfti- ning away in the mountains. Tn 1880 Henry Genzel with his wife and family came to the new world and coming to Nevada settled in Lyon county in Mason valley, and rented land, upon which they lived for six years, when he xvas able to purchase his first ranch of one hundred and twenty acres. This was covered with sage brush, but by constant industry he has raade it into a good home, surrounded by thrifty trees of his own planting. Fle raises hay and all kinds of farm products, and makes a specialty of cattle, horses and hogs. Sadie and Frank have come to Mr. and Mrs. Genzel since their location in Nevada. Tn politics 570 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Genzel is a Republican, and has taken an active interest in school affairs, having served his district as trustee. In religious telief he and his family are Lutherans, and they set an excellent example of yvliat can be accomplished through honesty, industry and thrift. JOSEPH EDWARD STUBBS. No compendium such as this volume defines in its essential limitations will serve to offer fit recognition of the labors of Joseph Edward Stubbs, the president of the Nevada State Uni versity, and yet the volume would be incomplete without mention of his career. He has had marked influence upon the inteUectual devdopment of the state and has so advanced the standard of the University that it now ranks with the leading institutions of this character, throughout the endre country. Professor Stubbs is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in Ash land on the 19th of March, 1850. He represents an old English family, al though many generations have corae and gone since the first of the name in America settled in Pennsylvania. It xvas in 1650 that his ancestors came to the new xvorld. They were Quakers in religious faith, and in their business connections xvere ironmasters, oxvning and operating extensive iron foundries in the Keystone state. There resided the representatives of the name until John Stubbs, the grandfather of Professor Stubbs, removed to eastern Ohio. That was at an early date in the development of the Buckeye state, and he became a leading pioneer, leaving the impress of his individuality upon the progress and improvement of the locality. For several- years he served as private secretary to one of the admirals of the United States navy. Josejih Deyarraon Stubbs, the father of Professor. Stubbs, xvas born in eastern Ohio, and at the tirae of the inauguration Of hostilities between the north and the south he volunteered in defense of the Union, becoming a raeraber of the Forty-second Ohio Infantry. He xvas elected a first lieutenant and later was proraoted to the rank of captain. He. was also appointed on the staff of General Jaraes Garfield, and xvhen the latter was elected to Congress Captain Stubbs was transferred to the quartermaster's department in Nash ville, Tennessee. Subsequently he was breveted lieutenant colonel and was appointed superintendent of military railroads in both North and South Car olina. In all of these different positions he rendered his government valuable service and was unfaltering in his loyalty to the Uniori cause and his defense of the old flag. He was united in ma'rria.ge to Miss Mary Jane Gray, a daughter of the Rev, David Gray, an eminent Methodist minister who be longed to the northern Ohio and to the central Ohio conferences. That family was of Scotch Uneage. After the war Mr. Stubbs continued to reside in Ashland, Ohio, for many years, passing away in 1898 at the age of seventy-eight years. His wife never recovered from the blow occasioned by the death of her husband and passed away in less than a year. She, too, was about seventy-eight years of age at the time of her demise. Theirs "had been a raost happy and congenial married relation. They tecame the parents of six children, of xvhom five are yet living : D. D., who is general manager of the Oriental & Occidental Steamship Company' and resides in San Fran- A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 571 ci,sco; John C, who is traffic director for the Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, the Oregon Short Line and the Oregon Railway & Navigation companies, xvith headquarters in Chicago; Mrs. Elizabeth Dorland, who resides in Ash land, Ohio; and Mary N., who is making her horae with her brother in Chicago. The youngest brother of the family has passed away. Mr. Stubbs pursued his early education in the public schools and after xvard attended the high school in Ashland, Ohio. He manifested special aptitude in his studies, mastering with ease many of the branches therein taught. His classical course was pursued in the Ohio Wesleyan University, and he was graduated in 1873. XVhile studying there he also acted as tutor in the university, and after his graduation he continued to teach in that scliCK)l until 1875. His strenuous labor, however, undermined his health and he was forced to resign his position. After a period of rest and recuperation he entered the Drew Theological Seminary in New Jersey, but again he was obliged to spend one year_ in recuperating his health, that year being passed in California. He next returned to Ashland, Ohio, where he took charge of the Ashland Weekly Times, and in 1886 he was called to the presidency of the Baklxvin University in Berea, Ohio, occupying that im portant position for eight years, or until 1894. Professor Stubbs then ac cepted the presidency of the Nevada State University, and is now serving in his tenth year as the head of this prosperous and prominent institution ol learning. . When he entered upon the presidency the curriculum covered a lour years' course. There were no foreign languages taught in any ol the high schools of the state, and at the completion of the eighth grade work ol the coramon schools pupils xvere admitted to the freshman class. The present requirements for admission rank with those of any other state in the Union, and because of the efforts of President Stubbs in this direction Latin, German and French are now taught in several of the high schools of the state and also in the University high school, which has a -course of study covering three years. The departments which have been added during the past nine years are civil engineering, mechanical engineering and a general science course. Previous to this time, and still retained, there were the mining course, the school of arts and the agricultural course, ancl the training received in these various departments is noxv equal to that given in any university along such lines. The campus of the university has been increased by the purchase of nine acres of land, giving it a frontage on Virginia street and on Ninth street. Altogether the college grounds cover thirty-five acres. The uni versity is most pleasantly located and the beautiful campus now overlooks the city of Reno. Seven new buildings have been erected during the past nine years and two of the old buildings have teen improved. The experiment station farm was obtained by gift from the citizens ol Washoe county. This comprises sixty acres ol land adjoining the town ol Reno, and has an irri gating ditch with ninety inches ol water. The purchase was made by the citizens at a cost ol txvelve thousand dollars, and by reason ol the rapid growth ol Reno the property is now easily worth twenty-five thousand dollars. President Stubbs is an enthusiastic educator, his interests centering in educational matters and his efforts being continually exerted toward securing 572 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the latest and test methods that will promote the progress, welfare and efficiency of the university. He ranks to-day Avith the best educators of the country and has justly earned his reputation. On the I oth of July, 1873, occurred the marriage of President Stubbs and Miss Ella Sprengle, of Ashland, Ohio. She Avas graduated from the same university in which her husband completed his course, and has been a help and inspiration to him in his work, taking great interest in intellectual progress. Their union has been a very happy one, and to thera have teen born six children, five of whom are yet living. Theodora is now the wife of J. M. Fulton, of Reno, who is division freight and j)assenger agent for the Southem Pacific Railxvay. Elizabeth Spayd is now acting as her father's private secretary. Ralph Sprengle is associated xvith Armour & Company, in Chicago, in the transportation department. Ruth Gray and John Christian Spayd are still in school. The three oldest children are graduates of the State University. President Stubbs xvas formerly an active advocate of the Republican party, but since coraing to Nevada has taken no part in political work. He is a raeraber of the Masonic fraternity, and noxv affiliates xvith Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M. He is likexvise a member of the Benex'olent and Pro tective Order of Elks. Although he has been a resident of Nevada for a little more than nine years he has been so closely and prominently connected with the educational and moral interests of the town during this time that no history of the state would be complete xvithout the record of his career. It is a widely acknoxvledged fact that the most Important xvork to which a man can direct his energies is that of teaching, whether it be from the pulpit, from the lecture platforra or in the schoolroora. Its primary object is ever the same — the devdopment of one's latent powers that the duties of life may be bravely met and well performed. Professor Stubbs has devoted his time and energies and thought to the work of instructing the young and preparing them for the responsibilities that follow in later years. His efforts in behalf of the university have teen of a practical and far-reaching nature, and Nevada acknowledges its indebtedness to him for the splendid xvork he has accomplished. S. JACOBS, one ol the representative merchants ol Reno,- whose career has been equally honorable and successful, has for a quarter of a century been identified with the inter'ests ol this place and has built up a large and prosperous business, dealing in clothing and men's lurnishing goods. In all his undertakings he has teen gxiided by upright principles and strict ad herence to the highest commercial ethics, and thus has xvon public confidence and his business has grown Irom year to year xvith the growth ol the city. His store, whicii is located on Coraraercial avenue, is twenty-one by one hun dred leet, and yet this space is hardly sufficient for his large and well selected line ol men's clothing and lurnishing goods. He has made a study ol the demands and needs ol the public as well as the quality ol goods, and he pays cash for his purchases and is thus enabled to sell at very reasonable prices. A PIISTORY OF NEVADA. 573 Mr. Jacobs xvas born in Poland on the 22d of September, 1853, and is of Hebrexv ancestry, being descended from a faraily of merchants. Tie was educated in his native country, and there became familiar with business meth ods. In the )^,ear 1869 he crossed the Atlantic to the new xvorld, teing then in his sixteenth year. He had but a slight knowledge of the English language at that time ancl only a small amount of money, but with resolute heart and strong purpose he set to work to xvin a comfortable competence in the United States. He remained in New York city for a time, and xvas there engaged in clerking in a store. Later, however, he turned his attention to the tailor's trade, and in the Vear 1871 he removed to Denver, Colorado, where he worked as a journeyman tailor. He next xvent to San Francisco, where he opened a merchant tailoring establishment on his own account. Subse quently he tecame a resident of HoUister, California, where he also opened a merchant tailoring business, but xvas not quite satisfied Avith his place ol location, and in 1878 he came to the new toxvn of Reno. It xvas rapidly grow ing, having at that time tetxveen txvelxe and fifteen hundred people. Being pleased with its prosjiects, its location and its future outlook, he decided to locate here and has never had occasion to regret this determination. Opening a merchant tailoring establishment in this city, he soon secured a good busi ness, and as the toxvn grew and his trade increased he kept enlarging his stock of goods until he now has the best men's clothing ancl furnishing goods store in the city. XVell does he merit his success, because it has been won along honorable methods, through close attention to the trade and unflagging- energy. Tn 1869 Mr. Jacobs was united in marriage to Miss Hannah Hersh, a native of Poland, and this union has teen blessed with two sons : Philip, who is now his father's partner in business ; and Morris, who was reared and edu cated in Reno. Mr. Jacobs has- a fine residence in this city and has also in vested in consider.able realty here. Since coming to Reno he has been fully identified with the progress and development ol the place, and has watched its growth Irom a town ol about filteen hundred inhabitants until it now has a population ol nearly ten thousand. Tn politics he was a Democrat, but is now independent in his political affiliations. He 'favors protection for Araeri can industries and is also an advocate of bimetallism, and, thus endorsing' some of the principles of both [>arties, he casts his ballot for the men whom he thinks best qualified for the office. He is a valued member of the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows and is a past grand master of the state. He also belongs to the order of B'nai B'rith, a charitable society formed of lead ing Hebrews throughout the country. He adheres to the faith of his ances tors, and in all things is a loyal American citizen, true to the institutions of his adopted land. Coming to the new world when a young man of only sixteen years, he has steadily advanced from a humble financial position to one of affluence, and is deserving of much credit for what he has accom plished, HON. GEORGE HENNING, a Virginia City pioneer of 1863, ranks among her representative business men and as one who has every right to the proud American title ol "a sell-made man." His success in all his under- 574 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. takings has been so marked that his methods are of interest to the commercial world. He has based his business principles and actions upon strict adherence to die rules xvhich govern industry, economy and unswerving integrity. His enterprise and progressive spirit have made him a typical American in every sense of the word, and he well deserves raention in the history of his adopted state. What he is to-day he has made himself, for he began in the world with nothing but his own energy and xvilling hands to aid hira. By constant exertion, associated with good judgment, he has raised himself to the promi nent position he now holds, having the friendships of many and the respect of all who know hira. Mr. Henning is a native of Belfast, Ireland, born on the 4th of May, 1840. His parents were XVilliam and Elizaljeth (Coats) Henning, the former a native of the Emerald Isle and die- latter ol Scotland. His mother died in Belfast in 1854, and his father afterward emigrated to Toronto, Canada, but two years later, because ol the impaired condition ol his health, he was advised to take an ocean voyage and accordingly sailed to "Scotland to visit his mother and brothers, xvho were then in Glasgow, where he died and xvas buried. He had left his four children, George, Esther, Joseph and William James, in the care of relatives in Toronto, Canada. Esther, now Mrs. J. Christie, is a resident of Manitoba; Rev. Joseph Henning died at Almira, New York; William Jaraes is a builder and contractor in Vancouver, British Columbia. George Henning, the eldest of the family, was educated in the public schools ol his native country. Since his fourteenth year he has earned his own living. He was first a messenger boy in a grocery store, working lor lour dollars per month. He remained in that business lor five years, became a clerk, and from time to time his wages were increased as he tecarae qualified to assume greater duties and responsibilities iri connection with the store. Tn 1863, hoping to benefit by the broader business opportunities of the great and growing western section of this country, he came to Virginia City. Here he engaged in raining with shovel and pick, receiving four dollars per day for his services. He continued mining until 1880, in which year he was nomi nated and elected on the Republican ticket to the position of assessor of Storey county, an office whicii he filled in a most satisfactory manner for two terms. On his retirement from that position Mr. Henning turned his attention to merchandising, establishing a cigar, notion and stationery store on C street, where he has since continued in business. He is to-day one of the representative merchants of the city, carrying on business along progressive lines and enjoying a liberal patronage, which he xvell merits by reason of his deterniined and honorable effort. In 1873 Mr. Henning raarried Mrs. Harriet Jones, who had two chUdren by her former marriage : Clara Etta, now the wife of Dr. C. F. Sloat, of San Francisco ; and Hattie Priscilla, xvho died in 1876, in the sixth year of her age. Mr. and Mrs. Henning have had fiye children, all of whom it has been their great misfortune to lose by death. This worthy couple are valued members of the Episcopal church, and in the Masonic order he is a very emi nent brother, teing a past master of Escurial Lodge No. 7, and secretary of said lodge at the present writing. This office he has filled for the past A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 575 fourteen years. He is also a past grand master, past grand patriai'ch and past grand representative of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Nevada. He is thoroughly posted in the usages and tenets of these Jwo greatest of all the secret societies, and is living the upright and honorable life which they advocate, while as a working member ol both he is highly esteemed. Start ing out in life when but fourteen years ol age and dependent upon his own resources since that time, his liie has ceilainly been a successful one, as he now stands in a leading position among the prosperous, influential and repre sentative residents of Virginia City. J. A. ISOL.X, one of the foremost merchants ancl citizens of Cariin, Nevada, is a native of the famous soil of Tuscany, and his ancestors resided under the Italian sun of that country for many generations. Mr. Isola came to this country poor, friendless and unable to speak the English tongue, and in little more than txventy years has placed himself in the front rank of the business element of western Elko county. For this he has his enterprise, diligence and quick business instinct to thank, and these characteristics will lead him to still further success. Mr. Isola was born in Tuscany, Deceraber 24, 1859, and was reared and educated in the schools of his native land. He was twenty -two years old when he emigrated to San Francisco in 188 1, and, hampered as he was by lack of knoxvledge of the language and by his poverty, he was not long in getting work in a provision store, for whicii he was paid twenty-five dollars a month and board. He also engaged in mining to some extent. ' When he came to Cariin his first eniploynient was shoveling coal by contract, at which he made fair wages, and he was then engaged for some time in the saloon business. He opened his general merchandise store in Cariin in 1896, and his close attention to business and honorable dealings have brought him good patron age and extended his trade out for one hundred miles from the town. His stock of goods is first class, and he is popular and genial in manner, winning friends and customers at the same time. He owns his store building, also a good residence and other town property, and further discharges his duties of good citizenship by taking a public-spirited interest in all. matters of local concern. Few American-born citizens have made a better record than Mr. Isola, and he deserves all the more credit for the obstacles which he has overcome in his path of progress. HERMAN LEVY. One of the most successful business men of Vir ginia City is Herman Levy, who is now conducting an enterprise of impor tance to the city whose prosperity is based upon its commercial activity and upon the effective labors of its representative business men. He is a native of Germany and was born on the loth of April, 1864. He was educated in his native country and in Virginia City, having come to the new world in his boyhood days. Having completed his education, he entered upon his business career as a salesman in the dry-goods store belonging to his uncle, Jacob Morris, and in his employ he became thoroughly informed concerning 5V6 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. all departments of merchandising both in principle and detail- Mr. Morris had established the business in 1868 and by his honorable methods, capable management and strong determination had built up a large business, which constantly grew in extent and importance. He had several branch • stores, and ranked among the most successful, enterprising and prominent merchants of the state. Tn the great conflagration whicii swept over Virginia City in 1876 his business was destroyed by fire, but with his usual enterprise and courage he at once rebuilt and continued to engage in merchandising at this place until his life's labors were ended in death in the year 1881. He is sur vived by his wife, who yet retains her residence in Virginia City, where she is highly esteemed by a large circle of friends. Since his uncle's death, Mr. Levy has conducted the business in a most satisfactory manner, being its manager since 1890. This is the oldest, largest and raost successful dry-goods house in Virginia City, and as an honor to its founder the store still bears his name, and his upright and straightforward methods are still being carried on. The store and its business is a monument to his industry, integrity and commercial ability. Mr. Levy conductsiiis en terprise along progressive lines that lead to the continual broadening of the scope of his labors and to the enlargement of the work which he carries on. He has an extensive and well selected stock of goods, and his sales are an nually increasing. In 1885 Mr. Levy was joined in wedlock to Miss Carrie Cone, who was bom in Mokelumne HiU, California. Their home is now blessed with the presence of three children : Leo, Paul and Harold. Theirs is one of the good residences of the city, and its hospitality is enjoyed by their raany friends. Mr. Levy takes an active interest in everything that has pertained to the bene fit of the city, being a co-operant lactor in raany measures for the general good. He is a blue lodge Mason, has also takeii the degrees of the chapter and is the able and well posted master of the former organization. He is also serving as deputy grand high priest of the grand chapter of Royal Arch Masons of Nevada. Mr. Levy's actions have been such as to distinctively entitle him to a place in this publication, and although his career has not been filled with thrilling incidents, probably no biography published in this book can serve as a better illustration to young men of the poxver of honesty and integrity in insuring" success. GEORGE H. WEDEKIND has noxv passed the seventy-fifth mile stone on life's journey, and an investigation into his life record xvill show that his has been an honorable career, his attention, teing given to business affairs through many years, while his methods in all trade transactions have been honorable and straightforward. Noxv he is enjoying a well-earned rest, for as the years passed he added to his possessions, and as the result of his economy and industry he now has a very desirable competence. A native son of Germany, he was born on the 20th ol July, 1828, and was educated in the latherland. Not long alter attaining his majority he- re solved to try his fortune in America, for he had heard favorable reports con cerning business opportunities here for young men. Accordingly he crossed GEORGE H. WEDEKIND. A History of nevada. 577 the Atlantic to New York in 185 1, and then by way of the Isthmus of Panama made his way to San Francisco. He was sent there by a piano firm, his business being to repair and tune pianos. For about ten years he was actively engaged in that line of labor in San FranciscO', after which he came to Reno, but the city was then a mere hamlet in the midst of sage brush and offered but little inducement to one in his line. Consequently he went to Virginia City, where he prospected to some extent and gained valuable information concerning mines and mining operations. He also continued in the piano business there. In 1895 he once more came to Reno, xvhere he was again engaged in the tuning and repairing of pianos, but, retiring from that field of activity, he turned his attention to^ prospecting and was fortunate in the discovery ol the Star mine, now called the Wede kind mine. He did some development xvork in connection with this mine, took out ore to the value of ten thousand dollars and then sold the property to Hon. John Sparks for one hundred and fifty-five thousand dollars. Mr, Sparks has since made large iraprovements and the mine is still productive. In i860 Mr. Wedekind was united in marriage to Miss Lena Willhelra, a native ol Gerraany, and they now have five children : John; Lizzie, the wife of Charles Layton; Louis; Henry; and Lilly, the xvife of PTarry Rarasey. Mr. Wedekind owns a good residence at the east end of Mill street in Reno. He had invested to a considerable extent in city property, and has built a number of houses here which haxe added greatly to the "improvement and substantial development of the city. To each of his children he has given a good sum of money, and has also retained a very desirable capital to supply him with life's comforts durin,g his declining years. Many a thoroughly ex perienced mining expert has not done so well as Mr. "Wedekind, and the saying that "It is better to be born lucky than rich" proves good in his case. He has, however, lived an active life, in Avhich he has worked earnestly and persistently, and he well deserves the success which has corae tO' hira as the result of his efforts. His friends congratulate him upon his good fortune, and it certainly is gratifying that he and his-wife can spend the evening of life amid such pleasant surroundings and comforts as they now enjoy in their pleasant home in Reno. JAMES JOHNSTON, Avho is a well knoAX'n and highly respected i860 pioneer of Nevada, and one of 1850 in California, is now one of the prominent farmei's of Mason valley. He Avas torn in Ireland, April 15, 1827, and is of old Scotch-'Irish ancesti-y, and was educated in his native land. Tn 1847, when in his twentidh year, he emigrated to the United States, and landed in New Orleans during the Mexican war. The discovery of gold in California attracted him to that state, to which he went in 1850. Soon the brave lad was digging for gold on Weaver creek, eight miles below Caloma, and he also mined at Smith Fork, at Spanish Bar. Like many others he took out a large quantity of gold, sometimes one hundred dollars in a day, but spent it as freely, and finally in i860 he followed the crowds pouring into Virginia City, Nevada, and was active in building the Rockey Point quartz mill. Later he went to Fort Churchill, and in the Carson valley he purchased a ranch upon 578 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. which he resided for nine years. He then" sold his property and located in Mason valley, where he took up two hundred and forty acres ol land which he has made into one ol the finest larms in this portion of the state, upon Avliich he has built an excellent brick house. In i860 Mr. Johnston was married to Miss Elizateth Roarke, a native of Ireland. They have six children, namely : Annie, Mrs. Jacob Hofheins, . of Mason valley; Charles, with his father; Ida, Mrs. John B. Galligher; An drew, with his father; Mary, Mrs. Charles Galligher; Christina. Mrs. John ston died in 1901, having been a faithful wife and raother. Mr. Johnston has sixteen grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren, and is very proud of them all. He was reared in the faith of the Presbyterian church. Fra ternally he is a Mason. He has always been a Democrat, but has never sought or accepted office. Throughout the entire state Mr. Johnston has many friends, by whom he is very highly respected for his many excellent traits of character. HUGH AUSTIN SMITH, for nearly forty years a resident of Nevada, for over twenty years of the city of Reno, and one of the prosperous mer chants and prominent citizens, has had an interesting and varied career from the time he Avas seventeen years old. He is the son of Charles Heston and Sarah Sraith, Avho removed from Illinois to Iowa jn 1840, where the former was a worthy and respected farmer, and xvhere he died in 1859. His wife survived him thirty years, and both are buried in Agency, Iowa. They were members of the Methodist church. Seven of their eleven children are still living. Hugh Austin Smith, the only one of the family in Nevada, was born in Agency city, Iowa, January 27, 1847, ^^'^ remained at home, obtaining fair educational advantages and otherwise employing his youthful days, until he was seventeen years old, when he was offered a chance to cross the plains to California and accepted. A company was going to take a large number. of horses to the coast, and young Smith was allowed tO' accompany them for the services he xvould render in caring for the animals. They were three months and nineteen days in making the journey, and he enjoyed its varied experiences and hardships with all the enthusiasm of youth. They came through Virginia City and on to Truckee plains, and in the same year (1864) Mr. Smith located in Virginia City, his first employment being the hauling of hay with oxen from Sierra valley, California, to Virginia City. During the two years that he was thus engaged he received seventy-five dollars a month and board, and for the greater part of the time camped out of doors. He clerked in a hotel in Summit, Plumas county, for a while, and also got his first experience in merchandising by clerking in a store at the same place. He went to Idaho in 1880 and xvas employed for the next txvO' years as clerk in the commissary store of the Oregon Short "Line Railroad. He then came to Reno and during the winter of 1882-3 worked for the firm ol Manning and Berry, who sold their business to W. O. Ti. Martin. Mr. Smith remained with him lor eighteen years as clerk. Tn January, 1901, Mr. Siiiith opened his own grocery and produce store in Reno, carrying a large stock ol choice A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 579 groceries, and in the past three years has succeeded, by his excellent business methods and his popular and winning ways, in building up a good trade, most of it on a cash basis. In 1878 Mr. Smith married Miss Maggie Crawford, a native of Glas gow, Scotland. They had four sons and a daughter, and three of the sons are living: James, born in California; Allison Clarence and Echo in Reno. Mrs. Smith is a member of the Seven-Day Adventist church. Mr. Smith has always been a Democrat, but has never sought or held office. He has a good residence in Reno, and also oxvns residence property xvhich he rents. His long experience in merchandising has made him highly deserving ol the success he has gained, and he is always considered among Reno's representa tive and public-spirited business men. JAMES RUTLEDGE, lor the past eight years justice of the peace of the town of Cariin, Nevada, has been one of the honored residents of the town for a quarter of a century. He has already passed three-score and ten milestones on the road of life, and his career has teen full of dignity and honest work. Since taking up his home on this side of the Atlantic he has readily adapted himself to the conditions of the American democracy, and has assumed its privileges and discharged its duties with the spirit of his race. His has been a successful life in both domestic and business relations, and he is fully deserving of the respect which his fellow citizens ol Elko county led lor him. Mr. Rutledge xvas bor-n in the townland of Crevy, parish of LisacuU, county of Roscommon, province of Connaught, kingdom .of Ireland, in 1829. He was reared and educated there, and lived there alraost forty years of his life. Tn April, 1868, he arrived in the United States, and for some' tirae worked at whatever he could find in Boston. He was in different parts of the country, but in 1877 he came to Cariin, Nevada, where he was soon given the position of section foreman for the Southern Pacific Railroad Coinpany. litis was his principal occupation for the following fourteen years, and he xvas very successful in this as in other ventures. In 1896 he xvas elected justice of the peace of Cariin, and has received t'ne re-election every succeeding year. His jud,gment has been reversed by a higher court but once, and his con scientious and well considered decisions inspii'e confidence in litigants to a degree seldom found in justice courts. He devotes his best efforts to the duties of this office, and his ripe intelligence and seasoned judgment make him honored on all sides. He has a pleasant home in Cariin, and is also engaged in stock-raising at Hot Springs. Judge Rutledge was married in 1874 to Miss Bridget Mulrenan, xvho was born in his native town in Ireland, and their union has been blessed with eight children, seven of whom' are liviiig: William and Thoinas were born in Utah, and the former is a mining blacksmith at Cortez; Edward, Mary, John, Margaret and James were born in Nevada; Mary has teen assistant postmistress in Cariin, John is a carpenter at Reno, and the others are at home with their parents. The family are all members of the Roman Catholic- 580 A HIST-ORY OF NEVADA. church, and in their social and domestic relations are a happy, industrious and esteemed circle, enjoying many friends and performing well their share ol life's duties. CHARLES BUCKLE, a successful general merchant of Cariin, Nevada, has been doing business in this place fo'r txventy-five years, teing one of the old citizens. He came here with little capital, his principal dependence being his trade, and by his industry, attention to business, honorable dealings and courteous and genial manners has adx'anced to the front rank of business men of western Elko county. Mr. Buckle was born in the city of Bristol, England, December 22, 1852, of old English ancestry. His father was killed in a mine a short tinie after the birth ol Charles, and his mother died in 1899. He is one ol two living children, and the only one in Nevada. He came to America in April, 1867, in search of better opportunities for making a living. He had mastered the .shoemaker's trade, and for the first fexv months was in Palisade, Nevada, xvhence he came to Cariin. He opened up shop xvith a sraall stc|ck of-boots and shoes, and also worked on the bench making shoes. He was attentive to business and did satisfactory work, so that it was only a question of time when he was prosperous enough to enlarge his enterprise. Tn 1887 he opened his general merchandise store, and also continued to carry a large line of shoes. His store is now fifty by one hundred feet, and he also has half of another block. lie has done well, and his patronage conies from every direction about Cariin. Mr. Buckle was married in his native city of Bristol to Miss Lena Car- noxv, also a native of England. They have had five children, and three are living: Madeline is the wife of James Keckler, of Reno; Sarah Aiin is the wife of Joseph Knowles, of Winnemucca; and Samuel Albert is the only living son. Mr. Buckle subscribes to the principles of the Republican party, but business affairs engross his time too much for hira to take further interest in politics. He was reared in the Methodist church, but he and his wife are now merabers of the Episcopal church. liON. ANGUS McLEOD, a representative Nevada pioneer of 1857, is one of the oldest in the state, and he sdtled in his present locality in Mason valley in 1862. He was bom in Arkansas in 1836, and on the paternal side is of Scotch ancestry, while on the maternal side he comes of Dutch stock as well as English. His father was reared in North Carolina' later removed to Tennessee, where he married Ann Sawyer, a native of Tennessee. He served a year in the United States regulars, assisting in moving Indians out of the territory, and was one of the pioneer settlers ol Arkansas, where he died in 1848, aged forty-eight years. Tiis wife survived him only a few years and died aged fifty-six years. Eight children were born to thera, of xvhoni Angus McLeod is the only survivor. Mr. McLeod was reared to manhood in Arkansas on his father's farm. Tn 1857 he crossed the plains to California and raade his first stop in Mariposa county, where he engaged in raining. That winter he went on to Calaveras A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 581 county, where he xvorked two seasons on a farm, and then came to the terri tory of Nevada and took a drove of cattle back to Califomia. In the fall of 1859 he removed to Carson valley, Nevada, and for seven months was em ployed in freighting from Sacramento and Folsom, Carson, Virginia City and ^Washoe valley, being paid from four and a cjuarter to eight cents per pound. Owning several teams and being largely patronized, he made money, and he finally settled in Carson City and clerked for Moses Job until the folloxving- spring. This time he oxvned four big teams and freighted across the mountains until 1861, and In 1862 he located on his present farm, on whicii he "squatted." He located three quarter-sections and now has nine hundred .and txventy acres, all of xvhich he has redeemed from the wilderness. In 1863 he hired men and took his teams to .Xurora and engaged in hauling lumber from the saxvmills to the nexv toxvn of Aurora, but by the following season he returned to his ranch and devoted hirasdf to iinproving his property. He has been engaged in stock-raising for a number of years. All his life he has teen a Democrat, xvas county treasurer of Esmeralda county two terms, and also served as county commissioner, and in 1870 xvas elected to the Ne vada asseinbly. In 1877 he married Mary E. Ellis, a native ol Missouri, and they have had nine childi'en, all living, namely : Charles Alexandei', with his father ; Henry S., at SodaviUe, in the employ ol the firm ol Lothrop, Davis and Com pany, dealers in general merchandise; Mary C, xvho married Bert Hillygus, ol Mason valley; Angus, Jr.; Neil; Mason Ellis; Belle; WiUiam; and Daniel. Mr. McLeod is a member of the Independent Order ol Odd Fellows ol long standing and has passed all its chairs. He is xvidely and lavorably known as an enterprising stockman and loyal and public-spirited citizen. CHARLES D. XVARREN. For a number of years Charles D. Warren was one of the prorainent and successful merchants ol Virginia City, Nevada, and since his death his xvidoxv gained quite a reputation in the city ol Reno as a court reporter and stenogi'apher, having an office there and being held in high regard lor her fine xvomanly qualities and her excellent business ability. Charles D. XX^arren xvas torn in Somerville, Massachusetts, October 23, 1853, ol English ancestry, and xvas educated in the public schcxjls ol his native state. He tegan his business career as a clerk in a store, and first became accjuainted with Virginia City in the fall of 1875, xvhen it was a rust ling and x-ery prosperous mining toxvn. He engaged in the meat market busi ness, with excellent success, oxvning the property in xvhich the market was located as xvell as his nice residence. He xvas regai'ded as one of the leading business men of the city at the time of his death, xvhich occurred May 12, 1891, long befoi'e he had reached the full realization of his powers. He had been prorainent in the Masonic and Odd Felloxv frata'nities, teing deputy grand master of the state in the latter, and both bodies participated in the burial services at Virginia City. Tn 1887 Mr. Warren married Miss Anna Mudd, xvho was tom in Pilot Hill, Eldorado county, California, and was the daughter of George B. and XVilhdmina (Marshall) Mudd, the latter a native of Scotland, Mr. Mudd 582 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. was a California pioneer of 1850, and was one of those xvho had good success in the mines. He was killed in the mines of X^irginia City by a fire in an ad joining mine. He left his widow, three daughters and a son, the daughters being Mrs. Warreri, of Reno; Mrs. Gosse, the wife of the proprietor of the Riverside Hotel in Reno; and Miss Lizzie Mudd, in Carson City. Mrs. Mudd still survix'es, and makes her home at Reno with Mrs. Warren, being one of the old and respected residents who came to the coast in pioneer days. Mr. and Mrs. Warren had two daughters, Clara and Erraa. After the death of her husband Mrs. Warreri learned shorthand and be came a court reporter. For eight years she was in the office of W. E. F. Deal, where she acquired a thorough knowledge of the law, and July 29, 1899, was adraitted to practice in any court of the state. She is still a stenographer and typewriter and has a nice office in Reno, where she is both successful and popu lar, and her worthy efforts are much admired. She has a nice residence on Island avenue. She is a member of the Argenta Chapter ol the Eastern Star at Virginia City, and has passed all the chairs ol the order; and is also a member ol the Colfax Rebekah Lodge at Virginia City, and is secrdary of the state assembly. She belongs to the Episcopal church, and in every way is admired for her worth as a true xvoman. W. R. CAPELL, one ol the most pi'ominent and best known residents ol Wells, Nevada, has had a successlul career in the operating department ol railroad work, and besides occupying a responsible position in that line at present is also engaged in ranching and stockraising. Both ol his parents were pioneers, by different routes, to this great Pacific slope country, and they xvere most esteeraed and worthy people. His father, James R. Capell, was torn in the state of Virginia in 1827. He lost his pa'rents when he was a child, and but little is known of his an cestry. He was reared to manhood in Alabaraa, and from there enlisted and served in the war with Mexico. Immediately following this war and the subsequent discovery of the gold fields of California, he set out by the southern route for the latter country, and located in Mariposa county in 1849. He was engaged in placer mining there for some time, and then conducted a ranch near San Jose, California. From there he went to Oakland, California. He was elected councilman at large for this city, and was also engaged in the real estate business there. He was a Democrat in politics, and a man of recognized ability, wielding much influence for law and order in that early day in the west. He married Miss Sarah E. Pratt, who was torn in Ken tucky and crossed the plains in 1850. She passed through what was then the territory of Utah, a part of which has since become the larger part of the state of Nevada, but at that time there was no settled population in this part of the country, and the region was looked upon as barren and worthless. Five children were born to the marriage of these pioneers, and two sons and two daughters are still living, two in California and one in New York. Mr. W. R. Capell is the only one of the family in Nevada. He was born in San Jose, California, March 5, 1857, and was educated in Oakland, He began his career by xvorking four years in a planing mill, and then engaged y//^ Ch^^/xM- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 583 # in railroading. He started as a locomotive firenian, and was promoted to en gineer, and is now in the responsible position of foreman of the round house at Wells. While locomotive engineer he xvas in the Salt Lake division, running from Cariin to Ogden. Tn addition to his railroad work he is now en gaged in the cattle and sheep business xvith the O'Neal brothers, who are his brothers-in-laxv, and have large herds of sheep and cattle and some large tracts of land. Mr. Capell affiliates with the Republican party, and is a member of the toard of trustees of the Wells school district, taking an active interest in the educational affairs of his toxvn. He is a memter of the Masonic fraternity, and was made Master Mason in Winnemucca Lodge No. 19, F. & A. M. ; he also belongs to the Order of Locomotive Engineers. In 1891 Mr. Capell married Miss Alice O'Neal, the daughter of Richard C. O'Neal, an early settler of Nevada. They have txvo sons, James and William. The family reside in one of the best homes in Wells, and on the ranch there are three dwellings, in one of which they spend each summer. Mrs. Capell is a devout meraber of the Roman Catholic church, and is a lady of most agreeable manners and has raany friends. COL. FREDERICK C. LORD, of Virginia City, carae to Nevada in May, 1866, and has since been one of the most favorably known citizens of the state. In every relation of life in which he has teen found he has made for himself a creditable record, and to-day he enjoys the unqualified regard and corifidence of his fdlow men. Colonel Frederick Chapin Lord is a native of the state of Connecticut, his birth having occurred in WaUingford on the 9th of October, 1837. He comes of English lineage, his ancestors having settled in New England in the year 1636. Representatives of the name were participants in all of" the important events whicii formed the early history of that section ol the country, and also took part in the Indian xvars, the war of the rebellion, the war ot 1812 and the war with Mexico. Frederick Lord, the father of the Colonel, xvas bom in East Windsor, Connecticut, in 1778, and after arriving at years of maturity married Miss Elizateth Allen, of New England ancestry equally as prominent in the history of Connecticut as his own. He died in 1867, and his Avife passed away in 1899, at the age of dghty-nine years. They were both memters of the Epis copal church and were worthy people, whose sterling traits of character en deared them to a large circle ol friends. They had four children, two sons and two daughters, and both the sons, with the blood of the Revolutionary forefathers flowing in their veins, gave their services to the country as defend ers ol the Union lor the Civil war. Henry C. Lord, the brother ol the Col onel, enlisted in the F'ifteenth Regiment of Connecticut Volunteers and died in the army of yellow fever in the eighteenth year ol his age. The surviving sister is Mrs. C. F. Lander, a resident ol Connecticut. Colonel Lord was educated in the public schools ol his native town, and in response to President Lincoln's first call for troops to put down the re- tellion in -its incipiency he enlisted on the i8th day of April, 1861, five days 584 A HISTORY OF NEV.VDA. before General Robert E. Lee resigned his commission in the United States army. Pie became a member of Company D, F"irst Connecticut X'olunteer Infantry, and afterxvard served in the Harris Light Cavalry, the Thirteenth and Third Pi'ovisional Caxalr)- Regiments of Nexv York. Three years of his service xvas in that celebrated raiding regiment, the Harris Light Caxalry, a regiment ci'edited xvith one hundred ami eiglit)-five engagements, and they lost nine hundred and txventy-eight, dead and xvounded, out of the xvhole num ber of two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-sexen men. And it is listed in Colonel Fox's roster of regimental losses as one of the six cavalry regiments that gained the distinction of being called the fighting regiments. Colonel Lord serxeil successively as a private, sergeant, first sergeant, sergeant major, second, lieutenant, first lieutaiant and captain. He xvon the second lieutenancy at a point txventy-five miles south of Fi'edericksburg on the 5th of Jul), 1862. The officer in command xvas disabled in the first charge, and Sergeant Lord, teing next in rank, toi>k command and brought the com- liat to a successful termination, routing the enemy and capturing a number of prisoners. He xvas promoted to the rank of captain after the desperate caxalry engagement at Aldie on the 17th of June, 18(13. His platoon teing in advance, he xvas ordered to charge, and his troops remained and guarded the loxvii against a superior force, securing a strong position and holding it against repeated assaults, until Gaieral Kilpatrick xvas able to bring up his brigade. The first squadron coraing to the support of Lieutenant Lorcl lost its five officers, and several of its men xvere killed and xxounded in reaching the position. Colonel Lord's service in the Lhiion army xvas continuous from the iSth of April, 1861, until the 2d of October, 1865, xvith the exception of a brief period of fourteen da)s xvhich xvas granted to him as a furlough after his re-enlistment. His record is scarcely equaled b)' that of any xolun- teer in die Civil xvar. Pie xvas iu thirty-three hard-fought engagements, yet he escaped xvith only one wound. In a caxalry cliarge in a close combat a pistol xvas pointed at his head, but tefore it could be discharged he had thrust it aside xvith his hand, and in so doing he xvas shot through the hand, the xvound Jeaving a great scar. Tn May, 1866, just seven inonths after receiving an honorable discharge from the Union army. Colonel Lord arrived in Virginia City, having made the journey by way of the Nicaragua route. He was at first employed in a quartz raill, and xvhile thus engagecl xvas appointed to a position in the revenue service, in xvhich capacity he remained, discharging his duties in a most cap able manner for eighteen years. He was first assistant assessoi', later dqiuty assessor and then assessor, and subsequent!)' collector. In 1896 he xvas elected a member of the state senate and re-elected in 1902, so at this writing, in 1903, he is noxv the repi'esentative from his district in the upper house of the state legislature. During the Spanish-American xvar he was appointed pay master ol United States volunteers and filled that position at San Francisco until alter the close of hostilities. His superior officers in their official re ports accorded him with the highest tributes of energy, industry, promptness, economy, intelligence and integrity In the performance of his duties, his ac counts being in excellent shape and entirely accurate. Since coming to Nevada Colonel Lord has taken an active interest in the A PIISTORY Ol' NEVADA. 685 state militia. He commanded the battery for five years, was colonel ol the old regiment, and on its re-organization in 1892 he was again elected to that office, and xxas in command of both state encanipments held at the state cap ital, lie was also a member of the rifle team in its contests with the Cali fornia militia in 1883 and 1884, at which time the I'ecords of the Nevada team excelled all previous records made in tlie United States. This was certainly very gratifying to Colonel Lord and other members of the team, and of their work they liave every reason to be proud. Colonel Lord was also a very active memlier of tlie Republican party in forraer years, and was secretary of the Republican state central coraraittee for twelve years, render ing liis party a valuable service in that capacity. I'.ut when the party re pudiated its position on biradallism he believed it to be a great Injustice to his state and to the people of the entire United States. lie then attended tlie meeting called to organize the silver party, was elected its chairman a,iid was also one of the organizers of the silver and fusion movements which car ried the state of- Nevada for XX^illiam Jennings Bryan and elected the Nevada state officers. During the past twenty-six years Colonel Lord has been agent of the (iiant Powder Company, and has .sold a large araount of the giant powder used by raining companies in Virginia City and other raines in this poilion of tlie state. At the present tirae he is timekeeper for the Consolidated Cali fornia & Virginia Mining Company. In 1872 was celebrated the marriage of Colonel Lord and Miss Bella T. Fulsom, a native of the state of Maine. Their union was blessed with two daughters: Fredericka C, noxv the wife of Otto F. Williams, of Elko, Ne vada, who is a successful attorney at that place; and Flora, who' is now the wife of W, E, Hansan, a druggist of Oakland, CaUfornia. After some years of happy raarried life Mrs. Lord died, leaving to the Colonel the care of his two daughters. In 1895 he was again married, his second union being with Miss Alice O. Nye, a daughter of Emanuel Nye, a California pioneer of prominence. Mrs. Lord is a lady of superior culture and natural refinement, and is a valued member of the Episcopal church. The Colonel is a member of the Loyal Legion, his certificate for admis sion to that order having been signed by General Phil Sheridan. He is also a niember of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Cavalry Corps of the Potomac and of the Harris Light Cavalry Regiment Association. He like wise has the honor of being a member of the Spanish- Araerican War Veterans' Association. Tie was niacle a Mason in New York city, and retains his mem bership with the blue lodge and chapter, and is also a Knight Templar, be longing to DeWitt Clinton Commandery No. i. Colonel Lord has made for himself a record as a solcher, public officer and civilian that well merits the high commendation of all, and he justly enjoys the good xvill, confidence and friendship of a very large circle of acquaintances. CliARLES SNYDER, one of the prominent pioneers of Nevada, having come to the state in i860, is also a successful famier of Mason valley. Pie is a native of New York, born there Fdiruary 12, 1822, coming of German and 586 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. New England ancestry. His father, John Snyder, was born in Germany, but emigrated to America when a young man, sdtling in New York, and became a far-mer. There he died, ageci sixty years. He married and reared a family ol eight children, all ol whom but one are living. His wile attained to a ripe old age. Charles Snyder was reared upon his lather's larm and educated in his native place. In 1852 he went to Califomia to dig for gold, and mined in Nevada county, making a few hundred dollars in Grass Valley and at Downieville. He then prospected in the mountains. His largest piece of gold was worth about fifty dollars. In i860 he settled in Carson valley and worked by the day for a year, when he went to Virginia City during the mining excitement. From there he came on to Aurora and built a sawmill on the Buckeye and operated it for four years until the town began to run behind. While he was there he furnished nearly all the lumber used in build ing the place. Tn 1865 he raade his xvay to Mason valley, purchased one ¦ hundred and sixty acres of land xvhich was partly improved, and has en joyed working upon it ever since. To it he has added from time to time, and now owns seven hundred and twenty acres. He also has four hundred and twenty acres in another piece, all of it being rich farming land. Mr. Snyder raises good horses, cattle and other stock. His horses are the English coach, while the stock are Durham. He has sold one thousand tons of alfalfa hay in a single season, and earlier in his career he has driven a herd of cattle to Oregon and received thirty-five thousand dollars for thera. Tn all of his undertakings he has greatly prospered, and is recognized as a good faTiner, capable business man and successful stockman. in 1866 Mr. Snyder was married to Miss Mary Loftus, and they have had five children, of whom three are living: John, a farmer residing near his father; Lizzie, who married Charles Hyronomus, a resident of Yerington; Jeremiah, in San Francisco; Emily married Orin Whiting and died leaving one child, Charles, wliO' is being reared by his grandfather, and is a very bright, intelligent little fellow. Mr. Snyder has been a life-long Republican, but has never sought or desired oflice. While he has never joined any society, he is very liberal in his support of the churches and all worthy enterprises. The Golden Rule gives him his standard of action, and following its teachings he has gained many friends and firmly established himself in the confidence ol the com mtmity. D. A. DAWSON is a native son ol the state of Nevada, and his ex cellent record as private citizen and public servant has teen rewarded by his present position as iiostmaster of Reno, of which town he is one of the popti-- lar residents, both on account of his own worth and also for the fact that his father was connected with Reno almost from its inception. A. Dawson, his father, was born in Franklin county, New York, Sep tember 14, 1851, He came to Nevada in his youth and was connected with its growth and prosperity from that time till his death, which occurred on the 14th of September, 1896, Pie was a member of die Knights of Pythias and the Aricient Order of United Workmen fraternities, and in politics was A HISTORY' OF NEVADA. 587 a Republican. One daughter and one son survive him, the former being Mrs. John Shaver, of Reno. D. A. Daxvson xvas born in Reno, November 9, 1876. His ancestral stock is Scotch. He was educated in the public schools at Reno and in the Nevada State University, and as soon as he left school became connected with the Reno postoffice as a clerk. His faithful continuance in that position for seven years and the capable discharge of his duties were rewarded on April 29i, 1902, when he was appointed postmaster by petition of his fellow citizens and by approval of President Roosevelt. The business of the office is con stantly increasing, and his administration has in every way been satisfactory to the patrons. Mr. Dawson has ahvays been, it is needless to say, a stanch Republican, and a bright public career seems open to him. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of RenO' T^dge No. 13, F. & A. M. EUREKA AND PALISADE RAILWAY COMPANY. The Eureka & Palisade Railway, narroAV gauge, runs from Palisade to Eureka, a distance of eighty-four miles. The road was organized as the Eureka & Palisade Rail road Company on November 19, 1873. The first section of twenty miles was built to Lodi (near Avhat is now knoAvn as Hay Ranch Station), where the terminal remained for several months. From Lodi, the road was pushed on to Alpha, twenty-five railes farther, where the terminal was again made for nearly a year; and it was not until November, 1875, that it was completed through to Eureka. On June 13, 1900, the road was placed in the hands of a recdver by the IJnited States circuit court of Nevada. It was sold at receiver's sale July 17, 1901, and reorganized as the Eureka & Palisade Railway Company, the new company conimencing to operate sarae on February i, 1902. The officers are: M. L. Requa, president, and G. D. Abtott, secretary, treasurer and super intendent. The board of directors are M. L. Recjua, H. H. Taylor, H. M. J. McMichad, all of San Francisco, and Charles Read and C. L. Rood, of Salt Lake City. The rolling stock ecjuipment consists of four locomotives, four passen ger cars, one baggage car, twenty-one box cars, forty-seven flat cars, sixteen stock cars, eight coal cars and one caboose. The principal traffic of the road consists of the shipment ol ores Irom the mines in the Eureka, Hamilton and Tybo districts consigned to the various smelters ol the country, about sixty per cent ol its freight traffic consisting of such shipments. About seventy-five per cent of its total freight business originates on the road, the balance coming from connecting carriers. The superintendents of the road have been Philetus Everts, who served from its commencement to September, 1882;, Byron Gilman, who served until January i, 1894; David Colton to April i, 1897, at which time G. D. Abtott was appointed superintendent and now fills the position. Mr. Abbott, to whose executive ability and management the road has oxved its successful operation for the past seven years, was torn in Boston, Massachusetts, February 3, 1866, and at the age of eleven was brought to 588 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. California, where he was reared and educated. In October, 1885, he began work for the Central Pacific Railway Coinpany as a brakeman, and later clerked in the superintendent's office at Oakland Pier, rose to head clerk, and only left that place to accept his present responsible office. Tn 1896 Mr. Abbott was married to Miss Florence Gertrude Brackett who xvas born in San Francisco, California. This union has been blessed xvith a son and a daughter, Granville B. and Ruth. HON. JOSEPH R. RYAN, Virginia City, Storey county, Nevada, is the superintendent of the Consolidated California and Virginia Mining Company ; also of the Hale & Norcross Mining Company and the Ophir Min ing Company, Avhile of the Comstock Pumping Association he is the man ager. It will thus be seen that his business interests are of considerable im portance and extent, and" that his connection is such as demands raarked capability, thorough understanding of the xx'ork and keen discrimination in its control. Mr. Ryan is a native of the state of Massachusetts, his birth having occurred at Brighton. He comes ol Irish ancestry and is a son of James T. Ryan, who married Miss Nora C. Connolly. She was a native of the British provinces and was of Irish descent. James T. Ryan was a con tractor and builder, and was one of the first white men to enter Humtoldt Bay, California, in the year 1850. He built a large sawraill there and did an extensive business as a manufacturer of lumber. He also became a memter ol the firm of Donahue, Ryan & Secor, who built the United States raonitor Comanche, at San Francisco, in the year 1864. He was prominently identi fied with the early history of the state ol California, taking an active part in promoting the test interests ol the young commonwealth. His devotion to the public welfare stood as an unquestioned fact in his career, and his efforts xvere ol the most helpltil ancl lar-reaching nature. He represented his district, comprised ol Huraboldt, Klamath and Del Norte counties, in the state legis lature in the years i860 and 1861, and distinguished himself as a man of unquestioned loyalty to the general good as well as in superior natural and acquired ability. He died in San Francisco in 1876, at the age of fifty- six years, and thus passed away one who had been long known and honored as one of the upbuilders ol the great xvest. His good wile survived him and departed this life in 1902, at the advanced age of seventy-seven years, and her remains were interred by the side of her husband in Holy Cross cemetery in San Francisco. They were the parents of three sons and two daughters, and three of the family are now living, but Mr. Ryan is the only one in Nevada. His sister, Nora M., is the wife of ex-Judge O. P. Evans, of San Fransciso, while Mary is the widow of Captain Charles L. Worden, of the United States array, who died from the effects of the San Juan cam paign. In his boyhood days Hon. J. R. Ryan was brought by his parents to the Pacific coast, the family horae being established in California in 1851. He pursued his preliminary education in the public schools ol that state, and A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 589 afterward attended Santa Clara College, in which he completed his course in the year 1864. Entering upon his business career he became connected xvith the manufacture of lumber in Humtoldt county, and remained a resi dent of California until 1872, when he removed to Nevada, telieving that this state afforded a broad field of labor to the enterprising, progressive business man. He engaged in mining in Pioche for a time, and in January, 1874, came to Virginia City, where he secured employment ,in the assay office of the company with xvhich he is still connected. In 1876 he entered the stock brokerage office of the firm of DriscoU & Company, which later tecame F. A. Tritle & Company, and subsequently became the successor of the latter firm in the business. Two years afterward, however, he abandoned the brokerage business and turned his attention to prospecting in Arizona and in Eldorado county of California. Returning, however, to Virginia City, Nevada, he xvas appointed superintendent of the Andes Mining Corapany in 1890. He accepted the superintendency ol the Flale & Norcross Mining Company in 1892, and in 1899 xvas appointed superintendent of the consolidated Cali fornia and Virginia Mining Company, xvhile in the sarae year he was raade manager of the Comstock Pumping Association, formed to drain the mines and permit of working at still lower levels, all of the work being done through the shaft of the consolidated California and Virginia Company. Three of the pumps are driven by electric power and the other by hydraulic power. This will permit the mines, xvhich have been such phenomenal producers, to te worked several hundred feet deeper and thus add greatly to the wealth of the country. He resigned the superintendency of the Andes Mining Company in August, 1903, and- on the same date was appointed superin tendent of the Ophir Mining Company. Not only in his raining operations has Mr. Ryan been eminently suc cessful, but has also become widely known as a most active and honorable representative of political interests in this section of the state, nor have his influence and efforts been confined alone to Nevada. He has been a life long Democrat, influential in the ranks of the party. He served for four years as chairraan of the Democratic state central committee, and is now a member of the Democratic national committee. In the year 1896 he was one of the presidential electors of the state, and was the messenger sent from Nevada to carry the state vote for Bryan to Washington. He has for twelve years been a delegate to all the state conventions ol his party, and is justly recognized as one ol its most prominent and active representatives in the west. In 1877 Mr. Ryan was joined in wedlock to Miss Eleanor Augustine, who was born in Silver City, Nevada, and to them has been bom a daughter, Margaret A., who is now the wile ol Allred Cellier, ol San Francisco. Tn 1889 Mr. Ryan married his present wife, who was then Elizateth H. Brooks. They have a delightful home in Virginia City, and its hospitality is greatly enjoyed by their many friends. Mr. Ryan belongs to the Benevolent and Protective Order ol Elks and to the Ancient Order ol United Workmen. As an inteUigent and progressive business man he has lexv peers in this state, and is deserving ol uniform recognition as such a citizen. By perseverance, de- 590 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. termination and honorable eff'ort he has overthrown all obstacles which barred his path to success and reached tlie goal of prosperity, while his broad mind and public spirit have made him a director of public thought and action. THE DAILY TERRITORIAL ENTERPRISE was founded in Vir ginia City in 1858, and consequently is one of the oldest newspapers published in the state. It is a six-column journal, twenty-three by thirty-two inches, and is devoted fo the interests of the Republican party and tO' the dissemina tion ol local news. It has been an important factor in molding public opinion in Nevada, and is now published by the firm of Blake & Craise. Frank A. Blake, the senior member of the firm, is a native son of CaH fornia, his birth having occurred in the Golden state on the 2d of May, 1865. He came to Nevada in 1874, when a lad of eight years, and went into the office of die Enterprise when a young man ol sixteen years. He has filled every office in the business frora that of printer's devil to that of editor, and is now acting in the latter capacity and at the same time is one of the lessees and publishers ol the journal. Mr. Craise is a native of England, his birth occurring on the "merrie isle" in May, 1865. He carae to Storey county, Nevada, in 1867, when about two years of age, and learned the printer's trade in Virginia City with the firm of Brown & Mahaney. He xvas connected with the Chronicle for a time, and later became compositor on the Enterprise, acting in that capacity from 1887 until 1891, when the paper was discontinued, but in 1892 it was re established, Mr. Craise becoming a partner with Mr. Blake in its pubUcation. Both are practical and capable newspaper men, and are raaking a marked suc cess of their enterprise. They take an actix'e interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of the city, and through the columns of this joumal they greatly aid in the promotion of niany interests for the public good. PATRICK GALLAGHER, of Mason valley, Nevada, is one ol the test larmers in this locality, where he has made his horae lor the past thirty-six years. He was born in Sandwich, Canada, July 8, 1841, and is a son of Michael Gallagher, who was born in county MayO', Ireland, in 1805, and there married Miss Matilda Kdbourne, also a native of Ireland. One child, John, was born before the parents emigrated in 1839 and located in Michigan, Tlie father settled on a farm in that then new and undeveloped state, near Pontiac. He had a brother in Sandwich, Canada, and he went there, and Patrick was born at the home ol his uncle. The Iamily retumed to Pontiac in 1846, and then to Wisconsin that same year, where the father located on the present site ol Kenosha and cultivated a good larm. From there the family removed to Monroe, Wisconsin, purchased a farm, and there the father lived until his death in 1879, aged sixty- four years. His wife died in 1876, They were the parents of eight children, six sons and two daughters. Patrick Gallagher is the only raeraber of the family in Nevada. The education of Mr. Gallagher was received in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and later he embarked in railroading and steamboating on the Mis- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 591 sissippi river. In 1866 he crossed the plains to Nevada and after i-emain- ing there two years went on to California. His first eniploynient was freight ing at Virginia City for Jewett Adams between that place. Gold Hill and Dayton. In 1868 he located his farm ol one hundred and sixty acres, and has another one hundred and sixty acres txvo' miles Irom his homestead. He has redeemed it all Irom the sage brush, and made the land as good farming land as can be found in Lyon county. His home is a very comfortable one and a model to the other farmers in Mason valley, while his grounds are the pride of his heart. In February, 1873, he was married to Mary Raferty, a native of Jersey City, New Jersey, and six children have been born to thera, namely : Ada, Katie, Mary, Peter, Paul and John. They are members of the Roman Cath olic church. Mr. Gallagher has always been a staunch Republican, although he now feels it his duty tO' espouse the cause of silver. He has served as school trustee and is a man of intelligence, integrity and ability. HON. THOMAS G. HERMAN, one of the pioneers of the state of Nevada and one ol the old and honored retired citizens o| Wadsworth, is .one ol the men who came to this state in [wverty and by his industry and capable effort in everything he put his hand to, especially in farming, made such sticcess that he has practically retired frora active duties. He is of German ancestry, and a son ol Thomas and Mary (Kimble) Herman, both natives of Pennsylvania, where they were farmers, members of the Christian church, and reared a family of six children, five arriving at maturity. Thomas Herman was a Democrat in politics, but supported the Union during the Civil war, and was in every way a man xvorthy of the respect of his fellows. He lived to be seventy-seven years old, and his wife died at the age of eighty- one. Thoraas G. Herraan, who is the only member of the family in Nevada, was born near Williarasport, Pennsylvania, October 31, 1830, and was reared to manhood on his father's farm and obtained his education in the public schools. Tn 1854 he went to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama, and engaged in mining in Plumas county for a while, but with poor success. He worked for wages, prospected for gold, and had a hard time to make a living. He carae to Nevada in i860, and was on the Truckee meadows from August to January, 1861, when he came to the lower crossing of the Truckee riv'er. There he pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres of land, to which he later added two hundred and from the first became successful in raising grain, vegetables and hay, while he also engaged in dairying, keeping as high as seventy-five cows of high-grade Durhanis, and cr'oss-breeding in such a way as to keep his stock to the highest point of perfection and efficiency. He sold both butter and milk, and for thirty years was one of the most success ful men in that line in the state, such that, in 1898, he sold out and, in a sense, retired from active participation in business affairs. As a life-long Republican Mr. Herraan has served his county as com missioner, and also served a term in the state legislature in 1889, where he 592 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. xvas an able worker and guarded well the interests of his constituents. He alxvays keeps well informed on the affairs of the state and county, and is a public-spirited and useful citizen. He resides in a commodious dwelUng in XVadsworth, xvhich he erected in 1870. W. T. MORAN, a resident of Virginia City, is one of the prominent civil engineers and surveyors of the state and is the engineer of all the Comstock mines, while for the United States government he has done a large amount of work. The extent and importance of the business entrusted to him is an indication of his ability in the line of his chosen calling. He has a nature that could never content itself with mediocrity, and, therefore, he has steadily advanced in his chosen calling until he noxv occupies an enviable position in the ranks of his profession as one of its most skillful representatives. Mr. Moran is a native of England, his birth having occurred in the world's metropolis, London, on the nth oi March, 1864. He xvas educated in the schools of England and Ireland, and came to the United States in 1882, when eighteen years of age. He had learned surveying and civil engineering in the best schools of England, and was thus thoroughly well equipped for a busi ness career at the time he crossed the Atlantic. He was for some time en gaged in locating railroads in Texas, and was assistant city engineer in Gal veston, but his health failed him in .the far south, and, believing that a change ol climate would prove beneficial, his physician ordered him to the moun tains. He came to Vii'ginia City, Nevada, where he xvas a contractor for the survey of public lands for the government for some tinie. He made him self familiar with every county in the state of Nevada, and the fact that he has so long been in the employ of the Comstock shows that he is one of the most skilled and able representatives of the profession, for in the devdopnieiit ol the mineral I'esources of the state much clepends upon the accurate work of a competent surveyor and civil engineer. Mr. Moran is a member of the Enimit National Guards, holding the rank of sergeant, and he also belongs to the Young Men's Institute. In his religious faith he is a Catholic, and in political faith is a Republican, giving earnest support to the party. He has co-operated in movements for the gen eral good, being a public-spirited and progressive citizen, and as opportunity has afforded has invested in several raining properties. WILLIAM SPINNER, the ixjpular recorder and ex-officio auditor of Eureka county, Nevada, has been a resident of the state and of the county for over thirty years. Pie has had a highly useful career, beginning with his seryice to the Union in the time of civil strife, and especially in the county where he has lived so raany years he has left the impress of his individuality as a skillful business man and influential factor in public affairs, Tie began his career with the limitations of orphana.ge and lack ol capital, but has always made a good living and more, and enjoys a place of respect among his fellow citizens. ' Mr. Spinner was born in Utica, -New York, October 20, 1842, He was A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 593 deprived of both his parents when he was a child, and spent the greater part of his youth in Paris, Canada, x\ here he recei\-ed his education. He returned to the United States in 1861 and enlisteil in the United States Telegraph Corps, serving under General John Pope. He xvas a skillful operator, with a thorough understanding of all the details of the lousiness, and after the xvar came to Salt Lake City, xvhere he xvas an operator for txvo years and a half. For the folloxving txvo and a half years he xvas chief operator in the office at Memphis, Tennessee. In 1870 he arrived in Reno, Nevada, at the time the repeating office Avas opened, Avas also at Gold Hill a month, and opened a repeating station at Elko, Avhence, in October, 1871, he carae to Eureka, Avhere he has raade his home ever since Avitli the exception of a period Avhen he Avas an operator for the Southern Pacific at Palisade. He xvas elected recorder of Eureka county in 1892, which office carries xvith it the ex-officio honor of auditor. He xvas elected on the Democratic ticket, to xvhose principles he has alxvays adhered, and he activeh- favored the movement for free coinage of silver. He is still manager of the local office of the XX'estern Union Tele graph Company. Mr. Spinner is a member of the Ancient Order of United XX'orkmen, of xvhich he is financier. In 1877 he xvas married to ]\liss Vlaria Kasper, a native of Germany. They have three daughters. The eldest, !ilatel M., is a graduate of the National Normal University at Lebanon, Ohio, xvith the degree of B. S., and she has also taken the normal course in the State University and is noxv a successful teacher at Eureka ; Alma Frances is a grad uate of the National Normal Union Unix-ersity at Lebanon, Ohio, xxith the de gree of B. S. ; and Idela ]M. is still in school. !Mr. Spinner xvas reared in the Presbyterian faith, and his xvife in the Episcopal. They have many friends, have a happy home, and enjo)- the confidence and regard of the entire citizen ship of the tOAvn and county. JO PIN C. FARRELL, an earl)- settler and one of the largest land-oxvners of Mason valley, Nevada. OAvns six hundred acres of choice farming land. He came to Nevada in August, 1866, making his first horae in Mason valley in January, 1867, on Avhat Avas then called the Heston ranch, and settled on his present ranch in 1872. The land Avas all xvild xvhen he first took it, but it is noAV very valuable, and he is raising large crops of alfalfa hay and grain upon it, and also devotes a considerable portion to raising his stock, of which he has some sixty head of cattle and a grade of Norman Percheron horses. Mr. Farrell is a natixe of Alabama, having teen born Octoter 16, 1843, in that state, of English-Dutch stock cominingled xvith Irish. His father, John Farrell, xvas born in Ireland, but emigrated to .Alabama xvhen a young man, and was there married to Miss Margaret Carl, born in the city of XX'ash- ington, D. C. Bx' accupation he was a stonecutter. He removed to Arkansas and crossed the plains to California in 1852, raaking the trip Avith oxen and bringing Avith him his family, including John C, Avho xvas then but nine years of age. He located in Stockton, California, and worked at his trade helping to build the court house in that city. He died there in 1859, aged fifty-five years. His Avife made her home xvith her son, John, fi'oiii 1863 594 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. until 1897, xvhen she died, aged eighty-three years. She was a Methodist and her husband a Catholic. Mr. John C. Farrell married, in 1873, Miss Elizabeth Kemp, a native of London, England, and a daughter of John Kemp, who died xvhen crossing the plains with his faraily. Mr. and Mrs. Farrell have the folloxving children, all living: Mary Ann, of Butte, Montana; Ida May; Alice Rebecca, Mrs. George Martin, of Yerington ; Isabella ; John Henry ; James C. ; William C. ; Joseph; and Lillian. Mrs. Farrell's religious faith makes her a Mdhodist, but her husband is not connected with any church, although he contributes liberally towards benevolent enterprises, and believes in living an upright, honorable life and wronging no one by either word or deed. DANIEL C. WHEELER. The great plains ol the west afford abundant opportunities to the stock-raiser when there is a sufficient xvater supply to make good pasturage, and annually the men who are engaging in this line of work are meding with success and adding to their individual wealth and the prosperity of the state as well. Daniel C. Wheeler, of Reno, is a repre sentatix'e of this class, and since 1862 he has been a resident ol Nevada. A native of Ohio, Mr. Wheeler was born in Coshocton county, on the 5th of January, 1840, and is of German and Irish ancestry. His early Ufe was spent in his native state, and in April, 1858, xvhen eighteen years old, he started across the plains to the Pacific coast. About a decade tefore, gold had been discovered and the development of the mines ol the lar west had led to the establishraent of many other industries and business enterprises, so that this section of the country was the iiiecca of many who wished to rapidly acquire -wealth by taking advantage of the conditions on the coast. Mr. Wheeler drove an ox team and was a night herder. Five raonths passed before the company with which he traveled reached Downieville, California, and while enroute they passed through the Truckee meadows, not far from the present site of the city of Reno. There was just one man,' a Mr. Dick Martin, living in the entire valley, and he is now owner of a Uttle store at the Surarait in Sierra valley. As the party journeyed westward from Salt Lake City Mr. Dick Martin was the only white man they saw, the plains seeming completely deserted that year, and although there were but nine men in the corapany they were never molested by the Tndians. Mr. wheeler's first experience in the west was at placer mining on the Yuba river below Downieville, but he had little success there, and in the spring of 1862 returned to the Truckee meadows. Ptu-chasing an ox team he there engaged in buying and hauling hay to Virginia^ City. The freight at that time was twenty dollars per ton, and the hay sold for forty dollars in the meadows and from sixty to one hundred dollars per ton in Virginia City. Subsequently Mr. Wheeler returned to California and spent a year in Placer county in the placer gold diggings, but again he was un successful in his search for the precious metal. Again coming to Nevada he once more turned his attention to teaming, which he followed untihthe time of the Meadow Lake excitement, when he went to that mining camp, but left it worse off than Avheii he went. oc^ (^ U^u^^^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. •'''••a In the fall of 1867 Mr. XX'heeler made a trip to Oregon, purchased live stock there and took them to the X'irginia City market. For a number of years he Avas thus engaged, and his .sales of beef cattle brought to him a much higher degree of pi'osperity than he had ever realized in the mines. He purchased his first ranch on the X'irginia road in 1876, — a tract of one hundred and fifteen acres, — and this he improved, and as his financial resources increased he placed it under cultlxation, and added to it until he now has twelve hundred acres under irrigation. Tie also has a half interest in the Lale ninety-txvo years of age, and his xvife died at the age of eighty-six Captain Cai'penter, their only child, xvas born in Winnebago county, Illinois, September 17, 1842, and xvas educated in the public schools of that state, lie had taken up the occupation of lumbering in the great forests of Wisconsin when the Civil xvar broke out, and he enlisted in 1861 as a private, in Company E, Eighteenth XVisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and was .soon elected second lieutenant ol his company. Plis first engagement xvas at the battle of Shiloh, xvhere his regiment lost four hundred men in killed, wounded and missing. The captain of his company was killed, and the first lieutenant disabled, and Mr, Carpenter, though but txventy years old, xvas made captain of the corapany, and served in that capacity till the close ol the war. After the battle at Shiloh he was at tlic siege of Corinth and in the Vicksburg cam paign, and at the relief of Chattanoogo with General Sherman, On October 5, 1864, he was captured at Allatoona creek, Georgia, xx'hence he xvas taken to Columbia, South Carolina, but effected his escape on the 27th of the same month, and after forty-seven days of traveling at night and resting in the daytime he reached the Union lines at Allatoona, Georgia, Tie re-enlisted, and was given a furlough of txventy days, after which he rejoined his com mand in South Carolina, Sherman being at Goldslioro, and was at the head of his company until the xvar was sliorlly brought tO' an encL Tie participated 602 A HLSTORY OF NEVADA. in the grand review at Washington, and then returned home to remain for a year. In 1868 he came out to Nevada and located at the recently founded town of Lovelocks, where he engaged in stock-raising and farming. He first took a squatter's right to a section of land and proved up on it, and as he has since prospered has added to bis holdings till he now owns over three thou sand acres. He does general farming, and since 1875 has teen raising large quantities of alfalfa hay, which he has found to te one of the most profitable products of this western soil ; he usually raises four tons to the acre each ¦year, and all that he cannot feed to his own stock he disposes of to stockmen, xvho feed it from the stack on his own ground, so that the soil suffers no wa.ste and is constantly iniproving in fertility and value. Another product of which he has raised considerable is spring xvheat, xvhich is sold to the raill iri Love locks and in Reno. Captain Carpenter has been a life-long Democrat, has been county com missioner for six years, and attends the conventions and is otherwise active in promoting the interests of his party. Pie is a member of the Masonic fra ternity, and received his Master's degree during the Civil xvar. He is now in good standing in Humboldt Lodge No. 27, F. & A. M., at Lovelocks, and in a member ol Winnemucca Chapter. He is also a Grand Array man, but the post in this vicinity has disbanded. In 1875 Captain Carpenter married Miss Nellie Lovelock, a native of California and a daughter of the founder of Lovelocks and the California and Nevada pioneer xvhose history is given on another page of this work. Three sons and a daughter have been born of this marriage : XV. W. is with his father on the ranch; D. L. is on one of the ranches, and C. C. is on an other. W. W. and C. C. are toth married, and have children. Ella May^ the daughter, is the xvife of H. L. XVhiteman. Captain and Mrs. Carpenter have four grandchildren, and their commodious home in Lovelocks is the alDode of good cheer and family and social joys. They are believers in Chris tianity and their life principal is to do xvhat is right betxveen them and their felloxv men. MARCUS SEGAL, a prominent and leading merchant of Yerington, Lyon county, Nevada, is one of the substantial men of this section of the state. He was torn April 25, 1863, in Poland, and is a son ol S. Segal, a Polish merchant who died when Marcus was only twelve years of age. The latter was well educated in his native land, and came to Nevada in 1882 after the death of his grandfather, by xvhom he had been reared, and who had lived to be ninety-three years ol age. He had been careluUy instructed in the religion ol his race, and is a consistent adherent of the Jewish faith. When Mr. Segal reached Carson City he xvas worth eight dollars and eighty-five cents, but he iinmediately secured a clerkship with his brother- in-law. Isador Cohn, and notwithstanding his ignorance of the language of this country he made rapid progress and was a most efficient salesman. He saved his money, speculated successfully, and by 1895 "^as able to begin business on his own account in Yerington. His stock is a well selected one -X HTSTORY OF NEX'ADA. 603 of general merchandise, xvhich he sells in a conxeniently located place of business, and gives all his customers the most considerate attention. His house is one of the finest In the place, and he stands x'ery high in the business xvorld. Before leaving home he xvas married to Miss Plattie Cohn, and they had one child before the journey to America xvas made, namely, S. C. Segal, xvho is noxv at college in Bei'kdey, California. The children born in Nevada are: Silver, Milvy, Exelyn. In politics Mr. Segal is a Republican, but has never desired office. He is a memter of the .Xncient Order of United XX'ork- iiien, and, xvhile his lousiness career has teen very successful, he has been equally fortunate in securing the good will and confidence of his, fellow citi zens, DR. C^i'RUS H.XMILTON, the pioneer dentist of Eureka, first carae to Nex'ada in 1867, and bas teen In continuous practice in this toxvn for thirty years. He is one of the California forty-niners, and his career in the xvest, toth professional and industrial, has been successful and highly satisfactory from exer)' standpoint. For all his )ears and x'aried experiences in the xvorld, he is vet strong and capable, and the citizens of Eureka place implicit con fidence in his professional ability. He has not only shown his skill and thor oughness by his many years' practice in the toxxn, but he is also one of the progressive lights ol his art, keeping abreast ol the times by study and empirical research. Dr. Hamilton is ol English ancestry on his lather's side and Scotch on his mother's, Beniiss Hamilton, his lather, xvas born in Massachusetts, and married Miss Sarah Strong, a native ol Middletoxvn, Connecticut. They re moved to Michigan in 1838, thence to Illinois, and in i860 to Stanislaus county, California. Bemiss Harailton died at the age ol seventy, but his xvife survived till her eighty-sixth year, both teing active and vigorous specimens of the human race and transmitting their poxvers of mind and bod)- to their children. They xvere active members of the Baptist church. Of the nine children of these parents. Dr. Hamilton is the only survix'or of the sons and the only one in Nevada. He xvas born in Portage, Ohio, January 3, 1823, and Avas educated at the Michigan State University at Ann Artor. His professional studies Avere completed at the Philadelphia Dental College, from Avhich he was graduated in 1873. He tegan the practice of his profession in, Yreka, California. He had folloxved niining in that state in 1850 and 1853, and did fairly xvell. He came to Eureka, Nevada, in 1873, and opened his office. He has giveii complete satisfaction in the subsequent years, and all his competitors have left the practice to him. He has sufiered loss from several fires that have visited Eureka, and he noxv has his residence and office on Spring street. Dr. Hamilton adhered to the Democratic party until 186 1, but he xvas an ardent Union man and then xvent over to the Republican party, xvith xvhich he remained until 1892. He then found that his party xvould not support the silver movement, and he has since given his x'ote and Influence to the cause of bimetallism. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 604 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. lows, and is liberal in his religious x'iexvs. He is a popular resident of the toxvn with xvliich he has been identified for so many years, and is public- _spirited and interested in the general xvelfare and improvenient of his com munity. GARDNER CHISM, noxv deceased, xvas for years a respected and worthy citizen ol Reno and Walioe county. ;Xs the clay xvith its morning of hope and promise, its noontide of activity and its evening of complde and successful efforts, ending in the grateful rest and quiet of the night, so was the life of this man. He labored earnestly and persistently for many years, but eventually gained a desirable competence that supplied him with the coniforts of life. He became a California pioneer of 1849, being in his tAventy-fifth year xx'hen he sailed around Cape Horn. Tie xvas born in Dresden, Maine, August 29, 1824, and xvas of Scotch ancestry. He pursued his education in his native toxvn and there remained until twenty-five years of age, xvith the exception ol txvo visits he made to New Orleans to his brother. When he started lor California the future seemed bright Avith hope, for glowing stories Avere told of the rich gold fields on the Pacific coast. Three different tinies did he make the long trip from the east to the west, tAxice by xva)' of Cape Horn and once by the isthmus route. After reaching his destination he tried mining, but Avithout success, and he then went to Oregon, Avhere he vvas engaged in lumbering. He owned and operated a saxvmill and xvas living in that state — then a territory — at the tirae of the Indian xvar, in which he took an active part, assisting in defending the set tlers and their interests. He held several clairas against the government for losses sustained and supplies furnished, and for one of these he was paid a thousand dollars, but the other clairas still remain unsettled. XXHiile in Oregon he engaged in the raising ol sheep, which he xvould drive to the Virginia City market, at a tune when that city contained a large population and xvas at the height ol its niining prosperity. He there fore could command good prices for his sheep, and prospered in the under taking. For about ten years he continued in that business, and in 1880 he purchased a ranch of one hundred and fifteen acres just xvest of the city of Reno. The former owner had made some iraproveraents and had planted an orchard, whicii is still in good bearing condition. Mr. Chism planted still other trees and continued the xvork of cultivating and improving the place, which he developed into a model farm. He erected a good residence and other substantial buildings, and the farm became one of the best in this section of the state. Half of it xvas in the sage brush at the time it came intO' possession of Mr. Chism, and its splendidly improved condition to-day is evidence of his life ol industry. Tn 1890 he engaged in the dairy business, purchased some thoroughbred Jersey cows, which produced high-grade cattle. Because of the excellent quality of the milk which he sold he had a very large patronage, and the business is still conducted by his eldest son, John Chism, who has the largest number of milch cows and is the leading dairyman of the state. In 1876 Mr. Chism was united in marriage to Miss Alice A, Hitchcock, a native of New York and a daughter of M. L, Hitchcock, of Iowa. This GARDNER CHISM. A lilSTORY OF NEVADiX. 605 union xvas blessed xvith seven children, four of whom are living : John, xvho was born in Reno, and is a graduate of the State Unixersity; Edward and Harry, xvho are now attending the university; and Gardner, xvho is yet a student in the public schools. Mr. Chism was a" life-long Democrat, and although never a politician in the sense of office-seeking he at one time served as postmaster in Oregon. In religious faith he xvas a Unitarian. A loving husband, a devoted father, a faithful friend and a trustxvorthy citizen, the elements of his character were of a high xirder and gained hira uni form regard. He passed away in November, 1898, and all xvho knexv him felt sincere sorrow that this worthy man had been called from life. His xvidow still resides on the fine home stead which her husband dexeloped. She is a lady of intelligence and ex cellent •judgment, and shoxvs much ability in the management of her property interests, in xvhich she is ably assisted by her sons. She is a valued manber of the Congregational church. HON. ROBERT S. MEACHAM. America is a sdf-niade country, and those who have created it are self-made men. No influence of birth or fortune -has favored the architects of her glory. Aniong those xvho have achieved prominence as men of ability and substantial worth in Nevada, Hon. Robert S. Meacham occupies a leading position. For thirty^three years he has resided in Virginia City, where he is engaged in dealing in lumber and building sup plies, being the leading -representative of this line of trade in his section of the state. Mr. Meacham is a native of New Hampshire, born on the lotli of Sep tember, 1837. His ancestors were early settlers of Connecticut, and his .parents were Seth and Matilda (Farwell) Meacham, who were also born in the old Granite state. His father died when the subject of this sketch was but four years of age, and consequently the latter knows little of the ancestral history ol the Iamily. Reared upon a larm in the state of Vermont, Mr. Meacham was edu cated in the public schools of Springfield, of that state. In i860 he went to California, making the trip by xvay of the isthmus and arriving at San Fran cisco late in September ol that year. He proceeded direct to Jeiuiy Lind, Calaveras county, where he engaged in placer niining, meeting with success until the floods of 1861-2 came. He next went to the red woods, near wliere Palo Alto now stands, and secured work in a sawmill at sixty dollars per month, being eraployed at that place until 1864, when he came to Nevada. Going to Washoe county, he secured employment in the timber forests and continued to work in the woods and in a lumber mill until 1871, when he came to Virginia City and began business as manager of the Virginia lumber, wood and coal yard, in which position he has sold the greater part of the lumber, wood and coal used in Virginia City during the past thirty-three years. Because of his honorable methods and unfaltering diligence he xvell merits and has the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens. On the 1 6th of Deceraber, 1884, Mr. Meacham xvas united in raarriage to Mrs. Altana Powers, a native of Canada, who had a son that has been 606 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. reared by them and who is now in the lumber of business xvith Mr. Meacham. Mrs. Meacham is a valued member of the Episcopal churcli and is actix'e in ])romoting those interests and movements which are for the tenefit of the city, Mr. Meacham's parents were raembers of the Methodist church, and he is a believer in its tenets. Tie also believes that if the teachings of Masonry are closely followed he will be honorable and upright and his life will te such as to command uniform confidence and respect. Mr. Meacham is a member of Virginia Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M. ; Virginia Chapter No. 2, R. A. M., and DeWitt Clinton Commandery No. i,.K. T. He is also a memter of Argenta Chapter No. 7, Order of the Eastem Star, of which his wife is the worthy matron. .He has been a life-long Republican, and upon the ticket of his party was elected to the state assembly in 1898, Avhere he proved an active working member, giving to each question which came up for sdtlenient his earnest consideration that he might support or oppose it as he deemed it for the Avdfare of the state. His is a most creditable record of an honorable business man, loyal in citizenship and faithful in friendship. W. C. RUDDELL, the esteemed and prosperous farmer of Lovelocks, Nevada, and to be counted among the pioneers to this state since he came here in 1864, is himself the descendant ol pioneers. His great-grandlather settled in Kentucky contemporaneously with the famous Daniel Boone, and was related to that pathfinder on one side of the family. Grandfather Cornelius v/as a native of Kentucky, where also James Ruddell, the father of W. C. Ruddell, was torn. James Ruddell came to the state ol Iowa when a young man, and there married Miss Parthenia Fees, a native ol that state. In 1864, with his wife, two sons and a daughter, he crossed the plains with an ox team. He located at Austin, Nevada, where his youngest child, Minnie, was' born, and where he was engineer in a quartz mill. The family afterward returned to Iowa for a time, but then came to Nevada and made it their permanent home. They removed to Golconda Ranch, fifty miles south of Winnemucca, and took up and improved a farm, Avhere they lived until 1869. Mr. James Ruddell and Mr. John Reed then engaged in teaming with oxen, hauling salt tO' Boise City, Idaho, Avood and salt to .Xustiii and ore to the Austin mills. In 1876 the family went to Lake county, California, but in 1901 returned to Lovelocks, and James Ruddell and his wife are noxv residing xvith a granddaughter at Jackson Creek, Nevada. He is sixty-seven years old, and she is sixty-four, both being held in high regard for their worth and good citizenship, and also for the part they took in the settlement and de velopment of this country. They are raembers of the Christian church. Their son W. C. is a resident of Nevada, and Mrs. E. A. Duvivier and Emery Rud dell are at Golconda. W. C. Ruddell, the eldest child, xvas born at Tconium, Appanoose, county, Iowa, August 22, 1857. He xvas but seven years old when the family crossed the plains, and in such conditions he had but little opportunity to gain an education. He attended school in Austin, and when the family returned to Iowa in 1869 he had schoolilig there for a year. On their return to Unionville, A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 6U7 I-Iumboldt count)', Nevada, he went to school for about a year, but he has all through life been such a studious and observing man that the lack of early advantages is more than offset by his native and self-acquired intelligence. XX'hile a young man he xvas engaged in mining xvith its usual ups and downs, but after his marriage, in 1880, to Miss Jennie C. Lovelock, the daughter of George LovdOck, the pioneer and founder of the town of Lovelocks, he settled down to fanning on a fine estate of five hundred acres closely ad joining the town of Loxelocks. He raises stock and cuts about thirteen hun dred tons ol alfalfa hay each season, which he feeds to his oxvn cattle and sells to stockmen, who feed it on his oxvn ground. He also raises, principaUy for his own consumption, vegetables and grain. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Ruddell, the two eldest, Mary Alice and Imogene, attending the Nevada State University at Reno, Mary Alice to graduate in 1Q04; and the other tv/o are W. C. Ruddell, Jr., and Ruth. Mr. Ruddell has alxvays been a Democrat and has takeii an active part in public affairs. He was one of the deputy sheriffs of Plumboldt county, and as a member of tiie board of county commissioners, to which body he has been elected three terras, the last time in 1902 for four years, he has shown his public spirit and interest in the welfare of the county by doing all in his power for material improvement and development. He has one of the nice homes of Lovelocks, and he and his family are held in high esteem by all who know them. TRUMAN ADELBERT BURDICK, sheriff of Eureka county in his third term of efficient service, carae to the state of Nevada thirty years ago as a poor young man in search of opportunities. He found what he was look ing for, improved them, began to rise in the scale of individual prosperity and in the estimation of his fellow citizens, and just now in the prime of his career is performing satisfactorUy and well the duties of one ol the most important offices ol his county. Mr. Burdick is ol French and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, early mem bers of the family having settled in Pennsylvania in the colonial period. His parents were Clark and Mary (Burdick) Burdick, of the same 'laraily narae but not related, and the former a native ol Pennsylvania and the latter of New York. They came to Wisconsin, and spent the remainder of their lives on a farm there. She was a Baptist in religious views, and he was liberal, and they were both esteemed for their worth and useful lives. They, were the parents of five children, and three are living. Sheriff Burdick, the only one of the family in Nevada, was born in Wal worth county, Wisconsin, November 4, 1853, and was reared to manhood in his native state and educated in the public schools. He was twenty years of age when he arrived in Eureka, and as he came prq>ared for work and willing and diligent he at once got a job at hauling ore and charcoal. He has followed that occupation most of the time since, and has made a gogd living and become known to his fellow citizens as a good reliable character, energetic and honorable. Tn 1898 he was elected sheriff of the county, and has dis charged the duties of the office so creditably that he has been twice re-elected. 608 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Burdick has gixen his x-ote and influence to the cause of silver, believ ing that binidallism is not only best for his state but for the whole country. In 1887 he xvas married to Miss Alliertina Parker, xvho xvas born in San h'rancisco, California. Si.x children have been born to them in Eureka, as follows : John, Mary, XX'alter, Plerbert, Almont and Noko. They live in one of the nice homes ol Eureka, and are held in high esteem by all their numerous friends and acquaintances, liON. S.XRDIS SUMMERFIELD, United States attorney ol Nevada, residing in Reno, has been in Nevada since i88i. Fle is a native of North Vernon, Indiana, xxhei'e he xvas born l''ebruary 8, 1858, descending from a Holland family xxhich took up residence in I^ennsylvania and later in Vir ginia. Plis father, Erastus Summerfield, xvas boi'n in Ohio' and married Jane Morin, a native of Clermont county, Ohio. Sardis Summerfield was educated in the Indiana public schools and was graduated from the North Vemon high school, after Avhich he read laxv xvith Hon. David Overmeyer, and xxas graduated from the Cincinnati Laxx- School ancl admitted to the bar in 1880. The folloxving year he Avent to Nevada, and for a few yeai's taught school, becoming principal of the schools of Genoa, .Xustin and Empire, but in 1890 he began the practice of his profession in Carson City, alone for three years, but in 1893 he entei'ed into partnership with Hon. J. D. Torreyson under the style of Torreyson & Summei-field, xvhich still continues, the partners enjo)'ing a x-ery large practice. They have offices both at Carson City and Reno. Mr. Summerfield has alxvays been a "good Republican, and sei'ved as clerk of the Nevada senate in 1889; district attorney of Oi'insby county in 1891-2; state senator fi'oin XVashoe county, 1894-7. He xvas appointed by President ]\!cl\inley attorney for Nex'ada in 1897, and resigned his senatorship to accqjt that office, and xvas re-appointed by President Roosevelt in 1901, He is now sei'ving his sixth year in that responsible position. The firm of Torreyson & Suininerfield is very xvidely known throughout the state. Mr. Torreyson is ex-attorney general of Ne vada, and both are very eminent laxvyers and polished, courteous gentlemen. Mr. Summerfield is a thirty-second degree Mason; is past master of Reno Lodge No. 13; is a Mystic Shriner; a member of the Eastern Star; the Knights of Pythias ; the Ancient Order of United XX'orkmen, the Modem XVoodmen, and numerous other secret societies, in all of xvhich he is very popular. In 1888 he was married to Mary E. Douglas, a native of Nevada, daugh ter of George Douglas, a pioneer of the county. Two sons haxe been born to them, namely : Lester D. and Vernon I. They have one of the comfortable homes in Reno, xvhere their friends gather, and they are very important factors in the social life of the place. Mr. Summerfidcl oxvns a half interest in a twelve-hundred-acre-ranch which produces hay, grain and fruit. COLONEL XVILLIAM SUTPIERLAND. In a review of the men xvhose life work has been creditable and beneficial to the state of Nevada, A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 609 mention should be made of Colonel XVilliam Sutherland, whose business ability and skill have gained him leadership in his chosen field of endeavor, xvhile his personal xvorth and capability have xvon hiiii pi'ominence in fraternal circles. Honored and respected in every class of society, he is one of Nevada's adopted sons xvhose efforts have been of value to the state, while at the same time he has carried forxvard to success his individual business interests. He is now recognized as the most competent and artistic book and job printer in the state, and his business has groxvn accordingly as his reputation has become known throughout the locality. Colonel Sutherland is a son and grandson of British soldiers from the highlands of Scotland. His grandfather, Williara PTowatt, xvas bOrn in Scot land and became a member of the Forty-second Tiighlanders, known as the Black Watch. His father, XX'illiam Sutherland, was a member of the Ninety- third Highlanders and xvas stationed at Quebec, Canada. He married Miss Eliza Howatt, a native of Scotland, and their son, Colonel William Suther land, was torn in the barracks at Quebec, on the 25th of April, 1848. His father died in Toronto, Canada, in the forty-second year of his age, his wife surviving, however, until she attained an advanced age, while both the paternal grandparents were ninety-six years of age at the time of their death. Five children were torn to the parents of Colonel Sutherland, of whora four are now living, but he is the only one who resides in Nevada. Colonel Sutherland was reared to manhood in Toronto, Canada, pursued his education in its public schools, and began to make his own way in the world when but a boy, since which time all that he has possessed and enjoyed has been acciuired through, his own efforts When fifteen years of age he entered the office of W. C. Chewett ,& Company, a large book printing firm of Toronto, with whom he learned his trade, after which he came to the United States in 1866, working at his chosen calling in Chicago for a year, and then removing to Galesburg, Illinois, where he continued in the same field of lator for eight years. Suffering from lung trouble, he was then advised to take up his residence in the mountain regions for the benefit of his health, and accordingly came to Virginia City, where in course of time his health has been completely restored. When the great fire of the 26th ol Octoljer, 1875, swept over the city, it entirely destroyed his household effects. He did not have a very great capital to invest on coraing to the west, but it xvas his all, and thus his loss proved a severe disaster. In December, 1877, he formed a co partnership with George Daley in the job printing business, .and gradually the patronage increased until he succeeded in building up a very large and profitable business, which extends throughout the state. In 1880 he purchased his partner's interest and now has a nice and well appointed office, supplied with the' latest improved presses, machinery and other equipments for turn ing out fine work, and no more artistic xvork can be shown in Nevada than that whicii comes from his office. He was not only well prepared when he entered upon his chosen field of lator, but has kept in touch xvith the progress xx'hich has been such a pronounced feature of the printing business, and is to day one ol the leaders in his line in this portion ol the west. He does the fine work lor the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges ol the state, and his work is luUy as artistic as can be found anywhere in the country. His patronage 610 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. comes Irom all parts of Nevacla, and has long since reached profitable pro portions. Tn 1867 occurred the marriage of Colonel Sutherland and Miss Anna Sanderson XValker, a native of liuU, England. They have one son, J. Harry, who was born in Galesburg, Illinois. Mrs. Sutherland is a valued niember of the Episcopal church. The Colonel was made a Mason in 1871, in Vesper Lodge No. 584, F. & A. M., in Galesburg, Illinois, and received the Royal Arch degrees in 1873, in Galesburg Chapter No. 42, R. A. M. He continues his membership in his old lodge, but dimitted from the chapter in 1876 and joined Virginia Chapter No. 2, Virginia City, Nevada. He has filled every office in this chapter, and is still one of its office-holders and active working members. He has also filled every office in the grand chapter of the state, and has the honor of being a past high priest of the grand chapter of the state of Nevada. He became a member of DeWitt Clinton Commandery No. i, K. T., in 1883, had fiUed several of its offices, and was eminent commander from 1900 to 1903. He also belongs to the Mystic Shrine, his membership being in Islam Temple, of San Francisco, California. He is likewise a valued rqjresentative of the Odd Fellows' society, having joined Mount Davidson Lodge No. 3, while in 1886 he took the degrees of the Encampinent, and is a past noble grand of his lodge, which is now con solidated with Virginia Lodge No. i, ol Virginia City. He is a past chief patriarch of Pioneer Encanipment No. i, was elected grand secretary of the grand lodge and grand scribe of the grand encampment at the annual session in 1898, and is now serving for the sixth term. He is also a member of Colfax Rebekah Lodge No. i. It is but natural that Colonel Sutherland, in view of his ancestral his tory, should have a deep interest in military affairs. He has long been a member ol the state militia, was major of the First Nevada Regiment of the National Guard for three years, and lieutenant colonel for five years. He is also a past honored chieftain ol the Caledonia Club, a Scottish society of Virginia City. During the years of his residence in this state he has there fore won social as well as business prominence, and is a most popular and highly honored citizen. HON. HORACE FRANKLIN BARTINE, who has served in the lower house of the United States Congress from the state of Nevada, has been a resident of the state since June, 1869. He is a native ol New York, having been born in New York city, March 21, 1848, and coming ol French ancestors. His father', Horace S. Bartine, was born in New York and mar ried Matilda K. Casterline, a native ol New Jersey. Joseph Casterline, her father, was a Revolutionary soldier and served under Washington at VaUey Forge, Trenton and Princeton. Horace S. Bartine died from the effects of a sex'ere cold contracted in the sixty-fifth year ol his life, but his wife sur vived him and lived to be eighty-five years old. The only child of this worthy couple was Hon. Horace Franklin Bartine. The editcation of Mr. Bartine was begun in the public schools of New ^' f-, (^cxyttt^ui^ A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 611 York and continued until he was ten years old, when his parents moved to New Jersey, and he resumed his studies in the public schools of that state. When he was fifteen years old he xvas five feet nine inches in height, and looking much older than his years, he enlisted in Eighth New Jersey Volunteer In fantry, July I, 1863, representing that he was eighteen years old. This regi ment had been in service since the commencement of the war, and new enlist ments were taken to fill its depleted ranks. There were only eighty officers and men present for duty when he xvas permitted to enlist, and as it was a veteran regiraent it was then at the front. Mr. Bartine participated in four liard-fotight battles up to and including the battle of the Wilderness, xvhere he received a gunshot wound in the breast. This kept hira from service for three months, but as soon as possible he rdurned to his regiment, and lor three months more xvore a pad over the large hole in his breast. Following this he participated with his regiment in all the battles of the division until the surrender of General Lee. At the taking of Petersburg his regiment •had the honor of capturing a xvhole reginiait of North Carolina soldiers, and he was also in the battle of Sailor's Creek, xvhich was the last before the sur render. His regiment took part in the grand review at Washington, was honorably mustered out July 20, 1865, and he returned horae and engaged in farraing. Soon after his return from the xvar Mr. Bartine married Lydia M. Cooper, a native of New Jersey, and a daughter of David Cooper, of that state, who was descended from an old English family. Tn 1869, in search of better facilities to improve his financial condition, Mr. Bartine came west and arrived in San Francisco about the middle of March of that year. He secured work in a quartz mill. In June of that year he carae to Nevada and for some tirne was engaged in washiii.g blankets at the Weston Mill. After two years he abandoned that class of work and took charge ol the Dayton & Virginia toll road as toll collector, spending his spare moments reading history and general literature. Three years later he was employed in the manufacture ol bluestone at Dayton and in 1874 he removed to Carson City to continue that business in the employ of the Lyon MjU & Mining Com pany. During all this time he had continued his studies. Tn the presidential campaign of 1876 he labored long and earnestly for die Republican success, and his efforts were highly appreciated, especially those made with Hon. Thoinas Wren when they stumped the state on behalf of the latter's candidacy for congress. This trip through the state brought Mr. Bartine into notice, and his speeches xvere quoted, the young ix)litician receiving much favoi'able comment. Impressed with his dociuence and ability, Mr. Wren suggested to Mr. Bartine that he read law, and presented him with sets ol Blackstone and Kent. This advice Mr. Bartine took. Alter the close of the campaign he obtained a position in the United States mint, continuing to hold it until 1879, all ol that time studying very hard. Tn 1880 he was admitted to the bar by the supreme court ol the state after a public examination, and in the lall ol the same year was elected district at torney ol Ormsby county. In 1888 the Republican party made him their candidate for Congress. while the Democratic party put in nomination the Hon. G. W. Cassady, a 612 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. very strong man. Mr. Bartine stumped the state and was elected by a majority ol twelve hundred and thirty-two votes, and xvas re-nominated and elected tO' succeed himsell. When the great financial question of that period came before the lower house, Mr. Bartine advocated bimetalism and delivered very able speeches in defense of his position. However, this placed him upon unfriendly terms with the leaders of his party, and in 1896, when the Republican convention declared for gold standard, he sev ered his connection with that party and devoted his talents, time and energy to the support of the silver cause, firmly convinced that the stand he was taking was for the best interests of the entire country. During the campaign of Mr. Bryan Mr. Bartine was one ol the most effective speakers and workers, and finally became the editor of the National Bimetalist, published in Chicago^ and Washington, D. C. Tn 1898 and 1900 he was the niining editor ol the Anaconda Standard, owiied by Marcus Daily. This paper was the leading journal of Montana. In 1901 Mr. Bartine became associate editor of the Washington Times, published at Washington, • D. C, but the following year he returned to Nevada and participated actively in the Nevada state campaign on behalf ol the fusion ticket, both his writings and speeches being attended with brilliant results. Nearly all of the state fusion ticket was elected. He delivered the oration on the Fourth of July , celebration of 1903 at Virginia City. Upon that occasion he surpassed himself and fired his listeners with patriotic zeal and pride in the glorious Union. At present he is engaged in newspaper work and his law practice in Qarson City. Mr. and Mrs. Bartine have three daughters, naraely : Laura M., now, Mrs. E. V. Muller; Amy B., unmarried; and Liva C, now Mrs. Thomas Mc Cabe. Mr. Bartine has alxvays taken an active part in the work of the Grand Army of the Republic and is one of its prominent officials. He is also a mem ter of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. JOHN HILL, deceased, was for many years one of the most respected and influential farmers in what is called the Big Meadows, a few miles south of Lovelocks, where he had a large ranch, whose productivity and value were the results of his early toil when this part of the country was a wilderness. His life was one of industry, and he was not only loved and revered in his immediate family circle, but had a wide acquaintance and a prominent place among his fellow citizehs. Mr. Hill was bom in county Antrim, Ireland, about six miles from the city, of Belfast, in September, 1829, and xvas reared to manhood in that country. He was married in Ireland to Miss Catherine Smith, a native of his own town. In 1863 he emigrated to California, where he was engaged in various occupations for several years. In 1868 his wife crossed the sea to join him, and they were reunited in Boston, Massachusetts, whence they came out to Nevada and settled on a farm in Paradise valley. He farmed for a while at this location, and then sold out and came to the Big Meadows. No clearing had yet been done in this section, and he had a big task tefore him to make the land yield its fruits. He bought and sold two ranches tefore A HISTORY OF NEVADA, 613 he settled on his present place, whicli consists ol eight hundred and eighty acres of rich land, and on which he made all the improvements, building a comfortable residence and planting all the shade and fruit trees. Alfalfa hay was the principal crop which Mr. Hill raised, and what of this he did not feed to his own stock, xvhich xvas the main source of revenue, was sold and fed to other men's cattle on the place, thus preserving the strength of the soil. Mr. HiU xvas a Democrat in ix)litics, and in religion a Presbyterian. His upright and true-blue citizenship xvas unquestioned, and he was a kind and loving husband and father, so that his loss was felt in the community when he departed this life in April, 1900, at the age of seventy-one. Mr. and Mrs. Hill xvere the parents of four children ; Joseph, the eldest, is now one ol the prorainent larmers and business men of Lovelocks ; John also has a ranch of his own; Thomas is in the Commercial store in Lovelocks; and Andrew, to gether xvith his mother, is managing the home I'anch. Mrs. HIU shows much ability in her management of farm and business affairs, and she is held in high regard for her strength of purpose and industry. XX'ILLIAM H. HANCOCK, who is owner of the leading meat market in Virginia City, has resided in Nevada since 1866, covering a period of thirty-seven consecutive years. He is a natix'e of Plattsburg, Clinton county. New York, his birth having occurred on the i8th of November, 1844. He is of English and Irish ancestry, and his parents were William Henry and Mary (McCuer) Hancock. His father was a farmer by occupation, always fol lowing that pursuit in order to provide for the needs and wants of his faraily. He gave his political support to the Republican party and was active and earnest in its advocacy. Both he and his wife held merabership with the Epis copal church. He departed this life in the sixtieth year of his age, while his wife xvas called to her final rest in her seventy-ninth year. Williain H. Hancock, their only son, attended the public schools in his boyhood days and worked upon the home farra. He was reared to raanhood in his native town and continued to reside in the east until 1864, when, at the age of twenty years, he crossed the plains to Fort Lyon, Mexico. After ward he returned tO' Kansas, but later again raade a journey across the plains with Virginia City as his destination. When he made his first trip there were two hundred and fifty in the escort and the party consisted of twelve hundred people, and notwithstanding this fact the Indians tried to make away with their cattle, and they had several skirmishes with the red men, but none ol the raembers ol Mr. Hancock's party were killed. However, they met a company of emigrants on their xvay east who had had a severe fight with the Indians and had lost thirteen of their number. The party xvith which Mr. Hancock traveled to Nevada brought out dghteen head ol cattle and wintered them at Water Lake, It was a very mild winter and the stock did well that season. The cattle were owned by the firm ol Dirkey & Kerr, bankers at Salt Lake City. Tn the year 1866, when Mr. Hancock arrived in Virginia City, hay was selling at one hundred dollars per ton and wood at sixty dollars per corcl. He yvas hired to go out and chop wood at Franktown, but a very bad storm came on and he worked for only 614 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. three and a half days, at the end of xvhich time he packed up his blankets and returned to Virginia City. Not long afterxvard he secured employment in the Savage mine, xvorking- as pick boy for three and a half dollars per day. In that service he continued for about six xveeks, and a little later obtained a position in the butcher shop of A. T. XX'aters at sixty dollars per month. Mr. Hancock remained there for several years, his Avages being increased from time to time until he was paid one hundred and txventy-fix-e dollars per month. Sax'ing his money during that period. Avhen he had acquired sufficient capital, he invested it in a butcher shop, entering into partner ship with a Mr. Merkle. Mr. Hancock then went to Sacramento on business, and Avhile there receiA'ed a telegram that the shop had been destroyed b)' fire, and thus everything Avas lost that had been invested. The partners then built a small shanty in xvhich they did business, and in connection xvith carrying a line of meats they also sold cigars. Tt xvas a struggle to carry on the business, for supplies xvere very hard to obtain. The mutton xxas brought by stage from Sacramento, and beef could only be purchased for thirteen cents per pound in the carcass, but by econoray, careful raanagenient and enterprise the firm managed to gain a good start and make a little money. They afterxvard purchased the meat market oxvned by A. T. XX'aters, and later Mr. Merkle sold his interest to a Mr. Brown. The nexv partner, hoxvever, prox'ed to be a dissipated man, and on one occasion he started with a considerable sum ol the firm's iiion^ in order to buy stock and Mr. Hancock never saAv anything of hira again. Tn 1879 Mr. Hancock purchased the market on Sixth street, where he remained for a year, after Avliich he removed to another location across the street, renting a_ shop Avitli living rooms overhead. He paid for the shop a rental of one hundred and tAventy-five dollars per month and for the living rooms sixty dollars per month. At that place he remained for fifteen years, at the end of Avhicli time he removed to his present shop on C street, where he has since been successfully engaged in business for the past seven A'ears. During his long business career in Virginia City he has made an enviable reputation, and as an upright and honest business man has Avon a libera! patronage. Tn 1874 was celebrated the marriage ol William H. Hancock and Miss California A. Johnston, avIio Avas born while her parents Avere crossing the plains to the Golden state. To this marriage have been born txx'o children : Halcyon, now the xvife of W. H. Long, a resident of Virginia City; and Earl XX'^., xvho is residing in San Francisco, xvhere Mrs. Hancock is noxv sojourning for the benefit of her health. She is a member of the Episcopal church and a most estimable lady. In his political viexvs Mr. Hancock has teen a life- Ipng Republican, giving an unfaltering support to the principles of the party and having firm faith in its ultimate triumph. He belongs to both branches of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a past grand representative to the grand lodge. He likewise holds membership xvith the Masonic fra ternity and exemplifies in his honorable career the beneficent teachings of these orders. In examining- his life record we note that the salient points in his Idstory have been strong purpose, unfaltering diligence, capable management and, above all, straightforxvard dealing. His earnest desire to please his A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 615 customers and his honorable business raethods have secured to hira a very gratifying patronage, and he has for a number of years been known as the proprietor of the leading meat market of his adopted city. HON. ROBERT E. RAF'ITCE, present state senator from Eureka county, is one of the most popular citizens of the county, ol which he has been a resident since coining to the state ol Nevada over thirty years ago. He had then just arrived at manhood, and was starting into liie with no par ticular advantages in the xvay of capital or preliminary training. Industrious and clear-headed, he in time impressed his felloxv citizens so' that he has been several times chosen to represent thera In their highest law-making tody. Mr. Raftice xvas born in the city of Nexv Orleans, May 8, 1850, of Irish parents, Edxvard E. and Mary Ann (Keefe) Raftice. His mother died a few weeks after his bii'th and his father died in Wisconsin on July 18, 1893. He received his early training and education in Wisconsin, and in March, 1870, came to Nevada, and on the following i6tli of April arrived in Eureka. He took a course in Dow's Commercial School at Eureka, and then engaged in the coal and xvotxl business. For the past fifteen years he has been engaged In the freighting business. Mr. Raftice has been a life-long Democrat, and on the silver Democrat ticket xvas elected to the state assembly in 1898 and again in 1900, and was chosen to the state senate in 1902. He made a successful canvass against two other candidates for this office, and has been filling his office to the entire satisfaction ol his constituents. He is xvell informed on all the needs ol his county and state and the business conditions, and is always eager to promote the xvelfare of those he represents. On July 3, 1902, Senator Raftice was married to Miss Kate Murphy, who was born in Placerville, California. She is a lady of capability, and xvas one of the original publishers of the Catholic Tidings of Los Angeles, California. HON. FRANK Ii. NORCROSS, a prominent member ol the Nevada bar, with residence and office at Reno, is a native ol Washoe county, this state, where he xvas torn May 11, 1869, and is descended Irom an old Amer ican family, the origin ol xvhich goes far back in colonial history. His father, Thomas Norcross, xvas born in Bangor, Maine, in 1828, and married Caroline Sherraan Peckham, the daughter of Elezer Sherman, a memter of the noted Sherman faraily of Fall River, Massachusetts, and a clergyman of the Uni- x'ersalist church. Thoinas Norcross crossed the plains to California in 1850, and settled in Humboldt county, where he built a sawmill and engaged in lumbering, and was also interested in raining in that state. In i860 he carae to Nevada, when it was still a part of Utah territory, and built a sawmill at Galena, near the present site of Washoe. He was also interested in farming, and xvas one of the originators of the Agricultural Society of Nevacla, serving as one of its first directors. In politics he was a stanch Republican and well knoxvn as a representative pioneer of the state. His wife died in 1897, and 616 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. she bore him two sons,. Frank H., and C. A. Norcross, who for a number of years was enrolling clerk ol the United States senate, but who recently purchased the Reno Evening Gazette, of xvhich paper he is now the editor. Frank H. Norcross was educated in the Nevada State University, from xvhich he graduated in 1891, xvith the first class to complete the full college course in the institution. He then entered the law department of the George town University ol XVashington, D. C, graduating therefrom jn 1894, and 'vvas admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Nevada the same year. He practiced law in Reno until 1902, when the law firm of Norcross & Orr was forraed, the junior member .being Judge John S. Orr, formerly county judge ol Klamath county. The firm continues in Reno and enjoys a very large practice. In 1895 ^1'- Norcross was married to Adaline L. Morton, a native of White Pine county, Nevada, and they have one child, a daughter, Adele Cutts. Mr. Norcross has been an active Rqjublican and was district attorney of Washoe county in 1895 and 1896, also serving as an assemblyman in the eighteenth session of the legislature of Nevada. Tn 1902 he was his party's nominee for district judge, but xvas defeated by a small majority with the balance of his party. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and received the degree of a Master Mason in Reno Lodge No. 13, of which he is a past master. He has attained to the thirty-second degree of the Scottish Rite, and is also a member of Islam Temple, Mystic Shrine, of San Francisco. Mr. Norcross is a trustee of the Reno Free Public Library, which institution he was largely instrumental in having established, and through his efforts fifteen thousand dollars xvas donated by Mr. Carnegie. .He oxvns a handsome resi dence on the banks of the Truckee river, and there are welcomed with generous hospitality the many friends of his family. LUIGI DELLA PIAZZA, of Reno, one ol Nevada's pioneers and an exceedingly prosperous and public-spirited mine-owner and business man, is one ol the contributions xvhich Italy has made to the cosmopolitan citizen ship ol this country. He was born in the sunny land ol the Italians, August 3, 1840, and coraes ol a laraily whose ancestry goes back lor many gen erations. He remained in his oxvn country during his youth and received an education in the schools there. He came to America in 1867 and landed in New York on the 4th of August. He at once took ship for the west, by way of Panama, and his first enterprise on the Pacific coast was cutting wood for charcoal. He was in Grass Valley, California, for awhile, and also spent some time in the Black Hills. He came to Nevada in 1869, which certainly entitles him to the narae of pioneer, and he has been a resident of the state ever since. For varying periods he was in White Pine, in. Eureka and finally located in Reno, where his business interests have been continually in creasing to the present. Besides other enterprises, he has been mainly con cerned in mining. He became half owner of the Cabinet No. 2 mine, and when he sold to the Nevada Mining Company he retained a large block of the stock. This mine has proved to be a steady and good producer, and is at present being run to its full capacity. c^C^'Q^^-^^ c^ ''-ff*^ A HISTORY OF NEX-ADA. 617 Mr. Piazza has been one of the active and ardent adherents of the Re pubUcan party since 1868, and there are few native-born citizens whO' take a- more interested part in public affairs than this gentlenian, transplanted frora the shores of the Mediterranean. He is xvell knoxvn aniong the politicians and public men of the state, and is a ineinber of the state Republican central com mittee and the county Rqiublican central committee, attends all the party conventions, and gives all his influence and efforts to the promotion of the party and its candidates. In 1873 Mr. Piazza was married to Miss Susan Flint, a native of Ire land. After a happy marital union of thirteen years she was called away !jy death. His present wife xvas Miss Mary Farretti. They reside in a pleasant home in Reno, and enjoy many strong friendships in the city. His long residence in Reno has made him one of the foremost citizens, and although he is now retired from active business affairs his interest in the progress and future prosperity of his city is unabated. JOHN BUNYON LYNDS, one of the xvdl known and respected busi ness men of Nevada, hoav dealing in general merchandise on the divide just above Virginia City, was born in Nova Scotia on the 3d of May, 1830, and is of Scotch-Irish and Germany ancestry. His paternal grandfather was a native "of the north of Ireland, and was ol Scotch lineage. On leaving the land of his birth he crossed the Atlantic to the new world, taking up his abode in Nova Scotia, xvhere Harris Lynds, his son and the father of J. B. Lynds, was born and reared. After arriving at years of maturity Harris Lynds wedded Miss Abigail Workman, and in order to provide for his family he followed the occupation of farming, which he made his life work. Tn religious faith toth he and his wife bdoriged to what was known as the "hardshell" Baptist church. He died in the fortieth year of his age, and his widow afterward came to the west, spending her last days in Santa Cruz, California, where she died in her eighty-fourth year. This worthy couple xvere the parents of three sons and two daughters. John B. Lynds, the only representative ol the Iamily in Nevada, was reared to manhood in Nova Scotia ancl pursued his education in the public schools there. He was twenty-eight years of age when, in 1858, he left his native country and went to California, sailing frora New York in the month of October. He arrived safely in San Francisco, but reached the Golden state at a time of great depression in business, and he worked upon a farm in lone valley for forty dollars per month. He afterward went to Jackson, Amador county, California, and at Fiddldown he secured a position in a hotel. Learning to cook, he was paid ninety dollars per month for his services, and remained in that position for three years. At the end of that tirae he rented a ranch in Tone valley and engaged in the raising of corn, broom corn, wheat, hay and potatoes. The first year he had a very good crop, including eighty tons of corn and sixty tons of potatoes. He also had considerable broom corn, which sold at one hundred and forty dollars per ton. He had his wheat ground into flour, and for this received fifteen dollars per hundred. Thus in his agricultural pursuits he prospered. Pie then paid two thousand dollars 618 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. for a freighting outfit, consisting ol four teams of horses and three wagons and engaged in freighting across the mountains from Sacramento to Virginia City and to Austin, receiving from four to fourteen cents per pound for the goods which he thus transported, according to the commodity which he car ried and the season ol the year. He made the long trip in about fourteen days and followed that business for five years, during which time he slept in his covered xvagoii over night with the exception ol three nights. On the expiration of that period Mr. Lynds came to his present lcx;ation on the divide above Virginia City and established a hay and grain business Avith Henry Van Sickle as his first partner. A little later, however, he pur chased his partner's interest and afterAvard added a stock ol general mer chandise to his business. By close attention, unflagging industry and honor able methods he built up a large trade and acquired a small fortune, but xvas Induced to deal in mining stocks and thus lost all his raoney. However, with the courage of a brave pioneer he began anew in 1896, and has gained a good stock of goods and is doing a profitable business, his trade constantly in creasing. In 1872 he purchased three hundred and seventy acres of land in order to have pasture for his tearas and also the teams of transients. In 1880 he sold this property at a good advance, and, in fact, he has prospered in all of his business transactions save that of stocks. Tn 1856 occurred the marriage of Mr. Lynds and Miss Catherine Sibley, a native of Nova Scotia. To thera have been born four children, three sons and a daughter. The latter is Virginia, now the wife of Vincent Chamterlin, a resident of Oakland, California. One son, D. M. Lynds, is married and is engaged in business in Forbestown. Alvin, xvho was in the Spanish-American xvar, is now in Sacramento, and Edward is xvith his father in the store. Mrs. Lynds died in 1884. She was an excellent xvife and riiother, and her loss was deeply deplored by many friends as well as her immediate family. Tn 1900 Mr. Lynds was again married, his second union being with Mrs. Jennie Pear son, an estimable lady and a leading meniber of the Methodist church. In his political views Mr. Lynds has been a life-long Republican, but, has never desireel office, preferring to devote his time and attention to his business affairs, in whicii he is now meeting xvith creditable success. He has never joined any secret society, but has gained many friends in the com- inunity in which he has lived, and through his own efforts has made for himself a creditable record as an honorable business man and wo'rthy citizen. TiON. NELS NELSON. The Big meadows of Humboldt county are the most productive part of the county, and, although a few years ago they were a vast waste of useless land, covered with bnish and wild growth, the in dustry of the pioneer has made the entire section a scene of beautiful and fertile fields, with homesteads everywhere, the abode of prosperous and con tented people. Six miles west of the toxvn of Lovelocks is the home ol one ol the most successlul and infiuential of these farraers, and Nels Nelson's place aniong the citizens of Humboldt county is one that commands respect. Hon. Nels Nelson was born in Denmark, January 2, 1857, teing the son of Nels Nelsonsen, who was a prominent citizen of his country and served A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 619 for two terms in the Danish parliament. His wife was Miss Dorothy John- sori. In 1862 they lirought their family to America and located in Omaha, Nebraska, xvhere he xvas an employe of the government for some years. He died in Omaha in 1874 at the age of seventy-txvo, but his wife still lives in Omaha and is in her seventy-eighth xear. They were members -of the Luth eran church, and xvere worthy and respected people in exery xvay. Three of their four children are living. Mr. Nelson got a fair education in the public schools of Oiiiaha, and his first independent venture xvas clerking in an Omaha store. He afterxvard came west and xvorked for wages in Utah and Wyoming for a time, and then came on to the eastern part ol the state of Nevada, where he was engaged in driving" a team for a time; he xvas successively at Elko and Winnei,nucca, and carae to Lovelocks and took up his residence on his present place in 1881. The one hundred and sixt)- acres xx'hich he bought xvas an unimproved wilder ness, and his own industry and perseverance have made it a fine place, planted with fruit and shade trees and in many xvays a model farmstead. He also has a stock ranch of txvo hundred acres in Churchill county. Hay and stock raising have proved remuneratixe to hini, and he may xvell be satisfied xvith xvhat he has acconiplished in this country. As a life-long Democrat Mr. Nelson has been active in promoting the interest of his party, and during his two terms in the Nevada state legislature, he did much, among other things, in getting the bill passed to prevent crim inal waste of irrigating water. Mr. Nelson has two children by a former marriage, Charles, now a student in the State University, and Dora, in Reno. In 1898 he was raarried to Miss Laura Anderson, a native of Denmark, but reared in this country. She is a most pleasant and intelligent lady, and their union has been happy. They have many friends in the coraraunity, and their influence is always on the side of right. DR. SAMUEL C. GIBSON is engaged in the practice of medicine in Reno as a member of the regular school, and in recognition of the skill he has acquired he has noxv a, liberal practice bringing to him an excellent in come. He has resided on the Pacific coast since 1880, and has always lived west of the Mississippi river, his birth havirig occurred in Stedville, Mis souri, on the 9th of September, 1857. His grandfather, Alexander Gibson, was born in Ireland, and when a young man crossed the water to the nexv world, settling in Baltimore, Maryland, where for many years he was a prosperous merchant. His son, who also' bore the name of Alexander Gibson, and was the father of Dr. Gibson, became a physician and surgeon, and in 1846 removed to Missouri, where he engaged in pi'actice throughout his re maining days, his death occurring in 1900, when he xvas in his seventy-second year. Plis wife, who bore the maiden name ol Haney Halbert, was a native of South Carolina, and by her marriage became the mother of ten children, six of whom are yet living. She died In the thirty-eighth year of her age. Alexander Gibson was a Democrat in his political affiliations, but was most .devoted to his prolession end never cared to give his time and attention to 620 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, political xvork. One of his sons, xvho- is Alexander Gibson, the third, is now a practicing physician and surgeon of Modoc county, California. Dr. S. C. Gibson is indebted to the schools ol his native state lor the educational privileges xvhich he received. His prolessional knowledge was also acquired there, for, determining to make the practice of medicine his life xvork, he xvas graduated from the Missouri Medical College in March, 1879. Thus, xvell ecjuipped for the practice of his profession, he made his xvay westAvard, locating first in Anderson, Shasta county, California, xvhere he remained for fixe years. On the expiration of that period he removed to Alturas, Modoc county, California, xvhere he practiced for tai years, and In 1895 he located in Reno, xvhere he has since remained. Here the public has accorded hira recognition of his ability by giving to hira a liberal patronage. The knoxvledge he has acquired he applies xvitli accuracy to the case in ques tion. He is most careftil in diagnosing a case, and his judgment is rarely, if ever, at fault in deterniining a disease or predicting its course and out come. He is noxv the president of the state board of health, and is the chief surgeon of the. California, Nevada & Oregon Railroad Company. He is like xvise a member of the Nevada State Medical Society, the American Medical Society, and the International Association of Railway Surgeons, and thus he keeps in touch Axith the advance thought of the- prolession, using his knowledge thus acquired lor- the benefit ol mankind in the alleviation ol human suffering. The Doctor is also a memlDer ol the board ol directors ol the Farraers & Merchants Bank ol Reno. In his political views he is a Demo crat, but the honors and einoluments of office have little attraction to him as he prefers to devote his energies to his profession, in xvhicli he is meeting xvith signal success. Hoxvever, he takes a deep interest in the success of his party, doing all he can for its promotion outside of office, and is now a mem ber of both the county and state central committees. Dr. Gibson xvas married in 1882, the lady of his choice being Miss Mary E. Roycroft, a natix'C daughter of California, torn in Red Bluff. They noxv have four children, three sons and a daughter, -the latter, Agnes Pearl, being a student in the State University. The sons, Thomas R., Samuel A. and Robert Lee, are also students. The family home is one of the elegant resi dences of Reno, and the members of the household are most highly esteemed in this city and state. The Doctor has been a member of the Masonic order since 1881, and enjoys the warm regard of his brethren of the craft. His manner is genial, and his cordial disiX)sition and sympathdic nature make him a favorite in social circles as xvell as at the bedside of his patients in this portion of the state. EMILIO DOTTA. From a little home across the sea Emilio Dotta made his way to the new world and entered upon a career which seems most marvelous, but which is the outcome of ambition, energy and good manage ment, and he is now numbered among Elko's successful citizens. He is a native of Switzerland, where he was torn on the 26th ol May, 1853, and there he received his limited educational training. Tn 1876 he emigrated frorri his native land to California, landing there xvithout money and with no i^^^-zx^^y)o^r I A JilSTORY OF NEVADA. 621 knoxvledge of the English language. Tils first occupation xvas at milking, for xvhich he received twenty-five dollars a month and board, and after a time he engaged in niining, but after a da)' and a half thus spent abandoned that occupation. Tn 1878 he came to Nevada, xvhere he turned his attention to freighting, and after three years In the employment ol others he purchased six small mules and embarked in the occupation on his own account, freighting to Tuscarora for seven years. On the expiration of that period he was able, as the reward of labor and good business ability, to purchase a ranch of two hun dred and twenty acres in Elko county, txx'elve miles from the toxvn of that name, the purchase price being twenty-six hundred dollars. He iiiiproved this property, making of it a fine farm, and for it xvas offered twelve thousand dollars in 1902. In 190 1 he purchased a ranch of two hundi'ed and eighty acres, for whicii he paid txventy-five hundred dollars, and later became the owner of four hundred acres. .Vt the time of purchase the latter tract was producing twenty-five tons of hay, and xvhen he sold it a few years later it xvas each season yielding its owner twenty-five hundred tons. Mr. Dotta has since sold his land at good prices, and is now residing in a pleasant cottage in Elko, in which city he is now erecting a fine brick business block. In 1885 Mr. Dotta was united in marriage to Miss Elkalena Dotta, who xvas born in his own native land, but although of the same name they are not related. They have one son, David, xvho was born in Elko. Mr. Dotta gives his political support to the Republican party, and the family are memters of the Roman Catholic church. C. L. BROY, the obliging and capable postmaster ol the celebrated old mining town ol Eureka, Nevada, has been one ol her most enterprising citi zens for over thirty-four years, having arrived in the state on November 20, 1869. During his life of sixty years he has had varied experiences. Before he had arrived at the age of manhood he was a soldier in the Union army, and after nearly five years' service in that great cause came to the west and saw the ups and downs of the miner's life, and has been engaged in various activities and especially identified xvith the groxvth and prosperity ol Eureka, Mr. Broy is of Scotch and English ancestry, and the founder of his branch of the family in this country was his grandfather, William Broy, who was born in England and carae to America and settled in the Shenandoah valley of Virginia. He had a family ol twenty-one children, and lived to be eighty-six years old. William Broy, Jr., was a native of the Shenandoah valley, and married Miss Julia Ann Martin, a native of his own town. He was a firm supporter of the policies of the Republican party, and tecause of his earnest opposition to slavery and his sympathy for John Brown was unixipular in his state, and on that account brought his family to Indiana in 1861. He served as a recruiting officer for the Union army cluring the Civil war, and five of his sons served throughout that great struggle and all came out alive. He died in the fall of 1863, at the age of sixty-eight, and his wife died in 1878. They had eleven children, of whom eight survive. Mr. C L. Broy was born at Winchester, Virginia, August 27, 1843, and 622 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. is the only member of the family in Nevada. He was reared and educated in his native state, and on July i, 1861, entered the service of his country as a member of Coinpany K, Second Regiment, West Virginia Volunteer Infantry, it being later made a cavalry regiraent. The regiment saw its first service at the battle of Cheat Mountain and in the Shenandoah valley, and was later sent, at the close of the war, to the plains to fight the Tndians, going first to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then to Julesburg. He participated in the battle at Cheat Mpuntain, at Beverly, Cross ICeys, Port RepubUc, Win chester, Mount Jackson, second Bull Run, Cedar Mountain, Waterloo Bridge, Fisher's Tiill, Rapidan, Kelly's Ford, Floyd's Mountain, Rocky Gap, and in various engagements along the line of the Tennessee railroad. He re-enlisted in 1864 without furlough. He was slightly xvounded but not disabled, and was in active service for fifteen hundred and thirty-two days. After the war he was presented with a medal for meritorious service by the state ol West Virginia. After receiving his honorable discharge Mr. Broy was for some time engaged in the marble business at Clarksburg and Parkersburg, West Vir ginia, but in 1866 sold out and removed to Montana. He located at Raders- burg, Montana, and xvas engaged in mining; he built the Tremont Hotd at Radersburg and conducted it until 1868, when he went to Salt Lake City and was engagecl in the restaurant business. He was carrying on a pros perous business, but the Mormons made things so uncomfortable for him that he was glad to get out xvith his life. He managed to dispose of his holdings, and then came to White Pine, Nevada, xvhere he engaged in the restaurant business. He settled in Eureka in 1869 and built the New York chop house, which he soon afterward sold to his partner. He then engaged in ore-freight ing ancl mining, and has teen occupied in the latttr pursuit more or less ever since. He had an interest in both the Oriental and the Belmont mines, which have been large producers, and also in the Ruby Hill mines. He has had the usual varied success of mining men, and has taken a deep interest in the development of this part of the state, both industrially and commercially. He has the honor of having grub-staked the, miners who raade the rich dis coveries in the XVood River valley ol Idaho, resulting in the building of the towns of Haily, Ketchum and-BeUeview. Few raen are better informed as to the mining interests of Nevada than Mr. Broy. He is also one of the pioneers ol Eureka, there teing but a few tents and a stockade here at the time of his arrival. Mr. Broy has been a life-long Rqjublican, and in 1892 was elected county commissioner of Eureka county, and served by successive re-elections fQr eight years, only resigning to accept his present position of postmaster, receiv ing the appointment from President McKinley. He has been a very satis factory official in this place, and is popular with both parties. He receives a pension for disabilities caused by hisJong service in the war. He is a meniber of the Masonic order, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Knights of Pydiias, and is an ex-commander of Upton Post No. 29, G. A. R. His wife is a member of the Episcopal church. Mr. Broy was married in 1874 to Miss Anna E. Owens. On the 24th of July of the same year a terrible cloud-burst descended on the town, de- A HISTORY OF NEViXDA. 623 stroying a greater part of the town and sixteen lives. While Mr. Broy and his wife were in their home a large building swept down and crashed into the house, and they xvere carried on die flood for half a mile. Mrs. Broy was overwhelmed by the torrent, but he managed to escape alive. It was an awful calamity to the town and a double loss to him. In 1875 he married his present wife. Miss Sarah Mathews, who was born in Placerville, Cali fornia, and has become the mother of six, children, all born in Eureka. The two ddest died in childhood and the others are : Raymond Arthur, a graduate of the San Francisco Business College, and now employed by the Metro politan Life Insurance Company of San Francisco ; Delbert Mathew, a grad uate of the Eureka high school, now attending the San Francisco Business College; George Luther, also a graduate of the Eureka high school, now dqjuty postmaster for his father; the daughter Edna is still in sdiool, THOMAS K. HYMERS. Among the pioneer business men of Reno is numbered Thomas K. Hymers, who is widely and favorably known here and whose efforts along industrial lines have been ol marked benefit to the city and at the same time have promoted his individual prosperity. He ar rived in Carson county in what was then the territory of Utah, but is now a part of the state ol Nevada, in April, i860, and for twenty-five years has teen one of the county -commissioners of Washoe county. His long continu ance in office stands in incontrovertible evidence of his'fiddity, capability and also of the confidence reposed in him by his fellow citizens. A native of the Empire state, Mr. Hymers was born in Meredith, New York, on the 20th of June, 1833. His father, John Hymers, was a native ol Scotland, and in the twentidh year ol his age crossed the Atlantic to Amer ica, settling in Meredith, where he was afterward united in marriage to Miss Elizateth Arrnston, also a native ol the land ol hills and heather. He was a very industrious and active larmer, and during his business career cleared and improved three valuable larms in New York. He lived to the ripe old age ol eighty-eight years, and his wife passed away in the seventy-second year of her age, both being interred in the ceraetery of Delhi, New York. In rdigious faith they were Presbyterians and were people of the highest re spectability. Their family numbered four sons and seven daughters, of whom eight are yet living, two being residents of Nevada — Thomas K. and John Hymers. - Tn the town of his nativity Thomas K. Hymers pursued his education and was reared to manhood. Tie remained a resident of the east until twenty- three years of age, when, in 1856, he determined to try his fortune in the west, and made his way across the country from the east to Wisconsin. Tn 1859 he crossed the plains to California, driving a team of horses, and for four months xvas upon the road, crossing the long stretches ol hot sand and desert or climbing the mountains as he progressed on his way to the Pacific coast. He first located at Placerville, and was there eraployed in driving a team in connection with a sawmill. The year i860 witnessed his arrival in Washoe valley, but the town ol Reno had not then- sprung into existence. Mr. Hymers operated a sawmill and engaged in driving logging teams for 624 A PIISTORY OF NEX-ADA. eight xears. In October, 1868, he came to Reno, the toxvn having jtist been founded in May of that year. The following year he purchased land extending to the corner upon xvhich is located his fine brick livery stable. That year he built his Ijxery barn, xxhich in May, 1873, was destroyed by fire, being burned to the ground. He thus met with a loss of fifteen hundred dollars aboA'e insurance, but Avith characteristic ener'gy he set to xvork to retrieve his possessions and erected his present brick building, xvhich is seventy-five by one hundred and forty feet and txvo stories in height. This is one ol the best livery stables in the state ol Nevada. Mr. Hymei's keeps on hand a large nuraber ol horses, fine carriages, hacks and txvo hearses, and since 1869 has carried on a successlul and satislactory business, putting lorth every effort in his poxver to please his patrons, and thus securing a very large patronage. Mr. Hymers is also the oxvner of one of Reno's attractive residences, which he built upon a lot seventy by one hundred and forty fed. He has planted many fruit and shade trees, and noxv has a delightful place in which to spend the evening of an honorable life. In December, 1864, he was united in marriage to Miss Helen Hudson, and to thera were born a son and daughter, George and Nellie. The son, xvho is married, is noxv associated xvith his father in business, xvhile the daughter resides xvith her parents. In religious faith Mrs. Hymers is a Presbvterian ancl takes a deep interest in the xvork of the church. Fraternally Mr. Hymers is a Mason and has attained the Knight Templar degree, belonging to DeWitt Clinton Commandery. His political allegiance is given to the Republican party, and in 1870 he was elected on its ticket as county coraraissioner of Washoe county, in xvhich office he has served altogether for a quarter of a century, his present term to continue for three years longer. He has the interest of the county deeply at heart and exercise's his official prerogatix-es in support of every measure or movement xvhich he believes xvill contrllxite to the general good. HON. HENRY PATEY is one of Virginia City's highly respected early settlers, dating his arrival in 1863, since xvhich time he has beat promi nently identified xvith the xvonderful development and progress made in this prosperous metropolis of Nevada. He xvas born in San FranciscO', Califomia, on December 7, 1854, and is ol English ancestry, his parents, Rotert and Jane Elizabeth (Beelby) Patey, both being natives ol England. From that country they went first to Australia and thence to California, landing at San Fran cisco in July, 1854. Six children were born to thera, the two sui"vivors of the family being Mr, Patey and his sister, Mrs. Hugh Trensbath. By a second marriage five children xvere born, four of xvhom are residents of Califomia. Tn 1866 the father met death in a mine accident. Heni'y Patey xvas twelve years of age xvhen his father was killed, but he continued at school until the age of fifteen, when he began working in the mines in order to provide for his own support and to assist in the care of the family. He continued to follow raining until 1888, and then engaged in assaying with Mr. Fidding in the interests of the Consolidated California and Virginia Mining Company and has ever since been in its employ, this A HISTORV OF NEVADA. 625 companx' bdng one of the great producers which has added to the fame of the noted Comstock. Mr. Patey has been a life-long Republican, and has taken a deep intei'est in educational matters and puljlic affairs. The city owes much to his attitude in regard to the public schools, and be is a xer)^ popular citizen. In 1898 this was shoxvn !))• his election to a seat in the Nevada state assembly, and during the session he was particularly active in opposing an)^ reduction of interest on the school tonds. Mr. Pate)- is a prominent Blue Lodge Free Mason, and belongs to the higher orders ol chapter, commandery and Islam Temple, Mystic Shrine, at San Francisco, and is the pi'esent eminent commander of the De XX'itt Clinton Commanderx-, K. T. Pie receixed the higher rites at die Virginia City lodge. In 1897 Mr. Patex- xvas united in raarriage with Miss Laura Stackhouse, xvho was born in California, and one daughtei', Grace Adelaide, has been torn to them, Mrs. Patex- is a member of the societ)- ol the Eastern Star. Tn religious faith the)- are Episcopalians. HIRAM JOHNSON, one of the pioneer merchants of Eureka, xvhere he located over thirtx- years ago, has been identified xx ith xarious enterprises on the Avestern plains for OA'er forty years, and has enjoyed a x'ery pros perous career. XX'hen he first came to Eureka there xvas little in the xvay of a toAvn here, and his establishment xvas among the first. He has been a diligent, acute man of business, and has xxon his adxanceraent by his oxvn efforts, for xvhich reason he enjoys the respect of his toxvnsinen ancl is con scious that the sixty-five years of his life have been xvell spent. Mr. Johnson's ¦ Scotch and English ancestors xvere settlers in Boston. Massachusetts, in the year 1714, and his great-grandfather Johnson xvas a soldier throughout the Rex-olutionar)- xxar and xvas xvith the army of XX'ash- ington and LaFayette at the surrender of Lord Cornxvallis. Through this honored forefather Mr. Johnson can claim membership in the Societ)' of Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution. Hiram Johnson, a son of this patriot, xvas l-mrn in East HolUston, iNlassachusetts, and xvas a Con- gregationalist in relig-ion. Mr. Johnson's father xvas born in HolUston, Massachusetts, and mar ried Miss Experience Briggs. In 1857 he xvent xvest to .Xtchison, Kansas, and passed through all the border troubles incident to the settlement of that state. He afterxvard returned to his native state, and then went to Florida, xvhere he died in 1886 at the age of sex-enty-txvo years. His xvife died in 1872, aged fifty-seven. He had been a selectman of his toxvn. a justice of the peace, and an incumbent of several similar offices, and xvas an honored and respected resident of every community in xvhich he passed a part of his life. He and his. xvife Avere members of the Methodist church. They had tAVO sons xvho are lixing. iNl. M. Johnson being in California. Hiram Johnson xvas born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, October 3, 1838, and xvas reared and educated in Massachusetts. XX'hen about groxvn he came xvest and for ten x'ears was engaged in freighting across the great 626 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. plains. He came to Nevada in 1869, and for a year or so tought goods in San Francisco and disposed of them at Elko. In 1871 he came to the infant town of Eureka, and for the first six months Avas a clerk in a general mer chandise store; he then engaged in business on his oxvn account, and has followed commercial pursuits ever since. He was in trade in Salt Lake City from 1887 to 1900, but at the latter date returned to Eureka. He has a store seventeen by one hundred feet, besides several other buildings, all of xvhich he owns, and carries on one of the largest trades in the town. Mr. Johnson is a Republican In politics, but xvith no time or aspirations for office. He is deA'oted to his business, and this persevering endeavor is largely responsible for his success. He xvas made a Mason in Eureka Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., m 1872, and is past master and has been for all these years one ol the most effxient xvorkers ol the lod.ee. In 1876 he married Miss Josephine E. Adams, a natix'e ol his oxvn toxvn in Massadiusetts, and they are the parents ol three children: Adams H. ; A. XX^, in the store xvith his lather; and Anna S., a graduate of the Nevade State University and a successful teaeher. The family reside in a pleasant home, and have a wide circle of friends. ORRIN C. ROSS, who resides on a fine farm a short distance east of Reno, passed through what is now the state of Nevada in 1859, when on his way to California, and in 1863 he returned to make his home in this state. His birthplace was upon the Atlantic coast. Tie xvas born in Massachusdts, October 5, 1838, and is of Irish and Scotch descent. His ancestors, however, emigrated to New England long prior to the Revolutionary war. His paternal grandfather was born in Vermont, followed merchandising in his liusiness career and was also a meniber of the Baptist church. Silas Ross, the father of O. C. Ross, was likewise a native of the Green Mountain state, born in 18 14. For a tirae after attaining his majority he resided in Massachusetts, but later returned to Vermont, and in 1850 removed to Illinois. A little later he became a resident of Iowa, where he made his home up to the time of his death, which occurred xvhen he was in the seventy- sixth year of his age. Throughout the greater part of his life he had fol lowed raercandising, but in his last years owned and operated a farm. He married Miss Parnell Dunsraore, a lady three raonths his junior, and they became the parents of five children, but only two are now living, the brother of Mr. Ross being C. T. Ross, who is a resident ol Iowa. O. C. Ross sperit the first twelve years ol his liie in the state ol Vermont, and then removed with his lather and Iamily to Illinois and to Iowa. He resided in the latter state lor seven years, and was reared in the midst ol pio neer surroundings. Their home^was at first ten miles Irom that of any neighbor, and the advantages for higher education were very limited. The training of Mr. Ross at farm labor, however, was not meager, for like most toys in a new country he had toi assist largely in the arduous task of develop ing a new farra. However, the experiences brought to him a good knowledge of men and of affairs, and through observation and reading in later years he has become well informed upon all topics of general interest. In 1859 he crossed the plains to California, although he started for Pike's Peak. He &.^.'?, &-^:^. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 627 was urged by his father to return if* that part of the country did not please hint, but he had heard of the golden xvest and decided to continue his journey to the Eldorado of the country, stopping first at Forest city in Sierra county, Califomia. He •was there engagecl in raining in the eraploy of others for a time, and later entered into a partnership and purchased a claim xvhich gave a moderate yield of the precious metal. The partners, however, were all lack ing in mining experience, and they spent in the development of the property nearly all that they took out of it. Later Mr. Ross secured a logging contract and was more successful at that. In 1863 he returned to Nevada, having already seen something of the state when joiimeying through it on his xvay to California. He iDecame one of the pioneers here, and now for forty )'ears has been a xvitness of the progress and development of this section. TTe was first employed at baling hay on the Truckee meadows east and south of the present site of the city of Reno. For seven years he continued in that business, xvorking hard and making money. He then tought a half interest in the stock ranch located thirty miles northxvest of Reno, and his partner, R. H. Leigh, xxent upon the range with the cattle, xvhile Mr. Ross purchased his present farm of one hundred and sixty acres of land a few miles east of the city of Reno and took up his abode thereon. The tract xvas then covered with sage brush, but xvith characteristic energy he began its development, placed excellent im provements upon it and built a comfortable home, large barn and other sub stantial outbuildings for the shelter of grain and stock. He also planted the trees upon the place, and now has a splendidly improved farm, which, in fact, is one of the test of the country around about. He paid twenty-nine hundred dollars for this property, and in the first year expended three thousand dollars in improvements. In 1871 his buildings were destroyed by fire, causing a total loss, for he carried no insurance. Many a man of less resolute purpose would have been utterly discouraged, but he at once set to work to retrieve his lost possessions, rebuilt his home and other buildings, and continued the work of improving his property until to-day his is one of the test farms in XVahsoe county. He is extensively engaged in the raising of alfalfa hay, xvhich he feeds in the xvinter to his own stock. He still occupies his range of twelve hundred acres, upon xvhich he has about two hundred head of cattle, and in this department of his business he has met with satis factory success. Mr. Ross was married in 187 1 to Miss Denidda Moore, a native daughter of California, born in Petaluma. Four children have graced this union, but only two are now living; Charles, who is at horae with his father; and Emma P., now the wife of A. G. Brown, who resides on a ranch south ol her lather's home. Mrs. Ross died in 1882. She was a laithlul and devoted wile and m.other and her loss xvas deeply raourned by the little Iamily. In 1884 Mr. Ross was again married, his second union being with Miss Ellen McCormick, who was torn in Canada. Their union has been blessed with two children : Silas Earl and Vera, both attending the high school in Reno. In politics Mr. Ross is independent, although in former years he was a stalwart Republican. He has never been an aspirant lor public office, yet was elected county commissioner and served in that position in a most capable 628 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. manner. Of the Masonic fraternity he is a xvorthy representative, having become a member in 1868 in Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M. He has since taken an active interest in the craft and in the inculcation of its principles, and has held the office of senior deacon in his lodge. His v9ell improved farm is evidence of his life of thrift and industry, and his success has been so worthily won that the most envious cannot grudge him his prosperity. His wife is a pleasant and accomplished lady and their home is a happy one. XX^'ILLIAM PEARCE, who has been identified with the mining in terests of Virginia City, Nevada, since 1870, and is noxv the efficient fore man of the Gold Hill group of raines, from the south line of the Caledonia to the north line of the Belcher, of which Hon. W. E. Sharon is super intendent, is regarded as one of the most capable and trusty raining men ol this locality. This is a rich section, as it xvill be recalled that the holdings ol Senator Sharon in the Belcher mine have made him one of the leading capitalists of the great west. Mr. Pearce was born Septeraber 4, 1849, 'i^ England, and is a son of John and Elizabeth Jane (Messer) Pearce, both of whom are of English birth. In 1850 his father went to California, worked there in the drift diggings and then went to South America, where he spent seven seasons. He then went back to England, and, returning tO' California, died in 1874, aged forty-nine years. He was one of the brave California pioneers who knew no fear and did his full share in the early settling of the state. He was bereft of his wife in England, xvho' left four children, two daughters and two sons, namely : Thomas, now of Virginia City, William, and two daugh ters in San Francisco. Williain Pearce xvas the eldest of the family, and was reared and edu cated in England, whei'e he remained until his seventeenth year. His own efforts for his own support began at the age of twelx'e years, and since he xvas fifteen he has depended entirely upon himself. His education was pursued under disadvantages, and he may te said to have leamed his les sons in the school of experience. Tn 1867 he emigrated to New Jersey, and then went to the mining regions of Pennsyh'ania, raining being his chosen vocation. When he arrived in Virginia City, thirty-thr.ee years ago, he began xvork with pick and shovel in the Yelloxv Jacket mine. He xvas first made shift boss in the Savage mine, of which he had charge until 1872, xvhen he went to the Hale & Norcross, and in 1875 became shift boss there, and for twenty-three years was foreman and shift toss. He then resigned this position to become foreman of the ChoUar and Potosi mines. He then went on a trip of observation to Shasta, returning in 1901, when he xvas made foreman of the Gold Hill group of raines. Tn this position of great responsibility Mr. Pearce is called upon to exercise the knowledge which his years of varied experience have given him. He stands very high in the esti mation of skilled mining men, and his opinions carry great weight with them. Tn 1875 Mr. Pearce was married to Ida Gidley, who was born in Sierra county, California, and is a daughter of William Gidley, one of the pioneers A HISTORY OF NEVADA. '129 of the state. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Pearce were all born at Virginia City and are as follows: XX'illiani J., a niining engineer; Thomas J., a traveling salesman for a .San Francisco house; James Garfield, an electrician in the mines; .Xltert Edxvard, xvho is a student at Santa Clara College; and George Philip, who is still in the local schools. Frederick Charles died in his fourteenth year in San Francisco. California. Mrs. Pearce and chil dren are members of the Catholic church. Mr. Pearce is fraternally con nected xvith the Odd FdloAxs In both branches, and is past grand and past chief. In politics he stands xvith tlie siher xxing of the Republican party. GEORGE F. TURRITTIN, president of the Bank of Nevada, of Reno, occupies a most enviable pfisition ir. financial circles in the state. He is hon ored and respected by all, not alone because of the desirable success that he has achieved, but also by reason of the honorable, straightforward business methcxls he has exer folloxved. His life record therefore will prove of in terest to the readers of this xolume, and it is xvith pleasure that we present his sketch. Mr. Turrittin xvas born in Ireland, and xvhen three years of age was brought by his parents to the United States, and the family settled in Ohio. George F. Turrittin is the only niember of the family living in Nevada. He pursued his education in Bryan, Ohio, and during his early career fol lowed the occupation of farming and also the profession of school teaching. In the year 1869 he came to Nevada, settling in Winneraucca, where he engaged in teaching school. Later he turned his attention to merchandising, and XX'hile following that calling was elected on the Republican ticket to the office of county recorder of Humboldt county, and later was elected a mem ber of the Nevada assembly. On the election of President Harrison Mr. Turrittin was appointed United States surveyor general for the district of Nevada and moved to Reno. On his retirement from that position he was nominated for the office of state comptroller, but lost the election by three hundred and twenty-one \i;tes. .Xt another time he Avas candidate for re gent of the State unixersity. While not always successful in political life because of the strong Democratic majority in this state at that time, Mr. Turrittin has ever prospered in his business affairs, owing to his keen dis cernraent and the readiness xvith xvhich he forms and exercises his plans. He has teen extensively engaged Ir, sheep-raising in Humboldt county. At Reno he has followed general merchandising, and is now a member of the J. R. Bradley Company, engaged in conducting a wholesale and retail hard ware and grocery business. He is a man of resourceful ability, xvide- awake and enterprising, and xvhatever he undertakes he carries forward to successful completion. Tlie Turrittin family have an attractive home in Reno, its hospitality being greatly enjoyed by their raany friends. Mr. Turrittin belongs to the Masonic fraternity, and is a member also of the Benevolent and Protectix'e Order of Elks. He has made a creditable and enviable record as a success ful business man, and to-day is the ])ossessor of business interests that are valuable, returning an e.-aid from four and a half to five dollars a day — just four tiraes as much as he could make in his own countr)'. In January, 1877, he was en gaged to build a barn for Mr. Marker at Big Meadows, and after he had seen tlie land and xvhat could be done with it he xvas so pleased that he purchased a squatter's right and tottk up farming. Pie later pre-empted one liundred am! sixty acres, and has added to liis estate till he noxv has eight hundred acres of fine land, located about fi\-e miles south of Lovelocks. At first the land xvas covered xvith a dense growth of greasewood as high as his head, and perliaps most men xvould have been discouraged at the task of clearing it off, but Mr. .Xnker persevered until he has his present fine place, some of whose products have been mentioned above. In 1902 he built a large and fine farm residence, and in many xvays has indicated that pros- ]ierity has rexvarded his labors. Mr. Xnker is a Reiniblican, and as an indication of the regard his felloxv citizens have for him and his ]ironiinence in Ills locality, he xxas electetl and served four )cars as county commissioner. He is a memter of the Independent Onler of Odd h^elloxys, and was made a Mason in Humtoldt Lodge No. 2y, F. & \. XL, at Lox-docks, in xvhich body he is still in good fdloxvship. In 1880 he married Miss Julia Faas, a native of the state of loxva and the daughter of Philip Faas. Fixe children haxe been born of this union, as folloxvs; Hannah, Philip, Minnie, Chester and Florence. TliF EUREKA COUNi^X' BANK, which has been the strong fortress of the commercial and financial activity of Eureka county, and by its hon- oral>le business methods and sound conduct has xvon the confidence of the business element of the county and the state, has had a successful existence for nearly txventy years and h.as throughout this period been under the con trol of men of highest financial integrity and reliability. The institution xvas incorporated Febi'uary 23, 1885, by Messrs. M. D. Foley, R, K. Morrison, B. Gilman, XX'. E. Griflin, all of Eureka, and Mr. Daniel Myer, of San Francisco. Its cajiital stock xvas one hundred thousand dollars, and its first officers and directors xvere M, D. Foley, president; R. K. Morrison, vice president; Ii. T. Hoadley, ca.shier; XX'. E. Griffin, assistant cashier. The bank has done a general banking business, and has teen the foundation upon xvhich many of the business enterprises of the xicinity have depended. The present oflicers are : Oscar J. Smith, of Reno, president ; Bert L, Smith, of Eureka, vice president ; J. Ii. Hoegh, secontl vice presi dent; W, E. Gi'iffin, cashier; and H. F. Golding, assistant cashiei", XX^ithin the past year the bank has opened a branch at Elko in charge of Bert L. Smith, vice president, and R. Ti. Mallett, cashier. Its Elko busi ness is growing very rapidly, and the bank there is deservetlly popular. , JAMES McKINTY, foreman of die Consolidated California and X'ir ginia and the Ophir mines, has resided in Virginia City for the past thirty- three years. He xvas born in Belfast, Ireland, on July 7, 1847, and his parents xvere James and Jane (McNeal) McKinty, toth of xvhom xvere born 632 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. in Belfast, where the former was a merchant, and died aged seventy-txvo years, while his xvife ched aged eighty-txvo years. They xxere devout mem bers ol the Catholic church. They were the parents of eight children, of whom James was the only one to come to Nevada. The education of James McKinty was secured in Belfast, and early in life he xvent to sea on the Archibald, Captain Ddaraga commanding. By permission of the latter, xvhile the ship was in the port of San Juan, Mr. McKinty gave up the sea and went to Yuba City, California, in search of gold, beginning as a mineral prospector. After working in different places in California, he went to Idaho i.ii 1865 and met with excellent success, his lai'gest day's xvork netting hira two thousand dollars. Tri 1868 he went to British Columbia on the Fraser river, but xvas not successful,, and coming to Nevada lie Worked first in the ChoUar mine at four dollars per clay, and later xvas mining expert for liaggin & Hearst, traveling for these gentle men to Mexico and Alaska and prospecting for mining property. After this he xvas for sorae time engaged in several other raines, and finally tecame foreman of the Consolidated California and Virginia and Ophir mines, xvhich are very valuable and have yielded immense profits. In 1887 Mr. McKinty was happily married to Marian Seaman, a nadve of Calaveras county, California, and a daughter of Henry Seaman, a pioneer of California of 1840. Three children have been born to them, Arthur James, Ethel Marian and Searl Henry. The first two named were torn in Cali fornia and the last in Virginia City. They are all members of the Catholic church. Mr. McKinty is a Deraocrat in politics and is a meniber of the Elks, of the Ancient Order of United XVorkmen, and is one of the highly respected and esteemed men of the city. The family resfde in a teautiful home, xvhere the many friends of the family often gather to enjoy the genial hospitality alxvays offered by the pleasant host and his estimable wife. COLONEL JOSEPH MARZEN, one of the western pioneers, and the, most prominent stock-grower of Humboldt county, Nevada, whose, exhibits have for years been xvinning blue ribbons at the California state fair at Sacramento, has teen a resident of the state ol Nevada lor forty years and now has his large ranch near the town of Lovelocks. He is of German ancestry and birth, having been born in Germany on May 5, 1828. He re ceived his education and learned the butcher's trade in his native land. At the age of eighteen he emigrated to New York city, where he worked at his trade for five years, and in 1851 xvent to California by way of the isthmus. He located in Sacramento, and xvas there during all the fire and floods through which that city passed. He bought cattle in Los Angeles and drove them to Sacramento, and after three years of this work opened up a butcher l>usiness in Sacramento, where he had a profitable trade until 1863. He then went to Virginia City, Nevada, where he was in business until the mining excitement occurred on the Comstock in 1868. In that year the. first lots in Reno were sold at auction, and he bought several and built a shop, in which he carried on the butcher business for six months, after which he xvent to Truckee, California, and engaged in butchering and packing. Z^'^ /TT-^tfy^hyt-.-^i^'y^^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 633 Colonel Marzen became engaged in the stock business in 1876, and in the following year came to his present location and bought land where he now has 3,480 acres in the rich Big meadows near Lovelocks. This he has made one of the finest ranches in the state. For the past seventeen years he has teen breeding high-grade Shorthorn and Hereford cattle, and during the whole time he has lost litit three blue ribbons on his yearly exhibits at the fair at Sacramento. He has teen a large importer of stock from Scotland, and from year to year has graded and improved his stock until his own breeds have reached almost the acme of perfection and he has at the sarae time greatly benefited stock-breeding throughout the state, lie is also a breeder of Nor man, Percheron, Clyde and English Shire horses, and in this department also he takes the lead. Colonel Marzen was married in 1850 to Miss Margaret Bechtel, also a native of Germany. They had five children, four of xvhom are living, as follows: Josqjh Marzen, Jr., in Lovelocks; Amelia, now Mrs. Soule; Adalena, the wife of Mr. L. Cozens; Louisa, at home. Mrs. Marzen died in 1864, and on June 24, 1868, he married Miss Catherine Herarich, a native of Gerraany. Colonel Marzen was a Republican until the party divided on the question of bimetallism, since xvhich time he has supported the silver party. He is a member of the Indqiendent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a Sir Knight Templar in the Masonic order; he received the sublime degree of Master Mason in Tehama Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M., at Sacraraento, in 1853, and filled most of the offices in the lodge. He now affiliates with Huratoldt Lodge No. 27, at Lovelocks, Winneraucca Chapter, R. A. M., and Dewitt Clinton Coraraandery at Virginia City. He derives his title of colonel from the fact that he has served on the staffs ol three governors ol Nevada with that rank. ENOCH MORRILL, a retired farmer residing in a beautiful home of his own in Reno, has been a resident of the state of Nevada from pioneer days, his mind bearing the impress of its early historical annals, xvhile his memory forms a connecting link betxveen the primitive past and the prf)- gressive present. He came to the territory of Nevada in the spring of 1863. Far" distant is the present place of his residence from the place of his birtli, for he is a native of Patten, Penobscot county, Maine. TTis natal day xvas the 13th of March, 1839, ^"'^1 ^'^ parents were Ichabod and Thankful Mor rill, who were likewise born in the Pine Tree state. Iiis father was a fanner and blacksraith, living an industrious, useful life, closely following business affairs in order that he raight provide for his family, consisting of his wife and nine children. Both parents lived to be about seventy-two years of age, and three of their sons and two of their daughters yet survive, and Eli and Enoch Morrill are now residents of Nevada. Mr. Enoch Morrill remained in his native state until he arrived at years of maturity, and in 1862 went to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama. At length he arrived in San Francisco and thence proceeded to Yuba, where he secured employment at chopping wood by the cord. At tracted by the mining excitement at Auroi'a, Nevada, he came to this state in the spring of 1863, and after working in the mines for a time engaged 634 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. in shipping and hauling cord xvood, being thus employed until 1865. He xvas therefore connected with much of the arduous toil incident to the early development of a state. Removing to XX'^ashoe county, he engaged in logging and teaming, and his nexv lator proved profitable. He made considerable money, saved a portion of It and then went to Pitt river, Modoc county, California, xvhere he engaged in the sheep and cattle litisiness, remaining there for three years, after xvhich he returned to Nex-ada. In XX'ashoe county he took up a ranch of txxo hundred and forty acres four miles south of the city of Reno. This xvas covered with sag'e brush, and he at once cleai'ed and improved the land and built an irrigation ditch at a cost of forty thousand dollars In order to supply xvater to his oxvn farm and other places. This xvas called the Last Chance ditch, and it xxas a most important factor In redeeming the land for purposes of cultivation. He continued to farm xvith good success until 1894, when he sold his property, ori xxhich he had erected a nice brick residence and other farm litiildings. He had made of this an excellent ranch, and It sold to good advantage, bringing to him very de sirable financial return for the lalior, care and attention he had expended upon it. Mr. Morrill then removed to Reno and purchased his beautiful residence here and also five-eighths of an interest in five hundred and fifty-fix'e acres of land on the north side of the city. A part of this property he has platted into valuable city lots called the Morrill & Smith addition to Reno. He has a large and costly xx'arehouse and a valuable mill on the tract, and other btiidings have also been erected there. The city is growing rapidly in that direction, and the land is therefore constantly increasing in x'alue. His home is situatecl at the corner of Virginia and Liberty streets, 4here being a frontage of one hundred and six feet on Virginia street. This is one of the most desirable residence localities of Reno, many of the most beautiful homes of the city being located in this neighborhood, and not the least attractive of these is Mr. Morrill's. Tn 1880 Mr. Morrill married Miss Mary Addie Morton, a native of Iowa and a daughter of C. C. Morton, of that state. They noxv have four childrdi : Cleo Mabel, Clarence Sherwood, Ada and Harry E. Mrs. Mor rill is an adherent of the faith of the Christian church, Avhile Mr. Morrill is an exemplary representative of the Masonic fraternity, Avith Avhicli he has been identified since 1861, being uoav affiliated with the Reno Lodge, No. 15, F, & A. M. He has teen identified Avith the Republican party throughout his entire manhood, but never an office-seeker. Recognizing the business possibilities and opportunities in Nevada, he has here put fortii his best ef forts in an active and honorable business career that has been attended with splendid success, making him one of the substantial citizens as Avell as leading pioneers of the state. HENRY W. FUSS. Prominent among the business men of Hum toldt county stands Henry W. Fuss, Avho is extensively engaged in farming, stock-raising and the butchering trade, toth as a Avholesale and retail dealer. He has been a resident of the "Silver" state since 1868, and throughout the A HISTORY OF NE\^\DA. C35 long period which has since interxened he has teen numtered among its most progressive citizens. Mr. Fuss is a native of the far-off land of Gennany. his birth having there occurred on the 17th of Noxemter. 1836, and !iis ancestors had long been residents of the iatherland. xvhere they xvere engaged principally in milling and the mining of gold, silver, copper, lead and iron. In the land which gaxe him birth Henrx- XX'. Fuss received his dementarx' education. and after attaining to years of maturity engaged In mercantile pursuits. thus continuing imtil his emigration tij America. In 1859 he left his home across the sea and came to this country', and on his arrival here located first at Beaxerdam. XX'isconsin, where he secured a clerkship, thus continuing fi:>r a time, and later remox'ed t Minnesota and engaged in merchandising on his oxvn account. A shr>rt time afterxvard. hoxvexer. he suld his p' >ssessions in that commonwealth and made his xvay to Califomia. journeying by the Nicaragua route, and he made his xvay direct t^ Petahima, xvhere he secured a position as clerk in a store. In 1866 ^Ir. Fuss arrixed in Saint Clair. Churchill countx". Nevada, xvhere he immediately tumed his attenti in t » mer chandising, and xxas alsr seven years he xxas one of the leading business men of that place. On the expira tion of that period, in 1873. he came t" Loxelocks. Humtoldt count)', xxhere for the past thirty- years he has been extensixely engaged in industrial pur suits. He first purchased a section of land, xvhich he has since impruved. and in addition to his agricidtural pursuits is also extensively engaged in the raising of cattle. He annually raises large quantities of alfalfa, and in his pastures he keeps as high as five hundred head of Durham cattle. xxhich he fattens and kills, shipping the teef to San Francisco and also sup plying railroad stations, mining camps and his home market at Lovelocks. He is to-day accounted one of the representatixe business men of his adopted county, and his sterling characteristics haxe xvon for him many friends. His political support is given to the Democracy, but he has nexer desired the emoluments or honors of a public life. The marriage ol Mr. Fuss xvas celebrated in 1883. xvhen Vliss Vlarx' Teresa Dunn became his wife, she teing a natix-^e daughter of the Golden state. Six children haxe been torn of this union, namely : Florence, Harry. Frank, Alvin, Grace and Helen. Mr. Fuss xvas reared in the faith of the Lutheran church, and VIrs. Fuss is a memter of the Roman Catholic church. In addition to his commodious residence on nis farm. Mr. Fuss also oxvns a pleasant home in Lovelocks, and their home is noted for its pleasant hospitality. XX'ATSON E. GRIFFIN, cashier of the Eureka County Bank, has been in the state for nearly thirty-five years and is one of Nevada's prosperous and enterprising business men. He came to the Pacific coast in young man hood, and has since been identified at xarious times xvith merchandising, the express business, banking and mining, and after an active career of nearly fortj' years can point xvith pride at his achiex-ements in the business xvorlcj. Eureka counts him among her most honored pioneers, and he has been 636 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. especially helpful in promoting the xvelfare of this town. Mr. Griffin comes of good old English stock, and xvas torn in the family home near Hamilton, Canada, September 4, 18^5. Several of his brothers achieved success near home, — Edgerton Griffin, M. D., of Brantford; Frank Griffin, a prominent lawyer, also of Brantford; the Rt. Rev. W. S. Griffin, of Toronto, Canada, and James Griffin, of Brooklyn, Nexv York, the xvell known inventor of the Griffin mill. Watson E. Griffin chose new fields, and sailed for Califomia, via Panama, in the early sixties. He shared in the hardships and prosperity of those days, and in 1868 retired from the merchandise business in Placerville, the placer mines there being on the decline, to remove to Nevada. He opened several of Wells Fargo Express Company's offices on the line of xvhat was then knoxvn as the Central Pacific Railroad, and has been agent for that company at Palisade, Pioche, Eureka and Virginia City, teing identified in the ineanAvhile with banking, nii''ning and stock-raising. Mr. Griffin is interested in the Eureka County Bank, Rocco Homestake and other mines, and also in the Eureka Live Stock Company. Mr. Griffin was married in Canada to Miss Vina Dudley, who xvas also torn in Canada, of English parentage, and has since become the mother of one daughter, Minnie E., the wife of Oscar J. Smith, of Reno, and the president of the Eureka County Bank. Mr. Griffin has always voted the Republican ticket, and fraternally is a Mason, having received the degrees of Master Mason in Elko Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., in 1873 ; he has received all the Scottish Rite degrees, including the thirty-second, and is an honored member of that ancient order. Mr. Griffin has a residence in Reno and in Eureka, and is xvell knoxvn in both cities and is popular and highly esteemed both in business and social circles. HON. STEPHEN SPINDEL, who has resided in Virginia. City. Nevada, for the past thirty-seven years, and xvho during, all that time has given his entire attention to the development of the Comstock mines and is stiU actively engaged in raining, being foreman of the Bestand Belcher mine, came to Nevada in 1866. He is a native of Middlebury, Massachusetts, where he was born August 25, 1836. He comes of English ancestry, his forebears having emigrated from England to Nexv England at a very early date. His father, Nathaniel Spindel, was born at Cape Cod, July 6, 1808, and his grandfather, also Nathaniel, was taken prisoner by the English in 18 12 and lived to be eighty yeafs of age. The father married Roxana Dean, xvho was also descended from an old Massachusetts family. Her father, Abel Dean, served in the colonial army. Nathaniel Spindel xvas a farmer, and he and his wife were excellent people and members of the Methodist church. He was a man ol intelligence and education, and a ready and clever speaker. He died at the age ol seventy-one years. His widow survived him, dying, aged eighty-two years, in Medford, Massachusdts, where both are buried. Stephen Spindel'was reared on his father's farm in Massachusetts and his first business venture was the tending of a stall in the Boston ma'rket €^.rp^^^^£.J2-^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 637 xvhen he xvas sixteen years of age. In 1850 he sailed for California via the Panama route and landed in San Francisco March 5. 1850. He xvas txventy years of age at that time, and xvas filled xvith the entliusiasm rif his youdifiil Iiopes. From San Francisco he xvent to San Andreas and Angels Cam]). and mined in those vicinities for a number of )ears. In i8(ij fie xvent to Oregon and discoxered a claim in xvliich Mr. l-'air. Judge Falke and Mr. Boj'd became interested. Mr. Spindel sunk a shaft eight)- -five feet and ran a tunnel eleven hundred feet long, but lost toth time and money. He retumed to .\ngds Camp and. one day. xvith a fexv hours" xvork, took out one hundred and eight dollars and found a nugget xvorth ninety-six dollars. but the average xvas not much over five to six dollars per day. In 1866 he came to X^irginia City to xvork for Vlr. Fair, xvho xvas then superintendent of the Ophir, and they became xerx' xvann personal friends. !Mr. Spindel attended Mr. Fair's xvedding. Mr. Spindel tended the bridge xvhich crossed the river to the toxvn of Ophir and also assisted in building a mill at Silxer City. He then returned to Califomia to visit his xvife. In a fexv months he xvent to the Comstock mines, in xvhich he xvorked during 1868-9 «i"<^' 1870 as shaft toss on the Hale & Norcross mine, hax-ing txxo hundred and fifty men under him. A large amount of bullion was produced. XX'hile xx'orking in the Consolidated Califomia and ^'i^ginia he stmck the first ore in the tottom, one thousand and sixtx' feet under ground, and folloxving it found the ledge, to xvhich they sunk a shaft and met xvith very remarkable results. VIr. Spindel continued xvith this company and also xvith the Ophir as long as ilr. Fair xvas superintendent. He also xvas connected xvith the Salem City mine, oxvned by Mr. Saunders, out of xxhich he took thirty thousand dollars. His present position xvas assumed under Colonel L. H. Kinkaed. and he is regarded as one of the most efficient and thoroughly refiable men in his particular line in the entire state. In 1858 ^Ir. Spindel xxas happily married to Ag-nes Davis, a native of Paisley, Scotland, xvho xvas brought to Maysville, Califomia. xvhen diree years of age and xvas reared and educated in Califomia. Txvo children xvere tom to this marriage, namdy: Almira. xvho married Mr. Thcwnas Dolan and died xvhen twenty-three )'ears old, leax'ing Alfred and XXIUard Dolan. toth of xvhom are in Califomia xvith their father; Ida. xvho died aged eigiit years. Mrs. Spindel died in 1880. aged fifty years, deeply lamented by her husband and children. The loxed ones are interred at Angels Camp, Cali fornia. VIr. Spindel xvas made a memter of the ^Masonic fraternity. Lodge No. 3, in Virginia City, in 1872. Having been a stanch Republican, he has served his party faithful!) . and in 1897 xvas elected to the state assembly, xvhere he serxed txvo terms. He xvas also elected to the state senate, but his seat xvas denied him. Vlr. Spindel is one of the solid, responsible men of Virginia City, in xvhose integritx- and uprightness all xvho knoxv him haxe the utmost confidence. Personally he has a pleasant, genial manner xvhich xvins friends, xvhom his sterling qualities retain. PETER DALTON. :More than one-diird of a century has passed since Peter Dalton came to Nex'ada. his residence dating here from 1866. Of the industrial and agricultural interests of the state he is a representatixe. 638 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. He was born in county Fermanagh, Ireland, on the 30th of June, 1840, and is a son of James and Catherine (McMahon) Dalton, who were also natives of Ireland and xvere there reared, educated and married. Wishing to try tlieir fortune in the nexv world, they crossed the Atlantic to Canada, but the father was not long permitted to enjoy his nexv home, as he died soon alterxx'ard of cholera, leaving his xvife and son Peter. Tn 1853 the mother and son came to the United States, landing in Nexv York. They proceeded xvestxvard to Minnesota and afterward to Wis consin, xvhile later they established their home in Galena, Illinois. There Peter Dalton became a teamster in connection with a lunibef yard, and he also hauled leather and hides to the tannery owned and operated by the lather ol General Grant. Hoping to more rapidly acquire a competence, however, in the far west, Mr. Dalton and his mother made their way to San Fi'ancisco on the 26th ol May, 1864, and he assisted in the building of the telegraph line from that city to Newcastle. His mother died in Sacra mento on the 8tli of January, 1901. She had been a devout memter of the Roman Catholic church throughout her entire life and xvas a consistent Christian woraan. In the west Mr. Dalton entered the employ of the railroad company and worked in the freight house, remaining in this service until he came to Reno in 1866. For a year thereafter he was employed at the English Quartz Mill, and then xvith the capital which he had acquired through his own efforts he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land, upon which but few improvements had been made. With characteristic energ-y he began its further development and continued the work of cultivation and improvement until a splendid property was the result. He added to this from time to time as his financial resources increased until .four hundred and sixty-five acres were coraprlsed xvithin its borders and constituted one of the best farms in this part of the state. He engaged in the cultivation of hay and grain and also raised graded Durham cattle, having some full-blooded buUs. For several years he likewise conducted a dairy, keeping from thirty-five to forty cows for this purpose. Mr. Dalton was also one cf the builders of the stearatoat ditch, but in this enterprise he lost heavily because an extensive law suit was instituted in connection with it. In 1902 Mr. Dalton sold his farra at a good price, and putting aside agricultui'al work came to the city of Reno, building a fine residence on the hill on Soutl,' Virginia street. On the 26th of November, 1873, occurred the marriage of Mr. Dalton and Miss Margaret Welch, a native of county XVaterford, Ireland. She has been to him a faithful companion and helpmate on life's journey for the past thirty years, and they now have a pleasant home in which to spend the evening of their lives. Mr. Dalton has alxvays been an earnest Democrat since becoming an American citizen, and both he and his wife are consistent members of the Roman Catholic church. K. J. CONWAY, the owner of a valuable ranch of over four thousand acres in Clover valley, Elko county, has been a resident of Nevada for nearly forty years. He came to the state when he was sixteen years old, alone K% A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 639 and xvithout capital or Iriends. Plis career is entirely that of a self-made man, and there are fcAv in the state who have made more rapid, honorable and substantial progress toward the goal of material prosijerity. He is one of a number of staiiph and vigorous Irishmen xvho have made this state their home, and almost xvithout exception they have made themselves esteemed in their community for their sterling honesty and industry and have become well fixed in the world's goods. Mr. Conway was born in King's county, Ireland, in 1848, the son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Parell) Conxvay, xvho were Irish farmers and mem- liers of the Roman Catholic church. Mr. Conway is the only one of their six children xvho came to the United States. He remained at home and re ceived a fair amount of education in the schools until he was fourteen years old, and then set out for the new world, where he had already heard the opjxirtunitles xvere alxvays at hand for making a place in the world. He first located in the state of Illinois, and in 1864 came to Nevada and worked for wages on the Truckee meadows, near where the city of Reno now stands. After a time he was able to purchase six oxen, and with them tegan teaming to Virginia City and other points. He afterward substituted horses for his slow oxen, and continued successfully at this enterprise until 1874. In that year he came to the beautiful Clover valley and purchased a squatter's claim of two hundred acres, on which he began to raise stock, laying the foundation for the industry which has been so profitable to him ever' since. His industry and sagacious dealings paid well, and he increased his prop erty until he is now the owner of forty-two hundred acres in the valley, and all in one body. He has planted a fine grove around the farm buildings, which adds both to the value and the beauty of his place, and his home is one of comfort and plenty. He has graded up his stock by a mixture of the Dur ham and Hereford breeds, and also raises Norman Percheron horses. He understands the stock business from the ground up, and his attention to details and careful manageraent have brought him to his present position among the stockmen of Elko county. Mr. Conway was married in 1880 to Miss Mary Jane McClure, and one son was torn tO' them, Robert J., who was educated in the University of Nevada and at Healds Business College in California, and is now at home with his father. Mrs. Conway died in 1896, leaving her husband and son tereaved of a wife and mother who had been an inspiration and source of comfort and help which could not be replaced. Mr. Conway votes the Re publican ticket, but otherwise is not concerned with politics. He has won the esteera of many friends and associates, with whom he has lived since toyhood, and who have seen him rise Irom a poor young man to a. place ol dignity and wealth in the county. H. C. MARKER is the owner ol one ol the prettiest and most profit able fruit and stock farms in the section o| Humboldt county called the Big Meadows, two and a hall miles west ol Lovelocks. Seven years ago the two hundred and eighty acres xvhich noxv comprise this place xvere covered with greasewood, and the transformation which he has effected in so short a time 640 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. is only something short of xvonderful. His farm is at the forefront in all its departments, and he is contented xvith only the very best. In order to raise his stock to the highest standard he paid eighteen hundred dollars for three thoroughbred Durham bulls, and all his investments are made on a like principle. He has planted txvelve acres to orchard, raising a large and choice variety ol apples, pears, peaches, prunes, plums and other fruits, and has demonstrated that there are fcAv sections of the country superior to this part of Nevada for raising fine fruit. His place has a number of convenient buildings, there are shade trees in abundance around the residence and along the drives, and he also has considerable nursery stock of trees, which he sells. One of the raost pleasing features of this xvell-kept farm, and xvhicli xvould indicate at once to the passing stranger the character of the resident, is the fact that all the buildings and the fences and woodwork ar,e painted xvhite, and this with the green setting of the trees in summer gives a picture that an artist might xvell copy. And he and his family are "good livers," as xvould be evidenced to the visitor on inspecting the capacious cellar, with its large supply of canned fruits put up by the industrious xvife and daughters, its raany .other stores of delicacies and provisions; aniong these good things is a keg of pure old xvhiskey xvhich was distilled in Copenhagen. Mr. Marker is not one to go to excess in the enjoyment of these things, and his idea of temperance is a moderate use ol all the things provided lor man's use by a bountiful nature. The owner of this fine place xvas born May i, 1845, in Denmark, and from this country he derived his skill in the various lines of horticulture and other lines of farming. He was reared on his father's farm hear Copen hagen, and on June 23, 1872, arrived in Washoe county, Nevada. He joined xvith his brother, who had preceded hira to this state, in the fluming of wood down the raountain, and thence hauling it to Virginia City ; on the corapletion of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad they shipped their xvood by that raeans, and made money at the venture. In 1875 they sold the flume to the railroad company, and Mr. H. C. Marker came to Lovelocks and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land on what is called the Reservation, about five miles south of Lovelocks. He improved this prop erty and resided on it until 1896, xvhen he came to the place xx'hich has been described above. He and his brother at one time had 12,800 acres of land, but they were compelled to give it up during the hard times in Cleveland's administration, in 1892-93. Mr. Marker is a Republican in politics, and in 1878 xvas elected one of the county commissioners, in xvhich capacity he had rauch to do with the construction of the first bridge over the Humboldt rix'er. In 1878 he re ceived the subliine degree of Master Mason in Winnemucca Lodge, No. 19, F. & A. M., and now affiliates with Humboldt Lodge, No. 27, F. & A. M., at Lovelocks. In 1870 Mr. Marker was united in marriage to Miss Caroline C. Mtink, a native of his own town in Denmark. The eleven children of this union are all living and respected residents of the state : Ludwig is in the lumber lousiness in Lovelocks; John T. is in the butcher business in Lovelocks; Annie is the xvife of S. B. Smart, of St. Clair, Churchill county; Nellie is A PIISTORY OF NEVADA, 041 now Mrs. A. M. Latta; and those at horae are Emily, Lizzy, Lena, Albeit, Herman, Orville and Bert. Mr. and Mrs. Marker were reared in the faith of the Lutheran church, and still adhere to that denoniination. LAWRENCE XVASlilNGTON CROMER, one of die best known and most successful of the early business men of Eureka, xvhere he has teen a resident for thirty years, has had an interesting' career in various lines of activity since he came to the xx'est as a young man. He xvas master of a good trade xvhen he arrived on the Pacific coast, but had no other capital, and xvhat he has since gained in the xxay of material prosperity and social and business eminence is the result of his individual efforts and personal character. Mr. Cromer is a son of John and Mary Ann (Transue) Cromer, wdio in 1837 removed fi'oiii Ohio to Chicago, Illinois, which xvas then a rather insignificant town, and thence to Elgin, Illinois, and from there to XX'auke- gan, where they spent the remainder of their useful lives. They both lived to old age, the forraer attaining the age of eighty-four and the latter being seventy-five at the time of her death. They xvere members of the Baptist church, and esteemed residents of every coniinunity in Avhich they passed a part of their lives. They had one son and one daughter, the latter now Mrs. Helen L. Williartis, of Illinois. LaAvrence XX'. Cromer Avas born In the state of Ohio, August 4, 1836, and was educated in Illinois and learned his trade of tinner and plumber in Waukegan. Tn 1859 he Avent around by the Isthmus of Panama to Cali fornia, and for three years foUoAved his trade in the employ of the firm that is now Holbrook, Merrill and Stetson, of Sacramento. On leaving them he came to Austin, Nevada, Avhere he Axorked at his trade for a fexv years, and in 1869 xvent to Hamilton, in XX'hite Pine county, and engaged in min ing. He and his partners xvere the smelters of the first ore there. He also xvorked for xvages at nine dollars a day. From Hamilton he came to Eureka to join his father-in-laxv, xvho had preceded him and located mines in Secret canyon. After mining xvith good success for a tirae he sold his Interest for fifteen hundred dollars, and in October, 1870, he and a partner opened a hardware store in Eureka. In 1876 the business xvas closed out, and Mr. Cromer was shortly afterxvard elected .justice of the peace, xvhicli office he held by re-election until 1880. He then xvorked at his trade for Remington and H. M. Johnson during the following- four years, and as foreman of the business xvas paid txvo hundred dollars a month. The firm - closed out the tin and hardware business, and Mr. Cromer then opened a shop of his oxvn. After a year he took in George Gavin as a partner and carried on the tin and plumbing business until 1897, "^vhen the partnership xvas dissolved, and Mr. Cromer has since conducted the Ijusiness alone. In 1898 Mr. Cromer xvas again elected to the office of justice of the peace, and re'dected in 1900. In his early terras of office he did so much business that he employed a clerk, and his juclgments xvere so patently fair that only very lew were ever reversed by higher courts. He has been con scientious and high-minded in official as well as in business relations, and 642 A HISTORY OF NEVADA, his popularity rests on a secure foundation. He was a stanch Republican until the silver question split the party, and he xvas then an ardent advocate of bimetallism. In Austin, Lander county, Nevada, in 1864, Mr. Cromer assisted in organizing a military company known as the Lander Guard, xvith D. W. Welty as captain, and Mr. Cromer was orderly sergeant. Mr. Welty, after serving as captain a short time, resigned, and Mr. Cromer xvas elected cap tain four successive yearly terms. During that time he was also commis sioned as major on General Page's staff. In 1866 Mr. Cromer xx'as married to Miss Nellie Basey, and five chil dren have been born to thera, those living being: John James, in Chicago; Mrs. Florence Kautz, of Tybo, Nye couixty ; and Rollin E. Cromer, in Provi dence, Rhode Island. Mrs. Cromer died in 1884. She xvas a woman of strong character, and impressed her good influence on her children. In 1894 Mr. Cromer married Mrs. Mary Price. She is a memter of the Epis copal church, but the Judge is liberal in his faith and a believer in just and conscientious living. GEORGE SCHAEFER. Although George Schaffer has departed this life, he is yd remembered by many residents of Nevada, and the part which he took in the pioneer' development of fhe state makes it necessary that he be represented in this volume. He arrived in the" territory in 1861. His birth had occurred in Hessen, Gerraany, on the 26th ol November, 1828, his parents being William and Elizabdh (Witsel) Schaft'er, who xvere likewise natives ol the same country. Tn the year 1849 they emigrated to the new xvorld, settling in Pennsyh'ania, and subsequently they removed to Mus catine, Iowa, and afterward to St. Louis, Missouri, where they resided until 1870, XX'hen they went to Truckee, California. There William Schaffer died at the very advanced age of ninety-six years and four years previously his wife had passed axvay at the age of sixty-eight years.^ They xvere Luth erans In their religious faith and were people of the litghest respectability. George Schaffer was educated in the schools of Gerniany, and in the fatherland learned the trades of a carpenter and a millwriglit. After coming to America he was raarried in Muscatine, Iowa, to Miss Margaret Hersh- nian, a native of Byan, Germany, born on the ist ol Decemter, 1833. With her parents she came to America xvhen a little maiden ol five summers, the Iamily home being established in Muscatine, Iowa, where she was educated in the public schools. Her lather and mother were industrious farming people, held membership in the Lutheran church and were highly esteemed in the communities where they resided. To Mr. and Mrs. Schaffer were born five children, and in 1861 they crossed the plains with their family, being five months in making the journey. They met with no mishaps, how ever, on tl-je trip, and were not troubled, by the Indians, although other emi grants in that year were attacked by the red men. On reaching the xvest Mr. Schaffer chose Erapire city, Nevada, as a place of residence. He built a shingle mill on Clear creek, and in the conduct of his enterprise made large profits. Later he removed xvith his family to Truckee, being one of the A PIISTORY OF NEVADA. 643 pioneer settlers of that toxx'u. He built the first sawmill there, and when the Southern Pacific Railroad was being constructed he furnished to the com pany many of its ties, telegraph jioles and also the lumber for the snow sheds. He did a large amount of liusiness xvith that company, and with thirty yoke ol oxen he hauled the first locomotive across the surarait at a time when the snow was from five to ten feet in depth. This was a great undertaking as the road had to be broken all the xvay through the deep snoxv, but Mr. Schaffer was a man of strong determination and of excellent executive ability, and he accomplished the task xvithout serious accident. He also built the first bridge across the Truckee river ancl was one of the prominent factors in the up- Ixiilding and improvement of the toxvn of Truckee. In the year 1888 Mr. Schaffer came to Reno, purchasing forty acres of land on the east side of the city. Upon this property he made extensive improvements and erected a commodious and attractive residence in which his widow still resides. The land was utilized for the production of hay, fruit and vegetables, and a portion of it xvas also used as pasture for his stock. The family noxv oxvns in addition to the home property two hundred and sixty acres of land a mile and a half east of Reno, and the estate still includes a sawmill at Truckee, a hotel and several dxveUings there. Mr. Schaffer was not only an able business man, but was kind-hearted and gener ous, and wherever he xvent he won a host of xvarm friends. He died of pneumonia January 20, 1903, after an iUness of only ten days. His funeral was conducted by the Masonic fraternity, of which he was a leading and honored memter. It Avas the largest ever held in Reno, a fact xvhich indi cates the uniform confidence in xvhich he xvas held by all xvho knew him. He had for forty years been a niember of the Masonic lodge at Truckee, and was also connected xvith the Independent Order of Odd Felloxvs and held membership with the uniformed rank of the Knights of Pythias. Mr. Schaf fer had made a will whereby he left all of his property in the hands of his wife, who had been his most efficient helpmate, and their married life had been a most fortunate and happy one. Both Mr. and Mrs. Schaffer xvere models of industry and thrift, and she is now managing the property xvith excellent ability. Their children were as follows: Mrs. Annie 'Byrne, a resident of Truckee; William Schaffer, of Reno, xvho married Miss Etta McNeese; Mary Barton, of this city; Henry, who died in 1901 ; Susie Barton, who was bom In Empire City three months after tlie arrival of the family there and now resides in Reno; George, who married Miss Katie Long and lives with his mother ; Mrs. Flora Jacobs, who is living in California ; Mrs, Emma Irish, ol Reno; and Mrs. Minnie Peak, who is living on the ranch. They also lost two sons in childhood. Mrs. Schaffer and her daughters are mem bers of the Eastern Star and have also taken the Rebekah degrees in the Odd Fellows' society, and they enjoy the high esteem of their many friends. PROFESSOR GILBERT C. ROSS, principal of the Virginia City public schools, and one of the leading educators of Nevada, is a native of the "Sagebrush State," having been born on the Comstock, June 5, 1878. 644 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. He comes of Scotch and Irish ancesti'y. His father, Hugh Fraser Ross, was superintendent of the Gold Hill foundry, and chief engineer of the Crown Point, Yellow Jacket, Belcher, and other famous Comstock mines. His deatii occurred in 1895. His xvidow and two children, Gilbert C. and Reiiie Virginia, survive. Hugh Ross xvas a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, an upright, honorable man, and one of the best knoxvn and most skilful engineers on the Pacific coast. Professor Ross began teaching at an early age. After four years of service in the Virginia public schools, first as a teacher, then as principal of the first ward school, he was honored by being put at the liea'd of the city schools. Under his administration, the "Virginia schools are araong the best and raost progressix'e in the state, and the graduates of the high school have attained more than a local reputation for thoroughness. Of the men direct ing city schools, Mr. Ross i^ one of the youngest in the country. HON. XX^ D. JONES, of Austin, is one of the leading citizens of Nevada. He was Ijorii December 24, 1850, In Jackson county, Tennessee, Avhere his father was an overseer of negroes on a plantation. In 1858 his father left Tennessee intending to go to Texas and build a cabin on the prairie in which he might have a home for his Avife and five children. At Natchez on the Mississippi, Avhile crazed xvith drink, he leaped from the steamboat and found a grave in the great Mississippi. W. D. Jones, who was the oldest of the children and at that time eight years old, took the place of the father of the family, and struggled xvith all his toyhood strength to maintain his mother and brothers and sister. He xvas afterxvard taken into the faraily of Major Joseph Harlan, xvho lived six miles from Gallatin on the" Hartsville turnpike, in Suraner county, Tennessee. Miss Sue B. Harlan became his adopted raother, and a strong affection existed between the orphan boy and the head of the Harlan faraily in the person of Miss Harlan. Miss Harlan died in 1877, and her remains are resting in the garden of the Harlan homestead. Leaving Tennessee in 1866, young Jones came to Austin, Nevada, on January 26, 1868, and has made his home here ever since. For a year or so he was a clerk, and xvas then a coxx'boy and rancher. Tn 1871 he was com mittee clerk, and in 1881, assistant chief clerk of the asseinbly of Nevada. He Avas elected district attorney of Lander county in 1886. He was then thirty-six years old, a'nd Avithout any school education, having lived the rough uncultured life of a cOwboy for many years. He had begun the reading of laAv at such intervals as he could find, and then began the practice of law at Austin Avithout any equipment or books. By his great industry and keen judgment he at once attracted public notice, and was immediately recognized as a formidable opponent at the bar. He filled the office of district attorney for ten years Avith marked ability until he was elected attorney general of Nevacla In 1898. Tn December of that year he moved his family to Carson City, and was installed in the office on the first Monday In January of the foUowing year. He continued in that position for two years, and his success is indicated by the large number of 'state and other A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 645 cases whicii Avere tried by hint and which are given in the Nevada reports. In 1901 GoA'crnor Sadler, recognizing Judge Jones's ability, tendered hira the office of judge of the third judicial district of Nevada, composed ol Lander, Nye and Eureka counties. Judge Jones resigned his other position, and, removing back to his old horae in Austin, served as district judge during the terra, refusing to be a candidate for election in 1902. He then resumed his successful practice, and since his retirement from the Ijench has enjoyed a splendid private clientage and is one ol the leading lawyers of the Nevada bar. While he Avas attorney for the state he won the celebrated tax cases against the C. P. Company ; the boundary line case between Eureka and Lander counties"; convicted A. Vaughan of the murder of the tAvo Litster boys, three times in succession, after twO' years of almost constant labor ; was senior counsel for Senator Ernst in the tax case in the district and supreme courts, which was finally decided in favor of Ernst on the very point first raised by his senior counsel. January 3, 1876, Judge Jones married Miss Laforga F. Birchim, the adopted daughter of John G. and Adaline C. Birchira, who were pioneers to Nevada from California, living on Reese river near Austin from 1864 till their death. Mrs. Jones was but tweh-e years olcl xvhen her foster parents made the trip from Califomia, and she helped drive the cattle fi'oni Sacra mento county, oftentimes on foot. Mrs. Jones, who is a native of Ohio and but two inonths younger than her husband, was two years of age xvhen her parents, whose narae was Allison, died of the cholera. They were on the plains on the way to the xvest, and her uncle cared for her until she arrived in Placerville, California, when he gave her to the Blrchiras. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have a son and two daughters, all born in Lander county and all grown. The son is Dr. J. B. Jones, a graduate frora the University of Nevacla and frora the dental department of the University of California; he is a model young man, and is now located in a successful dental practice at Reno, Nevada. The two daughters, Addie J. and Edna T., are bright, handsorae young xvomeii, and are popular xvith all xvho knoxv thera. There is a -grave in the Austin cemetery that marks the spot of a lovely daughter's resting place, and if living she xvould noxv te twenty years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Jones ai^ both pioneers of Nevada, and each possesses in a marked degree the strongest attributes of good citizenship, being leaders in every charitable, social and public movement. Mrs. Jones is a lady of great force of character and abiUty to do things, and is one of the pillars of strength in the Methodist church, of which she has long been a devoted memter^ and she is a noble wife and mother. Judge Jones is a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of the Eastern Star, is past grand chancellor of the order of Knights of Pythias of Nevada, and is the supreme representative of the Grand Domain of Nex'ada to the Knights of Pythias supreme lodge of the world, and is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, of the Elks, and the Rathbone Sis ters. He has as wide and favorable acciuaintance in Nevada as any man in the state, and his neighbors say that he is one of the best politicians in the state. As a life-long Deraocrat he has done all in his power to promote the interests of the party; he has frequently stumped the state during the 646 ' A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. campaigns, and was xvith 'Hon. George XV. Cassidy in the latter's last com- paign for Congress. He is a supporter of the silver cause, and has done effective work in the organization of party lines. Ifor nine years he was editor of the People's Advocate and of the Reveille. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are the highest type of the kind of material used to raake the high standard of citizenship found throughout the state of Nevada. Judge Jones has had a remarkable career. Only wonderful wiU power and tenacity of purpose combined with a strong mentality and fine grained character could effect a rise from a poor, hard-working orphan at the age of eight, through subsequent years when he had no opportunity for gaining education and the equipment with -which most toys start their careers, carry him through the hard struggles for a living at the rough work of r'ancher and cowboy, then give him courage for the unaccustomed digging necessary for the mastery of the jealous mistress of the law, and thence to the courts, to higher offices and one ¦ of the most iraportant judicial, positions in the coninionwealth, from which he has retired with xvealth of honor and the esteem of all his fellow citizens. ' HON. THOMAS E. HAYDON, of Reno, Nevada, is one of the oldest practicing attorneys of the state. His arrival in the state dates back to June lo, 1861, soon after the organization ot the territory. He is a native of Bardstown, Kentucky, born January 25, 1826, and is a descendant of an old southern family. His father, Edward Haydon, was torn in Maryland and married Mary Ann McManus a member of one of the historic . families of Pennsylvania. She was born in Lancaster, that state. Her father, who xvas of Irish extraction, was killed by the Indians in 1797, while toating down the Ohio river. Edward Haydon and wife toth died at the age of about seventy-eight years. They had six children, of whom a daughter, Mrs. Margaret" Queen, of San Francisco, and Judge Haydon are the only survivors. Mrs. Queen and her sons are the proprietors of the famous "Fig .Syrtip" which has become a household remedy all over the country. Judge Haydon xvas educated in St. Joseph College, Bardstown, Ken tucky, and read law under several attorneys, among thera being Hon. Ben jamin Hardin, and he xvas admitted to the bar in 1849 '" Kentucky. Under the law of that state he xvas examined by two circuit judges, so that the examination was a vigorous one. In 1850 the gold excitement in California caused him to cross the plains to that state in coinpany with Zachary Mont gomery and others, and to go direct to the gold diggings in Nevada county. For three or four years these educated gentlemen mined in different por tions of the state. The largest find of Judge Haydon was a nugget worth twenty-eight dollars. He. also operated a whipsaw for a time, and was the proprietor of the Slate Creek House with P. O. Hundley. In 1854 he was nominated by both Whigs and Democrats for justice of the peace, was elected and held court on alteniate weeks at Gibsonville and Laporte, in Sierra county. Tn 1855 the Judge and Hon. P. O. Hundley formed a law part nership in Plumas county, which continued until 1861, they meeting with marked success. In 1861 Judge Haydon came to Carson City, Nevada, and <^^ a>^^fa^^/i^ A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 647 practiced until 1868, xvhen he cast his lot with the newly established town of Reno, xvhere he has since made his home. While residing in Carson City he was for two and one-half years district attorney of the county, and in 1887 had the honor of receiving" from President Cleveland the appointment of United States district attomey for the state of Nevada, and .so continued until the administration of President Harrison. Since then he has devoted his time to his laxv practice. Judge Haydon xvas first a Whig and then became a Democrat, and so continues. In I'digious faith he is a Roman Catholic. Judge Haydon married Miss Eugenia Ann Story, a native of Louisiana, and eight children were born to them, six of whom are living, namely : Archibald Edward, residing on the ranch ; Mary, an artist, with a studio in Reno ; Margaret, who married Charles L. XX'atson and lives in Humboldt county, California; Grace, unmarried ancl living with her parents; Richard, in California; and the youngest daughter is now Mrs. R. J. Reed, of Reno. Judge Haydon owns the Bullion mine in Mohawk valley, Plumas county, California, and its assays average $34.46 in gold. He also has a half interest in the Cleopatra and Mazuma mines on Truckee river, and owns one thou sand two hundred and eighty acres of land, xvhich ranch he conducts as a dairy farm. His home is located on a thirty-acre tract adjoining the toxvn of Reno, and is one of the most beautiful in the county. Of such a man as Judge Haydon it is difficult to xvrite, for his life speaks louder than any xvords could of the character of the raan. No one attains to honors and riches as he has done without beirig far beyond the average in every respect, and deserving of and retaining the confidence of those high in authority. As long as the town of Reno lives, or the county itself, the name of Judge Haydon xvill be cherished as one of the loyal, big- hearted, generous and eminently capable men who made possible the great prosperity of the xvest and redeemed it from xvaste land and dreary forests. JOSEPH ELY JONES. Upon the memory of Joseph Ely Jones is impressed the story of the growth, progress and development of Nevada. Ere the organization of the territory he became a resident of the section of the country that is now embraced wrthin the boundaries of this state, and as a pioneer settler he has borne a helpful part in the work of devdojiment and improvaiient, aiding in laying broad and deep the foundation upon xvhich has been built the present prosperity and advancement of Nevada. Pits birth occurred in Gallatin county, Kentucky, on the 13th of September, 1830, arid he is. a representative of one of the old pioneer families of that state, his paternal grandfather having been one of the earliest settlers upon the "dark and bloody ground." Joseph Jones, his father, xvas born in Kentucky, and there wedded Miss Mary EUiston, also a native of that state and a mem ber of an old southern family. Joseph Jones died when his son was but six years ol age, leaving nine childi'en to the care of his widow. She, hoxv ever, kept her family together and reared her sons and daughters to maturity. She did a noble part by them, winning their love and gratitude, and in the sixty-fifth year of her age she was called to her final rest. 648 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. His father had been a farmer and stock dealer, and Mr. Jones remained upon the home farm until txventy years of age. During that time he attended the public schools of the locality and becarne familiar xvith all the work incident to the development of the fields. XVhen twenty years of age he began learning the blacksmith's trade, Avhich he afterAvaixl foUoAved in his native state until 1854, Avheii he Avent to Red Bluff, California, Avliere he continued to engage in blacksmithing until 1859, receiving one hundred dol lars per month and board for his services. He Avas very industrious and energetic, and his Avork in the shops proved profitable to his employers as well as to himself. His health failed, hoAvever, and in 1859, hoping to be benefited thereby, he took a trip to the Sandxvich Islands, spending a year in that tropical district. On the expii'ation of that period he returned to California, sdtling in Marysville, and while he xvas living there a friend persuaded him to remove to Virginia City, Nevada, telling him of the splen did opportunities for making money in that booming mining toxvn. On visiting the place, however, Mr. Jones did not feel that it Avould be an advantageous location and decided to go to XX^ashoe city. He became the pioneer blacksmith of that toxvn and conducted his shop for a year, after AvhIch he sold out, and in connection Avith a Mr. Mitchell engaged in buying and ddix-ering lumber. In this Avay he made money rapidly, but about this time Mr. Jones says he unfortunately got into politics. A native of Kentucky, he xvas a strong Democrat, and during the period of the Civil war was in sympathy xvith his people in the south. Notwith standing that the county was Republican, however, he xvas elected sheriff and served for four years. The county seat xxas then removed to Reno, and, receiving a re-election, he removed to that place. Hon. James H. Kinkead, a Republican, acted as his deputy, and the)- xvorked together in the utmost harmony, although differing so xvidely concerning political viexvs. The official record of Mr. Jones xvas most commendable, and his labors Avere ably supple mented by those ol Mr. Kinkead. Agreeing so Avell in official liie, they deter mined to engage in business together, and in Reno established a bank under the firm style ol Jones & Kinkead. In this they did a lar'ge and -satisfactory business for four years, at the end of which time Mr. Jones retired, seUing his interest. He then reraoved to Modoc county, California, Avhere he en gaged in nierchandising for six years, and Avheii he disposed of his store he purchased a ranch and turned his attention to the stock business, in xvhich he was successfully engaged for three years ; but a very severe winter followed and his stock xvere completely covered oxer xvith the deep snoxv. and out of a herd of four hundred head only thirty xvere left in the spring. This was a most unfortunate experience, for in this xvay he lost nearly all that he had accumulated through former years of toil and activity. Following this, Mr. Jones returned to Reno and became superintendent of the Riverside Flouring Mill, xvhich he continued to operate in that capacity for eight years. During this time he somewhat recuperated from his financial losses, and on the expiration of that period he opened a grocery store, which he has since conducted. He now oxvns the building as well as a large stock of staple and fancy groceries, and is now engaging in the business xvith an extensive patronage because of his honorable business methods and his earnest A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 649 desire to please his customers. He likewise has a good residence, xvhich he built, it being the second home erected on the south side of the river. The Democratic relations of Mr. Jones have ever teen rriaintained. In 1863 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary L. Allen, a native of Missouri, and a representative of a noble southern family. Their union has been blessed xvith txvo. children. They gave to their son Charles A. Jones a liberal edu cation, and he tecame an attorney of marked ability. He had receixed the appointment of United States attorney for Nevada, xvhen he xxas shot and killed, teing then in his txventy-fifth year. A young man of much natural talent, of strong force of character and unfaltering determination, it seeraed that a brilliant future xvas before hira. and his friends took great pride in what he had already accomplished. The other son, Dwight, is noxv the private secretary to Senator Piatt of New York. As age advanced Mr. Jones's party ardor has xvaned, and he noxv takes little interest in politics, voting for the test man, hoxvever, in local positions. He is a Knight of Pythias, and in 1854 he was raised to the sublime degree of a Master Mason in Kentucky. He has undergone all of the xaried experi ences of the Nevada pioneer and has been an active factor in the substantial improvement and development of this state. He is xvidely and favorably known among the pioneer residents of Nevada as xvell as aniong the later arrivals here, and all entertain for him warm regard, the circle of his friends teing almost coextensive xvith the circle of his acquaintances. ANDREW KLEINHAUS, xvho, after a successful career as a merchant in XX'innemticca, Nevada, for over thirty years, recently retired from business and is spending his leisure in a happy home, has been a resident of America since he was twelve years of age, and his history is a I'ecord of steady progression toward high aims and a worthy goal. His parents xxere J. J. and May Elizabeth (Ewalt) Kleinhaus, toth natixes of Germany, and the former was a cabinet-niaker by trade, and in religious faith a Lutheran. They brought their family to America in 1854 and settled in Gallon, Ohio, xvhere J. J, Kleinhaus opened a cabinet-making and furniture establishment. They spent the remainder of their lives there, the father dying in 1885, at the age of seventy-six, and his wife on August 9, 1902, at the age of eighty-six. Six of their children survixe, and all are at the old Ohio home except Andrexv. Mr. Kleinhaus was born in Germany, February 22, 1842, and from the time he settled in Ohio until he was fifteen years of age he attended the public schools. At that age he tegan his career as a merchant by clerking in a store, and followed that occupation until he was ready to retire from active duties. Tn the fall of 1869 he came to Nevada and opened up business on a small scale, conducting a fruit store, but his industry and business acumen as.sured his success, and he kept on increasing his stock to a general merchandise establishment, xvhich he carried on till 1902. xvhen he retired. Mr. Kleinhaus built several business structures on Main street, xvhich he still owns and rents, and in 1889 erected a tasteful and commodious residence, which is surrounded with trees and flowers of his oxvn cultivation, and is a most delightful place in which to spend the close of an eventful life. Tn 650 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 1884 he was married to Miss Margaret F. Stephens, a native ol Ohio and of German and Irish stock, and she carae to Nevada in 1882. They were both reared in the Lutheran faith, but as there is no society of that denomination in Winnemucca they are members of the Methodist church, to which they give their cordial support ancl In xvhich Mr. Kleinhaus is a trustee. Mr. Kleinhaus has always been quite independent in political matters, but has teen identified xvith the silver party during the last decade. He has never sought or held office, and only his Interest in educational progress led him to accept a place as school trustee, xvhich he held for a number of years. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He is exceed ingly public-spirited, and matters affecting the general welfare of his town. always receive more than a passing Interest from this loyal and xvorthy Ger- nian-ljorn American citizen. JACOB GOODING. The residence of Jacob Gooding in Nevada dates frora the year 1862, he having arrived in Virginia City on the 27th of July of that year. He crossed the plains from St. Joseph, Missouri, and at times there was much high xvater, and he was first to swim the streams. At length, however, he reached his destination, and full of the hope and courage which usually attend young men he began life in the xvest. He was at that time atout twenty-six years of age, his birth having occurred in Prassia on the 15th of October, 1836. He was descended frora German ancestry. In 1842, xvhen six years of age, he xvas brought to the United States by his parents, Nicholas and Elizabeth (Sanders) Gooding, who crossed the At lantic accompanied by their five children. Making their way into the interior of the country they settled in Jennings county, Indiana, and six children xvere added to their faraily xvhile they were living in that state. The youngest ol the number is now forty-four years of age. In the Hoosier state the father secured a tract of -land xvhich he cultivated and improved up to the tirne of his death, xvhich occurred xvhen he xvas sixty-three years of age. His wife pas.sed away xx'hen fifty-seven years old.. Both xvere dex'oted members of the Roman Catholic church. Jacob Gooding, the only niember of the family in Nevada, xvas reared upon the home farm in Incliana, and in his youth xvorked hard, aiding in plowing, planting and harvesting through the months of summer. Tn the winter seasons he attended the public school, the little temple of learning being a log building. In fact, all of the houses, barns and other buildings in that frontier district xvere constructed of logs, and pioneer conditions existed on every hand. The land was covered xvith a native growth of timber, and" it xvas necessary to cut down the trees and clear away the brush ere the fields could be tilled. When Mr. Gooding attained his maturity he learned the mason's trade, and was actively employed in different kinds ol xvork in Indi ana until 1852, when he sought a home in the west. He lived ten years in St. Joseph, Missouri, and then started for the Pacific coast. The journey was a difficult and arduous one, but at length was safely completed, for on the 27tli of July, 1862, he reached Virginia City. Here he secured employment at bricklaying, and in the spring of 1863 £. JL^-^-"^ 4^^ic?-«c^«^Lv-tj^ A HISTORV OF NEVADA. 651 engaged in the manufacture of brick at Empire. The folloxving winter he made shingles, thus adapting his labors to the different sea.sons of the year. Me made and laid the brick for the Spanisli Mill at l':nii)ii-c, and afterxvard he went to the Reese river, attracted by the mining excitement in that locility, but his .search for the precious metal xvas unavailing. Later he went In Lander and afterward to Nyo county, and In the latter he located a ranch, conducting a stock-raising business and also devoting some time to mining, lie located a quartz mine in lone, but it did uot prove profitable. Tn 1868, however, he became the owner of the Manhattan mine and shipped ore to Austin which paid three hundred and thirty-lwd dollars per ton net, after the payment oi eighty dollars per ton f;.r freight and forty-fixe dollars for the xvorking of the metal, .After taking out ore to the xalue of eight thousand dollars from his mine, Mr, Gooding sold the property for forty thousand dollars. He then xvent to .San Francisco, where he learned assaving, and since that time has made mining his chief business. He has been xery suc cessful as a prospector since the earl)' years of his I'esidence in Nexada and has located seven good mines, aniong xvhich xvas the Athens, xvhich he sold for two hundred and thirty thou.sand dollars. The lowest price which he ever receixed ior a mine was fifteen thou.sand dollars, and his various niining pro'perties have brought an average price of forty thousand dollars. To a considerable extent he dealt in mining stocks, but often lost in this w a)-, and his capital xvas at length reduced to about txventy thousand dollars. XX'hen that condition prevailed he xvould turn his attention to prospecting again, and xvould do some dexelopment xvork, after xvhich he xvould sell his mine and agtiln turn his attention to stocks. This course he repeated over and over again with about the same results, lie has, hoxvever, resolved never again to engage in siicculation in mining stock, and has retired xvith a comfortable competence of atout txvont)-fixe thousand dollars to supply hinr xvith the necessities and comforts of life. He has not, hoxvexer, given up prospecting altogether, for at times he goes uixin a search for valuable veins of ore. He noxv oxvns six acres of good land and a comfortable home just xvest of the city of Reno, and he likexvise has a ranch of one hundred and sixty acre's, six miles from the city, xvhich he leases. This is an improved farm, con stituting a valuable agricultural propertv. In i86t Mr. Gooding xvas united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Hiener, a native of Loulsxille, Kentucky, aud they noxv have a daughter, Josephine, xvho was born in Loulsxille, became the xvife of Thomas Peterson, of Lander county, and died in February, 1903, leaving three children, all of xvhoni were torn in Reno, One oi her daughters married I'Yank Ferguson, and they hax'e a daughter, st) that Mr, GooiUng is noxv a great-grand fatiier, Mr, Gooding Avas a stanch Republican until i8()(), Avhen his aIcws differed from the principles of the part)' upon the money (juestion and he joined the ranks of the nexv silxer party xvhich xvas formed, and he has since been independent in his political affairs, .Xt one time he was the candidate of his part)' for the general assembly, but die entire ticket xvas defeated that year. Fraternall)^ he is connectetl with the Independent Order of Odd I'elloxvs. Both he and his AvIfe were reared in the faith of the Roman Catholic church and still adhere thereto. Mr. Gooding has firm faith in Nexada as a rich mining dis- 652 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. trict, believing that there are vast quantities of treasure hidden beneath the earth's surface in this state. His has been an eventful and varied career, and few men are more thoroughly informed concerning the mining development of this portion of the country. M. E. RYAN, deputy sheriff ol Lander county, with residence in Austin, has been a resident ol the Silver state since 1864, xvlien he came direct to Austin. He Is a native ol Utica, New York, where he was born on the i6th ol August, 1852, and is ol Irish ancestry. His father, Bartholomew W. Ryan, was born in county Cork, Ireland, but in 1829 emigrated to the United States and took up his abode in Nexv York, xvhere he was engaged in various employments until 1864. In that year he crossed the plains to Nevada, locating at Austin, which he raade his permanent home. Securing a ranch in Reese river valley, he added to his possessions until he tecame the owner of six hundred and forty acres, which he improved, and there engaged in the stock business. His death occurred in 1897, at the ripe old age of ninety- two years. He had married Miss Mary Manning, also a native of the Emerald Isle, her birth occurring in Tipperary county, and their union was blessed with three sons and a daughter. The son James resides on the okl homestead, which he owns in partnership xvith our subject. The daughter, Mary Jane, married John Cozzens and resides in Weiser, Idaho. John E. died recently in Oregon. The mother of this faniilx xvas suninionetl into eternal rest in 1893, and both she and her husband were devout members of the Roman Catholic church. They are buried at Austin. M. E. Ryan received his education in the schools of Oakland, California, and for sorae years, in addition to assisting xvith" the xvork on his father's ranch, was engaged in prospecting- on his own accotmt. He xvas the locater of the New Pass mining district in 1886. He developed this property and remained its oxvner for about six years, when he sold it for twenty thousand dollars. He also xvent to Tonopah and made several locations there, and is still the oxvner of a nuraber of gold and silver raining properties xvhich xvill later be placed upon the raarket. Mr. Ryan is iio.w devoting a portion of his time to the stock business, and in addition to the old Ryan ranch the brothers own an extensive run for their cattle. In his political affiliations Mr. Ryan has been a life-long Democrat, but during the silver movement worked in favor of the remonetization of silver. For a time he served as the deputy under Sheriff George Watt, and is noxv deputy sheriff under M. J. Murphy, toth of whom are giving the utmost attention to the duties of the office, and since their administration the county has been comparatively free from the criminal element. Mr. Ryan adheres to the faith of his parents, the Catholic, and is" not only a good citizen but a very prompt and energetic public official. GEORGE H. HESTER, whp is one of the representative business men and fancy grocers of Virginia City, Nevada, is a native of this city, where he was born March 6, 1871, coming of Irish ancestry, although two of the generations of this family have been born in the United States, His parents A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 653 were Hugh A. and Mary Ann (Ruddy) Hester, and ihey settled in Virginia City in 1869, Tiiigh liester xvas a Califomia pioneer oi 1851 and engaged in mining quite extensively for :i time, but after his arrix-al in Virginia City he became a contractor. His death occurred in 1891, xvhen he was in his sixtieth year. His xvidoxv survived him four years and died aged sixty-one years. They were both desout raembers of the Roman Catholic church. lie xvas a leader in tlie councils of the Democratic ])arty. Nine children xxere torn to these parents, of xxhom George xvas tlie youngest. George PI. Hester xxas educated in the public schools of Virginia City, and began his business career as a clerk, and like all his brothers engaged in the grocery trade. .Xinoiig liis other occupations his father had conducted a store atout 1875, and his sons thus acquired a liking for and knowledge of that branch of ccjinmercial industry. Mr, Hester opened his present estab lishment in April, 1900, and has since then made a specialty of fancy groceries, selling only the best goods at rates xvithin the reach of all. It is the motto of his establishment to satisfy everyone no matter at xvhat cost, and by its practice a very large trade has been built up, which is constantly groxving. Mr. Hester is a strong Democrat, and is very active in party matters, being a prominent meraber of the state Deraocratic central committee and of the Storey county Democratic central committee. He has also taken an active interest in educational -matters and xvas elected a member of the school board without any opposition, and is noxv the chairman of the board. Fra ternally he is a member ol the Elks, and is very popular in that organization. He was brought up in and adheres to the faith of the Roman Catholic church. Virginia City owes much to its energetic, public-spirited business men, and among them all Mr. Flester occupies a very prominent position. HON. G. XX'. SUMMERFIELD, one of the prominent business men of XVinnemucca, has the honor of being a native son ol Nevada, which is a dis tinction that can be claimed by but few xvho haxe arrived at middle age, for the state has been the scene ol cixilization's march for only about a half cen tury. His father, Bennet Summerfield, xvas born in Germany, and in 1848 emigrated to the United States and settled on a farm in the state of Illinois, xvlience he came to tlie territory that is nox\' Nevada, in 1858. He spent a short time on the site of the present city of Carson, and then xvent to Frank- town, where he engaged in the stock Ixisiness, after which he removed to Moscow, Idaho, and bought a farm, on xvhich he spent the balance of his life, his death occurring in 1896, at the age of sixty-two years. His xvife, who was Miss Julia Ann Galoxx'ay, a native of Iowa, came out to Nevada in 1859, and they xvere married In this state. She died in 1885, ^t the age of forty-five. Their daughter Belle married Judge Williain Perkins, now ex- probate judge, residing in Moscow, Idaho. G. W. Summerfield, the other member ol his father's family, was born in Humboldt county, Nevada, April 3, 1862, and was educated in the public schools of Winnemucca, At the age of sixteen he began business on his own account, and for many years has been engaged in the livery and coal business in Winnemucca. Tie is the leading lix'ery man of the town, owns txvo barns. 654 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. plenty of horses and rigs, and his honorable dealings and genial nature have won him a large patronage. He is also a cattle buyer and shipper, and Is the medium by which a large amount of the stock of Humboldt county finds its xvay to market. Mr. Summerfield has espoused the silver cause in Nevada, and in 1896 was elected a member of the state senate on the silver fusion ticket. His fraternal connections are with the Knights of. Pythias and the Ancient Order of United Workmen, Tn 1883 he was married to Miss Mary C. Ewing, a native of New York city, and their home is now blessed with the presence of two children, Georgia and Ray. They have one of the most delightful homes in the town, and all Its niembers stand high in the estimation of their many friends and acquaintances. HON. HERMAN R. COOKE, a prominent young attorney with office and residence in Reno, and also a memter of the state legislature, to which he was elected in 1902, is a native of Bastrop, Texas, torn on the 31st of January, 1873. His father, H. W. Cooke, was torn in England, and in that country was united in marriage to Miss Matilda Vittell, a lady of Scan dinavian ancestry. Since coming to' the United States they have resided in Utah, Texas and Nebraska, and are now residents of Mountain View. Cali fornia. H. W. Cooke, who is now in his sixty-sixth year, is a gentleman of strong religious views, whose life has been guided by Christian principles, and therefore he coraraands the respect of all with whom he has been brought in contact. In his family were five children, but Herman R. Cooke is the only one in Nevada. ^ Mr. Cooke pursued his education in Bishop Hughes' school and in Empire College at Walla Walla, Washington, and when he had obtained broad literary knowledge upon which to build professional learning, he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in Boise, Idaho, on the i6th of December, 1895. For three years he practiced his profession in Boise. and then removed to Tuscarora, Nevada, practicing there and in Elko until his removal to Reno. Here he entered into partnership with Mr. Ayres tmder the firm style of Cooke & Ayres, and they have gained a creditable position among the strong law firms . of the state. They take a special in terest in the defense of criminals, and they are the Nevada attorneys for the Renters' Loan & Trust Company of San FranciscO, doing an extensive busi ness for them in this state. Mr. Cooke is a young man, of determination, firm purpose and laudable ambition, and already has won success which augurs well for the future. He prepares his cases with great thoroughness and exactness, and in argument he never fails to make a strong impression on court and jury and seldom fails to gain the verdict desired. In 1894 occurred the marriage of Mr. Cooke and Miss Katie A. Messerly, a native of Pennsylvania, and their home has been blessed with the presence of a little daughter, Eulalie, who was born in Boise, Idaho. Theirs is one of the attractive homes of Reno, and is the center of a cultured society circle. Mrs. Cooke is a valued member of the Methodist church, while Mr. Cooke affiliates with the Modern Woodmen of the World and the Independent A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 655 Order of I^ed Men. His political allegiance is given the Democracy, and in the xvork of the party he takes an active and helpful interest. In 1892 he was elected a member of the general assembly of Nevada and is now serving in the house. His study of political questions and his understanding of the laxvs already existing in the state make him xvell qualified to aid in the framing of nexv laws, and his influence is xvidely felt in the legslative councils, where his efforts are strongly put forth in behalf of the enactment of wise statutes of general benefit to the coninionwealth. RICHARD NASPT. Since the e.xciting days of '49 this gentleman has made his home on the Pacific slope, and since 1863 he has l^een a resident of Nevada. He is now serving as justice of the peace of Reno, a position he has filled for ten years with credit to himself and satisfaction to his con stituents. A native of Indiana, he xvas born in Plymouth, Marshall county, that state, on the 7th of July, 1837' and on the paternal side is of Irish ancestry and on the maternal side of Scotch extraction, but both families were estab lished in this country at an early day in its history. James Nash, his father, was born in Virginia, and when a young man xvedded Miss Mary Scott, a native of Pennsylvania. In 1849, accompanied by his wife and three sons, he crossed the plains to California and settled in -Yuba county, xvhere he engaged in placer mining. xvith fair success, becoming treasurer of the Ohio Mining Company; but he was only spared to his family two years after going to California, dying in 185 1, at the age of fifty-five years. His brave pioifeer wife long survived hira and departed this life in Grass Valley, Nevada, in 1883, xvhen in her eighty-eighth year Judge Nash was a lad of only twelve years xvhen he accompanied his parents on their removal xvest, but he drove one of the ox tearas across the plains. He had previously attended school in Indiana, and for three months continued his studies in a California school, that being the only opportunity he had of attending school after coming to the Pacific coast. TTe studied at' night, however, and in the dear school of experience has gained much valuable inforraation^ so that he is now a xvell informed man, especially in matters pertaining to the early history of California and Nevada. Tie has been an eye witness of the entire development of the west, and in the work of improvement he has ever borne his part. Tn 1863 Judge Nash came to Virginia City, Nevada, and from there xvent to Star City, Humboldt county, where he was engaged in quartz raining, serving as foreraan of the Sheba Mining Company for six years. During his residence there he filled the office of sheriff of Humboldt county in 1875 and 1876, and during those years arrested many noted criminals and did much to rid the county of the criminal class. On first coming to Reno he xvas actively engaged in the grocery business for txvo years, and during the folloxving txvo years was interested in mining at Peavine. In 1882 he was elected constable in Reno and filled that office satisfactorily and well for four years, after which he received the appointment of night watchman in the town and served in that capacity for fifteen years. One night while making his rounds at one o'clock he heard a shot, and as he rushed to the spot he received a shot in the abdo- 656 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. men and carries the ball to this day. Although xvounded, he succeeded in arresting the man who he thought did the shooting, and placed him in custody before he himself became faint. The man, xvhose name was Ortey, was taken from the jail and hanged by the citizens of Reno the next night. In January, 1893, Mr. Nash was elected justice of the peace of Reno township, and is still filling that office. He is thoroughly impartial in niding out justice, his opinions being unbiased by either fear or favor, and his fidelity to the trust reposed in hira is above question. Judge Nash was married in 1866, the lady of his choice beirig Miss Margaret Jane Olcorn, a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and to thera were iDorn five children, as follows; Mary Estella; Charles Howard; Frances Matel, now the wife of Dr. Z. C. Phelps; Einiiia Maude; and Guy. Socially the Judge is a veteran Odd Fellow and a member of the Ancient Order of IJnited Workmen. His political support is given the men and measures of the Republican party, xvith which he has always affiliated since attaining his majority. He has undergone all of the ups and down of pioneer life in this state and in California, has proved himself to be a brave and honorable frontiersman, and is justly deserving the high regard in xvhich he is held by his fellow citizens. THOMAS C. MALLOY, the present county derk of Lander county and ex-officio clerk of the district court, is a native son of Austin, where his birth occurred on the 9th of July, 1867. His father, Michael Malloy, a native of county Clare, Ireland, emigrated to the United States In 1852, and a nuraber of years afterward, on the 14th of May, 1863, arrived in Austin, Nevada, He was a stonemason by trade, and built raany of the early btjildings in Austin, which still stand as monuments to his skill and ability. He married Miss Ann Doyle, a native also of Ireland, and their wedding was celebrated in St. Louis, Missouri. After their marriage they crossed the plains on their way to California, but stopped at Austin, Nevada, intending to stay for a short tirae, and here the father passed away in death in 1870. The mother still survives, having now reached the age of seventy- six years, and is a worthy rejaresentative of the brave pioneer women of the .Silver state and a devout member of the Roman Catholic church, with which her husband also affiliated. They became the parents of six children, of whom four are living, three sons and one daughter. One son, J. J. Malloy, is also a resident of Austin and an ex-county clerk of Lander county. He was but two years of age when brought by his parents across the plains to Nevada. Another son, M. W. Malloy, resides on a ranch on Reese river, where with his brothers above mentioned he owns five thousand acres of grazing and hay land and also a large range of about eight thousand acres, where they raise large quantities of hay and stock, their cattle teing of a high grade of Durham. They also raise their own saddle and' road horses. The daughter, Mrs. S. A. Crescenzo, is now living with her mother and brothers, her husband being dead. Thomas C. Malloy received his education in the public schools of Austin, and for a number of years served as the deputy county clerk under his A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 657 brother. In 1898 he xvas elected to that office, in xvhich he is now serving his third term. He has a thorough knoxvledge of the duties of his position, and is proving an efficient and competent official. Mr. Malloy holds to the faith of his parents. JAMES B. :McCULLOUGH. Prominent among the energetic, far- seeing and successful business men of Nevada is James B. ;McCullough, of Reno. His life history most happilx' illustrates xvhat may be attained by faithful, continued effort in carrying out an honest purpose. Integrity, adivity and energy have been the croxvning points of his success, and his connection with x'arious business enterprises and industries have been of decided advantage to this section of the country, promoting its material welfare in no uncertain manner. He came to Nexada in Septemter, 1865, and is noxv engaged in the drug business in Reno. Mr. McCuliough xvas born in Harrison county, Ohio, on the 24th of March, 1843, ^nd is of Scotch descent. His grandfather, XX'illiam McCul iough, xvas a native of Scotland and in 1804 emigrated to Nova Scotia, whence he removed to Harrison countx', Ohio. He xvas a farmer by occupa tion and a Scotch Presbyterian in religious telief. He departed this life in the eighty-sixth year of his age. His son, XX'^illiam McCuUough, Jr., was only six years of age on the remoxal of the family to Ohio, xvhere he grew to manhood and married Miss Ann XX'^ells, a native of Baltimore, Maryland. She belonged to a family of English origin which xvas founded in the Carolinas at an early day, and toth of her grandfathers fought for American independence in the Rex'olutionary xvar. XX'^illiam McCuUough took part in the battle of Nexv Orleans during the xvar of 1812. He xvas a memter of the Methodist Episcopal church and died in that faith in 1874. at the age of eighty-txvo years. His xvife passed axva}' at the age of eighty- six, and toth xvere buried at Deerville. Ohio. This xvorthy couple were the parents of ten children, six of xvhom reached years of maturity and five are still living. Mr. James B. McCuliough is the only memter of the family living in Nevada. He was reared and educated in the county of his nativity and remained at home until the Civil xvar broke out. Feeling that his couritry needed his serx'ices, he responded to President Lincoln's call for troops to put down the rebellion, enlisting in Company F, Ninety-eighth Ohio Volun teer Infantry, xvhich xxas assigned to General Sherman's command. He participated in the battle of Perryville, his regiment entering the engagement eight hundred strong and three hundred and sex'enty-txvo being either killed or wounded. XX'hile in the service Mr. McCuliough xvas taken xvith hemor rhage of the lungs, and his left lung xvas entirely destroyed. He xvas con fined in the hospital for some time and xxas later transferred to Company G, Eleventh Veteran Reserve Corps, which was stationed at Point L,ookout, Maryland, where txventy-two thousand and fixe hundred retel prisoners were confined. He was there xvhen the nexvs came of President Lincoln's assas sination. The xvar having ended and his services teing no longer needed, he was honorably discharged at Albany, New York, on the 7th of July, 1865. 658 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. McCuUough then returned to his home in Ohio, and on the 28th of August of that year took passage on a steamer for San Francisco. • He entered the Golden Gate on the 20th of September, 1865, and came direct to Virginia City, Nevada, xvhere for txvo years he was engaged in a quartz mill at the Windfidd mill and for ten years at the Land mill in Seven Mile canyon. Later he engaged in driving stock from Oregon and northem Cali fornia to Virginia City and later to Reno, and is still interested in the sheq) business, owning about ten thousand head. Tn 1890 Mr. McCuUough pur chased a drug store at Reno, xvhich he has since carried on with marked success, dealing in di'ugs, paints, oil and glass, and also in all kinds of seeds, both at xvholesale and retail. By fair and honorable dealing he has built tip an excellent trade, xvhich is constantly increasing. Tn 1868 Mr. McCuUough was united in marriage to Miss Mary Eaton, who was born in his own native town and educated in the same school. After leaving school she engaged in teaching until her marriage, which was celebrated in Ohio. Two" children ¦were born to them, but only one is now living, Anio M., at home with his parents. Mr. McCuUough keeps up his acquaintance with his old array comrades by his membership in the Grand Army of the Republic, "and is past com mander of his post. He was made a Mason at Virginia City Lodge No. 3, in, 1886, and has since taken all the degrees in the York Rite, being a Sir Knight in Dewitt Clinton. Commandery. He 'is also a member of the Mysdc Shrine. In early life he affiliated with the Republican party, but is now a Populist and was a delegate to the convention of his party at St. Louis, xvhere he cast the vote of his' state. Since coming west he has risen to a ¦position of prominence in business, political and social circles, and stands deservedly high in the esteem of his leUow-citizens. Besides his property in Nevada he owns land in California, and his success is but the just reward ol honorable dealing, untiring industry and xveU-directed effort. . HON. GEORGE H. THOMA, M. D. Many regard the practice of medicine as the most important work to whicii man can direct his energies, and, indeed, the responsibility which rests upon the physician is perhaps paramount to that which falls to the lot of any other professional man. In this calling, also, advancement must be sought and worthily xvon; not by gift, by purchase or by inheritanc'e may one gain prominence as a medical practitioner, biit by skill, ability, untiring energy and close adherence to the ethics of the profession. That Dr. Thoma is to-day one of the oldest physi cians and surgeons in years of continuous connection xvith the profession in Nevada and that he has long maintained a foremost place in the ranks of the medical fraternity, are proofs ol his marked capability and also indicative of the confidence reposed in him by the general public. A native of Montgomery county. New York, Dr. Thoma xvas born on the 14th of October, 1843, 3-i^cl is of German ancestry in the paternal line, while on the maternal side he is of Holland lineage. His father, Albin Thoma, was born in Germany, and when a boy came to the United States, . settling in Montgomery county. New York, where he xvorked at the trade eautiful home in Reno, and as he has abiding faith in the growth and development of the xvest he has made a number of valuable real estate investments in this section of the country. Tn all of his life xvork he has been actuated by high principles and honorable motives, and Nevada owes much to him because of his efforts for her advancement, growth and the development of her natural resources. His lators in this direction have not been xvithout result, and to-day he stands as a typical representative of our best American manhood and as a patriotic citizen, whose devotion to the general good is above question. HON. PAUL LAVEAGA, a long-proininent citizen of Winneraucca and Humtoldt county, a resident of the state of Nevada since 1866, is of Spanish and Mexican ancestry. It is quite according to the natural fitness of things that among the gold-seekers of the past century, who peopled the western coast of our country almost in a night, that there shoukl be some of that same race and clime xvhence came the earliest explorers, con querors and adventtirers in cjtiest of the fabulous treasures of the Incas and the Montezumas. One of the famous forty-niners to California was J. N. Naveaga, the father of our Nevada resident. He was born in Spain, and when he came to the Pacific coast he brought with him his wife and son Paul, then a toy of eight years. He spent the remainder of his life in mining in the various camps of the xvest, but only managed to make a living. He died in San Francisco at the age of eighty-three years, and his good wife passed away in 1873, aged seventy-txvo. Paul Laveaga was born in Mexico, January 15, 1841, and is the only member of the family in Nevada. When he came to this state in 1866 he worked for wages, and also mined some in Unionville, Humboldt county. Tn this place he opened up a lodging house and restaurant in 1868, and continued that up to 1884, when he came to Winnemucca. He has been a very successful business man, ancl has earned a good competency as well as an honorable place aniong his fellow citizens. Mr. Laveaga has been a Republican since casting his first vote, and has taken a more than ordinarily active part in public affairs. He was post master of Unionville for many years; in 1874 he xvas elected to the state assembly, where he served four terms with great usefulness to his con stituents, and he was also treasurer of Humboldt county for eight years. 684 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Tiis public career is a record of ihoroughly upright and honest service, and is creditable to him in every sense of the word. Tn 1869 he was married to Dolores Gomez, a native ol Mexico. Two children were born of this union ; Paul, Jr., a resident of Reno, and Frank, who was killed in the App mine in 1900. In April, 1875, Mr. Laveaga xvas married to Miss Tsabelle Mendoza, a native of Sonora, Tuolumne county, California. They have two daughters and two sons: Inez S.. Lucy L., A. C. and V. J. Mr. Laveaga is a member of the Indqiendent Order of Odd Fellows, and received the degree ol Master Mason in 1873, ^"^^ is also a member of Winnemucca Chapter No. 9, R. A. M. He and his family reside in a comfortable and pleasant residence, and they enjoy the esteem and association of many friends. ANDREW JOSEPH CANAVAN, the popular foreman of the Jus tice mine at Gold Hill, Nevada, and one of the state's most intelligent, pro gressive and enterprising raining men, xvas born in San Francisco, California,- on the i8tli of January, 1872, and lias spent his, entire life in the xvest. His father, Mathexx' Canavan, was a native of county Fermanagh, Ireland, and left there at the age of seven years fo'r Australia. In 1852 he emigrated to California, and was married in San Francisco to Miss Maggie Farrell, who xvas born in Nexv York City. As a contractor and builder he was en gaged in business in California for many years, and erected the courthouse at Jackson, Amador county, He was a prorainent politician and a man of marked influence, and took a very active part in public affairs, serving as a member of the California state legislature from the San Francisco dis trict. He was instrumental in introducing the bill for the exclusion of Chinamen from the state and xvas recognized as an important factor in political circles in California during his residence there. In 1872 he came to Gold Hill, Nevada, and accepted the positioii ol superintendent of the Rhode Island cjtiartz mill, which was a large plant crushing much of the ore taken from Gold Hill mines. He continued his active connection with the Democratic party after coming to this state, and served as county com missioner in Storey county and xvas a delegate to the national convention which nominated Grover Cleveland for president of the United States. When on his way home from that convention he contracted a cold, which resulted in his death in 1884, when in his fifty-fourth year. His estimable xvife still survives him and resides in San Francisco. To them were bom, eleven children, five of whom are still living, four being residents of ' California, while Andrew J. niakes his home at Gold Hill, Nevada. Mr. Canavan received his early education in the public schools of Gold Hill a.nd is now taking a course at the University of Nevada in mete orology, chemistry, free-hand drawing, assaying and surveying, to better fit him for his chosen occupation. He is an expert, practical miner, having followed that vocation continually since his early manhood, and as foreman of the Justice mines has met with very gratifying success. In 1893 Mr, Canavan was happily married to Miss Annie Healey, a native of New Brunswick, Canada, and they have becorae the parents of five A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 685 children: Roger, Mary, Mabel, Claude ^nd Thelnia, all born in Gold Hill. Mr. Canavan is an ardent Democrat, and is a prominent meniber of the Elks and the Ancient Order of United XVorkmen, being past foreman in the latter organization. He and his family are xvorthy members of the Roman Catholic churcli and are held in higli regard by all who knoxv thera. PAUL A. PINSON, xvho has a large ranch near Golconda and is one of the successful raisers of high-grade stock, first came to the territory of Nevada in 1863, and for the greater part of the subsequent forty years has been engaged either in niining or ranching in this great commonxvealth. He was born in France, November 2, 1845, the son of A. and Josephine (Beaurin) Pinson, also natives of that country. The parents and their four children all carae to California in 1850, and the fatiier died in France at the age of eighty, and his wife passed away in San Francisco at the age of sixty-seven. Paul A. Pinson is the only raeraber of the family residing in Nevada, the others making their home in California. He received a large part of his early education in San Francisco, and upon his arrival in Nevada, in Noveraber, 1863, he engaged in raining, and also in Idaho. In Idaho City he had an excellent run of luck, taking out as much as five hundred dollars a day, but, after the manner of most miners,, he reinvested all his earnings in prospects and did not arrive at any stable status of wealth. In 1884 he carae to the site of his present ranch and acquired one hundred and sixty acres of land, covered xvith sage brush and otherwise unimproved, and here his industry and well directed efforts in tirne repaid him handsomely. He has been adding to his property till he now owns over a thousand acres. His principal industry is the raising of fine Durham cattle, of which he some times has as many as seven hundred head. Mr. Pinson has always affiliated with the Republican party, and is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He was married in 1880 to Miss Mary J. Polkow, xvho was born in New York City but was reared in Illinois. Seven children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Pinson, all in Nevacla, as follows : Josephine, Ella, Clovis, Victor, Bertha, Ger trude and Caniille The family are members of the Roraan Catholic church, and Mr. Pinson is a good representative of the sterling citizens who came to the western country in the pioneer days of last century. W. H. INGHAM, the harness and saddle manufacturer of Austin. Nevada, has been a resident of this state for over a quarter of a century, and is one of the most esteemed and -popular of the citizens of Lander county. He has built up his iDUsiness .so that he has the trade of the entire county in his line, and his diligent and successful prosecution of this in dustry has put him in the front rank of the business tnen of Austin, While he has devoted himself attentively to business, he has also performed a full share of the duties devolving upon him as a citizen, and is now one of the 686 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. county officials and endeavoring to promote the welfare of his community xvith all the zeal xvhich has marked his efforts as a private citizen. Mr. Ingham's father, Joseph Ingham, was torn in England, and was brought from his native land by his father, Aaron Ingham, to New York xvhen he xvas txvo years of age. He married Miss Miranda Childs, a native of New York state. He and his xvife xxent to California in i860 by way of the Isthmus of Panama, and they resided in San Jose from that time till his death, xvhich occurred when he xvas sixty-five years of age. He was a xvagon and carriage maker by trade, and was conscientious and faithful in his work and was a good man in business and with his family. His xvife still survives, and resides xvith her son in Austin, Mr. Ingham is the only one of the four children of his parents residing in Nevada. He was born in Monroe county, Nexv York, February 19, 1855, and was reared and educated in San Jose, California.. He leamed his trade of joiner there and worked at it for several years, until he came to Nevada, which as one of the principal events of his Ufe occurred in 1876. He followed his trade in different parts of the state until the spring of 1881, and in the fall of that year carae to Austin, where he began work at his trade at three dollars and a half a day. He continued this wage work until 1899, at which time he opened his own shop. He now has the entire har ness and saddlery trade of Lander county, and is everywhere recognized as a man of shrewd business and executive ability and capable of carrying out whatever he undertakes. Mr. Ingham has always teen a Republican in politics except during die silver movement, xvhen he gave his allegiance to bimetallism. He was elected to the ifnportant office of county commissioner of Lander county in the fall of 1902, and is now doing all in his poAver to promote the best interests of the county. He affiliates with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is popular in that order as he is in all social circles. He is still a single gentleman, and the time which he would otherwise dcA'cte to domestic duties is uoav giA'en to his business and office. He owns his busi ness building and his residence, tesides several town lots, and is a good rep resentative of the progressive young business men of Austin. HON. ANDREW WESTFALL, a representative farmer near Love locks, Humtoldt county, Nevada, and the only one of the first residents of that valley now living, is a pioneer to the state, having crossed the plains from Illinois in 1861. He is of German ancestry and the son of James and Malissa (Waite) Westfall, who removed from Ncav York state to TUinois in 1838, where they assisted in the early development of that state, and they later removed to and resided in Harrison and Hancock counties, Illinois. James Westfall Avas an influential man in the different communities where he passed his life, and held the offices of postmaster and justice of the peace of his town. He died Avhen fifty-two years of age, and his wife had passed away when Andrew was but six years of age. Of their five children, three are still living. Perry Westfall is in Montana, and Mrs. Hannah Anderson is in Kansas. ^ h^M^^^^o^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 687 Andrexv XVestfall x\as born in Allegany county, Nexv York, February 2, 1836, and was only two years old when his parents took him to Illinois. He was educated in a little log schoolhouse in Illinois, and worked hard on his father's farm in the interims betxveen instruction. In 1861 he drove an ox team across the plains, and located at his nresent place xvhen all the country round was a xvilderness. Tie took up one hundred and sixty acres of the A'irgin soil, and has enjoyed a steady pi'osperity since that time He now has a splendid farm of txvo hundred and sixty acres, on Avhicli he raises alfalfa and breeds and feeds stock for the market. His success is indicated by the general appearance of his ranch, on Axliich he has one of the best resi dences in the valley. Air. XX'estfall has recently purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining his present farm, and on both farms he cuts about twelve hundred tons of alfalfa. Mr. Westfall has also been prominent in the public life of his county and state, and, although he has never souglit office and has never resorted to any of the cjuestionable methods to gain promotion in politics, his felloxv citizens have sex'eral times placed him in positions where he might serve them, and he has never disappointed tlifir confidence He has served as county commissioner for eight years in all, and in the fall of 1884, on the Democratic ticket, which has always been the party of his choice, he was elected to the state legislature, where he did rauch to promote the interests of county and state. One of the most important measures to which he gave his earnest advocacy was the bill to insure bona fide settlement of govern ment land, and which provided that the land must be actually settled, paid for at government prices, and the settler should have no title tlierdo until he had put water facilities upon it. Mr. Westfall Avas the circulator of the petition to ask the Congress of the United States to pass the Desert Land act, and the bill was introduced by Congressman William Woodburn, of Carson. In 1876 Mr. XX''estfall married Miss Frances Wash, a native of Mis souri, and they had two children, Loraine A. and Lillie, toth residents of Reno. In 1884 he married Miss May Babcook, and of this union there are two children, Vernon A., now in his third year in the State University, and Nola Melissa, at horae. Four decades have passed since Mr. Westfall came t'o this part of Nevada, and his honorable record has placed him among the esteemed citizens whose Avorth has been tried and proved. A.LBERT M. WARD. The great prairies of the west afford splendid opportunities to the stock-raiser, and in this line of business raany fortunes hax'e been made by men of business enterprise and ready adaptability who have come to the west and pastured large herds of cattle upon the prairies Of this class Altert M. Ward is a representative, and he is widely recognized as a man of great energy, diligence, persistency of purpose and sound judg- merit. He carae to the territory ol Nex'ada in the year 1864, and three years previous fo that time he had becorae a resident ol California. Although now living upon the Pacific coast, he is a native of one of 688 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. the Atlantic states, his birth having occurred in the city of Augusta, Maine, on the i6th of July 1840. He is of English and Irish descent. His pa ternal grandfather took up his a'oode near the mouth of the Kennebec river in Maine, and Martin Ward, his father, was born there. When the latter had reached years of maturity he xvedded Aliss Susan Spratt, a daughter of David Spratt, a pioneer resident of Maine and one of the patriots of the Revolutionary war. Martin Ward was a devoted Christian man and served as a circuit preacher of the Methodist church, devoting many years of his life to the ministry. He endured all the hardships and privations of the early circuit rider, and died firm in the faith in 1843, in the fortieth year of his age. His wife passed away in 1857 at the old home in the Pine Tree state, leaving behind her a memory which is yet enshrined in the hearts of her children and those who knew her. To Mr. and Mrs. Martin Ward were born five children, all of whom are yet living. Martin E., the eldest, torn in 1835, xvent to California in 1856 and for a number of years was engaged in niining. He then became a partner of his brother, Albert M., in the stock-raising business, and is now a prominent resident and one of the wealthy citizens of Reno. Olin W., bom in 1837, is on the ranch owned by the Ward brothers in Lassen county, California. Sarah Jane is the widow of J. A. Gilman and resides in Reno; she went to CaU fornia in 1861, and has since lived in the west. The entire faraily are held in high esteem by those vvho have the pleasure of their acquaintance. Mr. Altert M. Ward was educated in his native state, and xvhen twenty-one years of age sought a horae in the far west, sailing from New York for San Francisco. XVhile on the voyage the vessel was constantly in danger of being captured by a rebel man-of-war, but escaped, although the North Star, a vesgel which followed them, was captured. Mr. Ward arrived in San Francisco in November, 1861, and xvent direct to Tuolumne county, where he was engaged in placer mining, but he made only mod erate wages in that way. Subsequently he removed to Calaveras county, and thence made the journey on foot to Alpine county, carrying his blankets with him. There he was engaged in lumtering for wages, the logs teing sent down the Carson river to the Virginia City raarket Tn 1865 Mr. Ward returned to California, and there embarked in business on his own account as a sheep-raiser, having his sheep pasture in San Joaquin, Stanis laus and Alpine counties. In 1870 the range was mostly occupied by kctual oxvners, and with his brother, M. E. Ward, who was his partner, he drove four thousand of his sheep to Nevada, pasturing them in Churchill and Lander counties. After running the sheep for two or three years on the same ground they sold ten thousand head for four dollars per head. He then decided to give his attention to the raising of cattle, and in Humboldt county he and h-s brother purchased the ranch of Bass & Derby on the Granite creek range, thus becoming owners of one thousand head of cattle located on a good range. The Ward brothers prospered in this undertaking and continued in the cattle business there for twelve years, at the end of which time they sold out to the firm of Fisk & Gerlack, of Stockton. At that time the brothers purchased the Thomas Bare ranch in Surprise valley in Lassen county, Cali- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 689 fornia, comprising about five thousand acres, and in 1885 they bought the XVilliam B. Todhunter ranch in Long Valley, Washoe county, paying one hundred and fifty thousand dollars and securing six thousand head of cattle in addition to the land. This large and valuable ranch they still own and they have had as high as seven thousand head of cattle upon it at one dine They are breeding a high grade of Durham stock and are also im porters and breeders of Norraan horses. They likewise give some atten tion to the sheep industry in California and in Nevada, and in the spring of 1903, following the shearing, they sold fifteen diousand head of sheep. Their operations have been on a very extensive scale, and they are regarded as among the leading stock dealers of the west. Mr. Ward is the youngest niember and the secretary of the Ward Land & Stock Company. His brother, O. W. Ward, is president. They are the principal owners, and some idea of the extent of their ranch and the volume of their business can be gathered from the fact that they cut for their own stock two thousand tons of hay each year. Albert M. XVard xvas happily married on the 30th of January, 1885. to Miss Clara Stanley, a natix'e of Alaine and a daughter ol Colonel Nathan .Stanley, of that state. This union has been blessed with one child : Clara Belle, who is at home xvith lier parents. They liax'e a nice residence on Mills street in Reno, and their friends are legion here. Both Mr. and Mrs. Ward are valued members of the Alethodist church, contribute gen erously to its support and take an active part in its work. Mr. Ward has always given his political allegiance to the Republican party, and Avhile he has never sought or desired office he has ever put forth helpful effort in be half of general progress and iraproveraent. His business affairs hax'e been capably conducted. He has based his business principles and actions upon the rules governing unfaltering diligence and strict unswerving integrity. Realizing that the present and not the future is the tirae for action, he has so latored that his work has been crowned Avith a high raeasure of success and he is to-day one of the leading stock dealers of the west. J. WARNE PHILLIPS. Prominent araong the representative raill men of Silver City, Nevada, is nuniljered J. Warne Phillips, whf) for several years was identified with educational affairs, but now gives his attention wholly to his business interests. Being a man of marked ability, enterpris ing and progressive, lie is raeeting with well merited success in his chosen field of lator. Mr. Phillips was liorn in New Jersey on the 7th of August, 1863, and is of English ancestry, the progenitor of the family in America having emigrated to the riew world with Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts colony. He was a Congregational minister, being one ol the very first of that faith in the old Bay state. There Avere representatives of the family in all the early wars of this country, including the Revolution, in w'hich our subject's great-great-grandfather. Captain John Phillips, bore a promi nent part. He participated in the battles of Trenton and Princeton and suc ceeded in capturing a quantity of the redcoats' supplies, which he turned 690 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. over to General Washington, who Avas in command. After the xvar he made his home in Princeton, Nexv Jersey, throughout the remainder ni his life. His grandson, Henry D. Phillips, xvho xvas the son of Theophilus Phillips and Mr. Phillips' grandfather, became an extensive landowner, hav ing over one thousand acres in Nexx' Jersey, and he Avas not only one of the wealthy citizens of his community but Avas a man of influence. He attained the age of eighty-four years. John F. Phillips, the father of J. Warne Phillips, xvas born in Prince ton and was educated at the Princeton University. Inheriting his fathe'-'s farm, he spent his entire life upon the old homestead and died there at the age of sixty-seven years. His xvife, who Ijore the maiden name of Hannah Warne and was also a native of New Jersey, survives liim and is now in the sixty-second year of her age. I'hey had five children, four of xvhoni are still living. The early life ol J. Warne Phillips Avas passed in the east, and, like his lather, he was educated at Princeton University, graduating with the class bf 1884 and afterxx'ard taking a post-graduate course at the same in stitution. From 1886 untU 1889 he occupied the chair of morphology of the vertebrates and physiological psychology there, and was chemist on (the board of health at Trenton, New Jersey. Going abroad, he studied in Germany for a time, and received the degree of Ddctor of Science froii! Princeton University in 1889. Coming to Nevada in 1889, Mr. Phillips first located at Reno, where he filled the chair of chemistry and physics in the Nevada State University for eleven years. He reraoved to Silver City in 1900, forming a partner ship with R. D. Jackson in the Dazet quartz mill and Jackson's cyanide plant which they now hax'e in successful operation. They also own two good mines, the Poxvder House and the Surplus, and besides crushing their own ore they do considerable custom work for other miners. Theirs is a ten- stamp mill, and is run by electric poxver. Mr. Phillips is not only a man of good business ability, but by. education and practical training he has be come thoroughly familiar with every department of mining, and is there fore raeeting with success in this venture He was reared -in the faith of the Presbyterian church, to which his parents belonged, and he affiliates with the Republican party. Fraternally he is a meraber of the Benevoler.t and Protective Order of Elks and stands high sociallv.' HON. CHARLES KAISER. The life record of Hon. Charies Kaiser is one which reflected credit upon the state of his adoption. He was a promi nent citizen and pioneer of both California and Nevada, and there was no more loyal native son of America than was this adopted son, for Mr. Kaiser was a native of Baden, Germany. His birth occurred in the fatherland on the 8tli of Decemter, 1829, and he was educated in that country. When a young man of about eighteen years he resolved to seek his fortune in the new world, and crossed the Atlantic to the United States in 1847. -^^ ^''^" made his home in St. Louis, Missouri, until 1850, when, interested in the news concerning the discovery of gold in California and hoping that he ^Ao^Aj ^puj^J A PIISTORY OF NEX'ADA, 691 might tenefit by the productiveness of the mines on the Pacific coast, he made his xvay to that district and for a time engaged in placer niining. Later he established a general mercantile store, and in addition to deal ing in such gocxls as are usuaUy found in an establishment of that ciiaracter he also purchased the gold dust from the miners, carrying on business in both Placer and Nevada counties. In this w a)- he made raoney rapidly for a time, but a disastrous fire occurred, in Avhich he lost atout thirtv thousand dollars. He then turned his attention to teaming, ow ning a number of large trams Avhich he used in hauling ties for the building of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In this connection he Avas associated Avith the firm of Crocker, Stanford, Huntington & Hopkins. They desired him to take stock in the enterprise and join thera in the building of the road, but he thought it too great an undertaking- to build a trans-continental line, believing that they could never raise money aiough to complete it and that the effort would therefore end in failure. Air. Kaiser next turned his attention to freighting betAveen Sacramento and Virginia City and Austin, NcAada. He next established his home in Churchill county, Avhere he had a large store, his goods being hauled bA- his OAVU teams from the nearest railroad point, Avhich was XX'"adsworth. He also became a memter of the land and Avater company OAvning a large amount of land, and in partnership Avith Senator XX^ XX'. XX'illiams he tecaine en gaged in the sheep and cattle business, raising large nuniters of cattle, sheep and also horses in Churchill county. He recognized the business possi bilities of this section of the country and took advantage of them. His straightfonvard business methods commended him to the confidence and support of the public, and in his A'arious undertakings he met Avitli gratifying success. The trade in his store reached a large annual figure, and as a stock- dealer he also prospered. The year 1896 witnessed the arriA'al of Air. Kaiser in Reno. Here he purchased a nice home in Avhich his AvidoAv still resides, and having remodeled the property, he transformed it into a commodious and delightful residence. Here he tecame interested in the management of the XX'ater. Light & Power Company, in Avhich he Avas largely interested before adopting Reno as a place of residence, being oxxner of much of the stock, and was then elected its president. He xvas also Interested in the XX'ashoe Comity Bank and occu pied a very enviable position In financial circles. He possessed tireless energy, strong purpose and read)- adaptability, and carried forxvard to successful completion xvhatexer he undertook. Both as a citizen and business man he occupied a prominent and influential position, and during his active career he aided largely in the promotion of the general xvelfare along lines of sub stantial progress and improx'ement. .X man of broad sympathy and marked generosity, he did much to help the poor and needy, and xvas so lenient xvith those whom he assisted financiaUx' that he lost a fortune b)' not collecting the debts which xvere due him. Hoxvex er, his kindnesses haxe endeared him to manv and developed in him a character whose sterling qualities are xvell worthy of emulation. As a hustend and lather, too, he xvas most loving, kind and indulgent, and Fis many admirable traits endeared him to all xvho knew him. 692 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. In 1877 occurred the marriage of Mr. Kaiser and Miss Emma Beanier, a native of Canada and a daughter of Escpiire John Wesley Beanier, who was a noted magistrate for many years in Canada. On her mother's side, Mrs. Kaiser is a direct descendant ol a queen ol Holland. Mrs. Kaiser was highly educated and' was a very successful teacher both in California and Nevada. She won the highest grade certificates both in her native country and in the United States, and her culture and innate refinement have made her a valued factor in social circles. The marriage ol Mr, and Mrs. Kaiser was blessed with two children, but only one is now living: Charles E., who was born in San Rafael, California, on the 9th of June, 1881. He is now engaged in the sheep business in Elko county, Nevada, the personal super vision of which, after his father's death, necessitated his withdrawal from Stanford College. He is a most promising young man, already developing the many noble traits of character xvhich are his by right of birth. Mr. Kaiser gave his political allegiance to the Republican party, of xvhich he was a very stanch advocate, and upon its ticket he was dected and served for twenty consecutive years in the Nevada state senate, throughout whicii time he put forth every effort in his power to advance the best interests of the commonwealth and of his constituents. He departed this life on the ^i8th of October, 1901, and xvas laid to rest in the Odd Fellows cemetery, xvhere his xvife has erected a fine mausoleum tO' his raemory. Notxvithstand- ing the many losses which he met through his leniency to those xvho owed him, his business judgment and nianagement were yet so good that he left his wife and son in very comfortable circumstances, and Mrs. ICaiser is now managing the estate in a most capable and satisfactory raanner. No compendium such as the province of this xvork defines in its essen tial limitations xvill serve to offer fit memorial to the life and accomplish ments of the honored subject of this sketch — a man who was reraarkable in the breadth of his wisdom, in his indomitable perseverance, his strong in dividuality, and yet one whose entire -life had not -one esoteric phase, being an open scroll, inviting the closest scrutiny. Truly, his were "massive deeds and great" in one sense, and yet his entire life accoraplishments but repre sented the result of the fit utilization of the innate talent which was his, and the directing of his efforts in those lines where mature judgment and rare discrimination led the way. There xvas in Mr. Kaiser a xveight ol char acter, a, native sagacity, a far-seeing- judgment ancl a fidelity of puipose tliat commanded the respect of all. A raan of indefatigable enterprise and fertility of resource, he carved his name deeply on the record of the political and business history of the state, which owes much of its advancement to his efforts. ' ''¦ A. G. FLETCHER was a soldier boy of the CivU war. XVhen bul ' a youth he offered his services to tlie government, joining the army long before he attained his majority, and yet there xvas no braver or more loyal follower of the old flag than A, G. Fletcher. He. is now connected with banking circles in Reno and is one of the honored and respected business men and citizens of this place. His present home is far dist^itt from his A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 693 birthplace, xvhich is XX'aldo county,. Alaine, liis natal day lieing tlie 15th of October, 1845. Far back in the history of America can the ancesti'y of the family te traced. Tn fact, the family xvas founded in the nexv xvorld by emigrants xvho landed upon the shores of' Massachusetts In 1620. There for many generations representatives of the name resided, .\ndi-ew Fletcher, the father of A. G. Fletcher, xvas born in Alassachusetts, and married Aliss Elvira Shaxv, a natix-e of his oxvn state. In 1868 they removed to Missouri, and there spent their remaining da)-s. Fle xvas a carpenter and contractor, and throughout his business career xvas identified xvith kiilding interests. Both he and his xvife" held membership in the Alethodist church and xvere deeply interested in its growth and progress. Mr. Andrew Fletcher died of pneu monia in 1881, at the age of seventy-four )-ears, ^^hile his xvife survix'ed him and departed this life In 1895, at the age of eighty-four years. They xvere the parents of nine children, of xvhoni six are vet living'. Upon the home farm A. G. Fletcher spent the days of his boyhood and youth, his attention teing given to the xvork of field and meadoxv through the summer months, xvhile in the xvinter he acquired a knoxvledge of the common branches of English learning in the public schools. Three of his brothers volunteered for service in the Union army, and his patriotic spirit xvas aroused so that he too desired to join the forces on the field. As soon as he xvas received Iw the enlisting oflicer he donned the blue uni form, teing but seventeen years of age. In September, 1863, he xxas en rolled as a member of Company B, Txventy-ninth Regiraent of Alaine Vol- unters. He served first xvith the Army of the Gulf and later xvith the Army of the Potomac, and participated in engagements at Sabine Cross roads. Pleasant Hill and Alarksville Plains, Louisiana. Air. Fletcher xvas also in the battle at Cedar Creek, but about that time xvas disabled and taken to the hospital, xvhere he reraained for a ntunber of xxeeks, after xvhich he re tumed fo the army and remained tintil the close of the xvar. Notwithstand ing his youth he xxas promoted to the rank of corporal. All three of the brothers xxent through the xvar xxitbout receiving a wound, and they ren dered valuable aid to the country because they xvere brave and loyal sol diers, never faltering in the perfoi'inance nf any duty assigned them. XX'ith a creditable railitary record Afr. Fletcher returned to his home in the Pine Tree state, and xxas then engaged in merchandising in Burn- ham, Maine, continuing in business there for seven years. For txvo years thereafter he xvas upon the road, selling groceries and flour, and in 1875 he sought a home in the xvest, coming direct to Reno, Nevada, xvhere he was engaged in building flumes to carrx- Avood to the railroad for the Com stock mines. At a later date he formed a partnership and engaged in the sheep-raising business. The firm had as high as nine thousand sheep, and pastured them in Humtoldt county, Nevada, and in southern Oregon, meet ing with good success in the undertaking. They sold out before President ClcA'dand's free-trade policy involved the countr)- in a financial depression, and thus realized a good return fi'oin their Investments. Air. Fletcher after ward took stock in the Nevada Bank at Reno, and has since been connected with it as a director and stockholder. This bank is one of the strong finan- 6^-t A HISTORY OF NFVAD.X. cial institutions in diis part of the country and ims a xery successful In surance department, rejiresenting eighteen of the strongest insurance com panies in the Avorid. Ox-er this department Mr. Fletcher noxv presides, and annual!)- Avrites a large amount of Inisiness. In 1870 Avas celebrated the marriage of A. G. Fletcher and Miss L. O. Cook, a native of Alassachusetts. They have a delightful home at 501 Lake street, and it is now graced with the presence of tw o children ; Lottie AL, the Aviife of A. C. Hehnold, and Hazel N. Airs. Fletcher is an attendant of the Baptist church, and Air. IHetcber maintains pleasant relations xvith his old ami)- comrades dirough his membership in the Grand Ami)- of the Republic. He is a charter member of General O. l\t. Alitchdl Post, No. 69, and has serx-ed as its quartermaster -ince its org-anization iu 1885. In politics he has always been a stanch Republican, and upon diat ticket he xvas elected and served as assessor of XX'ashoe county, filling the position for four Aears in a most cajiable and satisfactory manner. He is to-day as true and loyal to his duties of citizenship as xvhen he foUoxA'ed the old flag upon southern battlefields. In his business aff'airs he has manifested marked enterprise, strong purpose and keen insight into business situations, and by the improx'ement of opportunity lie has steadily advanced until he has UOAV reached a gratifA-Ing position on the plane of affluence. GEORGE BERI-C, for oxer diirty years the leading butcher of XX'iii- liemucca, Nevada, has been engaged in the business of butchering and retail ing meats since his youtli, and nearlv forty years of that time has teen passed in this state. He Avas born in Germany," September 22, 1834, and Avas educateil there and also learned his trade of butcher in that country, in the thorough manner in xvhich a trade is taught in the old country. In 1852 he emigrated to .Xmerica, and for the first year xvorked at his trade in Nexv A'ork cit)' at a sahu)- of eight dollars a month. From there he \vent to Cincinnati, Ohio, xvhere he xvorked for a xvhile, xvas also engaged in xvork at St. Louis, after xvhich. he began business on his oxvn account in Leavenxvordi. Kansas, xvhere he remained during the years 1855-6. In 1857 Air. Berk xvent to San F'rancisco. California, by xvay of the Isthmus of Panama, aud on his ari'ival there he accepted the iX)sition of butcher on the old steamer Sonora, nmning tetxxeen San Francisco and Panama. .After sex'eral x'oyages on this steamer he engaged in his business at Gold Hill, Placer county, California, and later in Greenwood valley, California. In 1861 he came to X'^irginia City, Nevada, and Avas the leading butcher and purAcyor of meat there during the niining excitement for the foUoAving tAAO )-ears. In 1864 he opened a shop at German Gulch, Mon tana, and from there returned to California, conducting a shop in Colfax, Placer county, for some time. In 1868 Air. Berk came to Reno, Nevada, shortly after the town was started, and after following his business for a while removed to XX'adswoilh, AAhere he had a market, and later had one in Rye Patch, Humboldt county. Tn 1872 he started the busiriess in XX''inne- raucca which has since been continued so successfully, and his^ market has a laro'e and high-class patronage. Tiis success in this line of business may »&'¦ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 695 te attributed largely to his identification Avith it all his life, and he deserves especial commendation for foUoAving one trade devotedly and unreservedly for a half century. Mr. Berk has been a Democrat, and has adhered to the silver division of that party, being still a thorough bimetalist ; but he has given no attention to office-seeking, and has teen content to perform his duty to the public by supplying it xvith good meat. He became a Alason in XVinnemucca Lodge No. 19, F. & A. AI. ; received the Royal Arch degree in XX'innemucca Chapter No. 9, and is a member of Eureka Commandery, K. T. Tn 1887 Air. Berk was married to Aliss Louisa Heller, a native of Germany. They have txvo children, Georgina and Henry P. The)- have a nice residence in XX'inne mucca, and alxvays have a genial social xvdcome for their friends. They were toth feared in the Lutheran faith, but in consequence of the absence of any church of that denoraination in this toxvn they attend and support the Methodist church. GEORGE N. SHALLENBERCiER, a prorainent merchant and busi ness man of Golconda, Nevada, has 'been a resident of the state since Sep tember 6, 1885. He is descended from good Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, his great-grandfather being the first emigrant and the progenitor of the family in America. His grandlather. Christian Shallenberger, xvas born in XX'estmordand county, Pennsylvania. He carried on a numter ol enter-. prises, xvas a farmer, a blacksmith, a xvagon-maker and carriage-maker, and also had a distillery and a shad fishery. Isaac, the son of Christian and the father of George N. .Shallenterger, was torn in 1800, in Pennsyh'ania, and married Aliss Catharine Hoxvard, who xvas torn in Lancaster county, Pennsyh'ania, in 1805. He lived to be seventy-seven years, eleven months and txx ent)-tAx o days old, and his xvife was the same age at her death, lacking eleven days, Avhich is a rather remark able coincidence both in the fact that the ages are almost identical in length and that the numbers expressive of the age are all multiples of eleven. They are both buried in Canton. Fulton county, Illinois. The subject of this sketch and his sister. Airs. R. E. Baylor, both of Golconda, are the only memters of the family in Nexada. George N. Shallenberger xvas born in Fax'ette county, Pennsylvania. May 26, 1839, and was reared and educated in Canton, Illinois, to xvhich place the family had removed in 1845. His early years alternated betxveen the school and his father's farm, and he later engaged in general mer chandising and also had a butcher shop. In 1885, in consequence of the impaired health of his xvife, he thought it necessary to lea.ve Illinois, and accordingly sold out his business there and arrived in Golconda, Nevada, September 6, 1885. March ist of the folloxving year he opened up to the public a small store, and since then, by his good management and close attention and honorable methods, he has conducted a general merchandise establishment xvith ever increasing success. His stock is a large one, and is well seleded for the varying demands of the trade. He also conducts a livery stable, and raises cattle and horses, having about fifty of the former 696 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. and five hundred of the latter. This latter branch of the business, however, he has placed in the hands of his son. , In 1862 Mr. Shallenberger xx'as married to Miss Charlotte' Baylor, a native of New Jersey, and they had three children. The two living are Elizabeth, now Mrs. F. J. Batton, xvho resides near her father in Golconda, and Nora, the wife of C. W. Muller, deputy sheriff of Humboldt county. Mrs. Shallenberger died in 1872, and two years later Air. Shallenterger married Miss Addie Long, a native of loxva. It was for the tenefit of her health that the family came and raade their residence in Nevada. They have had three children, but Charles alone survives, a boy of twelve years. Mr. Shallenberger has been a life-long Republican, casting his first vote for Lincoln. He held the office of township assessor of Buckhart township, and the office of township commissioner for six years and township treasurer for four years; during a short residence in the state of Nebrasl^^ y//-0)C^f<-^ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 699 In 1861 John Hunter removed to California, locating at Oroville, Butte county, where he md with a fair degree of success at placer raining. He was subsequently joined by his wife and their nine children, the son Thoraas teing then in his eighth year, and they made the long voyage around Cape Horn in safety. They made their home at Oroville, where the father was engaged in mining and later in farming, and in 1864" he removed to the territory of Washington, there taking up the occupation of teaming. In 1869 he took up his atode in Elko, but had previously removed to Idaho City, Idaho, and continued his mining operations, and there his xvife died in 1866, aged forty-eight years. He is now principally living rdired from the active duties of a business life, enjoying the fruits ol former toil. Three of their sons and two of their daughters came to Nevada, and of this family two sons and two daughters are still living : William, residing in Elko ; and Mrs. H. L. Byrne and Mrs. L. A. Parsons, of San Francisco. Thomas Hunter was reared principally in the territory of Washington, but his education was in the greater part received in Stockton, California. Since attaining to mature years he has been engaged in the stock business in Oregon and Nevada, in addition to which he is conducting a mercantile enterprise in Elko and has extensive mining interests. He owns a ranch of four thousand acres nine miles west of Elko, on whicii he raises large quantities of alfalfa hay, which he feeds principally to his own stock, ' usually obtaining about three tons of hay to the acre and has cut as high as two thousand tons in a season. In politics Mr. Hunter has been a lile-long Democrat, and on its ticket was elected to represent Elko county in the Nevada state senate, in which important position he has served during one session and is now on a lour years' term, and is doing all in his power to advance the interests of his county and the state. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Masonic fraternity, in which he received the Master degree in Elko Lodge No. 15, in 1875, and is now a past master of his lodge. In 1878 Mr. Hunter was happily married to Miss Adda May Lytton, a native of California and a daughter of G. W. Lytton, of Grass "VaUey, that state. Five children have been torn of this union, as follows: J. George, at home; Edith, the wife of H. Wallace and a resident of Elko; and Alice, Irene and Hattie. The family are members of the Episcopal church, and they reside in a pleasant brick residence in Elko. Mr. Hunter and his family enjoy the high esteem of hosts of friends. JOHN M. FULTON, a native of Ohio, born in Ashland on th^ '6tli of December, 1849, i^ o^ Scotch ancestry. He is a brother of Robert L. Fulton, also a resident ol Reno, represented on another page ol this work, and in connection with his liie record appears the Iamily history. Mr. Fulton pursued his education in the public schools of his native town, and at the age of eighteen years entered upon his railroad career, in which he has continued for more than a third of a century. He first entered the services of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, in which he served at various times in the different capacities of brakeman, firenian, engineer arid 700' A HISTORY OF NEVADA. conductor, and thus for years xvas activdy connected xvith the running of trains. At a later date he entered the employ of the Southern Pacific Railway as a locomotive engineer, and later as a master mechanic. The year 1884 witnessed his arrival in Nex'ada. He came to this state to take charge of the motive poxver and car department of the Nevada-California-Oregon Rail road Coinpany and xvas afterxvard appointed master of transportation for this road xvith. full charge of the maintenance of xx'ay and all matters per taining to traffic. He severed his connection xvith the company on account of the demands which xvere made upon his time by his personal interests. He has again taken up railroad work and is giving his entire tirae and attention to the duties required by his present position of division freight and passenger agent for the Southern Pacific Company. Tn February, 1903, Mr. Fulton xvas united in marriage to Miss Theo dora Waters Stubbs, daughter of Dr. J. E. and Ella S. Stubbs. Dr. Stubbs is the president of the Nevada State University. . Air. Fulton is not only a thoroughly posted railroad man, familiar xvith the business in all its details, but is also a business man of ability, keen foresight and great force of char acter. He is an enthusiast on the subject of the development of Nex-ada, having great faith in its mineral and agricultural resources, believing that no state in the Union possesses such diversified and iraportant possibilities as does Nevada. He is therefore using his influence and aid for its up building and progress, and is one Of its x'alued representatix'es and honored citizens. HON. GEORGE S. BROWN is now serving as judge of the fourth judicial district of Nevada, including Elko, XVhite Pine and Lincoln coun ties, his jurisdiction thus including about one-third of the entire common wealth. He is a native of the state of New York, toni in Brooklyn in 1865, and is of English and vScotch ancestry, xvho on the paternal side were early settlers of Nexv Jersey, xvhile on the maternal sicle they xvere equally early settlers of New England- His father, the Rev. Thomas Edwin Brown, D. D., xvas born in XX^ashington, D. C, in 1841. He married Miss Elizabeth Campbell Sampson, a native of the city of Boston, and he has spent his life in the Baptist ministry, preaching in Brooklyn, Rochester and Franklin, Pennsylvania, also in Providence, Rhode Island. Rev. and Airs. Brown became the parents of five children, four of xvhom are still living. Judge Brown, the only representative of his faraily in the west, re ceived his literary education in Brown University at Providence, completing the course with the class of 1888, and his legal knowledge was obtained in the Coltimbia Law School, from which institution he xvas graduated in 1890. In that year, he was admitted to the bar in New Afork, and coming west to Tacoma, Washington, entered into the active practice of his profession. In 1897 he came to Elko, Nevada, where he xvas an active practitioner at the bar until the ist of January, 1903. Judge Brown has been a life-long Dem ocrat, and in 1902 was elected to his present high offi.ce, the duties of which he has filled to the entire satisfaction of all concerned. A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 701 In 1895 Jiidge Broxvn xvas united in marriage to Aliss Elizabeth P. Foster, a native of Brooklyn, Nexv A^ork, but their raarriage was celebrated in Everett, XX'^ashington. Their home is brightened and blessed by txvo children, Philip Foster and Alargaret Carapbell. The fainilv reside in a pleasant and attractix'e horae in Elko, and are atteidants at the Episcopal church, of xvhich Airs. Broxvn is a valued meraljer. Since their residence in Nevada they have raade many xvarm friends, and tlie hospitality of their home is enjoyed by many. HON. CHARLES FRANKLIN LITTRELL, the efficient -and oblig ing postmaster of Austin, Nevada, has been a resident of the state for over a quarter of a century, and in that time has taken rank as one of the prom inent business men of the state. He has successfully engaged in raining and commercial enterprises since coraing to the state, and is indebted to his own efforts for the prosperity he has xvon since beginning xvork here at the age of nineteen years. Besides this xvorthy business career, he has also acquitted himself xvith honor in the public life of his toxvn, and his popularity in Lander county may be judged fi-om the fact that he is the only Repuljlican from this part of the state xvho has teen placed in the legislature, and that too by a big majority. Mr. Littrell is of French and English ancestry, and is the son of Robert and Matilda (Reed) Littrell, the forraer a natix'e of Louisiana and the latter of Kentucky. They settled in the state of Missouri about 1840, Avhere he followed farming and stock-raising. They were both members of the Cum berland Presbyterian church, in Avhich faith they died, he in 1870 at the age of sixty-six years, and she at the age of seventy-eight. He Avas a stanch Union man during the Civil Avar, but his family exemplified a fact which so often occurred in that fratricidal conflict — txvo of his sons xvere arrayed on the side of the Union, xvhile one gaxe loyal service to the cause of the Confederacy. J. Calvin, the eldest son, xvas a captain under General F. M. Cockrell in the Confederate army, and is noxv a minister of the Cum berland Presbyterian church. The second son, Johnson Grant, was in the Union army under General Sigel, and William Robinson served xvith the Missouri state militia on the federal side. Of the other children, Robert S. is a physician in Colorado; Elizabeth is the xvife of Jacob Eppright; Amanda is the wife of Richard Ridenhour, of New Mexico; and iVIatilda married Julius H. XX'oodford and resides at the old homestead in Alissourl Charles Franklin Littrell, xvho completes the family, xvas born on the farra in Johnson county, A'lissouri, August 22, 1856, and spent his school days in his native state. At the age of nineteen he carae to Nevada, and for the following three years held the responsible position of .superintendent of the New Pass gold mine. After this he had charge of the Austin Com pany's mill for two years, and also of the Manhattan mill, and he has made mining and milling the principal objects of his endeavor. He is now a stockholder in the Austin Commercial Coinpany, a large wholesale and retail grocery and provision firm, of which the other stockholders are Mr. Chris tian the manager, and Mr. Miller, the Austin banker. The company is ^02 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. biiilding up a good business in Austin and the surrounding country. Mr. Littrell also has some interests in silver mining property. In 1885 Mr. Littrdl was married to Miss Flora Burchfidd, a native of Austin, and two daughters have teen torn to them in Austin: Hazel Matilda and Matel Irene Mr. Liftrdl affiliates with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he has "passed all the chairs, and is a representative to the grand lodge of the state, and also with the Ancient Order of United XVorkmen. He has been a stanch Republican all his life, and on the ticket of that party xvas- elected to the state assembly in 1902, teing now one of the capable raembers from Lander county and doing creditable work amono- his associates. As has been mentioned, he is the only Republican who has succeeded in gaining election to diis office from Lander county, and he ran far ahead of his ticket in the county and his own toxvn. He was appointed postmaster of Austin on March 18, 1903, and is giving the toxvn good service, in keeping with the methods which he has pursued in his business career with so much advantage to himself. HON. JOHN LOTHROP. Whatever dse raay be said of the legal fraternity, it cannot be denied that merabers of the bar have been more prominent actors in public affairs than any other class of American citizens. This is but the natural result of causes that are manifest and require no explanation. The ability and training which qualify one to practice law also qualify him in many respects for .duties xvhich lie outside of the strict path of his profession and which touch the'general interests of society. The subject, ol this biography is a man who has brought his keen discrimination and thorough wisdoni to bear not alone in prolessional paths but also lor the benefit ol the city and county which has so long been his home and with whose interests he is thoroughly identified. He holds and merits a place among the representative legal practitioners and citizens ol Dayton, and is now serving as district attorney and ex-officio superintendent ol instruction in Lyon county. He is one of the pioneers of this state, having made his home here since the 23d of April, 1861. Mr. Lothrop was born in Atchison county, Missouri, July 25. 1842, and on toth the paternal and maternal sides is of English descent, his an cestors being among the early New England colonists. His great-grand father. Rev. Ruel Lothrop, was chaplain in the Continental army in the struggle of the colonies for independence, and participated in the battle of Brandywine and various other engagements, undergoing great suffering in the cause of freedom. Mr. "Lothrop's father, Ruel Lothrop, Jr., was born in New Hampshire and was reared and educated in his native state, whence he removed to Missouri in 1840. By trade he was a carpenter, and he there engaged in contracting and building. He married Miss Mary M. Fowler, a descendant of Thomas Fowler, who emigrated from England to Virginia in 1697. Her grandfather. Captain John Foxvler, commanded a company in the Revolutionary war. His people xvere all residents of the south. In 1852 Ruel Lothrop and his family joined a band of brave pioneers A PIISTORY OF NEVADA. 703 in their perilous journey across the plains to California, but lie was never permitted to reach his destination, as he died xvhile on the Platte river, June II, 1852, of cholera, xvhich xvas epidemic that year ani made terrible ravages among the emigrants on the plains. The brax-e xvife and her six small chil dren xvere thus left xvithout husband or father there on the plains. It being impossible for her to return to her friends, Mrs. Lothrop and her children continued on to the land of pi-omise. John xvas at that time a bright boy of ten years, and has a vivid recollection of tlie journey and the trials and discomforts they xvere forced to endure. The raother first stopped at Oroville, California., but not long afterxvard removed to Marysville, where she washed for the miners in order to support her family. I^ater she re turned to Oroville and opened the Opher Hotel, xvhich she conducted until 1861, that year removing xvitli her family to Dayton, Nevada. In 1878 she married N. XV. Siles, and on the 27th of March, 1891, departed this life at the age of about seventy-eight years. She had carefully reared and edu cated her children, and xvas a brave and noble woman, a pioneer of three different states xvhere for many years xvere lacking those coniforts to whicii she had been accustomed in her youth. Fler son has no words of praise too high for such a faithful and self-sacrificing mother. Mr. Lothrop was' alwut nineteen years of age o;i his arrival in Dayton, which has been the scene of his entire !>usiness Ufe and his creditable official career. He received a good public-school education and xvas .graduated at the high school of Oroville, California, in 1857. He studied law at Dayton under the direction of Hon. W. H. Sexvell and Hon. Richard Rising, and was admitted to the bar on the ist of July, 1891. In politics Mr. Lothrop has not been a strict partisan, but has voted with the party that held his views on great political cjuestions, and was an ardent supporter of the government during the Civil war. Since the age of twenty-two he has held some official positioii of honor and trust in his city. In 1864 he was appointed deputy county clerk; was later deputy county assessor and still later deputy sheriff, succeeding which he served as deputy county treasurer for a tirae. Tn 1874 he was elected county recorder and auditor, which office he faithfully filled for six years. He xvas also post master of Dayton for four years, and in 1888 was elected district attorney, to which office he hasi been re-elected every succeeding two years and is still filling the position most creditably to himself and to the entire satisfaction of his fellow-citizens, who have the fullest confidence in his integrity and ability. His public record is one ol which he may be justly proud, and it is a question whether it has been equaled by any other resident of the state. Mr. Lothrop was raarried on the loth of May, 1864, to Mrs. Emma A. Britton, and to them have been born six sons and six daughters, but three of the little ones were taken from them by death in early childhood. Those still living are as follows : Mary is now the wife of R. B. Davis, a merchant of Tonopah; Jason Franklin is a resident of SodaviUe, Esmeralda county, Nevada ; Susue E. is now Mrs. Braun, a resident of Dayton ; James D. is in business in Tonopah; T.^illy is a teacher ol Dayton; Ida May is the wife of Thomas Peppril; and Daisy E., I^awrence and Henry Richmond are all at home. The wife and mother is a raerater of the Presbyterian church, '^04 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. but Mr. Lothrop is a Baptist in reU.gious beliel, having been reared in that church, to which his parents belonged. He is an active and valued niember ol the Independent Order ol Odd Fdlows, has passed all the chairs in both branches ol the order and is past grand patriarch ol the state ol Nevada. He is also a prominent member ol the Ancient Order of United Workmen and is chairman of the finance committee of the grand lodge of the state. His is one of the very pleasantest homes of Dayton, and he and his family are held in high esteem by a very xvide circle of friends. Over his life record there falls no shadow of xvroiig; his public service !ias been most exemplary; and his private life has been marked by the utmost fidelity to duty. MR. P. B. ELLIS has been an active and prominent factor in connec tion with the development of the rich mineral interests of Nevada and Cali fornia for twenty-one years, and his residence in the former state dates from 1861. His career has been one of activity, full ol incidents and results. Tn every sphere ol liie in xvhich he has been called upon to move he has made an indelible impression, and by his excellent public service and upright liie has honored the state in which he has been honored with official prelerment. The history ol Nevada's development has been an open book to him since 1861, in which year he took up his atode in the territory. Mr. Ellis is a native son ol California, his birth having occurred there on the 13th of October, 1853. He is of English descent, his ancestors having settled in Virginia in the early days of its colonization. Robert B. Ellis, his lather, was born in Sussex county, that state, and was a physician and surgeon ol marked ability and broad learning. In 1850 he became a resident ol California, and was the president ol the first medical society in that state. He long maintained a foremost position as a representative of his chosen calling in the west, his labors proving of the greatest benefit to the sick and suffering. He also took an active part in the affairs of Cali fornia, aiding in molding its public policy and shaping its history. He was elected to the general asserably, in which he served for several terms, leaving the impress of his individuality and undoubted loyalty upon the legislation enacted during that period. He was also active in the public affars of the state of Nevada after his removal thither, and his lators were of direct public benefit. He married Miss Sarah J. Buckner, a native of Illinois and a daughter of James B.uckner, who was also a pioneer settler of California. Their union was blessed with five children, aU born in CaU fornia, while four of the number are still living. Brought to Carson City in his early toyhood, P. B. Ellis obtained his education in the public schools here. The rich mineral resources of the west furnish the basis of the prosperity of this section of the country, and throughout his business career he has been connected with a line of business bearing upon the development of the mines. For twenty-seven years he has been engaged in assaying. He has had charge ol the Eureka cyanide plant on the Carson river, and has had charge ol the State Line mill and mine is Esmeralda county. He has been assayer in the United States mint [to:^/ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 705 at Carson City for a number of years, and was assayer in chief under Presi dents Harrison, Cleveland and AlcKinley. Fle is splendidly etiuipped for his work, thoroughly understanding the best methods of assaying ore, and his capability has been the ni'eans of securing to hira positions of much responsibility. He is now secretary of the State Agent and Transfer Syndicate. This company was formed under the provisions ol the general corporation law of Nevada, approved March i6, 1903, and is empowered to act as the resi dent or fiscal agent of any state, municipality, body politic or corporation, and in such capacity to receive and disburse money, to transfer and register certificates of stock, bonds or other evidences of indebtedness, and to act as the agent of any corporation, foreign or domestic, for any purpose noxv or hereafter reciuired by the statute or otherwise. After the cliscovery of the mines of Tonopah it was noted that a great many of the corporations of Nevada were going to the states of Delaware arid Nexv Jersey for the pur pose of organization, the corporation laws then in force in Nevada being inadequate to the times arid conditions then existing. A committee was appointed to draft a law that xvould alloxv incorporators the same privileges that were to be obtained in other states, and at the sarae time to eliminate such provisions as were inimical to corporations, the desire being to allow incorporators the same rights and privileges that indviduals might be entitled to enjoy, at the same time protecting the state and the public from unjust discriminations. The present law of Nevacla offers more inducements to corporations, whether operating within its jurisdiction or transacting its business wholly without the state of Nevada, than any other comraonwealth. The State Agent and Transfer Syndicate numbers among its clients corpora tions from Alaska to the Philippine Islands and from Nexv York to Cali fornia, and promises to be one of the iraportant and lasting institutions of the state of Nevada. Mr. Ellis is connected with the Nye and Orrasby County Bank, one of the strongest financial institutions of Nevada, and he is one of its board of directors. Tn 1886 occurred the marriage of Mr; Ellis and Miss Lou A. Spencer, a native of Bangor, Maine. They noxv have a daughter, Annie Louise, born in Carson City. Theirs is an attractive home, and its hospitality is greatly enjoyed by the many friends of the family. Prominent in Masonry, Air. Ellis belongs to Carson Lodge No. i, F. & A. M. He has since taken all the degrees of the York Rite, becoming a meraljer of Lewis Chapter No. i, R. A. M., and DeWitt Clinton Coraraandery, K. T. lie is likewise a raeraber of Islam Temple of the Mystic Shrine at San Francisco, and belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity. Tn politics he is a RepulDlican^ and has served as deputy secretary of the state under John M. Dormer. His activity in raining interests and his genial manner and cordial disposition win him Iriends wherever he goes. HENRY FT. GREER, one of Nevada's pioneer settlers, has resided upon the Pacific coast since i860. Fle xvas born in Belfast, Waldo county, Aiaine, the 12th of April, 1830. The Greer family is ol Scotch origin, and James Greer, the grandlather ol Mr. Greer, was born in the land of the 706 - A HISTORY OF NEVADA. heather, but when a little lad of six summers was brought by his parents to the nexv world, the family home being established in Connecticut, while' this country was still numbered aniong the colonial possessions of England. When the colonists attempted to tliroxv off the yoke of British oppression James Greer, having grown to manhood, joined the patriot army ancl served in the xvar for independence. He lived to be more than eighty years of a.ge, and thus enjoyed for a long period the liberty for xvhich he had fought. His death occurred in Maine. John Greer, the father of H. H. Greer, xvas born in Stafford, X'"ermont, in 1800, and wedded Miss Sarah Kemble, a native of Saco, ATainC; bom in the year 1805. The young couple began their domestic life in Waldo county, Maine, where the husband carried on fai'ining and blacksmithing. As the years passed four sons and two' daughters xvere added to the household, and four of the number are yet living. Air. John Greer passed axvay in the year 1875, and his wife survived him for only about a year. At the usual age Flenry H. Greer entered the public schools, and through the winter months continued to pursue his studies, xvhile in the summer seasons he was . engaged at xvork upon the home farm or in his father's blacksraith shop. Tn that way he leamed the blacksmith's trade and ren dered much assistance to his father in the conduct of the shop and in the cultivation of the fields. When eighteen years of age, hoxx'ever, he bade adieu to horae and friends and went to sea upon the schooner Majestic, sailing for five seasons along the Atlantic coast. Eventually, hoxvever, he became tirecl of the sea-faring life and then journeyed to the interior of the country, locating first in Chicago, xvhere he xvorkecl at his trade as -joumey- mari blacksmith. Later he removed to Green Bay, Wisconsin, where he engaged as blacksmith in the employ of a lumter corapany for five years, following which he crossed the peninsula to the Lake Superior region, where he worked for two years. It Avas about tliat time that the development of California, following the discovery of gold, Avas attracting xvide-spread attention and drawing to the western country many men of business capa bility and enterprise v/ho were ambitious to win success. In i860 Mr. Greer sailed from Nexv York on the North Star, bound for Aspinwall, and afterward for San FranciscO'. On arriving at the Cali fornia port he continued his journey to Marysville and to Grass Valley, He was employed at Plumboldt Bay and at Red Bluff, and the year 1862 Avit nessed his arrival in Nevada. He went to Virginia City, Avhere he was employed in job shops for two years, after Avhich he spent three years in Dayton, and then went to Austin, xvhere he remained for a year His next place ol residence was Eureka, Nevada, where he lived for a decade, con ducting a shop of his own in that place for three years. At different times h'e visited Idaho, Oregon, Montana and Arizona, and, in fact, has traveled. extensively over the greater part of the western country. He then came to Reno, and, purchasing property here, erected both a blacksmith shop and a good residence After conducting this shop for a fexv years he retired from active business life, and is ntnv resting in the enjoynieiit of the comfortable competence that he has earned. Tn 1864 Mr. Greer chose as a companion and helpmate for life's journey A HISTORY OF NEVADA. '707 Miss Elizabeth A. Beadle, a native of Harper's Ferry, Virginia, They have two children : Horace, a locomotive engineer residing in Wadsworth, Nevada; and Ardell, now the xvife of J. A. Gregory, a grocer of Dayton. Mr. Greer has supported the Republican party and its principles since attain ing his majority. He is a splendid representative of the west, and has not feared the hard labor incident to the accumulation of a competence and to the upbuilding of a new country. Whatever success he has achieved has come as the direct rexvard of his own lators, and his has been an honorable career, making him worthy of the respect and good xvill of all xvith whom he has been associated. HON. EDWARD S. FARRINGTON, one of Nevada's leading repre sentatives at the bar, has been a resident of the state since 1880 and has practiced law during nearly all the subsequent years. He has gained a- large cUentage in Elko county, and his prominence in legal and political circles placed hira as his party's choice for congressional honors. He holds a place of great esteem aniong the citizens of Elko, and as a native son of the great west has shown marked talent and ability in his profession. Mr. Farrington conies of one of the oldest American families. He is of the seventh generation in direct descent from Deacon John Farrington, who came from England and sdtled in Dedhain, Massachusetts, in 1646, and xvas the progenitor of the Farringtons in America. Edward S. Farrington AX'as born in Yreka, Siskiyou county, California, September 6, 1856, and on the reraoval of the family back to Aiaine completed his education at Amherst College, and prepared for the practice of laAv at the Hastings LaAV School. He was admitted to the bar before the superior court of the state of Cali fornia. He taught school in Elko county for a year and a half, and then became the law partner of Judge Talbot, with whom he remained for four years. Since that time he has been alone, and has enjoyed an increasing and high-class patronage, with good standing among the legal fraternity of the state. Tie has been a supporter of the Republican party, and was twice nominated for Congress. Tie made a strong canvass, but the ticket was in hopeless minority. In 1892 Mr. Farrington married Mrs. Celia Taber, of Austin, Nevada. Mr. Farrington is a iiieinl>er of tlie Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Presbyterian church, while Mrs. Farrington belongs to the Roraan Catholic church. CHARLES L. KNOX, one of the leading young attorneys of the Nevacla bar, being engaged in professional practice and also connected with business interests ol Reno, has made a good record lor himself in the few years that he has been launched on an independent career. Pie has had con siderable experience in all departments of his work, and his excellent prac tical and theoretical training place him in a position to gain more than ordinary prominence in the legal circles of the state Mr. Knox is a son of the well known contractor and business man of 708 ¦ A HISTORY OF NEVADA. this part of the state, FI. L. XV. Knox, Avho was born :n Jackson, Mississippi, August II, 1841. He Avent to California in the days Avhen that state was the center of the niining world, but he has been principally en^^aged in rail road building. He came to Nevada to fulfill a contract for building pail of the Carson and Colorado Railroad, and he was also a builder of the Nevada, California and Oregon road from its inception until it was com pleted. He later contracted for part of the construction work on the Sierra and Mohawk Railroad. Tie has been a life-long Democrat, and is an Odd Fellow. He married Miss Teresa Alanus, a native of Florida, and six chil dren were born to them. Mrs. J. XV. Parker is noxv residing in San Fran cisco; Mrs. James Morris lives in Tonopah; Miss Minnie is In Florida; Cyril H. is attending the Nevada State University ; and Harry F. is a con tractor and -builder. The parents have a nice residence in Reno, xvhere they enjoy the respect and esteem of many friends. Charles L. Kno.x, xvho completes the family of children, xvas born in Reno, Nevada, September 13, 1873. He xvas educated in the public schools, and received his legaP preparation in the National College of Law in Wash ington, D. C, frora. which he was graduated in 1899. He was admitted to the bar of his home state on July 29, 1899. He was the prix'ate secretary of Repi'esentative Francis J. Newlands for the three years, and was in Wash mgton xvith that legislator during this period. Tn addition to his constantly increasing laxv practice, Mr. Knox is manager of tlie Washoe County Title and Guai'anty Company, and in all his business relations he has gained a reputation for executix'e ability and thorough reliability and integrity. In politics he is a Democrat, and he affiliates Avith the Knights of Pythias, the Dramatic Order of Knights of Khorassan, and Aiodern XVoodmen of .America, HON. SAMUEL PLATT, one of the prominent attorneys ol Nevada, is a native ol Carson City, that state, where he was born November 17, 1874. His lather, Joseph Piatt, was born in Germany and came to the United States in 185 1, becornirig an honored and successlul merchant ol Carson City, where he located in 1861. He married Malvina Bash, a native of New York, who carae of German ancestry. -Samuel Piatt was educated in the pubhc schools ol his native city and in Stanford University, California, and pursued his law studies in Columbia Law College, Washington, D. C, Irom Avhich he was graduated in 1897. He had read law and been adraitted to the bar ol the supreme court of Nevada, May 28, 1896, prior to his gr-aduation. He is now one of the most successful lawyers in the entire locality, and holds the office of referee in bankruptcy under Judge HaAvley. Since casting his first vote Mr. Piatt has been a Republican and in 1900 stumped the state with the Republican candidates for Congress and made many effective speeches which Avere highly spoken of by both parties. In 1901 he was elected a member of the Nevada state assembly and received the Republican complimentary vote for speaker. Tn 1902 he was the nominee of his party for the office ol attorney general of the state, and made a powerful and brilliant campaign, but his ticket Avas beaten by the fusion .. . ..- -'¦|'X> • '^ ¦ -4A- ^^..-.^.....oJ. OjLj^ A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 709 party and General Sweeny was elected, he being another very prominent lawyer and a native of Carson City. On July i, 1903, Mr. Piatt was ap pointed deputy secretary of state. Air. Piatt is now actively engaged in the practice of his profession and is building up a very desirable practice. Tn addition to other interests Ue is owner of some valuable mines. Fraternally he is master of Carson lodge No, i, A. F. & A. M., and grand orator of the grand lodge of the state of Nevada, having held various positions in the order from junior Avarden up. He is very prominent jn the Masonic fraternity and has been largely instrumental in bringing it to its present condition of excellence. Carson City has reason to be proud of her brilliant, enterprising and talented young attorney and politician, Avhose past has teen so honorable and before xvhom so promising a future stretches forth. HON. XVILLIAM A. HAWTHORNE. No history of Nevada would be complete without mention of the Hon. XX^illiam A. Hawthorne, one of the pioneers of the state, dating his residence here from i860. He now makes his home in San Francisco, but has been so closely associated xvith the business development of this state that his life record forms an integral part of its annals. He still has valuable raining interests in this state, and his efforts have been effectixe in advancing the material iraproveraent of Esmeralda ancl other counties. Judge Hawthorne is a natixe of Pennsylvania-, and was born in Mercer, Mercer county, July 14, 1823. His grandfather, James Hawthonie, a native of Scotland, settled in Alercer county, on the Sharon road, xvhere he resided for many years. His son, Samuel Flaxvthorne, the father of the Judge, was torn in XVestmordand county, Pennsylvania, ancl married Matilda Black, of Westfield, New York. He died in Venango county, Pennsylvania, at the age of sixty-four years, and his xvife, surviving hira four years, departed this life at about the same age They xvere the parents of eight children, of whom only four are noxv living. Judge Haxvthorne, the only one of the family on the Pacific coast, xvas reared on his father's farm in Venango county, xvas educated in the public schools, and when a young man xvas engaged in lumbering and merchan dising in Warren county, Pennsylx'aiiia, There he was happily married to Miss Sarah Jane Tate, a native of Ireland, but xvho xvas reared and edu cated in the United States. They had txvo children, W. W. and L. A. Haw thorne, and xvith this family Judge Plaxvthorne carae to California by way of the isthmus route in 1856. Soon after his arrival he purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land on Pleasant Grove creek, and engaged in Its improvement. He had a good garden and orchard and a wheat crop of thirty acres, but the grass hoppers came and destroyed every spear of grain or green leaf on his place, and he was forced to drive his cattle and sheep to the mountains to keep them from starving. He traded his land for a fexv head of cattle, but did not prosper in that undertaking. He then settled in Lake valley, in Eldorado county, where he purchased a saxvmill and also built a shingle mill and a 710 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. hotel, the place being called, in his honor, Tiaxvthorne station. There he was extensively engaged in the manufacture of lumber and shingles, which were sold. in Virginia City, then one of the greatest mining towns in the United States. Prices were high, and Judge Hawthorne made money rapidly. Subsequently he started a lumber yard at Austin, Nevada, did his own haul ing, and continued to do a prosperous business there for a considerable period. He was also the oxvner ol a toll road extending Irom Salt Wells to Sand Springs, a distance ol twenty-two miles, and this he continued to operate until the railroad was built in that locality. Tn these various under takings he prospered. He next buiU a shingle miU at Martis creek and also one at- Webber lake, supplying lumber to the mines and the people through out the surrounding district. About this time Judge Haxvthorne was notified that three hundred and twenty acres of land that he had in the oil regions of Pennsylvania had been jumped, that several oil wells had teen sunk, and that the property was wortli half a million dollars. He engaged a good' lawyer and went east, put the parties under tond for one hundred and twenty thousand dol lars and began suit for the possession of the property. The parties would have given him fifty thousand dollars for a settlement, but he was advised not to sdtle The suit was appealed by the defendants from time to time until- it had been in the courts for twenty years, and finally through the neglect of his counsel the case was thrown out of court and he was defeated. At that time the oil conipanies in Pennsylvania were charging two dollars and sixty cents per barrel for running the oil through their pipe line. Judge Hawthorne with other good citizens, resolved to raake a fight against such an exorbitant price, and a comraittee of sixty of the best citizens was formed to appear before the state legislature and annul the charter of the oil com panies and pass a state law regulating them. Judge Hawthome was ap pointed one of the committee, and the- result of their action was that the oil companies reduced their charges one-half. Judge Haxvthorne then returned to the west and made his home for a numter of years in Carson City, Nevada, where as a Republican he held various offices, serving several terms as deputy sheriff, police judge and as register of voters. Later he came to the present site of Hawthorne, and located lands and mines at Cat creek. He built a quartz mill, incorporated the business, of which he himself held fifty thousand shares, while Messrs, Toby, Knapp and Laws had the remaining- fifty thousand. The nianagement of the business so displeased Mr. Hawthorne that he sold his stock in the propeily. Tn partnership xvith J. F. FloUand he had purchased nine hun dred and eighty acres at the south end of Walker lake, and entered into a contract with the Carson and Colorado Railroad to locate the town there. The railroad, however, did not keep its agreement, and located the town xvhere it now stand.s, about four miles from the lake. He was given several blocks of the site, and, unsolicited by him, the company named the place Hawthorne. These blocks he sold when he disposed of his quartz mill. The land which he and Mr. Holland had purchased from the government was put in the Indian reservation, and the officials at Washington have never A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 711 reimbursed him lor his purchase money. This land, if placed under irriga tion, would prove very valuable property. Judge Hawthorne now has several very valuable mines in the Copper iVIountain group, in the Silver Star district in Esmeralda county, two claims of txventy acres each covering a numter of different ledges ol fine ore. S. C. Denison and Don Ray, of San Fran cisco, are his partners in the oxvnership of this property, of xvhich the Judge, however, has charge. To Judge and Airs. Haxvthorne xvere born the following children : W. W., now in Alaska ; Lloyd, of Truckee, California ; Airs. Ida Chitten den, of Santa Cruz, California; AllUard, of Cook county, Oregon; Mrs. Mary Culver, of San Francisco; Lillie, xvho tecarae the wife of Frank Smith and died at the birth of her son ; Grant, who resides in Los Angeles, California; and Sadie, the wife of Elmer Lee, of XVatsonville, California; and Mary Bdl, the xvife of Ernest Harris, San Francisco. Tlie other children horn to them haxe passed axva)-, and Airs. Haxvthorne dq>arted this life Decemter 7, 1897. She xvas a raost loving and devoted xvife and mother, and her loss xvas deeply felt by her husband and children. The Judge re mains true to her memory, haxing never married again, for he feels that the place of his first xvife can never be filled. Judge Haxvthorne xvas an actixe Republican until the money question came tefore the people, at xvhich time he allied himself xvith the silver party, but is now a Republican. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias, and has been an official memter of the Methodist church for many years. As a pioneer of Nevada he has been a most active and helpful worker in develop ing the state and its natural resources, and in promoting its substantial progress. A splendid marksraan xvith the rifle, he finds great delight in hunting, and annually spends his vacations in this xvay. He has killed raany deer and tears, killing sixty-three deer in a single season. He has many friends in Nevada xvho appreciate his good qualities, and he has made an excellent record as a business nian and citizen. JAMES COMERFORD is one of Virginia City's respected early set tlers, his location here dating from 1863, and during the past forty years he has teen actively concerned with some of the city's leading industries. Mr. Comerford was torn near XX'aterford, county Kilkenny, Ireland, Decemter 25, 1842, a son of Thomas and Bridget (Grant) Comerford. In 1852, the parents with their children emigrated to Canada, making their home in Belleville, where Thomas Comerford xvas engaged in an expressing business. Jaraes Comerford attended school- in Belleville and assisted his father in the express business during boyhood. He afterward went to the upper peninsula of Alichigan, where his first experience in mining began, in the copper mines on Lake Superior and in the iron mines at Marquette. In the spring of 1863, he came tO' the Virginia City and began his life work in connection with the mines ol Nevada. He was employed for seventeen years by the Gould and Curry Coinpany, and has the distinction ol teing one ol the men xvho first broke ground for the 712 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Osbiston shaft. Later he went to Tombstone, Arizona, and engaged in mining. Upon the shut-down of those mines he returned to the Comstock, and worked in the Hale and Norcross mine for several years. He was connected with the ChoUar and Julia mines as shift toss, and in later years assumed the foremanship ol the Alpha and Union raines. He is now the capable and experienced foreman ol the Brunswick mine under the manage ment of Air. Gorham. Mr. Comerford, by his careful, intelligent and painstaking efforts, has always met with the approbation of his employers. He ha""s" had the experi ence ol a niining expert, and much confidence is placed in his opinions on mining matters. Air. Comerford has alxvays been a Democrat in national politics, but in local matters votes lor the man who in his judgment is test fitted lor the office. Air. Comerford is an upright, honest and industrious citizen, and is respected wherever known. HON. JAMES D. TORREYSON, ex-attorney general of the state of Nevada, and one of its ablest and most xvidely known attorneys, has teen a resident of the state since August, 1863. He is a native of Wdlsbtirg, state of West Virginia, where he was born on the I4tli day of February, A. D. 1854. His lather, William Duncan Torreyson, was torn in Union, Loudoun county, state ol Virginia on the 5th day of September, A. D. 1821. He married Statira Catherine Brown, xvho xvas born near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. By trade he was a' blacksmith, and in the year 1855 went via the isthmus to California, settling in Downieville, where for five years he carried on his business very successfully, and then moved to Cai'son City, Nevada, in the winter of i860. In this place he located, carried on his business and made it his home until his deatii in 1894. Although self-educated, he was a man of strong character and of great general knoxvledge, and xvas sometimes, re ferred to as the "leamed blacksmith." Fle was one ol the most highly re spected citizens ol the city as xvell as ol the entire state. A strong Republi can, a lover ol liberty and a man xxho took great interest in the success of his party, both in national and state poUtics. The only son is our subject. He was reared in Carson City, where he attended the public schools, and later entered Yale College, from which he graduated in the class of 1879. Returning- home he read law with the Hon. Rotert M. Clarke, and also at the Hastings Law School in San Francisco, California, and was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of the state of Nevada on the 4th day of January, 1882, and in November of that year was nominated by the Republican party for the office of district attorney of Orm.sby county and elected. He served eight years, four consecutive terms, and in 1890 was nominated by the Republican party for attorney general of the state. He was dected and faithfully discharged the duties of that im portant office for four years, and since his term of office expired has devoted himsell to his large private practice. Mr. Torreyson has associated with him in his practice Mr. Summerfield, the firm being Torreyson & Summei'- .-•v^'-. A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 713 field, and they have been together in the practice of their profession for over. ten years, Mr. Summerfield being the United States attorney for Nevada. Mr. Torreyson is a memter of the Masonic fraternity, the Order of Elks and a Knight of Pythias, and is a supreme representative of the Knights of Pythias. He is a married man xvith a xvife and two children. C. H. CRONANT, former agent of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad at Eurekaj md his death on February 22, 1904, by the accidental discharge of a pistol, xvhich was kept in the safe at the Eureka and Palisade depot for sell-defence in case of attempted robtery. The weapon was accidentally discharged by himself. Just how it occurred is not known, as there was no one -present when it happened. He lived forty-eight hours after the acci dent, and his statement was to the effect that in replacing die weapon, which had teen removed from its place in the sale to put some money in a drawer, he grasped it in such a manner as to cause it to be accidentally discharged. Mr. Cronant was one ol the well known early pioneers of the state of Nevada, with which he tecarae acc]uainted as a resident in 1866. He had been in the west since toyhood, and his career of activity has known ups and downs, but xvas in the main very successful, and he fully deserved the esteera which he enjoyed aniong the business men of Eureka county. He .had been connected with the Eureka and Palisade Railroad for a numter of years, and gave universal satisfaction both to his employers and the patrons of the road. Mr. Cronant was torn in Buffalo, New York, March 28, 1845, of Scotch and German ancestry, and, having lost his parents when he xvas a child, in 1858 he joined an emigrant train preparing to cross the plains to California. This was an eventful joumey to him. They employed oxen to pull the wagons as far as Salt Lake City, and from there on the sturdy American mule was brought into service. They had some trouble with the Indians, and one redskin was killed and several others wounded. Judge Harrison, of Red Bluff, California, xvho had crossed the plains tefore, was in com mand of the train, and knew just how to meet the Indians, so that when they attempted to run off with the stock they md an unexpected rebuff and withdrew without accomplishing their object. The trip xvas very success ful from every standpoint, one of the valuable precautions that were takeii to guard against disease being to recjtiire every human teing in the com pany to take a bath once a xveek, which salutary provision kept them all well. The journey was teguri on the 6th of Aiay, and Sacraraento was reached on the 6th of Octoter. Mr. Cronant was thirteen years old when he carae to California, and most ol his education xvas obtained in that state. He was sent to school in Placerville, and lor txx'o years was employed in a butcher shop. He had brought three horses across the plains, and these Ul'ought him fourteen hundred dollars, with which money he tought a mule team and a wagon. He hired a man to drive, and together they made a good thing of their teaming, and he attended school part of the time. Tn 1869 he arrived at 714 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. -XVhite Pine, Nevada, during the mining excitement, and he and his partner ran a feed stable there, but in the end lost all they had, atout seventeen thousand dollars. He was afterxvard foreman for W. S. Pritchard, and filled that position for four years. He had beei in the employ of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad since 1877, was outside foreman and dcket agent until 1884, and since then efficiently filled the position of agent at Eureka. Mr. Cronant xxas a valued memter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since he was txventy-txvo years of age, and passed all the chairs in toth branches of the order and xvas a member of the grand lodge of the state. He took an active, part in Republican politics, attended the conven tions, and was always willing to lend his help and influence to promote party interests. He was also zealous for the good of Eureka schools, and was school trustee for eight years. In 1884 Air. Cronant married Aliss Nettie E. Wait, a native ol the state ¦ of Wisconsin. They have had six children; Charles Raymond, born in Eureka; Henry Harrison, born in Reno; Walter L., in Reno; and Lloyd, Cora M. and Leiiore, born in Eureka. All except Cora and Leiiore are now attending school in Reno. The xvidow has a nice residence at Reno, where the family are residing at present, and their Eureka home is the house xvhich in early days xvas the residence ol Hon. Thomas XX'^ren. NATE W. ROFF, for many years one ol the prominent and test known citizens of Reno, Nevada, connected with various enterprises and departments of public life, is of English and German ancestry, and is a descendant of the famous old family ol Rolfe (one branch of the family later adopted the name of Roff). Araos T. Roff, grandfather of Nate XV. Roff, xvas born in South Reading, Alassachusetts, July 3, 1799. He was a steamboat captain on the Mississippi, also figured as a pioneer in Missouri and Illinois, and in 1852 crossed the plains to California, taking with him his two younger sons, uncles of Nate XV. Roff. Araos T. Roff died in 1859, xvhen sixty years old. Nathan J. Roff, the son of the last named, was torn in XVestfield, Massa chusetts, October 14, 1823. Pie married Miss Elizateth C. Aioore, a native of Pennsylvania, both at that time being residents of St. Louis, Missouri, and brought his xvife and infant son out to California, where a daughter was born to thern, now Mrs. Mary Leniery, ol Pomona, California. Nathan J. Roff came to Nevada in 1863 and was engaged in the harness and saddlery business in Washoe city, at the period of that town's high-tide of prosperity. He remained there until 1868, xvhen, at the public auction sale of lots, he purchased four lots and thus became one of the earliest settlers and founders of the city of Reno, xvhere he remained until his death, in 1897. He and his wife were toth Episcopalians in religion, and the latter is still living, in the' seventieth year of her age, honored and respected as one of the pioneer women of the west. , Nate W. Roff was torn at St. Lours, Missouri, February 4, 1852, and was very young when brought to the west. He graduated from the College A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 715 ol California in the class ol 1870, after which he returned to Wa.shoe city, Nevada, and learned telegraphy. For some time he was in the employ of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and later of the X^irginia and Truckee Railroad Company, at the time that road was teing built. Mr. Roff is a - musician, bdng a performer on a numter of band instruments, and for a while he trained and managed bands, meeting with much success in this venture For a nurater of years he was manager for Mr. William Thomp son in the settlement of the Lake estate; later became interested in the gas works and the electric light plant of Reno and for a time was general agent for the Oregon Stage Line, whicii had a terminal at Reno; he was also associated with C. C. Powning on the Nevada Stat^ Journal, and subse quently with Messrs. Kelly and XVeteter. For five years he was deputy land register at Carson City. He has teen a derk in the Nevada legislature at nearly every session lor the past twenty-fix'e )'ears, xvas chiel clerk ol the assembly twice and clerk ol the senate three tiraes, and has in various ways been connected with the lawraaking body of the state. He is now state senator from Washoe county. Mr. Roff xvas a foremost Republican in his part of the state until the silver issue split that party, into two factions, xvhen he becarae one of the organizers of the silver party in the state. He has been secretary of the state central committee for the past eight years, and has a complete record of the organization and subsequent history of the party. He is now in the employ of United States Senator Newlands, and is a meraber of the New- lands Real Estate Company, which is platting an addition of one hundred and sixty acres to the city of Reno, and placing it on the niarkd at very literal tei'ms. Mr. Roff was married in July, 1875, to Miss Edwina Jamison, a native of California and a daughter of S. AI. Jamison, one of the pioneers to this state and one of the first merchants of Reno. Two sons have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Roff in Reno, Eldred A. and Clare E., toth students. Mt. Roff is a memter of the Knights of Pythias order, in which he has filled all the chairs and for ten years was grand keeper of records and seals, and now ranks as past grand chancellor and is a niember, by virtue of his ser vices, of the supreme lodge. He has a wide acquaintance with all the public men of the state, and his record in many lines of activity gives him a position of honor and respect with all. Mr. and Mrs. Roff were reared in the faith ,of the Episcopal church, and are interested in the various forras of philan thropic work. They have a commodious residence in Reno, and their home is the atode of hospitality arid happiness. ABNER HENRY WISEMAN, one of the progressive and, esteemed farmers of Clover valley, Elko county, is a son of a late pioneer citizen of Nevada, and is himself almost a life-long resident of the west. He has lived in this state for over thirty years, and his large ranch of over a thousand acres is good evidence of the enterprise and industry which he has displayed since arriving at years of maturity. He is just now in the prime of his active Ufe, and is one of the men to whom Elko county is already indebted for 716 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. much wealth and progress, and who xvill be increasingly identified with its interests and welfare in the future. Mr. Wiseman is a son of Isaac Wiseman, now deceased, who was born in Kentucky, June i, 1827, and xvas of German ancestry. From Kentucky he was taken to Iowa, xvhere he was reared, and in 1859 '^^ crossed the plains lo California with oxen. He located in Sacramento valley, where he ob tained one hundred and sixty acres of land, and also engaged to some extent in mining. He remained in the Golden state about ten years, and in 1869 came to Clover valley, Nevada, where he xvas one of the pioneer farmers. He tought ol Alarshall J. Bell four hundred and sixty acres of land, and he was busied with the improvement of this property for the rest of his life. He favored Democratic principles, and as the candidate ol his party was elected to the state assembly in 1888, giving his service conscientiously and public-spiritedly to the xvelfare of his county and state. He was a man ol much native ability, honorable and industrious, and his life was exemplary and useful toth to the public and personal interests. .He died in June, 1889, at the age of sixty-two, but his, wife is still living at the age of seventy-three, one of the much respected pioneer xvomen of the state. They were the parents of the folloxving children: Abner H., xvho is the owner of the old homestead; AI." E. Furlong, residing in Ogden, Utah; Helen, the wife of Mr. Angel, postraaster at XVells, Elko county. Abner H. Wiseman was born in Davis county, Iowa, May i, 1858, and was a year old xvhen the family came across the plains. He spent his youth in California and Clover valley. He xvas educated, at the public schools, and in .1882 took a course at the San Jose Business CoUege. Since thei he has devoted his time to farming ancl stock-raising, xvith excellent results. He oxvns one thousand and eighty acres of rich land, on which he has built a comfortable farm residence. His principal crops are oats, wheat and hay, and he raises high-grade Durhara cattle. His large interests keep him very busy, and he gives his youth and energy xvithout reserve to the useful and profitable work xvhich he has undertaken. Mr. Wiseman was married May i, 1883, to Miss Alary Angel, a daugh ter of Fernando C. Angel. Four children have been born of this marriage: Isaac F., Edith May, Bertha E. and Pearl H. Mr. Wiseman affiliates with the Democratic party, and has held the office of justice of the peace for six years and has teen school trustee for a number of years. He is a mem ber of the Ancient Order of United XVorkmen and the K^nighfs of Pythias. Airs. Wiseman is a member of the Christian church, and they are Foth mem- ' bers of the Good Templars. NICHOLAS PRATER, a prominent business man and xvholesale and retail grocer of Virginia City, Nevada, came to the state in 1870. He is a na tive of England, coining of very old English ancestry. His parents were Nich olas and Elizabeth (CoUins) Prater, the former of whoiil xvas a miner by occupation. They are toth Methodists in religious faith. Mr. Nicholas Frater was educated in England in the public schools, and .(jfLoXiJL .X IiISlX)l>;Y OF NFV.XDA. 717 xvhen only nineteen years of age emigrated lo the United States. He first engaged in coal mining in Penn.sylxania, which he continued for nine years. In 1870 he came to X'irginia City, Nevada, and xvorked in the Crown Point mine for txvelxe years, being palil four and five dollars per day. He then became foreman in the Coma Eureka mine at Coma, after w'lich he was. in the saloon business. The year 1892 xvas an iraportant one to him in several respects, for it xvas then that he was married nnd about the same time also opened his present large business hinise The lady he married xvas Mrs. John S. U'errin, xvliose husband had located in Grass valley, Huraboldt county, Nevada, in 1869, and had later established himself in business In X'irginia City. He died in 1890, and his xvidow xvas left with a comfoilablc fortune and diree sons, Ernest, Johu S. and XX'allington, die last named noxv assisting Air. Prater In his establish ment. In addition to their business house, INIr. and Airs. Prater have sev eral large ranches and are extensixely engaged in stock-raising and selling, iiwning in all sijiiie thirty-four hundred acres of land. They also oxvn a very comfortable home in Virginia Cit)-. In religious faith they are both Aidh- odists, and gi\e libei-ally toxvards Its support. Not only haxe toth these most excellent people been successful financially, but they haxe raade a host of friends xvhoni they xxelcome at thdr delightful home xvith true xvestern hospitality. HON. FR.XNCIS G, NEXVL.XNDS. ITpon the pages of the nation's histor)' is engraven the name of the Tion. Francis G. Newlands, for through many terms he represented his state in Congress and is noxv a memter of the highest laxvmaklng tod)- of the counti'x^, the United States senate. His public career has teen an honor to the state xvhich has honoi'ed him, and no man in, the legislative councils of the nation has done raore practical or progressive xvork for the benefit of the great xvest than Francis G, Nexvlands, xvhose thorough understanding of conditions prevailing here and whose devotion to the general good haxe resulted in the passage of a measure xvhose substantial influence cannot be gauged by any known standard. No adequate memorial can therefore be xvrilten until the movements xvhich he instituted cease their fruition in the xvorld, but tliere Is much that can be profitably set doxx'n, as showing the force of enter]>rise and energ)- and the X'alue of character in the xvorld. Mr. Newlands has lived in Nex-ada since 1889, and is noxv a valued resident of RenO', He xvas born in Natchez, Alississippi, and comes of Scotch descent. His father. Dr. James Birney Nexvlands, xvas torn in the land of the heather, and xvas a graduate of Edinburg Universit)', xvinning there the degree of Al. D. Recognizing the possibilities and opportunities of the new xvorld, he resolx-ed to make his home on this side of the .Xtlantic and crossed the xvater to New A^ork city. Later he xvas extensiveh^ engaged in the practice ol his profession in the south, xvhere he xvon distinction as an eminent member of the medical fraternitx', but his career of usefulness and honor was cut short in the prime of life, his death occurring xvhen his son 718 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. Francis xvas but three years of age. He left a widow and five children. She carefully reared her family, and lived to te sixty-eight years of age. Senator -Newlands is the only memter of the family in Nevada. He completed' his education within the classic walls of Yale, and prepared foi- his profession as a student in the Columbia Laxv School at XVashington, D. C. After thorough and careful preparation he xvas admitted to the bar in 1870, and entered, upon his chosen field of lator as a memter of the bar of San Francisco. He practiced there until 1889, when he came to Reno, Nevada, where he has since made his home His practice has been extensive and of an important character, and he is remarkable among lawyers lor the wide research and care with which he prepares his cases. Nature bountiluUy endowed hirn with Ihe peculiar qualifications that com bine to make a successlul lawyer. Patiently persevering, possessed of an analytical mind, and one that is readily receptive and retentive of the lunda- mental principles and intricacies ol the law; gifted with a spirit ol devotion to xvearisome details; quick to comprehend the most subtle problems and logical in his conclusions; learless in the advocacy ol any cause he may espouse; and the soul ol honor and integrity, — lew men have been more richly gifted lor the achievement ol success in the arduous, difficult proles sion ol the law. It is a well known lact that the lawyer is more often the leader in political circles than any other man, and the reason is obvious, for the analytical mind that enables him to thoroughly understand and master his case also enables him to understand the interests affecting all classes. Be cause of his fitness for leadership and his well known patriotic devotion to the general good,' Mr. Newlands has many times been called to positions of marked trust and responsibility. He endorsed the measures ol the Dem ocracy until President Cleveland's second campaign, when he voted for Benjamin Harrison. Tn 1892 he was made the candidate of the silver party for Congress. He made a splendid canvass, was elected, and served with such distinguished ability that for four consecutive terms he was Nevada's representative in the house, elected by the silver and Democratic parties. During his service in Congr-ess he was a memter of the banking and cur rency committee, the committee on ways and means, and the committee on foreign affairs. He introduced the Nevada irrigation bill, pr'oviding lor the irrigation ol arid and semi-arid lands. This bill xvas passed, and is now being put into effect throughout the arid and semi-arid distr;icts of the state. Already it has proved of incalculable benefit to Nevada in providing water for milUons of acres of rich land, which, when well watered, are highly productive and very valuable, while without irrigation ihe tracts are almost worthless. Tt is believed that because of this laW the population of the state will be increased threefold within a yery short space of time. Already it has had the effect of advancing realty sales, and its worth in the future will be immeasurable. Tn 1902 Mr. Newlands was elected to the United States senate, and took the oath ol office March 4, 1903. His previous service in the house ol representatives is a guarantee of what his senatorial career will te. He A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 719 has closely studied the social, political and economic conditions of the countr)', and his support of any measure in which he believes is most hearty and effective, and his opposition is just as pronounced xvhen he believes it will •jjrove detrimental to the nation or to any part of the country where its effect xvill be felt. In 1874 Senator Nexvlands was united in marriage to Miss Clara Ade laide Sharon, a daughter of United Slates Senator Williain Sharon, of Nevada. This union has been blessed with three children : Edith became the xvife of Charles H. L. Johnson, an instructor in the School of Technology in Boston, Massachusetts; Janet is the xvife of Dr. William V. Johnson, a physician and surgeon of XVashington, and a brother of her sister's husband ; Frances Clara is at home. Mrs. Newlands departed this life in 1880, and in 1888 Mr. NeWlands xx'as again married, his second union teing with Aiiss Edith McCallister, a daughter of Hall McCalUster, of San Francisco, Cali fornia. They tecame the parents of two children, but toth have passed away. Mrs. Newlands is a nieniter of the Episcopal church, and an estimable lady who is a recognized leader in the social circles of Reno. The Senator has built a beautiful home on the heights overlooking the river and the city, and coraraanding a splendid vicAv of the surrounding country. He has two hundred acres of land, and his home is surrounded by picturesque grounds. Mr. Newlands has great faith in the future of Nevada, and has ina.de many investments in city property in Reno and the surrounding country. No man is more worthy of the gratitude of the people of this state for efforts put forth in their behalf. As a lawyer he has won distinction that ranks him with the leading legists of this part of the country, and in political cir cles he has gained honors that are richly merited. He has a statesmanlike grasp of affairs, and is a fine speaker, fluent- and forcible, having rare ora torical gifts. He has already engraved his name high on the national arch of fame as a member of Congress from Nevada, and popular opinion hesi tates not to prophesy that he will leave a still more lasting impression on the legislative history of the nation. WILLIAM D., COTTRELL, blacksmith and carriage-maker in Carson City, has teen identified with the industrial and civic life of Carson City for over a quarter of a century. He was born in Ocononiowoc, Wisconsin, July 26, 1852, a son ol George W. and Laura (Pierson) Cottrell, the former a native ol England and the latter of Scotland. His parents came to America in childhood, and they passed most of their lives in the state of New Jersey, where they toth now lie buried, in the town of Wheatland. They both lived to advanced age, his father dying at the age of eighty-seven and his raother at the age of eighty-three XVilliam D. Cottrell xvas educated in the public schools of Wisconsin, where he also learned his trade of blacksmithing and carriage-making. He came to Carson City in 1877, and he has had a shop in this city ever since, at which he does everything in his line, and has the reputation of being a very reliable and successful man. 720 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Mr. Cottrell was married in New Jersey in 1873 to Miss Lizzie Chub buck, a native of Massachusetts and a representative of an old New England family. They have four children. Flora, Elsie, Carrie and Charles. Mr. Cottrell has a good home of his own in Carson City, and he has always teen thrifty in the management of his business affairs. In politics he is a Demo crat, and has fraternal affiliations with the Knights of the Maccatees and the Woodmen of the World. Fle has served as a school trustee, and in 1900 was elected one of the trustees of the city. HENRY ANDERSON, farmer and sheep-raiser, of Reno, Nevada, is thoroughly representative of the class of men who have done most for the state of Nevada. From comparative poverty at the teginning of his career in this commonwealth over thirty years ago, he has progressed through obsta cles, always working with the true western courage and the determiriation of the race frorn which he sprung, until he is now toth affluent and influen tial, not only in the business world, but in matters of citizenship. Tn no state of the Union has the fiscal policy adopted as the ground planks of the two great political parties affected so vitally as in Nevada the prosperity and welfare ol its two great producing classes ol citizens — the miners and the stockmen. Between the Iree-trade policy ol the Democrats on the one hand, and on the other hand the casting out ol silver as a money standard by the Republicans, the Nevada wool-grower a'nd the silver producer , have con stantly Ielt themselx-es, as it were, between "the devil and the deep blue sea." As one ol the foremost sheep-raisers ol this state Mr. Anderson suffered great losses during the incumbency ol a Democratic president and Congress in the seats ol legislation. But to the energetic, persevering and shrewd man ol the west there is no such word as lail, and while losses have retarded his progress, he has never lost sight of his goal and has in praiseworthy measure accomplished . his test ideals in life. His readiness to adapt him self to circumstances and to take, advantage of offered opportunities has brought liini success and won him a place among the leading men of his community. His prosperity is the more comiiiendable to toth himself and his sturdy race because he came to this country from a foreign land and with a foreign education and ideas, and it was no easy matter to overcome this initial difficulty ol mastering a new tongue" and accustoming himsell to American ways and manners. His native thrift and industry and perse verance have brought him through aU these early trials, and at middle age have given him a prominent place among the men ol mark ol the great com monwealth ol Nevada. Mr. Anderson was born in Denmark in 1852, and was reared upon a larm and educated in the public schools ol his native land. With the hope ol bettering his financial condition, he came to the United States, of which he had heard so much, in 1872, when a young man of twenty years. He was in limited circumstances, vvith his best capital in his strong body and his willing hands, and while he was able to read and write English to some ex tent, he was almost an Utter stranger to the life and thought ol this republic. A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. 721 After spending one year in Illinois he came to Nevada, and soon afterward embarked in the stock business. Pie acquired one hundred and sixty acres of land near Reno, and made this the nucleus of his future operations. He engaged in baling liay for some time, and in this way got a start. Early in the eighties he turned his attention to the sheep business, and met with in variable and increasing success for some years. In. 1893, however, the finan cial panic, which prostrated business all over the country, and the Wilson tariff bill, whicii even then becarae in force and militated especially against the wool-growing interests of the country by the reduction of the necessary protection for a profitable competition xvith foreign imports, for several years held up all financial progress and occasioned great losses in particular to the sheep raen of Nevada. With those conditions Mr. Anderson figured his losses on rautton sheep alone as about thirty-seven thousand dollars. In the latter inonths of 1893 and early in 1894 he was feeding about twelve thou sand head, and these xvere alraost unsalable. When he did get them to the low market, after having for six or eight inonths previous purchased most of them at the rate of three dollars a head, he did not get enough from sale to repay the cost of feeding alone. Other losses in the same year on his stock sheep and through the bankruptcy of others amounted to at least fifteen thou sand dollars, so that his disasters during the year totaled over fifty thousand dollars. Furthermore, sheep did not p'ly expenses again until 1897, but since that time the business has been profitable, and he has met with excellent suc cess as a dealer in sheep. In partnership with others he noxv owns many thousand head of fine xvool sheep. He has a ranch of twenty thousand, five hundred and thirty acres in Elko county, and there is also a large tract in Lander county and some land in Eureka county, besides several bands of sheep in Oregon. He also owns considerable valuable property in Washoe county and in the fast growing city ol Reno, and is a stockholder and a director in the Nevada Bank ol that place He has built a very handsome residence on the hill just opposite the campus ol the Nevada State Univer sity, and this beautilul home is noxv occupied by himself and faraily. Tn 1892 Mr. Anderson was married in Reno to Miss Bartine Kirstine Jensen, and four children bless their union, naraely: Henry J., BarteUe Kirstine, Frederick Holbeck and Dagomar Glorio. Air. and Mrs. Anderson were reared in the Lutheran faith, and still adhere to that church. He is a prominent Mason, having taken the thirty-second degi'ee in die Scottish Rite, and is a meraber of Islam Temjjle of San Francisco. Tn politics he has always been identified with the Republican party. J. M. LAAIB. While the mineral resources ol Nevada have been extremely rich and have added greatly to the xvealth of individuals and to the prosperity of the nation, it is not alone in this direction that Nevada offers good opportunities to her citizens. Tt is found that through irrigation and cultivation her lands are extremely rich and productive, and to-day some of the finest farms of the country are to te seen within the borders of this state. Air. Lamb, who is residing in Franktown and who came to Nevada about 46 722 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. t866, is now the possessor oi a very fine ranch ol five hundred and 'sixty acres in the Fi'anktown district. As he is -widely and favorably known, the record of his career will prove of interest to many of our readers, ancl it is xvith pleasure therefore that we present it. A native of Iowa, Air. Larab was born on the nth of Aiarch, 1842, and is of Irish descent. Plis paternal grandfather, John Lamb, xvho was tern on the Emerald Isle, crossed the Atlantic to the colonies during the period of the Revolutionary war. He settled in the state ol Tennessee, where James Lamb, the lather of J. Al. Lamb, was born. During the latter's boy hood, however, the family removed to Kentucky, and he xvas there reared and educated. XVhen a young man he went to Missouri, xx'here he was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Crow, a native of Kentucky. By occtipadon he was a farmer and followed that pursuit in Missouri until 1850, when . he crossed the plains to California. All xvho then came to the Pacific coast xvere eager to xvin Avealth in the mines, for the discovery of gold on the Pacific coast had aroused the entire country. Mr. Janies Lamb engaged in mining at Placerville and afterward in Aiariixisa county. Resolving to continue his residence in the west he Avas joined by his faraily, who crossed the plains in 1853, and they remained in California until he was called to the home beyond, his death occurring in San Francisco in the year 1890. His wife lived to be sixty-three years of age. Four ol their children now survive, namely: Mrs. May Nash, a resident of San Francisco; John, who is living in Alariposa county, California; Ella, who is uoav traveling in Switzerland; and J. M. When a lad of atout ten sunimers J. M. Larab carae Avith his mother, his brothers and sisters to California, and in the public schools of that state Avas educated. He began to earn his living, hoAvever, at an early age, and followed niining in Mariposa county, but met Avitli only moderate success. He resolved therefore to seek a home elsewhere, and on the 4th of July, 1866, he arrived in Empire, Nevada. There he xvas connected xvith the operation of a sawraill and ol a quartz mill, receiving Irom three and a hall to four dollars per day for his services. For fifteen years he was employed in the Brunsxx'ick mill near Empire, receiving four and four and a half per day. He xvorked earnestly and indefatigably, and his efficient lator there fore enabled hira to command good wages. In 1873 Mr. Lamb was united in marriage to Aliss Alary Sullivan, a native of Massachusetts, and tO' thera were torn seven children, namely ; Ella J., who is now the wife ol XValter Newcomb; Clara E. ; Grace M. ; Ada A., the wife of Jarson Libby ; James H. ¦; Alary E. ; and Charles V. Tn his political views Air. iLainb is a Democrat and keeps xvell informed on the questions and issues of the day, but has never been an aspirant for public office. He has, hoxvever, taken an active interest in educational mat ters, and has served as school trustee for a number ol years, putting forth effective and helplul effort in tehalf of the advancement of the educational interests of this locality. In 1889 he was called upon to mourn- the loss of his wife, to whom he was devotedly attached, their married life having been a most happy and congenial one On October 22, 1903, Mr. Lamb was A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 723 united in raarriage widi Mrs. E. A. Alay, ol Empire. They were married in Carson City. Mr. Lamb is engaged in the raising ol graded Hereford cattle. He also has a fine orchard upon his place, in xvhich he raises apples, pears, plums and other fruit. His farm is splendidly located and is a valuable property. He has placed upon it many excellent improvements, has followed practical, progressive methods in his xvork and has ever teen straightforward and trustworthy in his business affairs. Mr. Lamb may well be called a self- made man, and deserves all the praise xvhich that term implies. Starting out in life at a very early age xx'ith no family or pecuniary assistance tO' aid hira, he has gradually worked his xvay upward, and his career proves that success is not "the result of talent or fortunate circumstances, but may be gained through earnest, persistent effort when guided by sound judgment. HON. XV. E. F. DEAL, of Virginia City, dates his residence here from the 26th of May, 1863, and he has become one of the most prominent attor neys of the state. Professiotial advancement in the law is proverbially slow. The first element of success is, perhaps, a persistency 0I purpose and effort as enduring as the force ol gravity. But, as in any other calling, character and individuality are the qualities which differentiate the usual from the unusual, the vocation from the career of the lawyer. Possessing all the essen tial characteristics of the successful lawyer, Mr, Deal has advanced to a prorainent position in the legal fraternity. A native ol Maryland, he xvas bom in Calvert county on the 8th of March, 1840. On the paternal side his grandfather xvas of English descent and his grandmother of German lineage, while on the maternal side both grandparents were of English ancestry. The family was founded in the south prior to the eighteenth century, ancl for raany years were residents of Mary land and Pennsylvania. Mr. Deal's father. Dr. XX'illiani Grave Deal, was torn in Pennsylvania, but spent several years in Maryland during his early life. On the 9th of May, 1849, at Baltimore, he took passage on the schooner Saratoga bound for California. Crossing the Isthmus ol Panama, he proceeded up the Pacific coast to San Francisco and settled in Sacraraento, where he was engaged in the practice ol medicine lor some years, having graduated at the University ol Alaryland xvith the degree of M. D. He became prominently identified with public affairs, and was elected to the first legislature of Cali fornia. In 185 1 he became the owner of Sutters Fort by purchase, and established a hospital there at his own expense, conducting it all through the cholera epidemic. At the outbreak of the Civil war he went to Wash ington, D. C, and offered his services to the government, rendering effective service to the Union cause as a' surgeon in the army, until hostilities ceased, when he received an honorable discharge. After the war he engaged in the practice of his profession in Louisiana until his death, which occurred in 1892, when in his seventy-eighth year. Pie rose to an eminent position in his profession, and was extremely devoted to it, his highest ambition bdng to alleviate the sufferings of his fellow men. 724 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. In early manhood Dr. Deal was united in marriage to Miss Janette Sutton, a daughter of Rev. Jaraes and Alartha Sutton. Tlieir raarriage was a most happy one. They xvere x'alued members of the Methodist church, and were people ol the highest worth in society. Mrs. Deal died in San Francisco in the eighty-first year ol her age. In their Iamily were eight children, six of xvhora are living, and all the sons are -prominent in profes sional life and all residents of the state of California with the exception of XV. E. F. Deal, who has made his home in Virginia City, Nevada, for over forty years, and takes a just pride in the place xvhich was the scene of his early successes, though he also has an office and home in San Francisco, where he spends a portion of his time. Air. Deal was graduated from Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the class of 1859, after having completed the full college course, and on his graduation he received the degree of A. B. a*iid later the degree of A. M. from his alma mater. On the 12th of September, 1859, we find him in California, xvhere his first occupation was that of school teacher in Oakland. He remained there until March, i860, and from that time until the following .July taught at Colusa. He then xvent to Nevada City, California, where he opened a private school, ox'cr whicii he presided until May, 1863, when he came to Virginia City, Nevada. Soon after his arrival he entered the law office of D. W. Dearey and Charles E. De Laney, xvhere he xx'as clerk and student until his admission tc the bar in 1865, before the supreme court of the state, and since then he has engaged in the practice of his chosen profession. In 1869 he formed a partnership with Curtis J. Hillyer and W. S. XVood, that connection continuing until 1871. In 1870 Mr. Deal became the candidate of the Democratic party for the office of district judge ol the fourth judicial district, but his ticket was defeated, though he lost by only the narrow margin ol ninety-seven x'otes. Two years later the laxv firm ol Lewis and Deal was formed, and they soon built up a large practice in both California and Nex'ada. In 1878 Mr. Deal received the nomination for Congress at the hands of his party, but his ticket was again defeated, notxvithstanding the fact that he made a brilliant campaign. He xvas made chairman of the Demo cratic state central committee for the campaign of 1880, xvliich i-esulted in the election of Democratic nominees for presidential electors, Mr. Deal being one, and the party was successful in the election of a member ol Congress, a justice ol the state supreme court and a Democratic legislature, which elected a United States senator lor Nevada. Since that time Air, Deal has given his attention almost xvholly to his professional duties, and to-day enjoys a large and lucrative practice. Pie makes a specialty of mining rights and water rights, and stands at the head of the legal prolession in the two states where he practices. Tn 1875 ^1'- I-'^al was united in marriage to Miss Roberta Griffith, ol Baltimore, ATaryland, a native of that state and a daughter ol Robert Griffith, a prominent merchant ol Baltimore. They have one son and three daughters, namely : William Griffith, who is now studying law in his father's office in San Francisco; Gladys E., Janette I. and Roberta V. . A PITSTORY OF NEVADA. 725 Air. Deal is an active and prorainent member of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church of Virginia City, in which he is serving as senior warden, and is also a vestryman of Trinity church of San Francisco. Fraternally he is a Knight Templar Mason. He has served as one of the commissioners for the insane of the state, and in 1894 xvas elected regent of the Nevada State University, and was re-elected in 1898, serving in that position most acceptably until the ist of July, 1903. Socially he is deservedly popular, as he is affable and courteous in manner, and possesses that essential quali fication to success in public life, that ol making friends readily and of strength ening the ties ol all Iriendships as time advances. He is held in the highest esteem by members ol the bench and bar toth in this state and in California, and justly deserves the prominence he has xvon in professional as xvell as in social life. GEORGE ELMORE is perhaps more intimately connected with the material upbuilding of the toxvn of Elko than any other man, for he has manufactured the material of every brick building in the toxvn and has also erected many of the business and residence structures. He has teen in the west for over forty years, thirty years of that time in Elko, and has success fully prosecuted his business ol contractor and builder and brick manu facturer ever since crossing the plains. Pie has gained the reputation in ElkO' of being a first-class, reliable business raan, and is highly esteemed for his honorable dealings and strict integrity in all the relations of life. Air. Elmore is of an old Kentucky family. His grandfather, Dolson Elmore, was a soldier in the war of 18 12 for three years. Johnson Elmore, his father, was born eight miles from Louisville, Kentucky, and after his raarriage to Miss Jeniima Dobson moved to Illinois in 1833. They were pioneers in their par't of the state, and for some years their nearest neightor was twenty railes axvay. They made annual trips to lay in their year's supply of provisions, and as an example of their simple fare it is related that on Sundays flour biscuit were on the menu, but on other days corn Johnnie cakes xvere the principal food. They spent all their lives in Illinois, and lived to see it outgrow its primitive condition .and be supplied with all the convenfences of civilization. Air. Johnson Elmore died at the age of fifty, but his wife attained the advanced age of ninety-two years. Of their eight children, but two survive, George and Elizateth Aliller, the latter in Illinois. George Elmore was born in Petersburg, Menard county, Illinois, July 4, 1838, and was educated in the public schools there. He tegan leaming tiie mason's trade while a boy, and worked for a time at that occupation in Illinois. In 1861 he set out across the plains to California, and as he traveled down Humboldt river in what afterward became the state ol Nevada there were two, houses along, the river, and Elko and Reno had no existence. Tn California he began making brick and contracting and building in Jack son, Volcano and Sutter Creek, and carried on the business for ten or txvelve years. Tn 1872 he came to Elko and established a brick yard, which has since continued as the sole enterprise of the kind in the town and has fur nished all the brick used in the vicinity. Mr. Elmore has lauilt the founda- 726 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tions for the iron bridges in the country around, also the Hot Springs Hotel and many of the brick buildings in the town. In 1868 Mr. Elmore xvas married in lone, Amador county, C-alifornia, to Miss Mildred Cecil, a native of Alissourl Eight children have been bonilo them, and three are living: Walter, who is at home in business with his father ; Grace, the wife of William Shavder ; and Cecil, the wife of Mr. Qtibine. Mrs. Elmore is a niember of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Elmore affiliates with the Democratic party, and bears a xvorthy part in pubhc affairs of his town and county. ALFRED C. KYLE. In a review of fhe men who have been active in connection with the niining interests of this great "silver state," it is impera tive that due recognition be accorded Alfred C. Kyle, of Virginia City, who is now the superintendent of the Bullion, the Exchequer, the New York, the Silver Hill and other mines. He has been a resident of Nevada since 1868, and during the thirty-five years that have since come and gone he has not only watched with interest the progress of the state, ' but has aided in the ex pansion of its business opportunities and in its substantial growth and ma terial progress. He is a native of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, where he was born on the 23d of June, 1846. Of Scotch lineage, his paternal great-grand father, Robert Kyle, was a native of Scotland, xvhence he emigrated to the nexv world, settling in Greenbrier county, Virginia, thus tecoming the founder of the Kyle family in the United States. Both the grandfather and the father of Alfred C. Kyle bore the cognomen of Robert and were both natives of Virginia. The latter Robert Kyle raarried Miss Rosana Murphy, and after their marriage the young couple moved to the state of Pennsylvania, where Robert Kyle was employed as the manager of an iron foundry, being thus closely associated with the industrial development of that locality. In his early raanhood he xvas a Whig, and upon the dissolution of the party joined the r'anks of the Republican party. Both he and his wife were valued mem ters of the Methodist church, taking a most helpful interest in its work and doing everything in their power to extend its growth and promote its mis sion among men. Robert Kyle was called to his final rest in 1871, when seventy-five years of age, and his xvife departed this life in her fortieth year. They were the parents of eight children, of whom six are noxv living, but Alfred C. Kyle and his brother, Silas, are the only ones of the family now in Nevada. Under the parental roof Alfred C. Kyle spent his toyhood days, and when in his seventeenth year he crossed the plains with oxen to California, being five months upon the journey. At the end of that time the party with which he traveled were gladdened by the sight of the fertile district around San Bernardino. The Civil xvar xvas at that time in progress, and a rebel flag was seen flying in the town, but as soon as the United States soldiers made their entrance into the city it was taken down and the stars and stripes un furled. Mr. Kyle made his way to Alariposa county, and there learned the trade of an engineer. He afterxvard went to Montana, where he en- A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 727 gaged in placer mining In Gold Creek, near the raining camp of Pioneer. Although he paid forty dollars a day for water obtained from the Rock Creek Ditch Company, he even then made some raoney. On leaving that locality he went to Virginia City, where he remained for a time, later proceeding to the gold diggings on the Salmon nver in Idaho. In 1870, attracted by the Snake Creek excitement, he again changed his place of labor; and xvhile work ing there made from eight to ten ck)llars per day. Afterwards returning to Nevada, he was for some time employed in a mill in Belmont, but later re moved to Placer county, California, xvhere he worked in the St. Patrick mine He also engaged in prospecting, from Denver, Colorado, to Alaska, and thence to Sonora, in Mexico. He xx as not pleased with Alaska because of the _sliort season, this affording but very limited opportunity for the miners to accoraplish any work. He xvas likexvise connected with Toinbst'one raining excitement, and all his experiences and adventures as a mining raan on the Pacific coast and in Alaska xvould make a thrilling story if given in detail. There have been exciting episodes in his life history which would hardly be credited in a took, but truth is stranger than fiction, and there are chapters in Mr. Kyle's life that have been of most intense interest. In 1894 he returned to Virginia City, Nevada, to occupy the position formerly filled by Rogers Pendergast, and has been superintendent of the Sierra Nevacla, Union and Union Shaft, the Bulletin, the Exchequer, the New York, the Silver Hill and others. Out of the Sierra Nevada he took seventy-five thousand dollars, and out of the Silver Hill twenty thousand dollars. He has purchased all the ground around these mines, which has now teen xvorked down to Ihe depth of seven hundred feet. He has pros pected all the other mines, and 'feels that there are some excellent paying properties in this locality. The Silver Hill Corapany was in debt and dis couraged when- Mr. Kyle assumed the management, but he urged the pro prietors to allow him to do a little developing at a different place, and he has made ol this a good property, not only clearing the company of all its finan cial obligations, but also leaving txventy-five thousand dollars in its treasury. He deA'otes his entire attention to the superintendency of the mines in his care, and is undoubtedly the right man in the right place. He has been a Republican since becoming a voter, but has never been active in politics, nor has he becorae identified with any secret societies. His SterUng purpose and many excellent characteristics are widely recognized and commended, and have gained for him the friendship and faA'or of many with Avhom he has come in contact. ALBER'T WILD, proprietor .of the only meat market in Hawdiorne, has been a resident of Nevada for more than a third of a century. He is a native of Germany, born on the 20th of April, 1846, and is o| Gerraan lineage. FTis father, Rudolph Wild, emigrated to the United States, settling in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he followed merchandising, although he -had learned the brcAver's trade in his native country. He continued to 728 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. reside in Pittsburg until his death, 'which occurred in the seventy-fourth year of his age. Tiis wife survived hira, living to the age of eighty-eight years. They xvere members of the Lutheran church, and were very worthy people. They had a family of eleven children, of xvhom six are living. Albert Wild, the only one in Nevada, was educated in the fatherland, and came to the United States in 1858. His youth was spent with his grandfather in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Pittsburg, and he learned the butcher's trade in the last named city. At one time he drove tweiit3'-two hundred head ol cattle across the plains from Nexv Mexico to Huraboldt, xvhere the cattle were sold. After coming to the west he followed his trade, took care of stage stock, and later engaged in the butcher ing business in Columbus, Esmeralda county, in the employ of Henry Williams until 1873. Subsequently he established a shop of his own in yXurora, xvliere he remained for a year, after xvhich he worked at Sweetwater for Mr. Williams. XX'hen he removed to Hawthorne there were two shops in the town. He opened a market xvith Mr. Sherwood as a partner, but soon afterward purchased his interest and has since been alone in business. For the past thirteen years he has been the proprietor of the only meat market of the town, and his upright, conscientious business methods and fair dealing have given fullest satisfaction to the people, whose good will he enjoys, xvhile a liberal patronage is also extended to hira. He thoroughly understands his work, is skilful as a butcher, and is giving his entire atten tion to his business. Mr. XX'^ild xvas happily married in 1893 to Aliss Eliza Bennett, a native ol Cornwall, England. Fraternally he is connected xvith the Knights ol Pythias Iraternity, and gives his political support to the men and measures ol the Republican party. He owns his residence and shop in Hawthorne, and is a substantial and trustxvorthy business man. JOHN C. XVOOD, a prosperous rancher and business man ol Clover valley, has been identified with xvestern life for over fifty years and has resided in Nevada for forty years, coming here in the early tinies of develop ment and groxvth. He has had sorae successful experiences as a rainer and prospector, but for thirty years or more has been engaged in the great basic industry,^ ol larming and stock-raising, upon xvhich pursuit depends the luture greatness ol the state Air. Wood is ol English ancestry, only three generations removed, for his grandfather xvas air Englishman and founded this branch of the family ih America. Amos and S. (Lester) Wood, Mr. VX'ood's i>arents, xvere both natives ol Indiana, and spent their lives there as farmers and niembers of the Christian church; the forraer died in 1846, when forty-six years old, and the latter survived him to her fifty-fifth year. They had seven children, and there were also three others by a' former marriage John C. Wood xvas born in Parke county, Indiana, January 12, 1829, and spent only the first years of boyhood at his parental horae, where he received his preparation for life. At the age of. fourteen he left home, with A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 729 a cheap suit of clothes and txventy-five cents in cash, and arriving in Illinois worked for wages for some years. He then returned to Indiana, where he was confined by sickness for a time, and in 1850, xvhen twenty-one years old, set ^^¦ut across the plains to California. He was one of the gold hunters, mining at XVoodville, Placer county, and at Angels Camp, Calaveras county, and on some days tcx)k out as much as five hundred dollars' xvorth of gold, the largest nugget being worth forty dollars. He was married in 1854, and a few years later, his xvife having died, he rdurned to the east, in 1859, with his daughters, taking the water route. In the following year he was again married, and in 1862 he brought his family across the plains. The Tndians attacked the company on the xvay, using their aboriginal bow and arrow weaix>ns, and were beaten back by the firearms of the emigrants, who had elected Mr. Wood as their captain tecause of his former experience as a plainsman. In the fight one horse of the company was xvounded and several Tndians killed. Air. Wood and his family spent the first winter in Stockton, California, but he then came to Carson City, Nevada, where he discharged a contract to the Belcher Company for getting out timbers for the mines. In 1869 Mrs. Wood returned to Iowa for a time, and he then went to White Pine county and worked on contracts and also prospected on Spruce Mountain. For one of the prospects xvhich he discovered he xvas paid one thousand dollars. In 1870 he came to Clover valley, where he took a squatter's right of one hundred and sixty acres, and also acquired a soldier's right, to which tracts he has since added until he is now the owner of seven hundred and sixty acres in that beautiful. and fertile valley. His land produces good crops of oats, xvheat, barley, hay, vegetables and apples, and he also has a fine herd of horses and cattle. This diversified plan of farming pays g(K>d and sure returns, and he is engaged in the most profit able and dependable pursuit which this great state offers. He has made his farrii by his own efforts, and its orchard and groves and well tilled, fields present a wide contrast to the spot as it was thirty years ago. Mr. Wood was married in 1854 to Aliss Eliza XX'ebb, and they had txvo daughters and a son. Aiartha is now the wife of Samuel Weeks, of Clover valley. Mrs. Wood died in California, and in i860 he married, in Van Buren county, Iowa, Miss Jennette Simons, a daughter ol Elihu Simons. Eleven children were torn ol this union, and five are living, as follows : Ernest, Matel, Malinda, Fred and Grover. Mrs. Wood is a member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Wood has voted the Democratic ticket for fifty years, and fraternally is a memter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a worthy and respected citizen, and, with more than three score and ten years of life to his credit, has had a career full ol interest, ol high personal endeavor and happy and praiseworthy culmination of hopes formed in youth. DANIEL BOCKIUS BOY'D. Great are the changes that have oc curred since Daniel Bockius Boyd came to Nevada. Pioneer conditions Ihen existed throughout the state, lands were largely unclaimed and unculti vated, and the natural resources of the state were undevelojDed. Progress 730 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. and improvement lay in the future, and it remained for such men of enter prise as Mr. Boyd to utilize the opportunities of this section of the country and enjoy as the r-esult of their labor the rewards of honest toil. No history of Washoe county would be complete xvithout mention of Mr. Boyd, who through a quarter of a century has filled the' position of county treasurer of XX^ashoe county, Nevada. His birth occurred on the 17th of November, 1834, in Mercer county, Pennsylvania. Tiis father, William J. Boyd, was born in the north of Ire land and carae of Scotch-Irish lineage. XX^hen he had attained man's estate he married Miss Amanda M. Bockius, who was torn in the city of PhUa delphia and was of German descent. When the west was opening up, and civilized and enterprising men of the older east were going into the wild regions xvest of the Mississippi valley, he too journeyed toward the setting sun and took up his abode in the state of Iowa. He oxvned and operated a farm there, but by trade xvas a stone-cutter and mason, and to some extent followed these pursuits." Tn religious faith both he and his wife were Meth odists, and they shaped their lives in harmony xvith their faith. Of their four children three are now living. XX'ilUam Boyd died in 1858 at the age of fifty-eight years, and his xvife passed axvay in 1888 at the age of seventy- fiA'e years. Daniel Bockius Boyd is the only member of the family in Nevada. The days of his boyhood and youth Avere passed in the state of his nativity, and to its public school system he is indebted for the educational advantages he enjoyed. XVhen he xvas fifteen years of age he accompanied his parents on their removal to Iowa, where the succeeding three years of his life xvd'e passed. In 1853 he crossed the plains tO' California, there being fifteen men and three xvomen in the part)'. They drove cattle and made the journey in five wagons. Week after week passed until five months had elapsed before their eyes xvere gladdened by the sight of the lertile fields ol the Pacific coast. Mr. Boyd, then a young man in his nineteenth yeaf, paid fifty dollars, as did txvo other young men, for the use of their team and the privilege ol journeying with the company. XX'^hen they reached xvhat Is known as Thousand Springs valley they sold their outfit and continued the journey on foot, arriving in Sierra county, California, on the ist of September, 1853. Mining was then the principal industry of the state, and the emigrants were turned to the coast in the hope of rapidly acquiring wealth. Mr. Boyd was first engaged in placer mining, but he had only moderate success and spent what he had in prospect ing. Because of his misfortune in this direction he abandoned nirning in 1857, and tegan cutting out timbers for mines. This proved a more profit able labor, and thus he gained a start in the west. Removing to AUeghany, Sierra county, California, he accepted a clerkship in a store, in which he was employed up to the time of his removal to Nevada in October, 1861. The west with its alraost limitless opportunities was before him, and in making clioice of a location in this state he decided upon Gold Hill, then a very active niining town. For a time he again worked in a raine, but soon A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 731 afterward engaged in clerking in a hardware store, remaining at Gold HIU until December, 1863, when he removed to Washoe county. The county seat xvas then at XVashoe city, and in that place he held a position as salesman until 1873, when he was elected to public office by his fellow townsmen, who recognized his worth and ability and because of his loyalty in public affairs chose him for the position of assessor on the union ticket. He' served in that office for two years, and retired from the place as he had entered it, with the confidence and good will of all concerned. He then came to Reno, and in connection with business affairs in this city began as a salesman in the hardware store of Manning and Duck, remaining in their employ until Novemter, 1878, when he was again chosen for a positioii of puUic preferment, being elected treasurer of Washoe county. ¦ Again and again has he been re-elected to that p^>sitioii of honor and trust, teing chosen at each biennial election, and on four different occasions he has had no. opposition. At the time of his first nomination he made a strong canvass, but in later years has made no effort to secure the office, his previous excellent service being all the recommendation he needs. That the business of the treasurer's office has greatly increased is shown by the fact that in 1879 he handled for the county the sum of $98,774.06, while in 1902 the county funds amounted to $198,940.01. This is certainly indica tive of the wonderful increase in the property of the county in twenty-five years. The total amount of money which has passed through Mr. Boyd's hands in this long period is $3,456,112.29. Mr. Boyd gives his entire attention to the business of the office, and is a capable, painstaking and conscientious officer. Over his record there -falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. In October, 1874, Mr. Boyd was united in marriage to Airs. Mary Allen Raynous, a native of Canada and a daughter of Charles K. Allen, who in 1861 came with his family to Nevada. Two children hax'e been born of this union: Addie M., now the wife of Joseph Durkee, a native of Johannes burg, South Africa; and Dell B., xvho is at home with her parents, assisting her father in the treasurer's office. Both were torn in XVashoe county, and Air. and Mrs. Durkee are graduates of the Nevada State University. Mr. Boyd and his famUy are members of the Methodist church, of which he has been a valued representative since coming to Reno. He has taken an active and helpful part in its work, and contributed generously to its sup port Tt has been said that "an honest man is the noblest work of God," and those who know Air. Boyd well and are familiar with his career say that no one is more entitled to te called an honest man than he. Every cent of public money that has ever passed through his hands has been fully accounted for. A public office is to him a public trust, and no trust of any character ever reposed in him has been tetrayed in even the slightest degree. Honesty is the keynote of his character, and fidelity to duty has been the sahent element in his official record. As a pioneer of the state he is also worthy of honorable mention in this volume, for through almost forty-three years he has witnessed the growth and development of Nevada, taking a just pride in all that has been accomplished here. 732 A FIISTORY OF NEVADA. A. M. COLE. No history of Nevada would be complete without men tion of A. M. Cole, who is undoubtedly the oldest raei-chant of the state. As a pioneer druggist he began business in Virginia City in 1861, having arrived here on the loth of August of that year. Tt was the year in which the territory was formed, and from its inception down to the present time Mr. Cole has been deeply interested in its welfare and growth, contributing by his efforts in its behalf to its improvement and progress. He is so widely known that his record cannot fail to prove of interest to raany of our readers, and it is therefore with pleasure that we present this history of his career. He is a native of the state ol Nexv York, his birth having occurred in Penn Yan on the 9th ol February, 1833. He is of English descent, his an cestors having been early settlers of the Empire state. Three, brothers of the name of Cole emigrated together from England to the new xvorld, and Erastus, the direct ancestor of Mr. Cole, settled in Yates county. New York. Hiram Cole, the father of Mr. Cole, Avas born at the ioot of Seneca Lake in the Empire state in 1808. He afterward removed to "Yates county, and was there married to Miss Sarah Cole, Avho was very distantly related to him, being a descendant of one of the three brothers who had established the family in America and who had settled in Rhode Island. Hiram Cole was a farmer by occupation, and spent the years of his active business career in the pursuit of agriculture in New York. He died in 1886, at the age of seventy-eight years, and his wife departed this life at the age of eighty years, the remains of both being interred in the cemetery of Penn Yan. They were the parents of four sons and a daughter, two brothers of Mr. Cole now living in the old home town in New York. A. M. Cole, the only, member of the family in Nevada, was educated in Franklin Academy in Plattsburg, New York, and thus by a liberal educa tion was well fitted to meet the responsible duties bf a business career. He had worked at the drug ti'ade in the "east prior to his emigration to the Pa cific coast. It was in 1854 that he proceeded by steamer to California, where for two years he Avas engagecl in mining in the Yuba country with only fair success. Tie then Aveiit to Petaluma and was engaged in the drug business with S. H. Wagner, now a resident of San Jose, California. In 1861 he removed from that place to Nevada, establishing his home in Virginia City on the loth of August The town Ava's then just entering upon an era of rapid developraent and progress. Mr. Cole was employed as a clerk for a year where his own store is noAv located, and at the end of that time he tought out his employer, and for forty years has conducted a successful drug business. He has never turned aside into other fields of labor, but has devoted his energies to this line of commercial activity, and by straightfor ward methods, earnest desire to please his customers and honorable dealing he has secured a very literal and gratifying patronage, whereby he has gained for hirasdf a comfortable competence. In 1868 Mr. Cole was united in marriage to Mrs. Ellen Stoughtonburg, who by her former marriage had a son, Edwin, whom she and Mr. Cole. have reared and who is now an electrician in Virginia City. Mr. Cole and his wife have a nice home in this place, where they reside in the enjoyment of peace and plenty. He is a Republican, but not an active party man, and yAz6.^ A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. 733 at local elections he supports the candidates xvhom he thinks best qualified for office, regardless of party affiliations. He is now one of the oldest living Masons in Nevada, having joined Virginia Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M., during the early years of his residence here. He is likewise a meraber of Virginia Chapter No. 2, R. :X. AL, and of DeXX'itt Clinton Commandery No. 7, K. T, He has also become a noble of the Alystic Shrine, holding mem bership in the Islam Temple of San Francisco. He now has the honor of being one of the oldest mei'chants continuously engaged in business in the state of Nevada, and his life has been one of continuous activity, in which has been accorded due recognition of labor, so that to-day he is numbered aniong the substantial citizens of his adopted state. His interests are thor oughly Identified with those of the west, and at all times he is ready to lend his aid and co-operation to any movement calculated to benefit this section of the country or advance its wonderful developraent. LORENZO DANIEL SMITH, a pioneer fanner of the Washoe val ley, who came to the territory ol Nevada in 1858, is a native of England, born near London. He accompanied his father's family to America, a set tlement teing made in the portion of the country that is now within the borders of Nevada, but xvas then a part of the territory of Utah, in 1854. Mr. Smith now owns the farm upon which his father settled in 1858. For four years they had resided in Salt Lake tefore removing to this property. Mr. Smith purchased the entire valley and gave ranches to the people, who would settle upon and improve them. It was in June that the faraily ar rived, taking up their abode upon a ranch on xvhich was a little cabin, while txvo acres had been planted to vegetables. There was rauch good pasturing ground in this .locality, ancl the father began the work of cultivating ancl developing a farra, continuing one of the leading agriculturists, of the dis trict for raany years. He died in the year 1893, when seventy-nine years of age, and his wife passed away in 1894. Early in his youth Lorenzo D. Sraith becarae familiar xvith the work of plowing, planting and harvesting, and throughout his life he has carried on agricultural pursuits. A number of years befoi'e his father's deatii he came into possession of the old homestead, and with the aid of his sons he has raade splendid improvements on the property, setting out a fine orchard, erecting good buildings and adding other modern eciuipnients and acces sories such as are found upon a model farm of the twentieth century; in fact the Sraith ranch is to-day one of the best farms in the Washoe val ley. One of the good residences xvhich have been erected thereon was destroyed by fire in 1892, and Mr. Smith thus lost two thousand "five hun dred dollars above the insurance, but he at once erected another good resi dence, in -which he and his wife and family are now living. It is situated in die midst of his good farm of two hundred and eighty- acres, aiid the house hold is a most hospitable one. In 1882 Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Jones, a native of Carson valley. Eight children have been torn to them, all on the old homestead, namely: David Roy, William Oliver, Mabel Esther, 734 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. Ellen Vina, George Chester and Flora Edna. The last two are xvith the grandparents in Carson valley ; the others are at home Owen Leonard died what nine inonths old. Mrs. Smith died at the birth of Sarah Ann, in 1894. She was a lady of amiable disix>sition, a faithful wife and mother, and the marriage had been a most happy one. Five years later, in Septemter, 1899, Mr, Smith was united in marriage lo his present wife, who bore the maiden name of Florence Connell, and was torn in Antelope valley in California. Mr. Smith usually votes AA'ith the Democracy, and yet is largely inde pendent in his political views, giving his support to the men whom he thinks test cjualified for office. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd FeUows for fifteen years, after which the lodge gave up its charter. and he has not placed his niembership with any other society. He has made :a record as a prosperous farmer and good citizen xvhich is a credit to the state in which he has resided continually since 1858. and Nevada owes much to his efforls in her behalf. HON. E. D. VANDERLIETH, second assistant cashier of the State Bank and Trust Corapany, at Carson City, came to the state. of Nevada with his father in 1872, when a mere toy, so that he has practically grown up within its confines. He was born in Nevada county, California, August 19, 1 86 1, and is of German and Dutch ancestry. His grandfather was a participant in the Napoleonic wars, and for distinguished miUtary services xvas honored by the title of "Van Der." Jacob Vanderlieth, Mr. VanderUeth's father, was born in Germany, near Hanover, August 10, 1828, and came round the Horn to CaUfornia in 1849, being mate of the vessel. When they landed in San Francisco the crew disbanded to go to the gold fields, and as it was impossible to get another crew, the captain and raate were authorized to sell the ship at what price it would bring. Jacob Vanderlieth mined on the Yuba river and in Nevada county and the adjoining country, and thus continued until 1872, when he removed to Eureka, Nevada, at the time ol the" mining excitement there. He continued his mining operations until April, 1887, when he died at the age ol nearly sixty years. He was a Lutheran in reUgious laith. He had married Netta EUzabeth Sommers, a native ol Holstein, Germany, and a daughter of Hon. Hans Sommers, judge of his home borough of Langeloh. They had three children, txvo daughters and one son. Airs. Jacob Vanderlieth still survives, arid resides with her son and daughter. Miss Emma G., in Carson City. The other daughter is Mrs. A. M. Welles, of Denver, who is prominent in the club and charitable work of her city. Edward D. Vanderlieth attended the South Cosmopolitan School of San Francisco, California, until he arrived in Eureka, where he- entered and graduated from the high school. He then went to Heald's Business College in San Francisco, and was graduated therefrom with the degree of Master of Accounts. After completing his course he spent a year in Europe, and on his return spent two years in Emerson Institute, a classical school in Washington, D. C., and then for two years studied law in the law department of the Colrimbian - University, of the same city, receiving . A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 736 his degree of LL. B. Pie returned to Nevada and was deputy county clerk of Eureka county and clerk of the district court for four years. Plis mind being directed to literary affairs, he became editor of the Eureka Evening Leader, a Republican paper, and conducted it very ably for two years. He xvas dien deputy district attorney under Judge Cheney, new of Reno, and in 1889, upon coming to Carson City, he- was assistant chief derk of the legislature. Pie xvas then made Register of Deposits in the United States mint at Carson City, and filled that position until Governor Colcord was elected to the governorship of Nevada, at which time Mr. Van derlieth became the Governor's private secretary. During 1891-92-93-94 he most acceptably filled this important position, and during 1893-94 was also Secretary of the State Board of Equalization. In 1894 he was nominated by the Republican party for Secretary of State He made a thorough can vass with other members on the ticket, but the party was defeated owing to its stand on the silver question. Mr. Vanderlieth then returned to the practice of his profession, but was soon appointed, by Judge Thomas P. Hawley of the United States District Court, Referee in Bankruptcy for Nevada. He served as such until August, 1900, when he was appointed chief clerk of the United States mint at Carson City, which office he filled until called to the raore responsible one he now holds. Like his father, Mr. Vanderlieth has always been a stanch Republican, and since 1896 has been secretary of the Republican State Central Cora raittee Fraternally he is a niember of Carson Lodge No. i, F: & A. M. On December 6, 1894, he was elected secretary of his lodge, and is still holding that office. He is a member of Lewis Chapter No. i, and is its scribe. Tn the Grand Chapter of the State he is Master of Third Vail, and is chairman of the Committee of . Correspondence of the Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter. For many years he has been a raerater of the vestry of the Episcopal church, and is a man highly esteeraed by his wide circle of ad- rairing friends. WILLIS R. JONES, foreman of the Sierra Nevada and Union Shaft Corapany, has been intimately connected with the raining interests of Vir ginia City for the past seventeen years. He was born Deceraber 13, 185 1, at Cleveland, Ohio, and is a grandson of Thoinas Jones, who xvas born in Wales and emigrated to Cleveland al a very early date in the history of that city, becoming the progenitor of many of the name in that locality. He located there in 1826. He was the father of United States Senator Jones. Williara Jones, the father of XVillis R. . Jones, was born in Wales, in 1820, and was but six years old xvhen the family settled in Cleveland. He learned the granite and marble business, and during the greater part of his life continued to follow it. He raarried Helen A. Root, who was born in Otsego county. New York, near Cooperstown, and two sons xvere born to this marriage: Her'uert S., who is general passenger agent of the Chicago, "Burlington and Quincy RaUroad at Burlington, Iowa; and Willis R. XVillis R. Jones was educated in Cleveland, and learned the marble business with his father. Tn 1872 he started out as a sailor, making a trip 736 A HISTORY OF NEVADA in the sailing vessel Ne Plus Ultra to the West Indies and Europe and then back to Nexv York. After this adventurous experience he accepted a posi tion as freight clerk on the Panama Railroad lor txvo years, and then went to Arizona and engaged in niining in Mojave county, also carrying on mill ing operations and making that his home lor fourteen years. He then located at Virginia City, and has been connected with a number ol the lead ing mines, the Crown Point, the ChoUar, the Sierra Nevada and the Union, and has been foreman of the latter for the past eight years. He is a good and efficient officer, possessing the confidence of his employers and the good xvill of the employes. In 1886 Mr. Jones was happily married to Martha PhiUips, who xvas born in Arkansas, and a son and daughter have been torn to this union: Helen A., torn in Arizona, and Walter P., torn in Virginia City. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have one of the most comfortable homes in Virginia City, and are most highly esteemed people. In politics Mr. Jones has ahvays been identified with the Republican party, and served at one tirae as sheriff in Arizona. He is now in accord with the silver branch of the party. Fraternally he is an Odd Fellow and a member of the grand lodge of the state, and is also affiliated with the Ancient Order of United Workmen. HON. H. H. BECK. Before the territory of Nevada was organized Hon. H. H. Beck, now living in Reno, tecame a resident ol this section of the country. Industrial and commercial interests, have felt the stimulus of his business activity and keen foresight, and whUe he has met some reverses in his career he has persevered in the pursuit of a competency by honorable methods, and is to-day one ol the substantial citizen^f Washoe county. He was born in Ohio, near the village of Jefferson, on the 21st day of- April, 1835. He comes of German lineage, as both his paternal and mater nal grandparents came from Germany, whence they emigrated to the United States in 1770 and settled respectively in Dauphin and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania, the maternal grandfather being Henry Lehman. WiUiam Beck, the father of our subject, was torn in Dauphin county in 1779, and the nlother in Lancaster couii^ in 1801. Tn 1829 toth the Beck and Lehman families moved to Ohio, both settling near Wooster in Wayne county. In 1830 Williain Beck married Mary Lehman, and thus established a family of which H. H. Beck is a meniber. Both parents lived to a ripe old age, the father dying in 1864, at the age of eighty-five years, and the mother in 1890, at the age of eighty-nine years. To them were torn five children, all of whom survived their parents, namely: Martin, Henry H., Benjamin, Eliza and Annie. Both parents and all the children except Henry H. were and are consistent niembers of the Baptist church, and lived in harmony with its teachings, while toth brothers, Martin and Benjamin, as ministers, have each preached its gospels for more than forty years. Henry Htidson Beck is the only memter of the family west of the Mis sissippi river. To the common schools of Ohio he Is indebted for the edu cational privileges he received in his youth. He was reared to the age of yy^/-!^lo^^/^M^ J\DoJU5tM/ A HISTORY OF NEX'ADA. 743 that section. Tn 1874 and 1875 he xvas connected xvith the Richmond Mining Company, Limitetl, of Eureka, and from 1S70 to 1878 he was general superintendent of the Tylxx Consolidated Mining Companv, and also of the Gila Alining Compau)- of Nye C(iuuty, Nex'adn. From 1S70 to 1881 he xvas general manager of the Hillside Mill & Mining Company, and Day Mining- Company of Lincoln count)-. Later xve find him in the mercantile and mining business in San Ber nardino county, California. From there he transferred his residence and time to Arizona xvhere he xvas superintendent of the Prince George and C. O. D. mines in Mohaxe county. In the nineties he xvas operating in Siskij'ou couiUy, California, and later in Calaveras county, xvhere he xvas superintendent of the Carson Creek aud San Juan companies. .\t this writing he is interested in some valuable gold properties in Sierra county, Califomia. Air. AI. D. HoAvdl Is hale and vigorous and still j^Kissesses the indom itable and untiring energ-y characteristic of the tA-pical pioneer of early days in California. He married Nannie A. Turner, a native of Alabama and daughter of Hon. Charles Calvin Turner, during his lifetime state senator and adjutant general of Alabama. By their union they have five children. Alice Alay, Avife of the late Dr. John F. Morse, of San Francisco; Hattie F., Avife of Judge George .\.. Cabaniss, of San Francisco; Lizzie Louise, and Edna Lucille, unmarried. Eugene HoAvell, the oldest and only son, xvas educated in the schools of California and Nexada. and finished in the State Mining College of California. He has been a resident of Lincoln and XX'hite Pine counties since he came to Nexada. and has teen many times honored by his con stituents. He represented Lincoln county xvith credit and ability in the eleventh session of the Nexada legislature. Professionally he has engaged in mining and mlUing, and has folloxved in his father's footsteps bx- teing connected xvith various and large niining operations in eastern Nevada as superintendent and manager, xvhere his ability as a metallurgist anf it, and then invested .all his capital in sheep ; the xvinter of 1889-90 xvas a very hard one and there xvas little hay, so that tAX'o-thirds of his sheep, worth twelve thousand dollars, perished. This severe setback caused hira and his wife several years of hard labor before they Axere once raore firmly fixed in worldly affairs. But since then they have met xvith gratifying and con- 48 754 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. tinuous success, and he now has ten thousand sheep on his ranch and is ac counted one of the most prosperous mei in this Une of business in Humboldt county. Mr. O'Kane built a nice residence in Lovelocks, surrounded xvith a grove of shade trees, and here he enjoys all the comforts for which he and his wife have striven so hard in the past. He owns four hundred acres of land close up to the toxvn. Altogether Mr. O'Kane has made three voyages back,, to his native land to visit relatives. He and his wife are members of the ' Roman Catholic church. For a number of years he was affiliated with the Democratic party, but for the past txventy-five has been a Republican; he has never sought office, and is content to be classed among the industrious and good citizens of Lox'docks. MYRON PIXLEY, now one of the prosperous retired citizens of Elko, is one of the xvell knoxvn pioneers of the state. He came to the territory, as it was then, forty years agO', and until a few years since has been a hard-working and enterprising stockraan for the most part, although since coming to the state he has folloxved mining and other means of livelihood. He is a self- made man, for he has been making his own way since he was fourteen years old, and xvestern jiluck, perseverance and business sagacity have placed him with the prosperous men of the state. He was actively engaged in the stock- raising business for thirty years, and raade a gratifying success ol it from small beginnings. Mr. Pixley is the son of Mark and Nancy (Wright) Pixley, of Scotch- Irish ancestry, the former a native of Massachusdts. They moved to the state of Alichigan in 1843, "^vhere Mrs. Nancy Pixley died in 1847, leaving four children. In 1852 her husband went to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama and settled in Marysville, xvhere he built a house, but the fire of that year swept axvay all he had. He then went to the mines at Forest City and Alleghany, building a residence at the latter place and remaining there several years, after which he xvent tO' North San Juan and engaged in hydraulic niining, in which he had good success. He made a visit to Nevada, but returned to Aiarysville, and died in San Juan in 1870, at the age of sixty- three. Of his children, Myron and Aleadville are in Nevada, the latter in Mountain City. Myron Pixley was born in the state of New York, at Lafayette, March 9, 1842, and has resided in the west since he was ten years old, which was his age when his father brought him to California. He received most of his education in the latter state, and at the age of fourteen tegan clerking in a store in San Juan. He made his arrival in Nevada in 1863, being attracted by the niining excitement at Austin, and for the first three years was engaged in mining. He then sold out, and for a few years was in XVhite Pine county. Tn 1870 he had only enough money to buy a few" head of cattle, but with these he embarked in the stock-raising business. He continued with increasing success, and when he sold his ranch and stock interests in 1900, his property consisted ol two thousand acres in Lanioille, which he had owned lor twenty- four years, besides a large nuraber of cattle and other accessories. Pie. had A HISTORY' OF NEX'ADA. 755 folloxved die policy of crossing the Hereford and Galloxvay breeds, and his catde xvere of high grade and brought good prices. .Xfter selling this ranch he tought six hundred acres of sage-brush land in Star valley, and after making it an arable and productive tract sold it for much more than he paid. He has xvorked hard for all he got, and his associates haxe alxvavs esteemed him for his uprightness and honorable dealings. He Is now lixing retired in his pleasant home In Elko, and he also oxvns other residence and business property in the tt^xxii. Air. Pixley has always adhered to Republican principles, but did not foUoxv die pai'ty leadership during the silver movement. Fratemallv he is a member of the .Xncient Order of United XX'orkmen. He xvas married in 1865 to Aliss Sonora Kleese, a native of the state of Pennsvlx-ania, and four children have been born to them: Hattie, noxv Airs. Taufer, a resident of Star valley; Nella, Airs. XX'. XX'. Spurgeon; Lottie, at home; and Mira X"^., xvho died in infancy. Airs. Pixlex- and her daughters are members of the Presbyterian church, and the family have many friends throughout the county, XX'ILLI.XM A. REYAIERS, a native .son of Nex-ada and a prominent fanner of Lyon county, residing In AIasi>n valley near Y'"eriiigton, xvas born Nox'emter 9, 1879, and comes of German descent. His father, Barney H. Reymers. xvas born in Gcrmanx' and came to the United States some thirt)' years ago. settling in Alason xalle)-, xvhere he'improved a government farm of three hundred and txventy acres. There he still resides and is one of the lead ing men of his community. He married Miss Henrietta Aletscher, a native of Germany, and eight children xvere bom to them, six of xvhoni are living, namely : Edith, Airs. George Jones, resides in XX'adsxx-orth. Nex'ada ; Alary. Xlrs. T. G. Nichols, lives in Alason valley ; Alvina. Alice and Julia are at home Airs. Rexniers departetl this life on Xox'ember 3. 1902. In politics the father is a Republican, and in 1897 xvas elected to the Nex'ada state assembly, in xvhich body he made a creditable record. XX'illiam .\. Re}'mers xvas torn in Alason xalley, xvhere he xvas reared and educated, attending the common schools, and he is noxv one of the most intelligent and progressive young fanners of Alason x-alley. Alay 8, 1901, he married Flora XX'alter, a natixe of Califomia and a daughter of Janies XX'alter. They haxe a son xvhom they have named Arthur, a bright little felloxv. XX'hen Air. Reymers became of age he joined Hope Lodge No. 22. A. F. & .\. AL, Yerington, and is noxv its treasurer. He is also a member of the XX'oodmen of the XX'orld. and is very ixipular In toth bodies, as xvell as in his community, xx'here he bears so Important a part in Its upbuilding. JOSEPH O'NEAL. The year 1857, die date of Joseph O'Neal's ar- rix'al in the Territory of Nexada. xvas an early one in the histon- of that commonxvealth, and he may be considered one of Nevada's pioneers, although lie Is himself not old in years, and xvas only a child when he came here In company xvith his mother. Air. O'Neal is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and is 756 A HTSTORY OF NEVADA. the son of Lexvis and Nancy (AicWilliams) O'Neal. His father died in Arkansas when the children were still young, and his widow, with her three sons and three daughters, crossed the plains to Nevada in 1857. The eldest son, G. XX'. O'Neal, now lives in Elko county, Nevada; Mrs. Mary Shirley lives in Santa Cruz, California, Airs. Sarah Mitchell in San Jose, CaUfornia, and Airs. Alatilda Alcorn in Pendleton, Oregon. Joseph O'Neal, who was born in Randolph county, Arkansas, June i, 1849, passed most of his years before raaturity in Nevada. For seven years* he was a cowboy in Texas in the eraploy of Mr. C. King, a cattle king of the Lone Star state, and xvhen he returned from Texas he took up the cattle business on his own account in Nevada. Tie has been in Humboldt county for many years, and has gained the reputation of being one of, the raost suc cesslul stock-growers in the county. lie raises Hereford cattie and Norman ancl Percheron horses, and has had on range as many as one thousand or fifteen hundred cattle in one season. He has eighty-three acres of land and a good residence at ,Lovelocks, and also an eighty txventy miles east of toxvn. His principal crop is hay for consumption by his stock, but he has also done some diversified fanning, and he is thoroughly up-to-date and pro gressive in all his methods. Mr. O'Neal cast his first vote for Jaraes G. Blaine for president, and has ever since remained true to the principles of that party, although he has never sought or held office. He is a raeraber ol the Ancient Order of Unitecl V/orkmen, ancl his nioj-al creed is to do right to the best ol his ability, and his worthy character ancl his industry and successlul prosecution Oil business have won for hira the respect and esteem of all with whom he has come in contact. On May 30, 1887, Mr. O'Neal married Mrs. Sophia Perkins, a native of California and the widow of Hugh Perkins ; her father was Nicholas Johnson, a cousin of George Lovelock, and she and her sisters were reared by the latter. Three children have been born of this raarriage: Gladys Gay, Edith Sepha and Manila Guyala. Mrs. O'Neal had two children by her first husband, Albert Tiill Perkins and Lillie May, the latter the wife of S. G. T^arab, the sheriff ol Huraboldt county, and residing in Winneraucca. A. FRENCH is the vice-president ol the Nevada Planing Mill Com pany, doing business at Reno', and is the manager ol the plant xvhich, under his capable control, is turning out a product that finds a ready sale on the -market and brings to the stockholders a .good financial rdurn. Alert and enterprising, Mr. French is numbered aniong the most promuiait and pro gressive business men of this part of the state. A native ol Ohioi, Mr. French was born November 6, 1838, and is descended in both the paternal and maternal lines from English ancestry of Quaker faith. His paternal grandfather, a native of England, emigrated from that country and on reaching America established his home in Fulton, New York. He brought with him the first machinery for cutting nails seen in this country, and xvas engaged in the manufacture ol nails throughout his active business career. Iiis son, Hiram French, the lather ol A. French, A HISTORY OF NEVADA. 757 xvas torn in Trenton, New Jersey, and was married to Miss Maria Hadley, a native of ATorristown, Pennsylvania. Her father was alsoi born in Eng land, and xvhen he crossed the Atlantic in 1750 took up his alxide in the Key stone state. Hiram French, xvho was a contractor and builder, removed to Ohio in 1837, settling in Miami county, and in i860 he removed to Jasper county, Iowa, where he spent his remaining days', his death occurring in 1868, when he had reached the age ol sixty-four years. His wife had de- ^ parted this life in the txyenty-seventh year of her age They were both memters of the Society of Friends", or Quakers, and were people of much xvorth, honor and reliability. A. French spent the clays of his toyhood and yotrth in the state of his nativity, reraaining in Ohio until his nineteenth year, when he left home and traveled over Illinois, Iowa, southern Alissourl, Alississippi, Alabama and Tennessee. Then he made his way to California in 1875. During the greater part of his business career he has been connected with the lumber trade. He was with the Carson-Tahoe Lumter & Flume Corapany for fifteen" years, and was engaged in the foundry business in Virginia City for a numter of years. He built the Hobart Aiills in Nevada county, Cali fornia, and in connection with A. Spencer built the planing mill in Reno, ol xvhich he is now manager. They have a large local demand lor die lumber, and they also ship on quite an extensive scale to California, Colorado' and other points. Their annual business has reached a large figure, and a raore extended mention ol it is made in a sketch of the enterprise elsewhere in these pages. » In 1865 Mr. French xvas united in marriage to Aliss Margard Hogarty, who was torn near New Orleans, and they are the parents of the following children: Alabel, who is now the xvife ol D. AT. Fairchild; Valley, the wife of General J. D. Toreyson, of Carson City, Nevada; Bessie, the wife of John Butler; Hadley, the wife of H. I^enion, also a resident of Carson City, and Georgie, who is a successful teacher and makes her home with her parents. Mr. French and his family are very highly respected and have a wide circle of friends in Reno and throughout the state. Starting out upon an inde pendent business career xvhen a young man. Air. Fr'ench has advanced along lines demanding strong mentality, business acumen and foresight, and to-day he is a leadin,g representative ol the industrial interests ol Nevada, conducting ' one ol the most imi^ortant enterprises ol Reno. He has never made an en gagement that he has not met nor incurred an obligation that he has not discharged, and he is honcwed by his business associates as well as his Iriends in social circles. HON. THOMAS WREN, to whose patient labors in the last days of his life the production of this "History of the State of Nevacla" is due, ended his monumental and useful career in death, on Friday afternoon, February 5, 1904. His departure was as the dropping of the ripened fruit in the calm of a summer night, lor he had already attained the advanced age of eighty years, yet it was, all the rpore the occasion of sincere sorrow on the part of ^the thousands in the state who at some time or other had corae under his 'beneficent influence. When the announcement of his death was made to the 758 A HISTORY OF NEVADA. district court In session, ready tributes from the heart xxere voiced by mem bers of the bar to one xxho had so honored it, and an immediate adjournment xvas made.Judge Wren xvas stricken Avitli a severe cold on the 21st of last Decem ber, and his Avife xvas recalled from San Francisco, xvhere she had gone to do some shopping. She at once I'eturned and gave her dex'oted care to her husband. He recovered soinexvhat, but his indomitable activity sent him out too soon. On January 5th he went for a xvalk, and returned home to suffer a relapse, and never left his ted again. His strength gradually failed him and finally ebbed completely away, until his "unconquerable soul" xvas re ceived into the great Beyond. He had held his rudder true through all the storm and stress of life, and truly deserx'cd the croxvn of the xvorthy and righteous. He made a gallant struggle for life, but his regrets for leaving the xvorld xvere not for hirasdf, but for his beloved xvife aud children, to whom he xvished to devote another year of effort and thus provide securely for their future xvelfare. He had made his last xvill a fexv days tefore his death. The memory of his unselfish devotion and love xvill remain forever a priceless heritage to those he leaves behind, and his noble example Is a monument more lasting than bronze. Judge XX'ren's character xvas individual, strong and broad. He xvas a man of affairs, a successful attorney before the bar, and a statesman. His life xvas regulated throughout by principles of honor and truth and fidelity to his test ideals, and in his deatii the state has lost one of her grandest men. Fexv men xvere so intimately identified xvith Nex'ada history, for fifty years of his life had been spent here. He Avas one of the foremost niining men of the state, had extensive business interests, Avas a jurist of unexcelled ability, especially as a mining attorney; Avas a poxver in the political life of his state from the earliest days; and in social and fraternal affairs xvas esteemed as fexv men are. His dex'otion and affection for his friends Avere well knoAvn characteristics, and his love for family and home Avas one of the mainsprings of his activity. Aniong his close friendships may be raentioned that with Colonel Joseph Granddmeyer, of Hamilton, Nex'ada. These txvo men xvere associated in mining ventures during their early days, and had continued like brothers all their days, the Colonel having been in constant attendance upon his friend till the last. Judge XVren' was a man of indomitable xvill, inflexible firmness of pur pose and untiring industry, and these elements of character xvere the ground for his rise to prominence All through his career these dominant qualities were manifest, and the record ol his deeds may be read xvith profit by younger generations. He xvas torn at the town ol McArthur, Athens county, Ohio, January 2, 1824, so that at the time ol his death he was a little raore than a month beyond his eightieth birthday. He had planned a celebration lor this birth anniversary, but his latal illness made it impossible. Tie was a son ol native Virginians xvho migrated to Ohio among the first settlers ol that state, and toth died when Mr. Wren xvas quite young. Because of his early orphanage, he was thrown on his oxvn resources, and received only the rudiments of a coramon school education.. But at the same time his inherent tastes and am- A lilSTORY OF NEVADA. 769 bitioii led him to private reading and stuil) , and his life-long tlexotion to these pursuits xvas the cause for his rise to one of the leading members of the bar of the Pacific coast. Ho accumulated one of the finest laxv libraries in the state, and this he left to his son Thomas, Jr. In 1850 he crossed the plains to California, and for the folloxving tliree xoars xvas engaged in mining in Eldorado county and vicinity. Pie was ap pointed superintendent ami chief engineer of a largo mining ditch property. In 1854 he xvas a|)pointed deputy clerk of Eldorado county, and soon after ward tecame a jiracticing laxvyer. In 1803, betxveen mining and his laxv jiractice he studied mining engineering. When the Reese river excitement prexailed in Nex'ada during 18(13 he xvent to .Austin, Lander county, where he had his law oflice for sexeral years. From 1864 to i8()6 he xvas citv attornev of .Xustin. llo xvent to XX'hite Pine county in 18(18, and xvhile thei'e xvas in a partnership xvith Hon. Charles E. D. DeLong, and xvas also associated xvitli Judge L E. Xldrich and J, S. Slousson; as a law firra they xvere the leading mining laxvyers of ea.stern Nexada frora 1808 to 1873. The XX'hite Pine mining district began to decline in 1873, and Mr. XX'ren then moved to Eu reka, xvliere he xvas a leatling attorney for several mining companies, and served as president for tho Richmond Mining Coin])any. His most con- s|)icuous xvork as a laxvyer xvas done in c-c-innectiou xvith mining cases, and his own experience in that industrx' xvas an important factor in his poxver and ability to conduct mining cases, xvidi noted laxvyers like Garter, and Thorntons, and many other eminent laxvyers. He xvas associated with the famous .Xlbeon-Richmond suit and the famous Raymond and Ely at Pioche, Lincoln county. Nexada, in 1872, and other cases on the Pacific coast. .Xt the time of his death, he xvas preparing txvo cases that Involx'ed millions. He xvas Indefatigable In his legal xvork, and only txvo years before his death xvent to Eureka and tried a case that continued till midnight. Judge XX'ren xvas elected to the loAver house of the Nevada legislature in 1874, and served there xvith distinction. In 1876 he xvas elected bv the Republicans of the state to the forty-fifth Congress, and his career in XVash ington xvas a matter of pride to his constituents. He xvas not a candidate for re-electi(An, and returned to the practice of laxv. XX'hen Eureka also de clined. Judge XX'ren came to Ren(\ AvhIch he made the place of his permanent residence till his death. He xvas associated In practice with Hon. T. X' Julien under the name of XX'ren aud Julien, and practiced alone after tho re tirement of Judge Julien. Air. XX'ren xvas a x-ery successful miner. He and Colonel Grandol- meyer oxvn fix'e famous mines in XX'hite Mining District, in XX'hite Pine county, that was the mining Eldorado of .Xmerica; the XX'estern Central mine, Aly Alaryland mine, Alonitor Reindeer mine. Eureka mine and Congress mine He also owns other United States patented mines, in the Eureka Alining District, Eureka county, Nevada; some mining claims in the XX'edekind dis trict, also Good Hope, at Alt. liope Alining District, in Eureka county, Nex-ada. Air. XX'ren and a numter of other men oxvn the Tohanna. and the Charter Lode in Eureka District, and Cosmos soda mines, and others xvere interested in his property. In the Robinson Mining District, Ely, XX'hite Pine countv, Nexada, he had interests in a quicksilver mine at Steamboat 76() A HISTORY OF NEVADA. Springs, where were rumors of a big strike made there, but they have not materialized yet. Mr. Wren, as can be seen from the atove facts, was very prosperous in business, and yet he possessed that broad generosity that has made western men, and mining men in particular, an admired class throughout the world. Mr. Wren was a philanthropic man. He did not believe that death was so near, and had put off telling his wife the condition pf his raoney matters. Tn consec[uence the large sums of money owing him are unknown to any one except the debtors themselves, and most of it may never be collected. He was everywhere noted for his kindliness, and it will never be known how many he has helped xvho were down, and afforded the means by which they rose in the world. He has made fifteen lawyers in Nevada and on the Pacific coast. His fine home on Granite street was built just two years ^go. Mr. Wren visited the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893, and while there met Miss Mary. Para, to whom he was married tefore returning to Nevada. She is a most estimable woman, and lavished her affections upon him during his last years so that they were truly years of peaceful contentment and happiness. Of their union two children were born, Thomas, Jr., and Marie. Thomas, Jr., is a wonderfully bright little lad, resembling his father so much. His father idolized him, and saw in his mind the fulfillment of many beautiful visions for the future career of his son, who inherits not only the name of his lather, but, much raore, the noble example ol his life and deeds. Judge XVren had planned much for the happiness of his family. He intended taking thern all to the St. Louis exposition, and to his old home in Peoria, TUinois, where Mr. Wren owned valuable property, and with all his other responsibil ities, it seems that his first thoughts and his happiest plannings were lor his Iamily. Judge Wren was a true sportsman, even in his age, and was considered one ol the hunter sages ol this part ol the state. He was a member ol the Ohio Society at San Francisco. He made the Iraternal teaching and prin ciples ol Masonry his religion. He joined and was made a Master Aiason in Austin, Nevada, in April, 1858, and Royal Arch Mason in 1874, and was a Knight Templar, and his last rites were under the auspices ol the Masonic order. He was a meniber ol Reno Lodge No. 13, F. & A. M., Reno chapter, R. A. M., Eureka Commandery No. 2, K. T., and ol Reno Consistory No. I, of the thirty-second degree of the Scottish Rite. He never missed his lodge meetings. When the Scottish Rite lodge was organized in Reno about a year ago he prepared all the work, and several times remained out till txvo or three o'clock in the morning. For variety of interests, largeness of ideas, breadth and .integrity of character, and devotion to home and all that was good in state and nation, he was a raan the like of whora his fellow citizens will not soon look upon again. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 03108 0105 m MM jffn-'MUfi-^*!-' ijii !i.iiyi|;