Yale UniwisitK Library 39002032422884 A HISTORY OF UgLvetit£fJS^p0 -.forithe fo lending cf a. College in this Colonf1 • ILHIBIS^ISRf ¦ Bought with the income of the Ann S. Farnam Fund IfHT A History of Kansas BY Anna E. Arnold AUTHOR OF CMCS AND CITIZENSHIP PUBLISHED BY THE STATE OF KANSAS STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA COPYRIGHTED, 1914. BY ANNA E.ARNOLD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE. No State has a history better calculated to inspire patriotism in its people than has Kansas. In this fact lies the greatest reason for teaching Kansas History in the schools. A knowledge of the difficulties that have been met and conquered in building the State will create in the minds of the boys and girls a greater respect for the sturdy qualities of the pioneers, it will give them a wholesome sense of the great cost at which the ease and comfort of to-day have been purchased, it will stimulate in them a desire to live up to the past. If the study of Kansas History is to accomplish these results, the subject must be presented in such a way as to arouse the interest of the pupils. They must feel its reality. They must catch its spirit. With the hope of fulfilling in some measure these re quirements, this book has been prepared with the fol lowing aims constantly in mind: to make it, as nearly as possible, a narrative; to select from the wealth of mate rial at hand such subject matter as is within the compre hension of children, eliminating such matter as can be fully understood and appreciated only by mature minds; to present the general movement of the State's progress rather than a mass .of unrelated facts. Only so much detail has been used as is necessary to a clear understand ing of events. The purpose has not been to chronicle a multitude of events, but rather to show forth what man ner of men and women were the builders of our State, (5) 6 A HISTORY OF KANSAS what motives actuated them, what conditions surrounded them, how they lived, and what they accomplished. An effort has been made to give the pupils a general view of the State's history as a whole, to give them a framework on which to build their later knowledge, and to leave them with a desire to learn more of Kansas history. Anna E. Arnold. I. The Beginning op Kansas History 9 II. Kansas Becomes a Part op the United States ... 16 III. Exploration op the Kansas Country by the United States 20 IV. Kansas as a Pathway 29 V. Kansas as an Indian Country 46 VI. Kansas Organized as a Territory 57 VII. The Coming op the Settlers 63 VIII. The First Territorial Government 73 IX. Rival Governments in Kansas 79 X. The Period of Violence 85 XI. The Period op Political Contest.7; 95 XII. Pioneer Life 103 XIII. Kansas in the Civil War Ill XIV. The Half Century Since the Civil War 117 XV. The Industries of Kansas 141 XVI. Railroads in Kansas 172 XVII. Education in Kansas 183 XVIII. Kansas Memorials 201 XIX. The Kansas Spirit 211 A HISTORY OF KANSAS QUI VIRA— KANSAS In that half-forgotten era, With the avarice of old, Seeking cities he was told Had been paved with yellow gold, In the kingdom of Quivira — Came the restless Coronado To the open Kansas plain, With his knights from sunny Spain; In an effort that, though vain, Thrilled with boldness and bravado. League by league, in aimless marching, Knowing scarcely where or why, Crossed they uplands drear and dry, That an unprotected sky Had for centuries been parching. But their expectations, eager, Found, instead of fruitful lands, Shallow streams and shifting sands, Where the buffalo in bands Roamed o'er deserts dry and meager. Back to the scenes more trite, yet tragic, Marched the knights with armor'd steeds; Not for them the quiet deeds; Not for them to sow the seeds From which empires grow like magic. Thus Quivira was forsaken; And the world forgot the place Through the lapse of time and space. Then the blue-eyed Saxon race Came and bade the desert waken. — Eugene Ware. A HISTORY OF KANSAS CHAPTER I THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY More than four centuries have passed since Columbus discovered America. During that time the hunting . , ground of three hundred thousand Indi ans has become the United States with its ninety-two million civilized people. In the center of this great nation, which occupies nearly half the area of the continent, lies Kansas, a rectangle four hundred miles long and two hundred miles wide. Kansas is a part of the great plain that slopes gradually from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Mis sissippi River. Its surface, cut by many eastward-flowing streams, lies level in the west but in the east curves into countless hills and valleys. On these broad prairies to-day are thousands of cattle, and great fields of corn, wheat, and alfalfa. Towns and cities are scattered over the State, and the country between is dotted with the homes of farmers. There are mines, factories, churches, schools, and colleges Uniting all are miles and miles of railroad. Kansas is now the home of more than a million and a half of busy, prosperous people. But it was not always so; these prairies were once used only by the Indian and the buffalo. If we are to understand how this change has come about (9) 10 A HISTORY OF KANSAS we must begin with the coming of the first white men to America. At that time Spain was the most powerful nation of Europe, and since she had furnished the funds for the The first voyage of Columbus she claimed the first white men right to America and became the pioneer in Kansas ^ the exploration of the New World< The Spaniards first explored the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, discovered the Pacific Ocean and the Mississippi River, and were the first to sail around the world. In 1519 Cortez, a Spaniard, landed on the present site of Vera Cruz and marched into the heart of Mexico, the home of the Aztec Indians. He made himself master of that great region and called it New Spain. All of these expeditions were too far south to reach what is now Kansas, but only a few more years were to pass be fore this far-off country was to be explored by the adven turous Spaniards, the first white men to set foot on Kansas soil. In 1528 Narvaez, a Spaniard, led an exploring expedi tion westward from Florida along the Gulf of Mexico. Through various misfortunes and hard- de Vaca shiPs nearly all of the party perished. One of the commanders, Cabeza de Vaca, and three of his men were taken prisoners by the Indians. After being held in captivity nearly six years they succeeded in making their escape. They fled westward, and after an adventurous journey of nearly two years reached a Spanish settlement near the western coast of New Spain. The exact route followed by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions can never be known, but his accounts of their wanderings were largely the cause of the expedition of Coronado, who was the first white man known with certainty to have traveled across what is now Kansas. THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY 11 The chief purpose of all the Spanish explorers was to search for wealth. Cortez is said to have made this remark to the Indians: "We Spaniards Spaniards * are troubled with a disease of the heart for which we find gold, and gold only, a specific remedy." The hope of finding gold and precious stones lying about like pebbles lured many Spaniards into enterprises filled with terrible hardships. Reports of great cities of untold wealth to the northward, the "Seven Cities of Cibola," as they were called, had reached New Spain at various times, and when Cabeza de Vaca told similar tales that he had heard from the Indians it stirred the Spaniards to explore the region. Great preparation was made for an expedition. An army of three hundred Spaniards and eight hundred friendly Indians was gathered and placed under the command of Coronado. This was a large army for those times and the burden of fur nishing it with arms and supplies fell heavily on New Spain. But so hopeful were the people of the success of the expedition that no sacrifice seemed too great. In the spring of 1540 the long march into unexplored country began. After months of travel in a northerly and then in a northeasterly direction, Coronado and his army reached the province of Cibola, which was prob- QutvfraarCh ^ a^lv in the western Part of wnat is now New Mexico, and the "Seven Cities" proved to be ordinary adobe Indian villages. They took possession of the Indian supplies and spent the winter in the villages. The Indians, anxious to get rid of their un welcome visitors, persuaded a Quivira Indian, whom they held as a prisoner, to tell the Spaniards tales of the wonderful land of Quivira in order to lead them off into 12 A HISTORY OF KANSAS the wilderness where they would die from lack of food and water. Coronado and his men listened to this Indian, whom they called "Turk," and followed him as a guide for many days. He led them steadily toward the east and after a time they became convinced that they were being deceived and made him confess that Quivira was far to the northward. They had been only too willing to listen to Turk's stories, but when they learned that he had misled them they put him to death. Supplies were now low and Coronado sent back the main body of the army, which was composed of footmen, and with thirty horse men started northward. <$/-. t . _\ <:ansa58 "Cr W --ss d> c*. ^ «? o \1 *o ^ 1 \ * /¦ c O " % •Y .& tt 'S *Pc VCuliacan GULF OF MEXICO 4- I^Compo stela City of Mexico! The Journeys of Cabeza de Vaca and Coronado. THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY 13 It must be remembered that the whole country was a vast wilderness without names or boundary lines, and we can describe the journey of the Spaniards only by using names and boundary lines that have come into existence long since that time. As nearly as can be learned, Coronado and his men entered Kansas about where Clark County now is, and went on northward, crossing the Arkansas River Coronado in Kansas "Francisco Vasqueth de Coronado, commander of an expedition, arrived at this place." at or near the site of Dodge City. From this point they followed the river to Great Bend, and then continued in a northeasterly direction to the vicinity of Junction City. At the end of their journey they set up a cross bearing the inscription: "Francisco Vasqueth de Coronado, com mander of an expedition, arrived at this place." After all this weary journey they had reached Quivira 14 A HISTORY OF KANSAS and found it to be merely the home of a tribe of Indians, the Quiviras, later known as the Pawnees. Quivira found Coronado wrote in a letter to the King of Spain: "The country itself is the best I have ever seen for producing all of the fruits of Spain, for, besides the land itself being very fat and black, and being very well watered by rivulets, springs, atnd rivers, I found prunes like those in Spain and nuts and very good sweet grapes and mulberries. I remained twenty-five days in this province of Quivira, both to see and explore the country, and to find out whether there was anything beyond which could be of service to your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not any gold or any other metal in all that country, and the other things of which they told me are nothing but little villages, and in many of these they do not plant anything, and do not have any houses, except of skins and sticks, and they wander around with the cows. So that the account they gave me was false, be cause they wanted to get me to go there with the whole force, believing that as the way was through such unin habitable deserts, and from lack of water they would get us where our horses and we would die of thirst. And the guides confessed this, and they said they did it by the advice of the natives of these provinces." 1 Empty-handed, Coronado and his little band of Spanish knights turned toward New Spain and carried to their Coronado's re- waiting countrymen the disappointing turn to New story of their two years' expedition. pain With this event fifty years had passed since the discovery of America, and for the next two and a half centuries little attention was paid to the Kan sas country. 1. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY 15 SUMMARY The history of Kansas begins with the first exploration of this country by white men nearly four hundred years ago. Spain was the first nation to explore the New World. The chief purpose of the Spaniards was to find gold. They had heard from the Indians of rich cities to the northward, and when Cabeza de Vaca told them similar tales the people of New Spain decided to explore the country. They sent Coronado with a large army on a journey of exploration lasting two years. He failed to find gold but his expedition is of interest because he was the first white man known to have traversed what is now Kansas. REFERENCES Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 1-23. Foster, A History of the United States, p. 29. Spring, Kansas, pp. 17-19. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 44-45. Bourne, Spain in America, (vol. m, of The American Nation: a History). Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. Historical Collections, vol. vn, pp. 26, 40, 268, 573; vol. vm, p. 152; vol. X, p. 68; vol. XII, p. 219. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. QUESTIONS 1. How long has it been since Columbus discovered America? 2. Compare the population at that time with the present popu lation of the United States. 3. In what part of the United States is Kansas? 4. Describe briefly the western part of the Mississippi valley. Describe the surface of Kansas. 5. What relation has Spain to the history of Kansas? Why did Spain claim the first right to America? Name some of the early discoveries of the Spaniards. 6. Where was New Spain? 7. What influenced the Spaniards in their ventures in the New World? 8. Who was Cabeza de Vaca? Of what importance is the ac count of his adventures? 9. Tell the story of Coronado. What is his relation to Kansas history? CHAPTER II KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES While the Spaniards were searching for wealth in the southern part of North America, the French were trading with the Indians in the northern part along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes. Among the French were many Catholic priests, called Jesuits, who came to carry their religious faith to the Indians. In 1673, one of these Jesuits, Father Marquette, accompanied a trader named Joliet on an ex pedition to explore the Mississippi River. They launched their canoes on the great river and floated downstream for hundreds of miles, between shores that in some places were thickly wooded, and in others were grassy plains. They went as far south as the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then turned and began the long, hard task of paddling back. Among those who heard of the journey of Marquette and Joliet was a young Frenchman, La Salle. He planned to explore the whole Mississippi basin Louisiana1ni682 anc* *° take possession of it in the name of the King of France. In 1682, with a few companions, he floated down the Mississippi to its mouth. Here, with much ceremony, they planted a cross, buried a leaden plate inscribed with the arms of France, and de clared that all the land drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries should belong to France, and should be named Louisiana in honor of the French King, Louis XIV. Thus in 1682, nearly two centuries after the dis- (16) KANSAS BECOMES PART OF UNITED STATES 17 covery of America, Kansas came into the possession of the French. The French soon planted a few colonies and forts along the Mississippi River and sent out explorers some of whom The end of Span- mav have entered the present bounds of ish and French Kansas. This roused the Spaniards in explorations Mexico, who wished to hold the territory for Spain, and they also sent expeditions. The armies of both nations suffered severely at the hands of the Indians and the exploration of the Kansas country was given up by both Spain and France, and for nearly a century more it lay almost forgotten. The next explora tion of this territory was by people of another nation. While the Spaniards were busy in the South and the French in the North, another people, the English, began Th E r h ^° ma^e explorations in the new conti nent. They did not come to hunt for gold, nor to trade with the Indians, but to found homes. They settled along the Atlantic coast between the French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, and claimed the country westward to the Pacific Ocean. As time went on and the settlements increased in number, the claims of the French and the English con- Conflict of flicted and caused much strife between French and the colonies of the two countries. The English claims question of the ownership of the land was not settled until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. As a result of this war France gave up all her claims in America, practically everything east of the Mississippi to England, and that west of it to Spain. In 1800 Spain ceded her portion of America back to France. In the meantime the English colonies had fought the Revolutionary War and become an independent nation. 18 A HISTORY OF KANSAS In 1803, when Thomas Jefferson was President, the United States bought from France her tract of country lying west of the Mississippi River. This pSfchas^flsos. was know*1 as the Louisiana Purchase, and the date is one to be remembered, for it marks the end of French claims in America, and it marks the time when what is now Kansas became a part of the United States.1 More than three centuries of American history had passed and the country west of the Mississippi River remained unsettled and practically un- One^century known. The Spaniard and the French man had come and gone, but the Indian still hunted buffalo on the prairies. The white man had not yet made his home in the Kansas country. SUMMARY Spain explored in the South in search of wealth, France in the North to trade in furs with the Indians, and England along the coast between these two to establish homes. Spain claimed the Kansas country because of the explora tion by Coronado, France through the claims of Marquette and La Salle, and England through the ocean-to-ocean claim._ None of these nations succeeded in accomplishing anything here, and the Kansas country was left alone for nearly a century after it came into the possession of France. At the close of the French and Indian War the country west of the Mississippi was ceded to Spain. Later it came again into the hands of France, and was purchased by the United States in 1803. 1. In 1819 the United States gave to Spain that part of Kansas lying south of the Arkansas River and west of the 100th meridian. This territory again became a part of the United States by the an nexation of Texas in 1845. KANSAS BECOMES PART OF UNITED STATES 19 REFERENCES Elson, History of the United States, pp. 161, 384. Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. n, chap. xii. Foster, A History of the United States. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 24-40. Parkman, La Salle and the Great West. Spring, Kansas, pp. 19-20. Historical Collections, vol. ix, p. 250; vol. x, p. 336. Wilder, Annals of Kansas, pp. 15-18. QUESTIONS 1. Who were the Jesuits? What can you say of Marquette? Joliet? La Salle? 2. Contrast the motives of the French and the Spanish in coming to America. 3. Why did the English come to the New World? 4. What territory was claimed by the French? By the Spanish? By the English? 5. To what nations did what is now Kansas successively belong? How and when did it first become a part of the United States? How long was this after the discovery of America? CHAPTER III EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE UNITED STATES When the United States bought Louisiana the country from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean was a vast unknown area. President Jefferson President was eager to learn something about the Jefferson sent , „T . , . , 1 i • explorers great West, and sent out, several exploring parties. The first expedition, sent in 1804, the year following the purchase of Louisiana, was in charge of Meriwether Lewis i • h ri k anc* William Clark. They were instructed to move up the Missouri River and on to the Pacific Ocean. After a difficult journey lasting two and a half years the party returned to St. Louis and brought to the people of the United States much im portant information concerning the West. It is the part of their journey along the border of what is now Kansas in which we are most interested. With about forty-five men and three boats Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River in the spring of 1804. „,, Two horsemen rode along the bank to The journey . ° hunt and bring in game which was to go far toward supplying provisions for the expedition. After a five weeks' journey they reached the mouth of the Kansas River, and encamped that night on the present site of Kansas City, Kansas. From there they continued up the Missouri River where it forms the present bound- (20) EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY 21 ary line of Kansas, along the border of what has since become Leavenworth, Atchison, and Doniphan counties. Their account of the journey describes the country through which they passed and the different Indian tribes and villages they saw. It speaks of an Indian tribe as "hunt ing on the plains for buffalo which our hunters have seen for the first time." Again we read, "Pecan trees were this day seen, and large quantities of deer and wild tur key." By July 4 they had reached a point not far from the present city of Atchison. They did not have the means for much of a celebration, but their observance of the day included the firing of "an evening gun" and the naming of two streams, Fourth of July Creek, and Inde pendence Creek. Independence Creek still retains its name. A week later they passed the fortieth parallel, which afterward became the northern boundary of Kan sas, and continued on their way to the Pacific. In 1806 another exploring party was sent out in command of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a young lieuten ant in the army. He was instructed to expedition ascend the Missouri River, visit the vari ous Indian tribes in the Kansas country, go west until the frontier of New Mexico was reached, then south toward the source of the Red River which he was to descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Louis, the starting point. The journey did not, however, follow just this route. The Osage Indians lived in the eastern part of Kan sas, south of the Kansas River. At their villages Pike purchased supplies for the overland jour- Osage'lndians nev- From there he went west and then northwest toward the Pawnee village which is believed to have been within the bounds of what is now Republic County. 22 A HISTORY OF KANSAS About the time he crossed the Solomon River he came upon the trail of Spanish troops. It seems that the authorities in Mexico had in some way ThePawnefs heard of the Pike expedition and had sent an army of five hundred men to intercept him. These forces missed each other, but when Pike reached the village of the Pawnee Indians he found them in possession of many blankets, bridles, saddles, and other things which they had received from the Spaniards. After having been visited with much ceremony by the mounted and lordly army from Mexico, "the Indians were not inclined to be courteous to Pike and his score of dusty, bedraggled footmen. After much unpleasantness and delay a council attended by four hundred warriors was held. In his opening address Pike spoke, among other things, of the numerous Spanish flags in the village. Pointing to one which floated above the tent of the head chief, he demanded that it be lowered and that an American flag be put in its place. Several Indians made speeches without mentioning the flag. Pike again told them they must choose between the Spanish and the American governments. The Americans awaited the answer in anxious suspense. Finally an old chief arose. He slowly hauled down the Spanish flag, laid it at Pike's feet, and received the American flag in return. This he un furled above the chief's tent, and for the first time, so far as is known, the Stars and Stripes floated over Kansas. From this place Pike and his men moved southwest to the Arkansas River, where the party divided, some Pike in Colorado ° f them g°inS d°Wn the river and OU home. Pike and his remaining men, in stead of searching for the Red River according to instruc tions, followed the Arkansas River into what is now Colorado. They pushed westward, and after many days EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY 23 of travel sighted a mountain which appeared at first like a small blue cloud but which proved to be a great bald peak c* the Rocky Mountains. This peak has since been named Pike's Peak in honor of , the explorer. By this time it was winter and their supplies were low. Pike and his men suffered terribly from cold and hunger while The expedition of Pike, and the location of the original Indian tribes. There were no clearly defined boundaries between the tribes. wandering among the mountains. Hoping to better their condition they moved toward the southwest, only to find themselves taken prisoners in Spanish territory. Later, however, they were escorted across Texas to the Ameri can frontier in Louisiana and released. A whole year had passed before they found themselves again in St. Louis, a year of hardship for them, but well worth while, nevertheless, for Pike brought back a great deal of valuable informa tion. That he was a better soldier than farmer may be seen from this passage taken from his journal: "From these immense prairies may rise one great ad vantage to the United States, viz., the restriction of our The return of Pike 24 A HISTORY OF KANSAS population to certain limits, and thereby a continuation of the union. Our citizens, being so prone to rambling and extending themselves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be constrained to limit their extent on the west to the borders of the Missouri and the Mississippi, while they leave the prairies, incapable of ^cultivation, to the wandering aborigines of the country."1 Another explorer, Major Long, who came in 1819 and 1820, likewise expressed the idea that most of the country was unfit for cultivation, and therefore AmeHcMDesert uninhabitable by an agricultural people. He even went so far. as to say the country bore a "resemblance to the deserts of Siberia." Washing ton Irving, the great writer, said of this region: "It could be well named, the Great American Desert. It spreads An Indian Village. The tribes that lived in permanent homes built lodges consisting of an embankment of earth topped with a row of poles brought together at the center and thatched with bark and grass. 1. Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY 25 Indian tribes in Kansas forth into undulating and treeless plains and desolate sandy wastes, wearisome to the eye from their extent and monotony. It is a land where no man permanently abides, for at certain seasons of the year there is no food for the hunter or his steed." The views of these men largely molded public opinion concerning the West. The country out of which has been carved such prosperous agricultural states as Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska was, a hundred years ago, known as the "Great American Desert," and was so named on the maps of that time. The western prairies had for untold ages been occu pied by Indians. At the time of Pike's expedition there were four tribes living within the pres ent bounds of Kansas. These were the Kanza, the Osage, the Pawnee, and the Comanche tribes. The Kanza, or Kaw, Indians lived in the northeastern part of the State and were the ones seen by Lewis and Clark in their expedition up the Missouri River. It is from this tribe that Kansas probably received its name. The Osage In dians were located in the eastern part, south of the Kansas River. The Paw nee tribe lived north and west of the Kanza Indi ans. It was in the Osage village that Pike secured supplies for his journey, and in the Pawnee village Tnterior of an Indian Lodge. 26 A HISTORY OF KANSAS that he caused the Spanish flag to be lowered. The Paw nees were once called the Quiviras. The first of their tribe that we know anything about was "Turk," who led Coronado into the wilderness. These three tribes lived in permanent homes and had their tribal villages, but the fourth tribe were wanderers. They were the Co- manches, sometimes called the Padoucas, and they roved over the western part of Kansas and adjacent territory, hunting buffalo and following the herds as they grazed from place to place. They were fine horsemen, and brave, but very fierce and warlike. This was the Kansas of a century ago. At that time it had received neither name nor boundaries. For the first fifty years that this region was a IcentoT ago°f Part of the United States, that is, from the purchase of Louisiana until Kansas was organized as a territory in 1854, the country was little used by the white people except as a pathway to the West. SUMMARY President Jefferson, wishing to learn something of the unknown western country, sent out two exploring ex peditions. The first, in 1804, was in charge Of Lewis and Clark who were to follow the Missouri River and to go on across the mountains until they reached the Pacific coast. They passed along the northeast border of Kansas. The next exploring party was in command of Pike. His route was somewhat in the form of a circle. Beginning at St. Louis it was to pass through Kansas, then south, then east, and up the Mississippi to St. Louis. He visited the Osage Indians in eastern Kansas, the Paw nee Indians in northern Kansas where he raised the American flag, and then marched into Colorado where he discovered Pike's Peak. From Colorado he went into what is now New Mexico where he was taken prisoner by EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY 27 the Spaniards. They took him nearly to the Mississippi River and released him. On his return he reported this country as unfit for settlement, and his opinion was shared by later explorers. At the time of Pike's expe dition there were four tribes of Indians in Kansas, the Osages, the Kanzas, the Pawnees, and the Comanches. REFERENCES Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 31-41. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 49-53. Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Blackmar, Kansas, vol. n. Historical Collections, vol. ix, p. 574; vol. vn, pp. 261-317; vol. VI, p. 325; vol. x, pp. 15-159. QUESTIONS 1. What was known of the Louisiana Purchase at the time it was acquired by the United States? 2. Who were Lewis and Clark? Give an account of their expedi tion as it related to Kansas. 3. What route was Pike instructed to take' 4. Describe Pike 's visit to the Osages. His visit to the Pawnees. By what other name do we know the Pawnees? 5. Give an account of the remainder of Pike's journey. 6. What was Pike's opinion of the Kansas country? Long's opinion? Washington Irving 's opinion? 7. How much of Kansas did the Louisiana Purchase include? 8. What Indian tribes lived within the present bounds of Kansas? Locate and tell something of each. 9. When was Kansas Territory organized? How long was this after the Louisiana purchase? 10. What use did the white people make of Kansas during this period? The Santa Fe and Oregon Trails, and Early Lines of Railroad, through Kansas. CHAPTER IV KANSAS AS A PATHWAY Nearly three centuries passed from the time Cortez led the Spaniards into Mexico until Kansas became a part of the United States. During those century ago years Spanish settlements had increased in number until at the time of Pike's expe dition Mexico included most of what is now California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Santa Fe, said to be the second oldest city in the United States, was the most important point on the northern „., c , _ frontier of Mexico. In those days it was Old Santa Fe , ... „ , . . „ J _, not like the busy American Santa Fe of to-day. It had about two thousand inhabitants, practically all Spaniards, and they lived in little adobe houses ar ranged around a public square after the manner of Spanish cities. The "Great American Desert" lay between Santa Fe and the settlements of the western border of the United States. But Captain Pike's interesting SaiUaVe Trail descriptions of the wealth and resources of the Spanish country stirred up enthusi asm, and Americans began to make their way across the plains to trade with the Spaniards. Santa Fe soon be came an important trading point for all of northeastern Mexico. The traders, on their journeys to the Spanish city, wore a pathway that crossed the length of Kansas. This pathway came to be called the "Santa Fe Trail." (29) Scenes in early Santa Fe. Left, a street scene. Upper right, an adobe house. Lower right, the old "Palace," used by the Spanish and Mexican authorities as government headquarters for about two centuries. It was in this building that Pike was held prisoner. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 31 Although a few earlier trips were made, the trade with Santa Fe really began in the year 1822 with the Captain Beck- journey of Captain Becknell, of Missouri. nell the first He had started out the year before to ";>"'''' trade with the Indians, and had gone on with a party of Mexican rangers to Santa Fe where he sold his small supply of merchandise so profitably that he decided to try again on a larger scale. In 1822 he took about thirty men and five thousand dollars' worth of merchandise. His success encouraged others, and a regular trade with Santa Fe was soon established. For several years most of the transportation along the Trail was done with pack mules. A caravan of pack Merchandise mules usually numbered from fifty to carried on two hundred, each animal carrying about pac mu es three hundred pounds of merchandise. From the earliest times the Mexicans had used pack mules as a means of transportation, and were skilled in hand ling them. For this reason theAmerican traders usually em ployed Mexicans for the work of the pack train. The av- Pack Mules. erage rate of travel of a mule train was from twelve to fif teen miles a day. Since the Trail was nearly eight hundred miles long, fifty to sixty days were required for the trip. Probably the first time that wagons were used was in 1824, when a company of traders left Missouri with twenty-five wagons and a train of pack on'the" Trail d mules. This experiment was so satisfac tory that the use of wagons soon became 32 A HISTORY OF KANSAS general and mules were used less and less as pack animals. Travel over the Santa Fe Trail rapidly increased, and the history of those days is filled with stories of ex citing adventure, of danger, of privation, SflndtaM "ld and of deeds 0f couraSe- The source of greatest danger and excitement was the Indians, for they did not take kindly to the white men's use of their hunting grounds. For several years the traders crossed the plains in small parties, each man taking only two or three hundred dollars' worth of goods, and they were seldom molested. But peace did not last long. The Indians soon learned more about the journeys of the traders and how to estimate the value of their stock. Also, many of the traders considered every Indian a deadly enemy and killed all that fell into their power simply because some wrong was known to have been committed by Indians. This treatment tended to stir up the hatred of the red men and to make them watch every opportunity for revenge. An example of the enmity between the Indians and the traders may be seen in an occurrence of 1828. Two young men went to sleep on the bank of a stream a short distance from their caravan and were fatally shot, it was supposed, with their own guns. When their comrades found them one was dead, and the other died by the time the caravan reached the Cimarron River, about forty miles farther on. During the simple burial ceremonies a party of six or seven Indians appeared on the other side of the river. It is probable that these Indians knew nothing of the crime committed or they would not have approached the white men. Some of the men took this view, but, against their advice, the others fired and killed all of the Indians but one, who escaped to carry the news to his tribe. The KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 33 Indians of the wronged tribe then followed the caravan to the Arkansas River where they robbed the traders of nearly a thousand head of horses and mules. Other robberies and murders followed until it became necessary for the traders to petition the National Government for troops. The next year soldiers escorted the caravan nearly to the Cimarron River. Government protection was furnished again in 1834, and in 1843. In the other years the traders fought their own way, but the day of small parties was over. For mutual protection, the traders banded together. A single big caravan started out each spring as soon as the grass was sufficient to pasture their animals, and returned in the fall. For many years the city of Franklin, on the Missouri River, was the starting point of the traders, the place The starting where they purchased their goods and point of the their outfits. Later, Independence, Mis- ' 10 h souri, and finally Westport which is now a part of Kansas City, became the emporium of the Santa Fe trade. The tourists and traders began to gather about the first of May for the journey that would begin near the middle of that month. The ordinary supplies to be taken for each man were about fifty pounds of flour, fifty pounds of bacon, ten .... pounds of coffee, twenty pounds each of Supplies taken . . . . ..... ,, sugar, rice, and beans, and a little salt. Anything else was considered an unnecessary luxury and was seldom taken. The buffalo furnished fresh meat for the travelers. After the first few years horses were little used on the Trail except for riding. A wagon was usually drawn by eight mules or oxen, though some of the wagons3" larger ones required ten or twelve. The large wagons often carried as much as 34 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Council Grove the meeting place five thousand pounds of merchandise and supplies. The loading of the wagons for a journey of nearly eight hun dred miles was a very particular piece of work. Although the traders banded together in one big cara van, they did not all start from the same place nor at the same time. The Kanza and Osage Indians seldom committed worse deeds than petty thievery, and the more warlike Comanches and Pawnees did not often appear along the first two hundred miles of the Trail. The place where all the wagons united to form a cara van was Council Grove, a point about one hun dred and fifty miles west of Independence. In those days Council Grove consisted of a strip of fine timber along the Neosho val ley. It is said to have been named in 1825 by the United States Com missioners who met on this spot some Osage Indians, with whom they made a treaty for the right of way for the Santa Fe Trail. About 1850 a blacksmith shop and two or three trad ers' stores were estab lished at Council Grove Council Oak, under which the Com missioners and Indians met at Coun cil Grove to make their treaty. It is still standing. A Santa Fe marker has been placed beneath its branches. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 35 and this place became "the last chance for supplies" for westbound travelers. We can not get an idea of those days in any better way, perhaps, than by following an account of one of the caravans. Josiah Gregg, who crossed the GreggeySOf prairie eight times, has left a very in teresting record of his experiences. Many of the following facts are taken from his account of the journey of 1831. For this particular trip there were two hundred men and nearly a hundred wagons, with a dozen smaller vehicles, and two carriages carrying can- theg?"!avann °f non. The total value of the merchandise was about $200,000. For so large an un dertaking it was, of course, necessary to have some kind of organization. According to custom, therefore, they elected officers and adopted a set of rules. The head man was the "Captain of the Caravan," who directed the order of travel, selected the camping grounds, and performed many other duties of a general nature. The wagons were divided into four groups, each group under the charge of a lieutenant, who selected crossings and superintended the "forming" of the camp. The men were well armed with rifles, shotguns, and an abundant supply of pistols and knives. When the time came to start from Council Grove the command " Catch up ! Catch up ! " sounded by the captain and passed on to all the groups, started a the^arYvai? ° scene of hurry and uproar as the teamsters vied with each other to be first to shout "All's set!" After a period of shouting at animals, the clanking of chains, and the rattling of harness and yokes, all were ready. The command "Stretch out!" was given, and the line of march began. 36 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Crossing the Plains. Council Grove seemed to form the western boundary of the very rich, fertile, and well-timbered country. From The country nere westward the streams were lined with west of Council but little timber growth, and much of ,y that was cotton wood. The country was mostly prairie, with the vegetation gradually becoming more scarce. The traders usually lashed under their wagons a supply of logs for needed repairs, for Council Grove furnished the last good wood they would pass. Westward from Council Grove not a single human habi tation, not even an Indian settlement, was to be seen along the whole route. It is difficult to imagine such a condition in Kansas only eighty years ago. Soon after leaving Council Grove the traders began watching for buffalo, and when a small herd was sighted Buffalo sighted ^ created much excitement. About half the men had never seen these animals before. All the horsemen rushed toward the herd, and some of the drivers even left their teams and followed on foot. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 37 Pawnee Rock Buffaloes, sometimes called American bison. They were described by Cabeza de Vaca as " crooked-backed oxen." After a few more days of travel, during which nothing more serious happened than a few false alarms of Indians, they reached the Arkansas River. Another day's travel over a level plain brought them in sight of Pawnee Rock, a great rock standing on the plains near the Big Bend of the Arkansas, and a land mark known from one end of the Trail to the other. The surrounding country was not occupied by any tribe of In dians, but was claimed by all of them as a hunting ground, for it was a fine pasture for buf falo. For many years it had been the scene of bloody bat tles between different tribes. Pawnee Rock. The Rock afforded an excel- 38 A HISTORY OF KANSAS lent hiding place and retreat. Since the old Trail passed within a few yards of it, this became a dreaded spot for the traders, for at this point they seldom escaped a skirmish with the Indians. The Rock probably received its name from some of the bloody deeds of the Pawnees, who were especially connected with these scenes. When the caravan camped at Ash Creek the traders found a few old moccasins scattered around and some camp fires still burning, which seemed to ormmg camp m(jicate ^e near presence of Indians. They had, up to this point, marched in two columns, but after crossing Pawnee Fork they formed four lines for better protection in case of attack. In camp the wagons were arranged in the form of a hollow square, each line forming a side. This provided an enclosure for the ani mals when needed, and a fortification against the Indians. Ordinarily the camp fires were lighted outside the square, the men slept on the ground there, and the animals were picketed near. The next important stopping place was The Caches, near the present site of Fort Dodge. All that marked „, „ , this spot from the surrounding country The (series was a group of pits in the ground. A number of years before, a small party of traders had attempted to go to Santa Fe in the fall. By the time they reached the Arkansas River a heavy snowstorm forced them to take shelter on a large island, where they were kept for three months by the severe winter. During this time most of their animals perished. When spring came, having no way to carry their goods, they made some caches1 where they stored their merchandise until they could bring mules to haul it to Santa Fe. 1. A cache was made by digging a jug-shaped hole in the ground and lining it with dry grass, or sticks, or anything to keep out KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 39 At Cimarron Crossing the Trail divided, and did not reunite until within a few miles of Santa Fe. The south- The Trail ern route was shorter, but it meant divided into crossing fifty miles of desert before 1 "'" M "'' reaching the Cimarron River. In all that stretch of level plain there was no trail, nor landmark, nor stream of water. Travelers sometimes lost their way in this desert, and unless they had prepared for this part of the journey by taking along a sufficient supply of water, they perished of thirst. This caravan decided to take the southern route. A band of Indians soon appeared, carrying an American flag as a token of peace. They talked with wkhindian"" the traders by means of signs and told them there were immense numbers of Indians ahead. A little later a band of warriors appeared and threatened to fight. There was great excitement as the caravan prepared for battle and the Indians con tinued to pour over the hills. But there was no fighting, for the chief came forward with his "peace pipe" from which the captain took a whiff. The warriors were ordered back to rejoin the long train of squaws and papooses who were following with the baggage. There were probably three thousand Indians in this party, and they moved down into the valley and pitched their wig wams. The traders felt sure that since the women and children were along the Indians would not be hostile, and they, therefore, formed their camp a few hundred yards away. The Indians gathered around to gaze at the wag ons, for it was probably the first time most of them had moisture. Then the goods were packed in and the opening closed very carefully by replacing the sod and carrying away the earth that was removed so that no sign was left by which the cache might be discovered. Sometimes a camp fire was built over it to destroy all traces of the cache. 40 A HISTORY OF KANSAS ever seen such vehicles. Some of them followed to the next camp, and the next day a large number of them gathered around the caravan. This sort of thing con tinued until the traders made up a present of fifty or sixty dollars' worth of goods to "seal the treaty of peace." Some days later the caravan met a Mexican buffalo hunter. He told the traders the news from Santa Fe, the first they had heard since the return news fS °f the caravan of the year before. To day Kansas City and Santa Fe are little more than twenty-four hours apart by rail, and we read the latest news from both places in the morning and evening papers. Round Mound, standing nearly a thousand feet above the level of the surrounding plain, in what is now New ™ j »» j Mexico, was one of the landmarks along Round Mound ' . ° the Trail. At that point the caravan had completed about three-fourths of the journey to Santa Fe. As they approached the Mound some of the party decided to ascend it. They felt certain that it could not be more than half a mile away, but they had to go fully three miles before reaching it. This remarkable deception in distance is characteristic of the West.1 1. Another phenomenon that makes the traveler in a dry or desert country afraid to trust his eyes is the mirage. He often sees what seem to be lakes, trees, buildings, cities, only to find on nearer approach that they all disappear. As Kansas has come under cultivation the mirage has become less frequent, but it is still seen in the western part of the State. Here is a description of one seen in early Kansas: "On approaching the town of Lerny, about a mile and a quarter this side, we found the whole intermediate space between us and the grove of trees beyond the town apparently occupied by a beautiful lake. On the apparent shore next to ourselves the road ran down and disappeared in the lake, as did the fence upon one side of the road, while the placid and beautiful water extended upon the right and left, until lost in the distance. The trees in the distance ap peared to be immersed for half their length in the lake, as if growing KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 41 Nothing of particular note occurred from Round Mound to the end of the journey. The arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe was a source of excitement for both the traders and the city and was cel ebrated with much festivity. The traders Santa Fe had entered what was in those days a foreign country and had to pay duties on their goods at the custom house. Then came the business of selling these goods to those who had come in from the surrounding country to buy, after which the traders, or freighters as they were often called, prepared for the long return journey, planning to finish the round trip before the winter began. This was but one of many trips made over the Santa Fe Trail. # There was a war between the United States and Mex ico in 1846-'48. The trouble between the two countries Travel across checked the Santa Fe trade between the Kansas during years 1843 and 1850, but even under these circumstances there was much travel across Kansas during the '40's.1 There were four principal classes of these travelers: the soldiers, the Oregon emi grants, the Mormons, and the California gold seekers. The war with Mexico broke out in 1846, and many of the United States soldiers were sent to that country by Th ... way of the Santa Fe Trail. This in creased the travel across the prairies. The remote unsettled region in the Northwest, known in the water. Even the reflection of the trees, and of the clouds above, was distinctly visible. We approached the vision and it van ished." 1. Because of the increasing migration westward the National Government decided to send out expeditions for the purpose of dis covering the best routes across the mountains to the Pacific. John C. Fremont was selected for this task, and between 1842 and 1850 he made four journeys across the plains. Among the scouts who acted as his guides was the famous hunter and trapper and Indian fighter, Kit Carson. 42 A HISTORY OF KANSAS as Oregon, was soon to become the home of civilized peo ple. In 1842 wagon trains of emigrants Jettlerseg0n began to undertake the long and weary journey to that far-off country. Others soon followed, and during the next few years many thou sands of people settled in the Oregon country. In those days the Mormon Church had not been long established, but their beliefs had brought the Mormons into trouble with the people around them and with the Government, and they had been forced to move several times. The last time was in 1845, when they left Nauvoo, Illinois, and began the long and perilous journey to the valley of Great Salt Lake, in which regidh the main body of them remains to-day. In 1848 a man named James Marshall, who was running a sawmill near the present site of Sacramento, California, discovered shining particles of "Forty-niners" &old in the mill race, and it was soon found that there were rich gold fields in that part of the country. The news spread, not rapidly as it would to-day, for there were no railroad or telegraph lines west of the Mississippi River and only a few east of it, but within a short time the whole country and even Europe had heard of the California gold fields, and people from all parts of the world began to make their way to the Pacific coast. Some went by water but more of them made the journey overland. Long lines of wagons, or prairie schooners as they were called, wound their way across the plains and over the mountains to Cali fornia. It is estimated that ninety thousand people passed through Kansas on their way to California during the two years 1848 and 1849, a few of them to gain wealth, but thousands to be disappointed, and many to perish on the way. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 43 The Oregon settlers, the Mormons, and the gold seek ers entered Kansas at or near Atchison, Leavenworth, St. Joseph, or Westport, and moved toward Trail regon the northwest, crossed the border into Ne braska, and went on across the mountains. The road worn by this westward-moving stream of emi grants was known as the Oregon Trail, though it was sometimes called the Mormon Trail, and more often the California Road. For two thousand miles the Oregon Trail stretched away through an utter wilderness, and every mile of it came to be the scene of hardship and suffering, of battle, or of death. It was one of the most remarkable highways in history. It had several branches, and in many places it followed different routes at different times. The largest number of travelers over this Trail entered Kansas at Westport and followed for a short distance the Santa Fe Trail. Near the present town of Gardner stood a signboard on which were the words, "Road to Oregon." At this point the two historic high ways divided. It has been said that, "never before nor since has so simple an announcement pointed the way to so long and hard a journey." SUMMARY The Santa Fe Trail was a great road about 775 miles long, beginning successively at the Missouri towns, Frank lin, independence, and Westport, and extending westward to Santa Fe. Four hundred miles of its length were in Kansas. Travel began in 1822 for the purpose of trading with Mexico. The first merchandise was carried on pack mules, but wagons began to be used in 1824. The traders experienced much trouble with the Indians, and in 1829 they began going together in big caravans for protec tion. The gathering place was Council Grove, where they organized and started. A few of the well-known sites along the Trail were Pawnee Rock, Ash Creek, Pawnee 44 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Fork, and The Caches. At Cimarron Crossing the Trail divided. The northern branch followed the Arkansas and crossed the mountains over practically the same route as that followed by the Santa Fe Railway to-day. The southern branch was the cut-off across the desert. Another historic highway was the Oregon Trail, sometimes called the Mormon Trail and sometimes the California Road. This Trail crossed the northeast corner of Kansas. REFERENCES Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. Parrish, The Great Plains. Pamphlet by Historical Society, Santa Fe Trail. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 42-49. Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies. Blackmar, Kansas, vol. n, p. 645. Andreas, History of Kansas, p. 54. Historical Collections, vol. viii, p. 137; vol. IX, p. 552; vol. XII, pp. 253-269. Hunt, California the Golden. Aplington, Pilgrims of the Plains. (A novel.) QUESTIONS 1. What part of the United States did Mexico own a hundred years ago? 2. Describe the city of Santa Fe. How did trade first begin with Santa Fe? 3. Tell about the journey of Captain Becknell. 4. Discuss the use of pack mules on the Trail. When were wagons first used? 5. What was the attitude of the Indians and the traders toward each other? 6. What places were in turn the starting point of the traders? 7. What supplies were usually taken? 8. How did Council Grove get its name? Of what importance was the place? 9. Who was Josiah Gregg? 10. Describe the organization of the caravan. The starting. 11. What occurred when buffalo were sighted? 12. What is told of Pawnee Rock? 13. How was camp formed at Ash Creek? KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 45 14. Describe The Caches. How did this place receive its name? 15. Where did the Trail divide? Describe each route. 16. What experience did the travelers have with the Indians? 17. Explain the occurrence at Round Mound. 18. Describe the arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe. 19. Discuss the Santa Fe trade during the '40 's. 20. Name the classes of travelers who crossed Kansas in the °40's, and give an account of each. 21. Name and describe the trail made by these travelers. CHAPTER V KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY During the years when the white men were traveling back and forth across Kansas they were not making Kansas settlements here. The country remained belonged to in the undisputed possession of the In the Indians dians_ The wMte men did nQt w£fflt Jt as yet. They looked upon these vast prairies, not as a resource, but as so much land to be crossed in reach ing places farther west. But changing conditions in the states east of the Mississippi River made people begin to look upon Kansas in a different light. The country there was becoming thickly settled and the people wanted the lands of the eastern Indians. Soon after the Louisiana purchase was made people began to talk of an Indian reserve, of a state set aside Removal of f°r the Indians, and it was believed that eastern Indians these western prairies would be useful to Kansas for such a purpose. Nothing definite was done, however, until 1825, when the National Govern ment began the "removal policy." The eastern part of Kansas was occupied by two tribes of Indians, the Kanzas, or Kaws as they are often called, north of the Kansas River, and the Osages south of it. In 1825 the National Government made treaties with these two tribes. Under the provisions of these treaties each tribe retained only a small part of its territory, the rest being ceded to the Government. In return, the Indians were to receive certain annual payments and were to be sup- (46) KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 47 plied with cattle, hogs, and farming implements. The Gov ernment was also to pro vide them with blacksmiths and with teachers of agriculture. With these two tribes restricted to their reservations, a large part of eastern Kansas was left to be apportioned into res ervations for Indians from the East. In 1830 Congress passed an act setting aside an Indian country, which included east ern Kansas. Then the remov al policy was carried out. Under this arrangement the Government made treaties with the various eastern tribes by which they gave up their lands in exchange for certain tracts in the Indian country. The Shawnees 0TOES AND MISSOURI An Indian in War Dress. C UK R C r^ £ Indian Reservations in Kansas. 48 A HISTORY OF KANSAS had come in 1825, and during the ten or twelve years fol lowing 1830 about seventeen tribes were located on res ervations in Kansas. Among these were the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes, Kickapoos, Delawares, Chippewas, Pottawa tomies, Wyandottes, and Miamis. By 1850 there was not a tribe left east of the Mississippi River. The Indians had all been moved to these western plains, and no white man could settle on any of the reservations without the consent of the Indians. According to the treaties the Indians were promised their land "so long as grass should grow or water run." But it soon developed that the white men from3 Kanesas°Ved wanted Kansas also. In 1854 we find the tribes being again transferred, this time to the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, where the rem nants of the various tribes still remain.1 Although Kansas was not used during those early years to make homes for white settlers, a few hundred people came here. They were of three different classes ; fur traders, missionaries, and soldiers. It is impossible to say when the first hunters and trappers came to these western plains, for they were gen- m, , , erally obscure men and little was known The fur traders „ , , . . , . , . , . of their comings and goings, but they were the real pathfinders of the West. There are rec ords of fur traders here in the very early years of the nineteenth century, and they gradually went farther and farther into the vast wilderness. The streams of travel across Kansas in the '40's followed paths that had been pointed out by the fur traders. 1. The fact that Kansas was once an Indian country is shown by the many Indian names of counties, towns, and streams; as, Topeka, Pottawatomie, Hiawatha, Wyandotte, Shawnee,, Chey enne, Cherokee, and Kiowa. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 49 The fur companies established many trading posts, which served as forts for protection against the Indians and as places to which hunters and trappers could bring their furs. Some of the hunt ers and trappers were employed by the fur companies and others worked independently. Many Indians also engaged in this trade, and often they were given tobacco, whisky, and weap ons in exchange for their furs. In this way much of the work of the mis sionaries was un done. In the earlier years the hunters and trappers found many kinds of wild animals in Kansas: the buffalo, the wolf, the fox, the deer, the elk, and the antelope, and along the streams the beaver, the otter, the mink, and the muskrat. Later, the main supply of furs came from the mountains, and the whole fur trade gradually moved west of what is now Kansas. The attempt to civilize the Indian began in the days of the early explorers, and it was on Kansas soil that the first missionary's life was lost in the cause. This man was Father Padilla, a Jesuit, who came with Coronado on his The Indian tepee, made of poles and buffalo hides, was the only home of the wander ing tribes, and was used by the other tribes when on hunting trips. 50 A HISTORY OF KANSAS journey to Quivira. Father Padilla became much inter- Father Padilla ested in the Quivira Indians and remained the first mission- to do missionary work among them. His ary in ansas preaching was of short duration, however, for he was soon killed, whether by the Quiviras or some other tribe is not known. Centuries later, when Kansas became a part of the United States and was explored and traversed by white Kansas mission- men, missionaries were among the first aries of the nine- to arrive. They came to instruct the teenth century Indians in the Christian religion and to persuade them to adopt the customs of civilization. Of the many who came, Rev. Isaac McCoy probably deserves first mention. He had spent many years in work among the Indians and strongly urged the removal policy. He believed that if they could live in a separate state, free from contact with the white race, the Indians could be civilized, and he gave his life to this work. Jotham Meeker and his wife were among the most devoted of the missionaries, but there were many others. both men and women, who placed the welfare of human beings above mere gain and who endured the hardships of life among the savages for the sake of the good they might do. As soon as the eastern Indians were removed to Kan sas a number of missions were established by Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Friends, and established Catholic churches. The work of the mis sionaries was not confined to religious in struction. Schools were established,1 books were printed, 1. Among the schools established by the missions three have con tinued in existence and have developed into important schools of to-day: Highland College, established by the Presbyterians; St. Mary's College, by the Catholics; and Ottawa University, by the Baptists. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 51 the Indian girls were taught cooking and sewing, and the boys were taught farming and such trades as black smithing and carpentering. The most noted mission in Kansas was the one Shawnee Mission as first built in 1830._ In 1839 a new location was selected and fine new buildings constructed. established by the Methodist Church for the Shawnee Indians near the present site of Kansas City. This mission was opened in 1830 and continued its work for more than a quarter of a century. It had a large tract cf land and good buildings, and maintained a successful school. Rev. Thomas Johnson, who took a prominent part in early Kansas affairs, was in charge of the mission. I The third class of people who came to early Kansas was the soldiers. Their presence was necessary for the T ... protection of the few white people against the Indians. Fort Leavenworth was 52 A HISTORY OF KANSAS mm ¦ -I^N^T^ ~3SBf^- ~.r. -. ' ¦i'**J^Mg,'ryT ..y*^. ft-./k*/k 'A'. ¦ , ' :rX" jwff..- MW"' r '¦' The Camp of Instruction held each year at Fort Riley on that part of the reservation known as Pawnee Flats. Near the center of the view is the old Pawnee Capitol. Pontoon Bridge at Fort Riley. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 53 Above is the Old Wall at Fort Leavenworth. This wall is all that remains of the original Fort. The lower picture is of the Main Parade at Fort Leavenworth at the present time. established by the National Government in 1827, as headquarters for the troops. This was shortly after the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the '40's this fort was used as a base of supplies for the soldiers of the Mexican War, and as an outfitting point for many of the California gold seekers and Mormon emigrants. Fort Leavenworth is to-day one of the most important of the 54 A HISTORY OF KANSAS national forts. A number of other forts were established, among them Fort Riley, Fort Dodge, Fort Scott, and Fort Hays, but all of these have been abandoned ex cept Fort Riley. Kansas remained in possession of the Indians until 1854, when it was organized into a territory. With this Population of date a new era began. At this time the pre-territorial white population consisted of about twelve Kansas hundred people, one half of them soldiers and the other half connected with the trading posts and the missions. SUMMARY When the country that is now Kansas became a part of the United States it was occupied by four tribes of Indians. In 1825 the Kanza and Osage tribes ceded a large part of their lands to the Government and the eastern quarter of the State was made a part of the Indian country by the Act of 1830. Following this a number of eastern tribes were removed to reservations in Kansas, where they remained until Kansas was organized as a territory, in 1854, when they were moved to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. During these years there was much travel through the State, but up to 1854 the white population numbered only about twelve hundred. These people were of three classes; traders, missionaries, and soldiers. REFERENCES Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 50-64. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 58-74. Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. II. Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. Elson, History of the United States, chap. n. Kansas Historical Collections, vol. vm, pp. 72, 171, 206, 250; vol. ix, p. 565; vol. X, p. 327; vol. XI, p. 333; vol. xii, pp. 65, 183; vol. IX, p. 153. Holloway, History of Kansas, chap. VIII. Blackmar, Kansas, vol. I, pp. 655-703; vol. II, p. 291. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 55 QUESTIONS 1. What use did the white people make of Kansas during the first half of the nineteenth century? 2. How did the condition of the Indians here differ from that of the Indians in the East? 3. What was the removal policy? Name some of the Indian tribes brought here. What promise was made them? 4. Name the three classes of white people who came to Kansas during this period. 5. Who was Father Padilla? Name some of the missionaries. What work did they do? 6. Tell of the fur traders and their relations with the Indians. 7. Why were the soldiers here? 8. When did Kansas cease to be an Indian country? Territorial Kansas. CHAPTER VI KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY The year 1854 is an important one in the history of Kansas, for it brings to a close the period during which The year 1854 this region was used as a hunting ground an important by the Indians and marks the beginning e of its use as a home for white people. The white settlers did not come in peace and quiet; the first dozen years following 1854 were filled with hatred, struggle, and bloodshed. This was brought about by conditions outside of Kansas. As we have seen, twenty- five years earlier Kansas was made an Indian territory because people in the states wanted the lands of the eastern Indians. In 1854 a terrible conflict began here because there was a division between the North and the South on the question of slavery. Slavery had existed in the United States since very early colonial days. ' It had not been profitable in the Attitude of the northern states, but in the cotton fields of North and South the southern plantations slave labor was toward slavery ^ demand> and its ^ after the inven. tion of the cotton gin had increased steadily with the passing years. The Northerners had long been opposed to slavery and made every effort to keep it from spread ing into northern and western territory, while the South erners were just as determined that it should flourish and that it should be extended into new territory. This difference between the North and the South developed great bitterness. Neither side lost any opportunity to take advantage of the other, and each was anxious to (57) 58 A HISTORY OF KANSAS secure a majority in the Senate in order to obtain favor able legislation. This matter was so carefully watched that it had long been the custom to keep the "balance of power" between the states; that is, to admit free and slave states alternately so as to keep the number of pro- slavery and free-state senators balanced. The North, because of its more rapid growth in population, had long had a majority in the House. Missouri was along the dividing line between the North and the South, and when it asked to be admitted to The Missouri • the Union there followed a long debate Compromise, in Congress as to whether it should come in slave or free. The question was finally settled by the Missouri Compromise, which provided that Missouri might come in as a slave state but that all the rest of the territory included in the Louisiana Purchase and lying north of 36° 30', the line forming the south ern boundary of Missouri, should be forever free. In other words, slavery was to be forever excluded from Kansas and the territory lying north of it. This was in 1820, about the time of the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the years when Kansas was Slavery trouble an Indian country and was traversed brings on the by countless caravans the country re mained bound by the terms of this com promise. But all this time the feeling of animosity between the North and the South was growing more intense; northern churches and newspapers denounced the evils of slavery, free-state and abolition parties developed, thousands of slaves were assisted in making their escape through the North to Canada in spite of the strict fugitive slave law, and there was bitter strife in Congress between the free-state and the slave-state mem bers. The relations between the North and the South KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY 59 were becoming more and more strained. The time was rapidly approaching when the differences between the two sections were to be settled by a great war. The Civil War began in 1861, the same year in which Kansas became a state; but seven years earlier, in 1854, The conflict Congress had passed a measure that brought into brought the slavery trouble into Kansas Kansas in 1854 &nd made ^ gtate th°n resigrnlhan' Daniel Woodson, Secretary of the Terri tory, now became Acting Governor until the new Governor should arrive. As he was in full sym pathy with proslavery interests he opened the Territory to the Missouri invasion. Woodson's power lasted only three weeks, but they were the darkest days that Kansas had experienced. The proslavery army moved into Kansas. The Potta watomie massacre had not been forgotten, and when this army reached Osawatomie, "the head- OnmtofiS °f Quarters of old Brown," they attacked the town. John Brown had only forty-one men, and so thoroughly did the enemy do their work this time that only four cabins escaped burning. At this time the new Territorial Governor, John W. Geary, arrived. Governor Geary described the situation Arrival of that he found on his arrival in the follow- Govemor Geary, ing words: "I reached Kansas and entered September, 1856 upQn the digcharge „£ my offidaj dutieg in the most gloomy hour of her history. Desolation and ruin reigned on every hand; homes and firesides were deserted; the smoke of burning dwellings darkened the atmosphere; women and children, driven from their habi tations, wandered over the prairies and among the wood- 92 A HISTORY OF KANSAS lands, or sought refuge even among the Indian tribes. The highways were infested with numerous predatory bands, and the towns were fortified and garrisoned by armies of conflicting partisans, each excited almost to frenzy, and determined upon mutual extermination. Such was, without exaggeration, the condition of the Territory at the period of my arrival." In the meantime the big body of armed Missourians was moving forward and the proslavery settlers were gathering in answer to a call that closed with these fhTTerrUory words: "Then let every man who can bear arms be off to the war again. Let it be the third and last time. Let the watchword be, 'Exter mination, total and complete.' " The free-state people were scattered, unorganized, and but scantily supplied with arms and provisions, and were therefore in no condition to meet such a force. Fortunately, the new Governor, whose policy was that of fair play, at once ordered all bodies of armed men to disband. The Missourians, however, continued to move toward Lawrence. The Governor then took some United States Preparations for troops and went to Lawrence which he the defense of found in an almost defenseless condition. The town was poorly fortified, with few provisions and not more than ten rounds of ammunition. Even the women and children were armed. There were not more than three hundred people, but there seemed to be no thought of surrender. They would either repulse the enemy or perish in the attempt. The arrival of the Governor with United States soldiers brought unexpected relief. On the morning of September 15, Governor Geary marched out to the Missouri army encampment about three miles from Lawrence, held a conference with the THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE 93 leaders, and insisted that his orders for disbanding be obeyed. The Missourians consented, and the force of End of the twenty-seven hundred well-equipped men reign of violence, went home. Thus ended the four months' September, 1856 rdgn of violencei that had begun ^^ the sacking of Lawrence in May. The threatened attack on Lawrence was the last organized effort of the Missourians to take Kansas by force. Both sides soon gave up their plundering expeditions, travel became safer and property more secure. For a time peace settled down over the Ter ritory, and Governor Geary, believing that order was entirely restored to Kansas, appointed November 20 "as a day of general praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God." With the close of the period of violence a little less than two and a half years had passed since the organization of Kansas as a territory in the spring of 1854. SUMMARY Hostilities were renewed in the spring of 1856. The Missourians prepared for invasion, and the free-state people for defense. Several minor conflicts were followed by the sacking of Lawrence, to which the free-state people offered no resistance. This policy was not ap proved by John Brown. ' He counseled revenge and the Pottawatomie massacre followed. Then began a four months' "reign of terror." Several conflicts followed, among them the battle of Black Jack. An army was hurriedly gathered by each side, but Governor Shannon ordered them to disperse. The sympathy of the whole North was aroused, and men and money poured into Kansas. This led to the closing of Missouri to free-state travel, and the newcomers entered Kansas through Ne braska. During, this time both sides were committing many outrages and there was a constant condition of law lessness. The coming of the "Army of the North " resulted 1. This period has given rise to the expression "bleeding Kansas." 94 A HISTORY OF KANSAS in the gathering of a large army from Missouri called "the 2700." Governor Shannon resigned, and Acting Governor Woodson permitted this army to enter Kansas, and it marched toward Lawrence, pillaging Osawatomie as it passed. While Lawrence was awaiting attack, Geary, the new Governor, arrived and ordered the army disbanded. This ended the period of violence. REFERENCES Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 93-108. Spring, Kansas. Robinson, The Kansas Conflict. Mrs. Robinson, Kansas — -Its Interior and Exterior Life. Blackmar, The Life of Charles Robinson. Connelley, James Henry Lane, the Grim Chieftain of Kansas. Connelley, John Brown. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 120-125. Ingalls, Writings, pp. 76-92, 228-262. McCarter, A Wall of Men. (A novel.) QUESTIONS 1. When did the Wakarusa War close? 2. Describe the winter of 1855-'56. 3. What conditions came with the spring? 4. Give an account of the sacking of Lawrence. 5. Who was John Brown? Why did he come to Kansas? What was the Pottawatomie massacre? What do you know of John Brown other than what is given in this booK? 6. Give an account of the battle of Black Jack, the gathering of armies, and the pillaging of Osawatomie. 7. What free-state assistance was given by the North? 8. What measure did this lead Missouri to take? 9. What was the "Army of the North"? 10. What was "the 2700"? Who permitted this force to enter Kansas? 11. Give an account of the second attack on Osawatomie. 1 2. Name the Territorial Governors up to this time. 13. Who was the new Governor? How did he describe the con ditions that he found in Kansas? 14. How was Lawrence threatened? What became of the army? 15. When did the period of violence close? 16. What condition followed? 17. How long was this after the organization of the Territory? CHAPTER XI THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS The Missourians had given up hope of conquering Kansas by force. After the close of the period of violence Beginning of the contest became almost entirely a po- the political litical struggle between the proslavery and peri° ' the free-state settlers, each side trying to win Kansas by securing its government. The next few years were filled with conventions, elections, and politkal schemes. The second Territorial Legislature met at Lecompton in the opening days of 1857. Because of Governor Geary's Governor Geary efforts to be just to both sides, the Legis- leaves the lature did everything possible to annoy emtory and narass nmi> rpne free_state men rallied to his support, but conditions soon became so intolerable that one night in March, after having been in office about six months, he made a hasty escape from Kansas. Gov ernor Geary had found Kansas in a deplorable condition and left it not greatly improved, but he had attempted to do justice to all. His place was taken by Governor Walker, who arrived in May. Up to this time the only attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state was the effort of the free-state men under the A proslavery Topeka Constitution, but the proslavery constitution people had long been planning to draw up prepare , a constitution under which they might secure the admission of Kansas as a slave state. The (95) 96 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Territorial Legislature provided for a constitutional con vention, which met at Lecompton in September, 1857, and prepared what was called the Lecompton Constitution. Two important events were to take place in the fall of 1857; the election of a new Territorial Legislature, and The first free- the vote on the Lecompton Constitution. state Territorial When election day came, United States Legislature troops were stationed in the different pre cincts to prevent illegal voting and invasions from Mis souri. Under Governor Walker's promise of a fair election, both parties voted for the first time since the fraudulent election in the spring of 1855. The result was a free- state victory, and for the first time Kansas was to have a free-state Legislature. This result was not achieved without many protests and threats from the proslavery people, who now became afraid to submit their Lecomp ton Constitution to a vote, for it was clear that the free-state people were largely in the majority and would defeat it. After a number of meetings and debates among them selves, the proslavery people decided to get around this Fear to submit difficulty by not submitting the Constitu- the Lecompton tion at all, but by offering instead these Constitution two statements to choose between: "The Constitution with slavery," or "The Constitution without slavery." This gave the free-state people no chance to vote against the Constitution as a whole, and of course their indignation was aroused. The election was held in anCe1lect.1on1,0,dS December, 1857. The free-state men re fused to vote, and after several meetings and a special session of their new free-state Legislature the free-state people appointed a day in January, 1858, for an THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS 97 election to decide for or against the Constitution. This time the proslavery party refused to vote. Thus each side held an election and carried its point by a big majority. No attention was paid to the defeat of the Constitution at the hands of the free-state people, and it was sent to End of the Congress. After a long discussion Con- Lecompton gress attached a number of conditions to Constitution the Constitution an(j sent jt back to Kansas to be voted on by all the people. Of the 13,000 votes cast at this election, which was held August 2, 1858, more than 11,000 were against it. This ended the second at tempt to get Kansas admitted as a state. While the Lecompton Constitution was pending in Congress, the free-state people concluded that it was time The Leaven- f°r them to try their hands at constitution worth Consti- making again. During the winter and tution, 1858 gpring of lg58 they produced the Leaven. worth Constitution, but it was not favorably received by the people of Kansas and was never voted on by either house of Congress. Practically all of these events of Territorial history oc curred within a small area. With Lawrence as a center, Trouble in a circle with a radius of thirty miles would southeastern include them all. Another part of Kansas, Kansas ^ southeastern, includ ng what is now Miami, Linn, and Bourbon counties, came into promi nence at this time and showed that the period of blood shed was not yet past. The southeastern part of the Territory had been settled largely by proslavery people, but gradually the Northerners began to come in. The pro- slavery people frequently made raids on them, the free- state settlers retaliated, and southern Kansas was soon in the midst of a guerrilla warfare. The free-state people 98 A HISTORY OF KANSAS engaged in this warfare came to be known as Jayhawk ers.1 Their leader was a man named James Montgomery. These conditions continued until in the spring of 1858. While the Lecompton and Leavenworth constitutions were being considered in the Territory, there ?"samassda«e occurred in Linn County the Marais des Cygnes massacre, the most shocking and bloody event of the whole Territorial period. A Southerner named Hamelton made up a list of free-state men whom he planned to seize and execute. On May 19, almost two years to the day aftertfhe Pottawatomie massacre by John Brown, Hamelton with a gang of Missourians captured eleven of the free-state men, marched them to a near-by gulch, lined them up and fired a volley. Five men were killed, five were wounded, and one remained unharmed. This terrible deed created great excitement, and an un successful attempt was made to capture Hamelton and his men.2 Steps were taken to bring about a more settled condition in southeastern Kansas. Though several other outrages took place, none of them was so barbar- Order restored ,. ,, , . . .-, ous as the Marais des Cygnes massacre, and order was gradually restored. During the trouble over the Lecompton Constitution in the closing days of 1857 Governor Walker was compelled Proslavery and to resign, and in the autumn of 1858 free-state names Governor Denver, who succeeded him, dropped voluntarily resigned. Although Denver was the fifth Territorial Governor, he was the first one 1. The origin of the word "Jayhawker" is uncertain, though a number of different accounts have been given of it. In recent years the term has come to be applied to our State and our people, and it is not unusual for a Kansan to be spoken of as a "Jayhawker." 2. One of Hamelton's men was brought to justice five years later. THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS 99 who had not been compelled to give up his office. This was one of the indications that better days were begin ning in Kansas. Lawlessness was practically over. The South was no longer hopeful of making Kansas a slave state. The settlers dropped the term:, proslavery and free-state, and identified themselves with the National political parties. In the summer of the next year, 1859, a fourth consti tutional convention was held at Wyandotte. There was The Wyandotte ^ess ^ard feeling now between the two fac- Constitution, tions, and the members of this convention ' 5 " ' were from both political parties, Democrat and Republican. It was generally conceded by this time that Kansas was to be a free state, and the new Consti tution contained the words, "There shall be no slavery in this State, and no involuntary servitude, except for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This was called the Wyandotte Constitution, and when it was submitted to the people in the fall a large majority of the votes were cast in favor of it. But the question was not yet settled, for Congress had to vote on the admission of Kansas under the Wyandotte Kansas admitted Constitution. These events took place in to the Union, the closing days of 1859, only a little more January 29, 1861 fchan & year before ^ beginning of the Civil War. Relations between the North and the South had become strained almost to the breaking point. The Congressmen from the South had given up hope of making Kansas a slave state, but they were certainly not anxious to admit it as a free state, and conse quently a year passed before the Wyandotte Constitution of Kansas was acted upon. Finally, in January, 1861, some of the southern states seceded from the Union and their representatives and senators withdrew from Con- 100 A HISTORY OF KANSAS gress, leaving a free-state majority. The bill for the ad mission of Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution was at once called up and passed. The next day it. was signed by President Buchanan, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state. In December, 1859, shortly after the people had voted to adopt the Wyandotte Constitution, they held an election to choose state officers to act whenever offlceriate Kansas should be admitted to the Union. For Governor they chose Dr. Charles Robinson, who had so faithfully served the free-state cause throughout the long but successful struggle. The first United States senators from Kansas were two other well- known free-state men, James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The Wyandotte constitution designated To peka as the temporary capital. An election was held in November, 1861, for the purpose of selecting a permanent capital. Topeka received 7996 votes, Lawrence 5291, and all other places 1184. Thus Topeka became the capital of Kansas. SUMMARY The first two and a half years of the Territorial period were spent in the warfare which was practically closed when Governor Geary sent "the 2700" home. The last four months of the two and a half years formed the "period of violence." The next three years were given to the political struggle which ended with the adoption of the Wyandotte Constitution. During the remaining year the people went about their work, while this Constitution was pending in Congress. In 1857, early in the political period, the free-state people succeeded, for the first time, in electing the Legislature. The proslavery people pre pared the Lecompton Constitution, but submitted to the people only two statements concerning it. The free-state people refused to vote, but held another elec tion, at which the proslavery people refused to vote. THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS 101 After the Lecompton Constitution was returned from Congress it was voted on by both factions and defeated. In the meantime the free-state people submitted the Leavenworth Constitution, which was defeated. During the last six months of the political period the Wyandotte Constitution was prepared, adopted, and sent to Congress. This was in 1859. More than a year passed before Con gress acted on the matter; then, January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state. REFERENCES Spring, Kansas. Robinson, The Kansas Conflict. Mrs. Robinson, Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life. Holloway, History of Kansas. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 107-143. Muzzey, American History, pp. 379-412. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 155-179. Ingalls, Writings, pp. 443-465. Historical Collections, vol. vi, p. 365; vol. x, pp. 169, 216; vol. vm, pp. 331, 443; vol. xi, p. 47; vol. xn, p. 331. QUESTIONS 1. How long was Kansas a territory ? Into what periods may this time be divided ? 2. Was Lecompton a proslavery or a free-state town ? Of which faction was the second Legislature ? How did the Legisla ture treat Governor Geary ? Who succeeded him ? 3. What was the result of the election for a third Territorial Legislature ? 4. When and by whom was the Lecompton Constitution made ? Why was it not submitted as a whole ? What became of it ? 5. Give an account of the Leavenworth Constitution. 6. Within about what area did all these events occur ? Show this on a map of Kansas. 7. Give an account of the troubles in southeastern Kansas. Who were the Jayhawkers ? 8. Give an account of the Marais des Cygnes massacre. 9. What were the conditions in Kansas by the opening of 1859 ? 10. What was the last constitution made in Kansas ? When and by whom was it made ? 11. When was Kansas admitted to the Union ? 12. Who was the first State Governor ? 13. How was the State capital selected ? 102 A HISTORY OF KANSAS THE HOMES OF KANSAS. The cabin homes of Kansas! How modestly they stood, Along the sunny hillsides, Or nestled in the wood. They sheltered men and women, Brave-hearted pioneers; Each one became a landmark Of Freedom's trial years. The sod-built homes of Kansas! Though built of mother earth, Within their walls so humble Are souls of sterling worth. Though poverty and struggle May be the builder's lot, The sod house is a castle Where failure enters not. The dugout homes of Kansas! The lowliest of all, They hold the homestead title Ai firm as marble hall. Those dwellers in the cavern, Beneath the storms and snows, Shall make the desert places To blossom as the rose. The splendid homes of Kansas! How proudly now they stand Amid the fields and orchards, All o'er the smiling land. They rose up where the cabins Once marked the virgin soil, And are the fitting emblems Of patient years of toil. God bless the homes of Kansas! From poorest to the best; The cabin of the border, The sod house of the west; The dugout, low and lonely, The mansion, grand and great; The hands that laid their hearthstones Have built a mighty State. — Sol Miller. CHAPTER XII PIONEER LIFE The seven Territorial years had brought freedom to Kansas, but the struggle had left the pioneers little time Comforts of life or strength for building better homes, im- receive little proving their farms, or establishing pub- attention lic institutions. The energy that might have accomplished these things had been given to fight- A Dugout. ing and to politics. When Kansas became a state, the people had almost as few of the comforts of life as when they first came to the Territory. A few of them had come (103) 104 A HISTORY OF KANSAS with little idea of the hardships and privations of fron tier life, and others had believed that such conditions would last but a short time. Many of these, of course, grew discouraged and returned to their eastern homes. But the great body of Kansas pioneers had come with the twofold purpose of securing homes and of making a free state and were not to be discouraged. They had come to .stay. In Fionocr Days. Frontier life is always hard, but it was made many times harder in Kansas by the years of strife and warfare. The inconveniences and hardships were espe cially severe outside the towns. In these days of railways and good roads, of the telegraph and the telephone, it is difficult to realize what life on the prairies meant in the '50's. Post offices and mail routes came slowly, and for many of the settlers Conditions of living during the '50's PIONEER LIFE 105 a trip for mail and provisions meant a journey of two or three days, or even longer, with an ox team. Neighbors were often many miles apart. Nearly every one's sup ply of farming implements was scanty, and to replace a broken ax might require a trip of from twenty-five to fifty miles. In the winter these journeys were often ac companied with danger and suffering. Streams were without bridges and many of the fords were deep and treacherous. Fences were few and roads were mere trails over the prairies, so when the blizzard swept across the country, piling its drifts of snow and obliterating every landmark, the unfortunate traveler was in great danger of losing his way. Getting a farm under cultivation was slow work at best. Since most of the settlers brought but little money with them they had to trust to raising a crop, and if sickness or drouth or raids made it impos sible to raise the crop, want and suffering followed. The privations, the sacrifices, and the loneliness of pioneer life fell most heavily on the women. Business and necessity brought the men together occasionally, but the pioneer woman in the isolation of her prairie home often saw no friendly face for months at a time. There was much sickness and death, especially among women and children, resulting from the combination of poor food, un comfortable houses, homesickness, and excitement arising from the many dangers. The cost of transportation was so great that only the most necessary articles were brought from the East. Most furniture was home-made and cook ing was done over an open fireplace. Corn bread and bacon with occasional game and wild fruits were the usual foods. In wet seasons there was much fever and ague. Sometimes a whole family would be sick at the same time, with no neighbors near enough to help and no physician within many miles. 106 A HISTORY OF KANSAS A Sod House. Each year during the Territorial period the crops raised were barely sufficient to keep the people through the winter. There was no surplus at any time, i85e9-d'60Uth °f and when the summer of 1859 brought a drouth, a famine resulted. Through all the hard struggle the people had believed that as soon as the strife and political difficulties were over, prosperity would come. However, with the dawning of peace in the Territory there came the most severe drouth that has ever been known in the West. It began in June, 1859, and from that time until November, 1860, a period of more than sixteen months, not enough rain fell at any one time to wet the earth to a depth of more than two inches. Two light snows fell during the winter, but neither was heavy enough to cover the ground. The ground became so dry that it broke open in great cracks, wells and springs went dry, and the crops were a total failure. PIONEER LIFE 107 There were, at this time, nearly 100,000 people in Kan sas, and to fully 60,000 of them the drouth finally meant Effect of the that they must receive help or starve. drouth on They had been able to fight border ruffians, Kansas settlers bu<. fchey ^^ no(. fight starvation_ After a year of the drouth they began to give up and go back East. During the fall of 1860 no fewer than 30,000 set tlers abandoned their claims and the improvements that had been made at the expense of so much labor, and left Kansas. There were still 30,000 people here for whom charity was necessary. All this brought bitter disappoint ment to the people who had come to Kansas with high hopes and willing hands. As soon as the true condition of affairs was known in the East a movement was begun for the relief of the sufferers. Many states responded liberally, and im- the East r°m mense quantities of provisions and clothes were sent here to be distributed. Hundreds of bushels of seed wheat were furnished. Besides all of the public help, many relatives and friends sent supplies to the pioneers. Nevertheless, there were many that winter who barely escaped starvation. Great as was the suffering from disappointment and want, the drouth brought another evil; it threw Kansas Drouth retards back m its development. Not only had a development of third of the population left the Territory, but the accounts given by those who re turned tended to discourage others from coming. The old stories about the "Great American Desert" were revived. Kansas was looked upon as a place of drouth and famine, and for several years the number of immi grants was much decreased. All this was taking place while the Wyandotte Consti- 108 A HISTORY OF KANSAS tution was being considered. Kansas was admitted as a state on January 29, 1861, at the close of begins°0d the terrible drouth. Through the winter and spring of 1861 supplies continued to come in from other states, and included seeds for the spring planting. An excellent season followed. It might be thought that at last the Kansas settlers were to have an opportunity to cultivate their farms, build homes, and make their new State a place of peace and prosperity. But not so; Kansas was again to suffer from the troubles of the Nation. The opening of the Civil War was near. SUMMARY The fighting and political strife of the Territorial period left the people little opportunity for building up the country. Statehood found frontier life but little improved. The early settlers came to secure homes and to make Kansas a free state, and were not easily discouraged. The drouth of 1859-'60 caused nearly a third of the 100,000 Kansas settlers to leave the Territory, and another third had to be given aid from the East. Immigration to Kan sas was greatly decreased for a time. A good crop year followed, but Kansas had yet to pass through the Civil War before it could enjoy peace. REFERENCES Andreas, History of Kansas, County Histories. Cordley, Pioneering in Kansas. Hunt, Kansas History for Children. Historical Collections, vol. ix, pp. 33, 126; vol. XII, p. 353. Mrs. Robinson, Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life. Ropes, Six Months in Kansas. QUESTIONS 1. What had been the chief interest of the Kansas people dur ing the Territorial period ? 2. What were the chief reasons for people coming to Kansas ? 3. Discuss the conditions under which the pioneers lived, in cluding travel, roads, bridges, fences, money, social life, houses, furniture, food, and health. PIONEER LIFE 109 4. Give an account of the drouth of 1859-'60. How long did it last ? 5. What was the population of Kansas in 1860 ? 6. What was the effect of the drouth on Kansas ? 7. What have you read of pioneer conditions other than in this book? 8. What have you learned about early Kansas conditions from talking with people ? 9. What new burden came with the beginning of statehood ? 110 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. " 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure perma nently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall ; but I do expect it will cease to be divided." — Abraham Lincoln. CHAPTER XIII KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR Just before Kansas was admitted several of the south ern states seceded from the Union. The trouble between the North and the South had reached the theSCivil War point where it could no longer be compro mised. Other states seceded, and when, on April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was fired upon, the Civil War had begun. A state that had just passed through nearly seven years of territorial struggle closing with a famine would hardly Part taken by ^e exPected to take an active part in a Kansas in the great war, but the Kansas people had been Civil War battling over the slavery question, and, being deeply interested in the outcome, were ready to take up arms in defense of the principle of freedom. Every call for soldiers to defend the Union was liberally responded to in Kansas. This State furnished more soldiers in proportion to its population than did any other state. During the four years of the war Kansas furnished a few more than twenty thousand men, nearly four thousand more than were asked for, and all of them were volunteers. The poverty in the Kansas homes made it especially hard for families to be left unprovided for, and as much honor is due the women who stayed at home to work as is due the men who marched away to fight. The Kansas soldiers did duty on many battle-fields, and so conducted themselves as to bring much credit to their (ill) 112 A HISTORY OF KANSAS State. During the war Kansas was exposed to three lines of danger; invasions by the regular Confederate army, attacks by the unorganized border troops, and Indian raids on the frontier. For Kansas people the Civil War meant a continuation of the border troubles. Gangs of ruffians plundered and The Quantrill destroyed property, and frequently corn- raid, August 21, mitted worse crimes. These acts reached a climax in the destruction of Lawrence on August 21, 1863. The raid on Lawrence was led by Quantrill, a border ruffian who had taken an active part in the guerrilla warfare, and who with his men had sacked several smaller towns along the border. With about four hundred and fifty mounted men Quantrill crossed the border in the late afternoon of August 20, and proceeded toward Lawrence. Just before sunrise the raiders reached a hill only a mile from the town. It is strange that they could have made the ride of forty miles through Kansas settlements without a word of warning reaching Lawrence, but such was the case. When Quantrill and his men halted within pistol shot of the houses of Lawrence to plan their attack, the people suspected no danger. There was no armed organization within the city, and all fire arms were locked in the arsenal. The attack began with a wild charge on the town. Horsemen rode through the streets at top speed, shooting in every direction. Then they divided into small gangs and scattered over the town under orders to "burn every house and kill every man." The horror of what followed has seldom been equaled in the warfare of civilized people. When the people of Lawrence realized that their town was in the possession of Quantrill's band they ex pected that it would be burned and a few prominent citizens killed, but wholesale murder was not looked for, and many KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR 113 who might have escaped remained and were killed. For four hours the ruffians robbed buildings, shot the occu pants, and applied the torch. Every house was a scene of brutality or of remarkable escape. When the work of butchery and destruction was finished, Quantrill and his men retreated toward Missouri, mounted on stolen horses and heavily laden with plunder. They kept up their work of destruction by burning farmhouses as they passed. A few troops followed them, but the raiders escaped across the border. The number of lives lost can never be known with certainty, but it was about one hundred and fifty. Many were seriously wounded. The loss ef the raid111 property was variously estimated from one to two million dollars. The work of re building the town was immediately begun, and with all their poverty the people of the State gave generously to the stricken citizens of Lawrence. Kansas was too far away from the center of conflict of the Civil War to become the scene of great battles, but it General Price was ^rom time to time threatened with in- threatens vasion by the regular Confederate army. ' " During the last year of the war, General Price, with a large Confederate force, marched north ward through Arkansas into Missouri. When it was reported that he was moving westward, Kansas issued a call for more soldiers. The response was immediate. More than 16,000 men appeared for service. A force of Kansas troops marched into Missouri and met Price's army in battle at Lexington. As the armies moved west ward other battles were fought at the Little Blue and at the Big Blue, and again at Kansas City and Westport, after which Price was forced to retreat southward. He was followed by the Union army. He crossed into Kan- 114 A HISTORY OF KANSAS sas in Linn County, and skirmishes took place at Trading Post Ford, at the Mounds, and at Mine Creek. Price was then forced into Missouri again, where he was soon defeated. In April, 1865, the great war came to a close, after last ing almost exactly four years. The questions of slavery and disunion were finally settled. The Wu,°l865 CiVi' whole nation was thankful to lay down its arms and go back home, "to drop the sword and grasp the plow," but this was especially true of Kansas, where the people had been doing battle over the slavery question for eleven years. The Territorial pe riod and the Civil War period made one continuous conflict. The counties of Kansas at the close of the Civil War. With the heavy drain on resources and population, it was not to be expected that Kansas would make much growth or progress during the Civil War. Development could little more than equal waste and loss. The population of Kansas numbered about 100,000 at the beginning of the war, and about 136,000 at the close. There had been little improvement in the manner of living during the four years. KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR 115 SUMMARY The Civil War began within three months after Kansas became a state. Although Kansas had had no opportunity to recover from the Territorial struggle, it took an active part in the war. General Price threatened to invade Kansas with a large Confederate force, but did not suc ceed. The Indians committed depredations on the western frontier. The worst feature of the war was the border trouble, of which the Quantrill raid was the climax. Dur ing the four years of the Civil War Kansas did not make a large gain in population or in progress. REFERENCES Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 179-215. Blackmar, Life of Robinson. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties. Cordley, History of Lawrence. Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars. Historical Collections, vol. viii, pp. 271, 352; vol. IX, pp. 430, 455; vol. XI, p. 217; vol. v, p. 116; vol. VI, pp. 305, 317. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 143-168. Spring, Kansas, chap. xiii. QUESTIONS 1. When did the Civil War begin? How long was this after Kansas had become a state? 2. What part did Kansas take in the war? Explain. 3. What were the three classes of danger to which Kansas was exposed? Discuss each. 4. To which of these does the Price campaign belong? 5. Who was General Price? Give an account of his threatened invasion of Kansas. 6. Who was Quantrill? Give an account of his raid on Law rence. 7. How long did the Civil War last? 8. How long had it been since Kansas was opened for settle ment? What progress had been made? 9. What was the population of .Kansas in 1865? It has long been customary for each nation to have a great seal. The United States has one, as has also each of the states. A seal is used to make an impression on a document as a sign of its genuineness. The design for the Great Seal of Kansas was adopted by the first State Legislature. The thirty-four stars represent the thirty-four states comprising the Union at that time. The scene is supposed to typify the settlement and growth of the State. The motto "Ad astra per aspera,'' meaning " To the stars through diffi culties," is peculiarly descriptive of the state's history. CHAPTER XIV THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR A half century has passed since the close of the Civil War; a half century of work, growth, and progress. The Beginning earlier years in Kansas were but a time of of the preparation, and with the end of the war a century ^ pe0pje were at j^t free to turn their attention to farming or to other occupations. Hundreds of new settlers poured into the State each year. Little pioneer homes dotted the eastern part of the State more and more thickly and the line of settlement moved rapidly westward. As the white-topped wagons of the immigrants became more numerous the Indian and the buffalo were pushed farther on. But the red man did not give o„d!he frontier3 up his hunting ground without a struggle. The encroachments of the settlers had long; been resented. Even before the close of the Civil War, while the soldiers were needed elsewhere, the Indians had begun their depredations on the frontier. In 1865 and 1866 settlements were attacked in Republic and Cloud counties, stock was driven away, much property was destroyed, and a number of people were killed. The few settlers on their scattered claims were poorly armed, and, with no soldiers near to protect them, they were in con stant fear of wandering tribes of hostile Indians. The next year United States troops were sent to pro tect the frontier. They drove the Indians back and de stroyed one of their villages. This only made the red (117) 118 A HISTORY OF KANSAS men eager for revenge, and they began an open war on all settlers, emigrant trains, traders, and theTndians™1 travelers. Robberies and murders were committed along the whole frontier, par ticularly in the Republican, Solomon, and Smoky Hill valleys, and in Marion, Butler and Greenwood counties. Travel over the Santa Fe and other westward trails almost ceased and the line of settlement was pushed eastward many miles. Many tribes engaged in these attacks. They dashed into the State from north or south or west, committed their cruelties, and were gone. At one time the Government made a treaty with several tribes by which they were removed to a reservation in the Indian Territory, but were to have treaty'0 e" the privilege of hunting in Kansas as far north as the Arkansas River, and were also to be provided with arms. They kept their promise of peace only until they could get ready for another attack, and while part of them were being supplied with arms at one of the forts the rest were engaged in a most heartless and bloody raid on the northwestern settlements. This led Governor Crawford to organize several com panies of Kansas volunteers and to ask for more United States soldiers. Later a regiment of Kan- subdued1*"113 sas volunteer cavalry was called for, and on November 4, 1868, Governor Crawford resigned his office to take command of this, the Nineteenth Regiment. After considerable fighting the Indians were finally subdued, and by 1870 the trouble was practically ended. There were a few outbreaks from time to time, but none of them was very serious. During this contest, which had lasted from 1864 to 1869, the lives of more than a thousand Kansas settlers had been lost, a great deal of THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 119 property had been destroyed, and the westward movement of settlement had been greatly retarded. Shortly after the admission of Kansas to the Union, Congress passed a measure that had a wonderful effect on the growth of the State. This measure Lawa86TStead was the Homestead Law, passed in 1862. This law provides that any person who is. the head of a family, or who is twenty-one years of age, and who is a citizen of the United States or has declared his intention to become such, may acquire a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of public land on condition of settlement, cultivation, and occupancy as a home for a period of five years, and on payment of certain moderate fees. It also provides that the time that any settler has served in the army or navy may be deducted from the five years. Previous to 1862 settlers bought their claims of the Government. The liberal provisions of the Homestead Law attracted thousands of settlers to Kansas. Many of the newcomers were young men who had been in the army.1 Many of them were foreigners newly arrived in America, while thousands of others came from the eastern or central states. Nearly all of them were poor. Many had scarcely enough to provide for themselves until the harvesting of their first crop. But they were full of hope and ambition, and were willing to undertake the toil and privations of pioneer life for the chance to make real their dreams of a home on the Kansas prairies. The task of turning the bare plains into fertile fields was a heavy one, and the brave people who began it en- Many drouths dured many hardships and met many dis- in the early couragements and disappointments. Se- years vere drouths were of frequent occurrence 1. A census taken in 1885 disclosed the fact that nearly 100,000 Kansans had served in the Union army. 120 A HISTORY OF KANSAS A Prairie Stream, common in the western part of the State. in the early days and hot winds often swept across the country. The year 1869 was dry, with a partial failure of crops, and in 1874 came a long dry spell followed in the late summer by a scourge of grasshoppers. At different times there had been invasions of grass hoppers in the country west of the Mississippi River, but none of them was so disastrous as the one ^vtsfontmT6' of 1874- The grasshoppers, which were a kind of locust, came into the State from the northwest and moved toward the southeast. The air was filled with them. They covered the fields and trees and destroyed everything green as they went. They left ruin and desolation in their pathway. In the western counties, where the settlements were new and the people had no crops laid by to depend upon, the result was much like THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 121 A Timbered Stream, common in the eastern and central parts of the State. that of the terrible years of 1859 and 1860. By the time of the invasion there were more people, more provisions, and more money, and the State was able to do much to help the thousands of its citizens who were left desti tute. It became necessary, however, to accept aid from the East again, and thousands of dollars and many car loads of supplies were distributed to the needy. Never since has Kansas had to ask for help. In more recent years our State has given generously to sufferers in other states and in other lands. This visit of the grasshoppers was prolonged into the next year, for they had deposited their eggs in the ground and the next spring large numbers of young grasshoppers hatched. These destroyed the early crops, but for ....:...V. V: _..,_,._¦.' State Governors, 1861-1877 THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 123 some unaccountable reason they soon rose into the air and flew back toward the northwest whence the swarms of the year before had come. There was still time for late plant ing, and the crops of 1875 were abundant. The coming of the grasshoppers had temporarily dis couraged immigration, but prosperous years followed and Prosperous years people were again attracted to Kansas. follow the grass- More of the prairie was turned into farms; opper invasion ngw ^owns Sprang Up ; the country came to be more thickly settled; railroads, schools and churches were built; new counties were organized; and the old stories of "The Great American Desert" were gradually forgotten. Kansas was taking her place among the states. In order that this great result might be accomplished, that the Kansas of to-day might be, a generation of men and women had to conquer these vast settlers e 6aF Y prairies— prairies that were swept by bliz zards, parched by drouths, scorched by hot winds, and scourged by grasshoppers. A few of the pioneers gave up and returned to their old homes, but most of them were of the sturdy type and remained, al ways believing that the day of better things was to come. Though they had little money and few of the comforts and conveniences of life, and though they were often filled with homesickness for the friends and scenes they had left be hind, they stayed and worked and hoped. Volumes could be filled with stories of the hardships and sorrows of those brave people; stories of mothers who died from overwork or exposure or lack of care, of children who sickened from want of proper food, of homes swept away by prairie fires, and of homesteads mortgaged and lost. But this is only one side. Pioneer life was not all dark. Most of the people were strong and healthy, and the out door life with plenty of exercise and simple food kept them 124 A HISTORY OF KANSAS so. Although there was privation and hard work there was also much of pleasure. Ask any old o^pione^ThTe settler whether the people had good times • in those days, and you will hear tales of spelling schools and of singing schools, of literary socie ties at which debating was an important feature, and of the country dance with its old-time music on the fiddle. These affairs were attended by young and old from miles around; a trip of from ten to fifteen or even twenty miles was not unusual. Buggies were scarce, and most of the settlers went on horseback or in farm wagons that did not always have spring seats. Quilting and husking bees, house-warmings, and camp meetings were other events of the early days. Since there were no telephones and since it was often days from one mail to another, pioneer families counted it a pleasure to "visit around" and exchange the news. Those were the days of real hospitality; the "latch-string hung out at every door," and all were welcome to enter. No house was too small nor no food supply too scanty for the enter tainment of friends or wayfarers. Those were the days, too, when the children often waited for "second table" or stood up to eat because there were not enough chairs for all; when the boys wore high-topped boots, the girls wore sunbonnets, and a calico dress was good enough for almost any occasion. In the earlier years the buffalo hunt was one of the pleasures of the pioneers. In the fall parties of men with Buffalo hunting ^eir teams and hunting outfits would set out for the buffalo range to secure a supply of meat for the winter. They were usually successful in finding not only buffalo, but antelope, wild turkey, and occasionally elk or deer. Remarkable stories are told of the great numbers of THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 125 buffalo still roaming our western prairies forty years ago; stories of herds miles in width moving fnhembuffaron across the country. With the inrushing tide of immigration the buffalo rapidly disappeared. Within little more than a dozen years after the close of the Civil War there were practically none left. This was not because they were used as food, but because they were killed for their hides. Large numbers were slaughtered and skinned and the bodies left on the plains. The hides were shipped East by carloads, where they were sold to make robes. ri'^ftiffffiin SrciJesasLfc''-.'. ¦ *'#* ->*' Ikiit ¦^%r,'*^^fe«^| m, ,'fB%&KsF*':'' ' ;J^*ff '^""''^^-^^SSc^iyHIIH . . ^«oip*^^S ';'" ¦ ¦ . ,;' S|Hs >-:"''' .- *•* '"T- K^jjv^ j^jaM ^¦*^m '. ^"'T^Af^'-.. f Pile of Buffalo Hides Ready for Shipment. In a few years the prairies were thickly strewn with bleaching bones, and these, too, were gathered up and shipped East, where they were ground into fertilizer to be used on worn-out farms. These bones brought from six to ten dol lars a ton, and money earned in this way served to tide Selling buffalo bones 126 A HISTORY OF KANSAS The trappers many a homesteader through the winter. It has often been regretted that the Government did not take meas ures to restrict the killing of the buffalo, but the danger of extermination was not realized until too late. A great deal of trapping was done, especially by the younger men. Often several of them would make up a party, and with guns, traps, and a win ter's supply of provisions start for a favor ite trapping-ground, where they would make a camp along some stream. Sometimes the camp was a tent, but more often it was a dugout in the bank with the front part made of logs. Along the streams they caught chiefly the beaver, the otter, j the raccoon, and the wildcat, and Coyote. on the prairies the big gray wolf and the coyote. The busy days were filled with the work of visiting the traps, caring for the pelts, chasing wild game, and keeping an alert watch for Indians. When spring came and they turned homeward to take up the work on the farms they often carried with them several hundred dollars' worth of furs. The population of Kansas was gradually built up from many sources, but until 1878 there were not many negroes in the State. In that year there began in some of the southern states a movement among the colored people to migrate to western and northern states. So many thousands of them left the Southland that the movement came to be called The Exodus, 1878-1880 THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 127 " The Exodus." It is not strange that the State famed for its fight for freedom should attract many of the ex-slaves, or the "Exodusters," as they were called. During the years 1878-'80 several thousands of negroes arrived in Kansas. A few had teams and some farming implements, some had a scanty supply of household goods, but many had nothing at all and had to be given aid. A very few of them homesteaded land, others found employment as farm hands, and the rest settled in different towns of the State. The ten years following the grasshopper invasion of 1874 were all good years. The rains fell and crops flourished. It was a period of remarkable growth and booni'inThe '80's prosperity. During these years the rail roads were making special efforts to bring settlers into the State, and Kansas was widely advertised. Reports of the opportunities here stimulated immigration and settlements overspread the western prairies. Great confidence was felt in the future of the State, and people in the East eagerly invested in western land and property. Money was easy to borrow, and the Kansas people bor rowed liberally and began speculating in real estate. Kansas was soon "on the boom." Property was bought, not to use, but to sell again at a higher price. Cities and towns laid out additions which were divided into lots and sold for large sums. Expensive improvements were made, and public and business buildings were constructed that were far larger and more costly than the needs of the time demanded. Railway and street-car lines were built where there was not business enough to support them. Hundreds of new towns were mapped out and the lots sold. Many of these towns never existed except on paper, and most of the others were later turned into pastures or cornfields. Since the new settlers were not familiar with soil and climate conditions in Kansas many of them selected land State Governors, 1877-1893 THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 129 that was not adapted to agriculture, therefore much of the farming was not profitable. In 1887 came SeYoortuTss? one of the most severe drouths that was ever known in the country. The people lost confidence in Kansas and the boom collapsed. Eastern people wanted their money back, but there was nothing with which to pay them. Money could not be borrowed and mortgages were foreclosed. People who had bought property at high prices, expecting to sell at a profit, found themselves unable to sell at any price. Many who had counted themselves wealthy found their property almost valueless. Banks and business houses failed and hundreds of people were ruined. Thousands left Kansas, some of the western counties being almost abandoned. The year 1887 was followed, however, by several good crop seasons. A great deal of attention was given to the study of farm conditions and Kansas began to make progress again. In 1889 Kansas lost about 50,000 of her population. This came about through the opening of Oklahoma to settlement. The President issued a proc- owahomang °f lamation setting high noon of April 22 as the time at which the settlers could enter the new country to take claims. The opening of Okla homa had been anxiously awaited for years, and, as the appointed time drew near, people from all parts of the United States began to assemble along the southern line of Kansas. Arkansas City was the chief gathering place, for it was at this point that the one line of railroad entered Oklahoma. When at noon, April 22, the cavalrymen who patroled the borders fired their carbines as a signal that the settlers could move across the line, a great shout went up, and the race for claims began. Hundreds crowded the trains, thousands rode on fleet horses, many rode in buggies 130 A HISTORY OF KANSAS and buckboards, others in heavy farm wagons, and some even made the race on foot. In the morning Oklahoma was an uninhabited prairie, at midday it was a surging mass of earnest, excited humanity, in the evening it was a land of many people. Within a few days the breaking plow was turning the sod on many homesteads, while mer chants, bankers, and professional men were carrying on their business in tents or in rough board shanties. The rush of settlement to Kansas was remarkable, but the settle ment of Oklahoma is the climax in the story of American pioneering. Although Kansas furnished such a large num ber of the Oklahoma settlers, immigration to our State from the East soon made up the loss. In 1893 a financial panic extended over the whole country, accompanied in Kansas by a partial failure of crops. Those were dark days in Kansas, of l893mC f°r many °f the people were still burdened with heavy mortgages. But this period should be remembered as our last "hard times." Within two or three years conditions had greatly improved. The twenty years following that time brought almost uninter rupted prosperity. In 1898 the long period of peace that the country had enjoyed since the Civil War was broken by the Spanish- Kansas in the American War. The call for soldiers was Spanish-Ameri- eagerly responded to in Kansas, and four regiments were raised. Our State had furnished seventeen regiments during the Civil War and two for fighting the Indians, therefore the four for the Spanish- American War were numbered the Twentieth, the Twenty-first, the Twenty-second, and the Twenty-third. The Twenty-third was composed of colored soldiers. The only one of these regiments called upon to do any fighting was the Twentieth, which was ordered to the Philippines. THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 131 There, under a Kansan, Colonel Fred Funston, the • men of this regiment took part in the campaigns that followed, and by their bravery and efficiency brought much credit to themselves and to their State. The Twenty-third was sent to Cuba. The other regiments were trained and kept in readiness, but the early end of the war prevented their active, service. The year 1903 is an interesting one, for it marked the completion of our State Capitol. Shortly after the ad mission of Kansas to the Union the people Capitol*6 selected Topeka as the seat of govern ment. As soon as the Civil War was over and they had time to think about public im provements they began to lay plans for building a capitol. Every state has a capitol, or statehouse as it is often called, in wh:eh there are offices for the Governor and other state officers as well as large rooms for the meetings of the Legislature. It is for the state what a courthouse is for a county. It should, of course, be a fine building, of which the people can be proud. But back in the '60's Kansas people were few in number and had little money. They could not afford to build a capitol that would be large and handsome enough for the future, nor did they wish to con struct a small, cheap building that would have to be set aside later. Instead they planned a fine structure to be built a little at a time as they could afford it. In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of what is now the east wing of our statehouse. As the State grew in wealth and population, more money was appropriated from time to time for the construction of other wings, the great central portion, and lastly the high dome that reaches nearly three hundred feet into the air. The build ing was completed in 1903, having been thirty-seven years in the making. It grew as the State grew, costing alto- State Capitol, Topeka. THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 133 The floods Senate Chamber in the State Capitol. gether between three and four millions of dollars. It is fitting that the great State of Kansas should now have one of the finest capitols in the United States. The people of Kansas had withstood a number of drouths, but beginning in 1903 they were, for the first time, visited by a series of floods. The first one was probably the most destruc tive. Most of the water came down the Kansas River from the tributaries draining central and western Kansas, where there had been heavy rainfall. Farms and towns along these streams were flooded, property was swept away, and a number of lives were lost. Topeka, Law rence, and Kansas City, where portions of the cities were inundated for days, suffered heavy losses. The following A Kansas Cattle Ranch. THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 135 year nearly every stream in the State poured a flood of water down its valley, and many people had to flee to the hills for safety. In 1908, for the third time in five years, Kansas was again visited by high water. The loss oc casioned by these floods amounted to many millions of dollars, but help poured in to the sufferers from many sources and they straightway began the work of repairing and rebuilding. In a short time all traces of the calamity had disappeared. Stories of floods in Kansas have been handed down from far-off Indian days, but the earliest flood of which there is any account was in 1844. The Indians told the white men about it and advised against building close to the rivers, but no attention was paid to the warning. Since the recent floods, however, a number of people have moved back from the streams. A few of the cities, including Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City, have built dikes, bridges have been lengthened to give streams more room, and several railroad grades have been raised above the danger line. While the floods caused much loss and suffering, the State's resources had become so great that the condition of general prosperity was not seriously affected. Each year has added to the prosperity and progress of the State until now, at the close of the half century since the Civil War, Kansas is one of the great states of the Union. We have only to look about us to see how marvelously conditions have changed since pioneer days. Great fields and orchards are spread over what was once the Indians' hunting ground, and cattle have taken the place of the roving herds of buffalo. Steam plows now turn the soil where once there was only buffalo grass, thriving towns and cities stand where fI6I-868I 'saoNaaAOQ axvis THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 137 once the tepee stood, and shining rails of steel mark the paths of Indian ponies and emigrant trains. All these things have been done within a single genera tion. Thousands of the men and women who came into Kansas in their wagons and drove across the unfenced plains are still among us, but now when they journey over the same country they go in swiftly moving trains or auto mobiles. Where once they saw only the prairie and a few settlers' cabins they now see roads and bridges, farms and ranches, stores, banks, mills, mines, and factories. They see what they have helped to build, a great state, and they may well be proud of it. By their unconquerable faith and courage and their unremitting toil they have made Kansas what it is to-day. As the pioneers look at their State they see not only the acres that have been brought under cultivation, the wealth that has been produced, but they see a of°Kans^nt state government that is ope of the most advanced in the Union. /Many measures have been passed to promote the welfare- of the people. Among the important ones are: the child-labor law, the truancy law, the anti-cigarette law, the law providing for juvenile courts, laws pertaining to public health, the fire-escape law, the "Blue Sky" law, the primary-election law, and the law governing public utilities. / These are only a few, but among the hundreds of measures that have been passed, affecting the character of our government, none stand out more prominently than the two amend ments to our constitution providing for prohibition and for woman suffrage. Temperance was a live topic in Kansas from the begin ing; even in Territorial days laws were passed that tended to regulate, in some degree, the liquor traffic. During the first eighteen years of statehood there was a constant 138 A HISTORY OF KANSAS increase in sentiment favorable to prohibition, and, in 1880, during the administration of Gov- m'Kansas11 ernor John P- St- John' the Pe°Ple V°ted to adopt the following amendment to the Constitution: "The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this State, except for medical, scientific, and mechanical purposes." The law has been strengthened from time to time, and more atten tion has been given to its enforcement, until to-day Kansas is one of the strictest of prohibition states, and the popular sentiment against the use of liquor is stronger here, per haps, than anywhere else in the United States. For many years Kansas stood almost alone as a prohibition state, but in recent years the number of prohibition states has been increasing rapidly and the movement gives promise of becoming nation wide. It is a matter of pride in Kansas that ours was a pioneer state in this great movement. Kansas has been one of the most liberal of the states in its laws concerning the rights of women, but it is only w _ „ recently that Kansas women have had full Woman suffrage . *^„- political rights. In 1861 women were given the right to vote in district school elections, and in 1887 in city elections. The question of complete woman suf frage was voted upon and defeated in 1867, and again in 1894, but in 1912 it carried by a large majority. Only six states, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, and California, preceded Kansas in granting to women the right of suffrage. In the present chapter we have touched only in a general way upon the State's progress, but growth has been in many directions and each activity has a history of its own. In order that we may better understand the advancement that has been made we will study more fully three of the THE HALF CENTURY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 139 most important phases of the State's progress and devel opment — transportation, industry and education. SUMMARY The fifty years since the Civil War have been eventful ones. The Indian troubles on the frontier lasted from 1864 until 1869. Much property and more than 1000 lives were lost. National troops and a regiment of Kansas soldiers were required to quell the trouble. Governor Crawford resigned his position and took command of the Kansas troops. In 1878-'80 thousands of negroes arrived in Kansas. This movement from the South was called the " Exodus." The grasshopper invasion in 1874 was followed by ten years of prosperity. Then came the boom, which was ended by the drouth in 1887. Eastern money-lenders held thousands of Kansas mortgages, and though several good crop years followed, the State had not yet recovered when the panic in 1893 brought renewed trouble. Good crops followed, and Kansas soon entered upon a period of prosperity which has continued to the present time. Kansas furnished four regiments for the Spanish- American War in 1898. The State Capitol which was begun in 1866 was completed in 1903. The years 1903, 1904, and 1908 were the flood years. Among the many important gov ernmental measures are the prohibition and woman suffrage amendments. During the half century since the Civil War Kansas has become a great and prosperous REFERENCES Andreas, History of Kansas, Selected Topics. Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. Parrish, The Great Plains. Wright, Dodge City, the Cowboy Capital. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties. Spring, Kansas, chap. iv. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168, 172-173, 184, 194, 204, 211, 218-222. Historical Collections, Selected Topics. McCarter, Price of the Prairie. (A novel.) 140 A HISTORY OF KANSAS QUESTIONS 1. What were the conditions in Kansas at the close of the Civil War? 2. Give an account of the Indian troubles in Kansas. 3. How did the Homestead Law affect immigration? 4. Give an account of the grasshopper invasion and its effect on Kansas. 5. What progress was made during the next ten years? 6. What effect did the railroads have on immigration? 7. When was the "boom"? Describe conditions during the boom. What were some of its causes? What ended it? 8. What was the effect of this boom on Kansas? What have you learned from talking with persons who lived here in the "boom days"? 9. Tell something of the "hard times" of the early '90's. 10. What part did Kansas take in the Spanish-American War? 11. Give an account of the building of the State Capitol. 12. Give an account of the floods in Kansas. 13. Give an account of the opening of Oklahoma. How did it affect Kansas? 14. Compare Kansas to-day with Kansas as it was fifty years ago. 15. What is the prohibition amendment? The woman suffrage amendment? CHAPTER XV THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS Agriculture, the leading indusW cf our State, was for many years almost the only occupation of our people. The Indians were the first farmers in Kans*^ farmers Kansas. The Comanches, in the western part of the State, were roving hunters, but the eastern Indians had permanent homes and tilled the soil. They were both hunters and farmers. A government agent in describing their mode of living says: "They raise annually small crops of corn, beans, and pumpkins. These they cultivate entirely with the hoe, in the simplest man ner. Their crops are usually planted in April, and receive one dressing before they leave their villages for the sum mer hunt in May." When Kansas was made an Indian country the National Government agreed in the treaties to supply the Indians Agriculture w^ cattle, hogs, and farming implements, taught to the and to employ persons to teach them agri- Indians culture. In accordance with this agree ment several government farms were established and both the government farmers and the missionaries taught agri culture to the Indians. By the time Kansas was organized as a Territory, in 1854, there were a number of farms in the different reservations and at the missions, and the produce was such as to show that the soil of Kansas is remarkably fertile. Most of the early settlers of Kansas were farmers, but during Territorial days the political and governmental (141) 142 A HISTORY OF KANSAS troubles made much progress in farming impossible. The Agriculture terrible season of 1860 made a dreary clos- duringTerritorial days ing for this period and confirmed in the minds of many eastern people the old idea that Kansas was fit only for Indians, buffaloes, and prairie dogs. The year following the drouth brought a good crop, but it also brought the beginning of the Civil War which Agriculture absorbed the energies of the settlers for during four years more. It was not until the close the Civil War of ^ war> ^ lgg5> ^^ agriculture can be said to have had a real beginning in Kansas. But, in spite of the poverty and hardships of the war years, two things of especial significance were done that showed the interest of the pioneers in agriculture. During this period the Agricultural Col lege at Manhattan was estab lished, and the State Agricultural Society was formed. The object of the Society was "to promote the improvement of agriculture and its kindred arts throughout the State of Kansas." Under its management a state fair was held at Leavenworth in 1863, and in that year the Legislature appropriated $1000 for the ben efit of the Society. These events are worthy of note, because they showed the enterprise of the people when their resources were Hand Planter. small. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 143 The farming implements of the pioneers were few and simple. Much of the machinery of to-day had not then been invented. Because of the cost of Seme™sng transportation, and the lack of money among the settlers, even the machinery of that day was scarce in Kansas. The all-important implement was the plow. The pio neer's first crop was usually "sod corn." The field was pre pared with a break ing plow, which threw up the sod in parallel strips from two to five inches in thickness. Then the farmer, with an ax or a spade and a bag of seed corn, walked back and forth across the field, prying apart or gashing the sod at regular intervals and dropping into each opening three or four grains of corn. Then he waited for the crop. Once the land was broken, it was, in after years, pre- v' j» ^11 t,,: ¦''¦'¦-« :.¦--. The "Old Mill" at Lawrence, erected in 1863. This was a gristmill, an octagon shaped, four-story structure, having a genuine Holland windmill for motive power. Additional buildings were erected for the manufacture of wagons and farming implements. The mill was abandoned many years ago, and in 1905 it burned. 144 A HISTORY OF KANSAS pared for the seed with the stirring plow and the harrow, and planting was done with a hand planter. Later the corn planter drawn by a team came into use. This ma chine required a driver, and another person to work the lever that dropped the corn. Then came the planter with the check-rower which, when attached to the planter, made only a driver necessary. During the last few years the lister has come into very general use. The early settlers cultivated their corn with a single- shovel cultivator drawn by one horse. With this culti- Corn Binder. vator it was necessary to make a trip along each side of every row of corn. The double-shovel cultivator soon came into use, but it, also, was drawn by one horse and cultivated but one side of the row at a time. This labor THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 145 was greatly reduced by the invention of the cultivator drawn by a team and having shovels for both sides of the corn row. Now cultivators may be had that till two rows at a time. Formerly the farmer cut all of his corn by hand with a knife. Now he uses the riding corn binder. Great as has been the improvement in corn machinery, even greater changes have come about in the machinery Heading Wheat. used for the wheat crop. The earliest harvesting imple ment used in Kansas was the cradle, a scythe with long fingers parallel with the blade to catch the grain as it was cut. The cradler laid the grain in rows. A second man followed with a rake and gathered the wheat into small piles which he tied into bundles, using some of the straw for bands. The next machine was the reaper, which car ried two men, one to drive the team and one to push off the wheat whenever enough had been cut to make a bundle. The reaper required four or five binders to follow it. It was soon improved by being made self -dumping and later self -binding. Inventions and improvements have followed in rapid succession, and to-day the planting and harvesting of wheat can be done with remarkable speed and efficiency. The many wonderful inventions in farm machinery have 146 4 HISTORY OF KANSAS made possible in the farming of to-day a great saving of time and labor as compared with the farming of forty years ago. There are few lines in which greater progress has been made. For several years after the Civil War the population of Kansas increased more rapidly than did the crops, and the Agriculture country was kept poor. The destruction between 1860 of crops by the grasshoppers in 1874 retarded immigration and left the people discouraged. Several good crop years followed, however, and confidence in the agricultural future of Kansas soon Steam Plow. returned. By 1880 nearly 9,000,000 acres of land were in cultivation, a third of which was planted to corn and a fourth to wheat. The next largest acreage was in oats. A number of other crops were reported, including rye, barley, buckwheat, sorghum, cotton, hemp, tobacco, broom corn, millet, clover, and blue grass. At that time not a great deal was known of the soil or climate of the State, and we find THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 147 Alfalfa. in this list of crops several that have since been found un profitable and are no longer raised in any considerable quantities. The year 1880 found the people of Kansas full of hope and courage, and from that time until the drouth of 1887 agriculture developed rapidly. It was a issoTo 1887™™ period of new ideas and new methods. Millions of additional acres were brought into cultivation. The principal crops, corn, wheat, and oats, were each greatly increased. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard grass, and blue grass were planted in the central counties, and even farther west. Soil that a few years before had been considered unfit for farming was now producing large crops. The State was being rapidly settled, many miles of railroad were in operation, and the excellent crops did much to encourage the "boom" of 1885 to 1887. The period of good crops following the dry season of 1887 lasted for five years, and it was a time of great ac tivity along many lines of agricultural ad- 188r7C1otUr8930m vancement. By 1890 nearly 16,000,000 acres had been brought under cultivation. This area was almost double the area under cultivation ten years earlier. Before 1890 most of the farming was done in the eastern and central parts of the State, the western part being con- 148 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Irrigation from the underflow. Upper, water pumped into the reservoir by windmills. Lower, water pumped into the reservoir by an engine. sidered poorly adapted to agricultural purposes. During Western Kansas the next feW yeal"S' nowever> it was shown that wheat can be successfully raised clear to the Colorado line. The sorghum crops also proved to be well adapted to this section. The soil of western Kan sas was found to be wonderfully fertile, needing only THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 149 moisture to make it produce abundantly. A more thor ough understanding of soil and climate has brought better methods of tillage, and this, together with a careful selec tion of crops, is making the yield much larger and more certain. The possibilities of irrigation for this section of the country have long been given much consideration. For several years water from the Arkansas western Kansas River was successfully used. Colorado, however, in developing irrigation, used so much of the water from the upper Arkansas that there was not a sufficient amount left for our State. Investigation resulted in the discovery of an underground water supply. This water, which is called the underflow, moves east ward from the Rocky Mountains through strata of gravel and sand. It offers to a large part of western Kansas a practically inexhaustible supply of water for irrigation. Wells are bored into this underflow and the water is pumped for irrigating purposes. Only a small part of western Kansas is under irrigation as yet, but experiments for the purpose of finding the best methods of utilizing the underflow are being carried on by individuals, by experiment stations, and by the State. Irrigation by pumping is bringing about a remarkable agricultural advancement in western Kansas. About 1890 several new crops came into prominence in Kansas, the most important of which was alfalfa. Alfalfa . is now grown in every county of Kansas and has become one of our foremost crops. Because of its long, penetrating roots it can be grown suc cessfully without irrigation even in most of the drier parts of Kansas. As its many points of excellence become bet ter known its acreage is constantly increasing. Kansas produces more alfalfa than any other state in the Union. Stacking Alfalfa. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 151 Another of the new crops was Kafir corn, which has also> proved very valuable. This plant is a variety of sorghum. Other varieties had been raised in Kansas cropsS°rg Um f°r manv years, especially the sweet sor ghum that could be used for making sugar and molasses. Broom corn is another sorghum crop that has been grown in Kansas for a long while and is raised in large quantities in the southwestern part of the State. In more recent years two more sorghums, milo and feterita, give promise of becoming valuable forage crops. During the early '80's considerable sugar had been made from sorghum cane, but in 1889 it was, for the first time, „ , , made from beets. For a number of years Sugar beets . \_ , ' experiments were made with sugar beets in different parts of western Kansas. To encourage sugar- beet raising a bounty was offered by the State and a good The Beet Sugar Factory at Garden City. many tons were raised and shipped to sugar factories in Colorado and Nebraska. In 1906 a large factory was com pleted at Garden City and the raising of sugar beets has become an important industry in that part of Kansas. Upper, threshing scene in a Kansas wheat field. Lower, train of fifty cars of threshing machines on the way to the Kansas wheat fields. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 153 Efforts are now being made to introduce this crop into other parts of the State. Progress was checked in 1893 by the financial panic that extended throughout the country. Values dropped, and prices were low on everything the ibUowTngni893arS formers had to sell. In addition to the panic, Kansas suffered a crop failure in most parts of the State. That was a discouraging period, but within a few years Kansas had recovered. From that A Kansas Wheat Field. time until the present there has been a steady rise in all values. Owing largely to the fact that there is no longer any free land to be taken as homesteads, land prices have steadily risen. The price of farm products has also greatly increased. In 1893 corn was worth but ten to fifteen' cents a bushel and wheat from thirty to forty cents. A com parison of these with present prices serves to show how great has been the change. Kansas is now one of the leading agricultural states of the Union. It produces a greater variety of crops than Stockyards at Kansas City. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 155 Kansas Corn. does almost any other state, but the principal ones are now, as they have been from the earliest Kansas wheat days, corn and wheat. In recent years alfalfa has come to be a close third. Wheat is our most noted crop. Kansas is unsurpassed in the pro duction of this grain. Wheat is grown in every county in the State, but by far the greatest quantity comes from the "wheat belt" which extends across the middle of the State, from north to south. Most of the Kansas wheat is of the winter varieties commonly called "Turkey wheats," first brought here from southern Russia by the Mennonites in 1873. Ours is the only state which grows these wheats in large quantities. Corn was raised here by the Indians, and from the time of the settlement of the Territory corn has been the lead- 156 A HISTORY OF KANSAS ing crop and the greatest source of Kansas wealth. It is raised in all parts of the State, but much e corn crop ^e largest portion is produced in the east ern half. It is on this crop that the great live-stock in dustries of Kansas most depend. The live-stock industry is one of the important interests of the State. The grain and forage crops, the large areas of good pasture, the plentiful supply of water, and the nearness to market, all combine to make Kansas an excellent live stock region. The raising and fattening of cattle and hogs constitute the chief features of this industry, although The live-stock industry Early Day Stock Farm. there are a number of others, prominent among which is dairying. The early farmers had their herds and flocks but paid little attention to quality or breeds. In time it was found THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 157 ¦? H^tAl*^T A$ftM»- w»i».r.-t,'» «*"¦¦-¦»¦ -a*'-. --Jr' C'!™!|*3| 1 ' Au^l P fPK-f ''W'.' ¦'; ¦'-. ^ $? i -¦¦'"¦;; 'i31 Present Day Stock Farm. that better grades were more profitable, and the early range cattle and the "scrub" stock of the pioneers have disappeared. When the Union Pacific Railroad was built the cattle- The Cowboy was a Familiar Figure in Kansas Forty Years Ago. 158 A HISTORY OF KANSAS men of Texas began driving their cattle into Kansas in order to ship them to market. For many years Abilene was the shipping center. When the Santa Fe Railway was built, Wichita, being farther south, became the chief shipping point. As the country became more thickly set tled the cattle trade was pushed farther west. Finally it reached Dodge City which remained the shipping center In Full Bloom. for many years. The building of railroads into the South west made it unnecessary for the Texas cattlemen to drive their stock to a Kansas shipping point, and about 1885 the practice was abandoned. While the trade flour ished, the cowboy, with his boots and spurs and broad- brimmed hat, was a familiar figure on the plains of west- THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 159 Horticulture ern Kansas, but as the settlers turned the grazing land into farms the cowboy moved farther west. Another Kansas industry is horticulture, the cultivation of fruits. The first orchard in Kansas was planted at Shawnee Mission in 1837. Very little tree planting was done, however, until after the Civil War, and even then the Kansas plains were for many years regarded as unfit for fruit growing. The early crops were small but of a very fine quality, and Kansas apples won the gold medal at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. This aroused much enthusiasm, and during the next few years many thousands of fruit trees were planted, but most of them proved worth less because the varieties were not adapted to condi tions in this State. Long years of hard work and pa tient effort were required to secure the knowledge neces sary to make a successful To-day there are many fruits Kansas Apples. fruit state out of Kansas. grown here, but it is the Kansas apple that is famous. Scarcely a farm in the eastern and central parts of the State is without its orchard, and there are a number of commercial orchards that are making horticulture an im portant industry in Kansas. The farmers of the State have at different times, espe cially in the earlier years, formed a number of organiza tions. An early organization was the Order of Patrons of 160 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Husbandry, or the "Grange," a national movement, intro duced into Kansas in 1872. Its general organizations purpose was the improvement of farm life. Many granges were organized during the '70's. The Farmers' Cooperative Association, begun in 1873, and the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association in 1883, had for their general purposes the cooperation of the farmers in buying and selling and in securing lower freight rates. -¦>-" ~ ,. < IS fl t$.^'«e.t jB 'if* ¦••¦¦' - 7^^^^i Saw ''j9^k?E ^*V-r-**; : 1 ¦ '¦ jan ¦m"W J '¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ rwt'i llrfflnwMI '•-*»'¦ _ ^»jHBpg KSfofiTif*-77 Nli^-, One of the Crops of Central and Western Kansas. About 1888 the Farmers' Alliance, already a national organization, formed many local organizations in Kansas. The Alliance demanded a number of measures for the betterment of the farmers, including lower freight and passenger rates, and better mortgage, debtor, and tax laws. The Farmers' Alliance was a widespread movement and, for a time, overshadowed all other farmers' organiza- THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 161 tions. In 1890 the People's party, or the Populist party,1 as it came to be called, took over the political work of the Farmers' Alliance, and that organization gradually dis appeared. The Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Union of Kansas is a more recent organization. In 1872 the Agricultural Society, organized during the Civil War, was changed into the State Board of Agricul ture. For a number of years this Board of Agriculture1' Save especial attention to gathering and distributing information concerning the resources of the State for the purpose of stimulating immi gration. Later it began the work of furnishing to the farmers information concerning methods of farming best adapted to Kansas conditions. These activities have been continued, and the Board of Agriculture has been of great practical value to the State. The Agricultural College in its early years laid but little stress on agricultural and industrial work, but in 1873 its plan of work was changed and it soon KdSSle!?' beSan t0 fulfiH its real mission. A few years later the usefulness of the College was greatly increased by the establishment of an experi ment station where investigations are carried on in such matters as the testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, the rotation of crops, dairy and animal husbandry, butter and cheese making, orchard and crop pests, stock 1. The Populist party was formed as a result of the political unrest following the collapse of the boom. The Populist measures attracted widespread attention, and the party, in fusion with the Democrats, succeeded in electing Governor Lewelling in 1892 and Governor Leedy in 1896. By that time conditions in the State had become more settled; with returning prosperity the political agita tion died down and the Populists were soon absorbed into the other parties. Since that time many of the measures advocated by the Populists have been enacted into law or are being considered by the people of to-day. 162 A HISTORY OF KANSAS foods, and diseases of live stock. Branch experiment sta tions have, in later years, been established at Hays, Garden City, Dodge City, Tribune, and Colby, where problems peculiar to the western part of the State are studied. The Agricultural College is doing a great work in gather ing information and bringing it to the people by means of bulletins, lectures, correspondence courses, demonstration trains, demonstration agents, and farmers' institutes. Kansas was one of the first states to hold a Farmers' In stitute in connection with its Agricultural College. This work was begun in 1869, and the purpose was then, as it is to-day, to promote the knowledge of scientific agriculture. One of the Early Flouring Mills. The agricultural resources of Kansas have led to the development of a number of manufacturing industries. One of the oldest of these is milling. Among the first needs of the settlers of the new country was a means of THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 163 grinding their corn and wheat into meal and flour for Manufactures family use. This caused the building of based on small gristmills in every community. agriculture Most of them were built along streams and were run by water power, though a few of the early ones used wind power. In later years steam has come to be generally used. After the introduction of the hard wheats, the wheat crop came to be much more certain, the acreage increased, and the milling industry grew. Kansas flour is now sold in all the important markets of the world, and Kansas is one of the leading states in the mill ing industry. Meat packing has held first place among the manu facturing industries of Kansas for a number of years. Kansas City, the second greatest packing center in the United States, is the chief market for Kansas live stock, but there are several packing houses in different parts of the State. Creameries, canning factories, and pickling works represent other industries that have been developed to make use of our agricultural products. Although Kansas is not one of the great mining states, it has a number of valuable mineral resources, the chief of which are coal, lead, zinc, oil, gas, salt, indeus7rieesral building stone, and gypsum. These re sources form the basis of an important part of the industrial life of the State. The coal and gas have made possible a number of manufacturing industries. As early as the Territorial period it was known that there were coal fields in Kansas, and small amounts of coal were mined in Crawford and Cherokee counties. Immediately after the Civil War the settlers in the southeastern part of the State gave much attention to the digging of coal, some of which lay so near the surface that it could be uncovered with a plow. With- Upper, Deep Shaft Coal Mining. Lower, Surface Coal Mining. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 165 in the next few years coal was found in Osage and Leaven worth counties and in the vicinity of Fort Scott. These places produced large amounts, but Crawford and Chero kee counties soon came to be the leading coal district of the State. At the present time about nine-tenths of the Kansas output is mined in these two counties. The im portance of the coal fields of Kansas lies not only in the value of the coal, but in the stimulation of the growth of manufactures. Many industries can be carried on only by means of large amounts of fuel to supply power. The development of a number of such industries in Kansas has been made possible chiefly by the cheap and abundant supply of coal. Before Kansas was organized as a Territory lead mining was an important industry in southwest Missouri, but not until 1876 was it discovered that the lead and zinc field extends into the south east corner of Kansas. Prospecting began at once and thousands of people were soon on the ground. Although zinc was found in abundance with the lead, but little atten tion was paid to it. Within a few years, however, it was found that the abundance of coal made the smelting of zinc profitable, and zinc soon assumed the leading place. For a number of years much more zinc than lead has been pro duced. A large amount of ore from the Missouri mines is shipped to the Kansas smelters, and the smelting of lead and zinc, but particularly of zinc, has come to be one of the most important of our mineral industries. The develop ment of the gas field furnished a cheaper and more abun dant fuel than coal, and much of the smelting was scon being done where gas could be used. In later years gas is less abundant and there is a tendency to return to the use of coal. Although prospecting had been done in earlier years, the 166 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Oil and gas real development of oil and gas in Kansas began about 1892, with the discovery of the big Kansas- Oklahoma field. The oil and gas area is included within an irregular strip, forty to fifty miles wide, extending from Kansas City southwesterly into Oklahoma. It is frequently spo ken of as the "oil and gas belt." By 1900 nearly every town in the gas belt had niore gas than it knew what to do with, and various man ufacturing enter prises, such as brick plants, zinc smelt ers, glass factories,' and Portland ce ment mills, were soon attracted to these towns. A little later gas was being supplied to cities outside of the gas belt. Pipelines were laid to Wel lington, Wichita, Hutchinson, To peka, Lawrence, Kansas City, Leav enworth, Atchison, Oil Well, or " Gusher." . . ' and many of the' towns between. With ten years of this great increase THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 167 in the use of gas there has come to be a fear that the sup ply may fail at no distant date. In the earlier years oil was considered of much greater importance than gas. At first the oil was all carried in tank cars, but a system of pipe lines was soon laid. Many refineries were soon established. The crude oil is used chiefly for fuel and for machine oil. In the refineries it is made into benzine, gasoline, and kerosene. Vaseline and paraffin are among the by-products. Salt is found in Kansas as a brine in the salt marshes, and as beds of rock salt lying beneath the surface. The marshes were known to the early hunters and settlers, and through the early years of statehood a little salt was manufactured from this brine. In the late '80's the rock salt beds were discovered and the Salt Salt Plant at Hutchinson. salt-making industry was rapidly developed. The center of the salt industry is now, as it has been from the begin ning, at Hutchinson. Salt is found in a large part of 168 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Kansas, but the most valuable area extends across the middle of the State from north to south. This great bed of salt is in most places from two hundred and fifty to four hundred feet thick. Some salt is made by crushing the rock salt, but the greater portion is made by the evapora tion of brines. The brines are obtained by forcing a stream of water through rock salt. ¦ f„ Stone Quarry. Brickmaking in Kansas dates from the early years. Brick clays are found in many parts of the State, but the industry is carried on chiefly in the eastern part of the State, especially in the gas belt, because of the fuel supply. Gypsum beds are found in the central part of Kansas, Brick THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 169 especially around Blue Rapids and in Saline, Dickinson, „ and Barber counties. Plaster of Paris, used chiefly for making plaster for cover ing wall surfaces, is made from gypsum. Portland cement is a comparatively new product in the United States. The development of this industry in _ .. , Kansas commenced about 1900. Portland Portland cement . ... . cement is made from certain mixtures of rock substances, put through processes of grinding and heating. Its chief use is in making concrete, which is widely used for construction work. There are a number of Portland cement mills in the gas belt. Gas is the most satisfactory fuel for glass-making and since the gas field in Kansas was opened a number of glass . r factories have been established in the State. Sand of a good quality for mak ing glass has also been found in southeastern Kansas. At present there are numbers of factories in Kansas, engaged in many different lines of work. Our industries Agriculture the are constantly growing in number and basis of material importance and it takes all of them to progress make a well-rounded state, but it is the agricultural industries that form the basis of our pros perity. On these we must depend, and the history of agri culture in Kansas is, largely, the history of our material progress. SUMMARY The principal agricultural industries of the State are farming, stock raising and horticulture. The prin cipal mineral industries are concerned with coal, lead, zinc, oil, gas, salt, building stone, and gypsum. The leading manufacturing industries are concerned largely with agricultural and mineral products, and are carried on most extensively in the coal and gas regions. 170 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Drouths, which occur in all agricultural regions, have been most severe in Kansas in the following years: 1860, 1869, 1874, 1887, 1893, 1913. These years have marked into periods what has otherwise been a steady progress in agriculture. The Agricultural Society, organized during the Civil War, was, in 1872, changed into the State Board of Agriculture. The Agricultural College, established dur ing the Civil War, began active work along agricultural lines in 1873. There have been a number of organiza tions of farmers, most of them between 1870 and 1890. Advancement in agriculture has been made in area under cultivation, selection of crops, improvements in machinery, better methods of tillage, and irrigation. The leading crops are now corn, wheat, and alfalfa. REFERENCES Bulletins and Reports of the State Board of Agriculture. Bulletins and Reports of the Agricultural College. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 252-265. Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. Old Newspaper Files. Historical Collections, vol. xn, p. 60; vol. rx, pp. 33, 94, 480; vol. xi, pp. 81-211. Walters, History of the Agricultural College. Tuttle, History of Kansas. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 232-234, 292-295. Publications of the University Geological Survey of Kansas. QUESTIONS 1. What is the leading industry of Kansas? 2. Discuss the Indians as farmers. 3. What agricultural progress was made during the Territorial period? During the Civil War? 4. When and why was the Agricultural Society formed? What has taken its place? Tell something of the work of the new organi zation. 5. Describe the early farm implements and methods of farming. What have you learned of these things from old settlers? 6. What were the agricultural conditions in Kansas in 1880? Between 1880 and 1887? THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 171 7. What connection does the date 1887 have with the agri cultural history of the State? What conditions followed this date? 8. What are the soil and climate conditions of western Kansas? Give an account of irrigation in that section. 9. Name new crops that came into prominence about 1890, and tell something of each. , 10. What conditions prevailed in Kansas in the early '90's? During the period that followed? 11. Discuss Kansas wheat; Kansas corn. 12. Discuss the live-stock industry in Kansas. 13. Give an account of the cattle trade of earlier days. 14. What progress has horticulture made in Kansas? 15. What farmers' organizations have been formed? For what purpose? 16. Discuss the relation of the Agricultural College to the farmers. 17. Diseuss the milling industry of our State. The meat packing industry. 18. Name the mineral resources of Kansas. Discuss each. 19. What manufacturing industries have grown from the mineral resources? 20. What industries are carried on in your community? Are any others being considered? CHAPTER XVI THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS About the time Kansas was becoming the highway for the Santa Fe trade, experiments were being made in Eng- The beginning of lan(I with a new invention, the steam loco- railroads in the motive. By 1825 a fair degree of success United States had been attained. During the next half dozen years experiments were carried on in the United States, and by 1831 several short railroad lines were in use. By 1850 one could travel by rail between the chief cities of the East and as far west as St. Louis, but a decade more passed before any railroads were built in Kansas. The agitation for railroads in this part of the country began even before the organization of the Kansas Terri tory. The settlers knew the difficulty of dea"re ra^roads building up the State without the aid of the railway. They had crept across the prai ries in their canvas-covered wagons, or had toiled up the shallow, sluggish waterways, and they foresaw that they would be unable to market their crops or their stock be cause of the lack of adequate means of transportation. Their great desire for railroads is made evident by the large number of railway charters granted to different com panies by the Territorial Legislatures. On account of the immense cost of railroad construction, however, work was slow to begin. While the West was waiting for its railroads a number of stage routes for carrying mail and passengers were established. The first one was over the Santa Fe Trail. (172) THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS 173 Early stage lines Stages made the trip from Kansas City to Santa Fe in about fifteen days. For many years stage lines were operated between the different towns of the Territory. Later, lines were established to Denver, to Salt Lake, and even to San Francisco. Stage Coach. The trip to San Francisco, a distance of about 2000 miles, occupied nearly a month, and the people of Califor nia were very anxious that a quicker way ExpresM859-'6i °f getting their mails be devised. To meet this demand the Pony Express was estab lished in 1859. The line extended from St. Joseph to San Francisco, a long, lonely way across plains and deserts and over mountains, sometimes in a straight line but often winding through dark canons or along the edge of mountain precipices. The Pony Express required one hundred and ninety stations, nearly five hundred horses, and eighty riders. The stations averaged about ten miles apart. The 174 A HISTORY OF KANSAS horses were selected for their speed, and endurance, and the distance from one station to another was covered in the shortest possible time. At each station a fresh horse was waiting and the only delay was in changing the mail pouch from one horse to the other. The pouch contained only letters, and they were written on the thinnest of paper to avoid surplus weight. Five dollars was charged for the carrying of each letter. The first trip was made in ten days, the shortest one in seven days and seventeen hours. Many stories of adventure are related of the two years in which the Pony Express was in operation. In 1861 a tele graph line was constructed across the continent, which made it possible to flash news from ocean to ocean in a few seconds, and the Pony Express went out of existence. By this time railroad building had begun in Kansas. The first road was laid in the spring of 1860, while Kansas was still a territory, between Elwood, oppo- mhKanstasr,ai860d site st- Joseph, Missouri, and Marysville. When the first five miles of rail had been laid, a little old locomotive that had done service on many eastern roads was brought into the State and a celebration was held in honor of the first trip. Though the engine was old and drew only a few flat cars over the rough and crooked track, it was an important event, for it marked the beginning of railroad building in Kansas. There had long been talk of a railroad to the Pacific coast, and in 1862, while the Civil War was still in prog- Tile Union ress, Congress granted a charter for such Pacific Railroad, a line. This was the beginning of the Union Pacific Railroad. It was to be built as soon as possible by working from both ends. From the east the road was to pass through Nebraska and on toward Salt Lake, and from the west it was to be built from San Francisco eastward until the two lines met. This THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS 175 The Indian, the Soldier, and the Builder. road did not pass through Kansas, but while it was being constructed a line that later became a part of the Union Pacific1 system was built from Kansas City westward, along the Kansas River, through Manhattan, Junction City, and Salina, and on west through Denver to join the main line at Cheyenne.2 During the seven years spent in building this railroad many difficulties were met and conquered. Most of the country along the line was without timber, fuel, or any of the necessary supplies. The materials for construction were brought up the Missouri River by steamboat to Kansas City. From this point they were hauled by train over the new railroad as far as it was completed. The Indians opposed the work because it meant the westward 1. This line was at first called the Kansas Pacific. 2. See map, page 28. 176 A HIST03Y OF KANSAS Early Days on the Union Pacific. movement of civilization and the settling of their hunting grounds. They were a constant source of danger to the whole frontier but especially to the railroad builders. The men usually went to their work armed, and stacked their guns ready for instant use. Sometimes it was even neces sary to guard the men with troops while they worked. History gives many accounts of Indian massacres com mitted along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad. The entire line was finished in 1869. In the meantime other lines had been chartered through Kansas, the principal one being the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. This railroad was begun at Topeka in 1868 and completed to the western boundary of the State in a little more than four years. The line between Topeka and Atchison was also completed within this period. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe has since The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, com pleted in 1872 THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS 177 The "Iron Trail" Across the Prairies. been extended westward to the coast and eastward to Chicago, and many branches have been added. This railroad follows the general direction of the Santa Fe Trail across the eastern half of the State. Near Great Bend the track runs on the exact course of the old highway, and from this point on through the rest of the State they are never far apart and often coincide. When, in 1872, the "Santa Fe," as it is generally called, was completed through Kansas, the last caravan of wagons had wound its way over the old Trail. The trains of cars rushing over the new iron trail marked another advance in the westward march of civilization. The immense cost of railroad construction, the sparsely settled country, and the limited amount of traffic, made the early building of railroads a risky undertaking. But rail- 178 A HISTORY OF KANSAS roads were needed in order to unite the West to the Railroad com- East as wel1 ^ for the development of panies receive the new country, and in order to encour- land grants age their kuiidjng Congress adopted the policy of making liberal land grants to railroad companies. The Union Pacific through Kansas was given land amount ing to a strip ten miles wide on each side of its line. Several other companies, including the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, received grants amounting to five miles on each side. This policy brought about the rapid building of rail roads, but when the State became fairly well supplied the land grants were discontinued. Much of the land was later forfeited by the companies through failure to meet the conditions of their grants. When the early railroads were first built across Kansas there were but few people living in the western part of the „ ., , State. Since population was necessary to Railroad com- ¦ . » . i i j panies interested the prosperity oi the railroad companies, in the settlement these companies gave much attention to the matter of increasing the settlements along their lines. They sent land agents throughout the United States and Europe, they invited people of promi nence to join excursions through Kansas, and they filled the newspapers with descriptions of the great West. Kansas was widely and favorably advertised. Interest was everywhere aroused and many people were attracted to the State. The railroad companies succeeded in planting a number of'colonies of foreigners on their lands. Among them were the settlements of Mennonites in Reno, settlements Harvey, Marion and McPherson counties. These people came from Russia for reli gious freedom. "They came simultaneously with the grasshoppers but outstayed them." The first party, in THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS 179 1874, numbered 1900 people, and many more followed rapidly until there are now many thousands of these people in Kansas. They brought a considerable amount of money with them and were able to purchase their land. The Mennonites were farmers, a thrifty, industrious people who have contributed much toward making Kansas a great agricultural State. Swedes had been coming to Kansas since Territorial days. In 1871 the Union Pacific sold a large tract of land in Saline County for a Swedish settlement. settlements ^his settlement has increased and others have been formed until there are now many people of this nationality in Kansas. Lindsborg, almost entirely Swedish, is their religious and social center. It is noted for its school of music. Most of these people came in poverty, but they have converted the bare prairies into fine agricultural districts and have become prosperous citizens. They are an industrious, intelligent, progressive, and law-abiding people. Other colonies have settled in various parts of the State; among these, German-Russians in Russell, Rush, and Ellis Counties, Scotch in Republic County, English in Clay County, and Bohemians in Ellsworth County. There are, at present, people of many nationalities in Kansas. Not only did the early builiirg cf railroads do much to bring about the rapid settlement of Kansas, but it hastened Relation of rail- the development of practically all of the roads to State's State's industries. For instance, the rail- industries roads have made it possible for the farmer to market his live stock and his crops. Out of these better market facilities have grown the great meat-packing centers and the flouring mills. On the other hand, the growth of settlements and industries has brought prosper ity to the railroads and they have increased in wealth, 180 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Railroad regulation A Modern Locomotive and One of 1880. equipment, and mileage. Thus the relation between the railroads and the State's progress is very close. There are at present nearly 10,000 miles of railroad in Kansas, most of it belonging to the four great companies, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. There has been but little railroad building in Kansas for a number of years for the State is now fairly well sup plied. Almost every county now has one or more railroads. In the earlier years the important thing was to get the railroads. Having secured them the matter of chief concern is to regulate them. During the late '70's much dissatisfac tion arose because railroad rates were high, and several attempts were made to place the matter of rate regula tion under the control of the State. In 1883 a law was passed creating a Railroad Commission of three mem bers. This Commission was given a great deal of power, especially in regard to revising and establishing rates, and in adjusting disputes between the railroads and their patrons. Within a few years, through the efforts of the Commission together with the increase in business result ing from a growing population, rates were reduced almost half. Since its work proved to be of great service to the people the Commission was continued. In 1911 the Rail road Commission became the Public Utilities Commission, THE RAILROADS OF KANSAS 181 which has control over all such corporations as railroads, electric lines, and telegraph and telephone systems, that render public service within the State. SUMMARY Railroad construction was begun in the United States' about 1830. By 1850 railroads reached as far west as- St. Louis. Many stage lines were established in early Kansas. The first railroad was built in Kansas in I860;: the line extended from Elwood to Marysville. The Union Pacific was built through Kansas between 1862 and 1869. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway was com pleted in 1872. In the meantime a number of other roads. were built. The railroads received large grants of land, which they sold to settlers, thereby raising money and in creasing business. They advertised Kansas widely. The people soon found it necessary to regulate the railroads, and created for this purpose the Railroad Commission, now the Public Utilities Commission. REFERENCES Arnold. Civics and Citizenship, pp. 100-105, 141. Maps and Folders published by the railroad companies. Blackmar, Kansas, vol. n, pp. 533-548. Elson, History of the United States, pp. 475, 618, 818. Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168-170, 184-186, 191-194. Historical Collections, vol. viii, p. 384; vol. Xl, p. 529; vol. xn, pp. 37, 47, 383; vol. IX, p. 467; vol. vi, p. 357. Reports of Interstate Commerce Commission and Public Utili ties Commission. Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 241-252. Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage Route to California. Spring, Kansas, pp. 306-313. QUESTIONS 1. Give an account of the beginning of railway transportation in the United States. What were the conditions by 1850? 2. What were the early methods of travel in Kansas ? 3. Why were the early settlers anxious for railroads? What did they do to secure railroads? 182 A HISTORY OF KANSAS 4. Discuss the stage lines. The Pony Express. 5. When and where was the first railroad built in Kansas? 6. Tell something of the building of the main line of the Union Pacific. 7. Give an account of the building of the Union Pacific through Kansas. What were some of the difficulties that had to be overcome? 8. When was the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe built? Give its route. 9. Name other railroads in Kansas. 10. Why were land grants made to the railroad companies? How did the railroad companies use this land? 11. Why did the railroad companies advertise Kansas? What was the effect on the State? 12. Locate settlements of foreigners in Kansas. 13. Show why there is a close relation between the people and the railroads. 14. Why has regulation of the railroads been found necessary? How has it been accomplished? 15. What is, approximately, the railroad mileage of the State? 16. What lines of railroad in your community? CHAPTER XVII EDUCATION IN KANSAS The first schools in Kansas were the mission schools for the Indians. When Kansas was organized as a Territory and the white settlers began to make their inhKansasCh°0lS homes here> the education of their children became one of their first interests. In the summer of 1855 the first Territorial Legislature passed a law providing for the establishment of common schools, and thus laid the foundation for our public school system. In January of 1855, when the town of Lawrence was only six months old, a school was opened in the back of Dr. Charles Robinson's office. A term of schools6™1'0*1* school was held in Lawrence every winter thereafter. Other towns also maintained schools, as did a few of the country communities, but the settlers' claims were so widely scattered and the dangers during the days of raids and warfare were so great that country schools were almost an impossibility during the first few years. Many of the earlier schools were "subscription schools," which means that they were not public schools supported by a tax levy, but that the teacher's pay school 10n came from a tuition charged each pupil who attended. By 1859, when Territorial conditions had become more settled, the Legislature turned its attention to the matter of education and passed a set of school laws that has served ever since as the basis of our system of educa- (183) 184 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Sod Schoolhouse. tion. While Kansas was still a Territory, sch^oLsysten0111 a ^ew districts were organized and school- houses built, and the minimum school term was made three months. Little educational progress was made during the Civil War, but when peace had come to Kansas and the people could turn their minds to the needs of their Schools after the i j ... , „ , ... Civil War homes and communities, schoolhouses built of logs or sod sprang up everywhere, for the pioneers had brought with them a desire to educate their children. Sometimes the settlers did not even wait to organize their district, but gathered together and began work on their schoolhouse. Where there was a timber supply they made their building of logs. On the prairie they built it of sod. With the breaking plow they sliced out long pieces of sod from two to four inches thick and twelve to fourteen inches wide, and these, mortared with soft mud, were used like brick to build the walls. The roof EDUCATION IN KANSAS 185 Interior of Sod Schoolhouse. was sometimes of lumber, but often of the sod laid over a framework of brush and poles. Whether the building was of logs or of sod, the floor was usually of dirt sprinkled and packed until it was hard and smooth. As the country grew in population and resources these buildings were re placed by others made of lumber, brick, or stone, but the little log and sod schoolhouses served the pioneers well. They were used not only for school purposes, but for reli gious services and for social gatherings, spelling schools, singing schools, and literary societies. The schoolhouses were the social centers in early Kansas. Although the minimum term was three months, it was usually made a little longer for the benefit of the smaller children. As a rule the older boys and girls went 186 A HISTORY OF KANSAS to school only during the winter months when they could be spared from the farms. The work in Sonelrtchool^ the schools in those days consisted chiefly of the three R's, "readin', 'ritin' and 'rithmetic." In most cases, the pupils started each year at the beginning of their books and worked as far as they could. This was continued winter after winter until the girls and boys were eighteen to twenty-one years of age, or even older. There was no such thing as graduating from the country schools; the pupils attended until they got ready to quit. Since there were almost no high schools in the State, few of the children received more than a common school education, and most of the teachers had no more than that. A Present-day Rural School. Conditions are quite different in the country schools to-day; the minimum term is now seven months, a truancy law covers the full term, the work is arranged according to a course of study, the qualifications for EDUCATION IN KANSAS 187 teachers have been raised, and the little box buildings are being replaced by better ones, in the construction of which beauty, comfort, and convenience are considered. The work of the schools is changing to meet the changed con dition of the times, and much thought is being given to the Changes in the district schools Consolidated School, with Wagons for Conveyance of Pupils. problem of making the work fit still more closely present- day needs. It is generally recognized as very desirable that boys and girls receive instruction in such subjects as music, manual training, agriculture, and domestic science, but on account of the large number of classes in the country schools very little of such work can be taught. Consolidation is generally looked upon as a method of bettering conditions in the rural schools. A consolidated district is one formed by the union of Consolidated several districts. The little district school- schools houses are replaced by a larger building, usually centrally located, to which the children are con veyed in wagons provided for that purpose. With its larger valuation the consolidated district can have plenty of teachers and equipment and can offer a greater variety of subjects. There are a number of consolidated schools A High-school Class in Domestic Science. A High-school Class in Manual Training. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 189 A County High School. in the State now, and the plan is being considered in many communities. The good roads movement will no doubt do much to encourage consolidation. A number of years passed before there were many high .schools in Kansas, and in most of the early ones the course was brief. Then more and more of them high^school*16 began to prepare pupils for college, and this work was for a long time looked upon as the real purpose of the high school. In late years the function of the high school has come to be regarded as that of supplying to the great mass of pupils who will never go to college, the best possible preparation for the business of life. The course has been broadened to include such work as manual training, domestic science, music, agriculture, commercial work, and training of teachers. The high Upper, Kansas State Normal School, Emporia. Lower, Fort Hays Kansas Normal School. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 191 school has grown rapidly in popularity. There are now more than five hundred high schools in the State. They have been established by cities, by counties, by consoli dated districts, and by townships, and the number is steadily increasing. There are still, however, a few sparsely settled counties in the western part of the State which have no high schools. Much attention is being given to the problem of bringing to every Kansas boy and girl the privilege of a high school education. The deep interest of the Kansas settlers in matters of education is nowhere more apparent than in their early establishment of institutions of higher SertlearSn°ng learning. In the first Constitution, made in 1855, one reads, " The General Assembly may take measures for the establishment of a university"; and again, " Provision may be made by law for the support of normal schools." These matters were not lost sight of, and almost immediately after the admission of Kansas as a state this ambition found expression in the establishment of the Normal School, the Agricultural College, and the University. The State Normal School at Emporia opened in 1865 with eighteen students enrolled. It used the upper floor of the new schoolhouse that had just been School1"*1 built for Emporia, which was then but a small town. There was no furniture, and the equipment consisted of a Bible and a dictionary. Seats were borrowed from a neighboring church. But the Nor mal soon had a building of its own. In later years this has been twice replaced by a larger and better one and many new buildings have been added. The Normal School is based on the principle that it is not only necessary to know what to teach but how to teach ; that there are new discoveries and advances in methods of 192 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Manual Training Normal School, Pittsburg. teaching as there are in other lines, such as medicine or farming. The purpose of the Normal School is to train teachers. When our State Normal School was established there were not more than a dozen other such schools in the United States and none that prepared teachers for high school positions. To-day there are many normal schools, but none larger than ours or more amply equipped to pre pare students for all lines of teaching. The course of study, reaching from the kindergarten to the completion of a EDUCATION IN KANSAS 193 college course, places our State Normal School in the front rank of institutions of its kind. In 1901 the Western Branch State Normal School was established at Hays, and in 1903 another branch, the Manual Training Normal School, was opened at Pittsburg. Each of these has recently been made an independent school. The one at Hays is now known as the Fort Hays Kansas Normal School. In 1862 Congress passed an act providing for land grants to states for the purpose of establishing colleges of agri culture and mechanic arts. Kansas was cSeegeriCUltUral amonS the first states to accept the endowment, and the next year Blue- mont Central College, a Methodist school at Manhat tan, was given to the State and made the State Agri cultural College. During the first ten years the growth of the Agricultural College was very slow. This was chiefly due to the fact that industrial education was some thing new and did not receive much attention. The College gave only a little work in agriculture or manual training, and what was given was merely supplementary. It was doing little to educate toward the farm or the workshop. In 1873 the school was reorganized. Farmers began to be interested in it and to discuss its possibilities. Such subjects as Latin and Greek were dropped and agri culture, home economics, and mechanic arts were em phasized. Workshops, print shops, kitchen and sewing rooms, agricultural implements, and live stock, were pro vided. This was a very advanced step at that time and it aroused some opposition. It was called the "new fangled" education, and farmers who read and studied methods of farming were often sneered at as "book farmers." But in time people began to view these things in a different light. It has now come to be generally risi ii!rrf§ ! Ill) li'U L'B-S : Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 195 recognized that successful farming requires a broader arid more varied knowledge than almost any other business, and that in an agricultural state like ours nothing . is more important than the training of its citizens for home and farm life. The Agricultural College now occupies the position of leadership in the agricultural and industrial in terests of the State, and is one of the largest agricultural colleges in the United States. The University of Kansas was established by an act of the Legislature of 1864, and its object, as given in that act, _, TT . is to "provide the inhabitants of the State The University ., , * ¦ ¦ ,-, , , , with means of acquiring a thorough knowl edge of the various branches of literature, science, and the arts." The university idea is hundreds of years old, and so there was nothing new in the thought of a university in Kansas. The University of Kansas was built on the flat-topped hill in Lawrence where the first party of free- state settlers pitched their tents. It was opened in 1866 with forty students and three professors. To-day there are twenty great buildings on Mount Oread. The central department of the University is the college which provides a liberal education in languages, sciences, mathematicsj history and kindred subjects. Besides the college there are schools of engineering, of fine arts, of law, of pharmacy, of medicine, and of education. Ours now ranks high among the universities of the United States. All together, the University, the Agricultural College, and the Normal Schools employ about seven hundred in structors and enroll between eight and StateSchools n™e thousand students each year. The total annual cost to the people of Kansas is nearly two million dollars. These schools, together with the School for the Blind at Kansas City, the School for the Deaf at Olathe, and the School of Mines at Weir City, The University of Kansas, Lawrence. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 197 Schoolhouse used as a Social Center. were, in 1913, placed under the management of a board of three members called the Board of Administration. In addition to the State institutions Kansas has more than thirty denominational colleges. A few of the largest of these are Baker University at Baldwin, cdS™'10™1 Washburn College at Topeka, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Friends Univer sity at Wichita, the Southwestern University at Winfield. and the College of Emporia. There are also a number of business colleges and a few independent schools. Besides all the schools where the people of Kansas may obtain an education, every effort is being made to provide other educational opportunities by means for education0nS °f extension work, public and traveling libraries, and night schools. The State Normal School, the Agricultural College, and the Uni versity all do extension work, which means that they offer correspondence courses, send out lecturers, and in various 198 A HISTORY OF KANSAS other ways carry their work to those who can not attend the schools. Many communities maintain free public libraries and the State maintains a traveling library.1 Night schools are now provided in several of our larger cities. An education is now possible to any one who really wants it. All of this has been brought about within little more than a half century, and though there is much yet to be done the people of Kansas have every reason to be proud of what they have accomplished in the interests of education. SUMMARY Education in Kansas began with the mission schools and was one of the first interests in Territorial days. There were many subscription schools before district schools were organized. The organization of districts began in the Territorial period and kept pace with settlement. The University, the Normal School and the Agricultural College were established during the Civil War. Since that time many denominational colleges have been estab lished, the high school has been developed, and many other means of education have been provided. Great educational progress has been made. 1. The traveling library system in Kansas was adopted in 1900 and is now under state control through a Commission which main tains an office in the capitol at Topeka. These traveling libraries are made up of collections of fifty books each, selected in accordance with the wishes of the applicant. They are sent to schools, clubs, granges, and similar organizations without charge other than a fee of two dollars to cover the cost of transportation. The libraries may be retained six months, or exchanged at any time for others. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 199 REFERENCES Prentis, History of Kansas, chap. xxxv. Historical Collections, vol. vi, pp. 70, 114; vol. vn, pp. 167, 502; vol. xi, p. 424; vol. xn, pp. 69, 77, 195. Catalogues of the State Schools. Reports of State Department of Education. Statutes of Kansas. Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. Andreas, History of Kansas, General and County Histories. Spring, Kansas, pp. 319-325. QUESTIONS 1. What were the mission schools? 2. When did the settlers become interested in education? 3. What was done in education during the Territorial period? 4. What were subscription schools? 5. Describe the early schoolhouses. Compare them with the buildings of to-day. 6. How did work in the early schools differ from work in the schools of to-day? 7. Give the history of the growth of the high school. 8. Give an account of the establishment of the State Normal School; its growth; its purpose. What other normal schools do we now have? 9. When and where was the Agricultural College established? Give an account of its growth. Its work to-day. 10. What is the purpose of a university? When and where was the University of Kansas established? 11. What is the present enrollment and cost of the State schools? 12. What is a denominational college? Name some of the most important of the denominational colleges in Kansas. 13. What other opportunities for education have been provided? " Of all the states, but three will live in story; Old Massachusetts with her Plymouth Rock, And Old Virginia with her noble stock, And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory." — Eugene F. Ware. CHAPTER XVIII KANSAS MEMORIALS Kansas is a comparatively new state. Nearly all of its history has been made within little more than a century, and most of it within the sixty years of its Kansas^story period of settlement. Few states, how ever, have had a more eventful history. From its beginning Kansas has been a place of action. The pages of its history are filled with wars and battles, with stirring adventure, and with deeds of courage and daring. Nearly every part of the State has its places of historic interest, and the names of men and women who should be honored for good and brave deeds would make a long list. The people of Kansas are proud of the history of their State and desire to preserve it. To that end they have taken steps to save a number of the old landmarks, they have built many monuments, and have gathered and kept many records of the past. One of the early landmarks was Pawnee Rock on the old Santa Fe Trail, in what is now Barton County. This _ giant rock standing on the level plain was a noted spot, for the Trail ran near its base, and while it provided a place of rest and safety for many a weary traveler, it also afforded a retreat from which the Indians could dash down upon the traders. In later years much of the rock was torn away for building pur poses and this historic old landmark was rapidly disappear ing. The Woman's Kansas Day Club resolved to save this (201) 202 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Present view of Pawnee Rock. historic spot, and secured a deed for the Rock and five acres of ground surrounding it. On Kansas Day, 1909, the women presented this deed to the State. The transfer was made with the condition that the State spend $3000 for improvements. This was done and the preservation of Pawnee Rock is now assured. The exact site of the Pawnee Indian village visited by Lieutenant Pike in 1806 was not known with certainty for many years, but was finally found to be in Memorial Republic County. It was located through the discovery of rows of circular ridges supposed to have been the embankments of the Indian lodges.1 An iron fence now incloses about six acres of the ground, on which the rings are still plainly visible, and a granite shaft stands where the Stars and Stripes first floated over Kansas. The monument bears the inscription : "Erected by the State of Kansas, 1901, to mark the site of 1. The place was discovered in 1875 by Mrs. Elizabeth A. John son, who later purchased the land and presented it to the State. KANSAS MEMORIALS 203 the Pawnee Republic where Lieu tenant Zebulon M. Pike caused the Spanish flag to be lowered and the flag of the United States to be raised, September 29, 1806." The Santa Fe Trail, which was associated with most of the early history of Kansas, was known throughout the slnKe^ail country, but with the settlement of the State the old highway was growing dim; the ruts were fill ing in, grass was covering the broad track, and with the passing of those who knew it in the old days the true route was in danger of being forgotten. To prevent this, the Daughters of the Ameri can Revolution began, in the ¦ W ' ^s^. Where the Stars and Stripes first floated over Kansas. Santa Fe Trail Marker. opening years of the pres ent century, to agitate the question of marking the line of the Trail through the State. In 1905 the Legis lature appropriated $1000 "for procuring suitable monuments for this pur pose." Kansas Day of 1906 was designated "Trail Day" in the public schools, and the children were invited to contribute a penny each 204 A HISTORY OF KANSAS toward the fund. They gave $584.40. Eighty-nine mark ers were purchased. Various local organizations added nine more, making a total of ninety- eight markers. They were placed along the Trail from the eastern to the western end of the State. They bear the inscription, "Santa Fe Trail 1822-1872. Marked by the of the American and the State of " A few of the special inscrip- AwmmMw *SH*dl WITH THE SAG£ INDIANS ,i#rfTHE«ICHtOFWWWTW SANTA FE' TRAIL Santa Fe Trail Marker, with local inscription. DaughtersRevolutionKansas, 1906 markers bear tions in addition to this. The one at Council Grove has on the other side, "On this spot, August 10, 1825, the treaty was made with the Osage Indians for the right of way of the Santa Fe Trail." The old stone building erected at Pawnee for the capitol of Kansas still stands on the Fort Riley Reservation. In 1907 a subscription fund was raised and the money used to repair and restore the old building so that it will stand for many years as a relic of our early history. The site of John Brown's battle-field at Osawatomie was purchased by the Woman's Relief Corps of Kansas and presented to the State in 1909. Each State is permitted to place two statues in the Hall of Fame in the National Capitol at Washington. In Statues in the 1905 one of the Kansas places was filled Hall of Fame wftn a statue of John J. Ingalls, who was Pawnee Capitol John Brown's battle-field KANSAS MEMORIALS 205 a Senator from this State from 1873 to 1891. In 1913 the other place was filled with a statue of George W. Glick, who was Governor of Kansas from 1883 to 1885. Old Pawnee Capitol on the Fort Riley Military Reservation. A number of monuments have been erected in various parts of the State in commemoration of noted persons or Other events. The John Brown monument at monuments Osawatomie was dedicated on August 30, 1877. It bears two inscriptions: "In commemoration "of those who, on the 30th of August, 1856, gave up their lives at the battle of Osawatomie in defense of freedom," and, "This inscription is also in commemoration of the heroism of Captain John Brown, who commanded at the battle of Osawatomie, August 30, 1856; who died and conquered American slavery on the scaffold at Charlestown, Virginia, December 2, 1859." 206 A HISTORY OF KANSAS A splendid monument has been erected in Linn County to mark the graves of the victims of the Marais des Cygnes massacre. At Lawrence there is a monument bear ing this inscription: "Dedicated to the memory of the one hundred and fifty citi zens who, defenseless, fell victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas, led by the infamous Quantrill in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863. Erected May 30, 1895." A monument has been raised near Junction City in honor of the expedition of Coronado. There are several other monuments in the State commemorating the Spanish explorations of 1541-1542. Monuments have been dedicated to the memory of settlers killed in the Indian raids on the frontier, and to men who were killed by Indians while engaged in construction work on the Union Pacific Railroad. These are only a few; many tab lets, monuments, and markers have been erected in Kan sas, but by far the greatest number of them are monu- ¦ ments in honor of the soldiers of ! the Civil War. Many of these are I very handsome, and they have cost, ' in the aggregate, thousands of dol lars; but this recognition seemed in sufficient, and it had long been hoped that a handsome and serviceable building might be erected as a fitting The John Brown Monument, Memorial Hall Marais des Cygnes Monument. KANSAS MEMORIALS 207 Quantrill Raid Monument. and worthy recognition by the whole State of the honor due the soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. The fulfill ment of this ambition finally became possible when the United States paid to Kansas an old Civil War debt amounting to nearly a half-million dollars. The money was used for the construction of Memorial Hall. This beautiful structure, built of white marble, stands near the grounds of the State Capitol at Topeka. Part of Memo rial Hall is to be used as headquarters for the Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the rest by the State Historical Society. The State Historical Society was organized in 1875. From that time until the present the Society has gathered and kept books, writings, narratives, maps, relics and other matter relating to the history of Kansas. In these 208 A HISTORY OF KANSAS • collections may be found information concerning the explorations, the Indians, the overland Historical Society travel, the settlements, and the condition and progress of the State in its various de partments. Volumes of clippings, files of newspapers, and An old, double-edged, Spanish sword was found in Finney County some years ago and presented to the State Historical Society. The sword bears the name of one of Coronado's officers, Juan Gallego. On the blade, in Spanish, are the words: " Draw me not without reason; sheathe me not without honor." thousands of books, provide a very complete record of all phases of the State's history. One of the interesting fea tures is the collection of relics, among which are: an old Spanish sword supposed to have belonged to one of Coro nado's soldiers; the pistol of the Jayhawker, James Montgomery; two cannon used in the border troubles; and the cap, saddle, and sword of John Brown. There are many Indian pipes, ornaments, implements, arrow heads, and a war bonnet. The historical collections, which have increased from year to year, are very inter esting and should be seen by every citizen of Kansas. The Historical Society had rooms in the State Capitol until the completion of Memorial Hall, when it was moved into the new building. Thus Memorial Hall stands as a tribute not only to the soldiers but to the entire history of Kansas. SUMMARY In late years Kansas has taken many steps to preserve its history. Some of its most prominent memorials are: Pawnee Rock; Pike Memorial; Santa Fe Trail markeis; KANSAS MEMORIALS 209 Pawnee Capitol; John Brown's battle-field; monuments to commemorate the battle of Osawatomie, the Marais des Cygnes massacre, and the Quintrill raid. Many other monuments and tablets have been erected. in different parts of the State to commemorate important events. Memorial Hall, completed in 1914, was built in honor of the soldiers and sailors who served in the Civil War. This building provides fitting quarters for the Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, and for the State Historical Society which has a large and val uable collection of original historical material. REFERENCES Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. Historical Collections, vol. xi, p. 253; vol. x, pp. 15, 50, 472. QUESTIONS 1. How long since Kansas became a state ? 2. What places of historic interest are there in the State? 3. What places of historic interest are there in your locality? Have they been marked in any way? 4. What have you learned from the old settlers about the his tory of your locality? 5. Locate Pawnee Rock. Give its early history. Its recent history. 6. Give an account of Pike's visit to the Pawnee Indians. Where was the Indian village? How has this event been commemorated? 7. Give an account of the marking of the Santa Fe Trail. 8. Locate the old Pawnee Capitol and give its history. 9. Name as many other memorials as you can and give the event which each commemorates. 10. What is Memorial Hall? Why was it erected? For what is it to be used? 11. Explain the work and purpose of the State Historical Society. " This is but the dawn. We stand in1 the vestibule of the temple. The achievements of the past will pale into insignificance before the completed glory of the century to come." — John J. Ingalls. CHAPTER XIX THE KANSAS SPIRIT Kansas is a great State; great in size and wealth, great in industries and resources, and great in what it has accom- , plished. But there are states that are larger, others that are wealthier, and many that have larger cities, greater population, a longer history, and more splendid memorials, so it is not for these things that Kansas is especially noted among the states. The quality that is the mark of its distinction is the character of its history and of its people. Any people is, in large part, the product of its thinking, its beliefs, and its hopes and desires. This is the lesson of Hawthorne's story, "The Great Stone ^CsaSpi/it Face." Through all the years Ernest studied the face on the mountain and pondered the thoughts that he read there. In time he came to resemble the great face, both in its features and in the character it expressed. In the same way the people of Kansas have become what they are to-day because of their thoughts, their experiences and their ideals. We often hear it said concerning some act or some effort to ward progress, "That is the Kansas spirit," which means that the thing done shows what kind of people the Kan- sans are; it is characteristic of them. If, then, we would understand what this Kansas spirit is, we must know what thoughts and experiences and ideals have had a part in producing it. Certain characteristics of the people of Kansas are (211) 212 A HISTORY OF KANSAS largely due to the fact that this was so recently a frontier state. Pioneer life, wherever it exists, qualities develops the qualities of independence, courage, resourcefulness, endurance, and democracy. The pioneer has only himself to lean on; he learns to take chances, he laughs at adversity, he adapts himself to circumstances, and he lives in the future. These characteristics are not, however, peculiar to the Kansas people, for the early settlers of other states lived Qualities that on the frontier and developed these same make the qualities. But Kansas had a Territorial Kansas spirit nistory which was very different from that of any other state and which has left its impress upon the people. Other pioneers have had the great task of making a state out of a wilderness, but Kansas pioneers had a second great task, that of making a free state in the face of the most determined opposition. They came to Kansas as the Puritans came to America, in the name of liberty. They were stern, unyielding, purposeful men and women, sure of the presence of divine leadership, and their char acter has deeply influenced the Kansas people. This in fluence has made them hate oppression; it has made them demand justice and fair play; it has made them value people for their personal worth; it has made them believe in the equality of human rights, and in the ability of the people to govern themselves. These are characteristics of every true Kansan and the qualities that make the Kansas spirit. This spirit is evident in many phases of the life and progress of our people, but it is nowhere more apparent Manifestations than in their political affairs and in their 01 the Kansas laws. The spirit that made the pioneers spin refuse to submit to the "Bogus Legisla ture" also impelled them to send more than their share THE KANSAS SPIRIT 213 of soldiers to the Civil War. Later, the same spirit led the Kansas people to adopt the prohibition amendment and to grant to women the full right of suffrage. It caused the farmers and other laboring people to form organizations for the better protection of their rights. In short, the Kansas spirit has manifested itself when ever the people have made an effort to overcome difficul ties, whenever they have tried to secure more justice or liberty for themselves. These efforts have sometimes been so radical, and the plans offered for the betterment of conditions so new and startling as to attract much attention in the rest of the country. But Kansas has continued to believe in the worth and possibilities of her people and to make every effort to bring about conditions that will give them the opportunity to rise to the full measure of their nature. All over the United States there is a growing tendency on the part of the people to exercise a more direct control The task °^ their government; to take more and confronting the more authority into their own hands. Kansas of to-day Thig meang ^ ^ peop]e mugt fee inter_ ested, active and well-informed. For us, it means that the quality of Kansas government depends upon the qual ity of Kansas citizenship. While the task of the pioneers was a heavy one, ours to-day is no less great, though it is different. Their struggle was to get the soil under culti vation, ours to see that it does not become worn out; theirs to get the railroads, ours to use and regulate them; theirs to develop new industries, ours to see that they are carried on with justice to all; theirs to establish schools, ours to make them more efficient; in general, theirs to build up, ours to use wisely. Kansas history is not made; it is in the making. We study the past that we may learn how to make the present 214 A HISTORY OF KANSAS better. Great things have been accomplished but there is much yet to be done. The pioneers solved their prob lems, and if we are worthy of the Kansas they have given us we will strive to solve ours. We will keep alive the Kansas spirit. SUMMARY The Kansas people have developed the same pioneer qualities as have the people of other states; but, in ad dition, their peculiar Territorial history has made them believe in a marked degree in liberty, justice, equality, and democracy. These characteristics have given rise to what is called "the Kansas spirit." This spirit is especially evident in the political movements through which the people have taken more and more of the control of government into their own hands. REFERENCES Kansas, Carl Becker. Historical Collections. Selected Topics. Connelley, History as an Asset of the State. QUESTIONS 1. In what things is Kansas great? Name other states that are greater in any of these things. What quality distinguishes Kansas? 2. How can the lesson in the story of "The Great Stone Face" be applied to Kansas? 3. Why does pioneer life develop courage? Independence? Resourcefulness ? 4. What effect has the Territorial history of Kansas had on the people? 5. What is meant by the Kansas spirit? What are some of the ways in which it has been shown? Discuss each. 6. Discuss the responsibilities of the Kansas people of to-day. THE APPENDIX TERRITORIAL PERIOD Legislatures There were six Territorial legislatures. The first two were pro- slavery. Beginning in 1858 the four that followed were free-state. Constitutions Four constitutions were prepared; the Topeka Constitution in 1855, the Lecompton in 1857, the Leavenworth in 1858, and the Wyandotte in 1859. The Lecompton was the only one that provided for slavery. The State was admitted under the Wyandotte, our present constitution. It was based on the constitution of Ohio and was drafted by men from both parties. Capitals Several different places served as Territorial capitals. When Governor Reeder came to Kansas he kept his office at Leavenworth for about two months, then removed it to Shawnee Mission, which was used as the Territorial capital until the following spring when Governor Reeder named Pawnee as the capital. The Legislature remained at Pawnee only five days and then adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the Governor's office was kept another year. In August, 1855, the Territorial Legislature selected Lecompton, which continued as the capital during the remainder of the Territorial period. However, when the free-state people gained control of the Legislature in 1858 they made an effort to change the capital to Minneola. Failing in this, they met at Lecompton for each session and then at once adjourned to Lawrence. At an election in Novem ber, 1861, the people selected Topeka as the permanent capital of Kansas. The Topeka Movement The free-state Government under the Topeka Constitution was organized in the days of the "Bogus Legislature" for the purpose of uniting the free-state people and enabling them to oppose pro- slavery methods. It was continued until the free-state people gained control of the Territorial Legislature, when it became no longer necessary and was dropped. The principal events were as follows; The convention met in October of 1855, completed the Topeka Constitution in November, and the free-state people voted favor ably on it in December. In January of 1856 they elected Charles Robinson governor. Their Legislature met in March, and in the same month they applied for admission to the Union but the bill (215) 216 A HISTORY OF KANSAS failed to pass. The Legislature met again in July, but was disbanded by United States troops under Sumner. They met in January of 1857, but the officers were arrested. Two additional meetings were held; one in January and one in March of 1858. Then, having served its purpose, the Topeka movement was at an end. APPENDIX 217 INDIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY KANSAS Presbyterian Missions Two Presbyterian missions were established among the Osages in what is now Neosho County in 1824. One was the Boudinot mission. The work was in charge of Rev. Benton Pixley. Rev. S. M. Irwin established a mission among the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes in Doniphan County, near the present town of Highland, in 1837. Highland College, one of the oldest colleges in the State, still remains as a school of this church. Methodist Missions In 1830 the Shawnee Methodist mission was established a few miles southwest of where Kansas City now stands. This mission was in charge of Rev. Thomas Johnson. A few years later it had a manual-labor school and a farm and was one of the largest and best known of the missions in Kansas. In 1832 a mission was established among the Delawares in Wyandotte County, on the site of the town of White Church, by William Johnson and Thomas B. Markham. Rev. E. T. Peery was in charge. A mission for the Kickapoos was founded in 1833. It was just north of the site of Leavenworth and was in charge of Rev. J. C. Berryman. In 1833 a mission was established for the Kanzas at Mission Creek, Shawnee County, by Rev. William Johnson, who continued the work for seven years. When the Kanzas were moved, the mission was located at Council Grove. It existed from 1850 to 1854. Baptist Missions The Baptist Church established a mission among the Shawnees in 1831. It was about two miles northwest of the Shawnee Methodist mission. The leader was Isaac McCoy, and he was joined later by Dr. Johnson Lykins and Rev. Jotham Meeker. Mr. Meeker was a printer, and in 1834 issued the first book printed in Kansas, a primer in the Indian language. A mission was established among the Ottawas in 1837, on the present site of Ottawa, under the charge of Rev. Jotham Meeker. This mission survives in Ottawa University. A mission was opened among the Pottawatomies in 1837, by Rev. Robert Simmerwell, near the site of Osawatomie. When this rribe moved to the new reservation the mission was situated at Mission Creek in Shawnee County. It was abandoned in 1854. In 1840 Dr. David Lykins established a mission among the Miamis, about ten miles southeast of the present city of Paola. Dr. Johnson Lykins opened a mission among the Delawares in 1832. Friends Mission The Society of Friends established a mission among the Shawnees in 1834, about three miles west of the Methodist mission. Henry 218 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Harvey, M. Mendenhall, and the Hadleys were teachers in this mission. Catholic Missions In 1822 Father La Croix visited the Osages, just across the line in Missouri, and baptized several Indian children. At different times Father Van Quickenborn visited the Osages and preached. In 1847 Rev. Schoenmaker established the Osage Mission, now St. Paul, in Neosho County. The Catholic mission was founded in 1836 by Fathers Van Quickenborn and Hoeken for the Kickapoos, near the Junction of Salt Creek with the Missouri, in Leavenworth County. St. Mary's mission among the Pottawatomies was established in Miami County in 1838, and moved to Linn County in 1839, where it remained until the removal of the tribe to Pottawatomie County in 1849. The mission was then established at St. Mary's, where it s> . vdves to-day in St. Mary's school for boys. APPENDIX 219 FORTS IN EARLY KANSAS Many forts were established in early Kansas; a few by the fur companies, some by the War Department, some by state troops, a number by settlers as a place of refuge from the Indians, and a few by free-state and proslavery forces during the Territorial struggle. Some of them consisted merely of a wall of earth thrown up, others of a strongly built log cabin within a line of earthworks or line of palisades. Many of them were more pretentious, and were built of logs, adobe, or stone. Some of the forts established by the National Government cost many thousands of dollars and most of them had large land reserves. As the settlements moved westward the neces sity for the fo'rts no longer existed, and, with the exception of Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley, which are still maintained by the National Government as army posts, they fell into disuse. The principal early .forts were: Foit Kanzas, established by the French fur traders in the early part of the eighteenth century, was located in what is now Atchison County. It is mentioned in the journal of Lewis and Clark as an abandoned fort. Fort Lyon, earlier called Bents' Fort, was built in 1826 for a fur- trading post. It occupied several different sites on the Arkansas River, all of them within the present bounds of Colorado, the last one being within Territorial Kansas. It was opened to settlement in 1890. Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827 by Col. Henry Leaven worth of the United States army. It has from its beginning been an important military post. More than $2,000,000 has been ex pended on it, and it now ranks among the first of the military posts of the United States. Fort Riley was established in 1852 by the United States. It has been enlarged and improved from time to time until it is now an important military center. Fort Riley is near the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, and is very near the geographical center of the United States. Fort Atkinson, one of the early forts erected along the Santa Fe Trail, was located on the Arkansas River about six miles above the present site of Dodge City. This fort was built in 18"0 and aban doned in 1854. It was known for a few months as Fort Mackey, when the name was ehanged to Fort Atkinson. Fort Mann was probably erected about 1845 on or near the site on which Fort Atkinson was later built. Fort Scott was built in 1842 on the site of the present city of Fort Scott. In 1853 it ceased to be used as a military post, and in 1855 the buildings were sold. This fort had no reservation. Fort Larned was located in 1859 on Pawnee Fork, about eight miles above the mouth of that stream. It was for a number of years an important post, but was later abandoned as a fort, and in 1882 the reservation was opened for sale to settlers. Fort Saunders was a proslavery stronghold about twelve miles 220 A HISTORY OF KANSAS southwest of Lawrence in 1856. It was destroyed by a body of free- state settlers the same year. Fort Titus, located about two miles south of Lecompton, was a log house used as a proslavery fortification. It was captured and destroyed by free-state forces shortly after the destruction of Fort Saunders. Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification on the Wakarusa River, about five miles from Lawrence. Fort Bain was a log cabin in the northern part of Bourbon County which served as a retreat for John Brown and James Montgomery in 1857 and 1858. Fort Baxter, a military post, was established by General Blunt in 1863. It was the scene of an attack by Quantrill, known as the Baxter Springs massacre. After the war the town of Baxter Springs grew up on the site. Fort Dodge was one of the most important forts on the western frontier. It was located on the site of The Caches, near Dodge City, in 1864. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 good buildings were erected. Fort Dodge was not abandoned until 1882. The Soldiers' Home at Fort Dodge was later established on a part of this military reservation. Fort Downer was located on Downer's Creek, about fifty miles west of Fort Hays. It was in existence between 1863 and 1868. Fort Harker was established in 1864, near the present site of Ellsworth, with the name Fort Ellsworth. Two years later the name was changed to Fort Harker and the site moved about a mile north east. This fort was for a long time the shipping point for freight bound for New Mexico. Fort Harker was abandoned in 1872 and the reservation opened to settlement in 1880. Fort Wallace was established near the present town of Wallace in 1865. This was an- important post during the building of the Union Pacific railroad. It was abandoned as a fort in 1882, and in 1888 the land was ordered sold. Fort Zarah was established in 1864, about four miles east of the present city of Great Bend. It was dismantled in 1869, and the reservation was later sold. Fort Hays was established by the National Government, in 1865, about fourteen miles southeast of the present Hays City, and was for a year known as Fort Fletcher. In 1867 a new site, about three- fourths mile from Hays City, was selected. The reservation con sisted of 7500 acres. General Sheridan used Fort Hays for head quarters during the Black Kettle raid in 1868. It continued to be used as a military post until 1889. In 1900 Kansas secured the land and buildings for educational purposes. The Fort Hays Kansas Normal School and an experiment station for the Agricultural College are now located there. Fort Henning, Fort Blair, and Fort Insley were three block houses erected at Fort Scott in 1861 for the purpose of guarding military stores from the Confederate forces. APPENDIX 221 Fort Lincoln was built by Lane in 1861, about twelve miles north west of Fort Scott, for protection from the Confederate forces. It was abandoned in 1864. Fort Aubrey was one of the forts established in 1865 by the soldiers sent to quell the Indian uprisings. It was located near the present village of Mayline in Hamilton County. It was abandoned the following year. Fort Jewell was erected in 1870 on the site of Jewell City for the protection of the settlers against the Cheyennes who were then on the warpath. It consisted of a wall of earth around a fifty-yard square. After the Indian troubles were over Fort Jewell was abandoned. 222 A HISTORY OF KANSAS SOME PROMINENT KANSANS Hundreds of Kansas men and women have served their State in a way worthy of note. To tell the story of the services rendered by all of them would require many volumes. In a book like the present one, mention can be made of only a few of those most widely known. In addition to names mentioned in the body of the text, the following are a few of the names of Kansans, no longer living, who had much to do with making the history of the State: Preston B. Plumb came to Kansas to make his home in 1857. He started a newspaper, Kansas News, at Emporia. In 1861 he was elected to the State House of Representatives. The same year he entered the Union army and served until the close of the war. He then engaged in the practice of law. In 1876 he was elected to the United States Senate, which position he filled until his death in 1891, a period of fourteen years of continuous service. William A. Harris came to Kansas in 1865, at the close of four years of service in the Confederate army, and entered the employ of the Union Pacific Railroad Company as a civil engineer. Later he became a well-known farmer and stock raiser. In 1896 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1897 to the United States Senate. His later years were given to various lines of agricultural advance ment. He served as a regent of the State Agricultural College. His death occurred in 1909. Samuel A. Kingman came to Kansas in 1857. He was a lawyer. He served as a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Conven tion. He was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas, 1861 to 1865, and chief justice, 1867 to 1876, when he resigned because of ill health. He died in 1904. David J. Brewer came to Leavenworth in 1859, where he en gaged in the practice of law. He served continuously in various offices. He was associate justice of the State Supreme" Court from 1871 to 1884, a judge of the United States Circuit Court from 1884 to 1889, and in 1889 he was commissioned Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, which position he filled until his death in 1910. John A. Anderson came to Junction City in 1858 as pastor of the Presbyterian church. In 1873 he was made president of the State Agricultural College. He reorganized that institution and remained at its head until 1878, when he was elected to Congress where he served until 1891. He was appointed consul-general to Cairo, Egypt, in 1891. He died on his way back home in the following year. Francis Huntington Snow was elected to first faculty of the University of Kansas as professor of mathematics and natural sci ences, in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of natural history in the University. He organized the collecting expeditions which have resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University. He was made Chancellor of the University in 1890, from which posi tion he retired in 1901. He died in 1908. APPENDIX 223 Edmund G. Ross came to Kansas in 1856. He was a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention and served in the Union army. In 1866 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate caused by the death of James H. Lane. He cast the deciding vote in the Senate against the impeachment of President Jehnson, which act aroused great indignation. He engaged in news paper work until 1882, when he went to New Mexico where he served as Territorial Governor from 1885 to 1889. He died in 1907. Mrs. C. I. H. Nichols, a writer and lecturer, came with her family to Kansas in 1854. She lived first at Lawrence and then at Wyandotte. She was a strong advocate of a more just understand ing of the rights of women. She attended the meetings of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, and counseled with the members on all matters relating to women, with the result that the Kansas Constitution was one of the most liberal in the United States at that time. Her death occurred in 1885. Mrs. Mary A. Bickerdyke, generally known as " Mother Bick- erdyke," served as a nurse during the Civil War. At its close she came to Kansas and was instrumental in assisting soldiers who were left without employment to come to Kansas and take home steads. Through her efforts aid was given settlers after Indian raids, and she assisted in securing aid for Kansas settlers after the grasshopper invasion. The Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers' widows, at Ellsworth, was named in her honor. After a life of great activity she died in 1901. Alfred Gray came to Kansas in 1857. With the exception of his period of service in the Union army he was engaged in farming until 1873. From 1866 until 1870 he was a director of the State Agricultural Society. When the State Board of Agriculture was organized, in 1872, he became its first Secretary, and filled the posi tion until his death in 1880. Frederick Wellhouse came to Leavenworth County, Kansas, in 1859. He was engaged in the growing and sale of fruit trees until 1876, when he began planting commercial apple orchards. During the next eighteen years he planted 1637 acres of apple trees. Many years were given to experiments to determine the varieties best adapted to Kansas. He became known throughout the country and was called " The Apple King." For ten years he was president ,i the State Horticultural Society, and was at different times en gaged in many public activities. He died in 1911. Franklin G. Adams settled on a farm in Leavenworth County in 1856. He held various positions of public service, and on the organization of the State Historical Society in 1875 he was made its Secretary, which position he held until his death in 1899. He organized and developed the work of the Society, in which work he was materially assisted by his daughter, Miss Zu Adams, who continued her work from 1880 until her death in 1911. Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson came to the Territory in 1854 with her husband, Dr. Charles Robinson, and took an active part in early Kansas affairs. She wrote Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life, 224 A HISTORY OF KANSAS the most notable book produced by a Kansan of that time. It had a wide circulation and a great influence. Mrs. Robinson died at her home near Lawrence in 1911. Noble L. Prentis came to Kansas in 1869 as editor of the Topeka Record. From that time until his death in 1900 he was con nected with various Kansas newspapers: the Topeka Commonwealth, the Lawrence Journal, the Junction City Union, the Atchison Cham pion, and the Kansas City Star. He wrote five books: A Kansan Abroad, Southern Letters, Southwestern Letters, Kansas Miscel lanies, and History of Kansas. Daniel W. Wilder, who first came to Kansas in 1857, was at different times the editor of a number of newspapers. He was one of the founders of the State Historical Society, served one term as state auditor and two terms as superintendent of insurance. It was as a newspaper man that Mr. Wilder's influence was especially felt. He was the author of the Annals of Kansas, Life of Shakespeare, and was one of the compilers of all editions of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations. Eugene F. Ware came to Kansas in 1867. He practiced law, and was for many years the editor of the Fort Scott Monitor. He served in the state legislature, and from 1902 to 1905 was United States Pension Commissioner. He died in 1911. It is as a writer that Mr. Ware is best known. His Rhymes of Ironquill is his most widely read work. APPENDIX 225 KANSAS WRITERS The Kansas struggle was the source of a great deal of writing. Eastern newspapers were full of the Kansas question. During the Territorial period many of the eastern papers kept correspondents in the Territory and these men wrote much of the conflict here and of pioneer life and conditions. The Kansas people themselves were too busy to give much attention to literature and produced but few writings of permanent value. Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life, by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, was written during this period. Other early writers were: William A. Phillips, Richard Realf, James Redpath, Albert D. Richardson, W. P. Tomlinson, and Henry Harvey. During the Civil War practically all of the writing produced in Kansas was concerned with the struggle that the people were going through. The period from the close of the Civil War until the "grasshopper year" of 1874 was one of remarkable growth and ex pansion and the people were full of confidence and enthusiasm. It was in this period that The Kansas Magazine was published. Though it lasted less than two years, it was a magazine of real lit erature. Among the contributors were: Henry King, James W. Steele, John J. Ingalls, D. W. Wilder, R. J. Hinton, Charles Robin son, and Noble L. Prentis. The depression caused by the grasshopper raid affected KarTsas in literature as well as in other activities. For several years but few books were published. Two of the books produced during this period were, however, very valuable ones: Andreas' History of Kansas, a compilation by many writers, and Wilder's Annals of Kansas. George R. Peck and John J. Ingalls came into promi nence about this time as orators. Many of their speeches have become a part of our literature. Joseph G. McCoy and Joel Moody were writers of this period. A number of good books were published in the '80' s, among them: The Story of a Country Town, E. W. Howe; A Kansan Abroad, Noble L. Prentis; Rhymes of Ironquill, Eugene F. Ware; History of Kansas, L. W. Spring; Anabel and Other Poems, Ellen P. Allerton. Other writers of this time were: F. W. Giles, Charles Gleed, and Hattie Horner. The period following the collapse of the boom, 1888 to 1892, pro duced many books. Some of the most prominent were: Kansas Miscellanies, Prentis; The Farmers' Side, William A. Peffer; Let ters, Charles F. Scott; In the Van of Empire, Henry Inman; Richard Bruce, Charles M. Sheldon; Old Wine in New Bottles, Bointon W. Woodward. During this period The Agora, a Kansas magazine, was published. All the best Kansas writers of the period were among its contributors, but it liT-rd only a short time. Among other writers were: Nathaniel S. Goss, Mrs. Mary W. Hudson, Gov. Charles Robinson, and John Speer. The last twenty years have brought peace and prosperity to Kansas and the people have been able to give more time and 226 A HISTORY OF KANSAS thought to literature. Many writings have been produced — poetry, essays, speeches, newspaper and magazine articles, and many books. The following are among the writers who have come into prominence in the last two decades: Henry Inman, author of: The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Great Salt Lake Trail, The Ranch on the Oxhide, and The Delahoyd Boys. Charles M. Sheldon, author of: Richard Bruce, Robert Hardy's Seven Days, The Crucifixion of Philip Strong, His Brother's Keeper, In His Steps, Malcolm Kirk, Lend a Hand, The Redemption of Freetown, The Miracle at Markham, One of the Two, For Christ and the Church, Born to Serve, Who Killed Joe's Baby, The Re former, The Narrow Gate, The Heart of the World, Paul Doug las, The Good Fight, The High Calling. William Allen White, author of: The Real Issue, Court of Boyville, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, and numerous news paper and magazine articles. Eugene Ware, author of: The Rise and Fall of the Saloon, The Lyon Campaign and History of the First Iowa Infantry, The Indian Campaign of 1864, Rhymes of Ironquill, Ithuriel, From Court to Court, Several translations from Spanish, French and Latin, contributions to many publications. William Y. Morgan, author of: A Jayhawker in Europe, The Journey of a Jayhawker, A Jayhawker in tho Near East, ani numerous newspaper articles. Margaret Hill McCarter, author of: The Cottonwood's Story, Cuddy's Baby, In Old Quivira, The Price of the Prairie, The Peace of the Solomon Valley, A Wall of Men, The Master's Degree, Win ning the Wilderness. Walt Mason, author of: Rhymes of the Range, Uncle Walt, Prose Poems, and newspaper and magazine writings. William Elsey Connelley, author of: John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Ter ritorial Governors, Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Ingalls of Kan sas, Quantrill and the Border Wars, and Life of Preston B. Plumb. Samuel J. Crawford, author of Kansas in the Sixties. William Herbert Carruth, author of Each in His Own Tongue and Other Poems. Among other present-day Kansas writers are: E. W. Howe, F. W. Blackmar, Mrs. Louisa Cooke Don Carlos, Effie Graham, W. A. McKeever, Mrs. Dell H. Munger, Mrs. Kate A. Aplington, Esther M. Clark, F. Dumont Smith, Charles M. Harger. APPENDIX 227 TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF KANSAS The Governors were appointed for terms of four years, but none of them served a full term. Ten different men filled the office during the Territorial period of six years and eight months. There were six Governors and five Acting Governors, James W. Denver serving in both capacities. During the absence of a Governor or when there was a vacancy in that office the duties of the Governor fell upon the Secretary of the Territory and he was called the Acting Governor. Governors Acting Governors Terms served Andrew H. Reeder July 7, 1854, to August 16, 1855. Daniel Woodson August 16, 1855, to September 7, 1855. Wilson Shannon September 7, 1855, to August 18, 1856. Daniel Woodson August 18, 1856, to September 9, 1856. John W. Geary September 9, 1856, to March 12, 1857. Daniel Woodson March 12, 1857, to April 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton . . April 16, 1857, to May 27, 1857. Robert J. Walker May 27, 1857, to November 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton . .November 16, 1857, to December 21, 1857. James W. Denver. . . .December 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. James W. Denver May 12, 1858, to October 10, 1858. Hugh S. Walsh October 10, 1858, to December 18, 1858. Samuel Medary December 18, 1858, to December 17, 1860. Hugh S. Walsh August 1, 1859, to September 15, 1859. Hugh S. Walsh April 15, 1860, to June 16, 1860. George M. Beebe September 11, 1860, to November 25, 1860. Auditors John Donaldson 1855-1857 Hiram Jackson Strickler 1857-1861 228 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Treasurers Thomas J. B. Cramer 1855-1856 Robert R. Mitchell 1859-1861 Attorneys- General Andrew Jackson Isacks 1854-1857 William Weer 1857-1858 Alson C. Davis 1858-1861 Superintendents of Schools James H. Noteware 1858 Samuel Wiley Greer 1858-1861 John C. Douglass 1861 Territorial Chief Justices Samuel Dexter Lecompte 1854-1859 John Pettit 1859-1861 Associate Justices Saunders W. Johnston 1854-1855 J. M. Burrell 1855-1856 Thomas Cunningham 1856-1857 Joseph Williams 1857-1861 Rush Elmore 1854-1855 Sterling G. Cato 1855-1858 Rush Elmore 1858-1861 APPENDIX 229 STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS Governors Charles Robinson 1861-1863 Thomas Carney 1863-1865 Samuel J. Crawford 1865-1868 Resigned November 4, 18G8. Nehemiah Green, Acting Governor 1868-1869 James M. Harvey 1869-1873 Thomas A. Osborn 1873-1877 George T. Anthony 1877-1879 John P. St. John 1879-1883 George W. Glick 1883-1885 John A. Martin 1885-1889 Lyman U. Humphrey 1889-1893 Lorenzo D. Lewelling 1893-1895 Edmund N. Morrill 1895-1897 John W. Leedy 1897-1899 William E. Stanley 1899-1903 Willis Joshua Bailey 1903-1905 Edward W. Hoch 1905-1909 Walter Roscoe Stubbs 1909-1913 George H. Hodges 1913 Lieutenant-Governors Joseph P. Root 1861-1863 Thomas A. Osborn 1863-1865 James McGrew 1865-1867 Nehemiah Green 1867-1869 Charles V. Eskridgs 1869-1871 Peter P. Elder 1871-1873 Elias S. Stover 1873-1875 Melville J. Salter 1875-1877 Resigned July 19, 1877. Lyman U. Humphrey, elected November C 1878 Lyman U. Humphrey 1879-1881 D. W. Finney 1881-1885 Alex. P. Riddle 1885-1889 Andrew J. Felt 1889-1893 Percy Daniels 1893-1895 James A. Troutman 1895-1897 A. M. Harvey 1897-1899 H. E. Richter 1899-1903 David J. Hanna 1903-1907 W. J. Fitzgerald 1907-1911 Richard J. Hopkins 1911-1913 Sheffield Ingalls 1913-1915 230 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Secretaries of State John Winter Robinson 1861-1862 Removed July 28, 1862. Sanders Rufus Shepherd, appointed i°62 William Wirt Henry Lawrence 1863~}™ Rinaldo Allen Barker 1865"1^? Thomas Moonlight 1869-1871 William Hillary Smallwood 1871-1875 Thomas H. Cavanaugh 1875-1879 James Smith 1879-1885 Edwin Bird Allen 1885-1889 William Higgins 1889-1893 Russel Scott Osborn 1893-1895 William Cogdon Edwards 1895-1897 William Eben Bush 1897-1899 George Alfred Clark 1899-1903 Joel Randall Burrow 1903-1907 C. E. Denton 1907-1911 Charles H. Sessions 1911-1915 Auditors George Shaler Hillyer 1861-1862 Removed July 28, 1862. David Long Lakin, appointed 1862 Asa Hairgrove 1863-1865 John R. Swallow 1865-1869 Alois Thoman 1869-1873 Daniel Webster Wilder 1873-1876 Resigned September 20, 1876. Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, appointed 1876 Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake 1877-1883 Edward P. McCabe 1883-1887 Timothy McCarthy 1887-1891 Charles Merrill Hovey 1891-1893 Van B. Prather 1893-1895 George Ezekiel Cole 1895-1897 William H. Morris 1897-1899 George Ezekiel Cole 1899-1903 Seth Grant Wells 1903-1907 J. M. Nation 1907-1911 W. E. Davis 1911 Treasurers William Tholen, elected in 1859. Entered the army and did not qualify. Hartwin R. Dutton, appointed March 26 1861 Hartwin R. Dutton, elected 1861-1863 William Spriggs 1863-1867 Martin Anderson 1867-1869 George Graham 1869-1871 Josiah Emery Hayes 1871-1874 Resigned April 30, 1874. John Francis, appointed 1874 APPENDIX 231 Treasurers —concluded Samuel Lappin 1874-1875 Resigned December 20, 1875. John Francis, appointed 1875. John Francis 1877-1883 Samuel T. Howe 1883-1887 James William Hamilton 1887-1890 Resigned March 1, 1890. William Simms, appointed 1890 Solomon G. Stover 1891-1893 William Henry Biddle 1893-1895 Otis L. Atherton 1895-1897 David H. Heflebower 1897-1899 Frank E. Grimes 1899-1903 Thomas T. Kelly 1903-1907 Mark Tully 1907-1913 Earl Akers 1913 — Attorneys- General Benjamin Franklin Simpson 1861 Resigned July, 1861. Charles Chadwick, appointed 1861 Samuel A. Stinson 1861-1863 Warren W. Guthrie 1863-1865 Jerome D. Brumbaugh 1865-1867 George Henry Hoyt 1867-1869 Addison Danford 1869-1871 Archibald L. Williams 1871-1875 Asa M. F. Randolph 1875-1877 Willard Davis 1877-1881 William A. Johnston 1881-1884 Resigned December 1, 1884. George P. Smith, appointed 1884 Simeon Briggs Bradford 1885-1889 Lyman Beecher Kellogg 1889-1891 John Nutt Ives 1891-1893 John Thomas Little 1893-1895 Fernando B. Dawes 1895-1897 Louis C. Boyle 1897-1899 Aretas A. Godard 1899-1903 Charles Crittenden Coleman 1903-1907 F. S. Jackson 1907-1911 John S. Dawson 1911-1915 Superintendents of Public Instruction William Riley Griffith 1861-1862 Died February 12, 1862. Simeon Montgomery Thorp, appointed 1862 Isaac T. Goodnow 1863-1867 Peter McVicar 1867-1871 Hugh De France McCarty 1871-1875 232 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Superintendents op Public Instruction — concluded John Fraser 1875-1877 Allen Borsley Lemmon 1877-1881 Henry Clay Speer 1881-1885 Joseph Hadden Lawhead 1885-1889 George Wesley Winans 1889-1893 Henry Newton Gaines 1893-1895 Edmund Stanley 1895-1897 William Stryker 1897-1899 Frank Nelson 1899-1903 Insley L. Dayhoff 1903-1907 E. T. Fairchild 1907-1913 W. D. Ross 1913 Chief Justices Thomas Ewing, Jr 1861-1862 Resigned November 28, 1862. Nelson Cobb, appointed 1862 Robert Crozier 1863-1866 Samuel Austin Kingman 1866-1876 Resigned December 30, 1876. Albert Howell Horton, appointed 1876 Albert Howell Horton 1877-1895 Resigned April 30, 1895. David Martin, appointed 1895 David Martin 1895-1897 Frank Doster 1897-1903 William Agnew Johnston 1903 '- State Printers S. S. Prouty 1869-1873 George W. Martin 1873-1881 T. Dwight Thatcher 1881-1887 Clifford C. Baker 1887-1891 E. H. Snow 1891-1895 J. K. Hudson 1895-1897 J. S. Parks 1897-1899 W. Y. Morgan 1899-1903 George A. Clark 1903-1905 T. A. McNeal 1905-1911 W. C. Austin 1911-1915 Superintendents of Insurance Webb McNall 1897-1899 W. V. Church 1899-1903 Charles H. Luling 1903-1907 Charles W. Barnes 1907-1911 Ike S. Lewis 1911-1915 APPENDIX 233 United States Senators James H. Lane 1861-1866 Died July 11, 1866. Edmund G. Ross, appointed 1866 Edmund G. Ross 1867-1871 Alexander Caldwell 1871-1873 Resigned March 24, 1873. Robert Crozier, appointed 1873 James M. Harvey, elected 1874 Preston B. Plumb 1877-1891 Died December 20, 1891. Bishop W. Perkins, appointed 1892 John Martin, elected January 25 1893 Lucien Baker 1895-1901 Joseph Ralph Burton 1901-1906 Resigned, 1906. A. W. Benson, appointed 1906 Charles Curtis 1907-1913 William H. Thompson 1913 Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861-1873 John James Ingalls 1873-1891 William Alfred Peffer 1891-1897 William A. Harris 1897-1903 Chester I. Long 1903-1909 J. L. Bristow 1909-1915 Congressmen Martin F. Conway 1861-1863 Abel Carter Wilder 1863-1865 Sidney Clarke 1865-1871 David P. Lowe 1871-1875 Stephen Alonzo Cobb 1873-1875 William Addison Phillips 1873-1879 William R. Brown 1875-1877 John R. Goodin 1875-1877 Dudley C. Haskell 1877-1883 Thomas Ryan 1877-1889 John Alexander Anderson 1879-1891 Edmund N. Morrill 1883-1891 Samuel Ritter Peters 1883-1891 Lewis Hanback 1883-1887 Bishop W. Perkins 1883-1891 Edward Hogue Funston 1883-1893 Erastus J. Turner 1887-1891 Harrison Kelley 1889-1891 Case Broderick 1891-1899 B. H. Clover 1891-1893 John Davis 1891-1895 Jerry Simpson j 1897-1899 John Grant Otis 1891-1893 234 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Congressmen — concluded William Baker 1891-1897 William Alexander Harris 1893-1895 Horace L. Moore 1893-1895 Charles Curtis 1893-1905 Thomas J. Hudson 1893-1895 Richard W. Blue 1895-1897 Orrin L. Miller 1895-1897 Snyder S. Kirkpatrick 1895-1897 rtx. .. t t (1895-1897 Chester I. Long J 1899-1905 William A. Calderhead \ ^899-1911 Jeremiah Dunham Botkin 1897-1899 Mason Summers Peters 1897-1899 N. B. McCormick 1897-1899 Edwin Reed Ridgely 1897-1901 William D. Vincent 1897-1899 Willis Joshua Bailey 1899-1901 Justin DeWitt Bowersock 1899-1905 James Monroe Miller 1899-1911 William Augustus Reeder 1899-1911 Charles Frederick Scott 1901-1907 Alfred Metcalf Jackson 1901-1903 Philip Pitt Campbell 1903 Victor Murdock 1903-1915 D, R. Anthony 1907 E~. H. Madison 1907-1913 A. C. Mitchell 1911-1913 Fred S. Jackson 1911-1913 R. R. Rees 1911-1913 I. D. Young 1911-1913 Joseph Taggart 1913 Dudley Doolittle 1913 Guy T. Helvering 1913 John R. Connelly 1913 George A. Neeley 1913-1915 APPENDIX 235 INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS State Schools University of Kansas Lawrence. State Agricultural College Manhattan! State Normal School Emporia. Fort Hays Kansas Normal School Hays! State Manual Training Normal School Pittsburg! Kansas School for the Blind Kansas City! Kansas School for the Deaf Olathe! Denominational Schools Baker University, Methodist Episcopal Baldwin. Bethany College, Swedish Lutheran Lindsborg! Bethany College, Episcopalian Topeka! Bethel College, Mennomte Newton! Campbell University Holton! College of Emporia, Presbyterian Emporia. College Preparatory School (Private) Atchison! Cooper College, United Presbyterian Sterling. Enterprise Normal Academy, German M. E Enterprise! Fairmount College, Congregational Wichita. Fowler Friends Academy, Friends Fowler. Friends University, Friends Wichita. Highland University, Presbyterian Highland. Haviland Academy, Friends Haviland. Kansas City University, United Brethren Kansas City. Kansas Wesleyan University, Methodist Episcopal Salina. McPherson College, Church of the Brethren McPherson. Midland College, Lutheran Atchison. Mt. St. Scholastica's Academy, Catholic Atchison. Nazareth Academy, Catholic Concordia. Northbranch Academy, Friends Northbranch. Ottawa University, Baptist Ottawa. Southern Kansas Academy, Congregational Eureka. Southwestern ColLege, Methodist Episcopal Winfield. St. Benedict's College, Catholic Atchison. St. John's LutheranjjCollege, Lutheran Winfield. St. Martin's School, Episcopalian Salina. St. Mary's Academy, TTatholicTI Leavenworth. St. Mary's Academy, Catholic Great Bend. St. Mary's College, Catholic St. Marys. Walden College, Evangelical McPherson. Washburn College, Congregational Topeka. State Penal or Corrective Institutions State Industrial Reformatory Hutchinson. State Industrial School for Girls Beloit. State Industrial School for Boys Topeka. State Penitentiary Lansing. 236 A HISTORY OF KANSAS State Benevolent Institutions State School for the Feeble-minded Winfield. State Hospital for the Insane Topeka. State Hospital for the Insane Osawatomie. State Hospital for the Insane Larned. State Hospital for Epileptics Parsons. State Hospital for Tuberculosis Norton. Special Institutions State Soldiers' Home Fort Dodge. Mother Bickerdyke Home Ellsworth. Soldiers' Orphans' Home Atchison. State Colored Schools Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute Topeka. Western University Quindaro. Federal Institutions Haskell Institute, Indian Lawrence. Pottawatomie Boarding School for Indians Nadeau. Federal Prison Leavenworth. National Soldiers' Home Leavenworth. APPENDIX 237 Balance of Power in the United States Senate Between the Free and the Slave States Free. Slave. Pennsylvania. Delaware. The orginal thirteen New Jersey. Georgia. states. Connecticut. Maryland. Massachusetts. South Carolina. New Hampshire. Virginia. New York. North Carolina. Rhode Island. 7 6 Vermont, 1791. Kentucky, 1792. Ohio, 1802. Tennessee, 1796. Indiana, 1816. Louisiana, 1812. Illinois, 1818. Mississippi, 1817. Alabama, 1819. 11 11 The Missouri Com promise, 1820. Maine, 1820. Missouri, 1821. Arkansas, 1836. 12 13 First slave state majority. Michigan, 1837. Florida, 1845. Iowa, 1846. Texas, 1845. Last slave state. Wisconsin, 1848. 15 15 California, 1850. Compromise of 1850. 16 15 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. The last Minnesota, 1858. chance for the South to Oregon, 1859. win. Kansas, 1861. 19 15 Secession and the Civil War. 238 A HISTORY OF KANSAS ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS Counties Organized Before 1860 County. Date of Organization. County Seal. Allen 1855 Iola. Anderson 1855 Garnett. Atchison 1855 Atchison. Bourbon 1855 Fort Scott. Brown 1855 Hiawatha. Butler 1855 El Dorado. Chase 1859 Cottonwood Falls. Coffey 1859 Burlington. Dickinson 1857 Abilene. Doniphan 1855 Troy. Douglas 1855 Lawrence. Franklin 1855 Ottawa. Geary1 1855 Junction City. Jackson2 1857 Holton. Jefferson 1855 Oskaloosa. Johnson 1855 Olathe. Leavenworth 1855 Leavenworth. Linn 1855 Mound City. Marshall 1855 Marysville. Miami3 1855 Paola. Morris4 1855 Council Grove. Nemaha 1855 Seneca. Osage5 1855 Lyndon. Pottawatomie 1856 Westmoreland. Riley 1855 Manhattan. Saline 1859 Salina. Shawnee 1855 Topeka. Wabaunsee6 1859 Alma Woodson 1855 Yates Center. Wyandotte 1855 Kansas City. 1. Named Davis until 1889. 2. Named Calhoun until 1859. 3. Named Lykins until 1861. 4. Named Wise until 1859. 5. Named Weller until 1859. 6. Named Richardson before 1859. APPENDIX 239 Counties Organized 1860-1870 County. Date of Organization. County Seat . Cherokee 1866 Columbus. Clay 1866 Clay Center. Cloud1 1860 Concordia. Crawford 1867 Girard. Ellis 1867 Hays. Ellsworth 1867 Ellsworth. Greenwood 1862 Eureka. Labette 1867 Oswego. Lyon3 1860 Emporia. Marion 1860 Marion. Montgomery 1869 Independence. Neosho4 1864 Erie. Ottawa 1866 Minneapolis. Republic 1868 Belleville. Washington 1860 Washington. Wilson 1865 Fredonia. 1. The original name. Shirley, changed to Ctaud in 1867. 2. Part of Dorn County until 1861. Named Neosho until 1867. 3. Named Rreckinridge until 1862. i. Named Djrn until 1861. 240 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Counties Organized 1870-1880 County. Date of Organization. County Seat. Barber 1873 Medicine Lodge- Barton 1872 Great Bend. Chautauqua 1875 Sedan. Cowley1 1870 Winfield- Decatur 1879 Oberlin- Edwards 1874 Kinsley. Elk2 1875 Howard. Ford 1873 Dodge City. Harper* 1873 Anthony. Harvey 1872 Newton. Hodgeman 1879 Jetmore- Jewell 1870 Mankato- Kingman 1874 Kingman. Lincoln 1870 Lincoln. McPherson 1870 McPherson. Mitchell 1870 Beloit. Norton 1872 Norton. Osborne 1871 Osborne. Pawnee 1872 Lamed. Phillips 1872 Phillipsburg. Pratt* 1879 Pratt. Reno 1872 Hutchinson. Rice 1871 Lyons. Rqpks 1872 Stockton. Rush 1874 La Crosse. Russell 1872 Russell. Sedgwick 1870 Wichita. Smith 1872 Smith Center. Stafford 1879 St. John. Sumner 1871 Wellington. Trego 1879 Wa Keeney. 1. Originally named Hunter. 2. Originally the northern portion of Howard county. t,* First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent. APPENDIX 241 Counties Organized 1880-1890 County. Date of Organization. County Seat. Cheyenne 1886 St. Francis. Clark 1885 Ashland. Comanche* 1885 Coldwater. Finney1 1884 Garden City. Gove 1886 Gove. Graham 1880 Hill City. Grant 1888 Ulysses. Gray 1887 Cimarron. Greeley 1887 Tribune. Hamilton 1886 Syracuse. Haskell 1887 Santa Fe. Kearny 1888 Lakin. Kiowa 1886 Greensburg. Lane 1886 Dighton. Logan 1887 Russell Springs. Meade 1885 Meade. Morton 1886 Richfield. Ness* '. 1880 Ness City. Rawlins 1881 Atwood. Scott 1886 Scott. Seward 1886 Liberal. Sheridan 1880 Hoxie. Sherman 1886 Goodland. Stanton 1887 Johnson. Stevens 1886 Hugoton. Thomas 1885 Colby. Wichita 1886 Leoti. Wallace 1888 Sharon Springs. 1. Named Sequoyah until 1883. * First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent, INDEX Abilene, 158. Actual Settlers' Association, 69. Adams, Franklin G., 223. Adams, Zu, 223. Admission of Kansas, 100, 108. Agriculture, taught to the Indi ans, 47, 141; Territorial days, 142; during Civil War, 142; 1860 to 1880, 146; 1-880 to 1887, 147; 1887 to 1893, 147; 1893 to 1913, 153; basis of prosperity, 169. Agriculture, Board of, 161. Agricultural College, 142, 161, 191, 193, 194. Agricultural Society, 142, 161. Aid from the East, 107, 121. Allerton, Ellen P., 225. Alfalfa, 149, 150. Alliance, Farmers', 160. Amendments to the Constitu tion, 138. Anderson, John A., 222. Andreas' History of Kansas, 225. Appendix, 215-241. Apple Crop, 159. Aplington, Kate A., 226. Army of the North, 90. Arizona, 29. Arkansas City, 129. Ash Creek, 38. Atchison, D. R., 74, 76. Atchison, 21, 43, 70, 166. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, building of, 176-178. Attorneys-General, Territorial, 228; State, 231. Auditors, Territorial, 227; State, 230. Baker University, 197, 235. Balance of Power, 58; table of, 237. Baptist Missions, 217. Barton County, 201. Barber, murder of, 86. Becknell, journey of, 31. Beet Sugar Factory, 151. Berryman, Rev. J. C, 217. Black Jack, battle of, 87. Blackmar, F. W., 226. "Bleeding Kansas," 93. Blue Lodges, 66. Bluemont College, 193. Board of Administration, 197. Boom, 127-129, 147. Board of Agriculture, 161. Bogus Legislature, 76, 77, 79, 80, 212. Boston, 71. Beecher, Henry Ward, 88. Bickerdyke, Mary A., 223. Branson, Jacob, 81. Brick, 168. Brewer, David J., 222. Brown, John, 86; at Pottawa tomie, 87; at Osawatomie, 88, 91, 98; site of battle-field, 204; monument, 206. Broom Corn, 151. Buchanan, President, 100. (243) 244 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Buffalo, 9, 18, 21, 26, 33, 37, 40, 49, 117, 124, 125. Butler County, 118. Cabeza de Vaca, 10, 11, 37. Cache, how made, 39. California, 29, 173; gold fields, 41, 42; Road, 43, 70; emigra tion to, 63. Capital, State, 100. Capitals, Territorial, 215. Capitol, State, 131. Carruth, William Herbert, 224. Carson, Kit, 41. Catholic, priests, 16; missions, 50, 218. Cattle Trade, 158. Census, first Territorial, 75. Cherokee County, 165. Chief Justices, Territorial, 228; State, 2C2. Cibola, 11. Cimarron River, 32, 33, 39. Cimarron Crossing, 39. Civil War, 111-114, 117, 130, 131, 142, 163. Clark, Esther M., 226. Clark, William, 20. Cloud County, 117. Coal, 163. Columbus, 9, 10. Coleman, 80. Colorado, 22, 29, 149, 151. Colleges, list of, 235. College of Emporia, 197. Colby, 162. Comanche Indians, 25, 34. Commission, Railroad, 180. Congressmen, 233, 234. Connelley, William Elsey, 226. Consolidated Schools, 187. Constitution, Topeka, 79, 80, 95, 215; Lecompton, 96, 215; Leavenworth, 97, 215; Wyan dotte, 99, 107, 215. Constitutions, summary of, 215. Corn, 155, 156. Coronado, 10-14, 49; monument for, 206; sword of, 208. Cortez, 10, 11, 29. Cotton Gin, 57. Council Grove, 34, 73, 204. Counties organized, 114, 123; list of, 235. County High School, 189. Cowboy, 157, 158. Crawford County, 165. Crawford, Samuel J., 118, 226. Crops of Kansas, 146, 147. Dairying, 156. Daughters of American Revolu tion, 203. Democratic Party, 99. Denominational Schools, 197, 235. Denver, Governor, 98. Dodge City, 13, 162; cattle trade center, 158. Domestic Science, 187. Don Carlos, Mrs. Louisa Cooke, 226. Douglas County, 80. Douglas, Stephen A., 59. Dow, 80. Drouth, 67, 106, 120, 129, 142, 147, 153. Dugout, 103. Education, 183-199; see Schools. Eldridge, 86. Election, first Territorial, 73; second Territorial, 75. INDEX 245 Elwood, 174. Emigrant Aid Company, 65, 66, 86. Emporia, 191. English, 17. Exodus, 126. Experiment Station, 161-162. Extension Work, 197. Farmers' Alliance, 160. Farmers' Institutes, 162. Farmers' Organizations, 160. Farmers' Educational and Co operative Union, 161. Farming Implements, 143-146. Father Padilla, 49, 50. Feterita, 151. Floods, 133. Foreign Settlements, 178, 179. Fort Dodge, 38, 54, 220. Fort Hays, 54, 220. Fort Hays Kansas Normal School, 193. Fort Leavenworth, 51, 53, 219. Forts, list of, 219-221. Fort Riley, 52, 54, 73, 76, 204, 205, 219. Fort Scott, 54, 165, 219. Forty-niners, 42. Fourth of July Creek, 21. France, 16; end of claims in America, 18. Franklin, 33, 90. Fremont, John C, 41. Friends University, 197. Friends Missions, 50, 217. Funston, Fred, 131. Fur Traders, 48. Garden City, 151, 162. Gardner, 43. Gas, 166, 169. Geary, John W., 91, 92, 93, 95. Giles, F. W., 225. Glass, 169. Gleed, Charles, 225. Glick, Geo. W., 205. Gold Seekers, 41-43. Good Roads, 189. Goss, Nathaniel S., 225. Governors, Territorial, 227; State, 229. Graham, Effie, 226. Grange, 160. Grasshopper Invasion, 120, 127. Gray, Alfred, 223. Great American Desert, 24, 25, 29, 107, 123. Great Bend, 13. Great Salt Lake, 42. Great Seal of Kansas, 116. Gregg, Josiah, 35. Greenwood County, 118. Gypsum, 169. Hall of Fame, 204, 205. Hamelton, 98. Hand Planter, 142. Harger, Charles M., 226. Harris, William A., 222. Harvey, Henry, 218. Hays, 162. Highland College, 50. Hinton, R. J., 225. History of Kansas, 201, 213. Historical Society, 207-208. Homes of Kansas, 102. Homestead Law, 119. Horner, Hattie, 225. Horses, used on Trail, 33. Horticulture, 159. Howe, E. W., 225, 226. Hudson, Mary W., 225. 246 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Hutchinson, 166, 167. Immigration, 65, 66, 89, 107, 117, 119, 123, 130, 178, 179. Illinois, 66. Independence, 33, 34. Independence Creek, 21. Indians, 9, 21, 57, 73, 135; tribes of, 25; and traders, 32; experi ence with, 39; possessed Kan sas, 46-54; reservations, 47; taught in missions, 51; re moval of, 46-48; raids, 111, 117, 118; as farmers, 141. Indiana, 66. Indian Territory, 48. Industries of Kansas, 141-170. Ingalls, John J., 88, 204, 210, 225. Inman, Henry, 226. Institutions, State, 235, 236. Insurance, Superintendents of, 232. Iowa, 66, 89, 90. "Iron Trail," 177. Irrigation, 148, 149. Irving, 24. Irwin, Rev. S. M., 217. Jayhawkers, 98. Jefferson, President, 18, 20. Jesuits, 16, 49. Johnson, Mrs. Elizabeth A., 202. Johnson, Rev. Thomas, 51. Johnson, William, 217. Joliet, 16. Jones, Sheriff, 80, 82, 85. Junction City, 13. Kafir Corn, 151. Kansas, admission of, 100, 108. Kansas City, 40, 51, 67, 68, 69, 113, 133, 163, 166, 173. Kansas History, in the making, 213. Kansas Spirit, 211-214. Kansas Pacific Railroad, 175. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 59, 64, 65. Kansas Territory, map, 56; organization, 59. Kansas To-day, 135, 137. Kanza Indians, 25, 34, 46. Kaw Indians, same as Kanza Indians. King, Henry, 225. Kingman, Samuel A., 222. La Croix, Father, 218. Land Grants, 178. Lane, James H., 79, 80, 88, 90, 100. La Salle, 16. Lawrence, 67, 69, 70, 80, 82, 85, 90, 100, 166; sacking of, 86; defense of, 92; Quantrill raid, 112; floods, 133, 135. Lawrence, Amos A., 67. Lead and Zinc, 165. Leavenworth, 21, 43, 70. Leavenworth Constitution, 97, 166. Lecompton, 70, 89, 90, 96, 97. Leedy, Governor, 161. Legislature, Free-state, 96. Legislature, Bogus, 76, 77, 79, 80; second Territorial, 95. Legislatures, summary of, 215. Length of school term, 184. Le welling, Governor, 161. Lewis and Clark, expedition of, 20-25. Lieutenant-Governors, 229. Lincoln, 110. INDEX 247 Lindsborg, 179. Linn County, 98, 114. Live Stock, 156. Locomotive, invention of, 172; old and modern, 180. Long, Major, 24. Louisiana, naming of, 16; pur chase of, 18, 46, 58; explora tion of, 20. Lykins, Dr. Johnson, 217. Manhattan, 70, 161, 175, 193, 194. Manual Training Normal School, 192. Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 98, 206. Marion County, 118. Manual Training, 187, 188. Manufactures, 163. Markham, Thomas B., 217. Marquette, 16. Marysville, 174. Mason, Walt, 226. McCarter, Margaret Hill, 226. McCoy, Rev. Isaac, 50, 217. McCoy, Joseph G., 225. McKeever, W. A., 226. Meat Packing, 163, 179. Meeker, Jotham, 50. Mexico, 17, 22, 29; war with, 41, 53. Memorial Hall, 8, 206. Memorials of Kansas, 201-209. Mendenhall, Rev. M., 218. Mennonites, 155, 178. Methodist Missions, 51, 217. Miller, Sol, 102. Milling, 163, 179. Milo, 151. Mine Creek, 114. Mineral resources, 163. Minneola, 215. Mirage, 40. Missionaries, 48, 49, 50, 51. Missions, established, 50, 51, 54, 141; list of, 217-218. Missouri Compromise, 58, 59. Missouri River closed to free- state immigration, 89. Montgomery, James, 98. Monuments, 205-207. Moody, Joel, 225. Morgan, Wm. Y., 226. Mormons, 42, 53. Mormon Trail, 43. Mortgages, 129. Mounds, 114. Mount Oread, 67, 195. Mutual Benefit Association, 160. Munger, Mrs. Dell H., 226. Narvaez, 10. National Government, protected traders, 33; sent out Fremont, 41; removal policy of, 46; established Fort Leavenworth, 53. Nebraska, 25, 43, 89, 90, 151. Neosho River, 34. New England Emigrant Aid Company, first party, 66; second party, 67; third and fourth parties, 69. New Mexico, 11, 21, 29, 40. New Spain, 10, 11, 14. Nevada, 29. Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H., 223. Nineteenth Kansas, 118. Normal Schools, 190, 191, 192, 235. Northern Route to Kansas, 89. 248 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Officers, Territorial, 227, 228; State, 229-234. "Old Mill," 143. Ohio, 66. Oil, 166. Oklahoma, 25, 48, 60, 166; open ing of, 129. Oregon Trail, 43. Oregon, emigrants to, 41. Organization of Kansas Terri tory, 57-60. Osage County, 165. Osage Indians, 21, 25, 34, 46, 217. Osawatomie, 87; pillaged, 88; burned, 91. Ottawa University, 50, 197. Oxen, 33, 37, 67, 104. Pack Mules, 31. Padilla, Father, 49, 50. Padoucas, 26. Panic of 1893, 130, 153. Patrons of Husbandry, 159. Pawnee, town of, 76. Pawnee Capitol, 52, 76, 205. Pawnee Fork, 38. Pawnee Indians, 14, 21, 34, 38, 202. Pawnee Rock, 37, 201, 202. Peffer, William A., 225. Peck, George R., 225. Pennsylvania, 66. People's Party, 161. Peery, Rev. E. T., 217. Phillips, William A., 225. Pierce, President, 63. Pike's Peak, 23. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 21- 23, 25, 29, 30, 202, 203. Pioneer life, 103-109/123, 124, 125. Pioneer Schools, 186. Plumb, Preston B., 222. Pony Express, 173. Pomeroy, Samuel C, 67; made senator, 100. Popular Sovereignty, 59, 74. Population of Kansas, 1854, 54; 1955, 75; 1859, 107; 1865, 114. Populist Party, 161. Portland Cement, 169. Pottawatomie Massacre, 87, 98. Prentis, Noble L., 224, 225. Presbyterian Missions, 50, 217. PriceJRaid, 113. Printers, State, 232. t*rohibition Amendment, 138, 213. Public Utilities Commission, 180. Quantrill Raid, 112; loss from, 113; monument, 206. Quivira, poem, 8; land of, 11, 12, 13, 14; Indians, 26, 50. Railroads, 127, 147, 172-181; first one in Kansas, 174; Kansas advertised by, 178; relation to industries, 179; regulation of, 180; mileage, 180. Railroad Commission, 180. Redpath, James, 225. Realf, Richard, 225. Reeder, Andrew H., 73, 76, 79, 88. Regiments of Kansas soldiers, 118, 130. Reign of Violence, 87-93. Regulation of railroads, 180. Removal Policy, 50. Republic County, 21, 117, 202. Republican Party, 99. INDEX 249 Richardson, Albert D., 225. "Rifle Christians," 88. Robinson, Dr. Charles, 67, 79, 80, 225; home burned, 86; held prisoner, 89; first gover nor, 100. Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D., 223, 225. Ross, Edmund G., 223. Round Mound, 40. Rural Schools, pioneer,- 186; modern, 187. Sacramento, 42. Salt Lake, 42, 173, 174. Salt Lake Trail, 70. Salt, 167. San Francisco, 173, 174. Santa Fe Trail, 29-41, 58, 172, 173, 177; map of, 28; length of, 34, 43; marking of, 203. Santa Fe, city, 29, 30, 41, 173. Scott, Charles F., 225. Schoenmaker, Rev., 218. Schools, established by missions, 50; Territorial, 183; first in Lawrence, 183; subscription, 183; length of term, 184; during Civil War, 184; pioneer schools, 186; rural, 187; con solidated, 187; high schools, 189; State, 190-198, 235; for blind, 195; for deaf, 195; of mines, 195; denominational, 197, 235. Seal of State, 116. Secretaries, Territorial, 227; State, 230. Senate, 58. Senators, State, 223. Seven Cities of Cibola, 11. Shannon, Wilson, 77, 82, 87, 91. Shawnee Indians, 51. Shawnee Mission, 51, 76; as capital, 76. Sheldon, Charles M., 226. Simmerwell, Rev. Robert, 217. Slaves, 63. Slavery in United States, 57, 64, 73. Smith, F. Dumont, 226. Snow, Francis Huntington, 222. Sod Corn, 143. Sod House, 106. Sod Schoolhouse, 184. Soldiers, 41, 48; furnished by Kansas, 111, 206. Song of the Kansas Emigrant, 62. Sorghum Crops, 148, 151. Southern Aid, 89. Southeastern Kansas, 97. Southwestern University, 197. Spain, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22. Spanish-American War, 130. Speer, John, 225. Spring, L. W., 225. Squatter Sovereignty, 59. Stage Lines, 172, 173. State Fair, Leavenworth, 142. Steam Plow, 146. Steele, James W., 225. Stockyards, 154. Stringfellow, B. F., 76. St. John, Governor, 138. St. Joseph, 43, 173, 174. St. Mary's College, 50. Stone, building, 163; quarry, 168. Sugar Beets, 151. Superintendents of Public In struction, Territorial, 228; State, 231. 250 A HISTORY OF KANSAS Supplies Taken by Traders, 33. Swedish Settlements, 179. Sword, old Spanish, 208. Tecumseh, 90. Telegraph, 174. Territory, government of, 73. Territorial Officers, 227, 228. Texas, 18, 23, 158. Thayer, Eli, 65, 66. The Caches, 38. The Three R's, 186. The "2700," 93, 94. Tomlinson, W. P., 225. Topeka, 70, 90, 100, 133, 135, 166. Topeka Constitution, 79, 95, 215. Topeka Movement, 215. Trading Posts, 49, 54. Trading Post Ford, 114. Trails, Santa Fe, 29-41; Oregon, 43; California, 43; Mormon, 43; Salt Lake, 70. Trail Markers, 203, 204. Trappers, 126. Traveling Libraries, 198. Treasurers, Territorial, 228; State, 230. Turk, 12. Twentieth to Twenty-third Kansas, 130. Underflow, 149. Union Pacific Railroad, 157, 174, 178, 206. University of Kansas, 67, 191, 195, 196. Utah, 29. Van Quickenborn, Father, 218. Wagons, used on Trail, 31, 39. Wakarusa War, 80-82. Walker, Governor, arrival of, 95; resigned, 98. War, Civil, 108, 111-115, 130, 131; French and Indian, 17; Revolutionary, 17; Spanish- American, 130. Ware, Eugene F., 200, 224, 226. Washburn College, 197. Wellhouse, Frederick, 223. Wellington, 166. Western Kansas, 148, 149, 178. Westport, 33, 43, 80, 113. Wheat, 152, 153, 155. White, William Allen, 226. Wichita, 166. Wilder, Daniel W., 224, 225. Windmill, at Lawrence, 143; irrigation, 148. Winter of 1855-'56, 85. Woman's Kansas Day Club, 201. Woman's Relief Corps, 204. Woman Suffrage, 138. Wood, S. N., 88. Woodson, Daniel, 77; opened Kansas to invaders, 91. Woodward, Bointon W., 225. Writers, Kansas, 225, 226. Wyandotte Constitution, 99, 100, 107. YALE . . . .. ., '.:¦ "' i '